VOL. 123, PARTS 1 & 2

31 MAY, 1999

Transactions of the

Royal Society of South

Australia

Incorporated

Contents

Bourman, R. P., Belperio, A. P., Murray-Wallace, C. V. & Cann, J. H. A last

interglacial embayment fill at Normanville, South Australia

and its neotectonic implications - - = - -

Beveridge, I. New species of Cloacina Linstow, 1898 (Nematoda :

Strongyloidea) parasitic in the stomach of the quokka,

Setonix brachyurus (Marsupialia : Macropodidae) from

Western Australia - - - - -

Kolesik, P. A. A new genus and species of gall midge (Diptera :

Cecidomyiidae) damaging flowers of the South Australian

swamp paper-bark, Melaleuca halmaturorum (Myrtaceae) -

Smales, L. R. Bainechina rossiae gen. et sp. nov. (Nematoda : Seuratidae)

from Australian dasyurid marsupials - - -

Cann, J. H. & Murray-Wallace, C. V. Source of food items in an ecw

midden at Little Dip, near Robe, southeastern South

Australia: implications for coastal geomorphic change - -

Griffith, J. E. Three new species of strongyloid nematodes from Thylogale

stigmatica (Gould, 1860) and Thylogale thetis TS

1828) Marsupialia: Macropodidae) - - -

Conran, J. G. & Christophel, D. C. A redescription of the Aantélicd eee

fossil monocotyledon Petermanniopsis (Lilianae : aff.

Petermanniacae) - % = - a Rs =

Bird, A. F. A comparison of some soil microinvertebrate assemblages in

Southern Australia - - - - -

Brief Communications:

White, J. M. Seasonal variation in salinity in the Watervalley Wetlands in

the south east of South Australia -

Jones, J. B. & Zeidler, W. The occurrence of Pachypgus gibber (Thorell, 1859)

(Copepoda : Notodelphyidae) in Australian waters -

Smales, L. R. Species of Gnathostoma (Nematoda : Spiruroidea) from

bandicoots and dasyurids (Marsupialia) from Australia -

PUBLISHED AND SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS

SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM, NORTH TERRACE, ADELAIDE, S.A. 5000

TRANSACTIONS OF THE

ROYAL SOCIETY

OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA

INCORPORATED

VOL. 123, PART 1

TRANSACTIONS OF THE

ROYAL SOCIETY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA INC,

CONTENTS, VOL. 123, 1999

PARTS | & 2, 31 MAY, 1999

Bourman, R. P., Belperio, A. P., Murray-Wallace, C. V. & Cann, J, H. A last

interglacial embayment fill at Normanville, South Australia and its

neotectonic implications - - - - - He

Beveridge, I. New species of Cloacina Linstow, 1898 (Nematoda : Strong Eyloidea)

parasitic in the stomach of the quokka, Setonix brachyurus

(Marsupialia ; Macropodidae) from Western Australia - - - -

Kolesik, P. A new genus and species of gall midge (Diptera : Cecidomyiidae)

damaging flowers of the South Australian swamp paper-bark,

Melaleuca halmaturorum (Myrtaceae) - - - + = - =

Smales, L. R. Bainechina rossiae gen, et sp. noy. (Nematoda ; Seuratidae) from

Australian dasyurid marsupials - - - - - - - - - -

Cann, J. H. & Murray-Wallace, C. V. Source of food items in an Aboriginal midden at

Little Dip, near Robe, southeastern South Australia: implications for

coastal geomorphic change - - - - - - = = - = =

Griffith, J. E. Three new species of strongyloid nematodes from Thylogale

stigmatica (Gould, 1860) and Phylogale thetis (Lesson, 1828)

(Marsupialia: Macropodidae) -— -

Conran, J. G. & Christophel, D. C. A redescription of the Australian Puente fossil

monocotyledon Petermanniopsts (Lilianae : aff: Petermanniacae) -

Bird, A. F. A comparison of some soil microinvertebrate assemblages: in Southern

Australia - = - = = = - = - eee

Brief Communicatlons:

White, J. M. Seasonal yariation in salinity in the Waterway Wetlands in the

south east of South Australia - — - - - -

Jones, J. B. & Zeidler, W. The occurrence of Riacliyeraies gibber an higntll 1859)

(Copepoda : Notodelphyidae) in Australian waters - -

Smales, L. R. Species of Gnathostoma (Nematoda : Spiruroidea) from bandicoots

and dasyurids (Marsupialia) from Australia - - = - - =

PARTS 3 & 4, 30 NOVEMBER, 1999

Beveridge, I. & Speare, R. New species of parasitic nematodes from Dorcopsulus

vanheurni (Marsupialia: Macropodidae) from Papua New Guinea -

Thomson, S. A. & Mackness, B. S. Fossil turtles from the Early Pliocene Bluff Downs

Local Fauna, with a description of a new species of Elseya - — -

Hemer, M, A. & Bye, J. A. T. The Swell Climate of the South Australian Sea

Kolesik, P. & Peacock, D. E. A new species of gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

damaging branch shoots of the dryland tea-tree, Melaleuca lanceolata

(Myrtaceae) - - - - - - = - = =e 2 ee ee ee

Bird, A. F. Observations of some nematodes from Kangaroo Island, South

Australia, including the description of a new _ species,

Hemicycliophora fluvialis Cystine: MeguEyehephencae) from

Rocky River - - - = - - - - -

O’Callaghan, M. G. & O’Donoghue, P. J, A new species of Eimeria (Apicomplexa:

Ejmeriidae) from the sticknest rat, Leporillus conditor (Rodentia;

Muridae) - - - - - - - = - - = - - = - - = + = -

Smales, L. R. Cloacinidae (Nematoda: Strongyloidea) including a new species,

Dorcopsinema simile, from Dorcopsulus vanheurni (Marsupialia:

Macropodidae) from Papua New Guinea - - - - - - - = =

Turni, C, & Smales, L. R. Progamotaenia abietiformis sp. nov. (Cestoda:

Anoplocephalidae) from Onychogalea fraenata (Marsupialia:

Macropodidae) from Central Queensland - - - - - - - = -

Brief Communications:

Lepschi, B. J., Kolesik, P. & Gates, M. Notes on the insect fauna of the fruit galls of

Anthocercis anisantha (Solanaceae) in Westem Australia - - = -

Lauck, B. & Tyler, M. J. Ilial shaft curvature: a novel osteological feature distinguishing

two closely related species of Australian frogs - - - - - -

Mackness, B. An additional record of a meiolaniid turtle from the Pleistocene of

Northern Queensland - - - - - - - ------+---

Barker, S. Designation of lectotypes of three species of Cisseis (Coleoptera:

Buprestidae) - = + - + + < — 2.4 - 24 4 she 3 6 oes

Insert ta Transactions of the Royal Saciety of South Australia, Vol. 123, party 3 & 4, 30 Navember, 1999

101

107

115

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133

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149

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153

155

A LAST INTERGLACIAL EMBAYMENT FILL AT

NORMANVILLE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA, AND ITS

NEOTECTONIC IMPLICATIONS

By R. P. BOURMAN*, A. P. BELPERIO7, C. V. MURRAY-WALLACEE

& J. H. CANN*

Summary

Bourman, R. P., Belperio, A. P., Murray-Wallace, C. V. & Cann, J. H. (1999) A last

interglacial embayment fill at Normanville, South Australia and its neotectonic

implications. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 123(1), 1-15,31 May, 1999.

Stratigraphic, sedimentological, amino acid racemisation, thermoluminescence (TL)

and foraminiferal analyses of an embayment fill at Normanville, south of Adelaide,

have established the presence of the last interglacial (Oxygen Isotope Substage 5e)

subtidal sediments of the Glanville Formation at elevations of up to 12 metres AHD.

Overlying aeolian deposits, dated at about 60 to 50 ka, are possible equivalents of the

Fulham Sand of the Adelaide area. TL dating of the Fulham Sand from its type

borehole location yielded an age of 74.9 + 6.9 ka, considerably older than previous

estimates but compatible with a recent re-evaluation of the age of the Pooraka

Formation.

Key Words: Last Interglacial, embayment fill, Normanville, Glanville Formation,

neotectonics, molluscs, foraminifera, amino acid racemisation, thermoluminescence

dating, Fulham Sand.

Feisictions af the Bowel Sacto ofS. Anite (1999), 123. (1S.

A LAST INTERGLACIAL EMBAY MENT FILL AT NORMANVILLE,

SOUTH AUSTRALIA, AND ITS NROTECTONIC IMPLICATIONS

by R, P. Bourwan , A. P Berprerio’, C. Vo MurRAY-WALLACE> & J. AL Cann’

Bourmas, Ro PO Binpekio, ALP. Mpkay-Warr act C.¥& Cans, J EL (1999) A list unerelaciil embavinent

fill ac Normanville, South Australia. and its neoteetume iinplicauons. Tray. Ro Seed Ausr, WA) ITS Al

May, 1909,

Strlivruphic. scdineniological amine aad racemisahon, themnolummescence (PL) ahd forandiiteral

unulyses OF an embayment fill at Normianville, south al Adekude, have estublished the presence pf the bist

terpluciil (Oxygen Tsotope Substige Se) subnidal sediments of (he Glanville Pormacon at elevations of up to

12 mores ATID, Overlyine aeoliin deposits, died at bout 60 to 50 ka. dice possible equivalents of the bulla

Sand of the Adeluide area. Th dating ofthe Filham Sand from its type borehole locution yielded ia age of 74.0

+64 hat consmMerebly older thab previous estimates but compatible With a reecntre-evuluabror ob the age of

the Pooruhu Pormatan

The altitide ol the last inergheial shoreline ut Normanville al + 12 m AUD is consideribly higher (han al Dry

Creek (- 1.260 AMD). Sellicks Beach (+4 to 3) AHID). Viet Harbor (+ 6m AHT) and Hancdiarsh Pstand

b+ Tm ATID) andl iroplies Lan ot uplittidt this site rehitive to South Australia benel mark sites. The variition

mh altitude Of the last interglicial Ghinville Formation trant Gull St Vincent, across Vlenricn Peninsula to the

Murray Basin refleets Continuation of (he tectonic aetivily revenled by cistocation oFolder Miocene aad Parliest

Pleistovene limestones.

Kay Wortps: Last Interglacial, enibayment Gil, Normunwille. Glanville Formation. neoteetanies. mollases.

foramimifen, dmine acid tacemisition. thermoeluminescence dating. Fullim Sane.

Iniroduction

A sequence oF last interglacial and younger

sediments infills a former marine embayment in the

Norrnanville area on the eastern shoreline of Gull St

Vincent approximately 70 kin SSW of Adchude

(Fig 1), The extentalthe Cormer tiaring embayment

is Marked by an arcoate relict coastal cliff tine cut

inky Cumbrian and Precambrian rocks ind Permian

phicigenic sediments (Fig. 2). The ongority of the

sediment-infilled embayment occurs below the 20m

contour and the location af the former coastal elit 1s

clearly marked by the 30 mr to 50m contours,

mecuimg with current coustil chills ut both the

northern und seutlierd extrenmties of the former

embayment.

Geomorphic Setting

Three streams. Curriekulinga Creek and the Yank-

alitiiiind Bungals Rivers cross the embayment fill in

the Normanville area and have contributed to its

formation. The Bungala River ts the largest of the

! Kyculy oF bnemeeriog andthe Environment University ob South

Australi Mawsert Bouleyorl Mawson Lakes 5. Aust, 3095,

i Formerly Mines ind Buernty Resoiiees South Ansioilin PO Bas

IS Tastveal S Auk, 3003, Clorently Minotiur Gol la

Crhiesteanio St POTS. ASE ANF

* Suhel of Giedscictice CT versily ab Widlongenie SSW 2529

streams entering the sea in the central section ol the

embayment and its culchiment area ts dominated by

Permian. sandy, glictgenie deposits that have kurgely

provided (he quartzose sediments of the modern

beach and dune system. Carrickalinga Creek and the

Yankalitli River also pass through some areas ol

Permian sediments and enter the embayment oat its

northern and southert ends. respec yely. The present

rectilinear, sandy, six kilomelre long shoreline ts

bucked by modern coustal dunes dp to 1S nm high ane

contrasts. markedly with the morphology of the

paleo - chtfed cousttine. A combination ob maring,

avolian and CMluyial sediments has contibuted to the

infitime of the former embayment. The formes

clilled coustine Tits a clear topographic expression

and adjoining low slopes refleet alluvial han

sedimentition at dhe scunp/plain junction, with

deolian sand drift} contributing additional celief on

the embayment fil (Figs 3, 4). Spectacular seree

Slopes oecur along the highest parts of the last

interglacial cliffline from Lady Bay to Liltle Gorge.

where the chill line coineides with an ancient fault

zone, Fluvial slope and acolian sedimenndion have

thus somewhit obscured what was formerly a gently

sloping plain of coastal progradation, with rocky

shore platforms ait its extremities,

Two sets of river lerraces flak the tiree pager

streams. which How across the infilled embayment,

High. paived terraces are underlain by reddish, brown

R. P,- BOURMAN. A. P. BELPERIO, C.

V. MURRAY-WALLACE

Lake Alexandrina

& J, WH. CANN

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Seale in kilometres

Pig. 1. Location of the study area.

NORMANVILILE EMBAY MEN | 3

Pi. 2 General view Trou (he north over the Narnia yille

Emibuyrient Fill baekine the qnodera coustal cuties

marked by a tine ol -vezetition atthe share. The present

CHIT Vine in (he distinc wits soos coastal cHth dernig

last interelientl (ims, end (he revlet costal Chi ili os

weontinuunee OF (his lie,

Vip. 4. View to the southwest weriss lhe Normnmaaville

Kinbayment Tl trout the relict last inreretaeial cH line

TVoponraplie itenularives on the embayment fill have

resulted Fron: alluvial lin sedimenkiion vay: fron the

Chil Hine and acohan deposition inthe rlehr eentre of the

photovraph.

Hive 4+ View seross the Narniunville Eribayiment fll frou

Houle if) showinw the reliceenaatal Cl ithe ack eroune

fromowhich a alluyial fin estends.

coloured secitents (hut are regarded here as the

equivalents of the Pooraka Porniation chewhere

dated ats hast interglacial (Bourman er af 1997). Sel

within 4 valley eroided out of the Pooraka Formation

sediments we erey-blick cologred seditnents which

fori lower level, paired terraces likely to be of mide

Holwene age (Bournan er af. 1997). A distinctive

high level alluvial sarlace at the outlet ol Lane

Gorge (Fig. 5) to the sey is probably related to a

former higher sea level,

The extremities of the embayment are

characterised by rocky clilfed Shorelines developed

on erystuline Arvhacdny rocks (Oo the seath, near

Lille Gorge, ang Cambri metascdimentary tacks

tothe north near Hayeoek Point. These rocky shores

also represent the hinge points of the embayment

during the relitively higher sea level of ust

interglicral Gimes-

Materials and Methods

This study Wits instigated by the serendipitots

discovery OF a serivs OF investigative prs. ape lo Sit

deep (Pig, Ob} excavated ty the Normanville

Embsyment Al for a professional goll eaurse und

housing development, The locations af these holes

ure shown in Figure 5, The vertical walls of the pits

provided complete and superlative 3-dimensional

exposure Of the subsurface sediment hikyers. which

Inchided wirious marine Shell, Gravel apd Sand hiyers

heneath aw near-surface culereted horizon. Using ati

uluminiuoy extension ladder for access. (he sediment

profiles exposed in the excavations were measured,

described and sampled for dating and faunal

anilyse. The ground surface elevations si the pite

were surveyed using an automatic level and related

to Austrulian Height Datun) (AD) by levelling tou

nearhy survey bench mark.

Fossil mollusc shells were collected for species

idenlifieaiion. Habitat ussessment and uniing acid

tuacenisution imatysis. Ariing acid) racemisution

analyses were undertaken on the tinge rewion of

well-preserved, disarticulated specimens of A7eetred

australis Lamarck. Complete details of the analytiedl

procedures followed ane provided by Murray

Wulluce (1993), Analyses of the N-pernta-

fluoropropiony! DG, Leumino werd 2-propy) esters

were undertaken using a Hewlett Pauekard S890

Series Hogas chromatograph with a Mame tanisation

deteetor anda 25 m voiled. fused silica capillary

column couted with the stitionury phase Chirtsil-L-

Valodn this work, the extent of ricenmsation 1s

reported for the dmino aciils dlanine (ALA), valine

(VAL), leucine (LEU), aspartic acid GASP), 2hininic

wid (GLU) ws well us the extent of moleweme

enimerisation (ALLO/ISO),

Sal sumples from acolan sediments were

t R, P, BOURMAN, A, 2, BELPERIO, C. V. MURRAY-WALLACE & JL HO CANN

Waycock

Pajnt fa

Nannnivilla evibiyn end fl

Loet tleryiooia cliftline

Liditietiest pile

TIRE HRS

Lale Blerelocsne ounes y; ¥

Figo. Five m deep inspection pit (Hole #1) excavated into

the Norminville Eimbayment fill sediments Note the soil

Ned solution pipes Which penetnite o culerete oyimipace

collected for thermoluminescence dating using

appropriate techniques that prevented exposure vil!

the sand to sunlight. Dating was carried out in the

Thermolumineseence Laboratory of the University

of Wollongong, One sample was collected trom Hole

#1 from fine, well-sorted acelin sand overlying

cross bedded gravels and sands containing

disarticulated valves, t compare tts age will that of

the underlying shells, A second sumple was collected

from reddish sands that stratigraphieally overlie the

shells exposed in the pits and which form dunes that

produce much of the current irregular relict across

the surface of the Normanyville Embuyment fill

materials. The sample was collected from a

construction excavation several metres below the

ground surface. These sands resemble the Fulhany

Sand (Firman 1966) of the Adelaide region. They ave

well rounded, well sorted. curry uo patina of iron

oxides and form dunes with a simile general

distribution and setuing to those of the Fulham Sand,

The Fulham Sand is characterised by a low, irregular

dune topography and oceurs within a browd zane up

to 3 km in width. subparallel to the coustline

(Bowman & Sheard 1988), At Normunyille similu

subdued dunes ure more restricted topogriphically,

are subparallel to (he coustline 1 kin from the shore

und ure up to-O.5 knvin width,

A sample of the Fulhim Sand from the Adelaide

Reyvion was collected fram its Type Drillhole

location in aw simak teserve on ‘Telford: Avenue,

Findon (Bowman & Sheard 1988) for thermo-

luminescence dating and comparison with the

lithologicully equivalent material at Nornunville.

The Telford Avenue sample was collected by sarid

auger trom a depth below the ground surface of 2.8

m where the Fulham Sand extends to a depth of 3.4

m. ‘This wits done to avoid possible surface

reworking Of the original deposit,

A fourth sample was collected from aeolian

material overlying an elevated shore plathormn ind

cobble beach facies ol inferred last interglacial age iat

Sellicks Beach (May & Bourman 1984). The sand is

ioconsolidated but coutiins caleareous rhizomorphy.

Bulk samples of the Nonnanyille Embaynient fill

sediments Were collected for foruminiferal analysis.

in particular 16 document the assemblages of fossil

Tapeh |. Lacurais af xples collected from the Neeinvitle Enibayment fill jor foraminiferal analysis.

Hole Number Saniple Number

Depth interval AHD Elevation

below surface

fl #1

#| #2

fi ae

2 it

#5 HS

3.56. 4.60 4.5-- 4.54 mast

2.0 -2.70 m +546 5.7 masl

L800 740 5.70 - 6,3 must

3.4) - 3.50 4,00 5.) ant ust

3.00 m 11.9 musi

NORMANVILLE EMBAYMENT 3

foraminifera within the exposed sediments and hence

to infer their age(s) and palaeoenvironments of

deposition. Sediment samples for foraminiteral

analysis Were collected from the excavations al the

following locations (Fiz. 5, Tuble 1).

All samples were essentially disaggregated and

clean und were thus dry sieved without any form of

washing or other pretreatment. The grain size

fractions 0.50 - 0.25 mra were retained and examined

for foraminifera using standard micropalae-

ontological procedures (e.g. Cann ef af, 1995),

Larger grain size fractions were visually inspected,

particularly for the presence of Marginapora

vertebralis.

Results

Stratigraphy

The stratigraphy exposed in the excavations 1s

illustrated in Figure 7 and is described in greater

detail in the Appendix, In Holes #1 and #2 the base

of the section iy composed of fine. quartz rich.

hioelastic Sand up to an elevation of 4.5 m AHD

(Hole #1) and 4.25 im AHD (Hole #2). This is

overlain by 13-17 m= (4.3-6.0 m

crossbedded gravels and sands containing numerous

disurticulated whole shells, dominantly convex

AHD) of

upward, The cross bedding is both tabular and

herringboned (Fig. &), with co-sels of beds averaging

from) 5-20 em in thickness. Oceasional aruculated

valves provide evidence that they Were deposited

below sea level and thal the shell deposits do nol

represent a storm er a beach face environment of

deposition. This facies association is interpreted as

aecumulation from un upward shouling. tidally

influenced, shallow murine sea Floor.

This overlying untt Comprises 0.5-0.9 m (5.8-6.9 m

AHD) of fine aeolian sand containing calcareous

rhizomorphs. A sample ol this material was collected

at an elevation of 6.2 m ALHID in Hole #1) for

thermoluminescence dating. An itregular, calerete

hardpan up to 0.5 a thick rests on the sand and

solution pits infilled with red sandy soil extend inte

und through the calerete into the underlying Fine sand

and gravels, in places to depths of 3 m below the

surface (Pig. 9 from Hole #5). The reddish-brown

terra roysa seul Which infills the solution pipes is

overlain by a grey-brown sandy loum. This

generalised stratigraphy is also revealed in the other

excavations but with increasing elevation in

successively landward pits the lowermost units

progressively fail to be exposed, The above sequence

of strata is also exposed in a luge excavated lake

immediately to the north oF Hole #1,

Hevte

n — =

Rhizoliths

Calerele

Shells

Crossbeds in.sand and gravels

Fine sanu

Water

m4 Soil filled solution pipes in calcrete

Fig. 7 Strangraphy of Normanville Embayment fill.

6 Rk. PBOURMAN..A. P BRLPERIO, C. Vv. MURRAY-WALLACK & 1 HOCANN

Figo. Strong herrijbome cross-beds exyposen iy Hole tl

Pndicutine wn enermebe subtidal environment The crass

beds are developed ji sand and gravels, with ovetsionul

larger pebbles. some of avhich are reworked Tron

Permion ghieigente sediments. Note vecitsionml

rhivomorphs ane convex upward valves, The width ol

Hield is approximately 2 1.

PANEL 2. Fatt dotliney die Nerina ile bonbaviinit pill

Pin O, Pxpesure ge revealed in Dole #5 shows se kurstitied

piulchy calerele wilh dirk vad brown ehav-meh sort parihy

infiing the solution pipes. overlain by a wtifern light

brown sandy Towne whichis in (ur over bin by an prginie

rich A horizon, The inl underlying ihe eilerete is a fine

quanta sind with a Tew caleareous chizomorpho At che

base of the section there ts strmfied anarvose sand

contining scattered forims gid shell [raginents; is ua

represents. formerbearh deposit, Depth uf section ts 3

Bivulyes

Gasimpods

Britehidontes: &rox uy

Bret hideiites (AUS ANTES best eelthis

Chleivs (Chlaatys bakinteas

Chhenys (Eqiichlanes) bilrornys

Ghyevmenis (hieeritla) readions

Tras creme

Acitclv sid sceiliivind

Meretrercuastrintes

AT viihes edulis plunidatus

Neoroypisithe triwenella

Pleuroneris subpeeten (9)

Sencuinolaria (Psemunorettinds) biraditta

Lidlinet (Psendicopagiad wierd

Canis (Plordconis) anenioine

Divilet betiited

Garant freented

Hlalionis sp. Ul raeinent)

Paliniers ined

Yarhe Sabaneta adits

Fassil mallise assemblase

The embayment fill sileeessign contains 4

relatively diverse assemblage of Lossil, shallow

teuine molluscs (Table 2), Species identification

follows that of Ludbrook (1984) The moliuses are

mostly well-preserved woe some show traces of thei

original colour fe. Chlawivy spo). Qecustonil

urticuliled bivalves aceur, but they ure pre-

dominantly disarticulated, convex tip. dnd show little

evidence of arteition, thus indicing transpartation

over short distinees under conditions of moderile

energy, Muetra custralis dominates the bivalve

assemblize, Collectively, the assemblage reflects

deposiuion fa iitertidal to shallow subrual setting

with wu sandy substiite. Same gastropods, however,

stvh as Turhe sp. were evidently derived fram

YUpceyLApen Geeun Pocky Comski settings, reflecting

ud (hanatvepenose Component of the losstl uss

emblige,

Aniiner cei racemisatton results

AMINO Held Pcennisanian agatyses Undertaker ony

Ihe binge reson of well-preserved, disurliculated

specimens of M. aitatralix revealed a high dearee of

concordance in the extent af racemisation for

replicate speeimens Gl Mt easiredis trom the

Norinanville Enmbayment fll (Pable 3). ‘The

following voelfigients of Varidtion for inter shell

siming well D/L patios, for the different amine aelds

is Noted? ALA 3.402 VAL AL) ALLOASO 4.2%,

ILBul 4.2%: ASP 1.74 and GLU 1.7%, The relitive

exten( of yacemisation of the different amino acids in

vach omollitse is cousistent with previously

cstublished relative rates of ticemisatian a

Quaternary omalluses such that ALASASP>

ALDOVISOSGLUSLEUSVAL (Mutray-Wallace et

di, (O88) und attests te the retabilily of the cata

reported here, Sienitieunl differences Crome these

Observed relalive exlenis of racenisulion woul

NORMANVILLE EMBAY MENT

ofherwise point to the possibility of contamination

by non-indigenous amine acids,

A common age for the moltluses from the

Normunville deposit is indieaed by the equivalent

extent OF aming acid racemisation in cach of these

fossils. Their extent of racemisation far exceeds that

lor Holocene materials (Table 3; see also Murray

Wallace 1995) anda hist interglacial age is indicated

lor the molluses from the Normanville Embayment

Hill. by analogy with fossil nialluses: from the

reference section of (he list interglacial Glanville

Formation at Dry Creek in the Adelaide area (e125

ka: Oxygen Isotope Sub-stuge Se: Cann 1878:

Belperio er uf, 1995), Similarly, the fossil molluses

from the Normanville Embayment fill show a

comparable extent of racemisation to specimens of

M. ctistradis froma last mlterghiettl sand flat facies

on Llindmarsh Ishind (Pable 3). Today. the

Nornianville. Hindmarsh Island and Dry Creek sites

we characterised by similar mean unnual

temperutures. aid us a corollary are likely to have

experienced cquivalem diagenetic temperature

histories, The equivalence in anita acid D/L ratios

therefore jndicales a common age for the lossil

motlises from these three sites.

haraminiferal analyses

All sumples yielded foraminifera and, in particular,

they all contained fragments of Marginapora

veriehratiy Blainville supporting a dust tnterglien

uge for the marine deposits within the embayment

fiat Normale (Glanville bornation equiv

itlents).

Four samples contain abundant. well preserved and

qasily idenufiuble foraminifera, The numerical

distribution Of species for these samples is given ti

Tible 4+ and the relative ubundinces of those species

constituting > 1% of a populiion are shawn in

Finure 10. Three of the most common species were

Nuhecdaria lucifuga Delrance, — Disearhix

dimidiainy (Parker & Jones) and El phieiiin erispum

Linne, all of which are known lo be characteristic of

the shallow, subtidal coustal environments of modern

Gull Se Vineent (Cann & Costin b98S: Cann ev ul

JY8K, 1993). However there are differences between

the assemblages. some nutrked and others miure

subtle, the Significance of which will be discussed

later.

In sumiple #3. parucle size fractions > 0.25 nin

consisted predominantly of quart grains couted

wholly or in part by carbonate. Quartz grains 1.00 -

0.50 mm are polished and show a high degree of

rounding and sphericity, This is consistent with

aeolian reworking. sorting und — polishing.

Foraminifera are relatively rare aod have undergone

extensive carbonate diagenesis, rendenng bests

distinguishable only on the basis of gross shape,

wef amint acid racemisation undepimerisetion (loll wet lrydralysete) in fossil motives from the Normenville Embavmens fill und other Lane Querernary

Tante 3 &

deposits iy Saul Ausmeatia.

ACID D/L

AMINO

CMLAT Lib Code

(PC)

Depth of

burial

(m)

Species

Locality

GLU

ALA VAL ALLOMSO LEU ASP

referenve

0.33+40.002

0.33400

0,344+0,01

OF 0-40.00.

(1220.00:

H+ 0.0) |

V4.0)

0.0040,

(6140.01

(1940.0)

QSN+

(),

T+0.00)

S+0.0

,.26+0.004

(280,001

in}

(3840.02

(3940.01

bag

ners

Odeo

0.6640.00)

0.13400

~45K

.”

wid

luc

ef etl. ( (988)

UWG

UWG,

rmrin Se

rice ag

4 — |

Pas =u

eos te

cram Ave

= 3

< P

= =

= = ~

Peecas 3

ESSE =

TPEES 24

eEses = 2

a ge5

= ond Ear

= yore ==

SSS=e Ss

i ap =

‘SSS es25

= = c+ se

22 at By

FEE ness

oss Ne oe

4A. [moar

28K 1)

(SUA-

Rk. P. BOURMAN, A. P. BELPERIO, C, V. MURRAY-WALLACE & J. 1 CANN

Tas.e 4, Numerical distribution of species of foraminifera constiuting > 1% of picked and counted saviples, sediment

wreilnt size O.S0-0.25 siti,

Hole #1 Hole #1 Hole #2 Hole #5

er Sample #1 Sample #2 Sumple #4 Sample #5

Species

., of. Depth in hole Depth in hole Depth in hole Depth in hole

foraminifera 3.56-4,60m 2.60-2, 70m — 3.00-3.50m 2.75-3,.70m

No. % No. % No. % No. %

Cribrobulimina miixt a (1.9 4 Ls 5 1.6

Nubecularia heifinge 37 11.7 75 28.3000 (84 27,0 2 0.8

Quingueloculine lamarckiana 6 1.9 6 2,3 16 5.1] 7 2.7

OW mevnensis 8 25 4 134

Q, pitternsis 5 19

Trilaculina tricarinate + T. trigonsla 28 B.S 13 49 13 4.2

Seutuloriy parri 6 19 I 0.4

Peneroplis planatis 2 0.6 1 O04 3 1.6

Marginepora vertebralts 2 0.0 4 1,5 2 0.6 4 1.5

Discayhis dimidiatus 7 30.6 141 53.2 47 ARG 1IS0) 56.8

Rosalina australis 4 1.6 ] O04 2. 0.6 65 24.6

Epistomaroides polystomeltoides 4 15 2 0.6

Elphicdium créispum 113 35.6 11 42 23 74 i 42

Ly mavelliforme 3 0. 4 15 2 0.6 13 49

Other-species 7 2.2 6 1.9 7 27

N=317 N= 265 N=311 N= 204

TABLE 5. Thermoluarine scence dates.

Laboratory No. Specimen name Location TL itwe Isotope Stage Sea level

dO position

W2356 Normanville | Hole #1 50.4 + 4.3 ka 3.13 ~-40m!

Depth 1.8 m (4)

Caleareous

coastal acolian

sand

W2357 Normanville 2 Reddish dune, ShOtetka 40 ~- 40m!

tL km NW of (4)

Hole #1,

Depth 2.5 m

Calcareous at

depth

W235 Fulham Sand 1 Telford Ave. 74.9 + 6.9 ka 5.0 - $0 m!

Type Drillhole Findon (Sa) = t4an!

Location

W2317 Sellicks Beach | Above cobble 34.042.9 ka 3.1 22 to - 30m

beach on shore (31

platform 4-6 m

as}, Caleareous

Source: 80 Isotopic events unbracketed assigned using the scheme of Martinson er al. (1987)

6°O Tsotopic events in brackets assigned using the scheme of Aharon & Chappell (1986)

' Sea levels trom Aharon & Chappell (1986)

> Sea level trom Murray-Wallace et af (L988)

Sea level from Hails ef al. (1984)

When Wet, some revealed other features that = Therniolummescence (TL) dating

allowed identification, such as 2. crispum, which The Thermoluminescence Laboratory at the

showed the characteristic pattern of numerous

narrow chambers with raised retral processes

bridging the depressed sutures, Other species

identified inchided DY. dimidiatus and M.

vertebralis. Te was not possible to determine a

meaningful numerical distribution of species for

this sample, particularly for the particle size

fraction 0.50 - 0.25 mim.

University of Wollongong reported that the samples

exhibited good TL characteristics with lengthy

lemperalure plateau compansons and regenerated TL

growth curve rsquare correlation coefficients

approximating unity. These characteristics, together

with the small age uncertainty levels associated with

these determinations, further validate — the

depositional aves reported here (Table 5).

NORMANVILLE EMBAYMENT oo]

Ww)

mn =

nN ree HE)

“ es _ em a tom

s co © © © © FE YY 8 2 ® FE Bb 4

g 2 9 YE & 2

eS eee see ese ses

ss ett seesegsggsg eB

oe 3 = 2 e 2 = Se eS

fS2= ss eeseaugRezeEd Be

—€ © &€ &€ © § S # FF BD we § E {Z sg

Sas 8S 5, € BS Bw BE BZERBEE

seaeaxvetesae 8S SBR RS_ES

Ss §s a5 seg as 3

es 38 25 £688 “34s

oF. 3 $378 S &

~] ==

se 3s = a “4

Se 3 E

6 9° = 8

iiss B

Fig. 10. Bar graph comparing percentage distributions of

species of foraminifera from sediment samples; data

from Table 4. A. Hole #1, sample #2, depth in hole 2.60-

2.70 m. N=265. B. Hole #1, sample #1, depth in hole

3,56-4 .60 m. N=317. C. Hole #2, sample #4, depth in

hole 3.00-3.50 m. N=311. D. Hole #5. sample #3. depth

in hole 2.75-3.70 m. N=264.

1! Li, Quanyu, McGowran, B.. Bonr, Y. & JAMES, N. P. (1997)

Recent foraminifera along the southern Australian margin:

palaeooceanographic significance. Third Australian Marine

Department of Geology and

Geophysics, University of Adelaide. Abstracts, 38-39.

Geoscience Conference,

Discussion

Foraminiferal analysis

Foraminiferal analysis has confirmed — the

sedimentological interpretation of a shallow marine,

shoaling upward succession. It further supports the

last interglacial age assignment. Fossil foraminifera

within the last interglacial Glanville Formation are

generally similar to those presently living within the

marine environments of the South Australian gulfs,

Gulf St Vincent and Spencer Gulf. However, there

are distinctive elements, such as M. vertebralis,

which signify that the waters were somewhat warmer

than those of today (Cann 1978). It is now recog-

nised that the occurrence of these organisms in the

last interglacial sediments of southern Australia can

be attributed to a particularly active phase of the

Leeuwin current. At times of global warming this

narrow current of warm tropical water flows south

along the western coast of Australia before turning to

the east across the Great Australian Bight (Cann &

Clarke 1993; McGowran ef al, 1997). Among the

distinctive fossil foraminifera of the Glanville

Formation, the most frequently recorded species has

been the megascopic M. vertebralis although Li et al.

(1997)! have referred equivalent modern specimens

at Esperance, Western Australia, to the genus

Amphisorus.

Nubicularia lucifuga is the most common species

of foraminifera in the shallow subtidal Posidonia

seagrass meadows of the modern South Australian

gulfs. In the sediments exposed in Hole #1, this

species increases up-sequence, from 12-28%, which

suggests water shallowing, probably due to sediment

aggradation and ongoing development of a seagrass

environment. In the lower Sample #1 E. crispum is at

its maximum occurrence, signifying a shallow

subtidal setting of normal marine salinity but higher

in the sequence this species represents < 5% of the

assemblage and there is substantial development of

D. dimidiatus. This reversal in relative abundance 1s

a clear signal of water shallowing (Cann ef al. 1988).

Thus the sequence of sediments exposed in Hole #1

between 3.5 m and 5.5 m AHD can most easily be

interpreted as one of sediment aggradation in a

seagrass environment during the last interglacial sea

level maximum.

The foraminiferal assemblage of Sample #4 from

Hole #2 (4.6-5.1 m AHD) is remarkably similar to,

and may be correlated with, that of Sample #2 of the

adjacent Hole #1 (4.5-5.7 m AHD). Thus, essentially

the same shallow. subtidal seagrass palaeo-

environment of deposition is signified for this inter-

val of sediment.

There are several quite marked features of the

foraminiferal assemblage within sample #5, which

contrast with those derived from the other samples.

Wn ROP. BOURMAS. A, PB BELPERIOOC, Vo MURR AY-WALLACT & 1, bh CANN

Sample #5 was derived from an inferred littoral

facies a ie Highest cleyation (11.9 1) AWD) awd (he

ingst hindward site (Table 1), Most obviously,

lueifuge comprises < 1% of the Sample #5

assemblage und this may be interpreted to indicate

Wie absence of ay adjacent subtidal Poyplonce

scaupass meaduvwy. Despite the fact thal the very high

numbers at Do idneidivis (S79) ongibated ina

shallow subticil settmg, Resaliia cniraliy (Paty)

(25%e) and Blphidiuar mtacediforme MeCulloch (5% |

together provide convineing evidence thal much of

Hie assemblage was derived trom stighily deeper.

invier shell envirouments Some distance from the

coast, More subtle suipporting evidence is the

presence. albert < 1%. ol shell dwelling species such

as Bolivimelta folitine (Parker & Jones) and Crhiohles

refilgens de Montfort. Thus rhe sandy huorl

sediment exposed diy hole #5, with its distinctive

assemblige of raner shell Toraminiters was, ab leust

partly, derived from offshore environments vod

trasported shorewiuruls al the culmination ob the bast

inerelwial marine transgression. ‘This package of

scolunent. reveled in the most elevated aiid fand-

ward of the exouvibons, nepresents (he shorewant

Hit ol the last paterlucial sea level event.

Thenmolininescetve dating, deolioe erin cand

wolerelisetion

The TL dotes derived from aeolian sediments

resus disconlurmably above last mtershaerl lucies

afe Considerably younger than the last interglacral

laces at Normianville and Selheks Beach. They

suggest that there has been ongoing acoliun

redistribuuion GF former ceastal and) other sand

bodies Wong the eastern shoreline of Gulf St Vinceuk

dul fines wher sea level wis lower thin al

present, with conliniual re-selting of the Th clock. AL

Iheee Sites and Th dites imply an apparent

youthfulness of the Gilerete carapace formed on the

miirinefieohiin sequenees. Provided thatthe Th age

i Hole #1 ots Gorreek these date provide a

suratigraplie framework for the development of a

culeyeled surface and wiply (har caleretisation did

nol necessarily cominence immediately uport

cessanion of marine sedimentation.

‘There has been Considenible conjecture about the

dye Gl the Palhium Sand. Bowntn & Sheard (198s)

nokel that ih is nat fossiliferaus but that i

stratipmphically averlics both the last interglacial

Ghainy ile Formation and the Pooraka Pormmtion and

is overlain by the Heloeene St Kilda Pormation,

They regarded the age of the Pooraka Formation lo

he 35-20 ka BR They coneluded that the relative

absence of organic and calcareous detritus ins the

Pulham Sand. i comparison wath the St Kilda

Pornition, ani ie degree of so development in

Wodisttirbed Pulbany Saucl individ a pre-Holocene

lige, Twas equated with aeolian landscape istalilivy

duping the dust elactal wt seme 20-76 ka, althouel

reworking through fu the present was documented

Although based on dimmed data. the results

presented here sugges} that the Firlhiim Sand js

conpalecably older (han previously suggested, witht

potential ages ranging Tron 75-50 ka BPO This

iNlerprekion is Hot Meompiutible with the Fulhan

Sund being younger than the Poorake Formation is tt

has been demonstrated, i some localities al least,

thal the Poorka Pormation is the terrestrial

equivalent of the lastinterghaeial (125 ka BP marine

Glanville Vormation (Bonrmiun ef al 1987).

Consequently the Pooruka Forination ts likely to be

considerably older than the 35-20 ka wge discusserl

itbove

We suspect ongoing #eoliin redistribution al sands

exposed ar the former sab-littoral zone based on the

fac (hal the fortims sugeest a list inferehacuid age,

bot TL produced an uge of SO ka Aeolian reworking

tven of coustul calearenites proceeded lumely

umijpeded us evidenced by the Th dates at

Normale, Sellicks Beael) and atthe Pulham San

Type Drillhole location.

