AUSTRALASIAN MOLE-CRICKETS OF THE FAMILY

GRYLLOTALPIDAE (ORTHOPTERA)

By NORMAN B. TINDALE, SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM

Summary

The Australasian members of this family have been greatly neglected by recent workers

on Orthoptera. The species have not been reviewed previously, and much of the literature

dealing with them is scattered in early European works, inaccessible to Australian

workers. I am, therefore, much indebted to Messrs. L. Chopard (Paris) and B. Uvarov

(British Museum), Professor Dr. A. Reichensperger (Freiburg), and Dr. C. Willemse

(Holland) for their courtesy in supplying manuscript copies of papers, sketches, ex-

Australian material, etc., and for their notes and comments on types preserved in

European museums. For loans of material I tender thanks to Messrs. W. B. Gurney, H.

Hacker, F. G. Holdaway, R. Mungomery, A. Musgrave, and A. J. Nicholson, and to Dr.

R. J. Tillyard, of New Zealand.

All the known Australasian and one Patagonian species are dealt with, and some

observations are made on the life-histories and habits of species of Gryllotalpa and

Cylindracheta.

AUSTRALASIAN MOLE-CRICKETS or ruz FAMILY

GRYLLOTALPIDAE (Orrnoprera)

By NORMAN B, TINDALE, Sournm Ausrravin Museum.

Text figs. 1-16.

Toe Australasian members of this family have been ereatly neglected by recent

workers on Orthoptera. The species have not been reviewed previously, and

much of the literature dealing with them is scattered in early European works,

inaccessible to Australian workers. T am, therefore, much indebted to Messrs.

L. Chopard (Paris) and GB. Uvaroy (British Museum), Professor Dr. A. Reichen-

sperger (Hreibure), and Dr. C. Willemse (flolland) for their courtesy in

supplying manuscript copies of papers, sketches, ex-Australian material, ete.

and for their notes and comments on types preserved in Equopean musewus.

For loans of material [| tender thanks to Messrs. W. B. Gurney, IL, Hacker, PG.

Holdaway, R. Mingomery, A. Musgrave, and A. J. Nicholson, and to Dr. R. J.

Tillyard, of New Zealand.

All the known Australasian and one Patagonian species are dealt with,

and some observations are made on the life-histories and habits of species of

Gryllotalpa and Cylindracheta,

The types of all lmt two of the species deseribed as new are in the South

Australian Museum, Exeept where the notation indicates otherwise, the measure-

ments viven are to be read as correct to the nearest tenth of a willimetre,

Pamily GRYLLOTALPIDAE.

The distinguishing features of the family may be briefly stummarized as

follows: Crickets (mole-crickets, courtilliére) of subterranean aud aquatic habits,

with anterior legs adapted for burrowing, Females with ovipositor obsolete,

The members of the family ave, in addition, usually characterized by having

a large oval prothorax and powerful forelegs armed with processes, conveniently

known as ‘‘daetyls.”" The family is divided into several subfamilies, three of

which, being Australasian, are considered here. Although the family is small,

the splitting up into such subfamilies is justified because of the great specializa-

tion of form and habit which exists.

All the members are water-loving, frequenting leht soils and sandy ground

wherever there is ready access to moisture. Sandy banks (of ereeks, waterholes,

2 RrEcORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

lagvoous, ete.) and sandhills are their chief habitats in Australia, Speaking

eenerally, the species found im light soils are clothed in a velvet-ike down,

whereas those frequenting sand have the clothing sparse or absent,

DisviyamsuiwG CHARACTERS OF THE SUBPAMILIES OF GRYLLOTALPIDAE.

Body stout. Antennae coniposed of many short segments.

Compound eyes developed; ocelli two (if present). An-

terior tibiae with from two to four dactylar processes,

Tarsi three-segmented with paired claws, Anal cerei long

and filiform, Elytra, when present, modified for stridula-

tion in both sexes... > : © Oryllatalpriute

3. Body elongate, cylindrical, apterous. “Antennae seven- to

eight sevmented ; eyes simple; acelli absent. Anterior

tibiae armed with five daectylar processes, tarsi one- or

{wo-seomented, claws modified or absent; cerei abbrevi-

ated f % t+ 2 Cylindrachelinae

Co Size very small, body slender. Head with antennae short,

filiform (composed of ten scements in’ Atstralasian

species); eyes compound: ocelli three. Anterior legs

modified for burrowing; posterior legs greatly adapted

for jumping; apex of abdomen furnished with four

appendages “3 th of a .. Tridaetylinae

Dr. Tillyard (1), in his recently published text-book, has based a diagnosis

of the family on his observations of the New Zealand mole-cri¢ket, a specialized

form im whieh the auditory and stridulatory organs are undeyeloped; his

remarks must therefore be qnalified. In ntost of the species of Gryllotalpa the

males produce loud stridulating sounds by means of structures developed on

the elytra. Sometimes the nrnsic is so loud that of one species Roepke (*) has

said, “G. hirsuta eehért niimlich zu den lautesten zirpenden Insekten auf Java.”

The tympani of the vars are situated in the anterior tibiae, and are almost con-

eealed by an overlapping process of the derm, so that only a slit is visible. The

{racheae within ave very large. A narrow trachea passes up through the femora,

and is open to the air by an elongate slit, closed by a lair-nareined flap, siti

ated just behind the postero-lateral margin of the pronotiuim.,

It is generally assumed that only male mole-crickets are capable of pro-

ducing sounds; but an exantination of any of the females of the Australiai

species of Gryllotalpa will reveal an apparatns on the under surface of the

elytra with which this sex also is capable of making itself heard. An examina-

tion of females of the European species, G. gryllalalpa, shows that a moderate

strigil is similarly developed on the elytra Cig. 4 A), [ have observed, on two

oceasions, females of G. oya kept in eaptivity in a elass-covered viyarinm,

(1) Tillvard, R. J., Inscets of Australia and New Zealand, T9826, p. 97,

(2) Roopke, W., Treubin, i, 119, p. 92.

TINDALE—AUSTRALASIAN MOLE-CRICKETS 3

vibrating their elytra and emitting dull. pulsatine sounds clearly audible six

feet away, and answering the calls of a male confined in another chamber. In

stridulating, the elytra, in both sexes, are simultaneously moved laterally in

opposite directions, Startmg from the position of rest, they are opened until

their posterior margins barely overlap, and are then returned rapidly to their

former positions.

Sound producing anc auditory organs have not been noticed previously in

Cylindracheta, but nevertheless are well developed. Some members of the

Tridactylinae are apparently mute, but in others well-marked stridulating files

ave present on the elytra, together with what appears fo be a dorsal amplifying

or auditory tyinpantum on the first abdoninal segment, These organs also have

apparently not been deseribed hitherto.

Several species of the family are of ceonomie imporiance because of their

depredations amongst root crops, and because their burrowings help to destroy

the banks of water channels and dykes. Various methods of artificial control

have been sugeested, but their discussion is outside the provinee of this paper.

The known natural enemies of mole-cric¢kets ave not numerous, and have heey

little used for control work, For the destruetion of one species (Scapteriseus

vicinus Sendder) the Surinam toad (Bufo agua) was recently imported to Porto

Rico from Barbados.

Many mole-crickets are attacked by mites (Neathrombinin), of which several

hundreds may be present on the one individual. A uematode worm (Oivyuris

horsahowi Sere.) has been found pavasitizine mole-erickets im Asia, and an

undeseribed speeies has been found in Australia.

Key To THE GENERA OF GRYLLOTALPINAR,

A, Anterior tibiae with two movable and two fixed

dactylar processes .. re ie .. Gryllotalpa

3. Anterior tibiae with two movable and one fixed process... T'riqmescaptor

C, Auterior tibiae with two movable daetylar processes

only hy sy he ‘S i .. Scapteriseus

The first-named genus is almost universally distributed ; Seapteriseus was

formerly believed to be confined to the Americas, but one species, S. leptoductylus

Chopard has just been deseribed from Bengal, Triamescaplor is peculiar to

New Zealand.

Subfamily Gryllotalpinae.

IRYLLOTALPA Latreille.

tryllatalpa Latreille, ist. Nat. Crust., Ins.. ii, 1802, p. 27

Seudder, Mem. Peabody Acad, Sei., 1869, p. 6.

5, 1804, p. 121;

+ RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Curtilla Oken, Lehrb, Nat., iii, 1815, p. 445; Kirby, Syn. Cat. Orth., 11, 1906,

p. 4 (full synonymy).

Austvotalpa Mjobers, Ent. Tidskr. 34, 1912, p. 30 (Type, A plivialis = (.

nitidula. )

Type. Gryllatalpa gryllotalpa Liim., Europe. The genus Austratalpe,

as defined, differs from Gryllotalpa ehiefly in the absence of clothing on

the body, and in the arrangement of spines of the posterior tibiae; the

diseovery of a form intermediate in character destroys what little value if

may have had. The type of Ausfratalpa is indeed closer to G. australis than the

latter is to the G. africana group. Vf sub-generie division is desirable australis,

veya, and wilidula may be grouped towether under clustrotalpa.

The frequent absence of the ocelli in apterous and brachypterous forms (hit

only when the absence of winys is common to both sexes) is worthy of note; in

examining a series of several hundred adults of G@. oyu traces of ocelli, usually

on one side of the head only, were noted in one ov two examples,

The species are generally regarded as very variable. Polymorphism is most

marked in @, africana and G. australis; in the other species, with a more linited

distribution, there is little variation except in size.

The genus is known to range in time from the Oligocene of Hurope. A male

elytron (Gryllotalpa prima Cockerell) has been found in the Gurnet Bay

deposits of that age in the Isle of Wight; it is ummistakably related to modern

forms.

Kry To THE AUSTRALIAN SPECTES OF GRYLLOTALPA.

A. Pronotum smooth and shining, with or without sparse clothing.

a. Pronotum without downy-clothine; elytra well developed,

males with wings vestigial, females fully winged; oeelli

prominent... st be vs be -

bh. Pronotum sparsely clothed, elytra abbreviated; wings ves-

tigial, ocelli not developed 2. he aya

Ii. Pronotum velvety and dull.

a, Elytra well developed, ocelli conspictions.

a. Blytra with dark markings; wings in male abbreviated,

in female fully developed or vestigial; first segment of

posterior tarsi with external apical spur present 2. mushralis

b, Elytra uniformly pigmented: wines filly developed in

both sexes; first seement of posterior tarsi with external

apical spine absent or vestigial,

1. Posterior tibiae armed with internal marginal

spines +4 - y ee + 2. africana

2. Posterior tibiae unarmed except at apex .. pilosipes

inermis

h. Elytra vestigial. wings absent. oeelli vestigial or absent = .. howensis

nitidala

TINDALE-—AUSTRALASIAN MOLE-CRICKETS 5

GSYLLOTALPA NITIDULA Serville.

Fig. 1,

(ryllotalpa mitidula Sery., Ins, Orth., 1839, p, 307; D’Orbigny, Diet, d?tlist.

Nat., iv, 1849-61, p. 307, Atlas ii, Orth., pl. 3, fig. 4; Seudder, Mem. Pea-

body Acad, Sei, i, 1869, p. 17; Saussure, Mém, Soc. Genéve, xxv, 1877, p. 80.

Austrotalpa pluvialis Mjéberg, Ent. Tidskr., 34, 1913, p. 30.

Austrotalpa nitidula Chopard, Ark. £. Zool., 18A, 6, 1925, p. 5.

Aig trig

Oy we

Hig 1, Gryllotalpa nitintule Serville. A, adult male «x 2; B, elytron, female; C, ditto,

portion of underside of anal margin to show strigil; D, ditto, further enlarged; E, elytron,

Iiale.

é Large, robust, dark reddish-brown, Head broad, smooth, dark reddish-

brown, elypens and labrum pale yellow with darker prominences, the latter

covered with coarse reddish hairs; eyes moderate, convex and protruding, black

with lighter anterior margin; ocelli small, round, depressed, and very slightly

6 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

vonvex. Pronotum smooth and polished; length-breadth index 73, the anterior

margin above lightly concave, antero-lateral margins somewhat abruptly apgu-

late, lateral margins concave, posteriorly well rounded; median longitudinal

impression obsolete indicated by somewhat paler colouring. Abdomen dull dark

reddish-brown, finely pubescent; cerci stout, longer than pronotimi, densely

pubescent, long sensory hairs scanty. Elytra reaching beyond hind margin of

fifth tergite; greyish and opaque with darker veins and a small basal costal and

larger elongate subcostal darker patch. Wings abbreviated (6 nim, in length),

normally coneealed by elytra. Anterior legs with process of trochanter not

densely hairy ; lower posterior margin of femora markedly incised at two-thirds ;

blades of tibiae long, curved, and sharp; first cultrate segment of farsi with

hairy basal area reduced; secoud and third segments clothed with sparse

reddish hairs; claws slender, Median legs with four moderately long tibial

spines; apival ventral spines of first anid second tarsal seements conspicious.

Posterior legs with tibiae armed with five immer marginal and seven apicul

(three internal, four external) spines; first tarsal segment with two apical spines,

the external one moderate, the internal large. Length, 34 mm,; pronotum, 11:3

wim.; width, 8-3 mm; elytra, 12-6 mm.; eerei, 15-0 mm,

@ Similar to male. Pronotuw slizhtly wider in proportion to length (index

75) than in male. Elytra long, covering three-fourths of abdomen, opaque

brownish-grey, with veins brown; wings long, extending beyond cerci when in

repose. Length, 34 win,; pronotum, 11 mm.; width, 8-2 mm.; elytra, 12-8 min, ;

cerei, 12-0 mn.

Loc. Queensland: Blackall Range, Brisbane, Eidsvold. New South Wales:

“Lackey River,’’

Six examples have been examined; they differ little cither in form or eolow.

The descriptions were drawn 1p trout the examination of a male example fran

Brisbane and a female from the Blackall Range, the latter from same locality

as Mjéberg’s examples, There can be no doubt that his species, dustrotalpe

plyvialis, is the same as Gf. nitidula. OF the type of the latter M. Chopard says:

Le type de Serville, an Muséiun de Puris, est en trés bon tat el m’a permis de

coustater que les indiviclis vapportés par M. KE. Mjéberg ne peuvent en aucuile

facon en étre séparés spécifiguement.”?

The stridulatory file of the female in this species is confined to a single vein

of the elytra. An enlarged sketch (X 75 approx.) shows that the teeth vary

in size, They ave heavily chitinized ou their wearing edges, which are sone-

what flattened.

TINDAILE—AUSTRALASIAN MOLE-CRICKETS

G&YLLOTALPA OYA Sp. HOY.

Fivs. 2 and 3.

§ Moderate, robust; head, thorax, and abdomen smooth, unieolorons dark

chestnut-brown, with lees, except extremities of forepair, lighter. Ilead broad ;

wlypeus pale yellow with darker prominences, and coarse, seattered reddish

hairs; vertex smooth, with fine pubescence; antennae chestunt, the joints of

each of the basal segments yellowish; eyes small, prominent, ocelli abseut.

malo fernale

B Cc F G

Vig 2. Griylletalpa oa sp. nay. A, elytron, male; B, ditto, female; C, ditto, underside

of vont marging D, apes of posterior tibin and tuesi, external aspeet; E, ditto, internal aspeet;

I abdomen of male, from below; G, ditto, female.

Provotum smooth, polished, clothed with fine hairs, front margin evenly concave,

length-breadth index 69; median longitudinal impression shallow, marked by a

pale line and median area, Abdomen vather long, somewhat slender at base,

dorsal sevinents polished, but rather densely pilose; cerci shorter than pronotiun,

stout at base, but slender apically, clothed with fine pubescence and long sensory

hairs. Anterior lees with tibiae stout, dactyls robust, curved, polished; first

cultrate segment of tarsi dark castancous, highly polished, the basal third

densely hairy; ¢laws long and slender, Posterior legs with tibiae armed with

au inconstant wtnber of spines (three internal mareinal and three internal and

three external apical ones are present ou the type). Elytra shorter than pro-

notum, ¢reyish-brown, opaque with veins dark-brown; venational patterm as in

fie, 2 A. Wings absent, except as vestivial buds less than 1 num. in leneth.

Length, 80 mm.; of pronotum, 9-4 mm-.; breadth, 6:3 mim.; eerei, 9-0 min.;

elytra, 5-5 mm.

8 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

@ Similar to male, somewhat larger, abdomen longer; cerei shorter.

Elytra somewhat smaller, venation variable (figs. 2 Band 3 G@). Length, 31 min. ;

pronotum, 9-5 mm.; breadth, 6-7 mm.; cerci, 7-1 mm.; elytra, 4-5 mm.

Loc. South Australia: Glenele (A. G. Kdquist and N. B. Tindale), Henley

Beach (J. C. Reid and N. B. Tindale), Port Elliott, Kangaroo Island (A. M.

Lea). Type, a male, allotype female, and many paratypes, 1. 14910, in South

Australian Museum.

The name chosen for this species is derived from the aboriginal name

(Kaurna or Adelaide tribe) for species of the family. Crickets generally,

including probably this species, formed items in the food supply of the natives.

Life history. The egg and first instar larva are unknown. Second instar

larvae are about 6 mm. in length (pronotum 2-0-2-5 min.), very pale brown in

colour, with the tips of the anterior tibial dactyls, process of trochanter, and

mandibles, chestnut-brown, with darker apices, The dactyls of front tibiae

are long and stout, the basal one being rather conspicuous (not, as in G. africana,

much reduced). The posterior tibiae lack internal marginal spines. (Hig. 3 A).

Third instar larvae are from 7 to 9 mm. in length (pronotum 3:0-3:5 mm.).

The chitinous parts are much tougher, but they are similar in colour to larvae

of the second instar (fig. 3 B). Small spines are sometimes present on the inner

margins of posterior tibiae.

Fourth instar larvae range from 10 to 14 mm. in length (pronotum 3-7—9-0

mm.). They are darker in colour, and the front tibiae are stouter and acutely

pointed. Usually one (sometimes two or more) internal marginal spines are

present on the posterior tibiae. Elytral buds are not apparent externally,

(Fig. 3 C.)

The fifth instar examples vary from 16 to 20 mm. in length (pronotum

5-3-7-0 mm.). Elytral buds are visible, and three or four internal marginal

spines are present on the posterior tibiae. (Fig. 3 D.)

In the antepenultimate stage the larvae vary from 22 to 26 mm. in lengih

(pronotum 7-0-8:3 mm.). The elytral buds are well developed (1-1 mm. in

length), and there are usually four marginal spines on the posterior tibiae,

(Fig. 3 EH.)

The adults are a much darker brown than the larvae, the pronotum is

usually no longer, but the abdomen of the female is more elongated, owing to

the development of the eges within her body.

Adults and larvae live principally in sand on or near the sea-beach. After

showers have moistened the stuwface of the sandhills their lines of progress just

beneath the ground are marked by broken tracks on the surface, and single

individuals can be generally secured by digging along these indications. The

type examples, together with many others, were taken in this manner. The

TINDALE--AUSTRALASIAN MOLE-CRICKETS 9

winding tracks were measured; the longest noticed extended for 42 Feet, and

it was evident that the whole distance had been traversed since rain had fallen

the previous night; usually, however, the tracks were much shorter.

On being disturbed these mole-erickets ejeet, with considerable force, a

quantity of clear mueilaginous liquid from a gland at the anal extremity of the

abdomen. This liquid ean be projected’ to a distance of at least 28 cm. (94

inches).

Vig. d. Gryflotalpa oud sp. voy. A, larva, 2nd instar, X 8; 1, ditto, srl instar; C, ditto,

4th instar; D, ditto, Sth instar; 4, Gth instars Fy adult male; G, female elytron.

Their omnivorous habits were first brought to my notice by Mr, J.C. Reid,

a carnation grower of Henley Beach, who had suffered a loss of prize seedlings

ihrough their attacks. The eriekets not only disturbed the root systems by

buvrowing in the surface, sandy soil, but were observed gnawing through the

succulent stems at ground level. On digging up the seedbeds in April, 1926,

many hundreds were obiained, in all stages except the first larval one. The

burrows of the adults were traced to a depth of three feet; most of the larvae,

however, were taken just below the surface. All fermales secured were barren,

and no eges or ege chambers were apparently present in the seed-beds at that

time. Of a hundred adult examples selected at random 62 were males and 38

were females,

10 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

GRYLLOTALPA AUSTRALIS Hrichson.

Gryllotalpa australis Erichson, Arch. t. Naturg., yili, 1542, p. 249; Sender,

Mem. Peabody Acai. Sei., 1869, p. 16, pl. i, figs. 5, 16, 24, 25; Saussure,

Mém. Soe. Geneve, xxv, 1877, p. 33.

§ Head. dorsal surface of abdomen, and parts of elytra, dark brownish-

black, ventral surface of abdomen, pronotum, posterior legs, antennae, and cere

dull brown, anterior and median legs reddish-brown. Head moderate, roundel,

vertex clothed with fine yellowish pubeseenee, ely peus whitish with prominences

and upper marem dark brown; labrum constricted above, brown, with moder-

utely thiek reddish-brown bristles; eyes small, oval, black with white anterior

marein, ocelli small, round, and slightly convex, distant the lesser diameter of

an eye from the eye itself. Pronuotum large, constricted in front, vormally

velutinous, the median impression moderate, marked by a reddish-brown line

from anterior to posterior borders. Abdomen brownish-black, covered with fine

ochreous pubescenee; cerci as long as pronotum, clothed with long pubescence

amd many fine sensory hairs. Anterior legs with femora not markedly excises!

on lower external edge; process of trochanter small and bhint; tibiae much as

in G, africana but dactyls more strongly curved; first segment of tarsi slender,

cultrate blade smaller than in G, wfricune; the second seginent short and rather

stout; claws sharp, moderately long. Median legs with tibiae armed with four

long spines; first and second tarsal segments cach with a ventral apical spine.

Posterior legs with inner margin of tibiae bordered with four graduated spinus,

apex internally with three yery long spines, externally with four shorter ones;

first tarsal joint with two well-developed slender apical spines; the internal one

longer than the external one; claws long and slender, two-thirds leneth of third

tarsal joint, the inner claw somewhat longer than the external one, Blytra as

Jong as head and thorax combined, opaque, greyish-brown, with a costal spot,

a subcostal elongate triangular mark extending from base to near apex and a

broad basal suffusion brownish-black, veins dark brown. Wines abbreviated,

nearly as long as, but coneealed by, elytra. Length, 25 min., elytra, & main.;

pronotum, 7-6 mm.; breadth of pronotum, 5-8 mm,

9 Shoilar in colour to male, somewhat larger in size. Hlytra long, with

veins of posterior half conspicuously parallel, almost wholly dark brown or

brownish-black with darker veins, a nurrow costal and apieal area greyish,

Length, 32 mm.; elytra, 13 mm.; pronotum, 9-0 mint.: breadth of pronotum,

7-0 min.

Loc. Tasmania: Tlebart. Vieforia: Healesville, Black Spur, Narbethong,

Indi. South Australia: Mount Gambier, Lueindale, Blalciston, Mount Lofty.

Blackwood, Lyndoch, Kangaroo Island. New South Wales: Mount Victoria,

TINDALE—AUSTRALASIAN MOLE-CRICKETS 11

Sydney, Bago Forest, Narara, Dorrigo. Queensland: Mount Tambourine.

2apua: Monnt Yule,

Wifty-five examples have been examined from the above-named localities,

One female was taken by Mr. 4, Ashby at Blackwood, flying about on a thundery

night in March. One example (a fourth instar larva) is exceptional in having

on the left side only three dactyls to the anterior tibia (the posterior immovable

dactyl being absent). This condition is usually found only in the first instar

larva of Gryllolalpa, but is characteristic of the adult of the New Zealand genus

Trivmescaptor, described below. The right tibia on this abnormal individual is

as in fourth instar larvae and adults. A first instar larya (probably of this

species) from ILowlong, N.S.W., has only three daetyls on the anterior tibiae,

The type locality for the species is Woolnorth, Tasmania; a typical male

from TWobart has been examined for the purposes of the above deseription ;

inainland examples are larger, [n occasional adult examples the velutinous

clothing is unusually sparse, and the surface of the pronotum appears mich as

in the preceding species. In using the key a little difliculty may therefore occur

with old and abraded exaniples,

In the vicinity of Svduey a dwarted, wingless form is found, as well as the

typical oue; this may be distinguished by a varietal name,

GRYLLOVTALPA AUSTRALIS Var, BRACIIYPTERA var. nov.

9? Similar to typical G. australis but smaller. Ocelli present but very

sinall; elytra shorter than pronotum, wings entirely absent. Lieneth, 21 mm.;

pronotum, 7-0 mm.; width, 5-5 mm.; elytra, 5-2 mm.

Loc. New South Wales: Sydney, Cainpbelltown, Type, J. 14911, in South

Australian Museum; paratype, I. 8338, in Australiana Museum.

The presence of ocelli and the velutinous clothing distingnish this variety

fron (f. oyu, the only species with which it is likely to be confused.

GRYLLOTALPA APRICANA Palisot de Beauy.

Fig. 4.

Cryllatalpe africana Pal. de Beauy., lus. Afr. Amér.. 1805, p, 229, pl. 2e, fiz. 6;

Serville, Ins. Orth., 1889, p, 307; Seudder, Mem. Peabody Aead. Sei, 1869,

p. 20, pl. i, figs. 10, 26. 27; Saussure, Mém. Soe. Geneve, xxv, 1877, p, 51;

Roepke, Treubia, i, 1919, pp. 90-97, pl. vil.

! orientalis Burmeister, Handb. Ent., ti, 1839, p. 759,

7. courctala Walker, Cat. Derm. Salt. B.M., 1, 1869, p. 6; Sauss., lew. p. 82;

Frovgatt, Agric. Gaz., N.S. Wales, xvi, 1905. p. 479, fig. 2.

@ Dingy yellowish-brown, slightly darker above, Head dark brown,

antennae yellow, eyes black, ocelli large, obovate, and somewhat globose, situated

12 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

a distance of about the least diameter of an ocellus away from eyes. Pronotiuin

velutinous, front mareiv evenly concave (fig. 4 C, D); a characteristic median

brand conspicuously impressed. Lower external margin of front femora slightly

excised anteriorly; tibial daetyls moderately long; first tarsal cultrate segment

with only the basal third densely hairy (fig. £ E), second about one-third the

size of first, third twice as lony as wide, claws moderately long. Posterior tibiae

with four posterior internal marginal and seven apical (4 external, 3 internal)

spines, First segment of tarsi with an internal apical spine, sometimes also

yestiges of an external spine. Elytra more than balf length of abdomen,

hyaline, only shehtly pigmented at base. Wings in repose, filamentous, reaching

to tips of anal cerei (in the typical form). Abdomen dark brown, apex above

furnished with lateral rows of rusty hairs. Length, 29 mim.; pronotum, 8:5 mn. ;

breadth, 7-0 nun.; elytra, 13 mm,

ovum

fernale

NBT.

Kig 4. Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa Linnaens. A, portion of underside of anal margin of

elytron to show strigilh Gryllolalpa pilosipes sp. nov. B, outline of anterior margin of

pronotum, Gryllatatpa africana Palisot de RBewuyv. Cy outline of anterior margin of pronotum,

female, Beverley, W.A.; D, ditto, Adelaide; BE, anterior tarsus, external aspect; I, ovum,

Adelaide, & 6.

@ Similar to male, ocelli sometimes smaller, wings less modified for

stridulation. Length, 30 mm.; pronotum, 8:2 mm.; breadth, 6-6 mm,; elytra,

12 mm.

The above deseriptions were drawn up from Adelaide specimens, and

Indian and African examples have been used for comparison. Brachypterous

examples (in whieh wines do not reach apex of abdomen) occur sporadically, at

Adelaide, Wallavia, Sydney, and Beverley. A series of seven, taken at various

times along the Cooper Creek between Innamineka and Lake Eyre, are all

lrachypterous. Roepke (*) records similar examples from Java; he has shown

(1) Roepke, W., Treubia, i, 1919, p. 95.

TINDALE—-AUSTRALASIAN MOLE-CRICKETS 13

{hat the proportion of lone- to short-winged examples. varies from locality 10

locality and aceording to sex. G. coarctala Walk, appears to be idistingish-

able from Go african. [ lave examined many speeimens identified as coarelaly

by previous workers and cannot find differences. It has been gwenerally assrnmed

that the species from the interior of Australia (e.g., the Tlorm Expedition

material) is G. eaaretata, but a re-examination shows they are not distinet from

G. africana,

Loc. Natal: Durban. India: Western Ghats. Java: Buitenzore. Papua:

Mecivi, Koitaki, and Fairfax Island (Fly River). Louisiade Archipelago:

Misima. Solomon Islands: Ysabel. New Ireland. Queensland: Saibai Island,

Thursday Tslind, Kuranda, Mackay, Yeppoon, Gladstone, Bundabere, Brisbane.

New South Wales: Upper Williams River, Woodford, Walleecia, Sydney, Port

Hacking, Victoria. Senth Australia: Adelaide, Brighton, Murray Bridge,

Monash, Mount Bevan, Goohwa, Renmark. Gawler, Virginia, Reynella, Mount

Lofty, Lyndoeh, Terowie, Leigh Creek, Cooper Creek, Hereott Springs (now

called Marree), Innamineka. Central Anstralia: Oodnadatta, Paln Creek,

Gosse Range, Darwent Creek. Ellery Creek. Alice Springs. Western Anstralia:

Cunderdin, Beyerley, Rovburne, North Australia: Tennant Creek. Darwin,

Groote Eylandt.

The species has also heen recorded from some islands of the Pacific, inelnd-

ing the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu and Kauai), the Philippine Islands, and For-

mosa. [tis widespread in the trapieal and subtropical regions of the Old World.

Life history. Prom observations made on the banks of the Nepean River,

New South Wales, and the examination of series in all stages, seleeted from

a mass of over 5,000 examples taken in a econeh erass lawn at Brighton, the

following details of the life history are apparent :

The ege@s are ovate (2-8 x 1-610m.). smooth, and brown in colour (fiz. 4 F).

The newly-hatched larvae are 4 mn. in length; dark greyish-hbrown in colour,

with a pale median line on pronotum and darkly pigmented hind femora. The

front tibiae possess only three daetyls, two movable and one (the lower) immoy-

able; only the apical spines are developed on the hind femora. The eves are

comparatively large, ane the ocelli are absent. The larvae are active: when

washed ont of the river hank they swim rapidly and burrow into the sand at

the water's edge with ease.

At the end of the first instar the larvae are much swollen, 6 mm, in leneth,

with the dark part of the abdominal seements alternating with nearly equal

widths of lighter chitin, giving the abdomen a conspicnous banded appearanee.

The larvae of the second instar are from 6 mim. to mm. in leneth, Heht

brown in colour, and very active. A second small immoyable dactyl is developed

14 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

on the front tibiae, the posterior tibiae possess two or more marginal spines, and

the ocelli are either absent or but slightly indicated.

In the third instar the larvae are 10 mm, to 18 mm. in leneth. The second

immovable dactyl of the front tibiae is larger and the marginal spines on the

posterior tibiae number four or five. The occlli are nstally only just. visible.

The larvae of the fourth instar are from 12 mn, to 18 mm. in leneth, They

resemble ¢losely in strueture the larvae of the preceeding stage, Int small

swellings on the meso- and meta-thorax indicate the budding wings. The ocelti

are noticeable but small. The abdomen has a muitimsenlate appearanee, due to

the development of three light patehes on cach seement; the legs are usually

lighter in eolonr than the body, anc the tibial dactyls are dark brown,

The spotted appearance of the abdomen is also present im the fifth instar.

The size increases from 18 mm. to 26 mm. The elytral buds are nearly 2 mm.

im Jeneth and the wine-buds 5 mm. The ocelli are frequently well developed,

but in some examples are either small or apparently absent.

An example undergoing the change to the 6th instar shows that the old

skin breaks first alone the middle line of the pronotmn, and may be cast in

several pieces. After the eedysis the larva is light honey-colonred, but becomes

rapidly darker. There is some increase in size (or variation) in this instar, and

examples measure from 26 nin. to 32 mm, in length, the females being usually

lareer than the males. The elytral buds are 4 mm. in length and the wings

7mm. In this and the preceding stage (as in the adult) the sexes can be

distinenished by the difference in ihe numbers of visth/e ventral segments of

the abdomen (the male has apparently one more than the female), The oeelli

are well deyeloped. All the larval examples deseribed above were taken at

Brighton, S.A.; but similar series were also eollected at Port lacking and at

Wallacia, New South Wales.

Adults vary from 26 mm. to 38 mm. in length. The female lays her eges

in Toasses in an oval chamber amongst roots near water’s edge. The chamber

is of compacted earth or sand, and is two inches lone. Eyes dissected from the

abdomen vary from light to dark brown in colour, the latter being ready for

deposition. The sexes are probably present in about equal numbers. In a

hindred examples from Brighton, seleeted at random from a mass of adults,

54 were fonnd to be females and 46 males. Of the females 51 had deposited

their eves or were barren, and of the remaining three, one contained 36, another

14, and a third only 7 ege@s, Miss Brewster (1), who examined, and recorded

(ander the name of @. coureteta) two eze-chambers she found near Sydney, says

that each eontained about 200 eves.

(1) Brewster, M. N., Australinn Naturalist, iii, 1916, p. 171.

TINDALE—AUSTRALASIAN MOLE-CRICKETS 15

Little is known regarding the duration of the life-cycle. Burakova (").

who has studied the life history of G. gryllolalpa, states that in Noveorod the

life-cycle is completed in from two to two and a half vears.

Thomas (") states that the life history of Seapteriseus vicinus Laty, of Porto

Rica is completed in about eight months.

The adults live in galleries underground, usually in sandy soil near water.

They are omnivorous, burrowing amongst the roots of plants to obtain earth-

worms and insects, and attacking the roots and bases of the stems of seedlings

and vegetables. In Afries, Southern Asia, Java, Formosa, anc Tawaii this

species has been recorded as injuring coffee, eaeao, rice, sorghum, opiun-poppy,

pawpaw, and thubarb. In Queensland and Hawaii they haye been known to

injure maize and sugar-eane, the root bands of the latter erop being enawed,

the ‘feyes,’? eaten out, and holes made into the interior of the canes. Lawns

are frequently injured in the southern parts of our continent, and at Vir-

winia (7), in South Australia, wheat erops have been seriously attacked.

At Virginia the mole-erickets follow the tracks of the drill and gather up

germinating wheat, storing it in circular chambers some six inches or a foot

underground, together with the seeds of eloyers (Medicago and Trifoliwu),

They work with such energy that they sometimes remove every erain of wheat

from areas several square yards in extent. Tt is of interest to note that the

acquisitive habits of mole-eriekets were formerly denied. As early as 1832

Gray (5) said: “Another kind of foresight has also been attributed to these

imimals [G. qryllolalpa|; some will have it, that equally with the ants, they

transport into their asylina, like the latter, grams of corn, alimentary substances,

ete, But for what purpose should they employ such useless care and pains?”

An examination of the stomach contents of several specimens of G. africana

eave the followime results: A sixth instar female larva from Vireinia contained

vegetable cells, starch, small oil globules, and many small transparent erystals.

An adult female from Henley Beach contained large fragments of vegetable

tissue, chitinous fragments of an adult, and portions of one or more immature

mole-crickets. Another from the same locality contained much vegetable matter

and many spines of a fairly large spider.

Adults kept under observation in a vivarium lived for three months on a

mixed ciet of germinating wheat, trefoil-seed, and dead blowflies, Cannibalism

(") Burskova, L. V., Rev. russe Ent., xix, 1925, pp. 139-142 [In Russian].

(4) Thomas, W. A,, United States Agrienltural Dept., Purmers? Bulletin, No. 1561, 1928,

py TR,

(7) Lea, A. M., Proc. Ruy, Soc. South Australia, 1925, p. #02.

CS) Gray, Griffith, Animal Kingdom, xv, 1832, p. 194,

16 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

was in evidence, and several larvae sueeumbed to the attacks of mature speci-

mens, They were most active after 4 p.m., aud stridulating calls were frequently

noticed after that hour.

GRYLLOTALPA INERMIS Chopard,

Chopard, Ann. Soc. ent. France, xciv, 1925, p. 30.

g “Taille et forme de G.africuna. Tete brune, frout arrondi, les ocelles

eros. Pronotum roux clair, fortement rétréei en avant, aveeé une lmpression

médiane et ne ligne transversale deprimée au quart anterieur; bord antérieur

irés concave.

-attes roux @lair, Fémurs antérienrs A bords supérieur ef inferiens

presque droit, A pew prés exaetement paralléles; processus du trochanter de

méme forme que chez africana, mais un peu plus lone; eriffes du tarse extrénie-

ment eourtes. Tibias intermediaires ¢pais ef courts, A Gperous apicaux assex

courts. Tibias posterienrs A bords supMrienrs inermes, presentant a Mapex 2

éperons, externes, tris courtes, ef 3 internes dont Wintériew presque égal ¢

Vintévienr externe, les deux autres un pen plus lones: tarses comprimés, assez

courts.

““Elytres et ailes comme ehez africunas veine mediastine présentant 8 a 4

branches @paisses, parallMes; ehanip dorsal a nervures presque longitudinales

ej assez remuliérement espacces; veinules formant wun réticulation reetangnlaire

éeglement assez réouliere,

“Tong, 23 mm.; pronot, 7-5 mm.; élytres, 122 mm.; fém, post, 6-5 mm,"’

(Chopard, Lc.)

The unique type of this species (which I have not seen) is said to be from

Vietoria. It differs from ihe following in the lesser number of apieal spines of

the posterior tibiae.

RYLLOTALPA PILOSIPES sp. NOV.

Figs, 4 Gand 5 A-K.

& Resembles small G@. africana examples. Tlead smaller and. laterally

commpressed, dark brown, eves laree and prominent, blackish, oc¢elli oval, very

conspicnous. Pronotum light brown, velutinous, narrow at the front margin,

which is deeply sub-aneulately concave (fig. 4B), Anterior legs with femora

ancl process of trochanter nearly as in G. wfricana, the latter somewhat longer ;

tibiae with daetwls short, stout. and blunt-pointed: tarsi projecting beyond

tibial daetyls, first segment laree, eultrate, basal hairy portion greater, smooth

apieal portion less than in @. africana (compare figrres) ; second joint small;

third twice as lone as wide, claws short and bhint. Posterior lees with tibiae

withont internal marginal spines, six apical ones present, three internal, moder-

ately long, and three external, much reduced; apieal internal spine of first tarsal

TINDALE—AUSTRALASIAN MOLE-CRICKETS 17

joint vestigial, claws moderate. Elytra with venation similar to @, ufrieuna

(fig. 5 B). Wings long, when folded reaching to beyond apex of eerel Leneth,

24 min.; pronotum, 7°38 min.; elytra, 11-7 mm.

strigil ~

fernale

Hig. 5. Grylolalpa pilosipes ap. ov. A, adult male; b, elytron, male; ©, elytral st rigil

in female; D, left anterior Jeg, internal aspect; EB, anterior tarsus, external aspeet,

@ Similar to male. Mlytral venation close to that of female G. africana.

Length, 25 mm.; pronotum, 7-2 mm.; elytra, 11-3 mm.

Loe. North-west Australia: Derby (W. D. Dodd).

Type, a male, and allotype female, 1. 14907, in South Australian Museum.

In the deseription of G. inermis no mention is made of the form and clothing

of the anterior tibiae; the present species agrees closely, except that the posterior

tibiae are differently armed. Hurther material will possibly show that both are

loeal races of the widespread G@. africana, and that there are other races, perhaps

not so well defined, to be found in various parts of Australasia (for example, the

dwarfed brachypterous form of G@, africana from Cooper Creek).

A portion of the under-surface of the anal part of an elytron of the female

is shown in fie. 5 C to illustrate the inverted U-like development of the series of

stridulatory teeth in this species, The file is much redueed in the female of

G. africuna, ouly the teeth on the outer vein being developed.

GRYLLOTALPA TLOWENSIS Sp. nov.

Fig. 6.

§ Short, stout, unicolorous light brown; tips of tibial dactyls and elypeus

darker. lead robust, vertex prominent, eyes moderate, black, oeclli vestigial

18 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

or absent, Pronotum large, length width index 72; median longitudinal impres-

sion slight. Abdomen short, stout, cerei somewhat longer than pronotum. Front

legs with tibial daetyls lone, curved. sharp-pointed, tips polished and black;

tarsi with first cultrate joint long, slender, blade smooth and black, second joint

hairy, except tip, third joint slender, claws long and sharp-pointed. Posterior

lees with tibiae armed with three long internal marginal and seven apical spines,

the external three small, the internal four larger; first joint of tarsus with con-

spicuous apical internal tooth, claws very long and slender, Elytra short, ouly

nine stridulatory teeth present, of which three are heavily chitinized, wings

absent. Length, 26 mm.: pronotum, 11 min.; elytra, 1-9 min.

Pig. 6. Gryllotalpa howensis sp. nov. A, adult female; B, left antewior Jeg, internal

aspect; ©, male elytron, portion enlarged to slow snyall strigil

9 Similar to male. Ovelli vestigial, elytra very abbreviated, wings absent.

Length, $1 mm,; pronotum, 11 mm.; elytra, 1-1 mm.

Loc. Lord Howe Island (A. M, Lea, Deeomber, 1915, to January, 1916,

and A, Musgrave, December, 1921).

Type, male, allotype female, T. 14909, and paratypes, in South Australian

Museum; paratypes (i. 45687 and Ik. 55949) in Australian Museuin.

Four of the six examples under review are immature, one being a larva

of about the fourth instar, and three other nearly mature; all lack ocelli. @.

howensis is not very closely allied to any other described species.

In both the adult examples ocelli are shghtly developed only on the right side

TINDALE—AUSTRALASIAN MOLE-CRICKETS 19

of the bead, Stridulation in the male is effeeted by rubbing ihe short elytral

file (fig. 6 C) against a chitinous protuberance on the metanotum, which is absent

or not especially ehitinized in some other winged species, The elytra of the

females are so reduced that the crickets ave probably incapable of producing

sounds with their aid.

TRIAMESCAPTOR @e1L. TOV,

Apterous mole-erickets with compound eyes, but without ocelli, Anterior

tibiae armed with three daetyls: external indications of tibial auditory apparatus

obsolete; cultrate blade of first segment of tarsus recdueed.

Type: Triemescapltor qotea, New Zealand.

Closely allied to Gryllotalpa, of which some authors may reward it as a

subgenus. The absence of wings and the three-digitate anterior tibiae are

characters of the first instar larva of Gryllulafpa. Two views may be put for-

ward with regard to the origin of this genns. We may either regard it as an

insular specialization of the world-wide genus Grylfalalpe, or as a primitive

type with less efficient tibial armature which has been preserved through isola-

tion, and has lost the power of flight in its insular home. Its relationship with

species of Gryllelalpa is with the purely southern Australian forms such as

G. oya and G, wustralis, vather than with the widely distributed members of the

C. africuna evoup.

There are no traces of stridulatovy apparatus, and in harmony with its

absence the auditory organ on the anterior tibia is absent or vestigial.

Scapleriscus, the American and Eastern Asiatic genus, is separated from

Gryllolalpa by the absence of both of the fixed daetyls of the tibiae; the preseat

genus is therefore, in regard to this one character, intermediate.

TRIAMESCAPTOR AOTEA Sp. HOV.

Fie. 7,

é OF moderate size; lead, abdomen, and posterior femora dark brown:

thorax and legs ovhreous-brown. Head narrow, triangular, vertex prominent,

rounded; labrum convex, rounded, clothed with sparse reddish hairs; elypeus

transverse ; eyes smnall, conyex, amygdaloid in form; oeelli abseit ; antennae with

basal segment large, longer than second and third combined. Prothorax elou-

gate (length-breadth index 64), ovoid, ciull-polished, partly clothed with fine

pubescence; anterior margin above coneave, Abdomen dark brown, polished,

clothed with sparse reddish bairs; cercei longer than pronotum, Anterior lexs

with femora stout; process of trochanter small, semicireular; tibiae armed with

three sharp, stout dactyls. two movable and one fixed; wauditory satire obsolete ;

first segment of tarsi with cultrate blade elongated and slender, second segment

20 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

short with eultrate portion moderate, third segment twice as long as wide with

long, unequal claws. Median legs with tibiae armed at apex with four long

spines; first segment of tarsus as long as second and third combined, first and

second ones armed at apex, beneath, with a single spine; claws small, Posterior

legs with tibiae armed with ten spines; three of whieh are on internal margin,

and seven apieal; of the latter fonr Jong ones are on internal margin and three

short ones on external inargin; two of the latter are subapical and placed widely

apart; tarsi with first and second segments unarmed, third segment moderate

with stout claws. Length, 26 mm,; pronotum, 9-5 mm.; breadth, 6-2 min,

female

Fig. 7. Triamescaplor actea sp. noy. A, adult female; By, right suterior leg, internal

aspect; C, apex of imediau tibia and tarsus, internal aspect; D, apex of posterior tibia and

tarsus, infernal aspect.

9 Similar to male. Pronotum slightly more elongate (index 63). Length,

26 mm.; pronotum, 9.9 mm.; breadth, G:2 mm.; antennae, 10 mm.; eerei, 12 mn.

Loc, New Zealand: Aramoho, on the Wanganui River, August, 1915: two

examples. Type, a male, in Cawihron Institute; allotype [. 14914, in South

Australian Museum.

For the opportunity of examining these examples | am indebted to Dr. R. J.

Tillyard, who has supplied the following note: ‘‘These insects are not generally

common throughout New Zealand, and appear to be mostly confined to the

North Island, where they have been reported as doing a considerable amount of

damage, especially in Wanganui and the surrounding district.’

Subfamily Cylindrachetinae.

Giglio-Tos (") has erected the family Cylindrachetidae for the highly

(9) Giglio-Tos, E., Ann. Mus. Civ, Nat. Genova, xlvi, 1914, pp. 81-101, pl. 1, figs. 1-11.

TINDALE—AUSTRALASIAN MOLE-CRICKETS 21

specialized mole-crickets of this subfamily, but their ancestral relationship with

the Gryllotalpinae is probably better expressed by giving them the lower rank,

The distribution of these inseets is remarkable, embracing Australasia and

southern South America. They are almost blind, apterous, sand-burrowers,

whose presence oyer the whole of the arid parts of Australia, in New Guinea,

Melville Island, and the Andes of northern Patagonia, adds to the lengthening

list of peenliar families, genera, and species, of animals and plants, which have

a southern civenm-polar distribution, and are peculiar to these far-sundered

regions. One explanation for this type of distribution is the much-diseussed

Wegener hypothesis of continental drift, which suggests a former contiguity of

the southern land masses.

Key to Genera or CYLINDRACHETINAE.

A. Mesothorax of large dimensions, closely fused with pro-

thorax. Antennae usually seven-seemented in both sexes... Cylindrachete.

B. Mesothorax of small dimensions, divided from prothorax

by a constriction, which permits entire freedom of move-

ment between them. Males with seven- females with eight-

seemented antennae (after Giglio-Tos) +s .. Cylindroryetes

The antennae of one species of Cylindrucheta were deseribed (possibly in

error) as being c¢leven-seemented, and in the type of a seeond species (also

known only from a single example) the antennae were broken off.

Subfamily Cylindrachetinae.

Cyninpracnmra Gray.

Cylindvodes Guay, Griffiths, Anima! Kingdom, xv, 1832, p. 785; Mag, Nat, ITist.

(2), 1, 1887, p. 141; Briullé, Hist. Nat. Ins.. ix, 1835, p. 191; Serville, Ins.

Orth, 1539, p. 810; Saussure, Mém, Soc. Genéye, xxv, 1877, p. 88; Saussure

and Zehntner, Rey, Suisse Zool., ii, 1895, pp. 422-430 (nee Witbner, 1810, a

wens of Mollisea).

Cylindrachetu Wirby, Syn. Cat. Orth., ii, 1906, p. 7; Gigho-Tos, Ann. Mus. Civ.

Nat. Genova. xlvi, 1914, p. 83,

Form evlindrieal, mesothorax of large dimensions, closely joined to pro-

thorax. Tlead with antennae seven-seemented in both sexes (or tleven-

segmented) > mandibles with sharp eitting teeth; a stridulatory file with many

feeth on dorso-lateral margin; maxillary palpi five-segmented, the third article

large, a stridulatory apparatns present near base on iuternal face, composed of

a few teeth; eves simple. Anterior tibiae with large internal auditory chambers,

external orifice concealed; tarsi composed of one (or two) segments, without

claws, Median and posterior lees capable of folding into depressions on thorax

and abdomen; median tarsi composed of two segments with paired (or single)

2? RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

claws; posterior tarsi composed of a single seement without claws (or two-

segmented with 4 single claw).

stenotype; C. campbelli Gray.

The above deseription has been drawn up from fresh material. The charse-

ters in brackets are those given for C. koehi by Saussure, Tf all the features

attributed to the two carly deseribed species are confirmed on their re-diseovery.

the three new species deseribed below will require to be placed in a separate

evens.

The visual apparatus in Cylindracheta consists of a pair of relatively laree

simple eyes, not as in Gryllolalpa of componnd oues.

From the examination of sections of the head of C, arenivaga, kindly pre-

pared for me by My. F. G. Toldaway, it may be seen that the eves are oeelli-

form, are covered with a thin enticular membrane, and possess a large cellular

lense, a visual layer, pigmented sheath, and large optic nerve. The condition

of the material available for sectioning is not sufficiently wood for the apprecia-

tien of fine details of structure; the figure given (fie. 9 CG) is therefore diagram-

matic. In front of the eyes and a little above them there is usually present a

thin suture, which apparently ends blindly in the deeper enticular layers; still

further forward there is a pale civeular area of chitin (in the position of the

lateral ocellus of Gryllotalpa). This may be the remains of a degenerate simple

eye and homologous with the ‘fenestra’? whieh is found in a similar position in

the cockroaches (Blattidae),

A well-developed, bueeal stridulatory apparatus is present in all three of

the species examined. In (. arenivaga the file consists of about twenty rows of

small teeth, arranged in series of from four to seven (fie 9 G, TH). The

strigilator is on the third segment of the maxillary palpi. and is formed of a

series of seven elongate ridges or teeth (fig. 9 BE, F), which move over the strigil

in a vertical direction.

An auditory apparatus is present in the anterior tibiae. There is what

appears to be a tympanum on the inmer margin of the tibiae near the base, in a

position normally concealed by the internal apical process of the femora; new

ihis tympanum an elongate internal mass of white tissue (probably an oil vland)

is clearly visible through the semi-transparent derm; an enlarged trachea is seen

also to oceupy two-thirds of the length of the tibia. No external opening to

this apparatus has been deteeted on the tibia, but a well-defined orifice appears

to be coneealed between the pro- and mesothorax in a similar situation to the

thoracie tracheal opening of Griyllolalpa.

TINDALE—AUSTRALASIAN MOLE-CRICKETS 23

Key to Specius or CYLINDRACHETA,

A. Anterior tarsi two-seg~mented —.. ae re .. campbell

RB. Anterior tarsi one-seemented,

a. Median tarsi two-segmented, with paired claws, posterior

farsi one-segmented, without claws.

w. Median tibiae with external lateral longitudinal

chitinous ridge; posterior tibiae with ridge obsolete — psammaphila

). Median and posterior tibiae both with lateral ridges.

1. Median tibial ridge feebly bidentate .. longaeva

2 Median tibial ridge strongly bidentate L. arentvaga

b. Median and posterior tarsi two-segmented, with single

claws (after Saussure) .. ont ae .. kochit

OYLINDRACHETA CAMPBELLI Gray.

Fie. 8 A.

Cylindrades campbelli Gray, Guiffiths, Animal Kingdom xv, 1832, p. 785, pl. 151;

Mae. Nat. Hist., (2) i, 1837, p. 142, fig. 15; Sanssure, Mém. Soe. Gentrye,

xxv, 1877, p. 40.

Sinooth, Head small, triangular, dark brown; antennae apparently monili-

form (only a few basal segments remaining in the unique specimen) ; labrum

small, horse-shoe shaped. Mandibles small, strongly dentate; eyes very small;

palpi with terminal joint truncated, somewhat rounded, and slightly enlarged

towards the tip. Body very long, eylindrical; thorax reddish-brown, oceupying

more than a third of its whole length, distinetly divided into pro-, meso-, and

metathorax; the prothorax the longest and cylindrical, the other two segments

subequal. Abdomen (except the last jomt) yellowish-brown with a tinge of

darker colour, eomposed of eight segments, the last the largest, with its apex

rounded, depressed and margined above, and devoid of candal appendages.

Anterior lees moderately strong, compressed and dentated in front; the tarsi

composed of two long slender segments without a elaw. Median and posterior

lees yellowish-brown, with darker tinges, very short, compressed, and received

in cavities on each side of the body (the eavities which receive the median pair

of lees ocenpy the spaces between the meso- and metathorax, while the third

pair are contained in the interval between the metathorax and the first abdominal

segment); teuora broad and armed at the apex with a blunt spine, serving as

x guide to the tibiae when in the aet of being drawn beneath them; tibiae broad,

compressed. and strougly armed with a short spine af the tip; tarsi biartien-

lated, ciliated beneath and furnished with a small claw.

The species has not been rediscovered since its first capture on Melville

Tsland in 1826-1827; the above account has therefore been drawn up from Gray’s

original deseriptions and figures.

24 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MuSEUM

There is evidence of some confusion in Gray’s aecount with regard to

C, campbelli and the ‘‘wire-worm.’’ He says: ‘Brought from Melville Island,

ou the north eoast of New Holland, by Major Campbell, who informed me that

he was unable to keep a single plant in his greenhouse on account of the ravages

of this inseet. It bores in their stems; and the withering of the plants alone

betrays the seeret work of the spoiler, . . . The name given to this insect by

the colonists was the ‘wire-worm’,’’

N.B.T.

Cc D

Vig. 8. Cylindracheta, anterior leg, internal aspect in: A, €. campbelli Gray, Melville

Island (after Gray); B, C arenivaga sp. nov., Stuart Range; C, C. longaeva sap. nov., New

Guinea; D, C. psaniniophila sp. noy., Perth,

The term, ‘‘wire-worm,’’ in Australia, is generally applied to species of

ynillepedes (Myriapoda), and more correctly to the larvae of Elaterid heetles,

Probably Gray has econfused two or more statements by Major Campbell relatiny

to different animals. As showing that some misunderstanding has occurred, it

should be pointed out that in such an intensely hot climate as that of Melville

Island (11° 30’ south lat.) it is most improbable that Major Campbell kept any

plants in a greenhouse. On the other hand, in New Sonth Wales and Tasmania,

where he also resided, true ‘‘wire-worms’’ are pests in greenhouses, and he may

well have been troubled with them.

soth of the species of Cylindracheta whose habits are known to us are

TINDALE—AUSTRALASIAN MOLE-CRICKETS 25

burrowerg in sand, Is it not possible that the present species also is normally a

sand-dweller, and that its discovery in stems of plants (if indeed true) was due

{oan occasional departure from normal habit, such as been recorded of Grylla-

falpa africana in Tawatian sugar-eane! Tn Major Campbell’s ('") own aeeount

of the Melville Island Settlement the only inseets which are mentioned as

causing damage to the belongings of the residents are fermites, whose ravages

amongst the roots and in the stems of living plants are only too well known

to those of us who have practised agriculture in North Australia.

This species is distinguished from its congeners by the two-segnonted

anterior farsi and by the different anterior tibiae and posterior lews, Gray's

fienre of the anterior lez was drawn in an inyerted position, with the tibia

partly disloeated from its socket. The figure (fig. 8 A) has been redrawn, with

i modification of position, for comparison with those of the other species of the

venus, Atcording to Gray’s figures the prothorax is almest twice as long as

wide, and is therefore much more slender than in any other of the known species,

CYLINDRACHBTA ARENIVAGA Sp, TOV,

Figs. 8 GB, 4, and 10 B-C.

& Comparatively small, elongate, cylindrical, Head, thorax, and apex of

abdomen smooth, polished, light chestnut-brown; abdomen and legs paler. Dead

moderately broad, eves small, broadly oval, fenestrae inconspicuous; antennae

mnoniliform, seven-seemented, basal segment large, third small. Prothorax

moderately stout (leneth-breadth mdex 73), anterior margin strongly concave,

wulero-lateral spine not very couspicuous. Mesothorax compressed posteriorly ;

metathorax laterally compressed, First, second, and base of third segments of

abdomen laterally compressed, the first seement flattened above into an amyeda-

loid shape, the second into a conical shape; third to eighth segments wider than

long; apical segment distinetly longer than wide with apex truneate, a median

Transverse side above; cerci short, somewhat slender; tenth tergite longer

than wide, with the posterior (anal) margin angulate; ninth sternite with

posterior margin produced to a blunt median point; copulatory hooks on the

tenth sternite conspicuous. Anterior lees with femora stout, internal apical

projection well rounded below ; tibiae with digitiform blades comparatively lone

and slender, tarsus one-se@imented, short. Median legs with femora stout, two-

thirds as wide as long; tibiae stout, with a longitudinal ridge on external face

produced into two Conspicuous lobes near the apex, which bears also two

terminal spines; tarsi two-seemented, with small, stout, bhimt, paired claws,

Posterior leas with femora stout, nearly two-thirds as wide as long; a plain

(10) Campbell, Roval Geographical Society Journal, iv, LSd4, py 120-181,

26 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

longitudinal ridge on external face reaching nearly to apex, which is armed

with four spines, the external pair rather lone and slender; tarsus composed of

a single segment, sharp-pointed at apex, without claws, Leneth, 41 min.; of

pronotium, 6-4 mim. ; breadth, 4-7 mim.; eerei, 1°3 mm.

maxillary palp ny

Post. \ tibia NY \

Rt antenna

SOAS

Wig. 9. Cylindrachela arenivaga sp. noy, A, adult male; B, eye and fenestra; C, hori-

zontal section of eye (¢, cuticular Jayer; 1, Jens; n, nerve); D, antenna; E, right maxillary

lp showing strigilator on third segment; 1, ditto, further enlarged; G, left mandible,

external aspect, showing strigil; I, ditto, teeth of strigil enlarged; T, median tibia and tarsus;

J, apex of posterior tibia and tarsus,

9 Shnilar to male. Prothorax stonter (length-breadth index 83). Abdo-

men with cer¢i somewhat stouter, eighth sternite about twice as lone as wide,

with the posterior margin strongly convex (fig. 10 (); gonapophyses normally

concealed. (In fig. 10 D the apex of the abdomen is drawn from an oblique

direction with the eighth sternite elevated, to show the positions of the vona-

pophyses and gonopore.) Leneth, 40 mm.; of pronotaum, 5-9 mwom.; breadth,

f-0 mm,; cerei, 1-5 mm,

Loe. South Australia: Fowler’s Bay (R. Tate), Denial Bay (J. W. G.

Mann), Nullarbor Plain (R. T. Maurice), Wynbring, Ooldea (A. M. Lea), Lake

Callabonna (A, Zietz), Strzclecki Creek (H.R. Waite). Central Australia:

Stuart Range (Ff, Wood Jones), North Australia: Tennant Creek (7. FP. Field).

TINDALE—AUSTRALASIAN MOLE-CRICKETS 27

The type (a male) from the Stuart Range and the allotype (female) from

Tennant Creek, mumubered [, 14913, are in the South Australian Musevin, This

species is widely spread over the arid parts of Australia, and is somewhat

yatiable in size and proportions, Twenty examples have been exanuned ; most

of them ave coustant in having the prothorax three-fourths as wide as long; the

(ype female is exceptionally broad. Three examples from Nullarbor Plain,

Wyubring, and Ooldea have the abdominal segments as long as or longer than

wide, but I can find no constant differences; much of the apparent variation

may he due to coutraction or telescoping of the segments.

| Se t

Ganapop Nyae SS 4.

on = ain —

gonopare

paraproct

Deargele

wT Sy het ON

Wx A NBT,

Ye a ae

c i)

Fig, 10. Cylindracheta, apex of abdomen beneath in: A, C. psammephile sp. voy. type

male; B, CL arenivaga sp. noy., type male; C, ditto, allotype female; D, ditte, female, viewer

fram oblique angle ta show rudimentary gonapophyses.

There are seven larval examples of the species in the type material, amongst

whieh may be distingnished what are probably the three instars prior to the adnit

condition. The two smallest examples are both 20 mm. in length (pronotuim

3-0-3-1). They are honey-eoloured, with the basal segments of the abdomen

and the two posterior pairs of lees creamy-white, They agree in proportions

and in the armature of the lees with the adults, Examples of the next instar

rary from 31 min. to 32 mm. in leneth (pronotum 3-8—4-5 mim.) ; they are similar

in other respects to those of the preceding stage. The antepennltiniate instar

is represented by two individuals 38 mm. to 39 mm. in length (pronotium

5-9-6-2 mm.).

Examples of these three stages and of the adult. including the type male,

were taken by Professor F. Wood Jones. They were burrowing just below the

surfaee of the ground in sandhills at Stuart Range. An adult male of this

species was also taken in a similar habitat by the late Mr. E.R. Waite diurvimg the

South Australian Musenin Expedition to Cooper Creek in 1916, Ile deseribed

ifs capture as follows; ‘SOu September 25, when traversing the sandhills in the

neighbourhood of Sirzelecki Creek, | noticed lone tracks in the sand, each

28 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

terminating ma round hole; these tracks were often punetured, evidently by

birds searching for the contained insect. | made many attempts to secure what

1 thought might be a mole-crieket, and finally sneceeded in obtaining a single

specimen.’’ This example was figured under the name of Cylindrodes campbelli

Jurmeister in the account of the expedition (1),

Little is known about the life history or feeding habits of these insects. The

stomach and intestinal contents of a male example from Wynbring consisted of

many fragments of inseet chitin and a few vegetable cells, suee@estine that the

omnivorous habits of Grylotalpa ave found in species of this group also.

CYLINDRACTIETA LONGAEVA Sp. noy,

Fig. 11,

9 Hlongate, eylindvieal, light ochreous-brown in colour, with the external

faces of the anterior femora and tibiae chestnut-brown. Ifead moderately broad,

eves small, oval, prominent, fenestrae not very eonspicnous, antennae monili-

1 Big. LW. Cylindracheta longaeva sp.nov. A, adult female; B, apex of abdomen beneath ;

Cy antenna; D, coreus; By anterior leg, external aspect, showing broad elevated chitinous ridges

on femnr; Fy apex of median tibia and tarsus; G, apax of posterior tibia and elaw-like tarsus.

post.

tibia

trochanler

tarsus i=

form, short, seven-segmented, the third segment small, Prothorax broad, eylin-

drieal (length-breadth index 78), anterior margin evenly concave, antero-lateral

spine moderate, densely hairy; mesothorax moderate, compressed posteriorly to

permit of the folding in of the median legs; metathorax greatly compressed

laterally, with upper margin short, depressed, and Jamellate. Three basal

segments of abdomen compressed, the first with its wpper-surface flat and

(11) Lea, A. M., Trans, Roy, Soe. 8. Australia, xli, 1917, pl. xxxiii, fig. 4.

TINDALE—AUSTRALASIAN MOLE-CRICRETS 29

amygdaloid in shape, the second conical, the third compressed only at base;

third to seventh segments of abdomen longer than wide, constricted slightly at

each joint; the terminal segment bears a median transverse suture; beneath,

the eighth sternite is very long, with the posterior margin strongly convex; cerel

short aud stout, twice as long as wide; the tenth tergite bears lateral depressions

for the reception of the cerei in repose, these do not reach apex of abdomen.

Anterior legs with femora moderately stout, the inuer apical projection sub-

rectangular, the chitinous ridges of external face broad (indicated in black in

fiy, 11 1); tibiae stout, with single-seymented tarsus, moderately long. Median

levs with femora nearly four-fifths as wide as long; tibiae stout, with a long

ridge on external face projected near and at apex into two rounded prominenees,

armed apically with two spines; tarsi two-seemented with stout, paired ecliws.

Posterior lees with femora twice as wide as long; tibiae stout, with a short

longitudinal ridge on exterior face produced near apex into a blunt spine, pre-

ceeded by a second slight cleyation, armed apically with four spines, the external

pair of which are small; tarsus composed of a single, long, sharp-pointed

seoment, without elaws. Length, 56 mm.; of pronotum, 7-7 mm.; breadth, 6-0

mm. ; Gere, 1-5 mm,

Loc. New Giinea. Type, a female, unique, K. 55948 in the Australian

Museu collection. The discovery of Jongdeva, an ancient inhabitant, extends

the range of the subfamily towards the northern confines of the Australasian

region. Unfortunately no further details concerning its capture have been

preserved,

CYLINDREACTIETA PSAMMOPILILA Sp. OV.

Wig, 12.

é@ Cylindrical, stout, light chestnut-brown in colour. ITead broad, large;

antennae moderately stout, short, moniliform, and seven-sezmented ; eves ovate,

the pale-coloured fenestrae conspicuous, Prothorax stout, broad (leneth-breadth

index $5), anterior marein above gently convave, the antero-lateral protuber-

ances or spines stout and sharp. Mesothorax stout, posteriorly deeply excavated

to accommodate the folded median legs. Metathorax compressed, the upper

extremity short and Jamellate. The theee hasal sesments of abdomen compressed,

the first with median ridge flattened and oval, the second elongate. rectangular,

the third triangular; the eighth tergite bears a median longitudinal groove (as

this is almost absent in a second male example it may be due at least in part to

postanortem deformation), traces of whieh occur on the adjoininy seements;

the apical segment of body short, as wide as long, with the sides eonyerging 10

apex, the apex iruneated; the tenth tergite ventral, wider than lone, with

30 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

elongate lateral depressions for the reception of the cerci, the apical (anal)

margin projected and rounded; cerci three times as long as wide, densely hairy ;

clasping hooks on tenth sternite conspicuous (fig. 12 A). Anterior legs with

femora stout; the internal apical process rounded, the chitmous ridges on

external face narrow but strongly elevated; tibiae moderate, with tarsus one-

sewmented and vather long. Median legs with femora very broad; tibiae stout,

armed apically with two spines, and bearing a longitudinal ridge on the external

face, clevated into two slight broad projections, the one at the apical extremity

the larger; tarsi two-segmented with stout paired claws. Posterior legs with

femora relatively narrower than those of median ones; the tibiae longer and less

expanded, with the hind margin comparatively straight, armed apically with

four spines, the exiernal pair the smaller; there is no longitudinal ridge on the

external face; tarsus composed of one long segment tapering to a point, without

traces of claws. Length, 48 min.; pronotum, 8: imm.; breadth of pronotium,

7-1 mm. ; cerei, 2-3 mim,

antenna

female

median \

ost.

tibia .

tibia

A ‘ \

LA A

N.B.T. h y id

eercus BS

tarsus

D E

Wig. 12. Cylindrachelu psanmophila sp. nov. A, adult female; B, ditte, apex of abdomen

henoath: Cy antenna; D, apex of median tibia sud tarsua; M, apex of posterior tibia anid tarsus.

® Sinilar to male but larger, Antennae more slender, seven-seemented,

Pronotum slightly narrower, abdomen with dorsal grooye absent; cerci long, and

projecting beyond apex of abdomen; the uinth sternite three times as wide as

long. Length, 48 mm,.; pronotium, 10-5 mm,; breadth of pronotum, 8:3 mm. ;

cere, 2-5 mun,

TINDALE—AUSTRALASIAN MOLE-CRICKETS 31

Lot. Western Australia: Swan River, near Perth (11. W. Davey), the

type, a male, and allotype female, 1. 14912, in South Australian Museum; Perth,

one paratype male, K. 33721, in Australian Museum; Geraldton (EK. Ashby,

October, 1927).

The female example is very light in colour, and had probably only jttst

passed through the final eecdysis when eaptured. The male in the Australian

Museum collection is somewhat more elongate than the type. [t is the example

figured by Tillvard ('*) under the name of Cylindracheta kochi.

This species lives in sandy country near water; it burrows just beneath the

surface in search of food, just as do the species of Gryllotalpa. Mar, A, M, lea

informs me that on one oceasion, when digging up a peach tree in sandy country

near Perth, he met with burrows and several individuals of this species in the

san.

Mr. E. Ashby recently pieked up a single example, lying dead on the surface

of a sandhill near Geraldton. The anal extremity had been mutilated and the

thorax pierced, possibly by a bird. Tt is smaller than examples fro the type

locality, the ridge on the posterior tibia is slightly more developed, and the

prothorax is less broad (index 77).

CYLINDRACHETA KOCHI Saussure.

Cylindrodes kochii Saussure, Melanges Orth., ti, 1877, p. 208, pl. ii, fig. 4};

Saussure and Zehntnuer, Rey, Suisse Zool., ii, 1894, p. 428.

Cylindrachela kochti Kirby, Syn, Cat. Orth., ii, 1906, p. 7.

“Rufescens, nitida; pronoto pedibusque fimbriatis; oenlis minutis, maciulis

2 flavis ocellaribus; antennis brevissimis; femoribus 2is 3iis apiece tnermibus.

tibiis anticis angustioribus, margine postico arcuato, integ@ro; tarso antico uni-

articulato, veliquis biarticulatis; femoribus posticis paulo longioribus quai

intermediis; abdominis segmentis lo, 20 superne lamellari-compresso, tertio

conipresso, Superne trigonali,”’

“Longnew du pronotim 9-5 mm.; largeur di pronotum G-+ min.”

“ Hubife: la Nouvelle-lHollande (Musce de Genéve).’

Professor Dr. A, Reieheusperger has kindly examined Saussure’s type

material, and has supplied the following note: ‘*t am sending you some details

about that ruined specimen in the Geneva Museiun which is labelled Cylindrodes

hack Saussure, Tt must be the type; it isa pity Saussure never marked them! OF

the antennae there is only one left, and this is stieky and dusty, surely repaired ;

it is impossible to tell how many articles there may have been: actually there are

about six or seven, never eleven, On the hind legs there are no tarsi, they may be

(12) Tillyard, RB. d., Inseets of Australia and New Zealand, 1926, pl. 7, fig. 12.

32 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

broken off; the single ‘mobile spine’ is not there. On the middle legs there is a

two-jointed tarsus but no paired claws (if not broken away). There are no palpi

left on the type. The C. kochii is further labelled ‘Nord de la Nile. Hollande.’

There is another broken example in the collection, labelled ‘C. camphelli 2 Gray,

Swan River,

middle tarsus.’

The type of C. bochi was uniqne, Saussure stated (in the explanation to

It looks just like the other ruin, but has two stout claws on the

his five) that the posterior tarsi were missing, but in the text makes several

statements, regarding them aud other appendages, some of which are seeminuely

contradictory, In defining his group Cylindrodites, for instance, he says:

‘*Pattes des deux autres paires tres courtesy, 2... lews farses biarlicwlés”

(the italies are mine), In the generie description he says: *‘'Tarses des 2° et 5°

pairs courtes, composés de 1 ow 2 articles, et terminés par vine eriffe wnique.”?

Under the specific heading he says, however, ‘‘tarso antico iniarticulato,

reliquiis biarticulatis’?; and again: ‘‘Tibias des deux paires & peu prés eganx.

Tarses composés de 2 articles.’

As indieated in the second of the above quotations, Saussure says that the

median tarsi have only a single terminal claw. The antennae are said by him

to be eleven-segmented, ‘‘composées de onze articles,’ although his figure shows

only about seven. Au apparent tenth abdominal tergite is indicated in dotted

outline in his figure.

One is inclined to doubt the correctness of some of the aboye statements, but

since Giglio-Tos has recently said that in bis Patagonian species also the median

tarsi have only a single claw, Saussure’s observations on this point, for instance,

may be correct. As all three species before me have sevel-segmented antennae,

two-Segmented median tarsi with paired terminal claws, one-segmented posterior

farsi without claws, and viewed from above only uine apparent abdominal

segments, Sanssure’s statements are open to criticism, Even if (. kachi is proved

to have had similar appendages to those of the examples before me, the deserip-

tion and fimuée agree so little with theni that we may at present safely venture to

regard it as a little known and improperly described species whose habitat is

“Nord de la Nile. TWollande.’?

The second (Swan River) example mentioned by Dr. Reiehensperger is

evidently the one deseribed and figured some years later by Saussure and

Zehotner (™), who in a footnote suggest that it may be C. campbell’, The

presenee on both the median and posterior tibiae of a smooth ridge or lobe (as

stated by them) indicates that if is probably an example of C. arentvagas; an

(13) Saussure and Zelintner, Le. p. 429, pl, xvi, figs. 17-19.

TINDALE—AUSTRALASIAN MOLE-CRICKETS 33

examination of the specimen would, however, be necessary for certain identifi-

cation. The pronotum of the type of C. kochi is comparatively long and slender

(length-breadth index 67), and in this character comes nearest to examples of

C. avenivaga.

CYLINDRORYCTES gen. NOV.

Cylindracheta Giglio-Tos, Aun, Mus. Civ, Stor, Nat. Genova, xlyi, 1914, p, $3

[part].

Antennae shorter than length of head, moniliform, composed of seven

segments in the male and eight segments in the female, Eyes elliptical, minute,

depressed. Ocelli absent. Pronotum eylindrieal, Mesothorax separated from

prothorax by a gracile collar (much constricted), which permits of extreme

mobility between the two segments. Anterior tarsi composed of two segments,

Median tarsi two-segmented with a single clay. Posterior tarsi one-se@mented

with very small paired claws or apical projections.

Genotype: C. spegazzinti Gigho-Tos,

CYLINDRORYCTES SPEGAZZINIT Giglio-Tos.

Fig. 13.

Cylindracheta spegazzinii Giglio-Tos, Ann, Mus. Ciy. Stor. Nat. Genova, x!vi,

1914, pp. 81-101, pl. i, figs. 1-11.

Pig. 13. Cylindroryctes spegazzinii Giglio-Tos. A, dactyls of anterior tibia, and tarsus;

R, apex of median tibia and tarsus; C, apex of posterior tibia and tarsus. (Retraced from

pencil sketehes by M. L, Chopard.)

This remarkable cricket was discovered by Professor C. Spegazzini on the

sandy shores of Lake Nahuel Huapi, in Patagonia, at an altitude of 2,530 feet

(71° west long. x 41° south lat.). In addition to the type pair two further

examples have been taken, on the Rio Nequen, and are in the collection of

M. L, Chopard.

34 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

The generic ciagnosis has been drawn up from the detailed deseription by

Gigho-Tos, which occupies twenty-one pages. The example reearded as a male

by him is undoubtedly a female, and wice versa. The terminal segments of the

abdomen, as figured by him, appear very different from all the Australian species,

but the copulatory hooks on the paraprocts of the tenth sternite have their

parallels in the males of species of Cylindracheta. The ninth sternite of the

female is twice as long as wide in the Patagonian species, whereas in the

Australian forms it is usually wider than long.

1 am indebted to M, Chopard for the accompanying figures showing details

of the tarsi. Ile has also kindly supphed the following comments; ‘* The anterior

tarsus is very neatly two-jomnted; the median tarsus bears only one law, and the

same tibia no posterior spur, sueh as is shown in your sketeh lot Cyfindrachetu

arentoaga, vide fig, 8 B|: the posterior tarsus bears two very small claws at ihe

apex, ’?

Subfamily Tridactylinae.

Only one genus is known to occur in the Australasian region ; comments are

therefore made under the generic heading,.

Tripactyiys Olivier.

Tridaetylus Olivier, Eneyelopedia Méth., Ins. iv, 1789, p. 26; Serville, Ins. Orth.

1839, p. 311; Saussure, Mém. Soe. Genéve, sxv, 1877, p. 44; Saussure and

Zehntner, Rev. Suisse Zool.. ii, 1895, p, 411; iv, 1896, p. 407; Kirby, Syn.

Cat. Orth, ii, 1906, p. 8 (full synonymy),

Yya Latreille, Gen, Crust. Ins., iv, 1809, p. 383.

Heleropus Palisot de Beauy., Ins. Afr. Amér., 1805, p. 231.

Type: Tridactylus digitatus Coq, W. Africa.

Some forty species of the genus have been deseribed from subtropical and

tropical America, Africa, Europe, and Asia, Some of them are separated by

colour alone, and obyiously inaccurate statements appear to have been mace

regarding the structure and armature of others. Even in the European 7’, parie-

gatus one cannot learn trom the various figures and deseriptions ihe correct

numbers of lamellae on the posterior tibiae (actually there are four external

and three internal marginal ones). Some of the earlier deserihed Asiatic species

are probably coniposite, or the names are applied indiscriminately to several

closely allied forms.

Several characters quite useful for specifie separation have been apparently

unobserved, and the value of others discounted. On the lower internal

margin of the anterior femora in all of the species examined by me there is

present a set of semi-transparent specialized spines arranged to form 4 comb.

TINDALE-—AUSTRALASIAN MOLE-CRICKETS 35

Often, as in 7. variegatus, the spines are simple, flattened and grouped in pairs,

but in at least one species (7. inflata Bruna. Sumatra) they are very broad,

flattened, and partly bisected to form series of two-pronged forks. Contrary to

what has been stated by sone other authors, the presence or absence of wings

appears to be quite a constant character, in many species, and one useful, within

limits, for specifie separation,

The proportions of the appendages ave important. They were mounted

Canada balsam, and measured with an eve-piece micrometer, The lengths of the

whole inseets are measured from the anterior extremity of the head io the apex

of the abdomen, exclusive of the appendages.

The species of this genus live in the banks of streams and lagoons, where

they hollow out tunnels at the water’s edge. They travel with ereat agility over

the surface of the water, and are even capable of diving beneath the surface. Hor

swimming purposes seven broad, fat, articulated, paddle-like flanges or lamellac

are developed on the posterior tibiae.

Auditory and stridulatine organs have not been previously noted in

members of this subfamily. The Asiatic and Australian speeies of the genus

Tridactylus may, however, be divided into two ¢roups, based on the presence or

apparent absence of these organs, a preliminary account of which is given

herewith.

The species of the 7. variegalus group (variegatys, japonicus, mutus, ete.)

are dumb, but others, such as 7’. inflata and its allies, and two new Anstralian

species deseribed in this paper, possess (on the apieal part of the elytra) a strigil

similar in appearance to that developed in Grylloatalpa. A specialized orwan

(probably auditory in fimetion) is developed on the dorsal surface of the

apparent first segment of the abdonwn. Tt consists of a broad, sub-rectangular

membrane, stretched between anterior and posterior transverse chitinous ridges,

Jn 7. musieus i is three-fourths as lone as the ge weal The seantiness of

my material has up to the present preeluded a detailed examination of the

strneture,

Kry to Ausrranian Sprecius or Tripacrynus.

A. Mejatarsus mueh shorter than superior apical spurs of

posterior tibtae ai oe Mmautus

. Metatarsus as lone as or Foner than superior apical spurs,

a. Posterior tibiae with one external and two internal

(ie, 1 + 2) marginal serrations .. Pe .. tantillus

h. Posterior tibiae with three external and four internal

(3+ 4) marginal serrations zt 4 +. MUSTCUS

Posterior tibiae ‘with two sniall) obtuse teeth’?

(Mjiberg) Sy. fe Bu. .t .. australieus

RECORDS OF THE $.A. MUSEUM

With the inerease of our knowledge of these minute crickets the numbers

of serrations on the posterior tibiae may be found to be variable. In 7. actus

theamales appear to have 4 + + serrations, whereas the females possess + -|- 5.

TRIDACTYLUS MUTUS Sp. nov.

Vig. 14.

6 Uead, prothorax, and posterior femora dark green. lead with antennae

short, stout, and moniliform, cupreous-green, clothed with fine pubeseenee, first

seoment stout, second moderate, third longer than second and any of the follow-

ing except the apical (tenth) one, which latter is somewhat swollen and elongate-

ovate; labrum transyerse, anterior margin well rounded; elypeus narrowly

trausverse; ocelli, three, small but conspicuous; eves larec, projecting, snb-

angulate, upper jaarein bordered by a pale whitish fascia; vertex smooth with

a few seattered punetutes. Prothorax transverse, one-sixth wider than long,

smooth, Sparsely punetured, dark @reen with eupreous reflections, except for a

whitish trianeular area at postero-lateral angle. Abdomen dark brownish-green

beneath brown, posterior mavgin of each sternite whitish, giving abdomen a

transverse banded appearance, anal appendages brown, apical sternite (ninth)

as lone as or longer than wide, the hind-maregin well rounded. Elytra twiee as

long as wide, extending only to middle of length of abdomen, obliquely rounded

at apex, opaque dark brown, the whole surface coyered with minute fish-scale

like impressions. Wines obsolete, when in repose scarcely protruding beyond

elytra. Anterior legs with femora armed on inferior internal margin with a

fine comb of about fifteen specialized spines; tibiae armed with four dactyls and

a row of stout hairs, long on the anterior margin and short on the posterior;

tarsi two-semmented, the first ineompletely divided by an inferior groove,

Median legs with tibiae moderately stout, tarsi two-segmented, first segment

deeply constricted and furnished with semi-transparent pads beneath, Posterior

legs with femora extending beyond apex of abdomen; tibiae strongly eurved,

with eight serrate projections on upper margins, four external and four internal,

armed also with seven subapical lamellae. four external and three internal, the

latier ones larger and broader than the others; two superior subapical spines and

two inferior apical ones are also present. the former pair one-third the length

of the latter; metatarsus composed of a single obsolete sub-spherical segment

one-third the length of the subapical spines. Length, 4-0 mm.; of pronotum,

1-1 mm.; breadth of pronotum, 1:3 mm.; length of elytra, 1-5 mm.; of posterior

femora, 2-8 mi,

@ Similar to male. but larger, Tiehth sternite of abdemen notehed on

posterior marein; ninth sternite with median longitudinal niapressions. Posterior

TINDALE—AUSTRALASIAN MOLE-CRICKETS 37

tibiae armed with four external and five internal marginal serrations. Leneth,

5:1 nun.; of pronotim, 1-5 mm,.; breadth of pronotum, 1:7 mim.; leneth of

elytra, 1-5 mm.,; of posterior femora, 3°59 mm.

Loc, Queensland; Cairns district (if. P. Dodd); Brisbane (il, Ilaeker),

New South Wales; Sydney (A.M. Lea); Woodford (A. J. Nicholson) ; Wallacia

(H. M. fale and N. &. Tindale. Mareh, 1927); Condobolin; Tlowlong (W. W.

Froggatt), South Australia: Murray River (1°, R. Zietz); Highbnry, near

Adelaide (N. B. Tindale, December. 1923, type locality). Type (iuale) and

allotype (female), 1. 14936, in South Australian Muse.

apex of abdomen

Wig. The Teidaetybes mutis sp. moy. A, adult female; I, head: Cy

above; D, ditto, below; Hy left anterior tibia amd tarsus, iufernal view; 2, apes of median and

first tarsal segment, internal view; G, left posterior tibia and tarsus, viewed from above,

The type examples were taken at dusk by sweepine vegetation at the edees

of a swamp lagoon. Others were taken at Wallacia by throwing water against

the sandy bank of the river; when washed out the creatures moved actively over

the surface of the water and attempted to eseape by cigeing into the bank at

the water’s edge, A single example was found adhering to the sticky seeds of

Pisonia brunowiand, collected near Kuranda by Mr. I. P. Dodd. Wittle: or

nothing is known about the life history.

Some examples from Condobolin are more variegated in eolonr, and are

slightly larger than the typical form. There are two curved whitish marks on

38 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MuSEUM

the posterior margin of the pronotum (near the middle line), and the posterior

femora bear two short longitudinal marks and an irregular subapical whitish

bloteh. The abdomen beneath may be very light brown, with the whitish band

on the posterior margins of the segments yery broad. Structurally there appears

to be little difference from the normal form,

Chopard (1') has identified examples from the Cairns distriet, probably of

this species, as T. japonicus, from which species it is quite distinct.

Froggatt () has figured an example of 7. mufus without detailed deserip-

tion, under the name of **Nemobius sp.’’ Four internal marginal lamellae are

shown on the posterior tibiae instead of three, otherwise the figure agrees with

the speenmens deseribed above.

The median tibiae in this and the two following speeies contain a Jarew oil

gland, the produet from which appears to be seereted on to the surface of the

derm by namerous small pores, and serves, no doubt, to render the insects water-

proof. (Hig. 15 E.)

TRIDACTYLUS TANTILLUS Sp. Nov.

Fig. 15.

é ead, pronotum, and elytra brown, darker laterally. Antennae pale

brown with apex of each segment darker, pubescent, first seoment moderately

large, second to fourth decreasing in size, forth only one-half length of ei@hth,

fifth to seventh subequal, tenth the longest, eylindro-conical with blunt point ;

ovelli conspicuous; eves large, hemispherical, coarsely faceted; vertex sparsely

clothed with whitish pubescence. Pronotum nearly one-third wider than long,

somewhat inflated, postero-lateral angle well rounded, lateral margin distinetly

concave, wholly brown, very sparsely clothed with fine white hairs. Abdomeu

brown, beneath, especially at apex, paler; apical sternite strongly transverse,

posterior margin well rounded, clothed with dense white pubescence; anal

processes densely hairy; second segment of cerci slender, niove than half leneth

of first. Elytra (fig. 15 A) moderate, {wo and one-half times as lone as wide,

apex angulate, anterior margin stronely convex at base, three veins prominent,

the subeostal one bears on its distal fourth a stridiulating file composed of

numerous transverse teeth (fig 15 6), Wines present, lone, when folded

reaching to apex of cerei. Anterior legs with femora armmed with a comb of

fifteen semi-transparent, broad, flattened teeth; tibiae moderately clothed with

coarse hairs and arined with four daetyls. Median lees with tibiae stout, tarsi

(14) Chopard, L., Arkiv for Zool, 1A, No. G, 1025, p. 6.

(45) Froggatt, W. W., Australian insects, Sydney, 1907, pl. vii, fig. 4.

TINDALE—AUSTRALASIAN MOLE-CRICKETS 39

slender, first segment more than half length of second; second segment appar-

ently capable of being bent into position of repose (fig. 15 EK). Posterior logs

with femora stout, not reaching extremity of abdomen; tibiae weakly curved,

bearing on upper margins only three serrations (one external and two internal) ;

armed with seven slender lamellae (four external marginal and three internal) ;

Subapieal paired spines distinetly hooked at apex, nearly one-half length of

apical spines; metatarsus elongate; conical, as long as subapical spines, anterior

margin regularly serrated, posterior margin with a row of fine hairs. Length,

3-6 mm.; of pronotum, 0-7 mm.; breadth of pronotum, 1-0 mim; length of

posterior femora, 2-3 mm,; of elytra, 1-5 mim.

strigil

Cc tarsus

Fig. 15.) Tridactylus tantitlus sp. noy. A, elytron, viewed from beneath to show stridu-

latory teeth; B, ditto, part, greatly enlarged; C, antenna; D, right anterior Jeg, internal

aspect; I, median tibia and tarsus, showing tarsus in position of repose; F, ditto, another

position; G, apex of posterior tibia and tarsus, external aspect.

Loe. Northern Territory: Daly River (II. Wesselman). Type, unique,

1. 14937, in South Australian Museum,

This species is smaller than 7. pulex, the smallest species of the genus pre-

viously known, and differs from it in the presence of an elongate metatarsus.

40 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

TRIDACTYLUS MUSICUS Sp. Noy.

Fig, 16.

$ Head, prothorax, and abdomen dark brown, Head with antennae pale

brown, stout, finely pubescent; basal seginent stout, second and third nearly as

long as first, fourth the shortest, fifth and sixth as long as second, seventh and

eighth subequal, together equal to three times length of fourth, apieal segment

(tenth) the longest; eves moderate, ocelli rather large and conspicuous; vertex

2279999992902) 9?

ieee ee (V0 0)

Wig, 16. Tridactylis iusicus sp. nov, A, wing, the anal part indicated approximately ;

3, elvtron, showing strigil, basal third of anterior margin broken away; ©, part of strigil,

greatly onlarged; D, antenna; I, right anterior femur, tibia and tarsus, showing femoral

comb; F, femoral comb, greatly enlarged; G, apex of right posteriar tibia and tarsus, external

aspect.

sniooth, with a few scattered hairs. Prothorax brown, with a slight metallic

lustre; one-fourth wider than long, lateral margin concave, postero-lateral angle

well rounded, the whole surface finely marked with tiny impressions, like fish-

seales, and clothed with scattered whitish pubescence, Abdomen beneath pale

brown; the apparent apical sternite transverse, posterior margin indistinctly

angulate, sparsely clothed with whitish hairs; cerci with second seement slender,

TINDALE—AUSTRALASIAN MOLE-CRICKETS 41

nearly as long as first. A large sub-rectangular tympanum present dorsally on

apparent first abdominal tergite. Elytra three times as long as wide, dark brown,

with apex, part of costa, aud a subimarginal spot paler; apical three-sevenths of

subcostal vein armed on inferior surface with a stridulatory file composed of

many narrowly transverse teeth. Wings (fig. 16 A) present, moderate, in repose

extending to apex of first segment of cerci, light brown, with the upper (not

costal) margin fringed with hairs and inarked with regular alternate paler bars,

the fan transparent. Anterior legs light brown; base of coxa dark brown;

femora armed with an irregwar comb of twelve semi-rausparent flattened teeth ;

tibiae rather densely clothed with coarse hairs, armed with four dactyls, the

posterior oue weak; apical half of anterior margin lined with stout hairs; tusi

with basal segment not constricted. Median legs with tibiae stout, dark brown,

with postero-lateral margin irregularly whitish, tarsi two-segmented, second

segment (as in 7. luntillus) capable of being bent into position of repose.

Posterior legs with femora brown; tibiae pale brown, with upper margins armed

with seven serrations (three external and four internal), with seven launellae

(four external and three internal) aud with two pairs of distal spines; the sub-

apical ones moderate, the inner marginal one distinctly the longer, one-half as

long as inner apical one, apical spines long, armed near apex with three or four

regular stont hairs; metatarsius greatly elongated, one-fourth longer than inner

marginal subapieal spine, the anterior margin strongly serrated, the posterior

margin lined with closely set hairs. Length, +4 mm.; of pronotum, 0-8 mm. ;

breadth of pronotvn, 1-0 mm.; length of elytra, 1-7 mm,; of posterior femora,

2-2 mm.

Loe. Queensland: Normanton, Gulf of Carpentaria distriet (It, Kemp).

Type, uniyue, 1. 14988, in South Australian Museum,

Allied to 7. fantillus, from which it differs in the more nmmcrots serrations

of posterior tibiae and in the enlarged metatarsus. The tympanum at the base

of the abdomen is not quite as large as in 7. fawtillus, and the strigil on the

elytra is longer bat composed of weaker teeth.

TrRmACTYLUS AUSTRALICUS Mjéberg.

Tridactylus australicus Mjéhere, Ent, Tidskr,, 1913, p. 31: Chopard, Ark. f.

Zool., ISA, No. 6, 1925, p. 6.

The description of this species is short, The antemae are said to haye the

first seven seaments of the same length, the eighth a little longer, the ninth still

longer, and the terminal segment the longest. The posterior legs are said 10

have only two obtuse teeth or serrations anteriorly from the lamellae, and the

42 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

metatarsi are longer than the ‘‘upper spurs.’’ The length is 5 mm., and the

wings are fully developed.

Loc. North-west Australia: Kimberley (types). Queensland: Cape York

(according to Chopard).

The description does not agree with any one of the three Australian species

before me. In particular the proportions of the antennae are different and the

numbers of serrations on the posterior tibiae are less. In 7’. tantillus the meta-

tarsus is just as long as the superior apical spurs, and in 7. musicus there are

three external and three internal serrations instead of two, as in 7’. australicus.

SPECIES OF CHLENIAS ATTACKING PINES

(LEPIDOPTERA, FAMILY BOARMIIDAE)

By NORMAN B. TINDALE, SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM

Summary

A species of Chlenias was recently discovered attacking Pinus insignis plantations at

Mount Burr, in the south-east of South Australia. This moth is being studied, from an

economic aspect, by the Museum Entomologist (Mr. A. M. Lea) for the Woods and

Forests Department.

The purpose of the present paper is to place on record a description of the species, which

appears to be new, and to comment on the synonymy of some of its allies, at least one of

which is also responsible for damage to pine trees.

SPECIES or CHLENIAS ATTACKING PINES

(Lepipoprera, Famiry BoarMtipAr)

By NORMAN B, 'TINDALE, Sourm Ausrramian Muskum.

Text figs. 17 and 18.

A species of Chlenius was recently discovered attacking Pinus insignis planta-

tions at Mount Burr, in the south-east of South Australia. This moth is being

studied, from an veonomic aspect, by the Museum Entomologist (Ma. A. M.

Lea) for the Woods and Forests Department.

The purpose of the present paper is to place on record a description of the

species, which appears to be new, and to comment ou ihe synonymy of some

of its allies, at least one of which is also responsible for damage to pine trees.

CULENIAS PIN sp. nov,

Fies, 17 Band 18 A-F,

g Antennae stronely bipectinate; pectinations at e@reatest six times the

width of segment. Llead and thorax brownish-black with seattered white scales ;

abdomen fawn-coloured. Forewings elongate, triangular, rather broad, costa

almost straight, termen sinuate, dorstam straight, clothed with greyish- and

silvery-white seales; with numerous blackish scales forming transverse bands;

the first from one-fifth costa curves in an irregular halt-cirele to posterior

margin at one-third, and is margined inwardly with white scales; a second line

from one-half costa reaches hind-nargin at one-half; a broad, irregular, blackish

band from costa near apex extends to the anal vein at four-fifths, and is

mnargined on each side with a line of white; some greyish seales usually divide

this black band into two unequal parts, the smaller forming a well-defined

subtornal spot. Cilia greyish-white. Hindwings dark grey, somewhat lighter

at base, cilia as in forewines. Expanse, $8 mm,

9 Antennal pectinations 2. Forewings more elongate than in male; darker

in colour, markings as in male but much obsenred. Tindwings narrower; dark

evey, slightly lighter at base. Expanse, 48 nun.

Egy. Ovate, nearly smooth or yery finely shagreened, hyaline; pale

ereenish in colon; in an advanced stage of development the colour becomes

pale bronzy-grey, and the enclosed larva is visible mm dark outline (fig. 18 A).

44 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

The empty shell is translucent, whitish with an opalescent sheen, the smaller end

is caten away by the larva prior to emergence (fig. 18 B), Length, -84 mm.;

breadth, -57 mm.

Wig. 17. A, Cllenias gonaca Guest, male; B, Chlenias pint Tindale, male; C, Chleinas

pachymela Lower, male; D, Chlenias pachymela Lower, female,

Larva, The first instar larva (fig. 18 A) is velvety black, with cream lateral

and a white median longitudinal stripe; with numerous small bluish-white spots

on the velvety black intervening spaces. The head is ochreous-brown. Length,

2-0 mm. The adult larvae (fig. 18 D) vary from 27 mm, to 35 mm. in length.

They are moderately stout, sub-eylindrical, and smooth, clothed with scattered

hairs and marked with numerous longitudinal velvety-black, bhiish-white, and

orange-yellow stripes. Only two pairs of prolegs are present. The head and

prothorax are slightly shagreened, bluish-green in colour, with seattered blackish

marks and spots, The lees are dull purple, with the tips darker. There is a

broad dorsal longitudinal orange stripe runnine from ihe mesonotum to the

antepenultimate segment of the body, parallel to which are three, sometimes

four, velvet-black irregular striae, alternating with broken bluish-white ones.

Laterally from these there is a superior lateral orange line bordered below by a

TINDALE—CHLENIAS ATTACKING PINES 45

broad black line. tn a me¢ian lateral position there is a second broader and

brighter oranee-coloured stripe, interrupted on each segment by a spiracle

marked in black and partly surrounded by a whitish suffusion, Between the two

Pig. 18. Chlenias pini Tindale. A, egg with advanced embryo (X 4); B, egg shell;

(, newly emerged larva (X 30); D, adult larya (X 2 approx); BH, pupa; FP, wing venation

of male.

orange stripes there are seyeral rows of irregular black lines interspersed with

nwnerous bluish-white hieroglyphic markings. Below the lateral orange stripe

there are several lines of velvety-black alternating with white; the pattern of

the upper-surface being repeated, except that the area between the first pair of

prolegs and the anal extremity is broadly yellowish-green. There is a con-

spicnons ovate purple patch on the lateral surface of the body, above the first

pair of prolegs; the latter are pale green, spotted with black, The anal segment

is pale blnish-ereen, spotted with black.

46 RECORDS OF THE S,A, MUSEUM

Owing to the alternation of llnishavhite. yellow, and black lines on the

body the general colour of the larva appears to be green. The markings of a

half-grown larva (12 mm. in length) are similar to those of adult ones.

Pupa. The pupa (fig. 18 1) is enclosed in an oval cocoon of sand, cemented

together with silk, or more rarely of pieces of dehris from the forest floor. The

pupa is dark chestnut-brown, rather stout, smooth, and covered with fine pune-

tures. The wing and antennal coverings are marked with numerous delicate

striae, and the four basal abdominal segments bear two dorsal transverse series

of deep punctures. Leneth, 18 mm.

Loc. South Australia: Mount Burr. Type, a male, and allotype feniale,

I. 18515, in South Australian Museum, reared, June, 1928, at Adelaide, from

pupae collected by Mr, A. M, Lea in December, 1927,

A female example and several males were taken by Mr, FL Kay at Mount

surr on May 26. About two bundred males and a dozen females emerged in

our breeding-boxes during June and July, most of the females appearing during

the second and third weeks of the former month. heir adult life is short, A

female mated the evening after emergence laid 79 eves the followine night, ane

was dead on the fifth evening, An cxamination of some Lindreds of pine-

needles, which were covered with cows from end to end, shows that females

probably lay normally from 100 to 360 eges. Newly emerged larvae were

obtained in July. and adult Jarvae and pupae in December. The pupal period

extends for nearly six months: probably there is only one, a late autumn or

winter brood of moths.

The species is closely allied to C. zonaea Guest, from which it differs in size,

autennal pectinations, and markings. Guest's deseription of the larvae of

C. zonaea differs in several particulars from those of CL pind.

Mr. G. Lyell informs me that he has had examples of C. pind, from Victoria,

in his collection for some vears, under the name of (, zonaea Meyrick. Even

if Meyriek’s description applies (in part. if not wholly) to this species, the name

C, pind will replace (, zanaca Meyrick, which is preoccupied by C. zandea Guest.

CHLENIAS ZONABA Guest.

Fie. 17 A.

Chlenias zonaea Guest, Trans, Roy. Soc, 8. Austr., 1886, p. 15; Meyrick, Proc.

Luinn. Soe. N.S. Wales, 1891, p. 665 (in part only 7).

In 1886 Guest published a ‘‘ Classified list of the Geometers of Balhannah, ”’

and incladed in it descriptions of uo less than eleven speeies (of whieh the

present species is one) mmder Meyrick’s ms, names, Although his descriptions

ave meagre, they are in a yalid form, his type-specimens have been preserved,

TINDALE—CHLENIAS ATTACKING PINES 47

and it is therefore unfortunately necessary that Meyrick’s names, ten of which

he subsequently published himself, should sink as synonyms of Guest's.

Guest’s type (a male, 1. 18207 in South Australian Museum, 38 mm, in

expanse, reared from a larva feeding ou Asfer, at Balhannah, April 7, 1886) is

figured (fig, 17 A) for comparison with the new species.

CHLENIAS PACHYMELA Lower.

Fig. 17 C and D.

Chlenias pachymela Lower, Trans. Roy, Soe. 8S. Austr., 1893, p. 162.

An example of this species was received from Ma. C. French, jun. It was

reared from a larva feeding on a pine tree, in Vietoria. The examples figured

(fig. 17 C and D) are from Victoria (Lucas collection). Lower’s type example,

a male, was from Melbourne. Type. L. 18211, in South Australian Museum.

Loc. Victoria: Melbourne. Tasmania: Launceston (six inales, four

females).

OTHER SPECIES OF CHLENIAS REPRESENTED IN

THE MUSEUM COLLECTION,

CUMLENIAS MELANOXYSTA Meyrick.

Chilenias melanoxrysla Meyrick, Proce. Linn. Soe. N.S. Wales, 1891, p, 668.

Loe, South Australia: Balaclava (April, 1891, Type, Ll. 18204, in South

Australian Museum), Adelaide (June), Exeter (June), Murray Bridge, New

South Wales: Broken Hill (May, ex Lower eoll.).

CHLENIAS UMPRATICARTA Guenée.

Chlenias wnbraticaria Gueneée, Mist. Nat. Lep., x, 1857, p. 240; Mevyriek, Proe.

Linn. Soe. N.S. Wales, 1891, p. 664.

Loe, South Australia: Balhannah (Mareh, April), Blackwood (May),

Parkside (May, June), Victoria: Gisborne,

CHLENIAS BANKSIARIA Le Guillou.,

Chlenias banksiavia le Guillou, Rev. Zool. 1841, p. 257; Meyrick, Proe. Linn.

Soe. N.S. Wales. 1891, p. 664.

Loc, South Australia: Henley Beach, Adelaide (Inne), Balhannah

(March), Balaclava (April). Victoria; Caulfield, Tasmania: anneeston (May,

Jiime).

48 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

CHLENIAS SEMINIGRA Rosenstock.

Chienias seminigra Rosenstock, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (5) 16, 1885, p. 430;

Meyrick, Proe. Linn. Soe. N.S. Wales, 1891, p. 666.

Chlenias psolina Turner, Proe. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 1919, p. 401.

Loc. Victoria: Melbourne.

CHLENTAS SERINA Lower.

Chlenias serina Lower, Trans. Roy. Soe, 8. Austr., 1900, p. 36.

Loc. New South Wales: Broken Hill (May 1, 1900, Type I. 18210, in South

Australian Museum, also April, June, July).

CHLENIAS MELANOSTREPTA Lower.

Chlenias melanostrepta Lower, Trans. Roy. Soc. 8S. Austr., 1893, p. 161.

Loc. South Australia: Blackwood (April 7, 1892, Type I. 18212 in South

Australian Museum).

CHLENTAS CYCLOSTICHA Lower.

Chlenias cyclosticha Lower, Proe. Linn. Soe. N.S. Wales, 1915, p. 477.

Loc. New South Wales: Broken Hill (June, Type I. 18216, in South

Australian Museum),

CHLENIAS GONOSEMA Lower.

‘

Chlenias gonosema Lower, Trans. Roy. Soe. 8. Austr., 1893, p. 162.

Loc, Victoria: Toorak, near Melbourne (Type I. 18213, in South Australian

Museum).

CRYPTORHYNCHIDES (CURCULIONIDAE)

MOSTLY FROM AUSTRALIA

By ARTHUR M. LEA, F.E.S., ENTOMOLOGIST, SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM

Summary

As more becomes known of the Curculionidae of New Guinea and various Pacific

islands, it is apparent that many genera supposed to be confined to Australia, New

Guinea, or New Zealand, etc., are widely distributed. This is especially the case with the

Cryptorhynchides, all the main divisions of which, with the exception of Melanterius and

allied genera (which are almost confined to species of Acacia), are widely distributed,

many of the genera occurring in New Zealand, Fiji, and as far west as the Malay

Peninsula, as well as in Australia.

CRYPTORHYNCHIDES (CURCULIONIDAE)

MosTLy FRomM AUSTRALIA

By ARTHUR M, LEA, F.E.S., Enromonocist, Sovrm Ausrratian NOuskom,.

As more beeomes known of the Curculionidae of New Guinea and various

-acifie islands, it is apparent that many genera supposed to he confined to

Australia, New Guinea, or New Zealand, ete, are widely distributed, This is

especially the case with the Cryptorhynehides, all the main divisions of which,

with the exception of Melanterius and allied genera (which are almost confined

to species of Acacia), are widely distributed, many of the genera occurring in

New Zealand, Fiji, and as far west as the Malay Peninsula, as well as in

Australia.

Merctistoverus (1).

The species of this genus may be distinguished from all others of the

Cryptorhynchides (exeept Aanychus, which has yery different tarsi) by the

prosterntun having supplementary processes behind the front coxae, the processes

being vertical and forming parts of the walls of the pectoral canal; at first

elance they appear to be parts of the mesosternal receptacle, but on separating

the prosternum from the mesosternum their positions are at once apparent.

MECHISTOCERUS MULTIMACTLATUS Sp. 10V.

§ Black, antennae and tarsi reddish. Densely clothed with white, buif,

and black seales; each large puncture of upper-surface with a seta, not rising

uhove weneral level; under-surface and legs with more distinet ones,

Head with a deep and rather narrow interocular impression, Rostrum

‘ather long, moderately eurved; with fine ridges and partially concealed prune-

{ures to near antennae (which are inserted almost in middle), in front with

minute punetures, Two basal joints of funicle subequal in length; elub about

the length of three preceding joints combined. Prothorax distinctly transverse ;

sides almost parallel on basal half, and then rounded and narrowed to apex,

median Carina distinet but uot continnous: with large punctures, becoming

smaller about apex, but largely coneealed by clothing. Elytra distinctly wider

than prothorax, base trisinuate, shoulders feebly clasping base of prothorax;

with regular rows of large and vather distant punctures. in feeble striae about

suture, becoming distinet on sides. Metasternum and two basal segments of

(1) Fanvel, Bull, Soe. Linn. de Normandie, vii, p. 159.

50 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

abdomen with large punctures, the basal segment slightly depressed in middle.

Kenora, stout, strongly and acutely dentate. Length, 8-11 mm.

9? Differs in having the rostrum slightly thinner, with shorter ridges and

smaller punctures, aud basal seements of abdomen gently conyex in middle.

Queensland: Coen River (W. D. Dodd and TI. Taeker), abundant, New

Gitinca: Bonen (F, Schneider),

A comparatively wide, multimaeulate species, with ereet setae completely

absent from the elytral interstices, The majority of the seales are of a buff

colour or pale brown, in some parts with a slight golden gloss; on the pronotum

there are usually cight black spots in two transverse series, but they are sonie-

times partly conjoined to form irregular transverse faseiac, or they may even

form longitudinal vittae, the median carina and its vieiity ave usually glabrous,

so that the space there also appears black: there are usually several whitish spots,

but these are indistinet on some specimens, and absent from others; on each side

(but invisible from above) there is a dark vitta. On the elytra the black spots

are pionerous and irregular, the white spots are fewer in nnmber and also

irregular in disposition, but there is always a pale spot on each shoulder, The

femora and tibiae also have black markines. The head when at rest is seen to

he glabrons at the base, with small grannies and fine transverse striae, but when

the vostrum is partly extended the glabrous part is concealed by the apex of

the prothorax, The median carina on the pronotwmn is always distinet, but is

less acute and shorter on some specimens than on others. The elytra, when

viewed from behind, appear cordate, owing to the disappearance of the latero-

basal sinuations. On abrasion most of the punetures are seen to be large and

deep, In general appearance the species is certainly close to M, calidris, but

the many specimens taken all differ from that species in the same way, On each

elytron of calidris there is a pale spot near the seutellum, beyond this there is

often (but not always) a small dark spot, then an irregular, curved, pale faseia

(commencing on the shoulder), then a fairly laree black spot or cluster of spots

(always present but variable), then an irregular pale fascia crowning the apical

slope, then some small blackish spots, and at the apex itself another pale spot.

On WM. dispar there is a blaek bloteh or irrezular fascia about the middle, but

the rostrnm of the female is conspicuonsly longer; on M. similis the clothing of

the abdomen is very different. The absence of interstitial setae distinguishes the

species from IW. marmnorens.

MecHistoceRUs MAGNIDENS sp. nov.

é Black, antennae and tarsi reddish; rest of legs and part of rostrum

obscurely diluted with red. Rather sparsely clothed with scales and setae.

LEA—CRYPTORHYNCHIDES (CURCULIONIDAE) 51

Tlead with erowded punetures; with a deep and narrow interoewlar impres-

sion, Rostrum rather long, sides dilated near base, but notched at base itself;

with ridges and squamiferous punctures on basal two-fifths, elsewhere with small,

naked punctures. Antennae thin, inserted about two-fifths from apex of rostrum.

Prothorax moderately transverse; with crowded but sharply defined punctures,

and a feeble remmant of a median earina, Elytra much wider than prothorax,

base feebly trisinuate, shonlders not elasping prothorax; with rows of lirge,

oblong punctures, close together on basal half, but becoming smaller, more

ronded and distant posteriorly. Metasternum with fairly large punetures, and

uv deep median grooye, Basal seement of abdomen depressed in middle, it and

fhe second segment with rather sparse punetures, smaller than on metasterntnn,

fifth se@ment and sides of third and fourth with crowded prmetures. Kemora

stort, stronely and aentely dentate, tibiae long and thin. Length, 50-6 mm.

¢ Differs in having the rostrum thinner, ridges and squamiferous pune-

tures occupying a smaller basal space, antennae inserted nearer the middle and

basal sevment of abdomen rather strongly convex, with more sharply defined

punetures,

Queensland: South Johnstone River (TI, W. Brown).

In general appearance somewhat like M. cancellafus on a small seale, with

brighter and sparser clothing, but punctures of metasternum somewhat smaller,

those of second segment of abdomen much less numerous. and elytra less parallel-

sided, The nontuberculate apex of the sides of the metasternal groove at once

distingnishes from the male of AZ. metosternalis. The lees are longer and the

femoral teeth stronger than on M. duplicatus and M. egens. The abdominal

punetures are more numerous and smaller than on J/. punctiventiis, and the

femora are stouter, with much larger teeth. The rather sparse clothing on the

upper-surfaee is almost brick-ved, becoming whitish on the wnder parts. On

the pronotum if consists of a seta in cach puneture; on each elytron there is 4

narrow spot on the third interstice at the base, and the preapieal callus is well

marked, elsewhere the clothing forms numerous ill-defined fasciae, in places

slightly obscuring the punetures; there are numerous pale and dark setae, very

distinet from the sides, and forming a row on each interstice. The tooth on

each front femur is moderately laree, on the middle ones somewhat larger, but

on the hind ones much larger; being almost as large as the apical se@ment of

abdomen. Exeept on the sides, and then but feebly, the elvtral punetires are

not placed in striae.

MEcCHISTOCERUS INTEROCULARIS Sp. OV.

Blaek, antennae reddish. Clothed with more or less dingy setae, the elytra

in wddition with muddy-brown and obseurely whitish seales,

52 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Tlead with crowded, partially concealed punetures; with a transverse inter-

ovular depression, in which is a feeble longitudinal impression, Rostrum shghtly

longer than prothorax, thin and parallelsided, with fine ridges and coarse,

setiferous punetures on basal third, beyond this with distinet naked punctures,

becoming stualler te apex, Antennae inserted slightly nearer apex than base

of rostrum, elub as loug as the four preeedine jaints combined. Prothorax

moderately transverse, sides feebly dilated from base to beyond the middle, and

then rapidly decreasing in width to apex; with rather large, crowded punctures,

and a narrow median earma. Elytra uoderately lone, sides parallel to abort

the middle, base rather stvonely trisinnate; with rows of large, deep, oblone

punctures to beyond the middle, when they become smaller and rounded. Meta-

stermum ane basal seement of abdomen with coarse, crowded punctures, larger

than on prothorax, second segment with somewhat smaller ones, apical segment

with crowded ones, the third and fourth each with a single row. Front and

middle femora moderately, the hind one largely and acutely, dentate. Leneth,

6:0-6:5 mim.

Queensland: Coen River (I. Haeker). Claudie River (0. A. Kershaw).

The interocwlar space is depressed, so that from the sides there is a distinet

noteh at fhe junetion of the head and rostrum; this is at onee cistinetive from

M. basulis, cancellalus, metusternalis, and similar species; it is much as on J,

duplicatius, but the elytra are more sparsely clothed, with several irregular

patches of whitish sewles, and with longer and more erect setae; the pronotum

is also carimated from base to apex. M. punctiventris, with similar base of

rostrum, has very different abdominal punetures, The punetures on the basal

half of the elyira are very large, and the interstices, both between the punctures

and the rows, are very narrow, ou the sides only they are in feeble striae, The

elothing on the two specimens is in poor condition, but the species is a distinet

one by the interoenlar space and the abdominal punetures, Judging by the

vostrim they are probably both males. The Claudie River specimen has the apex

of rostrum reddish.

MECIISTOCERUS SUBGLOBICOLLIS Sp, 10V.

Dark brown, rostrum somewhat paler, antennae pale red. Densely clothed

With scales varying from whitish, through stramineous to dark brown, and

listinetly mottled on the elytra.

Head with crowded, almost eoneealed prnetures; between eyes with a rather

narrow clliptic depression, with a narrow median line. Rostrum feebly curved,

about hase with short ridges, and coarse, syuamiferous punctures, elsewhere with

rather small, but sharply defined, nude pnnetures. Antennae inserted almost

in middle of rostrim, second joint of funiele distinetly longer than first; elub

LEA—CRYPTORHYNCHIDES (CURCULIONIDAE) 53

rather elongate. Prothorax abont as lone as the basal width, sides strongly

rounded in middle; with erowded, partly concealed punetures, and a feeble

median carina, Elytra narrow ancl parallel sided to near apex, base feebly

trisinuate, and distinetly wider than prothorax; with rows of punetures of

moderate size, the interstices with crowded, concealed ones. Under-surface with

crowded, partly concealed punctures; two basal segments of abdomen large,

third and fourth each almost as long as the fifth. Bemora moderately dentate,

{ibiae comparatively short. Leneth, 7 mm.

Queensland; Mount Tambonrine, in December and January (LL. Hacker

nnd A. M. Lea),

A narrow, cylindrical species, allied to JL. cylindricus and ML. vulwetalus:

from the former it is distinguished by its less uniformly elothec elytra, and from

the latter by the considerably smaller eephalie impression, and sinaller and

denser punctures on the metasternal episterna; a specimen of vulperatus, fron

Cooktown, approaches tts clothing in colours, but has the cephalic impression

of normal size, There are no erect setae on the elytra, but about the apex there

are some setae pressed flat amongst the scales; the palest scales on the elytra are

about the punctures, those of other shades are irrewularly distributed; ou the

pronotum the clothing consists of stramineous aud dark brown scales, or stout

depressed setae, one in each puncture; on the lees the e¢lothing is abnost

uniformly buff The compound interocular impression, and the crowded pune-

tures of the third and fourth abdominal segments, are unusnal features in the

OTIS.

MecuistocerRvs SeTIVENTRIS sp. DOV.

black, apieal half of rostrum, antennae, and tarsi obseurely reddish,

Densely clothed with variewated scales and setae,

ITead with a narrow interoetlar impression, slightly dilated in front.

Rostrim shghtly longer than prothorax, evenly curved; basal fourth slightly

dilated, with fine ridges and series of coarse, setiferous punctures, elsewhere with

sinall, naked ones. Autennae inserted slightly nearer apex than base of rostrum,

Prothorax slightly wider than long, sides yery feebly dilated from base to beyond

the middle, and then rapidly narrowed to apex, punctures normally concealed,

except on basal sides, where they are large, Elytra distinetly wider than pro-

thorax, sides parallel to about the middle, base trisinuate; with rows of large,

partly concealed punctures, hecoming smaller posteriorly, Metastermmin with

fairly large and dense punetures, and with a rather narrow median groove.

Basal segment of abdomen with smaller punctures (exeept for a basal tow)

than on metasiernim, third and fourth each with a row of setiferous ones,

Front femora feebly, middle ones moderately, hind ones rather strougly dentate.

Length, 6°35 mm.

54+ RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

New South Wales: Styx River, on sassafras (W. W. Froggatt) ; wuique.

A prettily variegated species, structurally fairly close to M, duplicatis, Wut

with longer and thinner legs, and different punctures of under surface, On the

upper surface most of the scales are of a rather dingy brown, varying to fawn,

but with fairly numerous irregular black spots on the elytra; in addition, there

are some small irregular white spots, so placed as to form a feeble median V.

On the pronotum the setae are dense but subdepressed; on the elytra they are

fewer in number, but subereet and placed in a single row on each interstice, On

the head and legs the scales are mostly brick-red, with numerous whitish setae,

On the metasternum aud abdomen there are no scales, but a few brick-red setae

and numerous black ones; the latter on the abdoinen are suberect and very

conspicuous. On the dise of the pronotum the punctures are entirely concealed,

and the clothing entirely conceals a feeble median carina. The basal segment

vf the abdomen is feebly convex in the middle, but judging by the rostrum the

type may be a male.

MercrusroveRus PUNCTIPENNIS sp. Oy.

® Black, antennae reddish, parts of rostrum and of tarsi more obseurely

so, Moderately densely clothed with dingy brown and sooty scales; each pro-

thoracic puneture with a subereet seta, slightly raised above general level, each

elytral interstice with a row of suberect setae, very distinet from the sides;

under-surface and legs with moderately dense scales and setae.

Head with crowded, concealed punctures in front, base glabrous; with a

deep and rather narrow interoeular impression. Rostrimu slightly longer than

prothorax, moderately curved; basal fourth with fine ridges and coarse squam-

iferous punetures, elsewhere with minute, nakecl punctures. Antennae inserted

slightly nearer apex than base of rostrum. Prothorax almost as long as the

basal width, sides feebly rounded and decreasing in width from base; with large,

partly concealed punctures, becoming smaller in front; and with a feeble median

carina. Elytra distinetly wider than prothorax, sides parallel to about middle,

base feebly trisinuate, shoulders seareely clasping prothorax ; with rows of large,

deep, oblong punctures, becoming siualler posteriorly. Metasternnm and parts

of abdomen with large, partly concealed punctures; second seement slightly

longer than third and fourth contbined. Femora stout, and, especially the hind

ones, strongly and acutely dentate; tibiae long and thin. Length, 6 mm.

Malay Peninsula: Kuala Lumpur CA. M. Lea) ; unique.

With the general outlines of MW. calidris, but less densely clothed, prothorax

searecly transyerse, and elytra with larger, deeper, and more oblong punuetures

closer together; most of them are double or semi-double, but with only one seta

LEA—CRYPTORHYNCHIDES (CURCULIONIDAE) 55

(on the anterior end); on the sides and posteriorly the punctures are in rather

feeble striae. The shades of colour of the seales are ill-defined. The prothoraxs

and head ave conjountly subconical.

Mi&cuisTocekus ZIcZAc sp, Tov.

§ Black, antennae and parts of lees obseiaelw redelish. Irrevularly

vlothed with brown and sooty scales and setae.

Head with dense punctures, and a rather narrow interocwar impression.

Ktostrim: searcely the length of prothorax, slightly curved. with distinet ridges

alternated with rows of squamiferous punctures on basal ball, small but fairly

distinct naked punetures in front. Antennae inserted about two-fifths fron

apex of rostrum. Prothorax about as lowe as wide, sides feebly diminishing in

width, and slightly rounded from base to near apex, aud then more stronely to

apex itself; with crowded punctures and a very feeble median carina, Elytra

‘ather long, vot much wider than prothorax, parallel-sided to beyond the middle,

base almost truncate, shoulders not clasping prothorax, with rows of moderately

large, oblong punetures, much narrower than interstices, on sides and posteriorly

in distinet strive, Metasterntmn and parts of abdomen with punctures about as

large as on prothorax, basal segment flat in middle, second as long as third and

fourth combined, each of these with a row of setiferous punctures across middle,

Dnt irregular on sides, Femora (for the genus) rather feebly dentate, tibiae

comparatively stout. Leneth, 6 (vix) mm,

Malay Peninsula: Kuala Lumpur (A. M. Lea). unique.

With general outlines somewhat as on the preceeding species, but with

smaller punetures on prothorax and elytra, and femora munch less stronely

dentate, the frout pair appearing edentate from some directions. Bach pro-

thoracic puncture contains a scale, but many of these do not rise to the general

leyel; on the ¢lytva the dark scales are seareely distinenishable from the deri,

but the paler ones form numerous irregular or zigzag asymmetrical fasciae;

each titerstive has a row of small setae, but they are yery indistinet on ihe basil

half. The lees have dense seales and fine setae, The ridges on the rostvinn are

unusually distinet, but are certain fo be shorter in the female. The elytral

interstices, where not concealed hy clothing, are seen to be finely sharreened,

From directly above the large elytral punctures appear to have a small setiferous

basal granule, but from behind this appearance is lost, although the setae are

distinet.

Mercuistoverkus CARBO Sp. Nov,

Deep black, antennae and tarsi obscurely reddish. Rather sparsely clothed,

Head with erowded. opaque punctures in front, smaller and suberanulate

56 RECORDS OF THE $.A. MUSEUM

about base, with a narrow interoeular impression. Rostrium slightly longer than

prothorax, moderately eurved; with sharply defined ridges, alternated with

coarse, setiferous punctures on basal half, with minute naked punctures else-

where, Antennae inserted slightly nearer apex than base of rostrum. Pro-

thorax about as loug as wide, sides rather strongly rounded, apex about two-

thirds the width of base; punctures crowded and fairly large, becoming small

in front, median carina very feeble. Elytra rather long, much wider than pro-

thorax, parallel-sided to beyond the middle, base searcely trisinuate; with rows

of fairly large, deep, oblong punetures, becoming enclosed in narrow striae

posteriorly and on the sides. Metastermium with punetures much as on pro-

thorax. Abdomen with comparatively small, shallow punctures, but crowded

on apical segment; basal segment flattened in middle, with a narrow, deep,

angular impression. Lees rather lone, femora (especially the hind ones)

stronmely aud acutely dentate. Length, 5 mm.

Malay Peninsula: Kuala Lumpur (A.M. Lea) ; wiique.

A jet-black species, he basal spots on the elytra are somewhat as on

M, busalis (a Queensland species), but the elytval punctures are much smaller

and eloser together, and those on the prothorax are more evenly distributed,

The place of the row of large punctures on the basal segment of the abdomen of

other species is taken by a deep impression, somewhat like a wide V, but not

as close to the base itself, and this should be a very distinetive feature. The

prothorax is nonsquamose, but has rather long, erect, dark setae; on each elytron

some white seales form narrow basal vittae on the third interstice and shoulder,

and remnants of fasciac about the summit of the apical slope; thei setae are

longer than on the prothorax, and confined to a single row on each interstice.

Seales are absent from the under parts, but the setae are fairly unmerous awl

rather long. The remnant of a carina is so feeble that the prothorax could be

fairly regarded as nonearinate.

Mrcrus?rocerts TRISINUATUS Sp. TOV.

Black, antennae and tarsi obseurely reddish. Elytra, head, and legs

squamose and setose, elsewhere setose.

Head with erowded, partly concealed punctures in front, naked about base;

with a narrow interocular Hopression. Rostrum slightly lonver than prothorax,

evenly curved, basal third with distinct ridges, alternated with grooves cou-

taining irregular punctures, elsewhere shining and with minute punetures.

Antennae inserted about two-fifths fron) apex of rostrum, Prothorax slightly

transyerse, sides subparallel to apical third, and then strongly narrowed to apex,

with fairly large, crowded punctures, becoming smaller in front. Elytra much

LEA—CRYPTORHYNCHIDES (CURCULIONIDAE) 57

wider than prothorax, base trisinuate, pavallel-sided to about middle; with rows

of deep, obloug punetiures, becoming smaller posteriorly, and contained in striae

on the sidesx. Metastemmum with punetures as on prothorax, Two basal segments

of abdomen large, each with sparse and small setiferous punctures, third and

fourth each with a single row of setae, fifth denselw punctate. Bemora (especi-

ally the hind ones) stronely and acutely dentate; tibiae thin and areled at base,

Length, 4 mm.

Malay Peninsula: Gap, on Fraser’s Hill (A. M. Lea); unique.

A small species, fairly close to MW. egens and MW. maygnidens (both from

Queensland), but with somewhat different clothing and narrower elytral punc-

tures. The seales on the elytra ave erevish-white and black (the latter sparse

and indistinet), the pale ones are condesed to form about three very irregular

transverse tuseiae, and four feeble basal vittae (on the third interstices and the

shoulders); on the legs the seales are subsetose in character but pressed flat,

the setae being longer and more or less erect. On the upper-surface the setae

are suberect and also vary in colour, on the elytra they are longer than on the

prothorax (where each arises from a puneture), and are confined to a sinvle

row ou each interstice, From some directions cath of the larger elytral pune-

tures appears to have a basal eranule.

MecuistocERUS MACULIPENNIS Sp, MOV.

Black, antennae and tarsi obscurely reddish. Sparsely squamose, but dis-

finetly setose,

Head with dense and rather small punetures, with a narrow, deep, inter-

ocular Impression, Rostrum slightly lonyer than prothorax, evenly curved, basal

two-fifths with couspicuous ridges, alternated with erooves containing setiferous

punetures, elsewhere with winute, naked punctures, Antennae inserted in

middle of sides of vostrum, third to seventh joints of funiele transyerse. Pro-

thorax moderately transverse, sides parallel ou basal half, and then narrowed

to apex; with numerous but comparatively small punctures. Elytra much wider

than prothorax, base conspicuously trisinuate, sides parallel for a short distanee

only, with rows of rather large, deep, suboblone eranulate punctures, becoming

smaller (but not rounded) posteriorly, and on the sides eontaimercl in striae.

Femora stont and (especially the hind ones) strongly and aeutely dentate.

Leneth, 4-5 mm.

Malay Petinsila: Bernain River (A. M. Lea) ; wniqne.

In general appearauce fairly close to the preceeding species, but prothoracic

punetures much smaller, elytral clothing not at all faseiate in character, and

femoral teeth somewhat larger and the tibiae shorter. The metasternal and

58 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

abdominal punetures and setae are much the same, On the elytra whitish seales

form numerous feeble spots, including four at the base (on the third interstices

and shoulders) ; black ones are present but very indistinet, on the pronotum pale

seales form five very feeble longitudinal lines. The setae are mostly dark on

the upper-surface, pale on the under parts, they are somewhat shorter on the

prothorax than on the elytra, on the latter they are confined to a single row on

vath interstice, The prothoracie puuetures, although quite sharply defined, are

decidedly sinaller than is usual in the genus.

MECHISTOCERUS SQUAMIPENNIS Sp. NOY,

9 Blackish, antennae and tarsi obscurely reddish, Densely squamose and

setose,

Head with erowded, partly Goneealed puuctures, interoeular impression

small and shallow, Rostrum slightly longer than prothorax, gently eurved, basal

third with feeble ridges, and coarse, setiferous punctures, elsewhere with

numerous small but sharply defined ones. Antennae inserted in middle of sides

of rostrum, third to seventh joints of funicle transverse, Prothorax moderately

transverse, sides moderately rounded, apex about half the width of base; with

verowded but vot very large, partly concealed punetures, Elytra rather long,

basal half parallel-sided, base distinetly trisinuate; with rows of large, angular

punctures, appearing rather small through elothing, and becoming much smaller

posteriorly. Metasternum with punctures about as large as on prothorax, witli

a deep notch im middle posteriorly. Two basal segments of abdomen large,

evenly convex, of about the same lengih along ouddle; with sharply defined

punctures, about as large as on metasternum, but much sparser; third and fourth

seginents each with a single setiferous row across middle, but dense on sides,

apical segment with dense punetaures. Front femora feebly, middle moderately,

hind ones strongly and acutely dentate. Length, 6 mm.

Malay Peninsula; Gap, on Fraser's Hall CA, M. Lea) ; unique.

A densely squamose species, to a certain extent approaching M. calidris, but

narrower, with conspicuous blackish setae, and only the hind femora strongly

dentate, The prothorax is shorter than in WW. punelipennis, with more rounded

sides and elytral punctures very different, The general outlines are somewhat

as in MW, seliventvis (from Qneensland), but the prothorax is smaller in pro-

portion, and the clothing and punetures are very different. Parts of the

rostrum and abdomen are obsenrely diluted with red. The seales on the elytra

are mostly fawn-coloured, mixed with a few small whitish spots and numerons

small blackish ones, on the prothorax the seales (but not the setae) are mostly

fawn-eolonred, on the lews they are-also iostly fawn-eoloured, bunt with a dark

LEA—CRYPTORHYNCHIDES (CURCULIONIDAE) 59

spot on cach femur and tibia. On the prothorax the setae are numerous, suberect,

anc short, on the elytra they are longer, confined to a single tow on cach inter-

stice, and most of them are dark,

MEctHisTocERus NOCTIVAGUS sp. mov,

é Black, antennae and claw-joimts reddish, Rather sparsely squamose ani

selose.

Tlead with a narrow, deep, interocular Impression. Rostriun the length of

prothorax, moderately curved, basal two-fifths with ridges, alternated with rows

of coarse punetures, elsewhere with uunute punetures, Antennae inserted

almost in micdle of sides of rostrum, Prothorax as long as wide, sides parallel

on basal two-thirds, and then rapidly narrowed to apex, which is about half the

width of base, and distinetly incurved at its middle; with laree, round, deep,

crowded punctures, becoming smaller in front; with a short aud feeble median

carina, Elytra rather long, oblong-cordate, not much wider thaw prothorax,

base straight, except for meurvature at sentellum; with rows of rather large,

oblong, deep puuetures, becoming smaller posteriorly, and set in striae on the

sides; interstices with munerous small puuetures. Metasternum with a deep

jnedian ¢roove and punetures about as large as on prothorax. Basal segment of

abdomen depressed in middle, with a row of basal punctures about as laree as

those on metasternum, but somewhat smaller posteriorly, and also with very

small punetures; second segment flat in middle, and with fairly large punctures,

apical with crowded ones. third and fourth each with a setiferous row across

middle. HWenora stout, and (especially the hind ones) strongly and acutely:

dentate. Length, 7

Malay Peninsula: Gap, on Fraser’s Hill (A. M. Lea) ; unique.

Somewhat narrower than J. calidris, and with much sparser clothing on

elytra, and pronotum practically glabrous, except for a few setae, The scales

Wit.

on the elytra are fairly dense and stramineous or buff, with a subfasciate

arrangement, darker seales are almost as nunierous but are inconspicuous; setae

are thin, feeble, aud confined to a smele row on each interstice; scales form a

pale seanicirele between the eyes. The type was attracted to light.

Tapius (*).

In the diaguosis of this genus the pectoral canal was deseribed as having the

apex cayernous, This is incorrect; its apex is deep, and does not end in a

vaulted process, but in a noteh in the metasternum. The middle coxae are

exposed internally to form parts of the pectoral canal as in MWeehistocerus,

Berosivis, and Derefiosus, there not being a special process on or below which

(2) Pascoe, Anu. Mus, Ciy. Gen,, 1885, p. 253.

60 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

the tip of the rostrum rests in the canal. Of the typical species (7. erirhinoides,

from Macassar’’) all Pascoe says of the clothing of the rostrum is ‘‘parce

squamosus.’’ A cotype male before me of that species has some long bristles

projecting outwards from the sides of the rostrum, in advance of the antennae,

so that it is bearded somewhat as on the male of Aonychus barbatus.

TADIUS AUSTRALIAE sp. noy,

6 Black, antennae reddish, rostrum and parts of legs obscurely diluted

with red. Upper-surface densely clothed with muddy-grey or mouse-coloured

seales, interspersed with paler setae, on the elytra confined to a single row on

each interstice. Under-surface and legs with dense, whitish, depressed setae.

ITead small, with crowded, concealed punctures. Rostrum long, thin,

curved, with a feeble median ridge and rather sparsely clothed throughout, about

apex with numerous bristles projecting outwards. Antennae inserted about

two-fifths from apex of rostrum, two basal joints of funicle elongate. Prothorax

about as long as wide, sides almost evenly rounded; with crowded, concealed

punctures, and a short and feeble median carina. Elytra much wider than base

of prothorax, parallel-sided to beyond the middle, derm normally concealed.

Under-surface with crowded punctures, about as large as on prothorax; two

basal segments of abdomen large, with a wide and shallow median depression.

Femora feebly grooved and edentate. Length, 5 mm.

9 Differs in having the rostrum thinner, almost glabrous throughout, with

rather small but sharply defined punctures, without apical bristles, and with

two basal segments of abdomen larger and evenly convex.

Queensland: Bowen (Aug. Simson).

The two specimens of this species were placed with Desiantha, of the

Erirhinides, to which genus, from above, they have a great resemblance. The

male differs from the male of 7. erirhinoides in having a conspicuous longi-

tudinal depression on the two basal segments of abdomen, with slightly coarser

punctures. The elytra are striate-punctate, the punctures of moderate size, and

the interstices densely punctate, but before abrasion the elytra appear to be

feebly striated only.

TADIUS BARBATUS sp. nov,

6 Black, antennae and tarsi reddish. Upper-surface densely squamose,

the elytra, in addition, with a row of sloping setae on each interstice. Under-

surface and legs with dense, subdepressed, whitish setae.

Sculpture as described in male of preceding species, except that the two

basal segments of abdomen are gently and evenly convex. Length, 5-0-5-5 mm.

Northern Territory: Darwin (G. F. Hill).

LEA—CRYPTORHYNCHIDES (CURCULIONIDA E) 61

In general appearance resembling several specics of Desiantho; from the

preceding species it differs in) being more distinetly marked, and in- the

abdomen; the lateral bristles of the rostrum are also more mumerous. The

pectoral canal behind the front coxae cuts into the surface, and is bounded on

cach side by a feeble wall, certainly denoting a close approach to Mechistocerus,

in which, however, the walls are much higher and usually on a level with the

coxae themselves. The seales on the elytra, the derm of which is entirely con-

ecaled, are mostly of a dingy stramineous colour, variegated with irregular

sooty-brown spots; on the pronotum they are similarly coloured, but the paler

scales form ill-defined longitudinal vittae.

DeERETIOSUS,

This gents was originally named from a New Guinea insect (*), but prob-

ably occurs on many of the Paetfie islands, and is abundantly represented in

Fiji, In Australia it appears to be confined to the rain forests of Queensland,

Amongst the allies of Chaelectelorus, it is abundantly distinet by the pectoral

canal; this cuts slightly into the metasternum, passing by the middle coxae, the

inner sides of whieh aet as parts of the walls of the canal, as in Meehisloacerus,

The canal itself is usually densely squamose, an unusual although not unique

feature in the subfamily, It is deep between the front coxae, but these at their

lowest part are sometimes not quite as widely separated as at their upper part

(the inseets examined on their backs).

The sexes are usually distinet by the rostrum (elothed on the basal half or

more on the male, for one-third or less on the female). The abdomen is less

convex on the male than on the female, but the differences are seldom sufficient

to be of use.

DERETIOSUS LATEROALBUS sp. NOV.

@ Black, antennae reddish, rostrum and parts of tarsi obscurely dilnted

with red. Densely clothed with more or less brownish scales, variewated with

sooty spots or patches, a distinet whitish spot on the middle of the side of each

elytron. Prothorax with six fascicles, elytra with many,

Rostrum moderately curved. apical half shining and with dense and small

but distinct punctures, elsewhere densely clothed. Antennae inserted abou

one-third from apex of rostrum, second joint of funicle distinctly longer than

first, Prothorax moderately transverse, sides rounded in middle, apex about

half the width of base, punetores normally eoneealed. Elytra considerably

wider than prothorax, base rather feebly trisinuate, with rows of fairly large

punctures, appearing mueh smaller through elothing, and almost vanishing

(1) D. arilus Pascoe, Journ, Linn, Soe, Zool,, 1871, p. 185, pl, vili, fig. 10.

62 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

posteriorly. Basal sezments of abdomen large and rather strongly conyex, except

for a slight median flattening, Femora stomt, strongly and acutely dentate,

tibiae rather strongly arched at base, the hind ones less strongly than the others,

Leneth, 6-5-8-5 mm.

° Differs in having the rostrum slightly thinner, only about one-third of its

base concealed by clothing, antennae inserted slightly more distant from its

apex, and abdomen more strongly and evenly convex.

HWiji: Viti Leyu and Moturiki (A. M, Lea).

The largest of the Fijian speeies. The extent of sooty or sooty-brown seales

varies on almost every specimen; on some of them the dark spots are confined to

{he lees, and are not much darker than the adjacent parts: on others, in addition,

there are a few lateral spots on the elyira; at their maximum they cover most

of the sides of the elytra, and much of the under-surface and legs. The white

spot on each elytron is very distinet from the side, but almost invisible from

above; it is on the third (sometimes partly on the second) interstice from the

margin, and level with the basal segment of ahdomen. Of the fascicles on the

prothorax two are at the apex and four form a curved submedian row, of whieh

the outer ones are larger and more advanced than the median ones; on each

elytron eyery interstice has fascicles, but many are small, especially those on the

even ones and near the margin, the two largest (but not very large) are on the

third. The fascieles are immch shorter than on the Australian species. On

abrasion the prothoracie prnetures are seen to be close towether, and not very

large but sharply defined; on the abdomen they are still smaller. The inter-

coxal process of the mesosternum slopes rapidly downwards in front, but not at

the sides, whieh appear as narrow, cleyated ridges considerably below the

mefasternum. A specimen from Tayertni may belong to this species; it is smaller

than usual, but is too much abraded to he identified with certainty.

DkRETIOSUS LECTUS Sp. nov,

9 Reddish-brown, antennae paler. Densely squamose andl fasciculate.

Rostrum evenly curved, basal third concealed, elsewhere shining and with

minute punctures, Antennae inserted in middle of sides of rostrum, seeond

joint of funiele slightly longer and much thinner than first. Prothorax briefly

subeonieal, with crowded, concealed punctures. Elytra considerably wider than

prothorax, base trisinuate; striate-punetate, punetures appearing very small

through clothing, Femora stout, strongly and acutely dentate; tibiae arched

at base. Length, 6 mm.

Wiji; Viti Levu (A, M, Lea): unique.

A beautiful species, not very close io any other from Fiji, and about the

size of D. verrucifer (from Australia), bot on that species each interstice has

LEA—CRYPTORHYNCHIDES (CURCULIONIDAE) 63

fascicles; on the present species (except on the apical slope and on the sides)

they are confined to the odd interstices. Very few parts of the derm are visible

on the type (owing to the density of seales), and sueh as are, are all reddish;

it is probable, however, that most parts are black on some specimens. The

scales are mostly of a deheate fawn or buff, becoming paler on the prothorax

and under parts; the head and lees are feebly variegated and with seattered

setae, There are six fascicles on the prothorax; two, loosely composed of dark

setae, at apex, and for aeross middle, of whieh the two median ones are

hlaekish-brown, and the outer ones elongate. On the elytra there are mumerots

small fascicles on the odd interstices, but with a few on the even ones posteriorly,

and on the sides; each of the small fascicles is composed of a short, upright,

central seta in the middle of a slight swelline; there is a large elongate fascicle

(supported on a tubercle) on the third interstice commencing near the base, and

a stualler one about the middle, The outlines of prothorax and elytra, as viewed

from the sides, are sinious, the prothorax with a gentle ecurye between the base

and the outer faseiele, and a deeper one between the latter and the apex; on the

elytra there is a rather deep, even curve between the two large fascicles on the

third interstice. The pectoral canal is slightly dilated at its apex (in the

metasternum ).

DERETIOSUS MU'TICUS Sp. LOY.

4 Black, some parts obseurely diluted with red, antennae pale red, eluh

darker. Densely squamose, setose, and fasciculate.

tostrum moderately curved, the length of prothorax, apical third with small

but sharply defined and rather dense punctures. elsewhere derm concealed,

Antennae inserted two-fifths from apex of rostriun. Prothorax moderately trans-

verse, apex about half the width of base; with crowded, concealed punctures.

Elytra considerably wider than prothorax, base distinetly trisinuate; striate-

pinetate, punctures normally concealed, Femora edentate, tibiae stonter and

less arched at base than usual Leneth, 4-5 mim,

9 Differs in having the rostrum longer, thinner, clothed only at basal

fourth, with smaller and Jess distinel punctures, and antennae inserted nearer

its base than apex,

Fiji: Viti Levu (A.M, Lea).

The femora are cdentate, a eharaeter unique in the genus, but as the other

characters are in agreement with Deretiosus it does not appear desirable to refer

the species to a new genus. The seales are mostly of a rather dingy hrown,

becoming somewhat paler on the under parts; on the elytra there is usually a

white or whitish V, commencing near the base, with its two parts joined on the

64 RECORDS OF THE S,A. MUSEUM

suture just before the middle, and very distinet on some specimens; there ix also

a pale fascia traversing the smmuit of the apical slope, but if is sometimes

scarcely traceable, On the prothorax there are six fascicles, in the usual posi-

tions, and some stout setae seattered singly; on each elytron there is only one

distinct fasciele, an elongate one on the third interstice near base, but on the odd

interstices there ave numerous stout, spatilate, ereet setae, each surrounded by

a slight swelling, but they could hardly be regarded as trne fascicles, There are

some fairly stont setae on the legs.

DERETIOSUS VARTEGATUS Sp. mov.

¢ Black. antennae and tarsi reddish. Densely clothed with yariegated

scales, and with numerous fascicles,

Rostrim moderately eurved; with small, crowded punetures on apical half,

concealed elsewhere. Antennae inserted about two-fifths from apex of rostrum.

Prothorax moderately transyerse, sides rather strongly rounded, with crowded

concealed punctures, Elytra mnch wider than hase of prothorax; base not

trisinuate, Shoulders oblique; with rows of almost concealed pumetures. Feniora

stout, strongly and acutely dentate, tibiae arched at base. Length, 4 mm.

Fiji (Blackbwon’s collection).

A beautifully marked species. with two laree fascicles on the third interstice

on each elytron, each of the posterior of which is connected with its fellow on

the other elytron by a white V, somewhat as on D. blandus and D. aridus, but

these are considerably larger, tougher species, with very different fascicles.

The clothing is so dense as to conceal the derm; on the upper-surface it is rusty-

red, yariegated with white and shades of choeolate-brown; on the under-surface

it is mostly mouse-coloured, irregularly mixed with whitish-erey; the legs are

conspienously variegated, and setose. There are six rusty-red fascicles on the

pronotum, in the usual positions; on each elytron there are three rusty-red ones

on the third interstice: a fairly large one at the basal third, a slightly larger

median one, and a small one beyond it; on the other odd interstices there are

some small fascicles of various colours, the largest of which is on the preapical

eallosity. One specimen has the upper-surfaee almost completely abraded of

seales, its prothorax is closely covered with punctures of moderate size, and suh-

tubereulate beneath the fascicles. On the elytra the punetures in the rows are

somewhat larger than on the prothorax, but become of mueh the same

size posteriorly, and on the sides all the fascicles are seen to be supported by

tubereles, {wo on the third interstice on each elytron being very conspicuous,

DERETIOSUS EXITITIOIDES Sp. Noy.

3 Blaek, antennae and tarsi reddish. Densely clothed with variegated

seales, and with numerous fascicles.

LEA—CRYPTORHYNCHIDES (CURCULIONIDAE) 65

Rostrum moderately stout, searcely the length of prothorax, opaque and

with dense punctures on apieal half, basal half densely clothed. Antennae

inserted about one-third from apex of rostrum, third to seventh joints of funiele

rather strougly transverse. Prothorax moderately transverse, sides feebly

dilated from base to about the apical third, and then strongly narrowed to apes.

space bounded by six fascicles depressed ; with crowded, concealed punctures.

Elytra not much wider than widest part of prothorax, base trisinnate ; with rows

of punctures appearing small through clothing, Femora stout, moderately

dentate, tibiae arehed at base. Length, +4 mm,

Fiji: Taveuni (A, M. lea).

With a white V, as on the preceding species, but narrower and apical portion

of prothorax depressed, with a general suggestion of the Tasmanian Eurithins

cariosus. The seales on the upper-surface are mostly of various shades of brown,

becoming pale on the apex of prothorax and sides of elytra; there is a con-

spieuous white V, connecting the two large median fascicles on the third inter-

stices, the seales enclosed hy it being velvety-black: on the under-surface the

scales are mostly whitish-erey, variegated with brown on the sides; the head

eicles

and lees ave sli¢htly variegated. and the latter are setose, There are six fas

on the prothorax, two in front, two in middle, and one on each side, half-way

hetween and longer than the others; om each elyiron there are numerous small

fascicles, and two larger than the others on the third interstice: one af the basal

fourth, the other about the middle.

Dererrosus V-NIGuR sp. Noy.

$ Blaekish, antennae and tarsi reddish, rostrum and parts of legs obsenrely

diluted with ved. Densely squamose and fascienlate.

Rostrum rather thin, sightly longer than prothorax, apical two-fifths with

small punctures, elsewhere densely elothed. Antennae inserted shehtly nearer

apex than base of rostrum. Prothorax distinetly transverse, sides rounded, apex

strongly narrowed and about half the width of base; with crowded concealed

punctures. Elytra considerably wider than prothorax, base trisinnate; striate-

punctate, punetures normally concealed. Kemora strongly and acutely dentate,

tibise moderately arched at base. Length, +-0-4-5 mim.

@ Differs in haying the rostrum longer, thinner, clothed only near base,

and antennae inserted shghtly nearer the base.

Fiji: Viti Leyn (A. M. Lea); two specimens.

Fairly close to the preeeding species, but with fascicles on all the interstices,

instead of missing most of the even ones; the fascicles of the upper-surface and

the elytral markings are sufficiently distinetive from D. verructfer. The seales

on the upper-surface of the type are mostly of a dingy brown, and but slightly

66 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MuSEUM

Variegated ; there are, howeyer, two parentheses-like, blackish marks on the third

interstices at the base, and a large blackish V, the parts commencing on each

shoulder, and meeting on the suture about the middle; on the wnder-surface wand

legs the seales are somewhat paler than on the upper parts, and are also obseurely

variegated. On the female the elytral clothing is mostly darker, only the basal

halves of the parentheseslike markings are present, and the VY is much less

defined, although traceable. There are six rather feeble fascicles on the pro-

notum, the front ones being darker than the others; an the elytra there are small

fascicles on all the interstices, but staaller and less numerous on the even than

on the odd ones.

DERETIOSUS SCUTELLARIS Sp. nov.

& Reddish-brown, antennae paler. Densely clothed with vyarieeated

seales, and feebly fasciculate.

Rostrum about the length of prothorax, parallel-sided, its entire upper-

surface densely elothed. Antennae inserted on sides of rostrum about two-fifths

from apex. Prothorax moderately transverse, sides feebly deereasing in width

to apical third, and then more strongly to apex; with crowded, concealed prne-

tures. Elytra rather narrow, not much wider than prothorax, base distinetly

trisinuate; striate-punetate, punctures alinost coneealed, FPemora moderately

stout, very feebly dentate, tibiae feebly arched at base. Length, 4 mm,

Fiji: Viti Levn (A, M. Lea).

A comparatively small species, with clothing on the wupper-surfaee con-

spicnously variegated, The compaction of erect setae on the prothorax is so

slight that perhaps 1 should not be regarded as fasciculate at all; in this it

differs trom D. lectus and D. V-niger. on whieh the fascicles ave distinet; those

species are also larger and wider in proportion. The femoral dentition is very

feeble, and, in fact, the teeth are invisible from most cirections. On both

specimens under examination the derm is probably nowhere black, but it is

visible only where seales have been abraded. On the type the elytral seales are

mostly of a rather dingy brown, becoming sooty on parts of the sides and for

{wo small spots on the snture (one touching the seutellum, the other near the

apex); white scales form a ewrved mark on each shoulder, and a broad fascia,

dilated to each side, crowning the apical slope; with irregularly distributed ones

between it and apex. The seutellum is snowy. On the prothorax whitish seales

are in the majority, on the head pale brown ones. The rostram has three

brownish lines. On the nnder parts the clothing is mostly white, but with

distinet spots on the legs, The prothorax eould hardly be regarded as faseien-

late, but there are loose clusters of short, erect setae, marking the positions of

two apical fascicles ; the submedian row is still less defined. On the elytra there

LEA—CRYPTORHYNCHIDES (CURCULIONIDAE) 67

are numerous feeble fascicles (sparse on the even interstices), mostly consisting

of a feeble swelling, about a short, stout, central seta, but there are two fairly

long ones on each third interstice (one near the base, the other just before the

middle). On the second example the brown seales on the elytra have a more

reddish shade, and cover much less of the surface, the white scales clothing most

of the apieal half, but the two dark sutural spots are present; its rostrum has

only two brownish lines, but there is a dark spot between the bases of antennae ;

the under parts are almost wholly whitish. The fascicles on its elytra are almost

confined to the odd interstices.

DERETIOSUS APICALIS Sp. Ov.

4 Dark brown, antennae reddish. Densely squamose, and fasciculate,

Rostrum comparatively stout, scarcely the length of prothorax, basal halt

densely clothed, apical half with numerous small, naked punctures. Antennae

inserted one-third from apex of rostrum, third to seventh joints of fnnicle rather

strongly transverse. Prothovax slightly transverse, sides moderately rounded ;

with erowded, concealed punctures. Blytra not mueh wider than prothorax,;

striate-punetate, punctures normally concealed. Kemora acutely but not very

stronely dentate; tibiae moderately arched at base. Length, 3-75 mun.

Fiji: Viti Levu (A. M. Lea); unique.

On the apical portion of the elytra the seales are almost entirely white,

conspicuously bounded in front by a wide M, the middle part of which is a V,

connecting two fascicles on the third interstices; on the rest of the elytra the

scales are of various shades of brown, almost sooty immediately in Front of the

M. On the prothorax, head. and legs the seales are mostly pale brown; on the

metasternum and abdomen they are mostly whitish. There are six feeble fascicles

on the prothorax in the usual positions; on the elytra there are numerous feeble

ones, but almost confined to the odd interstices, On D. variegalus and D.

exithioides (which are also larger species) the white V on the elytra is narrow ;

on the present species it is only part of the basal margin of a large, white, apical

pateh.

DeRUTIOSUS PURPUREOTINCTUS Sp. TOV.

Blackish, some parts obscurely reddish; antennae (club excepted) paler.

Densely squamose, setose, and fasciculate.

Rostrum moderately thin, about the length of prothorax, basal two-fifths

densely clothed, elsewhere with mumerous small but sharply defined punetures,

Antennae inserted almost in middle of sides of rostrum, Prothorax slightly

transverse, sides gently rounded; with crowded, concealed punetures, Elytra

mueh wider than prothorax, base slightly trisinuate; striate-punetate, punctures

68 RECORDS OF THE S.A, MUSEUM

almost concealed. Femora feebly dentate, tibiae somewhat arched at hase.

Length, 3 mm.

Fiji: Viti Levy (A. M, Lea); wnique,

Most of the seales on the elyita are somewhat phun-colonred, but variegated

with shades of brown and velvety black, the tips are almost stramineous, two

large blackish patches form an irregular V, the arms commencing on the fourth

interstices near the base, and joined on the suture beyond the middle; on the

prothorax and legs the scales are inostly dark brown, with a faint purplish tinge ;

on the metastermum aud abdomen the seales ave mostly whitish, with a faint

tinge of purplish. On the apieal half of the prothorax there are numerous

stout, ereet setae, loosely compacted to form six feeble fascicles, but there are

i few setae elsewhere; on the elytra there are similar stout setae, almost confined

to the odd interstices, but forming a distinet faseiele on the third interstice near

base, and a feeble postmedian one; there are also sowe stout setae on the lees.

The femoral teeth are not very strong, and are nearer the base than usual.

DERETIOSUS ANGUSTITS sp. nov.

Blaekish, some parts obseurely diluted with red, antennae reddish. Densely

squamose, and with stont. erect setae.

Rostrum about the length of prothorax, apical half with numerous small but

‘ather clistinet punetures, elsewhere densely clothed. Antennae inserted slightly

nearer apex than base of rostrum, Prothorax slehthy transverse, apex about

half the width of base; with crowded, concealed punctures. Elytra not much

wider than prothorax, base strongly trisinuate; striate-pumetate, punetures

normally concealed, Femora acutely but not very strongly dentate; tibise

slichtly arched at base. Leneth, 3-0-3-3 mm.

Fiji: Viti Levu (A, M, Lea).

A small and rather narrow species, rather elose to D. seulellaris, but

stauler, aud with somewhat stronger femoral dentition. although finer than on

most species of the genus. It bas somewhat the appearance of speeies of

Ephrycus. On the wpper-surface of the type the seales: are mostly of various

dingy shades of brown intermingled, with a few whitish spots seattered about ;

om the under-surface of body and of femora they are mostly whitish. On the

apical half of the prothorax there are stout. erect setae, but their compaction

into fascicles is very feeble; on the elytra there are similar erect setae, confined

to the odd interstices, and forming a feeble fasciele on the third interstice near

base, and a still more feeble one on each near middle. On a second specimen

the clothing is much the same, except that the prothorax is subyittate, On a

third one the elothing is mostly whitish, mixed with dingy brownish-erey,

LEA—CRYPTORHYNCHIDES (CURCULIONIDAE) 69

DeRETIOSUS INVENUSTUS Sp. Noy.

Blackish, antennae, tarsi and part of abdomen reddish, Densely squaniose,

and with stout, erect setae.

Rostrinn about the length of prothorax, densely clothed almost to tip, where

there are small, crowded punetrres. Antennae inserted about two-fifths from

apex of rostrum. Prothorax distinetly transverse, sides gently deereasing in

width froin base to beyond the wniddle, ane then rapidly to apex; with erowded,

concealed punetures, Elytra moderately trisinuate at base; striate-punctate,

punetures almost concealed. Femora acutely dentate, tibiae moderately arched

at base, Length, 3 mm,

Fiji: Viti Levu (A. M. Lea) ; unique.

The femoral teeth are acute anc rather small but well defined, certainly

stronger than on D. seutellaris and Do purpureotinclus; the pale tips of the

elytra are as on the latter speeies, bul the dark V is absent; the rostrum is

clothed not quite as close to the apex as on the tormer species, and the scutellyum

is not white. The seales are mostly of dingy shades of browmish-grey, becoming

paler at the tips of elytra, and almost uniform on the under-surface. The sete

are mostly darker; on the prothorax they ave not at all conipacted imto fascieles

in frout, but rather feebly so across the middle; on each elytron they are con-

fined to the odd interstices, and form three feeble ones on the third.

DERETIOSUS MINUTUS Sp. Hoy,

8 Blackish, antennae and tarsi reddish, Densely squamiose ancl setose.

Rostrium about the length of prothorax, densely clothed almost to tip.

Antennae inserted about one-third from apex of rostrum. Prothorax almost as

long as wide, sides gently rounded, apex more than half the width of base; with

crowded, concealed punctures. Elytra not much but cistinetly wider than pro-

thorax, base gently trisinuate; striate-punctate; punctures large, round. and

deep, but normally almost or quite coneealed. HKemora acutely but not very

strongly dentate; tibiae moderately arched at base. Length, 2-2-2-5 min.

Fiji: Viti Levu (A. M. Lea).

The smallest known species of the genus. On the type the scales are mostly

of a rusty-brown, shghtly variegated with paler and darker shades, From above

the pronotum is seen to have three rather pale, longitudinal vittae, continuous

from base to apex without interruptions, each side also (invisible from directly

above) has an additional vitta, somewhat shorter but also without interruptions.

On the under-surface and legs the scales are mostly whitish, varied with pale

brown, The stottt setae are mostly darker than the adjacent seales; on the

pronotim they are in places somewhat compacted, but uot enongh to form

70 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

distinet fascicles; on the elytra they are confined to the odd interstices, but on

the third on each elytron are compacted to form two feeble blackish fascicles.

On a second specimen the clothing is as on the type, except that the brown seales

on the elytra are of a dingier shade aud mottled with whitish-grey.

Three specimens (also from Viti Levu) probably belong to this species, but

they have the five vittae of the pronotum interrupted by a pale fascia, which

traverses it slightly nearer the apex than base. Another speeimen from Viti

Levu has fewer erect setae on the pronotum, and the scales of an almost uniform

shade of pale dingy-brown.

DERETIOSUS SUBARIDUS sp. Noy.

@ Black, antennae reddish, club darker. Densely squamose, and with

mumerous setae and fascicles.

Rostrum the length of prothorax, rather feebly curved, densely clothed to

near apex, where the punctures ave small and crowded, Antennae inserted about

one-third from apex of rostrum, Prothorax distinctly transverse, sides dilated

in middle, apex about half the width of base; with crowded, concealed punctures.

Elytra considerably wider than prothorax, base trisinuate; with rows of large,

round, deep punctures, appearmg small through ¢lothing, Feimuora stout,

strongly and acutely dentate, tibiae bisinuate ou the lower surface. Length,

6-7 min.

2 Differs in having the rostrum longer and thinner, clothed only on the

basal fourth, and the antennae inserted nearer the middle of rostrum.

New Guinea: Manunmbo (Madang district).

In size and veneral appearance close to D, aridus, but the V on the elytra

inconspicuous or absent, without large postinedian fasvicles, and those on the

prothorax also different. The clothing generally is of a pale, rusty-brown colour,

not much yariegated, and not much paler on the under-surface than on the

upper parts. On the head there are two feeble interoewar fascicles, aud four

irreewar rows of erect setae on the rostrum. On the prothorax there are six

distinet fascicles, in the usual positions, and some stout setae seattered singly ;

on the elytra there are numerous small fascicles on the odd interstices, and a

fairly large one on the third near base; in addition there are some stout setae

on the even interstices, On the legs the setae are mumerous; on the abdomen

they ave rather thin and sparse, but the mesosternal portion of the peetoral canal

is margined with lony setae, forming small fascicles. The elytra have a slightly

striated appearance, but this is partly confused by the stiff setae and small

fascicles on the interstices,

LEA—CRYPTORHYNCHIDES (CURCULIONIDAE) 71

DERETIOSUS ATRATUS Sp. LLOV.

Blaek, tip of rostrum and tarsi obscurely diluted with red, antennae paler,

Densely syudmose ancl setose.

Rostrum about the leneth of prothorax, with coarse, partially concealod

punetures on basal half, small and naked in front. Antennae mserted slightly

vearer apex than base of rostriun, Prothoraxs about as long as wide, evenly

convex, sides wently and evenly rounded, apex about half the width of base;

with crowded, concealed pnoetures, Elytra uimeh wider than prothorax, base

conspicuously trisimuate; striate-punetate; punetures large but almost concealed

by clothing. Kemora strongly and acutely dentate, tibiae arehed at inner base,

oblique at outer base. Leneth, 6 nun.

Java: Buiteuzory, one specomen at light (A. M, Lea).

A dingy species, with prothorax more evenly convex than usual, aid

soniewhat aberrant tibiae, The scales on the upper-surface are mostly of a

sooty-brown, and but feebly variegated. On the undersurface they are mostly

pale. The short, ereet setae vary from greyish, through brown, to blaek; they

are sparse on the basal half of prothorax, but numerons on the front half, where

they are compacted to form six loose fascicles; on the elytra the setae are more

numerous on the odd than on the even niterstices, the blackish ones are cont

pacted into a cluster of small fascicles about the scutellum, and three placed

obliquely on each elytron before the middle, on the third, fourth, and fifth

interstices, but the one on the fourth is very feeble.

Derwriosus FASCICULATUS Sp. Nov.

Blackish, rostrum, antennae, and tarsi reddish, Densely elothed with rusty-

brown seales, and with numerous sinularly coloured setae and fascicles; on most

of the under-surface the clothing is sparse and whitish,

Rostrum rather thin, moderately curved, slightly longer than prothoras;

near base with coarse, crowded punctures, elsewhere shining and with minute

punetures. Antennae inserted distinetly nearer base than apex of rostrum,

second jou of funicle thin and longer than first. Prothorax moderately traus-

verse, sides rounded in middle, apex about half the width of base; with crowded,

partly coneealed prnetures. Elvira comparatively short, much wider than

prothorax, base trisinuate; with series of comparatively small pnnetures, only

slightly concealed by clothing, and some of the rows deflected by the larger

fascicles. Femora stout, strongly and acutely dentate, tibiae strongly arched

at base. Length, 6°5 aun.

Malay Peninsula: Gap on Fraser’s Till (A. M. Lea); unique.

Very distinet by the munerous lone faseicles, of which there are six on the

72 RECORDS OF THE S.A, MUSEUM

prothorax (two at apex and four across middle) ; on cach elytron there are three

large ones on the third interstice, three on the fifth, and many small ones on the

lateral interstices and on the suture, but the second and fourth are without any;

the numerous fascicles on the suture are small, but each has a stout central seta,

The front coxae are less widely separated than usual, and the middle of the

inetasternum slopes downwards in line with the intercoxal process of the meta-

sternum, instead of being notched. The femoral dentition is unusually strony.

The type is probably a female.

DERETIVSUS SETOSUS Sp. Noy.

Dark brown, rostrum, antennae, and tarsi reddish. Densely clothed with

greyish scales, feebly variegated with pale brown, and interspersed with stout

setae; on under parts mostly greyish-white.

Rostriun evenly curved, about the length of prothorax, basal fourth densely

squamose, elsewhere shining and with minute punctures. Antennae inserted

distinctly nearer base than apex of rostrum. Prothorax rather stronely trans-

verse, apex less than half the width of base; with crowded, concealed punetures.

Elytra rather elongate, not mueh wider than prothorax, base feebly trisinuate ;

striate-punctate, punctures almost concealed. Femora moderately stout,

acutely aud rather strougly dentate; tibiae slightly arched at base. Length,

3-8 mn,

Malay Peninsula: Gap on Fraser’s Hill (A. M. Lea).

A rather small species, with pectoral eanal and other generic features

strictly in agreement with most of the species from Australasia. The setae on

the pronotum ure loosely conpacted in places, but do not form distinet fascicles ;

on the elytra they are confined to the odd interstices (except for a few near the

sides), and also do not form distinet fascicles, although a few are loosely eom-

pacted on the third interstice near base, The two specimens taken appear to

be females. The second specimen is paler than the type, its derm (where the

seales have been abraded) being not mneh darker than the rostrum, which is

bright castaneous; the clothing of its upper-surface is stramineous, mottled with

pale and dark brown,

DERETIOSUS INTERCOXALIS sp. noy,

é Blackish, some parts obsernvely diluted with red, antennae and tarsi

reddish, Densely clothed with muddy-brown or greyish-brown seales, inter-

spersed with munerons stont setae, and with a few fascicles.

Rostrum comparatively stout, almost straight, densely clothed throughout,

Antennae inserted one-third from apex of rostrum, third to seventh joints of

Funicle transverse. Prothorax subconical, slightly longer than wide, with

LEA—CRYPTORHYNCHIDES (CURCULIONIDAE) 73

crowded, concealed: punctures. Elytra not much wider than prothorax, base

distinetly {risinuate; striate-punctate, punctures almost concealed. Kemora

acutely dentate, tibiae slightly arched at base. Length, 4 mm.

Borneo: Labuan Island (C. T. MeNamara); Malay Peninsula: Gap on

Wraser’s Hill (A. M. Lea).

When the rostrim is in the canal its tip appears to be resting in a fringed

niesosternal receptacle, but on removing it there is seen to be a Fringe of long

seales, which partly coneeal the middle legs, whieh, except for these, would be

exposecdL internally, as on most species of the genus. The preceding species is

entirely without this fringe. On the type there is an obseure, dark median

fascia on the middle of the elytra, imaediately followed by a pale one. Af the

apex of its prothorax there are numerons stiff setae, which are compacted to form

loose fascicles; across {he middle theve are also numerous setae, but they are

scarcely compacted into fascicles. On each elytron the setae are almost confined

to the odd interstices, aud foriu two fairly distinet fascicles on the third inter-

stice, one near the base, the other median. On the specimen From the Gap the

fascicles are as distinct as on the type, but the elytral fusciae are searcely

traceable.

DERWTIOSUS TIBLALIS Sp. Noy.

Black, antennae and tarsi obscurely reddish, Densely squamose, setose, and

fasciculate.

Rostrum moderately stout, slighily curved. about the length of prothorax,

with crowded and rather coarse punctures, concealed on basal half, Awtennae

inserted. about two-fifths from apex of rostrum. Prothorax almost as long as

wide, basal two-thirds sub-parallel-sided; with crowded, concealed punetures.

Klytra rather long, distinctly but uot much wider than prothorax, base distinctly

trisinuate; striate-punctate, punetures almost concealed by clothing, preapical

callosities fairly distinct. Femora strongly dentate, outer base of tibiae obliquely

trunmeated. Length, §-10 mm,

Moa (or Banks) Island (C. T. MeNamara) ; ‘Australie’? (A, Bovie) : New

Guinea (coll. Pape in Berlin Entomological Museum) ; Java (McNamara),

The large size and angulate tibiae readily distinguish from all previously

described species of the wenus. There are two small fascicles on the front part

of the mesosternal portion of the pectoral canal, but they are concealed with the

rostrunt in position, The four specimens examined are strueturally in close

avreement, but the clothing, although of the same nature, ditfers in colour: it

is very dense, even on the abdomen, where the seales are of two kinds, com-

paratively small depressed ones, and larger slightly less depressed ones, taking

the place of setae, although too wide and depressed to be rewarded as true setae,

74+ RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

On all of them the sentelhon is glabrous aud shining. On the Moa Island

specimen (the type) the clothing varies from pale stramineous, through various

shades of brown, to sooty-black; there is a fairly distinet blackish fascia erown-

ing the apical slope of the elytra, the scales behind it, aud two spots before it

being paler than elsewhere. Ou the pronotum the scales are mostly of a dingy-

brown, with a pale median line and numerous blackish setae, the latter compacted

to form four feeble faseieles, slightly in advanee of the middle, and two still

more feeble ones at apex. Tach elytral interstive has a row of short setae, but

on the odd ones there are black fascicles as well, most numerous on the suture,

largest on the third interstiee; the legs are somewhat mottled, On the specimen

from ‘‘Australie’’ the clothing is mostly pale stramineous-brown, the median

line on the pronotum whitish, and the elytra almost without markings, except

for a dark angular patch, beginning narrowly at the sentellom, and suddeuly

dilated at the middle (where it extends across three interstices on each side of

the suture), and then rapidly terminated. On the pronotum the fascicles are

still less clistinet than on the type, and there are uo dark setae scattered about;

on the elytra the setae and fascicles are less distinet than ou the type. The

specimen from New Guinea has most of the clothing as on the second specimen,

but the elytra have several obseurely dark patches, and a pale VY, slightly beyond

the middle; the elytral fascicles and setae are much the same, but the submecian

fascicles of the pronottum are more distinct. The one from Java has the elothine

mostly of a sooty-brown.

Asy'resta (+),

This genus appears to be well represented in New Guinea and adjacent

islands, but in all the references to its species that T haye seen (inelnding the

veneric diagnosis), no mention is made of a ring-like carina on the head; the

ring is part of a perfect cirele, and is interrupted for about twenty per cent,

of its outline only near the base, where it touches the pronotium, and is there

broken by a triangular nude space which extends narrowly forward. On old

and divty specimens it is not always distinct, but it appears to be always trace-

able, It is distinct on vA. gazelle Oliv., humeralis Pase., and wittata Pase., all

of which have the front femora bidentate.

A similar but more widely interrupted cirele is to be seen on the heads of

Eudyasmus and on Cyamobolus trivittatus Pase., but the latter certainly belones

to a different genus trom C. funereus Pase., aud deloane Maiunerh.

ASYTESTA CIRCULIFERA Sp. WOV.

4 Black, antennae (club darker), and claw-joints reddish. Densely

clothed with sooty-brown and stramineous scales.

(4) Pascoe, Journ, of Ent., ii, p. 426.

LEA—CRYPTORHYNCHIDES (CURCULIONIDAE) 75

Head with a varrow, carinated cirele extending to level with the lind

edge of the eyes, and interrupted at the base by a uarvow glabrous triangle.

Rostrum about the length of prothorax, slightly less than basal half densely

sqnamose and with setiferous granules; elsewhere uaked, and with coarse,

erowded punetures. Antennae rather thin, inserted about two-fifths from apex

of rostrum. Prothorax rather strongly convex, about one-fifth wider than long,

sides vather strongly rounded, apex depressed and scarcely half the width of

base; with numerous rather large setiferous punctures, each usually backed by

a small, shining granule. Seutellum small. Blytra about once and one-fourth

as long as wide, base trisimuate and no wider than prothorax, sides parallel to

beyond the middle; with somewhat irreetdar rows of large punctures, appearing

much smaller through clothing, third interstice conspicuously raised and densely

vranulate from near base to near apex, fifth less conspicuously elevated, but all

the interstices with granules. Basal seement of abdomen flattened in middle,

most as lony as the rest combined. Lees long aud thin, front femora strongly,

middle moderately, hind ones slightly unidentate; front tibiae compressed,

rather suddenly dilated at apical third, thence obseurely serrated to apex on

uncder-surface, Length, 5-0-6-5 mim.

9 Differs in having the rostrum longer, thinner, less of the base clothed,

with smaller punctures, antennae inserted slightly nearer the middle of rostrum,

basal segment of abdomen evenly convex, and legs somewhat shorter,

New Guinea; Manunitho (Madang clistrict).

Ditfers from specimens, from Ternate, sent to me by Dr. Gestro as aL. Mauner-

alis, in its conspicuously vittate pronotum aud unidentate Front femora, The

stramineous scales form a narrow triangle on the head (sometimes concealed by

the overlapping prothorax) matein the eyes, form a narrow median line on the

pronotum, and several irregular spots on the apital third and about the base;

on each elytron they form a short vitta at the base of the fifth interstice, con-

nected with a small basal patch extending to the shoulder (on three specimens

the yittae are abnost white); on other parts of the elytra there are numerous

small spots, on some specimens irregularly conjoined to form feeble faseiae.

There is also a conspicuous spot (with a darker centre) in fromt of each front

coxa. The femora are usually yinged. The glabrous triangle at the base of the

head (ou this and the two following species) is traversed by numerous fine

ridyves, and is probably used for stridulation.

ASYTESTA GRANULIPERA sp. nov,

g Black, antennae obscurely reddish, club darker. Densely clothed with

pale greyish scales, mixecl with sooty ones,

76 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Head with an interrupted circular carina as on the preceding species,

Rostrum slightly shorter than prothorax; with coarse, crowded prnetures, con-

cealed about base and on sides of basal half. Antennae inserted about two-fifths

from apex of rostriun, two basal joints of funicle long, Prothorax, elytra, and

abdomen much as in the preceding species, exeept that the prothorax is slightly

longer, with more conspicuous setiferous granules, and that the elevated part

of the third interstice, on cach elytvon, is less dilated near the base. Peetoral

canal densely squamose, its posterior cud open. Legs long, femora unidentate;

tibiae compressed, the front ones with an obtuse dentiform projection at basal

third, between it and apex finely dentieulate and fringed. Length, 6-5 mom,

? Differs in having the rostrum longer, thinner, with much smaller aud

less crowded punetures and less clothed, basal seement of abdomen evenly

convex, and legs shorter.

Queensland or New Guinea (II, J. Carter from F. P. Dodd).

The general outlines are somewhat as in the preceding species, but the

dilated part of the front tibiae begins more suddenly, with a dentiform process,

the granules are more numerous aud cistinet on the upper-surface, and the fifth

interstice on each elytron is not yittate at the base; the pectoral canal is deusely

elothed, and the mesosternal receptacle is truly open, instead of shehtly

cavernous, The majority of the scales on the upper-surface are pale. On the

pronotum there is a pale, narrow, median line, about half of ifs seales are sooty

in ill-defined spots, of which there is a series across the apical third; on the

elytva the darker patches are less conspicuous than on the prothorax, and appear

mostly lke slight stains, the onter margins are almost white; on the tnder-

surface there are some dark spots, of which there is a very distinet one,

surrounded by almost white seales, in front of each front coxa. On cach of two

females a fairly large space about the scutellum is glabrous.

Four specimens were labelled as froin Kuranda, in Queensland; it is prob-

able, however, that they are really from the Astralobe Range in New Guinea,

where Mr. Dodd collected for some time.

ASYTESTA SB'TMIPHSY Sp. nov.

§ Black, antennae obscurely reddish. Densely clothed with dark brown

scales, variegated with paler and darker ones.

Head with an interrupted eirentar carina. Rostrum almost as long is

prothorax, almost straight; with coarse, crowded punetures, concealed on basal

hal! by seales mixed with setiferous granules, Antennae inserted about two-

fifths from apex of rostvum. Prothorax and elytra with outlines and punetuves

as on preceding species. Basal seement of abdomen flat in middle. Leys long,

LEA—CRYPTORHYNCHIDES (CURCULIONIDAE) 77

femora unidentate; tibiae compressed, the front ones suddenly dilated at basal

third, between them and apex obtusely dentieulate. Length, 6-5 mm.

Territory of New Guinea: Wan Creek, at its junction with Bulolo River

(W. W. Weidenbach) ; unique,

Differs from the two preceding species in the absence of prothoracie vittae;

in its pectoral canal and front tibiae it is nearer A, circulifera than A. grann-

lifera, On the pronotum there are four, ohseurely defined, dark spots across the

apical third, oue on each side of the middle at base; there are also mmnerous

minute, pale spots, mostly adjacent to the dark ones; on the elytra there are

some small and irregular dark spots. The setae arising from the granules are

mostly pale; on the base of rostrum, apical half of elytra, and lees they are

white; on the femora they are longer and more distinet than elsewhere, although

their supporting granules are smaller,

Nucuyrus (“).

The species of this genus are more numerous in New Guinea and adjacent

islands than in Australia. They are all nocturnal, and oceur in dead timber, so

it is probable that many more remain to be discovered,

2ascoe described the femora as unarmed, but on most of the species known

to me they are really dentate, although the teeth are so small that they are

usually coneealed by the clothing.

NECHYRUS CRIBATUS Sp. nov.

Black, antennae and parts of tarsi obseurely reddish. Densely clothed with

seales and setae, mostly rusty-brown on upper parts, mostly black on under

parts; elytra fascicnlate,

Head with crowded punctures each containing a seale, and with 9 small

interoeuar impression. Rostrum Jong, thin, slighily eurved, sides ineurved

between base and antennae, parallel-sided in front of them; basal two-fifths with

fine ridges and rows of punctures, partly concealed by clothing, elsewhere

glabrous and with dense, sharply defined ponctures. Antennae inserted two-

fifths from base of rostrum, two basal joints of funiele as long as the five

following ones combined, Prothorax almost as long as the greatest width, sides

evenly rounded to subapical constriction, apex about half the width of base: with

evenly cistributed pnnetures, each containing and concealed by a seale, but on

the sides (invisible from above) the punetures are larger and their contained

scales smaller, Seutellum minute. Elytra about one-fourth wider than pro-

thorax, sides subparallel to slightly beyond the middle: with rows of laree, deep

pluictires, conspienious on sides, partly concealed elsewhere; third interstiee on

(9) Paseou, Tourn, Linn, Soe., 1871, yp 208,

78 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

each elytron with three fasciculate tubereles: an elongate one at base, one al

middle (with blaek scales), and one crowning the apical slope; fifth interstice

with three at and about the summit of apical slope; shonlders also with a

fascielate tubercle, Mesosternal receptacle clongate, U-shaped, almost open

posteriorly. Metastermmm and two basal segments of abdomen with very large,

round punctures, Legs long; femora slightly dentate, Length, 3 mm,

Lord Howe Island (A, M, Lea) ; unique,

The elytral faseiculate tubercles are less numerous than on N, cncomptis,

but those present are in the same relative positions; there are four distinct

faseiculate projections at the base of the elytra. There are a few minute

eranules on the elytra, but they are mostly concealed by the scales, The setae

on the upper-surface are mixed with the scales and are imconspicnons; on the

under parts (as viewed from the sides) they are thinner, more numerous, and

distinet ; they form a single row across each of the third and fourth abdominal

segments. There are no faseicles on the pronotum. The punctures of the wnder-

surface are wnusually large.

NECHYRUS SCUTELLATUS Sp. 1l0V.

2 Black. Antennae obscurely diluted with red. Densely clothed with

seales and setae, variegated on upper-surfaee, and forming fascicles, almost

uniformly ereyish on under parts.

Head with dense punctures, each containing and concealed by a seale, with

a small interocular impression. Rostrum moderately long and curved, basal

halt with a median carina and irregular rows of squamiferous punetures, else-

where shining and with minnte punctures. Antennae inserted almost in middle

of sides of rostrum, second joint of funicle longer than first, their combined

length equal to that of the four following ones, Prothorax slightly wider than

long, sides moderately rounded, feebly narrowed to base and strongly to apex;

with an aente and almost continuous median carina; and with large, round,

deep punctures, each almost as large as the seutellum and coniaining a seta.

Seutelluin comparatively larve and distinetly elevated, Blytra slightly wider

than prothorax, subparallel-sided to beyond the middle, base trisinuate, slightly

elevated throughout, with shoulders clasping prothorax; with rows of large

punctures, usually larger than those on prothorax, each interstice with a row

of small, shining granules, but those about suture inconspicuous. Mesosternal

receptacle elongate, U-shaped, ahnost open posteriorly. Under-surface will

crowded punetures; basal sezment of abdomen depressed in middle. Legs lony,

femora minutely dentate. Leneth, 8-10 mm,

9 Differs in having the rostrum longer, thinner, more curved, the median

carina shorter aud less conspicuous, less of the base clothed, antennae inserted

LEA-~CRYPTORHYNCHIDES (CURCULIONIDAE) 79

slightly nearey base than apex of vostrum, basal segment of abdomen convex

in middle, and lees somewhat shorter.

Aru (IL. Elener),

The largest specimen is shorter than the length noted for N. puneticallis,

also from Aru. The fascicles are mostly fairly large, but composed of short

scales or setae, mostly black; there are two at apex of prothorax, and four across

middle (the outer ones feeble), also two ai base; the latter are feeble, and

sometimes obscurely connected with the two inner ones of the submedian row ;

on each elytron there is a rather larye one on the third interstice at base, and

another crowning the apical slope; the latter is connected by black scales with

the suture and the fifth interstice, so that the summit of the slope appears to be

erowned with a blaek, scaly fascia; there are other small and ineonspicuous

fascicles scattered about. The ordinary seales of the upper-surface vary from

greyish-white, through various shades of brown, to sooty or black. The clothing

on the third and fourth segments of abdomen is as dense as on the adjacent ones.

On several females parts of the rostrum are obseurely reddish.

NECHYRUS ATER ap. nov.

§ Blaek, antennae obscurely reddish. Densely clothed with sooty scales,

becoming rusty-brown on seutellum and nnder-parts,

Head with crowded, concealed punctures. Rostrum long, basal half with

tomedian carina and dense squamiferous punetures, elsewhere shining and with

minute punctures, Antennae mserted slightly nearer base than apex of rostrum,

second joint of funicle longer than first, Prothorax clistinetly transverse, sides

rounded from middle to apex; with a feeble renmant of a median carina; with

large, round, deep punetures. each containing a dark sefa. Seutellum distinet

and slightly elevated. Elytra not much but distinetly wider than prothorax,

paralleLsided to beyond the middle, base trisinuate, shoulders ¢lasping pro-

thorax; with regular rows of large, round, deep punctures, mostly larger than

on prothorax, aud becoming oblong-clliptie on sides. Mesosternal receptacle

elongate, U-shaped, almost open posteriorly. Under-surface with crowded

pnnetures, larger on metasternum anil two basal sewments of abdomen than on

the rest of abdomen; basal segment flat in middle. Lees lone, femora minutely

dentate, Length, 8-9 non.

@ Differs in having the rostrum longer. less of its base clothed, antennae

inserted even nearer base of rostrum, basal segment of abdomen evenly convex,

and lees somewhat shorter.

New Guinea: Manmnbo (Madane district).

Darker than the preceding species and nonfaseieulate. The seales are feebly

congested in places, but they nowhere form clistinet fascicles. At the extreme

80 RECORDS OF THE S.A, MuskUM

base of the prothorax they are of the same colour as on the sentellim, but are

concealed with the prothorax aud elytra in close application. On the under-

surface and lees they are mostly setose in character, and they are denser on the

lees than elsewhere. The dentition of the femora (especially on the front pair)

is very feeble, and the teeth could be easily overlooked. There is # row of mimute

eranules on most of the elytral interstices.

CLYPTOPOROPTERUS (").

This genus was proposed for a species (G. asper, from New South Wales)

which differs from Poropterus in haying the metasternal episterna distinet

throuzhout, with the anterior triangle on each well defined. With it were

associated Poropterus shurpi Faust and eucudlotus Teller, from New Guinea.

T have now to refer P. echimys Pase.. gemmifer Pase., papillosus Heller, and

solidus Faust, all from New Gainea, to it, and it is probable that most of the

species from New Guinea that have been referred to Poreplerus should also be

referred to the same genus, The metasternal episterna are important in the

subfamily, and in Porapterus they ave completely wanting. The species of

Glyptaporopterus ave all compact, multigrannlate inseets, with long, unarmed

femora, the hind ones of which, with few exceptions, pass the apex of elytra.

GLYPTOPOROPTERUS BPISTERNALIS Sp. TOY.

Black, antennae obscurely reddish. Moderately clothed with rusty-hrown

scales, with a few setae scattered about. but the latter becoming fairly dense

on lees.

Tlead with erowded punetures, and a fairly large interocular impression,

Rostrum almost the length of prothorax, rather wide, slightly eurved, sides

cently ineurved to middle; with coarse, erowded punctures on basal fourth,

elsewhere with much smaller but sharply defined ones. Antennae inserted

slightly nearer base than apex of rostrnm: two basal joints of finicle elongate,

the others transverse. Prothorax slightly longer than wide, sides moderately

rounded, apex about two-thirds the width of base; with rather dense, shining

eranules on dise and two small tubercles at apex; punetures distinet on sides

but obscured elsewhere, Elytra about twice as lone as wide, not much wider

than widest part of prothorax, base trisinnate; with irregnlar granules ancl

irregular rows of large punetures. Under-surface with crowded, partly concealed

punctures; second segment of abdomen abont two-thirds the length of first;

third and fourth level with fifth, but below second. Femora rather lone and

densely punetate, hind ones slightly passing apex of elytra, Length, 6 mn.

New Guinea: Manumbo (Madang district); mmqne.

(6) Lea, Trans. Roy. Soe. 8. Aust., 1972, p. 90.

LEA—CRYPTORHYNCHIDES (CURCULIONIDAE) 81

On this species the metasternal episterna are shorter than usual, as they

run out before the hind coxae are reached; the frontal triangles, however, are

sufficiently distinct. The granules on the prothorax vary in size, but are all

small; they are almost absent from a medioapical space, but this is bounded by

distinct ones; on the inner half of each elytron the granules are mostly setiferous,

and very irregular, they are compacted on slight tubercular elevations on the

third and fifth interstices (three on the former, two on the latter), but form

an almost regular nonsetiferous row on each of the interstices on the outer half,

where the punctures are also more regular, The type is probably a female.

GLYPTOPOROPTERUS INSIGNICOLLIS Sp. NOV.

Black, antennae reddish, club infuscated. Densely clothed with more or

less brown scales, the pronotum with a narrow, median stramineous vitta,

followed by a wide, velvety, sooty-brown patch, extending almost to each side.

Head with punctures concealed by clothing, with two small shining processes

on forehead. Rostrum moderately curved, about the length of front tibiae, basal

half with moderately coarse, crowded punctures, and remnants of irregular

ridges, elsewhere with smaller punctures, becoming very small about apex.

Antennae inserted one-third from apex of rostrum, first joint of funicle dis-

tinctly longer than second, none of the others transverse. Prothorax about as

long as its greatest width, sides feebly increasing in width from base to middle,

and then rapidly decreasing in width to apex, which is obtusely rounded ; pune-

tures almost concealed; with sparse granules on disc, more numerous on sides.

Elytra not much wider than prothorax, and not twice as long, base truncate,

except for a trigranulate process clasping each hind angle of prothorax; with

irregular rows of large punetures; with numerous granules, including some on

tubercles. Under-surface with punctures almost concealed. Legs long and thin,

hind femora passing apex of elytra. Length, 9 mm.

Territory of New Guinea: Wau Creek (W. W. Weidenbach) ; unique.

The velvety pronotum, with a conspicuous median line and sparse granules,

vives this species a striking appearance, very different from all others of the

genus before me, but in all essential features it is a normal member of Glypto-

poropterus. Of the small, shining processes on the head of the type the one on

the left is a narrow, oblique carina, on the right it is a feebly elevated granule.

The outer margins of the pronotiwm, as viewed from above, appear to be pen-

tagonal; from above only about fourteen small granules are visible, but they are

fairly numerous on the middle of each side. On the elytra the granules are very

irregularly disposed, and vary considerably in size; they are also present on the

tubercles; of these there are eight in two transverse series, on approximately the

32 RECORDS OF THE S.A. Museum

third and fifth interstices. the first series at the basal fourth, the second crowning

the long apieal slope; the largest tuberele, which is about the size of the head,

is the second one on the third interstice, the most prominent one the first on the

fifth interstice; the shonlders might also be regarded as tuberculate.

Neomystrocis (7) MADANGENSTS sp. noy,

Blaek, antennae obseurely reddish. Moderately densely clothed with rusty-

brown or o¢hreous scales, obseurely variegated with darker ones.

Head with crowded, concealed punetures, and a narrow interocular impres-

sion. Rostrum moderately thin and gently curved, fully the leneth of prothorax,

with coarse, crowded pouctires on sides near base, elsewhere with rather sparse

and small ones. Antennae inserted slightly nearer base than apex of rostrum,

two basal joints of funicle elongate, the fonr apical ones transverse, Prothorax

moderately transverse, basal two-thirds evenly rounded and then strongly

narrowed to apex, with large and mediom-sized partly concealed prmetures; with

asmall remnant of a median carina, and with two briefly setose tubereles at apex.

and four across apical third. Sentellom distinet, Elytra about one-fourth

wider than prothorax, parallel-sided to heyond the middle; hase conspicnously

trisinnates with rows of large, partly concealed punetures, some of the inter-

stices with small granules, the third with four distinet equidistant tubercles, of

which the third, crowning the apical slope, is the largest, and the following one

the smallest, fifth interstice also with four but somewhat smaller tubercles,

Under-surface with crowded punctures; basal seement of abdomen evenly

convex, Length, 9 mm,

New Guinea: Manumbo (Madang distriet) ; unique,

With a rongher appearance amd somewhat stouter lees than the three

Australian species of the genus; but as the eyes are finely taveted, the rostrum

long, the seutelinm distinet, the mesosternal reeeptacle widely open, and the hind

femora pass the apex of elytra, it apparently should be referred to Neanrystoers :

it is the first to he recorded from beyond Australia. At first elance it appears

to belong to Hyparinus, but the widely open receptacle at onee separates it from

that genus. The legs are rather densely setose, but setae, except on the tubercles,

are almost absent from the upper-snrface. The type is probably a female.

Microcryerorryncius (4).

Only three species of this genus have previously been nained, all from

Australia; but others occur on various Paeifie islands, and in addition to those

here dealt with probably many more remain to be deseribed, as they are all small,

(7) Lea, Pro. Linn, Soe, N.S. Wales, 1905, p. 242.

(8) Lea, Proc. Noy. Sue. Vie. 1907, p. 194.

LEA—CRYPTORHYNCHIDES (CURCULIONIDAE) 83

slow-moving, and could easily escape observation, as they usually occur on

moss-covered branches (living or dead) in thick forests; others may be sieved

from fallen leaves or moss.

MicrocryprorRtTtYNCHUS EVANESCENS Sp. Noy,

Dull reddish-brown, antennae, rostrum, and tarsi paler. Moderately

clothed with muddy-erey scales, interspersed with a few erect or sloping setae.

Rostrum moderately long and wide, basal half squamose, elsewhere naked

and with distinet punctures, Prothorax slightly longer than wide, sides gently

rounded in middle; with erowded punetiures traceable through clothing, Elytra

elongate-cordate, sides nowhere parallel, and widest at about basal third; with

recular rows of large, deep punctures, partly obsenred by clothing, Legs com-

paratively long and thin, Length, 1-2 mm.

Queensland: Yorke Island (C. T. MeNamara); Atherton (Dr. E, Mjéberg).

Narrower than any of the previously named species. The setae are moder-

ately long and eyenly distributed, but more conspicuous at the apex of prothorax

than elsewhere; they nowhere form fascicles,

MicrocRYPTORHYNCTIUS NORFOLCENSIS Sp. Noy,

4 Black, tips of rostrum and elub obscurely reddish, rest of antennae

paler. Densely clothed with muddy-hbrown scales, interspersed with stout, erect

setae,

Rostrum with series of large concealed punctures almost to apex, ouly the

{ip glabrous. Prothorax moderately transyerse, sides evenly rounded to sub-

apical constriction; with erowded, concealed punetures, Elytra elongate-

subcordate, widest about middle, where they are about one-fourth wider than

prothorax; with regular rows of large, deep, normally concealed punctures,

Two basal seements of abdomen depressed in middle; with erowded, partly

conecaled punetures. Leneth, 1-)-2-0 mom.

@ Differs in having the rostrum longer and thinner, clothed only to near

middle, antennae inserted not quite as close to the apex, and abdomen evenly

convex,

Norfolk Island (A. M. Lea); abundant,

Close to M, pygmaeus, but slightly more convex and less parallel-sided. In

veneral appearance it is strikingly like species of Poraplerus of the thoderimus

eroup, on a ereatly reduced seale. The clothing is very dense but readily

abraded, and is more erevish on some specimens than on others; the setae on

the elytra are confined to the alternate interstices.

84 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Microcryproru YNCTIUS RUFIMANUS Sp. Noy.

Black, apical half or less of rostrum, antennae, and tarsi reddish. Densely

clothed with muddy-erey seales, variegated with brown; with rather short setae

scattered about, and on the elvira eonfined to the alternate interstices.

Rostrum clothed on basal half on male, less on female. Prothorax almost

as long as median width, sides moderately rounded; with crowded punetures,

faintly traceable through clothing, Elytra elongate-cordate; with regular rows

of large, deep punctures, appearing much smaller through clothing, Length,

1-1-1-7 mun.

Norfolk Island (A. M. Lea); abundant in rotting leaves and on dead twigs,

Differs from the preceding species in being smaller, somewhat narrower;

prothorax less trausverse and with basal markings; these consist of four brownish

spots, of which one on each side is concealed from above; the pronotimn also

sometimes has a pale median line. Aeross the middle of the elytra there are

usually also four dark spots, and two nearer the apex, but the spots are often

feeble or absent, whilst oceasioually they are all conjoined, The female has less

of the rostrum clothed and the abdomen more convex than on the male. On

one specimen the dark seales on the pronotium eover most of the disc, each side

(except for a spot) being almost fawn-coloured ; its elytral clothing is also mostly

dark, except for the suture and some subhumeral and submedian vittae. Another

specimen has the clothing on the pronotum dark, except for a pale median line

and a sublateral spot near apex; on the elytra its pale scales are almost confined

toa large subtriangular pateh. There are many other slight varietal forms.

MicrocRYPTORUYNCHUS TOWENSIS Sp. noy,

Dark brown, rostrum and antennae paler. Densely clothed with pale

ereyish or fawn-coloured scales, variegated with brown; with fairly mumerous,

‘ather short, erect setae scattered about, and on the elytra confined to the

alternate interstices.

Rostrum with about basal half clothed on male, less on female. Prothorax

slightly longer than wide, its punctures and those of elytra as deseribed in

preceding species, Length, 1-0-1-5 min,

Lord Howe Island (A. M. Lea and wife); abundant on dead and moss-

covered twigs, ete.

Thinner than the preceding species, with somewhat similar but narrower

prothoracic markings, and elytral markings, when present, nearer the base. The

antennae are almost flayous. On the pronotum there are usually four dark spots,

an elongate basal one on each side of the middle (defining a pale median line),

and a feeble one on each side (not visible from above); on the elytra before

LEA —CRYPTORHYNCHIDES (CURCULIONIDAE) 85

the middle there are usually four dark spots, sometimes ecoujoined to form an

Incomplete fascia; on Some specimens the elytral clothing is mostly of a rather

pale brown, with four paler spots (one on each shoulder and two near the suture

heyond the middle). On an oceasional specimen the seales are almost entirely

pale, and the markings tend to disappear on slight abrasion.

MtcrockyptoRuyNcius OREAS sp. nov.

Black and obseurely reddish, rostrum, antennae, and tip of abdomen and

tarsi distinetly reddish. Densely clothed with muddy-brown or brownish-grey,

obscurely variegated scales, and with short, upright setae.

Rostrion clothed on basal half on male, longer and less clothed on female.

Prothorax moderately transverse, sides eyeuly rounded to subapical eonstric-

tion; with crowded, normally concealed punctures. Elvira elongate-subeordate,

widest just before middle; with regular vows of large punctures, appearing smull

through clothing (or quite concealed), Leneth, 1-5-1-8 min.

Lord Ifowe Island: Summit of Mount Gower (A. M. Lea and patty);

seventeen speciniens.

Slightly narrower, but otherwise as on J. norfoleensis. Some parts on

abrasion are seen to be decidedly black, the same parts on others are brownish

or reddish; usually the metasternim and abdomen are black, but usually the

clothing is so dense that the dermis concealed. One specimen (probably imma-

ture) is almost entirely reddish; it is rather badly abraded, but has two smull

spots of black scales close together at the summit of the apical slope.

MickocryrrornyNCHUs RUPIROSTRIS sp. noy.

Reddish-brown, rostrum and tarsi paler. Upper-surface densely clothed

with uniform greyish-white scales, wnder-surfaee almost glabrous, except for

clothing on the third aud fourth abdominal segments: with rather sparse and

short, sloping setae,

Rostrmm about the Jength of prothorax, basal third sqnamose, elsewhere

shining and with minute punctures. Antennae tuserted slightly nearer base than

apex of rostrum. Prothorax almost as lone as wide, sides gently rounded to

subapical constriction, a shallow depression across apieal third; with ceroweled,

concealed punctures. Elytra the width of prothorax at base, sides yery feebly

dilated to about the middle; with rows of large, almost concealed punctures ;

third. fifth, and severth interstices sightly elevated. Metasternum and abdomen

with sharply defined punctures. Length, 1-2 mm.

Lord Howe Island: Mount Gower (A. M. Lea and party); three specimens.

A rather narrow, subparallel-sided species, with walls of mesosternal recep-

tacle thinner than usual, bat of the usual U-shape. The slight elevaiion of the

56 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

odd interstices canses the elytra to appear feebly vittate, although their clothing

is of the same shade as on the adjacent parts.

MickOcRYPTORUYNCHUS INTERRUPTUS sp. noy.

Dark reddish-brown, rostrum and tarsi paler, antennae (¢lub excepted) still

paler, [rregwarly clothed with brownish and greyish scales, wider-sirface

sparsely clothed.

Rostrum slightly shorter than prothorax, basal two-fifths squamose, else-

where shining and with minute punctures. Antennae inserted about two-fifths

from apex of rostrum. Prothorax almost as long as wide, sides moderately

rounded, base ineurved to middle; with erowded, partly concealed punctures.

Blytra elongate-cordate, widest at abont basal third; with regular rows of large,

partly concealed punctures, Under-surface with sharply defined punctures,

deuser on metasterntun than elsewhere. Length, 1:8 mm,

Lord Howe Island: Summit of Mount Gower, on tree moss (A. M. Lea) ;

luique.

Distinet trom all previously described species by the elytral clothing, Mauch

ot the clothing of the prothorax is brownish, but there is a fairly wide and

irregular pale vitta on each side; there is a conspicuous pale vitta ou each

elytron, beginning at the base ou the fourth interstice, it is interrupted at the

middle, and is then continued on the third almost to the apex; there are

remnants of other vittae on the sides, There are a few inconspicuons setae al

the apex of prothorax and on the apical slope of elytra. Parts of the elytra

and of the under-surface are almost black.

MivkoeryProRHYNCILUS PASCICULATUS sp. lov.

@ Black or blackish-brown, part of rostrum, anteunae, and tarsi paler,

Densely clothed (except on parts of under-surface) with pale, rusty-brown or

greyish scales. With numerous erect or suberect setae, in places condensed to

form fascicles.

Rostrum with apical fourth glabrous, aud with small, dense punctures;

elsewhere densely clothed. Antennae inserted about two-fifths from apex of

rostrum. Prothorax slightly transverse, sides and middle of base rounded ; with

large, crowded, concealed punetures. Elytra oblong-cordate, base strongly

incuryed at scutellum; shoulders clasping base of prothorax ; with regular rows

of large, concealed punctures. Metasternum and two basal segments of abdomen

with crowded punctures, the two basal seginents flat in middle. Length,

1-5-2-0 mn.

2 Differs in having the rostrum slightly longer and thinner, about half

of it glabrous, antennae inserted less close to apex, aud abdomen evenly convex.

LEA—-CRYPTORHYNCHIDES (CURCULIONIDAE) 87

Lord Howe Island, imeluding stammuit of Mount Gower (A, M, Lea and

party).

A eompact, faseienlate species, with elothine so dense that the cern is

almost everywhere concealed; it is wuiformly coloured on the individual. but

‘aries on clifferent speviniens fron: almost ereyish-white to a rather dark rusty-

brown. The lascicles are loosely compacted and easily abraded or Cisarvanged,

but on specimens in vood condition there are six ou the prothoras (two at apex

and four across midde) and three on each elytron (one near the shoulder aud

two on the third tuiterstice) ; the setae composing them are usually of the same

colour as the adjoining scales, but occasionally some of them are blackish. The

prothorax, as viewed from the sides. appears to have a deep subapieal noteh;

this is parily due to a slight depression there, but mostly to the setae or fascicles

clothing the apical aud submedian parts.

Many specimens were obtained from dead and living moss-eovered twigs

and from moss and fallen leaves. The specimens (twenty-three) from the swmoiit

of Mount Gower are darker, aud the average size is slightly greater than the

others taken on the island.

MickOoRYUTORHYNCHUS SETOSUS SD. NOY.

¢ Blaekish, rostrom and tarsi obseurely diluted with red, antennae alinost

flavots. Densely clothed with touddy-brown or ereyish seales, interspersed with

numerous long, erect setae.

Kostrin amoderately lone and feebly eurved, apical fourth glabrous and

with conspicnons punctures, elsewhere densely clothed. Aatennae iuserted abou

one-third from apex of rostrum. Prothorax almost as long as the greatest width

(which is at about the basal third), sides rather strongly rounded; with crowded

and rather large punctures, slightly indicated through clothing. Elytra

elongate-cordate, sides strongly rounded and widest at about basal third: with

regular rows of large, deep punctures, wider than interstices, but appearing

smaller through clothing. Metasternum and two basal segments of abdomen

with coarse, crowded, partly concealed punetures, the two basal sezments flat

in middle. Legs comparatively long and thin. Leneth, 2°5-3-0 ain,

? Differs in having ihe rostrum longer, thinner, less clothed, antennae

inserted more (listant from its apex, and abdomen evenly convex.

Norfolls Island (A. M. Lea) ; seven specimens From moss and fallen leaves.

The largest known species of the genus. The elothing on the under-surface

is less dense thar on the upper-surface, but on the mesosternal and metasternal

episterna it is denser and paler than elsewhere, appearing yittate. The setae

are long and numerous on the legs and base of rostrum, as well as on the npper-

surface; they do not form fascicles, except that on the third interstice on each

88 RECORDS OF THE S.A, MUSEUM

elytron, at the basal fourth, there is a small spot of black scales, with black setae

more numerous than usual; there ave usually also two small clusters of whitish

setae at the base, The seales are sometimes variegated on the legs. A single

specimen from Lord Howe Island probably belongs to the species, but differs

from the others in having the scales on the elytra almost black.

MICROCRYPTORILYNCIUS KROTUNDIPENNIS Sp. TLOV.

Black, antennae and tarsi red, Densely clothed with muddy-brown or

greyish scales; interspersed with erect, clavate setae.

Rostrum with tip glabrous and punctate, elsewhere deusely clothed.

Antennae inserted about one-third from apex of rostrum, Prothorax slightly

transverse, sides rather stronely rounded; punetures crowded but normally

concealed, Elytra cordate, sides strongly rounded; with regular rows of large,

deep punetures, appearing much smaller through clothing. Under-surface with

crowded, mostly concealed punetures, Length, 2 mm,

Fiji: Ovalau, Viti Levu, Mokondronga (A. M. Lea).

Largest of all the Fijian species, aud larger than any other known species

except the preceeding one. The sides of the elytra are more strongly rounded

than usual. The club and scape are almost flavous and paler than parts of the

funiele. There are four lines of setae on the rostrum and front of head, but

they are paler and shorter than those elsewhere. The pronotum as seen from

above appears to be depressed near apex, but from the sides the depression is

seen to be due mostly to the long setae; these are numerous at the apex, then

absent for a short distance, and then again uumerous. The seales at its extreme

base are white, bit are normally almost concealed, when it is in close contaet

with the elyira. Where the clothing has been remoyed from the elytra the

punetires are seen to be large and considerably wider than the interstices, but

with the clothing in perfect condition they are searcely traceable. The four

specimens taken appear to be all males.

MickouRYPTORHYNCHUS ANGUSTIOR sp. HOV.

Black, antennae obscurely reddish. Densely clothed with muddy-brown

scales, interspersed with short, stout, erect setae,

Rostrum rather wide, apical portion glabrous and with numerous con-

spicuous punetures. Prothorax about as long as its greatest width, sides rather

strongly rounded; with crowded, concealed punctures. Elytra elongate-cordate,

sides rather strongly rounded, hase evenly meuryed to middle; with recular

rows of large, partly concealed punetures. Metasternum and two basal sezments

of abdomen with coarse punetires, Length, 2 (vix) mim.

Fiji: Viti Levu (A. M. Lea).

LEA—CRYPTORHYNCHIDES (CURCULIONIDAF) 89

Slightly smaller and distinetly narrower than the preceding species. On

the type about one-third of the rostrum is glabrous, on two others about half is

elabrous, but a few scales in front probably indicate partial abrasion, so the

specimens may be all males. The setae are numerous at apex of prothorax and

aeross middle; on the elytra they ave confined to the odd interstices, and appear

to form two feeble faseicles on the third on each elytron.

MicrkocryrroruyNCHUus VITIENSIS Sp. OV,

é Black. glabrous portion of rostrum and tarsi reddish, antennae (eliub

excepted) almost flavous. Densely clothed with muddy-brown or brownish-grey

scales, interspersed with stout, erect setae.

Rostrum with apieal fourth elabrous and with distinct punctures, elsewhere

densely elothed. Prothorax slightly longer than wide, sides moderately ronucded ;

punctures crowded but normally almost concealed. Elytra elongate-subcordate,

base almost truneate; with rows of large, deep, partly concealed punetures.

Metasternum and two basal segments of abdomen with crowded and rather

coarse punctures. Leugth, 1-2-1-5 mm.

9 Differs m having rostrim slightly lonver, about half of it glabrous and

with somewhat smaller punctures, antennae inserted near the middle of rostrum

instead of about apical third, and abdomen more convex.

Fiji: Ovalau (in June), Viti Levin, Taveuni (A. M, Lea).

A minute species, structurally close to MW. rwimanus and howensis, from

Lord Howe Island, but with very different clothing; it is fairly close to the

preceding speeies, but is smaller and narrower. On the pronotum the setae are

most wmmerous at the apex, on the elytra they are confined to the odil inter-

stices, aud they are numerous on the legs.

MrcrocryProruyNCiuus CALEDONICUS sp. nov.

Dark brown, parts of under-surface almost black, antennae almost flavous.

Densely clothed with greyish-brown seales, interspersed with stout, ereet setae,

Rostrum rather wide, apical half glabrous and with sharply defined pune-

tures, basal half squamose and setose, Antennae inserted almost in exact middle

of sides of rostrum. Prothorax almost as long as wide, sides moderately rounded ;

with erowded, normally concealed punctures. Elytra subcordate, base truncate,

sides widest at about basal third; with regular rows of large punetures, appear-

ing much smaller through clothing. Metasternum and two basal sezments of

abdomen with erowded punetures, Length, 1-2 mm.

New Caledonia: Noumea (A. M. Lea); unique.

A minute species, fairly close to the preceding one, from Fiji, but prothorax

shorter and clothing not quite the same, he type is probably a female, although

the rostrum appears rather wide for a member of that sex.

90 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

SALCUS CIRCULARIS n. sp.

Black, antennae reddish. Moderately clothed with rusty-brown scales,

becoming sparser on under-surface, including front of pectoral canal, but meta-

sternal triangles densely clothed; pronotum with four small whitish spots across

middle, elytra with two at base.

Rostrum slightly shorter than prothorax, gently curved, with irregular rows

of squamiferous punctures to near apex, where they are erowded and naked.

Antennae inserted about two-fifths from apex of rostrum; two basal joints of

funicle elongate, the three apical ones transverse. Prothorax more than twiee

as wide as long, sides strongly rounded, apex slightly produced; with rather

dense setiferous punctures, about as large as on base of rostrum. Elytra slightly

wider than long, base truncate, except that shoulders slightly clasp base of

prothorax; with large punctures in irregular rows. Two basal segments of

abdomen with a few large punctures, the suture between them feeble in middle,

with an elliptic fovea on cach side. Legs long; femora grooved, front ones

strongly dentate, the others almost edentate. Leneth, 4:5 mm,

Queensland: Dayboro, in January (II. Ilacker). Type (unique), in

Queensland Museu.

The smallest and widest species of the genus, with an even more circular

outline than that of S. latissimus.

SOME AUSTRALIAN DECAPOD CRUSTACEA

By HERBERT M. HALE, CURATOR, SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM

Summary

In dealing with the South Australian Decapoda in a recent handbook (') some necessary

corrections were made, but reasons for these alterations, and for apparent omissions, are

not obvious in all cases. In this connection some of the notes in the present paper may be

regarded as supplementary. A number of the Crustacea dealt with in the handbook had

not hitherto been figured, and some had not been previously listed for South Australia.

The mention of the last-named therein will serve as a record of occurrence. South

Australian specimens of such species are housed in the Museum.

Some AUSTRALIAN DECAPOD CRUSTACEA

By HERBERT M. HALE, Curaror, Sourm Avsrratian Museum.

Text figs. 19-27.

In dealing with the South Australian Deeapoda in a recent handbook (1) some

necessary corrections were made, but reasons for these alterations, and for

apparent omissions, are not obyious in all cases. In thix connection some of

the notes in the present paper may be regarded as supplementary. A niumber

of the Crustacea dealt with in the handbook had not hitherto been figured, and

some had not been previously listed for South Australia. The mention of the

last-named therein will serve as a record of occurrence. South Australian

specimens of sueh species are housed in the Museum.

Tribe CARIDEA.

In 1863 Spence Bate deseribed and figured six species of the Caridea from

St. Vincent Gulf, South Australia; three of these species were collected and

identified by me during recent years, but the other three, namely, Caradina

cincinnult (Hippolyle cincinnuli), Angasia pavenina (Tozewma pavoninum),

and Crangon intermedius (Pontophilus intermedius), were not recognized. In

view of the fact that S$, Bate’s diagnoses are not dependable, it was considered

significant that, while three species closely allied to the three named occur in

the Gulf, specimens corresponding with Bate’s descriptions and figures did not

appear in the dredge. Dr. W. 'T. Calman, on request, very kindly re-examined

3ate’s types of these species in the British Museum, and I am indebted to him

for notes regarding them.

Family HIPPOLYTIDAE.

Hirrouyre Leach.

Topvo.ytre AUSTRALIBNSIS (Stimpson).

Virbius australiensis Stimps., Proc. Acad. Sei., Philad., 1860, p. 35; Hasw., Cat,

Aust. Crust., 1882, p. 186.

Caradina cincinnuli S. Bate, Proe. Zool. Soe., 1863, p. 500, pl. xl, fig. 3.

Cavidina cincimnuli Wasw., loc. cit., p. 183.

Hippolyle australiensis Kemp, Ree. ud, Mas., x, 1914, p. 98, pl. ii, fig. 6; Tale,

Crust. South Aust., pt. i, 1927, p. 50, fig. 42.

(1) Hale, The Crustaceans of South Australia, part i, Aug, 18, 1927, pp. 1-201, fig, 1-202.

92 RECORDS OF THE S.A, MUSEUM

According to Bate’s figures, Caradina cincinnuli differs from Hippolyte

australiensis in the following characters: (a) the second segment of the carpus

of the second legs is about as long as the third joint; (b) there is no supra-

orbital spine; (c) the anterior pair of telsonic spines is placed posterior to the

middle of the length of telson. The accompanying camera lucida figures (drawn

by Dr. Calman) of one of the syntypes of Caradina cincinnuli show that these

differences are apparent only in Bate’s illustrations, and that the two species

are synonymous.

Kig 19, Syntype of Caradina eineinnuli Bate; a, anterior part of carapace; b, telson;

¢, wrist and hand,

Before me are examples of H. wustraliensis from New South Wales, South

Australia, and Western Australia; the species is not uncommon in St. Vincent

Gulf. The rostrum has no teeth on the upper margin, but on the lower side

is produced into a thin keel, which is usually cut into four to six teeth, but in

rare cases (Ilale, ut supra, fig. 42) only two ventral incisions are apparent.

Specimens captured on weed were green in colour during life, marked with

brown.

HALE—AUSTRALIAN DECAPOD CRUSTACEA 93

LATREUTES TRUNCIFRONS (S. Bate).

Caradina truncifrons 8S. Bate, Proe. Zool. Soe., 1863, p. 499, pl. xl, fig. 2.

Caridina truneifrons Hasw., Cat. Aust. Crust,, 1582, p, 185,

Latreules lruncifrons Hale, Crust., South Aust., pt. 1, 1927, fig. 44.

This curious Little prawn lives amonest the sea-grasses in St. Vineent Gulf,

and like other of the small crustaceans from this situation is usually yellowish-

ereen or eraminaceous in colour, The truneate rostrum of the female is con-

siderably variable; the front margin is often more or less oblique, forming an

Mig, 20, a, Mirst leg; 6, second leg, of Latrevtes truneifrons (X 50).

obtuse angle with the dorsal margin. The serrations of this front edge are

ineoustant, and may be almost or quite absent, even and acute, or jagged and

irregular. The single median, dorsal spine behind the rostrum varies in

position, and may be in advance of, or behind, the vertical level of the eve;

there are sometimes one or two small spinules on the median dorsal line in

addition to the spine. The earapaee is often smooth, but in some cases the

dorsum has more or Jess distinet incisions set with tufts of hairs; the pleon of

such examples also often bears hair tufts. The arm of the first peraeopods is

longer than the wrist aud shorter than the hand, whieh is much longer than

the wrist (24 : 15); the daetylus is shorter than the palm. In the second legs

94 RECORDS OF THE S.A, MUSEUM

the arm is as long as the second and third joints of the wrist together and

shghtly longer than the hand; the proportions of the first, second, and third

carpal joints are 7:7 : 4 (the three segments are shown as subequal in length

in Bate’s fig. 21); the dactylus is shorter than the palnt.

Males associated with females of L. truncifrons, anc presumably belonging

to the same species, differ very considerably. The form is much more slender

and the swimmerets markedly stouter; the upper flavellum of the first antennae

is very much thieker and longer, and the rostrum is of entirely different shape,

greatly resembling the blade of a razor. The imale is rarely taken, but the female

is rather common.

TozeumMa Stimpson.

Tozeuma Stimps. 1860 antedates Angasia S. Bate 1863; Kemp (*) points

out that if the spelling of Tozewma be amended to Toxrewma, the name is pre-

oeeupied (Walker, 1833, Ilymenoptera).

ozEUMA PAVONINUM (5. Bate).

Angasia pavonina S. Bate, Proc. Zool. Soe., 1863, p. 498, pl. xl, fie, 1; Tlasw.,

Cat. Aust. Crust., 1882, p. 185.

Angasia robusta Baker, Trans, Roy. Soe. 8. Aust., xxviii, 1904, p. 150, pl. xxviii,

figs. 1-8.

Tozeuma pavoninum Kemp, Ree. Ind. Mus., x, 1914, po 126; Hale, Crust. South

Aust., pt, i, 1927, p. 58, fie. 47; Stephensen, Videns. Medd. nat. For.

Kjobenhavn, Ixxxiii, 1927, p. 297.

Tozewna robushon Kemp, lac. cil.; Stephensen, loc. eit,

Baker proposed the name Angasia robusla for a species eonumon in St.

Vineent Gulf because his specimens did not agree with Bate’s ciagnosis and

figures of A. pavonina in five characters: (a) the form was apparently more

robust; (b) the rostrum appeared of different shape, with five to seven instead

of only four ventral teeth; (¢) the carpus of the first peracopods is subequal

in length te the merus (not much longer than the merus, as shown in Bate's

fig, Lk); (cl) the seeond pair of legs were apparently of different shape, with

the seginents not as illustrated by Bate; (e) the telson terminates in four spines,

Dr. Calman states (in litt.) that there are two syntypes of Angasia puva-

nina, and that he is unable to indicate a sinvle difference between them aud a

specimen of Baker’s species except that the rostrum has only for teeth below,

Bate’s figures of the legs being wholly inaeeurate. There is therefore little

doubt that the specimens examined by Bate and Baker should be referred to

the same species.

(2) Kemp, Ree, Ind. Mus., x, 1914, p. 105,

HALE—AUSTRALIAN DECAPOD CRUSTACEA 95

The joints of the first two pairs of peracopods of one of the syntypes of

Angasia robusta Baker ave of the following proportions: The arm of the first

leg is about as lone as the wrist. which is much shorter than the hand (26. : 43) ;

the fingers are short and robust, the daetylus little more than half as lone as

the palm. In the elongate second peraeopods the arm is shorter than the wrist

(44 : 65), and the proportions of the first, second, and third joints of the earpus

are 28 ; 15 : 22; the hand is half as long as the wrist, with the daetylus seareely

more than half as lone as the palm.

Family PALAEMONIDAE.,

PERICLIMENES Costa.

PERICLIMENES AESOPIUS (S. Bate).

Anchistia aesopia 8. Bate, Proce, Zool. Soe., 1868, p. 502, pl. xli, fie. 5; Hasw.,

Cat. Aust. Crust., 1882, p. 194.

Urocaris aesopius Borradaile, Trans. Linn, Soe., (2) xvii, 1917, p. 354.

Periclimenes aesopius Kemp, Ree. Ind, Mus. xxiv, 1922, p. 142, fig, 12; Tale,

Crust. South Aust., pt. 1, 1927, p. 56, fie. 50,

Kemp redescribes Bate’s two syntypes, and-remarks that the species ‘‘has

apparently not been rediscovered during the past fifty years.’’ Recently, how-

ever, we have secured a few examples of this free-living prawn in St. Vineent

96 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Hut. The salient feature of the animal, namely, the tooth-like bump of the

hinder part of the third pleon segment (alluded to in the specifie name ) its

figured by Kemp. During Jife the thicker outer lash of the first antennae is

held perpendicularly and the other flagellum horizontally forwards; the long

lash of the second antennae is directed hackwards most of the time. The creature

is extremely transparent, and were it not for a few colour markings would be

practically invisible when viewed in the water. On the wpper side of the cara-

pace and vostrim is a series of nine to cleven red dots, one at the base of each

dorsal tooth, and behind these is a pair of looped red lines, enclosing a white

marking. There are a few other small markings on the carapace. The legs and

antennae are for the greater part banded or streaked with red; the larger

chelipeds are banded with lilac, and the chelae are tipped with red. The first

three pleon segments bear a red line margining the whitish dorsum, and have

an ocellus and a short red har on the extremities of the pleural flaps; the base

of the tail-fan is handed with brilliant red,

The species attains a length of 25 mm,

Family CRAGONIDAE.

Pontoriumus Leach,

PonTorHitus INTERMEDIUS (S, Bate).

Crangon intermedius 8. Bate, Proc. Zool. Soe., 1868, p. 108, pl. xli, fig. 6; Hasw.,

Cat. Aust. Crust., 1882, p, 181.

Pontophilus intermedius Uale, Crust, South Aust., pt. i, 1927, p. 62, fig. 60.

Bate states that in the holotype of this species there is ‘ta row of minute

denticles extending from the extraorbital tooth posteriorly between the cardiac

and branchial regions.’’ Tis figure shows nine of these denticles on the left and

fourteen on the rieht side, while one median spine is shown behind the rostrum,

Dr, Calman states that the type, which is small, has two teeth on the median

dorsal line and a row of four large spines behind the supraorbital spine, Were

it not known that other of Bate’s work shows great inaceuracy one could seareely

believe that the holotype is correctly labelled.

Examples taken in St. Vincent Gulf vary somewhat infer se. As noted

above, there is a row of four distinet spines behind the spine at the outer angle

of the orbit. Each antero-lateral angle of the carapace bears a spine, posterior

to whieh are one to three (usually two) spines; between the two rows is an

hepatic spine. There is a median dorsal carina on the earapace, fading away

posteriorly, and eut into one large tooth anteriorly, while sometimes there is a

smaller tooth behind the first; the pleon bears a low median ridge. The example

HALE—AUSTRALIAN DECAPOD CRUSTACEA 97

figured (Hale, ul supra) was exquisitely coloured during life as follows: Cornea

of eyes white. with a pale blue centre. Dorsal surface of bases of antennae, of

the first legs, carapace, and abdomen almost to end of fourth segment, inottled

in intitation of the pale grey sand of the Gulf bottom. Dorsum of hinder part

of fourth pleon segment brilliant red; three velvety black marks on anterior part

of fifth sezment. Sides of body, remainder of upper-surface, legs, and swin-

merets variable, purple, reddish, or yellow, with numerous small dots. Oya dull

yellow. The largest example of the species examined is 45 mm. in length,

PONTOPHILUS INTERMEDIUS yar. vicToORTENSIs Fulton & Grant.

Pontaphilus victoriensis Fulton & Grant, Proce, Roy, Soe. Viet., xv, 1902, p. 65,

pl. x, fig, 2.

Other specimens of Pontophilus from the Gulf differ from the foregoing in

having the median dorsal carina of the carapace longer and cut into three teeth;

these correspond to P. vieforiensis Fulton & Grant. In some of these examples

the three median teeth are strong, but in others the second anc third teeth are

much smaller and weaker than the first. I have therefore tentatively placed

P, wetoriensis as a variety of P. intermedius,

P, finders? Fulton & Grant has also been taken in South Anstralian waters

(Encounter Bay, Dr. R, H. Pulleme).

Tribe HIPPIDEA.

Family HIPPIDAE.

Tliepra AUSTRALE Male.

Hippa australe Hale, Crust. South Aust., pt. i, 1927, p. 97, fig, 94.

4 Carapace oval, the length slightly more than one and one-half times

ereatest width; dorsum marked with numerous short, crenulate incisions, from

whieh emanate short, adpressed bristles. Frontal margin wide, erenulate, very

obscurely trilobed, the wide, median angular projection extremely obtuse. Eyes

small and slender. External portion of second joint of second antennae pro-

dueed outwards and forwards, reachine beyond distal end of third segment.

First lees elongate. about as long as carapace, with the penultimate segment

two-fifths as long as the antepenultimate and shorter than the last segment.

Telson narrowly triangular, acute, with a median longitudinal depression ; short

erooves at base very divergent. Leneth of carapace, 11-5 mm,; length of telson,

8-5 mm,

Loc. South Ausiralia: Corney Point, Spencer Gulf (Mrs, Isabella Klemm,

1926). Type in South Australian Museum, Reg. No. C. 994.

98 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MuSEUM

Unfortunately, only an incomplete exoskeleton of this speeies is before me;

this was picked up on the beach at the mouth of Speneer Gulf. The outer

maxillipeds and first lees are as in the widely distributed H. adactyla Wabr., but

the shape of the front, the sculpturing of the carapace, and the second antennae

are entirely different; also the two short grooves at the base of the telson are

more divergent. The incisions are arranged, somewhat irregularly, into an

oblique series towards the anterior part of each side of the earapace, but in no

way do these resemble the continuous and well-defined series of striae as in TZ.

adaclyla, Our species is apparently close to H. truncatifrons Miers, with whiei

it agrees in the absence of a regular series of lateral striae, Miers’ species,

however, has the ‘frontal margin straight, entire, smooth,’? while no mention is

made of sculpture of the carapace.

While the above notes were in press Mr. Serventy kindly sent me two

specimens from Cottesloe, Western Australia, whieh are identical with this

species, These were collected some years ago by Mr. Glauert: the Jast-uamed

sent examples to Dr. Calman, who identified them as Remipes trancatifrons

Miers. In view of this determination it is probable that the differences suggested

to me by Miers’ description do not exist, anc that HW. usirale is identical with

the Chinese species.

Tribe BRACHYGNATHA,

Family HYMENOSOMATIDAR.

TLaurearcinus White (1846),

TIAntearcinus NuYrst TTale.

Taticarcinus nuylsi Wale. Crust. South Aust., pt. 1, 1927, p. 118, fie. 116.

@ Carapace subeirenlar, searcely longer than wide, slightly emarginate at

the bases of the last pair of lees; margin entire and a little wptmned; rostrum

absent; upper-surfaee with well-defined grooves. sunken but with low swelling's

(as shown in fiw. 116, wf swpra), and clothed with tiny, well-separated hairs. A

spine above the bases of the first pair of walking legs, and another (fig, 22) on

each pterygostomian region in front of the chelipeds. First antennae separated

al their bases by a tooth which is direeted upwards and forwards. Eyes small,

wholly invisible in dorsal view. External maxillipeds broad, practically com-

pletely closing the bueeal cavern, and with the merus as lone as the ischium.

Chelipeds stouter than the walking lees, clothed with short hairs, the arm and

wrist imarmed; palm somewhat swollen; fingers meeting throughout their

leneth, each with ahowt seyen low. interlocking teeth and a few smaller teeth.

TIALE—AUSTRALIAN DECAPOD CRUSTACEA 99

Ambulatory leas slender, unarmed, and densely fringed with very short hairs;

second and third pairs subequal in length, slightly longer than the others;

daetyli flat, not markedly curved, narrow (daetylus of last lege cight times as

long as wide), and terminating ima small spine, Colony pale brown. Length

of carapace, 6 mun,

Big. 22. Halicareinns wuytsi, type female; anterior part of carapace in vential view (X 18).

Loe, South Australia: St. Francis Island (type loe., Sir Joseph Vereo).

New South Wales: Collaroy and Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jae¢kson (Mel-

bourne Ward).

After the holotype was deseribed, a small series of both sexes was taken by

my friend, Mr. Ward. in New South Wales; the

near shore. Jn an adult male with a carapace

y were cliseovered under stones

7 min. in Jeneth the hands are

more massive than in the female, with the fingers shehtly bent down; the sides

of the abdomen are a little concave at the penultimate segment, The spime on

the pterygostomian region, and that above cach of the first ambulatory legs, ave

not developed in some examples and in others are very small.

Tn the form of the maxillipeds, the character of the upper-surtace of the

carapace, the definite epistome. ete., this species is typical of Halicarcinus. The

abdomen of the male has the segments distinet, the third, fourth, and fifth not

being fused as in Rhynehoplas. There is, however, no rostrum, there being the

merest suggestion of an angle at the middle of the anterior margin of the

carapace.

I have associated with this little erab the name of the Hon. Pieter Nuyts,

commander of the ship ‘‘t’Gulden Seepart,’’? who discovered the south-west coast

of Australia in January, 1627,

“Sint Pieter’’; these are doubtless the oldest place-names in the State of South

Australia.

and named the islands of ‘‘Sint Francois’? and

100 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Family GONEPLACIDAR.

CERATOPLAX GLABERRIMTS (taswell).

Pilwmnus glaberrtmus Hasw., Proe. Linn, Soe., N.S. Wales, (1) vi, 1881, p. 444,

and Cat, Aust. Crust., 1882, p. 69,

Ceraloplaxr punclala Baker, Trans. Roy, Soe. S. Aust., xxxi, 1907, p. 176, pl.

xxiil, fig. 2; Hale, Crust. South Anst., pt. 1, 1927, p. 171, fig. 173.

Cepaloplax glaberrimus Rathbun. Biol. Res. ‘f Kndeavour,’’ vy, 1923, p. 111,

Dr. Rathbun examined Haswell’s type of Prlunnus glaberriniits, stated that

the species was properly referable to Ceratoplax, and that C. punetata was

synonymous with it, After seeing the photograph of the holotype of Baker’s

species, reproduced in the handbook quoted above, Mr, F, A, MeNeill Iindly

sent me a male and a female of (, glaberrimus from Kurnell, Botany Bay, New

South Wales. The type of (. punetala is Jarger than these exaniples, but

exhibits no specific differences. Mr. MeNeill remarks that (. glaberrinus is

not uncommon between tide marks on reefs in Botany Bay, and also oceurs in

4-5 fathoms in the vieinity of the Sow and Pigs Reef in Port Jackson,

Tribe OXYSTOMATA.

Family LEUCOSIIDAE.

My thanks are due to Mr. F. A. MeNeill, of the Australian Musenn, for the

opportunity of studying a male of Cryptocnemus haddoni, and a small Nursia

abbrewiata, fron. Queensland.

CrYPTOCNEMUS Stimpson, 1858.

CRYPTOCNEMUS VINCENTIANUS Lale,

Cryplocnemus vincentianus Hale, Crust. South Aust., pt. 1, 1927, p. 192, fig, 193.

? Carapace subpentagonal, nearly half as wide again as medianly long:

very convex in lateral view, subtriangular in transverse section. Front moder-

ately prominent, subtriangular, somewhat acutely rounded apically, and a little

upturned. An obtuse, median ¢arina extends for almost the whole length, the

hinder part forming a low boss above the posterior margin. Mareing not

crenulate. Hepatic angles prominent and slightly obtuse. Antero-lateral

margins concave, forming av obtuse angle with the much shorter postero-lateral

margins, which are evenly rounded. Middle portion of posterior margin in-

erassate, slightly upturned, and convex in outline,

Orbits very small, situate in the angles between the sides of the front and

{he almost straight margins leading to the hepatic angles,

HALE—AUSTRALIAN DECAPOD CRUSTACEA 101

Fossae of first pair of antennae transverse.

Endopod of the third maxillipeds with the ischinm longer than the tri-

angular merus, the acute apex of which projects beyond the buceal frame, almost

reat¢hing level of hinder margin of antennilary fossae; exopod as wide as, and

reaching to beyond second third of length of, merus of endopod.

Wig. 28. Ventral view of Jett cheliped of Cryplocneniis bincentinnus, type female (XxX 10),

Margins of arm and dorso-interior edge of the distal half of the trigonous

wrist finely beaded; inner dorsal edge of arm raised in a semicircular crest,

Fingers meeting for more than half their length when closed, the tips crossing ;

each finely serrate with two low ridges on both surfaces. Palm swollen and

compressed about one-fourth times as long again as greatest width, with the

dactylus as long as the palm is wide. Merus, carpus, propodus, and daetylus

of peraeopods with low crests.

First segment of pleon very short, but as wide as the following segment ;

second to sixth segments coalesced; seventh seemeut short, subtriangular,

seareely longer than its basal width, and narrowly rounded apically.

Colour ivory white, with the lateral margins of the carapace and chelipeds

sparsely speckled with brown, Surface of carapace, peraeopods, and pleot

slightly glabrous, closely dotted with extremely minute punctures, interspersed

with which are some larger pits; the laveer punetures of the chelae are for the

greater part arranged in longitudinal series.

Leugth of carapace, 7-25 mim.; width of carapace, 10 min.

Loc, South Australia: St. Vincent Gulf, 5 miles off Semaphore, 5 fathoms

(W. J, Kimber, 1925), Type in South Australian Musern, Reg, No, C. 781.

A single specimen was dredged on a sandy bottom. This, the first species

of the genus to be recorded from southern Australia, approaches (. pentagons

Stimpson, C. erenulafus Grant and MeCulloch, and (. haddoni Calman in general

shape. In the first-named, however, the lateral angles of the carapace are acute,

102 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

the erests of the palms are notched, ete.; C. crenulalus differs in the shape of

the postero-lateral and hinder margins of the carapace, in the obtusely angular

front, and in having the lateral margins erennlate, The lateral margius of the

carapace of C, haddow are continued on to the dorsal surface anteriorly, the

posterior margin is not distinetly convex. and the front is obtusely angular.

CRYPTOCNEMUS UADDONT Calman.

Cryptocnemus haddon’ Calman, Trans. Linn. Soe., vill, 1900, p. 25, pl. i, figs.

4-8; Ible, Tijdschr. Ned. Dierk. Ver., (2) xiv, 1915, p. 64, and Res. Expl.

Siboga, xxxix b2, 1918, p. 286.

Big, 24. Cruptoenemus haddoni, male: @, outer miaxillipeds (XX 22); b, sternum and

ubdomen (X 14); ¢, dorsal view of right cheliped (X 14),

This species was known previously from the female only, A male colleeted

by the late A, R. MeCulloch differs from Calman’s deseription and figure in the

following particulars: The varapace ts less convex fore and aft, and has the

postero-lateral angles rather more distinet. The hinder margin is upturned,

convex when yiewed from behind, with the minutely beaded edge not conenve

in dorsal view. The median dorsal carina is faintly granulate in parts, slightly

elevated on the mesogastric region ({he elevation shallowly divided by a small

incision) and also on the cardiae region; {he mesogastrie protuberance is rounded

and the ¢ardiae elevation obtusely angular, in lateral view. The ehelipeds have

the margins of the segments finely beaded and acute. There is a milled ridge

on the posterior third of both upper and lower (interior aud exterior) surfaces

of the arm, and the hinder half of the inner face bears a sharp crest; the inner

upper edge is broken, and runs on to the dorsal surface. The trigonous wrist

and the palm each have a ridge on both upper and lower surfaces, the upper

HALE—AUSTRALIAN DECAPOD CRUSTACEA 103

ridges more marked than those of the under-surface. The palm is one anid

one-third times as lone as broad, and the dactylus is half as long as the palin,

45. Cruplocnonuis ladda, male Pig, 26. Nursin abbreviaeta, im-

(x 44). mature female (* 44).

The abdomen has a short curved ridge, partly encircling a depression, at

ubout the third fourth of the length of the lone segment. This segment rests

between two queer little processes of the sternum, as shown in fig. 24 b.

Length of carapace, 5 mm.; width of carapaee, 6-25 min,

Loc. Queensland: Cairns Reef (A, R. MeCulloch, 1913).

Hab. Queensland,

Owing to the elevation of the hind edge of the carapace, this margin appears

somewhat concave in the photograph (fig. 25), but in reality it is very shghtly

CONVEX.

NursiA Leach, 1817.

NuRSIA ABBREVIATA Bell.

Nursia abbreniata Bell, Trans. Linn, Soe, xxi, 1855, p, 808, pl. xxxiv, fis. 5;

Miers, Zool. Alert, 1884. p. 253; ILenderson, Trans. Linn. Soe., (2) v, 1893,

p. 404; Alcock, Jonrn, Asiat. Soe. Bengal, Ixv, 1896, p. 185; Thle, Res. expl.

Siboga, xxxix b2, 1918, p. 2335.

A single specimen, taken by Mr. BE. 1. Ratmford, confirms Miers’ record of

the species from Queensland. The example now examined is an immature

female, which differs from ell’s deseription and figures in having the earapace

sliehtly wider im relation to its length and in having the hinder margin almost

evenly convex, not with a median, shallow, very slehtly emarginate lobe, as

figured by Bell and deseribed by Aleoek. Also, the oblique milled ridges whieh

meet the anterior median ridge do not reach to the lateral mareins of the eara-

pace; the elevation on the cardiae region is not granulate, The front is rather

prominent, with the margin a little sinuate.

104 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Length of carapace, 5-5 mm.; width of carapace, 6-5 mm.

Loc. Queensland: Bowen Harbour, Port Denison (E. H. Rainford, 1925).

Hab. India and Queensland.

Hig. 27. Dorsal view of right cheliped of Nursia abbreviata, immature female (X 14).

Thle (wf supra, pp. 811, 312) appears to have missed the Australian record

for this form when listing the distribution of the species of Nursia. Also, N,

ypsilon Ortmann (°), cataloened in the Zoological Reeord as from Thursday

Island, has not been included by Ihle; the deseription of N. ypsilon is not

available to me.

The specimen noted above was taken from the stomach of a whiting; it has

been remarked that European species of the family are often found in the

stomachs of marine fishes.

(8) Ortmann, Denk. Ges, Jena, viii, 1895, p. 36, pl. ii, fig. 7.

FURTHER RECORDS OF AUSTRALIAN OPOSSUM

SHRIMPS (MYSIDACEA)

By W. M. TATTERSALL, D.SC., PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY,

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, CARDIFF

Summary

Since the publication of my paper on Australian Mysidacea (') I have received a further

small collection of specimens from the South Australian Museum. These include, firstly,

two species of Siriella, collected by Mr. H. M. Hale in North Queensland, which |

doubtfully refer to species described by Hansen from the waters of the Dutch East Indies.

They represent additions to the Mysidacean fauna of Australia. Secondly, there is

included a tube of Mysids collected by the late Dr. W. E. J. Paradice in Watson’s Bay,

Sydney Harbour, containing several specimens of an exceedingly interesting new species,

for which a new genus is proposed. This species possesses features quite unknown in any

other Mysid, particularly in the form of the pleopods of the male. I am greatly indebted to

Mr. Hale for this interesting material. The known Mysidacea of Australian waters now

includes fourteen species. I have to thank my wife for the drawings which illustrate this

report.

Furruer RECORDS or AUSTRALIAN OPOSSUM

SHRIMPS (MYSIDACEA)

By W. M. TATTEERSALL, D.Se., Prorrssor of Zooiocy,

University CoLuecr, Carpirr.

Text figs. 28-30.

Since the publication of my paper on Australian Mysidacea (1) | have received

a further small collection of specimens from the South Australian Museum.

These inelude, firstly, two species of Sirtella, collected by Mr, H. M, Hale in

North Queensland, which | doubtfully refer to species described by Hansen

from the waters of the Dutch Hast Indies. They represent additions to the

Mysidacean fauna of Australia. Secondly, there is included a tube of Mysids

collected by the late Dr. W. E. J. Paradice in Watson’s Bay, Sydney Ilarbour,

containing several specimens of an exceedingly interesting new species, tor

which a new genus is proposed. This species possesses features quite unknown

in any other Mysid, particularly in the form of the pleopods of the male, I

am greatly indebted to Mr. Hale for this interesting material. The known

Mysidacea of Australian waters now includes fourteen species. T have to thank

uy wife for the drawings which illustrate this report.

Family MYSIDAE.

Subfamily Siriellinae.

SirievuA Dana.

SIRIELLA VULGARIS Hansen (!).

Loc. Dredged in Owen Channel, Flinders Island, Princess Charlotte Bay,

North Queensland, January, 1927 (C. 1683, coll. IL. M. Ifale).

Two tnmuature females, I-59 mm. in length, were taken. They are not in

good condition, and L can find no important differences between them and the

deseription and figures of 8. vulgaris as given by Hansen in the Siboga Report.

In the absence of male specimens, | record them provisionally under this name.

(1) Tattersall, Ree. S. Aust. Mus., iii, 1927, pp. 235-257.

106 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

SIRIELLA LNORNATA Hansen (?).

Loe. Dredged in Owen Channel, Flinders Island, Princess Charlotte Bay,

North Queensland, January, 1927 (C. 1691, coll. HT. M. Tale).

Two males, 7-9 mim. in length, were secured; one is immature, but the other

appears to be completely adult. They agree very closely with S. inornata, as

described and figured by Tlansen, except for a small difference in the terminal

part of the exopod of the fourth pleopod of the male. The modified seta on

Vig, 28. Siriella inornata. Terminal part of the exopod of the fourth pleopod of the

mmale (> 110),

the penultimate joint is on the side opposite to that on which it is placed in

S. inornata according to Hansen, and it is somewhat longer and stouter. The

shorter of the two setae on the terminal joint is also relatively longer than shown

in Hansen’s figure. IJ give a figure (fig. 28) of the terminal part of the exopod

of the fourth pleopod of the male for comparison with Tlansen’s figure (+).

My material is too scanty to make sure whether this difference is constant, anil

I prefer, for the present, to record the specimens under Hansen’s name,

Subfamily Mysinae.

Tribe ERYTHROPINI,

AUSTRALERYTHROPS @en, Nov.

Eyes large, not depressed, pigment black. Antennal scale with the outer

iInarein uot setose, terminating in a prominent spine which projects beyond the

apex of the scale; without terminal articulation, Mandibles with the incisive

part and the movable lacinia well developed, molar process prominent, left

mandible with the row of strong setae short, right mandible with a row of two

(2) Hansen, Siboga Report, xxxyii, pl. 4, fig. 2g.

TATTERSALL—AUSTRALIAN OPOSSUM SHRIMPS 107

or three toothed spines in the place of the strong setae; second joint of the palp

moderately expanded, terminal joint rather long and narrow, Ma.rilla with the

terminal joint of the palp not expanded; exopod well developed, equal in length

to the first joint of the palp, Masrillipeds robust, second joint with a yery con.

spicuous endile, Gnathapods somewhat long and slender. Reywuining thoeraete

limbs slender, with the sixth joint of the endlopod divided by trausverse artient

latious into four subjoints. tn the third thoracie lonb the first of these subjoints

is Tutther divided by an oblique articulation, Te/son entive, linguiform in shape,

distal part of the lateral margins and apex armed with numerous closely set

short spines, no plumose setae at the apex. Lanner wrapods with a row of stow

apines extending almost the whole length of the inner margin. Pleaparls of the

male; First pair rudimentary as in the female, consisting of a simple, short,

unjoimted plate armed with setae; second and third pairs biramous, the ran

subequal in length; fourth and fifth pairs biramous, with the endopod consider-

ably longer than the exopod, and with some of the terminal setae modified; the

endopod of the fifth pair more clongate than that of the fourth pair. Jncubalory

lamellae in the female, three pairs, the first pair small,

The most distinctive feature of this new genus is the structure of the

pleopods in the male. The nearest approach to the condition in Luslralerythraps

is fo be fond in the genus Zalmesiella Ovimann, but, in that genus, the first

pleopod is not rudimentary and the endopod of the fourth pleopod only of the

male is elongated and modified. Not only is the encopod of the fifth pleopod

of the inale in Australerythraps elongated and modified, but it is much longer

than the endopod of the fourth pair. The form of the pleopods of the male in

this genus is imparalleled in any other genus of the Mysidacea, The combina-

tion of the characters of the telson, eves, antennal seale, and inner wuropod will

serve to distinguish the female trom other genera of the tribe Erythropini, to

which | refer this genus,

AUSTRALERYTHROPS PARADICHL Sp. noy.

Curapace short, leaving the last two thoracic somites free, anterior margin

not produced into a vostral plate, evenly rounded. and slightly upturned in

lateral view, the whole of the eyes and eyestalks completely uneovered (fig.

29, a); anterolateral corners rounded. Ayes large, round, not dorsoventrally

fattened or depressed, pigment black, evestallks rather narrow and projeeting

sharply at right angles to the lony axis of the body. Anlennalar peduncle (fig,

29, 0), moderately robust, with a well-developed setose lobe in the male.

Antennal seale (fie. 29, ¢) projecting shehtly in front of the untennular

pedunele four limes as long as broad at its widest part, without terminal artieu-

lation, outer margin entire and without setae, and terminating in a strong spine

which projects beyoud the apex of the scale; antennal pedunele only about half

108 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

the length of the seale, the three joints subequal in length; no spine at the outer

distal corner of the joint from which the seale arises. Strih abdominal sonrile

equal in length to the fourth and fifth combined. Telson (fig. 80, e) shorter

Big. 20. dustralerythrops paradieei, a, Dorsal view of the anterior end of a young

male (X 389); 6, antennuliy pedunele of an adult male (* 39); ¢, antennal scale and

peduncle (X 389); d, mandible and palp (xX 50); ¢, maxillula (xX 50); f, maxilla (x 50);

g, endopod of the maxilliped (first thoracie limb) (x 50).

than the sixth abdominal somite, two and a quarter times as long as broad at

the base, linguiform in shape, entire, without cleft, narrowing slightly to a

broad and evenly rounded apex. ‘The distal half of the margins of the telson

are armed with about thirty to thirty-five short, closely set spines, those on the

rounded apex rather shorter and more evenly and regularly arranged than the

TATTERSALL—AUSTRALIAN OPOSSUM SHRIMPS 109

lateral ones. There are no apical plumose setae. Jnner uropod (fig. 80, f)

one and a quarter times as long as the telson, inner margin with a row of about

twenty-three short spines extending from the statoeyst very nearly to the apex,

Pig. 30. Avstralerythrops paradieci. a, Gnathopod (second thoracie limh) (> 32) 5

b, ondapod of the third thoracic limh (xX 82); ¢, sixth sad seventh joints of the endopod of

the third thoracie limb (x 50); d, sixth and seventh joints of the endopod of the eighth

thoracic limb (& 50); ¢, telson (X 50); f, uropods (X 50); g, first pleepod of the male

(*% 125); 4, fourth pleopod of the male (X 89)3 4, fifth pleopod of the male (xX 80).

Ouler wropod one and a half times as long as the telson. Pleopods of the male:

Kirst pair rudimentary, each consisting of a very small, single, unjoimted plate

armed with a few lone setae (fie. 80, g). Seeond and third pairs biramous, the

ranu equal in leneth and withont modified setae, Fourth pair (fig. 30, 4) with

110 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

the endopod longer than the exopod, the last two joints each armed with a single,

stout, non-plumose seta, Fifth pair (fig, 80, 7) with the endopod considerably

longer than the exopod, nearly one and three-quarter times as long, the last two

joints each armed with a single stout, simple seta, fhe preceding three joints with

the normal phunose setae considerably reduced in length. Brood pouch of the

femule formed by three pairs of lamellae attached to the last three thoracic limbs,

the first pair very small but distinetly present. The mouth parts and thoracic

limbs are best deseribed by reference to the figures, The mouth parts are essen-

tially of the type characteristic of the Erythropini, The mandibles (fig. 20, ¢),

have the incisive part, the lacinia, and the molar processes well developed. The

maxillae (fie. 29, f) have a well-developed exopod, a setiforn lobe on the second

joint, and the terminal joint of the palp not expanded. The maxillipeds (first

thoracic limbs) (fig. 29, 7) are moderately robust, with a prominent endite on

the second joint, The gnathopods (second thoracic limbs) (fig. 80, 7) are rather

Jong and comparatively slender, the fourth and fifth joints subeqttal in length,

the sixth short and armed with a number of strong, short. plimose spines, and

there is a well-developed nail. The remainine thoracic limbs (fie. 30, b) are

somewhat slender, The sixth jomt of the endopod of the fornrth to the eizhth

pair (fir. 30, 2) is divided into four snubjoints by transverse articnlations, and

at the inner distal corner of each subjoint there is a stout plunose spine, shorter

than the subjoint. Im the endopod of the third pair of thoracie limbs (fie. 30, ¢)

the sixth joint is divided into five subjomts. the first artieulation being some-

What oblique and bearing no pliumose spine, and the stomt plumose spine on the

inner distal corners of the subjoints is much longer than the subjoint,

Length, of adult males and females, 7 mm,

Loe, Watson’s Bay, Port Jackson, New South Wales. ‘From dark ereviee

in eddy amone the roeks at low water on the shore*’

both sexes (W. EK. J. Paradice).

T know of no other species of Mysid with which this interesting new form

; about fifty specimens of

ean be confused. The struetire of the pleapods of the male is unique. Tt comes

nearest fo Holmesrelia quomala Ortmann, but in that speeies the first pleapod

of the male ig not mndimentary, only the fourth pleopod has an elongate and

modified endopod, and the telson has a somewhat different shape and armature.

Holmesiella anomala is, moreover, a large species, the tvpe measurine 37 min,

T have pleasnre in associating this interesting addition to the Mysidacean fauna

of Auvatralia with the name of the late Dr W. Bh. Jd. Paradice, who colleeted

the material wpon which this deseription is based,

In the preparation From which the drawing reproduced in fle. 29, a was

made, the body of the mandible has beeome somewhat displaced, with the result

that the spine-row is overlaid by the incisive part.

BRYOZOA FROM SOUTH AUSTRALIA

By ARTHUR A. LIVINGSTONE, AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM

(WITH THE PERMISSION OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE

AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM, SYDNEY)

Summary

By the courtesy of the authorities of the South Australian Museum I have been able to

examine, and compile the following notes upon, a small portion of the extensive bulk

collections of Bryozoa under their care. Most of the dredgings were secured by Sir

Joseph Verco, Honorary Conchologist to the above institution, to whom many scientific

workers are indebted for the extensive collections of marine animals that he has dredged

in the seas of southern Australia.

BRYOZOA rrom SOUTH AUSTRALIA

By ARTHUR A, LIVINGSTONE, Ausrratias Museum,

(With the permission of the Trustees of the Australian Museum, Sydney.)

Text figs. 31-55.

By the courtesy of the authorities of the South Australian Museum [ have been

able to examine, and compile the following notes upon, a small portion of the

extensive bil collections of Bryozon under their care. Most of the dredgings

were secured by Sir Joseph Vereo, ILonorary Conchologist to the above mstitu-

jion, to whom many seientifie workers are indebted for the extensive collections

of marine animals that he has dredged in the seas of southern Australia.

The work so far accomplished on recent South Australian forms is meagre

when compared with that concerning species of other States. The first worker

to recognize this was MaeGillivray, to whom eredit is due for the initial

investigation of the South Australian species; Hutton and Maplestone were also

responsible for the record of several forms, while other isolated records by

various authors have assisted our knowledge.

In regard to the present collection, nothing of outstanding importance can

be claimed, apart from the discovery of two new species, and the rediscovery of

Parmaularia macnedi, whieh was deseribed in the first part of my ‘Studies on

Australian Bryozoa’’ (1).

All the material examined was dredged anc, as is often the case with sueh

collections, it is not in the best condition for study. Nevertheless, most of the

species can be recounized with litile diffieultv, and there are extremely few

heyond the possibility of generic identification.

As the literature on the South Australian species is small and so easily

assembled. a revision has been considered unnecessary. The contributions on

recent marine South Australian Bryozoa to be eonsulled are:

Hutton, Proe. Roy. Soe. Tasmania, 1876 (1877). pp. 28-25.

MaeGillivray, Trans. Proe, Roy, Soe. 8. Austr.. xii, 1889, pp. 24-30.

MacGillivray, Trans. Proe, Roy, Soe. 8. Austy., xiii, 1890, pp. 1-7.

Maplestone, Proe. Roy, Soe, Victoria, xvi (is.) ii, 1908 (1904), pp.

207-217.

Maplestone, Proc. Roy. Soe. Victoria, (m.s.) xxiii, i, 1910, pp. 39-41.

(1) Livingstone, Ree. Aust. Mus., xiv, 38, 1924, p. 194.

RECORDS OF THE S.A. MusSEUM

Maplestone, Proce. Roy. Soc. Vietoria, (n.s.) xxiii, i, 1910, pp. 42-45.

Bale, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vietoria, (m.s.) xxxv, 1, 1922,

p. 109,

Harmer, ‘‘Sibowa’’ Exped.. Polyzea ii, Monogr. xxvitib, 1926, pp, 182-501

(this work contains records of specimens from §. Auste, which are

in British Museums).

Following is a list of the species in the present collection; those marked

with an asterisk are new reeords for the State of South Australia,

Caleschara dentieulata (MaeGall.),

Capidozoum faleala (MaeGill.).

“Hiantopora radicifera (Hineks).

Hiantopora ferar (MaeGill.),

Steqanoporella magnilabris (Busk).

Thairvopora dispar (MaeGill.),.

*Thairapord manillaris (MaeGall.).

*Selenaria punctata Ten.-Woods.

Lunuaria capulus (Busk).

Cellavia rigida MacGill.

Cellaria australis MaeGill.

*Cellaria fistulosa (linn.).

FCollaria angustiloba (Busk).

Arachnopusia monoceras (Busk).

Seuticella ventricasa (Busk).

Adeona grisea Lamouroux.

Adeonellapsis foliacea MaeGill.

Relepora phoenicea Busk.

Relepora montlifera MaeGall,

muita Hineks,

Tubuccllavia hirsuta (uam.).

*“Schizoporella vercoi sp. nov.

var.

Sehizoporclla acuminata Uineks

(fossil record only).

Paurmalaria obliqua (MaeGill,).

*Parmularia macneilli Livingstone,

*Amballotheca quadrata (MaeGill.).

Peristomella excavata (MaeGill. ).

Didymosella larvalis (MaeGill.).

*Haswellina coronala (Reuss).

Gephyrophora biturrita (Lineks).

Mieroporella cthiata (uinn.).

Cullaparina diadema (MaeGill.).

*Conescharellingd angulopora (Ten.-

Woods).

*“Bipora wnbonala (Wasw.).

*Sinittina nitida (Verrill).

*Smvittina reticulata (MaeGill.).

*Sphaecropora fossa (ITasw.).

Petralia wndata MacGill.

Petralia vulltur (iTineks).

*Pelralia halei sp. nov.

*Amathia spiralis Laan.

CALESCHARA DENTICULATA (MaeQGillivray),

i ©

Fig. 31.

Aschara dentiewlala MacGillivray, Trans. Proc. Roy. Soe. Vietoria, ix, 1868

(1869), p. 138,

Caleschava denticulati MaeGillivray in MeCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vietoria, dee. vy,

1880, p. 45, pl. xlviii, fig. 8.

This species is not uneommon in eastern and southern waters of the Aus-

tralian continent,

Loe.

South Australia: Investigator Strait, 20 fathoms; Beachport, 40

fathoms, 26.12.1905; 7 miles S.W. of Newland TTead, Encounter Bay, 20 fathoms,

LIVINGSTONE BRYOZOA FROM SOUTH AUSTRALIA 113

29.11.1906; 3 miles S. of Tunk Heads, 16 fathoms; off Ardrossan, Gulf St.

Vineent, 14 fathoms.

Mig. 1. Calesehara dentieulati. Fig. 32. Schizaporella — vercot.

Aoovcial detail of an old and heavily Zooccial detail, Photo, GC. Chittan.

enleified enlony. Photo, GC. Chattan.

Capipozoum rawiara (MaeGillivray).

Membranipora faleata MacGillivray, Trans. Proe. Roy. Soc, Victoria, ix, 1869,

p. 182,

Vembranipora perminuta Hineks, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vii, 1881, p. 151.

Amphiblestrian perminutim MacGillivray in MeCoy, Prodr. Zool. Viet.. dee. xi,

1885, p. 22, pl. 106, fig. 3.

Capidozaum falcata Warmer, “Siboga’’ Exped., Polyzoa ii, Monogr. xxviiib,

1926, p. 227.

This species is represented in the collection by a single fragment which is

devoid of ooeeia.

Loe, South Australia: 3 miles S. of Tunk Tleads, 16 fathoms.

THAN TOPORA RADICIFERA (TTineks),.

Membranipara radicifera Tineks, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) vill, 1881, p. 3, ph ui,

fies. G, Ga, Gh.

Hiantopora radieifera Leyvinsen, Morph. Syst. Stud. Cheil, Bryozoa, 1909, p. 111,

pl. iv, figs. Ga-6e.

Tremopora radiciferd Cann and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Mus,, Bull. 106, 1920, p. 189,

Hiantopora radicifera Warmer, ‘‘Siboga’’ Exped.. Polyzoa ii, Monogr. xxviliih,

1926, p. 286, pl. 34, fig. 4.

Loc, Sonth Australia: 3 miles S. of Trunk Heads, 16 fathoms.

114 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Hianvopora FEeROX (MacGillivray).

Lepralia ferox MacGillivray, Trans. Proce. Roy. Soc. Vietoria, 1x, 1868 (1869),

p. 132.

Hiantopora ferox Harmer, ‘‘Siboga’’ Exped., Polyzoa ii, Monogr. xxviiib, 1926,

p. 236,

Loe. South Australia: 12 miles S,B. by S. of Newland Head, Kneounter

Bay, 24 fathoms.

SirEGANOPORELLA MAGNILABRIS (Busk).

Membranipora magnilabris Busk, Brit. Mus. Catal. Marine Polyzoa, i, 1852, p. 62,

pl, Ixv, fig. 4.

Steganoporella magnilabris Harmer, Quart. Journ, Mier, Sei., 43, 11 (n.s.), 1900,

p. 279, figs. 10, 31, 44, 45, 46.

Loe. South Australia: Beachport, 40 fathoms; 7 miles 8.W. of Newland

Head, Encounter Bay, 20 fathoms, 22.11.1906; 3 miles S. of Tunk Heads, 16

fathoms; off Port Wallaroo, 15 fathoms, January, 1905.

THAIROPORA pIspAR (MacGillivray ).

Membranipora dispar MacGillivray, Trans. Proe. Roy. Soc. Victoria, ix, 1868

(1869), p. 131.

Thairopora dispar Harmer, ‘‘Siboga’’ Exped., Polyzoa ii, Monogr. xxyiith, 1926,

p. 288.

Loe. South Australia: Off Port Morowie, 14 fathoms.

THATROPORA MAMILLARIS (MacGillivray) (lLamouroux ?),

Membranipora mamillaris MacGillivray, Trans. Phil. Inst. Victoria, iv, 1860,

p. 165, pl. ii, fig. 3.

Thairopora mamillaris Harmer, ‘‘Siboga’’? Exped., Polyzoa ii, Monogr. xxviiib,

1926, p. 289.

Loc. South Australia; Port Willunga, 14 fathoms.

SELENARIA PUNCTATA Tenison-Woods.

Selenaria punctata Tenison-Woods, Trans, Roy. Soc. South Austr., i, 1880, p. 9,

pl. ii, figs. 8a-8e.

Selenaria punctula Waters, Journ. Linn. Soe, Zool, xxxiv, 1921, p. 416, pl. xxix,

fig. 7.

Loe. South Australia: Off Ardrossan, Gulf St. Vincent, 6-8 fathoms; Inves-

tigator Strait, 20 fathoms.

Lununaria caputus (Busk).

Lunulites capulus Busk, Brit. Mus. Catal. Mar. Polyzoa, ii, 1854, p. 100, pl. exii.

Lunularia capulus Livingstone, Rec, Austr. Museum, xiv, 3, 1924, p. 198.

LIVINGSTONE—BRYOZOA FROM SOUTH AUSTRALIA 115

The synonymy of the above species has already been dealt with by me in a

previous paper (loc. cit). Selenaria livingslonet Bretnall and Luaulites patelli-

formis Maplestone haye been found to be synonyms.

It is worthy of note that the specimens before me were, like ‘LL. patell7-

formis,”’ secured by Sir Joseph Vereo from Investigator Strait, and the examina-

tion of this duplicate material confirms my opinion as to the status of this latter

species.

Loc. South Australia: Investigator Strait, 20 fathoms.

CELLARIA RIGIDA MacGillivray.

Cellaria riyida MacGillivray, Trans. Proce. Roy. Soe. Victoria, xxi, 1884, p. 92,

pl. i, figs. 1-2.

Cellaria rigida MacGillivray in MeCoy, Prodr. Zool, Victoria, dee. xi, 1885, p. 17,

pl. 105, fig. 1,

Cellaria rigida Jelly, Syn. Cat. Ree. Marine Bryozoa, 1889, p. 44.

The specimens hetore me are attached to ‘‘Dictyopora grisea’? (Adeona

grisea), therein agreeing with MacGillivray’s remarks regarding anchorage.

Loe. South Australia: 12 miles 8.8. by S. from Newland Head, Encounter

Bay, 24 fathoms.

CELLARIA AUSTRATIS MaeGilliyray,

Cellaria fistulasa var. australis MacGillivray in MeCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vietoria,

dee. v, 1880, p. 48.

Cellaria fistulosa var. australis Hineks, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) xiii, 1884,

p. 368.

Cellaria australis MacGillivray, Trans, Proce. Roy. Soe. Vietoria, xxi, 1884, p. 94.

Loe. South Australia: Off Port Morowie, 14 fathoms.

CeLuarta pistuLosa (Linnaeus).

Eschara fistulosa Linnaens. Syst., ed. 10, (1758) 108 (fide Ilineks, Brit. Marine

Polyzoa, i, 1880, p. 106, pl. xin, figs. 1-4.

Cellaria fistulosa Jelly, Syn. Cat. Ree. Marine Bryozoa, 1889, p. 42.

Loe, South Australia: Of Ardrossan, Gulf St. Vineent, 6-8 fathoms.

CELLARIA ANGUSTILOBA (Busk).

Melicerita angustiloba Busk, Quart. Jouru. Geol. Soc., xvi, 1860, p. 261.

Cellaria angushilobu Waters, Quart. Journ, Geol. Soc., xxxviii, 1882, p. 260,

pl. ix, figs. 28-80.

Cellaria angustiloba MacGillivray, Trans, Proce, Roy. Soe, Vietoria, iv, 1895,

p. 27, pl. iii, fig. 16.

The single specimen in the collection does not possess avicularia, It is

116 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

slightly worn, though complete enough to show agreement in most details with

existing descriptions. A comparison with Tertiary material from deposits at

Schnapper Point and Muddy Creek, Vietovia, has assisted considerably in sub-

stantiating the identification,

Loe. South Australia: Off Cape Jaffa, 300 fathoms.

ARACHNOPUSIA MonocEnos (Busk).

Lepralia monoceros Busk, Brit. Mus. Catal, Marine Polyzoa, ii, 1854, p. 72.

Arachnopusia monoecros Livingstone, Ree, Austr. Museum, xiv, 3, 1924, p. 203,

Loc. South Australia: Investigator Strait, 20 fathoms; 3 miles S. of Tunk

Tleads, 16 fathoms; 12 miles S.E. by S. of Newland Head, Encounter Bay, 24

fathoms.

Scuricenna venrricosa (Busk),

Catenicella ventricosa Busk, Voy. ‘‘Rattlesnake,’’ 1, 1852, p. 357, pl. 1, fig. 1.

Catenicella ventricosa Busk, Brit. Mus, Cat. Marine Polyzoa, 1, 1852, p. 7, pl. ii,

fies. 1-2, pl. iii, figs. 1-5,

Seuticella ventricosa Levinsen. Morph. Syst. Stud. Cheil. Bryozoa, 1909, p. 227,

pl. xx, fies. 5a-5e; pl. xi, figs. Ga, 6h.

Loe. South Australia: 12 miles S.E. by 8. from Newland Head, Encounter

Bay, 24 fathoms; 7 miles S.W. from Newland Head, 20 fathoms.

ADEONA GRISEA Lamouroux.

Adecona grisea Lamouroux, Expos. Methodique des genres de Polypicrs, 1821,

p. 40, pl. lxx, fig. 5.

aka he grisea MaeGillivray in MeCoy, Prodr. Zool. Victoria, dee, vii, 1582,

28, pl. 66, fig. 1.

Le South Australia; 12 miles S.E. by §. from Newland Head, Encounter

Bay, 24 fathoms; Investigator Strait, 20 fathoms; 3 miles 8. of Tunk Heads, 16

fathoms; 7 miles 8.W. of Newland Head, 20 fathoms, 22.11.1906.

ADEONELLOPSIS POLIACEA MacGillivray.

Adeanellapsis foliacea MaeGillivray, Trans. Proc, Roy. Soe. Victoria, xxii, 1885

(1886), p. 134, pl. uy, fig. 1.

“ babtatinite foliacea Lievinsen, Morph. Syst. Stud. Cheil. Bryozoa, 1909, p. 287,

pl. xiv, figs. 5 a-d.

Many specimens of this common Australian species haye been sorted from

the collection. In addition there are many worn fragments which approach

A. wustralis MaeGillivray (7), but their identity is extremely uncertain, in

view of the faet that many of the characters are obliterated through wear.

2) Truns, Proce, Roy, Soc, Vietoria, xxii, 1885 (1886), p, 135, pl. ii, figs. 2-38.

LIVINGSTONE—BRYOZOA FROM SOUTH AUSTRALIA 117

Moreover, the constant variation of the species allied to 1. foliucea, makes

identification very difficult, and it will not be until a complete revision of the

species is made that the genus and its representatives will be fully understood.

Loe. South Australia; 7 miles SW. from Newland Head, Encounter Bay,

20 fathoms; off Ardrossan, Gulf St. Vineent, 6-8 fathoms.

Rerevora PHOENICEA Busk.

Retepora phoenicea Busk, Brit. Mus. Cat. Marine Polyzoa, ii, 1554, p. 94, pl. exxi,

fies, 1-2.

Relepora phocnicea MacGillivray, i MeCoy, Prodr, Zool. Vietoria, dee. x, 1889,

p. 27, pl. 98, figs. 1-5.

Loe. South Australia: About 15 miles off Port Wallaroo, January, 1905;

Investigator Strait, 20 fathoms; 7 ules S.W. from Newland Ilead, Encounter

say, 20 fathoms; 12 miles 8... by 8. from Newland Head, 24 fathois; off

Ardrossan, Gulf St. Vincent. 14 fathoms.

Rerevors MONTLIFERA MaeGillivray var. MUNITA ELineks.

Relepora monilifera var. munita incks, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) i, 1878,

p. 361,

Relepora mowilifera trom muniia MacGillivray in MeCoy. Prodr. Zool. Victoria,

dee, x, 1885, p. 22, pl. 96, fies, 4-8.

Relepora monilifera var. munita Mareus, Kunel. Svenska Vetenskapsakad.

Hand, 61, v, 1921, p. 16, pl. 1, figs. 6, 7,

Loc. South Australia; 12 miles 8H. by $8. from Newland Plead, Hneounter

Bay, 24 fathoms.

TUBUCELLARIA UIRSUTA (Lamouroux).

Cefllaria hirsufa Lamouroux, List. des, Polyp., 1816, p. 126, pl. ii, fig. 4.

Tubucellaria hirsuta Levinsen, Morph. Syst. Stud. Cheil. Brvozoa, 1909, p. 306,

pl. xvi, figs. 8a-3e.

Loc. South Australia; 12 miles 8.E, by 8. from Newland Headly Eneouuter

Bay, 24 fathoms.

SCHIZOPORHLLA VERCOL (#) sp. nov.

Figs, 32, 33.

Deser. Zoarium enerusting. Zooecia very slightly ovate and wndefined,

though their boundaries ¢an be approximately distinguished by the relative

positions of the zooecial apertures. Frontal walls punetured and deeply pitted,

especially near the boundaries of the zooeeia.

Distal half of the zooecial aperture semicireular ; lateral borders of proximal

(4) Named for Sir J. Vereo,

118 REcORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

half converging downwards into a median sinus. Near the sinus the borders of

the proximal half are clearly serrated, and at the point of junction of each with

the sinus there is a very large and sharply pointed denticle. The proximal

border and a portion of each lateral border of the aperture is divided into two

Wig. 83. Sehizeporella vercoi, Outline of zooecial aperture, showing secoudary toothed rim on

the inside.

distinet shelves, one placed above the other. The top shelf carries the simus,

and is continuous, but the lower shelf, which carries the serrated edge, is inter-

rupted at the sinus on either side. The two halves of the lower shelf, however,

project a little beyond the top shelf, and each section can be easily seen from

direetly above. Sharply pointed triangular avicularia, which vary greatly in

size, occur at random on the frontal zooecial walls. Each avicularian cavity is

provided with a mandibular pivot or cross-bar, bearing a median ligula, which

points backwards.

Loc, South Australia; Beachport, 40 fathoms, 26.12.1905,

ScHIZOPORELLA ACUMINATA Hincks.

Schizoporella acuminata Hincks, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5) viii, 1881, p. 14,

pl. i, fig. 1.

Schizoporella acuminata Livingstone, Ree, Austr. Museum, xiv, 3, 1924, p. 200.

Schizoporella cecilii Maplestone (part), Ree. Austr. Museum, vil, 4, 1909, p. 268.

Loc. South Australia: Cape Jaffa, 300 fathoms.

PARMULARIA OBLIQUA (MacGillivray).

Eschara obliqua MacGillivray, Trans. Proc. Roy. Soe. Victoria, 1x, 2, 1868,

p. 187.

LIVINGSTONE—BRYOZOA FROM SouTH AUSTRALIA 119

Parmularia obliqua Livingstone, Ree, Austr. Museum, xiv, 3, 1924, p. 190, pl.

xxiil, figs. 1-2; pl. xxv, fig. 1; pl. xxvi, and text fig. 1.

This extremely abundant deep-water species is well represented in the

present collection; its peculiar characters have been dealt with by me im a

previous paper (loc. cit.), To avoid misunderstanding it may be well to mention

here that Canu and Bassler (*) have eredited the genus to Maplestone instead

ot to MacGillivray.

Loe. South Australia: Off Port Morowie, 14 fathoms; off Ardrossan, Gulf

St. Vincent, 6-8 fathoms; about 15 miles off Port Wallaroo, January, 1905;

7 miles S.W. from Newland IHead, Encounter Bay, 20 fathoms; 12 miles §.E.

by S. from Newland Ilead, 24 fathoms; Investigator Strait, 20 fathoms; Beach-

port, 40 fathoms; 3 miles S. of Tunk Heads, 16 fathoms.

PARMULARIA MACNEILLI Livingstone.

Parmularia mocneilli Livingstone, Ree. Austr. Museum, xiv, 8, 1924, p. 194,

pl. xxiv, figs. 1-2; pl. xxv, fig. 2.

As stated in the original description, this species is very rare, and is found

aniong material dredged from deep water.

The hollow proximal border of the zooecial aperture, together with the

conspicuous hinge teeth, serve as good characters upon which the species can be

separated from its allies. Its oceurrence in South Australian waters extends its

range westwards from the localities cited in the above paper.

The single specimen before me does not exhibit any variation when com-

pared with the type specimen,

Loe. South Australia; Of Port Morowie, 14 fathoms.

EmBaLLoTHECA QUADRATA (MacGillivray ).

Lepralia quadratu MacGillivray tn MeCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vietoria, dee. v, 1880,

p. 42, pl. 48, fig. 5.

Emballatheca quadrata Levinsen, Morph, Syst. Stud. Cheil. Bryozoa, 1909, p.

334, pl. xviii, figs. 13a-13e.

Although somewhat like Purmularia oblique (MacQillivray), this well-

marked species can be easily separated by the arrangement and shape of the

zooecia. Tt is not so abuudant as 2. obliqua, and is represented in the colleetion

by only two fragments.

Loe. South Australia: Beachport, 40 fathoms; 7 miles 8.W. of Newland

Head, Encounter Bay, 22.11.1906.

(1) Canu aud Bassler, Proce. U.S. Nat. Museum, 69, Art, 14, 1927, pp. 21 and 35,

120 Recorbs oF THe S.A, MuSEUM

PERISTOMELLA EXCAVATA (MaeGillivray).

Mucronella excavuta MacGillivray. Trans. Phil. Lost. Victoria, 1859, iv, p. 166,

pl. ii, fig. 4.

Mucronella excavutu MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soe. 8. Austr., xiii, 1890, p. 9.

Escharoides pracstans Levinsen, Morph, Syst, Stud. Cheil, Bryozoa, 1909, p. 318,

pl. xvii, figs. 4 a-b.

Escharoides excavata Livingstone, Ree. Austr. Museum, xiv, 3, 1924, p. 197.

In a previous paper (loc. cil.) T have given notes on the synonymy of ihis

species, and after examining two specimens in the present eolleetion see no

reason to depart from the conelasions set ont therein, except in regard to the

generic position. 1 have followed Canii and Bassler in this connection, as shown.

in my Supplementary Report upon the Mawson Antaretic Bryozoa. (*).

Loc. South Australia; Beachport, 40 fathoms, 26.12.1905.

DipyMoOsELLA LARVALIS (MaeCllivray ).

Lepralia larvalis MacGillivray, Trans. Proc, Roy, Soe. Victoria, ix, 1868 (1869),

p. le

Escharvides larvalis Livingstone, Ree. Austr. Museum, xv, 2, 1926, p. 170, pl. xi.

Didymosella larvalis Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Museum, Bull. 106, 1920,

p. 416.

Loe, South Australia: Off Port Morowie, 14 fathoms.

HASWELLINA CORONATA (Reuss).

Cellaria coronata Reuss, Fossile Polyparien d. Wicner Tertiiir Beckens, Haidin-

ger Naturwiss. Abhandl, 11, 1848, p. 62, T. vill, fig. 8 (fide Levinsen, Morph.

Syst. Stud. Cheil, Bryozoa, 1909, p. 299),

This species is not uncommon off the coasts of New South Wales, Victoria,

and Tasmania, where it is invariably met with in material taken from deep

water. The name Huswellia is preoccupied and has been altered in a previous

paper ("),

Lov. South Australia; OF Ardrossan, Gulf St. Vincent, 6-8 fathoms; off

Port Wallaroo, about 15 fathoms, January, 1905; Beachport, +0 fathoms,

26.12.1905; 12 miles 8.E, by 8. from Newland lead, Encounter Bay, 24 fathoms ;

off Cape Jaffa, 300 fathoms.

GepityRopHorA BrruRRiTA (Hincks),

Schizoporella biturrita Hincks, Aun. May. Nat. Hist. (9) xiv, 1884, p. 280.

Gephyrophora biturrita Canu aud Bassler, U.S. Nat. Museum, Bull, 106, 1920,

p. 521.

(5) Livingstone, Austr. Antarctic Exped. Repts., ser. C, viii, pt. iv, 1928, p. 61.

(0) Livingstone, Austr, Antaretic Exped. Repts., ser. O, viii, pt. iv, p. 71.

LIVINGSTONE—BRYOZOA FROM SOUTH AUSTRALIA 121

Loc. South Australia; T miles S.W. from. Newland Head, Encounter Bay,

20 fathoms, 11.2.1906; 12 miles $.E. by S. from Newland Head, 24 fathoms; off

Port Morowie, 14 fathoms.

MicroporenLa cmiata (Linnaeus).

Cellepora ciliata Linnaeus, Systema Naturae, ed. xii, 1799, p. 1286.

Microporella catialu, Canu and Bassler, U.S. Nat. Museum, Bull. 125, 1925,

p. 119. pl. xx, fies. 1-6; pl. xxxvi, fies. 4-5.

Loc, South Australia: Investigator Strait, 20 fathoms.

CALLOPORINA DIADEMA (MaeGillivray ).

Microporetia diadema MaeQillivray, Trans. Proce. Roy. Soe. Vietoria, ivy, 1893,

p. 6).

Calloporing diadema Canuw and Bassler, 1.8. Nat. Mus., Bull. 125, 1923, p. 12s.

The introduction of this species into the genus Ca/lloporima Neviani appears

to be advantageous, and assists considerably in clearing up the large number

of species formerly grouped under Wieroporella, 1 have found, however, that

hittle, if any, reliance can be placed on the shape of the aseopore, as this character

is extremely inconsistent, not only in Australian but also im foreign specimens.

Loe. South Australia; About 15 miles off Port Wallaroo, January, 1905,

CONESCHARELLINA ANGULOPORA (‘Tenison-W oods).

Lunulites angulopora Tenison-Woods, Trans. Roy. Soe. S. Austr., tii, 1879-1880,

p. 7, pl. 1, figs. 3-3a-e.

Conescharellina angulopora Livingstone, Ree, Austr. Museum, xiv, 3, 1924,

p. 205.

The problem of synonymy surrounding this species has been dealt with by

me in a paper on the representatives of the family (loc. ci/.), and sinee its

publication nothing has come before my notice that would cause a deviation from

the conelusions set out therein,

The specimens in the present collection are considerably worn, but

undoubtedly belong to this species.

Loe, South Australia: 7 miles S.W. from Newland Head, Encounter Bay,

20 fathoms, 22.11.1906; off Cape ata, 300 fathoms.

Birora umMBoONATA (ITaswell).

Eschara wubonala Haswell, Proe. Linn, Soe. N.S. Wales, v, 1880, p. 41, pl. ii,

fies. 5-6.

Biporu unbonata Livingstone, Ree. Austr. Musemn, xiv, 3, 1924, pp. 209 and 211.

Bipora umbonala Livingstone, Tee, Austr, Museum, xy, i, 1926, p. 98, pl. v

figs. 4-5.

122 RECORDS OF THE S.A, MuSEUM

This extremely interesting species is represented in the present collection

by a single fragment. The speeies does not assume a regular colonial growth,

but may be anything from a flat, bilaminate, unbranched growth to a well-

branched colony, It van be readily recognized by its bilaminate growth, nodu-

lated surface, and undefined zooecia.

Loc. South Australia: Investigator Strait, 20 fathoms.

Smirviva Nitipa ( Verrill).

Discopora nitida Vervill, Amer. Journ, Sei, ix, 1875, p. 414, pl. yil, fig. 4.

Smittia nitida Waters, Journ. Linn. Soe. Zool, xxxi, 1909, p. 173, pl. xvii,

figs. 19, 20.

Loc. South Anstralia: 7 miles $.W. from Newland Ilead, Encounter Bay,

20 fathoms, 22.11.1906.

Smirrina reTicuLATA (MacGillivray).

Lepralia reticulata MacGillivray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ix, 1842, p. 467,

Smittia reticulata Hineks, Hist. Brit. Marine Polyzoa, 1880. p. 546, pl. xlvii,

figs. 1-5,

Loe. South Australia; Off Ardrossan, Gulf St. Vineent, 6-8 fathoms.

SprmaEROPoRA POSSA Laswell.

Sphaeropora fossa Haswell, Proce. Linn. Soc, N.S. Wales, v, 1881, p. 42, pl. ili,

fig. 5.

Cellepora fossa MacGillivray, Trans. Roy. Soe. Victoria, iv, 1895, p. 108, pl. xiv,

fies. 8-10.

Loc. South Australia: Off Cape Jatta, 800 fathoms.

PrrraniA UNDATA MacGillivray.

Pelralia wadalu MacGillivray, Trans. Proc. Roy. Soe. Victoria, ix, i, 1868, p, 141.

Petralia wndata Livingstone, Rec. Austr. Museum, xv, 2, 1926, p. 169, pl. xii.

figs. 1-3.

The large number of specimens in the collection before me proves this species

to be as abundant in South Australian waters as it is in Victoria and New South

Wales. Most of the specimens are worn, and have no doubt suffered removal

from their original habitat by the action of currents and associated disturbances.

Loc. South Australia: Off Port Morowie,, 14 fathoms; Investigator Strait,

20 fathoms; 12 miles 8.B. by 8, from Newland Ilead, Encounter Bay, 24

fathoms; off Ardrossan, Gulf St. Vineent, 14 fathoms; 3 miles S. of Tunk

Heads, 16 fathoms.

LivINGSTONE—BRYOZOA FROM SOUTH AUSTRALIA 123

PEPRALIA VULTUR (Hincks),

Big, 34.

Mucronella vulture Hineks, Ann, Mag. Nat. Uist. (5) x, 1852, p. 98, pl. vil,

fig. 2,

Mucronella vultur MacGillivray in MeCoy, Prodr. Zool. Vietoria, dee. xit, 1556,

p. 69, pl, 116, figs. 5-8.

From past observatious, as well as deductions drawn from specimens in the

present, collection, it has been ascertained that the species is much rarer than the

foregoing. lt is subjected to considerable structural variation as it proceeds

northward from its eastern habitat, as instanced by the number of varietios

deseribed from within the tropical zone.

The typical form when young is easily recognizable on account of the clearly

cut structural detail, but as the colony grows older it becomes heavily calcified

and the characters almost obliterated.

Loc, South Australia: 7 miles S.W. trom Newland Head, Eneounter Bay,

20 fathoms, 22.11.1906.

PurRALIA HALEL (*) sp, nov.

Fig, 39.

? Mueronella vullur MacGillivray (non Hineks), Trans. Moy, Sov. Victoria, iv,

1895, p. 99, pL. xiii, fig. 4.

Description, “Zoarium massive and heavily calcified. Zooecia large and

prominent, separated by faint though distinet margins. Krontal zooecial walls

ovate, punctured with large cirenlar and slit-like pores.

The zooecial aperture is arched above and slightly constrieted twards

laterally as in P. dorsiporesa. The proximal border may be either straight or

slightly incurved, and it sometimes possesses two blunt outwardly projecting

teeth, Hach proximal angle of the aperture is conspicuously sinuated, as in

P. vultur, The distal half of the frontal zooecial wall below the aperture is

raised in the form of a massive, blunt, umbonate structure, on the side of which

is a deep avieularian cavity or chamber. Judging by this cavity the mandible

must be of considerable size, but, unfortunately, no acco of i can be given,

owing to the incomplete state of the single specimen before me, Six circular

pores, arranged at even distances apart, occur on the distal border of the aper-

ture, indicatine tliat the species possesses spines.