Neetech ates

There ts a long history of feetonisin afteeting

Fleurieu Peninsulit and there appears (o have beer

variable movement wlone the faull zones of tte

region. Por example. the Chirendon-Oehre Cove

(dultline uppears to have been locked throughout the

Qualersury (Ward 1966) whereds there has been

considerable movement along the Willunga Paull

Zone ducing the Pleistocene. us demonsriited by the

disloeutiin OF Middle Pleistocene hes (May &

Bourman L984),

Recurrent teclonism dung the Ciinovoie ys

iTlustritect by the tectonic dislocation of limestones

of Nuneus ages, For caumple. Lary Mioeene

Tinestone of te Por Willunga borane ii thy

Adchude aren oveurs wt up to 200m below sea level

(Daily eral L976). crops oul atsea level at Sellicks

Beach bur 12 kin away, aeross the Willinga Pauly

fone near Myponga. it peaches alfttudes of up to 24f

m dadicaling a Minton sanennt oF differential

movement since this time (May & Bourman Ts4,

Furthermore, the earliest Pleistoeene Burnin

Limestone. estimated by Pillans & Boorman (1990)

to he apprakundilely 1.7 Ma old, and ts equivalents

vary in clevation dlapg the shoreline oF Gull St

Vincent between the extremes of - 82 m7 in the Port

Adelaide ares to SO mast al Cape Jervis (Firman

N76: Pudbrook 183: May a Bourmin 108d

Belperio }995). Ludhrook (1983) considered thal the

present distribution of the Bornham Limestone and

Vs equivalents resulted from gende warping and alse

hy fiulling ds ad result of Pleistocene reactivation ol

NORMAN VILE EMBAYMENT '

Early Maliwovon tectonism. d view whieh we share,

The clevations of the Burnhant Limestone, with

adititional exposures Occurring al Mairibe Chicrman

[9761 (17 np asl) near Hallett Cove (40 i ast)

(Ladbrook 1983), Maslins, near the Cortuehithe Trig

(29 my asl) (Twidale erat 1967; May & Bourntian

1984). Port Willunga (Pipman 1976) (15 qv asl) and

wt Sellicks Beach (4¥ mast) (May & Bourman 1984),

support te view of gene teetome olting or warping

of the landscape. Wowever, locally. such as across

lhe Pden Fault Zone al Marino and veross the

Willunga Pauh Zone at Sellicks Beach, there his

heen swunticant teetonie olfserting of the Burnham

Lihestone, whichos particularly marked since ib ts i

typically thin unit frome 13 bv thiek.

A consideration of the vertical distribution Ob Last

interghiciwl shoreline sediments ((25 kay further

Uusteutes Ue oporm mature ol the Tevtonism

affecting Flewien Peninsula, Ip oa review of

Austiilin occurrences of Last interglacial (Oxygen

Isotope Sub-stave Se) coustal deposits. Murray-

Wallace & Belpeno (L998) noted drat the most

consistaie shoreline chili for deposits Of this age ts

Irom the Westen) coast of byre Peniasila. Here,

intertidal Tactes of the last intergluctal shoreline

oeeur at 2 AHD over o distance of S00 km. The

vonsimntieney of this shoreline datum his been

allruled to te pehiive tectonic stability of the

Gawler Craton. Elsewhere, variation in (he abiticde

of lust interglacial shoreline deposits has been noted

und. in the case of the Coorong toa the Maont

Gambier Coastal Plain in the southeast of Saath

Austaha, variations in elevation have been

(lributed to neotectonie uplil associated with intra-

plate yvoleamisin (Muri Wullaee et ad (996), Keon

Salt Creek to near Mount Ciymbier the back harrier

hiagoon facies a rebable palaco sea-level indicator)

ol the dust inlerstacial Woakwine Runge has been

Noted to rise pragressively from 3-18 om AHD

(Muirrav-Wallace et ah 1996)

A probable last imerlieal storeligg (May &

Bourmin 198d) occurs ab Sellieks Beach, on tte

upthrown side of the fault block, where an eleyaied

shore plaiform al approximately 4-5 m ABD has

been eroded across steeply tilled Tertiary limestone

heds und on which rests a boulder beach containing

Shell fragments and ceasional intact but abraded

Molluscs, Dissection of this formerly more extensive

Ingh level shote phittorn has produced a series of

small sea slicks standing above the modern share

platlorm, Cilearenos dune sunds, several metres

thiek vind essentially unconsolidated. but contaminy

thizomonphs, overlie the boulder heach. "This former

shurelin’ can be (raved for several hundred metres in

a sontherly dircetion and docs nol appear to hive

been tiled. Trmediately to the north of ihe Willunga

hilt Zope, on the downtown bloek, there is ne

evidence of this formershoreling feature. supzestinp

Crasional removal and/or iectome depression. The

shells wathin the boulder heach returned a

madiocarbon ave exceedime a0 ka (May & Bournad

1984) while the overlying dune sand was. dated ul

34.0429 ka by thermoluminescence techniques

(Table 5), Here we interpret the elevated shore

platform and boulder beach ws Jast mlerglactl

features, with the dune sind having been deposited

or reworked during a Jower fnterstadial sca devel

(OXyaen isotope stave 4) When sea level may have

been same 22 lo 30 m lower thin al presen} (Murray

falluce et uf. (993)

At Vietor Llarber on the southeastern side ol

Fleurieu Peninsula) there is extensive Beomorph-

Olpgical and secimentolowieal evidence of the last

interacial shoreline. extending up to + 6 m ATID

(Bourman et al. WY89, 1997). However, along the

coast betWeen Sellicks Beach and Vitter Harbor

there ure ny repeded ovenrrences pf the list

interglacial shoreline despite there beings many

ocvisions where high level alluvial sediments uppeu

to grade to a Storeline considerably iether than. ut

present, The distovery of the list intergbacral

shoreline at Normanville as ceporied in this paper

helps to redress this von and provides significant

dita relevant fo the deetome testory ol bleadea

Poristelia.

In the Nonmitaville iembayonent ith last inter

glacial sediments have been identified at elevations

Ob updo S.A m ALD nearest the coast to | 2m AD

woihe furthest inland ste, The oceurrenve of the

littoral feather Cdee of the anseressive facies within

the Normanville Eimbayment fill to f2 im ATID

miplies [0 ny of aplitt smwe the Last Tntenghiciul

relative (o shoreline clevalions in teelonivally stable

regions. Linfortunitely palied seu-level yndicgnrs

within this trinspressive piachape have pot beer

identified with any great precision. The motluse

assemblage only purtly assists as seme of them miaty

potenthally oeoup at a range of depths eg. shallow

sub-fdal. Derringbone suml and gravel cross beds.

containing convex upward valves. suggest cchitively

strom2 reversing currents in a Aub Titloral

environment and hence provide ooly a minim

former sew level position. Although no artculnted

bivalves were recovercd fram the inspeehon pits.

oecasional pairs occured im the large water hale

exposure Close lo Hole #L. This sugevests at the

shells. haye only beem transported gyer short

distanees from ther original ta sdf postions,

The tectonic dislocation of the Lute Pletstocene

lust tnterghicial Glanville Formation uppears pe

mimic the earlier teckomic history of Gull St Vincent

and Pleunieu Peninsula. revealed hy (he distoeation

of older marine units, sigmfying uplift of Tleuricu

Peninsula apd depression of the Adelaide area sind

RP BOURMAN, A, P BELPERIO. C, Vo MURRAY-WALLACE & J, H. CANN

Bas ,

® MURRAY

14 LARES =

H GAWLER CENTRAL MTLOFTY /\\ SOUTH-EAST

4 45 GRATON GULFS RANGES | \ COASTAL PLAIN

= he —! 7

PA 10 i

g iY /

ra Ps

g A _-

B6 ye

i -

o 4 —

= :

2 2 —?—_e+—_#, —« ;

32 .

Pee se ZERSLRTSCSESNE | 2 Ses

oma ns moms stesaz a = 2 - =

eer, SF S528 ROSE Fa u “9 A

zee Ez SLeE° 8s24a0 gr = »

<a, Ee + D ors nm —t > Uh = =

Ta 42 oe S ao 2 = =

“i s woo = = Eg

= oe x 2

a 2

Vie. VL. Altitude of all the last interghicial intertidal ficies in South Australia, modified trom Murray-Wallice (1999),

the Willunga Embayment, In the area north and west

of Adelaide eity, the upper surface of the Glanville

Formation extends ta depths of |) om below low

water datum at Outer Harbor, with its known

lundwatrd Timi) reaching low water at St Baldi and +

0.4 mat Dey Creek (Ludbrook 1976: Belperio [985),

indicating gradual submergence of the fast

interglacial facies tn this urea,

The altitudes of known last interglieii shoreline

facies in South Australia, modified from Murray

Walhice (1995), are illustrated in Figure Jt. The

clevalions sugyest post-last interglacial tectonisin

resulting in tilting of the shoreline, with differential

uplillalony the Fleurieu Peninsula. with a masinun

inthe Normanville area, adjacent to the Litthe Gorge

Mault and submergence in the Adelaide and Murray

Lakes areas. Ongoing uplift of the Mount Lofty

Raiges throughout the Cainozoie has been

Jdemonstrited by many workers, Bourman & Lindsay

(1989) reported reverse Taulling on the caustern ste

of ihe Mount Lofly Ranges, which supports the view

of com-pressive forces being involved in the ongoing

deformation of the ranges is suggested by Wellman

& Greenbalah (M988), In addition to the demon-

strated Compressive forces Operating, ongoing uplift

OU alsa be related to erosional oloading and

associated isostutic compensabon of the Adelaide

Voldbell,

Conclusions

The identification of the elevated shell beds and

coastal sediments of last interglacial age in the

embayment fil) sediments at Norinanville allows

quantification of the neolectonism affecting Pleuricu

Peninsula, Convincing correlation by aming acid

racomisation of the last interglacial Dry Creek

Glanville Formation with the shells at Normanville

and those on Hindmarsh Island is supplemented by

thermoluminescence und foraminiferal analysis.

Comparisons of elevations of the Glanville Form-

ation reveal the differential uplif) of Fleurieu

Peninsula and depression of the Adelaide area ani

the Murray Basin of ap to [Om over the past [25 ka.

The tectonic dislocation of the Just interglacial

shoreline demonstrates the ongomg teetonists of the

rea as evidenced by the dislocation ot older marine

units of Miocene and earliest Pleistocene ages.

Species of foraminifera, consistent with a lust

iNlerplactal uve. reveal wo shallow sub-odal

environment of deposition, in’ waters thal were

warmer than at present, The molluses who reflect

intertidal to subtidal settings with a sandy sibstrare

and protection from a rocky coastline, Some of the

forums and the oceurrence of species of gasuopods

such us Tirha sp, in the assemblage suggest

ItlerMixiE from other settings including rocky

shorelines on the extremities of the embayment,

Overlying, but genetically related aeolian sands

indivate ongoing acolion vetivity to at least SO ka

Thermoluminescence dating of the Fulham Sanu for

the lirst lime provides a numerical age of 74.9 4 6.0

ka, Which is much older than previous estimates, but

{he earlier interpretations were restricted by the

deceptunee of too young ai age for the Pooraka

Formation. The formation of avoliaa deposits

occurred during inferstidial und glacial low sea

levels, by the reworking of former coastal sane

bodies and sediments on the exposed sea Moor

Luminescence dating has demonstrated the

NORMANS VILLE EMBAYMEN iA

formuion of

dissolution features ih the past SO ka. Oa Fleurieu

Peninsula, calerete fornmiilion appears to have been

rehinded tits development compared to other sites

wound the state. This allowed fhe reactivation of

counlil scdiments ding a sequenee of genetically

relited, bot Significantly younger aeolian sand

spreads to develop before caleretisation stabilised the

Sequences.

ealerete and the development of

Acknowledgments

The Unversity of South Australia is acknowledged

for funding investigations Of the last inters lier

shoreline, Murry Wallace acknowledges funding

trom othe Quaternary Environmental Chane

Research Centre at the University oF Wollongong:

We appreciate the constructive eomments ob the

relerces, V. Gostin and M, White,

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Appendix

Detaled strativiaphy of Nornunvitle Enbayient fil

exposed in excuyutions (Holes #15), Elevations in bola

refer 10 Australian Height datum (AHBD) and those above

refer lo distunces below the ground surhiee.

HOLE | ELEVATION $088 M AHD

Surface to 1.0m

8.1-7.t m Dark brown soil over variably dey-

eloped reliet terra rasse soil In places

infills sinkholes or claypots to greater

depth,

LO-L8 om

7.1-6.3 m Chulky hardpan calerete of variable

MWickness. lregular upper surface with

soil filled sinkholes extending lo depths.

oan,

i824 0

63-57 0 Dune calearenite with soll pedogenic

overprint including numerous rhizo-

inorphs. PL sample of dune calcarenite

und Supiple 4 for foruminiferal analysis

collected from -1.8 m. Includes the

single layer of better stratified sand with

rare pebbles that amity represent a storm

event.

24-4,56

3.7-4.54 m Strautied gravelly sand with tabular

cross beds. Represents shallow sub-tidal

ty shoreline facies, Energetic tidal

environment indicated by herringbone

cross beds, Prominent, lire conyex-

upward shells in middle of unit (Sample

2). Sample taken from -2.0 1 2.7 1,

Grayels <5 to 1.0 em diameter, Same

quirtz pebbles cobble sized, p to + em.

Gravelly sand 24 lo Ad om. Sand is

unconsolidated = rans readily. 5% large

shells and fragments. Gravelly unit from

24h inte 3.4 nis un iifertidal shoreline

deposit, Lure Permian boulders in

grayel layer. Sharp top to gravelly.

cross-bedded sand,

AS6+4.0

454-35 m Weukly stratified fine biochistie sand

(Sample |). Probably a sub-tidal marine

sand. Water level in hotlom of hole at

40m.

HOLE 2 ELEVATION &.094M AHD

Description

Surface to 8m

8.1-7.3 1m

{)K-1.2 ny

73-69 1

) 22.7 m1

0.9.5.9 m

Red- brown soil.

Calerete hardpan

Small shells. raré stones, [ine sand

probably dune material.

72-3.

§,9-4.2 m Gravelly and shelly unit with tabuliee

cross-beds and bi-diteetonal herring

bone pattern, Whole shells convex up

Grivels and pebbly layer clearly water

laid, Most shell samples collected Ton

Aim to 3.5m below wround surface (4.6

to 5.1 m AHD) (Sample 4).

3.9 - 4.61

4.2-3.5m Fine bioclastic sund, weakly stratified,

subtidal anit.

HOLE 3 ELEVATION 8.948 M ATID

Deseription

Surface lo 10m

8.95 - 7.95 m

10. 22m

7.95 - 6.75 m

Sandy loam on top infilling pipes,

Cwlereted aeolian culeareous sand. Fine

cileareous bioelastic sand. Variable

basal surface 10-07 i,

22-37m

6.75 - 5.25 m Cross-bedded gravelly and shelly sand

includes coarse vravelly unit Wath shelly

(same Shells us inother holes) Sharp top

to sravels. Stratified, waler bore

sediments,

HOLE 4 ELEVATION 10.728 M AHD

Surface to.0.3 m

10.73 - 143m Red sand Jerre ross with deprwled

shell lragments within il, Grey-brown

soil ut top, Calerete is harder here than

ul other sites.

G3 -21)m

10.43-8.73 m — Bioclastic. fine sand with thizomerphs

und reworked calerete. Grades ap tite

irregular culereted surfice up to 0.3 mn

und down to 10m,

24h. ATM

8.73 - 7.03 m Well stratified gravelly sand with a few

shells. Rhizomorphs extend into this

unit: Pronounced top Wo ibat depth of 2.0

m. Shells same as ul oather localitics-

possible estuarine influenve- evidence

ol strong Currents with course gravel

moving in both directions, Possibly

broad. shallow tidal channel between

ocean and estuary.

HOLE 5 ELEVATION 14.870 M AHD

Surface to 1.0m

14.87-13.87 m Red-brown clay-tich lower unit in

places fills in solution hollows. Uniforiny

light brown quartzase sandy Lown i tap

metre,

1.0-1.8 m

13.87 m-13.07 m= Poorly developed hardpan.

1.8-2.75 m

13.07-12.12 m

2.75-3.7 m

12.12-11.17 m

NORMANVILLE EMBAY MENT

Appendix cont.

Fine quartz sand with a few rhizo-

morphs. Increasingly patchy carbonate,

probably due to low carbonate content

of sediment.

Well stratified, very quartzose sand with

very low angle stratification. Contains

scattered forams and shell fragments.

Perhaps 5% forams and bioclastic frag-

ments. Water deposited but not as

gravelly as closer to the coast, which

would have been in deeper water. Shell

fragments up to | cm in long axis. Shells

derived from hole have been excavated

and dumped up on top. Represents

sandy beach environment. Sample

collected from 3.0 m (11.9 m AHD)

with lots of forams (Sample 5). Clearly

a sandy littoral unit. May extend down

into a gravelly unit below as there are

excavated shells at the surface.

NEW SPECIES OF CLOACINA LINSTOW, 1898, (NEMATODA:

STRONG YLOIDEA) PARASITIC IN THE STOMACH OF THE

QUOKKA, SETONIX BRACHYURUS (MARSUPIALIA:

MACROPODIDAE), FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA

By I. BEVERIDGE*

Summary

Beveridge, I. (1999) New species of Cloacina Linstow, 1898 (Nematoda:

Strongyloidea) parasitic in the stomach of the quokka, Setonix brachyurus

(Marsupialia : Macropodidae), from Western Australia. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust.

123(1), 17-30, 31 May, 1999.

Six new species of Cloacina Linstow, 1898 are described from the stomach of the

quokka, Setonix brachyurus, from Rottnest Island, Western Australia. They are: C.

ceres sp. nov., characterised by lip-like inflations of the peri-oral cuticle, oesophageal

bosses extending two thirds of the way to the nerve ring, the deirid posterior to the

nerve ring, absence of oesophageal denticles, a symmetrical buccal capsule, a simple

straight vagina and spicules 1,56-1.97 mm in length: C. laius sp. nov., characterised

by a dorsoventrally elongated buccal capsule, six leaf crown elements, a shallow

buccal capsule which is arched anteriorly in lateral views, oesophageal bosses

extending to the nerve ring, a single dorsal oesophageal denticle, spicules 1.50-1.97

mm in length and a recurrent vagina.

Key Words: Cloacina, new species, nematodes, Setonix, quokka, marsupials,

parasites.

Tensaeitons ul the Reval Serer ef S. Must (1999), A230), 17 AO,

NEW SPECIES OF CLOACINA LINSTOW, 1898 (NEMATODA:

STRONGYLOIDEA) PARASITIC IN THE STOMACH OF THE

QUOKKA, SETONIX BRACHYURUS (MARSUPIALIA :

MACROPODIDAE), FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA

by L. BEVERTDCiE

Summary

Bevenipoe 1 (1999) New Species of Cloaoiie Lastow, (898 (Nematoda | Strongyloidea) parasitic tn the

siumuch oh the quokhiae Serie brachyerws (Marsupialia > Macropodidae), from Western Australian, Trans. R,

See S Aust 2A V7 ST Maye F999,

Six Hew species of Claeiy Linstuw. S98 are deserihed from the stomueh of the quokha Semen brachii,

fro Rotinest ts., Western Australia. They ure © cores sp. nov. churicterised hy lip-like infhitions ob the per

onl cuticle, oesophaweal bosses extending (wo thirds of the way tothe nerve ting, the deiid posterior to the

nerye ring. absence of ovsaphugeal denticles a syminetrieal bucew! capsule, a simple stamgh) vagina ind

spiedles LOG LY7 mim an lengthy Cy daa sp. now. characterised by a dorsoyentrally elongated byceul cupsule,

sh leat crown elements, a shallow buceal eapsale whieh is arched anteriorly in Geral views, oesophageal bosses

extending to the teeve aig. a simile dorsal oesophaweal denticle, spicules 1S0-107 tim in length and: a

recurrent Vawiia, OC. efice sp. now, characterised bya dorsoventrally elongated month opening. sis leal crown

viements, cephyhic papillae which are situaled close together and whose tips are deviated medially. a shallow

buccal capsule arched anteriorly, an oesophagus without bosses or denticles, the deirid posterior tu the nerve

Migospicules Te the rane (O87) a5 mm and astroizht vagina; © ehiron sp, nov, characterised by a cervical!

cuticular inflation, vephalic papillie with a lang. obtuse distal segment. see leaf crown elements. syninetrical

Buccal Capsule do simple oesoptrigus without denticles or bosses. spicules in the range 058-065 min anda

SLRUSHE VLU Credits sp. boy, chainieterised by ts small size, simple slender uesophagus liektng bosses or

denticles, small syametricul buecul capsule, cephalic papillie with (he pros inal segment longer than Me distal

si leat crowi elements, spiewles in the range 131-146 min and a straight vaginite Co refemechts sp. nov,

choructenscd by the-shupe al the eephulic papillae with the distal segment globose and directed ntedially, sis

let drown lenient. un oesophieus without bosses ar denatiqles, the deirul posterior io the nerve ring. spicules

735 1 fone ands stralghit vagina

Kry Words: Cleoeli, new species, nemitudes, Seroni. quokks, mirsupials, paritsiles,

Introduction

Miuny species ot tacropodid marsupials ate

pacasitsed by a sue of species of the nemulode

venus Cloacing Linslow, 1898 occurring in the

succuluted forestomachs of their hosts, The nuniber

of species of Cloaeme known trom differen

kangaroo Or williby hosts which have been

examined in dell varies considerably, ranging fren

none in the cuse af the red-necked wallaby

Macrapuy rufegriseus hanksiants (Quay &

Gairnard, 1825) or (wo in the cause oF the Tasmanian

pademelon. Thvlogale billardierii (Desmarest

1622). lo 25 mn the ease of the wallirog of cure,

Maeropus rabusiiw Gould, 184) bused on uw recent

vevision af the genus (Beveridge 1998). In other

teropodid species, TsulPicient minibers of hosts

fave been vaamined for parasites to be able yo

provide reliable estimates of the diversity of species

olf Claacuie likely to be enenuntered in them. One

Department of Veterinry Seience. The University of

Melbourne Parkville Vie. 3082.

such host species js the quokka, Selonis braclyuris

(Ouoy & Gaimard. 1830), whieh is Himited in abs

distribution to the southwestern region ol Wester

Australia (Kitchener (995) A single species of

Cloacina, ©. yetonicly was deseribed from (his host

by Mawson (1961) and hus subsequently been

redeseribed hy Beveridge (1998). but since this was

based on a single collection, it is possible that

additional species exisl Examination of a series of

quokkas has indicwted that they, like most other

macropodids, gre parasitised by a series oF species af

Choeing. The new species -cncountercd ite

described in this paper,

Materials and Methods

A series of six quokkas was collected On Rottnest

is,, WA jf April (982, using hand pets, The animals

were killed wath an overdose of sodiuny penta

barbitone and the stomach was exumined for

parasitic nematodes. Nematodes found were fixed ip

bot 70% ethanal and were subsequently stored in

70h ethanal with See glycerol For examination,

nematodes were cleared in lictapbenal, Perounent

Ik 1. BEVERIDOE

prepunttions on slides of apical views oF the mouth

opening, the bursa und the spicule tips were made

using polyvinyl ductuphenal as the mounting

mediunnt,

Drawings were prepared using an Olympus BiH2

microscope with Nomarski interference optics and y

drawing tube. Measurements were made usmg an

ocular mierometer and are presented in the text m

millimeties us the hinge followed in parentheses hy

the mewn, Drawines oF apical views of the mouth

opeminmg are presented with the dorsal aspect

ippermost: drawings of the bursa have the ventral

lobes. uppermost,

Mololypes hive been deposited tm the South

Ansirdlian Museum, Adelaide (SAMA). Paratypes

have heen deposited in SAMA and an the British

Museunt (Natural History), London (BMNH).

Morphological! tenuinology formematodes tollows

thal used hy Beveridge (1998). The ubbreviated term

SUE pore is used in plave of seeretory-exeterory pore

(Bird & Bid 1997) und oesophagas iy used as a

synonyvin af the more correct (erm “pharynx” (Bird

& Bird 1991),

Followinw Beveridge (1998). the new species are

bascd on ehissical mines since the ecnerie name is

Hit ofa Roman goddess.

Cloacina ceres sp.nov.

(PIGS 1-14)

Iypes, Holotype &, froma stomach of Setonic

bravhyitrus, Rolinest Is. WA, coll Lo Beveridge:

VAVAYR2, SAMA ATC 30558; allotype ©. SAMA

ANC 30559: purutypes: 1 ft. 60 Sop. SAMA

AH 30580; Tt. 1), BMNH 1998.0 28 3-4,

Desorption

Simall nemiutodes: cervical cuticle mot inflated in

oesophaveal region: transverse cuticular annukitions.

prontinent. Sub-inedian papillae very Small, 0.004

long, projecting anterolaterally trom peri onal cuticle,

sHigited on clevahops oF per-oral edlicle; proximal

seament cylindrical, extremely short, O0OT long.

shorter than ovoid. abtuse distal sewmenr. 0.003 long

Buceal Gupsule shallow. eyhndrical symmetrical in

dorsoventral views, circular in apieul view. Leal

crown Clements G@ in nuniber, with prominent

striations, urising from full leneth of internal wall af

buccd capsule, Hot reeurved al lps. Perteoral cuticle

inflated mito hip ke lobes attached do-euch leat crown

element, Dorsal looth projecting prominently inte

huceal cupsule; cael subyentral sector of oesophagus

with lapcet-like projection inte buccal capsule

Oesuphugus simple. claviforms lining ornunented

with rows ol sclerouised bosses from anterior cad to

hwo thirds Of disiinee to nerve ring; denticles absent

fron oesophagus. Nerve ting ih fafd-oesophaveal

region, deirids in posterior vesophagedl resion,

herween nerve ring and S-E pore: S-E pore anterior 1a

Gesophage-intestinal junetion.

Mule (Measurements fron LO specimens. Lypes)

(Figs 12)

Total length 4.3-6.0 (S.4),anaximum width 0.17

0.92 (ULES) dimensions OF bueeal eapsule O.010-

“OTS (O01) x 0.032-0,038 (0.035), length ot

owsophagos O.36-0.48 (O04 Fi nerve tieg to anterior

che O.P9-0.26 (0.2 SAB pore to anterior end (L32

0.43 (0.38): deirils to anterior end O.32-0,40 (0,34),

Burs without prominent divisions between lobes,

Ventral Jobes joined ventrally: Tateral lohes and

ventral lobes joined. Dorsil lobe similar in lengih te

luteral lobes. Dorsul ray divides ut midlengnh:

secondary subdivisions oceur at /y lengthy internal

branchlets. directed posteriorly, not reaching margin

of hursa: external branchlets shorter than internals,

directed laterully. mot reuching miarein oF bursa.

Externodorsal ray arising close to baiteral rays, not

reaching njatein of bursa, Postevoluwteral sujd

ventrolateral rays fused, reaching margin of bursay

anterolateral ray divergent. shorter than ather hitter

rays. Hat reaching margin of” bursa; wentrokiteral and

ventraventral rays Hused. reaching margin of bupsa,

Gubernaculum broadly oyeid, O.NTO-0.020 (0.014)

long: genial cone with. prominent anterior hpe

posterior dip shorter than anterior fp, with paar yt

dome-shaped papillae: pair ool lateral inflations of

culicle present on cither side of anterior Lip, spicules

vlongate, 156-197 (1-70) Tong, date. tip sinmplen ata

diminishing Wm width gradually towards tip.

Female (Measurements from 10-specimens, types)

(Pigs 13-14)

‘Total length 41-64 (3.7) maximam width OLY

(0.27 (0.24); dimensions ol buced) capsule O.010-

QOS (O03) & OL03S-DL040)> (0.039): lenet ot

Oesophiwus VAT OhAd (O43): nerve (bg Wa aerial’

end. O.18-0,22 (020); S-E pore lo atiterior end 0,30-

O40 (0.36); deirids lo anterior end 0.25-0,45 (0.30).

Tail simple, conical, O1)-0.25 (216) tones vulva

elose to unus, (.26-0.38 (0.44) frei posterior end.

vagina straight, 0.62 1.05 (0.91) longs oveyector J

shaped, mfundibulum longer thi sphincter; cay

ellipsoidal, 0208-0. 10 (0.09) % 0.04-0,06 (0,05).

Etymology

Ceres, goddess oF agriculture,

Remarks

Cluacinag cerey is characterised. by the presenee

Of lip-hke inflatigns of the pen-ordl cuticle.

oesophigedl basses extending “75 of the way to the

nerve tins, the deirid posterior to the nerve ring,

NEW NEMATODES FROM QUOKKAS 1

ie - ee — 42

Figs |-l4. Cleacina ceres sp. noy, 1. Anterior end, lateral view. 2, Cephalic extremity, literal view, dorsal aspect on right

hand side. 4. Cephalic extremity. dorsal view. 4. Cephalic extremity. ventral view. 5. Cephalic papilla. 6. Cephuhe

extremity. apical view. 7. Cephalic extremity. transverse optical section through base of buccal capsule. 8. Transverse

section through anterior extremity of oesophagus showing thickening of lining of oesophagus. 9. Bursa, apical view. 10.

Gubernaculum, ventral view. 11. Genital cone. dorsal view. 12, Spieule tip. lateral view. 13. Pemitle tail, lateral view. 14,

Vagina and ovejector, lateral view. Seale bars = 0,1 mm. 1, 9 13. 145 0.01 mm, 2-8, 10-12.

att) | REVERTDGE

absenee Of oesophageal denticles, a syninteticul

buecal cupsule, (simple straight vagina and spicules

1,56-1.97 mm in tenth. (is distinguishuble trom all

vongeners exeepl Co castor Beveridge, 1Y79, CL ves

Beveridge. 998 and CL pupillate Beveridge. 1979

by the possession of 6 rows of oesophageal hoxsses

und the oeeurrence of (he deird posterior ty (he

nerve ring, Cloacing ceres is distinguishable from all

of these speeies by the shape of the cephahe pupillac

Which Nive a very Short proximal segment and. ca

lurger obtuse distil segment similar to that

encomlerd 1 CO. drvepe Beverilee, 1998, Co hehe

Beveridge, 1998, C. hypspyle Beveridge. 1998. C.

linvtaw) Johuswn & Mawson. 190. Co meta

Beveridge, (9S tnd Co thendis Johnston &

Mawson, 1930, 4 suite of species oeccuiring in

Mucropus dorsliy (Gray. (837) bol lacking

Sesophugeal bosses. Cloacine cerey is further

distinguished from Co casror, C. eas ind © paplllara

by the presence of lipelike inthutiows of the

circurnoral cuticle and trom ©) eas and Co prpitlarta

WW HuVing a stright rather Und recunrent vine.

Cloaelaa 1aius sp. or,

(PIGS 15-28)

Wipes Holtype from stomaeh al Sefanry

brachyurts, Retest Ts, WA, coll. 1 Beveridve,

17.1y, 1982, SAMA AFIC 30567, allolype 1. SAMA

AHC 30568) paratypes: LO cat 3) SS SAMA

ALC 30569. 1. 1 Y, BMNH 1998.9.28%.9-10,

Deseripiion

Soll nematodes; cerview! cuticle mot tied in

vesuphapeal regions transverse cuticular anoukaions

prominent, Sub-medion papillae (0095 long,

projecting anteriorly from peri-oral eitich: proximal

segement eylindreal, 0.000 loa. longer than ovoid

distal sepment, O.0035 Jong. Mouth opening

dorsoventrally glongule, Buccal capsule shallow,

symmetrical laterally, arcuate in lateral view. with

upex OF areb latenak dorsal id ventral views areuute

With buses of arch dorsaland ventral, Buccal capsule

Walls cirenar in apical view. Leaf crown elements 6

Tn umber arise Fron AUT lemeth eh tarernad wall of

buccal -cupsole, slehtly meurved at lips. Per-oral

enliche mot inflated into tip-ltke lobes ailached: to

voch Teal crown element Oesophazus simples

vhivifornn without preneucl swellings dorsal lobe at

Hesuphazus Projecting prominently ita huced

capsule. bearing: diieh ob dorsal oesophageul yan:

lining af aesephagus ornamented with rows of

selerotiscud bosses extending fron ainterior end to

level of nerve fies single dorsal oesopliagedt

Jenticle present immediately anterior lo nerve ring.

Nerve ring jo mid-oesaphiageal region, deirids in

Wid ocsophigeal region, imnmcdiaiely catenor ho

herve mig; S-E pore unterior ty Oesophage- intestinal

junetion,

Male (Measurements four 10 specimens. types |

(Figs 23-26)

Tot length 5.6-7.4 (od maxim width Q4-

O38 (O41) baceal capsule 0.006 (O.0061 8 (.055-

O.068 (O.058): lengih of oesophagus 045-0.52

(O47). nerve ring ty anterior end (230.25 (0.24),

S-E. pore to anterior end O.38-0.47 (OAL): dei ts

anterior end O.V70.24 (O20) Bursa without

prominenl divisions belween lobes. Ventral lobes

joined ventrally: kiteral lobes and ventral lobes

joned, Dorsal lobe similar in length te lateral lobes

Dorsal ray divides at '/) lengthy second subdivision

gecurs dt mid-length, Intermal branchlets longer thin

oxternuls, direeted! posterolaterally. ulmost coaching

murei oF bursay external branchlets shorter, dinewted

‘most hiterally. not preaching margin of bursa,

kixternodorsal ray arises close to hileral riys, fot

reaching margin of bursa. Posterolateral anil

ventrolateral rays fused, reaching iniuirgin of bursa,

unterolateral ray divergent, shorter than other Iter

rays; Dow ccachinie Wren of bursa; vertrolareral amd

yenlroventral rays fused, reuching inargin of bursa,

Gubernucolum elongate. ovoid im dorsoventral view.

(.010-0.020 (0.017) long: senital cone promimenn

dnterio’ Lip conieal, with sitle: papilla at apex,

posterior Tip shorter Chin uwnlerior lip, wilh pair ar

Jome-shaped pupitlaes purr of lateral inflations. ot

cuticle present on either side of anterior lips spicules

elongate, 1501.97 (1,04) long. alae; alae dirunishine

eruduiuly: in width towards tip,

Femedte (Measurements trom [0 speennens. types)

(Figs 27-28)

Toul length 73-90 (7.9), maxi width 0, 37-

49 (O43) buccal cupsale 0,006 (0,006) % 0,060

O<.070 (0.066): length of oesephagas fhAk-at

(0.52); nerve ring to anterior end (23-0227 10 25);

S-E pore (o aimerior cod 0, 97-0.47 (0 42). deni to

amterion CHU OTS) (ES). Tail siniple. conreal,

0.20-0,30 (0.24) long: vulva close to anus, 045-063

(O.55) Thom posterion end: vagina straight, reenereny,

OF 1-092 (O80) lones ovejector Jeshuped, sphincter

und infundibulum shorty coe ellipsoidal Q.08-0. 11

(O701 & O.060,07 (0.00),

Eryielany

Latte son of Lubdacus, king of Thebes.

Renmarks

Cheewine lainy is characterised by a dorsoventrally

Gonyated buccal cupsule, six leaf erown elements, a

shallow buecal capsule whielt is arched anteriorly in

literal views, ogsophageal bosses extending 10 the

NEW NEMATODES FROM QUOKKAS aa

Figs 15-28, Cloacine lainy sp ney. 15. Anteriorend, lateral view, 16, Cephalic extremity, literal view, dorsal aspect on right

hand side, 17. Cephalic extremity, dorsal yiew. 18. Cephalic extremity. ventral view, 19. Cephalic extremity, apieal view.

20, Optical Wansverse section at level of buccal capsule, 21. Optical transverse section through anterior extremity ol

oesophagus showing thickening of Fining. 27. Dorsal oesophageal denticle. dorsal view. 23. Bursa, upicaul yiew. 24

Spicule tip, laterul yiew, 25, Genital cone. dorsal view, 26. Gubernaculum, ventral view. 27. Fermale tail lateral view, 28.

Vawina and oyejector, lateral view. Seale bars = 0.1 mn 15, 23, 27, 28; 0.01 mm, 16-22, 24-26.

a7 §. BEVERIDGE

nee ring a single dorsal pesuphageal denuele,

spretiles PAO ,97 mm in length and a reeurrent

vagina The anternorly arched bueeal capsule

iaymediitely distinguishes 0) from) all conmeners

except ©. cfree sp. ney. deseribed below. Otber

species ith Gesophigedl hosses, dorsi] oesophageal

denueles and asymmetrical buccal cupsules ure ©

eilenlivia Beverdwe, 1998 and () polvrena

Beveridge, 1998, However, in C. efleithyt the

buccul capsule is arched posteriorly in lateral views

while i C. pedyvene. the buceal capsule urches

anteriorly ooly aver the dorsyl oesophageal taoth wna

the deviation is seen clearly only im dersal views,

Claating circe lacks oesophageal bosses and

denticles and is therefore immediately disiin-

wuishable from) Co fais. Thus C2 Jafis is clearly

distingnishable from all congeners,

Cloacina ciree sp.nov.

(VIGS 20-39)

Wypes Holotype o trom stomach of dese

beachvurigs, Rottnest Is. WA. coll L Beveridge.

17iw 1982, SAMA AHC 30564. allotype & SAMA

AHC 30565; paratypes: IX tet, 44 4st, SAMA

ANIC 30566; 14, 1 2, BMNIT 199%,9, 28. 7-5,

Deveriphon

Small nematodes: cervical cuticle not inthied in

vesopligeal region, treverse cuncukirannulations

prominent. Sub-medtan papillae 0.014 long,

projecting anterierly from peri-oral caticle with

(istil SepMenL curved medially: proximul segment

cylindrical, 0,006 long, shorter than avail, medially

directed distil segment, 0.008 long, Buecul capsule

shallow. arewate in fleral view, wilh apex of arch

lateral, Mouth opening dorsoventratly clongate.

Buceal capsule wall thick, dorsoventrally elongated

iy apleall view Leal crown elements 6 in number.

meoved at tips. atise fren full lengch of internal

Wall of buccal capsule, Per-oral cutich! pot inflated

ino liplike lobes altuched to euch leat crows

dement. Oesophigus simple chiyilorns, dorsal sector

ob oesophagus protudiaye into hueval capsule wilh

opentig of dorsal oesuphaged gland at apes: lining

nol ornamental with rows OF selerotised busses:

dentieles. absent tn oesophaeas. Nerve rin in riid-

oesophageal copies deitids i pasterian oesophaedl

region. posteriur la nerve ming: SE pore anterior la

oesophage-intestinal junction,

Male (Measurements front LO speenmiens. iypest

(Figs 34-37)

Toll length 427-721 (od, maxim width 24

0.33 (2%); buccal capsule (O18 (0.018) 9 0,065-

Q,090 (OL080). Teast OF oesophagus 0.42462

(O56), nerve fing te enlurior end 0.224.277 (0.25):

S-E pore to unterior end 0.35-0.42 (0.38); deirid tn

anterior end) 0.34-0,37 (0.36), Bursa without

prominent divisions between. lobes. Ventral lobes

joined ventrally: later) lobes and ventril lobes

joined, Dorsal lobe simlaran length to hateral lobes

Dorsal ray divides just before mid-length: secondary

Jivision occurs at?/) dengih: internal branchlets

straight. longer than externals, directed posteriorly,

almost reaching mani of bursa; external branches

short. directed laterally, nol reaching margin ol

bursa. Bxtemodorsil ray arises close to lateral mays.

not revebing marvin ol bursa. Posterolateral and

ventrolateral rays fused, reaching margin of biysu:

anterolateral cay divergent, shorter thin other lateral

rys; hat reaching margin of bursa, ventrolateral ane

ventroventral trays fused, reaching margin ol bursa,

Gubermiculum sablrianguluc in dorsayentral view,

0.02 (0.02) longs genital cone prominent; anterior lip

vontoul with single papilla at apex; posterior lip

shorter (han unterior lip. with pair ef dome shaped

papillae; pair of Literal inflations of cuticle present

on cither side of atiteriar lip; spicules elongate, U.97-

1.35 (1.25) long, ahute; alae diminishing gradually in

width towards spietile tip.

Female (Measurements of 10 specimens, types)

(Figs 38-39)

Total length 73-105 (8.8): maximum widil 4 1-

0.54 (0.46); buceal capsule O.018 (0.018) x 0.090-

0.098 (0,094); length af oesephapus (60-072

(Q,05); nerve ring to anterior end 0.24-0.30 (0.27);

S-E pore to antertar end 0.33-0.46 (0.39); deirid ta

anterior end 0.30-0.41 (0.34), Tail simple. conical,

0.20-0,26 (0.23) long: vulva close to dius, 0.35-0.51

(O42) from posterior end; vagina short. sigight,

032-063 (0-48) long; ovejector J-shaped, sphincter

and salundibulum short; egg ellipsoidal O.08-0. 1

(0.09) x 0.05-0.06 (0.05).

Eryitalagy

Circe, daughter of the sun and Perse, famous for

her Mage,

Remarks

Cloaemna eiree is vharacterised by a doisoyentrally

elonyated month opening, six led! crown elements,

cephilic papillae which are situjted Close Logether

and whose lips are deyiated medially, a shallow

buccal capsule arched amnlenorly, un oesophagus

without bosses or denticles, (he deirid posterior to

the nerve ring, spteules in the range 097-1 35 mm

amta Struight vagina. The anteriorly arched buecul

vapsile und the dersoventrally elongate mouth

opening distinguish this species from all congeners

eacepl C. lai. Cloacina circe dillers (rom C. leit

in lacking oesophaveal bosses und denticles, tn

NEW NEMATODES FROM QUOKKAS Di

Figs 29-39. Cloacina circe sp. noy, 29. Anterior end, lateral view. 30, Cephalic papilla, 31. Cephalic extremity, literal view.

dorsal aspect on right hand side, 32. Cephalic extrenuty, dorsal view. 33. Cephalic extreniity. apical view. 34. Bursa,

upical view. 35, Genital cone, dorsal view, 36, Gubernaculum, ventral view. 37. Spicule lip. lateral view. 38. Female tail,

Jateral view. 39. Vagina and ovejector, lateral view, Scale burs = 0.1 mm, 29, 34, 38, 39: 0.01 mm, 30-33, 35-37.

4 1 BEVERTIDOL

having the deiid posterior lo the nerve ring rather

than imediatehy antenor to ik in having a strait

Varin dnd in Waving shorter spicules.