The species is described from a single fragment without ooecia, opercula,

or mandibles to the avieularia, but the existing characters mark the form as a

new species.

(7) Named for Mr. Herbert M. Hale, Curator, South Australian Museum.

)24 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MusEUM

Loe, Sowh Australia: Beaehport, 26.12.1905,

Affinities, P. halet can be readily reeownized by the large size of {he zoarinm

as well as by the character of the gigantic aud heavily calcified mucro below the

aperture. The zooecial apertures of P. haled are also more conspicuous than any

other known species of the venus.

» Pelralia hele Bouevial

Fig, 34.) Pelratie vultur. Zooevial Fig. 3:

detuil of a heavily calcified eolony. detail, Pheta, GC. Clit fen.

Photo, G. C, Clattan.

Remarks. MaeGillivray (loc. eit.) deseribed a form from the Vietorian

Tertiary deposits which he cousidered doubtliully referable to Meeronella vullur

Ilincks (now Pelralia vullur). Atter examining the large series of Po rultiur

in the Australian Mawseum collection | an of the opinion that the species could

nof, in any growth stage, be found to correspond with MacGillivray’s deserip-

lion and figure in the above work. This being the case, to what species does

MacGillivray’s specinen belong? Judging from the specimens and data before

me foam inelinecl towards the opinion that the species is the same as the mew

form before me, and therefore should be placed in its svnonymy.

AMATHIA SPIRALIS Lamourotx.

Amathia spiralis Lamouronx, Hist. des. Polyp. Corall, Flex., 1816, p. 161, pl. iv,

fix. 2.

Amathia spiralis MacGillivray in MeCoy, Prods, Zool, Vietoria, dee. xx, 1890,

p. 807, pl. 185, fig. 2.

Lec. South Australia: 12 miles 8.E. by 8. from Newland Head, Mnconnter

Bay, 24 fathoms.

SOUTH AUSTRALIAN CEPHALOPODA

By SIR JOSEPH VERCO, HON. CONCHOLOGIST, AND BERNARD C. COTTON,

ASSISTANT CONCHOLOGIST, SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM

Summary

A list of the mollusca of South Australia, published in 1865 by G. F. Angas ('), included

two species of Cephalopoda. J. Brazier (*), in 1892, enumerated six species from South

Australia; in 1907 one of us (°) described the sepion of a new species; and A. R. Riddle

(*), in 1920, recorded the occurrence of a Nautilus; S. Stillman Berry (°) described four

new species in 1918 (°) and two more in 1921 (°).

The present paper gives a list of all the species recorded from South Australia, and of

four found in adjacent Australian waters, and almost certainly occurring in South

Australia. Two other species, hitherto not recorded from South Australia, are added.

SOUTH AUSTRALIAN CEPHALOPODA

By SIR JOSEPH C. VERCO, Hon. Concuoiocisr, aNp BERNARD C, COT'ION,

Assisran'r Concuonocisr, SourH Ausrralian Musrom.

Text fies. 36-38,

A uist of the mollusca of South Australia, published in 1865 by G. F. Angas (1),

included two species of Cephalopoda. J. Brazier (2), in 1892, enumerated six

species from South Australia; in 1907 one of us (*) deseribed the sepion of a

new species; and A. R. Riddle (*), in 1920, recorded the oceurrence of a

Nautilus: 8. Stilaman Berry (*) deseribed four new species in 1918 (*) and

two more in 1921 (").

The present paper gives a list of all the species recorded from South

Australia, and of four found in adjacent Anstralian waters, and almost certainly

occurring in South Australia. Two other species, hitherto not recorded from

South Australia, are added.

OrverR TETRABRANCHIATA.

Family NAUTILIDAE.

Nauvitus Linnaeus, 1758,

NautTinus pomptmius Linnaens.

Nautilus pompilius Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x, 1758, p. 708; Riddle, Trans. Roy.

Soc. 5. Aust., xliv, 1920, p. 257.

A. R. Riddle recorded a living example from Foul Bay, Southern Yorke

Peninsula.

Orver DIBRANCHIATA.

Family OMMASTREPHIDAE.,

Novroroparus Pfeffer, 1912.

Nororoparus aounpr (MeCoy).

Ommastrephes gouldi MeCoy, Prod. Zool. Viet., 1888, p. 255, pls. 169. 170.

Victoria,

(1) Angas, Proe. Zool, Soe., 1865, p, 155.

(2) Brazier, The Marine Shells of Australia and Tasmania, part i, Cephalopoda, 1892,

(3) Vereo, Trans. Roy. Soc, 8. Aust., xxxi, 1907, p. 218.

(4) Riddle, Trans, Roy Soc. 8, Aust., xliv, 1920, p. 257.

(5) Berry, ‘‘ Endeavour’? Biol. Res., iv, 1918, p. 208,

(6) Berry, Rec, 8. Aust. Mus., i, 1921, p, 347,

126 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Nototodarus gouldi Berry, ‘‘Hndeavour’’ Biol. Res., iv, p. 238.

The ‘‘Endeavour’’ took this species in the Great Australian Bight off Eucla,

Western Australia; it therefore probably occurs in South Australian waters.

Family SPIRULIDAE.

Sprruta Lamarck, 1799.

SPIRULA SPIRULA (Linnaeus).

Nautilus spirula Linn., Syst. Nat. ed. x, 1758, p. 710.

Ammonia laevis Gray, G. F. Angas, Proc. Zool. Soe., 1865, p. 157,

Common along all the beaches in South Australia.

Family IDIOSEPIIDAE.

IpIOsEPIUS Steenstrup, 1881.

Ipioserius NororpEs Berry.

Idiosepius notoides Berry, Ree. S. Aust. Mus., i, 1921, p. 361,

Berry records an example from Goolwa.

Family SEPIOLIDAE.

Rossta Owen, 1834.

Rossta AUSTRALIS Berry.

Rossia australis Berry, ‘‘ Endeavour’? Biol. Res., iv, 1918, p. 253, pl. Lxix, figs.

3, 4; pl. Ixx.

The ‘‘Endeavour’’ secured specimens in the Great Australian Bight, south

of Buela, and from Gabo Island to Everard Grounds, Victoria. The species

therefore probably occurs off South Australia.

SePrapartuM Steenstrup, 1881.

SEPIADARIUM AUSTRINA Berry.

Sepiadarium austrina Berry, Ree. 8. Aust. Mus., 1, 1921, p. 854.

St. Vineent Gulf.

Serrotomea d’Orbigny.

SEPIOLOIDEA LINEOLATA (Quoy & Gaimard).

Sepiola lineolata Quoy & Gaim., Voy. Austrolabe, ii, 1832, p. 82, pl. v, figs. 8-15,

Sepioloidea lineolata Meyer, Fauna Sudwest Aust., 11, 1909, p. 330, fig. 3,

Meyer recorded this species from St. Vincent Gulf,

VERCO AND COTTON—SOUTH AUSTRALIAN CEPHALOPODA 127

Family SEPIIDAE.

Mersemertsept Iredale, 1926.

MESEMBRISEPIA CHIROTREMA (Berry).

Sepia chirotrema, ‘Endeavour’? Biol. Res., iv, 1918, p. 268, pl. Ixxiv, figs. 3-9;

pl. Ixxv-Ixxvii.

This species was dredged off Kangaroo Island by the ‘‘ Endeavour.”

ME&SEMBRISEPIA NOVABIHOLLANDIAE (Toyle),

Sepia australis d’Orbigny, Ceph. Acet., p. 285, Seiches, pl. vii, fig. 4 (preoce.).

Sepia novachollandiae Hoyle, Proe. Roy. Physieal Soe. Edin., xvii, 1909, p. 266,

The type was from Kangaroo Island.

Guyprosepta Iredale, 1926.

ALYPTOSEPIA TTEDLEY! (Berry).

Sepia hedleyi Berry, ‘‘ Endeavour’? Biol, Res., iv, 1918, p. 258.

The type locality is ‘South of Kangaroo Island, South Australia.’’

Arorosepia Tredale, 1926.

ARCTOSEPIA BRAGGT ( Vereo).

Sepia braggi Verco, Trans. Roy. Soe. 8. Aust., xxi, 1907, p. 218. pl. xxvii, fie. 6.

Colleeted in St. Vincent Gulf by W. L. Bragg.

Amputsepia Iredale, 1926.

AMPLISEPIA APAMA (Gray).

Sepia apama Gray, Cat. Moll. Brit. Mus. (Cephalopoda), 1849, p. 103.

The type was found at Port Adelaide.

Serra Linnaeus.

SEPIA DANNEVier Berry,

Sepia dannevigi Berry, ‘‘Endeayour’’ Biol. Res., iv, 1918, p. 258.

Berry records this form from South and Western Australia. As the above

genera, introduced by Ivedale, were founded solely on features of the sepion,

and since this is unknown, we are unable to determine the genus in which this

species should be placed.

Family CIRROTEUTHIDAE.

Opisrnoreurais Verrill, 1883.

OPISTIIOTEUTHIS PERSEPHONE Berry.

Opisthoteuthis persephone Berry, ‘‘Endeavour’’ Biol. Res., iv, 1918, p. 284,

pl. Ixxxi, figs. 6, 7; pl. Ixxxii, figs. 9, 10; pl. Ixxxy-Ixxxxviii,

128 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

This species was found off Genoa Peak, Victoria, and off Euela, Western

Australia, so that it probably occurs off the coast of South Australia.

OpIsTHOTEUTHIS PLUTO Berry.

Opisthoteuthis pluto Berry, ‘‘Endeavour’’ Biol. Res., iv, 1918, p. 254, pl. Ixxxi,

fies. 4, 5; pl. bexxii, figs. 5-8; pl. Ixxxiii-Ixxxiv.

Taken in the Great Australian Bight and off the coasts of South and Western

Australia.

Family ARGONAUTIDAE.

Arcgonauta Linnaeus, 1758.

ARGONAUTA Noposa Solander.

Argonauta nodosa Solander, Portland Cat., 1786, p. 76.

Argonauta oryzata Meuschen, G. F. Angas, Proe. Zool. Soe., 1865, p. 156,

This conunon species has been taken in Speneer Gulf and off Kangaroo

Island.

Family POLYPODIDAE.

Pouypus Sehneider, 1784.

Pouypus protus (Broek).

Octopus pictus Brock, Zeitschr. F. Wiss, Zool,, xxxvi, 1882, taf. xxxvil, fig. 3

Hoyle, Zool. Challenger, xvi, 1886, p. 98 (non Oclopus pictus Verrill).

Hoyle recorded this species from Kangaroo Island.

Poniyrus vArioLAtus (Blainville).

Octopus variolatus Blainyille, Diet. Sei. Nat., v, 1826, p. 186, taf. xliii.

Polypus variolatus Berry, ‘‘Endeavour’’ Biol. Res., iy, 1918.

The ‘‘Endeavour’’ specimens were obtained in Western Australia and

Victoria, and is therefore probably found in South Australia.

Family LOLIGINIDAE.

SepioreuTiuis Blainville, 1824.

SEPIOTEUTHIS AUSTRALIS Quoy & Gaimard.

Sepioteuthis australis Quoy & Gaim., Voy. Astrolabe Zool., ti, 1832, p. 77, pl. 4,

fig. 1; Berry, ‘‘ Endeavour’? Biol, Res., iv, 1918. p. 249, figs. 39-42 (refs. ).

Berry lists the following localities: Darnley Is., N. Aust, (Gray); Port

Jackson, N.S. Wales (Gray) ; Western Port, Viet. (Quoy & Gaim.) ; Port Phillip,

Vict. (MeCoy); Mermaid Straits, W. Aust. (Von Martens); Australian Seas

(Endeavour).

VERCO AND CoTTON—SoOuUTH AUSTRALIAN CEPHALOPODA 129

This species appears to be quite common in South Australia. The specimens

examined were obtained from Second Valley, Port Parham, Port Lineoln, and

Port Nonslynga, taken in the seine net. Fishers with rod and line take it with

the ‘‘jae,’’ off the piers, further up the Gulf, for bait.

The largest specimen examined measures in total length from the tip of

the tentaeular arms to the aboral end of the body 670 mum., and the smallest

490 mim.

The epidermis is thin and colourless, and readily peels off the surface,

exposing a deeper layer containing red, pink, ancl black spots of various shapes

and sizes. The flesh below this is nullkey white, becoming yellowish on exposure.

Accurate measurement of these animals is practically impossible, owing to

their flexibility and their liability to clistortion in preservative.

Females, Males.

Y% a

Dorsal length of body ., ot 4 100 100

Ventral leneth of body .. co 95 93

Width of single fin at widest point 20) 1

Width across fins at widest point near middle 62 60

Width of body in same region —.. i 2+ 24

Width of body at anterior third , . zB: 26 25

Length of head . “4 o 19 16

Leneth of funnel (iedian) a ar 20 22

Length of right dorsal arm a 4. 31 32

Length of left dorsal arm wy i, a0 32

Length of second right arm “4 ar 3a 40

Leneth of seeond left arm 7 nur 39 40

Length of third right arm =| 5 47 47

Leneth of third left arm .. . - 48 48

Leneth of right ventral arm . ee 49 A7

Length of left ventral arm wt i 48 47

Length of left tentacle elub a 4s BY) 39

The above table gives the proportionate lengths of the various parts of the

specimens expressed as percentages of the dorsal length of the body, both in

the female and the male. To make the table more aceurate the average dimen-

sions of two similarly preserved specimens of cach sex were taken, As the

tentacular arms are retractile. and in different individuals are found retracted

in various degrees, their measurement is useless for comparison, and is therefore

omitted.

Tt will be seen from the table that there is little difference in shape between

the male and female, and no marked difference in size has been recognized, The

females appear to be fewer than the males, for of fourteen specimens taken at

Port Lincoln only two were females.

The length of the sessile arms from greatest to least is in the order, 4—=8, 2, 1,

130 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

In Berry's specimen, 4, 3, 2,1. MeCoy gives the order 3, 4=2, 1, and Ferrusac

and d’Orbigny, 3, 4, 2, 1.

The acetabula or suckers on the tentacular elub number 128, and are largest

about its middle. Each sucker is provided with a horny ring, which may attain

7-5 mm. in diameter, strenethened by a central external vib. The ring may be

twice to four times as deep on one side of the sucker as on the other, and is

furnished along its superficial margin with 22 to 27 small, pointed teeth, emrved

slightly towards the centre, irregularly spaced, and larger where the ring is

deeper. The suckers on the sessile arms do not reach the size of the largest on

the tentaeular arms. The rings on the former do not exeeed 4 mm. in diameter,

are twice as deep on one side as on the other, have a similar central rib, and

have from 25 to 80 teeth, which are more closely set and coniparatively larger,

though actually smaller than those of the tentacles.

Fig. 36. Radula of Sepiolewthis australis (enlarged),

The hectoeotylus is as usual in the genus. It affects the terminal eighth of

the left ventral arm, where its suckers ave replaced by two rows of papillae,

about seventeen in each, the dorsal row being of distinetly larger size.

The dorso-ventral median line of the mandibles in three of our specimens

does not lie vertically, but obliquely between the roots of the first and second

right dorsal arms, and in one ease between the first and second left dorsal,

showing that the animal can rotate its hmeeal mass horizontally and indepen-

dently of the rest of the head.

The beaks are black for some distance from their points, and then become

abruptly of a fawn colour, which fades away entirely before the margins are

reached, “The outer wings are comparatively narrow, the inner much wider,

especially those of the long upper mandible, and are separated widely from the

rest of the mandible for the accommodation of a large mass of muscle and

connective tissue,

VERCO AND COTTON —SOUTH AUSTRALIAN CEPHALOPODA 131

The radula (fig. 36) consists of about sixty-eight transverse rows of teeth

arranged in seven distinct lines, and outside the bases of the outer lines is a

faint corresponding line of accessory plates. ALL the teeth are ereet, and curved

from the mouth towards the gullet. Their tips are on the same horizontal plate,

except those of the first laterals, which are slightly lower, due to their smaller

size. The rvadula cushion is convex in transverse section, which explains the

AD.

Mig. 3 Radula and beaks of Laiprymna tasmeaniod (enlarged).

horizontal plane of the tips of the teeth, although they inerease in length from

the central to the external lateral jine; and also the overlapping of the outer

two lines of teeth on each side, when the radula is flattened out on the microscope

slide, The radula bends back on itself at its middle, and the posterior half lies

in a saecule at the entrance to the gullet. The raehidian tooth (a) has a sharp

central cusp and a much smaller ensp at each end of the base. The first lateral

(b) has a slightly smaller central cusp, and a small cusp at the outer end of

the base, the inner end of which is eurved slightly upwards, The second lateral

outer side, and somewhat curyed upwards at the inner end, The third lateral

(d) is long and curved, with a small base produeed at the outer end, where it

is hinged, and can be turned inwards or outwards. TH is drawn turned inwards

in the figure. The marginal accessory plate (e) is elongately oblong, and

directed backwards at an angle of 45°, and appears to be the external lateral

devoid of a cusp. Careful microscopic examination indicates that each tooth

has a wide basal plate, which is inserted in the basal membrane of the radula,

and which is so much larger than the base of the tooth that it can be seen beyond

the latter and through the eusp or eusps of the tooth,

132 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Family SEPIOLIDAE.

HupryMna Steenstrup, 1857.

EupryMNA TASMANICA (Pfeffer),

Sepiola tasmanica Pfeffer, Ceph. lamb. Mus., 1884, p. 6, fig. 7,

The type was taken in Bass Strait, but in the South Australian Museum

there is a female preserved in formalin taken by H. M. Hale and FB. R. Zietz at

Brighton, South Australia. The measurements are given in the accompanying

table. The arms are all more or less damaged, and the third right arm is missing,

so that these dimensions cannot be accepted as typical,

MmasurREMENTS.

Aboral end to mantle opening .. ie 32-5 man,

Width of body across mantle opening Ay 29-0 min.

From aboral end to tip of beaks .. 14 ue-b mim.

From mantle opening to tip of funnel > 18-0 mm.

Width of fin at widest point: Right Heb ann.

Width of fin at widest point: Left ‘4 5-3 maa,

Greatest length of fin: Right

2-2 nm.

Greatest length of fin: Left ;

12-8 mm.

]

Leneth of attachinent of fin to hody: Right 1-0 im.

Length of attachment of fin to body: Left 17-0 mm.

Length of right dorsal arm es 3 25-0 mim.

Leneth of left dorsal arm 2 - 28-0 mm.

Leneth of right second arm ,t if 82-0 mim,

Leneth of left second arm ins e 32-0 mm.

Leneth of right third arm ‘a - —

Length of left third arm : +7 32-0 mm.

Length of right ventral arm .% 4 30-0 aim,

Length of left ventral arm Ak J. 28-0 mm.

Length of right tentacle (approximate) —. G70) aan,

Length of left tentacle (approximate) .. 66-0 am,

The original illustration of Pfeffer’s type consists only of an outline of the

hody without head or arms; consequently a photograph of the specimen from

St. Vineent Gulf is given in fig. 38. Pfeffer’s outline shows the left fin as beiue

slightly nearer to the aboral end of the body than is the right fin, a peculiarity

seen in the South Australian specimen,

The radula (fig. 87) has about sixty transverse rows, each with seven teeth.

The rachidian (a) is triangular, with a lunar-shaped base. whieh can he seen

through the tooth. The first lateral (b) is similar to the rachidian, but somewhat

shorter, and pointing slightly inwards. The seeond lateral (@) consists of a

single eurved eusp as lone as the rachidian, the base projecting beyond the outer

VERCO AND COTTON--SoOUTH AUSTRALIAN CEPHALOPODA 133

margin of the tooth. The third lateral (cL) is much longer, sickle shaped, with

i similar base.

Wig. §&. Lupryniuda tasmanica: dorsal and ventral views (nat. size).

The beaks (fig. 87; e, dorsal, and f, ventral) are black at the tips, fading

‘apidly into brown: colourless near the margins,

The above species approaches Bupryma stenodactyla Grant, It this is

much smaller, has proportionally larger fins, a more globose, less cylindrical

body. a very coustrieted neck, and a different colour pattern.

NEW TREMATODES FROM THE AUSTRALIAN WATER-HEN,

GALLINULA TENEBROSA

By PROFESSOR T. HARVEY JOHNSTON

Summary

Catatropis Gallinulae n. sp.

A few trematodes, referable to Odhner’s genus Catatropis (Notocotylinae), were found in

the caecum of Gallinula tenebrosa Gould from the vicinity of Adelaide in 1926. Their

maximum dimensions are as follows: 1.25 by 0.65 mm., 1.9 by 0.9 mm., 2.1 by 0.95

mm., 2.1 by 1.1 mm., eggs being present in all specimens. The greatest width occurs in

the mid region and postern half, the worms tapering more anteriorly than posteriorly,

where they are rather broadly rounded. The cuticle is minutely scaly. Ventral glands are

arranged as a series of eight or nine groups longitudinally near the region of each

intestinal crus, but they do not project, nor are they obvious in stained or unstained

preparations. The median row was not recognized.

NEW TREMATODES rrom rut AUSTRALIAN WATER-

HEN, G4LLINULA TENEBROSA

By Prorxssor ‘T, HARVEY JOHNSTON,

Text figs, 39-40.

CATATROPIS GALLINULAE U1. sp.

Fig. 39.

A rew trematodes, referable to Odhner’s genus Caulalropis (Notocotylinae ),

were found in the caecum of Gallinula tenebrosa Gould from the vicinity of

Adelaide in 1926, Their maximum dimensions are as follows; 1°25 by 0-65 nun.,

1) by 0-9 mm., 251 by 0-95 mm, 2-1 by 1 aim., eges being present in all

specimens. The greatest widih ocenrs in the mid region and postern hall, the

worms tapering more anteriorly than posteriorly, where they are rather broadly

rounded. The cuticle is minutely sealy. Ventral glands are arranged as a

series of cight or nine groups longitudinally near the region of each intestinal

crus, but they do uot project, nor are they obvious in stained or wostained

preparations. The median row was not recognized.

The oral sucker is practically terminal, measuring 0-18 to 0-2 mm. in

mMaximiun diameter, with a cavity of 0-1 to 0-13 mim. in diameter, A pharynx

is absent. The oesophagus measures 0-08 mm. in length. The intestinal cura

extend almost to the posterior end of the parasite, and exhibit small irregularities

along their walls. They skirt the outer limits of the uterine coils very closely,

and in the vicinity of the anterior part of the testes curve in such a way as to

travel close to the mesial border of those organs, the ends turning inwardly not

far from the exeretory pore.

The excretory system is typical of the genus, he aperture is very small,

and leads into a very wide U-shaped trunk, whose Limbs lie laterally to the

iitestine and to most of the vitelline follicles, and eventually pass forward to

the side of the oral sucker, where the two approximate very closely, but com-

munication was not traced.

The slightly lobed testes extend from the rear edge of the uterine coils

somewhat obliquely backwards, to end some distance in frout of the termination

of the intestmal cura. In front they almost or just reach the vitelline field.

The vas deferens is median and very obvious in the anterior half of the uterine

136 RECORDS OF THE S.A, MUSEUM

zone, aboye which it lies. It then curves to the right in frout of the uterine

loops, reaching the intestine, and then sharply enrying back, almost on itself,

finally entering the cirrus sac. The latter measures 0-48 by 0:12 mm. and 0-90

nna

by 0-10 mm. in two cases where the cirrus was fully retracted, and 0:87 by

0-1 mm. in a specimen in which the cirrus was more or less fully protruded.

Fig. 39. Catatropis gallinulac: A, veitral view of entire specimen; B, female complex,

ventral; C, junetion of uterus and metraterm, with egg in the latter, (A to seale a; Band ©

to seale b.)

Explanation of lettering: c.v.d., common yitelline duet; ©, eggs; exe, excretory cunal;

L, Laurer’s cxnal; mt., metraterm; od., oviduet; oot, ootyp; oy., ovary; s.g., shell-gland;

t., testis; t.v.d., transverse vitelline duct; ut., uterus; v.g., vitelline glands; vir, vitelline

reservoir,

The posterior end is broadly rounded, and within it the male duet is somewhat

widened and coiled as a vesieula whose walls are glandular and deeply staining.

The cirrus has abundant delicate transverse striations. When everted it may

reach a length of 0-45 mm.. with a diameter of 0-05 to 0-06 mm, It is covered

with numerous relatively large flattened seales or broad spines, which may

project about 0-01 mm. from the surface. The male aperture lies directly above

JouNSTON—NEW TREMATODES 137

the genital pore, which is situated immediately behind, or even just below, the

intestinal bifurcation.

The almost round ovary is 0-12 to 0-13 mim. in diameter, and closely

approaches the intestinal cura between the testes. The ovidnet, whieh is very

short and comparatively wide, arises from its anterior border, and enters the

short dorsoventrally placed ootyp, surrounded by the shell gland. The latter

has a transverse diameter of 0-12 to 0-153 imm., and lies very close to the front

of the ovary.

The uterus widens almost immediately after it leaves the ootyp, forms a

curve or loop below the shell vland, and then travels toward the left, becoming

thrown imto w series of about twelve or thirteen wide, close coils, filling the

region between the intestinal crura, and reaching almost to the posterior end of

the cirrus sac. This ulerine field is abuost 0-8 mim, long in a specunen of 1-4

mim. in length, At the side of the cirrus sae the uterus becomes modified into

a metraterm 0:30 to 0-40 inm. on length, which is approximately parallel to the

sac, but at a more ventral level, actually crossing below it in the region of the

venital pore. [t has very thiek walls, 0-025 mm. thick, the tube measuring

about 0-06 mum, in diameter. These walls are strongly museular, and possess

abundant yery delicate striations resembling striated muscle, similar to, but

much more abundant than, those in the wall of the cirrus sac.

The vitelline glands are arranged in lateral fields about 0-6 mun. long, and

lie in the posterior half of the worm, commencing al about midway. ‘hey do

not extend further back than the anterior part of the testes, so that the posterior

fifth of the parasite is free from yolk follicles. The longitudinal yolk duets

eventually open into the transverse duet, which les between the corresponding

testis aud uterine loop, the duet becoming widened in the amid-line above the

shell glauds, just in front of the ovary, to form a well-marked yitelline reservoir,

From the latter a short common yolk duct passes bae¢kwards and dowuwards,

curving sliehtly to enter the ootyp. Laurer’s canal was not observed. Keys

possess lone polar threads, and measure 0-020 to 0-023 by 0-012 nun., excluding

the filaments.

The genus is now reeorded for the first time as being present in Australia.

C. gallinulae scems to be related closely to CL verrucosa (Frol.) and C. eharudrit

Skrjabin trom Huropean birds, but differs from them in possessing a more

narrowed anterior half of the body; 4 greater width in the posterior hall; fewer

and longer uterine loops; more compact testes, which do uot approach the

posterior end so closely as in the two species mentioned; and, besides the

Australian parasite is very much sinaller than either of the others, The ratio

138 RECORDS OF THE S.A, MusEuM

of length to maximum breadth is about 2:1 in C. yallinulae, 4:1 in C. eharadrii,

and 2 to 8 : 1 in €. verrucosa.

The general form and organography remind one of those of Notocetylus

gibbus (Mehlis), as described by Kossack. The sizes are fairly similar, and

both oceur in the caeca of species of Gullinula. In this European species there

are only six to cight glandular groups in each series, and these seareely project.

Though the metraterm is considerably shorter than the eirrus sac, it is relatively

much longer than in the other species of Volocelylus, and this faet, together

with the very feeble development of glandular papillae, sug@ests that the species

should be more correctly assigued to Cululropis. C. gullinulue differs from

C. gibbus chiefly in the relative lengths of the sex duets and m the closer

approximations of the sex glands, and the ends of the intestinal crura to the

posterior extremity of the worm in the case of the former species.

The type slide has been deposited in the collection of the South Australian

Museum (Reg. No, H. 656).

EKcCHINOSTOMA AUSTRALE nl. sp.

Hig. 40, A-C,

A single specimen of an Echinosioma (Mehinostuminae) was found in the

caecum of Gallinula tenebrosa Irom Adelaide. Le measured 10-2 mm. in length

by 1:5 mm. in width (whieh was fairly constant thronehout the worm), the

narrowing of the region anterior to the ventral sucker being very slight until

the extremity of the large collar was reached, where the width was 1-0 miu.

‘uminishing more rapidly anteriorly, being 0-5 min. at the junction with the

collar.

The collar is large, measures 0-8 mim. long by 1-0 min. broad, is rather

deeply incised, with its ventral lobes broadly rounded. ‘The greatest breadth

oceurs in the mid-region, ‘The arrangement of spines in two rows is hardly

recognizable. They total about 32, of which four occur in each lobe, and measure

about 0-08 min. in length. The remainder are markedly marginal, those in the

posterior two-thirds being longer (0-07 to 0-08 nun.) than the remainder (0-038

to 0-06 mm,), though all are rounded at them free extremities.

The anterior sucker measures 0-55 unm, in diameter by 0-45 mm. in leneth,

The front of the funnel-shaped acetabulum is situated about 1:3 mim. trom the

anterior end of the worm, and measures 1 mm. across by 1 aun. in length. The

ratio of the diameters of the anterior and ventral suckers is thus about 1: 1-8.

The ratio of the distance between the anterior ends of the two suckers to the

body length is 1 : 7-8.

The short prepharynx is followed by a pharynx, 03 mm. long by 0-2 muni.

Jounston—NeEw TREMATODES 139

wide, and a long, narrow oesophagus, which divides immediately in front of

the acetabulum into two very narrow simple intestinal crura lying below the

vitellaria.

<-----/mm

Fig, 40. Eehinostoma australe: A, entire speeimen; B, anterior end, ventral; C, female

«complex, dorsal.

Kehinostoma banerofti: D, entire specimen, compressed; E, anterior end, ventral;

(A and D to seale a; B, C, BE, and F to scale hb.)

F, female complex, dorsal.

140 RECORDS OF THE S.A, MUSEUM

The testes are median, close to oue another. and almost elliptical. The

anterior measures O-+ by (+2 mm., and the posterior 0-4 by 0:24 mm., the

front of the former lying at 6-3 mm. from the anterior end of the parasite, ie.

almost at mid-length. The posterior edge of the second testes is o-7 mm. From

the corresponding end of the worm, the ratio of this distance to body length

beme 1 : 2-7. The cirrus sac amd associated structures oecupy a very sail

area of about 0:3 min. in diameter, lying immediately behind the intestinal

bifureation and below the anterior wall of the ventral sucker. The details were

not satisfactorily determined, but the vesicula seems to be larger than the very

stuall cirrus sac. The genital pore is situated between the ventral sucker wad

ihe forking of the intestine.

The ovary measures 0-85 by 0-25 min, and lies at 4-9 aun. from the

wnterior end, i.e,, just in the anterior hall of the parasite, The oviduet ts very

short. The relationships of the ootyp and reeeptaculim were not reeonized.

The uterus forms one or two loops below the shell @land, and then passes

forwards to fill the space between the vitellaria, eventually becoming a very

narrow tube, more or less median, lying above the acetabuluun, and termimatimg

on the right beside the cirrus sac. Mees measure O-08S-U-10 non. by

0-06-0-O7 nim.

Vitellaria are yery abundant, and extend backwards on each side trom the

sides of the posterior portion of the acetabulum as a dense mass of follies

(0-04 to 0-06 mm, in diameter) almost to the posterior end. The mid-region of

the parasite is quite free of these glands, though the fields approach each other

in places posteriorly. A few follicles were seeu underlying the edges of the

testes. The yolk duets eventually form a short, fairly thick, transverse vitelline

duct, which is swollen into a wellonarked vitelline reservoir. From the latter

a wide common yolk duet passes obliquely forwards, at first wide, but soon

narrowing suddenly into a delicate duct. which curves ventrally to weet the

ootype elose behind the ovary. The shell gland measures about 0-15 by 0-3 nuin.,

and lies between the yitelline reservoir and the uterine cluct.

EL. australe is closely velated to L. ehloropodis (Zeder) as figured by Dietz,

the chief differences being in regard to the form of the collar as well as the

lnnuber, size, and arrangement of the collar spines.

The type, mounted on a slide, has been deposited in the South Australian

Musewin (Reg, No. EH. 657).

HCHINOSTOMA BANCROFT n. Sp.

Fie, 40, D-F.

This new species is based oh a single flattened specimen, nounted as a slide,

and collected from Gallinula lenebrosa at Widsyold, Burnett River, Queenslaud,

JOHNSTON NEW TREMATODES 141

by Dr. T. L. Bancroft and his daughter, Dr. M. J. Mackerras. The compression

has resulted in an alteration of the dimensions ancl perhaps also of the «lisposi-

tion of the varions organs, consequently it is with some hesitation that it is now

deseribed, but no doubt additional material nay be proenred in the future and

allow correction of this aecount.

The specimen is 15+7 mm. by 1:7 mm. in maximum breadth, the width

being practically constant from the wiemmty of the acetabulum almost to the

posterior end, where a eradual narrowing oeeurs, until the end of the vitelline

region is reached, when there is a marked diminution in breadth to form a

pointed termination, The cuticle is finely spiny, especially anteriorly. The

width immediately behind the collar is 0-9 mm.

The collar is broadly lobed posteriorly, with the corners rather widely

separated by a shallow bay. This organ is 0-7 mm. in ereatest length and 1 mui.

wide, the broadest portion Iving belind the posterior border of the anterior

sucker. The spines alternate in two series. Those in the anterior dorsal portion

are quite small, and do not lie along the front border of the organ. There are

four prominent corner spines, 0-1 mm, long, on cach side, succeeded by others

whieh gradually diminish in size on the more anterior portion, There are about

44 in all.

The anterior sucker is strongly muscular, and measures 0-35 mm, across by

0-37 mm. in leneth. The acetabulum is finnel-shaped, 1:3 mm, in maxiniun

width, 1-4 mm. in length, with its opening about 1am. aeross, The distance

between the anterior border of these two organs is 1:5 wnt., i.e., about one-tenth

the total body length; while their diameters are in the ratio of 1: 3-7,

The wide prepharynx is very obvious. The rounded pharynx measures

0-15 mm. across, and is followed by a lone oesophagus, 0-6 mm, long, which

bifureates just in front of the genital pore and acetabuliom. The intestinal crura

pass round the acetabulum. and come to lie below the vitellaria.

The testes are obviously compressed in the specimen, and appear as clongate,

slightly lobed organs. the anterior conuneneing at about the mid-leneth of the

worn.

They both measure 1:3 to Tt hy 0-5 mm, The distance hetween the

posterior end of the rear testis and the posterior enc of the parasite is 4°6 um.,

i.e, about one-third the body leneth. The stronely museular cirrus sac lies

imainediately below the anterior rim of the acetabnlum, and together with the

vesicula oceupies an area about Ob mm. in diameter just behind the intestinal

bifrreation and above the eenital pore. The prominent vesicula is bent, but

the speeimen does not allow of a satisfactory examination of the sae, within

which a long cirrus lies twisted.

The small rounded ovary measures 0-5 by (65 1m., and lies at 6-2 mm.

142 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MuskEuM

from the anterior end of the worm, the ratio of this distance to the total length

being 1: 2:5. The oviduet is short and rather thick, bends direetly dorsally,

and almost immediately enters the cotyp, which travels more or less at right

angles to it behind the ovary, and then eurves baekwardly, to become a very

thin-walled, narrow tube. The latter soon widens into a receptaculum seminis

uterinum, containing sperms and developing eves, this portion becoming thrown

into a few loops below the shell gland and partly behind it just in front of the

anterior testis, and eventually travelling forwards as a narrow uterus. The

loops of the latter oecupy most of the region between the vitellaria, ovary, and

acetabulum, It ultimately passes forwards above the last-named to open at the

genital aperture. The shell gland is obviously flattened out, and ocenpies most

of the region between the ovary and the anterior testis. Lanrer’s canal is rather

short, at first wide and curved, but becoming yery narrow, and thrown into a

short loop before it opens dorsally just above the oviduct. Egos measure 0-08

to 0-11 mm. by 0-05 to 0-06 mm, The yolk follicles are very abundant, measur-

ing 0-O8 to 0-1 nun. in diameter, the glands extending from a short distance

behind the base of the acetabulum almost to the posterior end of the parasite,

forming a band about 0:5 mm. wide alone each side. The transverse yolk duets

cross nearly midway between the rear of the ovary and the front of the anterior

testis to form a volk reservoir near the middle of the shell gland, ancl fron this

a common yolk dnet travels obliquely forwards to enter the ootyp near the

anterior edge of the shell gland.

The parasite is more closely related to EF. chloropodis than BE. australe is,

and differs from it only in minor details, such as presence of a pointed posterior

end, fewer collar spines. smaller anterior collar spines, larger receptacnlum

seminis. smaller vitelline follicles, larger collar. The ratio of the diameters of

the two suckers is practically identical. Tt is quite possible that the examination

of better material may show that #. bunerofli is synonymous with E. chloropodis.

The type slide has been deposited in the South Australian Museum (Ree.

No. E. 658).

REFERENCES.

Dietz, H.: Die Echinostomiden der Vogel, Zool, Jahrb. Suppl. Ba., xii (8), 1910,

pp. 265-512.

Kossack, W.: Uber Monostomiden, Zool. Jahrb. Syst., xxx1 (4), 1911, pp. 491-590,

Skrjabin, K.; Trematodes des oiseaux de l’Oural, Ann. Mus, Zool, Acad, Imp.

Sei., xx, 1915, pp. 395-417,

PRELIMINARY NOTE ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF

SYNEMON (LEPIDOPTERA, FAM. CASTNIIDAE)

By NORMAN B. TINDALE, S.A. MUSEUM

Summary

The members of the family Castniidae are found almost exclusively in South America

and Australia. The life-history is known in a few exotic species only, one of which is an

internal feeder in the bulbs of orchids. The Australian species, all of which belong to the

genus Synemon, are day-fliers, superficially resembling butterflies in shape, colour, and

flight. Their life-history has been a puzzle to entomologists, for many years.

On November 16, 1927, while collecting at Highbury, about ten miles north-east of

Adelaide, in company with Mr. J. D. O. Wilson, freshly emerged examples of the brilliant

orange and black Synemon sophia parthenoides Felder were captured. They were flying

low over a sandy swamp amongst low tussocks of a grass (Amphipogon strictus) and a

sedge (Lepidosperma carphoides).

PRELIMINARY NOTE on rue LIFE HISTORY oF

SYNEMON (LEPIDOPTERA, FAM. CASTNIIDAE)

By NORMAN B. 'TINDALE, S.A. Museum.

The members of the family Castniidae are found almost exclusively in South

America and Australia, The life-history is known in a few exotic species only,

one of which ts an internal feeder in the bulbs of orehids. The Australian

species, all of which belone to the genus Synemon, are day-fliers, superficially

resembling butterflies in shape, colour, and flight. heir life-history has been

a pnazle to entomologists for many years.

On November 16, 1927, while collecting at Highbury, about ten miles north-

east From Adelaide, in company with Mr. J. D. O. Wilson, freshly emerged

examples of the brilliant orange and black Synenon sophia parthenaides Felder

were captured, They were flying low over a sandy swamp amonest low tussocks

of a grass (Amphipogon strictus) and a sedge (Lepidasperma carphoides ).

The moths were mating freely in the hot suushine at noon, the males puv-

siimg the females, which were usually to be seen flying close to the ground.

When one of the latter settled, head upwards, with open wings, upon a grass

stem, a male alighted below her with wings drooped, and advanced slowly up

the stem on the opposite side until facing and on a level with her. Copulation

took place in this attitude; on being disturbed they flew a few yards away and

remated in the same manner.

Search in the vicinity revealed abandoned pnpal skins projecting from

slightly oval, silklined holes in the sandy eronnd, in a similar manner to the

larger cases of root-teedine Tepialidae such as Pielus. A close examination

showed Synemon wing-scales adhering to the insides of these shells. The shafts

From which the skins projected were vertical for some 60 nin., about 7 mm, in

ereatest diameter, and closed by a eap of silk, eovered with sand, whieh had been

pushed up like a hinged lid chiving the exit of the moth. At the lower end the

sill-lined shaft was somewhat constricted and connected with a horizontal tunnel

leading towards (he roots of an adjacent chunp of Lepidasperma,

On November 23 (again in the company of Mr. Wilson) the tunnels were

traced definitely to the roots of the sedee. where characteristic holes were noted

in the bases of the stems. After mneh digging, a whitish, rather inactive larva

was discovered, seereted in a silken chamber amonest the roots of a sec oe,

Subsequently it was fonnd that tussocks of Lepidosperma attacked by the larvae

144 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

were more easily pulled up than sound ones, owing to the extensive injuries

caused to their root system. More than a dozen larvae, varying in length from

10 mm. to 24 mm. were located, but no living pupae were found.

All the moths flying on this day were worn, and it was evident that the

season was nearly finished. The females had evidently almost completed egg-

laying; no act of deposition was observed, but mature eggs were dissected from

one example.

The ege's are creamy-white, oblong-elliptic in shape (2-7 x 0-9 mm.), bearing

numerous longitudinal ridges, between which are many transverse impressions.

The larvae are short, stout, cylindrical, with the anterior segments much

swollen; the head is small, and the legs and prolegs are feebly developed. The

body is white in colour, with the head and appendages darker.

The pupal skin is 23 mm. in length, light castaneous in colour, with the

abdominal segments darker. The dorsal half of each abdominal segment bears

a median transverse row of stout elevated spines resembling those of some

Hepialid pupae.

A detailed account of the life-history and a study of the pupal wing-

venation will be given as soon as advanced larvae and living pupae are secured.

NOTES ON SOME HUMAN REMAINS IN THE

LOWER MURRAY VALLEY, SOUTH AUSTRALIA

By HERBERT M. HALE, CURATOR, AND NORMAN B. TINDALE, ETHNOLOGIST,

SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM

Summary

This paper records preliminary observations regarding two adjacent sites, in the Lower

Murray Valley, where human remains were associated with occupational debris; the chief

interest in both cases is the possible bearing of the evidence on the antiquity of man in

South Australia.

In Australia little research by systematic methods has been carried out on aboriginal

camping-sites; in the present instance the work was undertaken along lines developed and

approved in countries where similar investigations are carried on.

NOTES on Some HUMAN REMAINS in rote LOWER

MURRAY VALLEY, Sourn Ausrratia.

By HERBERT M. HALE, Curator, an» NORMAN B, TINDALE, Frunotocisr,

SournH Ausrraiian Musreum.

Ties. 1-249,

CONTENTS.

Page

lL. Introduction es cx 4 ‘ts ;2 .. fe of 145

Tl. Tartanga ah 3:3 oh +a ie os os 148

Locality ane. physiography .. we “+ or se - Ls

eiracitoation wa ns “4 4 es els 151

Tartangan Beds (A to I) es ele te 4 ave - 154

Upper Beds (F to 1). ve aan -. 158

Human remains (Dental notes by T. D. “Campbell, D.D. Se. ) ~ io: 159

Tartangun artefacts .. a om fx “4 ++ Y 167

Upper Bed artefacts... 173

Il. Devon Downs Shelter 173

Locality Ae ms . se a . os 173

Methods of excavation . 175

Descriptions of Layers I-XIT., 177

IV. Diseussion : ? ple -6 on oie 203

Sequence of ‘ciiltares at Tartanga and Dev on Downs +l a -» =. 208

Rock markings 24 ee =i oe ni «+ =208

Food remains and faunal changes 4 ar a oH oe 211

Human remains % Lar be oe os $4 os 215

Acknowledgements .. $5 *'s we. a bby a “Ele

V. Summary “if s ve oe =“ bs ae a 218

I. INTRODUCTION.

Tris paper records preliminary observations regarding two adjacent sites, in

the Lower Murray Valley, where hoinan remains were associated with occupa-

tional debris; the chief interest in both cases is the possible bearing of the

evidence on the antiquity of man 7, South Australia.

In Australia little research by systematie methods has been carried out on

aboriginal camping-sites; in the present instance the work was undertaken

along lines developed and approved in countries where similar investigations

are carried on.

The localities concerned are in the vieimity of Old Devon Downs, seven

146 RECORDS OF THE S.A, MuskuM

kilometres below Nildottie township; here there is, within a small area, the

connected evidence recorded herein,

Our interest in this part of the Murray Valley was stimulated by the dis-

covery by Mr. W. R. Roy, of New Devon Downs Station, of a human skeleton

embedded in sand-rock. Portion of the calyarium had weathered out, with

part of its matrix, and was given to the late Museum Director in January, 1928;

the last-named died shortly after, and no record of the donor or loeality was

then available. The specimen was exhibited before the Royal Society of South

Australia (Tindale, 1928, p, 248),

Waikerie

Moorook

Murray Bridge

LOWER MURRAY RIVER,

SOUTH AUSTRALIA,

showing situation of

TARTANGA.

200 miles

40 kifomieters

tact au

Wig. 1. Lower Murray River, South Australia, (Por enlargement of Tartanga site sec

lig. 2.)

In April, 1929, Mr. Roy made enquiries regarding his donation, and the

site was at onee visited by the writers; a preliminary survey of two days

indicated that the find might prove to be of consequence, and plans were out-

lined for more intensive work.

The bones were embedded in one of the lowest of a series of nine stratified

HALE AND TINDALE—-HUMAN REMAINS IN THE MURRAY VALLEY 147

deposits. situated on a long, narrow island betaween the river and a lagoon at

“Tartanea.” in the Mundred of Ridley (figs. 1-2). The word “Tartanga” was

ihe aboriginal name for part of the site, including the lagoon, and it has there-

fore been adopted, Several hundred examples of animal food remains, other

a”

camp debris and the human skeleton mentioned above were taken from the

deposits.

Three weeks later a more extended survey was commenced. With the aid

of assistants excavations were carried out, and detailed maps and sections of

the locality were prepared; much other material, including portions of two

further human skeletons. about two thonsand examples of vertebrate and

wmollusean remains, and stone and bone artefacts, were then obtained from the

Tartangan deposits.

nS Pes, 3 —

87 88 0

85n

HUNDRED] OF RIDLEY

| i ha ae

burial ground

=. (recear)

: ~ &

DEVON DOWNS | ed

SUELTER

| OF FORSTER

kilwmeters

vertical =<

Rig. 8. Tortanga, Deven Downs and the vicinity, River Murray, South Australia.

Opposite Old Devon Downs, one and one-half kilometres west of Tartanga,

there is a cliff-shelter, first deseribed by Sheard (1927). It was considered

desirable, at this stawe. to also investigate the stratification of the debris in the

shelter; the exeavation of a narrow trench showed that oceupational material

extended to a depth of at least 5 metres. The bottom of the debris had not

been reached at this depth, and the results were sufficiently striking to warrant

additional research, Consequently, during November and December of 1929

148 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MusSEUM

the exeavation was continued, on a much larger scale, to the bottom of the

deposits.

The results of ihe excavations at Tartanyva and Devon Downs are detailed

below. Thais perhaps advisable to state here that, in carrying out the whole of

the work, no unskilled labour was requisitioned ; all exeavations were made by

the authors personally, assisted by three tramed scientifie assistants who are

also permanent officers of the South Australian Museum staff.

Il. TARTANGA,

LOCALITY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY.

The site of Tartanea is on the south-eastern boundary of Section 277.

IIundred of Ridley (fig. 2), and is situated on portion of a lone and narrow

spit between the river and a lagoon through which water is almost constantly

flowing, althoueh the direction of the flow may be temporarily reversedl when

a southerly breeze ‘‘banks” the water in the main stream. The part of the spit

concerned is an islind, as the river bifureates at its eastern end, the main body

of water following the river. the remainder flowing into the lagoon through #

narrow channel and joininw the river again by another channel through the

spit, ihree kilometres to the west, on Section 278. When the river is heavily

flooded, as for example in 1917, the island is almost wholly inundated. 1

commands a view of the whole vatley iu all direetious for a considerable dis-

tance. and there is abundant animal hfe in the adjacent lagoon,

A diagrammati¢ seetion of the Murray Valley at Tartanga is given in

fiw. 8; the valley is here about one and one-hal! kilometres in width. The

river is approximately 100 metres wide, aud it is cutting into its left (or south-

eastern) bank of Middle Caenozoie marine limestone cliff, which is vertical and

about 80 metres in height. The south-eastern side of the spit constitutes the

north-western bank of the main stream.

At the site under discussion the spit varies in width from 60 to 100 metres,

and the flowing lawoon is eroding its low eraded north-western aspect. On

this side a series of strata of consolidated sand has been exposed and weathered ;

these deposits, most of which are as hard as baked brick, were traced for two

kilometres westward. The exposures of their weathered surfaces vary in

extent, but are nowhere more than a few metres in width. A contour map of

the Tartanean portion of the spit was made, the form-lines utilized being those

conveniently provided by flood-levels (fig. 5).

From early observations it was concluded that the consolidated deposits

extended below the recent muds and silts of the “Upper Beds” whieh now form

149

LEY

wRAY \

Mul

MAINS IN THE

ILALE AND TINDAI

(Cg ‘By ospe cag) "paqaefoad uaeq aany siremaa ukUINY ayy Jo SuoOTysOd

aATPRPAT ay yup aodn ‘Bsueyuy, yr spaq teddy pur wvsarpey, of fo WoL eg

ut LL eanereee= wnweemennn foeern* 1 1

SNIVIN3Y OE

Nan SNIVW3Y NVIWNH

PO '’CBC¥WW

SQ3a Yaddn

‘F

RITRAJENY Wytlog ‘BAUPLART, Je Ao][LPA ALLINTL oy} FO WOLIas-SS80l9 ILPLMTUTBABLTC

ncoov7

VONWLHVL

WSS

Sey a

[UM

. Must

THRE S

TehORDS

itt

pinch rete Tea

LAGOON

htesn

the

loon hones of

sli

Toytodge site

pat lan of

Clcibeiteek pelle

Vie

sheleiuns Hoover,

HALE AND TINDALE—HUMAN REMAINS IN THE MURRAY VALLEY 151

the great bulk of the island. On the second visit to the locality a trench was

nade across portion of the spit, in order that exact data might be secured, and

the facts detailed below were established.

STRATIFICATION.

The accompanying section of the beds at Tartanga (fig. 4) was drawn to

scale from measurements secured after excavation. For convenience of refer-

ence, and for labelling specimens in the field, the respective layers were tenta-

tively called A, B, C, ete., and now, as a large number of specimens and inuch

data thus veferred to has accumulated, these designations have been retained

in order to prevent confusion.

Stratum A in the sketch forms the lagoon shore, and is the lowest deposit

to which we exeavated, although borings suggest the presence of occupational

debris, including fresh-water mussels (Unio) in at least two other beds below it ;

these two layers underlying A consist of one (AT) of sandy blue clay, 75 em.

in thickness, and another (A2) of red sand of unknown thickness. Stratum A

is composed of soft grey to white sand, of a maximum depth of 45 em. The

three overlying strata (B, C, and D) are composed of consolidated sand and

numerous limy nodules, and in parts are so indurated that in weathering they

have formed abrupt terraces, or have dropped, as weathered pavements, owing

to erosion of softer underlying material; their maximum depths are, B, 50 em. ;

(, 30 em.; D, 40 em. Overlying layer D is a rather less consolidated stratum

(EK, about 40 em. in thickness), composed of sand and very numerous limy

nodules. These four more or less consolidated layers (B, C, D, and EK) are of

distinctive colourations (and impart characteristic stains to the contained

fossils) a fact which was of considerable assistance in tracing the beds. Thus,

B is yellow, with heavy ferruginous staining; C is bluish-grey; D exhibits

ferruginous staining on the lower half of the stratum, and is yellowish-white

above; E is greyish-white. Each of the weathered terraces is strewn with

water-sorted limy and ferruginous nodules, characteristic of the beds from

which they were derived.

The four successive and more recent deposits overlying the strata men-

toned above are also well differentiated. They consist of: F, blue-black clay ;

G, grey clay; H, mud and sand; I, fine sand. Professor J. A. Prescott (of the

Waite Aericultural Research Institution) examined samples of these “Upper

Beds,” and reports that they are markedly alkaline, and have pH values as

follows: F, 8-0; G, 8-5; H, 8-5; I, 8-0.

The consolidated strata B to E represent successive surfaces of an old

island, now mostly eroded away on its western side by the lagoon, Dr, Charles

152 RECORDS OF THE S.A. Muskum

Fenner is of the opinion that the eastern slopes of these beds represent the

former successive western banks of the river, and that the latter has swune

40-50 inetres to the south-east as it has cut for a similar distance into the steep

and fairly resistant limestone cliff; it is obvious that the greater part of this

work took place after the period when the eamp-debris in these strata was laid

rig, 6 Young cliff directly opposite Tartanga sites the eross marks the position from

whieh fiz. 7 was taken.

down. The newer “Upper Beds (PF to 1) have been deposited (and have

covered the eastern slopes of the older beds) ay the river has ent into its

concave eastern bank,

In fig. 6 portion of the young cliff opposite the section eut at Tartanwa is

illustrated; the spot from whieh the panoramic phofoeraphs reprodiueed in

fig. 7 were taken is marked X.

In a period antecedent to the present stage of aetive cliff erosion Opposite

Tartanga, the aforementioned roek-shelter at Old Devon Downs (Section 89,

Ifmared of Nildottie) appeared near the western end of this coneave cliff, at

about its junetion with the convex seetion whieh curves to the sonthawest

(fig. 2). Tn this shelter a snecession of huiman oeenpational debris, more recent

than that of Tartangan beds A to E, was deposited over a period sufficiently

long for some notable changes, deseribed in Part Ul of this paper, to have

taken place.

153

EMAINS IN THE MURRAY VALLEY

HaLE AND TINDALE—HuMAN I

{sam pur Yynos Buryooy, vansy todd

a4ts

‘q fue}peyg suMOG ToAaq fo worjtsod seyRorpur ‘t

“ROUBLLRT, JB MOT}IS puR yauaty

“YJLOU PUB JSAM Sutyooy, amay 1oMo]

‘SOT[RA ABLINTY of} JO SMATA aTULBIOWRG "LST

154 RECORDS OF THE S.A, MuSEUM

TARTANGAN BEDS (A TO B),

For convemence of reference the term “Tartangan” is herein restrieted

to the period during which beds A to E were occupied and deposited. The

excavations show that, with the probable exception of beds IF and G. all of the

above-anentioned deposits, A to [, contain evidence of aboriginal ovenpatton,

but there is a marked difference in the atumal remains from series B to Eas

compared with those from above the very thick and almost sterile stratum b.

For instance, in the earlier deposits bones are heavily stained with iron oxide

(particularly those from B and the lower part of D), and have undergone con-

siderable imineralization, while mussels have lost all trace of epidermis. In

the Upper Beds, on the other hand, the majority of the mussels show at least

some trace of epidermis, and bones are little changed, The fossils from strata

Lb to E are in most cases embedded solidly in the matrix. and connnouly form

the nuelei of large limy uodules, This was diseovered in breaking open soime

of the latter while exeavating and, later, bones were secured in weathered

nodules.

Many bones of fish and fresh-water tortoises, Caio shells, burnt stones, ete,

lie on the various miniature beaches amongst the limy nodules and other detritus

weathered from beds B to EK. A large amount of sneh material was secured by

searching and by extensive sieving, Un inany cases the bones have adhering to

thew portion of the indurated matrix, while the distinctive staining, and the

positions in whieh the fossils were Lyine, often enabled one to determine the

deposit from which they had been weathered. Nevertheless. all such specimens

not secured in situ ave labelled accordingly.

Structural differences of Tartangan Mussels, ts compared with Forms living

in the locality, The most abundant (Vaio which ocewrs ii beds A to EB is a form

comparable in many features with the living (7. e7tfafus, but ditfering anilormly

in having a relatively thieker shell. Typical (. villulus is abundant in ile

adjacent Jagoon, aud occurs also in the Upper Beds of the ishimd; measire-

ments of this species from Tartanga lagoon, lagoons at Wongulla and Cockatoo

Cliffs, Lake Bonney and Devon Downs (layer i), ete., have been courpared with

those of a long series obtained from Javer C in the Tartanean beds, and the

results of a comparison of the greatest thiekness of the marginal shell substance

in the two forms are shown in the acconipanving eraph (fig. 8); in this the

thickness is plotted against the unbo-ventral height, showing that the mussels

from Tartangan beds have consistently thieker shells than those now living, The

name Unio (Hyridella) protoviti¢lus sp. nov. is therefore proposed for these

thick-shelled individuals (fig. 9). and layer C at Tartanea is nominuted as the

typical horizon (Type and paratype, reg. no. P2178, in S. Aust. Maus.).

HALE AND TINDALE—HUMAN REMAINS IN THE MURRAY VALLEY 155

HEIGHT (UMBONAL)

@ Unio vittatus

x Unio protovittatus

10 THIGKNESS ;

mm 1 2 3

Fig. 8. Spot graph of Mute vittatus and U, protovittatus,

Another moderately common mussel in Tartangan beds is a thiek-shelled

Unio, which to-day occurs only in the deeper parts of the river, where it ean

be secured by dredging or diving; apparently it has not hitherto been recorded

from the Lower Murray, although there are specimens in the South Australian

Museum from several localities in the Upper Murray basin. It is comparable

with U. angasi in many respeets. but the latter has a much thinner shell.

Tartangan occupational evidence. The following is a detailed account of

the material secured from each bed at Tartanga.

Bed A. At the place where the trench was cut the top of this sandy bed

is 3 metres below the level of the present stummit of the island, and 1-2 metres

below the highest part of bed E. Bed A was penetrated for only a short distance

156 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MuskuM

when excavating; in it are Unie profavitiates, and burnt stones sugeestive of

eookine-hearths.

Pig. 8 Unio (Hyridella} protevittatas sp. mov. Composite drawing of two specimens

from Layer ( Tartangan Beds (nat, size).

Bed B. [n this consolidated bed are burnt stones, and food debris cousist-

ing in the main of Unie protoritfefis arranged in stratified layers; vertebrae and

jaws of fish (comparable with living Oligerus) and bones of mammals (Waere-

pus) and fresh-water tortoise (Chelodina) also oecur. The bones are in most

cases stained dark muber or alniuost black; some af the fish and tortoise bones

from the lavoon beach were evidently weathered from this deposit, as they have

this characteristic stain, Several stone chippinys, or flakes, together with part

of one striking bone implement were reeovered. The last-named is the apical

portion of a split lone-bone which has been trimmed and sinvothed (fig. 24),

Bed GC. Banils of (to and burut stones are very abundant in this layer,

and in places oceupy the whole depth of the bed (fig. JO). The bone fragiierts

are stained brown or, especially in the upper part, bluish-brown. The debris

ineludes renuins of the following:

Mossuns: (pin profovitlatus (ype form) + 0. ef mniyast and (ef. ainhiguus.

Usivanve monuiuse: Poludina hantleyi.

Misi; Olgurus ef mecynarionsis (arge munhers of vertebrae and jaws:

also vertebrae of sinaller species); Tundanus sp.

Towroises > Baiydurn ef, adcquertt and Chelodina of. longicollis,

Biros: Unidentifiable fragments of bones,

MAMMALS: Trichosurus ef, nulpecula (Opossum) + Thylagale sp. (Wallaby ),

ml unidentifiable Pracients of banes.

HALE AND TINDALE— HUMAN REMAINS IN THE MURRAY VALLEY 157

HomAN remains: (Tartanga No. iii) the skeleton first noticed by Mr. Roy

was in this deposit.

Arruracrs: A few stone implements and many chippings.

Bed D, Thick (unio bands and burnt stones oecur at many isolated places

alone the exposure of this layer. The bones are stained a dark brown (lower

part) and bhuish-brown (upper part).

Fig. 10. Dense pavement of Unio shells from Layer C, Tartangan Beds (} nat, size).

Musseus: Unio protovittatus and U. ef. angast.

Untvanve moutuse: Paludina hanleyt.

Fistt: Oligorus ef. macquariensis.

Torroisres: Emydura ef. macquarti and Chelodina ef. longicollis.

MamMaus: Similar unidentifiable material to that secured mn bed C, with

the addition of fragments of jaws and other bones of several large kangaroos,

which Mr. U1. H. Finlayson determines as Macropus ef. giganteus (p. 211).

TluMAN ReMAINS: (Tartanga No. ii); portion of a maxilla, and three clis-

associated teeth, were disinterred from the uppermost level of this bed, directly

beneath the site of a burial in layer E, mentioned below, while lying just above it

was the right ramus of a lower jaw.

Arreracts: Chippings and implements, chiefly of white quartz and white

158 RECORDS OF THE S.A, Museum

chert, were present. In addition two large nether mill-stones and several smaller

pounding and grinding siones were secured in sitw. Other pounding stones,

weathered out, were found lyin loose on eroded areas of D,

Bed E. Bands of (io shell and burnt stones continue in this bed. Bones

in the lower levels are stained light brown, while those from upper Limits are

lighter coloured, in sone cases with irre@ular dark stainine.

Mussers: Unio protovitlalus and U. ef. angasi (shell mneh broken and

specimens suitable for identifieation vare),

UNIVALVE MoLLUses: Paludina hanleyi and Bulinus peetorosus.

Fisit: Oligorus ef. macquariensis (very large vertebrae, ete,).

Torrorsn: Bmydura ef. macquarir,

Tlumaw rmowarns: (Tartanga No. 1); an undisturbed but much fragmented

skeleton was found in the lowest level of the deposit, enmbedded in a matrix of

sand-rock containing debris typical of the laver,

Arravacrs: Intimately associated with the skull of the skeleton just men-

tioned were portions of four or more bone implements: one of these fragments

was lodged near the mouth revion of the skull. A. few ernde chert and quarts

chippings were found in and on BE.

UPPER BEDS (F to 1),

Bed F. This is of relatively great thickness, and is conposed of blue-black

clay ; the nature of the surface of such material would perhaps disconrage its use

asa camping ground. and the only evidence of native oecupation so far recovered

in if is a ernde millstone. This was found during the excavation of the section,

at a depth of 80 em,

Bed G. Is formed of grey clay and is almost entirely barren. A single flake

of irregular white quartz, exhibiting what may be poor attempts at secondary

chipping, was secured during the enttine of the section.

Bed H. In this level, whieh is coniposed of sandy elay, there ave numerous

signs of intensive occupation in the form of Unio hearths, ash, ete., in places

formine thick stratified layers,

sy sieving six eubie metres from the upper parts of the bed we obtained a

long series of the thin-shelled (yo vittdtus, resembling living examples and quite

distinet from the thiek-shelled (. protevittalus. The epidermis still remained

on some, but on exposure to air this frequently peeled off. A single shell of

Virio angast (thin type) and a few fragments of tortoise bone were also found:

the hones are not wineralized.

“Thigh-backed’ ehert dnplements and hammerstones collected from the

surface of this and the preceding bed are possibly weathered from one or the

HALre AND TINDALE—HUMAN REMAINS IN THE MURRAY VALLEY 159

other of them. The high-backed artefacts are worn cliscoidal scrapers of the type

called “tula?? by living natives of the Wonkanguru tribe of the Lake Eyre dis-

iviet in northern South Australia.

Bed I. The surtace of this sandy level now forms the top of the island and

the river bank. It is strewn with broken mussel shell and other signs of recent

aboriginal ceenpation. A few handmills were seenred, but no cefinite stone arte-

facets; as nsnal on modern Murray sites there were relatively few stone chippings.

HUMAN REMAINS.

Tartanga No.i. The broken right parietal of this individual was protrud-

ing from fhe weathered surface of the bottom of bed E, at a point 80 metres

east of the cut section (fies, 4-5). When the matrix was cleared it became

evident that the body had been buried from aw upper level of this bed and had

heen placed in a shallow wrave; the surface surrounding the exposed part of

the sloll was comparatively soft owing to weathering, but the matrix m which

the hones were solidly embedded was homogeneous below with the rest of the

lower part of the bed. The skeleton was lying at full length on the baek with

the head to the north-east. The right arm was sharply flexed, with the clenched

hand in front of, and 10 em. trom. the face; the left arm was lying alongside

the body, with fragments of the finger bones in the pelvic region,

Owing to weathering the face of the hed was here irregiwar and sloping,

so that the limbs and thorax were approximately 30 em. below the surface.

The skull had heen displaced to one side and, like the other bones, had partly

decomposed and become greatly fractured before consolidation of the matrix

oeenrved, as is evidenced by the fact that the spaces between broken and

slightly disassociated frawmenis were filled with a hard limy cement, The

major part of the eranium and faeial skeleton, the right hand and arm,

fragments of the left arm. portions of some ribs, most of the pelvis, and frag-

ments of vertebrae and lee bones. were recovered. The lower jaw was missing,

Owine to the fractured condition of the skull, a block of the consolidated

material enclosing it was embedded in paraffin wax and brought to the Museom

for development, The removal of the framments from the sand-voek oeeupied

mueh time, The brain-eavity was found to be filled with fine sand, consoli-

dated with a lini cement which, where in contuet with the bones, formed a

hard layer 1 em. in thiekness, from whieh it was diffientt to separate the skull

fragments,

The follawine measurements wre some of those recommended by Martin

(1928, ti, p. G25 ef sey.) and his reference numbers are shown in the first

column of the table, Owing ro the absenee of the left temporal, the left malar,

the lateral parts of the parietals and the basal portions of the oceipital many of

160

RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

the conventional measurements cannot be secured, and others (where only one

side is preserved ) can be only estimated.

Where estimations have been necessary

in order to provide an approximate measurement, the result is marked with an

asterisk.

Martin’s Nos.

20,

30,

44,

45.

46.

1 Or UT

ua oT

con ac ad

c=)

62.

63.

72.

73.

21S

60,

Greatest skull leneth [g@—op |

Glabello-inion length | ei]

Glabello-lambda length [eI]

Greatest skull breath [eu-en|

Smallest frontal breadth | ft-ft|

Sreatest frontal breadth | ¢o—co|

Bi-aurieular breadth |au—an|

Greatest occipital breadth [ast—ast |

Mastoid breadth |ms—ns|

Kar-bregma height [po—b|

Median sagittal frontal are |n—b]

Median sagittal parietal are [b-1|

(1). Median sagittal supra-oceipital are [1]

Median sagittal frontal chord |n—b|

Median sagittal parietal ehord | b-1]

(1). Median sagittal supra-oecipital chord |1-i]

Bi-orbital breadth [ek—elc]

3i-zyeomatie breadth | zyv—zy |

Middle facial breadth {zm—zm|

Upper facial height [n—pr|

Anterior inter-orbital breadth [am fant]

Orbital breadth from maxillo-frontal suture |imf—elk|

Orbital height

Nasal breadth

Nasal height | n—ns|

Smallest breadth of nasal bone

(1). Greatest breadth of nasal bone

Maxilla alveolar leneth

Maxilla alveolar breadth ..

Palatal leneth |ol-st|

Palatal breadth

Profile angle |n—ns|

Nasal profile angle [n—ns]| 4 a

Alveolar profile angle |ns—pr|

Area of palate

Tartanga I.

189

181

187

Tia

103

117*

128*

107*

106*

114

129

133

115

118

102*

130%

24*

41 right

30 right

43%

13*

20*

62*

§p*

10°*

6°*

18°*

. 3600*

HALE AND TINDALE—HuMAN REMAINS IN THE MURRAY VALLEY 161

INDICES.

Martin's Nos.

Length breadth index .. a ns

Leneth-auricular height index i

Transverse frontal index Pe

Transverse fronto-parietal index

Sagittal fronto-parictal index ~ fe

Sagittal frontal index

Sagittal parietal index

Convexity index of supra-occipital

Upper face index 4G he ef

Orbital index .. a:

Nasal index 7

Maxillo-alyeolar index

Palatal index

Tartanga [.

108

ig. 11.) Skull of Tartanga i from Layer E, Tartangan Beds, norma lateralis on Frankfort

Horizontal; Jower jaw of Tartanga ii indicated in dotted outline

‘4 nat, size).

162 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

The accompanying illustrations (figs. 11-15) have been drawn with the aid

af the dioptograph of Lucae. Because of its greater completeness it has been

considered more satisfactory to illustrate the right lateral aspect than the left.

The principal vacuities in the eranium are shown; superficial surface injuries

and fracture lines have been omitted.

Dentition ('T. D. Campbell). Tartanga i has the upper jaw region well

preserved, but the mandible is absent. Missing fragments and some distortion

of one side of the upper jaw make it difficult to obtain accurate measurements of

the palato-alyeolar features, but as many as possible have been made and are

incorporated in the general table.

Wig. 12. Tartanga i, norma frowtalis on WT. C4 at. size).

The upper teeth of the left side, with the exception of the central incisor are

present; the third molar was in sifu, but had not descended into its place in the

arch. On the right side only the molars and premolars are present: on this side

also the third molar had not erupted. The teeth are large and well formed, and

all but the unerupted third molars are above the average measurements recorded

for individual teeth of Australian aborigines, The second incisor is equal to the

maxim recorded,

The development of the teeth suggests that the ave of this individnal was

from ten to twelve years. Attrition has only moderately reduced the cusp levels

(stage i, Broca); somewhat less than might be expected in a native of this age.

HALE AND TINDALE—HUMAN REMAINS IN THE MURRAY VALLEY 163

Tartanga No. ii, As previously mentioned portion of a left maxilla, the

right ramus of a lower jaw, and three loose teeth (two molars and a premolar) of

a youthful individual were disinterred from the top of bed D immediately under-

neath the position of the skull of Tartanga No. i (figs. 16-18).

Mig. 18. Tartanga i, norma verfiealis on PIL, (4 nat, size).

The maxilla, together with fragments of Unio protovittatus was embedded in

a hard coneretionary nodule. The removal of the surrounding sand-rock to the

depth of a few centimetres did not bring to light any further remains; further

excavation in the consolidated material of D will be necessary before it ean be

determined whether other portions occur in sifu. The facies is typical of bones

from bed D; the maxilla is stained dark brown, and the teeth are orange to dark

brown.

In an attempt to learn the degree of mineralization of these remains the

weight of the portion of the ramus of the lower jaw was compared with that of

five similarly shaped part jaws of reeent aborigines and the ratio of increase in

weight was found to be 1:0 : 1-5,

164 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Dentition (by T. D, Campbell), The dental specimens of Tartanea No, 1

in¢lude portion of the left maxilla, mueh of which is still enclosed in the

matrix, With the exceptions of the central incisor and third molar all the

etait

’

‘

c '

*h ad ‘

1 hee

s a i

wae” OY

1 18

Fig. 14-15, Palate and maxilla of Vartanga i, Layer BE, Tartangan Beds (nat. size).

Fig, 16-18. Fragment of maxilla of Tartanga ii, bayer D, Turtungan Beds (nat, size.)

teeth of the left side are present; the second molar was free when unearthed,

and its place was occupied by matrix. A right upper third molar and the right

portion of a mandible found nearby apparently also belong to the same indi-

vidual. The lower jaw fragment is complete up to the first premolar, and all

HALE AND TINDAILE-——-HUMAN REMAINS IN THE MURRAY VALLEY 145

Wig, TH Skeleton at Tartanae fi, i saulrock, as removed frome Laver OC. 'Mnartongan Beds

(U4 nat. size).

166 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

the teeth of the molar-premolar series are present; the socket of the first pre-

molar contained the extremity of the root and was otherwise filled with matrix,

while the rest of the tooth was found separately.

The condition of the teeth indicates an age of about twelve years, Attri-

tion has almost obliterated the cusps of the first molar teeth, but the remainder

are only slightly worn. The teeth are all large and well formed; there is a

more marked crenation of the occlusal surface of the second and third molars

than is usual in teeth of Australian aborigines.

Fig. 20, Skull fragment of Tartanga iii, with stony endocranial cast; norma lateralis,

right (top), left (bottom); b indicates bregma, Layer C, Tartungan Beds (4 ant. size).

Tartanga No. iii, These remains consist of the portion of calvaritun dis-

covered by Mr. Roy and the part skeleton subsequently removed from bed C,

one metre east of the prepared section.

The stratification of densely packed Unio debris in the vicinity of this burial

was well marked, and the cutting of a small section showed distinctly where

HALE AND ‘TINDALE—ITUMAN REMAINS IN THE MURRAY VALLEY 167

the excavators of the grave had disturbed the arrangement of the shell layers,

leaving a record of their excavation of a grave little wider than was necessary

to accommodate the body. The disturbed shell debris, sand, and ash was

thrown back, aud now, in a consolidated condition, surrounds the remains of

the skeleton, The bones are stained similarly to others Irom the lower levels

of bed CG. The skeleton, which is being preserved in its matrix (fiw. 19) is that

of a youthful indiyidual, and comprises the ereater part of the trunk with the

pelvis and proximal portions of the femora, Nodules partly embracing other

bone fragments presumably belonging to this skeleton were secaved by sieving

debris on an adjacent terrace,

The body was buried from, appareutly, the upper part of bed Cy and was

interred in au extended position with the head pointing to the south-west and

the extremities to the north-east. As in Tartane@a i, one arm (in this cause the

left) was flexed, with the hand resting just below the left shoulder, while the

other avin was extended alongside the body, with the wrist ou the right hip anel

the palm of the hand on the pubie region.

The skull fragment formerly associated with this skeleton consists of an

irregular portion of the right parietal and a small part of the left parietal.

This is adhering to a stony matrix, 1 16 2 em. in thickness, which provides a

partial endocranial cast of the greater part of the parietal region; before

erosion there was evidently. as in Tartanga i, a soft core inside the harder

material lining the skull cavity.

TARTANGAN ARTEFACTS.

As already mentioned, the term “Tartangan’ is applied berem to material

from beds A to. No implements were found 7m sift in bed Ay a few of the

many white quarts and other chippings lyme on the lagoon shore may have

weathered from it.

Bed B. ‘I'wo well-ehipped, core-like implements from this level are shown

in figs. 21-22; the material of one is dark yellowish chert, aud of the other

white chert. A well-shaped, high-baeked iuplement of white chert (fig. 23)

was Iyvine on weathered B.

The apieal portion of a single bone implement, fashioned from a piece of a

split long bone of a mammal, belongs to this level (fig. 24). his is of the dari

uinber colour characteristic of bones from bed B, and has been shaped with

hold cuts, but is crudely finished; it is illustrated with portion of the conere-

tionary deposit attached.

Bed C. Crude high-backed implements of white chert exhibiting marked

secondary working (fies. 25-27) are quite characteristic of this bed; in addition

168 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

23a 23c 23b

Vig. 21-48, Chert implements from Layer B, Tartangan Beds (nat. size): 21-220 bn site,

24 weathered out.

Fig. 24. Bone implement weathered from Layer B, Tartangan Beds unt, size).

HALE AND TINDALE—HUMAN REMAINS IN THE MURRAY VALLEY 169

to those figured, numbers were obtained in sil and others were found loose on

its weathered surfaces. All examples exhibit erosion or limy patination.

Discoidal serapers of the same waterial (fig. 28) may represent less used

examples of similar type. Two larger core-like cherts, bearing indications of

a 2hb 25c

27b 27c

ATE

28b 28c

28a

Pie, 25-28. Whitish chert implements from Laver C, Tartangan Beds; 25.27 in situ,

8 | J g

Y'8 weathered out (iat. size).

secondary chipping, were found, that illustrated in fig. 29 in situ and that shown

in fig. 830 on a weathered face. Much-used hammer-stones of quartzite, rose-

quartz and white-quartz, and a tabular piece of phyllitic material ( foreizn to

the locality) were taken from the bed.

Many amorphous flakes of quartz and white chert oceurred in and on the

bed; some have retouch chipping.

170 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

S8la 8Ib

Big. 29-31, Whitish ehert implements tram Lavers ( and D, Tartangan Beds; 29 banded

and stained, Cound in Cs 30 on weathered"; $1 fa site in 1D (nat. sive).

HALE AND 'TINDALE—-HUMAN REMAINS IN THE MurRAY VALLEY 171

Bed D. Implements taken im sifu inclide a large white chert seraper (fig.

31) with retouch notches, one convex and one coneaye edge; this is perhaps

{he remnant of a much-used oval or discoidal scraper; also two hammer-stones

(one of sandstone and the other of what appears to be siliceous limestone), and

tivo large waterworn pebbles of sandstone, which have been used as lower mill-

stones. In the bed and also on weathered surfaces were amorphous fakes of

white and erey chert, and of white quartz, without secondary work.

Bed E. In this deposit were a sinall high-backed implement of grey chert

(apparently burnt) and a ernde discoidal seraper of white quartz, while a

striking white chert tool was found on a weathered face, adhering to a aiass of

the deposit (fig. 82): this is of “parrot-beak” type and has mmel secondary

work.

32c 32b

Pig. 32. White chert implement weathered from Layer Kk, Tartangiue Beds (nat, size),

As alrendy indicated, portions of five hone implements were assoviated

with the skeleton of Tartanga i, Three of these are of the same type, ately,

split-bone posts; in one the apical part is intact (ig, 38), aid shows that the

bone has been seraped to a point and the latter polished. Lt was lying in front

of the face of the skeleton, at the extreme bottom of the bed, Near it was a

shorter example, the point and side of which were broken during exeavation ;

otherwise the specimen is intact, and its base exhibits a deeply eut, acute noteh

(fiv. 84). The third fragment was lying iu the roof of the palate; were com-

parison with the two associated points not possible it would searcely he recou-

nizable as part of an implement, save for the fact that scraping marks wre

apparent (fig. 35), ,

When the block of matrix containing the skull of Tartanga i was lifted,

two portions of a lone, slender, pointed “round-bone” implement (fig. 86) were

found lying on the wypermost level of bed D: the impression of one part is still

retained in a piece of the matrix formerly covering the outer face of the lett

parietal. This implement has been seraped to a point, the cessing being on

one side only, so that the marrow cavity is exposed some distance below the

point (fie. 86, b).

RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

37d

36c

34c

33a

Bone implements from Layer BE, Turtangin Beds, all ja situ Cat. size).

A simall fragment of what is presumably a long point of

similar type was adhering to the inside faee (ippermost when found) of the

right ramus of the mandible of Tartanga ii (fig. 37, a), and a further portion

HALE AND TINDALE—HUMAN REMAINS IN THE MURRAY VALLEY 173

(fig. 37, b), showing signs of an ancient break, was found in the sieve, and is

now united to the fragment first found; what may be the extremity of this

artefact was removed from a nodule present nearby (fig. 87, d-f).

UPPER BEDS ARTEFACTS.

Bed F. The aforementioned millstone was the ouly native handiwork

loeated. According to Mr. A. R. Alderman this is a pieee of an altered basic

igneous rock, probably a lamprophyre. A similar rock occurs as a basie dyke

in the Mannum Granite (forty kilometres to the south-west) and elsewhere in

the Pre-Cambrian series.

ATC

88h

33c

iv, BA39. Stone implements from Upper Beds, Tartanga; 88, quanta, in atlas ih roby

bed . bal | .

chort, on surfiiee (nit. sive).

Beds GtoI, An amorphous white quartz chipping, exhibiting what sceus

to be retouch (fig. 38), was excavated from a depth of 30 em. in bed G. No

implements were found in either of beds TH and 1, although simple flalces

oceurved on the surface. On the surface of G and UH were two clongate serapers

(or worn fil), one of yellow chert, the other (fig. 89) of dark ruby eoloured

chert; both show marked secondary work. but neither is eroded or patinated

us are implements from Tartangan beds.

lll. DEVON DOWNS SHELTER.

LOCALITY.

The Devon Downs eliff-shelter is on the north-eastern boundary of Section

89, Hundred of Nildottie (fies, 2 and 7); the now abandoned old Devon Downs

Station, from which it has received its name, is situated on the opposite bank

of the river.

174 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

The shelter was deseribed and fienred by Shear (1927), Tt faeces due

north (not west, as stated in Sheard’s description), and is partly the vesult of

aerial erosion of soft strata of the limestone cliff, whieh at this point is about

30 metres in height.

The occupational detritus is highest against the wall of the shelter, where

it is 7 metres above water level (low river, November 22, 1929). The talus

extends outward from the shelter with inereusine slope to the river marein

25 metres distant (see fig. 40),

METRES

ss.

Fig 40. Contoured plan of Deyon Downs Shelter and its talus, May, 1929 (A, Sheard’s

exeavation, 1927; B-D, South Australian Museunt exeavations, 1920),

At the western end of the shelter a large rock projects above the surface

of the stratified debris. This block has fallen away from the roek forming the

present roof and back. Sheard made a small excavation (fig. 40, at A) between

this rock and the wall, and states that “The floor to a depth of 3 feet is con-

posed of old fires and a small amount of detritus... . . One erude tipper mill-

HALE AND TINDALE—HUMAN REMAINS IN THE MuRRAY VALLEY 175

stone and a few voueh flakes were observed, these being the only native imple-

ments discovered,”

METHODS OF EXCAVATION,

During our preliminary exeavation of a narrow trench (fig. 40, at B) toa

depth of 5 metves in May, 1929, the material was removed in horizontal layers

10 em. in thiekness, the area being divided into rectangles the width of the

treneh (50 em.) and 1 ainetre in length. An analysis of the results, and the

preparation of plans, indivated that the stratified material could be conveili-

enly divided into series of broader bands, well defined owing to differences in

appearanee and constitition (fig. 41).

In earrying out the second and larger excavation, in November anid

December, 1929 (fig. 40, at C), the debris was removed in twelve successive

layers (vonforming strictly to the stratifications previously noted) toa depth

of 6-2 anetres. This brought to light four superimposed cultural phases, here

termed, in descending order, Murandian, Mudukian, Pirrian, and Pre-rrian

(seep. 208).

Within the shelter the surface of the talus was covered with a layer of

disturbed and unstratified loose sand and ash, varyine from 10 to 80 em. in

depth. This material was removed over a large area before digging operations

were conunenced,

Small miners’ picks, a shovel, trowels, bellows. and brushes were used in

the removal of the material. The ashy debris was lifted in buckets, and at the

lower levels it was necessary to employ bloek and tackle. KExeavated material

was placed on a large mat, and after preliminary examination was passed

throueh sieves with a mesh of not more than 4 min.

The proportion of occupational material, as apart from the ash, was sur-

prisingly large, often more than one-fourth being retained by the sieves. At

all levels the bulk of residue was made up of broken shell, but many hundreds

of fragments of bone oveurred in each; in the lists the only animals enumer-

ated are those of which easily recognizable remains are available, such as jaws,

teeth. part skulls, vertebrae, statoliths of fish, ete.

Gastroliths of fresh-water erayfishes (Parachaeraps biearinatus and sAsta-

copsis serratus) ave abundant in the upper levels, and the tips of chelae of these

orustaceans are also present. The gastroliths are indicative of but a proportion

of the eravlish consumed, for these “stomach-stones” are present only at periods

of eedysis.

Reeords were kept of the tetal numbers of small Molluses incidentally

176 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MuszEuM

MURUNDIAN

MUDUKIAN

Z were ZZ LLL 2 Seco ee | ve

: ae 8

2 Ee

‘

’

Fig. 41. Section of the deposits in Devon Downs Sheller. (a) tnfant burial from the

120 em. dark band; (b) child burinl from the middle iii iimad surfsee; (¢) block of Jimestone

use as a omiulbstone snd inverted toe forma grave eapping; Cd) packet of debris, an ontlier of

Layers VoVIE; (Ce) big rock whieh fell on top ot Lager V3 Cf) its former position on roof

of shelter; (g) grave exeavated from the beown layer of TV; (hh) stones capping the grave;

fi) breken skill giv) benes of the ehild) Iuwied from the brown levels €)) consolidated blueks

of upper Vo used as gray lining: (ler lower jaw of 4 five-vear-old child disturbed from Layer

VI and rebured with the Laver TV chill; (1) teeth of five-venrold ehih in apparently

undisturbed Vig (i) upper limit of sharpening: marks on wall; (ni) lower limit of same;

(0) position of bone implement in links in walls (p) Sereopleitus teeth; (qa) Sareaphitus: jaw ;

(rv) deciduous human incisor; (8) geminite decidiious Wiman incisor,

HALE AND TINDALE— HUMAN REMAINS IN THE MURRAY VALLEY 177

present in each layer; these numbers have been plotted, together with an indi-

cation of the average thickness of each level (p, 214).

Statistics were also kept of the approximate numbers of stone implements

and unworked flakes and of the types of material utilized in each level. The

materials here referred to as ‘chert comprise fine-grained siliceous rocks of

chert, flint, and opal types. These cherts exhibit a great range of colour, but

in all levels a dull grey to yellowish flinty-chert is by far the most abundant,

DESCRIPTIONS OF LAYERS I-XII.

Layer I (Late Murundian), A white to yellow limy layer from 15 to

75 em. in depth, It eontains much ash and numbers of oceupational horizons

indieated by dense Unio hearths, burnt stones, and dark brown bands. The

uppermost levels are preserved only in the baek of the shelter, There is a layer

ot broken Unio shells at the base of this bed, lying on a coniparatively sterile

and continuous choeolate-coloured band (from 3 to 10 em. in thickness), which

forms the top of the writers’ layer IT.

The (nie shelly have retained the whole of their epidermis; animal bones

are nuaffected. and partly charred plant remains, such as stems of sedges, have

not completely perished.

Mussuns: Unio vittatus, U. angasi, U. ambiguus, and Corbicula angast.

UnivaLves: Melania balonnensis, Paludina hanteyi, aud Bultnus lechuraties.

Craveisn: Porachacraps bicarinalus and Astacopsis serratus.

Fisi: Oligorus macquariensis (Murray Cod) and Tandanus tandanius (Cat

fish) ; vertebrae and spines of other fishes.

Torrone; Chelodina longicollis.

Syaku: Python spilotes.

Lizanps: TViliqua and Amphibolurus.

Manaus: Lsoodon ef. obesulus (Short-nosed Bandicoot), Perameles ef.

myosura (Barred Bandicoot), Trichosurus ef. vulpecula (Common Opossum ),

Bettongia (Rat. Kangaroo), Potorous (Rat Kangaroo), Lagorchestes ef. leporo-

ides (Hairawallaby), Macropus (Kangaroo), Lasiorhinus (Wombat), Rattus

(Native Rat), and Canis familiaris (Dingo).

Puanrs: Sedge stems and Mucarya acuminata (Quandong stones).

Arreracrs: One worn oval quartzite hammer-stone, a few quartzite ehip-

pings, and two dozen nondescript flakes of varionsly coloured chert: also red

ochre of {hree shades.

Layer II (Murundian). Varies in thickness from 20 to 80 em. The upper

limit is a thin chocolate-coloured continuous band, Below this are yellowish ashy

deposits containing a rock-tall, two continuous beds of darker concentrated ash,

178 RECORDS OF THE S.A. Museum

and numerous lentienlar hearths of the same material. Below the outer part of

the shelter the lower limit of the layer is defined by a fall of limestone boulders

which sealed lower deposits. In the inner part of the shelter the material of

this laver lies dircetly on a roeky shelf (see fie. 41). The epidermis is sometimes

retained on the l’nvo shells,

Mussens: Unio vittatus, U. ambiguus, UC angasi. and Corbicula Ungast,

Univanves: Melanie holonnensis, Palucdina hanleyi, Bulinus terturatus.

Vonlhomelon eyrei, and Balinnus adeluidae,

Craveist; Purachaeraps bieaninalus and Astacopsis serratus,

Wisin: Oligorus macquariensis and Pleetroplites ambiguus (Callop).

Birps: Dromacus novae-hallandiae (Anu) and Bizinew lobata { Musk-duek ).

Manaus: Phaseogale ef, flavipes (Yellow-tooted Pouched-mouse), Peru-

meles, Trichosurus ef. vulpecula, Layorchestes et. leparotdes, Thiulogule (Serub

Wallaby), Mucropus, Rattus, and Canis familiaris,

Puants: Hucarya ceuninale,

HUMAN REMAINS; In the southavestern corner of the exeavation, at a depth

of 140 em., the bones of a young baby (fig. 41, a) were unearthed, ATL were

probably associated, but some were disturbed before their arrangement could be

recognized, The shape of the graye was clearly traceable, and it was apparent

that the infant had been buried from the level of the lower of the two dark bands

of concentrated ash (at 120 em.); the wrave was intrusive on the bottom of

laver IT,

Dentition (TD. Campbell). ‘Phe teeth of this specimen form an incomplete

deciduous set, consisting of thin calcified shells of the erown portions of the

teeth. In the anterior teeth represented development has reached the stage of

almost complete crown form as reeards external dimensions: in the molar repre

sentatives only about two-thirds of the erown is ealeified, The teeth comprise :

complete upper set excepting the right lateral incisor aud the lett ‘amine; the

lower series is represented by two canines and two first molars. The stage of

development suggests an age of about three months,

Arrpracts: One irregular fragment of bone se faped to a point, and with

polished edges. One crude quartz seraper, rectangular in shape, with indication

of retouch; twenty-three chippings of chert, fiye fragments of quartzite and two

of micaceous schist. Small pieces of ved and brownish ochre.

Layer III (Murundian), [s approximately 65 em, in thickness. [ts upper

part consists of yellowish limy debris similar to that of Tl. In ¢he middle there

isa well-defined continuous ereyish-black horizon about 10 em. in thickness. In

the lower half is another davk band, the outer part of whieh has been eroded

way so that the upper black deposit. beyond this (runested band, vests directly

HALE AND TINDALE—HUMAN REMAINS IN THE MURRAY VALLEY 179

on the lowest level of the layer. A harder stratum of the cliff projected outward

at the bottom of this level, forming a narrow ledge (fig. 41, d) with erevieed and

rigeed upper surface, This bears a small amount of detritus characteristic of

levels V to VII.

The principal mussels are thin-shelled 0. angasi, UL ambiguus being rare,

Twe examples were recovercd of a species apparently identical with specimens

from Moonlight Creek and Connexion Island (Gulf of Carpentaria), aud from

Paradise Lagoon, Fitzroy River, N.W. Australia, labelled as ' 0. stuarty Adams

and Angas’’; also with others fron. Neweastle Waters, North Australia, labelled

“OT hednally, Tate’ All shells are entirely without epiderm,

The hones trom the vellow upper debris are paler in colour than the others,

which ave a deep brown.

Mussens: Unio angasi, U. ainbiguus, U. ef. stuart, and Corbiewa angasi.

Univanyes: Puluding hantleyt, Melania balonnensis, and Bulinus tertnratius.

Craven: Parachaeraps bicavinatus and Aslacopsis serratus.

Misit: Oligorus macguariensis and Pleelroplites ainbigaas.

Binns: Dramacus novae-hollandiae aud Urodelus andar (Wedgetai-eagle ).

Snake: Python spilotes,

Lizarps; Tiliqua and Anmphiboliuraus.

Torvorsg; Unidentifiable fragments.

ManwMans: Pseudochirus (Ring-tatled Opossum), Bellangia, Lagorchestes

ef. leporoides, Macropus, Thylogale, and Rattus.

PLANTS: Hucarya acwninata,

TlumAN rewarns; Against the rock wall and near the middle of the width

of the excavation, at a depth of 190 em., a rectangular block of cliff limestone

(50 em. x 40 em. x 20 ean.) was encountered (fig. 41, ¢). Lt proved to have on

its lower surface a shallow ciredlar (lepression, indicative of its use as a nether

mill, It was uniformly covered with the ereyish-black deposit, and above it

were seals of the yellowish debris containing stratified [nio. Below the slab

was the skeleton of a young child (aet. ¢. 15-18 months). lying on the right side

ina partly flexed position with the head to the north-east. Examination showed

that a grave 1 metre in length and 0-5 metre in width had been exeavated to a

depth of only 35 ein, trom the (then) surface, and that on three sides stones hind

been placed as lining walls, the face of the previously mentioned projecting ledge

of the baek wall forming the fourth side, The slab of limestone was vesting on

the side-stones. Tt was evident that the vault had not been filled im before the

slab was placed in position, for when uncovered it contained fine sifted dust of

the ereyish-blaek bed, and was not conipletely filled.

The almost complete skull (fig. 42), whieh is somewhat distorted, probably

180 RECORDS OF THE S.A, MUSEUM

through pressure of the large slab, and most of the other bones were recovered.

These were stained rich brown. A few measurements of the skull are given.

Martin’s No.

1. Greatest skull length |g-op! .. “5 .. 162

8. Greatest skull breadth |eu—eu| oe oe EG

9. Smallest frontal breadth [ft—ft | wh ae 83

10. Greatest frontal breadth [eo—co | ‘ .. 100

20. HKar-bregma height | po—b| = ae .. 100

Length—breadth index 72

Length—auricular height index. . we mi: 62

A geminate deciduous human incisor was also found in this bed.

Fig. 42. Skull of child from Layer TLT, Devon Downs, norma lateralis (4 nat. size).

Dentttion (T. D. Campbell). The distortion of the skull of the child from

layer I11, mentioned above, has not extended to the jaw region, which is mark-

edly prognathous (fig. 42). The mandible is nearly complete, lacking only ¢

small portion of the ventral margin of the left ramus.

The deciduous teeth are all present and are very large; the partly formed

crowns of the first permanent molars are visible in their erypts, but are not

readily accessible for examination. The dental condition suggests an age

between fifteen and eighteen months.

HALE AND TINDALE—HuMAN REMAINS IN THE MURRAY VALLEY 181

A striking isolated find from this layer consists of an example of the rather

unusual condition of gemination of the deciduous teeth. The teeth concerned

are probably the lower lett central and lateral incisors. There is complete fusion

of the ¢rown and root portions, with a vertical grooving labtally and lngually,

marking the juuetion; the root of the geminate tooth is considerably absorbed.

Arrevacrs: A single mineralized double-pointed bone implement (else-

where called a *tmuduk’?) of a type common in levels V to VIL. This implement

(fig, 154) was associated with a jaw of Lagorchestes ef. leporoies and a tew

other bone fragments, at a depth of 190 em, on the aforementioned roeky ledge

against the back of the shelter; the facies of these remains is characteristic of

layer V and earlier. lt may be surmised, therefore, that they represent a cache

deposit on the ledge. No other boue tmplement was found im either Jayer ILL

ov TV.

Three crude discoidal scrapers, two of chert and one of quartz. Thirty non-

deseript chippings of chert, aid twelve of quarts,

Layer IV (Early Murundian). Consists of a metre of alternating thin

bands of yellow and grey to black deposits. The upper Limit is defined by a

uniform black band af 215 em, ‘There is a well-marked brown strattim, abort

10 em. in thickness, near the bottom of LV and immediately overlaying a thin

black band. The bottom, where not covered by a large fall of rock, is detined

hy a white Jimy deposit forming the wppermost level of our layer VY. In the

area excavated this rock-fall consisted principally of a large block, of a maxi-

mum thickness of a metre, aud oeeupied the ereater part of the area of our

excavation. The shape, position, aid dimensions of this mass show that it has

fallen trom the roof of the shelier. Its former position can be clearly traeed,

and on the smooth surface of the hollow resulting from the detachment of it

are “earvines” of one of the types deseribed by Sheard (1927). The reddish

colour of the upper surface of the falleu mass (due to burning) shows that it

had been the site of numerous fires duving the eccupaney of the lowest levels

of TV,

Mussuns: (yriv ungyasi, Op mubiguus, 0. vittatus, and Corbicula angast,

Univanves: Paludina hanleyt, Bulinus texturatus, aud Melania balonnensis.

Orayviisnu: Puruchacraps bicarindtus and sAslacapsis serratus.

Misi; Oligorus nuequuricusis and Tondanus landanus.

Torrowse: Chelodina longicallis,

Lizarp: Tiliqua and Varanus ef. gouldir,

Biros: Dromacus novde-hallandiae.

Maumans: Jsoodan ¢f obesulus, Pseudochirus, Beliongta, Lagorchestes cf.

leporoides, Macrapus ef. giqunteus (Grey Kangaroo), Thylogule, Lasiorhinus or

Phascolomys (Wombat), Ruttus, and Canis fanriliaris.

182 RrcorbDs oF THE S.A. MusEUM

PLANTS: Buearya acuminata,

OF the mussels (7. anyasi is very common, U. ambiguus moderately pleat,

and € willatus rare,

HuMAN Remains: Ln the ‘brown level’? were some white limy nodules (eon-

fainiue light-coloured remaius of various animals), whieh proved to helone to

layer Vand to have been thrown out ou the surface of this deposit during the

excavation of a deep grave transgressing layer V and part of VI (fie. 41, h. i).

The greatest length of the grave was one inetre and its breadth half a metre,

and it was situated lengthwise against the back wall of the shelter in the only

part not sealed by the big rock-fall, It was traced downward to 480 em. from

dati, where it was found to contain a child’s skeleton proteeted by a few larze

blocks of Tiny material (fig. 41, 7), whieh proved to be consolidated pieces of

the white deposit in laver V. In the mixed debris filling this erave an almost

Mig. 46. Bonth-western wall of ¢xes-

Vig, 44. Samo wall at tater periad of

vilion, showing ptirts of Layers 1V-VI;

excavation, showing remnounts of role

A inlicates unremeved portion of tHe roel

on Layer V (see tig. 41035 ), rock fall on

to Layer VII, befure removal.

fall b; the centimetre seale is standing on

Layer X; O indicates the same spat in

this and the preceeding figure,

Hace AND TINDALE HUMAN REMAINS IN THR MURRAY VALLEY 183

complete human lower jaw and teeth were found at a depth of 400 em, (fig 41,

k). These were enerusted with the limy material characteristic of layer VI, and

are to be assoviated with a few other fragments representing an older burial

which was disturbed by the excavators of the layer 1V grave.

The remains of the ‘brown bed’? infaut when excavated lacked the lower

left lateral ineisor, four upper incisors, aud the right upper canine and pre-

molar. With the exception of the lower lateral, these teeth were subsequently

vecovered on the top of level VLLL, where they had presumably fallen (perhaps

from a pocket in the decmuposed clay-like clift limestone forming the baek wall)

during the breaking up and removal of a big rock (figs. 43-44, b) lying ou

bottom VII in the south-western corner of our excavation. It Is necessary to

direet attention to this apparent flaw in the excavating routine (between the 450

and 480 ei. levels), for this would have affeeted to a greater extent the strati-

wraphieal evidence of layers V to VIL had not the methods adopted enabled its

effect to be limited to a definite, small area avainst the back wall.

Dentition (T. D. Campbell), Portion of a mandible with the proximal parts

of the rami broken off, vepresents the dentition of the infant burial from the

‘“rown level’? of layer LV. All the decidnous teeth are present excepting the

left lateral incisor, The half-fomucd crowns of the permanent iolars are in

their damaged erypts. With the exception of the upper right second molar all

the upper deeiduous teeth were found loose among the debris. These teeth are

large, and present stnilar features as are indicated in the conumenuts on the chill

from layer IIL (p, 216).

Arruracrs: Thirty-one definite inplements, with well-defined retouch work ;

almost all oeenrred in the brown deposit. Twenty-eight are of chert, and three,

which are eruder, are of quartz. They comprise (a) apparent attempts to torn

dise-serapers or ‘fla?’ (figs, 46-48); (b) much worn tala (figs. 40-95), one

with an edge polished by continued use (fig. 58) anc one with an edge and one

flat face also thus polished (fiw, 59); (@) angular serapers, with a long retonched

edge (figs, 60-62); (d) nondeseript ov amorphous (figs. 65-65) ; fig, 63 ilnstrates

a pebble with oue side well worked and with secondary ehippmeg.

In addttion two dinndred and thirty fakes of chert, forty-three of quarts,

and one of quartzite were colleeted.

Lxhaustive seareh did not leing to light any stone implements of definite

type in the layers above TV,

Layer V (Mudukian). This is from 40 to 70 cm. in thickness. Hs upper

part is composed of a pure white consolidated limy band 25. to 30 erm, in thickness,

with one thin darker horizon running through it: nest is a dark brown ashy

deposit 20 em. in thiekuess separated, by a continuous deuse (vio hearth, Frou

184 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MuSEUM

63 64

Fig, 45-65, ‘‘Murundian’* stone implements from Layer 1V, Devon Downs (nat, size),

HALE AND ‘TINDALE-- Human REMAINS IN THE MurRAY VALLEY 1&5

an wnderlying white and grey limy nodular deposit, the bettom of which defines

the lower limit of the layer, When cleared, the top of the upper tony bed hed

an ireewilar surface and a slope upwards to the western side of the exvavation.

Animal remains are relatively less abundant than in other Iayers, especially in

the upper part, where the contained bones ave all bleached white or bluish-wlute.

The back wall, where exposed by excavation, was fonnd to be everywhere

covered with short and, im some cases, deep grooves and scratch marks. (figs.

(1, en, and 66). These extend downwards frou S00 e¢m., to S79 Gm. this

corresponding closely with the vertical depth of the layer under discussion,

rig. 66. Markings (of type A) on wall of shelter opposite Layer V, Devon Downs,

A eavity in the back wall, with a double entrance (at 525 cm., fig. 41, 0, and

vlso near tle middle of fig. 66) contained about 10 cubie em. of sterile grey dust

vnd the apical portion of an obtuse pointed split bone implement (fig, 221).

Mussens: (nig wagasé, 0. aaebiguns, and Corbicula wncess.

Univanyves: Batinus tecturatus, Poludineg hunleyi, and Melania bulonne nsis.

Cravemsnu: Poruchaeraups biewrrmealies.

Bisu: Oligarus macpuaricusts.

Torrone: Bieydiure maeguarea.

Lizarps: Tilique and Awephiboluris.

Binos: Dromaeus nevae-hollandice and Chenopis atrata (Blaek Swan),

186 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Mig. 67-97. ‘Mudukian’? stone implements from Layers V (67-78) and VI (79-97),

Devon Downs (iat, size).

HALE AND TINDALE--HuUMAN REMAINS IN THE MURRAY VALLEY 187

MamaMaus: Peraneles ef. myosura, Layorchestes ef. leporoides, Mucrapus ef.

yiganleus, Lasivrhinus or Phuscolomys, and Rattus.

Armracts: Four bone points, three of which are illustrated (igs. 98-100) ;

three ave fashioned from split bones by seraping and rubbing, while the fourth

(fiy. 8) is part of a pointed long bone. The bone (fig. 221) trom the eavity in

the back wall is similar to implements from layers VL to VIL, which have not

otherwise been found in layer V.

Thirteen stone implements, of yellow, red, and shiny black chert, and of

dull yellow and white chert; eleven are of the worn-out fula type (figs. 67-76).

and the other two are sual! discoidal serapers (ligs. 77-78 )-

The vhippings comprise forty-four of various cherts, six of quartzite, and

seventeen of milky quartz.

In addition there were six small pieces of ochre of three shades.

Layer VI (Mudukian). (n the eastern half of the excavation the white

and vrey lincy nodular deposit of V is preceeded abruptly by a broad band of

brownish-vellow material about 20 em. in thiekuess, On the outer part of the

western half, these two bands are separated by a seattered fall of roeks with a

maxinuim thickness of 20 em, In the south-vestern portion of the hole, agaist

the wall, the top of a large rock was encountered at about 400 em.; this rock

extended downwards through the next layer, and occupied one-fourth of the

area of the excavation. The upper surface of this mass, before remoyal, is shown

in fig. 48.) The brownish-yellow material merges into a dark brown deposit (20

cw. in thiekuess and of similar nature), which is rather well defined, above and

below, by dense layers of broken (ie shell. The lowest stratum of VI is black

and contains much burnt Cae debris, also boue fragments, chippings, and

implements in ereat abundance.

It was diffienl to find mussels sufficiently perfect for determination, ana

only one alinost complete, but fragile valve of Unig nitlafus was secured. anu

ego-shell was abundant.

Mussuens: Unio ambiquus, 0. angast. U. viltatus, and Corbicula angasi.

Univanves: Puludina hunleyt, Bulinus terturclus, and Melania balannensis.

Misi; Oligorus mucquariensis.

Torvoises: Bueydura ef. macauard’ aud Cheladina ef. longicollis,

Lizarps; Trachysaurus rugasus, Tiliqua, and Amphibolurus.

MAMMALS: Surcaphilus et. harvisst (Devil), Perameles ef myosura, Trrehe-

surus ef. eulpecula, Betlongia, Polorous, Lagorchestes ef. leporvides, Macropus

ef. giganleus, Maeropus, Thylogale, Lisiorhinus or Phascoloniys, Hydromys of.

Chryseqauster (Australian Water Rat), and Ret tas.

TluMAN remains. The greater of the lower jaw, some other teeth, and a few

188 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

sli

LLPr

109° 110

pay urn

116 117 128 126

Fig. 98-127, **Mudukian’’ bone implements from Layers V (98-100), VI (101-119), and

Vil (120- 127), Devon Dowus (nat, size),

HALE AND TINDALE—HUMAN REMAINS IN THE MURRAY VALLEY 189

fraements of the ealvarium of a child of about five years of age were found (fie.

41, k and 1); only two of the teeth were taken in layer VI, the rest occurring

in the area disturbed during the burial of the infant from the brown level of

layer LV. Owing to this intrusion it cannot he stated with certainty from whist

level in V ov VI the older remains were first Invied. The jaw when found was

eoated with limy deposit similar to that on bones from layer V1, so that origin-

ally it may have been buried from a snrfaee in that layer, although there ix no

other veason for excluding the possibility of its interment from any level below

the top of layer V.

Dentition (T. D. Campbell). The specimens eonsist of an incomplete man-

dible with the artiewlar portion of the right ramus missing. All the teeth are

present excepting the right deciduous canine. Some of the permanent teeth are

still contained in their erypts, Assoeiated with this jaw were fornd several

papper teeth—a right deciduous first molar and a first permanent premolar wilt

incomplete root,

The condition of the teeth snegests an age of approximately five years. The

attrition is typieal, and on the whole jaw and teeth shows no marked differences

from other voung aboriginal jaws of similar age.

Arreracts: Portions of thirty-seven bone implements, nineteen of which

are figured. Five types are represented, (a) a long, tapering split bone (fig.

101) and two obtusely rounded split bones, which may represent the opposite

extremity of artefaets of the same sort (figs, 102-108) ; (¢) two split hones with

one end truneate or oblique and polished, possibly by use as rubbers or serapers

(figs, 104-105 and 152); (d) thirteen finely-pointed, slender, awl-like bones (Sigs,

106-110) ; (¢) eight double-pointed fusiform artefacts, made from split bone, anid

seraped and highly polished at both ends (figs. 111-117, and 155 and 155); one

example bears a mark in the form of a cross on one face (figs. 113 and 155).

The last-named (fusiform bones) are similar to the type said to have heen

used for fishing (seo p. 205); as their name is unknown, the Murundian word for

hone, “Snmadul’? is here adopted for them. A single example was found ov the

ledge opposite laver TTT,

Other fragments of bone implements include broken points (figs. 118-119)

and shafts similar to that from layer V, illustrated in fig, 100.

Of twenty-four stone artefaets, nineteen are of chert and five of quartz.

Twelve are worn-out (ufa ovr fraements of sneh (fies, T9-87 and 128-150). six are

nondeseript microliths and irreeular flakes with secondary work (figs 92-97),

and six are discoidal or subdiscoidal ‘thumbnail’? serapers (figs. 88-91).

Chippings without retonch comprise one hundred and forty of various

cherts, one hundred and twelve of quartz. and twenty-five of quartzite.

190 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MusSEUM

Other detritns inelides a piece of resin (?Yanthorrheea) and seventy -tive

fragnients of various ochres.

Layer VII (Mudukian), Consists of a layer, 10-25 em. in thickness, of

hrownish deposit, containing some yellow cliff debris. Lt is shallowest near the

wall. The big rock mass in the south-western corner (inentioned as extendine

upwards through V1) rests on the bottom of this layer (fig. 44, b).

Jaws of small manminals are particularly abundant; fish bones are searee,

and no crustacean remains were found. The bulk of the debris, other than Uaioe

shells and ash. consists of hone fragments; relatively the oceupational debris is

inneb more abundant in this thin layer than in any of the other layers above,

Mougsenus: (nie angasi, U. viltatus, OU. ambiguus, and Corbienla angast.

Univanvns: Paladin hanley, Bulinus texturalus, aul Melania balannensis.

Misu: Oligorus macguartensts, Pleetropliles ambiquus, aud Tandanus lan-

Hanus.

Torrotses : Chelodina and Kinydura.

terrTines; Tiliqua, Amphibolurus, and Trachysaurus rugosus.

Biros: Dromarus novae-hollundiae, Querquedula (Teal),

Mamata: Dasyurus ef. geoffrayt (Black-tailed Native Cat), Dasynius of.

mverrinus (Common Native Cat), Perameles ef. amyosurd, Trichosurus, Bel-

fongia, Lagorchestes ef. leporoides, Macropus cf. gigantens, Macropus, and

Lasiorhinus or Phascolomys.

Arreracts: Portions of thirteen bone implements, of which eight are

figured. The types represented are (a) two examples of the aeutely pointed

split bones (fig. 120); (b) two sfouter examples dressed to a more obtuse point

(fig. 121); (¢) five examples of slender round bones taperine to a fine point

(figs, 122-124) ; one of these was later assoviated with portion of its butt-end, as

shown in fig. 197; (cl) two of the double-pointed fusiform type (fies. 125-126 and

156); («) a single rough bone fragment, the end polished to a point, the re-

mainder wholly unworked (fig. 127).

One quartz-crystal and seventeen chert implements; fourteen of the latter

are much-worn dua (figs. 135-147); wmother has had less use (fig, 148).

Of three crude microliths, one is a subspherical erystal ‘‘thumbnail’’ seraper

(fig. 150) and two are flat, sub-reetanenlar chert serapers (fies. 149, 151). One

much-pounded quartz pebble hammer-stone was recovered.

Chippings include sixty of chert, thirty-five of quartz, and nine of quartzite.

Sixteen ochre fragments, of five grades, were present.

Layer VIII (Pirrian). This layer is composed of from 30 to 40 em. of

erey homogeneous miterial, containing only one well-defined stratified Unio

horizon. In our field data we note ‘there is a sudden change in the character

HALE AND TINDALE—-HUMAN REMAINS IN THE MURRAY VALLEY 191

i 2

adi

Fig, 128-151, ¢*Mudukian’? stone implements from Layers VE (128-184) and VII

(135-151), Devon Downs (nat. size),

192 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

of the deposit and its contents; at first sight we were inclined to consider it

comparatively sterile, but this was only because of the different type of remains.

Small mammal jaws seem to be scarce, and bone fragments are commonly those

of larger animals.’’ At the conclusion of the clearing of this layer we comment

‘there is a greater bulk of bone fragments than in any other layer; also more

broken Unio debris. The material is very dirty throughout, so that one does not

realize the amount present in unsifted and unwashed material.’’

157a 157b

Fig. 152-157. ‘*Mudukian’? bone implements from Layers VI (152-153), VIL (155-157),

amd the example from deposit on ledge opposite Laver TIT (154), Devon Downs (nat. size).

Musseus: Unio ambiguus, U. angasi, and Corbicula angasi.

Untvatves: Paludina hanleyt, Bulinus lexturatus, and Melanta balonnensis,

Cravrisii: Purachaeraps (carpus of a cheliped).

Fisu: Oligorus (very large vertebrae and a statolith).

Torvotses: Hmydura ef macquarti and Chelodina ef, longicollis,

Lizarps: Truchysaurus rugosus and Amphibolurus.

Birps: Dromaecus novae-hollandiae.

Mamas: Surcophilus ef. harrissi, Perameles ef. myosura, Trichosurus ef.

HALE AND TINDALE—HUMAN REMAINS IN THE MURRAY VALLEY 193

vulpeculu, Bettongia, Lagorchestes cf. leporoides, Macropus ef. giganteus, Mac-

rapus, Phascolomys ov Lasiorhinus, and Rattus.

Awreracts: One complete and vighteen broken bone implements. The types

represented are: (a) blnft-pomted round bones (fies. 158-161 and 174; (b)

several shafts of scraped round bones; (@) two awls (figs. 162-163 and 175) ; (d)

four points and ihree butts of split bone implements (figs. 164-170 and 173);

(e) a broken tragment of bone with abraded or polished edges; this bears four

transverse incisions uear one end, and has been broken across at the first and

longest of these cuts (fig. 171).

Pig, 158-171, §! Pirrian?? bone implements from Layer VIL, Devon Downs (nat. size).

The round-bone, bluff-pointed type, is represented by one almost perfect

example and by several portions. They are made from the fibulae of wallabies.

In the best preserved example the thicker end is tapered suddenly to an aeute,

highly polished point; the other end is slightly injured, but was also apparently

pointed (fig. 174). Marks of the seraping tool employed in its manufacture are

evident over practically the whole of the surface. Two fragments (one of which

is shown in fig. 159) probably represent the extremities of another example of

this type; the tool marks on their surfaces are similar. Fie, 161 represents a

specimen whieh has become split longitudinally, and has ihen received further

194 RECORDS OF THE §.A, MUSEUM

seraping and polishing on the broken face near the tip. The ereater part ot a

large flat split bone implement, lacking only the point, bears several deep in-

cisions (fig. 173). The posterior portion was photographed (fie, 168) before

the remainder was found in the bone debris brought back to Adelaide in lull.

172c

173a

i73c

ATe

Among the stone implements are fifteen examples of a type whieh is not

found in any layer above; these wre leaf-shaped points, fashioned from flakes of

dull chert (figs. 176 and 188-1849), In the manufacture it wontd uppear ihat

an elongate leaf-like flake, triangular or trapezoidal in eross-section. was struck

off from a prepared core which had a flat striking platform. This flake was

thinnest at the point of final separation from the core. Ts ventral sntface is

ushally free trom marked ripples, while radiating fissures are gene ‘ally confined

to the point of impact; a positive Imlh of perenssion is atten apparent. The

dorso-lateral margins and posterior angles are retonehed by hannuerflaking and

the basal portion (striking platfornt) may or may not be retouched, This type

of implement has been figured by Horne and Aiston (1924, pp 80-91) vneler the

HALE AND TINDALE—HUMAN REMAINS IN THE MURRAY VALLEY 195

name of ‘pirrie’? (pirri); and although their application was seemingly made

in error fsee p, 205) this published name is here adopted in preference to any

other.

177a 177c 177b

Big, 176-177. (¢Pirrian’? stone implements from Layers VITL and TX, Devon Downs (net.

Other stone artefacts include two quartz diseoidal scrapers, possibly tu/a with

much-yorn edges (fies. 198-194) ; the refractory material is evidently not suit-

able for continued retouch. Two chert fala are similar to worn examples from

layers above (figs. 190-191); three other implements may have been fafa, but

have been retouched in an anomalous manner (fies. 192. 195, and 197).

Six small implements do not correspond to any special type. They comprise

a pointed chert flake (fig. 198) with retouched baek; an elongate oval flake (fig.

196) chipped all round, an irregular concave seraper with two notches (fig. 199),

an oval fragment retouched on both faces (fig. 202), and two irregular or broken

chips with secondary work on one marem only (figs. 200-201),

196 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Chippings include ninety of various cherts, mostly of a dull white appear-

ance, thirty-four of milky quartz, and six of quavtzite, Only two small trag-

ments of red ochre were recovered.

Fig. 178-189. §*Pirrian?? stone implements fram Layers VII (183-189) and TX

(178-182), Devon Downs (nat, size),

Layer IX (Pirrian), Consists of a nearly horizontal layer 30 to 35 em. in

thickness, of greyish-brown material, showing few signs of lamination. The

ratio of debris to ash is high, Bone fragments, usually of larwe animals, are

numerous, but jaws are searee. Unio anges’ is abundant; many of the shells are

large, all are fragile, and only a few eonld be saved for measurement. One

example, 41 cm. in width, was exceptionally thiek shelled (6-9 mm,). Sireaphi-

lus is here represented by portion of a mandible and some other bones.

Mousses: Unio angasi, 0. ambiguus, U. villalus (a single example), anid

Corbicula angasi.

Univawuves: Paludina hanteyi, Bulinus texturatus, Melania balonnensis, and

YXanthomelon ef. eyrei (two examples).

Fisn: Oligorus (very large yertebrac).

HALE AND TINDALE—-HUMAN REMAINS IN THE MURRAY VALLEY 197

Torrorses: Chelodina ef. longicollis and Emydura.

Lizarps: Amphibolurus and Trachysaurus.

3inp: Dromaeus novae-hollandiae.

Mammats: Sarcophilus ef. harrissi: (fig. 214), Perameles cf. myosura, Bel-

fongia, Lagorchestes ef. leporoides, Thylogale, Macropus, Lasiorhinus or Phas-

colomys, and Rattus.

Arreracts: Portions of eleven bone implements: (a) parts of three ‘‘round-

hone’? points (figs. 203-204, 212, and 223) ; (b) the rounded butt of a long arte-

fact with the usual indications of scraping (fig. 205 and 222); this is possibly

made from a bone of Sarcophilus ef. harrissi, as portion of a jaw of this animal

from the same horizon exhibits the same peculiar graining and staining (fig.

199

Fig. 190-202, ‘¢Pirrian’?’ stone implements from Layer VILT, Devon Downs (nat. size).

198 RecoRDS oF THE S.A. MusEUM

214); (e) six split-bone points (figs, 206-211 and 225-226); (a) a small irregular

hone chip, partly scraped and polished to a point (fig. 213); (e) a roneh bene

with numerous fine incisions on one faee, and coarse cuts on one marein: this is

perhaps a bone marked by the teeth of an animal, but it resembles the bone

implement used as a compressor among some uatives who practise pressure

Haking (fig. 224).

”?

Pig, 208-221, §* Pirrian

Sarcaphatns ef, harvissi, Luyer LX (208-214) and Layer NX (215-221), Devon Downs (nat. sive).

bone dnplements and portion of right ranms of jaw of

Stone artefacts include nine parry of white or grey chert (Jigs. 177, 179-182,

and 240-241) and two of quartz (fig, 175); also one large crescentrie implement

(fig. 229) of dull grey chert, with a linely flaked convex margin. One elougate

pebble hannner-stone of quartzite, only + em. in leneth, with battered ends and

sides, has a wellamarked depression on one face.

Indefinite ¢hippings include sixty-one of chert, almost all either white or

grey, twelve of quartz and one core of white chert from which pirrd may have

been struck, No ochre was apparent, but a piece of pipe-clay was seenved.

HALE AND TINDALE—HUMAN REMAINS IN THE MURKAY VALLEY 199

Layer X (Pirrian). The presence of a thin darker band and a slight

change of colour of material assists in separating layers LX aud X. Layer X

is 20 to 24 em. in thickness, and is largely composed of consolidated yellowish-

vrey material which breaks in large coherent lumps. Although this layer is only

1-7 metres above low river level it was dry. Much of the debris near the wall

consists of sterile decomposed cliff, a shelf of which juts out and at the bottom

of the leyel occupies the inner half of our excavation, This ledge is much red-

dened by fire, and in places the vock is thus affeeted for from 10 to 15 em. from

its Face, Many burnt hearth-stoues of cliff material were present. The animal

debris is similar to that of the layer above. Several lenticular Cnio hearths

were preseut. fn this and the lower layers charcoal is abundantly preserved.

Mussens: Unio angasi, CU. mitlatus, and Corbicula angast.

Untwanves: Bulinus lecturatus, Paludina hanteyi, and Helie,

isis; Oligorus macquariensis and Tandanus fandanus.

Torvorse: Chelodina ef. expanse.

Birps: Dromudcus novde-hallandioe, and Ducks (spp. unknown),

Manaus: fsovdon, Trichosurus, Bellongia, Layorchestes el leporoies,

Thaylogale, Macropus of. giganteus, Meerapus, Hydromys et. chrysogaster, aud

Rallus.

The turtle bones from this layer, although fraementary, exhibit differences

from those of the turtles uow living in the Lower River Miavay. They were

therefore refertved to Mer. Ueber A. Longman (Diveetor of the Queensland

Museum), who kindly examined them, Ile writes: ‘It seems to me that the

fragments agree best with Cleladim ecpansa, especially in the extension of the

border of the isehimu to near the emargination of the plastron, ‘The proximal

moiety of the right liinerus agrees fairly well in its contours with that of a

meditme-sized specimen of Che/odime expansa, Ut is unfortunate that the com-

plete sutures of the inter@ular shield are not present.’

Arreracrs: Parts of nine bone implements inclide: (2) portions of three

round bones (fig, 215); (b) the bliff-pointed tip of a split bone implement

(fiw, 216); (e) five split bone points (figs. 217-220), three of which apparently

have been formed from uutrimmed splinters, and only the point bears indications

of seraping or polishing (figs, 219-220),

Stone artefacts include ten chert pirrd (ies. 280-239); two sinall chert

strapers, one irregular and the other erescentric; one large, irregular, reet-

anenlar, white chert seraper, with one conewve worked cdge; two mieroliths (i

quartz disc and wa irregular chert), and part of a quartzite lammer-stone,

Chippings comprise forty-five of chert, mostly dull yellow or grey, and four

of quartz. Two pieces of pipe-clay were fonnd, but no red oehre.

200 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

223a 223b

225b 2256 q 226a

226c

examples from Layer XT (227-228), Devon Downs (iat, size).

Layer XI (Pre-Pirrian). Con

thickness, which oecupied only the northern half of the area of the exeavatiou

ts of a nearly horizontal layer, 30 em, in

owing to the outward slope of the eliff here forming the floor of the shelter:

thus the bulk of the material examined is mueh smaller than in other layers.

The deposit is yellowish, somewhat earthy, consolidated, and dry, and contains

tnuch gritty cliff material.

HALE AND TINDALE—HUMAN REMAINS IN THE MURRAY VALLEY 201

Unio sbell is relatively scarcer than in layer X; burnt pieces of cliff lime-

stone aud burnt limy eoneretions are move plentiful than in any other layer.

Missens: (ye (many fragments, not determinable) and Carbrenla angust.

Univanves: Buliwus lecturates, Paludine henleyi, Melunia balonnensis, and

NVanthonelon ef. eyrei.

isu: Oligarus.

Tortomn: Not identifiable.

Manaus: Trichosurus ef. vulpecula, Bellongte, Lugarehestes ef, leparoides,

Muacropus of, giganteus, and Macropus.

229 2296

Fig, 229. §*Pivrign’? stone implement from Layer EX, Deyon Downs (nat, size).

Human remains: A single very worn deciduous tooth; the crown portion

of an upper left deciduous incisor. The crown has been large, but is considerably

worn by attrition, The root has apparently been absorbed away, and only two

ov three millimetves of it remain.

Arteracrs: Gone duplentents are represented by au alinest perfect example

of an aecute-pointed round bone (fig. 227) and by an irregular piece of split

hone showing polishing marks (fig, 228).

No stone implements were present, A nondeseript piece of chert exhibits

doubtful retouch. Thirty-one ehert chippings, and two of quartz were en-

countered, together with one piece of pipe-clay and two ef red ochre.

Layer XII (Pre-Pirrian). Con

ihiekuess of 55 em. whieh ocenpierd the outer third of the exeayation and

sts of a pocket of debris, of a maximum

extended everywhere ta the roek botiom, The material is earthy and dark in

colowr, and contaiis burnt stones, sparse Cvroe shell, and much ehareoul. Roek

boulders, many showing the effects of fire, were abundant. (vie and other

202 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

ocenpational detritus were found adhering to the floor of the shelter and in

crevices in the rocky floor.

The bulk of deposit examined was relatively small; it is poor in occupational

debris in comparison with the layers immediately above; it may be mentioned,

however, that the portion of the floor of the shelter exposed by the excavation

was rugged and uninviting as camping ground. Lf further excavations are

undertaken it would be well to devote some time to the examination of this layer

at a point further away from the wall; the general downward trend of the floor

of the shelter is rapid, but that of the surface of the layer is gradual, indicatine

that a considerable outward extension of it may be expected.

werg

Vig. 280-241. §* Pirrian’? stone implements from Lavers [X (240-241) aud X (2d0-259),

Devon Downs (nat. size),

Mussens: Unio ungasi, 0. villatus, and Corbicula angast.

Univatves: Bulinus tertwratus, Puludina hanleyi, and Nanthometon ef.

eyrel.

Frei: Oligarus.

Torroise: Unidentifiable fragments.

Birps: Drumiacus novac-hollundiae (vertebrae); wnidentifiable bones of other

birds,

HALE AND TINDALE—HuUMAN REMAINS IN THE MURRAY VALLEY 203

MAMMALS: Sareophilus (or ? Canis) (fragment of two-rooted tooth only),

Trichosirus ef. vulpecula, Hydromys ef. chrysogaster, and Rallus,

Artruracrs: No implements, either of bone or of stone, were recovered.

Chippings ineluded ten of chert and one of quartz. There was also a single

plece of pipe-clay.

IV. DISCUSSION.

The transportation of stone by the natives is evident at both Tartanga and

Devon Downs, because, with the exception of white and grevish cherts and the

fossiliferous marine limestone and travertine, all of the stones are foreign to the

localities. The nearest outerops of Pre-Cambrian rocks are on the Rhine Creek,

about four kilometres south-west. At Tartanga itself the fossiliferous limestone

of the eliff is not found except when it has been transported there and utilized

as hearth or oven stones, as evidenced by the burnt fragments occurring in strata

b to Ky

Cherts, phyllites, micaccous schist, quartzite, quartz, lamprophyre, and

igneous rocks occur as burnt or broken fragments, hammer-stones or imploments,

at Tartanga; similar series have been found in the Deyon Downs shelter,

SEQUENCE OF CULTURAL PHASES AT TARTANGA AND

DEVON DOWNS.

A study of (he results of the excavations at Tartunga and Devon Downs

seems to show the presence of a sequence of cultures here temued (in asceudiny

order) Tartangan, Pre-Pirrian, Pirrian, Mudukian, and Murundian, the first-

named beng separated from the others by a time lapse of unknown duration.

The terms ‘SMuchukian’’ and ‘*Pirrian’? are derived from the names of the

typical implements represented, and the word ‘* Muruudian’’ from the local sub-

tribal name of the latest occupants of the district.

Although the maduk was not found in the sparse oecupational bands of

layer V, the facies of the material recovered is similar to that from layers VU

and VIT (whieh contain the wudui) vather than to that trom layers above it;

it is therefore avbitravily termed Mudukian herein, Laver Vy and the brown

horizon in layer LY may perhaps be regarded as transitional to the Murundian

series.

This sequence of culture-phases from the Tartangan upward is couvenieutly

shown in the following table :

204

CuLTURE-

PTIASES.

Tartangan

Pre-pirrian

Pirrian

Mudukian

Karly

Mauruncian

lLiate

Muruncian

RECORDS OF THE S.A, MUSEUM

SITE.

Tartanga beds

A-E

Devon Downs

XI-XII

Devon. Downs

VILL to X

Devon Downs

layers V to VIT

Devon Downs

layers LIL to TV

Devon Downs

layer |

SALIENT FAUNA,

Unio protovittatus

Bulinus mueh more

abundant than J/e-

lana, Unio vittatus

Large mammals com-

mon, Sarcophilus

cf. harrissi. Chelo-

ding cf. expansa.

Unio vittalus

Small mammals nu-

merous. Sarcophilus

cf. harrissi. Unio

villatus

All are existing species

of animals. Unio vit-

lalus

All are existing spe-

cies. Unio villatus.

Melania much more

abundant than Bu-

linus

It is difficult at present to define the relationship

INDUSTRIES,

Stone and bone incdus-

try. Large patinated

diseoidal serapers,

coarsely — retouched ;

coarse bone imple-

ments,

Seant bone industry ;

stone chippings, but

no implements — re-

covered, |Not well

known. |

Rich stone and bone

industry. Tula rare

in upper and absent

from lower — layers.

Leaf points (ptrri)

abundant; double -

pointed bones

(muduk) absent.

Rich stone and bone in-

dustries including lula

and double-pointed

bones (mauduk). Roek

markings, Type A.

Degenerating stone in-

dustries; adze stones

(lula) common only

at beginning; bone

artefacts very rare.

Rock markings, Type

Degenerate stone cul-

ture. Roek markings,

Type C.

between the Tartangan

material and that occurring: in the eliff shelter, but, as already stated, there is

a time-lapse, of unknown duration, between them.

more primitive than the Pirrian and succeeding cultures.

The Tartangan culture is

HALE AND TINDALE—FIUMAN REMAINS IN THE MURRAY VALLEY 205

The ‘‘leaf-point’? stone artefacts characteristic of layers VITL to X (fies.

176-189 and 2580-241), and for which the name pret is herein adopted, have

long been known from old camp-sites in many paris of southern Australia, but

their nse antonest livine tribes has not been observed. Lorne and Aiston (1924,

pp. 90-91, ete, and fie, 67) illustrate examples of this implement under the

Woukanguru name ‘pirrie,’? regarding it as the forerunner of # simpler flake

in use to-day; this less developed flake is fastened to a stick with gum and used

as a drill (see also Brough Smyth, 1878, p. 380, fig. 200). ILorne and Aisten

write: “Tt is used asa eraving tool... . and occasionally... . as a drill for

light boring work. . 2 2 . The art of making these seems to be lost among the

tribes here, thoueh one old man showed me how they were made hy pressure.

T have fonnd bondreds that were beantifully ehtpped 2. 2. but those msed) by

the blacks to-day are simply any sharp-pointed stone.’

Thus it is evident that the elongate triau@ular inplement with retouched

edges and prepared butt is unknown amone livine Wonkeneuru natives. It

seems possible that this artefact may have been a spear-head; certainly it is

typologically distinet from the modern flake-crill, and seems to have heen

fashioned entirely by hammer flaking, aot by pressure, Nevertheless, it secnis

convenient to acopt the name applied by ILorne and Aiston to the ‘‘leaf-flake’’

in order te avoid further confusion, and to regard the examples figured by thei

as typical.

The implements recovered seem to indieate that the people of Mudukian

horizons were the last at Devon Downs to extensively utilize bone implements;

most of the examples are smaller than those common in) Pirrian and earher

layers, The ‘inwdud, or supposed fishine-bone, the inost characteristic of these

hone artefacts, apparently was not used by Murtindian people; it has been found

in Vietoria, on sand-hummocks between Tower Till and Port Fairy, and bas

been indirectly recorded by Brough Smviti (1878) from Geelone as having been

uscd by uatives within reeent times. Tn the ae¢ompanying drawing (fig. 242)

a line is shown attached to one of the nduk from Devon Downs im the manner

illustrated hy Brough Smyth; it is worthy of note that sheht grooves are presert

on the edges of the bone where encircled by the string (compare figs. 111. 15%.

and 242, all illustrations of the same specimen).

Local native legends indieate that within tribal memory there has been a

southward movement of peoples from up river; it would seem that, if this

movement is linked with Murundian levels, the latest eultural phase has not

extended to the coastal paris of castern Victoria, where people of a somewhat

earlier phase (possibly comparable with the Mudukian) existed nntil the present

time. Additional evidence is necessary, however, before this theory ean be defi-

206 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

nitely advaneed, bit the oeeurvence would perhaps be similar to the known

replacement aud absorption of the very primitive Wirrangu people of the West

Coast of South Australia by the somewhat more adyanced inland Knkata natives

from the north, a movement which is still in progress.

243 a

”

Fig, 242. 'f Pishitie hone

: slhinwhig Tine attached atter the manner indicated by Brough

Sanyth.

Pig. 245. Extremity of adze showing method of mounting i gun, sid wearing of stone

’ (Gascoyne Distriet, W. Aust., S.ALM., No. A 4285).

Fig. 244. Bone awl from Prew River, Contrnal Australia, Aranta Tribe, S.A.M. No,

A TITS (nat. size).

The Murindian may be conveniently divided into an earlier and later pliase.

The latter is probably that of the aborigines who, until the advent of the white

nan, occupied the country from Rhine Creek northward to Northavest Bene;

the Devon Downs shelter is still occasionally used by the laueerine vernaiits oF

ihe tribe, The principal objects of their culture, at the time of their first contact

with Europeans, included the following: Polished basalt axes (purre-liinr),

alinost certainly traded from western Vietoria and the south-east of South Ans-

tralia (fie. 245); adzes (amearrupung), formed by fixing with gum a diseoidal

flint to the end of a stiek 20 to 30 em. in length. Wooden weapons comprised

liehi spears (hater) of teatree (Leptospermum) and reed (Phragmites con-

munis), whieh were thrown with a spearthrower (ngewreangko); small spears

called Aajeko, and heavy javelins; waddies (purra), fighting stieks (makita). and

long, double-edged, heavy stieks (ladnannakha), and shields, both plain (far-

HALE AND TINDALE—HUMAN REMAINS IN THE MURRAY VALLEY 207

rama) and ornamented (fayarukko). Climbine-sticks (hallko) were used for

ascendimg red gum trees (Hucalypins rostrata), by driving them into the thiek

hark: they were also utilized, with or without stone axes, for eatting out elongate

sheets of gum bark, from which canoes were made; the larger canoes were called

yunagguip, smaller ones wine, Bags and baskets included the puwette, or

rush-basket, netted hags (dlenko and rakka), food-bags (rtinghi), and bark

dishes (yepille).

Rig. 45, Basalt axe head, Claypans, River Murray, S.A.M. No. A 14592 (iit. size).

Mish were caught in nets (ratte), and ducks by other nets (nonyhunt) sus-

pended between trees near the ends of lagoons. Spinning stieks (bakin aud

wirrilpi) were used im the manufacture of strings for nets and for articles of

dress such as hair girdles (kerrerun). Pur-skin cloaks (Honk) were worn:

stuffed skins were used as beating pads (/apparingi) during dancing, Nose-pegs

fromuman) of bone and wood were made, and bone awls (pudagutla) fashioned

from parts of tibiae of kungeasoos and cmus were utilized for the sewing of skins.

The adze (marrupung) mentioned above is recorded for the Muruidi tribe

on the authority of one observer (Moorhouse, 1846, p. 37). Tt seems probable

208 RECORDS OF THE S.A, MUSEUM

> were ‘tadze-stones’’ primarily

that the implements referred to herem as ‘tule?

mounted iv eum in the well-known manner (fig. 243), but that when consider-

ably reduced in size by continued retouch after wear they were used in the

finwers as ereseentic or “bigh-haecked’”’ serapers. Evidence of continued use

alter reduction is perhaps furnished by examples with partly polished edges and

face found in layer TY of the Devon Downs shelter (fies, 98-59). Tada, worn or

otherwise, are but seldom found on camp-sites in the Murray Valley known to be

of recent origin, wd from the evidence of the shelter it is suggested that they

had become almost obsolete before the advent of the first Muropeans.

“Conearrate

A half-caste native, 80 years of age, revently informed us that the

pung”? was.a polished stone axe, and that his people (on the lower River Murray)

did not nse adge-stones mounted on a stick,

Mr. F. Preiss, the owner of the land on which Tartanga is situated, states

that atter the bie flood in 1917 he found a human skelfon exposed on the river

hank in the Upper Beds dealt with in this paper. TH was buried in a flexed

position, with the head to the west, and associated with it was a black stone

polished axe-head, now in the possession of Mr. F. A. ©. Bleeser.

The detritus left by the late Murundians in the top layer of the Devon

Downs shelter furnishes only a limited view of their culture. For example, no

wooden objects have survived even in this layer; a stiek driven into the damp

outer zone of the shelter debris by the authors became riddled by termites within

six months, so it is evident that wooden implements would be speedily destroyed.

ROCK MARKINGS.

Apart from ornamentation on weapons, utensils, and fhe hody, the only

signs of art, and the only evidence which would survive, are furnished by rock-

earyines and paintings; the last-named are at present known within the

Murvndian iribal area from Taylands, twelve kilometres to fhe north of

Blanehetown (Sheard, 1928). but carvines have been found at Woneulla,

Frommm’s Landing, Swan Reach, ete. (Hale and Tindale, 1925, and Sheard,

1927 and 1928).

Scores of these carvings oveur on the walls and roof of Devon Downs

shelter. From time to time laree sections of the roof and walls, bearing carv-

ings, have fallen on to various layers in the rock shelter, thus exposing new

surfaces for ornamentation.

The character and position of these markings suggest that they may be

divided into three groups, namely ;

Type A, characteristic of Layers V to VI, or earlier,

Type B, characteristic of Layers IT to TV,

Type ©, charaeteristic of Layer I.

HALE AND TINDALE—HUMAN REMAINS IN THE MURRAY VALLEY 209

Fig. 246. Rock carvings (type B) from roof of shelter, Devon Downs,

210 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Rock markings of type A are present only on the well-preserved rocky

wall opposite layer V (fig. 66). They consist exclusively of “sharpening”

marks similar to those which can be produced by rubbing a piece of bone

against the roek. Some of them may have been made by the inhabitants of

layer V, but others must have been produced before VI was deposited. They

therefore seem to belong to the phase herein termed Mudtukian. The markings

In places occur in groups, radiating upwards from a common centre, suggesting

# sequence of sharpening marks made by a single person.

Wg. 247. Western corner of Devon Downs Shelter, showing carvings of type B (left)

aul type C (right); a indicates the rock fall from this wall on the right of the dotted line,

In the lowest layers of the shelter the faces of chff and fallen boulders are

so decomposed that they have not preserved markings, if such were present,

Carvings of type B consist of meandering lines of great leneth, tortoises,

bird tracks, and “sun” designs, together with rows of small and larger holes

such as could be made by rotating a firestick or a javelin with the butt against

the rock (fig. 246). These carvings have been largely protected from atmos-

pherie weathering by a thick carbonaceous deposit resulting from fires lit in

the shelter, An early limit for the carvings of type B at Devon Downs is

indicated by the rock which fell on to the uppermost level of laver V (see figs.

41, e, f, and 48, a), thus exposing part of the present roof of the shelter, upon

HALE AND TINDALE ~HUMAN KEMAINS IN THE MURRAY VALLEY 211

which markings of type B were subsequently carved. From land sartaees

below layer I artificial aid to enable the artists to reach the roof would have

heen necessary for the exeention of these carvines, On the soft roek of some

parts of the baek wall of the shelter, type 1b carvings are obseured by super-

imposed examples of type C, but elsewhere there is little snperimposition.

The big rock which fell on to the uppermost level of layer IL, in the western

corner of the shelter (figs. 40 and 247, a), bears on its now lower face markites

associated with meandering lines and tortoise figures of the same type as those

on the roof and bauek wall immediately to the east of the place ovenpied by it

(fio, 246), On the space cleared by this fall, however (fig. 247), are munerous

warkines of type C, newer in appearance, and consistiny of straight-line mark-

invs and other desigus, of whieh a composite series vathered From yarious faces

in the shelter and on the cliff to the east aud west are shown in fie. 248; the

eight depicted at the top of the figure are from the spaee vacated ly the

rock-fall, Incidentally, knowledge of the occupational debris from Muriundian

levels was supplemented by the material excavated frome beside and beneath

this fallen voek; layers [oto upper TLL were passed through during this

excavation,

FOOD REMAINS AND FAUNAL CHANGES,

The only manimals of which recognizable remains haye yet been obtained

frown the Tartangan beds are Opossion (Uiiehosirus ef. oulpecula)d and Wan-

garoos (Thiylogdle sp. and Macropus of. giguuteus); Concerning the latter Mr,

LH. TL. Finlayson comments as follows: **The three fragmentary lower jaws cach

comprise the posterior third of the body of the ramus, minus the ascending por

tion; the latter having been broken away at the base of the coronoid. Three

distinct individuals are represented, and the teeth include a right third molar, a

right fonrth molar, a broken third molar, and part of a meht fourth molar.

Several teeth were freed sufficiently from investing material and from cement,

for accurate measurement. ’?

“A right third molar has a leneth of 18m, and width of 7-5 man, (auterior

lobe), The mean values of these dimensions in a series of twelve WW. giguitens

are 13mm. aud 8 non. A vight fourth molar has a leneth of 14 mun. and a width

of 10 mm, whereas the mean value for these dimeusions in seven fourth lower

molars of WM. giganteus is 14°3 mm, and 8-4 mm. respectively, The fourth molar

is clifferent, iherefore, in that its width exceeds by 18 per cent. the valie charae-

teristic of modern IW. giyanteus, and in faet is a millimetre wider than the largest

Fourth molar measured.’?

NQ |Z

HALE AND TINDALE—HUMAN REMAINS IN THE MURRAY VALLEY 213

The eharacter of the aniual food remains at various levels of the shelter,

and at Tartanga, affords some indi¢ation of the habits of successive occupants.

The inhabitants of Tartangan times exploited river foods, such as fish, shells,

and tortoises, although the presence of bone implements and the bones of some

larve animals prove that they were also hunters,

The Pirrian peoples were also well adjusted to a river environment. tn

early Mudukian times they were suddenly followed by people who apparently a

first fed larvely upon the small manunals of the platus, bid nevertheless possessed

the donble-pointed fusiform fishing-bones (wurde ’*). In later levels they seen.

to have become more adjusted to river conditions, and fvesh-water foods play a

mueb lareer part in their diet. The assumption of the sudden appearance of

these dwellers at Devon Downs is strengthened by the abrupt disappearance of

the stone *pirr,”’ followed immediately by the arrival of the bone **madwh,’* ete.

During the examination of the food debris of Devow Downs shelter all the

specimens of Melania, Bulinus, aud Corbiculu in each layer were collected, ‘These

shells are of insignificant size, aud doubtless were all carried incidentally to the

place, ancl therefore may furnish au mdex of ther relative abundance in the

locality at different periods of time.

The accompanying graph (fig. 240), based on the vertical distribution of

about a thousand examples, shows that in the lowest layers JJelmed is rare or

practically absent; in later levels it tends to become more plentiful, and i

layer Lit is common. Lulinus, on ihe other hand, is plewtiful in the lowest levels,

but tends to decrease in number in the upper layers, Corbicula seems to have

the same progressive tendeney to decrease iu abundance, as does Bulinus.

In reading the graph mental corrections must be made for the differences

in thickuess of the layers (iudieated by the vertical columms), and therefore oi

the bulk of the debris from whieh the shells were taken. In the graph a corres.

tiow has been wade i the height of these coliunns to allow for the fact that only

portions of the floor of the excavation were occupied by detritus in the cases of

layers XL and XI,

lt will be seen that if the above-mentioned correction ts made Bulinius is

115 times more abundant in NIT than it is in the same bulk of muterial from

layer Lo Ti may be remarked that Budines has a thin, fragile shell, which world

not tencl to preserve as well as the rugose, thick shell of Ielanc.

Melanie is stated to be sometimes indicative of brackish water conditions,

whereas Bidinus ts a tresh-water chveller (Watts, 1905). Thus the eraph

suggests that diuring the period of deposition of the muaterial in the shelter there

has been a progressive modification in environmental conditions dne to elimatic

chanves ju the cireetion of the semi-arid conditions of (he lower watershed

characteristic of the present time,

214 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

With the exception of some mussels (Uawo ef. stuartt) from layer TIT, the-

(yio fauna varied little in all layers of the shelter; in lower layers they were

much decomposed, and broke readily on being disturbed. All the examples of

Uv angasi and U. villalus examined were thin-shelled,

SMALL MOLLUSCA IN

DEVON DOWNS SHELTER

SSS ny

“SSS SSS

LAYER THICKNESS

)

]

elania

a ms

Fig, 249, Graph showing variations in the relative abundance of Melania, Bulinus, aad

Corbicula during the deposition of o¢cupational debris in Devon Downs Shelter. (The curves

have not been corrected for differences in the thickness of the Jayers.)

In Pirrian times Paludina was apparently used as food, for it is only in

these levels that very large as well as the young shells occur, In all other levels

by far the greatest number are the juvenile examples.

Some other faunal chanves are indicated by the presence in layer X of a

turtle which differs from all the species at present known from the Murray

HALE AND TINDALE—HUMAN REMAINS IN THE MURRAY VALLEY 215

River, but apparently closely approaches Chelodie ecponse, a species hitherto

recorded only from northern Australia, The oveurrence of bones of Sarcophalus

in and below layer VI is notable, Surcophilus has never been found alive m

South Australia; indeed, its presence on the Australian mainland in modern

times is not vet fully established, although Kershaw (1912) has brought forward

some Circumstantial evidence rewarding the eaptime of a living specimen at

Tooborae, 63 miles from Melbourue. but left the question open as to whether it

was an indigene ora Taswiiian example whieh had escaped from eaptivity.

HUMAN REMAINS.

Turltanga. A full cisenssion of the relationship of the Tartangan himen

remains must await detailed study. The material at present available sugeests

that they may be those of representatives of an early form of the Australian race,

serying to link the problematical Taleai vemaims (of supposed Pleistocene Age)

with the present-day natives of the south coast of South Australia,

The maxilla-alveolar breadth of Tartanga i is the same as that of Taleai,

but the lenvth is about 5 mon. less, chiefly owing to a rednetion in the region

anterior to the molars. The estimated area of the palate of Tartanea t youth

(3.600) is conservative, and wonld have been somewhat increased had the inddi-

vidual attained maturity. Nevertheless. this area is one which in recent Aus-

tralians is only attained by adult males of exceptional dimensions. The maxilla

fragment of Tartanga ti indieates that this second judividnal had a smaller

palate,

With the exceptions noted Iw Campbell, the teeth of Tartanea i and Tar-

tanga ioare above the averawe fou hicividial Australian teeth; this feature is

particularly marked in the case of the ineisors and to a lesser extent in the

canines, The exeeptional teeth are the mapper third molars. which are, as in

Talgai, of loss than average dimensions. The erenation of these teeth 1s also more

marked than is usial in Atstralian natives.

Other comparisons with the Taleat remains are only possible ino general

ferms, beeanse of the erushed condition of the latter. The individuals are net

adult, anc in Tartana i (as in Taleai) the frontal development is not e@redt.

The proportions of the tipper Paee. as far as ean be judged at present, are

different. The leneth-breadih index of Taleai, as estimated. is elose to that of

Tartanea i, but the car-breaina height is less.

The mode of burial of the Tartangan people ean be surmised fram an

examination of the strikinely studlar positions of the skeletons of Tartanea i and

Tartanga iii, Tf seems probable that the bodies were placed in their shallow

eraves, lying on their baeks in an extended position, with oue arm flexed so that

216 RECORDS OF THE S,A. MUSEUM

the hand was resting on a breast or shoulder, and the other arm lying close to

the side, and, particularly in the case of Tartanga ii (fig. 19), with the hand

covering the genitals.

The presence of portion of what is probably a bone implement in the palatal

region of Tartanwa i raises the query as to whether it was placed there at the

time of burial or whether ih was iustrumental in bringing about the death of the

youth. Other bone implements were lying beside and beneath the head, and it

ix sugvested that their presence may haye heen of ceremonial inport. The

absence of the lower jaw also may lave a similar significance.

The disassociated condition and position of the Tragmentary remains of

Tartanes ii which were recovered sugvest that this skeleton was partly disturbed

ane broken by the excavators of the erave of Tartanga i. This disturbance took

place before the bones became mineralized, as is indieated by the facet that the

maxilla fragment, which was apparently left in the D beck undisturbed, shows

the characteristic staiuing, ete. of remains from that horizon, whereas the lower

jaw. whieh was replaced at a samewhat higher level, secans to be stained more

like bones trom bed E.

Devon Downs, All the hina reainains so far tecovered From Dever Downs

shelter are those of infants. and several types of burial ave apparent. With the

exception of a single tooth in layer XT, and a Mudukian child burial im layer V1,

which was disturbed in early Murundian times, all the remains belong to the

Murundian period. The condition of the oldest Mnrundian remains (the burial

from the ‘‘browi level’? of layer TY) suggests that the hones were interred after

decomposition of the flesh; notable features in this case are the remarkable depth

of the erave and the faet that it passed through a consolidated layer, broken

portions of whieh were used to form a protection around the bones.

As deseribed, ‘the child in layer TTT was evidently placed in an unfilled

chamber formed of masses of Limestone, and the association of bones was cont

plete, indieating burial in the flesh. Dr. T. D. Campbell writes: ‘The teeth of

this and the preceding ehild constitute the most votable of all the human material

secured from the shelter, In the child from Javer TIT the teeth are very large,

and considerably exceed the average dimensions given (Black) for the deciduous

dentition of Kuropeans. The form of the teeth, partiewlarly the npper central

ineisors and the four canines. presents simian characteristies. ALL the deciduous

canines are of such a shape and in sueh a position in the arch relative to their

neighbours that they project beyond the level of the other teeth and interloek

in a fashion suggestive of the usual simian condition; these features are also

characteristic of the dentition of the ehild from layer TV, and both ave striking

examples of the persistenee of markedly primitive conditions in recent mentbers

of the Australian race.’

HALE AND TINDALE—ITUMAN REMAINS IN THE MURRAY VALLEY 217

The baby in layer LL was partly disturbed before notes could be takeu, bit

apparently was also buried shortly after death,

In 1927 Sheard, Mountford, and Hackett deseribed the (lesiceated remains

of a child, preserved under entirely different conditions, at Frommi's Landing.

au few kilometres to the south A white quartzite leaf-point of the type charac-

teristic of Pirrian levels at Devon Downs was discovered in the wrappings of

this specimen. Its presence su@gests the possibility of the remains belonging to

the Pirrian period. This desiccated child, in its ¢rass and kangaroo skin wrap-

pines, maay well have been preserved for a considerable time in the hieh and

well-proteeted toeky hollow in whieh it was placed, where it was isolated from

contact with moisture or earth, Further, it was protected and sealed down by

a thick, consolidated covering of animal excreta,

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

As already mentioned, Mr. W. BR. Roy. of New Devon Downs, drew atten-

tion to the occurrence of limnan remains at Tartanea, and the eredit of the

initial discovery is die to lim. For ready permission to camp and excavate

on their properties our thanks are due to Messrs. I. Preiss and C. G. Herrinann,

respective owners of the sections on which Tartanga and Devon Downs shelter

are situated.

Drs. C, Kenner and ‘TD, Campbell visited the sites concerned ou May 26,

1929, examined Tavtanga. No. i, i sila, and inspected all other data then avail-

able; we are indebted to Dre. Fenner for much information and advice, especially

on matters relating to the physiography of this part of the Lower Murray

Valley, and to Dr. Campbell, who herein briefly deseribes the centitions of the

human material, reserving a detailed vecount for subsequent publieation.

Anwone others who examined the evidence at Tartanea and Deven Downs

were Messrs. Il, lL, Sheard and KF. J. Hall; clive the inspeelion the former

discovered the remarkable bone implement shown in fig, 24,

For the examination and identification of wmeh of the abundant but largely

fragmentary animal remains we have to thank Ma. UL UH. Finlayson (mammals).

Dr. A. M. Movean and Mr. J. Siton (birds), Messrs. TL. Longman and 4. R.

Kinghorn (a turtle), and Mr. B. Cotton (imolluses), Professor J. Al Preseott

kindly tested soil samples, and Mr. A, R. Alderman extended assistanee in the

identification of roeks.

Mr. J. Ran (Taxidermist in this Musemm) treated and assembled the frag

ments of ionan skulls, and we herewith express our high appreeiation of the

painstaking and efficient manner in which he has carried out this tedious work.

Messrs. B. Cotton (Assistant Conchologist) and J. Conroy and I. Condon

218 KECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

(Museum Assistants) co-operated heartily as our field companions, and the last-

named is responsible for the illustrations bearing his initials,

V. SUMMARY.

At Tartanga there are human remains associated with food debris and an

old culture. Geologieal and physiographical features show that these oecupa-

tional records are at least of some antiquity.

At Devon Downs, nearby, is a shelter vounger than the Tartanga site; it

coutains well-stratified occupational debris six metres in depth, which furnishes

indieations of the influence of four cultural phases. The animal remains suggest

fhat faunal modifications, possibly due to climatic variations, have occurred.

REFERENCES CITED,

Moorhouse, M. (1846): Vocabulary . . . . of the Murray River language.

Adelaide.

Smyth, R, Brough (1878): Aborigines of Victoria, vol. i, p. 391, fig. 227.

Melbourne.

‘Taplin, G, (1879) : Folk-lore, manners and customs... . of South Australian

Aborigines. Adelaide.

Blaek, G. V. (1902) : Deseriptive anatomy of the human teeth (4th ed.).

Watts, W. W. (1905) : Geology (2nd ed.), p. 298. London,

Kershaw, J. A. (1912) : Tasmanian Devil in Victoria, Victorian Naluralist, erie.

pp. 75-7.

Horne, G. and Aiston, G. (1924): Savage life in Central Australia. London,

Sheard, Lf. L. (1927): Aboriginal rock carvings at Devon Downs, River Murray,

South Australia. Trans. Roy. Sac., 8. Aust., li, pp. 18-19, pls. ii-iv.

Sheard, H. l., Mountford, C. P.. and Haekett, C, (1927): An unusual disposal

of an aboriginal child’s remaing from the Lower Murray, South Australia.

Trans. Roy. Soe., 8. Aust., ., pp. 178-176, pls. wetwri,

Sheard, H. L. (1927): Aboriginal roek shelters and carvings—three localities on

the Lower Murray. Vrans. Roy. Soc., S. Aust., li, pp. 187-140, fig. 139,

Sheard, II. L. (1928): Aboriginal rock paintings seven miles north of Blanche-

town, South Australia. Trans. Roy. Soc., 8S. Aust. lai, pp. 231-234, pl, wrt,

and text figs.

Hale. Il, M. and Tindale, N. B. (1925): Observations on aborigines of the

Klinders Ranges, and records of rock carvings and paintings. Lec. ¥.

Aust. Mus., dit, p. 56, pl. iv, fig. 4,

Martin, R, (1925): Lehrbuch der Anthropologie (2nd ed.), 3 vols. Jena.

Tintlale, N. B. (1928): Trans. Roy, Sue, 8. Aust, lil, p. 248.

FISSURELLIDAE FROM THE “FLINDERSIAN” REGION,

SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA

By BERNARD C. COTTON, SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM

Summary

In 1903 Hedley proposed a division of the Australian coast into four faunal regions,

which he named Solanderian, Dampierian, Adelaidean, and Peronian.(')

The “Adelaidean” region extends from Wilson’s Promontory, Victoria, to Sharks Bay,

Western Australia; the term suggests an area around Adelaide, and seems too localized in

meaning for a faunal area extending over nearly all the southern and half the western

coasts of Australia. Further, with the exception of the “Adelaidean,” the faunal areas are

named after famous men connected with Australian history. It is proposed, therefore, to

hereafter substitute for it the term “Flindersian.”

FISSURELLIDAE From ‘rue “FLINDERSIAN” REGION,

SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA.

By BERNARD C, COTTON, Sourtr Ausrratian Museum.

Ries, 1-3.

I~ 1908 Hedley proposed a division of the Australian eoast into four faunal

regions, which he named Solanderian, Dampierian, Adelaidean, and Per-

onian.(1)

The ‘* Adelaidean’

region extends from Wilson’s Promontory, Vietoria, to

Sharks Bay, Western Australia; the term sugeests an area around Adelaide, and

seems too localized in meaning for a faunal area extending over nearly all the

southern and half the western coasts of Australia. Further, with the exception

of the ‘* Adelaidean,’’ the Fannal areas are named after famous men connected

with Australian history. It is proposed, therefore, to hereafter substitute for it

the term “‘Flindersian.’’

DiopokaA LINCOLNENSIS Sp. NOV.

Shell ovate, wider posteriorly, elevated, conieal. Leneth, 41 mim.; width at

middle, 29*2 mm,; height, 18 mm. Length of posterior slope from posterior

marein to eentre of perforation, 29 nau. Posterior slope eonyex, anterior

Fig. 1. Diederd lineolnensis ep. uov.

slightly coneave, Perforation rectangular, 2-5 mm. lone and 2 mm. wide.

Internal callus surrounding the perforation, truneate posteriorly, Senlpture

consists of eighteen prominent radials, larger posteriorly, with oue smaller inter.

stitial between the 12 anterior, and two between the posterior. Biehteen eon-

centric laminae eross the radials, forming beautiful cdieitate seales at the

(1) Proce, Linn, Soe. N.S.W., Los, pit. dy pe. S80.

220 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

intersections. The radials show corresponding weak cepressions internally.

Ground colo: yellowish, radials tinged with brown, and the depressions caused

by the latticed seulpture blue.

Type. Port Lincoln, South Australia. In the South Australian Musenm

(D. 9753).

The radula. formula c 1.4.1,4.1,c consists of a wide central tooth (A), set:

obliquely on the radula, Four very narrow laterals (B). One large major

lateral (C0), having two cusps, the wider and larger inuch stronger than the

upper. An indefinite number of very narrow marginals (D), attached to a base

which is apparently folded. The various teeth are drawn separated in the ilhus-

{ration in order to show their individual shape distinetly.

Fig. 2. Radula of Diodova tincolnensis sp. nov, (200 %&.)

Loc. Newland Head, 20 fathoms; Backstairs Passage, 13 fathoms; Brigh-

ton; Investigator Strait, 15 fathoms; Corney Point; Port Lincoln; Laura Bay;

Murat Bay; Albany; Yallingup; Bunbury, 22 fathoms.

A large beaech-worn specimen from Port Lincoln measures 60 mun. long,

40 mim, wide, and 25 mm. high. This shell somewhat resembles the Queensland

shell F. jahkesi Reeve. but is far more validly seulpfired.

ELIGIDION OCCIDUUS Sp. mov.

Shell ovate, elevated, conical. Length, 27 mm.; width at middle, 19-5 mm,;

height, 18-3 nm, Length of posterior slope from posterior margin to centre of

perforation, 17-5 mm. Posterior slope convex, anterior almost straight.

Perforation rectangular, slightly rounded posteriorly, 2°2 mm, long and 1-4+ mm.

wide. Internal callus surrounding perforation not truneate posteriorly. There

are about sixteen primary radials; between these, af varvine distances fron the

CoTTron-—-FISSURELLIDAE KOM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA 24)

oa)

perforation, about sixteen secondaries, and at a still further distance between

some of these, tertiary radials form, raising the total mumber to fifty-five.

Seventeen concentric laminae cross the radials, forming prominent seales at the

intersections. At and inside the margin are notehes corresponding with the

external ribs, Colour greyish-ereen externally, but this may not he its eolour

in life. White internally, with a blue band surrounding the perforation.

Fig. 3. Bligidion oeciduus ap, Woy.

y, West Australia, In the South Australian Miaiseun

’

Type. Shark T

(D. 9772).

The type was found by Mr. Edwin Ashhy, The absence of truneation of

the internal eallus of the perforation locates this species in the genus Bligudion.

The type species, Z. audar, is more depressed, has fewer, more widely spaced,

latticed and unsealed radials.

his shell comes from a evitical locality, lu Sir Joseph Verco’s collection

of Fissurellidae from South and south Western Australia, many genera and

gpecies ocenr, but not one example of this form, It is therefore probably a

Dampierian species.

EMARGINULA SUPERBA PATULA subsp. Tov.

In this Plindersian subspecies the alternate large ribs are white from apex

10 marein, and separated by one large and two small pinkish-brown coloured ribs.

The margin spreads more than in H. saperba Hedley, being wirest at the lateral

line of the apex, and it is more attenuate anteriorly,

Type. Beachport, 200 fathoms. 19+3 mim, long, 14 mm, wide, 5°6 um, high.

In South Australian Museum (D. 9724),

Loc. Reachport to Fremantle, down to 200 fathoms.

J/MARGINULA CONVEXA FLINDERS! subsp. nov.

South Australian speeimens are a little larger than the Qneensland B. can-

vera, Which ave narrower aud less spreading in the adult,

222 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Type. Cape Jaffa, 130 fathoms. 3-5 mm. long, 2-7 mm. wide, 1-7mm.

high. In South Australian Museum (D. 10124),

Loc. Beachport to Cape Jaffa, 130 to 150 fathoms.

MAcrocHISMA TASMANIAE ROSEORADIATA Ten. Woods,

Two specimens from St. Francis Island are cream coloured with fourteen

and seventeen red radials. They are sightly less solid than the typical WM. tas-

maniae, and the fissure is regularly oval, not narrowing towards the apex of the

shell, as in that species.

Loc. St. Francis Island.

FIssuRISEPTA FUMARIUM Hedley (Puncturella).

This species has the apex absorbed in the adult, a peeularity which distin-

gtishes it from Puneturella. Wt should therefore be placed in Fissurisepla, the

type of which is #. papillosa Seguenza.

Loc. 100 fathoms, 40 miles south of Cape Wills.

PELECYPODA OF THE “FLINDERSIAN” REGION,

SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA

NO. 1.

By BERNARD C. COTTON, SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM

Summary

Sir Joseph Verco’s extensive dredging operations in South and Western Australia

provided the material upon which this, the author’s first paper on the Flindersian

Pelecypoda, is based.

Protonucula gen. nov.

This genus is proposed for P. verconis sp. nov., described below. While resembling

Pronucula in shape, it differs in having the anterior and posterior teeth meeting below the

umbo and forming one series, and no chondrophore.

PELECYPODA or THE “FLINDERSIAN” REGION,

SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA.

No. I.

By BERNARD C. COTTON, Sourt AusrraniAn Museum,

VFies. 1-15.

Sin Joseph Vereo’s extensive dredging operations in South aud Western Aus-

tralia provided the material upon which this, the author’s first paper on the

Flindersian Pelecypoda, is based.

PROTONUCULA gen. nov.

This genus is proposed for P. verconis sp. nov., deseribed below, While re-

semblinge Pronucula in shape, it differs in having the anterior and posterior tecth

meeting below the wmubo and forming one series, and no chondrophore,

PROTONUCULA VERCONIS sp. TOV.

Shell oval, thin, polished, concentrically Irate; umbos fairly prominent; the

anterior and posterior teeth form an unbroken series; they attain the maximum

size about the middle of the anterior set.

Fig. 1, Protonuenta verconis sp, nov.

Type. 120 miles west of Eucla, 300 fathoms. 5°5 mm. x 2-7 mm. In

South Australian Museum (D. 10119).

Loc. Cape Jaffa to 120 miles west of Enela, 130 to 300 fathoms.

The Cape Jaffa shells were those previously incorrectly listed as Sareple

obolella Tate.

224 RECORDS OF THE S.A, MusEuM

PRONUGULA CANUNLLA'TA Sp. lov,

May (1) recorded Pronucula decorosa Medley from Pilot Station, but did

not consider bis specimens typical, and later labelled them in his private collec-

tion with a new specific name, A close examination of these specimens shows

(as do May’s illustrations, /oe, ei/.) that they are quite different from P. decorasa

TTedley, They are therefore deserihed below as a new species,

Shell obliquely oval, minute, inequilateral, mmbos moderately prominent,

umbonal third smooth, then concentric lirae, and radial lirae of equal validity

and Spacing, so as to make square spaces; ventral border distinetly denticulate

internally and externally.

Type, Pilot Station, 9 fathoms (W.L. May). In South Australian Museu

(D. 10114).

Loc, Pilot Station, 9 fathoms; Gulf St, Vincent to St. Francis Island, 15

to 62 fathoms.

PRONUCULA CONCENTRICA Sp. noy.

Shell obliquely oval; about forty close concentrie lirac, no racials: yentral

border minutely denticulate within; eight teeth on one side of the condrophore,

fourteen on the other.

Type. Gulf St. Vineent, 20 fathoms. 3+8 x 8-8 .mm. La South Australian

Musewn (D. 10115).

Big. 2. Proniwenla concentriea sp. nov. Mig. ds. Prownewlae flindersi sp. nov.

PRONUCULA DECOROsA Hedley.

Hedley recorded this species from Port Kembla in 1902 and from 100

fathoms off Cape Wiles in 1911. The specimens from the following localities are

typical.

Loe, MeDounell Bay to 120 iniles west of Enela, G6 to 300 fathoms.

(1) Proe. Roy. Soe., Taso, p81, pl 8, fie, 48, 1905.

COTTON—PELECYPODA FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA 225

PRONUCULA FLINDERSI Sp. OV.

Shell roundly oval, slightly oblique, median portion of the dorsal margin

straight; wmbos rather large and prominent; six teeth on one side of the chondro-

phore, ten on the other; ventral margin smooth; wmbonal third of surface smooth,

concentric ribs developing towards the margin, no radial sculpture.

Type. 120 miles west of Eucla, 800 fathoms. + mm. x 3 mm. In South

Australian Musenm (D. 10116).

Diagnosis. Krom P. inicuns, is more equilateral, rounder, not so lony, has

more prominent umbos, and fewer hinge teeth.

PRONUCULA HEDLEYI Pritehard and Gatliff (Nucula).

South Australian and Western Australian specimens have the inner ventral

margin denticulate.

Loc. MeDounell Bay to 120 miles west of Eucla, 6 to 300 fathoms.

Pronucuna mMicans Angas (Nucula).

Loc. Beachport to Kine George Sound, 6 to 150 fatbonts,

NucubLA BEACHPORTENSIS Verco.

Loe. Beachport to 120 miles west of Huela, 40 to 300 fathoms,

Nucona pineetTa Smith.

Loe, Port Arthur, 50 to 70 fathonis.

Nucuna suppitEeta Lredale.

Apparently V. obliqua Lk. does not occur in South Australia; specimens so

diagnosed are much less ventricose and less solid, have smaller teeth, and a more

acutely angled anterior margin. These should probably be named NV. subdilecta

Tredale.

Loc. Beachport to 120 miles west of Eucla, 90 to 300 fathoms.

SCAEOLEDA ORASSA TLLEVIDA Lredale.

Loc, Beachport to St. Francis Island, 14 to 62 fathoms,

ScakoOLEDA DOHRNI Hanley (Leda).

South Australian deep-water specimens much more resemble Lredale’s fig. 14

(7), which he says is the Peronian shallow-water form.

Loc. Beachport to Cape Jaffa, 100 to 150 fathoms.

(2) Iredale, Proc. Linn, Soe., NSW. xlix, pt. iii, p. 185, pl. 35, lig, 14, Loed.

226 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

SCAKOLEDA VERCONIS Tate (Leda).

Loe. Kingston to Premantle, common in 10 to 20 fathows.

TERETILEDA FoRTIS Hedley (Leda).

The South and Western Australian shell is less solid.

Loc. Cape Jaffa to 120 miles west of Eucla, 130 to 300 fathoms.

COMITILEDA CURTIOR sp. lov,

This species somewhat resembles C. pala Hedley, but is less solid, has a

more obtuse umbonal angle, and the posterior dorsal margin slightly conves,

not slightly concave, so giving it a rounder appearance. ‘The ventral margin is

smooth. A fresh specimen has the dorsal marvins tinged pink colour,

Type. 120 iniles west of Eucla, 300 fathoms. 3-2 mm, x 2-5 mm. In South

Australian Museum (D. 10118).

Loe, 40 to 120 miles west of Eucla, 72 to 300 fathoms,

ComMITILEDA MILIACTA Hedley (Leda).

A careful examination of South Australian specimens establishes their

identity with €. miliacea Hedley.

hoe. Cape Jatfa to 120 miles west of Eucla, 300 fathoms.

COMITILEDA REMENSA Iredale.

Iredale (#) states: ‘‘Hedley’s Leda pala may be at present included in

Comitileda, as the species remensu, the type loeality being 100 fathoms, 40 miles

south of Cape Wiles, South Australia, appears to have been regarded by Verco

as pala, from which it differs in size and shape as well as hinge formation,”

Probably this means Iedley’s Leda pala may be at present included in

Comitileda, as also ihe species remensa, the type loeality of this being 100

fathoms, 40 miles south of Cape Wiles, South Australia. This appears to have

been regarded by Vereo as pala, trom which it differs in size and shape as well

as hinge formation.

The specimens recorded by Vereo from 130 fathoms, Cape Jatta, as Ledu

pula Hedley are not that species, but C. remensa Iredale, as he suggests.

Loc. Cape Jatfa to 120 miles west of Eucla. 180 to 300. fathoms.

PoROLEDA SPATIIULA Iledley,

Specimens from. localities given below vorrespond exactly with Ledley's

cotypes. They all have a slightly curved radial depression towards the short

end of the shell running from the umbo to the ventral marein, whieh is eou-

(*) Rec, Austr. Mus., xvii, No. 4, pp. 159, 1929,

COTTON—PELECYPODA FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA 227

sequently feebly notched there. This appears to have been omitted in Hedley ’s

picture of the type, since it is present in the coty pes.

Iredale (loc. cif.) introduces a new species, P. flrudersi, which differs from

spathula in the presence of a fine radial seulpture.’? Thedley’s cotypes have this

fine radial sculpture, and it is also obvious in his illustration of the type.

Loc. Sehouten Island, 40 fathoms (May); Beachport to 90 miles west of

Huela, 40 to 200 fathoms.

LAMELLILEDA gen, Nov.

This genus is introduced for L. fypica sp. noy. (described below), which is

nearest in shape to Poroleda, but differs in having both the anterior and posterior

hinge teeth lamellar.

LAMELLILEDA TYPICA Sp. Noy.

Shell thin, slightly curved, compressed, subeylindrieal, very inequilateral,

wimbo small, distinet, post-dersal border very slightly concave, anterior border

sharply rounded; ventral border vently convex, nearly parallel with the dorsal,

rising gradually behind; posterior end romndly truneate; fine aceremental striae,

no radials; teeth laminate and imbrieate, beth anterior and posterior, five in

front, ten behind; cartilage groove narrow, cloneate, running backwards from

the wmbo; light horn coloured, smooth, and @listening, Largest specimen 15

mm, x 4mm,

Type. 120 niles west of Eucla, 300 fathoms. 11-2 mm. x 3-2 mm. In

South Australian Museum (D, 10117).

Fig. 4. Lamellihula typica sp. nov.

OVALEDA TELLINAEFORMIS [Hedley (Sureplu 2).

One left valve, 10-4 mim. x 7-8 mm. typical.

Loc, Beachport, 200 fathoms.

AUSTROSAREPTA RUBRICATA Tate (Limnopsis),

Lor, Beachport to 120 miles west of Eucla, 17 to 150 fathoms.

AUSTROSAREP'TA RILOMBOIDALIS Vereo ( Lissared),

Loc, Port Phillip to Cape Jaffa, 7 to 800 fathoms,

228 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

MicrocucuLLAEA ADELAIDEANA Iredale,

Loc. Cape Jaffa to 120 miles west of Euela, 50 to 300 fathoms.

PiEuRODON MAORTANUS Hedley.

Loc. Cape Wiles, 100 fathoms; and 120 miles west of Euela, 800 fathoms.

SARBATIA PrIsTActiTA Lamarck.

No species of true “tre occur in South Australia, and only two species of

Barbatia,

Loc. Beachport to Geraldton (W.A.), 7 10 200 fathoms.

JARBATIA LAMINATA Angas.

Loc. Beachport to Rottnest, down to 150 fathoms.

Barpatia rusca Bruguiere (Arca).

Loc. Shark Bay, Northern Territory, Townsville.

BARBATIA VIRESCENS Reeve (Area).

North West Australian specimens agree with Reeve’s deseription and

picture.

Loc. Shark Bay and Broome.

ARCA soLIDA Sowerby.

Specimens from the following localities appear to be this species. Those

from Moreton Bay are most ventricose, those from Burleigh Heads least.

Loc. Shark Bay (5 specimens), Moreton Bay (5 speeimens), Burleigh

Heads (7 specimens).

ARCA NAVICULARIS Brue'tiere.

Two authors recorded this species from South Australia, No specimen from

this State is in this Museum, nor did Sir Joseph Vereo take it on any beach, or

during his dredging operations as far west as Fremantle. It does not appear

indigenous to South Australia.

ANADARA TRAPEZIA Deshayes (Arca).

The South Australian subfossil appears to be the same species as the living

Peronian shell, and has probably become extinet owing to climatie changes. [t

is common on the raised beaches of South Australia. At Moana Beach single

worn valves may be found at the water’s edge, and may easily be mistaken for

recent shells,

CoTTON-—PELECYPODA FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA 229

Loe, Aldinga Bay; Vietor Harbour; Moana Beach ; Outer Harbour, in miuel

dredged from the Port River: Ardrossan; Cape Thevenard; Streaky Bay ; Denial

Bay; Murat Bay.

Largest specimen, $3 mm. x 60 mm., Streaky Bay.

GUYCYMERIS STRIATULARIS Lamarck (Pecfuneulis).

Loc. VTeachport to Rottnest, down to 28 fathonis.

GLYCY MERI STRIATULARIS PENELEVIS subsp. nov.

Shell ovate, slightly inequilateral, rounded anteriorly ane posteriorly ;

postero-dorsal and antero-corsal mareins almost straight; ventral convex ; area in

each valve 20 mm, lone and 2-4 mm. wide; nine anterior teeth and eleven pos-

terior; sculpture, very fine radial riblets, only visible under the lens, to0 wumer-

ous to count, obsolete within; ventral marein internally denticulate: snvface

externally cream coloured, faintly marked with fine, zigzag, brownish-red lines

about the wmbo; internally white; epidermis yelvet-like, hairy towards the

Tarein.

Si. Vincent. [a South Australian Museune (D. 10700).

Diaqnasis. Ditters from G. striatvlaris in being wiuch more compressed and

ype. 45 mm, x 37-2 mm., joined valves 21 wm. wide, 12 fathoms, Gulf

having a thinner shell and finer seulpture.

Big. 5. Glycymeris striahularis penelevis subsp. nov.

Guvevapris sorpipus Tate (Pechineulits).

Loe. Rapid Mead to St. Franeis Island, 9 to 22 fathoms.

GLYCYMERTS INSIGNIS Pilsbry.

This is closely related to G. sordidus Tate, but differs in being smaller, more

solid, more ventricose, and having more valid. fewer, concentric rest steps, the

posterior-dorsal marein straighter, a more acute postero-ventral angle.

Loc, Kine George Sound, 35 fathoms; and Bunbury, 15 fathoms,

230 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

TLYCYMERIS FLABELLATUS Ten,-Woods (Pectunculus).

Iredale introduced a new South Australian species Glycymeris broadfooti,

without an illustration, Careful examination of a large number of specimens of

all ages reveals that his description corresponds exactly with the characters of

adult forms of G. flabellatus.

Loc, Beachport to 120 miles west of Buela, 8 to 150 fathoms.

iLYCYMERTIS RADIANS Lamarek (Pectunculus. )

Loc, Cape Jaffa to Albany, 6 to 27 fathoms.

GLYCYMERIS GRAYANUS Dunker,

Only two worn odd valves found at Wallaroo by Dr. Gosse. Almost cer-

tainly came in ship’s ballast.

Loc. MeDonnell Bay to St. Francis Island, down to 30 fathoms.

ASPALIMA ERECTUS IDONHA Itedale.

Loc. Beachport to 35 miles south-west of Neptune islands, 104 to 300

fathoms.

Limorsis rucosmus Vereo.

A specimen from 100 fathoms 120 miles west of Eucla measures 17-6 mm,

x 16-5 nun.

Loc. Beachport to 120 miles west of Eucla, 40 to 300 fathoms.

LiMorsts VrIxoRNATA Vereo.

Loc. Beachport to St. Francis Island, 45 to 110 fathoms,

LIMOPSIS VIXORNATA OCCIDENTALIS Subsp. nov.

Differs from L. viroernata Verco in being higher than lone and more tri-

angular.

Type. Bunbury, 22 fathoms. 117 mm. x 11-5 mm. In South Australian

Musetum (D. 10123).

Limopsis PENELEVIS Verco,

The type locality is Beachport, 150 fathoms.

Loc. Beachport to 120 miles west of Euela, 90 to 300 fathoms.

LIMopPsis TRNTSONT Ten. Woods,

Loc. Backstairs Passage to 90 miles west of Eucla, 10 to 180 fathoms,

COTTON—-PELECYPODA FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA 231

LIMOPSIS TENISONT FORTERADIATUS subsp. nov.

Differs from L. tenisuni in being more triangular and comparatively higher,

having fewer and stouter radials, and more numerous hinge teeth.

Type. Port Adelaide, 21-5 mm. x 22 mm. In the South Australian

Museum (D. 10125).

Loc, Gulf St. Vineent to Fremantle, down to 35 fathoms.

TAMOPSIS TENISONT TENUTRADIATUS SUbSp, Nov.

Differs from L. tenisoni in being more oblique, having finer, more Tummerous

radials, and fewer hinge teeth.

Type. Encounter Bay. 27 mm. x 22-5 mm. In South Australian Musewm

(D, 10126).

Loc. MeDonnell Bay to King George Sound, down to 81 fathoms,

Cynrinnista CONCENTRICA Vereo (Sarepla).

This should be placed in the Family Limopsidae.

Loc, Cape Jaffa to 120 miles west of Eucla, 17 to 150 fathoms.

AQTRINA TASMANICA Ten, Woods.

A perfeet specimen from Spencer Gulf measures 230 mm, x 135 mm. The

South Australian shell is not separable from the Tasmanian, therefore Hedley’s

variety dumosa is a synonym,

Loc. South Australia as far west as Murat Bay, down to 15 fathoms.

Pryna pouaprata Lamarek.

Unworn juvenile specimens have closely sealed radial ribs and faint rusty-

coloured rays, which suggests that Pinna virgata Menke is a synonym. The

scales are often completely eroded in the adult, though sometimes quite marked

at the border. A specimen from Gulf St. Vineent measures 15 inches long.

Loc. South and Western Australia.

ISOGNOMON SPATHOULATA Reeve.

A sinele living specimen from St, Francis Island appears to be this species,

e t

MELEAGRINA MARGARITIFERA Linnaeus (J ytilus).

No recent species of the genus Meleagrina is known to oceur in South Aus-

tralia. Probably Tate’s record was based on the subfossil shell which is ocea-

sionally found,

232 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

ELECTROMA GEORGIANA Quoy and Gaimard (Avieulia).

Very variable in colour and shape.

Loc. South Australia to Fremantle, down to 104 fathoms.

ELECTROMA PUNCTULATA Reeve (Avieuli),

This species was wrongly identified by Tate as Pleria zebra Reeve, Tt differs

from Hleclrone georgimnma Reeve in being smaller, more elobose, and thicker.

Lac. Royston Ilead, Aldinga, and Fowler’s Bay.

MALLEUS MERIDIANUS Sp. Nov.

Lamarck named the following species of Wallews trom Australia: Mallens

albus, vulgaris and variety (b), nermalis varieties (a) and (b), vulsellatus, and

decurlalus. Aecording to Chenu’s illustrations, J/. albus is the Queensland

species, with a long body regularly validly undulate at the margins, and is there

fore not applicable to the South Australian shell, neither are MW. vulgaris, ner

mals variety (a), and decurtatus, which are very darkly coloured. Both vulgaris

raviety (b) and normalis variety (b) agree with South Australian shells. Tlow-

ever, MW. wudgaris variety (1) is obviously a distinct species from JW. vulgaris, as

is WM. normalis variety (b) from M. normalis. Therefore, the South Australian

shell being unnamed, Mellews meridianus is proposed for it,

Loc, South Australia, Albany, Fremantle, and Shark Bay.

Norovoia auna Tate (Pecten).

In South Australian and Vietorian specimens, large and small, the radial

ribs on the convex valve are usually quite smooth; never deeply grooved as in

some specimens from Albany. Lareest speeimen 145 mim. x 130 nun. from

Tasmania.

Loe. Port Phillip to Albany. 7 to 40 fathoms.

MiMacnnaAMys Asperrimus Lamarek (Peclen),

Very variable in colour and sculpture, Largest specimen 94 min, x 97-5 main.

from Western Australia,

Lac, Beachport to Albany, 6 to 55 fathoms.

MIMACTILAMYS AUSTRALIS Sowerby (Pecten),

Sowerby deseribed it from Swan River, [ft is probably a distinet species,

and not a synonym for P. asperrimus Lk., which also occurs in Western Aus-

tralia. M. australis Sby. has more prominent, closely packed seales on the ribs

and auricles; the ribs are fewer and the shell more equilateral. Largest speei-

men 69 mm. x 65 mim. from Albany.

Loe, Albany, Kine George Sound, 10 to 28 fathoms.

COTTON—PELECYPODA FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA 233

Mimacnnamys (TALOGHLAMYS) PAMIGERATTOR Lredale.

Hitherto this has not been definitely recorded from the Flindersian reeioi,

but specimens from numerous localities therein bave been taken by Dr. Verco.

Loc. Beachport to Albany, 40 to 200 fathoms.

MIMACHLAMYS (VEPRICHLAMYS) PERILLUSTRIS Lredale.

Dr, Verco dredged six valves in South Australian waters.

Loe, Beachport, 200 fathoms; Cape Jatfa, 130 to 800 fathoms.

SCABOCHLAMYS (BencupaAMys) AKTINOS Petterd (Chliiuiys).

Though superficially resembling WW. asperrimus Lik, it may readily be dis-

tinguished by the very small posterior auricle and fine shagreen sculpture.

Loc. Port Phillip to Albany, 18 to 35 fathoms (Dr. Vereo).

HQuichLAMYS BIFRONS Lamarck (Peeler).

This is found in South Australia and Tasmania, and is recorded by Hedley

from New South Wales, between Green Cape and Gabo Island. [tis not recorded

from Victoria ov Western Australia. A subfossil from Murat Pay agrees with

the reeent shell. Largest specimen 135 mm. x 125 mm., Derwent Estuary,

Tasmania.

hoc. Beachport to St. Francis Island, living in + to 20 fathoms, dead at

$o fathoms; Murat Bay, subfossil,

NovroctihAMYS gen. Tov,

This genus is proposed for Chlamus vuguinens Finlay — P. wnadulatius

Sowerby, The radial sculpture of the two valves is dissimilar; the primary

radials few (six or seven),

Differs from Hyuwichlamys in having very unequal auricles, and from Meso-

peplum in having the surface covered with fine shagreen seulpture and not con-

ventric threads.

NorocuLAMyYs ANGUINEUS Finlay.

Rave in South Australia, much more common in Western Australia. Wher

adult the veutral margin of the left valve is curved towards the right valve.

Size, 39 aun, x 38 mm.

Loc. Beachport, 40 fathoms; and Yorke Peninsula, Llopetoun, Albany,

Bunbury, and Fremantle, 15 to 385 fathoms.

234 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

NorocnLaAMys TASMANICUS Ads and Angas (Pecten).

When adult it is larger than MW. anguineus, and the ventral margin of the

left valve is not curved towards the right valve as in adult specimens of that

species. Size, 62 mm. x 62 mm.

Loc. Beachport to Corney Point, 12 to 40 fathoms.

Mrsorrrtum carout lredale,

Iredale deseribed this speeies from *'40 to 80 fathoms off the New South

Wales coast.”? In juvenile and unrubbed adult specimens from the Flindersian

region the coneentrie threads are plainly visible in both valves, over both the

interspaces and the radial ribs. In rubbed specimens the threads may be absent

from the prominent ribs in the middle of the shell, while visible on the ribs near

the sides. Flindersian specimens closely resemble the Peronian (according to

Iredale’s deseription and illustrations), as is frequently the case with deep water

shells.

Loc. Beachport, 40 fathoms; from 40 to 120 miles west of Eucla in 72 to

140 fathoms. (Dredged by Dr. Vereo, 1912.)

CHLAMYS PULLEINBANUS Tate,

Only one specimen, the type of this shell (a right valve), has ever been

found. TH is questionably an Australian shell, and is therefore omitted from the

South Australian fauna.

CrenaMusium ‘rreripis Hedley ( Aveesiene).

Loc. Beachport to Rottnest, 72 to 300 fathoms.

CTMLAMYDELLA PAVA Hedley (Cyclopecten).

Hedley’s Cyclopecten fava and obliquus appear to be the sane speeies, Co-

types of the two species examined in conjunction with a large series from South

and Western Australia show intergradation

Lett valves show gradual transition from no concentric lamellae to numerous.

The stippling in the right valve is probably the typical condition, its absence

accidental.

Adit specimens have the ventral margin of the right valve turned abruptly

backwards at an obtuse angle following the eurve of the left valve. This. is

absent from juvenile specimens, and hence does not appear in Tedley’s figure,

but is apparent in New South Wales specimens sent by Hedley.

Lee. Beachport to King George Sound, 40 to 150 fathoms.

CoTTON—-PELECYPODA FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA 23

CUSPIDARIA LEVIPRONS sp. nov.

Shell small, thin, subtrapezoidal, inflated, umbos fairly prominent, approxi

mate; anterior margin rounded, posterior rostrate, gaping; dorsal margin

slightly concave, ventral convex ; posterior half with thirteen radial ribs, anterior

smooth; a¢cremental striae very fine; left valve clasping right postero-yentrally,

and with slightly stronger senlpture. Linge as in C. pina Vereo; white, trans-

lucent.

Type. 7:5 mm. x 5+3 mm., jomed valves 4 mm. wide. 300 fathoms, 120

miles west of Euela, In South Australian Museum (D. 10101).

Largest specimen, one left valve, 10-5 mm, long, 7 mm. high.

Diagnosis. Resembles C. pinna Verco, but differs in having the anterior ball

smooth (whence the name) and absence of the very large racials.

Big. 6. Cuspidaria levifrons sp. tov.

CUNA SUBROTUNDA SP, LOY.

Shell suborbieular, slightly cuneate, antero-lateral margin conyes, postero-

lateral slightly convave near the wnbo; ventral couvex, smooth except for very

numerous, fine, concentric striae; white.

Type. 3-3.mm. x 3-2 mm, Speneer Gulf. In Sonth Australian Mauser

(D. 10111).

Loe. Bunbury; Rottnest; N.W. of Cape Borda, 62 fathoms; Spencer Gulf;

and Gulf St, Vineent.

Diagnosis. The suborbieular shape readily distinguishes this species. Sir

Joseph Vereo dredged over two hundred specimens of this shell in the Blin-

dersian region, so that it is apparently common.

236 RECORDS OF THE S.A, MUSEUM

Mig. 7. Cuna subrotuda sp. oy. Pig, 8. Venerieardia poopelutow sp. iy.

Cakpira GEMULIVERA Tate,

Described from a muniqne spechnen. Sir Joseph Verco (4) stated, ** Cardita

gemulifora Tate 2... issonly aomild variant of the above (ie, Venerwurdta

wnitbilis Deshayes) 7" aud again iu his manuseript notes, St do not think this

is & distinet ypecies—it is scarcely a variety.’’ An examination of Tate's type

satisties me that this is Venericordia ainabils Deshayes,

Carprra quovi Deshayes.

This spevies apparently dees not oeenr in South Anstralia. Onur shells

identitied as this species are Curdi/a rosulenty Tate, which is a Venerieardia.

VENERICARDIA PROPELUTEA Sp, HOV,

Shell obliquely ovate, who turned anteriorly, postero-dorsal margin convex,

antero-dorsal miarein conceve near the mabe, then becowiu convex as it forms

the aaterior niargin; senlpture of fifteen radial ribs. about as wide as the inter

stitial furrows, and beset with nodulose scales,

Type. 10 mm. & 10-Toamm, 14 fathoms, off Ardvossan. In South Aus-

tralian Museum (D. 10106).

Diagnosis. Differs from the New Zealand Penerieerdia fufew Dutton (inder

whieh name if was recorded front South Artstralia) in having sewptiure mot so

close. the postero-dorsal border much more conyex, andl the antero-clorsal border

voneave near the mubo. then becominy convex; not continuously sliglthy concave

as in V. /utew Hutton,

CONDYLOCARDIA CRASSIDENTATA Sp, TOY.

Shell subtriangular, oblique, very inequilateral, umbos small; hinge plate

(fie. 9) umbo-ventral depth about one-third of length, posterior cardinal tooth

(4) Trans. Rov. Soe., S. Austr. Sxxii, ph 440, D908,

‘ |

Corron—PELECYPODA FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA 237

thick, prominent, wedyee-shaped, stvace erooved near the inner mareii, anterior

cardinal long, narrow: seulpture of eighteen indistinet, seareely prenineut

radials, crossed by four marked #rowth walulatious ; white.

Type S nun. x A nun. Beachport, 40 fathoms. In South Austtalian Museu

(1). 10110).

Loc. Teeachport. 40 and 49 fathoms; Cape Borda, 62 fathoms; Cape laffa,

150 fathonis.

Diagnosis, (. Compressed Bernard is ore oblique, has fewer racial ribs,

the hinge plate mmbo-yventrally deeper, teeth larger.

This species was revarded from South Australia by Vero as Co eaupressa

Bernard.

Fig. 0. Fig, 10.

Condylocantio erassifentale sp. tov. wad hinge, Con yloewedin rect gpntiris: sp. view,

! i g / f 1

CONDYLOCARDIA RECTANGULARIS SP. LkOV.

Shell triangularly ovate, inequilateral, postero- and antero-dorsal margins

almost straight, forming a rectangle; posterior margin convex, sharply curved,

anterior more widely curved: prodissoconeh smooth; seulpture of fourteen flatly

rounded radial ribs, crossed by fine aceremental stviae; iuterstiees very narrow,

almost linear: white.

Type. 2. x 1-7 mm. Beachport, 10 fathoms. tn South Anstraliean

Museum (D. 10113),

hoe. Giuehen Bay; Gulf St, Vineent; Beachport, 40, 190, 150, 200 fathoms ;

Cape alfa, 90, 130 fathoms.

Diagnosis. From (. porrecta Hedley by the almost straight postero- and

238 ReEcORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

antero-dorsal margins forming a rectangle; the apieal angle in (. porrecla is

more obtuse.

The type is from shells misidentified as C. porrectd, which apparently does

not oeeur in South Atstralia,

CONDYLOVARDIA ISOSCELES Sp. TOV.

Shell minute, thin, sub-equilateral; prodissoconch strongly concentrically

ribbed, validly defined from the rest of the shell, which is smooth, except for very

faint aceremental striae.

Type. Tan. x 0-83 mm, Backstairs Passage. In South Avstralian Mausevin

(D. 10108),

Loc, Backstairs Passave; Gulf St. Vineent; St. francis (sland, 35 fathoms ;

Seeales Bay; Cape Jaffa, 49 fathoms; Beachport, 40 Fathonss.

Diagnosis. The strongly sculptured prodissoconch and lack of sculpture on

the rest of the shell distinenish it from any known species of the genus,

This shell was misidentified as (. /rifoliafa ILedley, whieh has not been found

in South Australia.

part

Lb mene

nner

! ine

Fig. 11. Fig. 13, Fig, 12,

Condylocardia isosceles sp. nov. €. nolodistralis sp. Wav. CO) Winiteforavis.

CONDYLOCARDIA LIMAEFORMIS Sp. OV,

Shell minrte, trianwzularly ovate, oblique, obese, antero-corsal and postera-

dorsal margins slizhthy convex; apical angle about 70"; predissovouch minute,

smooth; senipture of eleven, flatly convex racials, crossed by acercimental striae ;

interstices linear; white.

Type. Timm. x 1-loanm. Cape Borda, 62 fathoms,

Museum (D. 10112).

hoe.

In South Australian

One valve, the type, from above loeality, and mimerous specimens

without locality front Kenyou Collection.

COTTON —PELECYPODA FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA 239

Diagnosis. A vather distinet species, much more acutely angled at the wnbo

than (. reclangularis.

CONDYLOUARDIA NOTOAUSTRALIS Sp. OV.

Shell obliquely ovate, thin, umboual area projecting; prodissocouch indis-

tinct; sculpture of thirteen flatly convex radial ribs and wearly equally wide

interstices; crossed by aceremental striae; margin slightly dentate; yellow.

Type. 1:5 mm, x 1-4 mm. Beachport, 200 fathoms. In South Australian

Mutsetum (D. 10109).

Loc. Gulf St. Vineent; Spencer Gulf; Guichen Bay; Beachport, 150 and

200 fathoms; Backstairs Passage ; Geo@raphe Strait (May).

Diagnosis, Krom C. australis Bernard by its more projecting tmbonal areca,

fewer ribs, with nearly equal interstices,

This species was wrongly identified as C. australis Bernard.

CONDYLOUARDIA SULRADIATA Tate (Carditella).

Specimens dredged in 50 to 120 fathoms west of Eucla and in 72 fathoms 40

uuiles west of Kucla by Sir Joseph Vereo add another species and genus to the

Western Australian list.

AUSTR( ITURQUETIA gen. Hoy.

This is proposed for Turquclia inlegra ILedley, which differs from Turquelra

fragilis Vela, the type of Turquetia, in being equilateral, having a median

uunbo-veutral suleus externally, amd lacking the short, traneate posterior side

and the concave posterior margin.

AUSTROTURQUETIA INTEGRA Ledley (Turquelia).

: lt

Loc. Oape Jaffa, 130 fathoms, one left valve, 6 mim. x 3-7 aa.

CoRBULA TREDALEL Sp. Ov.

Tringularly ovate, very

inequivalve, inequilateral, rounded anteriorly,

angled posteriorly, ventral margin convex; a ridge runs from the umbo to the

postero-ventral angle of each valye; right valve the larger overlapping the lett

ventrally and projecting beyond it posteriorly; coarsely, concentrically, widely

grooved; lett finely concentrically striated; hinge tooth of right valve and cor-

responding socket and cartilage process of left valve strongly developed; shell

white, epidermis thiek, brown.

Type. 21 nim. x 15-5 mm. joined valves 10-6 nm, 20 fathoms, off St.

Krancis Island, South Australia. In South Australian Museum (1D, 10102),

Dingnosis, Hitherto known under the name of the exotie shell CL fwnied/a

240 REcoRDS OF THE S.A. MuskuM

Hinds, from which if may be distineuished by its comparatively greater beieht,

coarser sculpture and ereater overlapping of the meht valve posteriorly.

Wig, 14. Corhulia tredaled sp. wo.

CORBULA FLENDERSI Sp. LLOV.

Trianenlarly ovate; slightly inequivalve; rounded anteriorly, angled posteri-

orly; ventral margins convex throughout; a ridve rons from the mmbe to the

postero-ventral angle of each valve; right valve larger, overlappiie left vent-

‘ally and posteriorly; both similarly seulptured with fine, regular, concentric

erooves and very fine radial threads; dull white; epidermis yvellowish-brown.

Type. Vann. x 10 mim., joined valves 8-8 mm. wide. 17 fathonis, Yanka-

lila Bay. In South Australian Mitseum (1. 10103).

Diagnosis. The finer sculpture, wholly convex ventral margin, ancl narrower

posterior end separate this species from the exatie (. seaphoides Winds, under

Which name the South Australian species has bitherto been known.

Rig. 15. Corbila flindersi sp. wove

CoRBULA VERCONTS Finlay,

Finlay (°) pomted out that the name Curbida compressa Verco (%) would

have to be changed, having been twice used previously, se he introduced the above.

An examination of Tate’s specimens shows that the recent shells recorded

as (. piridala Tate. a fossil species, ave referable to (. verconis Finlay.

(7) Trsuis, N.Z. Tust., 47, p. 9381, 1427,

(4) Trans, Ray. Bac, &. Auste., as. p. 280, ph os, fig. 2, 189A,

A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS EMARGINULA FROM

THE CAPRICORN GROUP

By BERNARD C. COTTON, SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM

Summary

Mr. W. J. Kimber recently presented to the South Australian Museum a number of shells

collected by him on North-West Islet, among which was this new species of Emarginula.

Emarginula Kimberi sp. nov.

Shell thin, translucent, ovate, wider posteriorly, widest across the apex; posterior slope

slightly concave, anterior regularly convex; apex recurved, 9.5 mm. from the posterior

end; fissure 5 mm. long, Imm. wide, edges bounding it vertical, standing above the

surface of the shell; fasciole 11 mm. long, below the level of the margin, with numerous,

coarse, accremental lamellae. Sculpture fifteen, low, sloping, primary, widely-spaced ribs

(bearing from 7 to 11 minute tubercles) and 11 less distinct interstitial riblets; concentric

sculpture of very fine accremental striae, just visible under 6 x magnification; shell white

or colourless, with pink rays between the primary ribs fading from the margins towards

the apex; fasciole pink for 3 mm. from the fissure upwards.

A NEW SPECIES or tur GENUS EMARGINULA From

rHe CAPRICORN GROUP.

By BERNARD C. COTTON, Soutir Ausrraman Museum,

Kg. 1.

Mr. W. 4. Kimber recently presented to the South Australian Museunt a nunber

of shells colleeted by him on North-West Islet, among whieh was this new species

of Binergimula,

KE MARGINULA KIMBERT Sp. ney.

Shell thin, tramshieent, ovate, wider posteriorly, widest aeross the apex;

posterior slope slightly concave, anterior regularly convex; apex recurved,

ni, from the posterior end; fissure 5 nun. long, 1 aimm, wide, edges bounding it

vertical, standing above the sunfaece of the shell; faseiole 11 am. long, below

the level of the margin, with numerous, coarse, aceromental lamellae. Senlpture

fifieen. low, sloping, priniary. widely-spaced vibs (bearing fron 7 te 11 minute

tubercles) and 11 less distinet interstitial riblets: coneentrie seulpture of very

fine accremental striae, just visible ander 65¢ magnification: shell white or colonr-

less, with pink rays between the primary ribs fading from the margins towards

the apex; fasciole pink for 3 mimi. from the fissure upwards.

TART ial

ie wie

Pig. 1. Amearginila kinibeni sp. nov.

Leneth, 25 mim. ; width across apes, 18 mm.: height, 8 mm,

Hahitat, North-West Isler (W. I. Kimber).

Type. Unique. Deposited in South Australia Musenm (PD, 10104),

The fissure, faseiole, reenrved apex, and absence of internal shel loeate: it

in the genus Mavaryginua: the tew widely-spaced racials and lack of eoneentrie

sculpture, apart from aeeremental stria. distingnish it front: any deseribed

species of this genus,

ON AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA

PART VI

By ARTHUR M. LEA, F.E.S., ENTOMOLOGIST, SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM

Summary

Family Tenebrionidae

Blaps Gigas Linn. Var. Azorica Seidl. (')

Numerous specimens of this African beetle were recently taken at Wallaroo (South

Australia) by Mr. E. J. Johnson. It is probable that specimens were brought there

(possibly in the larval form) in ballast of wheat ships. The species is uniformly black,

about an inch and a half in length, with a blunt spine at the apex of the suture. On the

male only there is a fascicle of reddish spines near the base of the abdomen. In the Junk

catalogue several synonyms and varieties of gigas are noted.

On AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA.

By ARTHUR M., LEA, F.F.S., Ewromorecisr, Sour Ausrranian Museum,

Part VI.

Fig. 1.

amity TENEBRIONIDAE.

Buaprs aiaas Linn. var. avorica Seidl. (4).

Numerous specimens of this African beetle were recently taken at Wallaroo

(South Australia) by Mr. E. J. Johnson. It is probable that specimens were

bronght there (possibly in the larval form) in ballast of wheat ships. The species

Pie. 1. Blaps gigas Linn., var. azoriea Seidl. (life size). Photo, B. Cotton.

is uniformly black, about an inch and a half in leneth, with a blunt spine at the

apex of the suture. On the male only there is a faseicle of reddish spines near

ihe base of the abdomen. In the Junk catalogue several synonyms and varieties

of gigas are noted.

Egyptian specimens were standing in the Museum as Blaps suleata (a

synonym), but Mr. KE. Ballard, Chief Plant Pathologist of the Ministry of Agri-

culture at Cairo, wrote of some Wallaroo specimens sent for identification :

(1) Seidl, Mon., p. 258,

244 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

“These specimens have been identified as Blaps gigas Linn., var. uzariea

Seidl.

“The type species is widely distributed on both sides of the Mediterranean

from Spain to Palestine and the Canary Usland, whereas the yar. dzeriea has

heen found at the Azores and in Moroceo.’’

Famiry CURCULIONIDAE.,

The following species all belong 1o the subfamily Cryptorhynehides. They

ave mostly small, of retiring habits, and clothed with brownish seales,

DECTLAUS MEGAPHOLUS Sp. Noy.

4 Black, antennae and tarsi reddish. Densely clothed with seales yarying

from muddy-brown to black, and interspersed with numerous erect or subercet

scales ov stout setae.

Head with crowded, concealed punctures. Eves small. Rostrum compara-

lively short and wide; with coarse, concealed punetures, and a narrow median

carina. Prothorax distinetly transverse, sides strongly rounded, apex about half

the width of base; with large, normally concealed punctures, Elytra uot much

longer than the median width, which is at about the basal third, base almost

truneate, sides stronely rounded; with rewular rows of large, round, deep

punetures, searcely indieated through clothing, Two basal segments of abdomen

flat in middle. with very large ronnd punetures. Lees short; femora stout,

erooved, and edentate. Length, 4 min.

9 Differs in having the rostrum sliehtly longer, and fhe two basal segments

of abdomen evenly convex.

Queensland: Laura (T. G. Sloane).

A short broadly pyriform species. with the ercet setae or seales tmusually

stout. Tt is about the leneth of D. eapletus, but is wider and with very different

clothing. Most of the creet setae dilate to the apex, where each is about half as

wide as lone. on the elytra they are almost confined to the odd interstices, but they

ave easily disarranged. he punctures on the rostrunt are large, but normally

concealed on both sexes, they are apparently in four irregular rows, except in

front. the median earina is only partly concealed by the clothing. The meso-

sternal reeeptacle is strongly elevated and shaped like a short Y. On two males

the antennae are concealed, but one female has the head detached, and the

antennae are seen to be inserted on the sides of the rostrum at the basal third.

DrCITLAUTS ABDOMINALIS Sp. noy,

4 Blaek, antennae reddish. Densely clothed with muddy-hrown scales,

interspersed with mumerous stout ereet or subercet setae.

LEA—AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA 245

Ilead with small eves and normally concealed punctures. Rostrum compara-

tively short, feehly eurved; with irregular rows of coarse, concealed pictures,

and witha (ine median eavina. Antennae inserted slightly nearer base than apex

of rostrum, two basal joints of funiele elongate, the others transverse, Prothorax

moderately transverse, sides strongly rounded, apex about half the width of

intddle; with coarse, crowded punetures, mostly traceable through clothing,

Elytra not munch wider than long, sides strongly rounded, base truncate ; with

rows of Jaree, round, deep, partly concealed punetures. Metasternium and

abdomen with a wide, shallow depression, common to both; the two basal sew

ments with large coucealed punetures, Femora stout, feebly grooved, and

edentate, Length. 5 mun,

Queensland: Coen River (W. D. Dodd); miiqne.

In appearance like a large specimen of the preceding species, but not quite

as robust, setae less stout, on the elytra uot confined to the odd interstices, and

abdominal punetures smaller, ete. It has the wide abdominal depression of the

male of D. vuricomus, but with seales there instead of hairs or thin setae, The

punedires on the rostrum are normally concealed, but are indicated by four rows

of short setae.

DeEcLAUS NITIDIROSTRIS Sp. UOV.

é Black, antennae reddish. Densely clothed with muddy-grey scales, vary-

ing to sooty.

Head with crowded, concealed punetures. Rostrnm shining, comparatively

thin, and moderately curved. with a thin and continuous median carina, and with

four rows of punetures, becoming coarse towards, and concerted about base.

Antennae joserted almost in exaet middle of sides of rostrimm. Prothorax not

inueh wider than long, sides moderately rounded, apex about half the width of

hase; with crowded punetives mostly traceable through clothing, and with a

short and feeble median ridge. Elytra oblone-cordate, base truncate and no

wider than base of prothorax: with regular rows of large, partly concealed

punctrres, becoming smaller posteriorly. Mesosternal receptacle with almost

U-shaped walls, thinner than usual, Abdomen with crowded pimnetnres, about

as laree as those on prothorax, basal segment depressed in middle, Remora

rather stout, grooved, and edentate. Leneth, $-Q-3+5 nim.

2 Differs in having the rostrum slightly longer and thinner, punetures

smaller aud carina shorter and less distinet, antennae inserted she@hthy nearer

its base, and basal seement of abdamen evenly conve.

Vietoria: Melbourne in Jame and July, Oakleigh in July, Preston in June

and September (FE. BE, Wilson), Oeean Grove (IH. W. Davey).

In general appearanee like small and rather dark specimens of D. perditus,

but rostrum shining aluost to base in both sexes, with much smaller punetures ;

246 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

on both sexes of perditus the rostrum has much coarser and crowded punctures,

on this species the punctures are sharply defined. It seems even nearer to D,

expletus, but on that species the femora are shghtly dentate. The upper surface

has an obscurely speckled appearance, and is entirely without setae; these being

few in number and only on the legs. The specimen from Ocean Grove was pre-

viously commented upon (2) as possibly a variety of perditus, but in error, as in

addition to the thinner walls of its mesosternal receptacle, its rostrum has the

small punctures of the female of the present species.

DECILAUS CURVIROSTRIS sp. nov.

Blackish, antennae and lees reddish. Moderately clothed with scales, vary-

ing from stramineous, through brown, almost to black, in addition with numerous

short, sloping setae.

Head with crowded, concealed punctures. Rostrum rather stout, more

strongly eurved than usual, sides inecurved to middle and notched at base, with

a feeble median carina traceable almost to base; with irregular rows of punctures,

concealed on basal half, sharply defined and naked in front. Antennae inserted

almost in exact middle of sides of rostrum. Prothorax distinetly transverse,

sides strongly rounded, apex truneate and about half the width of base; with

crowded punctures, in places partly concealed. Elytra rather short, base gently

trisinuate, with shoulders feebly clasping prothorax, sides subparallel to about

middle; with rows of large, deep, partly concealed punctures. Mesosternal

receptacle slightly elevated, briefly U-shaped. Abdomen with erowded punctures,

smaller than on prothorax; basal segment flattened in middle. Kemora stout,

erooved, and very feebly dentate. Length, 4 mm.

New South Wales: Blue Mountains (Dr. BE. W. Ferguson) ; unique.

A dingy species about the size of D. expletus and D. irrasus, but with looser

clothing and more stronely curved rostrum. The pale scales on the upper-surface

have a slightly vittate appearance on the prothorax, and a slight fasciate arrange-

ment on the elytra; the setae are numerous, but are distinet only when viewed

from the sides. At first glance the elytra appear to have numerous small, shining

eranules, but this is mostly due to short ridges separating the punctures in the

rows.

DECILAUS MEDIOALBUS Sp. nov.

é Black, antennae and tarsi reddish. Densely clothed with variegated

seales and with short, ereet setae, in places forming: fascicles.

Rostrum moderately short, with coarse, crowded, and mostly concealed

punctures, and with a feeble median carina, Antennae inserted almost in middle

of sides of rostrum. Prothorax shehtly transverse, sides moderately rounded;

(2) Lea, Trans. Roy. Soc., S. Aust., 19135, p. 389,

LEA—AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA 247

with crowded, concealed punctures. Elytra briefly subcordate, sides strongly

rounded; with vows of laree, deep punctures, appearing much smaller through

clothing, ancl often quite concealed. Mesosternal receptacle cistinetly elevated,

enareimation semlicirenar, Under-surfaee with erowded. mostly coneealed

piunetures; basal seoment of abdomen vently depressed mm nuddle. Femora stont,

erooved, and seareely visibly dentate. Length. 2-8-3-0 mm.

9 Dilfers in having the rostrum shining. somewhat lonwer and thinner.

with smaller punctures. concealed only near base, antennae inserted slightly

neaver base of rostrum and basal segment of abdomen gently convex.

Vietoria (Howitt and Blackburn ecolleetions): Dandevong Ranges (C.

French, seu), Belgrave in July (C. Oke). in January from leaf debris (FL E.

Wilson), Beaconsfield in December under Mucalyples bark, and Ferm Tree Gully

in Mareh, Judy, and September (FY. A. Wilson).

A specimen of this species was deseribed (#) as possibly representing a

rariety of Do noctivaqus, but with eighteen now before me if is evident that it

belongs to a distinet although allied species, differing in the softer and more

variegated clothing, which forms more distinet fascielos. On several specimens

the rostrim is obscurely diluted with ved. The clothing yaries considerably,

being much paler on some specimens than on others. On many (inehiding the

types) it is mostly pale on the pronotum, but with some dark spots or vittae at

the base; the pronotium has two small fascicles at the apex and four placed trans-

versely slightly nearer the apex than base; on the elytra the clothing is mostly

sooty-brown, but there is nearly always a distinet, pale (on some specimens almost

white), transverse spot across several interstiees near the middle; there ave from

ten to twelve blackish fascicles on each elyiron, on the third, fifth, and seventh

interstices, but occasionally one on the fourth. On several specimens the clothing

ou the upper-surface is bit feebly variegated, bat the fascicles are usnally darker

than the adjacent parts, and the median spots on tle elytra are usually traceable.

On an occasional specimen the pronotinu has an almost white median line. On

the nnder-surface and lees (except that the latter usually have a few blackish

spots) the clothing is uniformly pale. On specimens with seales completely

abraded from: the upper-surface, the pronotinm is seen to be without a median

carina, and the elytral interstices to be slightly thickened or subtuberculate at

the positions of the fascicles.

DEcinAvs ALBOIUMERALIS Sp. nov.

Black, rostrnme obscurely diluted with red, antennae and parts of tibiae and

jarsi paler. Densely clothed with variegated seales and setae, the latter forming

distinet fascicles.

(4%) Lea, Trans. Koy. Soec., 5. Aust., 1905, p. 209,

RECORDS OF THE S.A. MusrtuM

Rostrum moderately wide and gently enrved, notched on each side of base;

apical half (more alone middle) shinine, and with erowded and sharply defined

bot not very large, punetires, and with a shining median line, elsewhere densely

elothed. Antennae inserted abort two-fifths from apex of rostrim, Prothorax

strongly transyerse, sides rounded and snddeuly uarrowed near apex; punetures

crowded and nomvally concealed. Elytra rather short, subeordate, base ahnost

truncate, sides strongly rounded and widest at aboent basal third, margins

narrowly polished; with rows of large, parthy eoneealed punetures, interstices

tuberenlate beneath faseicles. Undewsurface with concealed pumetures. Basal

seement of abdomen flat in middle, its middle eneroachine on second, which ts

very short in middle, fifth rather strongly convex, third and fourth depressed,

Femora stout and (especially the hind ones) distinetly grooved and edentate ;

(ibiae thin. Leneth, 2-5 wm.

Vieloria: Belorave, in Angust, in moss.

At first glance differing only in clothing From the preceding speeies, but the

mesosternal receptacle is U-shaped, with thin walls seareely elevated above the

adjacent surface and almost open; whereas on that species (as on D. noclivagus)

the receptacle is distinetly elevated, and with a stout base; the present species

also has the third and fourth abdominal segments depressed below the adjacent

ones (fhe inseet viewed on its back), On the type the clothing on the head, sides

of prothorax, shoulders and parts of unier-surface, and of legs is pale, almost

white, elsewhere if varies from rusty-brown to black. There are six fascicles on

the pronotum: two at apex and four formine a submedian row, of which the

inner ones are long, and composed of black setae; on exch elytron there are about

ten fascicles, mostly on the odd interstices, with the central setae blaek and the

onter ones rnusty-brown, the largest is on the third interstice crowning the apical

slope. The type is probably a aale. On a seeond specimen, apparently a female,

the clothing is mostly darker, but the pale humeral spots are quite distinct, 11s

basal seament of abclomen is convex, and does not encroach on the second, bit the

rostrmm and antennae are much the same,

DieeibAUS PARVIDENS Sp. nov.

§ Pievous-brown, antennae and tarsi paler, Densely clothed with slightly

variewated scales, and with numerons setae, in places forming fascicles.

Rostrum moderately shart and almost st raight. apical half shining and with

deuse and vather small punetures, basal half densely squamose. Antennae m-

serted not quite as close to apex as to base. Prothorax moderately transverse,

sides strongly rounded, apex not half the width of base; prmetiures faintly indi-

¢ated through clothing, Seutellum minute but fairly distinet. Elytra not much

wider than prothorax, almost parallel-sided to beyond the nacdedle, base trumeate ;

LEA —~AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA 249

with regular rows of large, partly concealed punctures; third interstice distinetly

elevated above the others. Abdomen with rather dense but not large punctures,

second se@ment in middle as long as first, third and fourth on an even slope with

the adjacent ones. Memora moderately long, grooved, and finely dentate, the

lind ones more stronvly than the others. Length, 3-3 man,

9 Differs in having the rostrum distinetly longer and thinner, with smaller

punetuves aud less of the base clothed, and antennae inserted two-fifths trom

base of rostrum.

Queensland: Bunya Mountains in December (I, Taeker), Type, in Queens-

land Museum; ¢otype, in South Australian Musewn,

A comparatively clongate species. The metasternal episterua are very

narrow i the middle but are subtriangularly dilated at cach end, allhoueh the

clothing is apt to obseure their outlines, ba this, as in some other features, it

resembles D. deerosus, but the third inrerstice is more elevated and more dis-

tinctly fascieulate, the prothoracie setae are different, and the femora dentate.

The scales on the upper-surtice of the type are mostly of a rather dark brown,

obscurely mottled with paler ones on the elytra. On its pronotum there are four

feeble fascicles of dark setae across the middle, the setae at the apex are numerous

but do not form fascicles; on the elytra they are fairly numerous on the odd

interstices, and on the third form two loose fascicles; one at the basal fourth, the

other crowning the apical slope; setae are numerous on the lees. On other speci-

mens the seales are mostly paler, on one of them of an almost uniform pale

muddy-grey, but the fascicles are in the same positions. The sexes scarcely differ

in the eonvexity of the abdonien, but are very distinet by the leneth and clothing

of (he reste.

DBCILAUS NIGROTLUMERALIS sp. nov.

Blackish, antennae and tarsi reddish. Densely clothed with rusiy-brown

and blaek scales, becoming pale on under parts; in addition with numerous long,

ereet setae on apieal half of elytra, beconine shorter towards base and on pro-

thorax.

Rostriunt about the length of prothorax, moderately eurved, basal third

squamose, elsewhere naked and with rather dense, small prnetires, Antennae

inserted about two-fifths from base of rostrum, Prothorax moderately trars-

verse, sides vather strongly rounded, apex about half the width of base, pune-

tures crowded and slightly traceable through clothing. Elytra rather short,

sides stronvly rounded, base almost truncate; with reevlar rows of laree pune.

fires, appearing mitch smaller through clothing, Mesosternal receptacle slightly

elevated, rather briefly U-shaped. Abdomen with fairly dense. parthy concealed

250 Recorps oF THE S.A. MUSEUM

punctures, two basal segiments evenly convex, and almost equal along middle,

Femora moderately long, searcely grooved, and edentate, Length, 2:5 nu.

Norfolk Island (A. M. Lea); wiique,

Close to D. hystricosis, from New South Wales, but elytral setae longer, and

each shoulder with a pateh of black seales, The setae on the apical half of the

elytra are almost as long as on D, lispidus (from Western Aust ‘alia), but ou the

basal half andl on the pronotim they are dveidedly shorter. The scales on the

upper-surface are mostly of a rusty-brown colour, obscurely mottled with black,

but each shoulder has a large black pateh. The setae are almost evenly dis-

tribuated on the pronotam, but are cougested in fonr feeble patches across the

iniddle, although hardly forming faseicles; the long setae on the elytra are in

an almost reenlar row on each interstice, but on the second, about middle, there

is a feeble fascicle, and another on the third near base, The type appears to be

a female.

DeCILAUS EPISTERNALIS Sp). TOV.

Pievous-brown, legs and antennae paler. Densely clothed with soft, varic-

vated seales.

Rostrum woderately wide, slightly shorter than prothorax, sides geutly in-

curved to middle, with a shiving median live; apical half shining and with

crowded punctures, elsewhere squamose, Antennae inserted almost in aidele

of sides of rostrum). Prothorax aluost as lone as wide, sides strongly rounded,

punctures dense and normally conecaled, Elytra short, subeordate, sides strongly

rounded beyoud basal third, rapidly narrowed to apex, base truncate, except that

shoulders slightly clasp prothorax ; with rows of large partly concealed punetures ;

stitture glabrous on basal third, sides glabrous to near apex, and slightly thickened

about shoulders, Under-surface with crowded, partly concealed) punctures; cach

metasternal episternum appearing as a thin, straminvous line; hwo basal segments

of abdomen flattened in middle, Femora stout, grooved, and edentate. Leneth,

265 mam.

Victoria: Lorne, in October, from moss (RB. WW. Wilsom) : wniqne.

Close to D. bryoplilus, but without the two conspicuous rows of snowy seales

on the apical half of suture of that species, and the tibiae wider at base. From

D, albonotatus it differs in clothing and in the episterna; each of the Latter

uppears as a thin clothed line, with the individual scales not distinet. The seales

ave mostly of a stramineous-brown, varying almost to white and to dark brown;

on the pronottun the seales are larger than on the other parts, and very few of

then are dark; on the elytra there are two Tairly large, dark patches at the base,

and the apical half is irregularly mottled; each of the seriate punctures on the

elytra contains a seta, and there is a small elnster of suberect ones on each

shoulder; on the legs dhe elothing is mnifermly pale, but not white, the tibiae

LeA—AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA 251

appear to be dilated at the base, but this is entirely due to the clothing there

being longer than in front. The type is probably a male.

On this and the three following species the elytral mmareins are elabrous, as

on D. sufuratis, daterulis, and albonalafys trom Tasmania, and the episterna are

distinctively clothed,

DUILAUS TRIANGULIPER Sp. noy.

4 Dark reddish-brown, some parts paler, Moderately clothed with aore

or loss rusty-brown seales (setae on the prothorax) variegated with whitish ones.

Head with dense, voncealed punctures in front, bale elsewhere. Rostruin

about the length of prothorax, moderately eurved, sides feebly ineurved to

middle, uotched on each side of base; with dense, naked punctures on apical

fourth, concealed by seales elsewhere. Antennae inserted! about one-third from

apex of rostrum, seape the length of funiele. Prothorax almost as long as wide,

sides strongly rounded on basal two-thirds, apieal third narrower; densely

vranulate-punctate. Elytra subeordate, sides strongly rounded on basal halt,

and much wider than prothorax, thence strongly narrowed to apex; with reeular

rows of large punctures, in deep striae, partly concealed by clothing; margins

narrowly polished. Under-surface with crowded punctures: metasteruin aud

basal segment of abdomen conjointly shallowly concave. Femora stout, espevi-

ally the front ones, and edentate; tibiae rather thin, Length, 2 nim.

Victoria: Belgrave in January, and Ilealesville in March (, E. Wilson).

Allied to 2) wlbonolatus and ruficarnis, from the latter distinenished by the

darker celob, and from the former by the sparser scales, amongst which are

distributed sloping setae: cach metasternal episiernum also appears as an

dlongated, rusty-brown triangle, instead of a parallelogram, and its clothing is

very dense, but so fine that the individual seales are not apparent, Hach lateral

margin of the elvtva is glabrous, but it is not distinetly thickened as on D. albo-

notalis, lateralis, anc sufuralis. Lt is about the size aud somewhat the appear-

ance of D. mgronotolus anil wigriclwuus, but the episterna are very different.

With the rostrum resting in the pectoral canal the base of the lend is exposed,

ad ix seen to be bald, but wheu the imseet is ‘set?’ with the rostavon extended,

the bald) part is concealed. Most specimens are of a dark brown colour, the

elytra, antennae (clib excepted), and tarsi paler, but some have the prothorax

and nicder-surface almost black, on others the lews and elyiva are uniformly

reddish. aid ou two specimens each elytron has a large, obsenrety dark spot

bout the middle. The elothing on some specimens is but slightly variewated,

hut on several of them there ave obseurely whitish spots on the elytra, usually

mareining the darker parts; on the pronotum alse the whitish setae are almost

as muimerois as the darker ones. The setae on the elytra are sparse and eurved,

252 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

and are rather distinet on the shoulders as viewed from the sides, Some speci-

wens have less of the rostrum clothed, and the abdomen scarcely concave, and

are probably females.

DECILATS SEMICALVICEPS Sp. HOV.

Blaekish-brown, antennae and lees paler, Moderately clothed with rusty-

brown scales and setae, mixed with whitish spots about mid«dle of elytra and sides

of prothorax, metasternal episterna densely clothed with fawn-coloured seales,

basal half of head bald.

Rostrum feebly curved and about length of prothorax, notched on cach site

of base; with erowded and rather coarse punctures, Subseriate iu arrangement in

front, concealed near base. Antennae inserted about two-fifths from apex ot

rosirnm, seape the length of fiuicle. Prothorax somewhat shorter, bit other-

wise with outlines and puuetures 4s on preceding species. Elytra shorter anil

with more concealed prnetures, but otherwise as on preceding species, Under-

sueface with fairly coarse punctures; iwo basal segments of abdomen gently aud

evenly convex. Femora stout, edentate, widely and shallowly erooved; tibiae

rather thin, Leneth, 2-5 mim,

Vietoria: Belgrave, in January and Mareh (i, E. Wilson),

The elub is darker than the rest of the antennae, although not by much; on

PD. albonolalus the club is darker, and the episterna are narrow and parallel-

sided. There are some white seales on the suture, as on D. bryophilus, but the

clothing of the episterna is very different. [t is near the preceding species, and

with clothing of the episterna sinilar, but continued Dowards, so that tt forms

larger triangles; it is also larger than that species, aud there is a vitta of whitish

seales on each side of the prothorax, and the elytra are shorter in proportion,

with punctures more obscured by clothing, The base of the head is bale, but is

‘ ”

concealed when the insect is ‘set There is an obscure median carina on the

rostrum. The sides of the elytra are slightly thickened near the base, but are

not conspienously polished. As the abdomen is gently convex on both specimens

they are probably females.

DeEcavs LINEIVER Sp. nov.

Black, tarsi ohseurely reddish, antennae paler, Moderately clothed with

rusty-brown scales and setae.

Rostrum moderately wide and slightly eurved, slightly shorter than pro-

thorax, basal fourth with evowded, partly concealed punctures, then with pune-

tures in four almost reeular rows to apical fourth, on whieh they are small and

irregular, Antennae inserted about two-fifths from apex of rostrum, seape the

leneth of funicle. Prothoraxs moderately transverse, sides stronely rounded,

LEA—AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA 253

much narrower at apex than at base; densely eranulate-punetate, Blytra briethy

sibeordate, sides stronely rounded aud widest at basal fourth; with vows of laree,

labrous but

not shining. Under-surface with rather coarse punctures. Kemora siout, tibiae

{hin, angular near the outer base. Length, 2-25 mn,

tleep pinetures, mostly wider than interstices; margins narrowly

ial

Victoria: Fern Tree Gully, in moss, m April and July CB. i. Wilson).

The rusty clothing of the elytra (mostly setae) appears to form three feeble

fasciae at about the summit of the apieal slope, and remnants of fasciae else-

where; cach metasternal episternam appears as a narrow, fawu-coloured line of

clothing, of the same uature as on the two preceding species, but on those

species tach episternal patch is triangular. Structurally is also close to 2.

slridtus and subfascieulatus, but the episterna are narrower anc densely clothed,

The antennae are aluost flavous. On the type the two basal seements of abdomen

are flattened in the middle, om a second specimen they ave wenily convex, but as

the senlpturve and clothing of the rostrum are similar, they are probably both

females,

DEGILAGS RUPICORNIS SP, TLOV.

Blackish-brown, antennae aud parts of Jews paler, Moderately clothed with

greyish ov rusty seales aud setae, becoming whitish on tinder parts.

Rostrum moderately wide, Ughtly eurved aud slightly sborter than pro-

thorax; with erowded punetures and a fine median carina, but sculpture concealed

hy clothing about base. Antennae inserted about oue-+third from apex of res-

trun, scape the leneth of funiele. Prothoraxs about as lone as wide, sides rather

strongly rounded, apex about two-thirds the width of base, densely orauilate-

punetate. Elytra subeordate, base truncate andi no wider than base of prothoras,

sides strouvly rounded aud widest at about basal third; with rows of larwe, deep,

partly concealed punetures, the ouier inferstice shintiwe and wlabrous. Hemora

stort, shallowly grooved, and edentate; tibiae thin, Length, 2-0-2+2 min

Tasinania; Waratah, in ioss (A.M. Lea).

Neat D. ulbonolibus, the type of whieh was also front moss at Waratah, bat

darker and with Jess variegated elothing, and elub no darker than other parts

of antennae. The eloiling vanes on the two specimens taken, and T should

probably have considered them as belonging to that species, but the elih is

distinetly black on the type of that species, and on the present one no darker than

the vest of the antennae. On D. lateralis the thiekened margin is so stout that i

is visible from above; its prothorax also is trivittate. DD. sutirulis is a larger

md darker species, with more nronerous setae, and elytra more stronely narrowed

beyond the middle. U1 is fairky close to DP. episterndiis, but smaller, and episternia

not specially clothed, as on that species. The elytral interstices are fairly wide

254 Recorbs oF tHE S.A. Museum

and coujointly convex; ou the preceding species they are separately convex. On

the type the tibiae and tarsi ave paler than the rest of the lees, but darker tan

the antennae; on the smaller specimen the legs and elytra ave about as pale as

the tibiae of the type, on both the base of the head (whieh would be normatly

concealed when the rostrum is extended) is of a dull red colour and bald. On

the elytra the clothing is mostly of a pale rusty-brown colour, obscurely varie-

gated with small, ill-defined, whitish spots; on the prothorax the clothing 1s

distinetly setose in character; on the smaller specimen the clothing wenerally ts

paler and less variegated, aud the prothoracie setae are smaller and denser. As

the two basal segments of abdomen are gently convex, on both specimens, they

are probably females.

Ou this and the two following species the sides of the elytra are thickened,

and somewhat as on the for preceding species, but the metasternal episterua are

without special clothing.

DECILATS SUBFASCICULATTUS Sp. TOV.

Black, antennae and tarsi reddish. Clothed with rusty-brown and ereyish

scales anc setae,

Rostrum Feebly curyed, slightly shorter than prothorax, basal fourth

clothed, elsewhere with dense and vather coarse, naked punetures, becoming

smaller in front. Antennae inserted about two-tifths from apex of rostrum.

Prothorax moderately transverse, sides strongly rounded, apex about hal! ihe

width of base; densely granulate-punetate. Klytra briefly subcordate, base

truncate and very slightly wider than prothorax, sides stronely ronucded and

witlest slightly before middle; with rows of large, deep punctures; interstices

‘ather narrow and strongly convex, feebly thiekeued beneath fascivles, Two

basal seyments of abdomen venily couves. Femora stout, edentate, auc

shallowly grooved, tibiae vather thin, angwarly dilated near onter base, Leneth,

2-5-2-6 mm.

Victoria: Belevaye, in inoss, in April and Augeist (HE. Wilsen).

A distinet species, allied to D. sfriatus, but slightly larger and with wumerous

subtubereiular swellings of the elytral interstices. The metasternal episterna

are opaque, parallel-sided, and slightly elevated, but are wlabrous; this at once

distinguishes the species from D. lineifer, whieh has similar general clothiny.

The elytral clothing is condensed to form miunerous feeble faseicles, whieh are

in three distinet transverse series at and about the summit of the apical slope,

and irreenlar elsewhere; each fasciele is supported by a feeble tibereular swell-

img, on the under parts the setae are mostly whitish. The rostrum is rather

strongly dilated to the base, cach side of which is notebed. Three specimens were

taken, all apparently females.

LEA--AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA 255

DEcILAUS BRYTHROPTLOLUS Sp. LLOV.

¢ Black, antennae and tarsi reddish. Densely clothed with rusty-red scales

and setae, slightly variegated on the elytra, and aot much paler om the wnider-

than on the upper-surface,

Rostrum gently eurved, shorter than prothorax, sides ineuryed to middle

and notched at base; with coarse (aud apparently seriate) concealed punetures,

but naked and smaller about apex. Antennae inserted about two-filths trom

apex of rostrum. Prothorax distinetly transverse, sides strongly rounded; with

crowded, partly concealed punetiuwes. Elytra briefly subcordate, sides strongly

rounded, base iruneate, except that shoulders slightly clasp base of prothorax ,

with rows of large, partly concealed, setiferous punctures; margins narrowly

elabrous but opayne. ‘Two basal sezments of abdomen large und feebly depressed

in middle. Hemora stout, rather widely grooved, and edentate. Length,

2-8-3-0 mm.

@ Ditters in having the rostrum longer, thinner, less curved, clothed only

near base, with smaller punctures, antennae inserted not quite as close to apex,

two basal seements of abdomen evenly convex, and femora somewhat thinner.

Victoria: Ringwood, in September (C. Oke).

A. rusty-looking species not very close to auy previously deseribed oue.

ach metasternal epistermum is narrow, and appears as a thin grey Line, but

there is a row of punctures between it and the narrowly nude ¢lytral margin,

On the male there are numerous small, dark spots on the elytra, but ou the

female they are less evident; the elytral setae are fairly long, curved, and very

distinet rem the sides; they are numerous on the fees, and cause the tiie to

have an appearance as if angularly dilated near the base,

DECILAUS WILSONL sp. Noy.

2 Llaek, legs obscurely reddish, antenmae and tarsi paler. Moderately

clothed with rusty-red setae, becoming ereyish on under parts.

Rostrum feebly earved, almost the leneth of prothorax, sides dilated 16 ane

notched at base, near base clothed, elsewhere glabrous and with fairly course

punctures, apex shining and with small ones. Antennae inserted about two-litthis

From apex of vostrum. Prothorax moderately trausverse, sides strongly rounded,

apex about two-thirds the width of base; densely granulate-punetate. Hivtra

subeordate, sides strongly romuded, base slightly produced in middle, tucurved

between produced part and sides; with rows of large, deep, partly concealed

punetures: interstices separately stronely conyex, slightly thickened in parts

about summit of apical slope. Two basal segments of abdomen evenly coivex

and with coarse punetures, Kemora rather stout, grooved, and edentate; tibiae

anenlate near outer base. Lentil, 2*0-2-2 mim

256 Recokps oF roe S.A. Museum

Vietoria: Belerave. in January, from moss; Iealesyille, in] Mareh. from

moss (FE. E. Wilson).

The narrow elytral margins are practically glabrous, but not conspicuously

40, a8 On the seven preceding species, [t is close to D, dineifer iy general appear-

anve, but is without the special clothing on the metasternal episterna of that

species. The reddish clothing on four of the specnuens is of the sume shade as

on D. erylhrapholus, but is more setose in character. Tt ts wider in proportion

than D, striatus; and smaller than D. subfascteulatus, with the tibiae different

at base. Ou the type the setae on the prothorax are evenly distributed, bat on

the elytra they are subfasciculate and sublasciate at and about the summit. of

the apical slope, although less distinethy so than on J. sabfuscieulatus: the trans-

verse arrangement is more distinct froin the sides than front above. On another

female, from Belgraye, the elytral clothing is almost uniformly distributed,

although slightly more irreewar about the summit of the apical slope than else-

where. It is probably immature, as parts of the upper-surface and almost the

whole of the under parts are reddish. A female from Millgrove, is more sparsely

elothed than the others, and the setae are greyish or white; the subfaseiate

arrangement about the sunnuit of the apieal slope is fairly evident, and owing

to its sparseness the slight thiekenines of the interstices are more evident, A

male, taken at Warburton in February by Mr. Wilson, from fallen leaves, prob-

ably belongs to this species, but is too dirty to be made into a types its clothing

is alnost uniformly grey, the elytra are wider than on the type, gently undulated

in parts, the punetires almost entirely eoncealed by mud, aid those of the pro-

thorax entirely coneealed, The rostrum is shorter than on the female, clothed

to near the apex, and the metasternum aud basal seement of abdomen are con-

jointly shallowly eoueave,

An interesting species. That I am able to mame os new ten species of this

genus, all taken by Ma. Wilson from moss ov fallen leaves in Vietoria alone,

indicates how much is to he done by this patient method of collecting.

DiCILAUS ERY TILROMELAS Sp. NOY,

4 Reddish, sides of prothorax and parts of elytra blaek, elaly deeply in-

fuseated. Sparsely clothed with short, pale, rusty-grey scales or setae.

Rostrum feebly eurved, slightly shorter than prothorax; with eoarse,

crowded punctures almost fo apex, which is shining and with smaller ones.

Antennae inserted about 1wo-fifths from apex of rostrum. Prothorax moderately

transverse, sides strongly rounded, apex about half the width of base; with rather

coarse, crowded punehares. Elytra subecordate, base truncate and very little

wider than base of prothorax, sides strongly rounded and widest slehthy before

LEA—AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA 257

middle; with rows of large, deep punetures; interstices rather narrow and

strongly convex. Two basal seginents of abdomen feebly depressed in middle,

and with erowded punctures. Remora moderately stout and grooved, the from

ones shehily bit acitely dentate, tibiae subangulate near outer base. Length,

17-8 mm.

Victoria; Belgrave, from fallen leaves, in Jone (Fo B. Wilson) ; uniqne,

A minute, aberrant species, apparently allied to D. caleieeps, whieh also has

trout femora armed. but smaller, black parts of elytra differently placed, aid

no part of upper-ssnrface densely clothed; the head has been foreed back, eon-

cealing its base, so Tain unable to see if that part is bald. In some respeets if

approaches D. feiiequtys, but is varrower and without the lone hairs of that

species. Structurally it is close to D, aigriclamus, but the black markings on the

elytra ave more extended, they occupy much of the sides, and ave all irregularly

connected, leaving the seutellar region, the tips, and muelh of the middle reddish.

In veneval atois Like a small, sparsely clothed specimen of Do niqvonotalus, but

on that species the front femora are unarmed.

Drciuaus Mouts Lea.

Two specimens taken at Belerave (Vietoria), in Angust, from leat debris,

hy Mar. Wilson, are more brightly coloured than the types, each elwtron haying a

couspieuous white semicircle commencing on the shoulder, and ending on the

suture near the subbasal black fascicle, so that, from above, the elytra appear to

have a distinet white fignre 8. They have also more upright white setae than

the types.

EXIrHIUs MURINUS sp. mov.

® Black, antennae and tarsi veddish. Densely elothed with amouse-colonred

acules, interspersed. with short, eveet setae, on the upper paris mostly blaek and

condensed to form fascicles.

Head with forehead bald and sinuous in front. Eyes moderately large.

Rostrum alnost the length of prothorax, somewhat dilated at base, basal fourth

densely squamose, elsewhere shining and with cistinet pnnetures, small in tront

of antennae, coarser behind them, Antennae inserted shehtly nearer hase than

apex of restriun, scape searcely more than half the leneth of funiele and eluh

combined, Prothorax moderately transverse, sides stronely rounded: with

crowded, normally concealed punctures. Seutellom small but distinet, Elytra

ellipti¢-ovate, sides rather strongly rounded, base trisinuate and seareely wider

(han base of prothorax; with rows of large, deep, partly concealed punetures;

the odd interstices with slight tubercles supporting fascicles. Two basal see-

ments of abdomen evenly convex, with crowded punetires. Legs nioderately

long, femora feebly erooved and edentate. Leneth, 4 mm,

258 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Tasmania: Cradle Mountain, in January (A. M. Lea) ; unique.

In general appearance like some specimens of Tupinocis carticalis, but the

forehead is distinetly sinuous. Structurally close to 2. conspiciendus, but with

the patch on the apieal slope of that species mueh less conspicuous and of a

dingier colour, the suture with a velvety pateh in middle and another near apes,

and the femora troly edentate. In the 1913 table of the genus (') the small

but distinet seutellum (which is clothed with rusty seales) and edentate femora,

would associate the species with #. eecidentalis, which is a smaller species, almost

without fascicles. There are six small loose fascicles on the prothorax: two at

apex and four forming a transverse row somewhat nearer the apex than base ;

on the elytra there are two dark fascicles on the suture, two on the third inter-

stice on exch elytron (the second one crowning the apieal slope is dark in front

and erey behind), three on the fifth, and three or four on the seventh, with a

few less distinet ones elsewhere. On the pronotam there is a small glabrous

central spot, but as it is finely puuetate it may be squamose on fresh specimens,

ENXITISIUS EDENTATUS Sp. NOV.

4 Blaek, antennae and tarsi reddish, parts of ¢lytta obscurely reddish.

Densely clothed with dark grevish-brown scales, Interspersed with miunerous

short, clavate setae, mostly blael.

[lead glabrous only at extreme base (normally concealed by prothorax).

Fives rather sinall. Rostrum slightly eurved, not quite the length of prothorax,

densely clothed almost to tip. Antennae inserted about two-fifths from apex of

rostrum. Prothorax distinetly transverse, sides strongly rounded, apex about

two-thirds the width of base; with erowded, concealed punctures. Seutellau

absent. Klytra elliptie-ovate, sides moderately rounded, base feebly trisinnate ;

with rows of laree. deep punctures. appearing much smaller throngh clothing.

Two basal segments of abdomen large, with erowded, concealed punetures and

a shallow median depression. Femora inoderately loug, ecdentate, and searcely

grooved, Length, 4°5 mim,

New South Wales: Mount Koseisko, 5,000 feet (Dr. EK. W. Ferguson) ;

nnique.

In the 1918 table of the genus could be associated with £. /ricurmatus, which

is a shorter and more robust species, with darker clothing. The mesosternal,

receptacle is snddenly elevated as on 2. loculosus, stimulator, and famosas. 1

has the general appearance of BF. eyclothyreus (now referred to Ophrythi-

reacis). but without the eonspierious seutelliun of that species; and is sightly more

compact than WW. stenacerus, with the sane dark, rusty-brown appearance, bit

(4) Lea, Trans. Roy, Soc. S. Aust., 118, p. 404,

LEA—AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA 259

antennae shorter, The uppersurface bas a spotted appearance, owing to the

dark setae bemme compacted to Form feeble fascicles; of these there are six on the

prothoras in the usual positions; on the elytra they are mostly placed in oblique

series, of which there are two fairly distinet ones on each elytron, the first

commencing near the shoulder and ending ou the second interstice near the

Iniddle, and the second a short distanee behind if. The eclothine is so dense

that the derm is normally concealed, but where some of the seales haye heen

removed the elytra are seen to he of a dull red,

EXITIHINS SEMICALYICBPS Sp. nov.

@ Glack, antennae and tarsi reddish. Densely clothed with muddy-erey

seales, Interspersed with setae.

Tlead with basal half bald and shining, the forehead sinttous in front, and

with a short ridge continued to half-way between the eyes; these rather small,

Rostrum moderately wide and sli¢htly curved, basal third sqnamose, with a

distinet median e¢arina and two less distiner ones traceable through clothine, else-

where shitine and with small punetires. Antennae inserted about two-Ufths

from apex of rostrnm, seape slightly longer than funiele. Prothorax distinetly

jransverse, sides strongly rounded, apex about half the width of base, surface

mneverh and with crowded, coneealed prnetures. Sentellium absent. Elytra

distinetly wider than prothorax, shoulders rounded, sides thenee parallel to about

the middle, and then coaretate to apex, base rather stronely trisinuate; with rows

of large, deep punetires, almost concealed by clothing, and with a few small,

shining granules on sniure, Two basal seements of abdomen large and convex,

with small, concealed punctures, but a curved row of laree ones near hase,

Femora rather long and distinetly grooved, tibiae rather thin, Leneth, 4 mm.

New South Wales: Ourimbah (Dr, BE. W, Fereusen) : nique.

With outlines meh as on B. conjunctus, but suture without the conjoined

fascicles of that species and elothinge different. The rostrum is triearinate, but

not. as MB, feicarimatus (with whiel it could be associated in the 1918 table of

the genus), and the general ontlines. ete. are very different. Where some of

the seales have heen removed parts of the undersurface are seen to be obseurely

reddish. The setae on the upper-surface are mostly pale; they are longer and

more ereet on the elytra than on the prothorax; on the former there is a small

hlack fascicle on the third interstice, at the summit of the apical slope, but the

Sh@ht inequalities of the elytra are usually masked by the clothing. There is a

fechle swelling of the ridge marginine the eroove on exch femur at the normal

position of a tooth, but the femora eould not fairly be rewarded as dentate.

RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

EXITIHIUS BIDENTATIS sp. TOV.

® Black, antennae and tarsi obseurely reddish, Densely clothed with dark

rusty-brown seales and setae, on the wpper-surface slightly variegated with

darker ones; with obtuse fascicles,

Tlead densely clothed except ai exireme base. Eyes rather large. Rostrum

moderately lone and curved, sides gently meurved to middle, densely squamose

near base, elsewhere shining and with erowded and moderately course prnetures,

heeoming smaller in front, Anteunae inserted slhehtly nearer apex than base

of rostrion, Tunicle the leneth of seape, two basal joints of the latter elongate.

Prothorax distinetly transverse, sides stronely rounded, apex seareely half the

width of base; with dense, normally concealed punetures. Seutellum cdistinet,

Elyvtra parallel-sided to beyond the middle, base trumeate, except that the shoul-

devs slightly clasp the prothorax, apex distinetly notehed; with rows of large,

deep punctures, appearing anueh smaller through clothing, or quite concealed.

Two basal seaments of abdomen large, with dense, normally concealed punctures,

Kemora stout, strongly and acutely dentate, the front ones each with a small

supplementary tooth im the noteh; tibiae with outer edee vently arched. Length,

6-5-7T-5 mm.

Victoria: Warburton, in January and April (i. 1, Wilson).

Th general appearance near #£. fumalus, but elytra notehed at apex, with

eonspicnons preapical callosities. and upper edge of tibiae outwardly enrved,

instead of gently ineuryed to middle, In the 1918 table of the genus it could

he associated with WM, eyelolhyreus, but from that speeies, as from all others of

the genus, it may be distineuished by the stpplementary tooth on the front

femora; this is more conspicuous on some specimens than on others, but is sutti-

ciently distine? on all. On the prothorax six very feeble fascicles may be traced

in the usual positions; on the elytra the fascicles are few in number, obtuse, and

sometimes blackish, except that those crowning the preapical callosities are

distinelt. The rostriun has a shining median ridge, Int it is Inconspienous on

most of the specimens, A specimen from the TToewitt collection in the National

Museum (rnfortunately without a locality label) is evidently a male of the

species; it differs from the type and three other females mn having the rostrim

shehtly shorter and wider, elothed to antennae, with coarser punetures and basal

segment of abdomen flat in middle of base; the seeand, however, is quite as

convex as on the females,

EXITIUIUS SQUAMOSIS Sp, NOY,

Black, autennae and tarsi dill reddish. Densely clothed with soft ane rather

pale brown, slehtly variewated seales, mixed with setae, the latter also forming

fascicles.

LEA--AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA 261

Head densely squamose exeept on the normally concealed base. Rostrum

comparatively wide aud dilated at base, slightly shorter than prothorax, basal

third densely sqnamose, elsewhere slightly shining and with fairly dense pune-

tures, smaller along middle than elsewhere, Autennae inserted almost in exact

middle of sides of rostrunt, scape distinetly shorter than funiele, two basal joints

of the latter elongate. Prothorax distinetly transverse, sides gently dilated from

base to two-fifths from apex, and then stronely narrowed ; with dense, concealed

punctures. Scutellim absent. Elytra at base not as wide as widest part of

prothorax, sides gently rounded to beyond the middle, base moderately ineurved

near each side for reception of hind angle of prothorax; with rows of large,

setiferous punetures, more or less concealed by clothing; interstices tuhereulate

beneath fascieles. Two basal seeinents of abdomen laree, gently eonvex; with

deuse, normally concealed punetures. Femora stout, moderately erooved, and

feebly dentate. Length, 4:3-4-6 mm.

Queensland; National Park, in December. Type, in Queensland Museun ;

co-lype, in South Australian Musenm.

An aberrant species of the genus, but at present it does not appear desirable

to propose a new one for its reception, Tia table of some of the allies of Porap-

terus (*) it could be associated with Hopladecilaus, but in A. marmoratus the

shoulders ave completely rounded off, and the clothing is thin and sparse. Tn

many of its characters it approaches Bruchyperanterus and LBacadontocis, but

it is still more aberrant from them than from Myithius. Tn colour and weneral

appearance it approaches FE. imegaphatus and ferrugqinens, Wt the prothoracie

scales, although large, are nich smaller than on the former species. and the latter

has shoulders couspicuously produced. The femoral teeth are almost concealed

by the clothing, but on close examination are sufficiently distinet; the front tibiae

are feebly ineuryed on their outer edge, the others are arched there, with their

apparent width exagezecrated by the clothing. The two largest tubercles on each

elytron are on the third interstice, one near the base, the other crowning the

apical slope, but as the suhbasal one is slightly the larger, the species. in the

1918 table of the genus, could he associated with FH, loru/osus, which is a shorter

insect, with mneh darker clothing. The variegation of the seales is more pro-

nounced on the apical slope than elsewhere, some of the seales there beme almost

black, amd some of the stout setae beine paler than the scales amongst which they

are placed. There are six fairly large but obtuse fascicles on the pronotum, in

the visual positions; on the elytra the fascicles ave fairly numerous, but sparser

on the odd than on the even interstices, the stont setae fhat are present on most

of them appear more like erect scales than true setae, The scales on the abdomen

(5) Lea, Proe, Linn. Soe., N.S.W., 1918, p. 454,

262 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

and sides of prothorax are larger than elsewhere. Seen from the sides the suv

face of the elytra appears yery uneven. The two specimens taken appear to be

fernales.

EXITINIUS PARVIDENS sp. noy.

Black, antennae and tarsi obseurely reddish, Densely clothed with varie-

gated seales, and short, ereet setae.

Head densely clothed exeept at extreme base (normally concealed by the

prothorax). Rostrum comparatively short and wide, basal third densely

squamose, elsewhere somewhat shining, and with fairly coarse, crowded pune-

tures. Antennae inserted slightly nearer base than apex of rostrum, seape dis-

linetly shorter than funiele. Prothorax moderately transverse, sides strongly

rounded, apex not half the width of base; with crowded, concealed punetures,

Seutellum absent. Elytra rather wide, sides moderately romnded and widest

abont middle, hase almost tuneate exeept for sentellar notch; with rows of

large, deep punctures, appearing much smaller through elothing; imterstices

slightly tubereulate beneath taseicles, the second, fourth, and sixth slightly

dilated at Summit of apical slope. Two basal seements of abdomen large, with

erowded punetures, the first flattened in middle. Kemora stout, feebly grooved,

and feebly dentate, Length, 4-5 mm.

New South Wales: Feeleston (.. Hopson) ; mmique.

In the 1913 table of the genus could be associated with Fy loculasus, from

whieh it differs in the more variegated clothing, with less conspicuous fascicles

and shorter antennae, The oblique pateh of white is suggestive of 2. abliquius,

but the type of that species is decidedly narrower, with the trisinnation of the

base of elytra much more pronounced and the small faseicles more numerous,

Bach femoral tooth is but a slight of elevation of the ridge bounding the groove,

rather than a distinet isolated one, and it is visible only on close examination.

Most of the seales are of rather dark vusty-brown, becoming somewhat paler ou

the vwnder parts; on the pronotnim, the seales and setae (inelnding six feeble

fascicles in the sual positions) are mostly dark. but there is an ill-defined median

patch of paler scales; on the elytra there is a V-shaped patch of almost white

seales, extending from the middle of the suture towards the shoulders, but not

reaching them ; behind the white seales there are black ones, also obliquely placed,

and some more blaek ones towards the apex: there are about seven blaekish

fascicles on each elytron, of which the longest is on the third mterstice; there are

also some brown ones, The type is probably a male.

EXXITHIUS MICROVS Sp. TOV.

4 Blaek. antennae and tarsi reddish. Densely clothed with dark brown,

feehly variegated scales and setae.

LEA—AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA 263

lead glabrous and with crowded punctures on basal halt, forehead slightly

sinuous in front. Eyes small, Rostrum the leneth of prothorax, moderately

enrved, with three ridges on basal half distinctly traceable through clothing.

elsewhere with naked punctures, Antennae inserted about two-fifths fram apex

of rostrum, seape the leneih of funiele, Prothorax almost twice as wide as lone.

sides strongly rounded; with crowded, concealed punetures, and a short and

feeble median ridge. Sentellum absent. Elytra slightly wider than prothorax

at base, which is rather strougly trisinnate, sides gently rounded to beyond the

middle; with rows of large, deep punctures, appearing small through clothing ;

with distinet, shining granules on cach side of suture on basal half. Two basal

segments of abdomen large, with comparatively small, concealed punctures,

except for a curved row of large ones near hase; first segment flat in middle.

Femora stout, distinetly grooved, and teebly dentate. Length, 5-5 mm,

New South Wales: Mount Kosciusko (Dr. BE. W. Ferguson) ; anique.

Of the size and general appearance of small specimens of EB. fuanalus (which

also occurs on Monnt Kosciusko), but eyes much smaller, subsutural granules

much more econspicnous, and less of the head clothed. The forehead is slightly

sinuous, and so, in the 1913 table of the venns. the species could he associated

with £. athiyreus, which is a larger one, with much stronger femoral dentition,

and very different elytra; bot regarding it as belonging to G, of that table, if

could be associated with B. slenacerus, which is a narrower species, without eou-

Spicrious sutiual granules. The prothorax is more transverse than is usual in

the genus, There are some feeble clusters of dark scales or short setae on the

prothorax and elytra, but the faseicles they form are ill-detined; the largest on

each elytron is on the third interstice abont the middle. There ave eight grammes

on each side of the suture, but they are not placed syinmetrieally; the basal one

on the left side is rather large. Toth middle lees are missing from the type, brut

fhe others are not very distinctive,

On this and all the Following species the mesosternal receptacle, although

elevated above the adjacent parts (the inseets viewed on their backs) is uot

abruptly so, although its upward slope is rapid.

EXITHTUS CARTNICOLLIS Sp. nov,

4 Blaek, antennae and tarsi reddish. Sparsely clothed.

Head with forehead sinnous in front, bald behind. Eyes rather small,

Rostrum more sirongly curved than is usual in genus, the length of prothorax ;

with coarse, crowded punetures to apical third, where they are smalley and the

surface is shining, Antennae inserted one-third from apex of rostrim, seape

the length of funiele. Prothorax almost as long as wide, sides strongly rounded ;

264 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

with coarse, crowded punetures and a distinet carina in middle. Seutellun

absent. Elytra feebly trisinuate at base, sides rather strongly rounded and

widest across taiddle; with rows of large, irregular prmetures, the interstices

separately convex, the alternate ones slightly elevated and irregular, the mar-

einal one shining and impunetate. Under-surface with coarse, erowded pruie-

tures: two basal segments of abdomen large and depressed in middle. Legs

rather lone, femora grooved and moderately dentate, tibiae bisinnate on lower

surface, Length, 8-0-3°2 mm,

9 Differs in being more robust, rostrum less curved, with smaller pune-

tures (but rather large and well-defined throughout and dense even at apex),

antennae inserted not quite as close to apex of rostrum, andl two basal segments

of abdomen rather strongly conyex.

Vietoria: Warburton, from fallen leaves, in January (Ff. E. Wilson) ;

Bvelyn (C. Oke).

Tn the 1913 table of the genns could be associated with 2. stenoverus, which

is a larger species; with very different elyiva. Hach of the three specimens

before me (two mules and one female) is rather dirty and somewhat

abraded; true seales are sparse and inconspicuous an the upper-surface, but

from the sides sloping setae are evident, on the elytra they ave mostly black and

condensed on numerous slight swellings: on the pronotian of the female many

of the setae ave white, and appear to form six loose faseicles, but these are not

evident on the males, Of the males the type hag a conspicuous strip of reddish

setae on the apieal fourth of the suture and a short, whitish yitta on each elytron

at the base, half-way between the suture and side; on a second male (returned

to Mr, Oke) the suture is without special clothing, and the hasal vittae of the

elytra are larger and conspicnonsly reddish. On the head the clothing is of a

rusty-red on two specimens, greyish on the other. The carina of the pronotum

is about as long as the prothorax is wide, at its subapical constriction. On the

males the slight swellings on the alternate interstices, combined with their eloth-

ing, cause some of them to appear transversely connected, eiving the surface an

appearance as of having laree depressions Like foveac. or of having long and

deep prmetures; on the female the surface is more uniform.

EXITHIUS INSULARTS Sp. nov.

Black, antennae and tarsi reddish. Densely clothed with rusty-brown scales

and setae. ) a

Tlead with forehead bald, densely punctate, and slightly sinuous in front.

Eyes not very large. and more convex than usnal in genus. Rostram moder-

ately curved, the length of prothorax, sides gently ineurved to middle; basal

LEA—AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA 265

third with scales concealed by clothing, elsewhere with crowded and moderately

coarse punetures, becoming smaller in front. Autennae inserted slightly nearer

apex than base of rostrum, seape slightly shorter than funicle, two basal joints

of the latter elongate. Prothorax moderately transverse, sides strongly rounded,

apex about two-thirds the width of base; with erowded, concealed punetures,

Seutelliun searcely visible. Elytra elliptic-ovate, sides rounded and widest

slightly beyond the middle, base moderately trisimiate; with rows of Taree,

setiferous punctures, appearing smaller through clothing; interstices tuberen-

late or subtuberciulate beneath fascicles, outer margin uurrowly polished.

Abdomen with erowded punctures; two basal segments large, the first feebly

depressed in middle, its suture with second distinet at sides but obsolete in

middle. Legs moderately long, femora teebly grooved and very feebly dentate,

front tibiae with outer edge inenrved to middle, middle ones angular near outer

base, the hind ones straight exeept for basal curve. Length, 6 mim,

Tasmania; Adventure Bay on Bruni Island (A. Bovie) ; unique.

The trisinnation of the forehead is faint, but regarding the species as he-

longing to KE, of the 1913 table of the genus, it differs from FB. megapholits Ww.

the much smaller seales, and from £. alhyrews by its smaller size and very

different elytra, Disregarding the torehead, it could be associated with EB. jn-

amabilis and brevis, each of which is a smaller and wider species, with darker

elothing, In general appearance it resembles A. ferrngineus, but the seutellai

is absent, and the shoulders are less conspicuous. The elothine is of almost

uniform colour throughont, although some of the setae on the legs are whitish.

On the prouotum there are six feeble fascicles in the usual positions. On the

elytra the faseieles are fairly numerous on the odd interstices, and sparser on

the even ones; the largest is on, the third at the summit of the apical slope. The

sex of the type is doubtful; by its abdomen it appears to be a niale.

EXITHIUS EPISTRRNALIS Sp. NOV.

Black, antennae (club somewhat darker than seape and Funiele) and tarsi

reddish. Densely clothed with rusty-brown and blackish seales and setae, most

of the faseicles black.

Head with basal half bald ane with crowded puuetures. Rostra mocer-

ately curved, the length of prothorax, basal half elothed, but with three fairly

distinet ridges, elsewhere with crowded punctures, and with a feeble, shininy

median line. Antennae inserted about two-filths from apex of rostrum, scape

shorter than funiele, Prothorax distinctly transverse. sides strongly rounded;

with crowded, parily concealed punctures. Seutellum absent. Elytra oblong

ovate, sides subparallel to beyond the middle; with rows of large punetures,

uppearing much smaller through clothing; faseicles supported on feeble

266 ReEcorpDs OF THE S,A. MUSEUM

tubercles, margins not polished, a few sutwral gramiles towards base, Under-

surface with erowded punctures, two basal seements of abdomen large, the first

with apex vather strongly ineurved to middle, Memora stout, grooved, ancl

moderately dentate; tibiae bisinuate on lower surface, the middle oues less

noticeably than the others. Length, 5 mum.

Victoria: Belgrave and Noble Park (i, 12. Wilson).

The metasternal episterna are thin but traceable throughout, an aberrant

but not unique feature in Haithivs. The femoral teeth are sufficiently large to

entitle the species to be considered as belonging to J, in the 1978 table of the

wenus; of the species there noted BE. tenebrosus is larger, with a stouter rostrun

and the interstice on each side of the elytral suture thickened and shining at the

base; trom E. obseurus (whieh has very similar episterna) it ciffers in beimy

smaller, with more numerous and evenly distributed laseiewlate tubercles on

elytra (almost as numerous as on Jieraporopterius tunulosus), with a few

sutural granules, and rostrum: more distinetly ridged. On the type the basal

segment of abdomen is geutly depressed in the middle; on a second specimen it

is flat there; the rostrum is alike on both, and judging by it they are probably

hoth males; the antennae, however, are inserted rather more distant from ifs

apex than is usual in males, There are six feeble faseieles on the pronotum in

the usual positions, the outer one of the subapical series is brown, there is alse

a small brown spot at the middle of the base; there are about twenty small

fascicles on cach elytron, more numerous on the odd than on the even interstices,

The bald part of the head is normally concealed by the prothorax.

EXIrHius PULLATUS Sp. Lov.

§ Black, antennae and claw-joints dull reddish. Densely clothed with

dark brown and sooty scales and setae,

Head with basal half (normally concealed by prothorax) bald and with

evowded pruetures, Eyes rather small Rostrum moderately curved, shghtly

shorter than prothorax, sides incurved to middle, and notched on each side of

base; basal half densely clothed, elsewhere with ¢rowded and rather coarse pune

tures. Antennae inserted slighthy nearer apex than base of rostrran, scape

shorter than funiele. Prothorax moderately transverse, sides strongly rounded,

apex about half the width of base; with crowded punetures nore or less con-

cealed by clothing. Seutellum absent, Klytra oblong-ovate, sides subparallel

fo beyond the middle, base trisinuate; with rows of large punetores, appearing

much smaller dhrongh clothing; a few small eranules near suture. Under-

surface with erowded but mostly concealed punctures, two basal segments of

abdomen large, the first flat in middle. Wemora stout, feebly grooved, andl

(especially the middle aud hind ones) feebly dentate. Length, 4-5-4-5 mm,

LEA—AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA 267

@ Differs in having the rostrum slightly longer, less clothed, antenuae in-

serted further from apex of rostrum, and two basal sesments of abdomen gently

vonver.

Victoria: Evelyn, in June (C. Oke),

In general appearance close to BL. fumalus, but average size consistently

stualler; the incurvatnre of the outer edee of the tibiae is much (he sume. Also

smaller than £. sinwdetor, aud trisimuation of base of elytra pronouneed, and

prothoracie clothing less variegated. Structurally ¢lose to B. luculosus, but

slightly narrower, and base of elytra more noticeably trisinuate. The femoral

teeth are small and traceable with diffieulty (but the front ones are more (distinet

than the others), so the species, in the 1915 table of the genus, could be assoui-

ated with #. tmamabilis and brevis; the former has less parallel-sided elytra with

fewer faseiculate tubercles, the latter is even more compact, with punetures of

two basal seginents of abdomen distinetly larger and less crowded. All the setae

and fascicles on the upper-surface are black; most of the seales are also black,

but sone are dark brown or ashen; on the sides of the esostermiun, metasterscoi,

ind basal seements of abdomen most of the seales ave brownish. The setae on the

pronotiun are compacted to form four irregular lines from base to apex, rather

than loose fascicles, but many are scattered singly. There are mmany fascicles

supported by small tubereles on the elytra, more on the odd than on the evey

interstiees; but none conspicuously larger than the others; from some directions

they appear to be placed in oblique rows. A specimen from Millerove (in

December, ¥. EH. Wilson) appears to be a female of this species, but differs in

having seareely visible femoral teeth, aud elytral fascicles more wneven, two on

the third interstice (one near base and oue crowning the apical slope) heing

larger than the others. A male from Ringwood (in shine, F. BE. Wilsow) appears

ilso to belong to the species, but is too much abraded for cortainty,

Exrrnivs tricanmatrus Lea.

A specimen from an elevation of 5,000 feet on Mount Koseiusko evidently

belongs to this species, bit is less densely clothed than the type (probably cue

to abrasion), and with the polished margin of each elytrow somewhat wider.

Mr. F. E. Wilson las a specimen from Lorne (Victoria), also evidently beloue-

ing to the speeies, but with the fascicles more pronounced.

Extrurus osniguus Lea.

Two specimens, from Barrington Tops (New South Wales), evidently belong

to this species, but ave without the latero-hasal black markings on the pronotiim

of the type (on several others these ate ill-defined or absent) + the oblique rows

268 RECORDS OF THE S.A, MUSEUM

of fascieles on the elytra ending neat the suture, at the sumunit of the apical

slope, are as on the type, buf behind them, except about the apex itself, the scales

ure sooty-black, and in front of them the pale scales cover a larger area than on

the type.

OPHRYTHUYREOCTS PASCICULATUS Sp. 10V.

4 Black, sntennae and tarsi reddish, apex of rostrum obscurely dilnted

with ved, Densely clothed with variegated scales and. setae,

Tlead with base bald and densely pruetate, but normally coucealed by pro-

thorax: forehead sinuous. Fyes sinall. Rostrum moderately enrved, slightly

shorter than prothorax, sides ineurved to middle; with crowded punetires on

apical half, concealed hy elothing elsewhere. Antennae inserted ahont one-third

from apex of rostrum, Prothorax almost as long as wide, sides strongly

rounded, apex scarcely half the width of base; punetures normally concealed.

Scutellum conspicuously elevated and of a waxen appearance. Elyira about

twice the length of prothorax and scarcely wider at base (which is almost trun-

cate), sides stronvly rounded and widest at basal third; with rows of large, deep

punctures, appearing much smaller through clothing, tuberculate beneath fas-

cieles. Basal segment of abdomen laree, slightly flattened in middle, Remora

feebly erooved and seareely visibly dentate; tibiae gently ineurved to middle on

outer edge. Length, 2-5—3-0 mm.

2 Pitfers in having the rostrum longer, thinner, clothed only near base,

antennae inserted two-fifths from apex of rostrim auc basal sewment of abdomen

CONVEX.

Victoria: Belgrave, in ferns and leaf debris in January (#2 BE. Wilson), in

April (C, Oke and Wilson) ; Evelyn (Oke).

Readily distinguished from all previously described species by the faseieles

at sununit of the apical slope, but the following species resembles it in this

respect, although uot in others, The eyes are almost as prominent as on QO,

ecoplhalmus. The type is im perfect condition, and is densely clothed with

senales and setae yaryine from almost white, through shades of rusty-brown, to

black; on the pronotum, about half of the seales are greyish-vhite, aud there are

six loose fascicles in the usual positions; om the elytra most of the scales are

rusty, but there are some blackish ones near the base, and others near the apex;

there are numerous suiall fascicles, but two large ones near the suture crowning

the apical slope; the legs are conspicnously variegated. A female is similarly

clothed, exeept that the black seales and setae on the elytra are less numerots,

and the legs are less varievated. Three other inales and one female differ from

the types in having the clothing much less variegated, being mostly of a muddy-

erey, variegated with dingy-brown and with a few dark setae; the fascicles

LEA—AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA 269

crowning the apical slope ave distine! on all of them, and there ave usually small

basal fascicles; on two of the males the suture on tle apical slope is conspicuously

whitish; another female is still dingier, its clothing beimye almost uniformly

muddy-grey ; but the differences are probably due to partial abrasion and to a

slight amount of mud, which so commonly adheres to specimens taken trom fallen

leaves. The rostrum has a shining median line, that is longer and more distinet

on the female than on the male. The femoral teeth are so minute that the femora

mivht fairly be rewarded as edentate.

OPURYTHYRHOCIS VIGLLANS Sp. Lov.

Black, antennae and tarsi vbseurely reddish. Densely clothed with rusty-

brown scales and setae, infuscated on each side of base of prothorax and on part

of apical slope.

Head with base concealed but forehead not sinuous, Eyes comparatively

large and round. Rostrum moderately curved, slightly longer than prothorax,

rather more than basal third squamose, elsewhere shining and with small but

distinct punctures. Antennae inserted two-fifths from apex of rostrum, seape

the length of tunicle. Prothorax moderately transverse, sides strongly roundecl,

apex about three-fourths the width of base; with a feeble median line and

crowded, concealed pruictures. Scutellion conspicuous, with a waxen coating.

filytra with base (except for scutellar ineurvatare) almost truncate, shoulders

not clasping prothorax, sides rounded and widest just before middle; with large

punctures, appearing much smaller through clothing, tubereulate beneath

fascicles. Two basal segments of abdomen large and evenly convex. Meta-

sternal episterna narrow but distinc. Kemora feebly erooved and edentate,

tibiae straight except at base. Length, 5-6 min.

Western Australia: Manjemup (H. J. Carter), Pemberton (Dr. KE. W,

Kerguson).

With the conspicuously elevated seutellinn of Ophrythyreocis, but the eyes

are larger than usual and the mesosternal reeeptacle is almost open. The setae

are sloping and numerous on the upper-surface, and dense on the legs; but on

three specimens the suture is glabrous at the base, on a fourth it is sparsely

clothed there. There are six fascicles on the prothorax in the usual positious,

the two apical ones being rather feeble; on cach clytron there are three fascicles

on the third interstice, of which the third is slightly larger than the others, an

crowns the apical slope; there are three somewhat smaller ones on the fifth, and

five or six still smaller ones on the seventh; in addition there are some eve

smaller ones scattered about, especially on the apical slope. The four specimens

examined appear to be all feniales.

270 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

OPURYTITYREOCIS NIGHR Sp. OV,

é Black, antennae pale red, tarsi darker, Densely clothed with sooty

scales and setae.

llead bald, and with erowded, concealed punctures on basal half; forelumad

sinuous in frout. Kyes small. Rostrum moderately curved, about the length of

prothorax, clothed to antennae; in front with crowded and rather coarse pune-

tures. Scape inserted one-third from apex of rostrum, the length of funicle.

Prothorax moderately transverse. sides strongly rounded, apex about half the

width of base; with large, crowded punetiaes. Seutellum distinct. Elytra about

twice the length of prothorax, base almost truneate, sides rather strongly rounded

and widest about middle; with rows of larec, partly concealed punetures; inter

stices iu places subtuberculate, each marginal one polished, Two basal segments

of abdomen laree, flattened in middle; with large, crowded punetures., Femora

shallowly vrooved, and very feebly dentate. tibiae gently bisinuate on lower

surface, Length, 6-0-3-5 mm,

9 Dilfers in having the rosirim somewhat longer and thinner, less of the

hase clothed, with a shining median line, anteunmae inserted less close to apex of

rostruin, and two basal sezments of abdomen gently convex.

South Australia; Mount Lofty Ranges, in tussocks (N, B, Tindale), in

October (F, B. Wilson).

Distinet from all the previously named species by the sombre clothing. On

two of the five specimens before ine some of the scales and setae on the head aad

prothorax are ashen-erey, but on the others they are all black; the setae are

clavate and sloping or wently curved, they do not form distinct fascieles, but in

places are loosely compacted. They appear to be all somewhat abraded, but the

waxy couting of the seutelluns is in good condition,

OPHURYTHYREOCIS ALTERNATUS sp. nov.

§ Black, antennae and tarsi reddish. Densely clothed with misty-brown

and black seales and setae.

Ileal with concealed basal fourth glabrous, and with dense punetures, Tore

head almost evenly curved. Byes sinall Rostrum rather stout and moderately

curved, scarcely the leneth of prothorax, clothed almost to apex. Antennae

inserted one-third from apex of rostrum, scape the leneth of funiele. Prothorax

moderately transyerse. sides strongly rounded, apex about half the width of

base; with crowded, partly concealed punetures. Sentellum small but distinetly

elevated, with a waxy coating. Elytra elliptice-ovate. not mneh more than twice

the length of prothorax, sides gently rounded and widest at basal fourth, base

gently incurved between seutellim aud shoulders, whieh slightly clasp the pro-

thorax; with rows of large, deep. partly concealed punetures. Under-surtace

LEA—AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA 271

with crowded aud moderately long pictures; two basal segments of abdomen

large, the first geutly concave in middle. Femora feebly grooved and feebls

dentate, tibiae gently bisinuate on lower ede. Length, 4+5-5+0 mm,

@ Differs in having the rostrum slightly longer, thinner, less curved, and

With phietures uot concealed, except on basal third, antennae inserted slightly

move distant From apex and two basal segments of abdomen evenly couvex.

New South Wales: Rule's Poiut, in February (11. J. Garter).

The general appearance is like that of O. eycluthyrens, but on that species

the shoulders do not clasp the prothorax, and the seuteliimu is somewhat lareer.

It is like O. ferrugineus, on an enlarged scale, O. valgus is slightly larger, with

the front tibiae more incurved, ete. It is of the size and general appearance of

-lchoperu ulternata, but the special clothing of the alternate interstices is oa

the even instead of the odd ones, and the seutellum and many other parts are

different. On the upper-snurface and legs the black seales and setae form

ninoerous small spots; the setae are rather short, stout, and suberect, on the

elytra (exeept about base and apex) they are confined te the even interstices,

on which they are crowded, or in irregular double rows.

OVURYTHYREOCIS TIBIALIS Sp. Noy.

Obscurely reddish-brown, antennae paler. Densely clothed with pale and

rusty-brown scales and setae, variegated with dark brown ones.

Kyes of moderate size. Rostrum gently curved, slightly shorter than pro-

thorax, punctures concealed only uear base, rather coarse and sublineate in

arrangement behind antennae, crowded and smaller in trout, but with a shining

median line almost throughout, Antemmae inserted two-fifths from apex of

rostrum, scape slightly shorter than funicle, first joint of the latter almost twice

the length of second. Prothorax slightly shorter than wide, sides strongly

rounded, apex about half the width of base; with crowded, partly concealed

punetures, Seutellum small but distinetly elevated, with a waxy coating. Elytra

subovate, about twice the length of prothorax, base truneate, sides strongly

rounded and widest at basal third; with large, partly concealed punctures; outer

margins polished, Under-surface with crowded punctures; two basal segments

of abdomen large and ently convex. Middle and hind femora feebly dentate,

the front ones edentate. Leneth, 3-5 an.

Victoria: Fern Tree Gally, from moss, in April (, K, Wilson).

With the general appearance of O, ferruginens, but without the spots of

black seales; it is, however, very distinet by the mesosternal receptacle being

U-shaped, scarcely elevated, and with thin walls; on ferruyineus it is noticeably

elevated (with the inseet on its back), with a median ridge. In general appear-

ance is still nearer to O. cexcuplhalmus, but the eyes are larger and much

272 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

less prominent, the mesosternal receptacle is longer and with thinner walls.

In my table of the genus (°) it could be associated with O. wieraps, whieh is a

smaller species, with mnuddy-brown clothing and smaller eyes. The type is

probably immature, as on all other species the derm is black. The setae on the

prothorax are loosely compacted, and may be considered as forming six feeble

fascicles in the usual positions; on the elytra there are numerous loose fascicles,

irreewarly distributed, but more than half of then. are conrposed of dark setae.

On the type (which appears to be a female) the base of the head is concealed

by the overlapping prothorax. The tibiae are gently incurved to middle on the

upper edge, but appear rather strongly so, as the setae are subfasciculate at the

base and apex.

OPHRYTHYREOCIS CYCLOTHREUS Lea (formerly E.rithius).

On this species the seutellum has a waxy-looking coating, and is elevated

above the adjacent parts; it was overlooked when the genus Ophrythyreocis was

named, but | think should be referred to it. Lis forehead is not sinuous, the

elytra are thrice the length of the prothorax, and the third and fourth segments

of abdomen are uot below the level of the filth; but these characters are of less

importance than the scutellum.,

OPURYTHYREOCTS MICkOPS Lea.

The type of this species is a female from an unknown loéality. Mr, FB. EB.

Wilson has recently taken several specimens on the Logong Plains (Victoria),

in January, at an elevation between 5,000 and 6,000 feet. They are all slightly

Jareer than the type, varying from 2*8 to 3-0 am, The male differs from the

female in having the vostrauu shorter and wider, elothed to beyond the middle,

with punetures on the naked portion coarser, and antennae inserted somewhat

nearer the apex, The species is somewhat smaller than O. niger, with rusty

elothing and prothoracie punctures smaller; it is less brightly clothed than

O, tibialis, and with smaller eyes.

Toprorernus LISSORHINUS Sp, nov,

Dark brown, rostrwn and tarsi reddish, antennae paler. Densely clothed

with light brown, feebly variegated scales; and with stiff setae, forming fascicles

ou the tubercles,

Rostrum about the leneth of prothorax, rather wide, feebly enrved, basal

fourth “squamose, elsewhere highly polished and with mintte punctures.

Antennae inserted about one-third from base of rostrum. Prothorax longer than

wide, sides rounded and widest across middle, with Feeble tubereular elevations

(8) Lea, Trans, Roy. Soe, S. Aust, 1918, p, 246,

LEA—AUSTRALIAN COLEOPTERA 273

across middle and near base; with erowded punetures. Elytra elongate-cordate,

base trisinnate, the sinus near each shoulder for the reception of a basal angle

of prothorax, greatest width slightly before the middle, whieh is almost. twice

the width of base of prothorax; strongly striate-punctate, odd interstices tuber

enlate. Femora edentate. Length, 3 mm.

Tasmania: Cradle Mountain, in moss (A. M, Lea) ; unique.

Fairly close to R. bryanhilus, but prothorax narrower and tubercles diffex-

ently placed, The seape and basal half of fnnicle are almost flavous. From

directly above the setae (except on the tubercles) are meonspicnous, bit they

are distinet from the sides. The base of the head is shining and finely, trans-

versely striated (for stridulation), but wonld be concealed on ‘‘set?’ specimens.

The prothoracic tubereles are very feeble, and could fairly be regarded as but

slight inequalities of the surface; on the clytra they are more distinet, there are

three on the third interstice: one near base, one (the only one crowned with black

setae) just before middle, and the third halfavay between the second and apex:

two smaller ones on the fifth interstices, and three on the seventh; but there are

other slight inequalities of the interstices. The type appears to be a female.

Roprorerus CARTINATUR sp. Tov.

4 Dark brown, glabrous part of rostrum, antennae and tarsi almost flavous,

Densely clothed with pale muddy-brown seales, interspersed with setae.

Rostrum slightly shorter than prothorax, moderately wide, shehtly eurved,

apical third polished and with small punetures, elsewhere densely clothed.

Antennae inserted slightly nearer base than apex of rostrnm. Prothorax slightly

shorter than the basal width, which is less than that of middle, with two slight

imequalities at apex, font aeross middle and four near base; with crowded, partly

concealed punctures. Elytra distinctly wider than prothorax at base, shoulders

ronnded off, greatest width before the middle; with numerous small tnhereles,

of whieh the largest are on the third interstice. each shoulder with a shining

carina (invisible from above) half the leneth of prothorax; irregularly striate-

punctate. Femora stout. edentate. Length, 3-0-8-5 min.

@ Differs in having the rostrum slightly longer, thinner, more curved,

clothed only on basal third, antennae mserted nearer base of rostrio, and

abdomen more convex.

Vietoria: Millgrove, in Jannary; Warlnurton, in Jannary and Mareh; and

Ferntree Gully, in July, all from moss (. 2. Wilson).

A compact species, readily distinenished from all others of the genus by the

earina on each shoulder; this. however, could be easily overlooked unless the

sides are viewed at vight angles.

TRACES OF AN EXTINCT ABORIGINAL POPULATION

ON KANGAROO ISLAND

By NORMAN B. TINDALE AND BRIAN G. MAEGRAITH, M.B., B.S.

Summary

When Matthew Flinders (’), the navigator, first landed on Kangaroo Island, in the year

1802, he found that the native animals were so unmindful of human beings that they

could be approached and slaughtered with ease. “The extraordinary tameness of the

kangaroos and the presence of seals upon the shore concurred with the absence of all

traces of men to show that it was not inhabited.”

Baudin (*), who visited the island later in the same year, also remarks: “Nulle trace du

séjour de "homme ne se fait remarquer sur les rivages qui nos occupent.”

TRACES or an EXTINCT ABORIGINAL POPULATION

on KANGAROO ISLAND

3y NORMAN B.‘TINDALE avo BRIAN G. MARGRAITH, MLB, B.S.

Figs. 1-11.

Pigre

Initvoduetion 2, + hq > s = «895

The Tbiwk's Nest Site .. sa ae pe aa ee 276

trief Records of other loewities ei as + 1» 283

Discussion i, ky yet 436 - va .. 2M

Sunt by is ve a o- is 1. BSS

INTRODUCTION,

Wuen Matthew Flinders (1), the navigator, first landed on Kangaroo Island, in

the year 1802, le found dhat the native animals were so unimindful of Taman

beings that they could be approached and slanehtered with ease, *'The oextra-

ordinary fameness of the kanguroos and the presence of seals wpon the shore

concurred with the absence of all traees of men to show that if was not inhabited.”