Cleavina chiran sp. nov

(PIGS 40-51)

Types. Holotype oo from stomachs

bruhyirus, Rottnest s.. WA, coll Lo Beveridge,

17iv.1982, SAMA ALIC 30561. ulloipe 9 SAMA

AHO 30562; paratypes: 10 &e, 12 Se. SAMA

ATIC 30563. 1 4.1 8. BMNH 1998,9.28,5-6,

of Seronn,

Description

Simall nematodes; cervical cuticle inflated to level

ob perve rings lransverse caledlie annalations prom

inent Sub-median papillae (1.016 long, projecting

untenorly from pore oral cuticle. proximal segment

eylindrieal, 0.003 Jone. much shorter than obovoid

distal segment, 0.013 long. Mouth opening

Jorsoventrally elongate, Bueeal capsule shallow,

syrmeuieal fn tae aod) dorsaventral yiews.

Buceal cupsule walls erreular a upieal view. Leal

crowiy elements 6 in number, with prominent

steittions. arising from full length of iiterial wall of

buccal capsule, Peri-oral cuticle not inflated into Tip-

like lubes attached to cach Teaf crown clemenr

Ocsophagus simple chivilarm: lining oot orn

mented With raws of selorotiscad bosses: denicles

absent in wesopharus. Nerve ring in mid

oesophiveal regions deipds in anterior oesophageal

reaion, auiterion to nerve ring: SE pore posterior 1

Oesnphago-imestinal junetion

Male (Measurements rom [0 specimens, types)

(Pivs 46-49)

Total fength 3.48.9 (8.5), maximum width 0,34

O42 (0.38); buceal capsule 0.015-0.025 (020) 6

0.0605-0,085 (0,079); leueth of oesaphigsis O.59-0,7 |

HGF) nerve tng Prom qoterior end O.30-0.36 (0, 34):

§-E pore from anterior end 0.79-1, 11 (0.97); deirid

from anlerior end O.TEO.TS (0.17), Bursa wathout

prominent divisions between Llabes. Ventral lobes

jomed venttallys lateral lobes and ventral lobes

joined. Dorsal lobe slightly longer than lateral lobes,

Dorsal cay long, dividing at mic-length: secondiiry

subdivision near extremity, iiflernal branchlets short,

slightly longer than esternals, diregled posteriorly,

almost reaching margin of bursuy internal branehless

very short. chrvered posterolateraly, nat reaching

marin ool bursa, katernodorsal ray arises close ty

Vaicral ruivs, nok reaching marin af bursa,

Posterolateral und ventrolaternil rays lused. reaching:

mai at buesayanterolaterg! ray divergent, shorter

than other Glerw! rays; not ceuchings marin of bursa;

ventrolateral wnd ventroventral rays fused, reaching

inargin of barsa Gubernacnhin quadrangalir ina

dorsoventral view, (03 lone: geniid cone pros

minenty anterior lip eonieul, with sine papilla at

“per; posterior lip sharter than witerion dip, with pair

OF domesshiped papillae: pair of lateral mtitians el

culicle present on either side ol inerior lip: spicules

vlongate. short, O.58-0.605 (0.02) long, alite; ala

iermingting uinterian ( spicule tip

Female (Measurements of 10 specimens, types)

(Figs SO-51)

Total length 8.5. 12.3 (105); naxinuin width O46

Q.57 (50); buccal capsule O.0TS-O.020 (020)

O.085-0.095 (0.000): lengity of Gesophagus (,70-0.78

(Q75): nerve ting to anterior end O.32-040 (a7

S-E pore to unterion ond (.A8-1.07 (100): deirid to

anterior endl O.42-0.20 (0,16) Tail simple, eonieal

0,13-0,20 (0,17) Tong; vilva close ly anus, 0.26-0,38

(O.44) front posterior end: vagina short. straight

0.29 0.38 (0.34); uvejector J-shaped: sphineter and

infundibulum shorts oge cHipsoidal, OQ TO-O 1A (O11)

» O.06-0,.07 (0.07),

Eivnolugy

Chiron, centaur, son of Saturn,

Remarks

Cloaeiia ehirent is charaetertsed) by a eervival

cuticular inflation, cephalic papiliie with along, obtuse

cistal scpment, six leaf crown elements, a synitetnen)

buceal capsule, a simple oesophagus without denlicles,

or bosses, spicules in the range 0,58-0.65 min anu st

straight vagini. The shape of the cephalic papillae and

the hhek of desdphaged! bosses distinguish this species.

Irony all congeners except ©, drvepe. © lrehe, ©

Iypsipyle, ©. linstawi, Co mate and ©. iheticlis, Cloacina

chiro is distinguished Tram ©. drvepe in having a

deeper buccal capsule. fh not having the anterior region

Of he oesophagus distinedy broader than the posterinr

partand in having much shorter spitules (= 175 mn in

Co drvapes, from ©. febe andl C. therdis ww having

deeper bucest! capsule in which the anterior mit gin dows

not have anterior lobes in the submediin and ventval

positions and trom. CL dyasiavle Co Hasiewi and ©.

jnaie in having a shallower buccal capsule without die

Unduhiting anterior imirgin present in the latter twee

species. In addibon, Wie spicules of ©) chron are shorter

than those inalbol the species listed,

Cloacina cadmus sp. noy-

(FIGS 52-62)

Types: Holotype of trom stonmeh of Serer

brachwieis, Rottnest Is. WA, coll 1 Beveridge.

17.14, 1982, SAMA AHC 30555, allotype i! SAMA

AHE 30556; paratypes: 4. od, 23-8 9, SAMA AC

30557. 1 3,1 8. BMNEL 1998,4.28 |-2

NEW NEMATODES FROM QUOKKAS 75

Figs 40-51. Cloacina chiron sp. nov, 40. Anteriot end, lateral view. 41, Cephalic papilla, 42. Cephalic extremity, lateral

view, dorsal uspect on right hund side. 43. Cephalic extremity, dorsal view. 44. Cephalic extremity, apical view. 45-

Optical transverse section through buccal capsule, 46, Bursa, apical view, 47. Gubernaculum, ventral view, 48, Genital

cone, dorsal view. 49. Spicule tip, lateral yiew. SO. Female tail. literal view. St. Vagina and ovejector, lateral view. Seale

bars = 0.1 mm, 40. 42-46. 50, 51; 0.01 mm, 41, 47-49.

ty 1 BEVARIDGE

Deseripliont

Very small nemiutodes: cervigal cuticle not inflated

i Wesgphageal region, brunsyerse culeahir

annulations prominent, Subanedian papillae 0.010)

lone. projecting wileriorly from per-oral cuticle;

prosimal segment eytindrieal 0.007 long. longer than

ovonl distal sexment. 0.003 Jong. Mouth open

circular in apical view, Buccal capsule shallow.

symmetieat i) lateral and dorsoventral views. Buccal

capstle walls hexagonal in apieal view, Leal erewn

vlements 6 Wi ndniber meurved at dip. arising froin

full length of mera wall of huceal capsule. Per

ral CULE Hot niflatcd ito Hpelike lobes attached to

wich leah erown element. Oesaphagis simple,

Chiviirm. slender, Haig ob ornamented with rows

of selerotised bosses: denticles absent i Oesophugus.

Pronent dorsal ocsophigeal tooth projeering fan

Yorsal sector of oesophagus inta buceal capsule,

Nerve ring in posterior oesophageal region: deirids in

posterior oesophageal reston, posterior La nerve rings

S-T pore in region of Gesophawe- intestinal junction.

Atle (Measurements from 7 specimens, types)

(bags 37-At))

Votul length 3.44.7 (4.0) maximum width 0.15-

O19 (OTA biecal capsiite Q0008, (0.005) x 0.0 ;8-

O.020 (0,019), length ot gesophigus O.42-0,38 (O44):

Herve fing (to anterior end DISS (O16)

S-E pore to anterian end 0.26-0.31 (0.26): deirid to

ailerion end O:.20-02) (O90) Bursa without

prominent divisions between lobes, Vernal lobes

joined ventrally; daleral lobes and) ventral Tobes

Joined. Dorsal lobe slightly longer than hueral lobes,

Dorsal ray slender at origin, dividing at mid-length:

secondary subd rsior occurring at 77s lengths iterniad

brinehlets longer thon exlernals, directed posteriorly,

almost reaching margin OF bursa. external brinehlets

shorter, directed laterally, not reaching margin ol

Bursa, bxternecdorsal nay arises close to hitenil rays,

not veaghing margin ef bursa, Posterohitenil and

ventolteral niys Cased, reaching arent ob burs

iilerohwteral ray clivergent, shorter (han ofher huteral

rays: nol reaching margin of burs, ventrolateral and

yentroventral rays fuged. reaching: oii of bursa

Gubermieuluny ovoid in dorso-venunal view. (005

WO.O1S) long, enitul cone prominent: anterior lip

cainical, with single papilla at apex: posterior lip

Shorter ian auiterioe tip, with pair of dame shaped

papithte, pair of literal mthitions of cubele present on

ether side ofuntlerior lips spicules clonwale, |. 31-146

() 40) long, wlate; spieute tip bifureate, surrounded by

pyoid fHange: aly derminaring. abruptly immediately

wmlerior Lo spieule tip,

Pennie (Measurements of LO specimens, types)

(Pius GL-62)

Loki teneth 3.4-5,3 (4.6), maximum wilth O1S-0.26

(O21) bree! capsule O.008 (0.005) 5 O.0TR-0,020

(O.019): Tength of oesaphagus 034-041 (37)

herve ring tO unterter end 5-018 (bl 7 ys

S-E pore to witerion end U 25-037 (O24); dena to

untertor end O17-0,25 (0.19), Thal simple, cone,

O21 1-O.18 (0 16) dongs sulvé close to amis. 0,23-0.30

(0.27) From posteridn ends vagin Clongite, stametie.

0.72-1,00 (0.79) long, Ovejeetor J-shaped: sphincter

andl jifundibuluin shore cee ellipsoidal, O.07-0,09

(O.08) x O.04-0.05 (0.05).

Eryinaloaey

Cadijus, san af the Phoemenn king, Agenon

Remarks

Cloacina cadniiis nist closely resembles C

burnetii Johnston & Miawyson, 1939 i ats siall

sive. Simple slender oesophagus licking bosses er

denticles. smmull, symmeuieu!l buccal capsule,

cephalic papillae with the proximal segment

longer than the distal, six leaf crown elements,

spicules in (he range 131-146 nim ane a stratatie

yagi. Cloaedne ceduins differs fronr €)

burnetiana in having the deirid posterior to (he

nerve ring and longer spicules (0.60-0-70 mm in

C) hurneitione), Cloccine cadmus also resembles

C. cahallera’ Mawson, (977, Co aive Beveridge

1996 and oC. fpy Beveridge, 1998 but they differ in

having the secondary branchlets ol the dorsal ray

wish ab or before the prigacy BI Feation rather

(han after itis in ©. ceefniiy, Qther sintitar spectes

are €. ytfkhe Beveridge, M9YS und ©. diginite

Johoston & Mawson. a0 avhiel differ in ineving

(he ded antenor to the nerve ting ated longer

spicules (>2.5 mm), CL cybele Beveridge, 19s

Which differs in heaving the deitid anterior te the

nerve png anda churacterisueully enlarged spicule

Lip. nd CL pearseiy Mawson, 1971 which has the

deikh anterior tome nerve: ping and aw shorter

VELEN,

Cloacina telemachus sp. nov.

(KIGS 63-72)

Types: tllotype tram stommeh of Senne

brachvuriy, Rottnest ts, WA, coll 1 Beveridue

17.1982, SAMA AH 30870, allotype 2 SAMA

AHC 30571, puralypes: & © 2, SAMA AMG 30572,

1’. BMNNH 1998.9, 25,23,

Desoription

Smid nematodes: cervical! cutiche dot inflated) tt

vesophigeul region: Transverse cuticular annulivions

promment Sub-median papillae (01S long,

projecting anteriorly from peti-oral cufiele, distal

secon deynuded medially; prosimal segment

NEW NEMATODES FROM QUOKKAS 17

Figs 52-62. Cloacina cddimus sp. noy. 52. Anterior end, lateral view. 53. Cephalieextremity, lateral yiew, dorsal aspect on

tight hand side. 54, Cephalic extremity. dorsal view, 55. Cephalic extremity, apical view. 50, Cephalic extremity. optical

transverse section through buccal capsule. 57, Genital cone, dorsal view. 58S, Bursa, apical view. 59. Gubernaculum,

ventral view, 60, Spicule tip, lateral view: 61. Fetmale tail, lateral view. 62. Vagina and ovejector, lateral view, Seale bars

=.1 mm, 52.58. 61. 62: O01 men, 53-57. 59, 60.

a} I, DEVERIDOE

evlindrieul, (L006 long, shorter than ohovoid,

medially directed distal segment, 0.009 long.

Mouth opening circular in apical view. Buecal

vapsule shallow. symmetrical io hateral aud

dormoventail views. Buecul capsule walls striated,

eheulin Tr apreal view, Leah crown elements @ i

niiber, only stiehlly menryed at tips, arise Trem

full lengih of internal wall of bucea! cupsule. Peri-

oral cutiele hot inflated into lip-like lohes attached

to each Teal crowed element. Oesophagiis simple,

chavatorn, lint not ornmimented with rows ol

selevotised bosses: denticles absent in besophagus,

Nene ring in anterior oesophageal region, derids

ip Wid-oesaphagent region, posterior (o herve ring:

SE pore anterior 0 oesophagosintestiog! janction,

iminvaditely posterior to deirid.

Male (Measurements af holotype) (Figs 68-70)

Potal leneth 7,0) imuxanuliy, width) 0.32; buccal

cupaile O01 8 0.057; length of pesoplagus 0.05;

nerve ring Tram anterior emt O27. 8-6 pore [rom

amerion end (472 dered From anternion end Od.

Bursa Without prominent divisions hetween lobes.

Ventral lobes jammed ventrally; liderat lobes and

veniral lobes Joined, Dorsal lobe similar in lengib

ta tateral lubes. Dorsal ray divides ut '/. lengths

secondary subdivision oceurs at “4 length: internal

branchlets long stramght. directed posterohtte rally,

‘imost reaching margin of bursa: external

Wunchlets very Short. directed pusterolaterully. nat

reaching margin of bursa, Externodorsal ray (irises

close lo lleral rays, not reaching niarein of bursit,

Posterolareral and) ventrolateral rays fused:

reichiby iminin oof bursa; antercliteral ray

divergent, shorter than other lateral rays, nor

reuchine immer of bursa; ventrolaternd and

ventroventral rays fused, rewehing margin of bursa.

Cubermaculiin quadrangukir ie shape in

dorsoventral view, 0.02 long; genital eone

Prom Nenh anterior lip eonical, wilh single papilla

HLape: posterior lip shorter thant anterior tip, with

patroot dammesshaped pupillie; spicules elongate,

243 tong, alate.

Female (Measurements of © specimens. rypies]

(Figs 71-72)

Total length S.9-9.b (72 maximum width O.36-

O91) (Oddy buccal cupsule COUFOOLS (O13) s

(1053-00600 (0.057) length of oesophagis 0, 74-0,80

(77): Nerve (ig be anterior end O.27-0,30 (O28),

Seb, pore losleror end W40-0.49 (44), denid to

wnleriop end (3640.40 (0,38), Tail simple, conical,

O.17-0.27 (0.21) longs vulva close to anus, (.30-0.41

(047) Tran posterior ends vagina straight. Q45-b.12

(O70) lone. ovejector J-shaped! splitter and

miundibaluin short, ege ellipsoidal, (08-10 (0.09)

KAO LOS (OL05).

Rivinalagy

‘Telemachus, son of Ulysess idl Penelope.

Remarks

Cloacimad telemeetny iS characterised by Ue

cephulic papitlve wilh the distal segment globose ani

direeted medially. six deal crown elements, an

Oesophagus without bosses or denticles, the deirid

posterior lo the nerve ping, spicules 2.33 qn hove

und a straight vagina.

Although deseribed from a siigle mate, ¢

fedemmehiy is readily distinwuishable fron oll

congeners except C, devert Mawson, (977, ©

edwards? Mawson, 1972, 6. epond Beveridge, 19%,

Beveridye. 1908. OC) freyuens Johostion & Mawson.

YK and CL thems Beveridue, 1998 by the shupe ot

the cephalic papillie with at medially directed,

globose distal seement Cloacaa telenutclis is

distiogtished from ©. ecweredyi i that ib lacks the

vervied! eudicuhier inthibion and a Gormb-like

ofnarmentition of (he oesophageal lintig, The

spicules of ©) edwards? are shorter (O41-0.47 mime

andi the vagina i very short Cleaota telennelnis

dilters fromthe remuiniit menmbers of (His eraup i

that wt lacks oesophageal donticles. fa addition, ©.

ielermachuy differs trom Cy eavevi which has (he

deivids at the level of the nerve ring, spieules > 44

ninand a recurrent vagina, lromC. epone whieh has

anterior deirids aud spicules 0.96-),05 oni lone,

from ©, ernabelle whieh has anterior deirids and

splewles }42- L863 o1in lan. from G. fereniea whieh

hus anterior deirids and spicules 1.65-1.85 lone,

from ©. /requens whieh hus anterior deivids, spicules

102-1, 10 long and in Yeshaped vagina ad from

hens which has wnterior deirids and spicules |.02-

|.23 nin lang,

Discussion

Phe Current GX natOn Of Sustore meniutodes

fron a series of quokkus shows that (his host, like

most other kangaroo ane wallahy speeies, harbours a

funge of species of Closed rather than the single

species. ©. yeroricix, described to date. ‘The new

miler cane from a small number of quokkiis

volleeted at esingle location and itis likely (hat more

extensive examiitions of this Host wilh reveut

addition species of Cloaecinee.

All species described [ror the quokha spe

vurrently considered to be restricted to this host

However, the parasite Tuna oof maeroapodia

narsupdls Crom Western Australia as sill very

poorly known anil the new species al Cleaci

deseribed here muy prove to have a wider host range

when More studies are carried OUl i the resion,

NEW NEMATODES FROM QUOKKAS 99

Figs 63-72. Cloacina telemachuy sp. noy, 63. Anterior end, lateral view. 64. Cephalic extremity, lateral view, dorsal aspect

on defi hand side. 65. Cephalic extremity, dorsal view. 66. Cephalic extremity. apical view. 67, Cephalic extremity,

Lransverse optical section through buccal capsule and anterior oesophagus. 68, Dorsal lobe of bursa. dorsal view. 69,

Lateral Jobe of bursa, lateral view, 70. Gubernaculim, ventral view. 71. Female tail Jateral yiew, 72. Vagina and

ovejector, hiteral view. Seale bars = 0.1 mm, 63, 68, 69, 71, 72; 0.01 min, 64-67, 70.

wv) 1. BEVERIDGE

Some of the new species closely resemble

described taxa while others exhibit novel

morphological features within the genus or novel

combinations of morphological features. Cloacina

cadmus closely resembles C. burnemana found in

Macropus dorsalis in Queensland (Beveridge 1998),

Similarly, C. chfron possesses obovate cephalic

papillae similar to a suite of species (CL dryape, C.

hehe. C. hvpsipvle. C. linstowl) found in Macropus

dorselis in Queensland (Beveridge 1998), but differs

from all of these possible relatives in the simple

Shape of the buccal capsule and the oesophageal

lobes projecting into the buccal capsule, Cloacina

ceres has similarly shaped cephalic papillae but has

basses lining the oesophagus, a feature charac-

teristic of an alternative suite of species found ina

wide range of macropodid hosts (Beveridge 1998).

Cloacina telemachus has cephalic papillae resem-

bling C. themis found in Macropus trma (Jourdan,

1837) from Western Australia, C. ernabella from

Perrogale lateralis Gould, 1842) from central

Australia and C\ davevi. C. frequens, C. eporna and

C. feronia all trom Metcropus robustey from inland

Australia, but differs from all of them in Jacking

oesophageal denticles, By contrast, C, fqins and C,

circe have an entirely novel, anteriorly arched buccal

capsule which occurs in no congener. Therefore, in

as far as it is possible to assess relationships within

the genus, the series of species of Cloacina described

from the quokka has possible affinities with suites of

species in M. dorsalis and M. robusius, but the

striking morphological originality of most of the new

species makes the determination of associations

difficult. Ti does suggest that more extensive

exumimation of parasites from Western Australian

macropodids will continue to reveal morphologically

novel species of Cloacina,

Acknowledgments

The collection of the specimens reported im this

piper was supported financially by the Australian

Research Grants Committee, now the Australian

Research Council. Thanks are due to D, Bradshiw

for facilitating collechion and for making ayailable

laboratory facilities on Rottnest [sland and R.

Harrigan for technical assistance. Quokkas were

collected under “License to Take Fauna for Scientific

Purposes” No. 761, issued in November 1981.

References

Beveripbar, L (1998) Taxonomic revision of the genus

Cloaeina von Linstow (Nematoda > Strongyloidea) from

imacropodid marsupials, Javert, Taven. 12, 237-508,

Binb, A, be & Bread. (1991) °The Structure of Nematodes”

(Academic Press, San Diego).

KrrcHewer, DL J. (1995) Quokkur Seteniv breeders

(Quoy & Gujinard, 1830) pp. 401-403 Jn Strahan, R,

(Ed,) “The Mammals of Australia” (Reed Books.

Chatswood).

Mawson, P.M. (1961) A new species and some new

records in the venus Cloeeina (Nematoda

Strongyloidea) from Western Australia. Trams. RL Sew, §,

Aust. 83, 81-83.

A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF GALL MIDGE (DIPTERA:

CECIDOMYIIDAE) DAMAGING FLOWERS OF THE SOUTH

AUSTRALIAN SWAMP PAPER-BARK, MELALEUCA

HALMATURORUM (MYRTACEAE)

By PETER KOLESIK*

Summary

Kolesik, P. (1999) A new genus and species of gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)

damaging flowers of the South Australian swamp _ paper-bark, Melaleuca

halmaturorum (Myrtaceae). Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 123(1), 31-36, 31 May, 1999.

A new species of gall midge, Australopesia melaleucae, is described from flower galls

on Melaleuca halmaturorum F. Muell, ex Miq., a salt tolerant tree growing in

temporal swamps and saline areas of southeastern Australia. No seeds are produced in

infested flowers and the infestation can potentially limit the reproduction of the tree.

The larva, pupa, male and female of the new species are described and illustrated. The

gall midge is the first record of the tribe Lopesiini in Australia and a new genus is

erected to contain it. Austrolopesia gen. nov. is compared to other genera of Lopesiini

and Lophodiplosis Gagné, an Australian genus feeding on Melaleuca. The Australian

species Cecidomyia frauenfeldi Schiner, 1868 from branch bud galls on Melaleuca sp.

is newly combined in Dasineura.

Key Words: Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Melaleuca halmaturorum, wetland, swamp,

South Australia.

Tremscenias ep the Rove! Secret ofS. Aust (1999), E2300),

41-40

A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF GALL MIDGE (DIPTERA; CECIDOMYTIIDAE)

DAMAGING FLOWERS OF THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN SWAMP PAPER-BARK,

MELALEUCA HALMATURORUM (MYRTACEAE)

by Plank KoLesix

Summiury

Kobbsik Po U999) A new gens ahd species of gall midge (Biptemn Cecidomyiidae! damaging Towers al the

South Australian svainp paperbark, Welalewce dietician (UMyieedc), Fran BR, Soe 8 Amit 1231), 31

46, 31 May 1999,

A new species ef soll midge. Anearolopesia melileneor, is described from tower galls on Melafencu

halmanrernun Uo Muell ex Mig. a salt tolerant tree growin a temporal swatips and subline areas of

soufheasionn Australia, No secds are produced in infested Mowers and the infestation cain potently Hari the

reproduction af the (ree. The larvi, pupa, male and female of the new species dre described und iustrated, The

wall midge is the lirst record of the tribe Lopesiiné in Austria and a pew geniis ix erected to contain

Auatrolapesiy gen, hoy, is compared to other genera of Lopesint and Lophodiplasis Gagne, an Australi genus

focding on Melaleaee. The Australion species Cee idan framenfeld’ Sehiner, E868 from branch bud yulls on

Mehileivu sp. is newly combined in Bayinernra,

Key Woks: Diptera, Conmemyndic. Melaleuca heluiierorun, wethind, swanip, Seath Australia,

Introduction

The South Austeilhiin swamp paper-bark,

Melalenca hétmeaturarun Vo Muell, ex) Mig,

(Myrlacenc), is a tree of 2-7 m hehe occurring i

South Australia and Vietoria (Barlow 1986), His

tolerant lo saline waterlogying and is often Forrl

in suline areas bordering permanent wetlands ina

temporal swainps (Mensforth & Walker 1996), Due

to its dominance in these areas, AZ, hadimadirerin ts

aw omajar contributor to dhe natural groundwater

discharge (Denton & Gant L994: Mensfarth &

Walker 1996). Considerable proportions of South

Austriiliin soils are degraded by, or uader threat of,

salinisafion (Richardson & Narayan 1995),

Melaleuca halmaturernin plays an important role in

preventing the process of salinisdtion by keepiig the

sroundwater level low,

The new wall midge modes flowers of WM.

halmatirovuny inv hard, hairy galls (Pig, 1) The

oils of the type series were collected in September,

1997 in the Coorong National Park by D. Peacock

dnl S. Jenoiygs during a South Australian Animal

aid Phin’ Control Commission survey of the

ceological response Lo European rabbit: population

dynes, The fact that he seeds are produced inside

the galled Powers indicates that (he gall Midge is a

potential limiting factor in the reproduction of Ad,

Ha lnetirorun

Doe pareenit at Phorticditiies Viticeiine anh Qu ntogey. Waite

Corapuinn Phe Ciiivcrsity at Adehaide PME Glen Onin Ss

Ausl 5004, Eom: phlei wititeuielaide och pal.

Austrolopesia incluledede ven, eb sp. nov. is not

closely related to Lophendiplosiy Gagne, an

Australian genus conlaining spectes modifying

Juaves and buds of Welalenca spp. (Gagne er al,

1997), nor to any other known genus and therefore a

new genus has been erected. The new wall widgets

the first Australian record of Lopestini, a (ribe known

previously only from the Americus aml Alriva,

Austrolopesia gen, nov. differs fram Lopesce

Riibsaamen, the eateh-all genus of the tribe, in

eynecoid male antennae, and frond all other general

the wibe in the long female postahdomen,.

Cecldomyia franenfelei Schinet (868) deseribed

from branch bud galls on Me/alened sp. in Sydney,

Australia, is placed for the first ime mi the gens

Dasinenra (comb, nov, Ik does not belong in

Nie blower gull of Ansrolepesia melatencae sp. nay, an

Melilened helmainearum, Seale bar = Tin

2 BR OROLESTR

Cecidonute. formerly used is a catch-all genus pul

how restricted to species whose larvae feed on resin

in Pimaeeae, ‘Phe species fits Davitenra beeause it

Has (oothed irsalclaws, an Ry wing ver that meets

C ynteriay Qo the wing apex and the female cabih

terete divided into lwo fongatitinal selerites,

Materials and Methods

Hower galls on Melalencer hedlmalirerune were

colleeled at the Coorong National Park oe

Dix 1997, The galls were processed in one ab Iwo

Ways. Some Were chiLapen ane the larvae preserved

in 70% ethinel, Others were kept in plistie bags

und (he larvae reared to adults. Pupation took plice

within the gully. Emerged adults wete preserved

together With their pupal skins in 70% ethanal

Microscope mounts ol the type series were

prepared according lo the technique outlined by

Kolesik (1995). The type series and ofher material

rotumod mn 70 ethanol towether wath dried alls,

ave deposited ta the South Australian Muaseun,

Adeluide [SAMA], the Austrutian National Inseet

Colleedao, Canberra [ANIC] and the State

Herbarium of South Austraia, Adelaide [SHSA],

Desenptions atid measurements refer lo the

holotype und paratypes.

Genus Aastrolopesta gen, new.

Type species: Anwinelopesia melalenucae sp. now,

Avdtlt

flead: Antenna: Mlavellomeres gyneeoid in hoth

scades. 12 i auiniber, first and sceond fused, longer

than reowining ones, circurlila sirmple. Eye faucets

close together. rounded, eye bridge G-K ficets long.

Labella large. tnimeular in frontal view, Pulpus 4-

scamentd.

Thorius: Wins wil Ry beatin its junetore with Rs,

joie C posterior lo wing apex, Rs sithated closer

rooend oF Ry thie areulis, Myy present as fold, Cu

forked, Pirst Girsomere with small ventroupieal loath,

Claws toothed, bowed near basal third, empodia

reaching bends a chews,

Abdomen: Selerites entire. recuingulir, with setae

sparse, distributed evenly except dense posterior coy

und anterior parol trichord papitie. Male genitalia:

vonocosile clongale, cylindrical wilh obtuse

mesobasul lobe: gonostylus lipered distally, swollen

und setitose on basal third, asetose and rilged

heyond: aedeagus lon. stout. tapered distally. with

several lirge asetose papillae, hypuproct bilohed,

euch lobe with two seh, cerer shorter than

bypoproe!, with several setaeon each lobe. Pemiule

eenihiial Ovipositac pratrusible, long, cere: large,

fleshy, bypoproct smill.

Pupa

Anteonal horns shock. wiguhin Prois on-eaeh side.

one of ive lower Metal papillae setose, ane al three

lateral Civil papithe setose, Prathoricie spiriele

shelitly bowed, avithh tnehea reaching ils apes

Abdominal segments (VT dorsally with fields of

spiles an antector ball,

Larva

Integument of ahdominal segments coyered

lorsally and laterally wath hinge spree, ventrally

with small spicolue anteriorly, smooth elsewhere,

Sternal spatula bilobed. Papilhte generally as iy

Cecidomndi (Gagne TY89) with ventral papillae

aisetose dnd 4eof ¥ terminal papillae with eornitorns

setae, Anus ventral.

Bnvnology

Austrolopesia combines the prefix “inistre”,

referrmg to Anstealia, with Lopesie, the iiime of the

type venus OF the tribe Lopesiini_

Remarks

Austrolopesia gen. nov, belungs to the tribe

Lopesunt (vee Crayne 1994) becwuse if his the

following characters; Rs wing vein ts closer te the

enthof Ru than tothe arcultis. Ra is bent at its junmeture

wilh Ry, chiws are bent near the basal third and the

Female ceed are large and fleshy, Lopestini isa iibe

al Cecidemytidae thatas not well knowin. [contains

seven genera recorded previously. with eight South

American, one Nonh American und three African

species creating galls on plants from the families

Roraginuceac, Chrysobalianuceag, Leguminosae.

Melastomatacene, Polygonievac and Rosaecue

(Cian & Muroliiwy 1992; Gagne 1994) Gane &

Hibhard 1996; Maia 1996). The gall midge deseribeal

here as the first species of this ibe known bo feed on

Myrtaceae ant is the only member ef Lopestiny

Khown from Austealia, Adotredapesia ditlers fron: all

other gener ob this tribe in the prolonged pyipositar

and, except for Cordiamyiu Maia and Crete-

daeryloniyia bel iv the eynecou! male lagello-

meres. “The new genus appears to be morpho.

logically closest ta Crrdiahiyie. a Monospecitie

eens Originally noel assmuecd to tribe level bal

evidently belonging in) Lapestini (Miia 1996),

Cordiumyia globosa Maia, w species Torming teal

galls on Candia verbenacene DC (Boriginaceae) in

South America, differs trom the new species in the

following charicters. nC. glahase, the adult has a

Jong ind narrow postwerticul protuberance on its

head, a three-segnrented pulpus, the aedeagus is

shorter than the hypaproct, the gonostylus barely

Lapers aud is swollen at its basal Tourth. and the

oyipositor is protrusible but shor; the pupa has long

NEW CONE, MIDGE PROM MALALLUOA HALMATURORUM Ba

and bilid horas al the base ob the anteninie, the

prothordcic spiracles strongly bent wt its distil

Fourth: the larva has cightterninal papillae all with

coiform setae. In Aisrolopesia melaleucde ven, c|

sponow. (he dt has ae short and wide postyertiont!

protuberince on ils head, a foursezmented palpus.

in acdeagus longer than the hypeproct, a tapering

gonostylis which is swollen ut its basal third and

lor ai peotrasible evipasitary the pupa has shor

und aingihir cephalic horns, the prothoracic spiracte

is slightly and evenly bents the larvae his eroht

ferminal papillae, four with poiited setie and tour

WH Corn rorin sete.

Austrolopesta litters Irom: Lophodiplasty Gagne,

ww Austin genus galling Melaleneu spp. it

Gueensiund (Cine ef ah f9V7). in) severa

characters. I Awstralepesia. the tarsal ehiws are

corved peat (he basal urd. the anmle Thitellomeres

wre gyneeoid aad bear simples closely uppressed

ciretiofih. all setie On the female ceri are single,

the pupa has no protuberances on the vertex and

bears dorsal spines on the abdomens the larva has a

sternal sputila with a lone, narrow shalt and the

terminal seement beaes eight robust papillae, four

with corniform setae and four with strong, short,

poiited setae. In Lophodiplasiy, de tarsal claws are

curved beyond the inidelength, the male Tagello-

invres are bined) wilh three looped eireuntila. the

lemale cere: hear setifom seusaria pi addition to the

sete: the pup bas larte protuberinces on the vertes.

wid ne dorsal sprites on the abdomen; the larva bas

eiher a sternal spatula wilh a short, wile shall ar ne

spatula at all and the derminal sexment bears two or

LOU inte. setose papillae.

Ansirolopesia melalencae sp, nov,

(PIGS 2-18)

Holo poe. 4, Coorong National Park, “Loop Road”

South Australie [a0 (ES. ae al BY], Qagx, [997,

rained by F Rolesik from flower galls on Melalenee

falmeerorin FO Muell ex Mig. gall collected!

Tix.1907 by DE Peweoek und S$. Jennings. (2741)

|ISAMAI.

Pavatypes: A 2 2, 2 olypal skins SAMA, 121411 -

T2415], 2.2 22, pupal skin [ANIC], sme date burl

emerzed 23.1%,-%8.1997; 3 larvae (SAMA, I21416-

IIIS]. 2 larvae [ANIC]. collected with holotype:

Other naverialy VW tarvae, collected with halutype

[SAMA],

Male (bigs 2-8

Colour: eyes black. head dirk brown, aitentite

grey, palpi grey wilh Blick seales. (horas ane

vhdomen Orange. genitalia divht brown. less arey

with black scales. Antenna: seape and pedicel slightly

longer than wide. last Hagellomere with apical pipple:

eircumfila simple, thin: circumfilar allachinent points

dense; selie short, thin, Postvertical protuberance on

head short bearing 2-4 strong setae. First palpil

sepment short, seeond and third Jonger, equal in

lenath. fourth longest Frons with 3-4 selue per side,

Wing 2.5 nin long. O.8 mm wide (n=l. the secone

specimen with one wing missing and the seeond

deformed in the process of mounting).

Female (Figs 913)

Colour as in mule. Heak frons wid 3-5 setae.

Thorax: wing leneth LX moar (inge (7-1-9 n= 5),

width 0,8 mm (O8-1.0) Ovipositor 2x lomwer (ran

tergite 7, wilh setae evenly distribuied on segment

cered With simple sctiv. setilose, iypoproagt with 2

selec. setulose. Other characters as in mule.

Papa (Pigs 14 15)

Coluur: antennal horns, prothoracie spiiele and

dorsal spines dark brown. remaining purty pule

brown. Length 18 iy (1.6-2,2. n=4y, Cephalic

papillae 46 pin (46-47) lone, Frons wallh all setae

short. Prothorteie spiracke 150 punt (134-074) long.

Abduminal segments dorsally with elds oF 4-18

spiles ol anterior half,

Larve (Pigs 16-18)

Colour: orange. Length 18 ita (17-14. 1s). Mesa

Wilh witennae 28 Jonger than wide, posteraliteral

upademes is long us head cupsule, Sternal spatula 177

ym (57-201) long. with apical enlargement 46 pin

(39-54) wide. depth of inetsion 25 pit (24-29),

Bivinelogy:

The name aielufeieee means “ol Meluteica’,

Gall und biology

fhe sexta oceais of the flawer of Melaleien

holeturordin ane modihed fy the new wall nidge

into un ovoid. woody gall covered with dense. grey

haies (ig. 1). The pall 6-10 tim in tener and Sh

nine io wich. consists of two hemispheres vonnected

by a Jongitadinal suture With a small bald nipple ut

the upex. Inside the gall is a small ovoid ehuniber

occupicd by one larva, The ehamber wall is (5-4

mim thick, The sepals ane petily on the base oF the

wall are nol modified, No seeds are produced within

galled Mowers. Pupation takes place within the wall,

Authe end of is development The pupa Hscrts Most

of ity hody through the suture between the

hemispheres of the gall, the pupal skin splits open

and the adult emerges. The empty pupil skity stays

wlached tothe gall Jong after wault emermence. Sune

euls collected with the type series showed sinall,

round openings, presummibly created by purities,

34 P. KOLESIK

Remarks

The new gall midge is different from Dayinenra

frauvenfeldt (Schiner) (comb. nov.), a species

described in 1868 from branch bud galls on

Melaleuca sp. in Port Jackson, Sydney, In D.

Jranenfeldi, the Rs meets C anterior to the wing

upex. the aedeagus is sheathed by parameres, and

the female eighth tergite is split into two

longitudinal sclerites. In A. mrelaleucae, the Rs

meets C posterior to the wing apex, the male

parumeres are not present, and the female eighth

fergum is not scleroused.

fas | ‘che * 0

f m

be |

)

4 cp eral VO, 4

Way

jot ~

yd) .

4 a)

Jrauenfeldi. Special thanks go to J.

Acknowledgments

| thank K. Davis for drawing my attention to the

new species and D, Peacock and S. Jennings lor

collecting the galls and larval stages of the type

specimens. M. C. O'Leary, State Herbarium of South

Australia courteously identified the host plant. R.

Contreras-Lichtenberg, Naturhistorisches Museum,

Vienna kindly loaned the type material of Dustneure

D. Gray,

Department of Horticulture, Viticulture and Oenology

University of Adelaide and R. J. Gagné, Systematic

Entomology Laboratory USDA Washington DC, for

commenting on an early draft oF the manuscript.

8 (|

Figs 2-8 Male of Austrolapesia melalencue sp. voy. Pig. 2. Head im frontal view. Fig. 3. Tursal claw and empodium, Fig

4. First tarsomere. Pig. 5, Genitalia im dorsal view. Fig. 6. Wine. Fig. 7. Sixth flagellomere. Fig. So Last three

fagellomeres. Scale bars = LOO pm 2, 8; 10 pum 4; 50 fim 4. 5.7: 500 pin 6.

NEW GALL MIDGE FROM MELALEUCA HALMATURORUM 45

Figs 9-18. Austrolopesia melaleucae sp. nov. 9-13 female, 14, 15 pupa, 16-18 larva. Fig. 9. End of abdomen in lateral view.

Fig. 10. Ovipositor in lateral view. Fig. 11. Ovipositor in dorsal view, Pig. 12. Sixth flagellomere, Pig. 13. Last three

flagellomeres. Fig. 14. Anterior part in ventral view. Fig. 15. Prothoracie spiracle. Fig. 16. Head in ventral view, Fig, 17.

Last two abdominal segments in dorsal yiew. Fig. 18. Spatula with adjacent papillae, Seale bars = 100 pm 9.13, 14. 17,

18; 50 pm 10-12, 15, l6.

36 P. KOLESIK

References

Bartow, B. A. (1986) Melaleuca pp. 935-946 Jn Jessop, J.

P. & Toelken, H.R. (Eds) “Flora of South Australia”,

Part 2, (South Australian Government Printing Division,

Adelaide).

DENTON, M. & GANR, G. G. (1994) Response of juvenile

Melaleuca halmaturerum o flooding: Management

implications fora seasonal wetland, Bool Lagoon, South

Australia. Aust J. Mar. Freshw. Res. 45, 1395-1408.

GAGNE, R. J. (1989) “The Plant-Feeding Gall Midges of

North America” (Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New

York).

(1994) “The Gall Midges of the Neotropical

Region” (Cornell University Press. Ithaca, New York).

& MAROHASY, J, (1993) The gall midges (Diptera:

Cecidomyiidae) of Acacia spp. (Mimosaceae) in Africa,

Insecta Mundi 7, 77-124.

& Hipparp, K. L. (1996) A new species of gall

midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from subterranean stem

galls of Licania michauxii (Chrysobalanaceae) in

Florida, Florida Ent, 79, 428-434.

- BALCIUNAS, J. K. & BurRRows, D. W. (1997) Six

species of gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from

Melaleuca (Myrtaceae) in Australia. Proc. entomol. Sov.

Wash. 99, 312-334.

Kocesik, P. (1995) A new species of Eocineticornia Felt

(Diptera: Cecidomytidac) on Eucalyptus fasciculose in

South Australia. J. Aust. ent, Soc, 34, 147-152.

Mata, V. C. (1996) Cordiamyia globosa gen. & sp.n.

(Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Cecidomyiidi) associado com

Cordia verbenacea DC. (Boraginaceae) no Brasil.

Revista bras. Zool. 13, 579-583.

MENsFORTH, L, J. & WALKER, G. R. (1996) Root dynamics

of Melaleuca halmaturorum in response to fluctuating

saline groundwater, Plant and Soil 184, 75-84.

RICHARDSON, S. B, & NARAYAN, K. A, (1995) The

effectiveness of management options for dryland salinity

control at Wanilla, South Australia, Agric, Water

Managmt. 29, 63-83.