Raudin (=), who visited the island later in the same year. also remarks:

“Nile trace du séjour de Vhomme ne se fait remarquer sur les rivages qui 10s

ocerpent. v

Just before or shortly after these voyages of discovery, wandering sealers,

whalers, and (after 1808) escapees from the newly opened conyict settlements

in Tasmania began to visit and eventually to settle on the island, bringing with

them a limited number of native women, a few from Tasmania, some from the

adjoining mainland, and others from Eyre Peninsula. From time to time this

resident population was anemented by temporary visitors, but it was not till

1836 that the first official settlers landed and inaneurated the modern period of

development. F

The resident population during the earlier part of last century was small,

and the principal areas oceupied by them are well known. The following state-

ments of the mixed population are based on the researches of Moore (*), and

Berry ("), and on information supplied by old inhabitants, whose knowledge

dates baek to 1864.

Men Women nal Men Women _

Your, (Wuro- (Tasm. & Comments, Year, (Buro. (Tasm, & Comments.

peans). Auwst.). peans), Aust.).

| | |

TSG 7 { — | Murrell’s party 1831 | 18 | — | Capt. J. Hart’s rept.

1810 » i 3 1834+ | 7 5 | Capt... Jones’s repe.

TS15 a | a 1R35 | 7 — |

1s20 3 | = 44 | — | 12 | S.A. ‘* Register’?

[825 a | iy | | | | (25.9.1844)

\S27 7 | 7 | 164 | — | 3

1830 | 7 | | 170 | — | 3

| | |

276 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

In 1826, according to the ‘‘ Hobart Town Gazette’ (12.2.1826) the total

population, including many half-caste children, was about forty. They lived

inland from Nepean Bay, where they had a garden and huts, After 1836 the

white men and their proweny tended to merge with the new seitlers, but the

evidence of their mixed origin is still apparent, and most of the old family names

survive on the island,

The native women introduced by the carly white inhabitants were enployed

in aerieulture after the European manner, anc also in snaring annals and pre-

paring the skins for export. The seant archaeological traces of this occupation

are moderately well known, consistine mainly of erude @rain-mills, metal tiy-

pots, and primitive agrienitural pnplements,

A eentury after the first discovery of Kangaroo Island, Tlowehin (7) direeted

attention to the presence of eight hammer-stones at Tlawk’s Nest, incieatiny

former Liman oeenpation. Te considered that some quariz flakes Frou amore

the sandhills of the eoast, and a aound of broken shells on top of the headland

at the east side of the bay at the Breelknell’s. were additional evidence of

oe pation,

About 1922 Mr. W. Ham found a further hamnmer-stone in dense serub on the

high bank to the north of Murray’s Lagoon.

In 1980, during the course of a soil survey at Tlawk’s Nest, condueted lor

the Commonwealth Nutrition Laboratory by Ma, R, G, Thomas, B.Se¢., interest

was stimulated by the discovery of additional hammer-stones, As a consequence

detailed examination seemed desirable, and the writers, accompanied by Dr. W.

Jolly, visited! the locality as the evests of Major TT. W. TL. Seager and Ma. FE. C,

Seager, owners of Hawk’s Nest Station.

In the following payes the ILawk’s Nest occurrence is diseussecl in detail,

after which brief records of some other locilities, some correetions in a previous

acemuit. and a general discussion, are @iven,

THE HAWK’S NEST SITE.

Hawk’s Nest Station comprises Seetion 4, Hundred of Maevillivray (137°

n° mor

27° Bast Long. x 35° 53% Sonth Lat.).

The homestead block is situated on the

north-castern shore of Murray’s (originally Murrell’s) Lagoon, a shallow fresh-

water lake without apparent outlet to the sea. This lagoon receives the waters

of Timber Creek fron the north-east and of Curley Creel fron the north-avest.

At the present day the lagoon is frequented by waterfowl, especially black

swans (Chenopsis ulra), which nest on a small island situated in the western half.

At least two species of small Fresh- or brackish-water Gasteropods are pre-

sent: one, Bulinus rubidus, is uot very common; the other, Cariella badgerensis,

TINDALE AND MAEGRAITH—ABORIGINALS ON KANGAROO [ISLAND = 277

is abundant. Two or more species of Lime-depositing algae, probably allied to

Chora, ave also abundant, During periods of drought, when the area of water

is much redneed by evaporation, strong south-westerly gales blow the lime ditst

and Coxiella shells from the drying edges of the lagoon towards the north-east,

where they accumulate asa shell beach on the margin of vewetation. In time

these deposits become consolidated as a soft shelly limestone. This process,

repeated over long periods, has built np deposits over much of the area of Hawk's

in te

Hawe's Nest Homesrean

' rai

1 weit

' '

’ rant SECTION 4

MURRELL'S : ow , HUNDRED OF

OR MURRAY'S

LAGOON

48 70 MmIe a9

Stim aa a sh

eo’

0 Tmplement

« Horweurstone

Wig. 1. Sketeh-map of Hawk's Nest te show the distribution of the tmplements. lise

shows Kangaroo Island and the adjoiming mainland,

Nest. All stages can be deteeted, from the compact Cowell limestone forming

the nplands, upon which the station houses ave built, to the recently weeumoalated

shell heaps on the present shores.

In the accompanying skeleh map the contonrs of the area in the inimediate

vicinity of Hawk’s Nest are roughly indicated, the Hoor of the lagoon being

utilized as datum.

278 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

In times of flood the lagoon is 1-5 metres deep, and covers an area of approxi-

mately 6 synare kilometres, Onee only since 1864. when records were first eom-

meneed, has the lavoon level risen to between the 8 and 4 ametre contours. This

happened in 1910, a year of exceptional rains. when the area of the lake must

have been at least 10 square kilometres.

The uplands of Tawk's Nest are undnlatine knolls of lake limestone thinly

covered with soil, They have been cleared of their original veeetation for many

years, and in some areas have heen ploughed for the sowing of wheat, barley, ote.

Other areas have recently been rolled to destroy the scrub, ploughed, aud sown

with native grasses. Areas so treated inelude part of the swamp-land below the

Sometre form dine, some of the higher ground north-east and southavest of the

homestead, and a large area of undulating limestone country to the south-east,

This matter has been referred to in some detail. becanse the hammerstones and

other artefacts referred to below are usually concealed in the top 0°38 metre of

soil. so that, except where there has been natural erosion of the surface mantle,

they are only brought to the surface by the plough.

The implements are not associated with the usual signs of recent ocenpation,

sich as ashes, charcoal, middle, bone and shell fragments, ete. Some burnt pieces

of lake limestone (such as are often found associated with cooking ovens on

mainland sites) are also plouvhed up; but it is diffieult to decide whether in any

particular instance they are likely to be oven-stones ov stones burnt naturally as

the result of bushfires.

The sketch map gives the distribution of fhe most definite implements and

anefacts found. Each dot represents a hbammer- or mill-stone: the eireles midi

eale trimmed flakes or ‘“eleavers,’? and ‘Seores.77 Approximately 6 square kilo-

metres of the country examined was found to present these remains,

The lowest limit of the occurrence of these objects appears to correspond to

the 8 metre form line. They are present on all of the higher ridges between the

awamp-lands on Murray's Lagoon on the southeavest and the swamp-lands of

Seetion 18 to the north-east. They are most numerous on the peninsula formed

by the upland at the mouth of Timber Creek, above the 4-5 metre form line, No

specimens were found on the stony outerops of Pre-Cambrian quartzites to the

north-west of the ereek. According to Mr, EK. Seager they are also absent from

the limestone country on the south-eastern boundary of Seetion +. but as this

area was under crop during mim stay it econld no be closely examined,

ARTEPACTS,

The amaterials from whieh the implements found at Tlawk’s Nest are mann.

factured are chiefly waterwort pebbles of grey, brown, or pink qnartzite and

TINDALE AND MAEGRAITH—ABORIGINALS ON KANGAROO [SLANT 279

quartz, all of which are foreign to the local. With one doubtful exception

they must all have been (rausported at least 6 kilometres, for the nearest known

sourees Of supply are near Kingscote aud Emin Bay, on the north coast of (he

isla,

4 5a 5

Mies 25. Tiorerstones. Prom Hawk 's Nest, Mtngiroo Tshund, Ged mek. sia

8 8

Approxinutely 70% of the pebbles present at Taawk’s Nest bear sour tidica-

fion of hinman milization, priueipally in the form of the pitting and bruising. lie

to their seas limmmerstones. On about o0%e of the wtilized examples sufferer

wer has taken place lo enable them to be classified aveording to made of tise, ere.

Only the locations of the Litter examples are shown on the sketeh map (fig. 1)

Manus of dhe stones are broken aeress by thermal or other natural ageney ; others

280 ReCORDS OF Tile S.A, Muskom

show the freshly executed effeets of contact with the ploughshare whieh brought

them to the surface. A seleetion of about fifty of the best preserved and most

typiew! examples has been placed in dhe Museum collection. anda lave eolleerion

af the poorer examples has beou deposited at Lhawk's Nest Station.

i WA

Wigs (7) Prboonal tikes, oecdivapie trom blawk’s Noat, Wongrarcgy Ustad, (ati net, wive

Ror esplinition of the terme d@rapur sve p, 280,

Assovinted with the lammer-stones were some trinuned discoidal flakes of!

latye size and miumbers of the ‘core’ like objects described below. No evidener

OW! the tilization of small secondarily chipped flakes was discovered,

Hanmmer-stones, Four speeial dypes of hammerstones are particularly

connnon, bul by selection from the long series obtained all eradations of form are

fo be seen. Th will therefore be sufficient to deseribe and ilasteake the most

TTINDALE AND MAEGRKAITH ALORIGINALS ON KANGAROO ISLAND 2&8]

¢haracteristie forms. Lammer-stones range from 0-5 to 1-5 kilograms in

weight, The types are: (a) Flattened discoidal stones with marked peripheral

wear and axial depressions on each face (probably due to use as nether blocks)

(fiz. 2). (b} Oval stones usually somewhat less flattened than the discoidal type,

possessing well-battered areas at the extremities, also axial depressions on the

flatter faces Cig. 3). (¢) Oval stones showing marked hammering effects at oue

or both extremities (fie, 4). (dc) Hlonwate-oval stones with the prineipal signs

of use at the centre and the two extrenities of the flat faees (fig. 5).

In addition to these regular types and the intermediates there are sole

irregular pebbles showing marked signs of use.

Nether Slones. Apart from the trne hannner-stones there are niuubers of

larger Hattened oval or discoidal stones up to 4°59 kilograms in weight, These

bear evidence of use as nether stones in the form of axial abrasions or depressious

ou one or both of the principal faces,

Trmaned Flakes. Numbers of laree flakes, roughly fashioned to a ciseoidal

shape by a series of blows at right angles to the plane surface, were present.

Secondary chipping is evident on portions at least of the periphery. Hie. 6

shows an example 9 em. in diameter and + em. in thickness. The material is a

coarse, pink-coloured felspathic quartzite. Another example, illustrated in fig. 7,

is Sem. in diameter and 4+ cm. in thickness, Tb this the material is similar to a

vrey quartzite found onteropping to the west of Hawk’s Nest. [Ht is the only

implement which may have been mace of rock occurring in the neighbourhood.

Trimmed Cares. Two types of large ‘teore?’-like implements are somewhat

more abundant than the trimmed flakes. They possess a flat face, whieh aay be

vither cireular (type a) or clongate-oval (type 6) in outline; aud a very high

back. The ¢ireunference shows marked secondary chipping of a coarse order,

Indieations of wear ave shown in the bhinting of the secondarily chipped margin,

whieh tay be contrasted with the equally acute but unabraded ridges and keels

on the baek and sides.

A typical example of type «@ is shown in fig. 18. The first illustration gives

a lateral view, in the second the stone Las been tilted backwards to show the flat

surface and the abraded working margin, The vxample is 9 em. in diameter

and } em. in height, anc is made From a mediim-eramed dark quartzite whieh

is foreion to the loeality.

The clongate-oval implements (type b) are uneouumonw The best example

is illustrated in figs. 9 a-e., whieh show respectively the dorsal, lateral, and ventral

aspeets. Th measires 14 em. in length, 7 em. in width, and 4 em, in height, The

flat lace is part of the original surface of the fine-erained quartzite pebble from

whieh it was fashioned, and hears three groups of pittings as a vesilt of use as

ay KEGORDS oF THE S.A. Musrkum

a launmerstoue. Secondary chipping oceurs at both ends and alone one lateral

niirgin. Phe working ode is only moderately abracted,

9a 9b 9c

igs BY Triinmed core like dmaplementa from Hawk's Nest, Kaugnreo babi, 0000 yet

TINDALE AND MAEGRAITH —ABORIGINALS ON KANGAROO ISLAND = 283

BRIEF RECORDS OF OTITER LOCALITIES.

Koiworrd: During a visit to the South Coast an hor was spent at Kanyarra,

or Mott Pleasant Station (Seetion 8, Liundred of Seddon). The station house

is sitttated ona lake-limestone rise forming the north-eastern bank of a flood plat

inundated by the Eleanor River. The swamp-land in the depression has been

artiligially reclaaned by nieaus of a weir, which diverts the river southward into

a new channel,

A seetion dug near the house at a heie@ht of about G metres above the swamp

shows :

Grey sandy soil. . +4 +3 ie -. O02 inetre

Lake limestone with Cowre/la remains 2. OFF Inetre

Marl with irrewular land surface... 2. 2-0 metres

This section suggests that there has been a recent period of lake extension,

following a drier period, during which an eroded land surface was former,

Three hammer-stones were pieked up on stone dutps near the house, Mae.

Buek, the present owner, stated that be had met with others when ploughing the

drained swamp half a anile west of the house; we were unable to loeate these in

the short time available,

Lake Ada: Au inferior hammer-stone example was picked up om an creded

surface on the rise to the north-east of Lake Ada, near the abandoned house

known as ‘* Mord’s.”’

Macylhivray: Max. -). Wood stated that he had seen several hanuner-stores

on some high lane overlooking the Upper Timber Creek, about 8 kilometres north

ol Hawk’s Nest (Seetion 23, Ionidred of Maegillivray) ; a single portion of a

hammer-stone was also noted by us beside the track on the southern boundary of

Redands Station (Seetion 3, Llundred of Macwillivray ).

Sall Lagoon: Mr. A. G. Boxer cliscovered several excellent haimnier-stones

at his station on the north-eastern bank of Salt Lagoon, 2 kilometres west of the

Bay of Shoals, and has presented them to the South Australian Musern. All the

examples were said to have been loeated on uplands at a height of perhaps 9

metres above the level of the lagoon and TOO metres from its present margin,

Olher possible sites: Two old residents of Kingscote remarked that snuilar

stones occur at Rocky river on high ground, at Cape De Couédie, und at the

eastern end of Rleanor River. An inferior hammer-stone was found by ms beside

a camper’s cottawe, near the mouth of Larriet River, Vivonne Bay. This may

have been carried from sone site in the vieiuty.

A Correetion. A detailed examination was made of the “kitehen midden’’

recorded by Howehin (*) as existing on the top of the headland at the east side

28+ RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

ol the bay at the Beeeknells (Five Beaches). Associated with the older shells

forming this mound are fresher ones, in a few eases still containing decomposing

remains of the animal. Moreover, in one of several rock fissures associated with

the deposit, which has formed a trap for sea birds such as the albatross (Divmed ta

melanaphris) and the penguin (Ludyplula unding) fresh shells lay on top of

partly decayed feathers,

This monud, then, is not a native camp, but is merely the result of the trans-

portation of living or recently dead shell-fish, by storm-wayes and wind, from

the pools on the rocky ledge at the base of the cliff to their present position on

top of the limestone headland. At this place the cliff is not quite vertical an

only 6 metres high. Hlsewhere the cliff face is somewhat higher, and is uncder-

inined by the sea; in consequence no shells have been thrown up.

As mentioned by Llowchin, numbers of simall qnartz flakes were found to be

present at low levels in the sandhills at the Brecknells; none of these showed sigis

of intentional manufacture; im one case it was possible to fit several pieces

together and to see that thermal action had caused the flaking. Quartz pebbles

were also found on the adjacent beach,

All of the quartz chippings seen by the writers at this beach must be rewarded

as formed by the natural weathering of quartz pebbles washed up during heavy

weather,

Mr. R.G. Thomas first drew our attention to the faet that Miuray’s Lagoon

was once considerably larger than at present, aud that much of the ares, now

known as Hawk's Nest was once under water. Climatic or other conditious have

caused a shrinking of this body of water to the present dimensions. At some

intermediate period, when the lake was larger than at present, native inhabitants

made their camps along the shore. The evidence of the distribition of the arte-

facts sugvests that the five-metre shore-line, or thereabouts, was a relatively stable

one during one of the last periods of such oceupation, and that the Hawk’s Nest

Peninsula, as it was then, was a favoured camp-site.

Bow inferences ean be made concerning the people who fashioned the arte-

facts found on these sites, Uf is evident that they used very ernde cutting,

scraping, and hammering implements, and were living on the island sufficiently

long ago for traces of organic camp debris to have disappeared.

The primitiveness of the stone implements and the absence of all traces of

the dingo (Canis dinga) may suggest that the former islanders were, like the

Tasmanians, a Pre-Australoid people who have become extinet. On the other

TINDALE AND MAEGRAITH—ABORIGINALS ON KANGAROO ISLAND = 285

hand, they may have bee wore vecent visitors (related to the present inhabitants

of the adjacent mainland), and did not ¢amry their dogs with them to the island.

The mode of evttauce is an interesting problem, The straits separating the

island frow the mainland are at present 18 kilometres in width, with a depth of

37 metres (20 fathoms). Strang currents pass through the channel, and heavy

tidal swells are frequent. ‘Phere is no evidence to suggest that the people of the

adjoining mainland ever nsed any form of marine eraft, aud certainly woe was

known at the time of tle first Hurvopeans’ visits. ‘The Yaralde, Warawalde, ana

Wanyakalde tribes, at Lake Alexancdvina, near the mouth of the River Mooray,

employed rafts made from Jarge bundles of reeds and rushes, loosely lasbect

tovether, The Neaiyawa and tribes Siuther upstream usec) canoes mule from

the thiek and heavy bark of the river redeum (duecalyplus rastruta)d. hese

canoes hac at most a freeboard of from 5 to 10 centimetres, and were used only

ou the river and its lawoons. Paddles were nuoknown, lone poles beige used for

propelling the evatt.

The idea that the islanders may bave had access fo the area when it was

still part of the mainland should be considered, although there is no definite

evidence at present. The mammals are closely siuilar to those of the mainlaud,

but im some eases have differentiated sufficiently to have received subspecilie

recognition; an apprecibly long period of isolation is usually considered weces-

sary for such divergences to have taken place. The absence of the dinwo (inen-

tioted above) may suggest that the island was separated before the doe was

brought to Australia.

Interesting problems arise in considering the possible explanation of the

disappearance of the inhabitants of the islamd, The difficulties that the earliest

Enropeans met with in obtaining water supplies chung cley seasons suwwests: a

possibility that a eyele of droteht conditions may have so rectieed the farmna aud

the inhabitants as to lead to the extinetion of the group, A sinular fate may

have been shared by the wombat, which appears also to have become extinet tn

relatively recent times. The researches of the Animal Nitiition Laboratory on

the ‘‘eoast disease’? of sheep, so prevalent ou the island, may indicate soil or

other deficiencies sufficient, in conjunetion with climatic disabilities, to lave ren-

dered the environment unstable for their continmed existence,

[f the islanders were derived from mainlanders who possessed marine eratt

(unlike their more recent descendants or successors), and were in the habit of

visiting the ished af intervals. it is possible to conceive of accidents sufticiently

overwhelnung to deter others from making the voyage. Tt may be that the

belie! of the Yarahle (lake Alexandrina) people, that the island is the bunting.

place of the dead, avose as a result of some sueh event.

286 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MusSEUM

Kangaroo Island plays several réles in mainland mythology. Aceording to

Teichelmann (%) the Sanrna (Adelaide tribe) naine for it is Karta, the meaning

of whieh is lap” or ‘‘ female eenitalia,”’

According to Cawthorne (7) it is also called Kukakim. The Ramony name

is Kukakungar, the literal trauslation of whieh is ‘‘ females (wemitalia of) to,”’

This name may not be very old, as the meaning is veminiseent of the faet that

more than one mainland woman was forcibly carried to the ishind by the sealers.

According to one Yaralde statement the island is the hunting-place of the

dead. ‘*Old Betty,’? one of the iwo wives belonging to the former ‘king of

the group af the Murray Mouth, ealled it Naruneawi, and said that Newrunderi.

a mythical being, journeyed down the Murray River and crossed Backstairs

Passage. He landed at a place ov the island where there is a giant sheoak (Casi-

arin). Tle then travelled westward across the island, and threw his spear oul

into the sea, causing other islands to appear. Te then jumped into the sea, dived.

and finally reappeared as a star in the heavens.

A similar idea is held by the Parnkalla uatives, north of Port Lincoln, whe,

according to Schitrmann (5), bury their dead with ‘‘the head towards the west,

acustom that 2... is founded on their beef that the soul @oes to an island

in the east.’ This island is called Mungaltanna, and is sitnated somewhere in

Speueer Gulf.

Our knowledge of the distribution and sequence of the stone enltiures iu

South Australia is not yet sufficient 10 enable detailed comparisons to be made

between the island and inainland materials; some minor comments are eiven

helow.

Tinner-stones. Hammers of sone of the types found at Hawk's Nest were

nsed by the Ramong natives at Encounter Bay, who knew them as wehurnwe, aud

employed them in pounding the chewed pellets of rush fibre (Typha angustifolty)

‘hiring the processes of string nakine. They also served to break animal bones

in order to extract the marrow. Among the Parnkalla people of Eyre’s Peuinsula

the hamyala was a similar ‘* pebble or round stone, carried about in the knapsack

ornel. and usect in breaking bones, ete’?

Trimmed Flakes, Wt is uneertain in what manner these were employed. Tn

the absence of more specialized implements if seems likely that they were general

cutting tools, The drapia of the people of the Tiaura tribe, Central Anstralia,

which is a similar implement. funetions as a hand-chopper or cleaver. and is

used without any handle, in the rough trinoning of wood, and in the removal

of bark from gum trees, A special nse is in the eutting of the soft wood of the

bean tree (Eryfhrinn) tor shields and dishes.

We propose to apply the name @rapia as a general term for these trimmed

TINDALE AND MABGRAITH -AROKIGINALS ON KANGAROO ISLAND

lla | lb Hie

ipa TO 0b, Wy plea) drape or Ceimeed: take Pree pene Codiada Sook, Central Anat entin,

Histon Geite (ig. 1. Qh bathe deaga Peon Dacetian Pawan i ee eee

ales. nd fore Ce. 100. as ty pteal, ain Tian example which was obtained: ad

Macdonald Downs diving the combined Mauser dard Adelaide University

Aiilinopaloey Feaspedition Lo Contra Australia, M980 (Noe. AL TISST tithe Senth

Australian WWiseune).

Trinuned fakes, morpholowieally (he same as the Hawk's Nest exainples. are

lonowi from seveaal mainhand distriets

On the qjavent levatiew Penirsula

IR7

288 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MusEUM

they have been found at Normanyille and Inman Valley (by Mv. FL. L. Sheard) ;

also from a site 1-5 kilometres west of Port Augusta (N. B. Tindale) ; from

Carrow aud Lipson Cove, Eyre Peninsula (Rey. C. Mountford, N. B. Tindale) :

from the red sandhill region north of the Murray River, near Waikerie: from

Dolo, 60 kilometres west of Wileannia, New South Wales; and from Durhain

Downs in south-western Queensland (fig. 11),

The Inman Valley examples are from a sand-blow & kilometres north-west

of Vietor Harbour; the Carrow example was found tnassociated with eam

debris. The Lipson Cove and Port Angzusta examples were obtained on extensive

camp sites, whieh proved singularly unproductive of the usual small implements.

In general it would appear that the sites from whieh these implements are

obtained have been passed over with seant notice as ‘poor camp sites,’? owine

to the absence of the specialized nueroliths, mammalbones, and other relies of

the latest periods of oecupation,

Several of these implements were found by Mr. P. D. Riddell on a site near

Durham Downs. Associated with the specimens were several fragments of

himian bone which show traces of mineralization. The matter is inconclusive, but

suggests an avenue of future research. The bones preserved in (his Museum

include portions of two skulls and the fragment of a lower jaw.

Trimmed Cores. The large trimmed discoidal cores are similar to examples

fonmd on camp sites at Eden Valley (Section 124, ITundred of Jutland), in the

Mount Lofty Ranges. This site is described by Hossfeld (2), who refers to these

implements as ‘chipped blocks of felspar-actinolite gneiss. ”?

The absence of workshop debris at Hawk’s Nest on the sites where these

ohjects were found, and the fact that the ‘‘eutting edges’? are, in some cases,

worn as if by use, supports the view that they are definite implements, and not

reject cores, This view is already held by sone collectors who have obtained

{hem on mainland sites.

SUMMARY.

This paper details evidence of a former native oceupation of Kangaroo Islind

which had ceased before the first visits of Europeans, At Hawk’s Nest, the type

loeality, crude stone implements and many hammer-stones are found on the

former shores of a lake or lagoon, now mutteh redneed in area, Apparently a

sufficient time has elapsed since the occupation for traces of organic camp debris

to have perished. Tinplements of similar type are known from seattered main-

land sites whieh have proved inproduetiye of relies of recent occupation,

TINDALE AND MAEGRAITH—ABORIGINALS ON KANGAROO ISLAND 289

REFERENCES.

Flinders, Matthew: Voyage to Terra Australis . 2. . 1801-3, in IL.M.S. the

‘‘Tnvestigator,’’ vol. i, 1814, p. 169, ete.

Péron, Franeois and Desaulses de Hreycinet, Louis Claude: Voyage de

découvertes aux Terres Australes... . Historique, ii, 1816, p. 76.

Moore, IH, P.; Notes on the Karly Settlers in South Australia prior to 1836,

Roy. Geog. Soc. of Australia, S. Aust. Branch, Proceedings rav, 1925,

pp. 81-155,

Berry, Riehard J, A.: Living deseendant of an extinet (Tasmanian) race

jon Kangaroo Island]. Proc. Roy. Soe. of Victoria, wa (ms.), 1907

pp. 1-20, pl. 1, with bibliography.

Howehin, Walter: Aboriginal Occupation of Kanearoo Island. Trans, Ray.

Soc., S. Aust., rvvii, 1905, p. 90.

Teichelmann, C. G. and Sehiirmann, C. W.: Outlines of a grammar, voeabu-

lary, and phraseology of the Aboriginal language . 2. . spoken .

around Adelaide. 76 pp. Adelaide, 1840.

Cawthorne, W. A.: Unpublished manuseript, No, A. 458, in South Australian

Arehives Department.

Sehiirmann, C, W.: Aboriginal tribes of Port Lincoln, in South Australia,

their mode of life, manners, customs, ete. 80 pp. Adelaide, 1846.

Tlossfeld, Paul S.: Aborigines of South Australia: native oceupation of the

Eden Valley and Angaston districts. Trans. Roy. Noe. S. Aust., |,

1926, pp. 287-297, figs. 1-4.

BEAKED WHALES —- HYPEROODON PLANIFRONS AND

MESOPLODON LAYARDII —- FROM SOUTH AUSTRALIA

By HERBERT M. HALE, CURATOR, SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM

Summary

Hyperoodon Planifrons Flower

Hyperoodon planifrons Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1882, p. 392, figs. 1 and 2; Moreno,

Anales Mus. de La Plata, Secc. Zoolo., 111, 1895, pp. 4-8, pl. 1, figs. 2 and 3 and pl. it.,

figs. 3 and 4.

Early in December 1929, it was reported that a whale was stranded near Port Victoria, on

Yorke Peninsula. On request, Mr. A. D. Edwardes, of Port Victoria, furnished a

description, which showed clearly that the specimen was a large Bottlenose, with a single

pair of teeth at the extreme end of the mandible. The whale had been stranded thirteen

miles south of Port Victoria, and was alive when first noticed. It was then upon a

sandbank 100 yards or so below high tide mark. During its struggles the animal had

excavated a considerable hollow in the sand, and in this depression it died on November

22. None of the numerous visitors heard any sound from the dying creature, that 1s, no

evidence of a voice. The life-colour was described as being bluish-black above with the

belly creamy or grey.

BEAKED WHALES—HYPEROODON PLANIFRONS axp

MESOPLODON LAYARDII—rrom SOUTH AUSTRALIA

By HERBERT M. HALE, Cursror, Sourt Ausrranian Musnum.

Wies, 1-27.

Tlyprroonon PLANIPRONS Flower.

Hyperoodon planifrons Flower, Proe. Zool. Soe., 1882, p. 892, figs. 1 and 2;

Moreno, Anales Mus. de la Plata, Seee, Zool. ii, 1895, pp. 4-8, pl. i, figs. 2

and 3 and pl, ii, figs. 8 and 4.

Barty in December 1929, it was reported that a whale was stranded near Port

Vietoria, on Yorke Peninsula. On request, Mr. A. D, Edwardes, of Port Victoria,

furnished a deseription, which showed clearly that the specimen was a large

3ottlenose, with a single pair of teeth at the extreme end of the mandible. The

whale had been stranded thirteen miles south of Port Victoria, and was alive

when first noticed. [twas then upon a sandbank 100 yards or so below high tide

mark. During its struggles the animal had exeavated a considerable hollow in

the sand, and in this depression it died on November 22. None of the nimerons

visitors heard any sound from the dying creature. that is, no evidence of a voice.

The life-colour was deseribed as being blnish-black above with the belly creamy

or grey.

Ina few days a high tide carried the whale on to seaweed well above the level

of the aforementioned spit. On December 10 the writer, in company with the

Tasxidermist (Mr. J. Raw) and his assistant (Mor, A. Rau), visited the locality in

order to secure the skeleton for the Museum. The whale, an adult male, was then

lying on its left side, and was partly buried in weed; oil was riunning

freely from the hide. Visitors had removed the tip of the dorsal fin, and also

portion of one of the tail-flukes. The body was somewhat inflated, but some flesh-

meastrements were taken, and a sketch, to seale, was made (fig, 2). Tt will he

noted that the forehead is massive and slopes forward, so that it overhangs the

base of the beak, Tho dental sockets, from which the teeth had been removed by

Mr. Edwardes. were entirely fibrous, and showed where the adhering tissue had

heen eut; they were barely an ineh apart, and were situated at the extreme end

of the lower jaw. The gums were remoyed in toto, but evidences of no other

teeth were apparent. The blow-hole was placed in the mid-line of the head, and

slightly in advance of the yertieal of the eve, which was 57 mm. in leneth and

292 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

25 mm. in depth. A single paw of throat grooves, each 405 min, in length, were

present; their posterior euds were 280 qm. apart. The penis was extended and

prominent.

Figo 1, Hyperoodon planifrons on sandhank at Pt. Victoria. (M@ietas, M, Newhold.)

The stomach contained a large quantity of Cephalopod beaks, rewarding

which Mv. B.C. Cotton (Assistant Conchologist af this Museunt). reports: ‘The

large size of these heaks indicates that they are from Cephalopoda of consider-

able bulk, Our common Sepia apaie has the beak smaller anc of cifferent shape.

The only other member of our known Cephalopod fauna which could haye beaks

ol this size is Palypus variolatus, of whieh we have a specimen 1,180 mn. in

leneth.??

HALE—BEAKED WHALES FROM SOUTH AUSTRALIA 293

Hyperoodon plonifrous, Pt. Vietoria.

294 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Local fisherien stated that a school of about twenty-five whales was observed

in Spencer Gulf immediately prior to the casting up of this specimen, and that

they considered it to be one of this school, The Blackfish (Globlocephala melaena)

has been seen in herds in both Spencer and St. Vineent Gulls, but as Hyperoodon

qnpullalus is said to be gregarious the evidence is given for what it may be worth.

The writer is extremely indebted to Mr. A, D. Edwardes for help in obtain-

ing a satisfactory preliminary deseription of this whale; also to Me. Il. BH. A.

Hdwardes, who rendered considerable assistamee with transport. Mer. J. Rat and

his assistant (Mi. A. Ran) spared no pains in order to ensure that the complete

skeleton mieht be seeured, and are to be congratulated upon the enthusiastic

manner in whieh they undertook an unpleasant task, the whale having been dead

for mineteen days when the ‘‘fleshing’? was commenced. Mr. B, Cotton is respon-

sible for the photoeraphs of the skeleton, and Mr. TL. Condon assisted in the

preparation of the drawing reproduced in fie, 2.

External Dimensions.

mm, Tt. im,

Total length to middle of tail-flukes - - §954 22.9

Tip of beak to eve - - - - - ~ 1067 BG

Tip of beak toe vent - - - - 3 - 4800 15 9

Tip of beak to penis - : = - - 4192 9

Tip of beak 1o origin of dorsal fine - 2 - 4673 15

Tip of beak to axilla - - - - - 1830 6 0

Leneth of gape - e 7 : - 7 458 1 6

Leneth of pectoral fin - - - - - 813 2 8

Breadth of flukes (apprex.) - - - - 30385 68

Skull.

Sutures, partiearly on dorsum, more or less anchylosed. Apex of rostrum

aette, deeper than wide opposite distal ends of maxillae, Premaxillae not widely

separated, strongly over-arching mesorostral eutter excepting at extreme distal

end; with sharp edges, parallel above groove to level of premaxillary foramina,

where the right premaxilla twists to the left; expanded distal parts smooth anteri-

orly and rugose dorsally; the right is particularly massive, with the anterior face

nearly twice as wide as that of the left. Groove between nasals deep but narrow ;

inner anterior edee of cach nasal (at bottom of groove) cirawn wp into a dow, thin

flange. The vomer appears in floor of mesorostral groove 380 mm. from tip of

rostrum, ancl passing back soon oeenpies whole concave floor of the groove and

the greater part of its sides; no median elevation and uo mesirostral ossification ;

an elongated seetion of the vomer is visible on the tiferior surtace of the beak,

379 mm. from the tip, anc a tiny section appears between the palatines and

HarL_e—LeAKED WHALES FROM SOUTH AUSTRALIA 295

Wives. oA. Dersal, ventesl and leternl views of skull of /ypereadon planifrons.

ty KECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Bigs. 10, Typeronden plant frous: G-7. anterior ail posterior views of sledl; §, orbital

powtons: O10. manila

Hate —-BrAKED WHALES FROM SoutTH AUSTRALIA 297

plerygoids. Mesethwoid extending forward nearly to level of antorbital notches,

where it fills the mesorostral eroove and is uearly covered by the prenasillae ;

at about level of maxillary foramina the mesethimoid exhibits a rest, sharply bent

io the left, and wing against the left premaxilla; this crest is thickened at the

anterior border of dhe nares, then is continued as the sharp-edged nasal septum,

sweeping, with strongly convex margin, ventrally, then dorsally with slightly

concave marein. The mesethmoid generously overlaps the nasals. but the septiun

(loes not nearly meet the low internasal erests. Maxillary foramina a Little in

advance of prenmaxillary foramina. Maxillary tuberosities much wider than

deep, rounded, and slighily inverted in region of maxillary foramina, whieh they

partly overhang; right tuberosity with a low. dorsal, longitudinal carina, which

eweeps forwards and downwards, but vanishes at about the level of the antorbital

noteh; left with a similar but obsolete earina, Outer border of orbit concave in

dorsal ov venteal view. Antorbital tubercle laree. and antorbital notch deep.

Anforbital tubercle and ventro-lateral faces of malar and lacheyinal rough and

irregular (fig. 8).

Mandible and Teeth,

The rani of the mandible are anechylosed together at the symphysis: the

wroove between, dorsally and veutrally, is crossed by ossified bridwes, suggesting

that fusion was still proceeding (figs. 9-10).

‘a b

Fire 11. Teeth of MWyperoodon planifrons Ca, left; by right): mat, PPA

The teeth were sent to the Musemu before the writer examined ihe whale.

Mr. Edwardes wrote that they were ‘tat the extreme end of the mandible, sloping

forwards, and about one inch apart. They were rather mobile, and 1 had little

298 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

difficulty in extracting them with a penknife.’? They are subconical in shape,

with the roots entirely closed (fig. 11). Including the apical dentiele, they pro-

jected only about 20 mm. above the gum. Their dimensions are:

Left. Right.

Leneth - - C - 57 mm, 59 min.

Greatest diameter - . 36 ann, 37 mun,

Dimensions of Skull,

mm.

Total leneth - - - - - - - - - - - 13891

Height from vertex to inferior border of pterygoids — - - - 666

Tip of rostrum to level of antorbital notches - - - - - dd7

Tip of rostrum to posterior free border of pterygoids - - - 1141-1150

Tip of rostrum to anterior end of nasals - - - - - 1065

Breadth of rostrum at antorbital notehes — - - - - - 500

3readth of rostrum in front of maxillary tuberosities - - - 210

Greatest depth of rostrum = - - - - - - - - 227

Breadth of premaxillae in front of nares — - - - - - 295

Breadth of base of maxillary tuberosity (at antorbital notch) : 200-204

Depth of maxilla (antorbital tubercle to dorsal margin) - - 175

Height of supraoccipital (dorsal edge of foramen magnum to top

of oceipital crest) - : ~ “ . - : 410

Dorsal narrowest width of supraoccipital, between hinder margins

of temporal fossae - - - - - - - - 85

Width of foramen magnum = - - - - - - - - 60

Width of condyles - - - - - - - - - 237

Height of condyles - - - - - - - - - 174

Length of tympanie bulla - “ - - - - < = 52

Breadth of tympanie bulla - - - - - - - - 42

Length of mandible - E - S - - - : - 1184

Length of symphysis — - - - - - - - - = 892

Depth of mandible at coronoid — - - - - - - - 218

Vertebrae, Ribs, etc.

The niumber of vertebrae is: Cervieal, 7; thoracic, 9; Limbar, 10; caudal, 20

— total 46. All seven cervicals are fused together. The neural spines from the

second thoracic to the seventh caudal lean back well beyond the level of the

posterior margins of their respective centra. The spines of the second to ninth

thoracics have been damaged during life, and the fifth to ninth in particular

HALE-—BEAKED WHALES FROM SOUTH AUSTRALIA 299

Skeleton of Huperoadon plinifrous,

9°

Fig, 12.

300 ReEcorps OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

exhibit considerable vallosity where the bone has been broken across. ALL of the

lumbars have been similarly broken, the eighth to tenth uomediately above the

neural arch. The tip of the spine of the fifth candal has been damaged, appar-

ently by a heavy blow from above.

There are vine vibs, seven of which are double-headed. The sternum. is of

three pieces. The articular facet for the eighth rib is at the end of two fused

processes from centrum of eighth thoracic.

Cervical Vertebrae.

AIL anchylosed, the conjoined neural arches and spines sloping backwards

and forming a pyramidal mass (figs. 18-15). Foramina above anterior articular

facets of atlas complete; cdges of facets raised; inferior lateral processes strony,

hent slightly downwards and backwards, and fused with similar process of second

Figs, 138-15. Anterior, lateral, and posterion views of cervical vertebrae of I ypereodon

planifrons.

cervical, there being a complete foramen between on each side. Seeond corvicil

with a short, tugose, superior lateral process; an incomplete foramen on right

and complete foramen on left, hetween it and inferior lateral process. ‘Third with

a short superior Jateral process, that on left anehylosed with process of preceding

cervical (leaving a complete foramen), that on vight side free, Fourth to sixth

cervicals with rudimentary superior lateral processes. Seventh with greater

part of right side of neural arch free, ineluding apex, which does not meet the

opposite member of the arch; lateral process practically non-existent; a thiek

articular facet for head of first rib has its upper margin at middle of side of

centri.

LALE—BEAKED WHALES FROM SOUTH AUSTRALIA 301

Thoracic Vertebrae.

Hirst: Neural spine ucarly vertieal, pointed, shorter than centrum and arch

towether. Process with facet for tubercle of first vib on side of neural arch,

directed downwards and forwards. Facer for second rib on amiddle of side of

centrum, near posterior edge.

Seventh: Metapophyses short aud stout, widely separated, and with a broad,

ruvose articular process and facet (for tubereculum of seventh rib) projecting

outwards and downwards. No facet on centrum and lateral process represented

by a low boss on each side. Neral spine of approximately equal width through-

out (widest at middle of length owing to injury), trancate at tip, and higher

than any of preceding spines.

Nighth: Metapophyses rather thin, subtriangular. Articular process for rb

directed outward and slightly backward, fusine with a transverse process from

side of centrum, leaving a darge foramen between on each side; articular facet

larwe, elliptical, and rugose.

Ninth: Metapophyses subtrianenlar, with upper margin almost straight.

Transverse process wide, a little longer than centrum, narrowed af base, but with

ihe proxbnal anterior corner produced forwards; anterior edge sinuous, posterior

oblique; articular facet not distineishable, the ‘tubercle’? area of the eighth rib

articulated along obliqne distal margin, and winth rib articulated at postero-

lateral corner. Neural spine three and one-balf times as long as wide.

Lumbar Vertebrae.

The veoral spines ave subequal in leneth, evel a little longer than in last

thovacie; they ave widest near the tip (those of the eighth and ninth are equally

as wide at base owing to healed fractures). The metapophyses in all are similar

(o those of last thoracic, Kach centra presents an inferior median ridge, lonyi-

tudinally convex in the first to seventh lumbars and longitudinally concave and

less marked in the eighth to tenth,

Virst: Sinilar to last thoracic, but with transverse process direeted rather

more forward and with proximal anterior angle less produced.

Tenth (last lumbar): Centrtim as lone as that of first caudal ancl longer than

that of any preceeding vertebra. Neural arch and spine together two and one-

fourth times length of centrum; apex of spine more truncate than in other

luombars. Transverse process one-half as lone as centrum, eneving forward so

that anterior distal angle is almost in line with anterior face of contin. Meta-

pophyses closer to each other than im preceding vertebrae.

302 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MusSEUM

Caudal Vertebrae.

First (27th vertebra): Similar to last lonbar, but neural spine with apex

more truncate and with anterior and posterior mareins straighter and therefore

more nearly parallel. Metapophyses and transverse processes similar, Centr

slightly flattened inferiorly, with merest indications posteriorly of tacets for

chevrons.

Second : Similar to first, but with transverse process only two-thirds as lonw.

Centrum slightly longitudinally concave inferiorly, with a pair of slight facets

anteriorly and two small but distinet processes with facets posteriorly.

Third: Similar to second, but both posterior aud anterior inferior processes

for cheyrous are larger, although the tront ones are still small, On each side ot

centrum a low oblique ridge ruus up and back trom junetion of wuterion margin

of transverse process,

Fourth to sixth: The centra on each side have a slightly oblique ridge,

inunmediately below the neural arch,

Seventh: Depth of centrum (exclusive of inferior processes) greater than

leneth and equal to Jeneth of neural arch and spine together, Metapoplyses

scarcely projecting anteriorly; a strong rugose ridge running backwards from

their origin on each side across two-thirds of base of spine, A less pronounced

longitudinal ridge on each side at base of neural arch. Transverse process repre-

sented by a strong ridge, highest anteriorly, perforated by a complete foramen

on left side and an ineomplete on right. Chevron processes laree. Median in-

ferior surface of centrium slightly coneave.

Highth : Similar to seventh, but neural spines shorter, and transverse process

represented by slight lateral thickening anteriorly. Anterior and posterior

cheyron processes almost meeting on each side, thus enclosing a deep inferior

eroove. ,

Ninth: Chevron processes represented by two inferior ridges, cach pertor-

ated in middle of length, and with articular facets fore and aft.

Bleventh ; Centrum much deeper than lone, grooved below, and with w pur

of interior foramina. Neural arch and spine represented by a low boss, ou each

side of which are indefinite rounded projections (metapophyses), A dorsal fora-

men on each side of centrum.

Twelfth to fifteenth; Grooved inferiorly, and with one or two inferior fora-

mina aud a pave of dorsal foramina. Thirteenth to fifteenth subquadrangular in

shape. Low humps and ridges indicate obsolete neural arches and lateral

processes.

Highteenth to twentieth: Rugose, subcomeal; foramina obliterated.

HALeE—BEAKED WHALES FROM SOUTH AUSTRALIA 303

Chevrons.

Ten inauunber. the members of each puir united; fiz. 16 shows the respective

shapes and sizes. Number four is 280 mum. in depth, and its greatest length is

152 mam.

Rie, Wi Chevron hones of Myperoudan planifrans,

Ribs.

First rib mich shorter than any of the others, exeepting the nimith, and mnueh

wider, the breadth being almost one-third the length; broadest at proximal end ;

head and tuberele wide. situated close towether. Sueeeeding ribs deercase in

breadth and inerease in length to the sixth. Seventh ahont same breadth as sixth,

Init a littl: shorter. Bighth about 80 em. shorter. Ninth vibs much more slender

than auy of the preceding; asymmetrical, the left little more than half as long

as the right, which ts longer than the first rib.

The capituhim and tuberenlim of the first vib are separated by a gap of

20 wane; in the third. fourth, and fifth ribs this distance becomes successively

eveater, but in the sixth is slightly reduced, The tubercle of the seventh rib is

only moderately developed, and the cighth and uinth have no tubercle, althoneh

304 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MusEuM

the eighth is rugose on the area by which it is articulated to the oblique marein

of the transyerse process of the ninth thoracic, The head of the eighth bears a

large facet, but the ninth has uo definite facet.

Pig, 17, Stern af Mayprrendon pliatfions,

Sternum.

Three pieces. Manubrium (ineliding in length anterior projections) a little

longer than wide, rigose and convex inferiorly, smoother and coneave an inner

face. A deep anterior noteh and a relatively very small posterior noteh, Lateral

edges concave. Kacets for cartilaginous sternal ribs thiek anil prominent.

Vip. 1S,

Right seapula of Aaperondin planifrons.

HALE—BEAKED WHALES FROM SOUTH AUSTRALIA 305

Second seement widest anteriorly, where the breadth slightly exceeds the

length. Anterior noteh equal in size to posterior notch of manubrium ; posterior

noteh much smatler. A: longitudinal median, rugose, inferior ridge,

Third seement bears facets for cartilage of fourth and fifth ribs and in part

(antero-lateral aneles) for third ribs. Anterior margin with very small noteh;

posterior noteh wide and shallow.

Scapula,

Ridges distiuet. Anterior iarein nearly straight, posterior border slightly

concave aid saperior treewular. Anterior angle broadly rounded, posterior anele

more aentely rounded, Acromion bent apwards and inwards, narrower across

rounded dip than at base, constrieted at distal third, so that superior border is

concave and inferior sinuous. Coracoid shorter than acromion, considerably

expanded, and riugose at tip.

Fore-limb.

Lett flipper slightly damaged by post-mortem abrasion.

Tlead of Limerns oblique, overhanging shaft on ulna side; distal end not

expanded; deltoid ridge irresilar and rugose. Radius shehthy widened at distal

end, almost strai@ht. Ulna slender, half as broad as radius, suboval in section ;

Mig. 19, Wxternu surfaee of hones of right fore limb of Hyperoadon planifrois.

oleoeranon prominent, thin, and pointed, Six carpals, two on ulua side in line

with metacarpal iv, two in middle and two ou radial side in line with imeta-

ealpal i, Phalanges (incliding metaearpals) :

Rieht: i, 2; 41, 7; ii, 6; iv, 5; v, 3.

Left (incomplete) : i, 2: i, 4; 1, 4; Iv. 43 vy, 3.

The terminal phalanges of ii to v are minute.

Pelvic Bones,

Slender, simple, each approximately 110 mm. in length. They were situ-

ated 4.500 mim, posterior to the tip of the mandible, below the last lumbar.

306 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Loc. Thirteen miles south of Port Victoria, western coast of Yorke Penin-

sula, South Anstralia. (Complete skeleton in South Australian Museum, Ree.

No., M. 2852.)

MESOPLODON LAYARDIT Gray.

Ziphius layardii Gray, Proc, Zool. Soe. 1865, p. 358,

Mesoplodon layardii Oliver, Proc. Zool. Soe., 1922, p. 574 (syn, and ref.) ; Waite,

Ree. S. Aust. Mus,, i. 1922, p. 209, pl. ii and iii; Seott and Lord, Prog. Roy.

Soe., Tasmania (1926), 1927, p. 87.

In 1922 Waite (ul supra) recorded this species from South Australia, a

single young male (the skeleton of which was secured for the Museum), having

been stranded at Kingston. Three further examples have sinee been east wp on

our shores, one at Port Vietoria and two near Vietor Tarbour.

Port VierorRtA SPECIMEN.

A few days after the skeleton of Hyperoodon planifrons, described above,

had been seeured, Mr. A. D. Edwardes wrote that another, but different, Beaked

Whale had been stranded close to the same spot—a remarkable comeidence. — It

was much decomposed, and was reduced to ‘‘about 12 feet in length.’’ Tt proved

to be a Straptoothed Whale, with the teeth ancrupted, and Mr. Edwardes kindly

seenred and cleaned the skull for the Museum, The sex was not noted.

Skull,

Very similar to that of the Kingston example described by Waite. The

yomer appears in the mesorostral groove 160 mm. from tip of rostrum, and is

evident ventrally at this point also, the inferior visible portion fusiform, 780 mm.

in leneth; a tiny section appears also between the palatines and pterygoids. The

premaxillary foramina are almost in line, and are in advanee of the maxillary

foramina.

Mandible with rami separate. Teeth with dentiele projecting ontwards but

not downwards or upwards (fig. 24). Dimensions of teeth:

Rieht. Left,

Leneth of base — - - - 73 mm, 72 mm.

Greatest depth — - - - 30) 30

Greatest width — - - - 825 s

The dimeusions of this skull and of that of one of the Vietor TMarbour speci-

mens are given below.

Loc. Thirteen miles south of Port Vietoria, western coast of Yorke Penim-

sula, South Australia. (Skull in Seuth Australian Museum, Ree. No. M. 2853.)

HALe—BEAKED WHALES FROM SOUTH AUSTRALIA 307

Wigs, 20-21. Mesoplodon layardii: dorsal and lateral views of skull of example from

Pt, Vietoria,

Vieror TLarsovr SpeciwEens.

On or about February 3, 1931, two small whales, which were previously noted

sporting inshore, were east up between Victor Harbour and Port Elliot, in

Encounter Bay (figs. 22-23). These were examined by Mrs. L. C, Simpson, who

measured the total length of each and made sketches. One example, a male, was

15 feet in length; the other, more bulky, a female, 17 feet in length. Mars. Sinip-

son stated that she conld find no teeth in either, the gums being ‘quite smooth.”

The colour of both was black above and white below.

On receiving this report we visited the locality (February 6), and found that

the female had been carried out by a high tide and washed in again nearer to

Port Elliot. The beak and mandible were missing, and the eraniwm was badly

simashed,

The male had been thrown up near the township of Vietor Harbour, and had

308 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Mig. 22. Ventral view of Mesoplodon layardii (male, 15 ft. in length) on beach at Vietor

Harbour (Photo, A. S. Sladden).

been cut up and buried by council employees. The head was disinterred, and

the Museum Taxidermists secured the skull.

The ventral view of the male (fig. 22), taken soon after stranding, shows the

creature partially buried in sand by the reeeding tide, but the single pair of

throat grooves is apparent.

Big. 23. Dorso-lateral view of Mesoplodon layardii (female, 17 tt, in length), on beach

near Pt, Elliot (Photo, A. S. Sladden).

Skull of Male.

Younger than the preceding. A little less of the mesethmoid is ossified and

the temporal fossa is wider. The right premaxilla, in front of the nares, is not

twisted to the left quite so much, The beak is shorter but distinetly wider, and

HALE—BEAKED WHALES FROM SOUTH AUSTRALIA 309

the area of the external faees of the palatines is greater (cf. figs. 21 and 27).

The mesorostral gutter (as in other immatire examples) is empty when the

cartilage is removed by maceration: the yomer appears in the groove, and also

inferiorly, 140 min. from the tip of the beak; ventral visible part 200 mi, in

leneth; a small portion appears between palatines and pterygoids also, The pre-

maxillary foramina are in line and are on a level with the maxillary foramina.

Bach pterygoid exhibits three areas. near the inferior marain, oceupied by very

thin cellular bone. evidently sites of former foramina. Basi, thyre, and stylo-

lhyvals not Fused.

25a

Figs. 24-26, Teeth af Wesoplodon layerdii (i, letts by right); 24. of example fram Pt,

Vieforiag 25, of nile from Vietor Tirbour (uat. sige).

Mandible with rami separate. Teeth with denticle pointing outwards anid

upwards (iw, 25). Dimensions of teeth:

Riel, luelt.

Length of base - - - a2 mia. S+ nny

Greatest depth - - - 39 2)

Greatest: width - = 2 9 9-5

The teeth of Waite’s male from Kingston (15 feet 3 inches in length) ave

similar to those of the example from Port Vietoria, but in the latter specimen

the denticle is down-bent. In this vounger Victor Tlarbour male the feeth

310 KECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

resemble closely those of a specunen 14 feet in length, deseribed and figured by

Turner (1),

Loe. Vietor arbour, South Australia, (Skull in South Australian Museum,

Ree. No. M. 2969. )

)

Wigs. 26.27.

Harbour.

Mesoplodon leiwrediie dorsal dial lateral views of skull af mate from Vietor

Dimensions of Skulls of Mesoplodon layardii.

Pt. Victoria, Vietor Marhor.

Sex 2. Male,

Total leneth 2 - - - - _ - 910 mm. SOQ) main.

Height from vertex to interior horder of pterygoids - 332 Be]

Tip of rostrimn to level of antorbital notches - - 575 500

Tip of rostrim to posterior border of pterygzoids - - 730 640

(1) Turner, {*Chiatlouger’’ Report, i, D880, p. TO, pl ii, figs. 15-16,

HALE—BEAKED WHALES FROM SOUTH AUSTRALIA 311

Pt, Vietoria. Vietor arbour,

Sex 2. Mile,

Greatest depth of rostrum — - - - - - - 81 70

Breadth between orbits - 3 “ . - ~ 56 B45

Breadth between antorbital **tubercles”’ - - 256 241

Breadth of premaxillae in front of nares — - - - 53 145

Greatest breadth of anterior nares — - - . - a0 a

Leneth of tympame bulla. - - - - - - 43-44 ae)

Breadth of tympanic bulla - e _ z - - 33 30

Height of supraoceipital (dorsal ed@e of foramen

magnum to top of oceipital crest) - - » BOO 220)

Width of foramen magnum - : * + £ - as 52

Width of condyles : 3 - ” - - - 1385 132

Height of condyles — - - - - - - - 77 74

Leneth of mandible — - - - - 7 - - 738 O81

(ireatest depth of mandible > - - - - 116 116

Length of symphysis — - - - - - - - 200 182

Deseriptions of persons who saw the two whales cavorting near the roeky

coast of Vietor Harbour suggest that the animals were mating, and in their

excitement became fouled by rocks, both examples exhibiting extensive ets.

Sexual activities may account for some otherwise unaccountable strandings.

Ii September, 1903, five Blackfish (@lobiocephala melaena) were stranded at

St. Kilda, in St, Vincent Gulf, about twenty miles north of Adelaide, under the

following circumstances. Mr. Temby, a fisherman, ‘was scared by the groaning

of some animal in the mangrove swamp.’’ The creature proved to be a female

Blackfish in difficulties in the mud of the swamp. Mr. Temby then noticed four

ather individuals swimming in shallow water nearby, and apparently loth to

leave the female. When the tide fell these four, all males, were also left high and

dry, The skeletons of three of the males and of the female are in the South

Australian Museum,

THE GOOSE-BEAKED WHALE (ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS)

IN NEW IRELAND

By HERBERT M. HALE, CURATOR, SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM

Summary

Ziphius Cavirostris Cuvier

Ziphius cavirostris Cuvier, Ossem. Foss., v, 1823, p. 350; Longman, Proc. Roy. Soc.,

Qld., xxxi, 1919, p. 90, pl. 111 and iv (near Maryborough, S. Qld.) ; Oliver, Proc. Zool.

Soc., 1922, p.576 (syn. and ref.) ; Dammerman, Treubia, vii, 1926, p.336, p1. iii (north

coast of Java) ; Vinciguerra, Ann. Mus. civ. St. Nat., Genova, lil, 1927, p. 232 (Ligurian

Sea) ; Scott and Lord, Proc. Roy. Soc., Tasmania, 1928, p. 156 (Preservation Island,

Tasmania).

A much damaged and abraded skull was presented to the Museum by Mr. P.

Vanderghinste in November, 1921 ; it arrived in fragments, but has been re-assembled.

Although it is small, the superior sutures are anchylosed, the mesirostral ossification is

well developed, and the prenarial basin is deep; the skull is therefore evidently that of an

adult male.

Tue GOOSE-BEAKED WHALE (ZIPHIUS

CAVIROSTRIS) 1s NEW IRELAND

By HERBERT M. HAL, Curaron, Sourn Ausrranian Musnum.

Wives, 1-2.

Ziwiiius CavitosrrRis Cuvier,

Ziphius cavirostris Cuvier, Ossem, Foss., vy, 1823, p. 350; Longman, Proe. Roy.

Soe., Qld., xxxi, 1919, p. 90, pl. iii and iv (near Maryborough, S. Qld.) ;

Oliver, Prog. Zool. Soe., 1922, p. 576 (syn. and ref.) ; Dammerman, Treubia,

viii, 1926, p. 336, pl. iii (north coast of Java); Vineiguerra, Aun, Mus. ¢iy.

St. Nat.. Genova, li, 1927, p. 282 (Ligurian Sea); Scott and Lord, Proc,

Roy. Soe., Tasmania, 1928, p. 156 (Preservation Island, Tasmania).

A muci damaged and abraded skull was presented to the Museum by Mr, P.

Vanderghinste in November, 1921; it arrived in fragments, but has been re-

assembled. Although it is small, the superior sutures are anchylosed, the mesi-

rostral ossification is well developed, and the prenarial basin is deep; the skull

is therefore evidently that of an adult male,

The rostrum has the bone of the distal half extremely dense and is blunt

apically. Mesirostral ossification slightly higher than premaxillae near tip of

rostrum ; posterior to this it forms a narrow ridge, with a deep groove between

it and each premaxilla, then widens to almost completely fill the mesorostral

eroove, and terminates at hinder third of length of beak, with a deep, oblique,

concave posterior face. Anterior faces of expanded proximal portions of pre-

maxillae deeply concave. Orifice of anterior nares far below level of nasal boss.

Dimensions of Skull.

Total length - - - - * - - TOT mau.

Tip of rostrtm to anterior end of nasals : ay4

Greatest depth of rostrum — - - - - 140

Breadth of premaxillae in front of nares - 225

Loc. IKopo, New Ireland, (tneomplete skull in South Australian Museum,

Rew. No. M. 848.)

LIALE—Goosr-BEAKED WHALE IN NEW IRELAND

313

Pigs. 12. Ziphius cavirostris: dorsal and lateral views of skull from New Treland,

THE PIGMY RIGHT WHALE (NEOBALAENA MARGINATA)

IN SOUTH AUSTRALIAN WATERS

By HERBERT M. HALE, CURATOR, SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM

Summary

Neobalaena Marginata (Gray)

Balaena marginata Gray, Zool. “Erebus and Terror,” 1846, p.48, p1. 1.

Neobalaena marginata Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (4) vi, 1870, p. 156 ; A. Zietz, Trans.

Roy. Soc., S. Aust., xili, 1890, p. 8 ; Ogilby, Cat. Aust. Mammals (Aust. Mus. Cat., No.

Xvi), 1892, p. 67 ; Lord and Scott, Vert. Animals of Tasmania, 1924, p. 295 ; Oliver,

Proc. Zool. Soc., 1922, p. 559 (refs.) ; F. Wood Jones, Mammals of South Australia (Brit.

Sci. Guild Handbook), part 111, 1925, p. 275.

In 1890 A. Zietz (ut supra) recorded the fact that three examples of this species had been

secured on South Australian coasts, and that two of them had “been photographed and

exact measurements taken from the fresh animals.” He stated that two of the specimens

came from Kangaroo Island, and one (an immature example) from Encounter Bay, but no

other details were given.

Tur PIGMY RIGHT WHALE (NEOBALAENA

MARGINATA) ts SOUTH AUSTRALIAN WATERS

By HERBERT M, HALE, Curaror, Sourn Ausrrauian Musikum.

Fies. 1-4.

NEOBALAENA MARGINATA (Gray).

Bulaena marginala Gray, Zool, ‘* Erebus and Terror,’’ 1846, p. 48, pl. i.

Neohulacna marginaly Gray, Aun, Mag. Nat. Hist. (+) vi, 1870, p. 156; A. Zietz,

Trans. Roy. Soe, 8S. Aust.. xiii, 1890, p. 8; Ogilby, Cat. Aust. Mammals (Aust.

Mus. Cat., No. xvi), 1892, p. 67; Lord and Seott, Vert, Animals of Tasmania,

124, p. 295; Oliver, Proe. Zool. Soe., 1922. p. 559 (refs.) > FB. Wood Jones,

Mammals of South Australia (Brit. Sei. Guild Llandbook), part iii, 1925,

p. 275,

Ix 1890 A, Zietz (ul supra) recorded the fact that three examples of this specics

had been secured on South Australian coasts. and that two of them had ‘been

photographed and exaet measurements taken trom the fresh animals?’ He

stated that two of the specimens eame from Kangaroo [sland, and one (au inuna-

ture example) from Eneounter Bay, but no other details were given,

A search through old receipts, diaries, annual reports, photographs. and

MIS. records has brought to eht the data herein recorded,

All three examples were taken within a radius of about twenty-five miles,

amd in the spring months, when heavy gales are often experienced,

1. Browsiow, Kancaroo Isuanp.

The first specimen to be noticed in our waters was stranded at Brownlow,

near Kingscote, on the north eoast of Kangaroo Island, on October 21, 1884, and

was presented to the institution by Ma. J. Price. The mounted skeleton hangs in

the Museum.

Total length of skeleton, as motnted, 496 em.

Total leneth of skull, 128 em.

The number of vertebrae is: Cervieal, 7: thoracic, 17; liambar, 3; caudal, 14.

Total 41.

All cervieals are fused by contra, and neural arches and spines. There were

seven chevron bones (second to seventh with skeleton). There are sixteen pairs

of ribs, articulated to the second to seventeenth thoracic vertebrae; the tenth to

HaLeE—Piemy RicguHT WHALE 315

fifteenth are very broad. The scapula has the acromion broad, flat, and tapering ;

the eoracoid is slender. abort as lone as the clorsal ed@e of acromion, Stemnaum

WisSiON.

Skeleton in South Australian Maseum. Ree, No. M. lata.

2. Vieror Harbour, HNcounter Bay.

This is the ‘yery young animal from Encounter Bay’? mentioned by Ziety.

On September 14, 1887, it became cutangled ina fishing net belonging to Mr. M.

Raumbelow, and was presented to the Museum by him, When if reached Adelaide

it was black in colour, paler below; two photographs of the creature were secured

(fie. 1), while a silhouette (lorso-ventral view), cut out from cali¢o-backed paper

at the time, furnishes the following measurements of this individual, a juvenile

male.

Big, 1. Neobitliena aiarginatas two views of young male from Vietor Tarhour.

External Dimensions.

Total length - - - ~ - - - - 2770 inim.

Tip of mandible to level of apices of pectoral fins - - 1100

Width of tail flukes — - - - - . : add

Narrowest width olf peduncle - - - - i)

Zietz may have secured other details, as he refers to “exaet measurements”

in his paper, but no other particulars are to be found,

The unmounted skeleton and the baleen are in the Museum, All of the

316 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MusSEUM

bones are very light and spongy. The skull is symmetrical, with all the bones

easily separable; in lateral view it is considerably less arched than that of the

larger Brownlow, Kangaroo Island, exainple. The premaxillae taper distally,

With the inner edges meeting only near tip of snout, and are well separated

for the greater part of thei lenyth, so that the whole of the vomer is readily

visible. The basihyal and thyvohyals are fused, but the suture is distinet,

Length of skull. 700 mm. Baleen: Anterior-posterior length (approx.),

370 mm.; length of longest plate, 200 man.

The mumber of vertebrae is: Cervieal, 7; thoracic, 17; lumbar, 2; candal,

14. Total, 40.

All but the cervieals have the epiphyses not, or not completely, anchylosed.

The cervicals are fused by ventra, neural spines, and (excepting in sixth and

seventh) neural arches; centrum of seventh partly free. Spines of first to

fourth thoracic vertebrae directed slightly forwards; spine of fifth perpen-

dicular; backward slope ol those of remainder successively increasing. Trans-

verse processes successively increasing in length and width to eighth thoracic ;

similar, and wide and, horizontal, in eighth to seventeenth. Liunbar vertebrae

similar to last thoracic. The first six caudals bear chevrons, the first and last

pairs of which gonsist of separate pieces. Last neural canal ow sixth caudal,

Which has the transverse process reduced to a slight lateral protuberance fore

and aft.

There are sixteen pairs of ribs, articulating to the second to seventeenth

thoracic vertebrae. The first is single-headed, much widened distally, the Left

Wider than the right, but of equal length. Second to fourth double-headed.

Seventh to thirteenth successively increasing in width, and becoming blade-

like; last three successively decreasing in width and length.

The seapula is nearly twice as long as wide. The aeroiion searcely tapers,

and the coracoid is tiny, relatively mueh smaller than in the wdult.

The sternum is small, irregularly cardiform, with an articular facet ou

cach side lor first rib.

Skeleton and baleen in South Australian Museum, Ree. No. MM, 2966.

3. Pornr Marspen, Kangaroo ISnanp.

The seeond Kangaroo Island specimen was stranded at Point Marsden on

or about October 21, 1889, This was a male nearly 11 feet in length. It was

brought to the Museum in the flesh, and was there photographed (fig. 2), also

some external measurements were made by the late Sir Ndwarcd Stirling. The

skeleton was cleaned, and later was sent to the Cambridge University Musewm by

Stirling, A plaster cast of the Lead, in the flesh, was prepared, and replicas of

Hace—Piemy Rienr WHALE 317

this were sent to several Muses. (The printed label with the head-cists in-

corveetly renders the locality as ‘‘Point Moresby, Kangaroo Island.’*) | Unfor-

tunately the baleen was mounted in one of the head-casts thus disposed of,

Mig. 2. Neobulvena marginatas male from Point Marsden, Kangaroo Island,

With the aid of the photograph, Stirling’s sketeh, auc the cast of the head,

it has been possible to prepare the accompanying illustration of this example

(fig, 3).

he ameasurements and notes made by Stirling are given below,

External Dimensions.

Mt. in

Total lenvth along curve of back - - - - - 41 2

Total length, in straight line, to middle of tail flukes - - 1010

Tip of sont to eye - - - ~ = . - - 2 4

Tip of mandible to wenital slit - - - - - - 7 0

Tip of snout to origin of dorsal fin - : - - - TO O38

Tip of mandible to axilla (approx. - - - - - 308

Leneth of eve-slt — - - - - - - - - Q 1

Leneth of pectoral fin, outer margin - - - - - t 2

Leneth of pectoral fin, immer margin - - - - - 9

Leneth of wenital slit - - - - - - . (10

Length of gape - - - - - - - - - 2 2

Ileight of clorsal fin’ - - - - - - - - 5

any

The head-east is coloured blavkish-ereen, dark cream beneath, he eve

r r

was black. External portions of baleen plates blackish. his banc faces away

towards the points. Internal segments ivory white’? The latter are now yellow.

Stirling notes also that 5 {t. 94 in. posterior to the tip of the snout the girth

of the body was 6 fi. 3 in. The narrowest part of the eaudal pediunele was

1 ft. 6 in. in wirth, and its transverse diameter was 33 in. The ear opening was

Lin. in external diameter “diminishing to diameter of a thin wire,’ The small

ais)

intestine, trom pylorus, was 182 ff. in length, the large intestine, ineluding 6 in,

S.A. MUSEUM

RECORDS OF THE

318

S] GOLBDURY ‘ual

LB IY

yutog Woag ape :

DU VLA DOD NT

HALE—PIGMY RIGHT WHALE 319

caecum, oft. 6mm. The anus was 9 in. behind the penis, and just admitted the

little fingers; it had on cach side a eroove about 4 in. im depth, the grooves diverg-

ing anteriorly, being 1 in. apart posteriorly, and 2 in. anteriorly.

Skeleton in Cambridge University Museum, Plaster cast of head in South

Aust. Mus, (Ree. No. M. 2967), Brit. Mus., ete.

NROBALAENA MARGINATA in Bass Strait.

While the above notes were in press Mr. H. H. Finlayson kindly stippled

the photograph here reproduced, This shows the right maxilla and baleen of

a laree specimen whieh was cast up on West Sister Island, Bass Strait, in June,

1929, The head was spht lenethwise before the photograph was taken, so that

the immer face of the baleen is shown; the leneth of one of the longest plates ts

fit en,

Right maxilla of Neobalaena marginatas Bass Strait. (Phote, Miss R. VY. Blyth.)

THE POST-EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT

OF AN AUSTRALIAN XANTHID CRAB

(PILUMNUS VESTITUS HASWELL)

By HERBERT M. HALE, CURATOR, SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM

Summary

Owing to the enthusiasm of my friends, F, A. McNeill (Zoologist at the Australian

Museum) and Melbourne Ward (Hon. Zoologist at the same institution), it is now

possible to record that Pilumnus vestitus, a Xanthid occurring in abundance in favourable

situations on the coasts of New South Wales, hatches at an advanced stage of

development. Early in September, 1929, these investigators, who have been searching

reefs, elc., in New South Wales, and in particular examining marine crabs which are

known to bear relatively large ova, were dredging in Sydney Harbour. On this occasion a

calm day and a half tide resulted in the exposure of part of the Sow and Pigs Shoal. They

landed on the shoal, and, between the wash of the waves, removed quanitities of “a pink

coral-line weed and clusters of black mussels and encrusting sponges,” amongst which

were great numbers of small Pilumnus vestitus. Further search resulted in the capture of

“a female with the pleon swollen into a hump, and protecting a writhing mass of

progeny,” as well as other adults. Owing to the wind and unfavourable tides, it was not

possible to visit the shoal again until February 14, 1930. McNeill then found young crab

stages of the species to be exceedingly abundant, but could find neither ovigerous

females nor females with young. In September 1930, however, he collected a further ten

ovigerous females on the reef. The following notes deal with the specimens collected on

these occasions.

Tue POST-EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT oF an

AUSTRALIAN XANTHID CRAB (PILUMNUS

VESTITUS HASWELL)

By HERBERT M, FALE, Curwror, Sour Ausrraiian Musk.

Wies. 1-17.

Owine to the euthusiasm of my friends, KH. A. MeNeill (Zoologist at the Avs-

tralian Museum) and Melbourne Ward (Hon. Zoologist at the same institution ),

it is now possible to record that Pimms veslifus, a Nanthid occurring in

abundance in favorrable situations on the coasts of New Sonth Wales, hatehes

at an advanced stage of development. Karly in September, 1929, these investi-

gators, who have been searching reefs, ete., in New South Wales, and in partion.

lar examining marine crabs which are known to bear relatively large ova, were

dredging in Sydney Harbour. On this oceasion a ealm day and a half tide

resulted in the exposure of part of the Sow and Pies Shoal. hey landed on the

shoal, and, between the wasb of the waves, removed quantities of ‘fa pink coral-

line weed and elusters of black mussels and enerustine sponges.” amonest which

were ereat uimbers of small Pilamnus vestiius. Further search resulted in the

capture of ‘ta female with the pleow swollen into a hunip, and protecting a

writhing mass of progeny,’? as well as other adults. Owing to the wind and

unfavourable tides, it was not possible to visit the shoal again until Mebruary 14,

1930, MeNeill then found young erah stages of the species to be exceedingly

abundant, but could find neither ovigerous females nor females with yvoune.

In September 19230, however, he collected a further ten ovigerous females on

the reef. The following notes deal with the specimens colleeted on these

OCCASIONS.

PinumNus vestrirus ITaswell.

Tilvmnus vestitus Tasw., Proc. Linn, Soe. N.S. Wales, vi, 1882, p. 753 and Cat.

Aust. Crust., 1882, p. 68; Miers, Voy. ‘Challenger’? (Zool.), xvii, 1886,

9. 159, pl. xiv, fig. 4; Rathbun. Biol. Res. ‘‘ Endeavour,’’? vy. 1928, p. 110.

The largest specimen examined has the carapace 18-0 man. in breadth and

12-45 mm. in length.

The pleopods of the adult female (second to fiftl: abdominal sewments)

322 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MuskUM

have the usnal slender, jointed endopod. provided with lone hairs; the exopod

of cach is furnished with a dense fringe of plumose hairs, and the margins of

the pleon are edged with similar hairs, In the second to fourth pairs of pleopods

the exopod is mueh broader than in the first pair (¢f. fies. 8a and 8b). The

eres are relatively very larwe (1-1-1-5 wim, in diameter in females with

the carapace 11-5-15-0 mim. in width). Filly laden females each bear about

one hundred eges, and to accommodate these the pleon is held well away

from the body. The broad exopods of the pleopods, with their dense pliumose

marginal hairs overlapping, and in part overlapped by the mareinal hairs of

the abdomen, then form the sides of a broad pouch, as in Cryplodromia octo-

dentala and Paradromia liferatis (Male, 1925, pp. 406 and 410),

The ovigerous female collected in September, 1929, earricd only seventeen

ova, most of a dark amber colour, eyed, and with the contained embryos almost

ready to haleh; three empty ege-shells were attached to the hairs of the

pleopods, bit no hatched voune were present.

In one of the females secured in September, 1980. some of the eees were

hatching, and a few juveniles were partly free from the eee shell when killed

(fig, 16). These emerging young are in a Mevwalopa stage,

The female with brood youne has a carapace 13 umm, in width and 10 dn,

in length; seventeen young erabs are lodeed under her pleon, and these have

the carapace 1-5-1-6 mm. in width and 1-3-1-4 mm. in leneth. The carapace

of the Megalopas mentioned above is of about the same length.

A moderately large series of free-living youne erabs under 6 mm. in width

was collected, In a spot graph of the measurements Gvidthength) these small

exainples ehimp into five eroups. Tf we regard the brood young erabs as

belonging to a first stadium (first crab). on the evidence of this simple bio-

metrig grouping the free individuals inay be considered as representing the

second to sixth crab stadia in the development. The carapace widths in the

six stages are:

Young Crab Stadinm. Width of Carapace,

1 . - . - - 1-5-1-6 min,

D) = ¢ E - : 1+7-1-9 mm,

3 . . 7 : = 2-2-2-5 nin.

4 - : 5 * : 2+ 7—3-O man,

5 . : e : - 3-+3-8+6 nm,

6 = : : : ' 4-5—-5-17 amin,

Detailed examination of each group reveals definite developmental chanees,

and confirms the idea that these are erowlh stawes,

DEVELOPMENT OF Pilwmnus vestitus 32

Megalopa.

The Mevalopas emerging from the eges (fig. 16) are soft and flaccid, so

that accurate measurements are not possible. The carapace ts about as lone as

in the young erab stage next described, while the pleon also is of approximately

the same Jeneth and the large pleopods are similar, but laek the lone pliumose

hairs, There is a lateral black pigment patch on each side of the carapace and

similar patches on the sternum,

First Crab Stadium,

Colom olivaceous-brown, Carapace a littl: wider than long (owing te

comparatively slight development of branchial regions); revious moderately

well-defined. Frons emarginate, relatively mueh wider than in adult, downhent,

and with eight to ten plumose hairs; dorstun of carapace with a few similar

Big, 1. Pilumous vestifus: first eral stadium (> 80),

hairs. Hyves laree. Exterior anele of orbit with a sharp spine, immediately

posterior to which are two antero-lateral spines, the more anterior the larger.

Posterolateral mareins slightly sinuous and convervent posteriorly, The cheli-

peds are equal in size, with dorsal edge spiny, and about two-thirds of the outer

face firnished with tubereles, some rounded and subconiceal, and some spimne-

like, arranged in three or four ill-defined rows, about seven tubereles in each

rew. Legs with sparse spines and plumose hairs; each daetylns ends in a cla.

324 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

4d j

Exopod

Exopod Exopod

Endopod

Exopod-

Figs. 2. Pilwnaus vestifus: 2. First pleapad of erab of first stadium (x 80); 21, tip af

idopord of same CX WHO), 3, Second pleapod of fourth stadium female (2 150). 44d,

Pleopods of fitth stadium female (>¢ 150). 4, Seeonil pleopod of sixth stadium female (x Titty,

6. Mivst pleapad of female 6 nom. i width (% 60). Ta-Th, Pirst and second pleapads of fonide

Am, in width (X 24). Sa-Sh, First and secomdl pleopeds of adult fomale ( 10). Sah,

Pivopods of made f oman. in width (9¢ 19).

DEVELOPMENT OF Pilumnus vestitus 325

The antenmae aud imouth-parts ave much as in the adult. The second

antennae have nine to ten joints in the flagellum, and have a small exopod. The

manxillae have the joints less elongate than in the adult, the ischium of the third

pair being as wide as long.

The pleon (fig. 10) is bent under the eephalothorax, and is snmilar through-

out the series of first erabs. It is seven-seoementate, the first segment widest

(0-45 mim.), and is convex from side to side; the sixth seement is shorter than

any of the others, the telson is equal in length to the fifth, and the second to

fourth segments are subequal in length, each a little longer than the telson.

The posterior border of the telson is concave.

The outer surface of the pleon bears very sparse, short. plimose hairs,

The second to fitth seements bear pleopeds, each consisting of a protopod, an

exopod provided with lone plronose marginal hairs, and a much narrower

endopod, only one-half the length of the exopod, and with three to four distal

hooks (fiz. 2, 2a). The pleopods deerease in size hackwards, heing respectively

0-53 mm., 0-48 mm., 0-45 mm., and 0-38 mm. in length, exelusive of the

fringing hairs, which project considerably bevond the telson.

Width of carapace, 1-5-1-6 mm,; leneth of carapace, 1+5-1-4 min: inter-

oenlar space, O+6-0+7 min.

Second Stadium.

Carapace still with only two antero-lateral spines behind the spine of the

exterior orbital angle. The abdomen is alike throughout the series of second

crabs (fig. 11); it is relatively wider than in the first crab, while the posterior

margin of the telson is rounded, not coneave, and externally it is less convex

from side to side. Pleopods are entirely absent. The lateral and posterior

margins have a sparse fringe of plumose hairs; the sixth segment is shorter

than any of the others; the telson is longer than the fifth, and subequal to ithe

second, which is the longest segment; the third to fifth seements are subequal

in length. Width of carapace, 1-7-1-9 mm.; leneth of carapace, 141-5 mon. :

interocular space, 0+ 7-0-9 mim.

Third Stadium.

An additional small antero-lateral spine is apparent, immediately posterior

to those deseribed above. The pleon has altered considerably in shape, and the

lateral margins of the third seement, whieh is wider than any of the others,

bulge outwards, instead of being only slightly convex as in the preceding

stadium. Minute anlagen of the adult pleopods are apparent on the first and

second seginents it the male, and om the second to fifth segments in the female,

326 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

The abdomen is alike throughout the series; the sixth segment is subequal in

leneth to each of the second to fifth segments, and the telson is slightly longer.

Width of carapace, 2-2-2-5 mm.; leneth of carapace, 1-6-1-8 mm.; inter-

ocular space, 0-9-1-1 mm.

Bigs, 10-14. Pleon in young crab stadia of Pihonnus vestitus: 10, First stadium (XX 23).

11, Second stadium (x 23), 12, Fifth stadium female (> 17). 13, Sixth stadium: a, male;

bh, female (& 17). 14, Male with carapace 10-5 mm. in width (& 10). 15, Pemale with cara-

pace 8 mm, in width (>< 10).

Fourth Stadium.

The pleon still exhibits no sexual differentiation insofar as shape is con-

cerned, and the pleopod buds are still minute.

The first abdominal appendage of the male is spiniform with hooked end

and the second is tubular.

Small exo- and endopods are apparent in the pleopods of the female; the

DEVELOPMENT OF Pilummuus veslitus 327

iwo anterior pairs (fig. 3) area little longer than the two posterior. The e1clo-

pod, whieh is longer than the exopod, is 0-03 mm, in length in the first pair

and 0-02 mm. in the second,

The sixth segment of the pleon is shehtly longer than any of the second to

fifth segments, which are subequal in length; the telson is oue-fourth as long

again as the sixth segment.

Width of carapace, 2-7-3-0 imm,; length of carapace, 1-9-2+2 mim.; inter-

ocular space, 1-2—1-+ mim.

Fifth Stadium.

The most posterior of the antero-lateral spines of the Garapace is now as

prominent as the others. The pleon seareely differs in shape in the sexes

(fig, 12).

The male pleopods are respectively 0-12 mim, and 0-13 mm. in length; in

voneral form their apices are much as in the adult, but the first pair bear only

a few short spines,

It is now apparent that the two posterior pairs of pleopod buds of the

female are lagging in development, the first two pairs being much the largest

(figs, ta-td). The encopods, which are one-third as long again ay the exopods,

are respectively 0-12 mo, 0-09 nun, 0-01 man, andl 0-01 main. in length, The

pleopods have no marginal hairs, but the endopod in the first two pairs has a

constriction indicative of two segments.

Width of carapace, 8-3-3-6 inm.; length of carapace, 2-4-2+6 nun.; inter-

ocular space, 1-4-1-6 mm.

Sixth Stadium.

The male is now readily separable from the female by the shape of the pleon

alone, In the female this is much as in the preceding stage, but in the male is

narrower posterior to the third segment (¢f. figs, 18a and Ish). The propor-

tionate lengths of the segments are much as in the fourth stadium in this and

the fifth stage.

The pleopods have inereased considerably in size. Those of the female still

haye no marginal hairs, but in the two anterior pairs the endopod has marginal

incixions indicative of three segments (fig. 5); the endopods are two to three

times as long as the exopods, and are respectively 0-29 mim., 0-23 mm., 0-15 mm.

and 0-0 mm. in length.

Width of carapace, +-5-5-1 mm.; length of carapace, 8°5—--0 min. ; inter-

ocular space, 2-0-2-5 mm.

328 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Seventh Stadium.

A female with the carapace 6 min. in width probably represents the seventh

eral) stage. The branches of the pleopods are relatively narrower, and much

more elongate, than in previous stadia (fig. 6); in the two anterior pairs the

endopod has marginal incisions indicating four segments. The lengths of the

endopods are respectively 0-55 mm., 0-55 mm., 0-87 mm., and 0-30 mm.

Width of carapace, 6-0 mm.; length of carapace, 4:2 mim.; interocular

space, 2-9 main.

Fig, 16, Megalops of Pilimnus vestitus emerging from eggs (X 50).

Subsequent Stages,

In examples with a carapace width of 8-9 mm. (?

| .

eighth or ninth young

crab stadium) the male pleopods have attained a length of 3-0 mm. and 0-5

mm, (fies. Ya and 9b), and in all essentials are similar fo those of the adult;

they are, of course, much smaller, and the spines of the first pair are fewer in

number. The rami of the pleopods of the female approximate more nearly in

length, but the endopod is still slightly longer than the exopod; the endopod is

indistinetly three- to five-segmentate, and bears long simple hairs. ‘The exopod

bears plumose hairs on the distal portion, and is narrower in the first pleopods

than in the others (figs. Ta aud 7b). The respeetive lengths of the endopods

are 2-0 mm,, 1:8 mm., 1-4 mm., and 1-1 min.

As the erab grows the following usual changes also ovenr. The chelipeds

become velatively stronger, and one (usually the right) becomes larger than the

other; they exhibit little or no sexual dimorphism. The hairs on the frons in-

erease in number, and the clothing of the carapace typical of the adult (pubes-

cenee mixed with long hairs) develops. The earapace alters slightly in shape

DEVELOPMENT OF Pilummnus vestitus 329

after each moult, the branchial chambers increasing in relative bulk, so that

the cephalothorax becomes proportionately wider and the interoeular space

narrower (fig. 17). The maxillae and maxillipeds become more elongate and

the epipods of the thoracie appendages relatively longer and more attenuated.

The gills increase greatly in relative size, the flagellum of the second antennae

develops more joints, ete.

DISCUSSION.

The most interesting features in connection with the life eyele of Pilaniiees

restilus aves the emergence of the Megalopa direet from the eg@; the sedentary

habit of the Megalopa; the development of natatory pleopods in the first

young eral stadium; and the subsequent development of the secondary sexual

characters.

Wig. 17. Outline of carapace in first to fifth young eral stadia of Pilumnius vestitus (X 25).

As a young crab stage oceurs beneath the apron of the female it is obyious

that the Mevalopa does not swim.

Three distinet stages are evident in the metamorphosis of the abdomen of

the young ¢rabs: (a) the first crab stadium has the pleon undifferentiated

sexually, and the pleopods are modified solely for swimming; (b) in the second

stadium it has changed to an intermediate type, lacks all external trace of

appendages, and still exhibits no indication of sex; (¢) in the third crab

stadimn the influence of sex becomes apparent, and the buds of the adult pleo-

330 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

pods are disvermible; the secondary sexual characters, the differentiation in

shape aud the development of the adult appendages, connnence almost together,

and in the sixth stadium the difference in shape alone is apparent, tn succeed-

ing stages the pleon and its appendages progress rapidly towards the adult form.

The pleopods of the first crab stadium: vesemble closely those deseribed for

the Meowopa stave of other Brachyura, but otherwise the young erab facies is

typical; there is no doubt that the distal endopodal hooks (fig. 2a) of these

appendages serve to link together the pleopods of a segment, so that each pair

heats syuvhronously.

In some other orders of Crustacea the pleopods haye similar coupling-hooks.

li the Isopoda the protopod bears hooks, and in the Stomatopoida they are de-

Veloped ou a short uppendage of the endopod. Lu the case of the Megalops type

of pleopod the whole endopod is reduced, but the enlarged exopod, with iis

deuse fringe of long, plumose hairs, forms an efticient swimming-paddle,

It has been shown that the first crab staves of many Brachyura do not swim,

and that the maximum developmett of the natatory pleopods is attained in the

Megalopa stage. In the first crab these apparently usually commence to degen-

erate in size (see, for instance, Lebour, 1927, p. 808, Muecropodia longirastris;

and Williamson, 1908, p, 160, Curcinides mdenas; and Lyman, 1924b, p. 5,

Pachygrapsus mormoratus), or while remaining large, lack plumose hairs

(Williamson, 1911, pp. 5 and 12, Porfunus holsdlus and P. puber), The swin-

ning pleopods may even commence to shrivel towards the eud of the Megulops

stage (Hyman, 1922, p. 456, Vea pugilator), and the degeneration may further

continue into the second aud even third young erab stages. Hyman states that

the anlagen of the adult pleopods do not appear in Uew puyilatur wutil the

fourth young evah stage (Ilyman, 1920, p. 499), In Pilwiinus vestitus, how-

ever, the natatory pleopods are fully developed later in the eyele, and the tran-

sition is more abrupt. Considering the conditions under whieh the species was

living at the Sow and Pigs Shoal, ‘between the wash of the waves,’’ the posses-

sion of swimming appendages suggests the possibility that the first crab aay

leave the parental protection before moulting, and that the pleopods are utilized

until a footing is secured, or in order to obtain a new footing, or to venture

about in search of food; the second young erab stage has no natatory organs,

so that if eedysis of the first erabs occurred beneath the maternal apron, the

swimming pleopods would not be required, and it would seem strange that they

have not at least commenced to atrophy, instead of attaining their maximum

development at this stage.

The first crab stadia of the Droniid crabs, Cryptodroaia oclodentata and

DEVELOPMENT OF Pilumnits vestitus 331

Paradromia lateralis (Hale, 1925), also possess natatory pleopods; these species

likewise occur commonly on wave-washed reefs.

Lt seems, on the other hand, that swimming pleopods may be developed in

the young crab and not be used; this is said to be the case in the first erab

stadimn of the Pimnotherid Pinnixa sayana, where the pleon is ‘‘not used as a

swimming organ’? (Kaxon, 1879, and Hyman, 1924, pp. 6-7. fig. 65). In this

species there is no Megalops stage, the first crab immediately following the

last zoea,

Direct’? development, or an ‘tabbreviated imetamorphosis,’’ while not the

rule in marine Decapoda. ay occur more commonly than might be imagined,

particularly amongst shallow-water forms. The eges are large, and the youny

hatch in the form of the adult, and cling to the parental pleopods for a time, int

one or more representatives of each of the families Majiidae (Rathbun, 1914),

Dromiudae (Montgomery, 1922, and Ilale, 1925), Axiidae (Hale, 1927, pp. s+

and 86), and Paguridae (ale, 1927, pp. 88 and 95). Metamorphosis is eur

failed in some other marine Deeapoda (Maerura, Anonuira, and Brachyura),

although the young do not emerge from the cee in the form of the adult.

REFERENCES,

Faxon, Walter, 1879: Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. v., No. 11, pp. 258-268, pls. i-v.

Hale. Ilerbert M., 1925: Proce. Linn. Sou, N.S. Wales, 1, pp. 405-413, pls.

xxxix-xl, and text figs. 1-5.

Hale, Herbert M., 1927; Crust. 8. Austr, part 1 (Brit. Sei. Guild Llandbooks

Fauna and Flora of South Australia).

Hyman, O. W., 1920; Jcurn, Morphology, xxxiil, No. 2, pp. 485-524, pls. i-xii.

Hyman, O. W., 1922; Smithsonian Rept. for 1920, pp. 443-460, pls. i-vi.

Ilyman, O, W,, 1924 (a): Proce. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 2497, vol. Ixiy, art. 7.

Hyman, O. W., 1924 (b): Lbid., No. 2523, vol. Ixv, art. 10.

Lebour, M. V., 1927: Journ. Marine Biol, Assoc., xiv, No. 3, pp. 795-814,

pls. i-iv.

Montgomery, 8. K., 1922: Proe. Zool. Soe., pp. 193-196, figs. 1-3.

Rathbun, Mary J... 1914: Proe. Zool. Sov., pp. 653, 661, and 662, pl. ii, figs. 9-10.

Wilhamson, H. C., 1903; 21st Ann. Rept. Fish. Board for Seotlancl for 1902,

part 3, pp. 136-179, pls. vii-sin,

PELECYPODA OF THE FLINDERSIAN REGION,

SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA

By BERNARD C. COTTON, ASSISTANT CONCHOLOGIST,

SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM

Summary

The abundant material obtained by Sir Joseph C. Verco, and generously donated to the

South Australian Museum, contains so many new species, and has provided so much

unrecorded data, that a revision of this nature seems inevitable.

The exact type locality is given herein for many species, where their author failed to

quote it.

It is interesting to note that of the one hundred and thirty species mentioned in this paper,

seventy-seven are confined to the region east of St. Francis Island, and sixteen to the

regions west. Thirty-seven are common to both regions.

PELECYPODA or ror FLINDERSIAN REGION,

SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA

No. 2 (1)

By BERNARD C. COTTON, Assisranr ConeHouocisr, Sourt Ausrranian Museum.

Figs, 1-18.

Troms abundant material obtained by Sir Joseph C. Verco, and generously donated

to the South Australian Museum, contains so many new specics, and has pro-

vided so much unrecorded data, that a revision of this nature secms inevitable.

The exact type locality is given herein for many species, where their author

failed to quote it.

Ti is interesting to note that of the one hundred and thirty species men-

tioned in this paper, seventy-seven are confined to the region east of St, Francis

Island, and sixteen to the region west. Thirty-seven are common to both regions.

Famity PHILOBRYIDAF.

PHILOBRYA CUBOIDES Verco,

Loc. Backstairs Passage, 20 fathoms (type); Beachport to Ellensbrook, 20

to 120 fathoins.

Big, 1. Philobrya tardiradiuta sp, noy. Big. 2. Phitobrya bordaensis sp. oy,

(Bernard C, Cotton del.).

(1) No, 1 in the Ree. 8. Aust. Mus., iv; No. 2, p. 328, 1930,

334 RECORDS OF THE S.A, MUSEUM

PHILOBRYA PECTINATA Hedley.

Loc. Beachport to Cape Wiles, 90 to 200 fathoms.

PHILOBRYA FIMBRIATA Tate.

Loc. Gulf St. Vincent (according to Tate’s label; type); Port Phillip to

+0) niles west of Huela, 7 to 200 fathoms,

Pritoprya tater Hedley.

Three valves from the following locality are typical.

Loc. Cape Borda, 55 fathoms.

PINLOBRYA TARDIRADIATA Sp. NOY.

Fie, 1.

Obliquely oval; prodissoconech indistinct, small; radial ribs confined to

lower half of the shell, concentri¢ striae very fine; ventral margin crenulate

within; hinge-line straight, oblique.

Loc. Giwichen Bay, 1:5 mm. x 2 mm. (type, in 8S. Aust. Mus., Ree. No. D.

10127) ; Guichen Bay to St. Francis Island, down to 35 fathoms,

PHILOBRYA BORDAENSIS Sp. HOY,

Fig. 2.

Obliquely oval, ventricose, prodissoconch small; twenty fine, smooth radial

ibs, interspaces crossed by close concentric striae; ventral marein stronely

crenulate within.

Loc. North-west of Cape Borda, 62 fathoms, 1-8 mm. x 2 mm. (type, in

S. Aust. Mus., Ree. No. D. 10128): Beachport to 80 miles west of Eucla, 40 to

80 fathoms.

PHILOBRYA CREPRERADIATA Sp. hoy.

Fig. 3.

Thin, white, translucent; quadrately oval; umbo aeute, prominent and

suall; dorsal margins form a right angle, one straight, the other slightly convex ;

radials very numerous and fine; ventral margin convex,

Loc, Kulensbrook, Western Australia, 2-6 mm. x 3 mm. (type, in 8. Aust.

Mus., D. 10129).

COTTON—PELECYPODA FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA 335

Hig. 3. Philobrya crebreradiata sp. nov. Fig. 4. Philobrya celsa sp. noy.

(Bernard C. Cotton del.).

PHILOBRYA CELSA Sp. Nov.

Fig. 4.

White, elongate-oval, ventricose ; dorsal margins straight, at a right-anele ;

prodissoconch distinct; fourteen fine radials from apex to base, interspaces wide ;

ventral margin semi-ovate, shehtly coneave between the ribs.

Loc, Guichen Bay; 2-2 mm. x 3-2 mm. (type, in 8. Aust. Mus., Ree. No.

D. 10130),

Novomytinus ruBuR Hedley (Philippiella).

Loc, MaeDonnell Bay to Kingston, down to 200 fathoms.

NoOTOMYTILUS ROBENSIS Sp. nov.

Fig. 5.

Shell triangularly ovate; apex sharply rounded, acute, terminal; dorsal

mareins almost straight and equal in length; epidermis fawn, shell white trans-

Incent; faint accremental striae correspond with folds of the epidermis.

Loc. Robe, 2.mm., x 2-6 mm. (type, in 8. Aust. Mus., Ree. No. D. 19131)

to Cape Jaffa, down to 130 fathoms.

Specimens yary somewhat in comparative width.

Diagnosis. From N. ruber Hedley. Fawn coloured, not red. TTas not the

concave antero-dorsal margin.

MicrRoMYTILUS gen. noy.

Shell obliquely oval, without prodissoeonch, umbo not quite terminal; anterior

margin uniformly convex; hinge teeth in an anterior and posterior series, the two

336 RECORDS OF THE §.A. MUSEUM

series not overlapping but separated by an oblique cartilage pit: teeth becoming

lavger Jaterally ; hinge plate long anc straight. This genus is proposed for Miia

erenmlulifera Tate, which he afterwards transferred to Philohbrya, Hedley placed

it in the venus Neolamylilus, tovether with Phiippiella ruber Hedley, which he

named as type. Notowyfilis las a terminal wnbo and two overlapping parallel

sevies of teeth, separated by a very lone, narrow cartilage pit, and the hinve plate

vnaved,

hie, S. Mieromytitis rabensis sp. ney. Vig. 6. Micromytilus froneisensis sp. nov.

(Remand @, Cotton det).

MiIcROMYVTILUS CRENATULIPERA Tate,

Lov. MaeDonnell Bay to St. Francis [sland down to 200 fathoms.

MIcROMYTILUS VRANCISENSIS Sp. Nov.

Rie. 6.

Elongately-vhomboidal, umbo rounded, projecting; hinge plate straight and

lone, at about 45° with the vertical central axis; ventral marein senucireular,

feebly crenulate internally, posteriorly ; surface smooth but for very fine acere-

mental striae: dark brown. with blackish-brown about the mmbonal anc niddle

areas, disposed in various patches in different individuals.

Loe, Si. Prancis Island; 1-5 mm, x 2-3 mm. (type, in S. Aust. Mus., Reg,

No. D. 10132).

Diagnosis. From IW. crenalulifera Tate. There are no radials, and the

antero-dorsal margin is almost straight, not reeularly convex.

CoTTON—PELECYPODA FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA 337

Famity RENIELLIDAE.

RENIELLA SPONGIARUM Lamarck.

Loc. Wingston to Geraldton.

Famity OSTRAEIDAE.

Ostrea srnuata Lamarck.

Loc. Beachport to Albany, down to 96 fathoms.

OsTREA GQLOMERATA Gould.

Loc. South Australia: Coffins Bay and St. Francis Island. Western Aus-

tralia: Albany and Fremantle.

OsTREA MORDAX Gould.

Loc. Wremantle and Broome.

Famity TRIGONIIDAE.

NEOTRIGONIA BEDNALLI Verco,

Loc. Beachport to Fremantle, down to 200 fathoms,

EFamity SPONDYLIDAE.

SPONDYLUS TENELLUS Reeve,

Loe. South Australia to Rottnest, down to 15 fathoms.

Pamity LIMIDAE.

AUSTRALIMA NIMBIFER GEMINA Iredale (Lima).

Loc. Beachport to Fremantle.

Lima squamosa, multicostata, and lima do not occur in South Aust ralia.

AusTRALIMA SPECTATA Iredale.

This South Australian species has neither been deseribed nor figured.

Loc. Forty miles South of Cape Wiles, 100 fathoms. (Specimens in Aus-

tralian Museum. )

Lima ortentauis Adams and Reeve.

Loc. Beachport to Fremantle, down to 200 fathoms.

LIMATULA STRANGEL Sowerby (Lima).

Loe. Beachport to Bunbury, down to 800 fathoms.

338

Loc.

Loe,

Loe.

Lae,

Loe.

Loe,

Loe.

Loe,

RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

ESCALIMA MURRAYI RELEGATA Iredale.

3eachport to 120 miles west of Euela, down to 300 fathoms,

GEMELLIMA AUSTRINA Tate (Limea),

Beachport to Bunbury, 12 to 300 fathoms.

GEMELLIMA PARVULA Vereo (Limea).

Cape Jaffa to 90 miles west of Euela, down to 140 fathoms.

Famiry ANOMIIDAR.

Monta 10Nn Gray.

3eachport to Bunbury.

Famiry MYTILIDAE.

Mytimus puanunatrus Lamarck.

Beachport to Fremantle.

TricHoMya HIRSUTA Lamarek (Mytilus).

South Australia.

TRICHOMYA PENETECTA Vereo (Madiolus).

South Australia.

TRICHOMYA wROSA Lamarek (Mytilus),

MaeDonnell Bay to Shark Bay.

TRICHOMYA ROSTRATA Dunker (Mylilus).

South Australia.

SepTIFER BTLOCULARIS Lamarek (Mytilus).

Yallingup, Shark Bay, Geraldton, Carnarvon, Moreton Bay.

Moprouus peniniricus Tredale (Mytilus).

deachport to Albany.

Moprotus Arwouarus Gould.

Beachport to Fremantle, down to 35 fathoms.

Mopiouus ruavipus Angas.

South Australia to King George Sound, down to 28 fathoms.

CoOTTON—PELECYPODA FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA 339

Moprouus Linnus Hedley.

Loe. Beachport to 40 miles west of Eucla, 72 to 800 fathoms,

MopioLus progectus Vereo.

Loc. Beachport, 200 fathoms, one right valve.

Mopronus puurex Lamarek.

Modiolus confusus Aneas is a synonym.

¢ GG * Py

Loe. Guichen Bay to Bunbury.

Mopronus InconstTANS Dunker.

Modiolus seminestita Tate is a synonym,

Loc. Yankalilla to Bunbury.

Mopronus euanmrrmus Dunker.

Loe. Fremantle, 10-12 fathoms.

AMYGDALUM BEDDOMET Iredale.

South Australian specimens appear to be the saine as the Tasmanian species,

Loc. South Australia to King George Sound, down to 75 fathoms.

Muscuuus NANA Dunker (Lanistina).

According to Reeve’s illustration, Lanistina nana Dunker is the fry of the

South Australian shell misidentified by Tate as Modiolaria cammingiana Reeve

and by Vereo as Modiolaria impactus Herman. Crenella paulucciae Crosse and

Fischer is quite a distinet species, as shown by its shape.

Loe, Beaehport to Geraldton, down to 130 fathoms.

Mouscunvs paunuecran Crosse and Fischer (Crenella),

Loc, Beachport to Geraldton, down to 40 fathoms.

Muscunus semirapiatra Verco (Modiolaria).

This species has five very faint radials at the anterior end, in addition to the

numerous fine radials at the posterior end.

Loc. Cape Jaffa, 130 fathoms, one valve.

SoLAMEN RECENS Tate (Arcoperna).

One broken valve, typical; 20-5 mm. measured umbo-ventrally.

Loe, Cape Jaffa, 130 fathoms,

340 RECORDS OF THE S.A, MusSEUM

Exosrerrna searua Vereo (Arcoperna).

Loc, Off Cape Jaffa, 90 fathoms (type); Beachport to Kine George Sound,

14 to 200 fathoms.

Vig. 7, Exosiperna conceive sp. voy. (Bernard C2 Catran det}.

HXOSIPERNA CONUAVA Sp. nov,

Fig. 7.

Ovate, solid. white; coneaye ventrally, slightly produced ventrally, umbo

shehtly prominent, prodissoconch small, smooth; numerous denticles on the hinge

plates; anterior hinge plate projects into the cavity of the shell beneath the

winbo; inner margin finely denticulate; external surface sculptured with numer-

ous fine striae.

Loc, Backstaivs Passage, 110 fathoms, 2-2 mm. x 3-2 mm. (type, in 8.

Aust. Mus., D. 10185) ; Beaehport to King George Sound, down to 110 fathoms.

Diagnosis. From Ff. seapha Vereo. Readily distinguished by the markedly

eoneave yentral marein.

TRICHOMUSCOLUS BARBATUS Reeve (Lifhadamus).

Loc, Beachport to Yallingup, down to 200 fathoms.

LirnHopomus CUNKIFORMTS Tate.

Loe. Both Gulls, Kanearoo Island, down to 25 fathoms.

LITTHOPHAGA GRACTLIS Phil,

ioe, Shark Bay (BE. Ashby).

COTTON —PELECYPODA FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA 341

Pamiry GAIMARDIIDAE.

GAIMARDIA TASMANICA Beddome.

Loc. MaeDonnell Bay to Venus Bay, down to 90 fathoms.

N®OGAIMARDIA gen. nov.

This genus is introduced for the following new species, C. perplera, Tt is

closely related to Gaduardia, but differs in lacking the concavity of the ventral

margin aud in the dentition of the hinge.

Vig, 8. Neogaimandia perpleva sp. nov. (Bernard ©. Cotton del).

NEOGAIMARDIA PERPLEXA Sp. TIOV.

Wig. 8,

The type species of the above genus. Trapezoidal, thin ventricose ; sharply

rounded anteriorly, widely rounded posteriorly; smooth except for accremental

striae; brown about the umbos, fading to yellow towards the margins; hinge with

a U-shaped tooth, a small tooth between the arms of the U, and one posterior.

Loe, Port Lincoln, & fathoms; 5:8 mm, x 4mm, (Type, im S. Aust. Mus.,

Ree. No. D. 10145.)

Famity LATERNULIDAE,

LATERNULA CRECCINA Reeve,

Loe. South Australia: Bunbury. Premantle, down to 28 fathoms,

LATERNULA RECTA Reeve.

L. recla veplaces L. gracilis, a Queensland species formerly listed as South

Australian,

Loe, South Australia,

342 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

TFamity PERIPLOMATIDAE.

OFvADESMA ANGAST Crosse & Fischer (Cochladesma).

Loe. South Australia.

Famiry THRACIIDAR.

HXIMIOTHRACIA MYADOROIDES Smith (Thracia),

Loc, Beachport to Rottnest, down to 40 fathoms.

EXIMIOTHRACIA SPECIOSA Angas (Thracia).

Loc. Beachport, Neptune Island, and Newland Iead, down to 110 fathoms.

HXIMIOTHRACTA LINCOLNENSIS Vereo (T'hracia).

Loc, Port Lincoln, 9 fathoms (type, in 8S. Aust. Mns,); Yankalilla Bay to

Port Lincoln, 9-24 fathoms.

EXIMIOTHRACIA CONCENTRICA Vereo (Thracia),

Loc. South Australia.

THRACIOPSIS ANGUSTATA Angas,

Loc, Beachport to Rottnest, 12-200 fathoms.

THRACIDORA ARENOSA Hedley,

Loe, Beachport to 120 miles west of Eucla, down to 300 fathoms.

NoromMya een. nov.

A number of diverse forms, both recent and fossil. have been referred to the

genus Pholadomya. P. tusmanica, however, is quite different in shape and seulp-

ture, and should not be located in that exotie genus. P. fasmanica Iedley and

May, is here made the type of the new genus Notomya. The autbors (2) Cave all

exhaustive deseription of the species.

NoroMyYa TASMANICA Hedley and May (Pholadomy«a).

One fragmentary specimen from 35 miles south-west of Neptune Island,

104 fathoms, appears to be this species.

Famitry MYADORIDAR.

MYADORA IREDALET Sp. nov.

A eareful examination of South Australian specimens of the genus Myadoru

convinces me that M. albida T.-Woods does not oceur there.

(2) Hedley & May, Proce. Malac. Soe. p. 182, 1914,

Specimens from

CoTTON—PELECYPUDA FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA 343

South Australia previously diagnosed as this species are the J. corrugala Vereo,

which is more produeed aud narrower posteriorly, Llowever, Verco’s name was

used previously by Tate (*) for a fossil (as pointed out by [redale) (74). |

therefore propose the name WW. iredalei sp. noy, to replace MW. corrugata Vereo.

Vereo’s type, and therefore the type of the present species, is from Yanki-

lilla Bay, 20 fathoms. In S. Aust. Mus., Reg. No. D. 10161.

Loe. Beaehport to Bunbury, down to 200 fathoms,

Myabora brevis Stutehbury.

Loc. Beachport to King George Sound, down to 1 LO fathors.

MYADORA PERVALIDA Sp. Lov,

Hig. 9,

Obloug-ovate, solid, anterior rounded, posterior truncate; right valve con

vex, Glasping the left all round, comcentrically seulptared with twerty-four

prominent vibs, half the width of the interspaces; a raised rib ris from the

imnbo to the postero-ventral margin; left valve very slightly concave, similarly

though slightly less validly sculptured.

Loc, St. Francis Island, 20 fathoms, 80 mim. x 23 mim. (type, iS, wAust.

Mnus., Reg. No. D. 10149) ; Beachport to Bunbury, down to 150 fathoms.

This species was formerly recorded from South Australia as I. ova/a Reeve,

a Philippine Island shell, very different in sculpture.

Diagnosis. Consistently more strongly senlptured than the Peronian WV,

complexa Lredale.

fh Myadore pervetida sy. wav. Mie. 10.) Myndora rogand delicdta subsp. noy,

(Bernard C. Cotton cel).

MyaporaA PANDORIFORMIS Stutchbury.

After careful examination of the Flndersian Wyaderd in the South wAus-

tralian Museum, I am vnable to find any specimens referable to this species.

(3) Tate. Trans. Roy, Soe. S. Austr. ix, p. 175, pl xvit, figs, Pla-b.

(4) Tredale, PLLS.N US W,, xlix, pt. 38, p. 200, 1924,

344 RECORDS OF THE S.A, MUSEUM

Myapora suBanpipa Gatlff and Gabriel,

Two valves dredged by Sir Joseph Verco appear to be this species.

Loe. Beachport, 40 and 50 fathoms; Backstairs Passage, 20 fathoms.

Myabora ELONGATA May.

This Tasmanian species has not been recorded hitherto from South Australia.

Loc, Cape Jaffa to St. Francis Island, down to 104 fathoms.

MYAbDORA ROTUNDATA Sowerby.

A. lusmenica T.-Woods appears to be a synonym.

] A ;

Loc, Beachport, 110 fathoms; Cape Jalfa, 150 fathoms.

MYAbDORA ROYANA DELICATA SUDSp. NOY.

Fig. 10.

Shell oblong-ovate, inequivalve, thin; anterior margin sharply rounded,

posterior truncate; right valve conyex-Seulptured with twenty irregular, narrow,

slivhtly prominent, concentric ribs; left valve (described from paratype) flat,

weakly concentrically sculptured and finely, radially striate anteriorly.

Loe, Beachport, 150 fathoms, 16-5 mm, x 10-5 mm. (type, in S, Aust. Miis.,

Rew. No. D. 10150) ; Beachport to Neptune Lsland, 104-300 fathoms.

e 1 | ,

Diagnosis. This deep-vater subspecies appears to be the Southern repre-

sentative of the M. royang Iredale. It is comparatively longer and the left valye

is less coarsely sculptured than the left of WW, reyana.

FRENAMYA PATULA Tate (Coelodan).

Loc. Gulf St. Vineent to Bunbury, 8-28 fathoms.

Famity CLELDOTHAERIDAE.

CLEOTHAERUS ALBIDUS Lamarek,

Loe. MacDonnell Bay to Rotinest Island, down to 22 fathoms.

Famity CLAVAGELLIDAE.

CLAVAGELLA MULTANGULARIS Tate.

The type is from Holdfast Bay. Two perfect specimens show the valves to

be seulptured with well-marked coneentrie growth lines and numerous radii.

The valves spread ont widely, becoming concave marginally. A living specimen

from 14 fathoms of Investigator Strait has radial and concentric sculpture whieh

recalls that of Petricola lapicida,

Loc. Beachport to St. Francis Island, down to 110 fathoms.

CoTTON—PELECYPODA FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA 345

Tlumpirevia strancer Adams and Angas,

Loe, South Australia as far west as Hardwicke Bay, down to 18 fathoms.

HuMprrevia INCERTA Chenu.

Loc, Gulf St. Vincent, Port Lincoln, Beachport.

Famiry VERTICORDIIDAE.

Seraniris Accessa Lredale.

Loc. South of Cape Wiles, 100 fathoms; Cape Jaffa, 130 and 300 fathoms.

SprvosipeuuA pRICTA Ledley (Verticordit).

Lov. South of Cape Wiles, 100 fathoms; Cape Jaffa, 130 and 300 fathoms.

VERTAMBITUS TASMANICA May (Verlicordia),

Because of its granose.seulpture this species should be located in Iredale’s

genus Vertambitus. The species appears to be very common in South Australia.

Loc. Beachport to 120 miles west of Euela, down to 300 fathoms.

Famiry EDENTELLINIDAE.

Epente.nIna typics Gatliff and Gabriel.

Loc. Guichen Bay and Beachport, down to 110 fathoms.

Famity POROMYACIDAE.

EcrortIsMA GRANULATA Tate,

Loc. Beachport to 40 miles west of Eucla, down to 150 fathoms,

QUESTIMYA GRANIPERA Sp, Nov.

Fig, 11.

Shell oval, thin, translucent, eqnivalve, gaping behind ; truncate posteriorly ;

ventral margin convex, with a slight coneavity just within the posterior truneéa-

tion: both dorsal margins convex; surface seulptured with very minute, numer-

ous grains disposed radially.

Loe. 120 miles west of Buela, 300 fathoms, 6°83 mm. x 5-3 mm, (type, in

S, Aust. Mus., Reg. No. D. 10152

Diagnosis. This Flindersian species is longer and more produced pos-

teriorly than the Peronian Q. widosa Hedley.

346 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Big, IL Questimga graniford sp. nov, Big 12. Cuspidaria erma sp, wey.

(Bernard C. Cotton del).

Pamiry CUSPIDARIIDAE.

CUSPIDARIA ANGASI Smith (Nera).

Loe, Cape Jalfa, 130 fathoms; 120 miles west of Enela, 300 fathoms,

CUSPIDARIA poRSIRECTA Vereo,

Loc. Beachport, 40 fathoms (type, in S. Aust. Mus.) ; Beaehport to St.

Francis Island, down to 150 fathoms.

CUSPIDARIA EXARATA Vereo.

Loc, Thirty-five miles south-west of Neptune Island, 104 fathoms, and 90

rites west of Kuela.

CuspipaRta Auta Vereo,

Lor. Sotithavest of Neptune Island, 104 fathoms (type, in 8. Aust. Mus.) ;

Beachport to Neptune Island, down to 150 fathoms.

CUSPIDARIA SIMULANS Tate (Naecra).

Lac. Beachport to St. Praneis Island, down to 150 fathoms.

CUSPIDARIA TRIGONALIS Tate.

Loe, Gulf St. Vineent to Bunbury, down to 35 fathoms.

CUSPIDARTA PINNA Vereo,

Loe, Cape Jatfa, 800 fathoms (type, in 8. Aust. Mus.) ; Cape Jaffa and 120

miles west of EHucla, down to 300 fathoms.

Cuspiparta ros Vereco.

Loe, Cape Jatfa, 300 fathoms (type, in S. Aust. Mus.) ; Cape Jaffa and 120

wiles west of Knela, down to 300 fathoms,

CoTTON—PELECYPODA FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA 347

CUSPIDARIA ERMA Sp. TOV,

Vig, 12.

Ovately-pyriform, inequilateral, thin translucent, white; anterior dorsal

marein rounded, posterior produced into a rostrum, then roundly triumeate at

the end; seulpture of twenty-four concentric ridges much narrower than the

interspaces and becoming obsolete on the posterior rostrum,

Loe. Ninety miles west of Buela, 300 fathoms, 25 mm. x 14 min. (isyype, in

S. Aust. Mus., Ree. No. D. 10153) ; 80 and 90 miles west of Eucla, $1—-300 fathoms,

fathoms.

Diaguosis.

his species somewhat resembles C. /atesalcuta T.-Woods, but

has a wider rostrum, coniparatively narrower coucentri¢ ridges, and is much less

solid.

CUSPIDARIA OVULDUA Sp. LOY.

wet 45

Fig, 13.

Ovately-pyriform, inequilateral, equivalve, thin, ventricose, white; rostrum

long, coupressed, gaping posteriorly; externally smooth except for fine acere-

mental striae; a radial ridge runs from the umbo to the posterior ventral angle

of the rostrum.

Loe, Worty miles west of Knela, 72 fathoms, 6 mm. x 8°38 mm. (hype, om

S. Aust Mus., Ree. No. D. 10154) ; 40 and 80 miles west of Eucla, 72-51 fathoms;

dk one valve from South Australia.

Diagnosis. From €. simulans Tate. The present speeies is smooth, anterior

end shorter, rostrum longer. There is a posterior radial rib.

Pig, Li. Cuspidaria cecilia sp. noy. Vig. Id. Valabrica angustioy Verve

(Bernard CL. Cotton del).

CTISPIDARIA TASMANICA 'T.-Woods.

Tam unable to find specimens of this species in the Museum collection from

South Australia, so that it is not possible to verify its occurrence there.

348 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Famity CRASSATELLITIDAE.

HUCRASSATELLA KINGICOLA Lamarek,

A careful examination of numerous South Australian specimens of Hucras-

satella fails to reveal any which could be diagnosed as EL. kingicola sensu-stricln.

T ain disposed to agree with Verco in regarding our species as 2. castaned Reeve.

HUCRASSATELLA CASTANEA Reeve.

Although yariable in shape, Flindersian specimens are constantly smoother

than the Peronian FL, kingicola.

Loc. Beachport to Fremantle, down to 100 fathoms,

SaLaAPutium piscus Hedley.

Loc, Beachport to Neptune Island, down to 200 fathoms.

SALAPUTIUM PRODUCTUM Vereo (Crassatella).

Loc, Beachport to Albany, 15-110 fathoms.

SALAPUTIUM MIcRUM Vereo.

Loc, Beachport to Rottnest, 15-110 fathoms.

SALAPUTIUM PROBLEEMA Verco,

Loc, Beachport to King George Sound, 12-150 fathoms.

SALAPUTIUM FULVIDA Angas.

Numerous dilapidated specimens taken in South Australian waters appear

to he this species, which is an addition to the Flindersian fauna.

Loc. Beaehport to Cape Borda, down to 62 fathoms.

TALABRICA CARNEA Tate (Crassatella),

Loc. Beachport to Gulf St. Vincent, down to 200 fathoms.

TALABRICA ANGUSTIOR Verco (Crassatelliles).

Big. 14.

Verco (°) introduced Crassatellites banksii var. angustior, but the variety

is specifically distinct from banksit and carnea. An illustration is given here,

T. ungustior is much narrower than 7. banksti.

Loc, North-west of Cape Borda, 55 fathoms, 18 mm. x 16 mim. (type, in

5S. Aust. Mus.).

(5) Vereo, Trans, Roy, Soc. 8, Austr., xxxi, 1907, p. 312.

CoTTron —PELECYPODA FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA 349

Pig. 15. Cyne solida sp, new. (Beenard CL Cotton deh),

CUNA SOLIDA sp. Noy,

Fig, 1.

Vereo recorded the occurrence of C. alkinsoni T.-Woods in South Australian

waters, noting certain differences from the typical Tasmanian form. He (%)

stuterl the examples were tuo few to create a new species from them.”

Forty odd specimens collected along the South Australian coast prompt me

to deseribe the Wlindersian fori as a new species, Compared with typical (,

ulkinsont it is narrower, more compressed, thicker, bas fewer, less valid dentieu-

lations on the inner ventval margin, and the hinge plate and teeth are thicker.

St. Francis Island appears to be the western limit of this species.

Loe. Gulf St. Vineent, 20 fathoms, 2 moo. x 2-3 mm, (type, in S. Aust.

Mus., Reg. No. D, 10156) ; Beachport to St. Francis Island, down to 150 fathoms,

Cuona concentrica Hedley.

Loe. Cape Jaffa to St. Francis Island, down to 90 fathoms.

Cons pewra Tate and May (Carditella),

Loc. Beachport to St. Praneis Island, down to 150 fathoms.

OUuNA CESSENS Verco.

Loc. Beachport to St, Franeis Island, 22-150 fathonis,

CUNA EDENTATA Vereo,

Loc. Cape Jaffa to Gulf St. Vineent, down to 49 fathoms.

(%) Vereo. Trans, Roy. Soe, 8, Auste., xX801, p. $95, THON,

350 RECORDS OF THE S.A, MUSEUM

CuNnA COMMA Vereo.

Loe. Baekstairs Passage, 22 fathoms (type, in S. Aust. Mus.) ; Beachport

to St. #rancis Usland, 20-200 fathoms.

CUNA PLANILIRATA Gatlifl and Gabricl.

J did not discover this Victorian species amonest Verco’s dredgings, but

exainination of muderous oly pes suggests that planidirata is wrougly loeated i

the genus Cun. fail to see the massive cardinals characteristic of that genus.

The hinge features show more affinity with Leplon.

TTAMAVUNA gen. nov.

For the peculiar species Cung hamata Wedley aud May the above genus is

introdueed, The unique, hooked, ventrally direeted umbos and massive com-

pressed hinge plate serve to distinguish this genus from Cena seasuestriety,

HaMacuna HAMATA Iledley and May (Cun),

The variability of specimens referred to hamata suegests that more than one

species exists in Australian waters. Sonth Australian specimens are large and

solid and vary in comparative length and hereht.

Loc. Beachport to Cape Borda, down to 200 fathoms.

PROPEOUNA ven. TOY,

This genus is introduced for the Cuna abliquissimu Tate. The peculiar

concentric grooves cutting obliquely across the accremental striae and the pre-

sence of marked posterior radial grooves serve to distineuish this and the next

species from members of the genus Cine,

PROPECUNA OBLIQUISSIMA Tate (Cuna).

Loc. Beachport to Bunbury, down to 150 fathoms,

Mig. 16. Propeemin subovala sp. noy. (Bernard C. Cotten del.).

COTTON—PELECYPODA FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA 351

PROPECUNA SUBOVATA Sp. OY,

Fig. 16.

Ovate, sHehtly oblique, inequilateral, solid, tinged with yellow about the

umbo; sculpture of deep concentric grooves; radial grooves developed posteri-

orly, but only developed on the ventral half over the rest of the shell.

Loc. Beachport, 150 fathoms, 3°4 mm. x 3-3 mm, (type, in 8S. Aust. Mus,,

Ree, No. D. 10157) ; Beachport to 40 miles west of Eucla, down to 150 fathoms.

Diaenosis. From 2. obliqiissima, More solid, less oblique, sculpture more

valid, so that the concentries eut the radials into rectangular blocks.

Famity CARDITIDAE.

CARDITELLA ELEGANTULA ‘Tate and May.

Loc. Beachport to Rottnest, down to 150 fathoms,

CARDITELLA SUBTRIGONA Tate,

Loe. Newland Head to St. Francis Island, down to 35 fathoms.

CARDITELLA VALIDA Vereo.

Loe. Beachport to 40 miles west of Eucla, down to 110 fathoms.

CARDITELLA VINCENTENSIS Verco.

Loc. Newland Iead to Rottnest, down to 35 fathoms.

Carpinva CRASSICOsTATA Lamarck.

Loc. Beachport to Geraldton, down to 140 fathoms.

Carprva sQUAMIGERA Deshayes.

Loe. Backstairs Passage to 40 miles west of Buela, down to 72 fathoms.

CARDITA INCRASSATA Sowerby.

Loc. Vopetoun to Geraldton,

Carprra sownrbyt Deshayes.

Fig. 17.

Deshayes (7) deseribed this species from Swan River. No illustration was

viven, so a specimen from Bunbury, diagnosed by me as sowerbyi, is illustrated

here, Size, 37 mm, x 26 mm.

Loc. Wopetoun to Fremantle, down to 35 fathoms.

(7) Deshayes. Proce. Zool, Soe,, 1852, p. 103,

352 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Mig. 17. Cardita sowerbyl Deshayes (Bernard C. Cotton del).

CaRDITA AVICULINA Lamarck.

Vereo Jisted this as ©. calwewlafa, a Mediterranean species. The South

Australian shell is more like (. aeiculing Lamarek, the type of which eame from

Shark Bay, Western Anstralia.

Loe. Beachport to King Georee Sound, down to 150 fathoms.

Baruyearprra RAOULL Angas (Cardita).

This species occurs at Edithbureh in a subtossil state.

VENERICARDIA AMABILIS Deshayes.

Lac, Beachport to King George Sound, down to 200 fathoms.

VENERICARDIA BIMACULATA Deshayes.

Lac. Teachport to St. Francis Island, down to 150 fathoms.

VENERICARDIA ROSULENTA Tate.

Lac. Beachport to Rottnest. down to 200 fathoms.

VENERICARDTA COLUMNARIA Iledley and May.

Loc. Beaehport to Newland Ilead, down to 200 fathoms.

Vimextum precra Smith (Carditad,

Lac, Beachport to Bunbury, down to 130 fathoms.

VIMENTUM EXCELSIOR Vereo (Cardita).

Verco introduced eccelsior as a yariety of dilecla, Tt is probably specifically

Histinet,

Lac. Beachport to Cape Borda, down to 200 fathoms.

VIMENTUM DELICATA Verco.

Loe, Beaelport to 40 niles west of Kuela, down to 200 fathoms.

COTTON—PELECYPODA FROM SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA 353

ViIMENTUM BXULATA Smith (Carditella).

Loe, Beachport to St. Francis Island, down to 130 fathoms.

Famtry CONDYLOCARDIIDAF.

In the first part of this paper (No. 1) some new species of the genus Cap-

dylocardia weve deseribed. The following new species is a further addition.

€

‘

Vig. 1S. Condyloeardia aeula sp. noy, (Bernard C. Cotton del),

CONDYLOCARDIA ACUTA Sp. NOV.

Fig. 18.

Shell trigonal, solid, acutely angled at the umbo; sculpture of eighteen

rounded, depressed, radial ribs and linear interstices, crossed by cocen{ rice acere-

wental striae; ventral marein rounded, denticulate within.

Loc. Cape Borda, 55 fathoms, 1-4 mm. x 1:6 min. (type, in 8. Aust. Mus.,

Ree. No. D. 10128); Kineston to Cape Borda, down to 55 fathoms,

# § I

Diaenosis. From @. peclinata. More solid, radial ribs fewer; umbo more

acute.

Pamity CHAMIDAE.

CirAMA RUDERALIS Lamarck.

Apparently only one species of Chama occurs in South

to the specimens in the South Australian Museum.

Loe.

Australia, according

Beachport to Shark Bay, down ta LOO fathoms.

RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Tredale, T., Proce. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., xlix, pt. 8, 1924, pp. 179 to 278.

- Ree. Aust. Mus., xiv., No. 4, 1925, pp. 245 to 270.

7 7 3 » Xvil, No. 4, 1929, pp. 157 to 198.

3 % » XxXvu, No. 9, 1930, pp. 357 to 413.

Hedley, C., Mew Aust. Mus., iu, pt. 9, 1899, pp. 549 to 565.

= r » lv, pt. 5, 1902, pp. 287 to 324.

a Re - » i, pt. 8, 1899, pp. 491 to 535.

ts Ree. Aust. Mus., vu, No. 2, 1908, pp. 108 to 125.

_ " 4 » xXlv, No. 3, 1924, pp. 141 to 153.

ey Proce. Linn. Soe. N.S.W., pt. 1, 1900, pp. 87 to 100.

Js ‘5 ‘A m 5 pt. 3, 1900, pp. 495 to 513.

x 4 7 55 7 pt. 4, 1900, pp. 721 to 732.

: iy 3s zs 3 pt. 1, 1901, pp. 16 to 25.

45 i 3 7 . pt. 4, 1901, pp. 700 to 708.

43 i Fe ‘5 5 pt. 1, 1902, pp. 7 to 29.

\ si 4 _ » pt. 4, 1902, pp. 596 to 619.

md " ‘ i, » pt. 1, 1904, pp. 182 to 212.

a a 3 4 My pt. 4, 1905, pp. 520 to 546.

Ls PA :, i " pt. 3, 1906, pp. 458 to 479.

4 : x » pt. 3, 1908, pp. 456 to 489.

7 * . a > pt. 3, 1909, pp. 420 to 465.

% r ¥, _ ” pt. 2, 1913, pp. 258 to 339.

; 5 5 5 pt. 4, 1914, pp. 695 to 755.

_ = x 3 5 pt. 4, 1916, pp. 680 to 719.

Verco, J. C., Trans. Roy. Soe. S. Aust., xix, 1895, pp. 84 to 107.

- . na me - xx, 1896, pp. 217 to 2382.

mA * » * “ xxix, 1905, pp. 166 to 172.

Be F. - 55 » xxxi, 1907, pp. 99 to 315.

” ” ” % a xxx, 1908, pp. 193 to 361.

STAPHYLINIDAE (COLEOPTERA) FROM NEW GUINEA,

IN THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM

By MALCOLM CAMERON, M.B., R.N., F.E.S.

Summary

Most of the specimens here dealt with were taken by Mr. C. T. McNamara on Mount

Lamington (near Buna Bay), at an elevation of from 1,300 to 1,500 feet ; or at Wareo and

Komba, in the Finsch Haven district, by the Rev. L. Wagner.

Eleusil

Eleusis Diversicollis Fvl. Mount Lamington

Leptochiri

Priochirus (Plastus) Wagneri sp. nov.

Allied to P. monilicornis Fvl. And inaequalis Bernh., but much smaller than either of

these species (6.3 mm.).

STAPHYLINIDAE (COLEOPTERA) FROM NEW GUINEA,

INrur SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM

By MALCOLM CAMERON, M.B., R.N., FUELS.

Mosr of the specimens here dealt with were taken by Mr. ©. T. MeNamara ou

Mount Lamington (near Buna Bay), at an elevation of from 1,300 to 1,900 foot:

or at Wareo and Komba, in the Finseh Haven district, by the Rey. L. Wagner.

ELEUSII.

Buensis piversiconus Fyvl. Mount Lamington,

LEPTOCTITRE.

Priocuimus (PLASTUS) WAGNERT sp. noy.

Allied to P. monilicornis Fvl. and inaequalis Bornh., but much smatler than

either of these species (6°38 mm.).

Depressed, black, shining, more depressed than monilicornis, the thorax

flatter and more transverse, with straight, parallel sides, furnished with a row

of six or seven punetures, separated from the margin by a narrow smooth space ;

armature of the head very similar to that of monilicornis, but the large outer

ieeth are longer internally, less triangular, more spigot-shaped and more everted,

the median teeth are separated from cach other by a small arcuate emargination

amd suleus, the lett is smaller than the right; the first antennal jomt is not

suleate throughout, the fourth to tenth joints transverse; the elytra are longer

than the thorax, and without longitudinal impression near the Jateral margin

behind; abdomen with a few punetures at the base of the segments; legs black,

tarsi vellow; antennae pitehy.

Finsech Haven (Rev. L. Wagner),

P, aupertist Pvl. Komba, Mount Lamington, Wareo,

P. peecarn Fyl. Mount Lamington.

P. prevrcatus Fyvl. Mount Lamington.

P. NovarpriraNniar Bernh. Mount Lamington.

P. sAmormnsis Blanch, Mount Lamington, Wareo,

P. sprvosunis Kyl. Mount lamington.

Boroninus minutus Cast. Beining district, New Britain,

356 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

LISPINI.

PARALISPINUS TNCISUS Fyl. Mount Lamington.

LIisPINUS WAGNERI Sp. nov.

Moderately shining, black, the thorax sometimes reddish, elytra and apex

of the abdomen yellowish-brown. Antennae and legs reddish-yellow. Length,

3 mm.

Very uear L. fovealus Evi, but differing in the following respects: A little

narrower, the thorax less dilated in front, less abruptly narrowed behind, the

dise without four quadrately placed punctures, a pair only being present, one

at the apex of each median impression, the puncturation finer; elytra a little

longer, yet more indistinetly punctured than in foveatus, and without the large

puneture before the middle, but with one near the sutural margin in front and

a smaller one near the sutural mare behind, The eround seulpture scarcely

differs in the two species,

Finsech Haven (Rey, L. Wagner),

L. anguanis Pvl. Mount Lamington.

L. Caspannus Fvl. Mount Lamington.

L. corticotus Fvl, Mount Lamington,

L. roveatus Fvl. Mount Lamington.

4 UNISTRIATUS Fyl, Finseh Tlaven.

—

OMALIINI.

PHLOEONOMUS (S.str.) PAPUANUS sp. nov.

Greasy-lustrous, the head and thorax reddish, elytra yellow, abdomen black,

with reddish apex. Antennae and legs yellow. Length, 2 mm.

In size and build similar to P. apicalis Cam., but less shining, the antennae

shorter and stouter, the penultimate joints much more transverse, entirely

re(ddish-yellow, the elytra unicolonrous, puncturation of the fore parts finer and

éloser, the thorax without trace of impressions.

Mount Lamineton (C. T. MeNamara),

P. cunorizans Fvl. Mount Lamington,

OXYTELINI.

OxyreLtus ALBicers vl. Mount Lamington.

QO. wWALLAX Eyl. Finsch Taven.

O. THORACICUS (minor) Motseh. Mount Lamington.

OsorIUS CARINELLUS Fwl. Mount Lamington.

CAMERON—STAPHYLINIDAE FROM NEW GUINEA 357

STENINI.

Stents coeLestis Fvl. Mount Lamington.

PROCIRRI.

Pauaminus Limprrer Eyl. Mount Lamington,

P. NovaAEGUINEAE Fyl. Mount Lamington.

PAEDERINI.

PARDERUS FEMORATUS Sp. NOV.

Shining: head. thorax, and elytra blue, abdomen black. Antennae with

the first three and the last four joints vellow, the rest deep black. Palpi yellow,

the third jomt brownish. Anterior femora yellow, the extreme apex black,

middle with the apical third, posterior with nearly the apical half, black; tibiac

and tarsi black, Length, 18 mm.

Head a little broader than the thorax, suborbicular, the postocular region

rounded and gradually retracted to the neck. the front biimpressed ; prnetura-

tion rather fine, seattered, with erect, black setae. Antennae lone and slender,

the third joint much longer than the second, the following all much longer than

broad, gradually decreasing in leneth, Thorax convex, ovate; with scattered

punetures, coarser than on the head and with similar setae. Elytra a little

shorter than the thorax, narrow at the base, and widened behind, moderately

closely punetured, and with ereet black setae. Abdomen longer than the fore

parts, rather finely and not closely punctured, with fine, scanty pubescence and

a few erect setae. Anal styles rather stout, black.

Finseh Taven (Rev. L. Wagner).

P. pourrvs Fyl. Mount Lamington.

ASTENUS MARGINALIS sp. TOV.

Tlead, thorax, and abdomen ferruginous-red; the reflexed side margins of

the thorax and the last two abdominal segments black; elytra vellow, the reflexed

sides entirely, and adjacent part of the dorsal surface narrowly black, Antennae

and legs pale vellow, Leneth, 4-75-5-50 mim.

Tn build resembling A, castaneus Cam., but with the anterior angles of the

thorax completely effaced, and with coarser reticular senlpture. Antennae long

and slender. Thorax at the sides with numerons lone black setae. Elytra as

lone as, but a Jitthe broader than the thorax; with rather coarse, moderately

close. asperate sculpture; the sides with long black setae. Abdomen elongate,

rather finely, asperately, not closely punetiured.,

Mount Lamington (C. Tl, MeNamara).

358 RECORDS OF THE S.A, MUSEUM

ASTENUS PAPUANUS Sp. Noy, :

Head reddish-brown, thorax yellowish-red, on cach side near the anterior

aueles with a small, obsenre, brownish spot; elytra black, more shining, the

posterior third yellow; abdomen with the first four segments red, the first and

sceond more or less infiseate at the base, or reddish-brown. with the posterior

imarein lighter, the fifth entirely black, the sixth black, with the posterior border

yellowish. Antennae yellow. Legs pale yellow, Length, + nun.

In size and build mueh resembling vl, bfineeulatus Hr. but differently

coloured, the eyes larger. temples shorter, anterior angles of the thorax less

ronnded, elytra broader, and antennae longer and more slender. The head and

thorax have the usual wmbilieate sculpture, the latter with four black setae on

each side. Klytra elosely and asperately punctured, without lateral setae.

Abdomen with the first four segments closely and asperately prnetured, the filth

inch more finely and sparingly.

Mount Lamington (C. 'T, MeNamara).

A. prereerus Fvl, Mount Lamineton.

Mrpon PaAPuUANUS Sp. Noy.

Moderately shining, black, the elytra eastaneous, more or less broadly in-

fuseate on the. dise; abdomen with the posterior margin of the last two segments

yellow. Antennae and legs red. Length, 6-2 mm,

tuild of M. luctuosus Fvl.. but more robust and imore shining, the elytre

differently coloured, head larger, more coarsely sculptured, scarcely strigose :

thorax much more coarsely seulptured, with broad, smooth, median line; elytra

a little longer, mueh more coarsely punetured, abdomen nich less finely and

much less closely punetured. Head a little transverse, subquadrate, longer and

a little broader than the thorax, eyes small. temples long, the posterior angles

briefly rounded. the base deeply emarginate. the yertex with a small smooth

space, elsewhere with wmbilieate punetures, the interspaces narrow, with fen-

dencies to coalesce longitudinally. Antennae moderate, the third to seventh

joinis longer than broad, gradually decreasing in leneth, the cighth to tenth

moniliform. Thorax transverse, trapezoidal. smooth along the middle, elsewhere

with close, unbilieate punetures. Elytra longer and a little broader than the

thorax; closely and moderately coarsely punetured, Abdomen moderately finely

and moderately closely puneturect.

Finseh Tlaven (Rev. L. Wagner).

M. erserus Fyl. Wareo, from nest of ants (Cremastogaster sp.),

M. curtos Ky, Mount Lamington.

CAMERON--STAPHYLINIDAE FROM NEW GUILNEA 359

M. gigantuus Kyl Mount Lamington,

Liviocuaris yinis Kr, Finseh Haven, Mount Lamington.

STLICUS UteROGLYPHICcUs Fyl, Mount Lamington.

XANTHOLININL.

LevtTaciNus PLAVIPENNIS Kr. Mount Lamington.

PacuycokyNus prMipiatus Motseh, Mott Lamineton.

DINOXANTIHOLINUS CAERULEIPENNIS Sp. noy,

Shining; head, thorax, scutellom, and abdomen black; elytra hrivht bhie,

vreonish at the base and bumeral angles. Antennae blackish, the first two joiuts

reddish-brown, the apex of the eleventh yellowish. Palpi reddish. Lees rectclish-

brown. Leneth, 23 mm,

Differs from D. prodigivsus Weller in the narrower build, shorter antennae,

and differently coloured elytra, Male. Ileal transverse, subquadrate, broader

than the thorax, the eyes about as long as the temples, the posterior angeles

romnded; between the eyes with four foyeae placed transversely, the eentral pair

larger than the lateral, and produced forwards as a small suleus towards the

antennal tubercle on each side; behind and internal to the eye with two large,

adjacent punetures, alone the base with a few others, the temples closely and

rugosely punetured. Lu the female the head is sinaller, the temples extrentely

finely and sparingly punched. Mancibles lone and slender, the right at some

iistance behind the apex with a sharp tooth, the left with a tooth with two sharp

cusps; outer surface not suleate. Antennae with the first joint elongate, second

short, about half as long as ihe third, fourth seareely, fifth to tenth stronely

transverse, cleveath conical. Thorax longer than broad, widest at the obtuse

anterior angles; with a large single puneture near these, the side margins with

a few pimetures. Seutellim impressed at apex, and with four or five prunetiures,

finely transversely strigose, Mlytra as lone as and a little wider than the thorax,

along the suture with a row of five or six large punetures, and a subbumeral row

of six or sever others, externally at the reflexed marein with four or five small

punctures, and on ihe reflexed margin itself with trace of another row ; posterior

maroin closely state. Abdomen closely punctured at the base of the sewments,

elsewhere more finely and much more sparingly, the sides and apex with some

long yellow setae.