SCHINER, J. R. (1868) Familie: Cecidomyiidae pp. 3-9 In

“Novara-Expedition, Zoologischer Theil, Bd, HU,

Diptera” (Wien).

BAINECHINA ROSSIAE GEN. ET SP. NOV. (NEMATODA:

SEURATIDAE) FROM AUSTRALIAN DASYURID MARSUPIALS

By LESLEY R. SMALES*

Summary

Smales, L. R. (1999) Bainechina rossiae gen. et sp. nov. (Nematoda: Seuratidae) from

Australian dasyurid marsupials. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 123(1), 37-41, 31 May, 1999.

Bainechina rossiae gen. et sp. nov. (Seuratidae: Echinonematinae) is described from

the stomach and small intestine of the dasyurid marsupials Planigale gilesi, P.

ingrami, P. maculata and Sminthopsis macroura. It resembles Seurechina spp. most

closely in body armature but can be distinguished from this genus in having a

triangular not dorso-ventrally elongated mouth opening, having neither sclerotised

rings between the pharynx and mouth opening, nor caudal alae into which caudal

papillae extend nor peri-cloacal papillae. Bainechina rossiae is unique among the

echinonematines in having papillae on the body at the level of the vulva. A key to the

genera is given. Aspects of the life-cycle of B. rossiae are discussed.

Key Words: Bainechina, nematodes, Seuratidae, Echinonematinae, marsupials,

Dasyuridae, Australia.

Tracetions of the Reval Sov lew af &. Must (1999), 12301), 37 44,

BAINECHINA ROSSIAE GEN. ET SP. NOV. (NEMATODA :

SEURATIDAE) FROM AUSTRALIAN DASYURID MARSUPIALS

by Lesivy R. SMA ES’

Summary

SMALLS. Lb

RO UIY8U) Bainechina roysiee ven. eb sp. Nov, UNematods -

Seuratidae) from Austilian dasyurkl

tursupiils, Tray Soe S. Aust, £2300), FAL AT May, 1999,

Boiechine cossive gen, er sp. noy, (Seuratidae > Lehimonematinae) is described from the stomuch and sell

iitestine OF The dasyurkd marsupials Plaafeale sien Pode. Pomeeculara and Sartithapyis macranra. U

resembles Savrechad spp. most closely in body arrmattire but can be distinguished from this genus in haying a

Wiwular not dorse-veatully clonuated mouth opening. having penher sclerotised rites between (he pharyns

und meuth opening, nor caudal alae into which caudal papillae extend nor peri-cloacal papillae. Bainechiee

rossite Is Unique among the echinonemaiines in haying papillae on the body atthe level of rhe vulva, A key to

(he gener is given. Aspects af the lifeewyele of AL yossige are discussed,

Key WorDS: Baiecting, nematodes, Seurnimidie, Eohmoneuiilinie. mvitsupiuts, Dasyaitidge, Aistrabiin

Introduction

Nematodes of the finily Seuratidae are: purisites

of reptiles. birds, rodents. buts and) Australian

marsupials (Chubaud 1976). Al of the Australian

species are contiined within (he subfamily

Lehionemadinac and are found i diasyurid) or

peramelid mursupil hosts. Phere are four genera,

characterized by a large ttangular or dorse-ventrally

elongated mouth opening with no lip lobes. an

wutterior extremity With or without a swollen cephalic

bulb bearing hooks, a short, simple phurynx, long

slender spicules without alae, po pre-cloacal sucker

onthe male und the cloucal region eovered by sivall

cuticular granulations,

Linsiowinemea Sinales, 1907 and Jrwlechine

Chabaud. Seurewi, Beveridge, Buin & Durelte-

Desset, 980 contin species with a swollen cephalic

bulb bearing three rows ol large hooks whereas

species Of Chabdudechind (Smales in press) have

live rows of foks, These three genera all have i

Wanegulay mouth opening. Seareetier Chaubaud

Seurewu, Beveridge, Bum & Durette-Desset, 1980 by

contrast, has a dorse-ventrally elongated mouth

Gpening and hits neither a swollen vephialie bulb nor

cephalic hooks.

Materials and Methods

Specimens dissected’ from dasyurids [rom the

CSIRO Wildlife und Raneclands Collection

Selool ool Biologseal id Dnwionmenlab Sctenees. Centha

Quecnshined tliiversiiy Kocklinption Qld bi

(CSIRO) were fixed in hot LOG Fomulin and thes

stored in 70% ethanol, Speciinens from Blair Athol

Mine, Central Queenstind and Yabula near

Townsville, North Queensland, dissected fran

dasyarids that had been fixed in 10% formalin, were

stored in 70% ethanal, Specimens were exqinined

aller clearing in lactophenol, Measurements, in

micrometres unless otherwise stuled, were made

with the aid ofa drawing tube and map niedsurer or

an ocular micrometer. Drawings were made with the

aid of a drawing tube, Type specimens have been

deposited in the South Australian Museunt, Adelaide

(SAMA). Voucher specimens are held inthe Western

Australian Museum. Perth (WAMP) and CSIRO,

Canberra.

Systematics

Family Seurutidae (Hall. 1916) Railhiet, 1916

Subfamily Echinonematinae Inghs, [967

Bainechina gen, nov,

Anterior end withoul lips or lip-like structures,

bearing 2 pairs of double sub-median papillae,

siighe pair oF diteral amphids. Mouth opening

triangalar in outline. Cephalic region without spines

of hooks, remmfider of body covered with numerous

rows Of hooks or spines. Hooks on pharyngest

region becoming smaller grading into spines

towards posterior Armature extending over entire

holy of female. Terminating anterior to cloaca of

mule. Short. simple chivaform pharynx surrounded

by nerve ring anterior to deinds. Deinds simple,

conical Spieules equal, similar, without alae. Vulwi

iS L. BR. SMALES

Pigs |-12. Batnechina rosside gen, et sp. noy, L. Anterior end (literal view). 2. Anterior end (en fare view). 3. Anterior end,

optical section showing laminae (lateral view), 5, Female tail (aterul view). 6, Male posterior end (ventral view). 7,

Female mid-body showing papillae and vulva (left lateral view), 8. Larya. anterior end (lateral view), 9. Body hooks

(lateral view), 10. Vagina (right literal view). PL. Larva. posterior end (lateral view), 12, Male. posterior end (lateral

view). Scale bars = 100 pm 1. WO: SO pm 2.3.6. 7,8. 11, 12:25 um 4,9: 200 yim 5.

BAINL CHINA ROSSIAL GEN, EV SP. NOV. FROM DASYURIDS 4X

al mid-regron of body: monodelphic, vagina

directed posteriorly. Parasites of Australian cdiasyurtd

marsupials.

Bainechina rossiae sp. nov.

(FIGS 1-12)

Holawpe A, trom small intestine of Planigale

maculae (Gould, 1851), Yabulu near Townsville.

Queensland (19° 11° S, 146° 36" BE), October 1997,

coll, W. Houston, SAMA AHC 31286.

Allotype: °, same dati, SAMA AHC 31287,

Paratypes: 5 Y. same data, SAMA AHC 31288.

Oiler material examined: From Planigale

meet. Queensland: 5 2 F Yubulu. AHC 31289,

AHC 31290, 3 99 Blair Athol Mine site, ATIC

31291, AHC 31292; Western Australias 2 22

Mitchell Plateau, WAMP 47-98, 48-98. From

Planigale vilesi Aitken, 1972, New South Wales: |

4 Chinamans Lake. CSIRO N4409,) From

Planigale ingrami (Thomas. 1906) Northern

Territory; 2 4 9. 4 larvae, Smithburne River.

CSIRO N2116. From Smiithopsis meecroure

(Gould, (845), Queensland: 1 @,2 2 9 Julia Creek.

SAMA AHC 31293,

Description

Small worms, with the characters of the genus.

Body with fine cuticular annulations, Cephahe

TABLE |

dnd stoidard deviation.

extremity without hooks or spines, remainder of body

with rows of hooks, at each annulation, extending

over entire body of female, 80% of body of male

Body hooks becoming biggest al about row 10,

decreasing in size posteriorly, grading into spines,

Thirty hooks in first row, 45 hooks on mid-body rows

on female, Pharynx surrounded at anterior end by 4

pairs of laminae approxunately LOO long, Pharyns

simple, claviform, terminating at level of about 10th

row of hooks, approximately '-'/ic body length.

Nerve ring surrounding pharynx, deirids posterior to

nerve ring, secretory-exeretory pore not seen.

Male: (measurements Table 1),

Nerve ring, deirids, secretory-exerctory pore not

seen. Spicules equal, similar. without alae '/; body

length, Gubernacwlum not seen. Eight pairs caudal

papillae, 4 pairs lareral pre-cloacal. 2 pairs lateral

post-cloacal, 2 pairs near tail up. Narrow caudal aie

extending from anterior caudal papillae posterior to

cloaca, Cuticular embossing surrounding cloaca, Tal

ending in prontnent tip.

Female: (measurements Table 1).

Secretory-exeretory pore not seen, Four papillae; |

left lateral, | right lateral, 2 dorsal encircle body at

level of vulva. Vagina directed posteriorly:

monodelphic. Tail ending in prominent spike. Eggs

oval 36-43 (39) by 33-36 (34).

Larvae: (measurements Table 1).

Cuticle aspinous. Tail ending in prominent spike.

Measurenens of Bainechina rossive sp. ey, fron Plinigale spp. Penile measurements given ay range, mea

Holotype Male from Females Larvae

Male P. gilesi n=l) n=4

Length {Yom 2.3mm 4.0-6.5,5,5 £0.81 mm 1225

Max. width 270 235 340-410, 380 4 48.54 R7

Phuryny length 305 26) WU-S35. 460) + 51,37 WW

Anterior lo nerve fing 80-100, YO + USO a0)

Anterior ta deirids OU met)

Spiciile length tat) Sat

Vulva to posterior 2700-3400, 3100

+ 2K7.89

Tail Of 145 48-740), O40 104,00 Wa)

Vagina

|S8O-250. 215 =4041

—

44) LR. SMALES

Litvinelagy

Generic name in bonour of Dr O, Bain coupled

wilh the Coeck vehinos (hedgehog, sea-urehin)

following the form used by Chubaud er af. (lsc)

for other eehinanematihe geneny specife name

aller a collewwue, Dr P Rossi.

Remarks

The two fenides trom 2 jagrami (Thontas, 1906)

were smaller (44 3.6 mim) compared with lemules

from BF opreeilatd (46.5 min) and bad sharter (ils

(150, 1o5 compared with 480-740), Noo mature

cass were observed in the mferus aod so these

differenves in size night be due either to the

immunity of the wortis or to differences jp the

HxavOn pracedipes Used, Siice no sale specimens

were aviulible for study ancl the body armature of

the females was the same us that fur speenmons

fram B rdediare they are considered. at present, 16

he the sume species,

The females from Sminthopyiy mucroure (Goull.

W658) were larger (72145 mm dong compared with t-

65 nm) bur the mule (2 mm compared with 1.0

2.3 1m) was siratlar in sive to specimens (roi 2

midenlad Al the specinens front §. ecrourea had

chiwacters consistent with Bo ressete vod ure

considered to be the same species.

tighs (1967) distinguished between pairs af

pupilae and aw pair oF phusmids oy the posterior

extremity of the tail oof Afotowineme, Other

echinonemuline generat have three ov four pairs of

papillve and a peur ol phasmids in this position

(Chabaud er ah TORO, Smales $999. ir press:

Smales & Rossi 1999), It is vot clear whether the

two pairs of pupitlae seen on the posterior

extremity of the tail of A. rassee representa pair ol

papillie anda pair oF phasmids or whether the

phusmids were not seen,

Baliechine gen. ywox. clearly belongs in’ the

Febinonematioge beewise it has an anterior end

Wilh (rhimgulae mouth opening, no lip lobes and

Iwo pairs of double eephulic papillae. 1b hes

relauively tong (1/4) body length) simple spicules ind

vuneulin embossing around the clodeu. fy beedy

He Ths Most similarte the gends Sewrechine,

in not Waving a swollen cephalic bulb with large

cephalic hooks bul in having rows of small hooks

andl spines ab cach cutichir annulation over the

remarnder Of the body surface, Both penera have

four pairs oof Jaminawe oat the anterior end

suproundinig the pharyns, possibly with a role in

Holding the cervical spines sleady when they are

embedded ip the intestinal pmeasa (Chabaud ef of,

IY8O; Smales (988), Baineehina can be

differeatiated from Seureehing in haying the mouth

opening triangilir mot doerso-ventrally clonsated

and in pet having selerotised ings. erlarecd

dorsally und ventrally, capping the toterior end uf

the pharyox (Chabaud ef af. 980). Bauinechina

rossiae his cight patrs of caudal papillae. none of

which extends into fhe caudal ule as do those ol

Searechina spp. (Chabaud er cal W980. Syaales

1998) None af the eaucal papnlhae Of By raxsiae is

perecloucal whereas three pairs of caudal papitlte

are peri-cloucw in Sewrechine spp. (Chubaud ef ad

1980. Smales 1998). Nove of the other genera

Within the Echinonematinae has. papithie al the

level of the vulva.

OM the olber eehinonemiutines, Baineching diltors

trom Linsrawinema and Mnelechine in not havitiy a

swollen cephalic bully With three: rows of cephalic

hooks (Chabal ef af O80; Smales l997, 19U0-

Smales & Rossi 1999). Bainechinw also aillers

From Chahundechine with live rows ol vephalie

hooks (Sniales in press), The arvaigement of

coudal papillie ty Barecdiie ts ulse anigiue (o tre

Bonus.

Key fo the genera ol the Eehinonematinae

1. With cephalic hooks on cephalie bulb. withour

laminae... Gis, fFesiecleoplesitelesieetteslevpebitebaty pel oar tli (25

Without cephalic hooks on cephulie bulb, with

Four pris TAME (PUB. FA) ic cieeceneeennreentdt

2. Three rows of hooks on cephalic bulb wi. 209)

Five rows of books on cephalic hulk,

2.8.3, ¥ Hldeoamleveoie nepbet Shes loni debe eo c aban hine

3, Row SOP books Ob sonterion region Ob PAY cock

Stes ereliangens Linsichiipetrine

Without Heus ioks « cece Ieleohine

4, Mouth opening a cesseeeevenese cease SO MECH EE

Mouth opening tianeulan., 2... Baler hina

CLEC UROLO ORSINI NSS ber

Discussion

The larval stages recaverce Tront the luis ol

Planigele ingrand (Vhomies. L906) bad plaryoyeil

und cephalic morphology mdicutive of Balacehina

(Hig. 8). Their recovery from the lujes, romethey

with the lack of uny sexual diflerentiation suggests

(hat they were third or early fourth stage larveue

undergoing migration to the digestive tract befure

moulling fo fourth or Filth sub adule stave

hematodes, Spies were not observed on the body

eudicle all these larvae, as has heen noted on fourth

stage larval Linwowhena and dreleehmica (Srmles

1999: Smules & Russi 1999), possibly indicative of

they being at oa less advanced stage of

developinent. Linwtawiiema cine (Lista.

1898), the only species in whieh the life eyele bus

been studied. develops into wn tifective third stage

larva in experimentally infected Orthoptera

(Chabaud ef wd L980). Dasyirids presumably

BAINECHINA ROSSIAE GEN. ET SP. NOV. FROM DASYURIDS 41

become infected after eating infected arthropods.

There has, however. been no record of larval

migration within the definitive host, as inferred in

this study, for any of the Seuratidae (Anderson

1992),

Acknowledgments

My thanks go to D. Spratt and 1. Beveridge for

making this material available for study and to W.

Houston and R. Knight for allowing me to dissect

planigales and dunnarts which they had collected.

References

ANDERSON, R, C, (1992) “Nematode

vertebrates their development and transmission” (CAB

International, Wallingord),

CHABALID, A. G. (1978) Keys to genera of the Superfamiles

Cosmocercoidea, Seuratoidea, Heterakoidea and

Subuluroidea pp, 28-48 Jn Anderson, R, C_, Chabaud, A.

G. & Wilmott, S. (Eds) “CIH Keys to the nematode

parasites of vertebrates” No. 6 (CAB International,

Varnham Royal).

. SHUREAU, C., BEVERIDGR, 1, BAIN, O. & DURETTE-

Dussur, M.-C, (1980) Sur les Nematodes Echino-

nematinae. Ann. Parasitol. hum. comp. 55, 427-433,

Inauis, W. G. (1967) The relationships of the nematode

superfamily Seuratoidea. J. Helminthol. 41, 115-136.

Smares, L. R. (1997) A revision of the Echmonematinae

(Nematoda : Seuratidae) from bandicoots (Marsupialia ;

Perumelidae). Trans. RK, Sac, 8, Aust. 121, 1-27.

parasites of

(1998) New species of Semreciina (Nematoda

Scuratidae) parasitic in) dasyurid marsupials from

Australia. (bid. 122, 179-184,

(1999) Linstowinema (Nematoda + Seuratidae)

from dasyurids (Marsupiatia Dasyuridae) from

Australia. Syst. Parasitol, 43, 29-39,

(in press) Chabaudechina nig. (Nematoda

Seuratidac) with the description of two new species from

dasyurid marsupials from Australia. /bid.

& Rossi. PR. (1999) Inglechina virginiae 1, sp.

(Nematoda : Seuratidac) from Sminthopsis virginiae

(Marsupialia : Dasyuridae) from Northern Australia.

J. Helminthol. Sac. Wash, 66. 33-36.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE

ROYAL SOCIETY

OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA

INCORPORATED

VOL. 123, PART 2

SOURCE OF FOOD ITEMS IN AN ABORIGINAL MIDDEN

AT LITTLE DIP, NEAR ROBE, SOUTHEASTERN

SOUTH AUSTRALIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR COASTAL

GEOMORPHIC CHANGE

By J. H. CANN® & C. V. MURRAY-WALLACET

Summary

Cann, J. H. & Murray-Wallace, C. V. (1999) Source of food items in an Aboriginal

midden at Little Dip, near Robe, southeastern South Australia: implications for

coastal geomorphic change. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 123(2). 43-51, 31 May, 1999.

At Nora Creina Bay, in southeastern South Australia, fossil shell of the intertidal

mollusc Katelysia scalarina from outcropping sediment yielded a radiocarbon age of

56004140 y cal BP. The presence of intertidal sandflat sediments of this age,

preserved in an open ocean coastal setting, implies that the western, mostly eroded

side of Robe Range once sheltered quiet water embayments with intertidal sandflats.

Radiocarbon ages for fossil mollusc from marine sediments landwards of Robe Range

reveal that autochthonous deposition took place within an extensive Holocene coastal

back-barrier lagoon environment from approximately 5500-4000 y BP.

Key Words: South Australia, coastal, Holocene, Pleistocene, Aboriginal midden,

mollusc, foraminifera, radiocarbon, amino acid racemisation.

Transactions of tte Reval Sociencafs. Aden 1999), 12302), 43-51

SOURCE OF FOOD TTEMS IN AN ABORIGINAL MIDDEN AT LIEPTLE DIP, NEAR

ROBE, SOUTHEASTERN SOUTH AUSTRALIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR COASTAL

GEOMORPHIC CHANGE

by J. HO CANN & C_V. MurRAY-WALLACE

Summary

Cann, bh & MoreayeWantacn, ©. ¥, (1999) Source of food Trem inn Aboriginal midden ac bite Dip. nea

Robe, southeastern South Austria! iinplications for coastal geomorphic chine. Fins. R Soc 8. Aust 12302),

44-51, 37 May, 1999.

At Nora Creina Bay, i) southeastern South Australi, fossit shell of the ratertical molluse Karelia weefarine

(rom juieropping sediment yielded a rudiocarbon age af 56002140 y eal BP. "The presence of intertidal sitll

sediments of Tris awe. preserved in ain open ocean coastabsctting. iiplios that the western, mostly erodes! vide

Wf Robe Range once shelered quiet water embayments with intertidal sandflats. Radiocarbon ages fae Lossil

inolluses from Nurine sediments landwards of Robe Ringe revew) that aulochthonons depositing faok place

within ao extensive Holicend goustal back-barrier higoun cnvironment from approximately SSQ0 4000 y BP. IL

was originally proposed that The shells of Karedvsia cockles, gathered by Aboriginal people und now preserved

within the archavostraligraphie Barly Horizon midden at Little Dip. bad originated in this back-barrier lagoon,

As the Aiselusie sp. shell from the Early Horizon midden is mere than 3000 y older than Aafe/yste spp. fron

the nearhy dutochthonana lavoonal sediments (ea. at Fresh Dip Lake). it now seems that the coekles were

horvested from titertidal Sand(hit chvironments on the seaward side oF Lite Dip, probably hefore fimine

incursion into the lnw lylia lind behind Robe Rutoge. These sandilats were ephemeral features, eroded as the

protective outer murgin of Robe Runge was also rediced by the erosive force of the Southern Qeean to a Hae

arc of sinall stands wad sem stichs that characterise: the present coastline,

KEY Woros: South Austalia., eoasiil Holucene, Pletstocene, Aboriginal midden, motiise, locuniniters,

radiocarbon, dimine acl Micenvisution.

Introduction

Coastal Aboriginal niddens in the vicinity of

Robe. southeastern South Austdia, typicully contain

shell remuins of marine molluses ane, in many

instances. [ragments of flint. The materials of the

older Harly Horizon sites (nomenelature of Luebbers

178) lie on the exposed surfuce of Rohe Kange

wilhin terra rossa soils, Robe Range is a composite

coastal barrier, comprising carbonule-quarty dune

sands, whieh lormed during the interstadial

highstind sew level oF oxygen isotape substine Se

(Schwehel 984, Huntley erat 1993; Belperio eral.

1996). Typieally the shell remains of the Tarly

Horizon middens are dontinated by speetes of

Kulelysia Rower, aa jptertidal sardrlat coekle

commonly found today fying i protected eoustl

settigs (Ludbrook 1984); (lint fragments are not

commonly present, Phe younger and more numerous

Suhpolal! Bliine ii CApphed Geology) Uiniiversiy a) Sanh

Austria Miiwaiit Likes Bottled Muwsen Lakes SMH

SOUS

) Satou) ol Ceusejermy, Univently of Wollongong NSW 2522

LODERS RoX. CLOTS) Meats and iaenuke: costudly a prehistoric

cotabseniivneats ay Seuilt Austratia, PhD thesis ANE) Canberra

Late Horizon middens of Robe Range consist of thin

beds of shell remains and (int fragments within the

modern, unconsolidated dune sands that are related

to the most recent postglacial marine tivisgression,

The shells of these deposits, whieh aire most

frequently observed as lag deposits on deflation

surfaces, are mostly of Lhe (Subiinedia) undilars

Solunder, a large gastropod which is currenuly HVyilig

along The modern rovky shorefave. Early Florian

middens record un episode of Aborigiid aecupation

of coustal Robe Range that upproxinuites i Gie to

the culmination of the postglacial marine uin-

vression in the catty Holocene, while the Latte

Horizon sites reflect more pecent occupation

(Luebbers (978: Cann etal, 1991),

At coastal Lille Dip. southeast of Robe, Jie

shells and flint fragments. Together wilh) finely

disseminated charcoul, Gecur withit, dneonselidiated

dune sands and as a lag deposit across a moderns

deflation surface, Shell from this deposit yielded a

marine reseryour corrected radiocarbon age,

calibrated ta sidereal years, of 4704100 y cal BP

(Pable 1), an age corroborated by amino acid

cucemisation (AAR) analysis (Cann ef el, L997), The

dune sands and thei contained jrehaeolosicu)

remains immeditely overlie scattered concen

44 JCANN & CY, MURRAY-WALLACE

TABLE |, Radiocarbon dates un Holocene mallnses and clircaal from Little Dipand environs near Rabe,

Soar Australia:

Dated

material

Sample

Jaeality

Lauborarary

code

Calibrated and

Mane Peseryone

corrected

"Cage y cal BP

ac Conventional

(Nag) "CO age y BP

-_e eC —S—K SSSSSSFSFSSSSSF

Karelysia

scdlenihe and

AKL nivtiphore

Ko sweating

Hirhis sp,

bresh Dip Lake

Nora Creina embayment

Nora Creina Lute

Horizon inidden

Litthe Dip Late

Horizon midden

Litle Dip Eurly

Horizon midden

Lithe Diy Barly

Horizon midden

thi sp.

Retelyyien ayy

charveoul

SUA-3028

SUA=30)19

Beta- 104572

ANU-TA?

SUA2613

ANU-P44K

10410) 3760470) SGRN200)

1Qe10) 5250460) 56008140

1,620.1 11 70+00) F4O+ 140

O24) S4U4k0) 4704160

)0a)0 74ST) TOO0+ Lag

2422.0) S270+80 82108230

_ — —— — ——————

trations of Kaledvsia shells and charcoal which are

embedded within a terra rossi sail ao the otherwise

calereted und karstilied sediments (oxygen isotope

subsuige Se) oF Robe Range. Radiocarbon apes ol

Y2104230 y cal BP (ANU-7448) for chareoal und

7FIOOELHO y cal BP (SUA-2613) for shell confirm an

early Holocene age for the materials trom the lower

deposit (Table b) These results are supported hy

previously published (AAR) analyses of Meredvste

shell (Cann ef af 1991), Both deposits are the result

oF human activity, and thei gener setting: and

exposed materials were proposed as an archieo-

Straligraphie type Jocality and type sections for the

tume-cultural Barly and Like Horizons of Aboriginal

oecupalion in southeastera South Australia (Cann v7

a WYOL. PVR),

Cann ef al, (M997) speculated about the origin of

the Kare/ysie Shells as a food souree in the Eurly

Horan midden ae Little Dip, These authors noted

that, although the middenm is situated in close

proximity to the shore. there are currently no coastal

intertidal sandal environments which could have

supported this edible cockle. However, they alse

observed thal Aave/ywia spp. are abundant in both

wulochthonous and allochthonous bioeliste sedi

ments. up to sever to thick. exposed in excavations

und lake beds within the Jow lying area immediately

inkind (uortheast) of Rabe Range. These Holocene

shell beds were deposited in a coastal back-barrics

lagoon which Supported thriving populations of

Nerelysia and other motluses. Cann et al, (1991)

therefore coneluded Wal this lagoon represented the

Most likely souree of the cockles once gathered as

food by the Aboriginal people who had dived on

Robe Range about 8000 yeurs age. This paper re-

eviaduales the provenance of these midden materials

in the light of additional field observations ind

radiocarbon ages.

Observations and Methods

Field abservations

Nora Crenit is the name given to a coustil ared

uboul 7 kim southeast of Lite Dip and adjacent to

Nord Creina and Stinky Bays (Hig. 1) There are

thiree tnajor geomorphic elements present in this

urea. The oldest of these is Robe Range, comprising

the mostly consolidated aeolian calearenite that is

associed with the interstudial highstiand ol) sea

level, oxygen isotope substage Se, c. 105 000 y BP

(Huntley er af, 1993), Since the culminadion of the

post ghickal marine transgression and stabilisation of

present sea level. this complex of former coustal

dines has undergone extensive erosion by the

Soathern Oceun and is how represented by numerous

remnant sal ishines and offShore sea sticks. Many

of these exhibit sections of aeolian eross beds and

other dune forms (Pig. 2) and their upper surhauces are

calereted. Karstified and sappork terra rossu soils,

Numerous rhizamorphs atest to the role of former

vepelation as an agent in carbonate diwenesis (Mis.

3).

The modern beach al Nora Creina, which is broad

and cachisively sundy, by the second geomorphic

element. ‘The sand is curbonate-quarty in conipo-

sition und derived. at lease in part, from the erosional

reworking of the older acolianite of Robe Range,

Some of the Robe Runge sea stacks appear to have

been instrumental ins providing anchor pojots for

beach construction, as regional upliltof c. 70mm per

thousand years (Belperio & Cann 1990; Belperio ef

ah 1996) promoted beach progradation, The beach

HOLOCENE GEOMORPHIC CHANGE. COASTAL ROBE RANGE

Katelysia spp. in back-barrier

lagoon sediments

36802200 yr cal BP

AUSTRALIA

Katelysia sp. in

Early Horizon Midden

| 7900160 yr cal BP

Errington Hole

Lake

Dally

% Lake

Pud Lake

Linear array of small islands, stacks

and submerged reefs define the eroded

seaward margin of Robe Range

Katelysia scalarina

in intertidal sediments

56002140 yr cal BP

his. |. Map of the study area showing the location af places mentioned in the text and some faudiocarbou ages.

lb LL CANN & CV MURRAY-WALLAC'E

fwe of Nora Crema Bay rests between headlands of — those of the beach, Sections (hrough some al these

Ihe older aeatianite (Fig. 2). similir deolianites dunes have exposed typicul materials of! the Late

olllerop alung the Stinky Bay beach (Fig. 3), Horizou middens, namely shells at furba sp. ane

The beaches at Nora Crema and Stinky Bays are fragments of (Tint.

bucked by a aystent of modern coastal dunes which At the southeastern extremity of Nora Creina Bay,

comprise the third geomorphic element, The dune the modern high-tide beavh sunds abut a low wave

sands are simile in COMposition lo. and presumably cut expostire oF poorly tO Moderately well-cemented

(at Teast originally) in dynamic equilibrium with, sediments, about 1 om in height. ancl extending

Pig. 2. The rocky outerojprol Robe Range avolii calcarenite, of ape oxysen jsulope substage Ic, whieh furs the southern

headland of Nora Crema Bay. The dip slope towards the beac) defines (he lee side of the dune form, Motor vebicle on

beach qt rig jnudivates seale.

Fie. 4. Exposed section throueh a atranded aeolianite s

St stack at the back of the beach five at Stinky Bay. This exposure

feveals bwo sets Of deolian cross heds whieh ave variably lithified, mumerons rhivomiorplys (right), a coleneted upper

SUT ITT a STU SOLON hole Lupper Heh), Holocene dune Sind pverlies the aeeliiite und a garden spud: far seale

Shindls Hh hoger beaweh sand,

HOLOCENE GROMORPHIC CHANGE, COASTAL ROBE RANGE 4!

sever mm back Tron the headland. The base of Whe

exposure is not defined. The lowermost lithology is a

breeent of calcarenite chists, which are. ub least

superficially, Simikir to texture and compasition to

the locally oureropping aeolianite of the Robe

Runge. The angular to subrounded fagments mange

ny size Upwards fo the dimensions.ol cobbles and ure

embedded jm aw inatrix of sind of the same

composition (Migs 4,5), The texture und composition

of this sediment is consistent with Having been

denved from the substage Se aeolian calearenite and

deposited is storm wave beach debris.

The overlying bed, 10-25 em thick, ts sediment of

quite different character, consisting of well preserved

molliise shells id cirbonate-quartz sandy matriy

(Pigs 4, 5). The northern part of the exposure ts

Coastal dune of

mustly unconsolidated

carbonate-quartz sand

eel oes

Coarse rubble breecja; clasts

derived from the aeolian

calcarenile of Robe Range

” Figure 5

poorly consolidated and reveals in section heth

articulated and disarliculited bivalve shells ia grey,

carbonute-yuat. slihily muddy sane. The unpaired

shells are oriented both convex up une cerwa with

several having an inbricated. fabric (Mig. 6). The

southern part of the outerop reveals the fossil shells

iW beth vertical and horizontal exposures within

essentitlly clown. slightly better cemented. carhonate-

quarty sand (Mig, 7). Bivalves include species of

Anapella, Dall, Bruchiodontes, Swainson, Maen

Linnaeus and Aefe/yire. anel imong the gastropods

Barillaria (Batillariella) esiuarina (Tatey is most

common. Front this sediment a speemmen of

Kalelysia scelarita (Clammuarcky) was taken lor

radiocarbon dialing and bulk sediment was also liken

lor foraminiferal analysis. The palaeoenvironment

Aboriginal midden of

Late Horizon age with

shells of Jurbo sp.

740£130 yr cal BP

Poorly consolidated carbonate-

quartz sand with abundant fossil

sbells of intertidal mollases -

Katelysia scalarina

56004140 yr cal BP

Modern high tide safidy beach

obscures base of breccia

Pi dk Diqwninmitic scebon of the exposure at the soufhert end af the beach at Nove Crema Bay, Also shown ure the

focutions of features menitoned in the test and inchidead us adeluional Figs @-8-

45 J. WH. CANN & C. V. MURRAY-WALLACE

that 18 signified by these fossil molluses was at least

closely similar to a modern intertidal sandflat and it

is significant that such an environment once

prevailed in aw coastal setting which faced the

Southern Ocean.

The shelly sandflat facies at Nora Creina Bay

occurs up to Lm above the modern high-tide sandy

beach, and approximately 1.5 m above present mean

sea level. Emergence of the shell bed may be

attributed to the regional tectonic uplift, 490 mm in 7

ka (Belperio & Cann 1990), with superimposed

vl vr

hydroisostatic adjustments. The degree of hydro-

isostatic deformation for this setting is likely to be

similar to that registered elsewhere at sites close to

the continental shelf edge in southern Australia, such

as at Port Lincoln, which records about 500 mm of

emergence since the culmination of the post glacial

marine transgression (Belperio 1995),

Overlying these beds of the shelly sandflat facies is

a dune, 5-6 m high, of vegetated, but otherwise

essentially unconsolidated carbonate-quartz, sand.

Included within the dune is an horizon of numerous

Fig. 5. Basal rubble breeeia bed with cobble size clasts of reworked aeolian calcarenite, believed to represent storm wave

beach debris. A sandy bed with preserved molluse shells overlies the breecia. Geological hammer for scale.

Fig. O, Detail of fossil mollusc shells, which are here mostly disirticulated, convex upwards and partly imbricated,

signilying some degree of transportation. The pen indicates scale.

HOLOCENE GEOMORPHIC CLLIANGE, COASTAL ROBE RANGE. W)

large shells of Tarte sp. together with an associiled

lag of shells on an erosion surface. which is here

interpreted ais a Late Horizon Aboriginal midden

(Figs 4.8). A specimen of shell was tiken from this

deposit for radiocarbon dating.

Radiocarbon daling

Radiocarbon datine of the fossil motlitses,

invelving Viquid scintillation counting of residual

radiocarbon, followed che conventional methods is

Gupta &

documented by Poluch (1985). As

pretreaiment, before sample preparation. (he fossil

shells were rigorously etehed in co 4M hydrocliloric

acid. The conventional tadiocarbon uges were

calibrated to sidereal years using, the program of

Suiver & Reimer (1993), which included a

correction fer the marine reservoir effect for

southern Australian ocean surface waters (450435 y |

(Gillespie & Polach 1979), With [he exception ol the

Turbo sp. trom Nora Creina (Beta-104522), all the

radidearbon ages were calculated using estimated

613C values, Results are reported in Table I.

‘

sr a

-w i 7 ’

’ f ’

Fig. 7 Exposed upper surface ol (he shell hed. The pen indicates seule,

Lig. & Shells of Vihar sp. as a tag deposit derived fron) a Late Horizon Aboriginal midden in the dune, Phe larger shells

are about When din nerer,

Ay, JE CANN & CV. MURRAY WALLACE

Micrapulienntolor

The sediment sumple eollecied from the shell bed

cropping cul al Nor Crem Bay was souked in tap

wilten to hieiinie disugyregition and wee sieved lo

remove sediment grins <Q125 mln The retained

Material wes air dered andl sieved to ebtiinthe grain

size Iravtion O.50-0.25 mim for nvieroseupic exuns-

inion, Ciraiis from this: fraction were raudomly

sprinkled on toa picking tray. and (he observed tests

Of focuiinitera were identified and removed tou

Shiri microtossil slide. However, polished or

whruded tests, ar (hose af yellow- brow) colouration

ond MAC With duthigente cement, were excluded

aS these were all presumed to be reliet. Mure than

S00 Individuals were extracted and identitied. and

Ihe nomerihabundunee of species was evalitated as

iin Tndiculiae oF the palueoonyiraninent,

Results and Discussion

Radincarhon ages

The (adiecarbon age delurmined tor shell of

Aalelystu seularina al Nora Creina Bay, calrbraied (a

sidlercil years. is 360041400 y cal BP and that for

furbo sp. in the overlying dune sane is 740+) 30. y

eal BP (Table 1), Cink ef ah (1998) reported

fadiocarbon ages which indicate that the postwhiecial

marine transgression iito the coastal lagoon behind

Robe Range wus mitiated ¢ 7500 ¥ BP. Otherwise,

Nissil shells collected from autoehthonois deposits

OF oysters wid cockles within this lagoon consistently

wielded clales uruimd S500-000) y BI and shells

From coquinuil deposils were us young as, 2000 y

BP 'Thas the age for the shelly sediments wt Neru

Crema is consistent Wilh sedimenkition within the

sutier purtol the postglucial mitrine: LrnsatessTon

nd points to Whe formerly more extensive intertidul

SHelly sandflal onvironment on the seaward side of

Kuhe Ranges,

haraninilerd

Mictoscopie examinaion af the sediment grin

sive traction Q.50-0.25 mom, fromthe shelly sedumnent

at Nora Crema Buy, revealed that ree greups of

Foruminifera consitite almost three quarters ob the

assemblage feoulrie influ VOrbigay + 7

Ohlowwd (Moe! 16%, Discorbis dtarediares

(Pivker & Jones) 30% and Elphidiune erispan

(Linne) 26%, Lesser species, each making up 35%

were Nubevidarie lucie Detrunee. Spiraloeutina

nmin POP ieny. Ouingueloculing subpulvania

Porranl Trifmeuling wrivartiate (WV Orbieny) Suely a

disnibubon Ob species is Consistent with a sud Mal

environment. as tifered from the matluses. Species

SHEN US Kowilite disteatis (Parr) Cibieides sp. de

Manthort with Phonudineides bieoncavis (ones &

Parker), (hat pmeht alherwise have signtlicd more

pronounced influence of the open ocean, are esc

represented by only a single specimen.

Crntsral sanid/lary

Duriig the carly Wo mid Holocene, ¢. S600 yeurs

ago, the Nora Crema Bay aren, the coastal marine

settiis hosted populilions of marine molluses and

foraminifera which together imply the existence cl

UH Hitertidial sandfhit envirGrment. Mappers that, it

the culmination of (he postelacial prarine (rans

ffession, such environments were initially erewled

shelfered dircis, such as eroded enibayments, afd

Were adjacent Wo clusters of se stacks and small

islands (erosional tenants of the Lute Pleistocene

component ol Robe Range), The veolian caludrenites

which comprise Robe Range are variably lithitivd

and the fragmented nature of the present buiseape

alesis lO CMenSiVve erosion of fhe less consolidated

sediments by the forces of the Southern Qeeun. Phe

eroded! remnants oF Robe Range can be teawed (or up

yn Lk offshore and their presence implies ay

avenge neoF copstil recession of 43 mney | since

the culmination of the postglacial marine truins

sression some 7000 years ao, This loeah mate of clitl

re(real is up fo three Dines greater thin. hat reported!

by Twidale (1997) for various sites on Byre

Peninsula, The large quantities of reliel carbonate

ochists. (hal impart the distinetive yellow-brawr

colour to the sands af the present day beach jm the

Hulovene coustil dunes of the Robe Range comples,

dUest Lo the degree of erosion of the older aeolianive

succession. With continued erosion of the protective

sticks and ishinds at the seaward cdee of Rohe

Range, the sand tits that tad formerly hosted: the

intertidal Maud as ip the Nora Creina embayment

beewne exposed lo tnabatec marine erosion. The

suinds were’ redistributed. partly as a transgressive

hlanket of purabolic dunes. constititing the most

recent phase of construction of Robe Runge and alse

partly aloog the Cost 1 be deposited in the protected

environments that were te become Guichen anid

Rivoli Buys. These latter sediments are poy

represented as a series of relied foredunes (Sprige

1952; Cann elk 199} 1998,

Rarndvsle shelly te ihe Earthy Mavizon midden es

Little Dip

Cann ef th (i991) originally proposed: that the

shells of Aiifedyyrad cockles, sathered as a food sone

by Aborinal peciple, ind now preserved within the

Wehacostpatizraphie Early Horizen ntidden at Little

Dip, had originated in the Helucene biaek-burricr

couslal Tagoon hehind Robe Ringe, Laree

populations of molluscs, especially Kates spp.

hewwme established within this lagoon and their

shelly remains accumulated lormins estensive

Hioclastic sediments, As the radiocarbon ave [ron

HOLOCINE GEOMORPHIC CHANG. COASTAL ROBE RANGE

Kalelvsie sp. shell in the Tarly Horizon midden ps

more than 3000-y older than the ages from Karedysid

spp-in the nearby auitoehithonous back-barrien lagoon

sediments, iF bow appears unlikely that the shells in

the midden had their origin in the lagoonal waterway.

The racdioearbon dated fossil A. seelarina fram Nora

Creinw confirms that, ia sheltered setiings along the

Holocene coast. hosptlable environments prevutled

lor this molluse, HW would seen that, in the early

Holocene, Aboriginal people harvested the cockles

from intertidal sand flat environments on the seaward

side of Lille Dip. As nay be inferred from the

availible radiocarbon dale (Cann ef af, 1998), this

wis probubly several hondred years belore the

postghicial marme transgression Mouoded the low

lying lind hehind Robe Range.

Conclusions

AL the culmination of the postglacial murine

(ransgression, the seawird side of Robe Range. new

Nora Cremacand Lite Dip, provided shellered buck -

harrier Settings in whieh sands were deposited and

intertidal mollises, especially Katelysia spp., were

uble to thrive. Aboriginal people gathered these

eeekles as a food source. us evidenced by the

abundant shell reiains ip the Early Horizon midden

at Lite Dip. The less consolidated parts of (he

heach/dune barrier suceumbed to the erosive forces

of the Southern Ocean, (hus redueiny this feature

over time to (he linear array of sea stacks and small

ishunels thal characterise the seaward edge of Robe

Range today. The unprotected sandflaty were (hus

exposed (o the open Geean and then sediments were

redistributed, Much sand was blown onshore its a

hlunket of transgressive coastal duties, Sand was alse

transported along the const and: deposited in the

sheltered ureas that became Ciuichen and Rivoli

Bays. Radiocarbon ages lor the Early Horizon

midden shells at Litthe Dip. and for the Kete/vsia

yealarme from the sandal facies at Nora Crema,

constrain: this environmental change to the lime

mleryal c. ROQO-S600 y BP

Acknowledgments

The authors thank No EL Alley and M. White for

theircritical reviews of the paper, and J. Bird for her

vareful editing. Many of their belphal conupents

have been adopted by the authors

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Till, Creal, Sum 8. Anyi. 29

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440-305,

THREE NEW SPECIES OF STRONGYLOID NEMATODES FROM

THYLOGALE STIGMATICA (GOULD, 1860) AND THYLOGALE

THETIS (LESSON, 1828) (MARSUPIALIA: MACROPODIDAE)

By J. E. GRIFFITH*

Summary

Griffith, J. E. (1999) Three new species of strongyloid nematodes from Thylogale

stigmatica (Gould, 1860) and Thylogale thetis (Lesson, 1828) (Marsupialia:

Macropodidae). Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 123(2), 53-60, 31 May, 1999.

Thylonema woodalli sp. noy. is described from the stomach of pademelons Thylogale

stigmatica and T. thetis from Queensland. Thylonema woodalli differs from

congeners in the shape of the buccal capsule. Thylonema clelandae sp. nov. is

described from the stomach of the pademelon, Thylogale stigmatica. Thylonema

clelandae differs from congeners in the shape of the buccal capsule, the sclerotised

folds in the oesophageal bulb, lip-like structures in the buccal capsule and lack of an

annulus in the wall of the buccal capsule.

Key Words: Thylogale stigmatica, Thylogale thetis, Thylonema woodalli sp. nov.,

Thylonema clelandae sp. nov., Thylostrongylus franklinae sp. nov., nematodes, new

species, Macropodidae.

Transactions of the Reval Society ef S, Aust, (1999), 123(2), 53-60,

THREE NEW SPECIES OF STRONGYLOID NEMATODES FROM THYLOGALE

STIGMATICA (GOULD, 1860) AND THYLOGALE THETIS (LESSON, 1828)

(MARSUPIALIA; MACROPODIDAE)

by J. E. Griverry

Summary

Grier J. E1999) Theres new species of strongylod nematodes trom Tevlogele sigiation (Gould, EXG0) and

Tivlegele thetly (hanson, (S28) (Marsupjalia; Macropodidue), Vrayts. R. See. 8. Aust, 123(2), 53-00. 41 May, 1999,

Thyloneme weedallé sp. nov. is described from the stomach of the pademelons Thylugule siigutaticn and fe

thers trom Queensland, Thyloneme wondelfi differs from congeners in the shape of the buccal capsule.

Tivlenema Clelandde sp. noy. is described from the stomach of the pademelon, Thivlogete stipiedticu.

Tivloneme clelindae itfers tram congeners in the shape of the buveal capsule, the selerotised folds in the

oesophageal bulb. lip-like structures in the buecal capsule and lack of an annulus in the wall of the buceil

capsule. Thvlostronuylas franklinae sp. ney. is described from the stomach of the padentelon Urylowele

Vivminee Wom Oniveenslind (diflers trem congeners in the proportions of the buccal capsule. the prominence

oF striations al the buceal capsule, spicule length, the origin of the dorsal ry and overallsize,

Key WORDS) Tivtagele stigmatic, Thylogale tetis, Trylanema woodalll sponoy.. Thytonenie clelandae sp.

nov, Prylostrangvles franklinae sp. nov, nematodes, new species, Macropodidae,

Introduction

The nematode parasites of the red-legeed pude-

Inclon, Thylogele stiematicn Gould, 1560. trom

Queensland. include a highly distinctive series of

species or gener cither restricted to this host or

occurring in closely related species (Beveridge er al.

1992; Spratt ev af, 1991). Towever, although the

helminth communities of Thylovale sfiginaticn

streamed, Gould. 1860 bave been investigated in

weas north of Townsville (Beveridge er al. 1992),

only a limited number of padenielons belonging to

olher species or subspecies has been examined in

southern Queenstand and northern New South Wales

(lohnston & Mawson 1939; Beveridge 1982, 1983),

During ao investigation of the helminth communiies

ol Thylowale stigmaticn wileoxt M’ Coy, 1866 and 7.

ihetix Lesson, 1828 collected fron southern

Queenslind and northern New South Wales, several

undescribed nematodes were encountered. This

uiper presents the deseripltian of wo new species ol

7ivlonena Beveridge, 1981 undone new species ol

Thvlostroneytis Beveridac, 1982,

Materials and Methods

yudemelons were collected opportumsucally us

road kills and stored at -20° C. Carcuses were thawed

~ Veterinary Clinica) Cenmre, The University oh Melbourne

250) Pemices Hwy Wertibee Vie, S040,

und a sample of stomach content was collected [rom

various regions af the stomach and fixed in 10%

formalin. Nemaiodes were removed from stomach

content, washed in waller, cleared in Jactophenol, ana

examined using an Olympus BH2 microscope.

Deawings were made with the aid of adrawing tube,

Measurements are given in micrometers, unless

otherwise stated. as the range followed by the mean

in parentheses. Type specimens haye been deposited

in the South Austrihiin. Museum, Adelaide (SAMA).

Thylonema woodalli sp. nov.

(FIGS |-8)

Holanpe, S&S, trom the stomach of Tlifovele

viigmralice wilcox’ (MO Coy. 18660), Mount Glorious

Queensland, 1994. coll, Po Woodall SAMA AHC

31299,

Alowpe: & SAMA AHC 34300,

Paratypes: 3 35, 7 28, SAMA AHC 31301,

31302,

Other material examined: trom Thylevale

sHigmatica: Queensland: 4 32, 2 99, Green

Mountain. Lamington National Park. SAMA AHC'

31305; 1 d. Palmerston, SAMA AHC 31325; from

Thvlogale thetis: Queensland: | 3,1 9. Lamineton

National Park, SAMA AHC 31306.

Devyeriplion

Small, whitish nematodes: body covered with

54 J, E. GRIPRITH

numerous fine annulations; cephalic collar absent:

mouth opening slittike to oval, laterally clongated:

two small amphids present on lateral extremities of

mouth opening; dorsal and ventral lips cach with two

bilobed cephalic papillae: papillae not projecting

above lips, bilohed medially, rounded laterally,

single seta protruding between lobes: buceal capsule

wider in dorsal than in lateral view. antenor and

posterior extremities of wall poorly sclerotised;

central region forming heavily selerotised annulus;

wall of buecul capsule thickened anteriorly on

dorsoventral and lateral aspects, terminating

anteriorly. posterior to mouth opening in medially-

directed expansions: buccul capsule wall tapering

posteriorly: oesophagus elongate, corpus cylindrical.

widening slightly posteriorly: isthmus short; bulb

elongate. clavate, as wide as corpus; nerve ring

encircling oesophagus at isthmus: deirids slightly

unterior lo terye ring: secretory-exerelory pore al

oesophago-intestinal junction,

Male (Measurements of 8 specimens) (Pigs 1-7)

Figs 1-8. Thyloneme woadalli sp, nov. from the pademelons. Thylogale stigmaricu and T. thetis. 1, Anterior end, lateral view,

2. Anterior extremity lateral view. 3. Anterior extremity dorsal view, 4. Aa faee view of anterior extremity, 5. Submediin

cephalic papilla. lateral view. 6. Bursa, apical view, 7. Genital cone, dorsal yiew. §. Pemale tail, lateral view. Scale bars

= 0.01 mim, 2-5, 0.1 mm. 1, 6-8,

NEMATODES FROM PADEMELONS 33

Lemh 5.04-7.40 (6.72) nim maximum width

JHO-480 (ASR): huceal capsule 35-45 (40) x 45-110

CX) a lateral siew: Oespphig ts HOU-S4O (736):

nerve png bo anterior end 420-580 (S05), secretory

excretary pare townterior end GIO-RAD (795): deiricds

(oO anterior end 370-410 (390). Bursal lobes not

separtieds ventral din lyteral lobes: joined, literal

lobes distinct [rom slightly lonwer dorsal lobes

ventral lobes joined ventrally: yeotraventral and

ventrolalenal tysvipposed, reaching margin of bursic

externolatenth ray divergent fron lateral trank,

dost reuching murein of birpsiy, mediokiweral and

posterolateral rays apposed, reaching margin al

bursa; externodorsil ney arising close to hater trunk.

hot redebine weieein ol bursa: dorsal ray dividine at

mieleoeil) ilo (wo slender arecdate. bawmehlets,

almost reaching margin of bursa; two small, lateral

pruwiches arising soon alter level of major bi-

Fareation: spicules narrdw, elongule, alittle, | 7-22

(2.0) (or longs hie With fife Hatisverse sufatons:

anterior extrenubes OF spreules irreeiiarly: Knobhea:

fips pormed; anterior tip oF wenital cone prominent.

conieal: posterior lip with Iwo bulbaus pupillue and

arnay oof (erewukur projections dorsal fo then:

BUbCTHUCULT abneril

Henude (Measurements of LO specimensy (Mig $4

Length S.08-970 (48) a, masini wrth

390-550 (4749); buceal capsule 35-50 (45) 4 70-105

(HO) im fateral views Oesophieus 700-860 (786):

nerve Hing to umerion end 490-9 70 (320): secretary-

exerclory pare Loainterior end 770-950 (Be0 ): detids

Lo anterior end 430 (430); tai) short, eormend, 450-580)

(S05) long: vulva jmmedtatety anterior bo atus, 820-

(O00) (899) from posterior end; avejector loug-

iidinally disposed; eves thin-shelled, ellipsyordal.

MO ATO(9S) x F060 (ST

Sue of infectunr

Stomach,

Wivntoloay

Named in honour of Dr P. Woodall, Departitient ol

Anatomy, University ol Queenstined,

Remarks

The species lulls within the strongyloid subfinnily

Cloaeiininue Stossich, (899, based on the eviindyrient

buceah cupsule, the Tongitudinally disposed) owve-

jeclor, The ormin of the Cxternodorsal rey with the

lateral rays and the two pairs of branches to the

dorsal ray (bichlenfels P9Y80). Th also has a poorly

selerotised buecs) Capsule with prominent annulus

und tacks a leat erawn placing it within the tribe

Coronostromeyviinea Beveridge, 19h6.

The species is placed within the venus Thvlonenid

because Of the laterally elongated mouth opening

the annular thickenings ol the nid-region al the

buecal capsule and the characteristic morpholouy of

the cephalic papillae. whieh are Inlobed medially

Willa Sela arising belween (he lohes of each papilla

Other yenera of the Corupostrongylinea. (Coraine

wrraieyttiy Johnston & Mawson 1939) Papaveise

rongyvins, Mawson 1977 and Papillostmeylian

Johnston & Mayyson. 1939) have conical cephalie

puplie with one or bwo setie arising from the upes

und aire not bilobeet

The new speaes 1 distimeuished from eoagerers

by the morphology af the buceal capsule am the

Shape ol ts dorsal and ventral Miekenines. feutunes

that distinguish other congeners (Beveridge LOST),

The (hhekecoing of the buecal capsule i ln woedalls

uppeus Lo he w prominentrinmg of material encireling

the mid-region of the buceal annulus as in 7

tivionentd. Thvleneina arundeli Was & V-shiped

buccal capsule ii hieral view, whieh is widest ante.

rivrly and Gipers posteciorky, while the huceut

wonulus of 7 barker? Ties at the base oF the capsule

(Beveridge LORKL) Spieules of the new speeies: ure

{70-2.22 rim Jong compared with) {22-148 min in

Th, artndelr, | Q-LO2 mam in Th. davfonentes, ail

18-170 mm an Thy barker’ (Bevernise 19ST),

Thyloncma werrlalli is distivgnished tram Th

Hivlonemea by the shape of the buecul cupsule,

sfretile Jengths and the lack of prominent lateral fips

hearing amphids in the mew species,

Beveridge (1981) observed that the genus

Thelonene. common an LE siitetatied, Wael nat heer

found i Thylogide thetfy. Phe present studs

documents 2 thetiy uy a bost for Tvlonenie worl

ally, However Th weed? was tougd inonty one 7

Hhetis OF ten examined, conipared with four or live &

Migmaftica wileoat tron the same region, Le is

possible. therefore, that 7h. weedalle ty an example

of bowt-switebing trom /. signeaioe lo 2, dreds sine

both species are sympatric at the collection sites. Its

inferesiing that the other three species within the

wenus lave nol been reported from 7 ifreliy despite

high prevalences of infection tn sympatric pop-

ulations of 7. signee wileoxt (unpub),

Tivfanemu woodelly was prevalent in Ts. wiley

in southeastern Gueenshincl bur was not reparivd by

Bevenidee ef af. (1992) From Toy. awiiguneiedt in

northern Queensland. The current records include

the occurrence Of One male in Los, sfigdtapicd Troy

the Atherton region, mdicwing Unit ie is present iy

northery Queenshind. thoueh ab a very low prey-

ilenee.

Thylonema elelandae sp. ny,

(FIGS 9-14)

Halowpe: 4 trom stomuich ol Chviogale stigniiticn

56 J. E. GRIFFITH

wileoad (M' Coy, 1866), Green Mountain, Lamington

National Park Queensland, 1994. coll. P Woodall.

SAMA AHC 31296.

Allatyper 9, SAMA AHC 31297.

Pararvpes: 6 3 5,3 29° AHC SAMA 31298.

Descriplion

Small, white nematodes: body coyered with

numerous. fine annulations: mouth opening circular

in apical view. with numerous lip-like structures

projecting internally from anterior extremity ol

buccal capsule: two small amphids present:

submedian cephalic papillae bilobed medially,

rounded Jaterally; single short seta protruding

medially between lobes; buccal capsule cylindrical:

lumen of buccal capsule narrowing anteriorly: inner

margin of buceal cupsule sclerotised to level of

cephalic collar, continuing to mouth opening:

Pies 0-14. Thylonena elelandee sp. nov, fram the pademelon, Thiv/eeele sifentetica. 9 Anterior end. lateral view, 10,

Anterior extremly, lateral view. 11. Anterior extremity, dorsal view, 12. En face view of anterior extremity. 13. Bursy,

apical view. 14. Female tail, lateral view. Scale bars = 01 mim, 9. 13-14: 0.01 mm, 10-12.

NEMATODES FROM PADEMELONS “a

oesophagds elongate: corpus eylindrical, widening

slightly posteriorly: isthmus shorty bulb elorte,

clavate, wider than corpus with distinetive oblique

thickenings oF the linings nerve rings eneireting

besophagis ar isthmus: deirids slightly anterior lo

Herve fin, Seeretory-excrelory pore anterior bo

Hcsaphiino- Meshal jlnetion.

Mile (Measurements of § specimens? (Figs 9-13)

Lemeth 5-408 (4.6) ni tan swith 200-

440 (246), buceal capsule 17-20 (20) » 20-35 (2K) in

lateral Wew; oesophagus 425-465 (439); nerve ring

to anterior end 245-260 (253): seerelory-exerelory

pore to anterior end 370-590 f4 ER): deirids to

unlenion Gnd 235-285 (269). bursdl lobes not well

separated, ventral and dateral lobes joined, lateral

lobes distinet Trom slightly longer darsal lobe,

yenimil lobes joined ventrally: ventraventral and

yentralatinil nus apposed, reaching margit of bursa

externoluteral ray divergent Prom hueral trunk,

almost reaching Mang of bursa; rnediolateral aid

postlerolaleral rays apposed, reaching niargin ol

bursa extermodorsal ray arismng close to the lateral

tink, nol reaching margin of hursiy dorsal pay

dividing ah inideleagth tite. twa slender areuate

brinches, almost reaching marin of Bursay Iwo

somal hoeral branches arising soon alter level of

major bifurcations spiedles narrow, elongate, adhute,

1530-1680 (L576) mim thw with fine (rainsverse

Sitions: anterior extremihes Of spicules irregularly

hnobbed: Ups pointed: anteria’ lip of genital cone

prominent, coniculs posterior tip with two bulbous

pupillaes gabermacaluny absent,

Female (Measurements of 4 specimens) (Pig. 14)

Length 3.05-5.39 (5.22) mm, maximum width

WHOS (264): buccal capsule 18-20 (19) ¢ 25.98

(26) in hilerul view, oesophagus 430-500) 456);

herve ring to anterior end 255-320 (275): severetwry-

excretory pure to iterior end 405-425 (410); deirids

fo dnterion end 285 (285), a short, coniesl, 300 335

(423) lone: volyataniceiately anterior ta aus, 35-

450 (144) from posterior ends; oveyoctor donei-

tudinally disposed: eres thinepticlled, ellipsordiil, 70+

BO CST)» AOS (3).

Ste ef nifechean

Stomach,

Pryinlawy

Nace

Cheha),

in honour of Mis Bo La Nauve (née

Remarks

The new species is allocated to Viv/eneme Vor the

sume reasons us those presented above lor 77

woe. Thylonenea clelindie is listinguished trom

ull congeners by the shape of the buccal capsule.

whieh diminishes in diameter anteriorly and lacks u

prominent annulus or tlaekening. The encular rout)

opening in eross section, the lip-like projections of

the bucea! cupsule into the mouth opening and the

seleratised folds within the oesophageal bulb alse

emible (his species to be distihngiished from

congeners,

The bueea! capsule of 7, v/lefandee is most similar

to that al 7, barker’, However Th. elelanedae lacks

the characteristic annulus present at (he buse of the

buccal capsule of 7, Parker. The annulus oecurs at

the mid region of the buceal cupsule af 7h

Hivioneima, Th. aenndeli and Th. Wweedall, Spieules

af the new species are |S3-168 (158) mm long

compared with 1,702.22 mm in 7. woodulli, 1.22

14k mor in Th arvndeli, 191-202 mm in Th,

thylamema and VelR-1. 700 mov in Th betrkers

(Bevericge JOST),

The mouth opening at 7), barkerris more rounded

than in congeners ind is sometimes folded to eive

the uppearance of tiny lips or leaf crown elements

and therelore it as similar te that of 7h. elekarelee:

However. (rie lipdike appendages are present only

in the buccal cupsale ol T), clelandae.

In The cleladae, (he genital cone is complex. as in

other species OF Thyleneme. with ww prominent

vomeal anterior tip und bulbous papillae on the

posterior lip.

The venus Thyvlonewea has until now been

characterised both by distinetively shiped sub

median papillae avd the presence of ( sevlerotised

annulus surrounding the buccal capsule. Tayler

clelundae Jacks the annulus. though in some

specimens the posterior part of the buecal cupsute

wall is slightly thicker than the anterior part

However, Th. clelandee possesses (he characteristic

cephalic papillae of the venus (hereby confirming

this character as its key distinguishing teawre, The

labial crown GF numerous fine elements isu novel

jHorphological character for the genus.

Thylostrongylus franklinae sp. ny.

(FIGS 15-23)

Holompe: 3 trom stomach of Thylagile stivnnince

Wwileer, Green Mountain. Lamington National Pak

Queensland. July $99 coll, Po Woudull SAMA

AHO 31307,

Miotype: 2, SAMA AHC 3130s,

Puruiypes: 2 3d. 8 9 Y. SAMA, ALIC 31409,

Desentpitan

Small nematodes withourakie of longitudinal hody

38 J. GRIPTITH

striations: body covered, with numerous, line

transverse annulations; cephalic collar distinet.

demareated on anterior and posterior borders by

transverse sutures: collar pierced by two amphids

and four larger submedian papillae each bearing two

stout setae: external labial crown with eight blunt-

tipped sculptured petaloid clements. arising

internally to cephalic collar; mouth circular in cross

section; buccal capsule cylindrical, subdivided

longitudinally. slightly longer than wide. heavily

sclerotised with numerous fine transverse striations:

small cavity containing granular material surr-

ounding anterior end of buccal capsule; oesophagus

short, corpus cylindrical: isthmus short; bulb ovoid:

lumen of bulb with elongate sclerotised plates:

nerve ring encircling oesophagus at isthmus,

Figs 15-23, Thyfestrangeylis franklinae sp. noy. from the pademelon, Tivligale srigmeatica. 15. Anterior end, literal view.

16. Anterior extremity. lateral view, 17. Anterior extremiry. ventral view. Es. En face view of anterior extrentity, 1.

Bursa. lateral yiew, 20, Dorsal and externodorsal rays of bursa. dorsal view. 21, Burs. ventral view. 22. Genital cone.

dorsal yiew. 24. Pemale tail. lateral view. Seale bars = 0.1 mm, 15. 19-21, 23; 0.01 mm, 16-18. 22.

NEMATODES FROM PADLMLLONS 54

seetetory-excrerory pare al level oF nerve ring:

dears just anterior lo phiurynago-initestial jusetion:

anterior projections of intestinal wall absent,

Male (Mcusinements of 3 specimens) (Figs 15-22)

Lene 6.4-6.6 46.5) mi, maxlinum width 290

3201 (307): buccal capsule 35-40 (97) x 25 (25) in

lateral view. oesophagits 640-690 (073): nerve ring

fo unterion end S10-S60 (S40): sceretory-excretory

pore fe anterior end 660-680 (667); deans bo

anterior end 580-590 (5821, bursa shorts lobes yor

separated from one another: mo bosses or siritons

presenk on bir: veutroventeal aad ventrolateral

rivs slender. apposed, reaching nourgin oF bursa;

medholiterd atid) pesterolatera) rays long. thin,

apposed reaching margin of bursa; externolatcral

tay divergear, shorter than other lateral rays.

jointing duteral trunk near origin, hot reaching

maui of bursa, externodorsal ray arising close (6

lateral (runk. rewehing margin OF bursay dorsal ray

stoutin onbins dividing at. length inte two long,

niurrow bringhes: GWo Short later! beanehtets

leaving ai branches ahone hall the tort length:

genital cone prominent; anterior Tip coment, biree

with two large lateral appendages; 2 trilobed veniral

appendiees on dorsal aspeed of cloaca, pai ol here

wdfn) fatheral qappendiages present. MUNeTOLs

projections deereasime in leneth from ventral to

Uotsabaspeer arouod prosterior lip. arranged racially

around pusterior lips sprewles slender, clonpate.

alate, (S2-199 (1K) min alae With ruimerotis

Ininsyerse osiriions, unlerior extremities «|

spleules iregulacly knobbeds distil lips potiled:

alae Hipering towirds spreule Gps, vubermueculim

absent, cocdile thickening present at junetion af

spreule shealhs; clone ihickenmgs present i)

ventral wall al spicule sheath, posterior ty corde

thickening,

Female (Measurements ob O speenmens) (Fig. 23)

Lenvih 6.3-7-5 (71) im. maximum width 49-

4037s bueeal capsule 25-40 (28.9) ~ 35-45 034) in

hirer) vinww: Vesephewiiihs ABO T4O 7 LO) nerve rite

WW anterior end S40-680 (S87): seereiory-excretory

fore (oO unterigr ene A274 p77) deals ty

anterior end S60620 (S80) tak lon. oradualhy

faperine lo point, 370500 Clb VULe Ta pyedtiitely

anlerior fa amis, S80) 740 (O38 Fy Prone pastarbay eral

vuging long, straight thick walled, S00-17S50 (405),

leading to longitudinally placed ovejechory ees

ellipsoid Hn stielled. 70-1 TO G48 1x SO (46)

Sie of iifection

Stamh.

Mivannlosy:

Named in honour of Dr Ry Vrankiia.

Remarks

This species belongs to the stromuylon! suhbinily

Cloacininue Stossich, T8989, becuase Th possesses at

eylindrieal bueedl capsule. and a Tingitudinally

disposed aveyector, the origin oF the extermudorsat fay

is Close to the lateral rays dnd there are two pairs of

branches on the dorsal ray (Lichtentels 1980), ‘Phe

speeics belongs te the genus Tey lesrrengy/ias

Beveridge, 1982. bevause it hits a disinet cephalic

colli pierced by two dmphids and four submedian

papillae. an external labial crown of elghr elements

surrounding the rmeuth opening, a cirentar ioe

openiig and hues! capsule ii cross section ain

vlongate osclerotised plates lining the oval

oesophageal bulb (Beveridge L982),

Thylostrangylis franklinge ditlers trom 7s, parveis

iW the proportions of the hueval capsule. which

reseinble more closely those of 7%. tasmiaidenyiy (see

Beveridge JY82) Te differs from 7s. dasmeiiienses tn

having prorninent striations on the buccal capsule, in

spice length. in the origin uf the dorsal tay anc in

overall sive (Beveridge 1982). Ip differs. frond 7%:

parvas and Ty ravneientycs in lotal length, maxiniun

widih. length from (he nerve ring lo ainterior ead,

length from the seeretory-exeretory pore to. the

anterior end, length fron the deinids to the aaniterion

cod, length of the spiewies. length from the wulva to

the posterior end, lenath of the tart aad Uhe size of the

vee (Beveridge [982 ATL measurements in 7h,

fravklinae are sulstanually greater Thin those ob Ty.

porvus and DS. dasineniensis (Beveridge 1982). "The

cephalic papillae have (wo sete in 7h. freamiliree as

Jo those of 2s. parvins, wheres Thy. fesmentiienshs bias

Only one set an cach subinedian paupilhe Beveridge

1987), However, the setae are extremely dilfient ta

sue clearly.

Discussion

Species of the pacropodid wens F/yfovle hw

been reporled lo hirbour a rekiliwely diverse

communily oF strony loid nemalontes (Beveritge ey

vil. 1992), The helminth community ametudes a

number of distinetive genera. whieh are Tound onby

within pademelois, for example Chafee

Beveridge O81, Tidgenostonena Beveridge 198 lL

Crysvpeiid Beveridge & Johnsin L98t, Tile

stroruyiis Beverec POX Jeriverrangyiis Bev

enidge L983. or oceur prinmurily Wallin padenielois

Wilh One Or more exceptions Qecurrine in other

nieropodid hosts, such as Menon Beveridge

& Jolson PX). Tredlowene Beveridge [08s

inl Wellabineme Beveridge 1983, The three species

deseribedl in this paper conform 1 venen whieh ure

found only as parasites ol padunielors.

‘The addition of (hree yew species ta the epectrirty

oO J. BE. GRIFFITH

of helminth parasites described from pademelons

Supports the hypothesis that the pademelons

harbour a distinctive nematode parasite fauna in

comparison with other macropodid marsupials

(Beveridge e/ af. 1992), The reasons for the relative

diversity and distinctive parasitic community found

within species of Thylogale are not clear.

Acknowledgments

| wish to thank P, Woodall (University of

Queensland) for collection of specimens and TI.

Beveridge for help with initial identification and

constructive comments on the manuscript and

figures.

References

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Strongyloidea) from the pademelon 7/iy/ogale

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A REDESCRIPTION OF THE AUSTRALIAN EOCENE FOSSIL,

MONOCOTYLEDON PETERMANNIOPSIS

(LILIANAE: AFF. PETERMANNIACEAE)

By JOHN G. CONRAN*® & DAVID C. CHRISTOPHEL*

Summary

Conran, J. G. & Christophel, D. C. (1999) A redescription of the Australian Eocene

fossil monocotyledon Petermanniopsis (Lilianae: aff. Petermanniaceae). Trans. R.

Soc. 8. Aust. 123(2), 61-67, 31 May, 1999.

The fossil monocotyledon Petermanniopsis angleseaénsis Conran et al. was known

previously only from a single incomplete mummified leaf from the Site IJ Lens B of

the Anglesea Coal Mine fossil deposit, Victoria. The recognition of three additional

leaf impressions with cuticles from the Site I Mesophyll and Site II Lens B lenses at

Anglesea allows for the amendment of the original description to include the leaf apex

and estimates of size and cuticular variability. The leaves are confirmed as

acrodromous, with acuminate apices and a short drip tip. The usefulness of the

unusual marginal venation in Petermanniopsis as an identifying feature is also

discussed. In addition, the stomata are brachyparacytic and amphibrachyparacytic,

rather than anomocytic, as reported previously.

Key Words: Petermanniopsis, angleseaénsis, monocotyledon, macrofossil, Eocene,

Anglesea, Victoria. Australia.

Transactions af da Ravel Sactety af. Aus (1999), L302, OL G7.

A REDESCRIPTION OF THE AUSTRALIAN EOCENE FOSSIL MONOCOTYLEDON

PETERMANNIOPSIS (LILLANAE: AFF. PETERMANNIACEAE)

hy JOHN G. CONRAN: & Davin C. CHRISTOPHED,

Summary

Conan. JG. & Chestornn, B.C,

(1999) A redescriprion of the Australian bKovene fossil monoeolytedon

Perermammops’y (Lilknae: aff Pelermanniacese), Trams. Sore 8, Aust 123(2). 61-67. 31 May. 1900

The fossil monocotyledon Pererniamiopsis aneleseacases Conn etal was known previously only (rar at

single incomplete muniimnitied teal fron the Site TE Lens Boot the Ariglesea Coal Mine fossil depasit, Vietorla,

The recognition of three additional teal impressions with eutieles from the Site |Mesophyll and Site TH Lens B

lenses ut Anglesea ullows for the amendment of the original description to inchide the leaf apes and estimates

af sive aud cuticukir yartibility. The leaves are eontirmnied as veradromous. with Heuimninate apiees und a short

drip tip. The usefultiess of the unusual marginal venation in Peternamiuepwis as ae identitying feature is alse

discussed. fy addinan, the stomate are brachyparievie and amphibrachyparaeytic, father than anomocytie, us

reported previously,

Key Works:

AUSTRALE.

Introduction

Vhe fossil net-vemned monocetyledon Perer

mannlopsis aneleseaeasts Conran et al. is known

froma partial mummified lea recovered from Site

Lens Boat the Alcoa Anglesea locality in) Victoria

(38° 25'S, 138" 28' ey Pig. 1) in a Late Middle

Rocene fossitiferous clay lens (Conran ef ef 1994),

The geology of this deposit has been deseribed by

Christophel ef el. (1987). Subsequent exumimution of

the collections of fossilised leal compressions held at

the University of Adelaide Botany Department

paluaeobotuny collection (ADU) revealed the

presence of an additional three specimens referable

fo this taxon, two fron the Site Ue Lens Band one

from the Site | Mesophyll Lens. All of these

specimens showed culiculur preservation. and (wo

were more or less complete leaves, This enables the

amendment of the description for 2 aigleseadnyiy bo

include information about the leal apex and to verily

and/or expand the raige of variation seen im the

aehiectural and cuticular features used to define the

taxon. As the specimens were from a number of

different lenses frony the original, it also allows for

further comment on the nature oF (he communities 1

which / angleseadnsts occurred.

Materials and Methods

Fossil lamina fragments were removed from the

Depatonent of Botany, Phe UP itiversity of Adehuiis Atisrrabar

BOWS,

‘rcomnlopyis anescucusis. manocotyledon. miacrofossil Eocene, Atiglesea, Vietoria.

145°E

Melbourne

Fie. 1. Map showing the locwity of (he Angelsea deposit

derived Prom Christophel ef al. (1Y87).

2 bo, CONRAN & BC CHRIS TOREEL

, ie F

c |

hip. So ereroiiiopais pngfeseaeisey specunens. A. Site U bens B, 1087, G. Sire dT bens E4088. Co Sire | Mesophy ll

Lens Mane | D. Gbenieeae Lens, 4122. All to indicated scales

REDESCRIPTION OF

conipressions, maverated ih hot 2% wiv bHhOs fo

remove uny mesophyll, and the remaining euteuku

materil cleaned and prepared by fhe methods ot

Christophel & Lys (1986), Leal conipression and

euticle youwhers of (he taxa were deposited at ADU

Mounted cuticles were examined and photographed

under Nomarski differential interference contrast

Oplics Mictoscopy Using a Zeiss photomicroscope

Leal morphology. venation architecture anu

epidermal cells amd cuticles were deseribec

following the criteria outlined by Dileher (1974).

Wilkinson (1979), Conover (1983, 1991), and

Baranova (1992), Leal size class and ramforest

classifieation follows that of Webb (1959),

Systematics

Fhe description format follows that of Conran e?

ah (1994), Specimen nutbers refer to the ADL

palicoborinieal collection,

Superorder: Order Liliaae: bilities

Family inveriae sediy aff, Peterniann

liecae blintch. er Smilacaceae

Vent.

; a ,

XL ve: A gm ny )

‘ = ‘a a

% & “hes

*PETERMANNIOBSIS t4

Genus Pelermanniopsts Conran el al

Type species: Perermunniopsis anyleseaénsix Con-

ran et al,

Peterniaiuuopses Conta opel,

Revised description

Leal simple. entire. symmetreal: shape ovate-

elliptical: size notophyll-mesophylly apex tapering,

ucuminute-atlenuale wilh short drip-lip. base ieute,

tapering inte a petiole, Venation acrodromous with

seven primary veins (midnb plus 3 sets of paired first

order laterals), the inner three noticeably stronger, all

veins weakening markedly towards leaf apex, Midrib

straight. Secondary veins solitary, curved, more or

less regularly spaced between primaries. un-

branched, emerging basally from primary veins ata

low angle (15-20") above petiole, Tntersccondaries

few. simple. Tertiary veins random reticulate-

branched perewrrent with external Jooping from

marginal primaries and secondaries. Sub-niareinal

fimbnal vein present, with small dicraeoid (Y-

shaped) veinlets along its length extending outwards

towards margin (Pig. 3), Areoles indistine! with free-

hiv. 3. Venation detail showing dicraeoid marginal branching, A, Site [Lens B 2600 (holotype). Bo Site Te Lens B S087

lipper. Seale bars = 2 mn,

au JG. CONRAN & D.C) CHRISTOPHE

branehed) vein endings. Leaves hypostomatiy,

stomata scattered, level with epideriiis, orentalion

random: stomulal complex brachypuracytic.

sametines wamphibrachyparacyte (eg. Pi. RP).

Abuatal not-stoiiatal cells with straihe lo strongly

curved aaticlinal walls: adaxtel cells sliahthy smialler

wilh straight to moderitely curved anticlinal walls;

wll nen-stomatal perielnal walls withour arn

inentunion., Trichames, trichome bases and by-

(hathodes absent,

Prererniiopas aigteseacnsis Convair en ab.

(hIGS 2-4)

J9Od, Petornmnudapds alesealiais, Conan ef

a dag de PL Sei, TSS. 810-827 (1994).

Minertal

Hetotype: ADL 20004 (Pig. 3A), Sile HT Lens B.

Alun open vat coal otine. Anglesea, Vie. 2. C.

Chiivvaphed sur. Nov LOX.

Tyofy pest leulicle specimens) ADU 2600B & 2600C

{Figs 4A, B), Site TT Lens B. Alcoa open cui coal

mine. Anglesea. Vie 2. C. Chriytaplet sat, Nov.

(O87.

Giher material examined: ADU Mono 1 (igs 2c,

4h. MF). Site | Mesoptryll Lens. Aleou open cul cout

mitt. Anglesea. View 2. €. Chatytaphel sa. Nav

JOST: ADL 4087 (Figs 2A, 3B, dC. D), Site W Lens

BK, Aleou open cor eoul mine, Anglesea, View JAC.

Chrisiophel sn Noy, 1987, ADU 4ORS (Fig. 2B),

Site If Lens G. Alcoa open cut coal mine, Anglesed.

View LLC) Christophe! sn, Nov. O87, ADU 4122

(Figs 2D, 47>, A), Ehenaceae Lens, Alcoa open ett

cou mine, Anulesea, Vie 2. 0) Christophel sn,

Noy. 1987,

Revised deseription

Leal ovate-elliptie. at least 12-13.5 cm long and

AS-5.5 em wide. Apes acunimnaleauchuate wath ao

short dripetips apiedl angle 22-24", Base acute, basal

angle 55-70", Wipering ite a petiole, Epidermal cell

wally of bolh surfaces curved to straight, although

the abaxial cells ure generally larger and more

strongly curved, Abaxial epidermal cells (15-40 «

13-25 pin. mean 25 x 21 pm), adaxial cells [3-25 x

(13-22 pm Gneun 20 6 15 pn), Guard cells 32-38 x 7

LO gr (mean 348-9 pa), stomatal apertiires 15-18 x

710 pr (mean 17 & 8 pin).

Discussiom

Given the present state of flux in monoeotylecdon

Classification due to realigniments stemming from

Molecula’ sequencing, (he placement of The Peterm

unnivcewe and Gis alleged allies is qitestionable

heyond its allowation tu the Lilkinae: Liliales

possibly neurthe Smilueaceaie (Chase edt 1995ah)

The new fossils both support the recognition ob

andleseaényix asa fasen distinet from Permian

an confirm the abseryauon by Conran eral (1994)

that the Jewves were probubly acrodromous. ‘The

precise mature of the venition seen ir these Het

vetned monocots ts also under review, will) Pole

(1901, (993) referring to the weredromous multiple

privury veins described by Conover (1983) us

represeming, ub laastip Ripagonuay scandens | Ry &

G Fort, a true brochidodromous first order

venation pullern, Nevertheless. the presenee i all of

the Herermenniapiis fossils af clear aeroudromous

seeond order venahel supports the acrodromeaus

Classification OF the priimiuy venation by Conran et

ah (19), The marginal venation seen in lhe fossils

ts both a genera feature and one apparently amiga

wmomgst the net-veined manoeots, The dicrdeoid tree

velilets extending Out from the suboitirainal tin

brial vein ave also pot found in any other members of

Ihis group, and could be w useful character for the

idemificanon of Trigmentary Perermeainitopsts

remains,

There is similir variition ii the stomatal

Classificagon of (hese ncteveined Laliimue., Altfough

Tomlinson & Ayensu (1969), Dahlyren & Clifford

(1982), Duhlwren ede (1985). Conover (991) anal

Conran etal (1994) variously deseribe the cuticles

of Most net-Vvered laxa as unomoeyle (including

Ainilan, Pelermannia and Pelermanniopsis), Gopal

& Ruza (1992) considered Sintlear to he pre-

dominuitly parucyic und “irieytic’. Stabbing &

Khush (1961) regarded the stomatal complex in the

monocets to be a stable, taxonomically aselul

lealure, although Tornlinson (1974) argued that 7

should only be used ia conjunenon with othe

morphological eharaeierniies. Dileher (1974) ob-

served that the stunnital complex was generally

unuliceted by the environment, ulthough several

different types could sometimes be found ov the

sue lew. This condition. although rare (Buranowvi

1992), is known for the netveined monoecat

Diexcorea wart Pe & Burk, whieh has puvaeytie.

ANisowytiC ANd stuuirecyhe stomata tia addition to the

more common anomocytlic pattern (Upadhyay O87),

As itis not possible to study the ontogeny of the

stomati in Perernaaniopsis, cells assole with Whe

stomatal complex can only be classified pre-

JOM intly ito pallerns Corresponding to Dilcher’s

(1974) brachyparacylic and umphibrachyparacytic

types (rig 4h). This is correction (o the previous

report hy Conran eral. (1994) that the stom were

wnomocytic. Unfortunately, these featares do nok i

themselves help to relate Penvininopsrs dre

REDESCRIPTION

OP PETERMANNIOPSIS 65

ih a f we a

Pig 4. Pelermanniopsts anglescaéisis cuticles showing brachyparicytic (Br) and amphibrachyparacytic (ABr) stomati

S, Site LE Lens B 2600b (isotype) upper, B. lower C. Site I Lens B, 4087 upper. Do lower FE. Site | Mesophy!l Lens.

Mono | upper. B lower, G, Ebenaceae Lens, 4122 upper. H, lower. Seale burs = 40 pm.

66 JG CONBAN & BOC. CHRISTOPIEL,

vlosely to other members of the net-veined Liltinue,

as no other ixa have heen recorded with these

slamatal types,

The additional specimens tron the Ebenaeene and

Mesophytl lens sea Christophel et al. (t987) are

portant, as Here presence implies aw wider habitat

range for Pereraunninpsis. This is based on the low

parutixon overlay bebyeed the Site fand Site

lenses; the Mesophyll bens dominated by mesophyll

leat parataxa (as its name supgests): the Ebenuceae

Lens by entire-lcaved nolophy ll leak parutixa (vert

Christophelere/. 1987), Th eonteast, the Site lenses

contain abundiit Myrtvecue and various other

uimleseribed fasa which were either yery rare or

absent from the Site 1 Jenses. The differences

between the lenses were discussed by Christophel ey

af, (1987) by way of comparison with the extant

rainfores! community ut Noah Creek in far north

Queensland (16° OFS. 145° Jo" FB). where the

puichiness af the forest was reflected in the localised

bias of the Titter simples. TH the habitat preferences

for Pelernnunia cirrosa P Muell, at Warrie National

Park, Springbrook Plateau in southeast Queenslaml

(260 14S. 155° 17) bs) are exited. not unly is the

vepelition similarly patchy. with Napafereies

Microphyl] Mossy Forest. Notopliyll Vine) Forest

(NVI and 2uealpynts nomenoides Schau. forest

With or without NVE understorey. all within | ka

nidits OF each other, but Peyesmannia is a relatively

COMMON Giiderstorey Gompenent ih all of these

environments (Conran 1986, 1991),

The presence of Perertanuiapsis in several Tenses

sugpests that i wits similarly a relatively: common

understorey plant an the Anglesea rainforests, und

one with a Tur tolerance of variation in fowl

condibons. Other present diay common understorey

Hel-Vvemed Australian rainforest monogots such as

Similan. Ripowonun and Diescerey Gall ob whieh co

eco with Pelermannin) Dave nol heen recorded

amongs! the Anglesen megalossil taxa. bur giver

That Seifew australiy Ro Br for example, can ovcur

everywhere from dense rainforest (a dpy oper

cuculypt forest, the absence of these other nel-veined

monocois from the Anglesea fossil deposit mivy

reflect liphonomic and preservational biases anid

culiniet be taken as proad that they were iibsent from

the orginal forests.