Mount Lamineton (CLT. MeNamara).

DINOXANTHLOLINUS LATERALIS Sp. 110,

® Differs from the female of the preceding species as follaws: The size is

sinatler (17 mm.) the elytra brilliant bluish-ereen. the base and lammeral angles

360 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

volden-coppery, the reflexed margin of the elytra is closely and rugosely puue-

tured, and of a brilliant coppery-red almost to the posterior angle; in other

respects similar.

Fak Fak, A single specimen in iny collection.

D. propiaiosus Heller, Finseh Haven.

TuUYREOCEPHALUS ALLERTISE Wyl Mount Lamington, Wareo.

T. aurnus Bernh., var. Mount Lamington.

To aiantuLus Bernk., Mout Lamington,

TY. rarniensis Bol. Mount Lamington, Wareo,

Diocnus inbicus Ke, Mount Lamington.

STAPITYLININI.

Hsrervs ViVIpbs sp. nov,

Brilliant; head and thorax yaryine from green to golden-green, the elytra

blue, on each near the suture with a broad, longitudinal, purple fascia, not

reaching the apical margin, middle of the base sometimes purple; sentellin

black; abdomen, mesosternum, and ametasternume red, the last sexinent of the

former blackish, Thorax with dorsal series of four punetures, Antennae with

{he first three joints ved, the last two or three yellow, the rest black. Palpi and

legs (including the coxae) reddish-testaceous, Length, 13-14 mm.

Var. Elytra bluish-ereen, the suture greenish-coppery.

Build of Philonihus gestrot Kyl, but differing in colour. ILlead snborbicu-

lar, as broad as the thorax, the eyes large and rather prominent, the postoeular

region about half as long; adjacent to the inner side of the eye in front with a

single puncture, postero-iuternally to it with a group of five or six irregular

punetures, and a few along the base; besides these larger punctures there are

some fine scattered oues. Antennae reaching the base of the elytra, the third

joint twice as long as the second, fourth to seventh longer than broad, gradually

deercasing in length, eighth to tenth about as long as broad, Thorax with the

sides nearly straight, slightly retracted behind; on each side of the middle with

a row of four fine punetures, the secoud of the series further from the third than

this is from the fourth, externally with a row of five larger punctures; besides

these there are a few extremely fine scattered ones. Seutellum closely pune-

tured, Elytra as lone as but broader than the thorax, closely, moderately finely

punetured, with fine grey pubescence. Abdomen narrowed behind, finely and

very sparingly punctnred, somewhat less sparingly behind; pubescence sparing

and with a few semi-ereet setae,

4 Anterior tarsi dilated; sixth ventral segment with a semi-elliptical

excision.

Mount Lamineton (C, TT. MeNamara).

CAMERON-—STAPHYLINIDAE FROM NEW GUINEA 361

HisrEkRUS BXCELSUS Sp. nov,

Shining; head, thorax, seutellom, aud abdomen yery black, elytra green,

with broad, determinate, transverse blue fascia; antennae black. the last three

joints pale yellow; palpi pitehy. Legs pale yellow, the coxae and apices of the

femora and tibiae black, tarsi black. Thorax with dorsal series of four pune-

tures. Length, 9-3 min.

In build somewhat resembling Philonthus rafithoras Fvl. Ulead orbieular,

as broad as the thorax, the postocular region a Little longer than the eye, the

front suleate; adjacent to each eye with a single intraocular punetire, postero-

internal to the eye with a group of three punctures, along the base with a row

of six or seven others, Antennae reaching the base of the elytra, the third jomet

a little longer than the second, fourth to sixth a little longer than broad, gradu-

ally decreasing in length, seventh to teuth slightly transverse. Thorax with the

sides straight, very slightly retracted behind, with dorsal row of four punetures,

the second of the series further from the third than the latter from the fourth,

externally near the anterior angles with three others. Sentellum closely pune-

tured. Elytra as long as but broader than the thorax; moderately finely and

‘ather sparingly punctured; with sparing, rather long pubescence, and erect

black setae. Abdomen narrowed behind, the first three segments with basal and

apical row of fine punctires, elsewhere very sparingly punetured, the last three

segments Sparingly aud irregularly punctured, and with some erect, black setae,

Anterior tarsi dilated in both sexes,

$ Sixth ventral seement with small arenate excision.

Mount Lamington (OQ. T, McNamara).

PrILON TITS BICOLOKATUS sp. lOV.

Shining; head black, with greenish reflex in certain lights; thorax bright

red, with similar reflex, dorsal row of five punctures; elytra blaek, the suture

aud posterior margin very narrowly reddish; abdomen entirely red, shiehtly

ividescent. Antennae with the first two joints and hase of the third red, the

ninth reddish, the tenth and eleventh pale yellow. The rest black. Legs

reddish-yellow. Length, 7-5 mm,

Tn biuld very similar to P, productus Kr., but differently coloured, the

thoracic punctures smaller, the abdomen more finely and more sparingly pune-

tured. Lead quadrate, as broad as the thorax, the posterior angles rounded ;

the eye about as long as the temple; the widdle of the front foyeate; the median

intraocular punctures more distant from each ofher than from the lateral,

between the posterior margin of the eve and the neek with two punetitres placed

obliquely, two others close to the posterior margin of the eye, and a third a little

362 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

behind them; ground senlptare fine, transverse, Aatennac reaching a little

beyond the base of the elytra, the third joint longer than the second, fourth to

seventh a littl: longer than broad, gradually decreasing in length, ciehth to

tenth shehtly transverse. Thorax as long as broack widest in front at the briefly

rounded anterior angles, the sides almost straight and shehtly retracted to the

broadly rounded posterior augles, setiferous, dorsal punctures tmoderate, exter

nally with three others in a curved row, ground seulpture as on the head.

Sceutellum rather coarsely punctured. Elytra as long as the thovax, the sides

with several long black setae, moderately coarsely and moderately closely pune-

tured. Abdomen rather finely, moderately closely punctured, pubescence rather

course, not very close, the sides setiterous.

dé Head larger, anterior tarsi moderately dilated; sixth ventral seement

triangilarly mipressed behind in the middle, the base of the impression rather

cleeply triangiarly emarginate.

Finseh Haven (Rev. L. Wayzuer),

PIOLONTIIUS PAPLANUS Sp. Hoy.

Black, head and thorax shining, elytra and abdomen duller, densely aod

finely punetured. Thorax with dorsal row of five punetures. Antennae black.

the first and cleventh joints yellow. Lees yellow, anterior voxae pitehy, Leneth,

9+ 75-6700 nim.

Very similar to P. flavipes Wr, in build. colour, and antennal struetiuie,

hut with smaller head, seareely metallic, much inore finely and densely pune-

tured elytra and abdomen. Tfead in both sexes suborbicular, narrower than the

thorax, the eyes larger than in flavipes, uot prominent, longer than the post-

ocular tegion; median intraocular punctures widely separated: antennae reach-

ing the base of the elytra, the penultimate joints about as long as broad. Thorax

with straight sides, slightly retraeted in front. Seutellum deusely punctured.

Klytra as long as the thorax, very finely and very closely punctured and pubes-

vent, Abdomen very finely and densely punetured and pubescent throughout,

é Anterior tarsi dilated, sixth ventral segment with aente triangular

excision,

Mount Lamington (C. T. MeNamara).

PHILONTHUS MCNAMARAE Sp, nov.

Hutirely black, elytra and abdomen less shining; thorax with dorsal row of

six punctures. Antennae yellowish-red, the fourth to seventh or ninth joints

blackish; legs vellow, femora pitehy. Leneth, 7 mon.

Near Po rechungulus Sharp, Wut citfering in the shorter, differently coloured

antennae. more snborbiewar head, whieh is as broad as the thorax in the male,

CAMERUN—-STAPHYLINIDAE FROM NEW GUINEA 363

slightly narrower in the female, smaller eyes, shorter thorax, the sides shiehtly

emarginate behind the anterior angles, more finely punctured elytra and

abdomen. The antennae are short, scarcely reaching the base of the thorax, the

fourth joint square, the fifth to tenth distinetly transverse; ground sculpture on

the head and thorax well marked, but without sericeous reflex. From P. veit-

rais Gr. it is distinguished by the more robust build, larger head, shorter,

differently coloured antennae, and shorter, broader thorax. The anterior tarsi

are strongly diated im both sexes.

6 Sixth ventral segment acutely triangularly impressed, the base of the

impression slehtly, areuately emarginate,

Mount Lamington (C.T. MeNamara); Finsch Haven (lev. L, Wagner).

P. peccarn Kyl, Finseh Ilaven.,

Po rumerauis Fvl. Monnt Lamineton, Wareo,

P. winutus Boh. Mount Lamington, Wareo.

P. ornovrumus, Fvl. Mount Lamington.

P. pinteeannts Macl. Mount Lamineton.

P. RALUMENSIS Gernh. Finsch ITaven.

P. eueirnorax Kyl. Wareo,

P. serteniconurs Kyl. Mount Lamington, Wareo,

P. tuermarum Aube. Mount Lamington.

BeLonucirus buscrpes yl Mount Lamington,

B. uivipirrs Fvl Wareo.

Levcrrus argyrmus Kyl. Madaug, Wareo.

L. peccarn Eyl Kinsch Iaven.

Mysouius AURICIALCEUS yl. Wareo,

Acrinus Imperius lvl Madane, Mount Lamington, Warco.

QUEDIINI,

Qumpius CYANKORUFUS yl. Mount Lamineton.

Q. sebenpipus yl. Finseh Ilaven.

TACTIIYPORINT.

TaciuNomorenus anuTACEUS Byl Finsch Haven, Mount Lamington.

T. cyantpennts Bernh. Mont Lamington, Wareo.

CoprororkUs PAPUANUS Sp. noy.

Convex, narrowed behind, blaek. shining, the sides and base of the thorax,

the sides and apical margin of the elytra narrowly and indeterminately reddish ;

abdomen with the posterior margins of the segments rufeseent. Antennae with

364 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

the first five or six joints pale yellow, the rest infuscate. Legs yellow. Length,

2mm.

Build of C. dimidiatus FvL, but narrower and a little smaller, differently

coloured, the colour and structure of the antennae and the sculpture seareely

differing. Head extremely finely punctured and without ground sculpture.

Antennae with the third joint elongate, as long as the second, fourth to sixth

distinetly longer than broad, gradually decreasing in length, seventh about as

long as broad, eighth to tenth transverse, Thorax extremely finely and obso-

letely, scarcely perceptibly but rather closely punetured, without ground seulp-

ture; elytra a little longer than the thorax, extremely finely but more distinetly

punctured than the thorax, with, in certain lights, a fine transverse striation.

Abdomen extremely finely and moderately closely punctured, without ground

sculpture.

Mount Lamington (C. T. McNamara).

CG, auuracuus Fyl. Mount Lamington.

C. asper vl. Mount Lamington.

C. pastcornts Evi Mount Lamington.

©. curticornis Kyl. Mount Lamington.

C. pimipiarus Fvl. Mount Lamington.

©. mELANARIUS Er. Mount Lamington.

C. papuanus Kyl. Mount Lamington.

AUSTRALASIAN COLEOPTERA

By ARTHUR M. LEA, F.E.S., ENTOMOLOGIST, SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM

Summary

Family Staphylinidae

The New Guinea Staphylinidae, here dealt with, are all described from single specimens

that were sent to Dr. Cameron, and returned by him as new ; some other species were

also returned by him as new, but as they are inconspicuous or too closely related to

others, it was undesirable to name them.

Oxytelus Oblongifer sp. nov.

AUSTRALASIAN COLEOPTERA

By ARTHUR M, LIA, F.ELS., Exromonocisr, Sour Ausrratman Musium,

Figs. 1-2.

Famity STAPHYLINIDAE.

Tue New Guinea Staphylinidae, here dealt with, ave all described fvom single

specimens that were sent to Dr. Cameron, and returned by him as new; some

other species were also retiamed by him as new, but as they are inconspicuous or

too closely related to others, if was undesirable to name them.

OXYTELUS OBLONGIEER Sp. LOY.

2° Black, muzzle, basal joint of antennae, palpi, base of elytra, tips of

abdominal segments, sterna, and legs testaceous-brown.

Head not very large, base with a semi-cireular impression; antennary ridges

rather long and well defined, between them a transverse oblong space, bounded by

distinct impressions; with erowded and rather small but sharply defined pune-

tures, Antennae with seventh-tenth joints transverse. Prothorax at apex almost

twice as wide as long, sides feebly decreasing in width to base: with crowded

punctures, slightly larger than on head, and with several shallow depressions,

but without well defined Jongitudinal ones. Hlytra moderately transverse, at

hase slightly wider than apex of prothoras ; with punctures abont the same size

Dit loss crowded, Abdomen very minutely punetate ov shagreened. Legs rather

thin, Length, 4-5 mim.

New Guinea: Finsch Haven (Rey, L. Wagner).

To a certain extent approaching O. wattsensis (from Victoria) but interocular

impressions different, and prothorax with less defined longitudinal impressions

and coarser punctures. There is an obscurely pale space at the base of the elytra,

which is fairly distinet at the shoulders, and is dilated to the suture at the basal

third. but becomes very ill defined towards it. The oblong space on the front of

the head from some directions appears shining and with very small punctures, bit

from others appears subopaque and with fairly well defined ones. The abdomen

has a somewhat leathery appearance.

OSORIUS STRIGICEPS Sp. MOV.

Black, shining, elytra and abdomen not quite as black as head and prothorax,

logs and palpi reddish-brown, antennae slightly darker. Clothed with short,

366 KkECORDS OF THE S.A, MusSEUM

brown, sloping setae, becoming longer and paler on abdomen, especially at apex.

Head closely longitudinally strigose, except at base, which is smooth and

shining. Basal joint of antennae as long as four following combined, sixth to

lonth distinetly wider than the others and transverse, Prothorax slightly wider

than head, slightly longer than the basal width, but less than the apical width,

parallel-sided to basal third, and then oblique to base; with erowded aud sharply

defined but not very large punctures, leaving a narrow, polished) median line,

Klytra about as lone as wide, the width of apes of prothorax, a narrowly im-

pressed live on each side of suture; with rugose punctures somewhat sparser and

sinaller than on prothorax, Abdomen evlindrical, purtetires rather small, fourth

ad fifth sewmeuts the width of elytra, rout and usicddle tibiae stronely pectin

ata externally, Leneth, 5 um.

New Gninea: Finsch Haven (Rev. lL. Wagner),

Allied to O. carinellus, but smaller and thinner, and elytra with denser and

smaler but more sharply defined punctures.

STENUS CRIBRICOLLIS Sp. Nov,

Prrplish-blue, antennae light brown, the four apical joints almost white, legs

tlayous, knees slightly infuseated. Under surface with fine silvery pubescence,

upper surface of abdonien sparsely pubescent, rest of upper surface glabrous,

Head wide, interocular space depressed, and with sparse anc small, but

sharply defined punctures, Eyes about half the length of prothorax. Antennae

long and thin, passing base of elytra, third joint longest of all, ninth and tenth

wider than the others and, with the eleventh, forming a loose elib. Prothorax

subeylindrieal, almost twiee as lone as wide; with crowded and rather soiall bit

sharply defined punetives. Elytra much wider and sliehthy longer thai pro-

thorax, and with larger bir equally crowded punetives. Abdoien about hall the

total length, second to fourth seements strongly constricted and with fairly large

pictures towards base, fifth and sixth longer and with smaller punetires than

the preceding ones, fourth with an aenute ridge on the under surface, ending in a

sharp tooth, Lees loug and thin, Length, 9 mo,

New Guinea: Hudewa: (Rey, lL. Wagner),

Allied 10 8S, coelestis and eaeruleus, but larger, antennae not uniformly col-

oured, prothovax longer and with denser aud finer punetures (fully twice as

dense), and elytral punetures denser, The palpi and one antenna ave missing

from the type, which appears to be a male.

ORDICHIRUS PYRICOTATS sp. Dov.

Brownish-black, shining, antennae palpi and legs flavous. Glabrous, except

fora few haivs at sides.

LEA—-AUSTRALASIAN COLEOPTERA 367

Head deeply constricted at base, with a narrow neele; with numerous large.

sharply defined punctures, Antennae thin, slightly passing base of profthorax.

first joint slightly longer than sevond and third combined, fifth to tenth feebly

decreasing in length. Prothovax wider than head and moe longer, sides roundel

in front, and stronely narrowed to base, whieh is about half as witle as the

wreatest width; punetures about as large as on head but sparser, and with an

imipunetate median space. EKlytra small, base narrow, greatest width (ear apes )

about equal to that of prothorax, punctures much as on head. Abdomen about

half the total leneth, with punctures as on elytra, but becoming longitndinal at

the base of each seament, fifth and sixth with sparser punctures than the others ;

anal stvles almost the leneth of elytra. Lees long and thin, Length, 7 min,

Papua: Mount Lamington (C. T. MeNamiava).

An apterous species, in general appearance like QO. ceibricallis, on a @reathy

reduced seale, but also very sparsely clothed. O. grandis and eribripenus are

about the same size, but have more numerons setae, and the legs are partly black,

Pour of the abdominal seements are extended, exposing the {hin connectme mem.

branes, whieh are of a flavous colour,

OeDICHIRUS CRIBRIPENNIS Hom. Noy.

O, geweulatus Lea, nom, pr.

| have to thank Mi. C. Oke for calling my attention to the faet that the name

genieulatus was previously used (1847) in this genus for a Brazilian species. As

asubstitute P propose the name eribripennis for the Australian species.

PARDERUS MICROPTERUS ap. nov,

Black and pale castaneous-brown, three apical joints of antennae flavous.

Clothed with rather long and sparse, blackish hairs.

Head slightly longer than wide, widest across eyes; with sparse piliferous

punctures. Antennae thin, extending to tips of elytra, first joint slightly longer

than third, and more than twice the leneth of second, fourth-tenth subequal.

Prothorax slightly longer than head, and distinetly thinner, sides evenly vorneled

andl seareely wider at apex than at base: with sparse and small piliferous pine

lures. Klytra small, slightly shorter than prothorax, and evenly dilated to apex,

which is about the width of the middle of prothorax, surface shagreened and with

fairly Jarge punetuves. Abdomen about half the fotal length, greatest width

equal to that of head; with a few scattered punetures; anal styles slightly shorter

than elytea. Lees long and thin, Length, 13 mm,

Papua: Mount Lamington (C2 T. MeNamiara).

368 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

An apterous species, structurally close to PL femoratus, but very differently

coloured. The black parts are the head, prothorax, anal styles, third to eighth

joints of antennae, tibiae ancl apex of femora.

Mrpow INCONSPIOUUS sp. HOV.

Blackish-brown and somewhat shining, head black, muzzle, antennae and legs

dull brown. Closely covered with minute pubescence, and with sparse hairs on

the sides, becoming longer, darker, and more numerous at the apex of abdomen.

Head (excluding parts in front of eyes) slightly transverse, hind angles

rounded off; with dense and qinute punctures. Antennae slivhthy passing base

of prothovax, first joint as lone as the three following combined, fourth as long

as wide, slightly shorter than third, the others feebly decreasing in length till the

tenth is moderately transverse. Prothorax the width of head, and with similar

punetures, about as long as wide, angles rounded off. Elytra quadrate, slightly

wider and longer than prothorax, and with slightly stronger punctures. Abdomen

about half the total length, across middle the width of elvtra. Legs rather thin.

Leneth, 4°5 mom.

New Giunea: Finseh Haven (Rev. lL. Wagner).

In general appearance like J. curtis on a reduced size, but werrawer, prae-

tures less sharply defined, and antennae and legs longer: strueturally if is close

to M. lea (from the Malay Peninsula), but is shehthy thnmer, less opaque,

shoulders not pale, and lees darker; from M. Jind? (from Australia), it differs

in having a slightly larger head, with stouter antennae, shorter prothorax, ancl

distimethy shorter head, its colours are practically identical with those of that

species: structurally itis also close to L. ochraceus, but is considerably darker,

Mrpon Prerus sp. lov,

Kted. elytra dak brown, apical two-fifths flayvous, abdomen with fourth and

part of fifth secoment as dark as base of prothorax, basal segments slightly paler.

the apex still paler; legs flavous, tuandibles, palpi and antennae slightly redder.

With roinute pale pubesvenve, more distinet on elytra and abdomen than else-

where, apex of abdomen with short and fairly uiumerous setae.

Head subqiadrate behind antennae, hind angles slightly rounded ; with fairly

dense and sharply defined but small punetures. Antennae not extending to base

of prothorax, fourth te tenth joints transverse. Prothorax the width of head and

slightly shorter, sides feebly decreasing in width to near base, where they are

stronely ronnded off: with punctures as on head, except ow a slightly elevated

median line, Elytra the width of head and fully its leneth (ineliding the jaws),

fechly tmpressed on cach side of suture; prnetires slightly coarser than ou head,

Abdomen less than half the total length, fourth and fifth seements the width of

LEA—AUSTRALASIAN COLEOPTERA 369

elytra, the others narrower; punctures smaller than on head. Lees not very lone.

Leneth, 3-5 mm.

Japna: Mount Lamington (CG. T. MeNamara).

Approaching MW. efnetus and fuseratus, but wider, less shining, black part of

elytra basal instead of subapical, and with denser and stronger practures.

CHARICHIRUS LINEIFER sp. nov.

Blackish, subopaque, muzzle, antennae, palpi, apical fourth of elytra, tip of

#hdomen and lees testaceous-brown. Minutely pubescent all over, and with a few

hairs at sides, becoming fatrly numerous at apex of abdomen,

Head strongly narrowed in front, parellel-sided behind eyes, hind angles

rovuided off, base feebly bilobed, Antennae cistinetly passing base of prothorax,

first joint aluost as long as secoud and third combined, third lonwer that second,

the others gradually decreasing in length to tenth, whieh is feebiy transverse.

Prothorax slightly transverse, apex about the width of head, sides feebly decveas-

ing in width to base, with a shiniuge, narrow, complete median line. Elytra

slightly longer than wide, sides feebly ineveasinge in width posteriorly ; with dense

and minute punctures. Four basal segments of abdomen parallel-sided, the fol-

lowing Ones narrowed. Lees moderately long. Length, 6 ma.

New (Guinea; Finsch Haven (Rey. L. Wagner).

Fairly close to C. chinensis, but somewhat narrower, median carina of pro-

notrm more defined, and less of apical portion of elytra pale. The elwtral pane-

tures are yery dense and minute, but ¢an be distinguished with a strong lens; on

the rest of the upper surface the punctures ave still finer, so that the surface

might fairly be regarded as shavreened,

MerroroNcus APICIVENTRIS Sp. nov.

Head, basal two-thirds of third segment of abdomen, fourth (except the tip)

and all the following ones black, elytra deep purple; prothorax (apival half

deeply infuseated), antennae, palpi, and lees more or less reddish, two basal

segments of abdomen and parts of the two following ones reddish-flavous. With

a few dark hairs at sides, but conspicuously longer and fairly mimerous ones at

tip of abdomen.

Head almost twice as long as wide, with an obliqne groove close to the inner

side of each eve, a double projection between the antennae, sloping downwards iu

front; punetures sparse and minute, Antennae short, most of (le joints trans-

verse, first as long as three following combined. Prothorax distinctly longer than

wide, shorter than head, the apex almost as wide, sides feebly diminishing in width

to base; with a few distinet punctures. Elytra about as lone and as wide as

370 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

prothorax, impunetate. Abdomen about half the total length, six basal segments

parallel-sided and with cleyated margins, the following ones narrower and not

mareined, Femora and tibiae short, tarsi thin. Leneth, 7 mim.

Papua: Mount Lamington (C,'T, MeNamara).

Structurally fairly close to W. semirnber (from Fiji). but slightly narrower,

head black, and ved segments of abdomen differently placed. MW. haplocephatus

(also from Fiji), has the head read and abdomen entirely black. The elytra at

first glance appear to be shining blaek,

PHILONTHUS INTERANTENN ALIS sp. roy,

Head and parts of abdomen black, prothorax castaneous, a large blackish

blotch oecupying the apical two-thirds, but not extending: to sides or extreme

apex; elytra, tips and margins of four basal seements of abdomen, more than half

of fifth, all sixth, and the lees castaneous: muzzle, jaws, palpi and seutellum

darker; basal joint of antennae brownish-castaneous, second to ninth blackish,

tenth and eleventh brownishflavous. With rather sparse black hairs, mostly on

the sides, but becoming numerous at apex of abdomen. elytra with stiff, pale

pubescence ov short setae,

Head subquadrate, but aneles rounded off, with large punctirves scattered

about posteriorly and near the eyes, but one immediately behind each antenna; a

small fovea half-way between the antennae, Eyes abort as long as basal joint of

aniennac. Antennae slightly passing) base of prothorax, first joint almost as

long as seeond and third combined, these subequal, the following ones gradually

decreasing in leneth, seventh-tenth transverse. Prothorax scareely narrower ther

head, sHehtly longer than wide, front angles feebly rounded off, sides parallel to

base, whieh is evenly rounded; with a few large punetures scattered about, and

four forming a row on each side of middle. Elytra slightly wider and longer

jhau prothorax, fecbly dilated posteriorly ; with small and not very dense, but

sharply defined punetures. Abdomen slightly wider in middle than ¢lsewhere,

cach of four basal seoments with an apieal row of setiferous prnetires, aud

Ivrea ones elsewhere. Legs rather short, Length, 8 ni.

New Guinea: Finseh Haven (Rev. L. Wagner).

The outhnes are somewhat as on 2, menwnarcde, but the prothoras and elytra

dre differently coloured, and the elytral punetires are very different.

On cach side of the apes of the sixth segment of the abdomen of the type,

and exterior to the anal styles, (here is a white style-like process, slighthy longer

than the styles, and without hairs, They ave possibly parasites that were killed

af the time of capture,

LEA—AUSTRALASIAN COLEOPTERA 371

PHILONTHUS CASTANEICOLLIS Sp. NOV,

Most of the head shining black, prothorax bright castaneous, parts of elytra,

of abdomen and legs dull flavo-castaneous, muzzle darker, antennae with two

basal joints somewhat eastaucous, the five following ones blackish: the others

paler, with the teuth ancl eleventh brownish-flavous.

Head moderately convex, hind angles rounded off; with fairly large prune-

tures towards base and about eyes, a couspicuous one behind each antenna, and a

median fovea betweeo them. Antennae slightly passing base of prothorax, first

joint almost as lone as seeond and third combined, third slightly longer than

second, the others to tenth @radually deereasing in length, till the ninth and tenth

are transverse. Prothorax about as lone as wide, sides almost parallel, front

angles almost square, the hind ones strongly rounded; with a row of four distinet

punctures on eaeh side of middle, a row of two towards each side, and a few

elsewhere, Elytra transverse, at base wider than prothorax, sides slightly

dilated posteriorly ; with rather small and sparse, but sharply defined punetures,

Four basal segments of abdomen almost parallel-sided; with small setiferous

punetures, mostly in transverse rows; anal styles rather long. Legs moderately

lone. Length, 7 min.

New Guinea: Finsch Haven (Rev. L. Wagner).

The middle joints of the antennae are distinetly darker than the basal and

apical ones, bat the eleventh is not much paler than the first. The apical third

of the elytra (but not the margins) is deeply imfuscated, almost black, the

scutellum, metasternum, and parts of four basal segments of abdomen are deeply

infuseated, but parts of the abdomen have a bluish tridescence; the anal styles

wre no darker than the two apical segments, The interantennary fovea is smaller

than on the preceding species, and not quite as close te the elypeus. on that

species it is almost in contact with it.

PIMILONTHUS PAUPER Sp, nov.

Black, shining, tip of each abdominal segment, and legs (the femora paler)

testaceo-favous, antennae blackish-brown, first and eleventh joints paler. With

a few black hairs at sides, beeoming numerous at tip of abdomen: elytra with

dark pubescence,

Head rather small and convex ; with a few large punctures towards base and

near eyes, a distinct one bebind each autenna, Antenmae shebtly passing base of

prothorax, first joint almost as long as second and third combined, sixth to tenth

slightly transverse. Prothorax slightly longer than wide, and slightly wider than

head, front angles square, sides feebly dilated to beyond the middle, base widely

rovnded; with a few seattered punctures, and four forming a row on each side

372 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

of middle. Elvira slightly transverse, sides feebly dilated posteriorly ; with

‘ather small and not yery sharply defined punctures. Abdomen parallel-sided to

hevond the middle, with small punctures, anal styles rather long, Lees moder-

ately lone, Length, 5 man.

Papua: Mount Lamington (CL 'T. MeNamara.),

Allied to P. oreophilus, but prothorax blaek, tibiae paler, aud elytral pune

tures much less sharply defined. The colours are somewhat as on the widely

distributed Po nigeitulus, but the prothorax is distinetly wider and the head is

shorter. The muzzle and palpi are not black, but obseurely piceons; parts of

the abdoimen are somewhat iridescent. The type appears to be a female.

TIesPeruUs QUINQUECOLOR Sp. Loy,

Head, antennae (three apical joints whitish), sentelhon and abdomen black;

prothorax, sterna and lees bright castancous; jaws and palpi darker, elytra bright

purple, becoming bluish at suture. With some lone black hairs seattered about,

elytra with rather long pubescence, becoming sparser on prothorax.

Tead moderately convex, base almost semicircular: with rather sparse pune-

tures, becoming very sparse in front. Byes about one-third the length of pro-

thorax, Antennae passing base of prothorax, third joint distinctly shorter than

first, and much longer than second or fourth, the others gradually decreasing in

length to tenth, which is feebly transverse. Prothorax longer than wide, apex

the width of head, sides decreasing in width to base, which is rounded off: with

sparse and minute punctures. Elytra much wider than prothorax, impressed

on cach side of suture; with fairly dense, small punetures. Abdomen about half

total length, first and second segments with a narrow line al base, third and

fourth with irregular practures there, a fine row at apex and irregular ones else-

where, fifth and sixth with larger and irregular piliferous punctures: anal styles

conspienous. Lees lone. Length, 10 mm.

New Giunea: Wareo (Rey. L. Wagner).

A beantifil species, approaching J. riitharac, but abdomen blaek, and

antennae stoutrer.

HESPERUS GAGATIVENTRIS Sp. Noy.

Bright reddish-castaneous, fourth-vinth joints of antennae black, eleventh

dull pale brown, tenth intermediate in colour, seutellum, metasternunm anil

abdomen black, elytra bronzy-purple, becoming purple at sides and apex. With

sparse long hairs on sides of upper surface, becoming numerous at apex of

abdomen, elytra sparsely pubescent,

LEA—AUSTRALASIAN COLEOPTERA 373

Head with hind angles strongly rounded off; with a few seattered: punctures,

including three near each eye and two close together in front of middle, An-

jounae not extending to base of prothorax, first joint as long as second and third

combined, these subeqnal, fourth and fifth subglobulav, sixth-tenth transverse,

and subequal. Prothorax slightly longer than wide, front angles almost square,

sides gently decreasing in width to base, hind angles strongly rounded off; with a

row of three strong punetures on each side of iniddle. Klytra moderately traus-

verse, much wider than prothorax, each separately rounded at apex, the sides

wontly rounded; with sharply defined, rather small, and not very dense punctures,

Abdomen half total length. fifth segment longest of all; with small punctures,

mostly in trausverse series. Lees moderately long. Length, 7 mm.

Papna: Mount Lamington (C. 'T, MeNamara ).

Another beautiful species, with prothorax and elytra somewhat as on

I. rufithorar, but head and abdomen different. The abdomen is of a polished

black, with sharply defined) prmetures.

HESPERUS BIPUSCIPENNTS sp. TOV.

Bright pale castaneous, head Gnuzzle excepted) and prothorax deep metallic

blue, a large infuseate bloteh on each elytron near suture, anal styles black, fourth

io eiehth joints of antennae blackish, the following ones flayous. Upper surface

with a few dark hairs; elytra with yellowish pubescence, becoming sparser and

shorter on under surface,

Tlead vather laree, hind angeles rounded off; with sparse and minute pune-

inves, and a few large ones about base aud sides of eyes. Hyes about hall the

leneth of prothorax. Antennae slightly passing seutellum, thirc joint mneh

shorter than first, longer than second and still longer than fourth, sixth-tenth

slightly decreasing in length and inereasing in width, Prothorax distimetly longer

than wide, front angles rectangular, sides parallel for a short distance and then

decreasing in width to base, whieh is gently rounded ; with minute punctures and

a few large ones scattered about, and a row of three distinet ones on each side of

middle. Elytra transverse, distinetly wider than head, sides Feebly dilated to

apex; with fairly dense and rather small, asperate punctiires, haying a granulate

appearance. Abdomen gently decreasing in width to apex; with small setiferous

punctures, mostly in transverse series. Legs moderately long. Length, 12 mm.

-apua: Mount Lamington (C.'T, MeNamara).

Allied toa 1. gratiosus. but bead aud prothorax blie, and only tip of abdomen

black, there are also differences im the punctures, Oi some lights a golden gloss

may be seer on parts of the elytra,

374 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

BELONUCHUS MARGINICOLLIS Sp, NOV.

Black, shining, muzzle, mandibles (tips darker), anteunae, palpi, elytra and

legs bright castaneons. With a few dark hairs on the sides, the elytra finely

pubescent,

Head flattened, base bilobed; with a few distinct punctures seattered about,

including three in line with each antenna: one near it, the others near the base.

Antennae scarcely passing middle of prothorax, first joint as long as second and

third combined, third longer than second, the following to tenth transverse, Pro-

thorax at apex almost the width of head, sides feebly diminishing to near base,

the base itself widely rounded; with a row of large punctures on each side of

middle, with some others towards and on sides, and some smaller but. distinet

ones on basal edge. Klytra slightly transverse, wider than head; with small

and not very dense, but sharply defined punctures, and a few larger ones seat-

tered about. Abdomen with small and moderately large punctures. Legs not

very long. Length, 7 mm.

New Guinea: Komba (Rey. L. Wagner).

Structurally fairly close to B. lividipes, but elytra shining vastaneous. The

three basal joints of the antennae are shining, the others are opaque and finely

pubescent. There are four punctures on the left row on the prothorax, and five

on the right, of the type.

Famitry NOSODENDRIDAE.

This family, of world-wide distribution in the tropics, was at one time con-

sidered as belonging to the Byrrhidae, The Eastern species were recently re-

vised by Champion (1). The following Australasian species are known:

NosopENDRON AUSTRALE Fairm. New Caledonia.

N. catvum Tryon. New Guinea.

. GLABRATUM Champ. Solomon Islands.

N. ovarum Broun. New Zealand.

N. seriatum Broun, New Zealand.

N. vustrrum Tryon, New Guinea,

N. zwauANbICUM Sharp. New Zealand,

[ have to thank Mr. G. J, Arrow, of the British Museum, for the generic

identification of two species from New Guinea and Fiji, and can now confidently

deal with five from Australasia; all of which belong to the subgenus Dendrodipnis,

characterized by the middle and hind tarsi received in grooves when at rest,

(1) Champion, Ann, and Mag, Nat. Hist., July-Dee., 1925, p. 578.

LEA—AUSTRALASIAN COLEOPTERA 375

Nosopenpron, Latr., Nouv. Dict. Hist. Nat., XXIV, 1804, p. 146.

Dendrodipnis, Woll., Ent. Mo. Mag., 1873, p. 33.

Dendropinis, Tryon, Col. Brit. N. Guinea, in Rept. Admin., 1892, App., V,

p. 109.

NOSODENDRON CALVUM Tryon.

This is a large (8-10 mm.), highly polished, black species, the mentum not

longitudinally impressed, with fairly large, sharply defined punctures, and the

elytra with a conspicuous median band of strong punctures, and, very fine ones

elsewhere. There are specimens in the South Australian Museum from Mount

Lamington and the Finsch Haven district. The type has perished.

NOSODENDRON VESTITUM Tryon.

‘

The type of this species has also perished. It was deseribed as being ‘‘uni-

formly clothed with short erect pubescence,’’? and as having its mentum with a

longitudinal groove; characters which readily distinguish it from all the Austral-

asian members before me, and ally it with the subsequently deseribed N. hispidwin

Champ., from India, Java, ete.

NOSODENDRON AUSTRALICUM sp. NOV.

Black, highly polished, antennae obscurely paler.

Head with fairly dense, minute punctures. Mentum not longitudinally im-

pressed; with fairly large and dense, sharply defined punctures. Prothorax

almost four times as wide as long, sides and apex (except the median half) dis-

tinctly margined, punctures as on head. Elytra with outlines subcontinuous with

those of prothorax ; with regular rows of sharply defined, but not very large pune-

tures, the derm generally with very minute punctures and minutely wrinkled.

Under surface almost impunctate, except at sides. Length, 5-5-6-0 mm.

Queensland: Coen River (H. Hacker, No. 937), Kuranda (F. P. and A. R.

Dodd).

An elongate-elliptic species, much smaller and somewhat narrower than

N. calvum, and with regular rows of punctures on the elytra. Some of the

specimens from Cairns are slightly smaller than those from the Coen River, and

have somewhat larger seriate punctures on the elytra, and larger ones at the

posterior end of the metasternum. Although when cleaned the derm is seen to be

highly polished, it was difficult to remove extraneous material that adhered to

most. of the specimens.

NOsODENDRON IN'TERRUPTUM sp. nov.

Blaek, highly polished, antennae and tarsi obscurely reddish.

Head (including mentum) and prothorax with punctures as on the preced-

376 RECORDS OF THE S.A, MusEUM

ing species. Elvira with series of rather small but distinet punctures, except that

ihe first row on each side of the suture begins at the basal third, and the next row,

although beginning at the base, is interrupted for a short distance, the third ts

traceable to the base, but is very feeble near it. Length, 4 mm,

Queensland: Cairns (C.J. Wild). Unique.

Smaller and more strongly couvex than the preceding species, and seviate

punetures of elytra different; the other punctures on the elytva, although minmte,

ave slightly larger and more sharply defined.

NOSODENDRON MEDIOBASALE Sp. Nov,

Black, highly polished, antennae and tarsi obseurely reddish.

Head with crowded and small punctures. sparser and smaller in middle thin

On sides, with a shallow depression on each side in front, and a still more shallow

one between the eyes. Mentium with dense and moderately large, sharply defined

punctures, and a small mediobasal impression, Prothorax more than thrice as

wide as {he medium length, base somewhat sinuous, sides and sides of apex finely

mnargined: with minute punetures becoming larger aud sharply defined, but still

small, on sides, Elytra with series of distinet punctures, larger in middle than

elsewhere, the first row on each side of suture interrupted at the basal third, the

second row also interrupted there, and ended at the middle; interstices with very

sparse aud ininute punetures. Metasternum with sharply defined punetures at

sides and posteriorly. Length, 7 mm.

New Guinea: Finseh Taven (Rey, L. Wagner). Unique.

Close to N. australicum, but elytral punetures not quite the same, and

mentum with a mediobasal impression; V, calewn is much larger, and has strik-

inely different elytral punetures,

NOSODENDRON FIJTENSE Sp. DOV,

Black, highly polished, antennae dull red.

Head sewiciveular in front of eves; with dense and small punctures at sides,

seareely visible elsewhere. Mentum smooth, with sparse and minute punetures,

Prothorax about four times as wide as long, sides and sides of apex finely mar-

vineds with fairly numerous small punctures at sides, absent or searcely visible

elsewhere, Elytra with outlines continuous with those of prothorax ; without

punetires, except some minute ones on a small latero-basal space. Metastermim

with a few distinct punctures, Length, 6-0-7-5 mm,

Wiji: Taveuni, in May (A. M. Lea).

Slightly wider in proportion than all the preceding species, and readily

distinguished from them by the almost impunetate elytra, and minutely punctate

mentwn,

LeA—-AUSTRALASIAN COLEOPTERA 377

Famity TENEBRLONIDAEF.

OONERA HISPIDA Forsk. (7).

Mr. E. J. Johnston, on two recent occasions has taken this species im abiuud-

ance at Wallaroo (South Australia). A specimen was standing in the South

Australian Museum under the name, but thinking it desirable to have it ¢on-

firmed, specimens were sent to Mr. Arrow of the British Museum, and the name

was authenticated by Mr. Blair.

The species is nearly an inch in leneth, subopaque black, and with mumerous

setose granules on the npper surface (about twenty rows on each elytron), legs

and parts of the under surface.

It is remarkable that, as with Blaps gigas azorica (*) this species so far

should be known only from Wallaroo; probably (as surmised for the Blaps). i

was brought in with ballast of wheat ships.

Wig. 1. Oenera hispida Iorsk, Natural sive, Photo, Bo Coltun,

Faminy CURCULIONIDAE.

MrLANTERIUS PAPUENSIS Sp. TOY,

9 Black, shining. Under surface aud legs sparsely clothed, upper surface

vlabrous,

Ilead with sparse and small punctures. Hyes separated less than half the

width of rostram. Rostrum long, thin, strongly curved; with small punctures,

even at base, Antennae inserted about two-fifths from apex of rostrum. Pro-

(2) Forskal, Deseript. Anim,, 1775, p. 79.

(3) Lea, Ree. 8. Aust. Mus,, 1930, p. 243, fig. 1.

378 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

thorax (with head) subtriangular, moderately transverse; with numerous, but

not crowded, sharply defined punctures of moderate size, Elytra subcordate,

near base wider than prothorax; with regular rows of large, oblong punetures,

interstices flat or feebly rounded, nowhere vidged, wider than punctures. Meta-

stermim and basal segment of abdomen. with larger puneties than on prothorax,

Metasternal episterna almost vanishing before anterior hook, with a single row

of punctures, Lees rather long, femora strongly and acutely dentate. Length,

oro mim,

Papua: Mount Lamington (C. T. MeNamara). Unique.

A moderately large and rather wide, jet-black species; the first of the gemus

to be recorded from New Guinea, By the amended table of the genus (4) it could

be associated with M. campuctus and eastaneus, two much smaller species from

Western Australia, with which it has but little i common.

MiLAN TERIUS CURVIROSTRIS SD. DOV,

Blackish, rostrum and legs obscurely diluted with ved, elytra and antennae

paler. Sides of prothorax, under surface and legs sparsely clothed, elsewhere

elalrous.

Head with dense and rather stmall punctures. Eyes widely separated.

Kiostrim long, thin, strongly curved; with sparse and small punetures, but

deuser close to base than elsewhere. Antennae inserted almost in exact middle

of sides of rostrum. Prothorax (with head) alinost equilaterally triangular, sides

gently rounded, base bisinuate; with dense and rather small, sharply defined

punctures, becoming crowded on sides. Elytra oblone-cordate: with rows of

rather large punctures, in wide striae, interstices between shoulders and suture

not ridged on basal third, but all acutely ridged posteriorly, all with small pune-

tures. Metastermum with punctures as on prothorax; the episterna each with

crowded punetures at ends, but not in middle, Abdomen with dense punctures,

but sparser and siualler than on metasternum, basal segment feebly depressed in

middle. Femora not very strongly dentate, tibiae thin. Length, 5-5 mm,

New Holland, Type (unique), in British Museum,

Ao medium sized species, with unusually lone and curved rostrum, even

longer than on Neomelantertis carinicallis, and quite as strongly curved. It is

allied to MW. bisertatus, but the rostrum is longer, and the punctures on the elytvral

interstices ave much smaller anc less regular; on that speeies there are two

sharply defined rows of punctures on each interstice. The type is probably a

fomale, although the basal segment of the abdomen is not evenly convex.

(4) Lea, Proc. Linn, Soe., N.S, Wales, 1899, p, 454,

LEA—AUSTRALASIAN COLEOPTERA 379

MELANTERIUS VILLOSIPES sp. Nov.

g Black, antennae and tarsi reddish. Moderately clothed with white setae,

becoming longer on under surface, the legs with long hairs, in addition to white

setae.

Head with dense, partly concealed punctures. Eyes separated about half

the width of base of rostrum, Rostrum moderately long and curved, with a fine

median carina to beyond the middle; each side of it with two punctate striae, in

front with numerous small but distinet punctures. Antennae inserted about one-

third from apex of rostrum. Prothorax slightly transverse, sides gently decreas-

ing in width to apex ; with crowded and small, partly concealed punctures. Elytra

subcordate, suddenly but not much with than prothorax; with regular rows of

punctures, interstices ridged posteriorly and on the sides, with crowded pune-

tures. Metasternum depressed in middle, with crowded punctures, except on

parts of episterna. Abdomen with punctures as on metasternum, the basal seg-

ment feebly flattened in middle. Femora acutely and rather strongly dentate.

Length, 3 mm.

Queensland ; Stanthorpe (J. Sutton).

A small black species with submaculate clothing, from the upper surface

apparently allied to M. maculatus and acaciae, but distinct from those, and from

all others of the genus, by the long clothing on all the legs, although this may be

confined to the male. On the type the long hairs are slightly more than half the

length of the tibiae, they form a straggling fringe on each tibia, are fairly

numerous on the femora and tarsi, and numerous on the abdomen, but being

somewhat depressed there, are less distinct than elsewhere. The elytral inter-

stices are sharply ridged posteriorly and on the sides, but, owing to the clothing

and density of the punctures, the ridges are not as distinct as on other species

having them equally acute. A second specimen has much sparser clothing (prob-

ably owing to abrasion) on the legs than on the type, but as its rostrum, meta-

sternum and abdomen agree, it is presumably also a male.

MELANTERIUS SETISTRIATUS Sp. DOV.

é Blackish, rostrum, antennae and legs obscurely diluted with red. Moder-

ately clothed with short, white setae.

Head with dense and small punctures. Eyes widely separated. Rostrum,

the length of prothorax, moderately curved; with dense punctures, becoming

smaller in front, and with a feeble median carina, Antennae inserted about one-

third from apex of rostrum. Prothorax small, sides rounded and decreasing in

width from base to apex; with dense punctures of moderate size, crowded on

sides, each containing a white seta. Elytra elongate-cordate, median sinus fairly

380 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

strong, the others feeble; with rows of fairly large punetures, in deep striae,

interstices acutely ridged, except four ov five at the basal third, fourth with a

small tubercle at basal fourth. Metasternum with punctures as on pronotim.

Basal segment of abdomen slightly concave in middle; punctures towarels base

stronger than on ietasternum, but becoming smaller posteriorly; apical segment

With a transverse depression. Femora strongly and acutely dentate, the trout

ones less acutely than the others, Length, 3-0-3+2 mm,

@ Ditfers in having the rostrom longer, thier, more curved, with sparser

wil smaller punetures, and non-carinate, and basal seement of abdomen larger

andl evenly conver,

North Western Australia. Types, in Macleay Musevin.

Several of the elvtral interstices are flattened or roundecl towards the base,

but as they are all more or less acutely ridged, from at least the basal third

fo the apex, the species, in the 1699 table of the genus, could be placed after

M. servulus; on that species the shoulders are rounded, on this one they are very

Feebly produced (seen from directly above or from in front) ; and so the species

could be associated with MW. aeacive, althonyh the abdominal fovea is distinetly

wider than long. In general appearance it is somewhat like a small and narrow

specimen of thab species, but the prothorax is devidedly smaller in proportion.

VW. tenuis, also from North Western Australia, is a slightly larger species, with

mich less acutely ridged interstices, longer vostrin, and antennae inserted uearer

the base of rostrum. The setae cause the upper surface to appear @revish, they are

sttaller on the elytra than elsewhere, and form a reeular vow on each side of vach

interstice, The slight tubercle on the fourth interstice is alike on both specimens,

but may not be constant, On the female the three apical segments of abdomen

are reddish, probably from immaturity, and the end one has a depression, but

sinaller than on the male,

MELANTERIUS ATRONITENS Sp. TOV,

Blackish, parts of vostriun, of legs, and most of antennae obseurely reddish,

Upper surface almost glabrous, under surface and legs moderately clothed with

white scales.

Head shagreened towards base, with sharply defined but not very large pune-

fires in front. Eyes large, at their nearest approach separated about hall the

width of rostrum at base. Rostrum rather thin, moderately curved, slightly

longer than prothorax ; with crowded prmetures on basal third, becoming sparser

and minute in front, and with a feeble median ridge on basal half. Antennae

inserted about two-fifths from apex of rostrum, Prothorax not raueh wider than

long, sides gently rounded, apex about two-thirds the width of base; with dense

LEA—AUSTRALASIAN COLEOPTERA 381

but not confluent, sharply defined punctures of moderate size, Klytra elongate:

subcordate, cousiderably wider than prothorax, but shoulders rounded off, sides

thence subparallel to beyond the middle, base feebly trisinuate ; with rows of large

puuctures, becoming smaller and more deeply set posteriorly, imferstices con-

spicuously ridged on apical slope and on sides, and each with a row of small pune-

hires, elsewhere not ridged and with crowded and larger punctures. Under sia

face with punctures about as large as on prothorax, but less crowded ; metasternal

episterna each with an almost regular row of punctures, Basal segment of

abdomen evenly convex, second about one-third shorter than first, distinetly longer

than fifth, and slightly longer than third and fourth combined. Legs rather long,

femora stout, front ones slightly, middle moderately, hind oues strongly dentate.

Leneth, G+5 min.

North Western Australia: Onslow (— Kraatz). Unique.

A large species, in general appearance fairly close to M. leptarrhynehus, but

the clytral interstices uot ridged on the basal half (although almost as acutely

ridged posteriorly), the rostrum much shorter, and the femoral teeth smaller and

less acute; there is a small supplementary tooth in the notch on each femur, bil

it could be easily overlooked. The rostrum is about the length of that of

M. wunidentatus and bidentatus, but the elytral interstices are very different. At

first glance the elytra appear to be glabrous, but on close oxammation they are

seen to have a row of minute white setae on each side of each interstice; on the

dise of the pronotum each prneture has a minute seta, but they become distinct ou

the sides. The front margin of the prothorax appears as a narrow, highly polished

vim. The type appears to be a female.

Mean rertus varus Lea,

A specimen of this species, fron: Cairns, and another from the Tweed River,

are slightly larger, 5 mm., than the types, and the Tweed River one has elvtta

entirely dull red. A speeimen, from ‘Australia’ in the British Museum, is

probably a female, it differs from the type in being still larger, 6°) uno., rostrum

longer, thiuner, with sparser and smaller punctures, and prothorax with fewer

punctures longitudinally confluent.

MELANTERIUS VENTRALIS Lea.

The type of this species is a male, A specimen from Bulladelah (New South

Wales), in the National Museum, is evidently a female, it differs in having the

rostrum longer, thinner, more evrved and polished, except for a punetate space

close to base; the abdomen is very sparsely clothed, the second segment is larger,

evenly convex, its tip not elevated or produced over the third, and the third and

382 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MusEUM

fourth are each slightly smaller than the second, although decidedly larger than

usual in the genus.

MrLANTERIUs tMPourrus Lea.

A specimen from Sydney, in the National Museum, appears to be a male of

this species; but is much darker than the type (which, howeyer, is almost cer-

tainly Gometure), the derm of the upper surface being almost black. Lt differs

im having the rostrum slightly stomter and less curved, with a fine median carina

to beyond the middle, with crowded punctures on basal half, aud numerous dis-

finet ones elsewhere, some of the lateral interstices of elytra vather acutely ridged,

the trochanter of each middle lee with a small fascicle, and the abdomen with

denser and longer clothing, the apical segment with a large median fovea, the third

and fourth large, and cach slightly larger than the second. UH is allied to, ren.

fralis, hut differs from its male in having the basal segment of abdomen smaller,

neither elevated at the apex, nor encroaching on the second, the fovea on the apical

segment much smaller, and in the trochanters of the middle legs. M. fascieulalus

isa larger black species, with larger fascicles and elytral interstices acutely eostate,

The type was evidently somewhat abraded ; on the Sydney specimen the clothing

of the upper surface is not very dense, exeept that the prothorax is slightly

vittate, aud that on the elytra there are numerous spots, thostly placed in the

striae connecting two interstices,

MetsLanrerrus LEe@trius Lea, var.

A male from Townsville (Queensland) in the British Museum, aerees in

size and appearance with the type of this species, has some of the elytral inter.

stices acutely ridged to the base, and each femur with a supplementary tooth in

the notch. It differs, however, from the type, and some South Australian speci-

mens, in having the prothoracic punctures less crowded, and the clothing on the

fegs Jess conspicuons. Tt should perhaps be considered as representing a variety.

NEOMELANTERIUS IN'TERRUPTUS lea, var.

A specimen, from the Mandated Territory of New Guinea, possibly belongs

to this species, but differs from the type, and a second specimen, in having the

setae more stramineous than white, the rostrum slightly longer than the prothorax

and quite straight, its basal carinae less couspicuous (owing to more numerous

setae), the scape inserted two-fifths from apex of rostrum, and as long as the

funicle and club combined; all the tibiae are strongly curved at the base, the hind

ones mneh more noticeably than the same pair of the types. The differences do

not appear to be sexual. In general the species appears to be intermediate be-

LEA—AUSTRALASIAN COLEOPTERA 383

tween those of the genus with long curved rostrum, and Huthebus traglodytes, but

on the latter species the front and middle coxae are much more widely separated.

DInTHUSA INCISIPES Sp. ov.

é Blackish-brown, lees and antennae paler. Densely clothed with whitish

and purplish-brown scales, becoming pure white on under surface.

Rostrum moderately curved, slightly longer than prothorax, somevyhet

dilated, and with erowded, concealed punctures near base, shining and with sparse

and small ones elsewhere. Antennae imserted about one-third from apex of

rostrum. Prothorax slightly transverse, sides rapidly diminishine in width to

apex; with erowded, concealed punctures. Elytra snbcordate, behind shoulders

wider than prothorax, base strongly trisinnate; striate-punetate, the striae and

punctures considerably narrowed in appearance by the clothing. Basal segment

af abdomen shallowly depressed iu middle, apical with a small fovea. Femora

stromely and acutely dentate, front tibiae faleate, with a strong apical hook and

small apical fasciele, hind tibiae with a rather sharp apical noteb, the middle ones

rather feehly notehed. Length, 3-2-3-4 non,

Queensland: Stradbroke Island (TL, J. Carter). Type, in National Museum;

eotype, in South Australian Musenn,

Allied to J. fileata, but slightly larger, and dark prothoracie marking dilated

to base, instead of strongly narrowed there, the hind tibiae are also different.

DD. pieta, with somewhat similar base of elytra, has very different legs. The

colours, but not the disposition of the seales, are almost as on 2. nigrosuturalis.

In appearance it is close to D. apicisping, but all the tibiae are very different. On

the type the darker scales form two small spots on the front of the head, an

irveoular median yilta dilated to base on the pronotum, and numerous spots on

the elytra, covering more of the surface than the whitish seales. On a second

specimen the prothoracie vitta is more narrowed to the apex, and the white spots

and seales on the elytra cover almost half the surface, beine more mimerous

posteriorly and on the sides than on the type. There are a few setac on the apical

sides of the rostrum, Seen directly from above, each shoulder is seen to clasp the

hase of the prothorax, and to be sbehthy more produced than the swelling adja-

cent to the suture. The middle tibiae might fairly be rewarded as bisinuate on

the under surtaee, but the hind ones are distinetly notched near apex,

Dierivsa TRUNCATIDENS Sp. Nov.

9 Dark brown, rostvum, antennae and legs paler, Densely clothed with

starlet and stramineous scales, becoming white on tider surface.

Rostrum slightly longer than prothorax, rather thin and parallel-sided ; with

384 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

a few punetures about muzzle and af extreme base, elsewhere polished and almost

impunctate, Antennae inserted about two-fifths from apex of rostrum, Pro-

thorax more convex than usual, slightly transverse, sides rounded, base twice the

width of apex; with dense, concealed puntures. Elytva cordate, not much wider

than prothorax, base gently trisinuate; with fairly large punctures, in rather

wide striae, but punctures appearing much smaller and striae narrower through

clothing, Two basal segments of abdomen large and strongly convex. Femora

stout, each with a strong tromeated tooth, front and middle tibiae stout, dilated

to apex, and each with a lone apical spine. Length, 4 mm,

New South Wales: Wagga Wagga, in November (W. W. Froggatt). Unique.

Mlied to D. squaminaria and metasternalis, but front and middle tibiae

shorter, more dilated to apex, the apex itself sloping at an anele of 45°, and the

apical spine much longer, although on both commencing at the upper apex; the

spine on each front tibia is so long, that, if drawn backwards, it would almost

extend to the base of the tibia itself. D. frifasiata and pretiosa are smaller

species. with somewhat similarly coloured seales, although differently disposed,

but with very different front tibiae. 2D. aulica has very different tibiae 1). jueta-

stenalis has acutely dentate femora. The stramineous scales form a median line

on the head, and are mumerous at the sides of and behind the eyes, on the pronotum

they form a median line, which af the middle is dilated to form an irregular basal

patch, they are irregular on the side parts that are visible from above, but dense

and paler on the lower parts, on the elytra they are irregularly deposited in spots

wu fasciae, that cover about half the surface.

DIPTHUSA NIGRICLAVA Sp. NOV.

2 Reddish-brown, club of antennae black, Rather densely and aniformily

elothed with whitish scales.

Rostrum the length of prothorax, rather thin, parallel-sided and evenly

curved; with a few punetures at extreme base, elsewhere polished and impunetate.

Antennae inserted two-fifths from apex of restrum. Prothorax moderately trans-

verse, hase twice the width of apex; with evowded, partly concealed punctures.

Elytra oblong-cordate, suddenly but not much wider than prothorax, base feebly

{risinuate: with comparatively small punetnres, in deep striae, not much con-

vealed by clothing. Two basal segments of abdomen large and evenly conyes.

Hind femora slightly dentate, the others edentate, tibiae rather Jong. Length,

4 mom.

New South Wales: Sydney. in flood debris (H.W. Cox), Type (unique), in

National Museum,

The front and middle femora are truly edentate, and the hind ones from some

LEA—AUSTRALASIAN COLEOPTERA 385

directions also appear edentate, but from others may be seen to have wa small,

weute tooth. D. blackburn’, with wuiformly pale clothing, has all femora con-

spicuonusly dentate, Do cougriua and basipennis, some specimeus of which lave

almost entirely pale clothing, have base of elytra very different. D. inerniis has

very different clothing and rostrum. 2. pallida and) stupleipenmis ave smaller

species, with denser clothing, reducing the apparent size of the punetures in the

elytral striae.

DinrHusa MAgORINA Lea.

Although not noted in the original deseription, the sexes of this species may

he distinguished by the abdomen; on the male the basal scement is shallowly

depressed, and with a fine median line, denoting an approach to D. metasternalis,

although the clothing is not conspicuously different there from the adjacent parts,

as it is on the nule of the latter species,

DintHUSA METASTERNALIS Lea, var, BOREALIS var. nov.

Three speciment, one male and two females, from North Australia in the

British Museum, appear to represent a variety of this species, The male has the

median grooye of the basal segment of abdomen and metasternum tilled with

volden setae as on the type, and the female has somewhat sonilar front tibiae,

except that the spur commences lower down the slopig apex. The clothing of

the upper surface differs considerably, however, being stramineous and white,

insteacl of scarlet and stramineous; possibly the difference is due to age; the types

of the species weee cdeseribed shortly after capture, whereas the Muscum specimens

were taken many years ago.

DINTIUSA SUBAURTFERA Lea, vat.

Five specimens from Stanthorpe, Queensland, appear to represent a variety

of this species, they differ from the typical form in having the seales more

stramineous and white, than rusty-red and whitish, the elevation and wndiulation

of the interstices are more pronounced (partly accentuated by pale spots) so

that they anebt fairly be rewarded as subtuberculate, each side of the middle

of the pronotum also appears subtuberculate.

PSYDESTIS PICTIPENNIS sp. Ov.

¢ Reddish, parts of mider surface blackish, Densely clothed with stramin-

vous scales, variegated with sooty-brown, becoming whitish on under surface.

Rostrum slightly shorter than prothorax, straight to near apex and then

gently eneved; with dense punctures, except on a feeble median ridge. Antennae

inserted) about one-third from apex of rostrum. Prothorax with sides rounded

and decreasing in width from base to apex; with erowded, concealed primetiuves.

386 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Elytra wide, sides rounded and subcontinuous with those of prothorax, base

trisinuate, the lateral incurvatures rather feeble; with rows of large, partly con-

cealed punctures; interstices wide and acutely ridged, the odd ones shghtly

elevated above the others. Basal segment of abdomen slightly longer than theee

following ones combined, widely and shallowly depressed in) middle, second

shorter than third and fourth combined. Femora stout, and obtusely dentate.

Leneth, 45 mm,

9 Ditfers in haviny the rostrum slightly more curved, its punetures some-

what smaller, antennae inserted less close to apex, elytra wider, with outlines less

continuous with those of prothorax, abdomen larger, the basal segment evenly

convex, and front tibiae with a more conspicuous noteh between the apical hook

and subapical tooth,

Queensland (— Kraatz).

With the comparatively short parallel-sided rostrum, finely faceted eyes and

short second abdominal segment of P. afflwens, but the dark seales cover mach

less of the upper surface. On the type they forma small spot om each side of the

base of the prothorax, and two close together at apex; on each elytron they form

two transverse spots or abbreviated fasciae, one just before and one just behind

the middle, with a small spot on the suture at the base and one near the apex.

On one female the spots at the base of the prothorax are feeble, and the apical

ones absent, on its elytra the spots are more irregular, but there is an asymmetrical

median fascia. Ona second female the prothoracic spots are entirely absent; on

the elytra there are some small spots and two very irreeular fasciae.

BYRSIA BINODIPENNIS Sp. Noy.

6 Blaek, antennae obseurely paler. Densely elothed with blackish and

whitish seales.

tostrum the length of prothorax, rather thin, gently euryed; with cense

and small, but sharply defined punetures, concealed only at extreme base. An-

teuuae thin, inserted one-third trom apex of rostrum, seape uot reaching eyes,

Prothorax about as lone as wide, sides strongly rounded, punetures concealed,

with a feeble median line, Seutellum distinet. Elytra oblong-cordate, much

wider than prothorax, with deep punctures in narrow striae, partly (im places

almost entirely) concealed by clothing, a small hut distinet tubercle (preapical

callosity) at the junction of the fifth and seventh interstices near apex. Pectoral

canal wide, shallow and not acutely walled, clothed throughout. Two basal see-

mets of abdomen large, faiutly depressed in middle. Front and middle coxsae

slightly separated, femora stout, edentate. Length, 5-2-5-5 mm.

® Differs in having the rostrum slightly longer than prothorasx, thinner,

LEA—AUSTRALASIAN COLEOPTERA 387

wore curved and with smaller punetiuves, although fairly dense, and two basal

seoments of abdomen lareer ancl rather strongly convex.

Western Australia; Cue and Ankertell (H.W. Brown) ; East-West Railway :

Kychering Soak (National Musewn, from — Chandler),

In some respects fairly close to B. cerata, but the prothorax longer in pro-

portion, and without a mediobasal fovea, elytra conspicuously binodose, the tarsi

shorter, with the claw-joint shorter, the claws more divergent, and clothing

different. With the scapes at rest in the scrobes, they are seen to terminate some

distance from the eyes, a most unusual character in the subfamily ; tn cerata they

aluost touch the eyes, In general appearance the types are like elongated speci-

nuns of Aonyehus (uefuosus, The blackish or dark brown scales cover the head,

except for a few whitish ones at the base and near the eves, form a wide and very

irregular median vitta on the pronotum, and almost connected along the from

edge with the peetoral canal, clothe the elytra, except for an irregular white post.

median fascia, and some minute spots, form spots on the apical half of abdomen

and vines on the femora and tibiae: most of the white scales on the under surface

lave a silvery eloss, in places slightly tinged with green or golden-green, On the

type male only there are some ochreous scales on the elytra, on one female the

seales on the three apical segments of abdomen are almost entirely black.

DiERETIOSUS AMPLIPENNIS Spr. nov.

Black, some parts obseurely reddish. Densely clothed with slightly varie-

wated, dark brown seales and setae, the latter forming fascicles on upper surface,

[lead with a shallow, interocular tmpression, Tostrum rather long and

strongly curved: apical two-thirds shining, and with numerous small prutetires,

Prothorax moderately transverse, subtriangular; with mimerons small, uermially

concealed punctures, Elytra much wider than prothorax, not twiee as lone as

wide, base tristunate, sides parallel to beyoud middle; striate-punetate. striae ap-

pearing fine through clothing, and punetires almost or quite concealed, Kemora

stout, strongly aud wentely dentate, tibiae strongly arched at base, upper edye

incurved near apex. Length, ) mm,

Papua: Mowat Lamington (CLT McNamara). Unique,

A rather large and unusually wide species, not very close fo ay previonsly

named There are two eouspicuous fascicles at the apex of prothorax, and four

feeble ones across middle; on each elytron there are two elongate fascicles on the

third interstiee, one near the base, the other submedian, tn addition each inter-

stice has numerous small pustules, many of which have a stout, central seta; there

isa small velvety pateh immediately behind the sentellum. The bead has several

lines of pale clothing, which give if an appearance as of faint inepressions, In

388 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

places where the clothing has heen removed, the punctures of the abdomen are

seen to be very small. The type is probably a female.

On this, and on all the followme species, the antennae are inserted slightly

nearer the apex than base of rostrum, and are of but little use in idetifving the

Species,

DERETIOSUS LATUS Sp. Nov,

Dark brown, some parts paler. Densely clothed with seales, and with munmer-

ous stout setae.

tostrium moderately long, strongly curved, parallel-sided ; with crowded and

rather small punctures on apical half, concealed elsewhere, Prothorax small, sub-

triangular; with erowded, concealed punetures. Elytra much wider than pro-

thorax, not twice as long as wide; striate-punctate, the striae slightly indicated

through clothing, and the punetures aluost or quite concealed. Two basal seo-

ments of abdomen large, and strongly convex. Femora stout, strongly and acutely

dentate, tibiae arched at base. Length, 4-4 mm,

Papua: Mount Lamington (C. Tl. McNamara), Dorey (Pascoe collection from

ALR. Wallace, in British Museum).

An uunsually wide species, the proportions being much as those of the pre-

ceding one, which is much larger and otherwise very different. On the type the

scales are mostly of a pale slaty-greyv, becoming darker posteriorly, and on the

three apical seements of abdomen; its prothorax has a large, angular, blackish

patch, widest at base, and narrowed to middle, where it has two small, dark

fascicles, and is abruptly terminated; there are two small fascieles on the third

interstice on each elytron, and numerous feeble pustules on most of them, many

of which have a stout, central seta, buf many others are without sueh. On the

specimen in the British Museum the scales are mostly of a light brown, with the

large meciobasal patch on the pronotum less sharply defined, and with a velvety

pateh behind the seutellion. [ts abdomen is mach abraded, exposing numerous

minute punetures, and deep sutures between the second ancl fitth segments. The

specimens are probably females.

DereriOsus CARINIROSTRIS Sp. nov.

§ Blackish-brown, antennae and tarsi reddish. Densely clothed with erey-

ish or greyish-brown seales, and with mumerous stout, erect setae, some of whieh

are spathulate.

Ktiostrrm rather long and strongly curved; apical third shining and with

small punctures, elsewhere squamose, but a fine median carina traceable. Pro-

thorax small, subtriangular; with crowded, concealed punetires. Elytra much

wider than prothorax, about twice as long as wide, parallel-sided to near apex,

LEA—AUSTRALASIAN COLEOPTERA 389

hase trisinnate: striate-punetate, striae slightly indicated through clothing, but

punctures, which are moderately large, almost or quite concealed. Two basal sey-

ments of abdomen laree and shehtly flattened in middle. Femora stout, stronely

and acutely dentate, tibiae arched at base, and bisinuate on lower surface. Length,

4-3-4-5 mm,

@ Differs in having rostrum slightly longer and thinner, move of its surface

elahrous wid with smaller punetieres, median carina shorter, and abdomen eventy

CONVEX,

apua: Mount Lamington (C.T. MeNamara).

About the size of the preceding species, but somewhat narrower, and with

more numerous aud longer erect bristles; it also approaches D, hysticosus, but.

ihe setae do not form fascicles on the prothorax, and the elytra ave without a dark

apical spot. The seales are mostly of a pale grey, or dark stramineous, and so dense

that the derm, exeept of part of the rostrum, is everywhere concealed ; on the under

surface they are uniform in colour, but on the upper surface slightly mottled ;

there is also a faint, pale, reversed V on the elytra, the sides of which are directed

towards the suture at the summit of the apical slope, but do uot quite reach it.

The setae are niunerous on the upper surface and legs; they form a row on each

interstice on elytra (but are easily disarranged), and au elongated fascicle ou

the third near base, there are also a few setae on the head and rostrum,

A male from Wareo (Rev, L. Wagner) probably belongs to this species, but

has almost uniform rusty-brown scales (paler on the under surface, but not as

pale as on the types) and sparser setae; the latter probably being partly abraded.

DuRETIORUS COLLARIS Sp. NOV.

& Dark brown, antennae paler, Densely clothed with dark rusty-brown,

slightly variegated seales aud setae, and with a narrow black faseia, half-way

down the apical slope.

Rostrinn the Jeneth of prothorax, moderately curved, parallel-sided; pune-

tires visible only at tip. Prothoraxs vather small, subtriangular: with crowded,

concealed punctures. Elytra not much wider than prothorax, parallel-sided to

near apex, almost twice as lone as wide; with regular rows of vather large pune-

(ures, Normally concealed by clothing. Two basal segments of abdomen large,

almost flat in middle, Pemora stout, strongly and aentely dentate, tibiae bisinnite

on lower surface, the basal sinus mueh wider than the other, Length, 4 non.

Papua; Mount Lamington (C. T. MeNaniara)., Unique.

A rather robust species, with a distinctive fascia, and seyeral conspicuous

fascicles. The clothing on the seutellum and under surface is paler than else-

where, hut on the upper siurtace the scales are almost uniformly coloured through-

390 RECORDS OF THE S.A, MUSEUM

ont, except for a narrow, velvety-black fascia, which extends across four inter-

stives on each elytron; there are six fascicles on the prothorax, two long ones at

apex, and four smaller ones across middle; on the elytra there are numerous

pustular elevations, wsially with a short, stout, central seta; there are also two

elongate fascicles of short setae on the third interstice on each elytron, one near

ihe base, the other submedian, From certain directions an oblique ridge may be

seen on cach side of the prothorax, commencing close to the shoulder, and directed

obliquely forwards, to end crowned with an outer faseicle of the median row.

The settellime is distinetly elevated, almost as on the species of Ophrythyrcoets.

DERETIOSUS SQUAMIPENNIS Sp. Noy.

Blackish, antennae and tarsi reddish. Densely clothed with dingy brown

scales and setae, conspicnously variegated on elytra, feebly mottled on under sur-

face and legs.

Rostrium about the length of prothovax, parallel-sided, moderately curved;

apical half naked aud with small but sharply defined punctures. Prothorax

rather small, sides rounded, apex half the width of base; with crowded, concealed

punctures. Elytra not much wider than prothorax, parvallel-sided to near apex;

striate-punctate, striae indicated through clothing, the punctures almost ov quite

concealed, Femora stout, strongly and acutely dentate. Leneth, 5 mm.

*apua: Mount Lamington ((. T. MeNamara). Unique,

A subeylindrical species, narrower than the preceding, and with different

fascicles and markings, On D, v-niger, from Fiji, the sides of the V extend to ihe

shoulders. On the elytra of the present species there is a conspicuous, wide black

VY, about one-third from the apex, and obseurely connected with the sides about

the middle, beyond it the clothing is distinetly paler than before it. Each elytral

interstice has numerous small pustules, mostly with a short, upright, central

seta; the third interstice has a fairly large fascicle near the base, velyety-blaek in

front, but brown posteriorly; on the prothorax the setae ave munerous, but short

and not forming fascicles, The basal seoment of abdomen is slightly Hattened in

middle, but, as only balf of the rostrum is densely clothed, the tvpe is probably

a female.

Dereriosus PUSXTULOSUS Sp. nov.

Dark brown, antennae paler, except club. Densely clothed with greyish or

ashen, slightly variegated seales, becoming darker on apical half of abdomen,

and with mumerous, short, stout setae.

Rostrum long and thin, strongly eurved, clothed only near base; elsewhere

shining and with small punctures, Prothorax moderately transverse, apex sud-

LeA—AUSTRALASIAN COLEOPTERA 391

denly narrowed; with crowded, concealed punetures. Elyira not much wider

than prothorax, more than twice as wide as loug, parallel-sided to near apex; with

striae and punetures indicated through clothing. Femora stout, strongly and

acutely dentate. Length, 5-6 mun.

New Guinea: Wareo (Rey. L. Waguer).

With numerous pustular elevations on the elytra, as ou the preceding species,

bit without a black faseia. The setae on the upper surface are ninmmerous but not

long, those on the elytra seldom distinetly arise above the pustules in which they

are placed. There is a rather long, sponge-like fascicle near the base, on the

third interstice, containing about seven stout setae. The prothorax has but few

setae, and those are yery short, From directly in front the prothorax is seen to

have an obtuse median ridge, extending more than half-way across the surface,

but iuterrmpted in the middle, and another slightly oblique one, beginning on each

side, at the subapical constriction, and widely interrupted in the middle, The two

basal segments of abdomen ave fattened in middle, but the clothing of the rostrum

probably indicates that the two specimens taken are females,

DERETIOSUS LATERIPENNIS sp. oy.

4 Black, some parts obscurely veddish, antennae paler. Densely clothed

with ashen, slightly variegated seales, becoming paler ou under parts; a conspicu-

ous blackish spot on the middle of the side of each elytron. With numerous stout,

ereet setae, becoming sparser, shorter, and depressed on taider surface.

Rostrinn long, thin and strongly curved, basal third squamose, elsewhere

shining and with minute punetares, Prothovax seareely wider than lone: with

crowded, concealed punetires, and a fine, concealed median carina. Elytra elon.

vate, not much wider than prothovax, parallel-sided to near apex. Pectoral catial

triangularly cutting for a short distance into metasternum, Femora stored,

strone@ly and acutely dentate. Length, 3-8-4-S8 mm.

9 Differs in haying rostrum longer, thinner, with searcely visible pune-

Hures, less of its base clothed, and abdomen more convex.

Papua: Mount Lamington (C.'T. McNamara). Abundant.

An clongate, slightly depressed species, From the upper surface appavently

helonging to Chaeteetetorus or Pseudupries, but with the pectoral canal of

Dereflosus; the tip of the canal euts triangularly into the metasternum, but not

sufficiently long for the species to be referred to Dysiropicus. On many specimens

the seales on the upper surface are pale brown, with numerous paler, almost white,

vittae, and many small, dark spots, but the blackish spot on each side is fairly

large, oblong, and invisible from above; there are usually two pale brown spots

on the head. There are no pustules on the elytra. the setae arising in a regular

392 RECORDS OF THE S,A. MUSEUM

row on each interstice; on the pronotimm the setae ave often in fowr irregular

rows, and in places are compacted to form fascicles, of which there are usually

two fairly distinct ones in the middle. On specimens in perfeet condition the

elytra appear to have small punctures in fine striae, but on complete abrasion

striae are seen to be present only on the sides and posteriorly, elsewhere the punc-

tures are fairly large, suboblong, and in regular rows.

Dereriosts PARVUS Sp. nov.

Dark brown, vostrum, antennae and tarsi reddish. Densely clothed with

mottled brown and grey scales, becoming white on under parts; with mumerous

short, stout setae scattered about.

Rostrum rather long, thin, and strongly curved: squainose ouly near base,

elsewhere shining and with scarcely visible punctures, Prothorax rather strongly

transverse, apex about half the width of base; with crowded punctures indicated

through clothing, and with a feeble mediau earina. Elytra not much wider than

prothorax, parallelsided to near apex; with regular rows of fairly large pune-

tures, almost or quite concealed by clothing, but the striae appearing fine anc

regular through it. Legs short, front femora strongly and acutely deutate, the

others less strongly, tibiae angular at outer base, apical hook widely diverging

from apex. Length, 8 mm,

Papua: Mount Lamington (C, T, MeNamara), Unique.

The smallest species hitherto known from New Guinea. The clothing bas a

slight pustular appearance on the elytra, but has been partly abraded, the third

interstice near the base has an obscene fascicle, the setae on the prothorax are

fairly numerous, but do not form fascicles. On the head there is a pale median

line, and two small, pale spots, The pectoral canal is squamose throughout, its

end appears as a slight iaenevature of the metasternum, with its lower part in two

planes, the higher one between the middle coxae. The type is probably a female.

DerRETIOSUS FASCICULICEPS ap. Nov.

4 Blackish, antennae and tarsi obscurely reddish. Densely clothed with

whitish-stramineous scales, variegated with pale brown; with stout setae, confined

to fascicles and pustules on upper surface, but free on lees,

Rostrum comparatively stout, moderately curved; apical third opaque ard

with erowded puneliures, elsewhere densely clothed, Prothorax moderately trans-

verse, sides subparallel to beyond the middle, and then suddenly narrowed aud

slightly depressed ; with crowded, concealed punctures. Elytra much wider than

prothorax, parallel-sided to near apex ; with rows of punetures, in striae indicated

LEA—AUSTRALASIAN COLEOPTERA 393

throngh clothing. Basal seement of abdomen flat in middle, apical with a shallow

depression, Fenmora stout, strougly and acutely dentate, tibiae arched at base.

Length, 5:5 mm,

Wiji (Bowring collection). Type (unique) mm British Museum.

A pallid speeies, [Hs nearest Fijian ally is D. leelus, but on that species the

fascicles on the third interstice ave larger, the small median ones ou the pronotium

are black, the head is nontaseiculate, and the rostrum is decidly thinner. The

positions of the prothoracie fascicles, and the pustules on the elytra, are somewhat

as on D. erilhioides, but on that species there is a Dlavk sutural mark, and the

head is not faseientate. The elothing is mostly pale stramineous, with faint brown

motthnes on the under surface and lees, as well as on the upper surface; there

are two distinet faseieles on the Front of the head. immediately behind whieh is

ado narrow, white faseia; on the prothoras there are two small fascicles in front,

and six im front of the middle, of the latter the two median ones are very small,

and the outer one on each side partly concealed from above, On the odd inter-

stices of elytra there are numerous pustules, each with a stout central seta, and

there is a small faseiele on the third interstice near base.

DeERETIOSUS ALPUABRETICUS Sp. Tov,

9 Dark brown, antennae paler. Densely clothed with rusty-browit seales,

becoming paler on uider parts; elytra with a large blackish Vy outlined with paler

seales; upper surface with short, stout setae, mostly confined to fascieles on pro-

thorax, and to pustules on elwtra.

Rostrum rather thin and moderately curved; apical half shining and with

small punctures, elsewhere squamose. Prothorax moderately transverse, sides

suddenly narrowed near apex; with crowded, concealed punctures, Elytra

scarcely wider than prothorax, parallel-sided to near apex; striae indicated

through clothing, but punctures concealed. Two basal segments of abdomen large

and evenly convex. Fenora stout, strongly and acutely dentate. Length, 4°59 mio.

Torres Straits: Murray Island, Type (amique) in British Museum,

A rather narrow, subeylindvical species, each interstice with a row of small

pustules, cach of which has a short, centval seta; on the third interstice, near base,

there is an obseure, fasciculate swelling; on the prothorasy there are renimants of

six faseicles th the usual positions, On the elytra there is a large dark V, the

parts commencing on the shoulders, and meeting on the suture beyonel the middle:

a second dark V is indieated beyond the first, but is incomplete. D. v-niger, from

Fiji, is a distinetly wider species, the VY is wider at the suture, the pustiles are

more pronounced, and the abdominal clothing is darker.

394 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

DerwrlOsus ZIOZAC Sp. UOY.

Dark brown, rostrum, antennae, aud tarsi paler. Densely clothed with dark

and pale brown scales, becoming paler, but not uniform, on under parts; with

Nimevous setae scattered about and compacted into fasereles.

Rostrum long, thin, and moderately curved; squamose and setose on basal

{hird, elsewhere shining and with minute punctures. Prothorax moderately

transverse, sides stronely rounded ; with crowded, concealed punctures and a fine

median carina, Klytra much wider than prothorax, not twice as long as wide,

parallel-sided to about middle; with rews of moderately large, concealed pune-

tures. Two basal seemeuts of abdomen large and evenly convex. Femora stout,

strongly and acutely dentate, the front ones less strongly than the others; tibiae

angular at outer base, apical hook less conspienous than usual. Length, 2-9 mim.

New South Wales (C.F. Deuquet).

A comparatively wide species, smaller than any previously deseribed from

Australia, but slightly larger than some of the Fijian spevimens of D. minutits.

The type is in perfect coucdition, on its head there are three small dark spots aad

{wo loose fascicles, on the prothorax there is a narrow dark cross, the elytra appear

multimaeulate, and the swumit of the apical slope is crowned by a narrow, pale,

zivzae mark, ou eavh elytron it goes obliquely backwards from the suture, then

obliquely forwards, then straight backwards, aud then obliquely backwards to

near the margins on the seutellum the scales are whitish. There are mumerous

setae on the prothorax, and six fascicles in the usual positions; on the elytra

there are lines of setae and some small faseieles, aud two larger ones on the third

interstice, one near the base, the other submedian, Ona second specimen the

markings, owing to partial abrasion, are less distinet. Hach is probably a female.

DeERETTOSUS SANCTUS Sp. Tov,

Dark brown, antennae paler, Densely clothed with light brown scales, be-

coming paler on under surface, and variegated with paler and darker spots, i-

eluding a pale X on elytra, and a large, subtriangular, black spot on each side.

With munerous short, erect setae, on the elytra confined to a single row on each

interstice, on the prothorasx, in places, compacted to form loose fascicles.

Rostrum lone, thin and strongly eurved ; basal half squamose and setose, else-

where shining, and with small but sharply defined punctures. Prothorax moder-

ately transverse, sides rounded, near apex suddenly uarrowed; with crowded

punctures indicated through clothing. Elytra not much wider than prothorax,

almost parallel-sided to near apex; striate-punctate, the punctures rather large,

bul appearing much smaller through clothing. Abdomen with two basal seg-

ments large and widely flattened in middle. Femora stout, strongly and acutely

dentate, Length, 6 nm.

LEA—AUSTRALASIAN COLEOPTERA 395

Queensland: Endeavour River. Type (unique) in Macleay Museum.

Kairly close to D. lateripennis, and with almost identical lees, but larger,

wider, prothorax wider in proportion, and elytra with a pale X, the arms of which

eross the suture, slightly beyond the basal third, and the front ends of which rest

on the shoulders; the dark spot on each side is not narrow aud almost vorfined to

one inferstice, ay on that species, but occupies three interstices, and is partly

visible from above; each femur also has a dark spot. In general appearanee if is

fairly close to Dystropieus tinyrhynehus, and has somewhat similar rosttam and

legs, bit on that species the pectoral canal cuts deeply into the metasternuin,

on (his species the canal ends at it. The type is probably a male,

DereTIOSUS ARIDUS Pase,

D. blandus Lea, var.

A long series of specimens, from Cairns, appears to commect J. blandus with

DY aridus; although the type and other specimens of blends appear to be verv

distinet from the typical form.

Deretiosus eremerus Pase. (formerly Apries),

The genotype of Deretiosus (aridus Pase., Journ. Linn. Soe., Zool, XI, p.

Usb, pl. viil, fig 10, from New Gninea), was deseribed as having the pectoral canal

Tndeterminata, metasterno inpingens,?? and ‘open at the sides and impinging

on the metasterniun’?

; in the sume paper -lpries (genotype ereniila Pase., p. 196,

pl. ix, fig. 6, from Batehian) was deseribed as having the pectoral canal ‘pice

cavernosa’, The excellent figure of the latter is so like a species from New Guinea,

in the South Australian Museum, that | thought it probably belonged to it; but

this species has the canal open at the apex, in exactly the same way as in wridus,

and may other species of Derefiosus. For the canal to be truly cayernous at its

apex the mitercoxal process, nearly always of the mesosternum, should be arched

over, concealing the tip of the rostrim when at rest.

[, therefore, sent a specimen of the New Guinea species in question to My,

Arrow, of the British Museum, asking him to compare it with the type and he

wrote that it “‘appears to me to be the same as Apries eremila Pase. We have a

specimen from the Philippine Islands, so the distribution is evidently very wide.

The pattern is very variable, but your specimen agrees Closely with the type in

this.”’

Pascou also wrote of Apries, **The grooye immediately before the eye, the

peculiar chavacter of this genus, terminates in the serobe.’’ But the same eroove

may be seen in avdus, and in most species of Dereliosus, although less pronouneed.

A. eremila, therefore, should be referred to Deretiosus, and Apries cousidered

a& pure synonym of that genus.

396 RECORDS OF THE S,A. MUSEUM

MacHIstoceRUS GRANIBASIS Sp. nov.

4 Black, antennae reddish. lrregularly clothed with brick-red scales and

selac, becoming whitish on under siurface,

Head with erowded punctures, and a narrow, deep, interocular hapression.

Rostrum the length of prothorax, evenly curved, basal half with fine ridges and

coarse, squamiferous punetires, elsewhere with small, naked punctures, An-

fennae inserted about two-fifths from apex of rostrum, ¢lab the length of four

preceding joints, Prothorax almost as long as wide, sides subparallel to near

apex; with crowded, sharply defined punctures, except where concealed in front;

with a short median carina. Elytra rather lone, not much wider than prothoray,

base trisimmate, shoulders feebly clasping base of prothorax ; with rows of large,

deep punctures, suboblong on basal half, smaller and rounded posteriorly ; with

numerous small granules on basal half, more numerous on the third, filth, and

seventh interstices thaw on the others. Metasternium with dense prinictures,

slightly smaller than on prothovax. Basal segment of abdomen widely concave,

second flattened in middle, each with fairly numerous and rather large punetures,

the apical with crowded ones. Femora stout, strongly and aentely dentate, tooth

on each bind one larger than the others; tibiae long aud thin. Leneth, 7-8 nun,

9 Ditfers in having less of the rostrum coarsely sculptured and the two

hasal segments of abdomen gently convex in middle.

New Guinea: Wareo (Rev. L. Wagner); Sattelberg (—v, Bennigsen).

Approaching M. caneellutus, metasternalis, and maguidens, and several

other species from Queensland, but distinet by the basal granules of elytra, The

femoral dentition is much as on magnidens, On several specimens the elytral

scales are of a rather bright bmiek-red colour, obscurely variegated with trans-

verse fasciae, and patches of sooty-brown scales; each interstice has a row of stout

setae (distinet from the sides), usually of the same colour as the adjacent scales.

The apex of the prothorax is densely squamore, elsewhere its clothing consists

of a seta in each puncture, On the femora the seales ave fairly dense, The

elytral punctures are partly obsenred by clothing, especially on the apical half,

their containing striae are distinct on the sides but feeble elsewhere.

Mreristocerus SORDIDUS sp. Tov.

2 Black, antennae reddish, apex of rostrum and parts of legs obscurely

diluted with red. Densely clothed with muddy-brown scales, aud with mumerons

erect setae,

Head with dense punetures, and with a narrow, deep, interocular iupression,

Rostrum slightly longer than prothorax, evenly curyed, about base with fine

ridges and coarse, setiferous punctures, clsewhere shining and with minute pune-

LEA—AUSTRALASIAN COLEOPTERA 397

tures. Antennae inserted slightly nearer apex than base of restrum, «lub the

length of four preeeding joints combined, Prothorax moderately transverse,

sides almost parallel to apieal third; with crowded, parthy concealed prnetires,

and a faint remnant of a median carina, Elytra distinetly wider than prothorax,

parallel-sided to beyond the middle, base trisinuate, shoulders slightly clasping

base of prothorax; with rows of large, oblong punctures, becoming smaller and

vermaded posteriorly, and on the sides set in feeble striae. Metastermum with

crowded and rather large punetures, and with a narrow median line. Two basal

segments of abdomen evenly convex, and with sharply defined punelitres, not

very elose together, except for a basal row, Fomora stout, strongly and aentely

dentate, tooth on eaeh hind femur laree, and equilaterally triangular; tibiae long

and thin, Leneth, 6-5 wim.

New Guinea (—v. Bennigsen ).

Mn general appearance like M. punetiventris, fron New South Wales and

Queensland, but abdominal punetuces very different and elytral setae more

minnerous. Lt isa dingy species, with femoral dentition nmeh as on IW. mignuidens,

and the preceding species, but prothorax very differently clothed, At first glance

the seales on the upper surface appear to be of an uniform, dingy brown colour,

but on close examination they are seen to be shehtly variegated on the elytra:

on the ander parts they are paler. The setae are very distinet from the sides, they

are longer on fhe elvtra thau on the pronotum, and form a distinet row on each

inLerstice.

MEGHISTOCERUS MACULINASIS Sp. Hoy,

§ Black, antennae and tarsi veddish, Elyira moderately clothed with

muddy-brown and greyish seales, irregularly mixed; each interstice with a row

of semiercet setae, each prothoracic puncture with a seta; under surface moder-

ately clothed, the legs more dengely so.

Head with crowded pnnetures, and a narrow, deep interocular impres-

sion. Rostrum slightly longer than prothorax, evenly curved; with ridges and

coarse, seliferous punetures on basal third, elsewhere with minute punctures,

Antennae inserted almost in middle of rostrum. Prothorax slightly transverse,

base truneate, sides subparallel to beyoud the middle, and then rounded to apex ;

with crowded, sharply defined punctures, and a feeble median carina. Elytra

clongate-subeordate, considerably wider than prothorax, shoulders rounded, sides

parallel to beyond the amiddle; with rows of large, oblong punctures; becoming

sinaller and rounded posteriorly, Metasternunt with pometures much as on

pronotum, Two basal sewments of abdomen evenly convex, the first with large

punetures about base, becoming smaller posteriorly, where they ave about as large

398 Recorps oF THE S.A. MuskuM

as on the second segment, apical segment with crowded punetutes: the third anid

fourth each with a single row of rather distant ones. Femova stout, strongly anid

acutely dentate, the hind femora with larger teeth than the others; tibiae long

and thin. Length, 7 mim,

New Guinea (Paul Hossfeld) Herbertshéh (—Pape).

A dingy species, in general appearance close to the preceding one. lids the

elytra are not trisinuate at the base, as on that species, cousequently the shoulders

do not ¢lasp the base of the prothorax, their setae are alsa shorter, Each elytron

has two fairly distinet narrow spots at the base, on the third interstice and

shoulder, each preapical eallosiiy is fairly well marked with pale seales, bit other

wise the mottling on the elytra is very obseure. The rostrum is obscurely diluted

with ved tn Front.

Since this description was prepared other specunens, apparently belonging

jo the species, were obtamed from the Solomons (Bougainville, in October, WH. O.

Povkley; Shortland Island, C. Ribbe): New Georgia (National Musewm); and

Papua (Mount Lamington, C. T. McNamara). They are slightly larger, up to

S mn, than the type, the elytral setae are less distinet, on some specimens in-

distinet even on the apical slope, and om several of them the tooth of the frout

femora is distinetly larger. Three of thent wre males, and have the basal segment

of abdomen depressed in middle.

MECWISTOCERUS TRIANGULIFER sp. nov.

d Black, antennae obscurely reddish. Densely clothed with whitish or

ereyish scales and setae, each elytron with a laree triangle of sooty-lbrown scales ;

under surface and legs with whitish seales.

Head with crowded, partly coucealed punetures, and with a comparatively

sinall interoeular depression. Rostrum about the length of prothorax, vather

thin and evenly curved, parallel-sided, except for a slight basal enlargement ;

basal two-fifths with fine ridges, and coarse, squeumiferous punctures, elsewhere

with dense and rather coarse, uaked punctures. Antennac inserivd two-fifths

from apex of rostrum, club the length of three preceeding jomts combined. Pro-

thorax about as long as wide, sides evenly rounded to near apex, which is about

half the width of base; with crowded, partly concealed pnuctures, and a feeble

median carina, Elytra elongate, parallel-sided to heyond the middle, base

trisinuate, and not mueh wider than prothorax; with rows of laree, deep, sub-

oblong, partly Concealed punctures. becoming smaller and rounded posteriorly.

Under surface with crowded punctures, those on metasternum and parts of

abdomen as large ay those on pvonotum. Metasternum with a feeble median

groove, Basal segment of abdomen feebly depressed in middle, third and fourth

LEA-—-AUSTRALASIAN COLEOPTERA 399

slightly arched, with unmerous punetures, their combined length slightly greater

{han second or fifth. Femora stout, and, especially the hind ones, strongly and

aeutely dentate. Leneth, 8-5 mm.

Queensland: Cape York (—- Pape). Unique.

A rather dingy species, with markings approaching those of some spevimens

of M. eahidris, but elytra narrower, and more parallel-sided, yet Tess than on

M. vulneratus and M, eylindricns (whieh have very different clothing). At first

glance if appears close to Camptorrhinus inornalus. The seales on the upper

surface are feebly yariegated, but there is a large, ill-defined triangle on each

elytron, its side occupying the median third on each side, and its apex touching

the suture at the apical third; some of the paler scales have a silvery or coppery

gloss. The scales on the pronotum are large, and each filly its containing pune

inre, if has no subereet setae, but on the elytra there ave some setae, indistinet from

tbove, fairly distinet from the sides, and forming a feeble row on each interstice

fas seen from behind). When the elytral clothing bas been partly abraded the

iterstices appear to be closely @#rantulate-punctate,

A specimen From Wareo (Rev. L. Wagner), is structurally so ¢lose to the

type that | think it must belong to the species, but it is much less densely elothed

(possibly owing to abrasion), the elytral seales are irregularly mottled from a

(ingy white to dark brown, with a less defined dark spot on eaeh elytron about

the middle.

MECHISTOCERUS 'TIBLALIS Sp. Lov,

é Black, antennae and claw joints reddish. Upper surface densely clothed

with move or less brown scales, each elytron with a short, pale vitta on third

interstice at base, each interstice with a subereet row of rather short setae: lems

with dense rusty-brown seales and whitish setae: metastermam and abdomen non-

squamose, but with a seta in cach puncinee,

Head with dense, partially concealed punctures in front, base glabrous; with

a narrow, deep, itero@uar impression, Rostrum the length of prothorax, evenly

vurved, sides gently dilated on basal third; with fine ridges, and coarse, squamnifer-

ous protctires on basal half, elsewhere with small, naked pumetures. Antennae

thin, inserted two-fifths from apex of rostrum, club almost the leneih of four

preceding joints combined, Prothorax almost as long as its @reatest width,

Which is at apical third, where fhe sides are rather strongly rounded; with

crowded, partly concealed punetures and a narrow median earina. Hlytra cou-

siderably wider than prothorax, rather lone, parallel-sided to beyond the middle,

hase trisimnate, shoulders clasping prothoras ; with rows of large, deep, oblong

punetiives, of very close together on basal halt’, but becoming smaller and closer

400 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

together posteriorly, where (as also on the sides) they are in rather feeble

striae; preapical callosities distinct. Metasternum with rather large punctures,

but smaller and in a single row on each epistermun, Basal segment of abdomen

convex, except for a slight median flattening; with comparatively small pune-

tures, exeept for a basal row of large ones, second to fourth with rather sparse

small ones, but crowded on apical segment. Femora stout and acutely dentate,

tooth on hind one mueh larger than the others; tibiae long, thin, and arched at

hase: front ones ecouspicuously fringed on apical half; padding of front tarsi

longer than on the others. Length, 9 mm,

Buru (— Pape).

With the coarse elytral punctures and spot on each side of base, as on MW.

hasalis (from Queensland), but front tibiae of male conspicuously fringed, size

larger. and clothing different.

A specimen from Papua (Mount Lamington, C.'T. McNamara), is probably

a partly abraded female of this species; if is smaller, 7 mm., the elytra mich less

densely clothed, but with two conspicuous basal spots, basal segment of abdomen

more Convex, anc less of the rostrum with erowded punctures.

MECHISTOCERUS FIMBRITARSIS Sp. NOV.

& Black, some parts obscurely dilnted with ved, antennae paler, Ltather

densely clothed with muddy-brown, slightly variegated seales, interspersed with

paler, sloping: setae,

Head with a narrow, deep, interoenlar fovea. Rostrum rather long, thin,

eurved, and paraltlel-sided, basal balf with coarse, partly concealed priuctures

and a median earvina, apieal half shining and with fairly dense and small punie-

tures. Antennae inserted slightly nearer apex than base of rostrum. Prothorax

moderately transverse, sides feebly dilated from base to beyond the middle,

and then strongly rounded; with erowded thimble punetures of moderate size,

and a durrow, almost continuous, median carina. Elytra sh@hily wider than

prothorax : with rows of large, deep punctures, becoming smaller, but still fairly

larve, posteriorly. Two basal segments of abdomen evenly convex, with fairly

large and wmnmerous but not crowded punetures, third and forrth each with a

sinele row across middle. Lees moderately long, Front femora slightly, middle

moderately, hind oues strongly dentate; three basal joints of front tarst cvon-

spicnously fringed. Length, 7S mim,

9 Differs in having the rostrum slightly longer, thinner, less clothed and

with smaller punctures, and front tarsi not fringed.

North Western Australia; North Australia: Darwin (Macleay Museum),

King River, in December (W. McLennan). Types in Macleay Masenm, coty pes

in National and South Australian Museums,

LEA—AUSTRALASIAN COLEOPTERA 401

A dingy species, in general appearance like MW. maculibasis and several others

from New Guinea, but distinet by the fimbriated front tarsi of the male, The

four specimens examined are all rather dingy, on two of then there ave two feeble

spots at the base of the elytra, us on many New Guinea species: the femora are

feebly ringed with darker seales. There are some small granules on the elytra, but

they are normally coneealed; Where the clothing has been abraded the pune:

lures are seen to beanuch Livger than those on the prothorax, except posteriorly.

MrcutsroCeRUS DENTIVARIUS Sp, TOV.

é Blaek, parts of lees obseurely diluted with red, antennae reddish.

Rather sparsely clothed with dark brown seales, the elytra with a thin irregular

fascia of whitish seales crowning the apical slope, and a few feeble spots else-

where, in addition with stout sloping setae, rather jimnerous on the lees, and

forming a single row on each elytral interstice.

Head with a small, deep, trianeular, interoeular fovea. Rostrum lone, thin,

curved and parallel-siced from near the base; basal third with crowded, partly

coneealed) prumetures, auc a median carina, elsewhere shining and with small

punctures. Prothorax slightly transverse, sides obliquely inereasing in width

to near apex, and then stronely narrowed; with dense thimble punetures of

moderate size, and a barrow median carina. Elytea distinetly wider than base

of prothorax; with rows of large, deep, angular punctures, become smaller, brat

still fairly large, posteriorly. Basal segment of abdomen widely and shallowly

depressed ; with large punctures at base, ranging to small at apex, fairly laree

ones on second, a single row aeross nuddle of each of the third and fourth, Front

femora shighthy, middle moderately, lind ones stronely dentate. Length, 5-6 mm,

9 Dilfers in having rostrum silehtly longer, thinner, less clothed and with

simatler pumedives, and basal seement of abdomen rather stromely convex,

Torres Straits: Moa Island, in January to lie@ht (W. Mehennan); male,

IX. 47865, in Australian Musetoa; Qreensland (rv Collection, 51471), Female,

in British Museum,

Avsmall species, about the size of WM. duplicatus, but with sharply defined

prinetures and mach smaller femoral teeth: it is more robust than W. caneellatus,

and the front femora are almost edentate, From above it has the appearance of

several species of Tyrtdeosus, but the pectoral canal is that of MWeehistocerus.

On the male there ave some rust-coloured setae that form a T on the pronotum,

due to bey rather dense at the apex and overlapping, and partly concealing,

the median carina; from the female most of the setae have been abraded: the

latter has the abdomen somewhat reddish, probably from immaturity.

402 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

MrcHIsrOcERUS BIVITTIPENNIS sp. Noy,

Black, parts of rostrum and of legs obscurely diluted with rec, antennae

rather pale ved, Densely clothed with two shades of brown seales and setae, pro-

thorax aud under surface with setae only, legs with light brown scales and white

setae,

Head with a large, deep, semidouble, interoeular fovea, Rostrum long, thin,

and slightly dilated at base, about which the punctures are dense and strong,

elsewhere shining and searcely visibly punctate. Antennae inserted about two-

fifths from apex of rostrum. Prothorax moderately transverse, sides rather

strongly rounded ; with dense thimble punctures of moderate size, and a narrow

median carina, Elytra distinetly wider than prothorax; with rows of large,

aneiar punctures, becoming much smaller posteriorly, interstices with numerous

small granules about base, sparse elsewhere. Abdomen with numerous punctures,

exeept that each of the third and fourth segments has a single setiferous row.

Legs rather long, all femora strongly and acutely dentate, tibiae thin and vom-

pressed. Length, 8-9) mm.

New Cniunea: Wareo (Rey. L. Wagner),

On the pronotum the paler setae form a distinet median line, and a feeble

one towards each side, on each elytron the paler spots are fairly mimerous anc

feeble, hut there is a distinet one on the preapical callus, there is also a narrow,

distinet, Sightly obliqne vitta, an the third interstice from the base to near the

middle, which renders the species a very distinet one, although it is but an

extension of a basal spot that oceurs on so many spectes of the genus. The

hasal segments of abdomen are rather strongly convex, so the two specimens ex-

amined are probably females,

M&cHISTOCERUS URSUS Sp, nov.

Black, antennae obscurely reddish. Densely clothed with dark, muddy-

brown seales, variegated with whitish on elytra; in addition with rather dense

suherect or sloping setae, mostly rusty-brown on npper surface, mostly whitish

ou, under surface and legs.

Head with a rather narrow, subtrianear, interocular fovea. Rastrium

slightly longer than prothorax, moderately curved, somewhat dilated towards anid

notehed on each side of base, about base with crowded, partly concealed pune-

tires, elsewhere shining and with small oues., Antennae inserted about two-fifths

from apex of rostrum. Prothorax rather small, slightly transverse, sides strongly

rounded; with dense, concealed punetures. Elytra distinetly wider than pro-

thorax, parallel-sided to beyond the middle; with rows of large, deep, angular

prnetiires, mostly concealed by clothing, ‘Two basal segments of abdomen evenly

LEA—AUSTRALASIAN COLEOPTERA 403

convex, thivd and fourth each with two irregular rows of punctures across middle,

and crowded on sides. Femora stout, strongly and acutely dentate, especially

the hind pair, tibiae rather long and compressed. Length, 7-5 mm.

Papua: Mount Lamington (C.'T. MeNamara).

With unusually dense scales and setae, concealing most of the punetimes of the

upper surface, even many of the large ones on the basal half of elytra. On the

elytra the pale seales form numerous feeble spots, with an ill-defined faseia

crowning the apical slope, Although, when viewed from behind, the elytral setae

are seen to be placed ina single row on each interstice, they are so close together

that on slight cdisarrangement they appear trom above to be irregularly crowded.

The species is not very close to any other before me. The two speciuiens taken

appear to be females.

MrcHtsnocerus UNIFORMIS sp. oy.

@ Black, rostrum and parts of legs obseurely diluted with red, antennae

paler. Densely clothed with small, rusty-brown scales, interspersed with short,

sloping setae; under surface sparsely clothed.

Head with a narrow, deep, interocilar fovea, Rostrum slightly longer than

prothorax, moderately thin, sides somewhat dilated towards base, each side of

which is notched; about base with coarse, partly concealed punctures, and a short

median carina, elsewhere shining and almost impunctate, Antennae inserted

slightly nearer base than apex of rostrum. Prothorax moderately transverse,

basal half parallel-sided ; with erowded punetires and a fine median carina trace-

able through clothing, Elytra conspicuously wider than prothorax; with rows

of large, deep, angular punetures, becoming smaller posteriorly, Basal segment

of abdomen evenly conves ; with large punctures, becoming smaller posteriorly,

third and fourth segments each with an irregular transverse row of small,

setiferous punetiuces. Femora stout, strongly and acutely dentate, especially the

hind paiv. Length, 4 mm.

-apua: Mount Lamington (C. T. MeNamara). Unique.

Not very close to any other species before me. The clothing has a curious

velvety appearance: although the derm of the upper surface is entirely con-

ecaled by them, the individual scales are so small, that the punctures, except some

of the smaller ones, are clearly traceable. The setae are unusually short, but bein

of a slightly different shade from the seales amongst which they ure set, they

ure fairly distinet.

MEcCIUSTOCERUS PARVICOLLIS Sp. TOV.

3 Black, antennae and tarsi obscurely reddish. Densely clothed with

rusty-hrown and whitish scales and setae,

404 RECORDS OF THE S,A. MUSEUM

Head with a narrow, deep, interoeular fovea. Rostrum shehtly longer than

prothorax, uot very thin, almost parallel-sided; with crowded puuetures, be-

coming larger and partly concealed on basal balf, with a continuous mecian

carina and two shorter ones on each side, Antennae inserted about two-fitths

front apex of rostrum. Prothorax small, almost as long as wide, basal haif

parallel-sided; with dense punctures of moderate size, and with a fine median

caving. Elytra much wider than prothorax, parallel-sided to bevond the middle;

With rows of deep, more or less oblong punetives, cach containing a seta, Basal

segment of abdomen flattened in middle, Femora strongly and aeitely dentate,

tibiae long, thin, and compressed. Leneth, 8 man.

Papua: Mount Lamington (OC. T. MeNamara). Unique.

The type is m perfect condition, and the species is distinet from all pre-

viously described Australasian ones by its small prothorax, this being searee

three-fifths the width of the base of elytra. The pale scales on the elytra form,

numerous spots and abbreviated fasciae, on the prothorax they form a median

line, and a less distinet one on each side; on the legs the seales are of a rather

pale brown, and the setae are pure white; on the under surface there are no

depressed scales, but the setae are fairly numerous, and on each of the third and

fourth segments of abdomen they form two transverse rows.

Mecuisrocrrts MACULOSUS Sp. nov.

Black, antennae and tarsi reddish. Densely clothed with slaty-brown and

whitish seales and setae,

Head with a narrow, deep, interocular fovea. Rostrum slightly loueer tla

prothorax, not very thin, notched on each side of base; basal half with erowded aimed

shally concealed punctures, and a narrow median carina, elsewhere shining aul

with small pune¢fures, Antennae inserted about one-third from apex of rostrum.

Prothorax moderately transverse, basal two-thirds parallel-sided; with dense,

partly concealed thimble punctures of moderate size, and with a narrow, eon-

eealed median Carina. Elytra not much wider than prothorax; with rows of

large, deep, oblong punctures, becoming snialler posteriorly. Two basal sewments

of abdomen rather strongly convex, and with mamerous punctures of moderate

size. Hemora strongly and acutely dentate, especially the hind pair, tibiae rather

long and thin, Length, 4-5 mm.

apua: Bona Bay (C.'T. MeNamara). Unique.

About the size of W. egenus, trom Queensland, but clothing paler, rostrum

stouter, and femoral dentition stronger; at first glance it looks like a densely

clothed specimen of MW. tristnuatus, from the Malay Peninsula, but the clothing

and dentition are different, On the elytra the whitish scales form numerons

irregularly distributed spots, including four at the base, whieh oeenpy about

LeEA—AUSTRALASIAN COLEOPTERA 405

one-third of the surface; on the pronotum they form a narrow median line, and

irrowular spots on the sides; on the legs the ¢lothing is mostly whitish; on the

uider surface there are no scales, but the whitish setae are mumerous, except on

the third aud fourth segments of abdomen, on each of which they torm a trans:

Verse row. On the elytva there is a regular row of stout, white, sloping setae,

on each iuterstice. The sex of the type is doubtful; the coarse punctures OCCUPY

more of the rostrum than as usual on females, aud the front tarsi have some

straveling hairs, althongh they are not distinetly fimbriated; but the basal sex-

ment of abdomen is evenly vonyesx,

M&cCHisrOCERUS ATRONITIDUS Sp. Noy,

Black, shining, antemmae bright castaneous. Under surface and leas with

sparse, whitish setae, elsewhere glabrous, except for a few setae on apical slope

of elytra.

Head with a narrow, deep, interocular fovea. Rostrum slightly longer than

prothorax, moderately thin; with rather dense and coarse punctures about hase,

minute clyewhere, Prothorax moderately transverse, basal half parallel-sided ;

with dense but not crowded punctures of moderate size, Elytra oblong-cordate,

not much wider than prothorax ; with large, deep, oblong punctures about base,

witch smaller elsewhere. Metasternum deeply suleate in middle. Abdomen

With sparse and small punctures, but rather dense and of moderate size on upical

segment; basal segment gently convex. Front femora slightly but acutely den

fate, middle moderately, hind ones strongly and aentely: tibiae thin, the hind

ones strongly arehed at basal third. Length, 3*5—--0 mm,

Papua: Mount Lamington (C. 'T. MeNamara).

A small species about the size of MW. frisinuatus, but otherwise very different :

af first glance it appears to belong to the Baridiinae. The hind tibiae are un-

usually strongly and suddenly arched, and the teeth of ihe bind femora are larger

than on most species of the genus. Four specimens were obtained by Mr. Me-

Namara; they differ to a slight extent in the abdomen and rostrum, but as the

curvatire of the lind tibiae is alike on all of them they appear to be of one sex,

probably males. ‘They are all shining and e@labrous on the upper surface, so the

absence of clothing is evidently not due to abrasion. A specimen from Finsch

Haven, taken by Rev. L. Wagner, ou sticky hairs of a species of Pisonia, is

smaller (3 amimn.), and has somewhat stronger punctures on the under surface, but

appears to belong to the same species.

MrcHisrocerus CALIDRIS Pase.

Fonr specimens, from the Solomons, differ from others from Australia and

Now Gitinea, in having the paler scales of a more reddish tone than usual.

406 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Mercrusrocerts MULTIMACULATUS Lea.

This species occurs in Papua (Mount Lamington), and New Guinea (Finseh

Haven and Bonew), as well as in Queensland,

Meciuisrocerus Aromosparsus Hair.

(formerly Cyamobolus), 1878. M. lunguidus Lea, 1905,

A specimen in the National Museum, from the Godeffroy colleetion, 1s

labelled Cyamobolus atomosparsus, and bears the number 16015, If was evi-

dently from Fiji, and bears the same number as another species from there, which

is labelled Mecistoecrus vecllatolineatus (in error for ocellolineatus). It appears

to be correctly named, although the type was described as having *‘einereo-

curneis’? seales, and again ‘‘pedibus dense cinerea-carnco squanulosis."’ Tu all

the many specimens before me the seales are not at all red, being greyish, or

pale brown, or slightly mottled. The front legs of the male are long aud thin, the

tibiae with a long fringe of golden hairs continued on to the tarsi; the fromt

tibiae were not mentioned in the original deseription of atomosparsus, which

reads as if founded upon a female. Fairmaire considered the species could not be

referred to Mechistoccrus, on account of the rostral canal, but this is margined,

behind the front coxae, by wally which belong to the prosternum, instead of the

mesosternum (to see this clearly it is sometimes necessary to detach the proster-

num from the mesosternum); a character almost unique in the subfamily, The

species is common in Fiji (Viti Levu, Vanna Levu, and Ovyalai), where it offen

comes into houses. It also oeeurs in New Guinea, Aru, Queensland, New South

Wales, and Labuan,

Unfortunately [ deseribed the species as WM. languidus, whieh name must

now be treated as a synonym, | have also seen a specimen, from New Guinea,

identified by Dr. K. M. Heller as belonging to Purendymia.

MercutsrouurUs MAGNIDENS Lea.

Specimens of this species have heen veaved from sapwood of the Queensland

waluut, Endiandra Palmerstont, at Cairus,

Famiry CKERAMBYCIDAE.

Xixururus HEROS Meer.

Wig. 2,

There are two specimens of this huge Fijian longicorn in the South Aus-

fralian Museum from Viti Levu; the male 125 mm, in length, the female 90 mm. ;

the former taken by Mr. C.'T, MeNamara in June, the latter by Dr, Baly in July,

LEA—-AUSTRALASIAN COLEOPTERA 407

Fig, 2. Yiruthrus heros Meer. Natural size, Photo, B, Coflon,

408 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

MicrorraGus SENEX White.

Mrs. Daisy Bates, of Ooldea, writes that she has two aboriginal names for

this species: ‘‘ Kardilga’’ and ‘‘Miring.

327,

OBITUARY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

OF ARTHUR MILLS LEA

By HERBERT M. HALE, DIRECTOR, SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM

Summary

On February 29, 1932, Arthur Mills Lea passed away with tragic suddenness when

visiting a friend near Adelaide ; an hour before he had called at the Museum, and was

then apparently in the best of health. His loss is irreparable, for not only was he in the van

of systematic entomology, but was very widely consulted for his knowledge of insects

harmful to man and his works.

Mr. Lea was born near Sydney in August, 1868. He commenced his official career in

1891, when he joined the Department of Agriculture in New South Wales. Working as

Assistant Entomologist to the late A. Sidney Oliff (then Government Entomologist of that

State), he travelled over many parts of New South Wales, studying especially the insects

adversely affecting potatoes, tobacco, and citrus fruits.

Rec. S.A. MUSEUM.

ARTHUR MILLS LIA, F.VYS.

Fntomologist to South Australian Museum, July, 1911—February, 1932,

OBITUARY anp BIBLIOGRAPHY

or Artruur Muiits Lea

By HERBERT M, HALE, Direeror, Sourin Ausrrataan Musiom.

On February 29, 7982, Arthie Mills Lea passed away with tragie suddenness

when visiting a lriend near Adelaide; an hour before he had called at the

Musemn, and was then apparently in the best of health. His loss is irreparable,

for not only was he in the yan of systematic entontoloey, but was yery widely

consulted for his knowledee of inseets harmtal to man and his works.

Mr. Gea was born near Svdney in August, 1868. Tle commenced his official

career in 1891, when he joined the Department of Agriculture in New South

Wales. Working as Assistant Entomolowist to the late A. Sidney Ol (then

Government Entomologist of that State), he travelled over many parts of New

South Wales, studying especially the insects adyersely affecting potatoes,

fohaceo, and citrus frnits. At this tune the citrus orehards of California were

threatened with destruction by an Australian pest, the “cottony cushion scale” ;

with Dr. Koehele, a visiting American entomologist. Mv. Lea collected thousands

of living specimens of a sinall species of ladybird which feeds on the “seale

insect.” The Jittle beetles were duly released in the American orchards, and

controlled the pest within two vears. In 1895 he was appointed Government

Entomologist of Western Australia. and for four years his work was concerned

mainly with the principal pests of plants. Ile accepted a similar position in

Tasmania in 189%, and there eontinned to carry out useful research on the

inseet pests of fruit. Te was instrumental in the stamping out of two out-

breaks of Mediterranean fruit fly which occurred there during his twelve years

of office. Also, duviny this period he sent several consignments of useful living

imseets to Eneland, South Africa, and the United States, and on several ovca-

sions visited Victoria and New South Wales in order to study literstate pests

at first hand. He was a foundation member of the Tasmanian Wield Natur-

alists’ Club, and the first Editor of “The Tasmanian Naturalist.” In 1911 he

became Entomologist to the South Australian Museum, and when he died had

almost completed dwenty-one years of service in that capacity. When Mr. Lea

came to this Museum our entomological collection was relatively small; at the

present time it includes one million specimens. and will always stand as a

moment for his two decades of zealous service and untiring effort, Prior to

412 RECORDS OF THE S.A, MUSEUM

his appointment in South Australia he had made full use of every opportunity

to collect, classify, and describe Coleoptera, particularly the weevils, which are

intimately connected with yeretation. In-our State he coutinued this work with

such enthusiasin that the South Australian Museum now possesses an wutivalled

collection of Australasian beetles, and will for lone remain the centre of

research in the Southern Hemisphere for this group. Further, Myr, Lea en-

hanced the value of this collection exceedingly by deseribing an amazing

number of new species, Tis ambition at one time was to erect 5,000 species,

bi when he died he had deseribed approximately 5,500—air wirivalled feat.

Mueh of the material added to the collection was taken Dy Mr. Lea in

person during this last phase of his career, Apart from colleeting in many

parts of South Australia, he made the following offietal trips to other States:

New South Wales and Queensland (December 1911, to April, 1912), Lord

Howe and Norfolk Islands (November. 1915, to Febrnaty, 1916), Tasmania

(January to February, 1918), New South Wales and Queeusland (September

to December, 1918), New South Wales (October to November, 1926), and

Vietoria, New South Wales, and Queensland (October to Noyember, 1928),

He also had au enviable knack of imbuing others with his enthusiasm, and,

asa result, material is constantly coming in from all over Australasia. His

instructions rewarding ihe collecting of insects were always minute; one may

mention, for instance, that for the enidanee of eaeh collector in New Giinea

he prepared twelve pages of typescript.

The growing Museum collections soon had a foremost place in Mr. Lea's

thoughts. In 1924 he was asked to join the permanent staff of the Depart-

ment of Agriculture in Miji, but declined on account of this absorbing interest.

Nevertheless, as detailed below, he spent twelve months as a temporary officer

of that department when investigating the Coconut moth. On the eve of his

departure for Fiji the staff wathered te wish him God-speed, and after express-

ing his regret at leaving the Museum for a year, he stated that be hoped that

he would return to work at the collections for as long as he lived. On several

oveasions he repeated that his earnest desire was to work on these collections

(amassed as a vesult of his efforts and reeommendatious) as lone as he was

capable, and that he would wish then to die “in harness.” Lu these respeets

his desires are fulfilled, but one cannot help but think, prematurely,

In South Australia, Mr. Lea’s knowledge of economic entomolowy con-

tinued to be of the greatest service to farmers, orchardists, and hosts of others,

For a time he was Leeturer in Forest Entomology at the University of Adelaide ;

for many years he leetured to all graduating school teachers, and was Con-

HALE—OBITUARY AND BrBntoGRArny oF ARTHUR M. LEA 413

sulting Entomologist to the Department of Agmeulture, which frequently

requested him to investigate destructive insects. One has often been astounded

at the amount of correspondence which passed through bis hands, the number

of queries which be attended to each day, anc the quantity of specimens iden-

titled, He had no idle moments, and so regulated his unremitting labours that

daylight hours, as far as possible, were utilized for close examination of

material, while his evenings were taken up in preparing manuseript for pub-

lication, and in other oecupations upon whieh he preferred not to spend any

part of the day.

In 1918-1919 be played au important part in the campaivn weainst the

inseet pests in the vast quantities of wheat, whieh, owing to the war, had

averuntlated in Australia. He was a member of the Wheat Weevil Connnittee,

Which devised three practieal systems of treatment, whieh resulted in the

saving Of wheat worth at least £1,500,000. The weevil was recounized as a

pest which was encouraged by dirty conditions, and the chief problem in regard

to storage was to preveut contamination from without, and to secure ‘‘eas-

light’ conditions to allow for efficient fumigation. The most successful

measure for both purposes proved to be the use of malthoid sheds, which were

first tried at the suggestion of Mr. Lea, Ilis directions regarding means of

preventing the spread of the trouble, and iwethods of renoviny breeding

vrounds in the vieiity of and under the stacks, were also of the wreatest value,

One of the wost unportant of his expeditions was carried out in 1924, on

behalf of the Levnana Committee, when he spent a year ona mission to Queens-

land, Thursday Island, Java, Malaya, and Borneo, in order to study methods

of controlling the Coconut Moth (Levene tridescens), whieh was ihen threaten

ing the destruction of the copra industry in Wiji, The anportance of his work

in this direction has been submerged in the reports of following investigations.

Ife found that a Taehinid fly was controlling a similar pest (lr/one eufowanlhea)

in Malay and Java, and, after consultation with Mr. J. A. Despeissis, then Super

intendent of Agriculture in Miji, he attempted to introduce this control. Ile

realized the importance of vapid transport, and snewested that a cousignment

be sent by aeroplane to meet lis boat at the Torres Straits. The British Govern-

ment, however, could not then aeadke the necessary arranwements, so that he was

enabled only to bring some of the flies as far as Sydney in eolel storage; the

experiment proved unsuecesstul, A few days later bis engaeement by the Com-

iniitee teruinated. Subsequently the fly was transported rapidly to Fiji, where

if quiekly spread, controlling the Leyuana moth, as Mr. Lea had predicted it

would,

+14 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

As already mentioned, aud as shown by the accompanying Libliowraphy,

Mr, Lea was a prolific writer, He belonged to a number of scientifie societies, and

submitted papers to almost all of them. At the time of his death he was a Fellow

of the Linnean Society of New South Wales (1892), Fellow of the Royal Society

of South Australia (1897), a Fellow of the Entomological Society of London

(1899), a Member of the Entomological Society of Belgium (1906), a Member

of the American Association of Economie Entomologists (prior to 1908), a

Mellow of the Royal Society of Victoria (1909), an Associate Member of the

Royal Society of Tasmania (1910), and had just become a Member of the

Zoological Society of New South Wales.

At almost every ineeting of the Royal Society of South Australia held

during the last twenty years entomological exhibits of interest have been tabled,

and short, characteristic talks concerning them have been given by Mr. Lea. Ie

occupied a position on the Council of that Soviety for nine years, and assisted in

the editing of the “'Transactious’’ for seven years. In the last-mentioued capacity

he actually spent many evenings personally typing some of the handwritten

entonological papers which were submitted for publication,

Mr. Lea’s copious additions to entomological literature alone stand as a

remarkable record of the life-vork of a single individual, while his painstaking

efforts in regard to every problem submitted to him will be aissed sadly all over

the world. Apart from this his genial disposition endeared hin to all who eame

into contaet with him, and his passing will remain a personal erie to all who

were thus privileged, The Board and the staff of the Museum, Mr, Lea’s

associates in learned societies, and all his other colleagues in Australia, not only

esteemed him for his sterling qualities, but regarded him with sincere affection.

BIBLIOGRAPHY,

1893.

1. Descriptions of new species of Bostrychidae. Proc, Linn. Soc., NS. Wales,

(2) vill, 1808, pp. 317-8235,

1s,

2, Deseriptions of new species of Australian Coleoptera, Part i. Proc. Linn.

Soe, NS. Wales, (2) ix, 1894. pp. 589-634.

1894.

3. Descriptions of new species of Australian Coleoptera, Part ii, Proe. Linn.

Soc., NS. Wales, (2) x, 1895, pp. 224-319.

=—!

16.

HALE—OBITUARY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ARTHUR M. LEA 415

Root Gall. Journ. Bur. Agric.. W. Austr, ii, 1805, pp. 420-424,

Woolly or American Blight of the Apple. Journ. Bur. Ayric., W. Austr.

li, 1895, p. 514.

Deterioration of Hlour iu the NW. of Australia (due to the work of in-

sects), (Hntomologist’s report i West Australian flour: Its alleged

inferior keeping qualities in the Nor’-west.) Journ, Bio. Agric., W.

Austr. it, 1895, pp. 528-582,

Potato Moth (Litu sulanela Boisd.). Journ. Bir. Agric., W. Austr, 1,

189), pp. 934-534,

Two Tnseet Enemies of the Cabbage and Turnip (Plitella erueiferin Zell

and Aphis brassieve Linn). Journ. Bur. Agric., W. lustr., u, 189d,

pp. 991-552,

Miscellaneous Notes: Bark and Gud Nibblers, Potato Moth, ete. Joimn.

Bir. Agric., W. Austr., ii, 1895, p, ab2.

Seale Insects, Join, Bur. dgrie., W. Austr. ii, 1895, pp. 5638-564,

Exchanging Useful Insects. Jowrn. Bir. Agric., W. Austr. i, 1895, p, b64.

Flour Beetle Attacking Tobacco, Journ. Bur. Ayrie., W. Austr., i, 1895,

pp. 573-474.

General Remedies for Destructive Tusects. Journ. Birr. Agrie., We Austr,

il, 1895, pp. 585-586,

Green Caterpillar of the Potato, Jowen, Bur, Agric, W. Austr, 1, 1895,

pp. GO9-610 (2 plates).

Two Destructive Flies. Journ, Bur. Ayric., Wo Auste., ti, 1895, p. 611.

Seale Insects. Journ. Bar. Agrie., W. Austr, ii, 1895, p, 621.

Note on the Inseets of Western Australia, with Request for Specimens.

Journ. Bion, Agric., W. Austr, 11, 1895, p. 622.

1806.

Descriptions of New Species of Australian Coleoptera, Part tii. Pree, Linn.

Soc,, Nas. Wales, xxi, 1896, pp. 284-819,

Bmbargo on Apples, Pears, and Quinces. Jown. Bur. Agric, W. Austr.

iii, 1896, p. 660,

Summer Pests at the Darling Ranees, Journ. Bur, clyvie., W. Austr. iil,

TS96, pp. 652-653,

Annual Report. Journ. Bur. Agevic., We. Austr., ii, 1806, pp. 866-868.

Miscellaneous Notes. Journ. Bur, Agric., W. Austr., ii, 1896, p. 889.

Three Destructive Moths. Journ. Bur, Ayrie., W. Austr, ii, 1896, p. 1018,

Notes on Some Destructive Grasshoppers and Crickets. Jaurn, Bur lyric.

W. Austr, iii, 1896, pp. 1081-1086.

Onion and Other Thrips. Join. Bur. Agrie., W. Austr, Hi, 1896, p. 1113.

26,

2h),

30,

39),

40.

41,

42,

43.

44.

RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

1897.

Revision of the Australian Cureiwionidae belonging to the sub-family

Cryptorhyuchides, Part i, Proce, Linn, Soe. NS. Wales, xxii, 1897,

pp. 440-513.

Descriptions of New Species of Australian Coleoptera, Part iv. Proc. Linn.

Noc., N.S. Wales, xii, 1897, pp. 484-638,

Annual Report of the Entomologist. Fourth Ann. Rep. Bur. Agric., W.

Austr., for year ending June 30, 1897, pp. xxvii-xl (3 plates), Suppl. to

Journ. Bur. Agric., W. cLustr., iv, 1897.

Insects Attacking the Vine. Journ, Bur, Agric., W. Austr, iv, 1807, pp.

1117-1118.

Destructive Cockchafer. Jowen, Bur. Agric., W. Austr., iv, 1897, pp. 1139-

1140.

Mite Attacking the Peach and Other Fruits (Phiyloplus), Journ, Bur.

Agric., W. Austr, iv, 1807, p. L194.

Economic Entomolovy in England, Jowrn. Bur, Agvic., W. Austr, iv, 1897,

pp. 1194-1195.

Cheese Insects. Journ. Bur, Agric., W. Austr, iv, U897, p. 1287.

Miscellaneous Notes. Journ. Bur. Agrvic., W. Austr., iv, 1897, pp. 1805-

1306.

Bird-eating Spider. Journ. Bur. Agric, W. Austr, iv, 1897, p. 1831.

Notes on a few Geraldton Insects. Journ. Bur. Ayric., W. Austy., iv, 1897,

p. 1899,

Entomological Notes. Journ. Bur. Agrie., W. Austr., iv, 1897, pp. 1400-

1410.

Two Destructive Cabbage Moths. Jowrn, Bur. Ayric., W. Austr, iv, 1897,

pp. 1419-1420.

Useful Insects. Journ. Bur. Ayric., Wo Austr, iv, 1897, pp. 1431-1434.

18s,

Revision of the Australian Curculionidae belonging to the sub-family

Cryptorhynchides, Part ii, Proce. Linn. Soc., NS. Wales, xxiii, 1898,

pp. 178-217.

Descriptions of New Species of Australian Coleoptera, Part v. Proc. Linn.

Soc., N.S. Wales, xxiii, 1898, pp. 521-645.

Insect Pests. Prod, Gaz. di Sett, Rec., W. Austr., v, 1898, pp. 20-22.

Woolly Aphis. Prod. Gaz. & Sett. Rec., W. Austr., v, 1898, pp. 117-118.

Three Serious Insect Pests of Eastern Australia. Prod. Gaz. & Sett. Ree.,

W. Austr, v, 1898, pp. 171-174.

48.

a0,

o-¢.

on.

HALE—OBITUARY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ARTHUR M. LEA 417

Weeds which afford Protection to Noxious Animals, Prod. Gaz & Sell.

Ree., W. Austr., v, 1898, pp. 286-287.

Moth Destructive to Solanaceous Plants. Prod. Gaz & Sett. Ree. W.

Austr, v, 1898, pp. 390-3891,

Seale Insects. Prod. Gaz. & Sett. Ree., W. Austr., v. 1898, pp. 465-483.

1899.

Deseviptions of Australian Curculionidae, with Notes on Previously

Deseribed Species, Part i, Trans, Roy. Soc., S. Austr, xxiii, 1899, pp.

137-197.

Revision of dhe Australian Curculionidae belonging to the subfamily Cryp-

torhynehides, Part iii. Proc. Linn. Suc., NS. Wales, xxiv, 1899, pp.

200-270.

Revision of the Australian Curculionidae belonging to the subfamily Cryp-

torhynchides, Part iv. Proe. Linn, Soc., NS. Wales, xxiv, 1880, pp.

922-546.

. Notes on the Mediterranean Fruit Fly and Queensland Fruit Fly, 7 pp.,

$ fie., Hobart, Council Agric., Tas., 1899.

1900.

. Deseriptions of two new Blind Weevils from Western Australia and 'Tas-

mania. Proe. Linn. Soc., NS. Wales, xxv, 1900, pp. 391-393.

Notes to accompany figures of Boisduval’s types of six species of Australian

Civenionidae, based upon Observations and Sketches by M, P. Lesne.

Proe. Linn, Soc., Nw. Wales, xxv, 1900, pp. 637-541, pl xxx.

More Common Insect Pests of the Farm and Market Garden, Part i. Insects

that attack Grasses and Cereals, Journ. Dept. Agric., W. Auste., i, 1900,

pp. 399-408.

Tusects of Western Australia. W. Austr. Year Book (1898-1899), 1900,

pp. 198-197.

Preliminary Notes on Pests of the Apple. Agric. Gaz, & Jown, Council

Agrie., Tus,, vii, 1900, p. 152. (Reprinted in Austr. Agric, Feb., 1900,

p. 43.)

Pear and Cherry Tree Slug, Leech, or Saw-thy (Selandria cerasi Linn.).

Agric. Gaz. d& Journ. Council Agric., Tas., vii, 1900, p. 176.

Visiting Kntomologist and Useful Insects. Agric. Gaz. & Jow'n. Counce!

Agric., Tas., vii, 1900, p. 202.

Report on Black Spot or Apple Scab. Agric. Gaz. & Journ, Couneil Agric.,

Tas., vii, 1900, p. 267. (Also reprinted Time, 1900, as separate pamphlet,

418

62.

63.

O4.

Go.

66.

RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

pp. 1-11, in Melb, ** Leader,’ July 21 and 28, 1900, and in Jowrn. Dept.

Agric., W. custr., ii, 1900, p. 123.)

Peach Pests in Tasmania. Agric. Gaz. & Journ. Council Agrie., Tas., viii,

1900, p. 47.

Report on the Codlin Moth. Agric. Guz. & Journ. Council Agric, Tus.,

vill, L900, pp. 16-23.

San Jose Seale Insect. Agric. Gaz. d& Journ, Council Agric., Tas., viii, 1900,

pp. 62-66,

1901,

Descriptions of New Species of Australian Coleoptera, Part vi. Proc. Linn.

Soc., N.S. Wales, xxvi, 1901, pp. 481-520.

More Common Insect Pests of the Farm and Market Garden, Part ii. In-

sects that attack Grains and Meals. Journ. Dept. Agric., W. Austr,

ii, 1901, pp. 183-188.

Spraying Experiments against the Pear and Cherry Slug or Leech, Agric.

Gaz. & Journ, Council Agric., Tas., viii, 1901, p. 179.

Underground Grass Grub (Oncopleru intricutau). Agric. Gaz. & Journ.

Council Agric., Tas., vii, 1901, pp. 265-268.

Remedies for the San Jose and Other Seale Insects. Agric. Gaz. db Jowrn.

Council Agric., Tas., ix, 1901, pp. 63-64.

Some Obscure Diseases of the Apple. zlgric. Guz. Journ. Council Ayric.,

Tas., ix, 1901, pp. 114-115.

Tasmanian Longicornes. Tus. School Journ, i, 1901, pp. 8-9.

1902,

List of Australian and Tasmanian Mordellidae, with Descriptions of New

Species. Trans. Hnt, Soc., London, 1902, pp. 1-10, pl. i-ii.

Revision of the Australian Cureulionidae belonging to the subfamily Cry p-

torhynchides, Part v. Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S. Wales, xxvii, 1902, pp.

408-442.

Notes on Some Remarkable Tasmanian Invertebrates. Papers & Proc. Roy,

Soc., Tus., 1902, pp. 81-82 (1 plate).

Descriptions of Some New Species of Australian and Tasmanian Chry-

someclidae. Rep, Ninth Meeting Austr, Assoc. Adv. Science, ix, Hobart,

Tas., 1902, pp. 384-431.

List of the Deseribed Coleoptera of Tasmania. Rep. Ninth Meeting Auslr.

Assoc. Adv. Science, ix, Hobart, Tas., 1902, pp. 482-457.

$a.

S4.

Sd.

92.

HALE—OBITUARY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ARTHUR M. LEA 419

Report on Correspondence, ete., in reference to the San Jose Scale Insect.

Agric, Guz. d& Journ. Council Agric., Las., ix, 1902, pp. 200-201,

List of the Insect Pests known to attack the Apple in Australia and Tas-

mania. Agric. Gaz. & Journ. Council Agric., Tas., ix, 1902, p. 221.

Spraying Experiments during the 1901-1902 Season. Agric. Gaz. d& Journ.

Couwneil Agric., Tus., tx, 1902, pp, 272-274.

Useful Ladybirds from Western Australia. Agric. Gaz. & Journ. Council

Agric, Tus., x, 1902, p. 36.

Mussel Seale. Agric. Gaz. & Journ. Council Ayric., Tus., x, 1902, p. 102.

Grazing in Orchards Sprayed with Poisonous Washes. Agric. Gaz. d& Journ.

Council Ayric., Tus., x, 1902, p. 119.

Remedies for Insect and Fungoid Pests of the Orchard and Farm, 38 pp.

Hobart, Couneil, Agric., Tas., 1902.

1908.

Revision of the Australian Cureulionidae belonging to the subfamily Cry p-

tovrhynehides, Part vi. Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S. Wales, xxviii, 1903, pp.

643-679.

Condemned Fruit. Agric. Guz. & Journ. Council Agrie., Tus., xi, 1903,

p. 24.

Disease of Hops. Ayrie. Gaz. & Journ. Council Agric., Tas., x1, 1903, pp.

69-70,

Grasshopper Destructive to Fruit Trees. Agirie. Gaz. & Journ, Council

Ayric., Tus., xi, 1903, pp. 70-71.

Common Karwig. Agric. Gaz. & Journ. Council Ayric., Tas., xi, 1903, pp.

145-146,

Cabbage Moth. Ayrie. Gaz, & Journ, Council Agric., Tus., xi, 1903, p. 164.

Entomology in Relation to Agriculture. Agric. Gaz. & Journ, Cownicil

Ayric., Tas., xi, 1908, pp. 275-277.

Miscellaneous Notes. Agric. Gaz. & Journ. Couneil Agrie., Tas., x1, 1903,

pp. 296-297.

Remedies for Tusect and Fungus Pests of the Orehard and Farm (Second

edition), 54 pp., 30 fig. Lobarl, Council Agric., Tus., 1903.

Common Earwig. Tus. Sehool Journ, i, June, 1908, pp. 128-150.

104,

Notes on Australian and Tasmanian Cryptoeephalides, with Descriptions

of New Species, Trans. Hut. Soe. London, 1904, pp. 329-462, pl.

XNI-XXV1,

420

93.

Hd.

vo.

96.

oT,

oS,

og.

100,

101.

102.

105,

104.

105.

LOG.

107.

108,

109,

RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Descriptions of Australian Cureulionidae, with Notes on Previously De-

seribed Species, Part ii. Trans. Roy, Soe., S. Austr, xxviii, 1904, pp.

77-134.

Descriptions of New Species of Australian Coleoptera, Part vii. Proce. Linn.

Soc., N.S. Wales, xxix, 1904, pp. 60-107, pl. iv.

On Nephuris and other Ant's Nest Beetles taken by Ma. J. 0. Goudie at

Birchip. Proc. Roy. Soc., Vie., xvii (new series), 1904, pp. 371-3885,

pl. xxvii.

Neosyagrius tue. im Froggatt, Walter W., Some Fern and Orchid Pests.

Ayrie. Guz, NS, Wales, xv, 1904, pp. 515-516, fig. 1.

Tasmamian Fruit Show. Journ. Dept. Agric., W. Austr., ix, 1904, pp.

435-438.

Useful Parasitic and Predaceous Insects. Agric. Gaz. & Journ. Council

Agric., Tas., xii, 1904, pp, 19-22.

Two Destructive Insects (JTeliothris urmigera and Agrotis munda). Agric.

Gaz. & Journ. Couneil Agric., Tas., xii, 1904, p. 36.

Fruit Flies. Agric. Gaz. & Journ. Couneil Agric., Tas., xii, 1904, pp. 61-62,

Crude Petroleum for Mussel Seale. Agric. Gaz. &G Journ. Council Agrie.,

Tas., xii, 1904, p. 90.

Codlin Moth in the United States. Agric. Gaz. & Journ. Council Aqric.,

Tas., xii, 1904, pp. 91-93.

Miscellaneous Entomological Notes. algric. Gaz. & Journ. Council Agric.

Tas., xii, 1904, p. 120.

Oil Emulsions for the Mussel Scale. Agric. Gaz. & Jon. Council Agrie.

Tas,, xii, 1904, p. 212.

Common Pests of the Garden. Agric. Gaz. d& Journ. Council Agris., Tus..

xii, 1904, pp. 241-243.

Best Twelve Varieties of Apples in Tasinania, Agric, Gaz. & Journ. Cown-

ci Agrie., Tas., xii, 1904, pp. 252-253.

1905.

Blind: Coleoptera of Australia and Tasmania. Trans. Ent. Soe., London,

1905, pp. 365-368.

Descriptions of Australian Curenlionidae, with Notes on Previously De-

seribed Species, Part iii, Trans. Roy. Soc., 8. Austr., xxix, 1905, pp.

209-236.

Revision of the Curewionidae belonging to the subfamily Cryptorhynchides,

Part vil. Proe. Linn. Soe. NuS. Wales, xxx, 1905, pp. 235-258.

110.

11.

112.

118.

114.

115,

118.

119,

120.

121.

122

123.

124,

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Light Brown Apple Moth. Agric. Gaz. & Journ, Council Agric., Tas.,

xili, 1905, p. 38.

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ei Agric, Tas., xiii, 1905, pp. 64-65.

Pests of the Potato. Agric. Gaz. & Journ. Couneil Agric., Tas., xiii, 1905,

pp. 186-137.

Notes on Plaut-attacking Weevils and on Snails and Slugs. Agvrie. Gaz. and

Journ, Couneil Agric, Tas., xiii, 1905, p. 258, also Depl. Agiie. ened

Stockh, Tas., Bill, 6, 1905, pp, 1-8 (seven fig.).

1906.

Notes on the Genus Leptops, with Deseriptions of New Species. Ann. de la

Soc. Hint. de Belgique, 1, 1906, pp. 813-854,

Descriptions of Australian Curculionidae, with Notes on Previously De-

seribed Speeies, Part iv. Trans. Roy, Soe. S. Austr., xxx. 1906, pp.

71-103.

Deseriptions of New Species of Australian Coleoptera, Part viii. Proe.

Linn, Soc, NS. Wales, xxxi, 1906, pp. 195-227, pl. xviii.

' Descriptions of New Species of Lomuptera (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, sub-

family Cetonides). Proc. Linn, Soe., NS. Wales, xxxi, 1906, pp. 561-563.

Kigures for, Sloane, Thomas G., Revision of the Cicindelidae of Australia.

Proc, Linn. Soe., Nw, Wales, xxxi, 1906, pl. xxy-xxxi,

Notes on Some Stunmmer Beetles and Two Leaf-attacking Flies. Agrie.

Gaz. & Journ. Couneil Agric., Tus., xiv, 1906, p. 34; also Dept. Ayriec.

and Stock, Tas., Bull. 9, 1906, pp. 1-7 (4 fig.).

Notes on Certain Beetles of the family Staphylinidae, Agric. Gaz. & Journ

Couneil Agric., Tas., xiv, 1906, p. 69; also Dept. Agric. &@ Stock, Tas.

Bull. 10, 1906, pp. 1-7 (2 fies),

Spraying Experiments against the Mussel Seale. Agric, Gaz. & Journ,

Couwneil Ayric., Tas., xiv, 1906, p. 98; also Dept. Agric, & Stack, Tas.

Bull. 11, 1906, pp. 1-6.

Animal Parasites and Domestic Insects, Part i. Agric. Guz. & Journ.

Council Agric, Tas., xiv, 1906, p. 277.

Animal Parasites and Domestic Inseets, Part ii. Agric. Gaz. & Journ.

Council Agric., Tas., xiv, 1906, pp. 298-297,

1907.

Catalogue of Australian and Tasmanian Byrrhidae, with Deseriptions of

New Species. Trans. Hut, Sov., Loudon, W907, pp. 185-146,

1a2.

133,

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135.

139.

140,

RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Notes on the Genus Lemidia, with Deseriptions of New Species. Ann. de la

Descriptions of Australian Curculionidae, with Notes on Previously De-

seribed Species, Part v. Trans, Roy. Soc., 8. Aust, xxxi, 1907, pp.

129-168.

Revision of the Australian Curenlionidae belonging to the subfamily Cryp-

forhynehides (Coleoptera), Part vill, Proe. Linn. Sac., N.S. Wales,

xxxil, 1907, pp. 400-428.

Tussock Moth or Hairy Caterpillar of the Apple. Agric., Gaz, & Journ.

Cowneil Agric, Tas., xv, L907, pp. 38-39.

Pear Mite. Agric. Guz. d& Journ. Cowneil Agric, Tas. xv, W907, pp. 58-59.

Destructive Root Mite. Agrie. Gas, & Jown. Council Agrie., Tus., xv,

1907, p. 108.

Insect and Fungus Pests of fhe Orehard and Farm. Agric. Gor. & Jown,

Council Agric., Tas., xv, 1907, pp, 187-189, 218-219, 248-24, 264-271,

285-289.

Report of the Government Entomologist for 1906-7. Agric. Guz. & Journ.

Council Ainie., Tas., xv, 1907, p. 283,

Coceidae: A Family of Remarkable Insects. Tos. Nut., i, 1, 1907, pp. 1-4,

fie. A—H.

On a New and Remarkable Genus of Blind Beetles from Australia and

Tasmania of the fawily Trichopterygidac. Tas. Nut., i, 3, WOT, pp. 14-16.

1908,

Notes on Australian Curculionidae in the Belgium Museum, with Deserip-

lions of New Species, Part i. Mem. de la Soe. Ent. de Belgique, xvi,

1908, pp. 127-186.

Descriptions of Australian Curenlionidae, with Descriptions of New Species,

Part vi. Trans. Hoy. Soc., 8S, Austy,, xxxii, 1908, pp. 203-251.

Revision of the Australian Curentionidae belonging to the subfamity Cryp-

torhynchides (Coleoptera), Part ix. Proc. Linn. Soc, N.S. Wales, xxiii,

1908, pp, 701-732.

Coleoptera of King Island, Bass Strait. Proc. Roy. Soc., Vie. xx (ew

series), 1908, pp. 143-207,

Insect and Fungus Pests of the Orehard and Farm. Aygrie. Gaz. & Journ.

Council Agric., Tas., xvi, 1908, pp. 18-16, 41-48, 57-59, 86-88, 108-112.

Spraying Experiments against Black Spot. Agric, Gaz. & Journ. Council

Agric., Tas., xvi, 1908, pp. 157-159.

141.

142.

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145,

146,

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Report of the Government Entomologist, 1907-8. Agrie. Gaz. & Journ.

Council Ayric., Tas., xvi, 1908, p. 211.

Tnsect and Fungus Pests of the Orehard and Farm (Third edition), 176 pp.

64 fig, Mobart, Council Agric., Tas., 1908.

Call Worm of Potatoes, 1p. MTobart, Cawneil Ayrie., Tus., 1908.

Proelaimed Diseases of the Apple, Pear, and Potato, 10 pp. Hobarl, Coun-

ell Ayrie., Tus., 1908,

1909.

Revision of the Australian and Tasmanian Malacodermidae. Trans. Ent,

Noe., London, 1909, pp. 45-242, pl. ii-vi.

Descriptions of Australian Curculionidae, with Notes on Previously De-

seribed Species, Part vii. Trans. Roy. Soc., 8. Austr, xxxiii, 1909, pp.

145-196.

Revision of the Australian Curculionidae belonging to the subfamily Cryp-

torhynehides (Coleoptera), Part x. Proe. Linn, Soe, N.S, Wales, xxxiv,

1909, pp. 593-635,

On Australian and ‘Tasmanian Coleoptera, with Descriptions of New

Species, Part i. Proc. Ray. Soec., Vie. xxii (new series), 1909, pp.

113-152, pl. xxx.

Curculionidae from various parts of Australia, Mitteilungen aus deni

Naturhistorischen Museu, Hamburg, xxvi, 1909, pp. 193-203.

Cureulionidac, Die Fauna Sudwest-Australiens, ii, 1909, pp. 215-232.

Curculionidae, subfam, Belinae, 1, Belinae D’OQcveanie. Genera Tisectorum

(Brussels), 91me, fascicule, Coleoptera, Priv. Pr. 5, xxxv, 1909, pp, 1-9,

fie. 1-12.

Root Trouble with Peas. Agric. Gaz. & Jowrn. Council Agrvic., Tas., xvii,

109, pp. 17-18.

Insects of Tasmania. Agric. Gaz. & Journ. Council Agriec., Tas., xvii, L909,

p. 32.

Hop Disease, Agric. Gaz, & Journ, Council Agvic., Tas,, xvii, 1909, p. 34.

Oat-destroving Insect. Agric. Gaz. & Journ, Couneil Ayric., Tus., xvii,

1909, pp. 125-126.

3rown Rust, Brown Rot, Brown Spot, or Dry Rot of the Potato. Agric.

Gaz. & Journ, Council Agric., Tas., xvii, 1909, pp. 155-157; also Dept,

Agric. & Stock, Tas., Bull. 1A, pp. 1-7 (8 fie).

Some Secondary Pests of the Potato, Agric. Gaz, & Journ, Council Agrie.,

Tas., xvii, 1909, pp. 273-274.

Irish Potato Blight (Phytophthora infestans), 1p. IMobart, Council Agric.,

Tus,, 1909.

161.

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174,

RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

1910.

On « New Genus of Stylopidae from Australia. Trans. Ent. Soc., London,

1910, pp. 514-516, pL Ixyi.

Notes on Australian Curculionidae in the Collection of the German Hntom-

ological National Musewn of Berlin, Part i. Deulsche Ent. Zeitschr,,

Berlin, 1910, pp. 158-172.

Notes on Australian Cureulionidae in the Collection of the German Entom-

ological National Museum of Berlin, Part ii, Deulsehe Ent, Zeitschr.,

Berlin, 1910, pp. 505-526.

Descriptions of Australian Cureulionidae, with Notes on Previously De-

seribed Species, Part viii, Trans. Roy. Soe., 8S. Austr, xxxiv, 1910,

pp. 18-58.

Australian and Tasmanian Pselaphidae (Coleoptera). Proce. Linn. Soe.,

N.S. Wales, xxxv, 1910, pp. 691-772, pl. xxi.

Australian and Tasmanian Coleoptera Inhabiting or Resorting to the Nests

of Ants, Bees, and Termites. Proce, Ray. Soc., Vie,, xxiii (mew series),

1910, pp. 116-230, pl. xxv-xxvil.

On some Pselaphidae of the Howitt Collection. Proc. Roy. Soc., Vie., xxiii

(new series), 1910, pp. 8-14.

Notes on the Genus Lissotes, with Descriptions of New Species. Papers ond

Proce. Roy. Soc., Tas., 1910, pp. 846-366, pl. viti-ix.

Slender Grey Weevil (Belus ursus n. sp.) in Froggatt, Walter W., Tusects

which Damage Saltbush. Agric. Gaz., N.S. Wales, xxi, 1910, p. 469.

Report of the Goyernment Entomologist. Agric. Gaz. & Journ. Council

Agric., Tus., xviii, 1910, pp. 277-278.

Insects of Tasmania, Part i. Jas. Naé., ii, 8, 1910, pp. 4451.

On Some Tasmanian Cave-inhabiting Beetles. Tas. Nait., ii, 3, 1910, pp.

55-58,

Guests of Ants, Bees, and Termites. Wie. Nat., xxvil, 1910, pp. 50-56.

Insects of Mosses and Tussoeks. Geelong Nat., Sept., 1910, 5 pp.

1911,

Notes on Australian Curenhonidae in the Berlin Museum, with Deserip-

tions of New Species. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Musewm in

Berlin, v, 2, 1911, pp. 177-201.

Notes on Australian Curveulionidae in the Belgium Museum, with Deserip-

tions of New Species, Part ii, Mem. de la Soe, Ent. de Belgiqite, xviii,

1911, pp. 61-128.

182.

183.

184.

186,

188,

189.

HALE—-OBITUARY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ARTHUR M. LEA 425

Deseriptions of Australian Curculionidae, with Notes on Previously De-

s¢ribed Speeies, Part ix. Trans. Roy Soc, 8. Austr, xxxv, 111, pp.

62-88.

Descriptions of New Species of Australian Coleoptera, Part ix, Proe. Linn.

Soc., NWS, Wales, xxxvi, 1911, pp. 426-478, pl. xvii.

On a New Australian Genus of Phoridae Associated with Termites. Proce,

Roy. Soc., Vie. xxiv (new series), 1911, pp. 76-77, pl. xxiv.

Barley Grub. Agric. Gaz, Tas., xix, 1911, pp. 17-21.

Delayed Emergenee of Codlin Moth. Agric. Gaz., Tas., xix, 1911, p. 24.

Irish Blight. Agric. Gaz., Tas., xix, 1911, pp. 857-871; also Depl. Agric.

and Stock, Tas., Bull. 24, 1911, pp. 1-20 (15 fig. ).

Minute but Useful Ladybird Beetle, slgric. Gaz., Tas., xix, 1911, p, 64,

1912,

Late Rev, Canon Thomas Blackburn, BOA., and his Entomological Work

(with portrait), Trans. Roy. Soc, S. Austr, xxxvi, 1912, pp. v-xl.

Deseriptions of Australian Curculionidae, with Notes om Previously De-

seribed Species, Part x. Trans. Roy, Soc. S. Austr, xxxvi, 1912, pp.

76-139).

Australian and Tasmanian Coleoptera Inhabiting or Resorting to the Nests

of Ants, Bees, and Termites, (Supplement.) Proce. Roy. Soe., Vie,

Xxv (1mw series), 1912, pp. 31-78, pl. iL

Revision of the Australian Curculionidae belonging to the subfamily Cry p-

torhyuchides, Part xi, Proce. Linn, Soe. NaS. Wales, xxxvii, 1912, pp.

602-616,

Ona new Lhytiphere inthe National Maseum, Melbourne. Men. Nat, Mus.,

Melb., 4, 1912, pp. 83-85.

1913,

Notes on Cryptorhynchides (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in the South Aus-

tralian Museum, with Descriptions of New Species. Trans, Roy. Soc.,

S. Austr, xxxvii, 1918, pp. 182-500.

Descriptions of Australian Curculionidae, with Notes on Previously De»

seribed Species, Part xi. Trans. Roy. Soe., S. Austr, xxxvii, 1913,

pp. 801-445.

Revision of the Australian Curculionidae belonging to the subfamily Cryp-

torhynehides (Coleoptera), Part xii. Proce. Linn. Soe, NS. Wales,

Nxxvill, LILS, pp. 491-489,

+26

190.

191.

192,

193.

14,

196.

197,

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Wo,

200,

201.

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RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Qn Australian and Tasmanian Coleoptera, with Descriptions of New

Species, Part ii. Proc. Roy. Soe., Vie. xxvi (new series), 1913, pp.

211-225, pl. xxii.

1914.

Notes on Australian Cetonides, with a List of Species and Deseriptions of

New Species. Trans. toy. Soe. S. Austr, xxxvill, 1914, pp. 132-218,

pl. vi-xiii.

Notes on Some Miscellaneous Coleoptera, with Deseriptions of New Species,

Parti. Trans. Roy. Soc., S. Auste., xxxviii, 114, pp, 249-844, pl. xvi.

Seieutifie Notes on an Expedition into the Interior of Australia, carried out

by Captain S. A. White, M.B.O.1., from July to October, 1913,

(7) Stomaeh Contents of Birds. Trans, Roy, Suc., S. Austre., xxxvili,

1914, pp. 489-440.

Scientific Notes on an Expedition into the Interior of Australia, carried out

by Captain S. A. White, M.B.0O.U., from July te October, 1913.

(7) Insecta: Coleoptera, Trans. Roy. Soe., 8. Auste., xxxvili, 1914, pp,

448-454.

Descriptions of New Species of Australian Coleoptera, Part x. Proe. Linn,

Suc., NS. Wales, xxxix, 1914, pp. 650-694, pl. Ixxvi.

Notes on Australian and Tasmanian Seydmaenidae, with Deseriptions of

New Species. Proce, Ray, Soe., Vie. xxvii (ew series), 1914, pp. 198-231,

1915.

On Some Anstralian Malacodermidae and Curenlionidae Colleeted by Mr.

G, BE. Bryant, Part i. Ann. May. Nat. Hist. (8), xv. 1915, pp. 389-421.

On Some Australian Malacodermicdae and Curculionidae Collected by My,

G. E, Bryant, Part ii. Ann. May. Nat. Hist. (8), xv. 1915, pp. 452-481.

An Inseet-catehing Grass. Trans. Roy. Soc., S. Austy., xxxix, 1915, pp.

92-93, pl. ix.

Notes on Australian Kumolpides (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), with De-

scriptions of New Speeies, Trans, Roy. Sac. S. Austr, xxxix, 1915,

pp. 102-839, pl. v-vili.

Scientific Notes on an Expedition into the North-western Regions of South

Australia. (e) Stomach contents of Birds. Trans. Roy. Soe. S. Austr,

xxxix, 1915, pp. 760-766,

Scientifie Notes on an Expedition into the North-western Regions of South

Australia. (7) Inseeta: Coleoptera. Trans. Roy. Soc. 8. Austr, xxxix,

1915, pp. 793-801,

208.

204.

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209.

210,

HALE—OBITUARY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ARTHUR M. LEA 427

Deseriptions of New Species of Australian Coleoptera, Part xi. Proce. Linn.

NSoc,, NAS. Wales, xl, 1915, pp. 490-521, pl. xbviii.

1916.

Notes on the Lord Tlowe Island Phasima, and on an associated longieorn

Beetle, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr, xl, 1916, pp. 145-147, pl. xi-xvii.

Notes on Some MisecHaneous Coleoptera, with Descriptions of New Species,

Part ii. Trans. Roy. Soc. 8. Aust., xl, 1916, pp. 272-486, pl. xxxii-xxxix,

Deseriptions of New Species of Australian Coleoptera, Part xii. Prov. Linn.

Soc., NUS. Wales, xi, 1916, pp. 720-745.

1917,

Notes on Some Miscellaneous Coleoptera, with Descriptions of New Species,

Part ui. Trans, Roy, Sve. So Auste., xh, 1917, pp. 121-821, pl. xiiaxy.

Results of the South Australian Museum Expedition to Strzeleeki andl

Cooper Creeks, September and October, 1916. (7) Stomach Contents of

Birds. Trans, Roy. Soc. S. Aste, xli, 1917, pp. 466-468.

Results of the South Australian Museum Expedition to Strzeleeki and

Cooper Creeks, September and October, 1916. (nn) Insecta, Trans. Roy,

Soc, S. Awste., xi, 1917, pp. 489-630, pl. xxxiii-xxxvii.

Descriptions of New Species of Australian Coleoptera, Part xiii. Pree,

Linn, Soe., NS, Wales, xiii, 1917, pp. 545-582, pl. xxix.

1918,

On Australian Coleoptera, Part i, Ree. 8. Auster. Mas,, 1, 1918, pp. 83-104,

pl. ix.

Notes on Some Miscellaneous Coleoptera, with Deseriptions of New Species,

Deseriptions of New Species of Australian Coleoptera, Part xiv. Proe.

Linn, Sac, NS. Wales, xliit, 19178, pp. 715-746.

11),

Notes on Some Miscellaneous Coleoptera, with Descriptions of New Species,

Part v. Trans, Ray. Soc., 8. Austr, xliii, 1919, pp. 166-261, pl. xxy-xxvii.

Deseriptions of New Species of Australian Coleoptera, Part xv, Prue. Linn,

Soe, NS. Wales, xliv, 1919, pp. 735-760,

Citriphaga, w.@., in Froggatt, W. W., Native Lime-tree Borer, Agric. Gaz

NUS. Wales, xxx, 1919, pp. 265-267, fig. 4,

219,

22),

oyeye

==).

au.

RECORDS OF THE S.A, MUSEUM

1920.

On Australian Coleoptera, Part ii, Ree. S. Austr. Mus., 1, 1920, pp. 278-290,

pl. xxxii,

On Ditropidus and Allied Genera (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Trans.

Roy. Soc, S. Austr., xliv, 1920, pp. 218-256,

Descriptions of New Species of Australian Coleoptera, Part xvi. Pree.

Linn. Soe., NWS, Wales, xly, 1920, pp. 3875-403.

Deseription of New Staphylinid Beetle from Maeqnarie Is. (/omalinm

vuriipenne). Austr, Ant. Exped, 1911-1914, Se. Rep., series C, v, 3,

1920, The Inseets of Maequarie Is., App. B., pp, 80-31, fig. 11-12 (‘Til

vari).

Farmers’ Friend. Hdae. Gaz. 8S. Austr, 1920, pp, 120-121.

1921.

On Australian Coleoptera, Part iii. Jtec. S. Austr. Mus., 1, 1921, pp. 881-410.

On Australian Coleoptera of the family Malacodermidae. Trans, Roy. Soc.,

NS. Austr, xlv, 1921, pp. 40-135.

Deseriptious of New Species of Australian Coleoptera, Part xvii. Proe.

Linn, Soe., NWS. Wales, xlvi, 1921, pp. 391-869 (one text figure).

On Coleoptera mostly from Queensland. Mem, Qld. Mus., vii, 1921, pp.

182-240, pl. xiii.

On some Australian Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) in the British Mausemm.

Trans. Ent. Soe., Loudon, 1921, pp, 260-267.

1922.

On Australian Coleoptera, Part iv. Ree. S. Aust. Mus., ii, 1922, pp.

271-808, pl. iv, text fig. 337.

Flora and Fauna of Nuyt’s Archipelago and the Investigator Group, No. +

—Coleoptera. Trans. Moy, Soc., 8. Auistr., slvi, 1922. pp. 299-808, pl, xii,

On Australian Anthicidae (Coleoptera). Proe, Linn. Soe., N.S. Wales,

xIvii, 1922, pp. 471-412.

Results of Dr. E. Mjobere’s Swedish Seientifie Expeditions to Australia.

1910-1918, 26. Cryptophagidae, (teujidae, Malacodermidae, Melan-

dryidae, Mordellidae, Rhipidophoridae, and Oedemeridae, Arkiv. far

Zooloyi, Stockholin, Band 14, No. 11, 1922, pp. 1-21, fig. 1-10.

Lucerne Flea. Journ, Agric., 8. Austr., xxvi, 1922, pp. 428-426.

One Year's Food of an Owl near Adelaide. Journ. Agrie., S. clustr., xxv,

1922, pp. 988-943,

236,

240,

241,

v42

243,

244.

245.

246,

247.

HALE —OBITUARY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ARTHUR M. LEA 429

1923.

Australian Dung Beetles of the subfamily Coprides. Ree. S. Austr. Mus.,

ii, 1923, pp. 353-396, pl. vi-ix.

On Australian Staphylinidae (Coleoptera), Part 1. Trans. Roy, Soue., 8.

Austr, xlvii, 1923, pp. 1-53,

Klora and Fauna of Nuyt’s Archipelago and the Investigator Group, No. 11,

The Coleoptera of Pearson Is. Trans. Roy. Soc., S. Austr., xlvii, 1923,

pp. 855-360, pl. xxxi,

Flora and Fauna of Nuyt’s Archipelago and the Iivestigator Group, No. 12,

Stomach Contents of Pearson Islaud Birds. Trans. Roy, Sve. S. Austr.,

xlvii, 1923, p. 361,

On some Australian Galerucides (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Proce. Linn.

Soc., NWS. Wales, xlviti, 1928, pp. 519-575 (60 text figures).

On Australian Aphodiides (Coleoptera). Proc. Roy. Soe., Vie. Xxxvi (new

series), 1923, pp. 1-20.

A Large South Australian Liseet (Vropideres childrent). S. lustre. Nut,

iv., 19238, p. 104, fig, 2.

1924,

On Australian Histeridae (Coleoptera). Trans, Hut. Soc., London, 1924,

pp. 289-264, pl, xxxviii,

On Australian Coleoptera, Part y. fice. S. Austr. Mus., ii, 1924, pp. 923-545,

pl. XXXVII-XXXVIii.

On Australian Anebiides (Coleoptera). Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Austr, xbviii,

124, pp. 15-64.

On some Australian Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera), Prac. Linu. Soe. N.S,

Wales, xlix, 1924, pp. 283-312 (nineteen text fig. ).

Australian Species of Aulacophora (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Mem.

Qld. Mus., vili, 1924, pp. 45-52.

Insects. Austr. Assoc. Adv. Science, xvii, Adelaide, S. Austr., 1924, Mand-

book of South Australia.

Introduction of Useful Insects. Journ, Depl, Agric, Miji, 24, pp. 10-15

1925.

tesults of Dr. BE. Mjoberg’s Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia,

1910-1913. 42. Tisteridae. Arkiv. for Zooloyi, Stockholm, Baud 17a,

No. 17, 1925, pp. 1-3.

430

248,

249),

250,

25]

Bab.

261.

262.

263.

RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Notes on some Caleareous Insect Puparia, Mee. S. Austr. Mus., iit, 1925,

pp. 35-86, pl. i.

On Australian Staphylinidae (Coleoptera), Part ii. Trans. Roy, Sve, 8.

Austr., xlix, 1925, pp. 213-253,

Descriptions of New Species of Australian Coleoptera, Part xvii. L’roe.

Linn. Soc., NS. Wales, 1, 1925, pp. 414-481.

On some New Australian Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera), Prue. Roy. Sue.,

Vie., XXXViL (new series), 1925, pp. 1-17.

1926.

On some Australian Coleoptera Collected by Charles Darwin during the

voyave of the ‘Beagle.’ Trans. Ent. Sve., London, 1926, pp. 279-288.

On the Genus Mandalotus (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Ree. S. Ausle.

Mus., ui, 1926, pp. 147-198.

Notes on some Miscellaneous Coleoptera, with Descriptions of New Species,

Part vi. Trans. Roy. Soe. 8. Austy., l, 1926, pp. 45-84.

On some Australian Cureudionidae, Proc. Liu. Soc.. NS. Wales, li, 1926,

pp. 327-362.

Australian Curculionidae of the subfamily Gonipterides. Proc, Roy. Sue.,

Vie., Xxxix (uew series), 1926, pp. 76-112,

Black Cicada or Red-eye (Psalfoda mucrens Germu.). S. Austr. Nat. vii,

1926, pp. 39-41, fig. 1-5 (plate).

1927.

On Two New Species of Otiorhynehini from Australia in Wissenschattliche

Ergebnisse der Bearbeitune der Coleopteren—Sammbhing von Franklin

Muller (Bietrag iv). Hntomologische Mitterhoiyen, xvi, 2, 1927, pp.

129-150.

Descriptions of New Staphylinidae trom Fiji, Mee S, Austr. Mus., iti, 1927,

pp. 275-278.

Ona New Genus of Water-beetles (Dytiscidae). dee, S. austere. Mus... iii,

1927, pp. 279-281, fig. 106.

On New Species of Hneplesis (Cuventionidae). Trans, Ray. Sue. S. Austr.,

li, 1927, pp. 93-122.

Clawless and Apparently Clawless Curculionidae of Australia. Tres. Roy.

Soc., S. Austr., li, 1927, pp. 144-168.

Descriptions of New Species of Australian Coleoptera, Part xix. Pree.

Linn, Soc., NWS. Wales, lit, 1927, pp. 354-377,

204,

260.

266.

267.

268.

269,

HALE—OBITUARY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ARTITUR M. LEA 431

On Storeus, Lmeplesis, and other Curculionidae, mostly from Queensland,

Mem, Qld. Mus., ix, 1927, pp. 35-62 (fig. 1-3).

South Australian Plant Weevils. Jowrn. Agric, S. Austr, xxx, W927, pp.

OS2-5Y8,

1928,

Cryptorhynchides (Curculionidae) mosthy from Australia, Ree, 8. Austr.

Mus., v., 1928, pp. 49-90.

Australian Cureutionidae of the subfamilies Taplonyeides and Cryptorhyn-

chides. Trans. Roy, Soc. 8. Austr, lii, 1928, pp. 95-164, pl. vii-ix.

New Spevies of Australian Krirhinides (Cureulionidae). Prec. Linn. Soe.

N.S. Wales, lil, 1928, pp. 875-396.

Cotton Bollworm in South Australia. Jowen, clgric., So ALuste., xxi, 1928,

pp. 608-615.

129,

Notes on the Colcopterous genus cliepagia (Curealionidae), with Deserip-

tions of New Species. Trans, Ent. Soe., London, 1929, pp. 185-194,

pl. xvi,

Notes on some Miscellaneous Coleoptera, with Descriptions of New Species,

Part vii. Trans, Noy. Soc. S. Austr, iii, 1929. pp. 208-244 (5 text fie).

Deseriptions of New Species of Australian Coleoptera, Part xx, Prue, Linn.

Soc, NS. Wales, liv, 1929, pp. 519-549 (8 text fig.).

On Coleoptera, mostly from Queensland, Mem. Qld. Mus., ix, 129, pp.

430-463.

1930.

On Australian Coleoptera, Part vi. Ree. S. Austr. Mus., iv, 1950, pp.

243-273, fie. 1.

On some Coleoptera from Northern Australia, Collected by Dr. TH. Basedaw.

Trans. Roy. Soc., 8. Aust, liv, 1980, pp. 145-154 (1 text fie).

Deseriptions of New Species of Australian Coleoptera, Part xxi. Proe.

Linn. Soe., NS. Wales, ly, 1930, pp. 451-467.

1981.

On some Mordellidae from New Guinea and Fiji. Trans. Wnt. Soe., London,

Ixxix, 1931, pp. 311-821 (21 text fig.).

Australasian Coleoptera, Rec. S. Austr. Mits., iv, 1931, pp. 865-408, fie. 1-2.

Notes on some Miscellaneous Coleoptera, with Descriptions of New Species,

Part vill, Trans. Roy. Soc., 8S. Austy., lv, 1931, pp. 39-54 (52 text fie).

432 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

280. On Baridiinae (Curculionidae), mostly from New Guinea. Proc. Linn.

Soc., N.S. Wales, lvi, 1931, pp. 139-171 (37 text fig.).

1932.

281. Phalacridae (Coleoptera) of Australia and New Guinea. Rec. S. Austr.

Mus., iv, 1932, pp. 483-481, fig. 1-140.

THE PHALACRIDAE (COLEOPTERA) OF AUSTRALIA

AND NEW GUINEA

BY THE LATE ARTHUR M. LEA, F.E.S.

Summary

The family Phalacridae is abundantly represented in Australia and New Guinea, although

comparatively few species have been recorded from the former country and not one from

the latter. It has also not been recorded from Fiyi or New Zealand. Major Brown

apparently had no specimen of it from the latter country, and Mr. A. E. Brookes writes

that it is unknown to him from there also, even Phalacrus fimetarius apparently not yet

having been introduced.

In Masters’ Catalogue only one species of the family, Litochrus brunneus Er., was

recorded as Australian ; a few records were made by Champion and Guillebeau, but most

of the species were named by Blackburn, in the Transactions of the Royal Society of

South Australia for 1891 (including notes on the family), 1892, 1893, 1895 (including

notes on the family and a table of genera), 1899, 1902, and 1903.

THe PHALACRIDAE (COLEOPTERA) or AUSTRALIA

AnD NEW GUINEA

By tre Lark ARTHUR M. LEA, FLIES,

Fig. 1-140.

Tie family Phalacridae is abundantly represented in Australia and New Guinea,

although comparatively few species have been recorded from the former country

and not one from the latter, LH has also not been recorded from Fiji or New

Zealand. Major Broun apparently had no speeimen of it from the latter coun-

try, and Mr. A. E,. Brookes writes that it is unknown to him from there also,

even Phalacrus fimetarius apparently not yet haying been introduced.

In Masters’ Catalogue ouly one species of the family, Lilochrus brunneus

Er, was recorded as Australian; a few records were made by Champion aul

Ciullebean, but most of the species were named by Blackburn, in the Transactions

of the Royal Society of South Australia for 1891 (inehiding notes on the family ),

1892, 1803, 1895 (including notes on the family and a table of genera), 1899,

102, and 1903. In Junk’s Coleopterorum Catalogue, Part 108, A. Hetsehko

deals with the family from all parts of the world. Many additional localities

and some synonymy can now be recorded, but the previous Australian records

(all of Blackburn’s are from the Transactions quoted) are as follows:

Prarackus Payk., Fauna Snee., L11, 1800, p. 438; Cat., p. 4.

BURRUNDIENSIS Blaekb,, 1891, p. 101; Champ., Ent. Mo. Mag, LX, 1924, p. 237,

Ann. May. Nat. Hist. (9). xv, 1925, p. 39. N.A,

lineopunclatus Guilleb., Ann. Soe, But. Bele, xxxviii, 1894, p. 458: Cat.,

p. 9. India, Java, and Burmah.

MIMETARIUS FL, Syst. Mnt., 1774, p, 6X. Europe, Africa, Asia.

corruscus Pang, Fauna Germ., 1797, No. 10; Blaekb., 1891, p. 100. S.AL, V

(cormimus Guilleb., recorded by Champion, Ent. Mo. Mag., 1924, p. 287, as Aus-

tralian, was later, Ann, and Mag, Nat. Hist., 1925, xvi (9), p. 605, noted

as not Australian. )

(wuifornes described by Blackburn as a Lilochrus and removed to Parasenus,

was reeorded by Champion, wider the erroneous name of weicolor, as a

Phalacrus.)

434 REcoRDS oF THE S.A. MUSEUM

PuavacriNus Blackb., 1891, p. 99, table, 1902, p. 298; Guilleb.,

Ann, Soe. Ent. Fr., 1895, Bull, p. xxvi; Cat., p. 12.

ausrrauis Blackb., 1891, p. 99; Guilleb., /.c. S.A.

comis Blaekb., 1895, p. 215, 1902, p. 298. V~., T.

comprussus Blackb., 1902, p. 297. N.S. W.

NavicuLarts Blaekb., 1902, p, 298. V.

norabinis Blackb,, 1895, p. 214. ().

var. dilutior Blackb., le. p. 214. Q).

oprusus Blackb., 1891, p. 100; Guilleb., /e.: Champ., Ann. Mag. Nat. List., (9),

xv, 1925, p. 36, fig. 1, de. S.A.

rotuNbus Blaekb., 1891, p. 100; Guilleb., le. S.A.

umpratus Blackb., 1902, p. 297. N.S.W., WA.

Livocurus Br. Naturg. Ins. Deutseli., 1845, p. 108; Blackb., tables, 1895,

p. 209, 1902, p. 294; Cat., p. 15.

ALTERNANS Blackb., 1891, p. 95. V.

BACCAEKORMIS Blaekb., 1902, p, 293. N.S.W.

pRUNNEUS Hr. (Phalacrus), Wiegm. Arch., 1842, p. 239; Blackb., 1891, p. 4,

1895, p. 206, 1902, p. 293; Guilleb,, Ann, Soe, Ent. Fr., 1894, p. 205, LN

coLoRaTUS Blackb., 1895, p. 207, 1902, p. 298. Q.

consors Blackb., 1898, p. 295. ().

rriaipus Blaekb., 1891, p. 97. V.

KOEBELEL Blackb., 1895, p. 208. N.S.W.

LApTicuLUS Blaekb., 1891, p. 99. V.

Laurus Blaekb., 1902, p. 290, NN.W.

macuLatus Blaekb., 1891, p. 96. S.A.

maAgor Blackb., 1891, p. 97, 1895, p. 208. S.A.

maritimus Blackb., 1903, p. 111, V.

opscurIcoLuis Blaekb., 1902, p, 202. N.S.W.

PALMBRSTONI Blackb., 1891, p. 99. N.A,

perparvus Blackb., 1902, p. 291. V.

puaaiatrus Blaekb., 1902, p. 289. N.S.W.

sparsus Blackb., 1902, p. 290. Vv.

SYDNEYENSIS Blackh.. 1892, p. 26. N.S. W.

yinerus Blaekb., 1895, p. 208. ().

Merosractius Guilleb., Ann. Soe. Ent. Fr., Ixiv, 1895; Bull. p. xxvi;

Cat., p. 16.

AMABILIS Guilleb., Lc., 1894, p. 296 (Mirromerus); Blackb., 1902, p. 293.

Australia,

LeA— THE PHALACRIDAE OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW GUINEA 435

Hererourrus Guilleb,, Ann, Soe, Ent, Fr., 1893, p. 275, 1894, p. 280;

Cat., p. 17.

PHORACICUS Fleut., 1587, p. 61 (Olibrus), 1893, p. 376. India, ete.

var. noleroides Blackb. (Litochrus), 1895, p. 208, 1902, p. 203; Champ., Ent.

Mo. Mag., 1924, p. 259; Ann. Mag. Nat. Ilist. (9), xv, 1925, p. 39, note.

N.A.

var, pulchellus Blaekb. (Litachrus), 1895, p. 207, 1902, p. 298; Champ., Ent,

Mo. May., 1924, p. 239. ().

ParaAsemus Guilleb., Ann. Soe. Ent. Wv., 1894, p. 281, 300; Blaekb., 1895.

p. 210, table, p. 214, 1902, p. 295; Cat., p. 31.

ApuMBRATUS Blackb., 1902, p. 206. NAW.

ALPICOLA Blackb., 1891, p. 98. V.

comes Blackh,, 1895, p. 212. ().

piscombeus Blackb., 1895, p. 211. Q.

poctus Blackb., 1895, p, 212. NSW.

GROUVELLEL Guulleb., Ann, Soe, Ent, r., 1894, p. 300. Australia

INTERNATUS Blackb., 1895, p. 213. S.A,

LAaruRALIS Blaekb., 1891, p. 97. S.A.

MITCHELL Blackh., 1899, p. 24, ).

mopmstus Blaekb., 1895, p. 212, ().

opsoLEerus Blackb., 1899, p. 213, Q.

paLLipus Blaekb,, 1902, p. 297. N.S.W.

suTuRELLUS Blackb., 1891, p. 96 (Litochrus). W.A.

rornipus Blaekb., 1895, p. 217. Q).

UNIFORMIS Blaekb., 1891, p. 98. S.A.

vicroripNsis Blaekb., 1891, p. 101 (Olibrus), 1895, p. 211. V..

Specimens of the family may commonly be taken in abundance by beating’

flowers and shrubs over an inverted umbrella. They may also be obtained from

drying ferns, from moss, and occasionally by sieving fallen leaves; many speei-

mens are also attracted to lights in the tropies.

The species of Phalucrinus may often be beaten into the umbrella in enormous

numbers from drying branches of recently felled cuealyptus trees. Rust galls

(Uromycladuon spp.) often harbour large numbers of Phealacrus fimelarnes.

Being small, and seldom with distinctive markings, they are frequently passed

over by collectors.

~T examined all Blackburn’s types, before sending them to the British

436 REcorRDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Museum, so was able to identify with certainty many of the species named by

him; most of the species were alsy represented by cotypes and other authentic

specimens in the South Australian Musetum or in my own collection,

Blackburn did uot use the tibiae in his generie table; had he done so he

would no doubt have associated Phalucrinus with Phalacrus. The projection

ot the intercoxal process of the mesosternant varies aecording to the angles in

which the coxae and femora are placed with it; on a specimen of Lifechrius lony-

Jarsis the middle leas ave level with the process, which searcely projeets beyond

the coxae; on another specimen of the same species the lees are sloping at an

angle of 45°, and the process appears to prajeet considerably beyoud them. |

was tnable 10 recownize with certainty Werebrachys and Meferolitus, which may

be amongst the species referred hy Blackburn and myself to Litechrus, but the

other geneva may be distinguished as follows:

a. Lind tibiae with apical fringe only.

}b. Seutellum wuch larger than in other genera .. PHALAGRTS.

bb. Seutellim of normal size ise th - .. PHALACRINUS.

au. [ind tibiae with apieal fringe and two long unequal sputs,

«. Basal joint of hind tarsi much longer than second .. Lrrocteos.

ve. Basal joint shorter thim second 4, ar .. PArasemus.

the tarsal joints, even wider a high power of the microscope.

x not always easy, however, to decide as to the relative proportious of

The species are all suiall, and the generie characters are often difficult to

see, examination under a compound power being always desirable and ustially

essential. The main features reside in the lees, especially in the hind tibiae anc

tarsi. With most species it is impossible to be sure of the genus, and eyen some-

times of the family, of specimens with legs and antennae concealed, the usual

eoudition of specimens examined by myself before treatment; iniless ‘set’” when

fresh, they are usually coneealed tider the body, so that im volleetious, speci

niens often placed with the family veally belong to small ILydrophilidae (which

differ in the antennae and palpi. and usually have more conspicuous punetures ),

Silphidae (Amistonum and similar genera), Nitidulidae (some of the smaller

species with clytra completely covering the abdomen), Coveinellidae (small

elabrous species), Chrysomelidae (Guinnte species of Paropsts), dud other

families. Conversely specimens of the family may be placed with the other

families named, Mr, BF. B. Wilson has a large species of Corylophidae, whieh at

first sight has a quite striking resemblance to members of the fanuly, but hes

{he head covered by the prothorax and the hind eoxae widely separated.

All the species are polished, and many are brilliantly tridescent. The colour

of the upper surface, apart from irideseence, is usually waiform, except that the

LEA—-THE PHALACRIDAE OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW GUINEA 437

base of the prothorax, or at least its sides, is often paler than elsewhere ; on many

dark species the front of the head, the under surface, and legs are pale, and the

antennae and palpt are usually entirely pale. Some species are conspicuously

marked, but the markings are nearly always variable. All have the upper

surface glabrous,

There are several species of the family that have the wpper surface entirely

pale, except that, in certain lights, the base of the prothorax, and elytra, and the

suture of the latter appear very narrowly infuseated or black, forming a narrow

T. At first glance, these species, exeept for size, are so close together that they

might be considered as belonging to but one species, but some of them are sufti-

ciently distinet, They are:

Litochrus koebeled Blaekb.

L. noteroides Blaekb.

L. linctus Blaekh.

Parasemus alpicola Blaekb.

P. modestus Blaekb.

P. pallidus Blaekb.

Varieties of the following species are also almost entirely pale:

Litochrus allernans Blaekh.

L. brunneus Ev. (as identified by Blaekburn),

Ji. laeliculus Blaekb.

Parasemus sulurellus Blaekb,

P. torridus Blaekh.

Of the new species Lilochrus iulactus and Parasemus pallens are also almost

entirely pale.

Evidently Verobrachys amabitis Guilleb. is also an almost entirely pale

species,

Several species of Phalacrinas, vither typical or varietal, are also almost

entirely pale, but their outlies are so different from the other pale species that

they should not be confused with them.

Many of the pale specimens appear to have quite well-defined rows of pune-

tures, as seen from direetly above, but when viewed from oblique direction. the

apparent punetiues disappear, being really due to ‘‘waterlogeing,’? Blaekburn

made no mention of this in his deseriptions. and in some eases appears to have

been misled by it.

Many species vary considerably in size, The outlines are more or less oval

or oblong oval, with the elytra sometimes obtusely pointed; in the Australian

438 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

species at least there is never any abrupt inerease in the base of the elytra com-

pared with the base of the prothorax, ‘The uarrower species are venerally more

convex than the wider ones. On many species, viewed front the sides, the greatest

height is shortly behind the seutellim, where it might be almost yibbors.

There is nearly always a distinet, but not complete, stria on each side of the

suture; others, if present, are usually faint; or there may be rows of small pune-

tures not set in striae. The interstices are often impunetate, and even when

pinetures are present they are mostly visible with diffienlty. On several species

minute oblique seratehes may be seen in certain lights on the sides of the elytra.

A slight amount of grease or dust usually obscures the sculpture, so 7 usnally

brushed the specimen with chloroform.

Champion wrote that the sexes are not usually distinet, but that ‘The males

ean generally he recoenized by their stouter anterior tarsi or broader head, anil

in two species at least... by the elongated antennae”; also that the male some

times bas longer jaws, and in Phat. woaciiis a densely punctured, transverse,

pubescent pad along the centre of the apical margin of the second and third

ventral seaments,’’? The sexes of the types, however, have seldom been noted ;

and as the jaws are usnally clenched it is diffieult to force them apart without

damaging the head; the antennae also vary considerably in appearance accord

ing to how they are mounted on microscope slides, or examined dry, and the

abdomens of specimens mounted in the ordinary way are usually so clogged with

eum that it is diffeutt to clean them for examination.

Tt was not considered cesirable to deseribe the relative lengths of joints of

the antennae, as these vary toa certain extent sexually, and if exanimed dry they

differ in appearance from various points of view; even when mounted in Canada

balsam they vary in appearance.

At least one hind lee of each of the new species was mounted in| Canada

balsam aud carefully examined under the mievoseope before the species was

referred to iis genus. In every instance, when referred to Litechras, the first

joint of the tarsis was longer, and msually uch longer than the second; in every

instance, when referred to Prirdsemis, the second joint was longer than the first.

Each has an apical fringe of setae to the hind tibiae and Cexeept in Phalteris

and Pholacrinus) two unequal spines.

Lf the hind tarsi are so mounted that the joints can be seen from the sicle the

suture between the two basal joints, in Parvasenus at least, is more cistinet than

if mounted so as to be seen directly from above or below. Usually two hind legs

and two anteunae of one specimen were mounted on a slide. With the highest

power used if was not always easy to see the sutures between the joints, owing

LEA—THE PHALACRIDAE OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW GUINEA 439

to the density of the setae more or less obsenving them, Blackburn apparently

examined detached parts loose, afterwards eumimine them on eards with the

specimens from whieh they were removed,

The sketches of the elytra ave drawn from one side, so that the suture, in-

stead of appearing as a straight line, appears as a curved one, thus allowing the

full extent of the markings to be shown,

Owing to their polished surface. water vias will seldom hold specimens set

on their backs, so if is desirable to use Canada balsam for them; even this is nol

always effective.

PIHALACRUS INSIGNIS Sp. toy,

Fig, 1-8,

Black, with a slight bluish gloss, median joints of antennae and. tarsi

obscurely diluted with red,

TTead with minute punetures, becoming seareely visible on prothorax. Each

elytron with sutural stria distinet from apex to about basal third, and faintly

traceahle almost to base; with rows of small but fairly distinet punetures, alter-

nated with less distinet ones, and becoming irreeular on sides, where they are

mixed with minute seratehes; space about seutellum jmpunetate. Leveth,

H*Oo—b+2 am,

Queensland; Cairns (2. Allen), Cornwallis [sland (C. T. MeNamara) ;

North Australia: Bathurst and Melville Islands (G. F. Till), Connexion Island

and Groote Eylandt (N. B. Tindale),

Mueh larger than any species of the family previously recorded fron

Australia. The rows of punetures on the elytra are fairly distinet, but to see the

lateral seratches a good light is uecessary. The jaws of the male are lone and,

when not Glenched, very prominent.

PHALACRUS FIMpBraRIUS FF.

P. corruscus Pana.

In comparing the elvtral puneturation of P. ecorruseus with that of P. bar-

muondionsis, Blackburn wrote: ‘ta earruscus it is fine, close, and even, there being

no striae (except the sutural one), and searcely a trace of longitudinal arrange-

ment in any part of the puneturation.”’ This agrees well with some Enelish

specimens that were in his colleetion, and others from South Australia and

Victoria, bat on many others from his collection a faint linear arrangement of

punches may be traced in certain lights, and these gradually inerease in

strength, until it is difficult to tell where corruseus ends and burrandionsis begins.

440 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Some large specimens, from Tasmania, bear quite regular rows of, for the family,

eS 1 5 b

fairly strong punetures, and were labelled by Blackburn as corruscus; other

specimens from New South Wales and South Australia agree closely with them.

Fig. 1-16. 1, Phalacrus iisignix Lea, middle leg. 2, diffe, lind leg. 3, ditto, antenna,

4, Phalaerinus nigrviclavus Lea, hind leg, 5, diffo, antenna, 6, Litochirus cacruleotinetus Lea,

hind leg. 7, ditto, antenna. $8, L. pallidipes Lea, hind leg. 9, diffe, antenna, 10, L. longi

lavsis Lea, Wind Jeg. V1, L. obsenripes Lea, hind leg. 12, ditto, antenna, 138, L, pallidiealtis

Lea, hind leg. 14, diffe, antenna, 15, L. parvoniger Lea, hind leg. 16, ditto, antenna,

LEA—THE PHALACRIDAE OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW GUINEA 44]

A specinen from Lucindale and two from Ulverstone have the legs, antennae,

and upper lip reddish, but are probably immature. The species may commonly

he taken im rust walls (Uromyelidium Tepperianun), on wattle trees, as well as

in general collecting; Mr Ro Veiteh also sent specimens that were seen vatine:

smut on prairie erass in Queensland.

Queensland: Brisbane, Cairns, Endeavour River, Ingham, Mabuiae Island.

Magnetic Island, Peel Island, Rockhampton, Stradbroke Island; New South

Wales: Amnidale. Bindoenndra, Blue Mountains, Cootamundra, Forest Reets,

Galston, Lawson, Miftagong, Svdney, Upper Williams River; Vietoria: Alps,

Baechus Marsh, Dividing Range, Ringwood; Tasmanian: Devonport, MHobart,

Thion River, Jordan River, Launceston, Ulverstone, West Tamar, Zeehan: South

Australia: Adelaide, Barton, Carmibie, Cook Plains, Henley, Inehes, Kangaroo

Island, Kingoonya, Lares, Lucindale, Melrose, Minnie Downs, Mount Lofty.

Oodnadatta, Port Lincoln, Port Noarlunga, Quorn, Tareoola; West Australia :

Cue, Mount Barker, Pinjarrah; North Australia: Darwin, Connexion Island.

PHALACRTS BURRUNDIENSIS Blackb.

This species was described from a single specimen from North Adstralia,

but in the Blackburn collection a specinien from Quorn was labelled as luerrun-

diensis, and bears his ninuber 4625 (the same number as the type), OF three

specimens from Darwin, monnted on ihe same card, two have. for the genus. quite

strong elytral striae, on the other they are rather feeble. Other specimens that

are certainly burriandiensis have been taken in company with some whieh are

certainly fimefarins, and it is doubtful if the former should be regarded as more

than a variety of the latter,

Queenshind: Cains, Moa Island, Rockhampton; New South Wales: Coota-

mundeas Tasmania: Lanneeston: South Australia: Ooldea, Port Lincoln, Port

Noavhimea; North-West Australia: Mortescue River; North Australia: Darwin,

Roper River.

PITALACRINUS.

Blackburn deseribed the elypeus of species of this veimus as being produced

in front and ¢oneealing the labrin, but the elypens itself is extremely short, ancl

although the labrum is invisible from aboye, this is not die to the produetion of

the elypens, The species of the wenus ean he cCistinguished at a g@lanee, from

those of all other eonera, oceurring in Ausiralia, by the elytra. On all others

they have an even eurvaiire throwughont, except that the sides are yery narrowly

margined, bit ou Phalaerinus, towards the sides, the surface is slighily fattened

ot, with the extreme sides narrowly mareined. As a result the elytra ave dis-

+42 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

tinetly wider in proportion. On putting the insects on their backs, it may also

he seen that the sides of the prothorax and elytra are more produced than on

other genera, so that the body parts appear to be ina deep eavity. Blaekbuin

nowhere even mentions the tibiae; ander a high power these are seen to be

fringed but without longer apical spines; the genus is therefore near Phalaceus.

Me. C. T. MeNamara and [ took a species of the genus in abundance from

drying foliage at Singapore: it is about the size of Tasmanian examples of 2,

coms, and very wuech the colour, but as it may haye been named under another

genus, if sees desirable to record if here by the genus only.

PHALACRINUS NIGRICLAVUS Sp. tov.

Fig. 4-5.

Bright castaneous, abdomen, palpi, and lews slightly paler; antennae. except

basal third, deeply tufuseated or black,

Head und prothorax with extremely minute punctures, Mach elytron with

situral stria distinet fo about basal fourth; with series of minute punetures,

becoming stronger on sides. Leneth, 2-8-5-0 mm,

New South Wales: Upper Williams River (FL EB. Wilson and A. M. Lea);

Queensland: Mount Taniborine (Lea).

With the general outlines of most species of the genus, but with fewer striae

on the elytra, and the series of punctures decidedly smaller than on all of then.

The abdomen has a series of small shallow foveae, af the base of the second. third,

and fourth segments; such foveae may be seen on other species of the genus,

although not commented upon by Blackburn. The colour of the thirteen speei-

mens examined is uniform, except that on two of them the elytra appear to be

faintly bifuseate posteriorly, this heme due to the dark wings showing through

them, On several specimens, owing to ‘‘waterlogeing,”’ the sntural stria on

each elytron appears traceable as a-series of punctures to the base itself, but fram

oblique directions the stria is seen to terminate some distance from it. The two

outer rows of prnetures ou each elytron, although minute, are distinetly stronger

than the other rows, and about the shoulder curve inwards, and rather abruptly

terminate; there are very fine punetnres on the maveinal interstice and apical

half of the second one. The hind tarsi are rather short, the first joint is distinetly

longer than the second, and, owing to the prolongation of its lateral lobes, its

sides appear twice as long as its base.

Two specimens from the Blaekbnrn collection, from North Queensland, may

helong to the species; they are smaller, 2-8 mm., and more convex, but have

similar elytral striae and punetires.

LEA—THE PHALACRIDAE OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW GUINEA 443

PHALACKINGS AUSTRALIS Blaelb.

The extent of infuseation of the elytra of this species varies considerably,

although the outlines of the infuseation are seldom sharply defined. Several

specimens haye finely infuscated lines on the inner parts of the elytra. The

lenuth ranges 2-0-2-5 am. Specimens may be beaten from the drying leaves of

recently felled enealy pti in laree numbers.

New South Wales: Dalmorton, Forest Reefs, Millthorpe, Sydney; Victoria:

Eltham; South Australia: Kangaroo Islind, Lueindale, Melrose, Morgan, Mount

Lofty, Murray River, Ooldea.

Pranactius rorunpus Blaekb.

As commented upon by Blaekburn, this species is distinethy wider in pro

portion (more cireulay in outline) than P. vasfratis aud other species of the

genus. The general colour is rather dingy flavous or testaceous, the elytra con

spicuously infuseated towards the sides, but not at the extreme margins, The

size ranves 2-3 1m.

Vietorias Sea Lake; South Australia: Mount Lotiy, Port Lineoli: West

Australia: Geraldton, Mount Barker, Swan River.

ProanacrtInus OMBRATUS DBlaelkb.

Unsatisfactorily close to P. ustralis and obtusus, if these ave really distinet.

Specimens from Dahnorton, the type locality, and Tamworth appear to agree

with the common species in West Australia, many of which have a narrowly

lined appearance, awine to the sieht infuscation of the striae; on sueh specimens

the lateral infuseation is more defined than usual,

New South Wales: Dalmorton, Tamworth; West Australia: Beverley, Gerald-

ton, Karridale. Mount Barker, Mullewa. Swan River,

PHALACKINUS NAVICULARIS Blaelkb.

The type of this species was unique and from Vietoria, but three specimens

from New South Wales were standing in the Blackburn collection moder the

name, and appeared to agree with the type; these specimens, and some others

frou. New South Wales, have a more or less angulav (usually triangular) pale

spot behind the seutellbun (by a slip Blaekburn wrote behind the suture). Ou

four of then: the cise of the prothorax is infuseated, on three others it is uniformly

pale. lu his table of the genus Blackburn placed the species with those haying

“Dlytra withowt any cdistinetly punetilite striae’? The specimens from some

divections appear to have no piietures in the striae, but frou others fairly dis-

tine? ones may be seen, as on others of the @enus,

444 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

New South Wales: Armidale, Glen Innes, Hastings River; Victoria: Diyid-

ing Range.

PHALAcRINUS ComIs Blaekb.

A large species, the average size being about equal to that of P. notabilts,

from pale specimens of which it may be distinguished by the finer punetures of

the elytral striae, especially on the sides.

New South Wales: Barrington Tops; Victoria: Dividing Range; Tasmania :

Beaconsfield, Hobart, Huon River, Karoola, Launceston, Mount Wellineton,

Turner’s Marsh, Tyenna.

LITOCTIRUS CAERULEOTINGTUS Sp. NOV.

Wig, 6-7.

Black, elytra with a bright bluish iridescence.

Tlead with very minute punetaures, becoming larger but still very minute on

prothorax. Hach elytron with sutural stria distinet to basal fourth and traece-

able almost to base; with rows of minute punetures, mostly vanishing about base,

the interstices with verv minute punctures, larger on sides than towards sutire,

Leneth, 2+0-2-8 mm.

New Guinea: Finsch Tlaven (Rey. L. Wagner); Papua: Mount Lamington

(C. T. MeNamara).

In general appearance much like Porasemus fulgidus, but with the tarsi of

Litochrus. Ten specimens have the prothorax highly polished but not iridescent ;

of these eight have the elytral iridescence bluish, on the ninth it is more purplish ;

fhe tenth, and largest, specnnen has the elytra more brilliantly iridescent, and its

pronotum has a distinet greenish gloss. The second and several of the following

joints of the antennae are not quite as black as the club, The clothing of the

hind tarsi obscures their outlines, but under a hieh power the first joint is seen

to be about twice as long as the second.

A specimen from Queensland (Dunk Tsland, C. la. Barrett) in Mr. F. E.

Wilson’s colleetion, appears to belony to this species, but is badly damaged,

LITOCTIRUS PALLIDIPES sp. Nov.

Fie. 8-9.

Blaek, elytra with a bright bluish iridescence ; antennae, palpi and lees flavo-

testaceous.

Head and prothorax with very minute punctures. Each elytron with sutural

stria distinet on apical half, and faintly traceable to near base; with rows of

nunite punctures, becoming larger but still minute towards apex and sides, and

LeA—THE PHALACRIDAE OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW GUINEA 445

disappearing uear base, the interstices with very minute punetnres. Length,

2+4-2-6 num.

New Guinea: Bisiatabu (Rev. W. N. Loek), Finseh Haven (Rev. L. Wagner) ;

’apua: Mount Lamington (C. T. MeNamara).

A brightly iridescent species, structurally ¢lose to the preeeding, but slightly

narrower, and with pale antennae, palpi, and legs. The punctures on the elytral

interstices are very minute, towards the sides, in certain lights, they appear to be

seriate in arrangement, although smaller than the regular rows. The basal joint

of the hind tarsi is twice as lone as the second,

LitOCHRUS LONGITARSIS Sp. noy.

Fig. 10.

Black, elytra with a bluish iidescence ; front of head, sides of prothorax and

margins of elytra narrowly brown, under surface castaneous-brown, antennae,

palpi, and legs somewhat paler.

Head and prothorax with seareely visible punetures. Each elytron with

sutnural stria distinet to basal third and traceable for a short distance towards the

base; with rows of minute piunetures, disappearing towards base, but fairly

sharply defined posteriorly, where also the interstices have very minute pune-

tures. Length, 2 nm.

Papua: Mount Lamington (C. T. MeNamara).

Structurally close to the preceding species, but margins aud under surface

pale, as well as the appendages; the basal jomt of the hind tarsi is also longer,

being thrice as long as the second, The pale margins of the elytra are sufficiently

distinet on the apical half, but are extremely narrow on the basal half, On two

of the specimens the prothorax is less dark than the elytra, and its base, as well

as its sides, are somewhat brownish.

LITOCLIRUS OBSCURIPES sp. lov.

Fig. 11-12.

Blaek, elytra usually with a slight bluish iridescenee, antennae, palpi, tibiae,

and tarsi of a rather dingy brown.

Head and prothorax with extremely minute punetures, Hach elytron with

sutural striae distinet to basal third, and traceable for a short distance towards

the base; with series of minute punctures, fairly distinet posteriorly, but dis-

appearing before base; interstices scarcely visibly punetate posteriorly and not

at all elsewhere. Length, 1-5-1-9 min.

446 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

¥ TT

New Guinea (P. Hossfeld); Papua: Mount Lamington, abundant (C.

MeNamara).

In general appearance like L. caerulcotinctus on a small seale, but less irides-

cent, and club of antennae not black, although infuscated. In general appear-

ance also it is fairly close to the Australian L. maritimus. The femora are

usually as dark as the under surface, but occasionally are no darker than the

tibiae, the elytra are usually obscurely diluted with brown posteriorly, their

punctures are fairly distinct in certain lights, but from most directions are in-

visible. The basal joint of the hind tarsi is much longer than the second.

LITOCHRUS PALLIDICOLLIS Sp. nov.

Fig. 13-14.

Flavo-testaceous, antennae, palpi, and lees paler, elytra piceous-brown and

brightly iridescent.

Head and prothorax with extremely fine punctures. Hach elytron with

sutural stria distinct to basal third and traceable for a short distance nearer the

base; with series of minute punctures, fairly distinet posteriorly, but not trace-

able to base, the interstices with very minute punctures posteriorly. Length,

2+2-2-5 mm.

New Guinea: Finsech Haven, to Hght (Rev. L. Wagner); Papua: Mount

Lamington (C. T. McNamara).

To a certain extent resembling some specimens of L. alternans, but the pro-

thorax distinetly paler than the elytra, and not paler at base. The abdomen is

sometimes no darker than the lees, but sometimes is as dark as the metasternum,

whieh is usually the darkest part of the under surface. The basal joint of the

hind tarsi is much longer than the second.

LITOCHRUS PARVONIGER Sp. Nov.

Fig. 15-16.

Blackish, antennae, palpi, tibiae, and tarsi flavous.

Head and prothorax seareely visibly punctate. Each elytron with sutural

stria fairly distinct to about basal fourth; series of punctures scarcely traceable.

Length, 1-4-1-6 mm.

New Guinea: Bisiatabu (Rev. W. N. Lock); Papua: Mount Lamington

(C. T. MeNamara).

A minute dark species, the club of the antennae not at all infuseated dis-

tinguishes from L. obscuripes; the femora are almost as dark as the under surface,

which is not quite as dark as the upper surface. The basal joint of the hind tarsi

is about twice the length of the second.

LeA—THE PHALACRIDAE OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW GUINEA 447

LrrocHkus FOMATUS Sp. OV.

Wie. 17.

Piceous-brown, antennae, palpi, and legs flavous.

Head and prothorax searcely visibly punetate. Hach elytron with sutural

stria fairly distinet to basal third, and traceable for a short distance towards the

hase, series of pinetures searcely traceable even on apical half. Length, 1-4 mm.

New South Wales: Svdney (A. M. Lea).

Pig. 17, Litoehrus fematius Lea, hind leg.

The size of L. baceveformis, bat slightly narrower and darker; also much

like Parasemus mitehelli and parvopallidus, but with the hind tarsi of Litochrus,

the basal joint being about twiee the length of the second.

Lrrocurus INTACTUS Sp. Tov.

Fie, 18-19.

Castaneo-Aavons, antennae, palpi, and legs slightly paler.

Head and prothorax with searecely visible punetires. Each elytron with

sutural stria distinet to basal fourth, and traceable to base; with series of minute

punetures, becoming fairly distinet posteriorly, the interstices with rather dense

and still more distinet punetures, scarcely visible in scutellar region. Leneth,

4-Q-2+2 mm.

RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Papua: Mount Lamington (C. T. MeNamara).

In general appearance like pale enlarged Parasemus pallens, but with the

hind tarsi of Litochrus, these being long and thin, with the first joint more than

twice the length of the second.

The general colour is mueh as that of L. nole-

Fip, 18-38. 18, Liloehrus intuetus Lea, hind leg, 19, ditfa, antenna. 20, 2. rufieollis Lea,

lind leg, 2, L. blackburn’ Lea, antemua, 22, 1. flavonotatus Lea, bind leg. 23

28, ditto, sarhenna.

“4, L. p-niger Lea, hind leg. 25, diffe, antenna, 26, L. majorinus Lea, Wind leg. 27, ditto,

nutenna, 28, L. divergens Lea, hind leg. 29, ditto, antenna, 380, L. basiponnts Lea, antenna,

31, ditto, hind leg. 32, L. apiciflaeus Lea, antenna. 385, Purasenus fulgidus Loa, antenna.

LeaA—THE PHALACRIDAE OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW GUINEA 449

roides, but the elytra are distinetly less narrowed posteriorly. The elytra ave

very slightly paler than the prothorax, and on one specimen there are four

faintly waterlogged lines on the left elytron and three on the right. Tn certain

lights the elytral interstives are seen to be closely covered with very minute pune-

tures, somewhat obscuring the rewular series.

Lirocurus RUETCOLLIS Sp. nov,

Hig, 20.

Head, prothorax, and seutellum bright red, under surfaee, antennae, palpi,

ancl tarst reddish-castaneous; elytra black with a sieht bluish ividesceuce.

Lead and prothorax with very minute but fairly sharp punetures. Each

elytron with sutural stria distinet to basal fourth, and traceable to near base;

with regular rows of sinall but distinet punetives, almost vanishing near base,

the interstices with miuuerous very nuiute punctures. Length, 3 mi.

South Australia: Melrose (A, M. Lea), Unique.

A large, beautiful species, with well-defined rows of punetures on the elytra ;

the sutural stria from most directious appears to be a stria only, but in certain

lights the part nearest the base is seen to be composed of narrow punctures; the

adjacent row of punetures and parts of the others also appear to be striated, but

ina good light, and from oblique directions are seen to be seriate punetures only.

The basal jorut of the hind tarsi is about twice the length of the seconcl,

LIrociirus BLACKBURNI spe TLOV,

Fie, 21, 66.

More ov less bright castanco-flavous, head black, the muzzle obseurely red-

dish, elytra black, with a brilliant bluish iridescence, and with two large, round,

pale spots.

Tlead and prothorax with yery minute punctures, Hach elytron with sutural

stria distinet on apical half only, but traceable almost to base; with rows of

minite punctures, distinct only on apical half, the interstices with minute pune-

tures. Leneth. 8-0-3-5 mm.

New Guinea (P. Ulossfeld) : Papua: Mount Lamington (C. T. MeNamara).

The most beantiful species of the family that T have seen from any part of

the world, and named with pleasure after the late Rey. T, Blackburn. The large

spot on each elytron is situated at about the apieal third, and is slightly nearer

the suttive than the side. The first jomt of the bind tarsi is more than twiee the

leneth of the second,

450 RECORDS OF THE S,A. MUSEUM

LIPOCHRUS FLAVONOTATUS SP. LOY.

Big, 22-23, 67-68.

Deep shining black, elytra with a bluish iridescence and with two flayous

spots near apex, muzzle, hind angles of prothorax, and tip of abdomen obscurely

brown, antennae, palpi, aud legs flavous.

Ilead and prothorax searcely visibly punctate. Each elytron with sutural

stria fairly clistinet to basal third, and traceable for a short distance towards the

base, with a shorter and less distinct stria near the first; with rows of minute

punctures, but not to base, the interstices with very minute punctures. Length,

2mm,

New Guinea (P. ILossteld) ; Papua: Mount Lamington (C. T. MeNamara).

The spot on cach elytron is very conspicuous and yariable in size, but its

margins are vot very sharply defined, and are iridescent as well as the rest of

the elytra. The spots are nearer the apex than on Parasenus bimaculiflavus.

The elytral punetures are very minute, but in certain lights the rows are fairly

distinet on the apieal half. The basal joint of the hind tarsi is more than twice

as long as the second.

LivocirRUs V-NIGER sp. Dov.

Big. 24-25, 64,

Bright castaneo-flavous, abdomen, antennae, palpi, aud legs slightly paler,

elytra with a large black V, not quite touching shoulders, or suture at apical

third.

Head and prothorax with searcely visible punetures, Each elytron with

sutural stria cdistinet to about basal fourth; with rows of minute punctures.

Length, 2 mm.

Papua: Mount Lamington (C. T. MeNamara).

Very distinct by the black V. The series of punetires on the elytra are

fairly distinet on the apical half, but not traceable to the base, the interstices in

some lights are seen to have minute punetures, which may also appear to be

somewhat seriate in arrangement, but they are visible with difficulty, The hind

tarsi are long and thin, the first joint more than twice as long as the second.

LrroCHkUs MAJORINUS Sp. nov.

Kig, 26-27, 70-71.

Dark piceous-brown with a bluish irideseence, a large part of elytra, under

surface, antennae, palpi, and legs flavo-castaneous.

Head and prothorax with minute but fairly sharp punctures. Hach elytron

Lea—Tue PUALACRIDAE OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW GUINEA 451

with sutural stria distinct to basal fourth and faintly traceable to near base, with

rows of close-set punetures, fairly cdistinet on apical half, but almost vanishing

towards base, the interstices with very minute punetures. Length, 3-0-8+2 mm.

Queensland: Dunk Island. in August (11. Tlacker). Cairns distriet (HY. P.

Dodd),

A large species, with much of the elytra pale; the pale portion does not begin

abruptly and ent square across, as on L. fiutus, and the whole insect is longer,

narrower, and tore convex, On LL. plagiafus the marking is not continued to

the base or apex. The pale portion of the elytra commences at the seutellim,

obhquely dilates to the basal fourth, is then narrowed to the apical fourth, and

is then abruptly dilated to the sides; the base of the prothorax is narrowly pale.

There is ouly one true stria on each elytron, but the punctures in the series are

so close together that in certain lights they appear to form striae. The basal join

of the hind tarsi is more than twice as long as the seeond,

LIvOCURUS DIVERGENS sp. lov.

Hig, 28-29, 72.

Blackish, a somewhat pear-shaped mark on elytra, under surface (ineta-

sternum darker than abdomen), antennae, palpi, and legs flavo-castaueous.

Head and prothorax seareely visibly punctate. Mach clytron with two striae

hen suture, and with faint rows of minute punctures, the interstices searcely

visibly punetate. Length, 2°86 mim.

Queensland: Cairns (BE. Allen), Brisbane (A, M. lea).

Readily distinguished from the other fairly large species with suture partly

pale, by the two striae on cach elytron; the first of these is very close to the

suture, and ur certain lights traveable to the base, the second conunences with

the first at the apex, and evenly diverges from it till at the basal fifth, where it

practically terminates; tt is about four times as distant from the first as the first

is from the suture; it is supplied with minute punctures, although these are

invisible from most directions, The mark on the elytra commences rather

narrowly on the base, and dilates to its widest at the apical third, soon after

which if terminates; the innazle and the sides of the prothorax and of the elytra

are narrowly paler than the adjacent parts. The basal joint of the hind tarsi is

more than twice as lone as the second.

LrroctiRUS RASTPENNIS Sp. Nov.

Hig. 30-31, 73-76,

Head, prothorax, sentelhun, and a narrow part of base of elytra suddenly

dilated ou shoulders, black or blackish; rest of elytra, part of antennae, palpi,

452 Recorps or THE S.A. MusEUM

and legs flayous; under surface blaekish-brown, abdomen usually somewhat paler

than metastermum.

Head and prothorax with very minute punctures, Hach elytron with sutyral

stvia distinct to about basal fourth, and traceable almost to base; with rows of

minute punctures, fairly distiuet on apical half, the interstices with searcely

visible punctures. Length, 2-5-8 mm.

New South Wales: Dorrigo (W. Heron), Comboyne (W. H. Muldoon),

Upper Williams River, in October (F. E. Wilson and A, M. Lea); Queensland :

Buderim Mountain, in December (C, J. Wild, in Queensland Museum), Cairns

distriet (Lea).

Five of the specimens haye very distinetive elytral markings, on two others

they appear to denote an approach to some forms of L. lueliculus, The black ov

blackish part of the elytra, on each of five specimens, occupies about one-fifth of

the base, half-way to each side it is dilated at a right angle, and then eut off till

near the side, along which (but not on the extreme margin, which is narrowly

pale) it is narrowly continued for a short distance; on two other specimens (he

blaek portion of the base is subtriangularly continued for a short distance along

the swture, and on one of them the shoulder marking is faintly conueeted with

the suture beyoud the middle, The muzzle and sides of the prothorax are

obscurely pale, The elytra are faintly iridescent, On several specimens, from

directly above, the elytra appear to have quite distinct rows of punetures, and

a second stria on each, but this is dre to ‘waterlogging’?; from oblique diree-

tions the rows of punctures are seen to be very minute, and the apparent secoud

stria resolves itself into a close-set row of minute prnetures. The basal joint of

the hind tarsi is more than twice as long as the second.

Two specimens, that may represent a variety of this species, have the dark

parts of the upper surface of a rather dark brown, with the muzzle and sides of

prothorax more widely pale, and the dark parts of the elytra consisting of a patch

on each shoulder (ill-defined posteriorly) very narrowly connected across the

base. The under surface is entirely pale.

Lrrocukus BINOTATUS 8p. Noy,

Vie. 77-78.

Blackish-brown, two spots on elytra, antennae (part of chib infiseated),

mider surface, palpi, and legs flavo-castaneous.

Ilead and prothorax seareely visibly punctate. Each elytron with sutiweal

stria distinet to basal fourth, and traceable for a short distance towards base ;

LEA-——THE PHALACRIDARE OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW GUINEA 453

with rows of minute punctures, fairly distinet on apical hall. (he interstices with

very minnte punetures. Length, 1-8-2-0 mm.

Queensland: Ilamilton, in January (C.J. Wild), Mount Tambourine, in

January (A.M. Lea)» New South Wales: Armidale (Lea)

The elytra are slightly irideseent; the spot om each is somewhat round, and,

although distinet, its outer parts are not sharply defined; on the type it is at the

basal third and isolated, on another specimen it is vaguely connectect with the

base, and ou a third almost conneeted with it. To a certain extent the markings

approach those of some forms of L. /aetieulus, but it is shorter than that species,

and more convex. In some lights the minute punetures, on parts of the elytral

interstices, appear to be almost as seriate in arrangement as (hose in the reeular

series. The first joint of the hind tarsi is mreh longer than the second,

LIvoc Rvs AMCIFLAVUS Sp. NOV.

Fig. 32, 79-81.

Black. elvtva slightly iridescent, their apex, the antennae, palpi, and lees

flavous; under surface dark brown, the abdomen usnally paler.

Tead and prothorax with very minute punetures. Hach elytron with situral

stria fairly distinet to about the basal third; with rows of minnte prnetiures,

fairly distinet on apical half, and not traceable to base; ihe interstices with very

minute punetures. Length, 1-9-2-17 mm.

North Australia: Roper River and Groote Eylandt (N. B. Tindale), Mel-

ville Tsland (W.D. Dodd), Darwin (G. 1. Hill) ; North Queensland (Blackburn's

collection), Port Douglas (C, 7. Wild), Cairus (FF. P. Dodd), Endeavour River

(CO. French, sen,), Stradbroke [sland (1. Hf. Boreham and Tf, J, Carter), Bribie

Island (11, Taeker and A. M. Lea). Brisbane (T. MeGregor) ; New South Wales:

Tweed River (Lea).

The pale tips of the elytra usually appear as two conjointed spots, which

are sometines almost whife and usually sharply limited, but on two ont of three

specnnens from the Tweed River they are more obseure. On many of the speet-

mens each elytrvon is obsenrely diluted with red at the basal third, but on only

one is there a fairly distinet spot there (fig. 81), On two specimens the upper

surface is of a rather dark brown only, probably from iminaturity, with the

apieal markings less sharply defined, The muzzle is usually obscurely paler thai

the base of the head, the abdomen is sometimes seareely darker than the lews.

In some liehts there appears to be a shorter second stria, and eyen a third one

on each elytron, but this appearance is really due to close-set pumetures, aS may

be seer from oblique directions. The first joint of the hind tarsi is twice as lone

as the second. The type is from Groote Evlanclt,

454 RECORDS OF THE S.A, MUSEUM

Lirocakus bRuNNEUS Hr.

Big. 82-54.

In the original description of this speeies the colour was noted as ‘*lrun-

neus,’’ and again ‘supra dilute brunneus . .. infra cum antenuis pedibusque

testaceus,’? and the leneth as 14 (German) lines about 4 mm,).

In dealing with the family in 1891, the species was evidently unkuown to

Blackburn; in 1895 he commented on ‘fan example from Tasinamia which | have

no doubt is Lifoehrus brunneus Er." and ineluded it in a table; im 1902 he com-

pared L. perparvus with “the Tasmanian Lifochrus that 1 believe to be brianens

Ev.’’, and again ineliuded if in a table.

The species he presumed to be bewnineus was represented in his eolleetion by

several specimens bearing his name labels, and is a very common one in Tasmania.

It may be obtained in general collecting, but also from ferns and mosses; on some

ferns growing on a tree fern (Dichksonia antarelica) at Mount Wellington, on

one oceasion, | saw thousands of specimens. 11 differs, however, from the deserip-

tion in being consistently smaller (1-8-2°8 ame, the average being 2-2 mm.) ;

the base and suture of the elytva are narrowly black, and there is a conspicuous

infuseation (Sometimes almost black) extending from cach shonlder to the middle,

or even sometimes to the apex, but it is sometimes very short; the base of the

head is usually also infuseated. Three specimens from Tasmania have the upper

surtave entirely pale, flavous-brown, or favous, and there are similar spechuens

from Sydney and Dorrigo before me: one Sydney specimen has a minute dark

spot on each shoulder,

New South Wales: Dorrigo, Mittagong, Mount Koseiusko, Sydney ; Victoria :

Warburton; Tasmania: Beaconsfield, Bruni Island, Cradle Mountains, George-

town, Hobart, Huon River, Karoola, Kelso, Latneeston, Mount Wellington (in-

cluding the summit), St. Marys, Waratah, Wilmot.

Lrrocieus AureRNANS LBlackh.

Queensland: Cairns, Goodua; New South Wales: Blue Mountains, Porest

Rteets, Galston, Mittagone. Mount Victoria, Sydney, Wentworth Falls; Vietoria :

Alps. Bogong Plains (5,000-6000 feet). Healesville; Tasmania: Beacoustield,

Denison Gorge, Frankford. Llobart, Huon River, Karoola, Welso, Launceston,

Marrawah, Mount Wellington, Ulverstone; South Australia: Kangaroo Tsland,

Lucindale, Mount Lofty, Minnipa.

The prinetures on the prothorax of this species are all minute and visible

with diffeulty, although in the original deseription il is stated that it had ‘ta few

scattered punetures evidently mneh larger’’; the elytra were also stated to have

LEA—THE PHALACRIDAE OF AUSTRALIA AND Nrw GUINEA 455

‘fa conspieuous row of considerably larger and widely scattered punetures,’’

The colour was noted as “supra lividus, hie iii infuseatus, coeruleo irideseens,

antemnis palpis, pecibus et corpore subtus testaceis.

M1 was named originally from the alpine distriet of Vietoria, and there was

a long series of specimeus (including cotypes) standing under the name in the

Blackburn collection from Victoria and Tasmania, but it ovenes also in other

parts of Australia, Whilst not mentioned tu the original description, the base

aud sides of the prothorax are narrowly paler than the cise, although sometimes

ihe difference in shade is but slight.

The size varies from 2:5 to 33 mom., the average beine about 8-0 a:,.

All the specimens have a bright (although hardly brilliant) bluish

inidescence,

Of a pair taken 7 cap. on Mount Wellington, one specimen is almost black,

with the paler base and sides of the prothorax very narrows the other specimen

isa bright eastaneous, with the dise not at all infuseated. A smaller pair from

Tlobart, also taken im cop, are almost uniforinly moderately brown on the upper

surface, with the paler base and sides of the prothorax fairly distinct.

Some of the smaller and paler forms, both from the mainland and Tasmania,

are yery close in appearance to bramncus (as identified by Blackburn, but differ

in hehe cistinetly iridescent and by having no dark vitta from each shoulder.

L think if is possible that it is the real brwnnens of Erichson.

One bright castaneous specimen front Mount Wellington has the pronotum

Hiehily infuseated in the middle and each elytron with a large postmedian infus-

cation, but in addition each clytron has six infuseated lines interrupted at the

hasal fourth, having a ‘waterlogged’? appearance, as on many specimens of

Cordus hospes. The lines are probably post-mortem.

The striations and punetures on the elytra ate more distinet on some speci-

mens than ou others, which, nevertheless, are identical in colour,

Lirrocukes rrverus Blackhb.

T cannot see the shihtest structural difference berween some cotypes ane

nuiny other specimens of this species and specimens identified by Blackburn as

branneus. In his table Blackburn separates thent by the rows of punetures on

the alternate iiterstices of the elytra, but the punetures (X on the apical slope

of the elytra) are distinet only in the rows. There are minute punetures else-

Where on the elytra, but (at least from the base to shehtly beyond the middle )

they are quite as variable on Tasmanian specimens (with the infuseated mark-

igs of typical brunnews) as on the entirely pallid Queensland and Northern

456 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Australian forms of /inetus, and they are never sharply defined, although more

distinet in some lights than in others.

On several specimens (Owmy to ‘Swaterlogging’’) there appear to he fairly

strong rows of prnetures or short infuseated lines on the elytra, as noted on other

species of the genus, but viewing these from the sides, the apparent punetures

disappear, although not the infuscations,

In the original deseription the elytra were noted as having “‘basis versus

indeterminate lineis maenlaribus fuseis notatis,’’ and several of the cotypes are

so marked, but the markings are due to ‘waterlogeing,’? and are mostly post-

mortem, They agree absolutely in structure with other specimens from Cairns

in which the elytra are entirely without markings or have only slight humeral

ones. Blackburn (1) appeared to think the markings and larger size cistin-

evished the species from Micromerus amabilis Guillebeau, but many speciniens

before ime are much smaller (down to 1-5 mm. smaller than the cotypes), and |

think it probable that it is really that species (now referred to Merobruchys).

Most of the specimens from Queensland and Northern Australia have a small

and faint infuseation on each shoulder, but even this is often absent. Leneth,

1:°5-2+5 mm,

Specimens that have been in spirits, and dried with the wings stuck to the

under surface of the elytra, often have a spotted appearance and the ** water-

logvine’’ is patchy,

Most specimens have a very narrow T mark due to the slight infuseation of

the base of prothorax and elytra, and the suture.

Queensland: Brisbane, Cairns, Darnley Island, Dunk sland, Kuranda,

Moa Island, Murray Island, Monut Tambourine, Palm Island, Stewart River;

Northern Australia: Darwin, Groote Hylandt, Melville [sland; New South Wales:

Calston,

Many speeimens are attracted to hghts,

Several specimens have faint lateral infuscations on the elytra, and one has

the elytra with rather wide marginal and sutural infuseations,

Two Darwin specimens are labelled as having been taken on flowers of

Jasminwn.

Lrrocitrus KonReLur Blaeékh.

Bxeept tor its positions in the two tables given by Blackburn of Lilochrus,

this species was not commented upon by him subsequent to its description, when

it was noted as ‘/estaceus?? and ‘the wniform testaceons ¢olour.’) When examin-

‘en

ing the type prior to its despatch to the British Musemm PT noted (in MS.) :

(1) Blackhurn, Tris. Roy. Soo, S. divi, xix, 1895, p. 208, sunk sxyi, 1902, p. Boe,

LEA—THE PHALACRIDAE OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW GUINEA 457

type of koebeley looks much like the type of finefus, and is probably the same

species. Two specimens marked cotypes in the Blackburn collection are con-

siderably larger, darker, and not uniformly coloured. T think they do not belong

to the species.” The type of heebelet also agreed with a specimen in my own

collection (from the Blue Momotains, as was the type), which agrees with some

specnuens of the species identified by Blackburn as ZL. branncus of Erielison. The

specimens, wrongly marked as cotypes, are from Werris Creek, and are quite

ordinary P. wielortensis.

Lirocurus noreroies Blackb.

Some cotypes and other specimens of this species agree quite well in colour

with many of L. tinefus, but may be distinguished by the clytra more narrowed

posteriorly. As with many specimens of /incfus and other pale species, the

extreme base of the prothorax and elytra and the suture are infuseated, and

appear as a very narrow T. [1 was noted as a variety of LLelerolilus (heracicus

(an Asiatic species) by Champion.

Queensland: Cairns, Dalrymple Island.

Lrrocurus puncnentus Blaekb,

Fie, 85-87.

There are before me five specimens belonging to this form, of whieh four,

from the Blackburn collection, are marked as cotypes. Of these two have the

prothorax deeply infuseated, except at the sides, and two have if uniformly pale.

Their pale elytral markings consist of a large median spot common to both, the

apex and sides; on the fifth specimen, from Tnnisfail, the median spot is dilated,

considerably reducing the black area. It was also recorded as a variety of JT,

thoracieus by Champion,

Queensland; Cairns, Innisfail.

Lirocrrus LApticoLus Blaekh.

Fig. 88-102.

Var. L. consors Blaekh.

Fig. 103-104.

A common, widely distributed, and very variable species. Blackburn eon-

sidered that L. consors was distinet from it by its smaller size, elytral striation

and markings; but the size of both forms varies from 1-5 to 2-2 mm. The

real and apparent series of punetures also vary, being more noticeable on the

‘

dark forms than on the light ones, except when ‘‘waterlogeing’? occurs. There

458 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

were no specimens from Vietoria in Blackburn’s collection, but two from South

Australia bear lis label as lvefieulus, and there are four cotypes of consor's and

other specimens labelled by lum as that species. On the dark forms (he pale

markings tend to varnish, and on the pale side the only markings sometimes left

are slight darkenings about the scutellum. i is m faet probable that some

specimens with eatively dark elytra, and others with entirely pales ones, belong

{oO the species, and are standing in collections under other names. The patterns

wiyen will show the ereat range of variation of the elytval markings and many

move could have been eiven. In the variety Consors. from Queensland and North

Australia, the size is usially sinaller than typieal specimens from South Australia

and New South Wales, and the paler parts of the elytra ocenpy a greater area,

but some specimens are quite as large as southern ones. many of which also haye

the pale portions quite as extensive. The darker markings of the elytra vary in

individuals frow aliost black and sharply defined to a slight reddish-eastaneons,

not mueh darker than the paler parts, and ill-defined, the shape of the nuiurkinges

heing sometimes identical on dark and pale forms. Many specimens from Cairns,

North-West Australia. and North Australta, have the elvtral markings reduced

to a reddish semicircle about the scutellim, the pateh of exactly the same shades

as the pronotum., They appear to almost connect the species with L. brunnens,

as identified by Blackburn. The average size of tropieal specimens is stualler

than that of those from the southern parts of Australia, and the paler markings

eover a greater area, but there are examples quite as large and dark from

Queensland, as from southern parts. Of six specimens, mounted together, from

Derhy, three lave faint ‘owaterloe@ed’’ lines on the elytra (somewhat as on the

specimen of 4, a/fernins commented upon), on one specimen six on each elytron,

on another fonr on eaeh elytron. on the other four on the right and three on the

left elytron. Sueh lines have a deceptive resemblance to striae, are quite distinet

from some directions, and invisible from others, Some rather dark specimens

from Lord Mowe Island also have faint ‘Swaterlog@ed*? lines on the pale parts

of the elytra. Some of the pale varieties are very close in appearance to L. finetius.

Many specimens are attracted to lights,

Qneensland: Brisbane, Cairns, Kirraunda, Magnetic Tsland, Mount Tam-

bourime, Palin Island, Rockhampton; New South Wales: Forest Reef's, Inverell,

Monnt Vietoria, Richmond River, Sydney, Tamworth. Wentworth Malls; Vietoris:

-Alps, Birehip; South Australia: Gawler, Lucindale, Mount Lofty, Mount Remark-

able, Murray River, Nuriootpa, Ooldea, Port Lineoln, Second Creek; West Ars-

tralia: Bunbury, Swan River; North West Australia: Derby, King’s Sonnd.

North Australia: Daly River. Groote Eylandt, Roper River; Lord Towe Island,

re)

LEA—THE PHALACRIDAE OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW GUINEA 4

Lrrocurius MAcuLATUS Blackb.

Wie. 105-111.

The clistinetive feature of this species, according to Blackburn, is a laree,

triangular, pale spot, common to the uictdle of the elytra, The leneth was given

as one line, but was stated to be variable. Those before me (ineluding several

specimens marked as cotypes) range in length, 1-82-45 mm. The usual eolour

of the npper sturface is of a rather dark piecous-brown and shghtly or moderately

iridescent, varving to a rather dark chestnnt, The large median spot appears to

he always distinet, and is usually, but not always, sharply outlined, its base is

usually cut straight across, but sometimes the dark suture eneroaches on it, so

that it appears as two spots connected at the suture (to a certain extent resembling

Parausemus doclus on a small seale); on many specimens it is imere or less dis-

tinetly connected along the suture with a pale apieal portion. The pale parts on

many specimens have a lined or seriately-prmetate appearanee, in certain lights,

but this (except for the sutiirval stria), 1s partly or entirely due to ‘‘waterlogwing’’,

the true punctures being very stall. The base of the prothoray is often narrowly

pale. A specimen from the Dividing Ranee, that was standing in the Blaekburn

collection under this name, is almost tniformly castaneous, the elytral triangle

and base of prothorax being scarcely paler than ile adjacent parts. A specimen

from Hobart has the markings faint but readily traceable; and owing to ‘* water-

logeine’? appears to have quite distinct rows of punctures.

Queensland: Cairns; New South Wales: Armidale, Forest Reefs, Tamworth,

Wentworth Falls; Victoria: Alps, Benalla, Dividing Range; Tasmania: Devon-

port, Hobart, Ton River, Launceston; South Australia: Ardrossan, Lucindale,

Mount Lofty, Port Lincoln, Tumby; West Australia: Albany, Monnt Barker,

Swan River.

Lrrocurus puacrarous Blaekb,

Fie. 112-114.

A large species, considered by Blackburn to be distinet trom L. meaeculalus

by its larger size, larger cighth joint of antennae and club, and ‘tin the shape of

the common red spot on its elytra (the front marein of which is triangularly

concaye, while in maemalus it is triangularly convex). The markings, how-

ever, of maculatus, although often ent straight across or convex on the basal side,

are fairly commonly concave there; T have seen, however, no specimen of yacu-

lilus as large as any of the eight specimens of plagiafus under examination, which

range in leneth 83-4 mm.

460 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Queensland: Brisbane, Cairns; New South Wales: Forest Reefs, Tamworth,

Sydney; Vietoria: Alps; South Australia: Mount Lofty.

Lirocurus naurus Blaekb.

Wig. 115-121.

Of the six specimens of this species referred to by Blackburn, five are now

before me, and their markings are fairly close in appearance; but with a longer

range it is seen that the median marking enlarges considerably, and the other

parts may also be enlarged, although in enlarging they often lose in definition ;

on other specimens the markings deerease in size, and some of the smaller ones

are nnsatistactorily close in appearance to L. maculatus, Of the three specimens

from Sydney, mounted on the same card, one has markings much as on a Pam-

worth cotype, the others much as on speeimens of L. plagiatus, and | think it

quite possible that maculatus (1891, p. 96), plagiatus (1902, p. 289), and lauwtus

(1902, p. 290), are really all forms of one species; the slight apparent differences

in the striae and series of punctures on the elytra, aud the comparative sizes of

the eighth-cleventh joints of antennae (sometimes sexual) are not to be relied

upon, Two specimens trom near Sydney are almost black, with the elytral

markings deep red (seareely visible to the naked eye) although of normal shape,

Queensland: Cairns; New South Wales: Galston, Hastings River, Tlawarra,

National Park, Tamworth, Sydney; South Australia: Barton, Lucindale, Mount

Lofty, Murray River.

Lrrocirrus MAJOR Blackb,

L,, sparsus Blaekb., var.

A large species, 3-5-4-0 mm., with the elytral punctures, for the family,

unusually well defined; the obscurely paler margins of the elytra are sometimes

distinet throughout, sometimes about the apex only, The intensity of infuseation

of the prothorax (the margins appear to be always pale) also varies, [ cannot

regard L. spursus as more than a dark variety of the species; a cotype agrees

perfectly in structure with several specimens of major, and differs only in having

the prothorax darker, witn the paler margins more obscure; on the elytra the

sides and tips are scarcely if at all paler than the dise. Thirteen specimens quite

evenly grade into each other. The differences mentioned by Blackburn are partly

sexual and partly due to the angle of observation; the punctures on the elytral

interstices vary somewhat in size and density, but the differences are mdividual

rather than specific.

New South Wales: Blie Mountains; Vietoria: Benalla, Dividing Range,

LeEA—THE PHALACRIDAE OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW GUINEA 461

Melbourne; Tasmania: Brighton; South Australia; Adelaide, Balhannah, Kan-

varoo [shind,

LIvocnrus OBsCURICOLLIS Blackb.

‘

As commented upon by Blackburn this species is ‘‘exiremely like Parasemus

vicloriensis’’ in miniature. The elytra are uniformly of a bright eastancous or

reddish-castancous, the ‘‘disco postico umbris indeterminatis uigro-piceis,’’ of

the original description, being due to their wines showing through, owing to their

attachment to the elytra of an occasional specimen that has been in spirits, Oi

some specimens, owing to ‘*waterlogging,”’ faint lines are visible on the elytra,

the lines being usually towards the base; but ou one specimen there is a dis-

tinetly striated appearance, where the dark wings cause the surface to appear

infuseated. One specimen, otherwise normal, has a fairly large diseal reddish

spot on the pronotum., The ayerage size of Tasmanian exaniples is slightly larger

than those fron: New South Wales.

New South Wales: Clifton, Sydney, Upper Williams River; Tasmania :

Cradle Mountain, Frankford, Hobart. Luow River, Launceston, Waratah, Shet-

field, Scottdale, Swansea, Ulverstone.

Lrrociirus sypNtyeNsts Blaekb.

The sutural stria on each elytron of this species is distinet on the apical

two-thirds, and in some lights may be faintly traced to the hase; ou the apical

half of the elytra very faint striation may be traced in eertain Liehts, but from

most directions the entire elytra, except near the suture, appear to be impunetate,

The type was described as piceous-black, and this is the colowr of a eotype aad

many other specimens; but many have the elytra obseurely diluted with red,

except that the suture is generally darker; on several only the apical fourth is

obscurely diluted.

New South Wales: Galston, Mount Vietoria, Sydney; West Australia:

Bridgetown, Darling Ranges, Mount Barker, Swan River.

Lrrociukus purraryus Blackhb.

ea ry be

Deseribed as ‘niger, pronoto piceseente and ‘its under surface of dark

colour.’’ The type was from Vietoria; there were no specimens from Victoria in

the Blackburn collection, when it was acquired by the South Australian Musenm,

but two Tasmanian ones bear a label as perparous. Numerous Tasmanian speci

mens that appear to belong to the species have the under surface dark, distinetly

darker than the lees, but not blaek. Some New Sonth Wales ones also have the

under surface much darker than the lees (which are almost flavous), but hardly

462 Rrecorbs oF THE S.A. MUSEUM

more than a moderately dark brown; their average size is slightly smaller than

Tasmanian ones, A specimen from South Australia closely resembles the New

South Wales ones. In general appearance they are close to L. syd neyensis, but

the seriate punetures of the elytra are much more distinct, fairly strong for the

venus,

New South Wales: Mount Woseiusko, Richmond River, Sydney, Upper

Williams River, Wentworth Falls; Victoria: Dividing Range; Tasmania:

Beaconsfield, Hobart, Huon River, Kelso, Swansea, Ulverstone ; South Austtalia :

Karoonda to Peebinga.

Lrroctirus MAgrrimus Blaekb.

Although on each elytron of a cotype of this species only two striae near the

suture are at all well detined, other faint ones may be seen in certain lights

towards the apex. The under surface is usually dark brown, but occasionally is

no darker than the legs.

Queensland; Bribie Island, Cairns; New South Wales: Sydney ; Vietoria:

Glenelg River; South Australia: Kangaroo Island, Mount Gambier, Mount Lofty.

Lirrocures rrigipus Blaelkb,

There were two specimens standing in the Blackburn collection under this

namie, and oue was labelled as a cotype (although in the original deseription the

species was deseribed from ‘a single example embedded in snow on one of the

higher mountains’’); the quasi-ecotype is without antennae, the other, from the

Vietorian Alps, agrees well with the description, A single specimen of the species

was taken by myself at Frankford (Tasmania), The species may be distin.

vuished from many others yery similar in appearance by its black club,

PARASEMUS FULGIDUS Sp). TOV.

Fie, 33.

Metallie blne, elytra purple and brightly iridescent, parts of under surface

blackish, abdomen and lees obscure reddish-brown, labrum, aiutennaec (elub

black), and palpi redelish-flavous.

Ilead with minunte but fairly sharply-defined punctures, becoming still more

minute on prothorax. Hach elytron with sntural stria well defined to about

basal third and vaguely traceable to base, elsewhere with feeble series of minute

punctures, more distinct about sides and apex (where they are irregular) than

middle, but nowhere sharply defined. Length, 4-2-3-4 mm.

Queensland: Brisbane (T. MeGregor),

A large, brilliant species, at first glance appearing to belong to Phalacrus,

LEA—THE PHALACRIDAE OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW GUINEA 463

but with bispinose hind tibiae and comparatively small seutellum. The uncer

surface js somewhat variable in colour, {he sterna is sometimes entirely black, but

on one specimen the process between the middle legs is distinetly reddish; the

tibiae are somewhat darker than the femora and tarsi. The second joint of the

hind tarsi is longer than the first, but a high power is needed to see the propor-

tions clearly.

PARASEMUS MBUAS Sp. nov.

Fie. 34.

Black, tip of clypeus, labriun, antennae, palpi, under surface, and legs

reddish-castaneous.

Hlead and prothorax with minute punetures. Each elytron with sutural

stria distinct to about basal fourth and faintly traceable to base; with reerlar

rows of small but sharply-defined punctures, traceable almost to base, the inter

stices with numerous smaller punetures, Leneth, 2+8—3+1 min.

South Australia (Blackburn’s collection), Aclelaide (N. B. Tindale), Mount

Lofty (S. H. Curnow and J. G. O, Tepper) ; West Australia: Geraldton (A. M.

Lea); Tasmania: Llobart (C. BE. Cole and Lea).

In general appearance fairly close to Lifochrus perpareus, but with the

second joint of the hind tarsi slightly longer than the first, as in Parasemus. The

upper surface is shining, but not at all iridescent, the tips of the elytra are

obsenrely dilnted with red. In some lights the elytra appear to have elose-set

rows Of minute puuetures, with rows of larger ones at regular intervals, but the

punctures on the interstices are really irregular and become denser posteriorly.

PARASEM Us NOUTIVAGUS Sp. boy.

Fig. 35-36,

Black or blackish, front of head, sides of prothorax, and tips of elytra

obseurely diluted with red; under surface (ibe metastermum blaek or dark

brown), legs, antennae, and palpl castaneous.

Head and prothorax with very mite punetures. Hach elytron with sutural

stria cdistinet to basal fourth, but not traceable to base; with regular rows of

small punctures, also not traceable to base, the interstices with yery minute

punetures. Length, 2-0-2-2 min.

Queensland: Cairns, Mount Tambourine (A. M. Lea).

Structurally close to P. ebsolelus, but darker, less convex, and with more

distant punctures, which in some lights are fairly distinet on the elytra. Several

of the specimens were obtained at lights.

46+ RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

PARASEMUS AUSTRALIAE Sp. Noy.

Fig, 37-39.

Dark castancous-brown, seutellum and suture obscurely darker, under sur-

face, antennae, palpi, and legs paler.

Ilead and prothorax with seareely visible punctures. Each elytron with

sutunal stria distinet to basal fourth, but not to base itself; with rows of minute

Fig. 3446. 34, Parasemus niclus Lea, antenna. 35, P. noetivagus Lea, hind leg, a6,

ditlo, autenna. 87, P, australive Ten, hind log. 38, ditto, front leg, 39, ditto, antenna, 40,

P. tasmaniae Lea, Wind leg. 41, ditto, antenna. 42, P. pallidicornis Lea, hind leg. 438, P.

upicipennis lea, hind leg. 44, P. terraereginae Lea, hind leg, 45, P. haploderus Lea, antenna,

WG, ditto, hind leg.

Lea—Tue Puacacribak or AUSTRALIA AND NEW GUINEA 465

punctures, fairly distinct in some lights, but not traceable to base ; the imter-

stices searcely visibly punctate. Length, 2-2-2°38. mm.

Queensland: Blut, Cairns; New South Wales: Sydney (A. M. Lea), Bogan

River (J. Armstrong) ; Tasmania: Hobart, Huon River, Ulverstone; South Aus-

tralia: Kangaroo Island, Morgan, Tarcoola (type) ; West Australia; Bridgetown,

Geraldton, Swan River (Lea).

A rather wide, oblong-elliptic. and not very convex species; its outlines,

although uot yery different from other species, are sufficiently distinetive to

render specimens easily recognizable when placed side by side. Some of the

mainland specimens are paler than others, being almost of a bright castaneous:

the Tasmanian are mostly larger than the others, and have slightly more distinct

punctures, their upper-surface is usnally black or blackish, but usually the

suture is darker than the adjacent surface.

PARASEMUS TASMANIAL sp. HOV,

Bie. 40-41.

Glaek or blackish-pieeous, under surface piceous-brown or Gastancous-brown,

legs, antennae (club iifuseated), and tarsi testaceo-flavous.

Head and prothorax seareely visibly punctate. Each elytron with sutural

stria distinet to basal fourth, but not traceable to base, and with a shorter second

stria; elsewhere with series of minute punetures, more distinct on apical slope

than elsewhere, Leneth, 1-6--1-8 mm,

Tasmania (J. BE. Philp), Zeehan (Aug. Simson), Bruni Island, Hobart,

Ifuon River, King Island, Mole Creek, Mount Wellington (including summit ),

New Norfolk (A. M. Lea).

An oblong-elliptie species, with the upper-surface black, but not a deep

black, and with the apical slope of elytva usually obseurely diluted with brown,

the frout of the head is also narrowly pale. Im certain lights the two fine striae

on each side of the suture are fairly distinet, the series of punctures are very fine,

and the interstices appear to be impunetate. A specimen evidently belonging

to this species, from the Simson collection, bears a note by Blackburn, **Seens

to be very small dark Lifoehus frigidus Blackb.7’; its legs and antennae, how-

ever, are entirely concealed; on specimens with antennae clearly visible the eluh

is seen to be infuseated but not blaek, and the tarsi are certainly not those of a

Lilechrus.

PARASEMUS PALLIDICORNIS Sp. OV,

Ah re

Fie. 42.

Deep shining black, under surface castancous-brown, antennae, palpi, and

tarsi paler.

466 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Head and prothorax scarcely visibly punctate. Each elytron with sutural

striae almost to base, and with a shorter adjacent one; with rows of minute pune-

tures. Length, 1-5 mm.

North Australia: Roper River (N. B. Tindale) ; Queensland: Cairns (F. P.

Dodd and A. Koebele).

In general appearance close to the preceding species, but club no darker

than the rest of the antennae. In some lights the series of punctures on the

elytra, although very small, are quite distinet, they may even be traced about

the seutellum.

PARASEMUS APICIPENNIS Sp. HOV,

Fig. 43.

Blackish, front of head and tips of elytra obscurely diluted with red; under

surface dull brown, antennae (e¢lub dark), palpi, and legs flavous,

Head and prothorax seareely visibly punetate. Hach elytron with sutural

stria distinet to basal fourth and faintly traceable to near base; with rows of

minute punetures, except about seutellum, Leneth, 1:3 nun.

North Queensland (Blackburn's collection) : Cairns,

A narrow blackish species (narrower than P. fasmaniae), with basal joint

of bind tarsi distinctly shorter than the second, The specimen from Cairns has

the apical half of elytra obscurely brownish.

PARASEMUS THRRAERNGINAL Sp. NOV.

Fig. 44.

Deep shining black, prothorax, and elytra with very narrow brownish mar-

gins, under surface brown or piceous-brown, antennae (club slightly infuseated).

palpi, and legs flavous.

Head and prothorax seareely visibly punctate. Each elytron with sutural

stria distinet to basal fourth and faintly traceable to base; with rows of very

ininiute punctures, visibly only in certain lights. Length, 1-4+ mm.

Queensland: Blackall Ranges (A. M. Lea).

Tn general appearance close to P. fusmaniae, bat with only one stria on each

elytron near suture. Narrower than the preceding species, and prothorax and

elytra with very narrow pale margins.

PARASEMUS TAPLODERUS Sp, noy.

Fie. 45-46.

Castaneous, antennae, palpi, and legs paler.

Head and prothorax searcely visibly punetate. Each elytron with sutural

LEA THE PHALACRIDAE OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW GUINEA 467

stria fairly distinet to basal fourth and traceable from there nearly to base, else-

where with series of scarcely visible punctures. Length, 1-5 min,

New South Wales; Syduey, Galston (D, Dumbrell and A, M. Lea), Captains

Flat, Wentworth Falls (A. Simson) ; West Australia: Albany (R. Helms), Swan

River, Davling Ranges (Lea).

Structurally fairly close to P. suturel/us, but without the paler suture of that

Species; consistently paler than P. tasmaniae, and with only one stria on each

elytron. Most of the specimens, althongh shining, are of a rather dull castaneons,

sometimes piceo-castaneous. The first joint of the hind tarsi is slightly shorter

than the second, but it was difficult to see the suture between them clearly, even

under a high power, owing to the clothing.

PARASEMUS IRIDIPENNIS Sp. NOY,

Wig, 47-48.

Black, the elytra with a bluish iridescence, antennae, palpi, aud lees reddish-

flavous, the femora carker.

Head and prothorax seareely visibly punctate. Hach elytron with a fine

sufural stria, traceable aboost to base; with rows of minute punctures fairly

distinct on apical slope and disappearing before base. Leneth, 2 mm.

North Queensland (Blackburn’s collection), Kuranda (F. P. Dodd).

A deep black, iridescent species, the sides of the prothorax no paler than the

middle; although one of the specimens is less iridescent than the others aud the

apical third of its elytra is obsenvely diluted with brown; in certain lights the

apical half of the elytra appears to be yery tinely striated, The basal joint of

the hind tarsi is distinetly shorter than the second.

PARASEMUS PALLENS Sp. LOV.

Wie, 49-50, 122.

Castancous or flavo-castaneous, antennae and lees slightly paler.

Head and prothorax seareely visibly punctate. Each elytron with sutural

stria moderately distinet to basal fourth, but not to base; with rows of minute

punctures, fairly distinet in certain lights on apical slope but scarcely visible

elsewhere. Length, 1-9-2-1 mm,

New Guinea; Wareo, to light (Rev. L. Wagner) ; Papua: Mount Lamington,

abundant (C. T. MeNamara),

Although at first elance the upper surface appears to be of a unitorim shade

of color, on close examination the base of the prothorax is usually seen to be

narrowly paler. ‘Two specimens are wiusually pale, probably from immaturity,

468 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

The two basal joints of the hind tarsi are rather short, the first shorter than the

second.

49, P. pallens

Fig. 47-56. 47, Parasemus iridipennis Lea, hind leg, 48, ditto, antenna,

Lea, hind leg. 50, ditto, antenna. 51, P. montanus Lea, hind leg, 52, diffo, antenna, 96,

FP. parvopaltidus Lea, hind leg. 54, P. compsus Lea, hind leg, 55, diffa, antenna, 56, PL nioestiss

Len, antenna,

Two specimens differ from the typical form in having an infuseation on each

elytron, beginning rather narrowly near each shoulder and extending and dilat-

ing obliquely to near the suture at the apical fourth (fig. 122).

PARASEMUS MONTANUS Sp. Noy.

Wig. 51-52.

Castaneous-brown with a slight bronzy gloss, antennae, palpi, and legs paler.

Head with very minute prnetures, becoming still smaller on prothorax.

LEA—THE PHALACRIDAE OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW GUINEA 469

Each elytron with sutural stria distinet to basal fourth and faintly traceable to

base itself; with rows of minute pinetures, the interstices very minutely pune-

tate, Length, 2 mm,

Papua: Mount Lamington (C.'T. MeNamara).

In some lights the elytral punctures are fairly distinet on the apical slope,

but they are very minute; from a laree space about the scutellum they appear to

be entirely absent. The basal joint of the hind tarsi is distinetly shorter than

the second.

PARASEMUS PARVOPALLIDUS Sp. Novy.

Fig. 53.

Testaceo-flavous, anteunae, palpi, and lees paler.

Head aud prothorax scarcely visibly punctate, the former with a large,

shallow, interoeenlar depression, Haeh elytron with sutural stria distinet on

apteal half and traceable almost to base; with rows of miniwte but fairly distinet

punetures. Length, 1-2 mm.

Queensland : Cairns district, three speeimens from fallen leaves (A. M. Lea).

A ininute pale species, with more distinet punetures on elytra than on P.

mitchelli; in addition to the smaller size distinet from Lifoehrus linctus and nole-

roides by the larger and more cistinet punctures on elytra, The first joint of the

hind tarsi is shorter than the second, but the sutures of the three basal joints are

Incouspieuons, except under a high power.

Two specimens trom Victoria (Dandenong Ranges, C. French, sen.) agree

well with the types. except that the head is without the shallow depression,

PARASEMUS COMPSUS SP. TOV.

Mio. 54-5).

Bright castancous, base of prothorax and suture very narrowly blackish,

antennae, palpi, and lees, and sometimes the abdomen, flavous.

Ilead and prothorax seareely visibly punetate. Each elytron with sutural

stina distinet to basal fourth, and traceable almost to base; with rows of fairly

distinet puneturves, the interstices with minute punctures. Length, 2°5 am.

West Australia: Beverley (type), Swan River (A, M, Lea), Geraldton (1.

Clark); South Australia: Minnipa (II. A, Johnson); Victoria; Grampians, in

October (KB. E. Wilson); New South Wales: Mittagong, Clarence River (Lea),

Galston (D, Dumbrell) ; Queensland: Caitns (Ff. P. Dodd and Blackburn’s collee-

tion), Bundaberg,

Structurally fairly close to P. ereforiensis, but head and prothorax no darker

470 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

than elytra, and general colour more brightly castaneous; it is consistently larger

and brighter than P. obsoletus; P. pallidus ts smaller and narrower. In some

lights the series of elytral punctures are well defined, and the punetures between

them appear also to be seriate in arrangement, but they become confused about

the apex. On several specimens the elytra appear to have two small subapical

infuseations, due to the dark wines showing through. Several speciunens are

slightly irideseent. The first joint of the hind tarsi is shorter than the seeond,

but even under a high power its junetion with that joint is not very distinet,

PARASEMUS MOESTIS Sp. TOV.

Bie, 56-57.

Black, prothorax and suture obseurely diluted with ved, under surface dull

brown, antennae, palpi, and lees paler.

Head and prothorax yery minutely punetate. Tach elvtron with sutural

stria fairly distinet on apical halt, but not traceable to base; with rows of minute

but rather sharply impressed punetures, but absent from a fairly large sentellar

space. Leneth, 2 mn,

Fig. 57°65. 57, Parasemus moestius Len, Wind leg. 58, P. altus Lea, antenna, 49, ditto,

middle log. 60, citto, hind leg, 61, P. rufosuluralis Lea, hind leg. 62, P. ebliquiniger Lea,

amtenna, 638, ditto, lind log, G4, PL himceuliflarus Lea, middle leg. 65, ditte, hind leg.

LEA— THE PHALACRIDAE OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW GUINEA 471

apua: Mount Lamington (C.'T. McNamara).

The outlines are much like those of Litochrus caeruleotinctus, but the elytra,

although shining, are not iridescent, and the hind tarsi are different, the basal

joint being distinctly shorter than the second. At first glance the npper surface

appears to be cutirely black; the metasternum is the darkest part of the tnder

surface. The series of punctures on the elytra, although mimute, are fairly dis-

tinet in certain lights, the interstices appear to be impunetate, except on the

apical slope.

PARASEMUS ALTUS sp. noy,

Big. 58-60,

sright castaneous, under surface, antenmac, palpi, and lees paler.

Head and prothorax seareely visibly punctate. Each elytron with sutural

stria fairly distinet to basal third, but not traceable to base; with rows of minute

punetures. Length, 2-0-2-2 min.

apna: Mount Lamineton (C. T. MeNamara).

An unusually convex species; the colour and outlines are mueh as those of

P, compsus, but the species is distinetly more convex. The series of elytral pune-

tures, although minute, are fairly distinet in certain lights and rather sharply

defined ; the interstices are impunetate, except on the apieal slope, The basal

joint of the hind tarsi is stouter and shorter than the second.

PARASEMUS RUPOSUTURALIS Sp. TOY.

Fig. 61, 128.

Reddish-eastaneous, under surface (the metasternum slightly darker than

the other parts), antennae, palpi, and legs paler, each elytron infuseated, exeept

on the sides and on a rather wide sutural space,

Head and prothorax searcely visibly punetate. Each elytron with sutural

stria fairly distinet to basal third and traceable to near base; with series of

minite but fairly distinet punctures. Leneth, 2 mm.

Queensland: Bowen (Ang. Simson),

In general appearance fairly close to P. diseetdeus, but much less convex

(this is very distinetly so from the sides), the elytra are slightly longer, and their

central mark differs in shane, although variable on both species. The darker parts

of the elytra are not sharply defined, and vary with the point of view, but the

suture and sides are distinetly paler than the dark parts, and paler than most of

the pronotum. [i some lights the series of punctures are fairly distinet and the

intersti¢es are seen to have punctures, which may also appear to be in series,

472 ReEcoRDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

although finer than the regular ones, but about the apex they are irregular. The

hind tarsi are rather short, with the basal joint shorter than the second,

PARASEMUS OBLIQUINIGER Sp. Nov.

Fig. 62-63, 124-126.

Dark brown, front of head and sides of prothorax paler, elytra bright

reddish-castaneous, an oblique black mark on each; under surface pale reddish-

76 77 78 : 79 80

Fig, 66-80. Elytral markings. 66, Lifochrus blackburni Lea, 67, 68, L. flavonotatus

Len. 69, L. v-niger Lea. 70, 71, L. majorinus Lea, 72, L, divergens Lea, 73-76, L. busi-

, . m ? y J re ? . ’

pennis Len, 77, 78, L. binotatus Lea, 79, 80, L. apicifiavus Lea,

castaneous, antennae, palpi, and legs paler.

LEA—THE PHALACRIDAE OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW GUINEA 473

Tlead with dense aud minute punetures, becoming slightly larger and sparser

on prothorax. Elytra with two parallel striae on each side of sutime, traceable

almost to base; with regular rows of small but distinet punctures, the interstices

with punctures as on prothorax. Leneth, 2+5-3-0 mm,

Vietovia: Ararat (type), Bright (11. W. Davey), Dandenong Ranges (C.

French, sen.); New South Wales: Sydney (Blackburn’s collection), Forest

Reefs (A. M. Lea).

The elytra ave more pointed than in P. viclortensts. and the dark mark on

each is always present but the colours are otherwise much the same; the markings

are as on some specimens of P. discotdeus, but the body is larger and the elytra

are more pointed. The prothorax is sometimes almost black, and sometimes hardly

more than a rather dark reddish-brown; the black or blackish mark on each

elytron usually begins some distance behind the shoulders and dilates hindwards

to near the suture at the apieal third, it is twice as long on some specimens as on

others, The prothoracic punetures, although minute, are quite sharply defined

in certain lights. The basal joint of the hind tarsi is shorter and stouter than the

second,

PARASEMUS BIMACTILIFLAVUS Sp. TOY.

Fig. 64-64, 127.

Deep shining black, sides of prothorax very narrowly reddish, each elytron

with a fairly large, ronnded, flavous median spot; under surface, antennar,

palpi. and legs castancous.

Head and prothorax with searecly visible punetures. Each elytron with

sutural stria fairly distinet to basal third, and faintly traceable to near base;

with series of muimute punetures, the interstices with yery minute punetires,

hbeeoming stronger bat more confused about apex. Length, 2 mm,

Queensland: Cairns distriet (A.M. Lea). Unique.

Very distinet by the bimaculate elytra.

PARASEMUS QITADRIMACULATUS Sp. nov.

Fig. 128.

Blackish, sides of prothorax very narrowly paler, cach elytron with an

oblique flavous spot at the basal third and an irregnlar apical one, under surface

castaneous-brown, antennae, palpi, and legs slightly paler.

Head and prothorax with yery minute punetures, Each elytron with sufural

stria distinet to basal fourth and traceable almost to base; with reeular rows of

mintite but fairly sharp punctures, the interstices with very minute punetiures,

becoming confused posteriorly. Length, 2+5 mm,

474 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Papua: Mount Lamington (C. T. MeNamara).

The elytra are slightly iridescent, and the spots are sharply defined but not

No part of the type was broken off for examination in Canada

Unique.

quite symmetrical,

balsam, but under the microscope the basal joint of the hind tarsi was seen to

be shorter than the second.

‘

’

Fig. 81-95, Elytrval markings. 81, Litochrus apiciflavus Lea, 82-84, L. briunneus Hr.

S5-87, L. pulchellus Blackb. 88-95, L. laetieulus Blackb,

LEA—THE PHALACRIDAE OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW GUINEA 475

PARASEMUS PALLIDUS Blaekb.

A specimen labelled as a cotype of this species has hind legs damaged. In

colour and general appearance it agrees well with many of L. (7nelus, but the

two species should be distinct by the proportions of the hind tarsi. On com-

paring it with the type some vears ago it was noted as being somewhat larger

and more brightly coloured. Two other specimens, that appear to belong to the

species, are from Sydney and Mount Lofty.

PARASEMUS ALPICOLA Blackb. (Lilochras).

I noted that the type of this species was a pale, wide, small specimen, in

general appearance almost approaching Phulacrinus.

ParAsemuS MopESTUS Blaekb,

A small pale speeies, in colour agreeing with many specimens of L, tinetus,

but more rniddy than most of them, also more compact, more convex, and with

stronger punetures on elytra, Seen from the sides the elytra appear to be at

their greatest elevation near the seutellum.

PAkASEMUS OBsOLETUS Blackh,

Although more convex behind the seutellim than usual in the @enus, the

apparent convexity depends to a certain extent on the angle of attachment to the

prothorax. The colour is usually of a livid-brown (‘‘fuseo-piceus’? of the de-

scription), the prothorax searecly, if at all, paler on fhe sides than on the dise.

Queensland: Bribie Island, Bundaberg, Cairns, Tamilton; New South

Wales: Clarence River, Sydney,

Parasemus mivenennt Blaekh.

A minute species, with the entire mareins obscurely paler than the general

surface,

Queensland: Cairns. Darnley Island, Mount Tambourine; New South Wales :

Richmond River; New Guinea: Finseh ILaven, on Cresqarvine.

PARASEMUS ADUMBRATUS Blaekh.

In size and general appearance much like specimens of Litochrus major. but

wider and with different legs. Several specimens from Cairns are rather bright

reddish-castancous, the prothorax infuseated, with rather wide, pale markings

om each elytron, with an obseure infnuseation and in parts brivhtly iridescent.

Two others from Kuranda are almost black, with the base very narrowly, and

476 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

sides of prothorax and suture of elytra obscurely paler. Blackburn said that the

species differed from P. lateralis and victoriensis “inter alia multa by the form

of the elypeus’’; this being described as ‘‘subelongato antice sat angustato, ad

apicem subtruneato,’’ A cotype of the species has the clypeal suture faintly

inarked at the sides and secareely traceable clsewhere, the elypeus itself about

101

Fig. 96-110.) Elytral markings. 96-102, Litoehrus laeticulus Blackb. 103, 104, L. Ineti

eulus var, Consors Blackb, 105-110, 2, maculatus Blackb,

LEA—THE PHALACRIDAE OF AUSTRALIA AND NiWw GUINEA 477

four times as wide as long; on several specimens its colour is slightly paler thau

the part behind it; but J cannot regard it as distinetly different from the elypeus

olf viclartensts.

Queensland: Cairus, Kawanda, Mount Tambourine; New South Wales:

Galston; Vietoria: Dividing Range; South Australia: Mount Lofty.

PakasemMus vieroRteNSIS Blackb,

The type of this species was desertbed as testaceous-red, the protborax, except

for the sides and base, darker. The species is very cominon in parts of astern

Australia, and most of the spechnens before me have the elytra of a rather bright

and wniform chesthatted colour, the prothorax conspicuously darker, excepe at

the base and sides; the elytra, however, are sometimes paler; on some specimens

the upper surface is uniformly pale.

Queensland: Cairns, Goodna, Mount Tambourine; New South Wales: Dor-

rigo, Galsion, Korest Reefs, Jenolan, Queanbeyan, Sydney, Tanoworth, Went-

worth Halls, Werris Creek; Victoria: Alps, Dividing Range; South s\ustvalia :

Lueindale.

PARASEMUS SUTURELLUS Blackb.

Referred originally to Lilochrus, but transferred in 1895 to Puruseusus, and

tabulated with the species of that genus, but the colour not mentioned, except in

the original deseviption, where tt was noted as piecous or reddish-pieeous, with

the prothovacie and elytral marems, inelidine the suture, testaceous. The colour

varies trom abiimost black, with the base of prothorax and suture and sides of

elytra conspicuously paler, almost flavous, to a rather dingy reddish-brown, wilt

the paler paris hardiy indieated. On brightly coloured specimens the pale mark-

ings form a couspieuous narrow ’. On some large dark and small dark speci-

mens frou, West Australia the only paris of the base of prothorax that are pale

are the external margins; their elytra are entirely dark, except that parts of the

external mareius ate very narrowly pale. There are similar specimens from

South Australia, New South Wales, Tasmania, and Queensland, as well as the

typical forms, and they have the elyteal punetures quite as strong. A specunen,

from Cairns, has the elytra black, with a bright bluish irideseenee, the outer

inareius are very narrowly pale, but not the suture; the base of the prothorax

is very narrowly pale, the sides more widely so. Some of the very pale specimens

ave coloured inch as 4. /inelus, but they are less oval in shape, and even on the

palest specimens the base of the prothorax is still paler. The length ranges

1-$—2-2 mim,

Queensland: Cairns, Mount Tambourine; New South Wales: Como, Dorrigo,

478 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Forest Reefs, Sydney; Tasmania: Beaconsfield, Bridport, Hobart, Kelso, Laun-

eeston, Mount Wellington, Southport, Waratah; South Australia: Barton,

rawler, Kangaroo Island, Karoonda to Peebinga, Lucindale, Mount Lofty,

Murray River, Ooldea, Port Lincoln; West Australia: Albany, Beverley, Bun-

112 113

116 117 118

122 124

Fig. 111-125. Klytral markings. 111, Litochrus maculatus Blackb. 112-114, L.

plagiadtus Blackb. 115-121, L. lautus Blackb. 122, Parasemus pallens Lea

rufosuturalis Lea, 124, 125, P.

ava. -123) Pe

: obliquiniger Lea.

LEA—THE PHALACRIDAE OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW GUINEA 479

bury, Garden Island, Geraldton, Mount Barker, Rottnest Island, Swan River,

Vasse,

PARASHMUS pIscoIDEUS Blackb,

Vig. 129-133.

Twelye specimens, incliding two cotypes, of this species belore me are all

from the Qairns district; they vary somewhat in the extent and intensity of the

infuseations of the elytra. The hind angles of the prothorax are more produeed

over the shoulders than is usual in the family. On one speciunen the whole of

the upper surface, to the naked eve, appears to be uniformly black, but on close

examination the sides of the prothorax and a large discal area of the elytra are

seen to be obscurely paler; on another specimen ouly a comparatively small

humeral area is rather hghthy mfuseated.

PAraAseMus ToRKIDUS Blackb,

Wig, 184-139.

This species was deseribed as being ‘tsupra piceus plus nimusye rufesccus, 7

and in the table was placed with those haying “elytra without sharply-detined

markings.’’ There are four of the original specimens before me, three bearing

the number 4945 and two with cotype labels; each of the latter is of a dark red,

each elytron with a blackish area occupying most of the surface, on one specimen

(less on the other) with the suture ancl sides of the same shades of red as the

prothorax; the third specimen has the elytra entirely dark and brightly iviceseem

Qnuch as on many speeiinens of P. alfernans, except that they are wider im pro-

portion); the fourth specimen is swaller thau the others and entirely pale

reddish-brown, approaching in colour some of the darker ones of L. linefus.

There are many other specimens under examination, some of which have well-

defined markings, although the reddish suture and sides of the elytra are some-

times almost as dark as the dise; the prothorax also is sometimes almost black.

the sides, or sides and baxe, narrowly excepted or not. The stria close to the

suture, really terminates some distance from the base, as may be quite cistinetly

seen from the sides, but when viewed direcily from above, on some specimens.

owing to ‘Swaterlogging’’ it appears to extend to the base itself. One specimen

from Mount Tambourine has the upper surface almost black, the sides and base

of elytra uarrowly, aud sides of the suture of elytra rather widely, obscurely

reddish; a smaller one from the same mountain is of a bright castaneons-rec,

with a rather vagne infuseation on each elytron oceupying about one-third of ifs

surface. Seven from the Upper Williams River have the suture rather dark red,

narrow and parallel on three of them, narrow at the apex and evenly dilated to

480) RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

the base (but obseure) on two others, and near the base dilated into a subeircular

spot on two others; on two others, from Bribie Island and Cairns, there is an

almost circular spot on the suture towards the base. The length ranges 2+0—

3°43 mm.

Queensland: Bribie Island, Cairns, Mount Tambourine; New South Wales:

Dorrigo, Upper Williams River; North West Australia; Derby, Upper Ord

River; North Australia; Darwin, Groote Eylandt, Melville Island; Papua: Mount

Lamington.

130

135

139 140

Fig, 126-140, Parascnus obliquiniger Lea, 127, P. bimaculiflavus Lea, 128, P. quadri-

nuteulatus Lea. 129-133, P. discoideus Blaeckb. 134-139, P. torridus Blackb. 140, P. doctus

Blackb.

LEA—THE PHALACRIDAE OF AUSTRALIA AND NEW GUINEA 481

Of four specimens from Mount Lamington that appear to belong to the

species, two have a large space (truncated at the base, rounded elsewhere),

occupying most of the median area of the elytra, of a rather dark red; one of

them has the prothorax of the same colour, on the other it is dark, except at the

sides; the third specimen has an obscurely reddish area not quite as large on the

elytra; and the fourth has a somewhat oval, ill-defined, median area and the

outer base obscurely reddish,

ParAsemus pocrus Blackb.

Wie, 140.

There were no specimens of this species standing under the name in the

Blackburn collection when it was acquired by the South Australian Museum ; but

one in my own collection, from Como, bears his name label as the species and

agrees with the description. In general appearance the species bears a strong

reseinblance to Litochrus plagiatus, and some brightly marked ones of L. maci-

lalus, but is distinetly wider. Several from Queensland, New South Wales, and

Vietoria agree well with the Como one; on three others from Queensland the pro-

thorax is castaneous, and elytra mostly castancous, with the markings in the same

positions but much less contrasted,

Queensland: Cairns, Mount Tambourine; New South Wales: Blue Moun-

tains, Como, Sydney; Victoria: Lakes Hntrance.

NOTES ON THE SUPPOSED PRIMITIVE STONE IMPLEMENTS

FROM THE TABLELAND REGIONS OF CENTRAL AUSTRALIA

By NORMAN B. TINDALE, ETHNOLOGIST, SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM

Summary

In 1921 Howchin (’) described some flints from the plateau region of Central Australia,

which he considered were humanly worked ; he compared them with the handiwork of

the primitive Tasmanians.

Renewed interest in the archacological remains of man in Australia warrants a critical

review being made of this record. Wood Jones and Campbell (*) have already brought

forward much field evidence to show that these “plateau eoliths” of the tableland region

of northernmost South Australia and of Central Australia are of natural origin, and in

view of their evidence it would appear almost unnecessary to consider further the validity

of these objects. Further claims (Howchin (*)), however, have been made for them, and it

is thought that a detailed study of the specimens themselves may throw additional light

on the subject.

NOTES on roe SUPPOSED PRIMITIVE STONE

IMPLEMENTS rrom run TABLELAND REGIONS

or CENTRAL AUSTRALIA

By NORMAN B. TINDALE, Fermsonoqisr, Sourm Ausrranian Musrum.

Fie, 1-4.

In 1921 Uowehin (2) deseribed some flints from the plateau region of

Central Australia, which be considered were humanly worked ; he compared them

with the handiwork of the primitive Tasmanians.

Renewed interest in the archaeological remains of man in Australia warrants

a eritieal review being made of this record. Wood Jones and Campbell (*)

haye already brought forward much field evidence to show that these ** plateau

eoliths’’ of the tableland region of northernmost South Australia and of Central

Australia are of natural origin, and in view of their evidence it wonld appear

alnost wanecessary to consider further the validity of these objects. Murther

claims (Howechin (*)), however, have been made for them, and it is thought

that a detailed study of the specimens themselves may throw additional light on

the subject.

The criteria demonstrated by Reid Moir (+) and others, for the distinguish-

ing of human artefacts, have been applied to the actual specimens (now in the

South Australian Museum, Adelaide) upon which Howchin based the original

observations.

The example marked in his paper (l.c., p. 212, pl. sii, fig. 3), as ‘5. Roughty-

triangular and pointed rostro-carinate type,’ has been selected for detailed

eviticism as being one of the most striking and characteristic examples; its

examination therefore may serve as a test of the validity of the assumption of

the human origin of these objects. Hor purposes of comparison a typical Tas-

manian implement of similar form has been subjected to a like examination.

Detailed studies of the directions of impact of flake-+rimming blows, and

their correlation with the resultant flake sears, show that in humanly-made flint

implements the hlows struck against the edge tend ;

(1) To be delivered at a constant anele, which may be readily calculated

hy an examination of the resultant flake sears.

(2) The flakes removed are not usually squat, and are detached in such

484 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

a manner as not to leave a step or ledge at the point of thei final

separation from the implement (i.ec., truneated sears are rare).

(5) Ripple marks are seldom utmmerous or of a prominent character.

(4) The secondary sears tend to be confined to one face, and produce a

straight cutting edge. Such ebippinw may produce minute truncated

sears, the ledges of which lie parallel io the margin of the implement,

(9) The greatest part of the work has been cone al one time.

On the other hand, numerous experiments, and the study of flaked stones

known to be of natural origin, las definitely shown that in them :

(1) The directions of the impacts separating the Hakes tend to be for-

tuitous,

(2) The flakes removed are often squat, and ure commonly stepped oi

have deep ripple sears.

(5) The secondarily flaked edge may bear sears indiscriminately placed

on both faces of the stone; often producing an irrewularly serrated

edge.

(4) Varying degrees of weathering and patination indicate that the flakes

have been removed at intervals over a period of time,

EXAMINATION OF TYPE EXAMPLE No. 5,

This example is deseribed in detail in Mowehin's original report; it is a

triangular object superficially resembling ihe implements called ‘*Kentian

pots” by Reid Moir. Lt is deeply patinated and stained with ‘‘desert varnish,”

the degree of reddening varyine within wide limits on the various flake sears.

In veneral it may be stated that at least three g@enerations of scars are

apparent. These simulate the results of stages of flaking common to mamy stone

implements, and may therefore be arbitrarily classified under the following thiee

headings :

Trimming Flake Scars. These consist of a few large, rugose, partly etehed,

subeonchoidally fractured and very deeply patinated surfaces, suggesting a

typical ‘‘gibber’? or ‘desert varnished’? stone, with one flat flake face formed

by a more recent fracture., There is nothing in these flake sears alone to ditfer-

bed

entiate this stone from any fractured t*gibber, In the figures (fiz. 1-2) these

arcas ave Clagranmatically marked and indicated by dotted shading.

Primary Flake Scars. Numbers of medium-sized but not regular fawn-

coloured scar surfaces are present: these have smooth faces and rounded edges,

usually with a well-marked, pale ferruginous patina.

SUPPOSED ABORIGINAL IMPLEMENTS 485

Mig, |-2.) Plateau eolith.

‘

OF the twenty ‘primary’? flake sears examined the directions of six con-

form (within a range of 10° 10 the ‘Snormal’’ for humanly struck blows; eight

deviate from this anwle by between 20° and 45°, and the rest lay between 45

and 180°. The actual angles are approximately ; 20°, 15°, 85°, 20°, 25°, 40°, 180°,

70°, 60°, 40°, 60°, 50°, 140°, and are indicated diagrammatically in the figure

by arrows. Of the six *‘normal’’ scars three show deep stepping, due to faults,”

in the direction of blow; one other shows prominent ripple marks; their distribu-

tion over the stone is a random one.

Secondary Flake Sears. Greyish-coloured and fresher-looking fracture

faces, chiefly marginal, and usually of small size; the ferruginous staining is of

‘

various degrees, and ranges from ‘‘marked” to ‘Sabsent.”’

Owing to the smallness of some sears, detailed numerical treatment is diffi-

eult. Of one hundred and seven well-marked sears sixty-three are on the trimmed

side, forty-four on the flaked side. In normally worked flake implements the

latter may represent fewer than 1 per cent, of those present, and are usually

attributed to accidental injuries, The diveetions of impact of the secondary

486 RECORDS OF THE S.A, MUSEUM

blows are fortuitous, varvine vertically through an angle of 220°, and hori-

zontally through an angle of at least 45°. The degrees of weatherme indicate

that at least two, perhaps three, eenerations of sears are present (some of the

third may, however, be due to aecidental injuries sustained since the stone was

discovered ).

There is no evidence either in the primary or secondary flaking to support

human intervention.

Further evidence of the natural origin of this and the other similar speci-

mens is furnished by the following facts relating to their occurrence in the field :

(a) They may ahvays be found by examining suitable ‘‘eibber’? plains.

(b) They have never been found disassociated from the sources of supply

(.e., stony plains).

(ec) By a discriminating examination of the stones on any sueh plain it

is possible to select a small percentage of implemeni-like forms. In

the course of several visits to Central Australia many examples of

these have heen noted.

These tend to differ from normal implements, in that:

(1) The flaking is of several generations,

took

(2) The degree of patimation of the ‘trimming, primary, ’? and ‘‘see-

ondary’! flaking is markedly unequal.

(3) The sears suggest that the impacts (or other active agents) which

removed the flakes acted with varying foree, in many different diree-

tions, and wt various (sometimes wide) intervals of time.

EXAMINATION OF A TASMANIAN IMPLEMENT.

A typical ‘Tasinanian native stone implement (A. 14414, in the South Ans-

tralian Museuin) has been taken at random from the collection. Tt is of a dull.

grey cherty flint, with a texture approximating to, but slightly coarser than,

the material of Towehin's ‘‘eoliths.’’

This implement bears a natural striking platform, indicating that it has

heen struck off, as a moderately thin flake. from a large, rounded, waterworn

pebble; traces of the original surface are indicated in the aeconpanying

diagrams (fie. 8-4) by line shading. The flake surface bears traces of the bulb

of percussion, and faint vipple marks are evident on its plane surface. The

implement is rounded-triangnlar in shape, and has heen trinuned so that there

are two coneave cutting margins and a straight back, the latter bearing part of

the striking platform,

SUPPOSED ABORIGINAL IMPLEMENTS 487

Trimming Flake Sears. A detailed consideration of these is tmnecessary

for the present purpose; they are indicated by dotted shading in the figures.

The whole of the worked parts of the implement are uniformly preserved, and

do not snewest flaking at intervals over a period of time,

Pig. t-4.0 Tasmanian stone implement,

Promary Flake Sears. There are fourteen sears on the working margins.

The directions of impaet are all ‘‘normal’’; truncated primary sears are absent.

On the margin of the striking platform there are eight sears; seven are ‘‘normal,”’

and one deviates by some 3)° from that angle. In contradistinection to the

working cdges all the scars on the edge of the striking platform are truncated ;

this seenis to be an inevitable result of the obtuse angle of the margin.

Secondary Flake Scars, The accurate enumeration of the secondary sears

is a matter of difficulty. At least one hundred and thirteen sears have heen

noted on the sides of the cutting edges, while the margin of the platform besis

488 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

some thirty-four. The angle of impact does not vary beyond the usual limits;

regular series of minute truneated sears with their scar traces strietly parallel

to the margin are noteworthy. Four scars only appear on the flake surface of

the implement, and each of these appears to be of accidental origin.

Thus the Tasmanian implement, primitive thoueh it appears to be, bears

indisputable evidence of its human origin.

Howehin has made direct associations between Tasmanian implements and

his ‘teoliths.’? It would seem that his comparisons are based ou fallacious

grounds and his claims not tenable. Tt is possible that eventually Tasmanoid

implements will be recognized from mainland Australia; the last word has not

yet been said with regard to some of the older sites in New South Wales, Victoria,

and South Australia, but it seems highly desirable that any future elaims should

be based, not on generalized comparisons which may break down on. critical

analysis, but on detailed studies,

SUMMARY.

From an examination of the type examples of the so-called ‘‘ plateau eoliths’’

of Central Australia, evidence has been deduced to show that they are probably

not the handiwork of man, but that they bear evidence of a natural origin in

the fortuitous nature of the flaking and the marked differences in weathering and

patination of the various surfaces,

Thus the conclusions arrived at by Wood Jones and Campbell are strongly

supported by considering the problem from quite a different viewpoint.

REFERENCES CITED.

1. Tlowehin, W.: Trans, Roy. Soe. &. Aust., 45, 1921, pp. 206-280, pl. xi-xxi.

Jones, F. Wood and Campbell, 'T. D.: Journ, Roy. Anthrop. Inst., 55, 1925,

pp. 115-122, pl. xix-xx.

3. Howehin, W.: ‘* Building of Australia,’’ pt. 3, 1930, p. 669.

4. Moir, J. Reid: Pre-palaeolithic Man, Ipswieh, 19 7?

Moir, J. Reid, /.c., p. 46, pl. xix, fig. 4v.

THE NEW ZEALAND SCAMPERDOWN WHALE

(MESOPLODON GRAYD IN SOUTH AUSTRALIAN WATERS

By HERBERT M. HALE, DIRECTOR, SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM

Summary

Mesoplodon Grayi Haast.

Mesoplodon grayi Haast, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1876, pp. 7 and 457 ; Waite, Rec. S. Aust.

Mus., 11, 1922, p. 213, pl. iu, figs. 7-8 ; Oliver, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1922, p.572 (syn.).