Now (hit several specimens of Po aneleseatnsts

Conran en af are at hand, it may be congluded that

the general leal morphology suga@ested in de original

deseriprion was correct and that the stondatal patterns

extibiled by (he kixon are variable. whieh ts

consistent willy other net veined monocot taxa. The

presence of this taxon in sever diserete clay lenses

at the Anglesea loculity, whose PMoristic signatures

sugeest a Mmosdie patterned rainfocest sueture

(Christophel ef al, 1987), alsa allows ws to conchae

that the environmental tolerances of the fossil plant

were equally browd as Perermentiiia ~ its nearest

SUIPVIV INE relative,

Acknowledaments

Alco oF Australia is thanked for their cooperation

und suppor te DOC, The collecting was alse

supported by an ARGS grant ER31S626 to DCE. |

Dowd is thanked for the preparation of the cuticular

mutenih as ms the Botany Department al The

University of Adelaide for the provision of favilities

Ww undertake this reseureh.

References

BARANOvA, Mo (1992) Principles af conmparitive stanii-

lographic stiklies Ob Hawerng pluiits. Bar Rey. S8, 49

YY,

Ciiase, M.W,, Diovan. MLR. BLLGIS, HG. Conan, J,

G.. Cos A.V, Eotuanre, bE. Wawrwrin, 2, bay, My

B Chsyppiek. be Re CambRon. Ke Me. &e Hoo fs.

(190Sn) Molecular phylagenetics of Liltanae pp. 109-

137 Pe Rudi Po. Cribb. B Curler Bo & Muinphiies.

t. J. (ids) “Monoeotyledons: Systemuties and

Pyolution” (Royal Botinie Crairdens. Kew, London),

.Sreviwsos. OD. W.. WIPKis. BA RUDALL. Bd.

(M9Sb) Molecular systematics: a coribiicd arnilysre

{hid pp. ORS-7A0.

Cyinisbolied, D.C. Tiartin, WK. & Soni, A KOC INST)

The Eocene Flora of the Anglesea Louality, Vieloria

Aeterimva I, 304 323.

& bys. SD. C1086) Munninified leaves of twit

new species of Myrticede from ihe Eeeene af Vietoria.

Atietralia, Wan Ber, 34. bd pe2.

Cowover, M, Uh (M883) The vewetative anatomy at the

miculile-veitcd Liliane. Zefuped 2. 401-4 | 2.

(199 )) Epidermal patierns Of the reneuhite veined

Lil Horace and then paratelvenied alles, Bat. dba

See DWT, 295-312,

Cowkas. 1G) (98K) The reproduvtive and) vouchitive

phenolozy af same south east Old ruintorest

monocotwledons, Mra, Key Se Qht YO, 3542,

— (IY9) A study of the phenolowy ol some

ruidlorest monosalyledons pp. } 29-140 Tie Werren, Gt

& Kershaw, Ao (Bus) Australian National Rainforess

Study Report Volume 27 ONustralian Government

Publishing Service. Caunberiit

» Cheisvorain, D.C. & Setuyhe, be 2 C19

Metermunninpsis aigleseu(asiss An Australian fossil uel

veined monaotyledon from Hoeone Victoria din, L Pl

Se, 155. 816-827,

Daucormy, Ro OM. & Chirvoru, HOR (1882) oT he

Monocotyledons: A Comparative Study (Springer

Verlag, Henin.

: & Yuu, BOF (lossy wPhe Families ot

Mohocotyledons” (Acadenic Press, |ondon).

REDESCRIPTION OF PETERMANNIOPSIS 67

References

Ditcuer, D. (1974) Approaches to the identification of

angiosperm leaf remains. Bot. Rev. 40, 1-157.

Gora, B. V. & Raza, 8. H. (1992) Stomatal structure as an

aid to the taxonomy of Liliaceae. Asian J. Pl. Sci, 4, 51-

56.

PoLr, M. (1991) A modified terminology for angiosperm

leaf architecture. J. Roy, Soc. N. Z. 21. 297-312.

—___ (1993) Early Miocene flora of the Manuherikia

Group, New Zealand. 5. Smilacaceae, Polygonaceac,

Elaeocarpaceae. /bid. 23, 289-302.

SrTepBins, G. L. & Knusu, G. S. (1961) Variation in the

organisation of the stomatal complex in the leaf

epidermis of monocotyledons and its bearing on their

phylogeny. Amer J. Bot. 48, 51-59.

TOMLINSON, P. B. (1974) The development of the stomatal

complex as a taxonomic character in the mono-

cotyledons, Taxon 23, 109-128.

& AyENSU, E. S. (1969) Notes on the vegetative

morphology and anatomy of the Petermanniaceae

(Monocotyledones). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 62, 17-26.

Upapityay, N. (1987) Epidermal structure and ontogeny of

stomata of Dioscorea wattii Pr. & Burk. J. Indian Bot.

Soc. 66, 448-450.

Wess, L. J. (1959) A physiognomic classification of

Australian rain forests. J. Ecol. 47, 551-570.

WILKINSON, H. P. (1979) The plant surface (mainly leaf) pp.

97-165 In Metcalfe, C. R. & Chalk, L. (Eds) “Anatomy of

the Dicotyledons 2nd Edition” (Clarendon Press, Oxford).

A COMPARISON OF SOME SOIL MICROINVERTEBRATE

ASSEMBLAGES IN SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA

By ALAN F. BIRD*

Summary

Bird, A. F. (1999) A comparison of some soil microinvertebrate assemblages in

southern Australia. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 123(2), 69-75, 31 May, 1999.

Microinvertebrates from five widely diverse environments have been isolated and

living specimens examined. A total of 24,237 organisms was counted. They consisted

of annelids, archiannelids, crustaceans, insects, molluscs, nematodes, tardigrades and

turbellarians. In all instances nematodes predominated as follows: edge of lake

numbers (n) 86%, taxa (t) 79%, ocean beach n 53%, t 76%, river bank n 87%, t 71%,

river estuary n 93%, t 84% and wheat field n 91%, t 87%. The mean percentage of

nematodes as numbers (n) and taxa (t) in these soils was n=82 and t=79.

Key Words: Microinvertebrates, nematodes, diverse environments, abundance,

biodiversity, meiofauna.

Transactions of the Reval Soetety of S. Aust (99), PI3CDs O97,

A COMPARISON OF SOME SOIL MICROINVERTEBRATE ASSEMBLAGES

IN SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA

by ALAN F. Biriy!

Summary

Biko AT T9907) A comparison of some soil microtivertebrate assenibhyges in southern Austin. Cras. R. Sine,

Sy Ate 1234(2), 09-75, 21 May, 19900

Mieroinvertebrites trom tive widely diverse environments have heen isolated and living specimens examined,

A total ot 2237 cigunisms was counted. They consisted of unnehds, archisnnelids, erustieeins, inseets,

mollises, nemtlodes, lurdigrides and lurbelhirians. In all instances nematodes predominated us follows; edge

OF lake numbers (0) 86%, taxa (0 79%. oeean beach 53% 0 76%. mver bank 1 A7% 6 7 E%b river estuary 1

Ose) RAG cod swheat field Ob ATE The mean perventige ol nematodes as numbers (ni and taxa (in

(hese soils Was 82 and 1=79.

The fotihers al nematodes per litre of som at eaeh site ranged from S017 300 and the nuinbers OF tsi [rom

He21, although some were classified only to class or phylum, These results clearly indicate the abundunec.

rivhness gind dominance ol nematodes compared with other soil mieroinyeetebrates in these widely diverse

habitus. Reasons for the relatively low Overall counts are discussed.

Key Woltus: Microvnvertebrates, fenatades. diverse crvinninents, abundance, biadiversity, meiofaunit.

Introduction

Larlier research jity the Microinvertebrates of

South Australian soils has indicated that nematodes

predominate in all soil environments studied

(Nicholas ef el. 1992. Yeates & Bird 1994). How-

ever no Quantitative compurisans with other miero-

Metizouns over a range Ob abihits have previously

heen made. Where quantitative comparisons bet

ween groups of aniily have been mude, such us on

the macroinvertebrates at Goyder Lagoon (Sheldon

& Puckridve 1998), it is possible lo estiblish the

degree ol dominance. [np this Studdy. inseets

dominated muking up 63% ol individuals and 76%

of taxa. These Grganisms were collected at the soil

surface by sweeping with 4 tine mesh net. However,

separation of microinmvertebrates Tram the soil 1s

more comples and typically involves either sieving

through a range of sieves or ulilizing movement in

response to reyvily i misting apparatus (Yeates &

Bird 1904),

Wilhin the soil, micreseopie nematodes are known

fo be as biodiverse us the macrolivertebrates above

(Lawton en ah (998) gd ave considered to be the

Most abundint metazoduis (Bernard 1992),

The principle objective of (he work reported here

wits fo quantify the abundance and diversity of the

main taxonomic groups of soilinhabiting tiero-

Mvertebrates Wi nange of environments.

VO Phy tered Boat MATCHOnE Ss, Aust, S002.

Materials and Methods

Suil samples were collected from five dillerent

environments. All of these soils are chissitied ander

the US soil classification (Soil Survey Stall 1908) as

Entisols or young sandy sails. One of these was

terrestrial (a wheat field) and is subchissified as an

orthent willy the texture of a dey sandy loam, The

remaining four were semimuqaiatic from the shore of

alake, Ue edge ofa river, the shore of un estuary dod

ay ocean beach, Al of these were wel sands and were

Classified as aquents

Terrestrial environment (1)

(1) Samples were collected on 20 April 1998 fron

sandy loans soil ata site (34° 14'S, 138" 19° TC) near

Avon. SA. This site had been direet drilled and hada

wheal/wheat rotation. The sail was moist aller rate

whieh had fallen the previous week and whieh had

broken the summer drought. Sei) was sampled tou

depth of LES em using a 4.7 em diameter corer thus

giving a sample volume of approximately 200> ml,

Ten samples were collected at regular intervals

giving a Final soi volume of 2.1 whieh was mixed in

a plasie bag and stored in a polystyrene box lor

transport hack to the laboratory,

Within several hours of its collection the soil

sample wits sieved through a 2 mm sieve, weighed

ity SO» aliquots and placed in & misting machine

for four days us deseribed previously (Yeates & Bird

/994), The misting process both acrates the soil and

stimulites movement of the micrometazou which

ug A BIRD

PAbLe lL. Livi af aces, Her localities cand cravivonmental cherdere rises,

Nu, Sites Soil classification tf ‘y % Salimly

see Clay Sill Sani

Fig, 1) Nume GPS Reading (US) Fine Coarse Texture “Totul Soluble

Salts mel!

| Whe field lt dd aS Entisal ~ arthent \2 d } 79 Sanely Lown *nd

(Avon) long 138° 19 E

x Lake lat 35" 24'S Lntisol — aquent <| <li 99 Sandy 4)

Alexandrina lone 19° 03° E

3 Glenele River lat 37° 55'S Entisol - quent nd nl ond nel Sunily LSU

(Diurimoort long EP PTO

4 River Murray ht 35° 32'S Hatisol -yuent <I <!t 32 07 Sandy 23 S00

eSUHIEY lony 134° 50° b

(Goolwa)

5 Ocen beach har 37° WS. Entisol - aquent 0 a) l 99 Sattly 34200

(Guichen Bay) lonw 130 45' FE

"ne = not determined

sravitte through the sod aod inte the collecting

tubes. At the completion of the extraction und alter

sedimentation and supernitant removal, the living

micrometwzou were counted following the method at

Bird (196) and classified into major groups,

Agualtc enviroments (2-3)

The remaining four environments were considered

lo be aquatie since all the soils were water-loeged

and merging with the water’s edge. They were all

sadly soils and the micrometazoa were extracted by

sieving. In sequence of inereasing salinity the soils

were!

(2) Lake Alexandrina at the mouth of the Bremer

River (35° 23' §, 139° 03' E), Collected 26

August }998, The lake was choppy and almost

covered jhe sandy beach where the collection

was tmade. The Bremer River had partly

flogded the urea OF rushes and reeds adjacent

1a the lake.

(3) Glenely River at Dartmoor ( Vic.) near Fort

CY Hare and just before the junction with the

Crawtord River (37° 55° 8. 141" 17°), Coll-

eeted 29 July 1998 after heavy ruin,

(4) River Murray estaary between the sea and the

seaward side of the Goolwa barrage (35" 32'S,

)48° 50! B), Collected 2 June 1998.

(5) Ocean beach at Guichen Bay at Robe (37° 10!

8. 139° 45' E). Collected 16 Septeniber [99%

in the intertidal zone with the Gde receding,

The ovean was calm,

Ih cach case five sainples were eollected using the

4.7 en corer giving w total volume of approximately

11. The soil was tixed ina bucket with water from

(he coviroament being studied. The water was free of

INieroinvertebrates us determined iituilly by eye and

laler by microscope examination, The soil was

sieved through 2 mo, SOO pm and 750 pun steves anal

then material was collected on SOO pin, 300 pm, 125

um, 75 pm and 53 pn steves. The material was

washed from these sieves into a heaker ind decanted

Into 200 int tissue culture flasks. The contents of the

flusks were lipped into counting chambers and

allowed (o gravitate, The living micromelazouw were

then examined und counted under a dissecting

inicroscope and classified into major groups using

bright field and differential interference vonirast

optics.

Sail sections

Soil sumples were taken by the method deseribed

by Brewer & Sleemun (1988) and were transported

to the laboratory in an ice box, They were freeze

dried in the laboratory and impregnated withuraldite

in veens (Cent & Brewer 1971). After poly

Inerization, thin sections, runging in (hiekness [rou

20-40 pin. were eut using a diamond tipped: saw

blade and were then ground ona rotary dianiond lap,

These sections were examined und photographed

under polarized light with an Olympus Vanox

pholomicroscope using MHford Delta 400 film.

Results

The environments

The environmental characteristics und locwlions

for the five sites ure given (Table |, Fig. 1), The

sites are widely sepirated, ranging from a wheut

field with @ sandy loam textured soil ta wet sandy

soils from fresh Water habitats situated on the banks

of Lake Alexandrina and the Glenelg River, respeet-

ively, Lo saline hubilats ala river estuary und at

sandy beach. The salinities of these environments

range from 300 img 1! for the share of Luke

Alexunilrina to 34.200 mg 1! forthe oven beach at

Ghichen Bay.

Microhivertebrate assemblages

A total of 24,237 individiials from approximately

93 (axa was Counted [rom the five samples. Some

| Australia 1

0 20 40 60 80 100 eos

Kilometres Ss Study ah /

Area ay

Murray

River

Kilometres

™ Barrages

Lake

Alexandrina

Glenelg

River

Glenelg River

mouth

SOUTHERN

OCEAN

AJP BIRD

TABLE 2. Microinvertehrate numbers (nj) and major taxonomic groups (t) extracted fram soil sumple cares taken to a

depth of 11S em in five widely dispersed geographic localities in southern Australia.

Localities

(1)

Wheat field (Ayon)

(2)

Luke Alexandrina

Zoological groups

(3)

Glenely River

(Dartmoor)

(4)

River Murtay estuary

(Goolwa)

(5)

Ocean beach

(Guichen Bay)

Nematodes

n (nos F! soil)

is -%% Fauna

1 (taxonomic groups)

us % taxa

Archiannelids

ndnos T! soil) - 3

as % fauna - =

I (laxonomic groups) - -

as Ub lax - -

Other Aunelids

n (nas |! soil)

as 0 fauna

{ (taxonomic groups) | |

ais Or GND

Turbellanians

nfnas tL! soil) -

as % fauna -

t (taxonomic groups) -

as Ue taxa - -

Tardigrades

n (nos |! soil) 4

as“? fauna $.3 4

1400 690

13 !

t (taxonomic groups) I

ds Ub axa 6.5

Insects

n (nos EU! soil) - a

us Se fauna - 4

1 (faxononme groups) - 1

ay Ub laxa - 7

Crustaceans

n (nes F! soil) - -

as % fauna - -

L(laxonamic groups) -

us OF taxa -

Molluses

n {nos 1! soil) -

as Se fauna - -

[ (axonamic groups) = :

as Up tana - -

17300

1so0

1900, 4

10 2

leek

specimens Were identified to species and some of

these occurred in more than one of the five

environments, Other specimens could only be placed

in families or orders. Nematodes were the dominant

group comprising 82% of individuals and 79% of

taxa (Table 2). The numbers of nematodes per litre of

soil at each site ranged from SO at the ocean beach

site to 17.300 at the Glenelg River bank and the

number of taxa from tl on the bank of Lake

Alexandrina to 21 for the River Murray estuary. It

must be emphasized that figures tor these taxa are

only approximate due to a combination of limited

taxonomic knowledge. rapidity of assessment and

some replication of taxa, These limitations are

discussed below.

In the wheat field 91% of the numbers of animals

counted were nematodes and they comprised 87% of

the taxa. Tardigrades made up most of the remainder

representing just over 8% of the animals. They

consisted entirely of Macrobioetus ct. pseudo-

hujfelandi Inaros 1966 (Bird 1996; Bird & MeClure

1997). Tardigrades were also found to a lesser extent

in the wet sandy soils of the Glenelg River and Lake

Alexandrina shores and belonged to a different

family. Nematodes comprised 87% and 86% of the

numbers and 71% and 79% of the taxa, respectively.

in these environments (Table 2). Annelids made up

10% of the numbers of the microinvertebrates of the

Glenelg River bank, the remaining organisms

comprising insect dipteran Jarvae (2%) and an

unidentified species of turbellarian (1%). A thrip

insect, identified as Frankliniella schultzei (Vrybom)

(A. Wells pers. comin. 1998) made up 4% of the

Lake Alexandrina assemblage together with a

SOIL MICROINVERTELRATES 73

species OF unnelid (6% ) and a species oF lardigrade

(4%). In addition, a large number of copepod anid

claidoceninm Crustivea was found swinimmy in the

water above the soit but these were Hot considered to

he parlor the soil environment,

In the more suline wei soils oF the River Murray

estiary below the Goolwa barrages and at Guichen

Bay, nematodes constituted 93% of the numbers ind

Reve of the taxa tor the former and 53% of the

Hunibers und 76% of lie taxa a the Luler, Both of

these environments contained small annelids anid

Those fron the river estuary were identified as werent

belonging to the family Nuididue (K. Lee pers.

comin. TOS), These were the only enviroinjents

with Crustacea in (he soil samples rather than in the

witer, The veeun beach simple was the only one to

contin motluses (1% af the ntinbers and 6% of the

taxa) und an archiannelid (22% of the numbers anc

Oo OF the taxa). The arehiannetids resemble the

genus Polyvordoo aq lack see or parapodia.

Because of their enigmatic uppearance. they are

listed separately Here from the other annelids (Table

Sell sections

His difficult to recognize and classify Organisms i

soll sections allhough sort scetions da give some ren

of (he environment in which these miero-

invertebrates have to move and feed. Thus. a 20 pin

vertical sechon through the saline wee sandy scr

(aqventy) of the Murray River estuary and

photographed under bright Geld optics (fre. 2)

shows parlor a penutode that is 40 yim wide and is

surrounded by sand guns ranging from about SO tim

{6 300 tim in diameter and whieh exhibit: bite

Iringence under polurived light, interspersed with

some darker coloured organic materi This soil

contaiis about ESO nematodes LOO mb! UPable 2) se

Hit the chance of obtaining easily identifrable

ieroinvertebrues from langenval soil seetivns js

remole,

Diseussim

Hens clear front these results that nematodes

predominate both mm numbers and diversity among

the jierometasow ip aw wade range of soil

euyinonments, Just ais insects can predate

amon the macromvertebrates af the soil surlace

(Sheldon & Puekridge 199%) nematodes pre-

Jeminate among the microtiwertebrates within the

soul. Their quinbers vary depending on the time or

the yeur that they are collected and the weather

conditions on the day ét collection. Thus, in the

wheat Meld soil oat Avon, there ate inany more

nematodes present when the wheal ane weeds are

erowing during winter (Yeutes de Binal 1994), its

A 20 him thick vertical section Gul throuvh the lop

Sem of soibatthe River Murrey estiiiry, collec

alsite 4+. see Pig, |. Photographed under bright feb

oplies vin showing part ol nematode (arrow),

indicated by the presence OF plant parasite Larns,

thao at the end of summer when there is only dry

stubble on the ground apd Tew, if any. plant parasitic

forms. Similarly. it has been show (Nrebiolin es et.

1992) that nematode numbers on the shore of Luke

Alexandrina vary markedly fram fiouth to. menth

throughout the yearn When the like ts rough or

during the hottest months of January. February and

March, there is considerable morniulity of nematodes

and other micrainvercebrates as judged by the

presence Of dead specimens during counting (pers

obs). Also, there was an increase in nematode

Wortulity when the salinity it the River Murray

vstuary dropped following the opening of the barrage

gales and the discharve of River Murray walter

(Nicholas eral (992).

Hiseems that climatic and seasonal vartations as

Well us human interference cun cause measurable

changes in hemutode population mumbers. However.

these changes seenr to influence ull the

micrometazae since the percentage of fenmatades 14)

Hiese papulations remains constant Thos the

percentage ol nematodes present im the niero

‘4 ASP, BIRT

mefuzoun populition of u Lake Alexandrina suriple

collected on 3), YY Was 87 conmpared Willy XO for

asanple collected six months later ori 26.viii, 1998,

ulthough there Wit a ciree-fold differenee in

nemndode numbers (pers, obs. ).

The proportion of nematales to other iicro-

inverlebrates in ihe five (liferent enyitonments

waimined wits uniformly high, ranging Cron 53-93%

Wilh d mien oF 82%. Furthermore. hennitodes: were

the only mieroinvertehrate group, apart fran

arnelics. (occur in all the environments studied and

kul much greater diversity (hen any olher group

(Table 2). Because af their relatively low numbers.in

the chvivenments siodied, other micrometiized May

fdtve been present hit not detected, For example,

jardigrades were present in one collection

(26.v07, 1998) from the shores of Lake Alexandrine

bet notin another (2.11.1996). Similarly. some Torms

Niay Geel HT large Wubers re he water over the soil

bil not in the soils was The cause with Crustacen

fuopepeds atid chidoeenas) on ome occasion

Aviin MOOK) at the hake Mesundrina site.

The arelriaivelids recovered from the ocean beach

aw Rohe were sriall (35-195 mim lone) were

covered with cilia and hada padool anterior lateral

fenticles (or enn). Phey appeared to exude a sticky

mucus, Differences ih size might huve heen due bo

came caused by sieving since the antenor parts of

Wl Spevimens examined seemed lo trave sinviliar

dimensions Ge. The tleniivles ull samples measured

Were boli 150 pin long and LO pin wide, Thus the

Shorter specinieds diiht have heen broken during

eobler tion,

Nomitodes. Hive been reegenized us the mest

WHT Henveadis i the sor (Bernard 1892) bor,

although There 1 eeperal agreement on this point.

quiintildlive comparisons avith other sroups at

micconehurr i vurius different environments are

mare. Ralaelly (1Y820 eoimpiared tie Aimbers ob sik

HHeKIAVerehnile grudps. lamely flenntodes.

Uipeymds, durhelhwians, archiuimebds. onuhytruends

wi Bestevtrielts fron V7 sandy murine heaeltes

wound Cyeal Britany, Culcilitions (vo his Table 2

show thal nematodes uveriwed 754 ol rsanisnis 0

ull these sites. Similarly, MeLachhin’s (1885) work

un the Hume af sandy beaches in Westen Australia

showed (hit nematodes are the most abundant of the

hein ini, Caleuhition of the meus front the erehe

sites given in his Table 4 show thar nemitoades tide

Lp 56% OF Tbe Mmivroinvertehrates, eristacedins 249%,

annelids 10%, lurbellarians 7% and other eraups 30,

[Lis inleresting Co note (Hal alhough meniiedes and

crustaceans (harpacticoids) were present jp all the

beach sites examined hy MeLachtan (98S), anmeties

(Olivochucies) were absent from four ab ae enh

silos and tarbellinninis from iwe of then. However, a

comparisons between different Investig tans jure ts

be ade, accurate and wiiterm sanipling methods

need (o be adopted, As Lawton en ai, (L998) point

oul. in thetework on biodiversity ina trapreal forest,

“ovat oamount of effort is required in compiling an

inventaty of the Organisats preseuland this applies

partioulugly fo mivroscopie Organisms,

I) in agreed by some (lhidd ef af P98E) thal the

biomass ofan organism inthe soil is rare jmporkint

Uninits hanmbers. parucukily when determining the

luhile fitragen and curhon content of the saik A

fictor (hil is semietines not taker lite aceount,

alihough a as pariecularly important. is the

reproduenye edpability OF The erginisly in question

Becudse sonte soil nemulades can coniplete their tile

eyeles in three days and cach fenmile can lay several

hundred cows within a couple ob weeks, the dumber

win grow roomillions (Bird & Bird L99)) wilh a

ervater higtnasys than oniich larger and fare slowly

reprodueing forms. Tr nature these huge inereases ih

Humber ure kept in cheek by a ringe of factory such

as competition, predation and Hioited fod resources

Thus, huge numbers of nematodes are barely. even

found in nattire, with the uhovesmentioned. fietors

bere responsible, al least i park, for the warkitions

Trachial numbers that can occurat ditflerent limes al

the one site. Bor exaniple. Nicholus & blodda eo

press Found that the nanhers of nematodes ata

eiven saidy beach site can Vary eodsiderably, being

Jowest in winter und highest! during the sumnarer

However the proportions af pematodes te the orher

nichorivertebrite phyla an the soil appear to remain

forhably consunt,

TL sevins reasonable (a ask ourselves whal Tactors

The Insecta and Nematoda share that give them thie

compedlive edge in atraming dominance in ier

respective environments. A major Gielor may be thetr

ability to moult) whrelh provides a mechani [ly

their fransition into er oul ol ieresistint abiotic stage

Wowhtth thete metabolism almost comes tan

srundscull,

Four al whe sik tujor ehouips mentioned ybhove.

nunicly., the dnweeta, Crustacea. Tardigrida and

Nematoda are thonght to he phyloeeneticully related

wil, Copether wath some less aburdiint groups. ibe

onycophorins. nemalornorptiins. kingrhynghs ai

priupuilide, have heen grouped inte a clade cull

bedyozou whell eniphasizes herr commen abiliry v9

undersea cedysis Or moult GAguinille ened. MOTT,

The concept thal mouling arose only Hnve is ye

Forward for further testing (Aguinaldorer ef. 1997). 1

Comins lo be seen wheter or not this monophyly ar

THOWU TE WHS bs confirmed by liler vest gators

Ty Conclusion, this paper is am atlenipe tas dein

allention to the numbers of free loving nematodes in

a runge of sail envitonments, The numbers counter

are lower Thuan those that aetually Geear because ol

fhe Timitutions off the techniques cniployed wi thea

SOLL MICROINVERTEBRATES

isolation and detection, particularly as only living

dnd moving material was considered, Furthermore.

Ihe umber of taxa counted was limited by the

author's knowledge of nemiutode twxonomy.

However, all material was fixed and preserved for

subsequent identification.

These preliminary studies emphasize the need te

examine the microinvertebrates of the soi in more

detail and to understand further the ecology of the

nemiatodes that dominate in these environments. This

isa largely unexplored area of research that has been

overlooked by those involved in research on soil

microbiology,

Acknowledgments

I wish to thank J. Bird for constructive criticism of

the manuscript and for assisting with collecting. CSIRO

Land & Water provided accommodation, facilities and

expertise, including that of A, Beech (water analyses),

J. Coppi (collecting), R. Fitzpatrick and W. Hudnell, u

visiting scientist from USA (advice an soils). K. Lee

(annelid identification) and G. E. Rinder (mapping). |

should. ako ke to thank T. Cribb. University of

Queensland and M. Currini-Galletti (visitor to the

British Museum) (archiannelid identification) and A,

Wells, ABRS Canberra (thrip ideniitieution), This

research was made possible by a grant from the

Australian Biological Resources Study.

References

Aguinabboa, A. A. ToRBEWILEE, I) ML Tisporo, Lb. S&S.

Rivtka, M,C. Garey. LR. Rar. ROA. & Lake A,

(1997) Evidence fora clade of nemiutodes, arthropods

and other moulting aunmmils Neti Chandan) 387, 489-

403,

Birsarh, B.C. (1992) Sod nematode biodiversity, Brot

Fertil, Sagly 14, 99-105

Biri AOE (1996) Studies on the soil-inbubiting hirdiaracde

Macrobions cf. pretidohifelaul, trom South Australia.

Trams, Re Soe 8. Aust, 120, 147-154.

— & Bie. 991) The Sctueture ol Nematodes”

2nd edn (Acilemic Press. San Diego).

& MeCrunn. 8. G. (1997) Studies of the eggs of

Macrohiots cf. pyendedufeland: (Tardigraday fron

wheal fields in South Australia. 7ram, Ae See iS. Aust.

120, 51-57,

BREWER, Ro A SEUPMAN. LOR. LORR) “Soil Struchire and

Rubric” (CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne ).

Obst h & Brewer, R. (1971) Preparation of thin sections

of soil materials using synthetic resins. Division of Soils

‘Teeh. Paper No. 7. (CSTRO, Austria).

LAbn. IN. Oabes. J. M. & AMata, M, (1980) Microbial

biomass formed from MC, PN-libelled phint naterial

decomposing in soils tithe Geld. Sor Biol Broches. Vs

119-126.

Lawton, JT. Brower, D, E. Boros, BL, BLormMers, Gi

F.. EGaibton. P.M... Honpa. M., Hoorn R.D.. Larsen,

T. B.. MAWosLEY.N. AW STORK, N. EL Skivastava, DLS.

& Warr, A.D. (1998) Biodiversity miventortes, indicator

taxa and effects of habitat modilieation in tropical forest.

Native (Landon) 391, 72-76.

MeLachian., A, (1985) The bidinass of marra- and

Interstitial fauna on clean and wrack-covered beaches in

Western Austulia. Aytuar Coast Shelf Sci 21, 387-599.

Nichonas, W. L., Birn, ALF. Beko. To A. & Ste aitl, A,

C. (1992) The nematode fauna of the Murray River

estuary. South Australia: the cffeels of the barrages

across HsmMouth, vedebielogie 234, 87-101,

o & Hoppa, Mo (in press) The free-living

nemittades of temperate, high energy, sandy beaches;

Taunal composition and variation over space and time,

Ihid.

RATPARLIL DL. (1982) An assessment of the potential of

major meiofauna groups for monttarng organic

pollution, Marine Eyvivan, Res, 7, (1-16,

Sneppon, FL & Puckrapoan, J.T. (1998) Maecroinvertebrite

assemblages of Goyder Lagoon, Diamentina River,

South Australia. Tres. R, Soe. A. Aust. 122. 17-31.

Sou. Survey Stare (L998) “Keys to Soil Taxonomy” Sth

edn (USDA, Washington DC).

Yiares. G. W. & Binp. A, PF. (1994) Some observations ou

the influence of agricultural practices on the nematode

faunae of some South Australian soils. Aidan appl

Nemarol, 17, 133-145.

SEASONAL VARIATION IN SALINITY IN THE WATERVALLEY

WETLANDS IN THE SOUTH EAST OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA

BRIEF COMMUNICATION

Summary

The Watervalley Wetlands in the south east of South Australia are a group of shallow

seasonal, ephemeral and permanent lakes and swamps which have been restored or

rehabilitated between 1984 and 1995 (Fig. 1). They comprise a series of 15 wetland

complexes totalling some 12,000 ha and are managed primarily for the conservation

of waterbirds by a private conservation organisation, Wetlands and Wildlife, or by T.

K. and P. A. Brinkworth.

Fig. |

Transactions ef the Royal Society of S. Aust. (1999),

123(2), 77-80,

BRIEF COMMUNICATION

SEASONAL VARIATION IN SALINITY IN THE WATERVALLEY WETLANDS

IN THE SOUTH EAST OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA

The Watervalley Wetlands in the south east of South rehabilitated between 1984 and 1995 (Fig. 1). They com-

Australia are a group of shallow seasonal, ephemeral and prise a series of 15 wetland complexes totalling some

permanent lakes and swamps which have been restored or 12,000 ha and are managed primarily for the conservation

SOUTH

AUSTRALIA

Tintinara 0

Woods Well

0 10 20 30 40 km

a SS eS ee

Salt Co ek

O 4

x % ™ \ Bonneys Cam

\S Bunbury

Vn,

Ng A + ortina Lakes, Mandina Lakes, Mandina Marsh :

VS, Mrs Whites Lagoon & Caora Complex. Keith

1% O

Tilley Swam Q

Dirty Joes Swamp

Andmon Park, Cattle Station Creek <A

retty Johnnys Swamp \ ;

7) e—__—_ Didcoolum Drain

Ne Z

New groundwater drai

“

Parkhill \ 5 \ Jaffray's Complex

Q Padthaway

BL & o

3gunooualy M

yaad

;

5 \

Kingston

, C) Tresant

Lucindale Naracoorte

C oO Oo

Balmecarra C5

Robe

. The Watervalley Wetlands. Note: Sites mentioned in the text are underlined. Wetlands are not drawn to scale

Bonneys Camp South

—_

10}

WSWSWSWSWSWSWS

2 GB He GB GB HF B

Bonneys Camp North

WSWSWSWSWSWSWS

2z BH BS GB HF B

Cortina Lakes

P20

ia]

WSWSWSWSWSWSWS

DPD BH BD B&B F B

Mandina Lakes

"nD

ie]

WSWSWSWSWSWSWS

2B He G&G GE TF B

Mandina Marshes

19)

WSWSWSWSWSWSWS

2 8B HH &© 6 FT B

dip Jip

| 6

> 4

; ellnill

ie}

WAS SWA SS W

92 95 98

Hig, 2. Seasonal fluctuations of salinity and the concurrent Water Level Index in six of the Wartervalley Wetlands. W = win-

= summer. Note different scales for salinity of Cortinu Lakes and Mandina Lakes. Except for winter 1996. no read-

ter: $

ing indicates that the sampling site was dry.

Water Level Index Water Level Index Water Level Index Water Level Index Water Level Index

Oke 8 boa oz nwa

o-NnNwW BW

Water Level index

Bonneys Camp South

WSWSWSWSWSWSWS

2 6B 9 6S 6 SF

Bonneys Camp North

WSWSWSWSWSWSWS

2 8B 8B GB BG SFT

Cortina Lakes

4 i

Wswswswswswsws

2 3S 86 SB 6 OF B

Mandina Lakes

WSWSWSWSWS

82 33 i a) 36

Mandina Marshes

Jip Jip

of watlerbirds by a oprtathe Gone erValion Orgunisalon,

Wetlands aie Wildhite. ar by T) Koad PAL Brinkavorth,

Vhe majority of these wetlands Fulfil the criterta for listing

us Wellinds of Ttersational importance under the Ramsar

Convention ante key conipenent af the projpected

Wethinds Witerlink which will form a network of con-

served wethinds Tromt Bowl Lagoon to (he Coorong! The

dqor fanich ose The rewoncis grovinw by sheep ond cultle

Much of the eraving Jand heetme availible tor agricullare

voly (heeugh the digindge oF the origina wethuuds (92 o> al

whieh fave been destroyed!) cid mew miuteh of that band is:

Heatevicd by seb salivatiod Me waters al the routine

wethinids virry fram fresl to sulme but alh wetlands that

lowe been studied are subject by seasonal fuertetions i

suliniuy.

White & Brike described the ecatogical attributes. tis-

tory ail water chemiaty ob a of the Watervelley

Wetlands, ALP sis wetlands deseribed) Vip dip, Mandine

Mirrshes, Manditia Lakes, Cortina Lakes afal the sauibaid

North hivoons of Barneys Campy ure fed lergely by fresh

LOTS suliie Water which flows gla asystent al nui

inde drums Trou catchments tothe south east The sweater

miches the narthenn wetlinds anly im yeurs of above aver-

ave VaTNTil Tithe sitehnent dad Hews tnaugh che wet

funds ig (he disted order, Corminatye: in the aarthern husead

af Bonnevs Camp. Sally is tehest i tate atin vr

vary winter inl lowest Ue sprang (big 2) Whether op tan

fresh witer emery the system (rom the south: sue, appar

willy, ndépendentiy ul cor ole Franny local ranihid Them: bs

no Agen fieaiteerrehinon aeiween local raifalbin the three

siittis preceeding sarupling and saliniy tar Bouneys Canip

rel LOO und al Corin 10.1703), This supports (he

OpHiot rar Ai eth was a minor Contrbutor 16 the weiter ri

the wetlarda becwuke al the porosity al the seis im the

rovhio!. The relitionstip between the avetiinds and under-

Hee protaiehwoler Tas. aol been deteennnciise the factor!

csi this witter depression in salinity: is still a ynatier

fon Coieeture Between Augitst 1902 ined August 0d

Hiereowais i gener) apwounk tml fa the towels af salinity

AN Caeern Was expressed that tis Upward rend in satin

Hy nitohy ceoitiitas. The prssent paper reports om the sali

Hy Ob He wrthiogs sige Aus) 199d and comments on

SOME PIREV TOL SIY AliNctissen] POT

Salinity Was soeoyded Tpdirtedby as condueryy ity

(Sem wii ACTIVON ES conductivity probe (which

copeets peudiies far 25°C} ayesite gs deserbed aid ars

Cissdd aurher. my aul winter spring amd sunnier

(eacepl bor Ueewrter of 996) Tron, F992 fo ihe present ul

Gach vl the shy Sikes Hsked above, Condiecuvity Was cot

verteal ae salinity te a/he by miulfiplying conductiviry by

Wood) Wolter levels ssere senred use fhe Water Lived

fides OWED) af Tuntisien aid Grillus! The mdex sears

witty dewels Ge seule nO cemnpry tte a (oyenlowines

Seascedl DiGlaatiores Fa sulitiiy. Gogeber willl Lie waiter

level indives. are shawn in Piure 2,

Suliniwy has alse been recorded im (he receniby opened

Didieoolum Drawn en Peherigh Rd fram the cine it was

completed in Maret) 90¢ unm Ta aunprber drain whieh was

Comppleted ta O08 Hub wie Cups fhe loeat groundwater

Habe the miqorny ob dri inthe pewion Whieh eyrey sur

face waleronly, Water Trop both of These drains enters lp:

systery just soltiiol Mariding Marshes. Mean readies for

(ie Drie ool Pin aid Thee ses res iomaly atennoned

sites us wWwellus (he bwo roudings avalible fropa (he new

druid are given i Table {. Raiitid) figures are those for

Vininara, the nearest long-term offical gaueing shitian tu

(he study sites, und Saraeoorte, mear the centre al the

cafebrient area, ald were obtained fram (he Bureau at

Metcoralowy in Adehiide

(995, 1994 and 1997 were yells al lower than avenge

cuntall ty phe study area (04. 79 am 726 vespectively ul

(he wverae OF AZO mom at Pintingen) and in ils catchinient

(83. Ph aind 820) OF he average SRO rin atl Nat Gore us

wie YOR TSO ait Numieoorte). tn P9495 all ol the sane

pling sites except (he south kesoor al Bonneys Camp dried

for periods of Up to ten manths and cap Jip. Mandina

Marshes. Mami Lukes ane (he north fqeen of Boneys

Comp dried completely AU but Cortina Takes and the

south: bacon of Bolnevs Camp dried again i l99s. Onby

the sumpliiz site i the sami: Tigeon wf Bonneys Camyp

reltined walter throughout (he study but the water level

Uropped vbout a metre diiting the stimmer oF 1984-95 and

wii POS cil win ever the eorrespencdag peciod al

1997-95 reducing what is perily a conlnuais shiatlhoyy

lake (Od Series af isilatedl basis. Althatigh the sampling

site at Cortina Lakes dried tothe: hte airtmn and winker oe

(99S water remained a7 olfier bux al the bike lip dip wee

Utiied tor mainteninee al the outlet contrat i the suin-

merol 992 and wai in he putin! [993 so (he lene itty:

iry period in Wat wetkind was abporiial

Prost water flowed from the draimiee systeur inte aty at

the wetliucls exveype the niet) lagoon oF Bonneysy Cun

during the lithe winter aad spring of O48 prc ggsstin pee [er

Bulorhe few wiuleh did det reach the saath dagoen al

Bentleys Comp ion alter the sprig readies Were Taker

Rainfall at Naracoorte ip b¥S yas S90 mm Cong-leno

aver = SNO cre) and a Tt below overime af S55 are

i 1996 but this was St not sufficient ta Fill allal the wet

lands alter they heal dried jthe drought, Wilh fhe return

below averuwe ginlill in (207 gad LOOK all avethinds wre

currently well below vapaeity or udry,

When the Mow ol fresh water renched the wetlunds a

(he springol 1995-(he salinity af Thoowaler quickly dropped

i levels near ar below, hase ieusined i the durhier part

OF ihe study i 19920 a vear ob uheye average ruutull

(122% wu (39S of the loneterm mean for Tiitinari and

Naracoorte respechively). The seasonal variant veported

hus continued bat the genera} apward trend tn saliiiry

apparently has jot. alihougl at the time of writing comdi-

Toms sing cuir dime (YOR rapahall al Narseaorte was TAG

fh) andl Saliniies are inereisingimec more tre 22 AW the

(ve sites with near perininent water, (hepe is a signitreun!

negative correhuion af salinity with Water Level Tiles: i

(0586, p=bO} at Bonreys Campr Sourh and mks, py

<.01) ulCortina Lukes), White & Brake’ predreted that

Mancini and Cortina Lakes. wetlinds whieh could nai be

Wraied bur dried only by evapomation, wen Tn danger tt

becoming jicreasinly suliie Gach tine hey deed. This

toes Hat appear (o be the ease at deash inthe shack term

The patterns in sdinihy aire: simiihee ig all systones,

The fongih of time nceded-te Hill the system atter it dries

Wily NOt presiotaly appuent There bas heen pasulteienr

walter ty neael che forth taoon of Banneys Camp since

Walter stopped Mowing inte it in Janugry 1895 The wetlands

in the south east region of Nustealin fatwe long: few peeoy

Hised as CPtiid fo The COT Seri EI A GE TR Oe Walle

TABLE 1. Salinity af selected sites at Witervalley Wetlands 1992-1998.

Bonneys Bonneys Cortina Mundinis Mundina Jip Jip Didi New

Camp S Canp N Lakes Lakes Marsh Drain Drain

g/L el. wl. g/l. oll. all. at, oll.

Mean 5.15 5.26 8.02 11.39 SAN 2.23 4.92

SD 1.79 277 &34 8,75 2.61 ORD O40)

Max, 931 13,95 44.35 44.35 10.75 341 5.50 TAS

Min. 2R2 ut bs) 2.3) | 52 1.00 0.93 4.04 6.28

No. 26 14 24 72 19 10) 12 2

Didi Drain = Dideoolum Drain al Petherick Ree

birds of Australia’. Pitty per cent of the fresh water polen-

tilly available to these wetlands is currently drained our te

sea and further drains ure planned: a proportion of this new

drainage Water can be diverted to the wetlands and some

hos already begun to How inte the system, Evidence su lar

(Table 1 and unpublished daty supplied by the South Bast

Water Conservation and Drainage Board) indivates that

some of the planned drains will be carrying groundwater of

greater Salinity than that which has previously. entered the

wetlands! bul the measured salinity of those waters 1s with-

in the limits of known salinities of the wetlands, particular

ly those in the vorthern part of the watercourses, Given

(hese circumstances itis important to the long term viabili-

ty of the Watervalley Wetlands. as well as to others in the

region, thal fresh water from the current and uny future

drains be made available to the wetlands wherever feasible,

The Watervalley Wetlands are managed with the aim of

Maximising the diversity of species present, This requires a

'NRCSA (Natural Resources Council of South

Australia) (1994) Upper south east dryland salinity anc

flood management plan. Supplement (Department of

Lavironment and Natural Resources, Adelaide).

‘White, J. M. & Brake, L.A. (1995) Wetlands 15. 247-257.

‘Blackburn, G. (1964) The soils of County Macdonnell

and Robe, South Australia, Soils and Landuse Series. No

45 (CSIRO, Australia),

“Tamasier, A. & Grillas, P. (/994) Biol. Conserv, 70. 49-

47,

Prith, BL J. (1967) “Waterfow! in Australia” (Angus &

Robertson, Sydney).

diversity of habitat and the yaried salinity ol the

Watervalley Wetlands. which currently ranges tom fresh

(lip Jip) to permanently sale (Mandinag Lakes). provides

such diversity. Saline lakes are generally more productive

than freshwater systems” but a long-term increase in sali

ty in either the freshwiler wethinds or the suline ones will

inevitably lead to a State of constant hypersalinity and this

in turn wall lead to the exclusion of some species of Water

birds and plants which currently inhabit the wetlands!"

Long-term monitoning of the consequences of the addition

of more saline water to the wetlands is essential ancl this

paper provides baseline information for future studies,

This study is supported by the Wildlife Conservation

Fund of South Australia. the University of South Australia

gnd Wetlands and Wildlife. | vhank the Brinkworth family

for (heir hospitality and freedom of access to their proper

ty. My thanks also go to T.C. Ro White for mvaluable field

ussistunce and for comments on drafts of this paper,

‘Braithwaite, L. W.. Maher, M.'T., Holmes, J. &

Parker, B.S. (1986) Technical Memorandum No 24,

December 1986 (CSIRO Division of Wildlife and

Rangelands Research, Canberra),

“EWS (Engineering and Water Supply Department)

(/991) Final Report. Bakers Range/Marcollat

Watecreourses Working Group. Report No. EWS 7097/90,

“Kingsford, R, T. & Porter, J. L. (1994) Biol. Conmsery

69, 219-228.

‘Corrick, A. H. (1982) Proc. RL Sec. Viet, 94, 69-87

‘James, K. R. & Hart, B.'T. (1993) Aust. J. Mar.

Freshw. Res. 44, 760-777.

JANICE M. WHITE, Centre for Environmental and Recreation Management. University of South Australia

The Levels Campus Warrendi Road Mawson Lakes S$. Aust. 5095.

THE OCCURRENCE OF PACHPYGUS GIBBER (THORELL, 1859)

(COPEPODA: NOTODELPHYIDAE) IN AUSTRALIAN WATERS

BRIEF COMMUNICATION

Summary

The ascidicolid copepod, Pachypygus gibber (Thorell, 1859) was reported to occur in

Australian waters by Schellenberg’. That observation has been questioned by subsequent

authors. However, the finding of P. gibber in the branchial basket of the ascidian Ciona

intestinalis (Linnaeus, 1767) in South Australia now confirms a southern hemisphere

record for P. gibber. Since the host ascidian has been introduced into Australian waters,

the commensal copepod may also have been introduced.

Tranwactions of ihe Royal Society af S. Aust. (1999), 123(2). $182.

BRIEF COMMUNICATION

THE OCCURRENCE OF PACHYPYGUS GIBBER (THORELL, 1859)

(COPEPODA: NOTODELPHYIDAE) IN AUSTRALIAN WATERS

The ascidicolid copepod, Puclhypyens gibber (Thorell,

1559), was reported to occur in Australian waters by

Schellenberg . That observation has been questioned by

subsequent authors. However, the finding ol P. gibber in the

branchial basket of the ascidian Crone fitestinalis

(Linnaeus, 1767) in South Australia now confirms a south-

Ser

x —

ern hemisphere record lor 2 gibber Since the host ascidian

has been introduced into Australian waters, the commensal

copepod may also have been introduced.

The genus can be separated into two groupings based on

the morphology of the fourth leg exopodite.

Very litde is known of the ascidicolous copepod fauna of

hiv. |, Pacdypyens gibber (Vhorell, 1859), female. A. Lateral yiew. B, Exapodite leg 4. Pachypyaus aestrairy Gotto, 1975.

female. C. Exopodite leg 4 (redrawn trom Gotto 1975). Scale bars = | mm A: 0.25 mm B.C.

Australia. The first and still most extensive collection was

that of Schellenberg’. He recorded nine species of copepod

from Australian ascidians, including Pachypyeuy gibber (as

Netupteraphorus pibber), trom Ascidia glabra Aartmeyer.

1922, Untortunately. his collection was apparently lost dur-

ing the Second World War, His identification of Po gibber

was queried by Ile’ who nofed. in a major review of the

fumily, that P gibber had a predominantly Western Adantic

and Mediterranean distribution. while the allopatric species.

Pomacer Wg. 1958, occurred in the Carribean and West

Indies. In a series of papers, Ooishi''™' documented the

occurrence of P gihber in Japanese waters and described P.

errvatas Oorshi, 196) and FB ¢lohoxsus Ooishi, 1963, The

subsequent description from Australia of an apparently

closely related species to Po curvetus (Po auytraliy Goto,

1975), led Gott’ lo speculate that Poogibher might also

occur in Australian waters, us reported by Schellenberg!,

This note confirms that 2 grbber does oveur in Australian

wuters,

Seven female ascidicolous copepods were collected by

one of us (W4) from Angas Inlet near Port Adelaide, South

Australia. Que was disseeted in Jactophenol’. The dissected

lemale and the six intiver specimens are housed in the South

Australian muscu collection (C5846).

Systematics

Family Notodelphyidie

Genus Puchypyuss

Paclwpyens gibber (Thorell. 1859)

Synonym Noreprerepharus athber Thorell, [859

Collected J] Feb 1998 from Crane itestinalis (Linnieus,

1767) collected in Angas Inlet, east of the CGurden [sland

Schellenberg, A. (1922) Miu. Zool. Mus, Berlin 10,

219-274; 277-298.

‘Hg, PLL. (1958) Proc. US Nat. Mus. 107, d63-044,

‘Ooishi, S. (19614) Rep. Fac. Fish. Prefectural Uni. Mie

4, 81-86.

‘Ooaishi, 8. (196Ub) Ibid. 4. 87-92,

‘Ooishi, S. (1963u) thid, 4, 377-389

“‘Ooishi, S.(1963b) Ibid. 4 OA.

public bout rump, Port Adelaide, South Australia.

Total length of body, from rostrum to caudal ramus,

average of 7 specimens 40 mim. Range 3.5 — 44 min (Mie,

1A), There were uo significant differcuces between the

females from Australia and the detailed description of /

vthher collected from Chena fitestinalis in the Bay of

Naples (Mediterranean Seay"

Comments, Based on the morphology of the exopodite of

the fourth leg. there appear to be two groupings within

Pachypyeus, The first geoup, typified hy PB gihber, has the

exopodite of leg 4 as follows: three-segmented, first seg-

meol shor Segments lacking ull medial setae. second seg-

ment with medial setules. medial margin of third segment

with rows of spinules at approximate thirds. Lateral margin

of segments one and two with lateral spine, third segment

with three lateral, one terminal spine (Fig. 1B), This pitt-

term is followed by Pormacer and Po ylobesiy (but the bitter

hus two terminal spines),

The second granp, consisting of Bo curiae and Pcs

frafis, has a fourth lee exopodite which is three-segmented

with a very long sparsely setose first seginent. In A duis

frafis. segments wo and three are partially Fused (Pig. 1),

duscribed us “tongue-shaped™, second segment bearing

wer unequal setae. third segment carrying five delicate

selite. (wo blunt terminal spines and many small treat

ly arranged tubercles.

This is the frst confirmed cecord of Pacivpyens gibbes

in southern hemisphere waters, However, (he host ascidian

Clone itestinalis was introduced into Australia prior to

1899)" and therefore the commensal copepod may alsa be

an introduction from the northern hemisphere,

We ure very grateful to P. Mather, c/- Queensland Museuin

for conlirming the identification of Clone fifestinatis

Gotto. R.V. (1975) Bull, Zool. Mus. Uni, Armsterdam 4,

166-177.

‘Huys, R. & Bonshall, G. A. (1991) Ray Society, London

159. 1-468,

‘ly, PLL. & Dudley, PLT. (1965) Pubbl. stivione, ool

Napoli 34, 373-451.

"Herdman, W. A. (1899) Aust, Mus.. Sydney, Catilogne

17. 1-139,

J. B. JONES, Fisheries WA e¢/- Animal Health Laboratory, 3 Raron-Hay Court South Perth WA 6151 and W,

ZEIDLER, South Austialian Museum, North Terrace Adelaide S. Aust. S000.

SPECIES OF GNATHOSTOMA (NEMATODA: SPIRUROIDEA)

FROM BANDICOOTS AND DASYURIDS (MARSUPIALIA)

FROM AUSTRALIA

BRIEF COMMUNICATION

Summary

First discovered in a gastric tumor of a tiger in the Regent’s Park Zoological Gardens,

London Gnathostoma spinigerum Owen, 1836 occurs in a range of felid and canid

hosts, including feral and domestic cats (Felis catus) and dogs (Canis sp.) from Asia,

Oceania and South America’. In Australia G. spinigerum has previously been known

as an uncommon parasite of cats’. Up to 1978 nine occurrences of this parasite, all

from Townsville, Queensland, had been reported’.

Transactions of dice Reed Saeren Gh S. Aust CLO). L2AE RAK.

BRIFT COMMUNICATION

SPECIES OF GNATHOSTOMA (NEMATODA: SPIRUROIDEA) FROM

BANDICOOTS AND DASYURIDS (MARSUPLALIA) FROM AUSTRALIA

Hirsh diseovercd Hi a gasthic Humor of a Liger Tn the

Reven’’s Park Zoulopedl Gardens, London Grutheastente,

cpewerimeOwel (S36 eceurs ini range of felt and cane

Hosts. ocluchine Tera ane deamestie caps (Piety eaten) gine

Jews (Canny spo) fret) ASP Qeednia did South Ameria in

Austiilia Go yainigenan dos previnusty been kiown os ai)

UCOMTITION parasite of els. Upte L978 nine pceurrences oF

this pwirasile all from Towisville Queensland. had beer

reportcd | Subsequently ene oecarence Was reparted tran

a feral cat Fron Kinghega National Park Sew Sourh Wales’

Hwo were reported fron VO4 cates Tra Rasbaae, one (rom

17 cits Tram eonteal Austrailia one fran P88 cats from, the

Norhern ‘berry: and one from 327 cats from Victoria

amt Seav South Wades This: taller necordewis (isa: far

Koiwheaa Nutional Park, No infeutions by (he parasite were

reported: (rom surveys for Cat parasites 7 Syadney NSW

Nusa or Porth Western Australia’. Gnethestonia

WPI geruil Hes heen Vound i dogs On one GceasiON usin

He tile WOWAT Tit suh-cunineaus eyst

Fist discovensl in the Philippines, Gratlosteme dolore

Vf Vubungdi. 1925, repotled as CL disaein Teclisehenkar.

1872. norniilly paras mn the stompeh ob the pie (Sis

serold), his been Tounbornly once in Ausialie, Two spec

Hfetis Were recawercd fon a pe trae Northern

Onownstind. Te has been suggested that the pig may have

beer funded ilewilly: fro Papua Tew Culm where the

porusite bs Comin!

A rmorthern Qual, 2anvaris ballucitus Gould. colloetea

i Chinithe Creek. Northern ‘Territory (1a OAS. bab [2

Erbe Ph Hayeoek. wo 3d, vi, 1909 hod seven specimens ob

a tatostonie i the daplinagrin und liver An aalerear ond

appULen Ty OF Te Same Species Ol erathastome laud preyi-

ousty been eolleced Tonr a brash-tiiled) phascopale.

Flrcagule fipoateia (Meyer), Tram Wonsabel Staite

Forest. Adherdin Queenstdnd (17° 20'S. 145° 30°) by BK,

Krauss A DM Spraton $a 198. These mematades.

75-15 mim tone hud he lypieal morphology of advanced

(Wird-stage larvile of Ch spunivectid, namely aecephalic bulb

with rows al hodks +f hallonet-cerveul sue systtins ane

rows Of single, toothed spines ever ine entire body. The

YLIDNEP OP CORT Ca Radks per fow. 0 [he First row ancl dd

ithe (hip pay eh One specimen, and the totaal the

Hooks Whe tase thors was dhe Ly peal old spmreerrne

SN oseeonel pathostonu a single specimen 2b mn lon

owas TOU Tt northern brown beemdiGeor, Medan aie con

ris (Cruldd Collected ov RL Nein ab Raveushod,

Vueensland (17 FS. 145° 20" By on |. ik. L948). Tis

speetimen hide vephatie bulbowill [rows ef hoeles yin phe

4 hullonet-eervicwl sac systenis (ypical af te genus. The

eotire body surlice was aivered willl rows al spines. the

AeHION Oe Third Will taihepromed spines, the postere

HWwH THs WH Singles THetlicu spines. OF phe qinterion 4panes

those ig the resin pmedilely postertar (a (he peck ligd 4-

S prodps: die renninder Were ii-pronged. Although fea

tires of a veproductive system: Cydld ror be distinguished

the detiils of cephalic and body spination were sulheient to

Wennly this worn as an dollar maturing: adull GL defere

WO Gathostonie dolares7 is mast similar to Gy hivpidivn,

which is also found a) pigs: Miyazake in his review of

emuhostoniusis coled thal he lad previously re-examined

specrmens Ol Gi. fiypidiin and GF dolores? atid determine

That material From pigs (rant New Crimes previously iden

lilied as Gi. fispidum was, tr Raet GL delores: This lever

minstion was confirmed by Talbot’. Accordingly

Juspidinn is vonsiderest ty be limited in geogiiphical distr

bution to Asta and Horope while Gy diloresi os tounel on

Asivand Ocvaniad. supporting the dendricution of the spec

imen from the northern brows bandionot as Ce ditares?.

The (le eyele ola pruthosiome meludes an aetive. free

living. sheathed seeond stage dary winch swans i writer

tT ihis fapested by a copepod whereupon [develops bite

a third ste hivad These third stage hirvite iiatiire te

wlyaneced third sue affer iifeered copepods are consumed

by a vertebrate host cond isa lly eee if (he inusele ar otter

tissue sites af the vertehriic, When iitimials lifeeted by

sulvanced third ste larvae we thicmactves vote te new

host may cither be unsuitable for further larval develop

Wenl becoming a pulalenie Host i which the fapyae ee

cheysh ara suitable line) fost whieh laevae malire Ue

adilis in desionsan (he besophagus, stomplcly ap kidneys’

In the ease af the advanced: third siime larvae at oF

yuiigerier lounch in D. Naflvectis and: BP tapoaeafi. these

itsyuirids wppesir for be aefing ay paratenic hash. The warns

wold develop jnioadalis only aller the ditsyurnd did been

een by a stittable predalar. probably a feral Ga 10 Le ease

of he adult qworn founda the qorthen breayn burmdiceet it

is Holelear haw this infection evuld haye oeguereyh Although

hundicdats ave lintely (nscerivenrsus afd ib has heen sigsest-

ed Tat Hey might he pportuniste feeders on func radents

its unlikely thal they would hive aecidenually ingested an

AduIL sHathostaine wher scavenging a dead pig,

Hi all cases. din mfeetion of the normal detiainve host, a

feral car with OG) plage org domesne pi wall G

doloresp bas been reported for (he sume reeion, although port

(he Specific localities of the new tecords Sifee tF

yPliiger sc UNGATOn tes AUStraT eis Hike

ly Wo healso Uneorngor fn ollrer hosts whieh particry ie in

iis life cycle. Similirly wilh the record oh ee delevest in

pies, This mety. fowever, be au under represennujon ol

wciiial incldenee of aiteenion ih feral pies in Nonhern

Ouvenstund wfven the potential tor importation al mlectod

pies into the region, whieh as-spursely populiled, Tye piber

SPUTUPOL NEMEIMUe prrasites GE Me wustric (ileosa af pies,

Piivsavephiatis sesativites und Simondvie perdi were

found in fourel St feral pigs examined in Cape Tribu liljon

National Park between April und Sune 992 but ne species

al Cnarhosteme were reported".

The speciiitens are deposited inthe CSIRO Wildlife ane

Beology colleetion, Canberra, registration aunibers N44 1

wid 4632, tecerded as N2179 Tn Spratt eb al! und the

Souh Ausealiin Miscun, Adekode recisination mnher

ALIC 30272,

‘Miyazaki, L. (1991) “Helminthic Zoonoses”

(International Medical Foundation of Japan, Tokyo).

‘Beveridge, I., Presidente, P. J. A. & Arundel, J. H.

(1978) Aust. Vet. J. 54, 46.

‘Prescott, C. W. (1984) University of Sydney,

Postgraduate Foundation in Veterinary Science, Review

No. 24. Parasitic diseases of the cat in Australia.

‘Barton, M. A. & McEwan, D. R. (1993) Aust. Vet. J.

70, 270.

‘O’Callaghan, M. & Beveridge, I. (1996) Trans. R. Soc.

S. Aust. 120, 175-176.

*Coman, B. J., Jones, E. H. & Driesen, M. A. (1981)

Aust. Vet. J. 57, 324-327.

Gregory, G. G. & Munday, B. L. (1976) /bid, 52, 317-320.

‘Dunsmore, J. D. & Shaw, S. E. (1990) University of

Sydney, Postgraduate Foundation in Veterinary Science,

Review No. 31. Clinical Parasitology of Dogs.

‘Bates, M., Jones, K. & Waddell, A. H. (1983) Aust.

Vet. J. 60, 285-286.

"Seddon, H. R. (1967) “Diseases of Domestic Animils

in Australia Part | Helminth infestations”

(Commonwealth Dept of Health, Canberra).

"Eduardo, S. L. (1989) Trans. Nat. Acad. Sei. Tech.

(Phils.) 11, 97-102.

"Yadar, A. K. & Tandon, V. (1994) Acta Parasitol. 39,

150-152.

Talbot, N. T. (1969) Aust. Vet. J, 45, 548.

“Gordon, G. (1995) Northern brown bandicoot /seodon

macrourus pp. 174-175 In Strahan, R. (Ed.) “Mammals of

Australia” (Reed Books, Chatswood).

"Spratt, D. M., Beveridge, I. & Walter E. L. (1991)

Rec. S. Aust. Mus., Monogr, Ser. No. 1, 1-105.

"Spratt, D. M. & Pavlov, P. M. (1996) Aust. Vet. J. 74.

394-395,

L. R. SMALES, School of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central Queensland University

Rockhampton Qld 4702.

VOL. 123, PARTS 3 & 4

30 NOVEMBER, 1999

Transactions of the

Royal Society of South

Australia

Incorporated

Contents.

Beveridge, I. & Speare, R. New species of parasitic nematodes from

Dorcopsulus vanheurni Asis tees? APS from

Papua New Guinea - - 85

Thomson, S. A. & Mackness, B. S. Fossil turtles ‘fin die Farly ince Bluff

Downs Local Fauna, with a a ase of a new sei of

Elseya - - 101

Hemer, M. A. & Bye, J. A. T. The Swell Climate of the South Australian Sea 107

Kolesik, P. & Peacock, D. E. A new species of gall midge (Diptera:

Cecidomyiidae) damaging branch shoots of the dryland tea-

tree, Melaleuca lanceolata (Myrtaceae) - - - - = - 115

Bird, A. F. Observations of some nematodes from Kangaroo Island,

South Australia, including the description of a new species,

Hemicycliophora fluvialis es Pest SSP Gea?

from Rocky River - - - - 121

O’Callaghan, M. G. & O’Donoghue, P. J. A new species of Eimeria

(Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the sticknest rat, Leporillus

conditor (Rodentia: Muridae) - - - - - - - - 133

Smales, L. R. Cloacinidae (Nematoda: Strongyloidea) including a new

species, Dorcopsinema simile, from Dorcopsulus vanheurni

(Marsupialia: Macropodidae) from Papua New Guinea -_ - 137

Turni, C. & Smales, L. R. Progamotaenia abietiformis sp. nov. (Cestoda:

Anoplocephalidae) from Onychogalea fraenata

(Marsupialia: Macropodidae) from Central Queensland - 143

Brief Communications:

Lepschi, B. J., Kolesik, P. & Gates, M. Notes on the insect fauna of the fruit

galls of Anthocercis anisantha (Solanaceae) in Western

Australia - - - - - - - - - 149

Lauck, B. & Tyler, M. J. Ilial shaft curvature: a novel osteological feature

distinguishing two closely related species of Australian

frogs - - - - - - - - - 151

Mackness, B. An additional record of a meiolaniid turtle from the

Pleistocene of Northern Queensland - - - - - 153

Barker, S. Designation of lectotypes of three species of Cisseis

(Coleoptera: Buprestidae) - —- - - - - 155

PUBLISHED AND SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS

SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM, NORTH TERRACE, ADELAIDE, S.A. 5000

TRANSACTIONS OF THE

ROYAL SOCIETY

OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA

INCORPORATED

VOL. 123, PART 3

NEW SPECIES OF PARASITIC NEMATODES FROM

DORCOPSULUS VANHEURNI (MARSUPIALIA:

MACROPODIDAE) FROM PAPUA NEW GUINEA

By I. BEVERIDGE* & R. SPEARET

Summary

Beveridge, I. & Speare, R. (1999) New species of parasitic nematodes from

Dorcopsulus vanheurni (Marsupialia: Macropodidae) from Papua New Guinea. Trans.

R. Soc. S. Aust. 123(3), 85-100, 30 November, 1999.

Seven new species of Cloacina are described from the stomach of the lesser forest

wallaby, Dorcopsulus vanheurni, from a single locality, Doido, in Papua New Guinea.

Cloacina syphax sp. nov. differs from all congeners by the undulating anterior margin

of its buccal capsule, lack of lips and acutely pointed tips to the submedian cephalic

papillae.

Key Words: Dorcopsulus vanheurni, nematodes, new species, Cloacina.

Tintiyactios af the Koval Secien ofS. Aust (1999), 12303). 85-100.

NEW SPECIES OF PARASITIC NEMATODES FROM DORCOPSULUS

VANHEURNI (MARSUPIALIA ; MACROPODIDAE)

FROM PAPUA NEW GUINEA

by |, Bevertpar® & R. SPEARET

Summary

Brynringk, 1X Sprare, KR. (1999) New species of purasidie nematodes from: Dervepsufias veriendrni

(Marsupialias Maerapodidae) Fram Papua New Guines Tarn. Re Soe, & Aust, 123 (3). 85-)00, 30 November,

JOQU,

Seyen new species al Chaieing are described fro the stomiuch of the lesser forest Wallaby. Darcepsalay

vanheurné, Crom a single leculity, Doido. in Papua New Guinea. Claadecine syphax sp. nov. differs from all

congeners by the undulating anterior margin of its buceal capsule, lack of lips and acutely pointed ps to the

submediin cephalic papillae. Claacini sancius sp, nov, is distinguished by the shape pf its buecal capsule which

is sinuous in apical view. quidrangulur in shape and has eight medially directed lobes. Claeefic welon sp, nov.

is differentiated hy its cerviea! euticular inflation, submedian cephalic papillae with obtuse distal segments, a

sinuous Litterior margin to the buceal cupsule and ain unornamented oesophagus, Chactcina sapple sp. ney. ein

be separated [ronvcongeners by the lomgoucule subinediin cephalic papillae and the presence of the alnphids on

clevitions af the cuticle while Co scien sp. nov. is distinguished by its cervical inflation, single oesophigeul

denticle, deirid at the level al ihe nerve ring and ewht leaf crown elements, Cloaedia sterepe sp. noy. can be

differentiated frony congeners by the asymmetry of the bueeal capsule in fateral yiew. the presence of

oesophageal bosses urid a denticle, the deirid posterior tothe nerve ring and a straight vagina, Claacor yolvaues

sp. noy, 1s distinguishable by (he tiny submediin cephalic papillae, sinuous anterior margin Of the bueeu capsule

and sihveytiodrical oesophagus. Additional undescribed species were found bul insulficrent Weterial was

avaible to pert description.

Kiiy Worns: Darcoyrndis vinliedrni nematodes, new species, Cloacina,

Introduction

Most species Of kangaroos and wallabies which

have been examined lor the presence of internal

parasites bave been found to harbour a diverse array

of parasitic nematodes, the majority belonging to the

supectamily Strongyloidea Weinland, 1863 (Spratt ez

al 1991). However, at number of species of wallabies

has apparently never been examined for helminth

parasites and prominent among them are the forest

Wallabies of the related genera Doreopsis Schlegel &

Mueller. 1842 and Dorcupsuluy Matschie, 1916

trom Papua New Gaines During 1984, one of us

(RS) fad the opportunity to collect parasites: from

four speermens of the lesser forest: wallaby,

Dorcopsulus vanheurn’ (Thomas, 1922), at Dodo in

the Chiinbu Proyinee of Papua New Guinea (6°

33°8. 14° 50° Ey. New species of the nematode

genus Cloacina von Linstow, 1898 found in the

stomachs of (he aimals examined are described in

this paper,

* Departineat at Vefermuy Seenee. The University of Melborrne

Parkville Vic, 3052.

E Departical ob Public Health & Topical Medicine. fines Conk

Fonivenity Tawiravalle Qld be 10

Materials and Methods

Stomach contents of wallabies were preserved in

10% formalin. In the laboratory, the contents were

washed to remove the formalin, nematodes were

extracted, washed in water and stored in 70Ve ethanol

price to examination. For identification, nematodes

were cleared im lactophenol. Permanent preparations,

on slides, of apical views of the mouth openine,

bursa and spicule tips were made using polyvinyl

lactophenol as the mounting medium, Meusurements

were made using an oculae micrometer and are

presented ih millimetres as the range followed by the

new i parentheses, [nh instanees where all

individual measurements were the same. u single

figure appears before the mean in parentheses. 1

gmly two meastrements were available, the

individual measurements are given. Drawings were

made with the aid of a drawing (ube atlwehed to an

Olympus BH2 microscope using Nomarskt

interference opties. Drawings of apical views of the

mouth opening are presented with the dorsal aspect

uppermost: drawings of the bursu have the ventral

lobes uppermost

Terminology for morphological featings of the

venus Cloacina tollows Beveridge (1998), except

AO ). BEVERIDGE & R, SPEARE

Wit the term seeretury-excretory (S-E) pore is used

lollowing Bird & Bird (199]), Holotype specimens

have been deposited in the South Australian

Museu, Adelaide (SAMA) while paratype material

has been distributed benween SAMA and the British

Museum (Natural History), London (BMNE), Host

nomenclature wlilised ts that of Flannery (1995),

Following Bevertuee (1998), the names of the new

species are of classical origin,

Cloacina syphax sp, nov.

(FIGS 1-10)

Vypes, Holotype & from stomach ol Darcepstlins

tinhetrni, Dodo. Papua New Guinea, P72 vy. 1984,

coll, K. Speve, SAMA AHC 31194: allotype 4,

SAMA AHO 31200; paratypes: 20 29. 9 99.

SAMA AHO 31201-22 1 ¢. 1 7, BMNH

1908.9,.28 21-22,

Heveviplion

Smal! nematodes: cervical cuticle slightly raflawd

WM Hesophageal regions transverse cuifichlar

anmhitions promment Subsmedian — papitae

clongite, (075 lor. projecting anteriorly from peri-

oral cuticles proximal sexment cylindreal, shoe.

(005 Jong, shorter than owoidacule distal sepmens,

QOWW long. Bueeal eapsule shallow, eviindrical,

symmeticadl i dorsoventral views, circulir in apical

view. Dorsal margin of buccal capsule prominently

lohed wilh bifid lobes posterior to each subimedian

pipilla, Bight leat crown clemenis, with Fant

siriiions, arising frat (ull length of taternal wall of

bread capsule, recurved at tips, Perjoral cuticle nal

inflated ante lipelike lobes allached (to eaueh teal

ern element. Dorsal vesophugeal ghind tat

projecting. ito buecul capsule, Oesophagis simply,

elongate, claviforny; lining dnornatented: denticles

absent, Nerve ping in inicd-oesephigeal region:

Jeirids i anterior oesophageal region, immediately

wnlerigr la nerve rings S-E pere anterior to

sesophugo-infestinal junction,

Male (Measurements trom 10) specimens, types)

(bigs 5-8)

Toul length 3795-545 (463): maxinuin width

OSS (4b dimensions of paweal cupsule

D0 TS 0.020 [0199 x 1.05-0,06 (0,055); oesophagus

0.47-0,60 (0,55); nerve ning in anterior end 022-026

(0.24); SE pore to unterior cod (39-0.50 (O45):

deitids to anterior vod O.18-0,26 (0.21). Bursa

WIThouL prominent divisions between lobes. Ventral

lobes joined ventrally: lateral and ventral lobes

joined, Dorsal lobe slightly longer than hateral lobes,

Dorsal ray stenderaloriging primary braneblets arise

al T/2 length, before major bifurcation: secondary

brinelilets al V/s length: internal braneldets directed

posterionly. reaching margin of bursa: external

branchlets similar in leneth to internals, direewd

posterolarerally, not reaching margin of bursa.

Externodorsal ray arising close to lateral riya, not

reaching margin ot bursa, Posterolateral and

ventrolaternl rays apposed, reaching margin ol bursa;

unlerolateral ray divergence shorter than other lateral

rays. not reaching miteein of bursa, ventrolateral and

ventrovental rlys upposed, reaching margin. of

bursa, Gubermucuhim broadly triangular, 0.025,

0,030 Tong: central cordate aod paired kucral

thickenings of spicule sheuths present: venital cone

With prominent) anterior ip: posterior lip shorter than

anterior, WILD pair of dame shaped papillies pair ol

lateral inflations of cuticle presence on eirher side of

anterior fips spicules elongate, 2.50-2,93 (2.73) long,

alate. Tip stinple; aki diminishing in width gradually

lowards tip.

Merle (Measurements [rom 3 specimens, types)

(Pigs 9. 1)

Total length 4 14-5.13 (459): masini width

028-049 (033), dimensions oF buccal capsule 0.020

(A201 5 0.055-0.065 (C060): oesophagus 0.58-0.6|

(0.59); nerve fing ty unmtecior end 0.25-0.27 (0,26). 8

EB pore Lo amunor end 037-046 (0.43): deinads to

anterior end UES O24 (0,20) To simple, coment,

O.13-0)19 (01-4) lonps virlva clase to arms. (20-031

(0.23) [rom posterior end: vagina stright posteriorly,

witerion region twistedl, reeurrent, 100-122 (1,13)

Jolie. oveyector J- shaped. infindibaluat sherter thant

sphincter; ogee ellipsoidal, QO7-O,08 (07) x 00d

(U),()4),

Livneiloge

Syphax. king of Niumidia at the rite of the second

Punic wait

Remurks

Chraeia syphe is distinvatiyhedt (rat all

congeners by the shape of the anterior margin of the

huceal eapsule which is Undulite Grid has a roughly

bifid, unreriorly directed lobe immediately posterior

ft cach submediin pupitli, Congeners with

syinmetrical buecul capsules bearing promineur

anterior Jobes ace CL artenis Beyeridae. 1908, C.

fiche Beveridge. 1908, ©. Invpsipyle Beveridge

1098, CL dinstow? Jabnston & Mawson, (40 ©.

Hretidiy dotinston & Miywson, 1999 anid ©;

Wwillahiae Johnston & Mawson, 1939, The distal

semmenls of the cephalic papitlae in CL hehe, ¢

hiypaipyle, ©. fiastew) wn Co rhevidis ave obtuse at

their lips rather chen aente as in Go syle ©

verre ind Co Wwedlahive have liplike expansions

vf (he vephahe vutiele utached to each leit erawn

element whieh are lacking in Co oyyptian, Pow these

NEW NEMATODES FROM MARSUPIALS 87

Figs 110. Clowcina sypluce sp. nov. |. Anterior end, lateral view of ¢. 2, Cephalic extremity. lateral view, dorsal uspeet on

right hind side, 3, Cephalic extremity, dorsal view, 4. Cephalic extremity, apical view. 5. Spicule tip, Jateral view. 6.

Gubernaculum, ventral view. 7. Genital cone, dorsal view. 8, Bursa. apical view. 9. Pemiale tail, lateral view. 1) Ovejector

and vayina, lateral view. Seale burs = 0.) mm, |, 7-10: 0.0) mm. 2-6.

KY I BEVBRIDOE & BR. SPEARE

jeasons, ©, syphav is Considered distinet from all

CONMENEPrS,

Cloacina saneus sp. ney.

(FIGS 11-23)

Types: Volotype 2 from stomach of Dereepsulay

vetheurat. Doo, Papua New Guinea, 17,y 1984.

coll Ro Speare. SAMA AHC 31194; allotype &.

sume dite, SAMA AHC 3/195; paratypes, same

dolar @ 3a, 2 99, SAMA ATIC AIL9@, 1,

BMNEL 1998,9.28 15,

Descripiion

Small nematodes; cerview! cuticle tot ettited 1

vesophageal region: (ransverse coliculirannutations

prominent, Sub-mediai papillae small O.010 long.

projecting anteriorly from perioral cuticles: proximal

segment cylindrical short, O.005 foi. as long as

ovoid. obluse distal segment, 0.005 long, Buccal

capsule shallow. cylindrival symmetrieal in

dorsoventral wiews, fot sinudus or lobed ain

Jorsoventiail Views but sifuous in apical view, with

medially directed indentations postenur to cacl

wiiphid and submedian papilla as well as one dorsal

und one veriral indentition, Bighe teat eeown

elements, With) faint striations, arising Prom full

Tength of internal wall or buceal capsnle, vet

reonrved al fips. Peri-oral cuticle striated. not inthited

int liplike fohes artaiched to each teal erown

element Dorsal und subveniral oesophageal teeus

absent, Oesophigus simple, clivilorm, stably

comsticted al level of nerve ving, Lining tet

ormémented; denticles ubsent, Nerve ring in mid

esophageal region. deirids ih anterior oesophageal

region anterior to nerve cing; SB pore auteriar to

LeSOpPhieoTNestin al jUNetOn.

Mivde (Measurements from 9 specimens, types) (Pi hes

18-21)

‘Lot tength 4826.62 (3.84) maximum width

O40-0.52 (45). dumensions of bnecul eapsule

H.020-0.025 (0.022) x O.065-0.080 (0.075):

OosophiLs (L680, 75 (OF bE nerve ring fo cnterior

em O.34-0,38 (0,36); SE pore lo anterior end 0,55-

1.64 (060% deirids lo anterior end 022-0,27 (0.25).

Bursa wohour prominent divisions belween Jobes.

Ventral lobes joined ventrally; lareral and) ventral

fobes joined. Dorsal lobe simikir ta length to lateral

lobes. Dorsal ray divides at midlength; secondary

subdivisions ab ay dength: internal branchlets

direcied posteriorly, not reaching margia of bursa:

external branchlets shorter than interiuls, direeted

posterolaterally, mol reaching imurgin of bursa,

Eaxternodorsd ray arising close te lateral rays, ml

reiching omurgin of bursa, Pasterolateral anil

ventroluteral rays apposed, reaching tnargin of bursic

unteroluterul ray divergent, shorter (hin other kiteral

rays, not reaching margin of bursa; ventrolateral and

Ventroventral tyes apposed, reaching, margin of

bursa. Gubernuculum broadly quadrangutir, O.025-

0.040 (0.052) long; central cordate and paired laleral

thickenings of Spicule shouths present: genital cone

With prominent anterior lip; posterior lip shorter than

anterior lip, with pair of dome shaped papillae: pare

of tiateral inflations of cuticle present on either side

Of anterior lip: spicules elongate. 1.73-2.67 (2.25)

log. alate, tip simple, ali diminishing ii width

gradually then lermnitting abruptly inimediately

aNTErLOW TO Tit,

Perle (Measurements from. 3 specimens, types)

(Figs 22, 23)

Total length 5.5 11.2 (7-8): maximun width Oot!

Q.74 (0.60); dimensions ol bueeal capsule 0.020-

0.025 (0.022) ~% O.080-0.105 (0.0001 Gesophiagis

0,720.88 (O84: nerve thig to witerior end O.38-O-1t

(39) S-B pore lo anterior ent 050-074 (0,62),

Jeirids to-anterioe cnd 0.21, Tail simple, conieel.

0.19. 0.21 long; vulwa close to anus, 0,30. 0.32 [ron

posterior chd) vasind sinuous, 0.67, O86) long:

oveyeclor J- shaped. infindibilun as lone as

sphincter: cyy elfipsoielal, O07, 1.08 4 0.04, Ce,

Pieanitagy

Saneus. a deity of (he Sabines,

Reamiairks

Cloaciiat — sanedy is distingiished from all

congeners except ©) beneralrerwin Johnston &

Mawson, 1929 and © theadiy by the shape ol the

huecal capsule, Which Ts sinuotis imupieal views. The

sumuosity is distinguishable jn literal views (Ria, 14)

by the presence of Iwo vertical thickenings of ihe

hoceal capsule wall, Similar thickenings of the wall

tire Visible in dorsal and ventral views (Pigs bo 190,

In both Co bene rafiarunr und Co thetidis, the stapes ot

Ihe bueeal capsule Hy apical view 6s approximate ly

triangular with six indentations oF Ihe mumin, tne)

sanens, the haveal capsule is roughly quedeangabar

in apical view and has eight inidenkitions Gl ity

MAILE, Six assechited With alphids aod subaedion

papillae as well as a dorsaband a went idenitien,

The wall of the buceal eapsule is strenght in lateral

views in OC. seers and Co thenediy but is uadulauig

in € bdaverafierian. The subinedian papillae of

yereuy resemble these of Co baiteralranin, with ti

short rounded distal seement, while (hose al ©)

thendis Inve an vlongare. obtuse distal seement. Un

(he female, the Gvejcetor of ©. theridiy is Y-shaped

compared With J-shaped ovejeetors in CC. seamen and

CO. bancrofiorum, while the vagiiie is roeurvent The,

Aaerafiarder but nen i sae,

NEW NEMATODES FROM MARSUPIALS 89

Figs (1-23. Cloueina sancus sp, nov, LL. Anterior end, literal view of 3. 12. Submediun cephalic pupil. 13. Cephalic

extremily, lateral view, dorsal aspect on right hand side, 14. Cephalic extremity, dorsal view, 15, Cephalic extremity.

ventral view. 16, Cephalic extremity, apical view: 17. Optical transverse section through buccal capsule. 18, Spicule tip,

lateral view. 19, Gubernacalum and thickenings ot spicule sheaths, ventral view, 20, Genital cone. dorsal view. 21. Bursa,

apical view, 22. Female tail. lateral view, 23, Ovejector and vagina, lateral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm, 1. 14-15. 21-23:

0.01 mim. 12, 16-20.

ou) 1 BEVERTIDOR & R. SPEARE

Cleactna selon sp. navy.