In May, 1931, Dr. A. M. Morgan and Mr. J. Sutton came across a small, decomposing

whale which had been cast up on Younghusband Peninsula, near the mouth of the River

Murray, South Australia ; they removed the mandibular teeth and the right periotic,

bringing these to the Museum for identification. Shortly afterwards, the writer, in

company with Messrs. N. B. Tindale and H. Condon, visited the spot. By this time decay

and the action of the waves had resulted in the scattering of a number of the bones, some

being found half a mile from the carcase. Careful search, however, resulted in the

recovery of all but the following: Fifth rib of left side, first and third segments of

sternum, fourteenth and fifteenth caudal vertebrae, five of the chevrons, the pelvic bones,

and all bones of the left flipper excepting the humerus.

Tur NEW ZEALAND SCAMPERDOWN WHALE

(MESOPLODON GRAYI) 1s SOUTH

AUSTRALIAN WATERS

By HERBERT M. HALE, Direeror, Sour Ausrranian Muskum.

ig. 1-10,

Mesovtopon akAyi Llaast.

Mesopladon grayi Maast, Proce. Zool. Soe., 1876, pp. T and 457; Waite, Kee. 5,

Aust. Mus., ii, 1922. p. 272, pl. ii, fies, 7-8; Oliver, Proe. Zool, Boe., 1422,

p. 572 (syn.).

In May, 1981, Dr, A. M. More‘an and Mr... Sutfon came across a stall. deeom-

posing whale which had been east up on Younghusband Peninsula, near the

moh of the River Murray, South Australia; they vemoyed the mandibular

teeth and the right periotic, bringing these to the Museum for identification.

Shortly afterwards, the writer, in company with Messrs. N. B. Tindale and IL.

Condon, visited the spot. By this time deeay and the action of the waves had

resulted in the scattering of a number of the bones, some being found halt a mile

from the carcase. Careful search, however, resulted in the recovery of all but

the following: Fifth rib of left side, first and third seginents of sternum, four-

teenth and fifteenth eandal vertebrae, five of the chevrons, the pelyie bones, and

all hones of the left flipper excepting the humeris.

The specimen was a young example of Mesoplodon yrayi, a species recorded

from southern Australia by Waite (a! supra) on the evidence of the left ranius

of a mandible found on the beach at Kangaroo Island. The skeleton has been

assembled by our taxidermisis (Messrs, J. and A. Rai), and, as mounted, the

total leneth is 299 em.

Skull.

Not markedly asymmetrical and with none of the sutures anehylosed.,

Rostrum eurved slightly downwards, with lateral groove well developed and

deep. Premaxillae over-arehing mesorostral gutter, the sharp dorsal edges only

Samm. apart, and parallel toa point 20 mm. behind level of premaxillary foramina,

where they incline very slightly to the left. Expanded distal portions of pre-

maxillae smooth anteriorly, but rugose dorsally and slightly over-arching. The

yomer appears in the mesorostral groove at 110 main. froin tip of rostrun and

RECORDS OF THE S.A. MusEUM

490

UDAE YoOpojdosa yy Jo woepayy

Tay

HaALr—Mesoplodon grayt IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA 491

Wig. 2-4. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of skull of Meseplodon gray

492 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

ventrally at this point also, its inferior visible portion fusiform and 100 mm. in

length. The premaxillary foramina are in line, and are 11 mm. posterior to level

of maxillary foramina.

Mandible and Teeth.

The tip of the mandible is bent a little to the left and the rami are separate.

The mandibular teeth are hollow shells, excepting for extreme tip of denticle;

the whole inner face of each is slightly concave, the outer convex, and the tip

of the dentiele for about 1 mm. of its length is vertieal.

‘io

Fig. 5-8, Mesoplodon grayi; 5-6, mandible; 7-8, left and right mandibular teeth,

HALE—Mesoplodon grayi IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA +93

ig. Small teeth in upper jaw of Mesoplodon grayi.

Portion of the skin of the rostrum was reeovered; this exhibits fifteen small

conical teeth on the right side of the upper jaw (the left portion decayed).

The dimensions of the mandibular teeth are:

Left. Right.

Length of base - “ - - +0 mam. 40 mim.

Greatest depth - - - : 36 mun. o7 mim.

Greatest width - - - - 9 mm. 10 mm.

Dimensions of Skull.

nin,

Total leneth — - - = : 5 . 3 - = - a60

Height from vertex to inferior border of pterygoids - - - 210

Tip of rostrum to posterior border of pterygoids — - - - - 440

Greatest depth of rostrum - - = - - - 51

sreadth between orbits — - + : - £ - - = - 220

Breadth between antorbital ‘‘tubereles”’ - - - - - 1538

Breadth of premaxillae in front of nares - - “ - - - 96

Greatest breadth of anterior nares - - - - - - - +0)

Lengths of tympanie bullae — - - - - - - - - 45-51

Breadths of tympanie bullae - : - - : 3 - 31-35

Vertieal height of supraocetpital (dorsal edge of foramen magni

to top of occipital erest) — - - - - - - - - 100

404 ReEcoRDS oF THE S.A. MuskEuM

Width of foramen magnum — - - - - - - - - 40

Width of condyles — - - - - - - - - - - 81

Ueight of condyles - - - - - - - - - : 53

Length of rami of mandible — - - - - - - - - 490,

Greatest depth of mandible - - - : ; - - - 90

Length of symphysis 4 - - - - - ; : 1H0

Vertebrae, Ribs, etc.

The number of vertebrae is: Cervical, 7; thoracie, 9: lumbar, 11; caudal, 20

(including the two whieh are missing, bit which have been modelled aud installed

in place) = total 47,

Cervicals, The tirst two are fused, the remainder wholly free; there is a

formmen on each side between neural arches of first and second. Foramina above

anterior articular facets complete. Inferior lateral processes of first short, stout,

and blint, that of second longer and directed backwards. Stperior lateral

process of second rather slender and direeted backwards. Superior lateral pro-

cesses of succeeding cervicals irregular; inferior processes of third and fourth

slender, of fifth and sixth cousiderably stouter. Neural spine of sixth a little

higher, but much more slender, than that of first ancl second: that of third ta

fifth searcely apparent; there is a gap dorsally in the neural arch of the fourth.

The seventh bas the spine vertical and much longer, as loug as the height of the

arch. and bears an elongate facet for the head of the first rib.

Thoracies. Neural spine of first sloping slightly back, slender, and about as

long as arch and centrum together; to the fourth the spines inerease successively

in length and width; in the remainder they are subequal in size. Process with

facet for tubercle of first rib wide and thiek, direeted a little forwards and down-

wards. Facet for head of second rib prominent, ucar posterior margin of side

of centrimm. Artienlar facets on second, third, and fourth thoraeies similar, but

processes with articular facets for tubercles of ribs stouter. Facets for head of

sixth rib ona short process near top of side, and near the posterior margin, of

sixth. Lateral processes of seventh to ninth successively inereasing in width,

each with facet. Centra of sixth to ninth with an inferior keel, blunt on the

sixth, sharp on the others,

Luntbars. Nevral spines truneate, subequal in width, successively inereasiny

in height to the tenth, the eleventh shorter. Transyerse processes narrowest in

anterior hiombars, and becoming shorter and wider in posterior limbars, Hach

centime with a sharp median keel inferiorly. Metapophyses successively becom-

ing loser together.

HaLe—Mesoplodon grayi iN SOUTH AUSTRALIA 495

Cuudals. First (28th vertebra) similar to last lumbar, but centrum with a

pair of low longitudinal keels inferiorly, each highest posteriorly where the

articular facets for the first chevrow bones are situated. Seeond with snuilar

keels and posterior facets for second chevrous, aud also with slightly elevated

auterior facets for the first ¢hevrons. In suceeeding lobars the anterior and

posterior ¢levated portions of the keels, with their articular facets, become suc-

cessively closer together, joining on cach side on the eighth to tenth, but leaving

a foramen between. The centra of the third to civhth jive alow ridge on each

side above the transverse process, nearer to the latter in the third, but nearer to

the neural arch in the others; this ridve is scarcely distinguishable on the eighth.

The neural arch disappears after the eleventh, on whieh it is represented by a

perforated knob.

Chevrons. Apparently were ten in nmmber, in which case the second, third,

sixth, ninth, and tenth are missing. The nenbers of the first pair are not tnited,

Ribs. The tirst of the nine pairs of ribs is shorter and wider than any of the

others. The first five are double-headed, and the head of the sixth has two

artieular facets. The last vib is relatively large.

Sternum, Wirst and third segments missing, but modelled for skeleton.

Second segment rectangular, with anterior notch much deeper than posterior.

Fourth and fifth segments fused together, with a small foramen between;

anterior noteh of fourth shallow, and posterior segment irreg ilar in Shape.

Scapula and Fore-limb.

Anterior and posterior mareins of seapula nearly straight, slightly sinnate.

Ridges distinet. Acromion bent a little inwards, with edges subparallel. Cora-

coid somewhat shorter and rather slender.

ig, 10, Seitpula and fore-limb of Wesoplodon gray.

496 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

The complete right Lmb was recovered. The humerus has the head only

slightly oblique, and the radius is scarcely widened at either end. The ulna is

two-thirds as wide as the radius, with the oleocranon thick and prominent.

There are six carpals, two on ulna side, in line with metacarpal iv, and four

on the radial side, the middle two above metacarpals ii and iii. Phalanges, in-

cluding metacarpals: i, 1; ii, 5; iii, 5; iv, 4; v, 3.

Loc, Younghusband Peninsula, Ninety Mile Beach, South Australia. (Skele-

ton and portion of skin of jaw in South Australian Museum, Ree. No. M. 3003.)

REVISION OF THE AUSTRALIAN GHOST MOTHS

(LEPIDOPTERA HOMONEURA, FAMILY HEPIALIDAE)

By NORMAN B. TINDALE, SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM

Summary

This paper is the first of a series, in which it is hoped to review the Australian genera and

species of the family Hepialidae, or Ghost Moths.

This group includes some of the most archaic of lepidopterous insects, veritable living

fossils, which have survived in greater profusion in the isolated continent of Australia

than in any other part of the world.

Their injurious feeding habits in the larval state cause many of them to be of considerable

economic importance to the timber and grazing industries.

REVISION or rue AUSTRALIAN GHOST MOTHS

(LEPIDOPTERA HOMONEURA, FAMILY

HEPIALIDAE)

PART I.

By NORMAN B. TINDALE, Sourn Austrauian Museum.

Hie, 1-64,

INTRODUCTION.

Tus paper is the first of a series, in which it is hoped to review the Australian

genera and species of the family LHepialidae, or Ghost Moths.

This group ineludes some of the most archaic of lepidopterous insects, yerit-

able living fossils, which have survived in greater profusion in the isolated eon-

tinent of Australia than in any other part of the world.

Their injurious feeding habits in the larval state cattse many of them to be

of considerable economic importance to the timber and grazing industries.

The present review is based on practieally all the material of the family

preserved in the various Museums and private collections of Australia. In 192,

through the co-operation of the Australian National Research Couneil and the

Board of Goyernors of the South Australian Museum, most of the larger collec-

tions in Victoria and New South Wales were examined, and many specimens were

brought back to Adelaide for detailed study. Special thanks for the loan of

material and other data are extended to the Directors of the Australian, MaeLeay,

and National Musemns, to Drs. A... Turner and G@. A. Waterhouse, and to Messrs.

W. B. Barnard (Toowoomba), G, M, Goldfinch (Sydney), C. G. L. Gooding

(Moe), J. A, Kershaw (Melbourne), G. Lyell (Gisborne), and L. J. Newman

(Perth).

A bibliography, a key to the genera, some notes on general ecological prob-

lems, and a further list of acknowledgments will be given at the conelusion of the

review of genera and species.

amity HEPIALIDAE.

This is one of the largest surviving groups of the ILomoneura, which are

characterized by the marked similarity in the yenation of fore- and hind-wings.

498 RECORDS OF THE S.A, MusruM

All the members of the family possess a lobe, called the jugunm. at the base of the

posterior margin of the forewing, for which reason they are sometimes grouped

together with some other primitive forms under the term Jngatae.

The Hepialid type is of great antiquity, dating back at least to the Jurassie

Period. Characters beheved to be primitive are the marked gap between the

fore-and hind-wings, the homoneurous venation, the obsolete mouth-parts, ani

the seale-like haivs, which appear to give an indication of the mode of origin of

the move complex seales of the specialized Lepidoptera.

The eges are small and produced in ineredible numbers; the larvae are lone

and uaked, with sparse haits, offer set upon warts; they live undereround,

feeding ou roots, or as borers, in trees. A few species live in undergrotal tiun-

nels, but emerge on the surface at meht to feed on vrasses. The pupae are

elongated, with the appendages free; ihey ave capable of motion within the

pupation tunnel by means of serrated iarezins to some of the mobile segments

of the abdomen. The adults are ineapable of feeding, being without funetional

mouthparts, and therefore have but a brief existence,

The rvesearehes of Philpott wpon the stvucture and relationships of the

prunitiye Lepidoptera haye done much to clarify our knowledge of the form and

Glassifi¢ation of this family; his original papers should be consulted for diseus-

sions on the detailed structure.

Short deseriptions of formu and markings, unaccompanied by illustrations,

have proved to be of coubttul valne im the stndy of the Lepialidae, partly owing

to the underlying sameness of wing pattern throughout the eronp, and partly

owing to the great variability which may exist within the limits of a single species.

In this revision considerable velianee is placed on illustrations, the colour cle-

seriptions being usnally based on the actual examples figured, Tn each ease the

total number of specinens examined is given at the end of the locality lists.

Owing to the brief emergence periads Of some species, it has heen considered

advisable on oceasion to quote the detailed dates of capture of the specimens

under review; mm all other cases the months of emergence are indieated, where

known, by the numbers (1 to 12) which follow the locality name.

The types of the species described by Scott were found to be in the Austyvalian

Museum collection, and had been idewtified and labelled, The Lucas and Lower

type specimens, together with a few of Turner’s species, are in the South Aus-

tralian Museum collection, Throngh the eourtesy of the anthorities of the

British, Oxford University, and Tring Museums, photographs of the Walker,

Swinhoe, and Felder type examples have heen received, Definite determinations

have been made possible for many species hitherto only doubtfully recoenized,

AUSTRALIAN GHOsT MotTHS 499

TINDALE

and the synonymy, often clouded by false identifieations, has been made some-

what less obscure.

Kirby (1892) was the first to fix the genotypes of the genera erected by

Herrieh-Schaciter, Walker, and other early workers in this family. Some of his

nominations are not in accordance with the International Rules of Zoological

Nomenclature, and cannot stand. Kaeh case has been diseussed in detail in the

following pages.

In 1914 several plates figuring Australian Hepialidae were published in

Seitz’ Macrolepidoptera, without deseriptive text. Up to the present time this

lack has not been supplied, owing to the death, during the Great War, of the

author, the late R. Pfitzner. Through the courtesy of Professor A, Seitz a copy

of Pfitzuer’s manuseript list of the ‘*Hlepialidae of the Indo-Australian Fauna’?

has been received; in this the missing localities and generie indications are given,

Pfitzner's illustrations represent definite ‘indications’? (International Rules,

Article 25), and are therefore valid. In the synonymy quoted in this paper his

name and that of the genus are placed within square brackets to show that they

are not definitely indicated im the original publeation and have been supplied

from the mamuseript,

Trerena Meyrick,

Triclena Meyrick, Proc. Linn, Soe. N.S. Wales, iy. (2), 1889, p. 118.

Antenne tripectinate in both sexes (fig. 2-8). Labial palpi well developed,

Pig. 1-3. Trictena argentata (Herrich- Schaeffer). 1. venation; 2. transverse view of a

male antennal segment; 8. dithe female.

500 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

three segmented; second segment longer than first, apical segment half the length

of second, and twice as long as wide. Maxillary palpi reduced, composed ot a

single spherical segment. Forewings with Ry separating from Ry before branch-

ing of R5; Ry and Rs forked. Ilindwines with Ry and Rs branching before

racdiowmnedian cross-vein (fig. 1). Genotype: VTrietena argentata (Lerrich-

Schaeffer, 1855) = (labyrinthica Meyriek, 1889, nee Donovan, 1805).

Members of this genus can be distinguished from all other genera of Atus-

tralian Hepialidae by the tripectinate antennae.

Key vo ‘rib SPECIES OF TRICTENA.

a. Forewings with subterminal white band broad, often broken

up into # series of isolated spots or abbreviated .. .. orgentata

ava. Korewings with subterminal white band uarrow, seldom

abbreviated or broken up into a series of isolated spots... argyrosticha

TRICTENA ARGUNTATA (Llerrich-Sehaeffer ).

Wie, 1-10.

Cossus labyrinthicus Angas, South Australia Ulustr., 1847, pl. 37. fig. 12, male

(nec Donovan).

Eptolus argenteus Hervich-Sehaeffer, Lep. Exot., 1853, pl. xi, fig. 47-48, male and

female (nee Donovan).

cLbantiades argentalus Werrich-Schaetter, .u., 1855, p. 4.

Pielus abripalpis Walker, List. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus., vii, 1856, p. 1577.

Trictena labyrinthica Meyrick, Proc. Linn, Soe. N.S. Wales, iv (2), 1889, p. 1135

(nec Donovan).

Pielus hydrographus Swinhoe, Kast. Lep, Uet., 1, 1892, p. 289 (nee Felder).

Trictena labyrinthiew |Pfitaner|, Seitz Macrolep., fauna indo-ausiraliea, i,

1914, pl. Joa, male and female,

é Antennae dark brown, palpi pale brown, thorax abdomen and lees

ereyish-brown, Forewmes dark greyish-brown with nonmerous labyrinthine

mnarkines; irregular silvery-white discoidal and terminal white bands; a series of

anal marginal spots may be present (fig. 4), vestigial (fig. 5), or absent. Hind-

wings greyish-brown. Expanse, 105 min.

® Antennae and palpi brown, abdomen densely ¢lothed with pale fawn-

coloured down. Forewitgs greyish-brown with lighter labyrinthine markings ;

distinet traces of discoidal and terminal white bars present, much infuseated.

Hindwinegs greyish-brown, Expanse, 166 mim.

Loc. Queensland: Toowoomba 6. New South Wales: Sydney 4; Roseville

9; Mittagong 4; Ilornsby 6; Neweastle; Ash Island; Clarence River; Narromine;

TINDALE

AUSTRALIAN GHosT MOTHS 501

View 4. Vrictewe argentata (Ilerrich Sehaetfer), male, Blackwood, SoA. mat. size,

Vig, 5.

Trietong argentate (HerrielSebaetter), temale, Blackwood, S.A. nat. size.

Bowral: Tonenurey 6; Glen Innes 4; Beeeroft. Victorias Gisborne +; Macedon

4+ Caulfield 4; Castlemaine 4; Mie Tree Gully 5; Moe; Kilmore +: Bullengarook

4; Timberoo Sonth 5. Tasmania: Tobart. South Australia: Adelaide 4, 4;

Waikerie 4; Ardrossan 4; Moonta 5; Bungaree 5; Blackwood 4,4; Cooper Creek ;

Tareoola o: Port Augusta 5; NW. of South Australia.

Western \iustralia :

Perth 7; Swan River; Boulder; Mraser Ranee 10,

S84 males, ZR females,

502 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

The pair deseribed and figured (fig. 4-5) are from Blackwood (1, 18658 in

South Australian Museum). The species is wide-ranging and variable. Two

principal forms may be distinguished.

a. Forewings with labyrinthine markines well developed .. argentatu

aa. Forewings with labyrinthine markings obsolete or absent — f, alripalpis

The plain dark examples (fiz. 8) are usually larger than the others, and

seem to be characteristic of cold, wet districts. In the more northern localities

and under arid conditions the specimens are smaller, paler in colowr, and are

well marked, Both forms may occur in the same loeality ; they are therefore nol

strictly geoeraphieal races. The variation is possibly climatic and seasonal, for

Big, 6. Trieleda argentate (Herviele Schacter), male aberration with preterm on hindwing.

in the vieinity of Adelaide, where both forms are taken in abundanee, the larger

and darker examples appear to be most abundant after wet winters. Bie, G shows

an aberration in whieh the pattern of the forewine is partially represented in

the hindwing.

Seven males and four females of this species are present in the Macheay

Museum. According to Seott (1) these inelude a pair, vumarked, which are ihe

types of “dabyriathicus Donovan? Careful comparison shows that none of

specimens agree, even superficially, with Donovan's original figures. On the

other hand, there is a female, with unipectinate antennae, whieh may be Dono-

(1) Seott, A, W., Aust, Lep. ti, L864, p. 12.

TINDALE—AUSTRALIAN GHOST MoTHS 503

van’s type of Abantiades urgentens = hibyrintliens. This exemple is deseribed

in the appropriate place.

Fie. 7.) Trighene argentata (UWerrich-Schavtfer), mile, Adelie, G, Fo Angas (Oxford

University Museum),

Professor BE. B. Poultou hay kindivy examined the example, collected at

Adelaide by G, HW. Angas, whieh was deseribed by Swinhoe, erroneously, as the

male of Abantiades hydragraphus (Felder). [1 has tripectinate antennae, and,

as the photograph (fie, 7) shows. is an example of the present species,

Vip, 8, Trielene sigentatn tf. atedwdilpia (Walker). Type, a male, Tasmanin (British

Museum).

504 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

The type of f, atripalpis (Walker), preserved in the British Museum, is also

depieted (fig. 8). It was probably caught at Hobart, where Morton Allport did

much of his collecting. This place may be therefore regarded as the typical

locality for the plain dark form of the species.

The moth is abundant both m wet and dry localities. In many parts of arid

Australia, south of Latitude 24, it is associated with the red-gum (Mucalyplus

rostrata), wpon the roots of whieh the larvae appear to feed. These trees grow

on the banks of dry river beds, wherever there is abuudant subterranean moisture.

Kip. 9 Trietena argeutala (MMerrich-Sehaeffer). Newly omerged larva & 25.

Egg. A female eapiured at Adelaide laid 29,100 eges, and upon disseetion

an additional 15,000. fully-developed ones were secured. The moths lay their

eges while flying, broadeasting them in the vieinity of the @umtrees. When first

laid the eggs are pale creamy-yellow, darkening to a slate-grey color soon after

deposition. In form they are almost spherical, smooth, and 0-6 mm. in diameter.

Larva. Eges kept in a dark, damp place hatehed within 24 days. The

newly-emerged larva (fig. 9) is approximately 3-5 mm. in length, with laree,

Fig. 10. Vrictena argentata (Uerrich-Schacffer). Adult larva, nat. size.

ochreous head, prominent jaws, and white, evlindrical hady, naked, with a few

sparse hairs. Sixteen legs are present. There is a full-erown larva in the

South Australian Musemmn, labelled as belonging to this species; it is ereamy-

TINDALE—AUSTRALIAN GHOST MOTHS 505

white in colour, with dark castaneous-brown thoracic chitinizations (fig. 10).

The head and the apex of the abdomen are ochreous. Length, 112 mu.;

diameter, 14 mam,

Pupa. The cast skins can be readily distinguished from those of the pupae of

the species of Abantiades by the inpress of the tripectinate antennae on the facial

mask. Pupation takes place in a vertieal eylindrical tunnel 45 em, deep, which

approaches to within a few millimetres of the surface. Nothing is laiown or

cerning the duration of larval or pupal life,

Tn southern districts the imago emerges in the late afternoon after the first

autinn rains have fallen. In the arid northern areas the moth emerges at

irregular seasons, either shortly after or during the progress of heayy rain-

storms. They are attracted to lights and to fires. Angas (*) records that on

the banks of the Lower Murray River these ‘large ghost moths fluttered into the

embers in such quantities that the natives made a capital supper on their scorched

and roasted bodies,” Sinilar incidents have been experienced among the natives

of Cooper Creek (F. Wood Jones) and of the Northern Flinders Range (Tindale),

Gray (*) records that the natives of the Wirra tribe at Orroroo dug up the

erubs and pupae from about the big gumtrees ou the Pekina Creek, and cooked

them in the ashes. They were known as bart,

TRICTENA ARGYROSTICILA Turner.

Fie. 11.

Trictena argyrosticha Turner, Trans. Roy, Soe. 8. Aust., lili, 1924, p, 307, mate.

2 Antennae ochreous. Head, thorax, abdomen, aud legs pale brown, Fore-

wings brown, costa narrowly pale brown, inuer margin broadly pale brown, with

numerous fine seroll-like paler lines; irregular discoidal longitudinal and siub-

terminal oblique silvery-white fasciae, partly margined with dark brown. TLind-

wings pale brown. Expanse, 110 mi.

g@ Unknown.

Loe. Queensland; Toowoomba 4; Atherton 3, New South Wales: Clarence

River, 15 males,

The example described is a male from the type series (Toowoomba, April 8,

1924, 1. 18654, in 8. Aust. Mus.) ; the figure is from an almost identical example

in the Lyell callection.

(2) Angas, G. 1%, Savage Life and Seenes in Australia, v. 1, 1847, p. 7,

(3) Gray, J, South Aust, Naturalist, xii, 1950, p. 6.

506 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Fig. 11. Vrietena argyrosticha Turner, male, Toowoomba.

Two specimens from Atherton have the central area of the forewines some-

what paler than in southern examples; the markings differ but little.

Pig. 12-15, 12. Bordaia piea gen, et sp, noy. Venation. 18. fille transverse view of male

antennal segment, 14, B, mocsta sp. nov. male antennal segment. 15, 8. firrod sp. noy. male

‘ntenmal segment,

TINDALE—AUSTRALIAN GHOST MOTHS 507

BORDAIA gen. Noy.

Antennae bipectinate; palpi moderate, apparently three segmented, terminal

seyment reduced, base concealed by dense hairs. Forewings with Ry separating

from Rg before branching of Rs; Ry and R; forked. Llindwings with Ry aud

R; branching before radio-median cross vein; eubito-median Y-vein absent

(fig. 12).

Genotype, B. plea sp. uoy.

The members of this genus combine the general appearance of some species

of Oxyeanus with the yvenational characters of Abundiades and its allies.

Key ro Tuy Species or Borpata.

a. Korewines with conspicuous silvery-white bands.

bh. Peetinations of antennae (iu sectional view) slender .. pica

bb. Peectinations of antennae broad .. *s ba Le mtaesta

ai. Movewines without silvery-white bands.

« Forewings with obseure markings wt 4 2. fre

ce, Korewings without markings if a i .. paradord

Borpala PIVA sp. Noy.

Big. 12-13, 16.

$ Head with face and palpi black; vertex greyish-brown. Antennae long,

peetinations long and slender, minutely ciliated. Thorax @reyish-brown, with

lone whitish hairs posteriorly, Forewings sub-hyaline, greyish-black with

Mg. 16. Bordaia pied sp. nov., male, L-2 nat. size.

silvery-white markings, consisting of irregular discoidal longitudinal and oblique

subterminal bands: a series of six white spots in apieal third running parallel

to subterminal band and a terminal series of six narrow marks between the veins,

Hindwines sub-hyaline, ereyish-white, the terminal third darker, Expanse,

52mm.

RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

ial

Loc. South Australia: Cape Borda, on Kangaroo Island (February, 1905,

J. Kopp; type 1. 18655 in S$. Aust. Mus.). Western Australia: Merredin.

** Australia’? (Liueas Coll.). 5 males.

The type example was attracted to light at the Cape Borda Lighthouse,

The two tnlocalized examples from the Lucas Collection are possibly Vietorian.

They agree closely with the type.

BoRDATA MOESTA sp, Noy,

Wie, 14, 17.

é Head brownish-black ; antennae fuscous, Thorax and abdomen brown

above (except at base) ; brownish-black beneath. Forewines dark brown; three

series of silvery-white markings; a broken irregular series from base meeting an

Fig. 17. Bordaia moesta sy. uov., Type, a male, Merredin,

oblique series from near apex; subcostal curved series in apical third, and a sub-

terminal series near anal angle, Tindwings dark brown, base of wings and

abdomen ¢lothed with dense brownish-white pubescence. Expanse, 62 mm.

Loc. Western Australia: Merredin (Li. J. Newman). 1 male.

In general appearance and build B. weesta resembles species of Oxyeans,

from which it differs in important structural details.

BORDATA PURVA Sp. nov.

Fig. 15, 18.

& ead brownish-black; antennae with broad, flat lamellations, dark

brown. ‘Thorax brown, abdomen pale brown, with a tuft of paler hairs at base;

heneath dark grey-brown. Forewings brownish-black, darker at base, with

‘TINDALE—~ AUSTRALIAN GHOST MOTHS 509

numerous obseure seroll-like markings; a broad subterminal oblique black band

from near apex to about vein Cuyb enclosing two small rectangular white marks

on Ry, and traces of others on Re and Rs. Hindwings grevish-brown, lHxpanse,

120 mm.

Fig. 18, Bordeio furve sp. nov. Type, i male, Western Australia,

Loc. Western Australia. (Type, unique, I. 18696, in S, Aust. Mus.).

A striking, if dully-marked form, The silver subterminal band character-

isti¢ of many Llepialidae is replaced by oue of dull black. The antennae are long

and stout, (he lamellations being broad and angular.

BORDATA PARADOXA SP. LOY,

Fie, 19,

& Head uniformly reddish-brown; autennae with rather slender peetina-

tious, dull ochreous. Thorax and lees reddish-brown, abdomen paler and densely

covered. with pink down, beneath pink, with redrdish-brown apex.

forewings

wniformly reddish-brown without markings,

Hindwings a paler reddish-brown,

at buse densely elothed with pink-tinged ecreamy-white down. Expanse, LO7 nun.

Loc, Western Australia: Lake Grace (April, 1930, W. B. Barnard). 1 wale.

At first glance this inseet could be mistaken for an tnmarked example of

Abuntiodes hyatinglus (Werrieh-Schaetfer, 1853), but the broader wings, different

venation, and above all the bipectinate antennae, are distinctive. The resem-

blance between the members of the present genus and some of the others seen

to be rather the result of convergent evolution than of affinity.

510 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Anantiapes Tlerrich-Sehaetfer.

Abuntiades UWerrich-Schaeffer, Lep. Exot,, 7. 1895, p. 5,

Pielus Walker, List. Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus., vii, 1856, p. 1576 (eenotype labyrinthi-

eus Donovan (nec Meyrick ef fie), designated by Kirby, 1892).

Fie. 1), Bordata peererlagce sp.oma, Type, aamale, Lake Grace,

Antennae unipectinate, peetinations offen broad and laimellate in mates, re-

duced in females. Labial palpi threeseginented, first and second seenents

approximately equal, apical one short, about as long as wide and subspherical;

maxillary palpi reduced, forming illarticulated protuberances at base of labiun.

Fig. 20-25, 20. Abantlades luntroaraphius (Feller) palpi. 21. leneochiton (Pfitwuur)

Transverse view of male antennal segineut. 22, LL. barrens (Pfituner ), pri antennal segment,

Hh. A. hy drograplous (Horrich-Sehuctter), mile witenmal sewment, 24. 4, hyalinatus ( Hervieh

Schaeffer), male antennal segment. 25. 4. aphenges (Turner), male antennal segment,

TINDALE—AUSTRALIAN GHOST MOTHS 511

Forewings with Ry separating from Ry before branching of R;; Ry and R;

forked. Tlindwings with Ry and Rs branching before radioanedian cross-vein,

Genotype: wl. dyalinagtus VWerrich-Schaefter, 1853 (A. diaphanus TWerrich-

Schaeffer, 1855), designated by Kirby, 1892.

Meyrick recognized only two species in this venus; fourteen are now known.

Preparations of the mouth-parts, genitalia, and antennae of most of the species

have been examined; the speeifie characters prove to be quite well marked, and

the separation of the species is easier than in Oncopera and Ouvycanus.

male 1A

Fig. 26. Abantiades Iyatinatus (Herrich-Schaeffer). Venation, male.

The generic and specific synonymy of Aban/iades is involved, partly owine

to the long-continued misidentification of the first deseribed form, A, labyrinthi-

cus (Donovan, 1805). The true ah. dabyriatiieus had unipeectinate antennae, as is

plainly shown in the original figures, whieh represent the sexes of a common

New South Wales species with a broad black area surrounding the discoidal

silvery fascia.

The name Abantiades was published by Terrich-Schaeffer (1855), with

hibliovraphieal references to his figures of three species published in 1853) (an

512 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

adequate indication according to Opinion 1 in the International Rules of

Zoological Nomenclature),

No genotype was fixed until 1892, when Kirby designated A, fyalinatus

Ierrich-Schaeffer, 1853) (diaphanus Hervich-Schactfer, 1855). This is a valid

selection, since A. diaphanus is not a nomen nawhon, being accompanied by a

short bibliovraphival reference, ** Hxot. fig. 50,77 Jinking it with the figure of

hyalinafus, THervieh-Schactter seuinely intended diaphanus to be a substitute

name for /eyalinalus.

The males, and to a lesser extent the females, of species of Abuntiades haye

antennal semments of characterisii¢ forms, ranging from the almost circular

lamellae of al. leweochiton Cig. 21) to the redueed type present in ul. aplenges

(fie. 25). The last-named species and wl. fulnomarginatus stand somewhat apart

from the rest of the members, aud may be eventually placed in a separate eenns.

The hairy clothing of the segments is a distinetive character,

The following key is based chiefly on conspicuous characters in male speci-

mens. The females are much larger, and have similar wimg markines, in which

the white bands are generally obscured or infuseated, and the ground-colours

are less Sharply defined.

Ky To THE Species ov ABAN'TLADES.

a. Forewings with conspicuous silvery-white bands.

b. Terminal and diseoidal white bands separate (in

oecasional examples of some species may be

linked by a slender streak in the area between

M, aud M,).

« Diseoidal band stronely and irregularly dentate

or braken

ad. Ovellate markings present.

Hindwines snowy-white .. pe Le sericalus

ee. Hindwings not snowy-white.

Teeumen of male with margin pro-

duced into a blunt point .. acellalus

ff Teeumen of male with margin rounded marcidis

dd. Ocellate markinys absent.

« Ground colour uniformly brown, ochre-

ous, or briek-ved .. : .. Ayalinatus part.

vo. Ground colour greyish- brown, white

bands narrowly margined with

black. . 2 wurilegulus

veo Ground colour broadly black j ink diseoidal

region, elsewhere erey, labyrinth-

ine markings conspicuous, . labyrinthieus part,

ce. Discoidal band with rather straight and entire

mareins.

TINDALE—AUSTRALIAN GHOST MoTHS 513

h. Terminal white band broad,

TTindwings suowy-white .. a? .. leveochilon

. Hindwings slaty-zrey a 3 .. jnagnifious

hile. Per vol white band narrow.

Margins of band irregularly dentate .. hydrographus

_ Margins of band straight 7 latipennis

bh, ‘Terminal and diseoidal white bands stronely con-

joimed,

k. Forewines without labyrinthine markings. bareas

kk, Korewings with labyrinthine washings,

|. Gronnd eolour TOY oC : .. Ulbofasciatus

Il. Ground colour blaek, on margins ervey... labyrinihicus

I swatnsone

Forewines without conspicuous silvery-white bands.

m. Hor ewings without markings y, . .. hyalinatus part.

mim: me ewings with irregular white marks or Tunules.

Costal margin tinged ochreous .. .. fulvomarginatus

uu. Costal margin concolorous. . et .. aphenges

ABANTIADES SERICATUS ap. nov,

Fie, 27-28.

§ Antennae ochreous-brown. THlead, thorax, and legs grey, abdomen

whitish. Forewines grey, with numerous blaek labyrinthine markings; silvery-

white markings forming a large discal avea and a narrower subterminal obliqne

band, which are both strongly mareined with black and golden-yellow; black and

Biv, 27-28, Ahantindes sericafus sp. uev. Type and paratype, tnales, Lake Grace,

yellow ocellate markings are present in mecdiau area, Tlindwings white, clothed

at base with dense white pubescence. Wines beneath white, tinged grey.

Expanse, 60 mim,

Loe, Western Australia: Lake Grace (W. B. Barnard, 1929). 2 males.

This species is related to the following one (A, Soellotuns), Fron which

514 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MuSEUM

differs in the proportions of the autennae, in the form of wings, in the ereater

irreenlarity of the white markines, and in the yellow and black ringed spots.

ABANTIADES OCELLATUS Sp. NOV.

Fig. 29-30.

é Antennae brown, thorax grey, anterior margin of lees brownish-black,

elsewhere clothed with mixed brown and white hairs; abdomen above white,

suffused with pale pink, below greyish-white. Forewings brownish with silvery-

white markines forming broad discoidal and oblique terminal bands, margined

with velvety-black and pale ochreous; costal margin tinged ochreous; three or

nore velvety-black and ochreous annular marks in discoidal region. Hinudwings

ereaniy-white, termen suffused erey ; basal hair dense, pale pink, Wings beneath

vrey with marked costal ochreous suffusion. Jaxpanse, 62 mim,

Fig, 29-30. lbantiades oeellatus sp. nov. Type, a male, and allotype female, Denmark,

Western Australia.

2 Larger than male, sinilarly marked, hindwings and abdomen greyish-

brown. Expanse, 101 aun,

Loe. Western Australia: Denmark. (Type, a male, B. No. 32, March 17,

1926, and the allotype female, B. No. 38, Mareh 138, 1926, W. B. Barnard).

1 mule, 2 females.

A second fewale, from Western Australia, withont definite locality, has been

examined.

Owing to the seantiness of material in this and the preceding species, the

eenitalia have not been dissected, Inspection suggests that in A. sericafus there

are two processes widely separated on ventral margin of the tegumen; the

anterior one is the smaller, and is preceded by a rounded eminence. Tn al, aeel-

TINDALE-- AUSTRALIAN GHOST MoTHS 515

ladus this eminence is absent, the two mareinal processes are closer together, and

the anterior one is lareer than the posterior,

A. ocellatus is from the fared forest districts, where there is a high annnal

rainfall (30-35 inches), whereas ul. sericudus comes from semi-aricl serub and

erags country with a low ramfall (below 15 inches).

ABANTIADES MARCIDUS Sp, Nov.

Mig, S1-54.

2 Antennae dark chestuit-brown; head, thorax, abdomen, and lees grey,

Porewines brownish-black, with numerous greyish-white labyrinthine markings ;

irrewular diseoidal longitudinal and oblique subterminal fasciae partly bordered

with black. Ilindwinys erey, paler dense ¢lothing at base and along costal

margin. Wines below greyish-brown.

Fig. 81. aAbontiades mareidus sp. nov. Type, a male, Adcelsice.

° Similar to male; forewings browtush-black with miumerous greyish-white

labyrinthine markings; discoidal and subterminal markings of male almost

obsolete, indicated by grey suffusions. Llindwings grey, dense clothing at base

of wines paler. Hxpanse, 170 mm.

Loc, Sowh Australia: Adelaide (April 4, 1928, N. B. Tindale, type, a mate.

and allotype female, 1, 18657, in S. Aust. Mats.) ; Clarendon 4; Currency Creek

5; Fowler Bay, Vieloria; Kihnore +; Gunbower, 3, 4. 18 males, 10 females,

Apparently this species only appears in Adelaide on the first warm wet

516 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MuseuM

night in April, when the nales are attracted to lights, and may he captured with

ease. The inland Victorian examples are indistimguishable from South Aus-

tralian ones,

thes

Fig. 32. Abaniitdes moreulus sp. nov, Allotype female, Adelaide,

The eves and pupae of this species have been examimed. The former are

0-Gamim, in ameter, spherieal, and smooth; pale cream coloured when first laid,

but changing to a dark slaty-grey colour. The pupa is 80 un. in length and

ad.)

15 mm. in ereatest diameter ; it is pale castaneous-brown in colour, (Big. 3

33 34

Pies. S834, olbantivdes muireidia sp. noy, Ege OX 2) and pupa, mat. size.

The pupal chamber is a silk-lined, vertical, subterranean shaft, 63-75 en.

in depth, leading to within a few millimetres of the surface. Pupation takes

place at the base of this tunnel, and the pupa is capable of motion within the

tube, being armed for this purpose with a series of ridges on several of the clistal

segments of the abdomen, The plug of earth closing the ehanber is lifted. like

a hinged Jid when the pupa thrusts half of tis length out of the hole during

emergence.

The Wirrangu natives of Fowler Bay, on the West Coast of South Australia,

TINDALE AUSTRALIAN GHOST MOTHS 517

dig wp the larvae and pupae from arowmid the roots of ‘Seuntrees’’ and nse them

as food. he adults fly inte the camp fires in great nombers; when this happens

they are carefully raked out and eaten, They distinguish four stages: the small

larvae, pind?: the full-erewn larvae, yalgunda; the pupae, (itrg?; aud the acult

motlis, Aarahae.

ABANTIADES ITYALINATUS (IerrichNehaetfer ).

Big. 24, 35-38.

res

Epiolus hyatinalus Werrich-Sehaelfer, Lep. Fxot., i, 1858, pl. xi, fig. 50, male.

1856, p, 5,

Charagia ingens Walker, List Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus., xxxii, 1865. p. 596, female

Abantiades diaphanus Werrich-Sehaetfer, 1c, 1,

(not male),

Piclus erythrinus Walker, Le p. 599. male.

Pielus ompertalis Olt, Proe, Linn, Soe. N.S. Wales, it (2), 1888, p. 1015, pl. 39;

iii (2), 1889, pp. 641-642.

Pielus ingens Meyviek, Prov. Linn. Soe, N.S. Wales, iv (2), 1889, p. 1184

Pielus hyalinutus Moyviek, /.c., p. 1184 (part).

Piclus ingens |Pfitzner|, Seitz Macrolepidoptera, Fauna incdo-australiea, i, 1914,

pl. 78a. female.

Wig. 39. Ahantides Ayalinatus (Hervich-Sehaeffer) male, Gishorne, typieal form,

é Antennae brown; head, thorax, apex of abdomen, and lees ochreous;

base of abdomen above with dense pink clothing. Forewing's ochreous, a diseoidal

and an oblique subterminal series of silverayhite marks margined with pale

518 RECORDS OF THR S.A. MUSEUM

brown. Hindwings oehreous, basal half with deuse pink clothing, sometimes

purpletinged when fresh. Wines beneath aehreous. Expanse, 113 nin,

@ Antennae brown; head, thorax, apex of abdomen. and lees ochreous;

base of abdomen with dense pink clothing. Forewines wnicolorous ochreous.

Tlindwings pale ochreous, basal half with dense pink ¢lothine, usnally purple

tinged when freshly caught. Expanse, 166 mm.

Hig. 36. dbantiades hyulinalas (iLereieh-Selaeffer) female (type of fagens Walker),

(British Museum).

The male deseribed above is from Gisborne (G. Lyell, in Whdee Coll, 1.

18659, in S. Avist. Mus.). Tt closely resembles Herrieh-Sehaelfer's figure in both

colour and anarkings. The latter was wrongly recorded as comime from New

Zealand. Gisborne is nominated as the typical locality. The female is from

Moe, Tt agrees closely with the oue ceseribed by Walker under the mame of

mmgens. This was also wrongly localized as fram New Zealand and mis-sexed.

Male exainples exhibit several rather distinet colour forms, which differ also

in the presenee or absence of markings. Some of these forms have received

names. They may be recounized by the following table:

a. Porewings with silvery markings,

b. Ground colour dull ochreous... 2. Ayalineetis

bh. Growid colour briek-red .. ne .. LE avinperialis

bbb. Ground colour dark brown 1S, Le Eb eineis form nov.

ai. KForewines without silvery markings. Gronnd

colour ranging from dull oehreous to brick-ved tf. erythrinus

TINDALE--AUSTRALIAN GHOST MoTHs 519

Loc. (hyalinulaus). New South Wales: Glue Mountains 2. Vietoria: Gis-

borne 2; Moe 3. 12 males. New South Wales; Baulkham Hills 4; Blackheath 3.

Victoria: Moe 2,3. 10 females,

Fig. 87. cthintiades hyatinntus # brunnees form nev, Type, male, Bavlehawk Neck.

g i ype, 8

f. dapertalis, New South Wales: Sydney; Blaekheath; Beecroft 5; Medlow

1. Vietoria: Mov 2,5. 10 males.

f. brunneus. Tasmania: Kaglchawk Neck 2 (type, 1. 18660, in S&S. Aust. Mus.,

fig, 27); Sung River 2; Launceston, Vietoria; Pomonal, 8. New South Wales:

Katoomba; Tuneurry 3. 6 males.

ferylhrinus. Victoria: Move 2; Meeniyan +; Gisborne 3. New South Wales;

Beeerott 8; Syduey. 11 males.

The form briavnneus is the only one so far veeorded from Tasmania; it might

almost be rewarded as a definite race. One similar example has heen taken at

Katoomba, another in Western Vietoria, and a castaneous-brown form, cloubt-

Milly associated with this one, is represented by a single male front Tuncurry.

The females of leyelimofus are usually withont markings, and vary little

exeept in sive. Four females from Moe range from 129 mm. to 178 mom. in

expanse. On the forewings of one of the largest examples there are faint incdica-

tions of the serolled labyrinthine lines common to many speeies of the family,

Some male exaniples of the typieal and Ff. imperiatis types also show traces of

this additional ornamentation.

520 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MuSEUM

Fig. 88, Abantiades hyatinalas t. crythrtaus (Walker). Tepe, male (British Museum).

Nothing is known concerning the life-history, The species appears early in

the year, and is never abundant. Mr. C. G. L. Gooding has captured freshly

emerged specimens clinging to fence posts in the late afternoon after heavy rain

has fallen,

ABANTIADES AUKILEGULUS Sp. Noy,

Hig. 39-40,

fe}

é Antennae brown; head, thorax, lees, and abdomen pale brown. More-

wines pale brown; longitudinal discoidal and subterminal oblique fasciae white,

margined with darker brown, lindwings pale brown. Wines below pale brown,

Expanse, ¢.95 min.

Loc. Wester Australia: ‘* Goldfields’? (Type, T. 18662, in 8S. Aust. Mus.

ex old coll.) ; Kalgoorlie (L. J. Newman). 2 males.

Superficially this species is close to the Eastern «1, barcas, from whieh it

differs in the form of the wings, the relative positions of the silvery-white mark-

ings, and in the genitalia. In the present species the tegumen bears a median

process on the ventral margin, and the margin itself is finely serrated, In

A, horeas there is a broad triangular process forming the greater part of the

posterior half of the tezumen, and the margin is not serrated, In ct. qtuerilequlus

the valves are relatively slender at the apex, whereas in wl. bareas They are inch

broader, almost spatulate in form: when viewed from the side.

TINDALE—AUSTRALIAN GHOST MOTHS 521

Both examples under examination are defective; the paratype is somewhat

more brightly coloured and fresher than the type. but the wings are very battered.

Fig. 39. Abantioades aurilegulus sp. uav. Type, a male, Western Australia.

Pig. 40-41, 40, Abantiles aurileguius sp. nov, mile genitalia, composite plotogvaph,

41, Abantiades bercas (Pfitzuer) male genitalia,

RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

ABANTIADES LABYRINTIIGUS (Donovan),

Big, 42-47.

Cossus labyrinthicus Donovan, Ins. N. ELoll., 1805, t. 38, fig. 1, male.

Cossus argenteus Donovan, l.c., fig. 2, female.

Piclus tasmanae Walker, List Lep. Ins. Brit. Mus., vii, 1856, p. 1577, male.

Pielus swiinsoni Seott, Aust. Gep., 1864, p. 11, pl. 4, male, female, and life-

history.

Piclus hyalinutus Meyrick, Proe. Linn, Soe. N.S. Wales, iv (2), 1889, p. 1134

(part).

Pielus tasmanive Swinhoe, East. Lep. Het., i, 1892, p. 289.

Pielus diversald Lucas, Proce, Roy, Sou, Queensland, xiii, 1898, p. 62.

|Pielus| hyalinatus |Pfitzner|, Seitz Macrolepidoptera, Fauna indo-australiea,

ii, 1914, pl. 75b.

Fig, 42. dAbantiades labyrinthicus (Douovan), male, Tasmanian (type of fasmenioe

Walker, in British Museum).

é Antennae reddish-brown; bead, thorax, abdomen, and lees grevish-

hrown, Horewings dark brown; margins suffused with g@reyvish-white, with

uumerous wavy brown lines forming a complex pattern; disecoidal and subter-

ininal oblique silvery-white streaks, margined with brownish-blaek; dark baek-

eround cousprenuous in a broad median band from near base to the subterminal

white band, thenee to apex. Tlindwings ereyish-brown, veins tinged ochreous.

Wines beneath dull o¢hreous-brown, Hxpanse, 108 min.

@ Antennae reddish-brown; head, thorax, and greater part of abdomen

above ochreous; legs orange; ventral surface and apex of abdomen dull orange.

TINDALE—--AUSTRALIAN GHOST MOTHS 523

Forewmes pale brown; silvery-white bands of male almost absent, represented

by ochreous-brown areas; rest of wings covered with waved or scrolled lines.

Hindwines pale browns at veins narrawly ochreous. Wings beneath oehreous-

brown, mareing o¢hreaus, Hxpanse, DSO mm.

Mie 43, Abundiodes labayriithieus (Donovin), femile, New South Wales (supposed type

of argenteds Donovan, in MeLeay Museuni),

Loc. Queensland: Rockhampton; Toowoomba 4. New South Wales: Ebor 1;

Killara 3, 4; Sydney 4; Ash Island; Newcastle: Pambiula 3; Pyinhle 3. 4; Bee-

evolt 3. Vietoria: Lorme 3; Trafalgar 2; Tanjil 1; Macedon 2; Bullengarook 1;

Gisborne 1,35; Narracan 3. Tasmania: Lanneestou. 64 males, 23 females.

The male deseribed is from Mittawony (TE. 18665, in S. Aqest. Mais.), and was

selected For its Glose similarity to (he origimal figire, and, as the place of capture

of Donovan's type is unknown, this is nominated as the type locality, The

fomale (fie. 43) is an exauple labelled **New South Wales’? (in ihe Macleay

Musenm), which may be Donovan's type of urqenteus.

In one female example from Gishorue the markings on forewings are silvery-

white, as in the male. The type female of diversutu Lueas (fie. 44) is similarly

distinguished. This may be a echaraeter of the southern raee.

The Roekhampton example is very light in colour, and is not quite typical ;

with further material it may prove to be a separate race. Two generally dis-

tributed forms of this species may be distinguished; dhey are not specific, heewuse

intergrades oveur, and both types may appear together in the one locality.

a, Forewinegs with ciscoidal and subterminal silyery-white

bands separate .. ts 9s § : labyrinthicus

aa. Forewings with silvery-white bands conjoimed .. .. fe smurnsant

524 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Wig, 44-45. Almntiades labyrinthieus (Donovan) Eltham, male and female (types of

dipersatan Laeas),

The examples of f. smutisoni figured (ie. 46-47) are a male fron Toowoomba

(in Lyell Collection) anda feniale trom Gosford (in Australian Museum Col-

leetion).

The type male of f. swtinsent (fienved by Seatt) is also in the Australian

Musemn, Sydney. The female associated with it by Seott has the two white marks

separate, as in typical specimens of Jabyrinthicus. A photograph of Walker’s

type of tasmaniae is given (fig. 42), and the types of diversata Lucas, which are

In dhe South Australian Musemm (1. 14522), are figured (fie. 4445). Besides

the above-mentioned forms there may be found dwarfed, dull examples, dull

greyish-brown in colour, with markines partly or quite obsolete. This is prob-

ably one of the most variable species; the male genital characters are, however,

remarkably constant,

TINDALE—AUSTRALIAN GHOST MOTHS 525

The nine dabyrinthicus has been wrongly applied by previous authors; this

has led to mueh confusion in nomenclature. Reference to Donovan’s original

Fig. 46. Abantiades lahgrinthious t. swatitsnn’ (Seutt), mite, ‘Toowoonbla.

Fig. 47. Abantiades labyrinthieus f. swainson’ (Scott), femule, Gosford.

fivures indicates that the present species was described, and tinder Article 31 af

the International Rules the above synonymy seems inevitable, The life-history

has been deseribed and fiwiured by Seott.

526 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MusSEUM

ABANTIADES LEUCOCTOTON (Pfitzner)-

Hie, 21, 48-49.

, Seitz Macrolepicoptera, Fauna indo-australica,

| Piclus| leucachilon | Pfitzner

ii, 1914, pl. 75a, male.

é Antennae brownish-black; head, thorax, and lees greyish-brown; base

of abdomen white, towards apex brownish-blaek. Forewings brownish-black.

with rather well-developed grey labyrinthine markines; diseoidal longitudinal

and subterminal oblique silvery-white fasciae, strongly bordered with black.

Wig. 48-49, fhe fiodes feucochitey (Piitaier) male and female, Kewell.

Ilinchwings white, costa suffused ervey, terminal margin narrowly dark brown,

ves finely outlined brown; base of wine with dense suowy-white pubescence,

Forewings beneath ereyish-brown; discoidal fascia of dorsal surface marked

below by lone, white pubescence. Iindwing as above: bases of both wines

covered with dense white pnbescenee, iMxpanse, 99 maim,

® Antennae brownish-black ; head, thorax, and lees dark greyish-brown:

abilomen paler, Forewings dark brownish, markings similar to male, diseoidal

TINDALE—AUSTRALIAN GHOST MOTHS 527

fascia partly obseured, bordered dark brown. Hindwings greyish-brown, base

with dense evevish-white pubeseence. Expanse, 146 nim.

Loe. Victoria: Kewell 3, 4. 6 males. 2 females,

The place of eapture of Plitzner’s type is apparently unknown. The mate

aud female deseribed above are fron Kewell (1. 18664, in S. Aust. Mus.) ; there-

fore this is nominated as the typical locality,

According to Mv. J. A. Till the larva of this species feeds on the roots of the

bull oak (Cusmering Luehmidiii); the mmago usually emerges early in April.

ABANTIADES MAGNIFICUS (Lue@as).

Big. 50-51,

Pielus magnifieus Lieas, Proe. Roy. Soe. Queensland, xiii, 1898, p. 61.

& Antennae reddish-brown; head, thorax, ventral surface of abdomen, and

legs smoky-erey; dorsal surface of abdomen dull brown. Forewings smoky-

Fig. 0. Abduliades juagiifiens (ues), type, a male, Melbourne,

wrey with obseure markings; broad longitudinal cdiseoidal and oblique subterminal

silveryawhite streaks margined with black. Hindwings dull brown, at base

ochreous-brown, Wings beneath dull brown. JExpanse, 136 mm,

9 Antennae reddish-brown; head, thorax, apex of abdomen, anc legs

smioky-erey, tinged ovhreous; base of abdomen paler, ochreous-erey, Morewings

smoky-vrey with obseure markings; the broad white streaks of male indicated,

528 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

but dil grey in colour. Tlindwings dark ervey, at base tinged ochreous. Wines

beneath dull erey, at base tinged ochreous, Expanse, 184 mm.

Lac. Vietoria: Melbourne; Warragul 4; Tratalgzay 4; Moe 2; Beaconsfield ;

Gisborne 12; Narnargoon, New South Wales: Suowy River, near Mount Kosei-

usko (4,000 feet) 1. 7 mates, 6 Fermales.

Fig. 41, dAbanhiates maguifieus (Lucas), female.

Lueas’s male example (1. 18655, in S, Aust. Mus.) has been redescribed and

figured; the measurement (125 mnt.) given by him for the expanse of the wings

was obtained by his usual method, ie, from tip to tip of the forewings as set.7’

The female deseribed by him cannot he recognized in his collection; it probably

did not belong to the present species. The above-mentioned example is from

Beaconstield (1. 18665, in S. Aust. Mns.). A similar example from Gisborne,

in the Lyell Collection, has been fivured.

ABANTIADES HYDROGKALHES (Felder),

Bie, 20, 25, 62-535,

Pielus hydragraphus Felder, Reise Novara, Lep., 1868, pl. xxx, fig. 3, female.

Trictena lubyrinthica Meyrick, Proc. Linn. Soe. N.S. Wales, iy (2), 1889, p. 1155

(in synonymy only).

é Antennae brownish-black ; head, part of thorax, abdomen (except base).

and legs pale brown; lateral parts of thorax grey: base of abdomen elothed with

dense pink down, Forewines with a broad central area brown; marginal areas

aud part of central area greyish-brown, with usual crenulate markings; a well-

TINDALE—AUSTRALIAN GHOST MOTHS 529

defined longitudinal discoidal and oblique subtermimal silvery-white band, mar-

vined with brownish-black. LUindwings distally pale brown, paler near costa;

basal thir clothed with dense pink down. Wings beneath brown, basal half

clothed with deuse pink down. Expanse, 140 mn.

Wig. 42, Ahentiades hiydrographus (Felder), male.

9 Colour and markings similar to

male; down on wings and at base of

abdomen almost white. Expanse, 199 mm.

Loc, Western Australia: Swan River; Donnybrook 3; Waroona 3, 4.

oO males, 7 females,

Pig. 53.

530 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

The male example deseribed is from Swan River (1. 18666, m the 8. Aust.

Mus.). Felder’s type, a female. which is now preserved in the Trimy Museuin,

is also figured. A female from Waroona (April 2, 1912, G. KF. Berthond, in

Lyell Collection) agrees very closely with Felder’s example.

This species has been wrongly recorded as from Adelaide, The error has

arisen because Felder associated a male of Trictend argentatus from Adelaide

(Angas Collection) with his type of hydrographus, whieh is from ‘' Australia.’’

Lam indebted to Dr. K. Jordan, of the Tring Museum, tor directing my attention

to the origin of this mistake, and for furnishing a photograph of the example.

2 ; ie 2 ]

ABANTIADES LATIPENNIS Sp. Nov.

Pig. 54-56,

g Antennae castaneous; bead, thorax, and abdomen pale brown; lees

ochreous, with brown fringe of down. Forewings pale brown, with plain

diseoidal and terminal oblique silvery-white bars margined with brownish-black ;

Fig. 44,0 lhantiades latipeniis sp. tov., type, a male.

some traces of labyrinthine marks on posterior margin. Hindwings pale brow1,

elothed at base with dense pink down, Wings beneath pale brown; costal mar-

eins ochreous. Lxpanse, 78 mm.

® Antennae castancous; head, thorax, and abdomen ereyish-brown; legs

oehreous, with dark brown hairy fringes. Forewings dark brown; cosial margin

dull ochreous; silveryawhite markings as in male, but with more irregular

margins; traces of labyrinthine markings over mueh of wing. Thindwings dark

TINDALE—AUSTRALIAN GHOST MOTHS

531

Big.

55. clhaihitdes fifi peas sp. mown, allutype female.

brown, costal margin oc¢hreous; pink hairs confined to base. Wings beneath

brown, ¢ostal quareins oehreons.

Loe. Vietoria: Lorne 3, type a niale, in Lyell Collection, allotype female 3

(1. T8667, in S. Amst. Mus.) ; Pomonal 3: Mount Mistake,

Waelehawk Neck 2; Launceston.

Kixpanse, 150 mn,

10 mates, 1 female.

Mig. 5h,

Abantindes latipennis sp.

nay, male, aberranthy

Tasmania: Zechan 2;

———

nudrkedt.

532 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

The sexes differ markedly in wing dimensions and in the form of the hind

wings; in some other ways the resemblances are close, and, as a paratype male

and the allotype female were taken in the same place within twenty-four hours

of each other, there ean be little doubt that they are conspecific.

The Tasmanian examples are usually darker than the mainland ones, anid

the obscure labyrinthine markings ou forewings are more evident,

Fig. 56 shows an aberrant example in which the white marks of forewings

are conjomed.

ABANTIADES BARCAS (Pfitzner).

Big. 57,

[Pielus| barcus |Ptitaner|, Seitz Macrolepidoptera, Fauna inco-atistraliea, i,

1914, pl. 75 d, e, male and female.

Fig. 57. Abantiades bareas (Ptitener), male, Sydney,

é Antennae brown; head, thorax, abdomen, and legs pale brown. Fore-

wing pale brown, costal margin somewhat darker; a broad, irreeulay, semi-

cireular silver-white band margined with dark brown extends from near base to

apex; hindwings pale brown, at base with deuse, faintly pinkish pubescence.

Wines beneath pale brown. Expanse, 112 m0.

® Antennae brown; head, thorax, and legs ochreous-brown; abdomen

above greyish-brown, at apex ochreous-brown, beneath brownish-oehreous. Fore-

wings brown, with termen and principal veins tinged ochreous, Traees of con-

joined terminal and median silver bands of male also present. Hindwings brown,

TINDALE—AUSTRALIAN GHOST MOTHS 533

at base somewhat paler. Wines beneath greyish-brown, with termen and prin-

cipal yeins tinged brownish ochreous. Hxpause, 166 mm.

Loe, Queensland: Stanthorpe. New South Wales: Duntroon 3; MeQuarrie

Fields; Orange; Svdney 3. Vietoria; Rutherglen 4+; Benalla. 11 males, 1 female.

The examples described are front Sydney and MeQuarrie Fields (I. 18668,

in S. Aust. Mus.).

ARANTIADES ALBOFASCIATUS (Swinhoe),

Fig. 58-59.

Piclus alhofascialus Swinhoe, Hast. Lep. EHet., i, 1892, p. 289, male and female.

é Antennae dark brown; lamellae ovoid, twice as long as wide, Head,

thorax. and apical half of abdomen brown, base clothed with pink tinged white

down. Lees ereyish-brown. Forewines brown, with numerous ¢reyish-white

labyrinthine markings; a broad, longitudinal white band extends from base to

apex, a thin submarginal white band along part of termen. Hindwings grey,

base clothed with white down. Expanse, 96 mm,

Fig. 58. Abantiades albofasciatus (Swinhoc), type, a male (in Oxford University Museum

Collection).

9 Similar to male, Labyrinthine markings more conspicuous. Expanse,

156 mm.

Loc. Western Australia: Swan River. (Types in Oxford University

Musenm.) 1 male.

The type examples and a single nnloealized male from Western Australia

are the only specimens known. The species is quite a distinet one.

534 RECORDS OF THE S.A. Musrum

Pig. 59. Abantiades albofasciatus (Swinhoe), allotype female (in Oxford University

Museum Colleetion).

ABANTIADES PULVOMARGINATUS Sp. DOY.

Fig. 60-62,

@ Antennae ochreons; head and thorax brownish-black; abdomen grey.

Forewings dark grey, with dull subhyvaline-whitish markings; Fotr suboeellar

markings in discoidal region dull black; costal margin faintly oehreons, Eind-

Big. f0-62, Abantiades fulvomarginatus sp. wov, G0 type, a male, Lennox, G1 alletype

female, Lennox, 62 paratype male, Denmark, W.A.

TINDALE—AUSTRALIAN GHOST MOTHS 535

wines with costal margin broadly pale ochreous, terminal half grey. Wings

beneath, with costal margins, ochreous. otherwise grey. Expanse, 44 1mm,

9 Forewings grey, with paler eryptie markings; a darker gerey suffusion

in diseoidal area, Hindwines pale grey. Wines below pale erey ; costal marains

faintly ochreous, (Head and antennae missing in allotype female.) Expanse,

69 tum.

Loe. Western Australia: Lennox + (type, a iale, and allotype female) ;

Denmark 4. 2 males, 1 female.

The second wale example is larger (expanse, 61 mn.) than the ivpe, aud the

dark markings are sliehtly larger and more suffused. This species is distinet

from ot, vecllalus in the shape of the wings and in the general disposition of the

Harkins,

ARANTIADES APTUENGES (Turner).

Big. 63-64,

Piclus qphenges Turner, Trans. Roy. Soe. 8. Aust., xxxvill, 1904, p. 247.

¢ Antennae pale ochreous brown; head, thorax, and lees dark chocolate

brown; abdomen g@reyish-brown. Forewings mniformly dark chocolate-brown,

with munerous whitish luudes anc short streaks. [Tindwines grevish-brown.

Wines beneath ereyish-brown ; costa of hindwines paler. Expanse, 56 min.

Mig. Gi. Abantiades aphenges Turner, male, Manty, female, Roseville.

2 Sinilar to male; markings on forewings paired instead of single;

abdomen somewhat darker than in male. Expanse, 86 mim.

Loe. New South Wales: Roseville 8, 4; Manly 4+; Killara 4; Ilornsby +;

Beeeroft 38. 7 males, 2 females.

The male desertbed is from Manly (1. 15669, in S. Aust. Mus.) ; the female

536 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

is from Roseville, and is in the Lyell Collection. The type has not been seen;

its small wing expanse (64 mm.) suggests that it may be a male example.

Dr. G. A. Waterhouse states that at Killara this species is found shortly

after dusk on one or more dark, wet evenings in April. It flies close to the ground,

and is difficult to secure.

NOTES ON AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA, WITH

DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND NEW SPECIES

By BERNARD C. COTTON, CONCHOLOGIST, SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM

Summary

The following notes, unless otherwise stated, deal with specimens dredged by Sir Joseph

C. Verco and donated by him to the South Australian Museum.

Family Triphoridae

South Australian members of this Family were treated in a previous paper (') where three

new genera, Eutriphora, [sotriphora, and Hypotriphora were introduced. The following

species are additions to the Western Australian list : Isotriphora tasmanica Tenison

Woods, I. disjuncta Verco, Notosinister innotabilis Hedley, N. latilirata Verco, N.

armillata Verco, N. pfeifferi Crosse and Fischer, Eutriphora epallaxa Verco, all occurring

as far West as King George Sound but apparently no further. Isotriphora aureovineta

Verco occurs as far west as Rottnest, and Notosinister granifera and Cautor obliqua May

were obtained at 80 miles west of Eucla.

NOTES on AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA, witnx

DESCRIPTIONS or NEW GENERA axnp NEW SPECIES

By BERNARD C. COTTON, ConcitoLousr, Sout Austratian Museum,

Fig. 1-9.

Tne following notes, unless otherwise stated, deal with specimens dredged by

Sir Joseph (. Vereo and donated by him to the South Australian Museum.

Famity TRIPHORIDAE.

South Australian members of this Family were treated ina previous

paper (1) where three new genera, Lulriphora, [solriphora, and Iypotriphora

were introduced. The following species are additions to the Western Australian

list: Jsotriphora tasmanica Tenison Woods, f. disjuneta Verco, Notosinister

innotabilis Hedley, N. latilirata Vereo, NV. armillata Verco, N. pfeiffert Grosse and

Fiseher, Eulriphora epallaca Vereo, all oceurving as far West as King George

Sound but apparently no further. /sotriphora aureovineta Verco ovcurs as far

west at Rottnest, and Notosinister granifera and Cautor obliqua May were

obtained at 80 miles West of Eucla.

Tamity VERMITIDAE.

Vermicularia waiter Tedley was dredved in 40 to 150 fathoms at a munber

of localities between Beachport, South Australia, and 80 miles West of Enela,

Western Australia; Siliquaria anguina Linn, in 100 fathoms at St. Francis [sland,

South Australia, and 90 miles West of Eucla, Western Australia; Lila nuele-

ogranosum Veveo was obtained in 80 fathoms, 80 miles West of Eucla,

Famirty IANTHINIDAE.

Specimens of Lanthinw violacea were taken at numerous lovalities between

Beachport, South Australia, and Hopetoun, Western Australia. The shells of

/. capreolata Montrouzier ocenrred at many localities between Cape Jaffa, South

Australia, and Albany, Western Australia, down to 300 fathoms, while many

hundreds of living specimens were obtained at Esperance, Wester Australia,

in shallow water.

(1) Cotton and Godfrey, South Aust, Naturalist, vol. xii, No, 4, Sept., 1931, p. 41,

538 RECORDS OF THE S.A, MUSEUM

Kamity MERRIIDARF.

Naricava ligata Recluz and N, vineentiana Angas were both obtained as far

. Q

West as Kine George Sound, Western Australia.

Fig. 1.0 Lyvia kinbert sp. nov. ventral view. (X 2).

Big. 2. Lyria kimbert sp. nov. proteeoneh., (xX 8).

Fig. 4. Luria kinbert sp. ney. dorsal view. (x 2).

Famity VOLUTIDAR,

LYRIA KIMBERI sp). TOV.

Pie. 1, 2, and 3.

Shell ovately-fusiform, mitraeforim, solid ; unicoloured chestuut-brown fading

into cream near the outer Lip; cohunella and aperture pure white; protoconeh

(fig. 2) large, vlobose, smooth, translucent white, of one-and-a-half turns after

which commences the longitudinal plicae of the adult ; spire acuminate, one-quarter

of the total length of the shell; whorls validly Jongitudinally sinuously ribbed ; six-

teen ribs on the body-whorl and the seme number on the penultimate, narrower

than the mterstices; base spirally grooved ; aperture elongate-ovate, with a slightly

recurved anterior canal; outer lip thiek; columella triplicate at the base, then

numevously, minutely plieate above, a small tooth near the posterior end.

Loc. Port Lincoln. Dredged in shallow water (probably 2-6 fathoms) (Mr.

Ventnra). Type (unique), beight 30 mm., diam. 16 mm. Ree. No, D. 10185,

S. Aust. Museum,

Ten species of true Lyria are recorded from various parts of the world, but

only five are strongly longitudinally ribbed, One of dhese is the Australian

CoTTON—AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA 539

Lyria multicosteta whieh is more like L. Aiimberi than any other species. Com-

pared with Lyria wudlticostata Broderip, the present species is but half the size;

it is mucoloured without any spiral bands or dotted lines; protoconeh larger, pure

white (not dark purple); the longitudinal ribs narrower, less muimerous, and

more siows.

Colleeted by Mr. Ventura, of Port Lincoln, and donated to the South Aus-

tralian Museum by Mr. W. J. Kimber, after whom if is named.

The specimen is perfect, in a fresh condition, and Mr. Ventura informs Mr.

Kimber that it is common about Port Lincoln. It is an extraordinary eirenm-

stance that na member of the South Australian Malacological Society has ever

collected ar seen the species before.

Faminy CERITHITDAR.

The species qranarium Kiener and fears Bayle (—= lente Sowerby) may be

placed in the genus Cacozeliana Strand (2) (= Caeozelia Tredale preove,). The

reference to Strand is omitted from the Zoologieal Record. Bittinne lawleyanum

Crosse is generically distinet from these species, and is here made the type of a

new venus Puracerithium deseribed below.

In the genus Zeacwmantus Finlay 1926 may be located dienenensis Quoy

and Gamard, cerithium Quoy and Gaimard, and estauarinum Tate. ‘ Cerithiapsis’?

geniculosus is the genotype of Altispeenla Powell 1980, and ** Danovania’’

fenestrata Tate and May the genotype of Gatliffend Iredale 1929. The type of

Seilarex Lredale 1924 is turriteliformis Angas, and attenuata Hedley is a

syuonym., Cerithinm monachus Crosse and Fischer differs somewhat from the type

of the tropical genus Plesiotrochus, and is heve placed in a new genus HHiypo-

frochus, Other South Australian species should read: Afarocerithiian serotiniun

A. Adams, Joculator cessicus Hedley, Zuelys dannevigi Hedley, Notosetla erocea

Angas, Notoseila albosutura Tenison-Woorls,

PARACERITHIOM een, noy,

Shell imperforate, clongate, turriculate, suture slightly impressed; whorls

slightly convex and spirally grooved, sometimes developing weak axial undnla-

tions; protoconch brown, polished, horny; aperture oval; outer lip. slightly

notched, Type, Brith lewleyanune Crosse,

Hyprorrociius gen, noy.

Shell thin, subtranslicent, whorls bicarinate, ventricose. longitudinally

plicate, beset with varices and spirally striate; aperture produced anteriorly into

a short, narrow eanal; protoconch very small, horny, smooth, of two-and-a-half

(*) Strand, Arehiy. f Natargeseh Jahrb. 02 Abt. A ITeft 8, 1928,

540 RECORDS OF THE $.A. MUSEUM

whorls. Type, Cerithium monachus Crosse and Fischer. /Zypotrochus is the South-

ern representative of the tropical genus Plesiotrochus Fischer 1878. The type of

Plesiotrochys is souverbianus Fischer, and specimens from Lifou, Loyalty Island,

show this to be shorter and comparatively wider, with almost straight-sided, not

ventricose whorls. Hypotrochus is common in the Flindersian Region, but rare

in New South Wales, which may be regarded as the northern limit. J. monachas

is very variable in the length of the spire and validity of the varices, A distinet

species of IZypotrechus is here described as H, pnetricinela sp. nov.

Fig. 4. Octopus flindersi sp. nov. beaks. (Nat, size).

Fig. 5. Hypotrochus penetricineta sp. nov. (xX 4).

Hyporrocrius PENETRICINCTA Sp. HOV.

Rig. 5.

Thin, conical, subtranslicent; whorls sharply carinate, little ventricose,

longitudinally plieate, ten plications on the penultimate whorl; spirally striate;

body whorl bicarinate; base spirally ribbed, with a weak keel near the columelia ;

colour yellowish, spotted with chestnut ou the keels of the whorls.

Loc. Kdithburg, South Australia; 9 fathoms, 11 mm. x 5 mm, (type, in

8S. Aust. Mus., Ree. No. D 10165). Gulf St. Vincent, South Australia, to King

George Sound, Western Australia, down to 55 fathoms.

Diagnosis. Differs from J/. munachus Crosse and Fiseher in being more

slender, having sharper keels and the additional keel on the base. Lt is rather

less variable than 1, monachus. HH. penetricineta resembles P. pagodiformis in

shape, but has the additional basal keel.

Hyporrocuus MONACHUS Crosse and Fischer.

Cerithium monachus Crosse and Fischer, Journ. de Conch, 1864, p, 347.

Loe. South Australia; Beachport to St. Francis Island, down to 100 fathoms.

Western Australia; King George Sound aud Abrolhos [sland.

COTTON—AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA 541

NEODIASTOM A @eol. 1OV.

Shell turriculate, elonwate; protocouch of two smooth homostrophe whorts

earlier shell whorls variced, the varices becoming obsolete later; weakly axially

plicate and finely spirally ribbed, the primary ribs beg about twelve on the

body whorl and six on the spire whorls with other less conspienous interstitial

riblets; suture impressed ; aperture oblique, imer lip glazed, more thickly glazed

anteviorly, the two degrees of glazing separated by a sharp columella plait;

outer lip slightly notehed anteriorly near the columella; colour white, flecked

on the spiral ribs with rectangular chestnut spots.

Type Mesalia melanioides Reeve, Esperance Bay, Western Australia.

Neodiastoma differs from Diastoma in the anterior noteh of the outer lip,

and from Mesalia in beme variced,

This gents had probably better be placed in the Family Cerithtidae for the

present. Tbe possession of a homostrophe protoconch disallows it location in the

Pyraumnidellidue.

NEGDIASTOMA MELANTOIDES Reeve,

Mesalia meluniaides Reeve, Conch, Ilceon., v, pl. 1, fig. 3, 1549,

Mesalia exilis Sowerby, An. Mag, Nat, Hist., xii, p. 236, pl. iii. fig. 9, 1913,

Reeve deseribed this species from uuknown locality. Sixty-four years later

Sowerby deseribed Mesalia erilis from West(ern) Australia, Smith compared

the type specimen of each species and testified to their specific identify, and

remarked, ‘This species (Md. melanioides Reeve) of which only the shell is know,

has an altogether different aspect from the type of Mesalia (Mesalia brevialis

Lamarck).°’ Sowerby writes: ‘*The aetual position of this remarkable shell is

uncertain, but | provisionally place it in Mesalia on aveount of the characteristic

basal sinus.”’ Tate advocates the loeation of melanioides in the fossil genus

Diasloma whieh oveurs in the Eocene and Oligocene of the Paris basin. We records

the new species Diastoma provisi as occurring in the Miocene at Hallett’s Cove,

and Older Pliocene at Dry Creek bore, South Australia, The fossil provist Tate

is much more like the living Neodiastoma melanioides than it is like the type of

Diastoma, The type of M. echis came trom Esperance Bay, and Sowerby con

firms this in a letter to Sir Joseph Verco. An examination of some fine specimens

of melauntioides from the type locality shows their closer relation to the Lossil

venus Diastome than to Aesalia,

Loe. South Australia: Thistle Island, 15 fathoms; Speneer Gulf, 12 and 10

fathoms; Sir Joseph Banks Island, St. Francis Island, Petrel Bay, 6 fathoms.

Wester Australia: Esperance Bay.

542 RECORDS OF THE S.A, MUSEUM

Famity ATLANTIDAE.

ATLANTA ROSEA Evdoux and Souleyet.

Four shells of this species were dredged by Vereo in January, 1905. The

largest specimen has the ‘‘ligne rose a la base de la caréne’’ as mentioned in the

ivpe deseription, This is the first record of the family Atlantidae occurring on

{he southern coast of Australia. TWedley previously recorded the species from

New South Wales: Cape Three Points 41-50 fathoms, and Port Kembla 63-75

fathoms.

Loc, South Australia: 35 miles south-west of the Neptune Islands, 104

fathoms, in sandy ooze; east longitude 135-40, and south latitude 35°25. Four

specimens.

Famity CARINARIIDAE.

PrerosoMa PLANUM Lesson.

One juvenile specimen dredged by Vereo adds another genus and species to

the South Australian list.

Loc. South Australia: Beachport, 40 fathoms.

Famity CAVOLINIIDAE.

Only two species of Pleropoda have been recorded from Western Australia,

Cho pyranidatus Linne and Cavolina longirostris Lesueur. None have been

recorded from the southern coast of that State. Vereo dredged the following

species :

CAVOLINIA TRISPINOSA Lesneur.

Loc. Western Australia: 80 miles west of Eucla, 80 fathoms. Two perfect

specimens, the larger measuring 7 mm, x 6 min,

CAVOLINIA TRIDENTATA Forskal,

Loc, Western Australia: 80 miles west of Eucla, 80 fathoms, and 120 miles

west of Eucla, 300 fathoms. Fowr specimens, the largest reconstructed graphic-

ally, measures 17 mm. x 13 mm.

Crhio suBULA Rang,

Loe, Western Australia: 80 miles west of Eucla, 80 fathoms. Many frag-

ments,

Chio PYRAMIDATUS Lesueur.

Loc. Western Australia: 80 miles west of Huela, 80 fathoms. Two frag-

merits.

CoTTON—AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA 543

Chio BALANTIUM Rane.

Loc. Western Australia; 120 miles west of Eucla, 300 fathoms, Three

fragments.

SPIRATELLA INFLATA d’Orbigny,

Loc. Western Australia: 80 miles west of Enela, 80 fathoms. Six specimens.

Famity OCTOPODIDAE.

It is almost impossible to obtain accurate measurements from fresh specimens

of Octopus, as they are so plastie, the body portion particularly, assuming differ.

ent shapes, As there is no rigid portion in the whole animal except the beaks, it

is obvious that measurements for diagnostic purposes are difficult to obtain.

Probably more accurate comparative dimensions can be obtained after the animal

has been immersed for a few days in the undermentioned solution, which as a

preservative seems as permanent as spirits or formalin, The Oelopus should be

suspended in the solution by the tip of the arms so as to avoid Uneven pressure

on the body, which would result in distortion, Experiments with fresh meat and

various kinds of Mollusca have proyed the following formula very good ;

Glycerine - - - - - . - - 1 part.

Methylated Spirits - = . - - - 2 parts,

Water - . - - - - - - 5 parts.

Formalin 4 - - e - - - - “04 part.

This solution will preserve Nudibranchs, Cephalopods, and other soft bodied

wninals without shrinking them ereatly or making them unduly hard.

OceroruUs FLEINDERSL sp, Nov.

Fig. 4+ and 6.

Body oval, somewhat pear-shaped, narrowest at the junetion with the head,

which is narrower than the body: arms in the order 3, 1, 2, 4, all more or less

damaged, and average 759% of the total length of the animal, which is 1000 mm,

long trom the aboral end of the body to the tip of the longest arm; laryest

suckers average 26 mm. diameter, or 15% of the mantle length; web shallow, of

subequal depth; funnel organ W shaped; skin smooth, though the animal can

wrinkle it somewhat to produce a weak granulation sometimes seen i preserved

specimens; skin otherwise devoid of sculpture; colour vellowish, changing to a

reddish-brown hue on the dorsum and outer surface of the arms, where it Is also

irregularly maculated with brown spots; colour changeable in life, sometimes

assuming a blnish-grey tinge, which is the usual colour of preserved specimens :

heaks, illustrated natural size at figure 4.

544 RECORDS OF THE S.A, MUSEUM

Loc. South Australia: Largs Bay (type, in 8. Aust. Mus., Reg. No. D 10169),

Robe, Port Noarlunga, Marion Bay (P. Nichols), and Encounter Bay (Prof. JJ.

B. Cleland). Common in the south-east of South Australia during the summer.

Fig. 6. Octopus flindersi sp. nov. (X 0-122),

Unfortunately all the specimens personally examined were females, so that

it is not possible to give a description of the heetocotylized arm in this paper.

The largest species of Octopus so far recorded from South Australia. It

resembles Octopus vulgaris Lamarck but differs in having stouter, shorter arms,

comparatively larger suckers, and smooth skin,

COTTON-——AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA 545

Ocropus PALLIDA Hoyle.

Oclopus buses var. pallid Hoyle, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (5), xv, p. 223.

Polypus vurtolatus Blainville, Berry, Biol. Res. Eudeavour, iv, pt. 9, p. 278,

1918, pls. bexix-boxxii,

Polypus varvolutus Blainville, Cotton, Ree. S, Aust. Mus., iv, No. 1, p. 128,

1928.

Australian distribution: New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania, and Western

Australia in the Great Australian Bieht.

Mr. IL. M. Tale found a juvenile specimen of this species on the beach at the

outer Tarbour, and an adult was dredged by me in > fathoms off Semaphore,

Both agree with Hoyle’s deseription and Berry’s illustration.

HAPLOCHLAENA MACULOSA Hoyle,

Oclopus pictus Brovk, Anatomie und Systematik der Cephalopoden, p. 608, pl. 37,

fig. 3, 1882 (preoce. Blainville, 1828),

Oclopus maculosus Hoyle, Proe. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., vu, p. 319, pl. vi, 1883.

Polypus pictus Broek, Cotton, Rec. 5. Austr. Mus. iv., No. 1, p. 128, 1928,

Loc, The Australian distribution of this species is New South Wales, South

Australia, and Tasmania.

Specimens obtained from Kangaroo Island and Gulf St. Vineent, South

Australia, give the followine data: The arms have the order of leneth 4, 3, 2, 1.

The umbrella extends slightly ligher between the lateral arms. One specimen has

the umbrella conparatively higher on the left than the right side. Hoyle writes:

“The example in the British Museum from Kangaroo Island has a curious, thin,

pointed process about 6 mm, long at the aboral end of the body, which led to its

receiving a special MS. name, but in all other respects it agrees so closely with

Octopus pictus Broek that [am inclined to regard it as an individual abnorm-

ality’? Speehnens preserved in formalin or spirit sometimes have a short, thin,

pointed process or ‘tail’? about 3 min, in leneth, but this has uot been noticed in

fresh specimens, though some are obtusely pointed at the aboral end of the body.

The species is very variable, and it is bighly probable that H. /wnuwala Quoy

and Gaimard is the same species, when 7/7. maculosa ILoyle, deseribed fifty-one

years later, would become a synonym.

Kamiry SEPITDAE.

Tredale (*), 1926, recorded six genera, five species and four subspecies of

cuttlefish bones from North-West Islet. Simee this Mr. W. J. Kimber collected

there, and was Fortunate to securing one perfect specimen of a cuttle bone quite

(#) Iredale Aust. Zovlogist, vol. iv, p. 287, 1926,

546 REcORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

distinct from any species so far recorded, UU is here deseribed as a new genus

and species.

WIS

Yo)

BS.

OY fe

Fig. 7, 8 and 9 Tenuisepin mira sp. noy. (OX 2).

TENUISEPIA gen, nov,

Sepion sinall, elongate, narrow, five times as long as broad; inner cone much

reduced; no ventral sulcus; dorsum withort ribs; spine medium, stout, rounded,

Type, Tense pia mura sp. nov.

TENUISEPTA MIRA Sp, nov,

Fie. 7, 8, and 9,

Sepion small, clongate, narrow, sharply rounded anteriorly, a little more

than five times as long as broad; inner cone much reduced; dorsal surface cream

coloured, smooth except for a finely pustulose area near the posterior end; no

COTTON—AUSTRALIAN MOLLUSCA 547

ribs or furrows; chitinous margin narrow; outer cone thin, little caleareous,

white, passing in front of the spine as a thin, projecting ledge; ventral surface

swollen anteriorly, striated area long, no ventral sulcus, striae arched; spine

medium, rounded, stout.

Loc. Queensland: North-West Islet, Capricorn Group (W. J. Kimber).

Type, length 55 mm., breadth 10-6 mm., thickness 4 mm., spine length

1:7 mm., thickness at base 1 mm. Reg. No. D. 10507, S. Aust. Mus.

The only genus which shows any affinity with Tenuisepia is Decorisepia.

The type of Decorisepia, D. rex Iredale, compared with 7. mira, is more than

twice as large, much broader, and has the dorsum strongly three-ribbed.

A CUMACEAN NEW TO SOUTH AUSTRALIA

By HERBERT M. HALE, DIRECTOR, SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM

Summary

Cyclaspis Usitata sp. noy.

Female. Integument hard. Carapace a little less than one-third total length of body, its

depth more than half its length ; surface with numerous pits (producing a somewhat

reticulated appearance), and with two transverse ridges, not exceedingly strong, but quite

distinct ; dorsum with a median longitudinal ridge. Pseudorostral lobes reaching almost to

apex of narrow eye-lobe, which bears three lenses. Antennal notch well marked, and

antennal tooth rather wide and subacute. First transverse ridge at about first fourth of

length of carapace, running down on each side across a low tumidity, and ending a short

distance beyond, not extending nearly to lower margin ; second transverse ridge behind

middle of length of carapace, on each side curving upwards, almost perpendicularly from

the lower margin, and ending abruptly in a tiny angular projection before reaching the

median dorsal keel.

A CUMACEAN xew tro SOUTH AUSTRALIA

By HERBERT M. HALE, Dinvevor, Souru Auserarian Museum.

Wig. 1,

CyCLASPIS USITATA sp. HOV,

Female, Integument hard, Carapace a little less than one-third total leneth

of body, its depth more than half its length; surface with numerous pits (pro-

dueing a somewhat reticulated appearance), and with two transverse ridges, net

exceedingly strong, but quite distinet ; dorsum with a median longitudinal ridge.

Pseudorostral lobes reaching almost to apex of narrow eye-lobe, which bears

three lenges, Antennal noteh well marked, and antenual tooth rather wide and

subaeute. First transverse ridge at about first fourth of lengih of carapace,

muning down on each side across a low tumidity, and ending a short distance

beyond, not extending nearly to lower margin; second transverse ridge behind

middle of length of carapace, on each side curving upwards, almost perpendicu-

larly from the lower margin, and ending abruptly in a tiny angular projection

before reaching the median dorsal keel. Posterior end of carapace with a median

dorsal elevation. Dorsum of second pedigerons segment elevated medianly ;

exposed median dorsal portions of third and fourth pedigerous segments very

short, that of the fourth earinate; fifth pedigerous segment also weakly keeled

dorsally, the carina ending posteriorly in a small point, and with a similar lateral

carina on each side. Kach pleon segment with an obsolete median dorsal ridge

and infero-lateral ridges; anterior four segments with oblique dorso-lateral

ridges, and the first five with lateral articular processes. Basis of third maxilli-

peds almost parallel-sided for eveater part of length, and produced apically to

middle of length of merns, which is produced practically to level of apex of

carpus. Carpus of first leg extending nearly to antennal tooth; basis uarrowed

on distal half, with no marked apieal process, and one-seventh as long again as

rest of limb: ischinm more than half as long as merus, which is considerably

shorter than earpus; propodus longer than carpus, which is a little longer than

daetylus, Ischitun of second to fifth peraeopods short ; merus longer than earpus

in second, and shorter than, or equal to, carpus in remaining legs. Uropods

twice as lone as last pleon seement, with the peduncle as long as the rami, which

are subequal in leneth, with the apical half of the inner edges finely serrate.

550 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MusEUM

Colour pale yellow, nearly white, with dark sooty markings on carapace and

pedigerous segments.

Length, 10 mm.

Loe. South Australia: Off Outer Harbour, St. Vincent Gulf (B.C. Cotton).

Type, female (in S. Aust. Mus., Ree, No, C. 1841).

Fig. 1. Cyclauspis usitata, type female; a, lateral view (X 9); 1, dorsal view of cephalo-

thorax (X 9); ¢,, first leg (86); d, fifth leg (xX BE); e, urepod (XxX 36).

This species resembles C. australis Sars in some respects, but has no trace of

a ridge leading backwards from the antennal noteh, while the posterior lateral

ridge ends abruptly below the dorsal ridge; the hinder margin of the carapace

has a marked dorsal elevation, ete.; the legs are mueh as in C. wustraulis, brut the

segments of the first antennae are of different proportions,

The holotype of C. candida Ainuuer, from North-Western Australia, is a

male, and the specimen described above nay be the female of that species, as its

appearance rather strongly suggests. The ridges of the carapace and pleon of

the South Australian specimen differ somewhat in disposition; the carapace as

seen from above is widest immediately behind the second pair of trausverse ridges

(instead of at the first ridge), and as there are also other slighter differences |

have provisionally deseribed it as new.

THE CICINDELIDAE (COLEOPTERA) OF THE MOUNT

LAMINGTON PLATEAU IN NORTH-EAST PAPUA

By WALTER HORN, BERLIN-DAHLEM

Summary

In the following I give a list of the Cincindelidae which have been collected by Mr. C. T.

McNamara in the Lamington Mountains, New Guinea, at an elevation of 1,300-1,500

feet. The material was communicated to me by the South Australian Museum.

1. Caledonica Jordani W. Horn

2. Cicindela Semicincta Brulle

3. Cicindela Funerata Boisduval

This is aberrant, and is a form intermediate between the typical C. funerata as described

by Boisduval and the subspecies barbata W. Horn.

Tur CICINDELIDAE (COLEOPTERA) or tur MOUNT

LAMINGTON PLATEAU tn NORTH-EAST PAPUA

By WALTHER HORN, Brrtin-Daniem,

Mio. 1-4,

In the following | give a list of the Cincindelidae which have been eolleeted by

Mr. C.'T. MeNamara in the Lamington Mountains, New Guinea, at an elevation

of 1,300-1,500 feet. The material was connnunicated to me by the South Aus-

tralian Museum,

1. CaLeponica sorDANI W. Horn.

2. CrcINDELA SEMICINGTA Brulle.

3. CreinpELA FUNERATA Boisduval.

This is aberrant, and is a form intermediate between the typical C. funerata

as deseribed by Boisduval and the subspecies barbata W, Horn.

4, CICINDELA BENNIGSENTA W. Horn.

Pie. 1.

The labrum of my two type males is seareely, Uf at all, excavated in the

middle, and shows only a minute sagittal tooth. The labrum of the male speei-

mens collected by Mr. MeNamara show this emargination of the labrum yeryv

much more strongly developed, but without the slhehtest trace of sagittal tooth.

The pronotum of the females collected by him shows, just before the basal suleus

in the sagittal line, the same yery characteristic small rounded (prominent baek-

ward) protuberance noted in my original deseription. The aedeagus is shown

in fig. la and 1b, The small constriction before its last third seems to be

remarkable, still more the very minute lateral tooth just before its tip. Leneth,

6°25-7-75 mm. (without labrum).

5, CICTNDELA TO MICRO-GEMMEA W. Tlorn, subsp. nov.

Big. 2,

9 ¢ Differt a forma prioritatis capite thoraceque aenco-netallicis, hine inde

subyirescentibus (non coeruleis) ; pronotho mas. paullo aneustiore, fem. basaliter

magis angustato angulisque basalibus multo minus tuberoso-prominetibus;

552 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

elytris obscure aeneis subnitentibus, prope marginem (in modo interrupto)

viridi-coeruleo tinetis, punetis duo humeralibus in forma lunulae conclusis,

gemmis illis magnis coeruleis subsuturalibus multo minoribus viridescentibusque ;

corpore subtus paullo minus viridi-coeruleo-induto. Labro mas. et fem, longiore,

dente sagittali fem. paullo breviore. Long 5-5-6-0 mun. (sine labro).

2b 3b

la 1b 2a 3a

Fig. 1-4, 1, Elytron of Cicindela bennigsenia W. Horn; 1a and b, aedeagus. 2, Elytron of

C, io microgemmea W. Horn; 2a and b, aedeagus. 8, Elytron of C. guineensis umbrosa W. Horn;

3a and b, aedeagus, 4, Elytron of C. guineensis W. Lorn.

HorN—CICINDELIDAE FROM PAPUA 553

The tip of the aedeagus has a very peculiar shape, as will be seen from the

figures 2a and 2b. The very fine hook at the tip is almost vertically bent off

from the stem. The basal part of the humeral lunwa shows (as also often the

humeral spot of the typical C. ia) a reddish colouration. The border of the

elytra is of a bluish colouration, especially within the humeral lunula and at the

middle part of its length; the fourth sternite of the abdomen in the female is

strongly enlarged, and shows in the median line a triangular spot of yellow.

6. CICINDELA GUINEENSIS UmMBROSA W. IJorn, subsp. nov.

Fig. 3.

9 4 Ditfert a forma prioritatis toto corpore, + primis antennariun articulis,

pedibus nivro-aeneis; elytris opacis fere nigricantibus ; eoloribus ilis aut viricli-

hus aut violaeeis aut rufo-brunnescentibus deficientibus (gemmis fere totis obso-

letis). Lone 5°75-6°25 main. (sie labro).

The upper and under side of the whole body, the four first articles of the

antennae, and the legs are of a dark brassy hue. The elytra are almost black

without any shine, and only show here and there small traces of the large foveols

(the last ones seem to be even less conspicuous, as they do not show any con-

trasted colouration against the general surface of the elytra, such as they do in

the typieal C. guincensis). The aedeagus is long and fine, and bears a very strong

constrietion at its termination (fig. 3a and 3b).

There is only one specimen in the series which proves to be an intermediate

form between this new race and the typieal C. guincensis. This specimen shows

inuch smaller foyeols on the elytra, but the remaining foveols possess the con-

irasted colouration of the typical form. Fig. 4 shows the typical C. yuineensis

W. Jorn.

THE HENBURY (CENTRAL AUSTRALIA)

METEORIC IRON

By A. R. ALDERMAN, M.Sc., F.G.S.

Summary

The occurrence of meteoric iron near Henbury, in Central Australia, has already been

described by the writer ("), who noted that the meteoric material occurred in the form of

numerous scattered fragments of iron surrounding some twelve or thirteen “craters” (fig.

1). Since the writer’s visit to the locality in May, 1931, hundreds — possibly thousands —

of specimens have been removed from the site by unauthorized collectors, so that much

valuable information concerning the distribution, etc., has been permanently lost.

THe HENBURY (CENTRAL AUSTRALIA)

METEORIC IRON

By A. R. ALDERMAN, M.Sc., F.G.S,

Wig. 1-9.

Tire oceurrence of meteorie iron near Henbury, in Central Australia, has already

been described by the writer (+), who noted that the meteoric material oceurred

in the form of numerous seattered fragments of iron surrounding some twelve or

thirteen ‘‘eraters” (fig. 1).

SKETGH PLAN OF THE AS

— METEORITE CKATERS —

— DOUBLE PUNCHBOWL—

HENBURY STATION

CENTRAL AUSTRALIA

NY? or

Matn Crater

4 ir Scale 7 ee ee ol mia hnyy

H a

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tly lin al fi [tines 1 Nanton ' fit ry y payer

rin qHl( tl]! H 1)

Ls a OS pel a ba AIM MA0ytln Al,

He of “fileceun, Breccea!

sii

(1) Alderman, Mineralogical Magazine, March, 1932, Vol, xxiii, No, 186, pp. 19-32,

556 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Since the writer’s visit to the locality in May, 1931, hundreds—possibly

thousands—of specimens have been removed from the site by unauthorized eol-

lectors, so that much valuable information concerning the distribution, ete., has

been permanently lost.

Big. 2. Specimen of meteoric iron weighing 524 Ib. When found the darker area in the

foreground was exposed to the air, the lighter portion being buried.

As far as the author is aware, all the material as vet removed from the

Henbury area has been found on the surface, and no attempt has yet been made

lo excavate any of the craters. Tt is highly desirable that geophysical tests be

made before any excavation work is attempted, The considerable cost of a

thoroughly adequate investigation of this nature has so far deferred operations

contemplated by members of the South Australian Museum and Adelaide

University staffs,

ALDERMAN—THE HeENBURY METEORIC IRON

The object of the present paper is to describe the nature of the meteorie iron

itself. During the author's visit to the locality in 1937 more than 800 metcorie

fragments were collected for the Soath Australian Museum, The total weight of

{hese specimeus was about 500 [b., the largest weighing 524 Ib. (fig. 2). Ma hh.

Bedford, of Kyancutta, subsequently visited Tenbury, and found one specunen

weighing 170 [b.. removing in all about 510 speeimens, which ageregated 821 Th,

weight. The South Australian Museum bas since purchased pieces, weighing

Pig. 3. ‘Twisted fragment of iron weighing 1% Uh, found inside erater Nao a,

59 1h, 31 Ub, and 20 th, from a prospector, Also there is some evidence to hand

that further quantities of meteore iron have recently been reoroved) from the

locality,

METEORIC IRON SPECIMENS.

In shape, some of the pieces, particularly the larger ones, resemble entive

meteorites, Whereas in many others the shape suge@ests that they have been torn

or Shattered from large masses. Many small fragments are twisted and ben

into unnsnal shapes (fie. 8 and 4); some of them are thin and flaky, while many

others are bieonvex. The external form, and also the internal structure, of a

very large proportion of the specnnens shows that distortion and shattering has

taken place. Presumably this happened at the time of fall, The facet that laree

| : Pr

558 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MuSEUM

craters were formed by the impact of the meteorites, and that the heat so gener-

ated was sifficient to fuse the country rock, indicates that an unusually ereat

foree was pent up in the meteoric bodies (fig. 5). The force of impact was

evidently sufficient to shatter and distort the meteoritie masses,

The evidence appears to indicate that the Llenhury material fell as a

meteoric Shower, in which were meluded inany small fragments of iron and some

Pig, 4. Typicul specimens of Henbury meteorie iron,

very large ones. The craters were formed by the impact of the larger masses,

which at the same time were intensely shattered, and froin whieh thousands of

small fragments were torn and seattered. The fantastically twisted and jageed

form of so many of the fragments must be seen to he believed, and if appears

diffienl to aceonnt for them, save by a disruption of the larger masses at the

time of impact,

A munerieally smaller monber of pieces seem to have fallen as separate

members of the meteorie shower. These show no sigus of disruption, and are

generally larger than the fwisted fragments deseribed above. They displiy

broad mdentations and thumb-warks and the internal strieture is normal. The

iron is fairly soft and easy to work. Ht is also very resistant to atmospheric

oxidation. o\ number of fragments were cut, polished, and etehed. The etehing

was effected with dilute nitrie acid (4 per cent.), the best results being obtained

after a treatment of about two minutes, .As noted by Dr. L. J. Speneer (2). the

(2) Alderman, foe, eff., Addendum by LT. Spencer, p. 31

ALDERMAN—THE HENBURY METEORIC [RON 559

eehed iron shows well-marked Widmanstatten figares, and ‘besides kamacite,

taenite, and plessite, there are a few minute specks of troitte.’? Such troilite

may be seen in ost polished sections, but in one large section examined by the

author a distinet vein of that mineral is very prominent, and is associated with

asmall amount of lawrencite (fig. 6). The average width of the kamacite banels

vaties From ane specimen to another, in some averaging Tom. in others 14 oo.

LIME

Rip. 4, Pused sandstone. The upper left portion of the specimen is reddish aud sandy.

The darker part of the specimen is black yesi¢ular glass.

The width of these bands depends, of course, on the direction in whieh the

seetion is cut.

The iron may therefore be classed as a medium or coarse-meciuim actahedrite.

Dr. Speneer has remarked on the wavy and eracked native of the kamacite bands,

Some etchecl specimens show what appear toe be closed cracks reaching from one

side af the specnnen to the other (fig, 7), Sueh phenomena of strain and cdis-

ruption are in accordance with the evidence of shattering of the original masses

560 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

as indicated by the torn and twisted form of so many of the smaller fragments.

The fine striations known as ‘‘Netumann lines’’ are observable in many of the

kamacite bands.

CHEMICAL EXAMINATION.

Material for analysis by the author was obtained from a selected specimen

by drilling. Attempts were made to estimate iron gravimetrically after four or

Big. 6. Etehed section showing Widmanstatten figures. The thin black vein consists of

troilite with some lawrencite. This vein is seen to follow the edges of the kamacite bands,

(Nat. size.)

five precipitations with ammonia. Results from this method were, however,

obviously high. It was eventually estimated by titration with permanganate.

Nickel was precipitated and weighed as Ni-dimethylelyoxime, and cobalt was

estimated by the a-nitroso-B-naphthol method. Careful determinations of carbon

were very kindly made for the author by Ma. T. W. Dalwood, of the Assay Depart-

ment, South Australian Sehool of Mines. The results thus obtained are as

follows :

ALDERMAN-—THE HENBURY METEORIC [RON 561

Fe - - - - - 91-54 per cent.

Ni - - - - - 7-54 7

CGte a ee ee ee OR oe uy:

S : - = - s O20 5, 4,

P - - : . - 0:08 ,,

9) e fs fa bs 4 AOI.

SaCherS) ae | Sky “ccoens-ae 04008, gee

Total - - - - - 99-58 per cent.

The Fe : Ni ratio is thus 12-1. This figure agrees with Dr. G. T. Prior’s

grouping for a medium octahedrite. The specific gravity, as determined by the

z fan) i t J? *

pyenometer method, using benzene, is 7-53.

15 [lar SIZE.

Fig. 7. Etched section of the iron showing the wavy nature of the kamacite bands. Several

long, closed cracks may also be seen.

A number of small separate fragments of the iron have been forwarded to

Professor F. Paneth, of Konigsbere University, who has undertaken the deter-

mination of the helium content, from which an estimate of the age of the

meteorite can be obtained.

[IRON-SH ALE.

A partial analysis was also made by the author of the so-called ‘‘iron-shale.’’

This greatly resembles the ‘‘iron-shale’’? found near Canyon Diablo, Arizona.

RECORDS OF THE S.A. Museum

Ii is brown to dark-brown in colour, anid is magnetic. Tt appears to consist very

largely of limenite and to have been formed frou the nickel-iron by weathering.

Many specimens show a laminated appearance sugeestive of progressive stages

in the oxidizing process (fig. &); others possess the roughly biconvex shape which

is typical of so many of the iron fragments (fie. 9), Stains suweestive of nickel

muiy be seen on souie specimens. Chenical analysis eave the following results:

Total von (as MesQs) 84-31 per cent.

NiO 576

SiO, O59

HO) TS Ee

—_____—_

LINCH

—

Mig. S. Laminated ‘*iren-shale.??

I} is interesting to recor(L that all the jren-shale whieh the author las

examined was found on the erater wally. Mr, Gedtord, who found the actual

speetmen which the author selected for analysis, coufirms this statement. From

{his 1 seems probable that such material had been buried in ihe débris of the

crater walls notil recently, when it was uneoyvered for the first time. Tt would

appear, therefore, that imeteori¢ iron whieh is buried below soil and fine frag-

mentary material would be oxidized more readily into the solid iron shale form

than would similar material which is exposed to the air. Oxidized matter would

be removed from exposed iron by sueh agencies as wind and moving water, anil

in the case of buried tron would probably be retained ia site lay the enclosing

ALDERMAN--THE HENBURY METEORIC [RON 563

soil. ete. fra climate as arid as that of the Henbury region (where the average

rainfall is about G inches per annum), roek exposed to the air dries immediately

after the short spells of vain, most of which falls as thunder-showers. The

anthor has deseribed, however, how the craters form natural reservoirs, inte

which water is coucentvated after rain (#). This would surely keep timeh of the

wall material in a state of dampness for a not inconsiderable time after rain.

LiNCH

Pip. $. *!Trom-shale’' showing typical bicouves shape.

One can imagine, therefore, that oxidation would take place more readily in ion

which was buried in such a favoured position in the crater walls, and also that

the oxidized material would, after its formation, be preserved i sifu. The

oxidation would, of course, proceed much more rapidly if minerals such as Taw-

reneite were present. This mineral was noted in one speemen of the iron

examined by the author, but not in any of the munerous other sections. The

presence of half a per cent. of siliea in the shale indicates that the widespread

silicification so noticeable ta Central Australia las uot bee without its effeed

even ou this meteorie material,

lron-shale similar to that found at Henbury and Canyon Diablo has been

recorded from the erater at Odessa (Texas) and near Grootfontein (South-West

Afriea), in which latter locality it forms an enveloping zone around the giant

Jloba meteorite.

(*) Alderman, law eit, p. 22,

INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES

INDEX ro GENERA anp SPECIES

Abnntiades le et

abbreviatu, Nursia 3

abdominalis, Dewiluus ..

wecessa, Setaliris _

Actinus .. bs

au inata, Se hizoporells

aeuta, Condyloenurdig —..

mdelaidenna, Microeucuilies

Adeona .. is ww

Adeonellopsis —.. Hs

wduntbratus, Parasemus

nesopius, Periclinienes .,

africana, Gryllotulpa .-

uktinos, Sencoellamys

nlha, Notovela .. ry.

albertisi, Chyreocephatis

albieeps, Oxytelus x}

albidus, Cleidothacrus

whofuscintus, Abantiades

abohumeralis, Decihwuus

whplabetieus, Deretiosus

alpicola, Varasemus .,

alta, Cuspidaria is

alternaus, Litochrus ..

alternatus, Ophrythyreocis

altus, Parasenius ot

ilutaceus, Copraporus

Tachinoniorpli ts

suuabilis, \enerteardia

Amathia .. a . a

imnplipeonis, Deretiosus

Ainplisepia - 2

Amygdalam as a

Aqmdlara i. t

ungasi, € uspidaria <4

Offadesmiat ed

inguineas, Notochlamys

angulopora, Conesehore linia

angusta, Thrueiopsis .-

angustiloba, Cellaria ..

angustior, Microeryptorhynelus

Talabrica = ..

angustus, Deretiosus ..

aotea, Triameseaptay ..

apama, Amplisepia vo

uphenges, Almiutiades ..

apiculis, Deretiosnus — ..

upicitlavus, Litoehras ,-

apicipennis, Parascmis

upiciventris, Metaponeus

Apries .. ue te

Araelimopusia — ., a

Area = ae

Aretosepia b-

arenivaga, Cylindrache ti

aArenosa, Thracidora —..

Page

510)

108

B45

30%

Sas

Bon

B44

247

BOS

awa)

aad

{ot

O70)

471

S04

ata

dou

bens

3ST

127

330

34M;

121

342

115

in?

aay

arcolitus, Modiolus ..

argentata, Prictena ..

argyreus, Leneitus 2

argyvrosticha, Trietena .,

uridus, Deretiosus =

Aspalima 8 84

ausper, Coproporus o0

Astenus .. .* a

Asytesta ‘ re

ater, Nechyrus .. 1+

Atlanta... - if

atomosparsus, Meclistocerug

atratins, Doretiosus te

Atrina .. ;

atrouitens, Melanterius

atronitidus, Moehistocerus

aureus, Thyreocephatis

anrichaleens, Mysolius

durilogulus, Abantiades

australe, Kehinostoma .,

Hippa .. La

Nosodendron ..

Australerythropis fr

ristrialine, Parasemus ,.

Tadits a

Aaustraticum, Nosodendron

dustralieus, Triduetylus

dustraliensis, Hiipipahyt

Austratima 44 .

sustrilis, Cellaria on

Gryllotalpe ..

Miteehlimys

Phalaerinus .,

Rossia A“

Sepiotewthis ,.

tustrina, Gomollima .,

Sepiidariow

Austrosarepta re

Atistroturquetia i

aviculina, Cardita ba

WA0riee, Blaps - =

lalantimm, Clie se

hanerofti, Hehinasteanisn

banksiaria, Cllenias 2,

Barhatin -_ wt

barbatus, Tacius

Trichomuse uhis

bareas, Abantiades 4

basieoruis, Coproporus

hasiponnis, Litochrus ..

Bathyeardita se ote

let reh porte vsis, Nueula

beeearii, Leueitus

Philonthus 2.

Page

Bas

AGS

Hud

395

ast)

“HD

aau

oad

566

beddomei, Amyydalum

hedualli, Neatrigonia

Belehlamys oe

Belonuehus : te

hennigsenia, Cie indela ie

hbieinetus, Astenus

hicoloratus, Philonthis

bidentatus, Exithius

bifrons, Equichlamys ..

hifusecipennis, Hesperus

hilocularis, Septifer

bimaculata, Venerieardia

bimaeulifiavus, Parasemus

hbinodipennis, Byrsia .. 7

hinotatus, Litochrus ., fe

Bipora.. ‘

biturrita, Gephyrophora

hivittipennis, Meehistocorus ,.

blackburni, Litoehrus ,.

blandus, Deretiosus

Blaps

hordavnsis, P hilobr Vil

Bordaia ..

boratlis, Diethusa

brachyptera, Gryllotalpa

Dragpi, Aretosepia ct

brevis, Myadora

brunnoeus, Litoehins

burrundionsis, Phalierus

Byrsia site wr Ae

cnerileipomnis, Dinexantholinus

enxeruleotinetus, Litoehrus ..

MEISE ANT Uys MrT u pA yD els

Caleschara : , 1

ealidris, Mevhistocer us

Calloporina . ma

valyum, Nosodendron Me

vampbelli, Cylindracheta +s

cancellata, Prouucula .. i}

Capidozoum fe

eapulus, Lunulacis +

carbo, Mochistocerus

Cardita ., 4

Cariditella

carinatus, Raptoperiis

carine us, Osoriis a

earimieollis, Exithius

eoigedd tie Deretiosus

carnen, Talabries

varoli, “Mesopeqlum

castanon, Mucrissatella

castaneieollis, Philonthus

Catatropis : es 7

eayirostris, Ziphiug

Cave linia

Collaria

volsa, Philobrya

Ceratoplax

eessens, Cuna

Chania te *+

363,

230

aay

337

238

dal

398

361

Bi)

233

ava

338

B42

473

ARG

442

121

400

440)

SoS

243

3 i+

Recorps oF THE S.A. Museum

Chariehirus

chiretremata, Mose anbri isepit i

Chlanwyele lla 7"

Chlamys

Chlenins

chlorizans, T hiveohomus

Cicindela .. ‘i ts

ciliata, Microporelti

cinetus, Medon

wintigtaris, Raleus

cirenlifera, Asytesta

Chivage lat

Cleidathacrus

Clio wa _

coelestis, Stents

eollaris, Deretiosus

columharia, Veneriearidia

comis, Phalacrinus

Comitileda ela

comma, Cun T

compsus, Paurasemns —..

coneava, Exosiperna

econeentrien, Cutie

Cyrillista

Mori lothi radia

Proniuendla

Condy locardia

Conesehare tina

convesa, Emarginula

Copropor us -n

Corbula

coronata, Hasw “lina

erassa, Seacoleda

crassicostatu, Cardita

crassidentata, Condylocardia

crebreradiata, Philobryva

ereeeing, Laternala

crountulifera, Micronytilus

eribatus, Nechyrus

eribri¢ollis, Stenus

eribripennis, Oedichirus

Cryptoenemus

C{euamusium = ,. vr

cuboides, Philobeya

Cuna

euneiformis, Lithodomus

curficorhis, Caproporis

eurtior, Comitileda

curtus, Medon ..

eurvirostus, Decilytus

curvirostris, Melauterius

Cuspicaria a:

eyancorufus, Quedius ..

eyaniponnis, Tachinomoryph as

Oyelaspis ;

cyclosficha, Chlonias

eyelothrous, Ophrythyreoeis

Oylindroryetes

Cylindracheta oo. ae

Cylindrodes

Cyrilliste 12

234,

235,

age

aoy

127

234

501

121

258

Hn)

B44

344

a42

B57

jan

ao2

444

Ban

4ti)

340

S44)

251

bhai |

BOS

121

221

Bibs}

239

120

ann

S51

236

aad

341

B36

7 7

366

3607

100

244

333

ods

B04

258

24h

378

S40

BGR

aus

540

wry

aru

sek

INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES

dannevigi, Sepia

Decilans

deearosa, P ronnenl: 1

delies ta, Myadora

Vimentum

‘delinifieus, Modiolus ,,

delta, Crna ts “4

detieulata, Calose han

deativarins, Mechistoeenms

Deretiosus . a4 be

dindoma, ¢ ‘alloporina

Didymosellia the on

Diethusa .. 1. i ae

dileeta, Nueula

Vimentaum

(limihatus, Coproporus

Pachyveornis Le

Dinoxantholinus

Diadora zs

discoileus, 1 arascnins * =

diseus, $ Salaputium +e a

(dispar, Thaivepora

divergens, Litoehrus

diversiwllis, Eleusis

doetus, Tarnseniis

dohrni, Senealedsa

dolobeata, Pinna

dorsireeta, Cuspidsria

Nchinostomea

Seborismea

edentata, (una

edeutotus, Msxithius

Redentellina

Elvetroma

Megantula, Canditella .. >

Bleusis ti As,

Rligidion ta 4

elongata, Myardora

Rargtiile

Enihatlotheca

opisternglis, Decilaus a

Exithius .. 4

episternalis, Ply ptoporopterus

Rquiehlanivs 2, ’

ereetus, Aspalima

eremitus, Deretiosis

erivin, Spinosipella

erma, Cuspidaria

erosa, Trichomya >

erythromelas, Decilans

erythroplolus, Decilaus

Esenlinu .

eueosniis, Simoypsis

Euerassatel lia

Kuprymus 3 *

Ovaneseons, Mierocvry ptor hy nels

exarata, Cuspid: inte if

excavita, Peristomella ,.

exeelsior, Vimentun

exselsus, Hesperus

Eximiothracia

Page

61,3

uo]

male

127

244

352

338

349)

120

ang

Ops

AG4

aot

BoM

218

47%

ots

451

aan

481

Bah

231

B46

138

B45

aay

158

238

exithioides, Deretiosus

Pxithius

Exosiperna

exuliuta, Virentum

fuleata, Cupidoezoum

tallax, Oxytelus. .

famigerutor, Mim: seh Jamys ‘

fuseiculutus, Deretiosus

Microeryptorhyne

Opliorythy reacis

fisciculiceps, Deretiosus

fava, Chlamydeta

femoratus, Paederus

furox, Hiintopo rae “i

tij » Nosodendron

finibris ita, Philobrye

fimbritarsis, Meehistocerus

fimetarius, Phalverus

Fissurise pte od ts

fistulosn, Collaria es

fubellatus, Glyevnieris

flavirhis, Modiolus

favipennis, Leptaeinus

flavonotitus, Litoehrus

flindersi, Corbuly ‘

Emarginuls 2.

Octopus

Pronneuly i

folincen, Adconellopsis, .

forterndintus, Limopsis

fortis, Teretileda

fossa, Sphaeropora :

francisensis, Micromytilus

Frenamya

frigidus, Litne rus ~

fulgidus, Purasemus ..

fulyida, Salaputinn

hus

eutyorarpin tus, Abantindes ..

fumarium, Fissurisepts

fumatus, Litechrus 44

furva, Bordaia «,

fusea, Barhatia cs

fuseipes, Belonuchus

vagativentris, Hesperus

Gaimantia

eylinulae, Cats utropis

Gemellima :

gemina, Australime

geimulifera, Carcdita

veniculatus, Oedichirns

georgian, Eleetromin ..

Gophyrophora ..

givuntens, Medon

gigantulus, Thyreoeephialus

gigas, Blaps 7 4

glaberrimus, Cer atoplax

Modiolus ..

glibratumn, Nosodendron

glomersta, Ostrea

567

Page

O57

aan

3538

2338

age

359

450

231

aAs

awe rT

122

B30

a44

4AG2

462

ads

384

wap

ANT

Sas

22K

AGA

a72

341

135

338

B37

S07

233,

120)

359

aga

345

100

aad

a7+

BAT

568

Glveymeris

Gly ptoporoplerus

Gly ptosepia +8 ve

vonosena, Chihenins #

gould, Nototodarus

gracilis, Lithopluigsa ..

vrinibusis, Meehistocerus

granifera, Questimya

gramothita, Metorisma

iulifera, Asytesta

unas, Glyevimeris

vi, Mesoplodon

grisea, Adeona

Grylotalpa

euincvensis, Cicindelnt

RECORDS OF THE S.A, MusSEUM

Page

Noy

4 rd peter!

127

a4 as 48

125

haddoni, Cryptoenenus 102

hialei, Petralia 123

Halicarcinus a3 Pan Ys

Haplochliens 5. ny 45

laploderus, Paauaisenius. . 466

Hamiveunit at ye - -. Ran

hinngtya, Hamgeuns me fer, 2. a0

Haswellania of 120

hedleyi, Glyptosepia .. . Lee

Prone = <7 285

heros, Nixuthvas e400

Hesperus .. S60, AaT2

Hiniutopors eo U8

hierogly phicus, Stilie us. 859

Hippa 4 a 2 97

Hippolyte.. ae $4 wd]

hirsuta, Trichoniws 43S

Tubucellaria z. PLL

hispida, Oenera .. .. B77

howensis, Gryllotalpa 24 ne =

Microcryptorhynens B84

hinnenuis, Philonthius aG8

Humphreyia es 4 .. ada

hviinatus, A bantiades a -. SIT

hydrovraphus, Abantiades .. 928

Iyperoodon x Peer

Hypotrochrus te -. 9a

THyridella 154

Tdiosepius 120

ones, Aspalima 230

iNepida, Seaeoledsa

imperiglis, Aetinus

impolitus, Melanterius ..

incerta, Humphrey it

invisipes, Diethusa

incisus, Paralispimuis

jnconspieuns, Medon

invonstuns, Modialus ..

inenissuta, Cardita

indieus, Diochus. .

inermis, Gryllotalpa

inflata, Spiratella

inormata, Siriella

insignicollis, Glytoporopterus

insignis, Glyeyineris z's

Philacins “ a

insularis, Exithius

intactus, Litoehrus

integra, Austroturquetia

interantennalis, Philonthnus

intercoxalis, Deretiosus te

intermedius, Pontophilnis

interoeuwlaris, Mechistoeerus

interruptuin, Nosodendron

interruptus, Mieroery ptorhynelius

Neomelanterius ..

invenustus, Deretiosus ..

io, Cieindela “4 e

ione, Monia, ae <i be

iredalei, Corbula

Mvyadora -_

iridipennis, Parasomus

Tsogomon

isosceles, Condy loe urdia

kimheri, Emarginnt

Lyrin 4,

kingieola, Enerassatella

kochi, Cylindrachets

kooheli, Litochrus _

labyrinthious, Absatindes we

lneticulus, Litocehrus ., v4

Lamellileda 38 ran re

laminata, Barhbatia

larvalis, Didymioselia

Interalis, Dinexautholinus

lateripennis, Deretiosus

Laternula

lateroalbus,

latipennis,

Latrentes Je -

latus, Deretiosus sb

Melanterius

lantus, Liteehrus

lnyveodii, Mesoplodon

Teetius, De retiosts

legitimus, Melanterias

Leptacinus

Leuecitus 5h tie

loucocliton, Abaitiades

levifrons, Cuspidaria

Lima . nS tT,

limaeformis, Condylocardin

Limatula ae

limhifer, Palaminus

Limopsis wv

lincolnensis, Diadora

Pximisthraein

hineifer, Chariehirus

Decilaus

lineolata, Sepioloidlen

linens, Madiolus

Lispinus

lissorhinus, Roptoper us

Deretiosnus

Abantindes

Page

aah.

4st

20d

447

370

B75

Sti

a82

(it)

3A8

230

a4u

407

251

2ah

24d

Ags

BAS

Bal

hat

soo

722

457

aor

227

228

Ta)

350

Binh

asl

460

AUG

Binh

Bao

368

A387

238

B37

357

230

21s

342

369

252

1236

356

278

Lithoeharis kK « “.

Lithodomus ne va

Lithoplaga ba a

Litochrus “2 Rs

lividipes, Belonuehus .

longaeva, Cylindrachota

longitarsis, Litoehrus ..

Tannulinia st | .

Lyrin a: an -

maeneilli, Varmularia

INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES

Muaeroehisma, a *3 ie .

maculibasis, Mechistoeerus .. ;

nacitipennis, Meehistoeerus .. 7

inaculosa, Haploehtiens

miaculosus, Mechistocerus

niidangensis, Neamystocts

magnidens, Meehistoeeris

nuiwnifieas, Abantiades

maynilithris, Steganoporella .. a

major, Litoehrus We 2

majorina, Diethusa oie :

inujorinus, Litoehrus ., ot 7

Malleus .. a 4 }

manumilliris, Thairopori

inorianus, Plourodon .

metreilus, Abmntiades 2.

margurititera, Meloserina

marginglis, Astemis .

narginata, Neobsalaend

muirginieallis, Belonueling

maritimus, Litochrns .

mensapuirae, Philewthas

Moechistoworuk .. ‘

modtonthus, Deeilius ..

mediohbasale, Nosodendran

Medan ms

megapholus, Decilaus ..

molwniarius, Coproparius

melanioides, Neodiastome

melanostrepta, Chlonias

melinoxysta, Chlenits

Melanterius 4 -

molys, Paragemis ote

Meloagrina ete ite

moridigous, Mallens ..

Moesembrisepia .. -

Mesopeplum si2 ts

Mesoplodon wh :

motasterualis, Divthusa

Metoponeus se oH

micans, Prowuenths :

Microcryptorhynelus .

Microcucullaea ..

micro-gemmea, Cie inflela

Mieromytilus .. rt

Mieropore tis -_ La

mierops, Uxithius .

Ophrythyreocis

micropterus, Pacderus

Microtragus fle re

microm, Salaputinm — .

oe '

oe .

a0, +

ruge

359

S40

434

303

$45

114

o388

Os?

B47

404

406

440

B85

4a)

239

228

231

gan

ered’

al4

a74

402

a62

Bos

246

B76

BOS

B44

Bb4

377

403

231

2 he}

Vez:

ARN

225

yoe

335

121

2g8

Oro

B07

408

348

569

Page

miliacen, Comitileda = .. nh os

Mimasehlumnys ,. a: ow

niinutus, Deretosus oe tab ia

Philonthus .. a ai

tira, Tenuisepia a i. Ws

mifchelli, Parasemus ., ‘4 A |

niodestus, Parasemus .. hs t's

Modiolus ve be ra is

nocsta, Borfaia ao 7, CC

mocestis, Paragemus o. a 7

mollis, Devilnus 25 ‘ +4 be

monaehus, Hypotroehus Hs iF

Monia £ by as we .

monilifera, Refepara ., te 7

IOTOCETOR, Arachnopusi Hf] tt fe

montauns, Parasenis .. 4 rar

morse, Ostrea ae ay ha

nulfingularis, C lavagell: ' . 3 oF

multimayeulatus, Mechistocerus 45,

munita, Retepora a4 = i+

morinus, Exithius 2¢ th te

murrayi, Hscealima “ ; a

musicus, Triduetylus .. <4 he

Musculus 5 ote ye 33

mutieus, Dere tiosts 2A oe ats

mutus, Tridaetyvlus - ar *.

Myadora te 4 a 7

nmoyndoroides, Eximiothracia .. ran

Mysolius . . +4 $4 7 =

Mytilus .. aa ar 7. -

natin, Museulus ., a any ms

Nautilus .. a st oi +

muvieularis, Ares aa .f a

Phahiwerinus A. “

Nechytus bo bie ose mc

Neohalaensa tt te ‘le o

Neodiastoma by pe ee -

Neogaimardia 2. Fan a ape!

Neomelanterius _. its sn a4

Neomystocis i fos oa ot

Neotrigonia vt as sh nt,

niger, Ophrythyreoeis .. we os

nigricliva, Diefhiusa .. ry) an

nigrivlivus, Vhalverinus He «ct

nivrohumeralis, Deeilatns “a +

ninibifer, Australima .. ple a

nitida, Smittina “e 4 as

nitidirostris, Deeilaus ,. i +t

nitidula, Gryllotalpa 2. ror) a3

noetivagus, Mechistocerus az et

Parasemus ws 42

nodosa, Argonatta is 38 ihe

norfolevnsis, Mieroeryptorhynehus ..

Nosodendron ste ae ne 374,34

noteroides, Litoehrus , . fs. if

notoaustrilis, Condvlocardia .. act

Noboechlamys +t rae +, ‘5

notoides, Idiosepius .. ws nt

Notomva ., - aot =e oP.

Notomytilis ose an af a

Nototodarus 1% ‘ce ey o*

226

va2

30a

475

AAS

£7t)

-7

257

iste

117

Lit

oor

Set

Aue

117

957

438

sag

342

a42

AGS

Bas

33n

125

228

44a

54d

Soe

pba]

OTK)

asd

249

337

245

4065

128

ade

239

Soe

126

342

330

y25

570 RECORDS OF THE S.A. MUSEUM

Page

Notovola .. _4 ar 232

novaeguinese, Palaminus BOT

vovaechollandiae, Mesembrisepia 127

Nueula ve es dhe «z (BEG

Nursia .. x. ah ote ws 408

nuytsi, Halienreinus os

obliqua, Parinulariq 4. ae ». 1S

obliquiniger, Parascouus af 472

obliquissima, Propeeuna 350

obliquus, Exithius tS s +» 367

ohlongifer, Oxytelus B65

obscurieollis, Litoehrus td

obseuripes, Litochrus 445

obsolotus, Parasemus 475

oveideutalis, Siniopsis 2280

oeeidaa, Cuspidaria BAT

oceidnus, Mlgidion gar

ocellatus, Abawntindes oe . old

Ocnera .. ate ve oh es 877

Octopus .. a +. a Boy

Oodichirus £3 We te S66

Ophrythyreacis 208

Opisthoteuthis 127

oreas, Mieroeryptorhynehns 85

oreaphilits, Plhilonthus .. af Su

orientalis, Lima .. 837

Osorius 7 oy - 356, 805

Ostrea te Bay

Ovaleda .. 227

ovatum, Novodeidtort ey 2. B74

Oxytelus .. sa (9 oe Sob, 865

oya, Gryllotalpa .. as iv ee 7

-achyeorynus ., i +: ts 350)

pachymela “if “e ae

Pacderus .. r+ a 7 357, ab7

Palaminus 23 “3 2. BOT

pallens, Parasemus 3 at .. Fh7

pallida, Oetopus 2 ats ana 2)

pallidicollis, Litochrug = -- 446

pallidicornis, Parasemus 405

pallidipes, Litochrus 444

pullidus, Parasenus oi» 475

pandor iformis, Myadora _ 348

papuanus, A stenus 358

Coproporns 363

Medon 358

Philonthus age

Phloeonomus 56

papuensis, Melanterins ATT

Parsecvrithium .. aay

paradicei, Australer ythrops 107

paracdoxa, Bordaia 509

aralispinus Se 3 +a 2. 856

*ArUSseMUS ose ae =, 435, 462

Parmuliria 14 . “ jy UL.

parthenoides, Synemon 7 ,- 148

parvicollis, Mechistocecrus ANS

942

qyuurvidens, Decilaus

Hxithius ae

pirveniger, Litochrus

parvopallidus, Parasemus

parvula, Gomellima

parvus, Deretiosus

patula, Emarginula

Frenamya

piuluceiae, Museulus

pauper, Philonthus

pavoninum, Tozeuna

peetinata, Philobrya

penelevis, Glyeymeris

Limoapsis

penetecta, Trichomya

penetricineta, Uypotrochus

Perielimenes

perillustris, Mimachlanys

Poristomedla

perparvus, Litochrus

perplexa, Neogalmeardia

persephone, Opisthoteuthis

pervalida, Myvadara

Petenlia

Phalaerinuas

Phalaerus

Philohrye

Philonthus

Phlovonomus we

aig Sa Retepora

pica, Bordain

pietipennis, Psydestis

pictus, Medon

Polypus

pilipennis, Mhilonthus

pilosipes, Gryllotalpa

Pilumnus .. ve

pind, Chlenias 2,

Pinna

pistuchia, Barbatia

pligiatus, Litochrius

planifrons, Ly peroaden

planilivata, Cuma

plaoulatus, Mytilus

planum, Prerosoni

Plastus

Plouradon

pluto, Opisthotouthis

politus, Pederus

pouipilius, Nauwtilis

Pontophilus ye

Poroleda

Prioehirus

probleema, Salaputinm

prodiziosus, Dinoxrutholinus .,

productum, Salaputinm

projectus, Madiolns ar

Propecuna a ds

propelutea, Venericandia

Protonueuts js ae

protovilttatus, Unie

psannnophila, Cylindrvacheta

Psydestis er 2%

Plerosoma

iad

Page

ony

ory

338

233

tol

abl

127

343

Jpea

438

Baa

ao0

B48

350

ous

15+

Biatil

pulehellas, Litochras .,

pulex, Modiolis

pullatus, Exithius

pullvineanus, Chlamys .

punetata, Selenaria

INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES 571

punuetipennis, Mechistocerus ..

punetulata, Hleetromsa

purpureotinetus, Deretiosns

pustulosns, Deretiosus ..

pyrainidatis, Clio

pyricollis, Qediehirus

quidtta, Emballothues

quadrimaculitus, Parasemus

Qnedins .,

Questimyn os

quingnecalor, Hesperus

quoyt, Cardita

radiuns, Glyeymeris .

ridivifera, Iliantopora ie

ratumensis, Philonthus

raouli, Bathyveardita

recens, Solamen

recta, Latemnula

rectangularis, Condylocardia

relegata, Nscalinia,

remonsa, Comitilodsa

Reniells

Retepora .,

reticulata, Smittina

rhomboidalis, Austrosarepta

vigida, Cellaria

robensis, Notomytilus

Rophoperus

ros, Cuspidaria

roses, Atnante

rosearadiate, Maerdehisiia

Rossia .. a

rostrata, Tr iehomya ye

rosulenta, Vonerigardia

rotundata, Myadora

rotundipennis, Microcryptorhynehus

rvotimdus, Phalaerinus ..

royana, Myadora

ruber, Notomytilus aa

rubrisata, Austrosurepta

ru(eralis, Chama >

rifieollis, Litoehrus 2.

rufieorinis, Decilaus

rufimanus, Mieroeryptor hynehus

nufirostris, Mieroerypt orhynchus

rutithorax, Philonthus

rufosuturalis, Parasemus

Salaputium a4

Saleus

sanetus, Deretiosus

Seacochlimys

Seareleda

seapha, Exosiperna

Page

457

33u)

206

234

1i4

232

Aq2

300

Lip

473

Bua

B45,

372

230)

113

BOR

dou

330

B41

U37

ae)

337

122

oor

‘

335

272

346

FA2

non

126

Aas

352

aed

448

380

oot

sel

8538

449

253)

Reb

B45

B08

471

348

Bud

233

225

340

Page

Schizoporellt —.. ry tae nee LE

seutellaris, Deretiosus .. a A. iG

scutellitus, Nechvrus .. - . 78

Seutice la ot RL :s ot Sab

Selenaria .. i $ be -. Lit

semicalvieeps, Devilaus ote ae 2H

Exithius “e sep MD

smminipra, Chlenias ., be ae 48

semiraciata, Museulus cs re Od

senex, Microtragus a ee AUS

Sepia ee 23 His 5 one hot

Sepiadariam at S.) 24 i. “hag

Sepioloidea ra oe .t ip W226

Sepeotenthis te t'a 3 x, 188

Septifor .. ’ : at .. 888

seriatum, Nasydendran: a 2 ATA

strigatus, Abantiades .. <4 we Wa

acelennra Philonthus A .. 363

sevina, Chlentas .. .' = oe v- «=o@t8

Setalivis .. be +i rs ‘Baty

setipes, Asytusta ’ : 33 676

setistris itus, Mel anterius rs .. BT

sitiveutris, Mechistocerus a]

selosus, Deretiosns a . <n 72

Microe ryptorhy nehus he S7

simulans, Cuspidaria ., Ns 2 BAB

sinusta, Ostrea .. — we -. 3ST

Siriellia .. = zt 4 LOG

Smittina .. : bi = aa 12

Solamen .. 5; x at «. Ba

solida, Area an “ ea =, 228

Cia a tg 4: -. adh

sophia, Synemon ro as -. 143

sordidus, Glyevmeris . we Ze

Mechistocerus a 2. BG

sowerbyi, Cardita es it +» B51

spathula, Poroleda

spathulata, lsognomon te fs

speciosa, !ximiothractia = 1. 6842

spectata, Australima .. . -. 337

spegazzinii, Cylindrorvetes .. oe BR

Sphaecropora a a ts +. 1282

Spinosipella és ne, % .. BAS

spiralis, Amathia os es -. Wat

Spiratella f. nf oe .. 548

Spirnla .. - i ra +. 126

spirula, Spirudla .. wt “ vs «226

splendidus, Quedins — .. _ .. BAB

Spondylus * oe Jak w SBT

spongiarum, Reniella aby 1 oe 887

aquamigera, Cardita .. en io

squamipennis, Deretiosus 7 -. 890

Mechistoeorus .. a a8

squamosis, Exithing .. be 2 2G

Steganoporela oot tte f° .. Lit

Stenus .. 7 2 +s ADT, AGG

Stilieus .. oe we 7 .. 85%

strange, Humphrevia .. bs 2. B45

Limatula és e. .. B87

striatularis, Glyexmeris . 2 .. «BR

strigiceps, Osorius - me .. 8ft

subalbida, Myadora _ _ .. odd

572 RECORDS OF THE

Page

subaridus, Deretiosus .. 24 “+ 70

subaurifera, Dicthusa .. \< .. B85

subdilecta, Nueula i re be B25

subfascieulatus, Decilaus .S .. Bot

subglobicollis, Mechistocerus .. 7 a2

suboyata, Propecuna ., « . BOL

subradiata, Condylocardia — .. ect)

subrotunda, Cuna a 5

subtrigona, Carditella

subula, Clio es a as

superba, Emarginula -, +t We

suturellus, Parasemus

sydneyensis, Litochrus

Syucmon .. we ste +3 .

‘Tachinomorphus us rt 2. BOB

Tacdins ts fe 2 oe

taitiensis, Thyreoeephalus ad .. AGO

Talabriea a so , .. =ad8

Talochlanys Y P

tantillus, Tridactylus +. At

tardivadiata, Philobrys ie *

tasmanine, Macrochisma i pe “222

tusmaniae, Varasemus .. a -. 465

tusmanioa, Atrina 17 “s »- 28

Cuspidaria .. ne a. 347

Euprymna .. o b32

Gaimardia .. 4+ -- 341

Notomya .. 7 .. «B42

Vertambitus art .- 348

tasmanicus, Notoehlamys fie .. 234

tatei, Philobrya .. : rs -. dat

tellinaefounis, Ovaleda. a J. 227

tenellus, spondylus = an .. B87

tenisoni, Limopsis mn a .. 2380

tenuiradiatus, Limopsis ze .. 23]

Temusepia 1 A mn .. 546

Teretileda ++ we - we C226

terraerepinae, Paraseinus ri 2. 46

Thairepora ps : 4's .. 114

thermarnm, Philonthus en .. BHD

thetidis, Ctonamusium .. ++ -. 234

thoracicus, Oxytelus.. ive -, 856

Thracidora ot ta ae .. 42

Thraciopsis A bi ra ~. 842

Thyreoeephalus .. oe ane 2. B60

tibialis, Deretiosus fe a 3 73

Mechistocerus a .. 899

Ophrythyreocis #, ~- 274

tinetus, Litochrus 24 a6 ~. 455

torridus, Parasemus ict oa ~. 479

Toseuma .. &s re te 4.

trapezia, An adara A oy .. 228

Triameseaptor ., is + BS 19

triangulifer, Decilaus .. hf 2. 125i

Mechistoceris .. -. 398

tricarinutus, Exithins .- be az S267

Trichomuseulus .. & ae .. B40

Trichomya as she +4 .. 338

Trietena .. pe = =; -» 499

Triduetylus ae an A, ae a4

tridentata, Cayolinia .. st .. 548

S.A. MUSEUM

trigonalis, Cuspidaria .. if

trisinuatus, Mechistocerus

trispinosa, Cavolinia .. at

truncatidens, Diethusa « (

trunvifrous, Latreutes , -

Tubueellaria e+ roe 4

typiea, Edentellina me a

LameHileda .

umbonata, Bipora .

wubratiearia, Chlenias .,

umbratus, Phalaerinus ..

umbrosa, Cicindela

undata, Petralia

uniformis, Mechistocerns

Unio “t- is

ursus, Meechistocerus .. 7

usitata, Cyclaspis ie i

alida, Carditella A

virivpatus, Deretiosus an

variolatus, Polypus Ase

Venerieardia 34 er

ventralis, Melanterius .. r+

ventricosa, Seuticalla .. at

Veprichlamys an

veréoi, Schizoporella ..

vereonis, Corbula

Protonuenla ..

Scacoleds

Vertanibitus .

vestitum, Nosodendron

vestitus, Pilumnus

victoriensis, Parasemus

Pontophilus :

v iguana, Ophrythyreocis — .,

vilis, J Lithocharis . rr’

villosipes, Melanterins ~, 2%

Vimentum

vincentensis, Carditella.

vincentianus, Cryptocnemus

virescens, Barbatin aa

vitiensis, Microeryptorhy nehus

vividus, Lesperus

vixornata, Limopsis

V-niger, Deretiosus ts

Liftoehrus

vulgaris, Siriella

vultur, Petralia ,. --

wagneri, Lispinus ra “

Priochirus AD +4

wilsoni, Deeilaus

Nixuthrus as

zedlandicun, Nosodendron

ziczac, Deretiosus : 4

Mechistocorus _. 4

Ziphius .. 4 nr

ZOnNaea, Chiunias 4

Page

236,

374,

346

383

a+45

907

12]

443

123

403

154

402

549

351

G+

128

381

283

117

240