(FIGS 24-34)

Typest Holotype & from stomach of Dvorcepanliy

vedfeurnr, Doido, Papua New Guitiea, 17. LOX

coll, RB, Speure, SAMA AHC 31203, allolype &.

sume data. SAMA QHC 31204: paratypes: 2 3

Yo, SAMA AHC 31205; 1 d. | 2.) BMNH

[998,28 1B TY,

Deseriprion

Smiull nematodes, cervies] cuticle prominently

inflated in oesdphageal regions (rainsverse cuticular

unnulutions Gant on eeryicw) inflation, prominent

posterion to it Sub-median papillae elongate. OO)

long. projecniig anteriorly from peri-oral euvele:

prisximal segment eylndriecal, short, (006 long,

shorter thay oyod, obtuse distal segment. 0.042

lon, Bueenl capsule shallow, cylindricsl,

synimeirical in dorsoventral views. circular mn apical

view: anterior margin of buccal eapsule simuous in

lateral, dorsal and ventral views, Ereht leat crown

elements, with fant sttiations, arising fram tall

lenath of internal wall of buccal capsule, recurved ial

tips. Peri-oral cufiele not inflated into Tiptike lotes

duached to each leaf crown element. Dorsal

HesOphigeal tooth absent, qich sub- ventral seatoe of

uesophagus WHT siagle, Iamect-like projection into

bieeal capsule, Oesophagus simple, clongate,

claviform: lining tnernamented; denticles absent.

Nerve ring in mid-oesuphageal region: deiids in

(Interior Oesophageal region, just dnterion to nerve

Hite, S-E pore anterior lo Besophage-siitestinal

junction,

Male (Measureynents fron 10) Spectieus, types)

(Figs 29-32)

‘Total length 4.8-7.6 (5.5): maximuin width 0,42

O47 (O41): dimensions of buccal capsule 0.015

O.018 (O.017) & 0L070-0.080. (0.075). oesophagus

(.70-0.83 (0.75): nerve ring 10 unteriar end 0.27-0,32

(0.29): S-L pore to anterior end 0.52-0.63 (0.59):

deirids wo daterior end 019-026 (0.22) Bursa

WIThOUL prominent divisions between lobes, Ventral

lobes joined ventrally; faleral and) ventral lobes

joined. Dorsal lobe similar ion length to kiteral lobes,

Dorsal ray divides at I/y length: secondary

subdivisions at 2/3 dengthe internal branchlets

direcied posteriorly, ulmost reaching imurgin af

bursa; external branchlets shorter than internals,

directed posterolaterally, not reaching margin of

bursa, Externodorsal ray arising close {a Tateral rays,

Hol reaching margin of bursa, Posterolateral and

ventrolateral rays apposed, reaching mitrgin of bursa:

anterolateral ny divergent. shorter than other lateral

rays, not reaching mumin of bursa: ventrolateral and

ventroventral ravs apposed, reaching imirein of

bursa Gubernucntum broadly. quadrangobar, 0.025-

0.030 (0.029) long: centaal cordate and paired laurent

thickeniigs of spivule sheuths present: wenial cone

with prominent anterior lip: posterior lip shorter than

interior, will pair of dome shaped papillae; pair ol

lateral inflations o} cuuicle present on cither side ol

anterior lip, spieules elongate, 2.60-2.94 (2.81) lone.

alate, Lip simple: ala diminishing in width pradually,

lerninawing: near Up.

female (Measurements ftom LO specimens, types)

(Pigs 33, 34)

Total length 4,7-6.8 (6.0); maximum width 0.44

55 (0.46); dimensions of buecal capsule (,015-

0.020 (0.018) x OO80-0.090) (O.D85)2 oesaphaets

0.7 1-0.86 (0.78): nerve rmy bo anterior end 0.22-0,40

(0.27), S-E pore to anterior endl O.S3-0.67 (C61);

deinids to antonor end 0.20-0,24 (0.21). Tail simple,

conical, O.17-0,22 (0,19) long; vulva close fo unirs,

0.27-0,39 (0.32) from postenor enc vagina long.

distal region straight. proximul region recurrent.

LO9-141 (121) long; ovejectar J shaped,

mln buluTn longer [han sphineler, eee not seen.

Ervntology

Solon. a Jamous legislator of Adis, one of the

seven sages of Greece,

Remurks

Chacha yolow is characterised by a stiple,

chiyilorm. unornamented oesophagus. submedian

cephalic papillae in whieh the proximal segment ts

short and the distal seyment large and obtuse und hy

w buceal cupsule whieh his a regularly smuons

anterior thurein, These leatures distinguish jt trem all

congeners except Co drvape Beveridge. 199%, C.

hebe, © hypyipyle. C. linsiowl, ©. maia Beveridge.

1998 and CL thetidix. Claueina dev, Co hehe and

C. thetidis. have extremely shallow bucenl cpsules

which distinguish (hem immediately from OC. selon.

while © liniowi and ©. nati Jack i cervical

inflation of the cuticle and have Y-shaped cevejectors

rather than the J-shaped evejector found in Cl selon,

Cloacina livpsipyle possesses a buecal capsule which

1s triangular in apical view father than cireular as i

C. solear and Nas six leal crowrn-elements rather thin

the eight nC. yefen. In addition, the spicules of ¢)

hypyipyle are V.04-1.15 mm tone compared with

2,60-2.94 mm in CC. selma and the vagina of ©

hypsipyle is struie@ht while that af Co salen is

recurrent.

Cloacina sappho sp, wav

(FIGS 35 - 44)

Types; Holotype & from stomach of Darcepsaties

verhewrnt. Deide, Papua New Gumea. | 7ov, 1984.

NEW NEMATODES FROM MARSUPIALS 9)

Figs 4-34. Cloucind selon sp. nov. 24, Anterior end. lateral view of d. 25, Cephalic extremity, lateral view, dorsal aspect

on lef hand side. 26. Cephalic extremity, ventral view. 27. Cephalic extremity. dorsal view. 28. Cephalic extremity, apical

View. 29, Bursa, upical view. 30. Genital cone. dorsal view. 31. Gubernaculum and thickenings of spicule sheaths, ventral

view. 32, Spicule tip, lateral view. 33. Female tail, lateral view. 34. Ovejector and vitgina, literal view. Scale bars = 0.1

min, 24, 29, 31, 33-34; 0.01 mm, 25-28, 30, 32,

2 | BEVERIDGE & R. SPEARE

Figs 35-43. Cloacina sopplie sp. nov, 35. Anterior end, lateral view of o. 36, Cephalic extremity, lateral view. dorsal aspect

on left hand side. 37. Cephalic extremity, dorsal view. 38. Cephalic extremity. apical view. 39. Bursa, apical yiew. 40)

Spicule tip, hueral view. 41. Gubernaculun and thickenings of spicule sheaths, ventral view. 42. Ovejector and vagina

lateral View. 43. Femule tail, lateral yiew, Scule bars © 0. | mm, 35, 39, 42, 43; 0,01 mm 36-38, 40, 41.

NUW NEMATODES PROM MARSUPIALS a

coll BR. Spewe, SAMA AHC 31188, allotype 7,

sane data, SAMA AHIC SEXY: paratypes: Po.) &,

SAMA AHO 31190.

Deseripticn

Small nematodes; cervieal cuticle not inflated tn

oesophageal redion: Ilinsverse cuticular annulidans

prominent, Subemediin papillae 0.013 Tong,

projecting anteriorly From perioral cuuicle. situated

On elevations GF perioral cutiche: proximal segment

eylindrieal, short, (L005 lone, shorter than weute,

SUB eUh distil see ment, 0.009 fore, aphids on

prominent coneal projections Crom peri-oral cuticle,

Buccal capsule shallow. cylindrical symmetrical in

hterul views, circular in apical) wews wlerion margin

Of buccal capsule irregularly undulate. Bight leat

crown elements, with Taint striations, alisha from

Wath length of internal wall of buccal capsele, not

recurved at tips, Peri-eral cuticle not iatheted inte tip-

like Tubes armiehed to eaeh feat crown element

Dorsal oesophageal tooth absent. Ovsophagus

dple, OluVilerth, region whteria’ to herve: ig

brodder (hin Unit posterior la nerve ming; lining

unornantenmivds aentivles absent. Nerve ring in

posterior Gesophugeal regions deirius immediately

uierion to Herve ving: S-E pore anterior lo

OcSOP eo TLestihal fume Len,

Male (Measurements trom 4 specinions. lypes) (Pigs

Total Jenet 5,0-6,3 (8,7) muaximuny width 0,294

)40 (O35), dimensions OF buccal capsule Q,01S-

(1.020 (0.019) s O.080-410.090) (0.085): oesophagus

(.65-0.71 (0.68): nerve ring lo anterior end O-A0-O43

(O42), SE pore to dinterior end 0,58-0,60 (0.50):

deirils (Oo aurerio’ end O.26-0,46 60,32), Bursa

wilhoul prominent vivisions between lobes, Ventral

lobes joined ventrilys Tateral and) ventral lobes

joined. Dorsal lobe similar in length to literal lobes.

Dorsal may divides at tnidlengthy secondary

subUiVisdons finiediilcly posterior ta penmnay

Vivisions Tolernal branchlets elongate, directed

posteriorly, alutost reaching margin of bursas

externol branehlets shorter than inernals, directed

fostaralaerathy. dee reach margin of bursa,

Eexternodarsidh riuy airisinge Glose to Lateral riys. not

reaching marvin of bursa, Posteroliterul and

ven tiohuterd rays apposeck reachim mirgin of bursa,

inlerolileral ruy dryverent, shorter than other lateral

riys, nmol reaching murein of bursas ventrohileral cand

veritroventral cays apposed, reaching margin of

bursa. Guberniculin subieiameuharn 0.030-0.040

(W037) longs central cordate ane paired) lateral

thickenings oF spieule sticuths present: genital cone

WITH prominent anterior lip: posterior lip shorter than

anterior, with pair of dome shaped papillae: pair of

fatoral Tiflations of euticle present on either side of

anterior lip: spicules elongate, 130-1250 (138) long,

alate.

Female (Measurements trom 2 specitens, types)

(Figs 42, 43)

Total length 5.0. 8.10 maxsmum width O46. O54:

dimensions of buccal capsule 0,020, 0.020 8 0.100,

0.070 : desoplawtis O80, 0.87; nerve tiie bo yuierion

end O47. 0.53, S-§ pore lo anterior end 0,08, 0.77:

deinids to anterior end (26, 0.290 Tail simple,

conital. O.21,.0.25 longs valya close lo antis, 0.33.

0.36-lrom posterior end: vagina straight. (44, 050

long: oveyector J-shaped. Hifundibulum tormger thar

sphineler; epe nel seen,

Hivinalosy

Sappho. a Creek lyric poetess.

Remarks

Although deseribed from a very linited series: of

specimens, Co sdppiv) is inimediately distinguishable

from) cull cofweners by the frregularhy undulatine

unferior margin of the buccal eapsule ant by the

presenee of prominent conieal projections trom the

per onl cuticle, bearing the amphids. In addition,

the shape of the Gesophagus, with the anterior region

broader thin (he postenor reeion, distinguishes: (he

new Species fron all congeners except ©. drape,

Train which it diflers i biting at rehitively deeper

huceul capsule. a huccul capsule that is circular in

apie View rather thin dorsoventrally elongate as in

Co drvepes in taving eight rather thar six Tear crown

elements and Th the shape of the cephalic papillae

which in ¢. drvepe terminite with iin vlongate.

ObLUSE sepnient.

Cloacina seiron sp. nov.

(FIGS 44-54)

Types: Holotype o from stomach of Darcopsulus

vanhewuni, Dore, Papua New Guinea, [7 184,

coll, BR, Spee. SAMA AHO 31207; allotype ‘,

same dita SAMA AHO 31208; parulypes: TS 7,

Id 72. SAMA AHO 31208, 312M | dg. de.

BMNH 1998.28, 16-17.

Description

Srull nematodes: cervieal cuticle inflated i

Hesophageal region, Wiflation arieiialig at level of

pedieoral cuticle; Wansverse clticubial qanulitons

prominent, Sub-median papillae elongate, Q.07|

long, projecting anteriorly from) peri-oral cuticle;

proximal segment cylindrical, (005 long, almost as

long as ovoid, distal segmeok 0.006 long. Buceal

capsule shallow, cylindrical, symmetrical in

dorsoventral views, dorsoventrally elongate in apical

9a |. BEVERIDGE & R. SPEARE

Figs 44-54, Cloavina seiron sp, nov, 44, Anterior end, lateral view of 4, 45. Cephalic extremity, lateral view, dorsal aspect

on right hand side. 46. Cephalic extremity, dorsal view, 47. Cephalic extremity, apical view. 48. Optical transverse seclien

through buccal capsule, 49, Spicule tip, lateral view. 50. Oesophageal denticle, Jateral view, 31. Gubernaculum and

genital cone, ventral view, 52. Bursa, apical view, 53, Female tail. lateral view. 54. Ovejector and vagina, lileral view.

Seale bars = 0,1 mm, 44, 52-54: 0.01 mm 45-51,

NEW NEMATODES FROM MARSUPLALS 95

views anterior margin of buveal capsile arched

anteriorly im lateral views, Bight lea! crown

elements, with faint striations, arising from full

length of internal wall of buecal capsule, not

recurved al lips. Peri-oral cuticle not mflated inte lip

like lobes attached to eaeh leat crawh element,

Dorsal oesophageal tooth absent. Oesophagus

sihiple, Clongate, chivilorm, lining: unornamented:

Single dorsal denticle present in) mid-region of

nesonhieus, Nerve riog i mi-ocsophageal region:

dewids al devel of nerve ring: S-EE pore anterior to

OvsophiZo-intestinal junetion.

Male (Muasurements trom 10) speeimiens, types)

(Vis 49, 51. 52)

Total length 40-a.) GES): maximo with 0.26-

(1.36 (L327); dimensions of buecal capsule O.008-

ONTO (0.009) 5. O.04F0-0,048 (0.043): oesephagits

OL4S-O.5) (O48), bere | lige to aitercior end (h24-0,27

(QQSI SE pore to uotertor end Q.37-0,50 (O45),

demids (oO unterior end 027-035 (0.30). Bursa

wilhoul prominent divisions between lobes. Ventral

lobes yeined yentullys hueral aia ventral lohes

jedied. Dorsal lobe siinilar in length 1s lateral lobes.

Dorsal ray stout at origin. trunk long, divides at 2/5

lovwth; secondiny Subdivisions arise afler primary

division; internal branchlets. directed) posteriorly,

AlMoOxreching margin of bursa, external branchlets

Os long as intemuls, direcied posterolaterally, not

raaehing mnutgin of bursa. Externodorsal ray: arising

close (a) Literal pays, Det reaching manwin oF bursa.

Posterohilend and ventrolalertl miys apposed,

reaching margin of bursa; anteroliteral ray divergent.

shorter than ether huceal rays, dot reaching margin ob

hurd) Ventroliterad and ventrovental mus apposed,

reuching omunan ob bursa, | Clohernaculum

suibtriuarular, 0.02 (0.02) lonay central eordate: aid

plired Literal Uekenidgs of spieule sheaths present:

seni cone wilh prominentanterior lip: posterior tip

shorter than anteriog with pair of dome shaped

papllhies pair oF lateral intatons Ob cuticle present

anemher sie al anrertor lips spicules clonuate, 2.823-

4a0 14.00) lone. alate: ip simple, recurved: oly

Uiivishine th widlly gradually wowards Lip.

Prnle (Nbeasurements Tonk 10 specimens. types)

(Wipes 54, 94)

Toh Jederh 4.7-6.5 (-hS); maximum width O,17-

U.36 (U4) dinenstons oF buccil eapsule (.000-

WOVS (0.012) x O0d0-D0045 (0.0445 oesophagus

UAd-55 (O40); nerve og in anterior ened () 24-0.27

(246 S-E pore to unter end O48-057 (O45)!

ileinids to uneror end (25-0 94 120). Ral simple.

comiath O04 -UL 22 GULLS) lam: villva close To anus,

1.290039 10.29) Frotn posterior ends vigind Slehily

sinuous, O78 110 (ORR) lone: uveqector Jshuped,

TAPUNTbU NT as long) as sphincter cee ellipsoid,

0.075 0.080 (0.079) x OO OES (OD

Elvinology

Seiren, ain Epicurean philosopher.

Remarks

Clogema seiron is characterised by a simple.

Clayate oesophagus with a dorsal denticle at the level

ol the nerve ring, the deirid at the level of the nerve

ring, & Cervical culiedhi inflation and eight leat

crown clements. Species which most closely

resemble Co oyerron in possessing a unornamented

oesopliigus and it single dorsal oesophageal denticle

ure: Co cernta (Davey & Wood. 1938), ¢

dindyinene Beveridye. 1998, CL dirce Beveridge,

1998 und Co Jengapieufard Johnston & Mawson.

1939. -Cloeema cermdea differs Tram CL vei in

huving a prontinent dorsal Oesophageal looth, ©

dindyinene and Co dice have eight teal crown

elements. the deirid is in the anterior region of the

oesophagus dnd. in addition. Cl edfree has lips,

Cloveina longispreulata has a eerview! cuticular

Inflation which terminates posterior to the level seen

in C. setron. his an anteriorly placed deiriad, the SE

pore ties posterior to the oesoptavo-intestinal

junction and the female tailis blunt with a distinetive

sinuous and slightly recurrent yagi.

Cloacina sterope sp. noy

(FIGS 53-67)

pes. Lolotype a from stomach of Doreoporlis

vanheurni. Dowo, Papua New Guinea, | 7.v. 1984,

coll, Re Speare, SAMA ANC 31191; allotype ©

sume chit, SAMA ATIC 31192) purutypee: 8 fo)

"ES SAMA AHC 31193; 1 2. BMNII

1998.9. 28.20.

Deseripion

Sinall nenntodes: cervical cuticle slightly mnflated

i besephayeal region; transverse cunieulir

AOnUh aS prominent, Sub-mediin papillae small,

0.010 Tong. projecting: anteriorly Trane pericoril

culiles proximal seument cylindrical, 0.005 Tong. ats

long ay ovoid, weules distal segment, (005 lone.

Bueeal capsule shillow, eylindrical asynmmenical ey

hateral views. with ventral will ol hueeal capsule

much dhieker than dorsal willy buccal capsule

Jorsoventnilly clongale Tn apleal wirws qyitertor

mired of buced! capsule bowed alenords fy lateral

view, coneave in dorsal aad ventral view, Eight leat

vrown elements, arising from [ull length of internal

will ol buccal capsanle not recurved ul rips. Peti-oral

gulicle oor inflated jato tp-lke lobes auached to

eal leah crown clement. Dorsal oesophigeab toa

projecting prominently mia buecul capsule: cach

Sub-ventrl sector OF desOphigis with hingeelike

WOoth Projets Tato buecal capsule, Ooseyp leis

6 1. BEVERIDGE & R. SPEARE

Figs 55-67. Cloacine sterope sp. nov, 55, Anterior end, lateral view of d. 56. Cephalic extremity, lateral view, dorsal aspeet

on Jett hand side. 57. Cephalic extremity. dorsal view. 58. Cephalic eatremity. ventral view, 39, Cephalic extremity, apical

view. 60. Optical transverse section through buccal capsule. 61. Oesophageal denticle, laveral view. dorsal aspect on left

hand side. 62, Oesophageal denticle, dorsal view. 63. Bursa, apical view. 64, Spicule tip, lateral view. 65, Gubernaculum,

genial cone and thickenings of spicule sheaths, ventral view, 66. Female tail, lateral view, 67. Oyejector and yayina,

lateral view. Scale bars = 0.1 min 55.63, 66. 67: 0.01 mim. 56-62. 64, 65,

NEW NEMATODES VROM MARSUPLIALS OF

sinple, chayifown, With slight prencarah swelling:

Hining ornamented with rows ol selerotised bosses

extending from anterior end ta nerve ving: sine

dorsal oesophageal denticle Immeditely anterior to

herve rind, Nerve fing in mid-cesophagedyl reaion:

derids iimedtcly posterior lo nerve ring, SFE pope

it level of pesophage-intestinal jurmetion.

Mele (Measurements fron 10 specimens. types)

(Vips 64-64)

Tolal length 45-60 (4-6); mastmuin width 0. 16-

0.37 (0.2%) cliimensions of huceal eipsute 0.015-

(1.23 (0.020) s O.048-0.055 (05310 obsuphiayus

0.99 1469 (OAS nerve ring lo (interior end (33-027

(O25), Sek pore to cunterior end Q2-0)52 (O46

Neiids hy untertor end 1.280.047 (31). Bursa

withour prominene divisions between lobes. Ventrul

lubes jomed ventrally, lateral and ventral lobes

joined, Dorsal lobe similar tn length to lateral lobes.

Dorsal ray Vivides just ufler midleneth: secondary

subdivisions inmedianhy after primary divisions

miter branehlers directed posteriorly. not reachie

inurgin Of bursa; external branchlets as ling as

Hiternals, -ditected posterohuerally, nob neachine

mirgion OF burs, Eaternadorsal ray arising close to

literal pays. not reaching: margin of bursa.

Posterphiteral and veitroliteral rays apposed,

reaching murgit of bursay uiterolateral ray divergent,

shorter hart other lateral rays, nel reaching margin ol

horse ventratiteral and ventroventtal fays apposed.

reaching margin oF basa, Guberuculun broadly

trum, 0.020-0.030 (0.026) long, ventral cordate

nel pated datee thiekeniogs of spicule sheaths

presenly genital cone with prominent anterior lip:

Posterian lip shorter (han anterior, with patol dome

Shuped pupillies pair oF lateral wiflations of cuticle

present On either ostde caf qaterior fips spicules

elodeate, hOP 207 (1.96) Tong, ulate, Up siniples dla

diminishing in width gradually then ending abruptly

ally

bentidle (Measivements: fram. Sapecimens, (vps)

Fis 06, 67}

Foil length 25.9 (44 maximond width Q,32-

O44 (58), dimenstons of buccal capsule 0.0) 5-

(020 (Q0TR8) & (,053-0.065 (0.062); oesophagus

O.16-0,52 (0.508 ferve ring to anteriarend 0.24 0,26

(25): S-L) pore ii anterior end 035-006 (O42):

deirids Lo unterior end O.28-030 (0.29). Tail simple,

voniedl OL15-0,20 (019) lone: vulva close to acs,

020-034 (0.30) [rom posterior ends vague straght,

V.69 088 (72) lone: ovejector J-shaped,

infundibuluny longer than sphincter; ege ellipsoidal,

0.06-0.00 (O08) ¥ 0.03-0,04 (0,04),

Brvinieidegey

Srerope. cine al the Plots.

Remarks

Cloacina sterope is characterised by a buccal

capsule which isasyihmetrical in lateral view, bosses

lining the anterion half of the oesophageal linen, a

sitle dorsil oesophageal denticle, eight lea erown

elements und the deirids jnmediitely postenor to the

nerve ring. OF the speeies reltted tac. yrerape, 0.

annigeane Beveridge, MOOS differs a1 possessing on

unlenorly phived deirid, a Simuous Vasil cml a

verview! cuticular invlalion. CL aad (Yorke

Maplestone. (926) differs 1h pussessiny an adtenorky

placed detid, a Simwous vai und lara bosses al

the anteriog extremity at the oesophagus, CL aly

Beveridge, 1998 dillers im ils anteriorly placed

dein, a spirally arcanged vagiow aod submedian

papillae with a very Short distal segment. C.

vileithyid Beveridee, 1998 dillers in the shape Of the

Duce capsule Wall dnd an amber of leat crown

vlements, Co fecuha Beveridge. 1998 differs in the

amerion pasion of the ded and the convoluted

vaeina, ©. i Beveridge, L998 Tt the anterior position

of the deirids tind the slendey distal sexment to the

submediin papilla Co /ete Beveridge, 1998 in the

anterior deirids, the shape of fhe dorsal oesoaphawedl

foath and the elonate, convoluted wagiian ©. mmer

(Davey & Wood, 1938) in the amferior deiricd und the

shape of the dorsal yay. C) payillate Beveridge. 1979

in the presence of six leaf crown clemunts, cephalic

papillae with a short distal segment and a recurrent

vain, €\ polywene Beveridve, 1998 in the anterior

position of the deirid, the stipe of the buccal capstite

in dorsal view with its antertor loop over (he dorsi!

oesophageal tooth and the extremely short yagima

and ©. rv Beveridge, 199% in the anterior deinid,

the lack of Sub-ventral oesophageal teeth und the

SEAUOUS Vania,

Cloucinta solyurens sp. Woy,

(RIGS 68-77)

Types: Holotype cl from stomach of Percepsctiys

ranhened, Dono, Pupua New Cuinea, 17. (98d,

coll RB. Speure, SAMA ATIC ALOT: allolype v,

same data, SAMA AHO 31198,

Deseriion

Smal!) nematodes; cervieu! cuticle not inflated in

eesOphigeal region, transverse cuiticu hur ainulations

prominent, Subwedian papillae very snail, 0.008

Jong. proyecuing anteriorly from slight depressions in

Ihe per-oral cuticle; proximal segment cylindrical,

short, 0.004 long. slightly shorter bur wider than

ovoid, distal segyment. (1.005 long. Buceal capsule

shallow, cylindrical. symmetrical in’ literal and

Lori) views. roughly octagonal i upieal views

unterionr margin of buccal capsule reguhirly simaus

O8 1. BEVERIDGE & R. SPEARE

Figs 64-77. Cloavine selynnis sp. ney. 68. Anterior end. lateral view of 4. 69. Cephalic extremity, lateral view, dorsal aspect

on right hand side. 70, Cephalic extremity, dorsal view. 71. Submedian cephalic papilla, 72. Cephalic extremity, apical

view, 73. Optical lransyerse section through buceal capsule. 74, Bursa, apical yiew. 75. Spicule tip, lateral yiew. 76, Femitle

(ail. lateral view, 77. Ovejector and vagina, lateral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm, 68, 74, 76, 77; 0.01 mm, 69-73. 75.

NEW NEMATODES FROM MARSUPIALS ond

With anterior projection immediately posterior to

wich submedian papitla. Gight leaf crown elements,

arising from full length oF internal wall of buccal

capsule, not recurved at tips, Per-oral cuticle not

inflated into dip-like Jobes attached to each leu

crown element Ovsophagus simple, af almost

uniform width: linfa unomamented: denticles

ubsent. Nerve ring an niid-oesophageal region:

Jeirids af level ol nerve rings 5+ pore anterior to

vesophageinestinal junction.

Male (Measurenients Irom 2 specimens, types) (Figs

74.75)

Total lengit 7-8. 4,65 maxnnum width 0,54, 0.55-

dimensions of buceal capsule 0.020, 0,023 x 0.085.

0.085; oesophagus 0.85. 0.89: nerve ring fo anterior

end O34, 0.37: S-R pare i anterior end O85, 0,62:

Uéirids to qinterioy end O44. Us. Bursa without

proamineat divisions between lobes. Ventral tobes

jomned ventrally: fateral and ventral lobes joineal,

Dorsal Jobe similar in length to lateral lobes, Dorsal

ray divides at midlength; sceondary subdivisions at

Vy lenethy iternal brimehlets directed posteriarly,

nol reaching margin of bursa; external branchlets

shorter than internals. directed posterokiterally, not

faaching mani at bursa, Externodorsal ray arising

close to dateral rays, not reachiie margin ol bursa.

Posterolateral and ventrolateral rays apposed,

reaching murzin of bursa: anterolateral ray divergent,

shorter Than other kiteral rays, motreavhing mardi of

Hursa: ventrohucrl and ventroventral rays apposed,

reaching matgih oF bursa. Genital cone with

prominent uolerion Hips pair of lateral jthitions af

couicle present oo either side of anterior lip: spicules

clongate. 4.76, 3.79 lone, ulate. ty simple: ala

(imimishing tnoawidth gradtally towards tip.

Pomule (Measurements trom alloryped (Figs 76. 77)

Total length 3-0: naxtinurn width (32; dimensions

of buucal capsule 0.023 4 0.080) oesophagus (280;

herve ring (anterior cnd 0.30; S-E pore ly anterior

ch O40, deinds fo anterior end 0.28. Tail simple,

comet, O20) longs vulvar close to anus, 0.29 from

postenor end: vain recurrent, LOS longs avejector

J- shaped, infundibulum loager than sphincter: egy

Nol seen

Aaryinneeny

Solymms. a Trojan, the riythycal wander of Soling,

Remarks

Although only a small series of specimens was

available for examination. CL so/vnis isa distinctive

few species. Pots chardeterised by a simple,

UnUMaMmented oesophagus, symmetrical buecal

cupsile With a sinuous anterior margin, sil

cephalic papillae. deivid at the level ul the nerve ring

and wrecurrent vagina, Congeners with syvimetrical

buccal capsules and prominent anterior lobes ure ©.

uriemis, Co hebe, © bypsipyle, Co linstenvi, ©.

theridiw and C. wallebiae. The distal segments ol the

cephilic papillae in C. hebe, ©. hypsipyle, C. linstawi

and CL fhertdis ate uel larger than the proximal

seginents ynd are obluse at their lips rulher than

bemy small and narrawer than the proximal segment

as-oveurs In C. selves, while Co cremis and Cc.

Wwedllabioe have lip-like expansions of the cephalic

citicle attached to each Teal crown clement which

ace hacking tir C) selves.

Cloacing setyauts ase resembles ©. svpliy, ©.

Solan and C. supphe, whieh oven i the sane host,

in the shape oF the biiceal capsule. but ditlers: from

these species in haying very small submedian

cephalic papillae.

Cloacina s\,

Addijional undescribed species of Cloucina were

present in the stomaehs of the wallabies exaniined

but were represented hy single specimens only,

Description of these species Wall Haye lo await the

collection of mew niyderial. The specimens have been

deposed in SAMA (ATIC 311825),

Discussion

The descriptions of Hew species presented here

midicate thal Qervopsulas vearhearny habours a

diverse array of species of Clecedite. Only tour

wins were available for examemation but the

ubove fineings Saggest that collection of additional

wallabies Will Teyeal an even greater variely of

nemylodes. The helminths of mucropodid marsupials

from Papua New Guibea are poorly kauwr with

Most available recerds (Spruthet al, 19915 Plannery

el al 1996) being based on the exainuhon ob a

limited series of helminths collected from one or wo

host specimens,

The enlire series of Cloaeina spp. found in 2D.

vwiteurn’ is pew sd demonstrates uo mixture ut

affinities with subzroupungs within the genus,

Cloacine sterupe, charactemsed by a asynrmernical

buccal capsule and ary oesoptiages lined with busses.

has aitlinities wath a series Of other species (C.

antisite, Co aantratix, Co dix, Co vileirbyia, C-

fewuba, C) in, Co leta, Co minor CL papillata, C.

pelyvena and CL rre) which occur i a ranye ol

species of miweropodids (Maerapus ageiliy (Gould.

TR42), ML cdorsalin (Gray, (837), ML ervantens Shaw.

1740. ML rednisnes Gould. (S41, Wallabia dieoter

(Desmarest, 1a04)) in Austria (Beveridee | 998).

Cladeiia setron. by contrast, 1§ characterised by u

stople, unormimented oesophagus und a single

1) I. BEVERIDGE & R. SPEARE

dorsal denticle. It therefore resembles a different

series of species (C. cornuta, C. dindymene, C. dirce

and ©, longispiculata) again parasitic in

macropodids (Macropus agilis, M. robustus, M,

wuilopinus (Gould, 1842)) in northern Australia

(Bevendge 1998) while C. sancus has affinities with

C. bancroftorum occurring in M. dorsalis in

northeastern Australia.

The series of new species. C. syphax, C. selon, C.

yappho and C. solymus, is characterised by a

simple, unornamented oesophagus, lack of lips and

a symmetrical buccal capsule with a sinuous

anterior margin. While a parallel series of species

(C. hebe, C. hypsipyle, C. linstowi, C. thetidiy)

ovcurs in MZ. dorvaliy in Australia with similarly

sinuous buceal capsule margins, the new species

from Papua New Guinea are distinct in possessing

eight leaf crown elements rather than six and in

having the deirid either at the level of the nerve ring

or just anterior to it rather than in the anterior

oesophageal region. In spite of these similarities, C.

syphax, C. selon, C. sappho and C. solymus differ

markedly in the shape of their cephalic papillae and

the branching pattern of their dorsal rays. By

contrast, C. hebe, C. liypsipyle, C. linstaws, and C.

thetidiy all have similar, distally obtuse cephalic

papillae. The evidence available therefore suggests

that the series of species C. syphax, C. selon, C.

sappha and C, salymus, described here, may

represent a unique subgrouping within the genus

restricted to a single host species. This hypothesis

remains lo be tested hoth by more detailed

anatomical Comparisons of the as yet undescibed

species of Cloucina present in D, vanheurni and by

more extensive collecting from related host species

in Papua New Guinea.

Acknowledgments

We wish to thank R. Harrigan for expert technical

assistance.

References

Brveripce. 1, (1998) Taxonomic revision of the genus

Cleacina vou Linstow (Nematoda : Strongyloidew) from

macropodid marsupials. /avert Tavon, 12, 237-508.

Biro, A. FB. & Biro, J. 1991) “Phe Structure of Nematodes”

2nd edn (Academic Press, San Diego).

FLANNERY, T. F (1995) "Mammals of New Guinea” (Reed

Books. New South Wales),

, Martin, R. & Svalay. A. (1996) “Tree

Kungaroos: a curious natural history” (Reed Books,

Victoria).

Serarr. D. M., Beverinar, | & Warrer. E, b. (1991) A

cutulogue of Australian monotremes and marsupials and

their recorded helminth parasites, Kee, S. Aust. Mirs.,

Monogr Ser No. 1, 1-105,

FOSSIL TURTLES FROM THE EARLY PLIOCENE

BLUFF DOWNS LOCAL FAUNA, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF

A NEW SPECIES OF ELSEYA

By Scott A. THOMSON® & BRIAN S. MACKNESST

Summary

Thomson, S. A. & Mackness, B. S. (1999) Fossil turtles from the Early Pliocene Bluff

Downs Local Fauna, with a description of a new species of Elseya. Trans. R. Soc. S.

Aust. 123(3), 101-105, 30 November, 1999.

The freshwater turtle fauna of the early Pliocene Bluff Downs Local Fauna consists of

members of the Emydura, Chelodina and Elseya genera. A new species of the chelid

genus Elseya is described based on a partially articulated carapace and associated

plastron. The new species is most similar to the living Elseya irwini Cann, 1998 but

can be distinguished from it by the close encroachment of the ilium suture to the

seventh pleural. It also differs from E. irwini in having a very narrow ilium suture,

almost approaching the Emydura condition in this character. Two additional fossil

chelids are described.

Key Words: Pliocene, Bluff Downs Local Fauna, chelids, Emydura, Chelodina,

Elseya, turtles.

Jronsaetiony af le Royal Sovien ofS. Aas (1999), E233), LOL 15,

FOSSIL TURTLES FROM 'THE EARLY PLIOCENE

BLUEF DOWNS LOCAL FAUNA, WITH A DESCRIPTION

OF A NEW SPECIES OF ELSEYA

by Scorr A. THomson” & Brian S. MACKNISST

Summary

PHOMSON, S.A ke MACKNESS. BOS. (1999) Kossil tudes frome the Barly Pliocene Bluff Downs docul Pun,

witha description of anew species of Kiveve. Tranny, R. See, 3. Awan 12303), LOL 105, 30 November, 109

The freshwater turthe fauna of the ealy Pliveene Blull Downs Local Fauna consists of memburms. al the

fonydara, Chelading iit Bevel genera, A new species of the chelid genus Alseve is described based on a

purtivtly uneuhted eurdpace and associated phistron, The new specles is most stnilir tothe fiving Blseye dew iad

Cin, 98 but can he distiigdished foo it by the clase enerouchment of the (ium suture Lo the seventh pleural,

Ihalso differs from 2. fwd in baying a very nurroyw jliuet suture, almost approawching the Mayer eoutinoan

i) Uhis character “Two additional fossil chelids are deseribedt,

iy Worps: Pliocene, Blatt Downs Local Faun. clelids. Bandini, Chelodind, Elveve, turtles,

Introduction

Australi chelid turile Gixonomy is poorly known

dnd uch in heed of review (Comger ef af, 1YK3;

Thomson ef i 1997). Electrophoretic surveys hive

revealed (hat Mm some instaives, currently aecepted

species bounditries ace difficult to justify uma whe

are currently regarded us single species are i fet

IWo of More species (Georges & Adis 1992, 1996).

The detailed morphological analysis required to

verily these Ciodings his not been completed

(Thomson & Georges, 1996; ‘Thomson ef al 1997),

and until recently if was not possible to distinguish

even between extant shor-neckhed venera on the

basis of ostealogicul characters (Gafiney 1977), The

poor koowledge of osteologieal characters suitable

lor distinguishing the genera of extant forms makes

ihe jdentifiction of fossils, many imcomplete,

MiMicull (Phomson ef ef, 1997). In many instinees,

chelid fossils have been assigned to cirher Chelodina

or Lrvdure, with Tile or pe evidenee presented to

eliminate the possibility that the shovt-neecked foens

umoeng them may be Eleve. Rheodviey or Eliaver.

Materials and Methods

Specimens af the chelid turtle species identified

using electrophoresis by Georges & Adams (1996)

were vbuuned from inuseums. the Conservation

hApplicd Ecology Research Group and CRC for Freshwater

Poolowy, University of Canberra Canherne ACE 2601

{School of Biolognsil Sewnces, University of Now South Wales

Kunsinvion NSW TOA2, Present address: PO Bay 360 Beerwitlt Olu

W318. D-piil neealonieeconmuserve.con

Commission ot the Northem Territory and the

University of Canberra. Where possible, the voucher

specimens of Georges & Adams (1992, 1996) were

utilized lo aveid jneorreet identiticacian., Che

specimen collection was supplemented by limited

field sampling. All specimens were skelctonised and

assessed by methods outlined in Thorsen ef al

(1997).

The fossil specimens from Blu Downs were

collected as path of an Ofegomye study ol the

piulueoecology of the Blull Downs Local Panne by

one of the authors (BM). Specimens will be

deposited in the Queensland Museum. Each was

examined to determine the presence of character

slates Tor the characters identified us being

diagnostic ut the level ol genus lor extunt luxu. The

fossil specimens were then assigned (a genus.

Throughout (his paper. names of the bony elements

ol the shell and the overlying. seutes follow those ol!

“anger! (1969) except thal we follow Pritchard &

Trebbau (1984) and recounize the term pleural as

referring to the bones of the carapace rather than the

seules. Additional fermifology geferring (a the

wolerior bridge struts of the plastron and the bridge

stro suture of the carapace follows Thomson er al.

(1997),

Five vharacters were identified ts diignostice at

generic level, Where polarity is indicated, it) was

determined by compurison with South American

chelids und Alricun pelomedusids in a cladistic

amulysis to be presented elsewhere (Thomson &

Georges unpub.) Only those characters relevant to

the identification Of (he fossil specimen are

presented,

12 8. A THOMSON & B.S, MACKNESS

Anterivr bridge struts

CHAM VOT ACCOR IAT WERE MLE sd L

AO: In the primitive state. the postertor edge of the

bridge-curapave: suture runs parallel and adjacent 15

the rtb/gomphosis of pleural |.

ALi In the derived state, Wie posterior edge of iis

shture vonlaets the rib/gomphosts al ils unterior end

butis set ata forward divergent angle of between 15°

and 50°. This angle is most pronounced in Lmvdara,

least in Rheodywey,

CHARACTI RB, BRIDGE SUDHRI SITATE

Bl: The anterior and posterior edges of the bridge-

canipace suture diverge from their point of

congruenee closest lo the vertebral column. The

widest extent of the suture is distal ta the vertebral

column and there is no medial constriction.

B2: The anterior and posterior edges of the hridge-

curupace silane are parallel or closely so with a

prominent suture surface between them, There is no

medial constriction.

B3: The bridge carupace suture is expanded for its

full length but more so at extremes, there being an

obvious medial constriction.

B4: The bridge-curapace salure narrows fren 1s

Widest point proximal to the vertebral colunn and

constticis completely to form a ridge confluent with

he edge formed by the yenteal sutite of the

peripheral bones,

Ribfeaompluisiy of pleural 7

Chaba ten” feriartons COP HEE HERG ES:

CO. The ventral surlace of the distal extent of the

rib/gomphosis 18 rotated obliquely, ty face ventrally

bot with posterior infleetion.

Ch, The rib/gomphosis shows no such torsion

distally,

Dorsal charucners

Chak he D. Ra WUE WITTE Veit

DI: First thee vertebral seutes equal ar sub-eqaal in

width.

192) First vertebral scute wider (han second and third.

CARN pe EE Cpevie al Seti

FO: Cervical seute typically present,

bed Cervieal seute typically absent.

Posterior infernal carapace characters

Cyeneve fee Careeace Peis Sheree

FO: Hittin sutures ty the seventh and eight pledrals

and the pywal,

Fl: Hin sutures fo the eighth pleural and py gal only

but is directly adjacent to the suture berween the

seventh ind cighth pleurals.

F2: Titi sutures to the eighth pleuril and pygzal only

bul is widely separated from the suture between the

seventi and eighth pleural.

Comparative material

All names used for undeseribed species are trom

Georges & Adams (1992. 1996) with modilications

from Thomson et al (1997) Abbreviations used:

AM. Australian Museum: NTM, Museum and Art

Galleries of the Norther Temlory; OM, Queenstand

Museum: WAM, Western Australian Museum: UC

University of Canberra: UM. University of Michigan

Field Series; UL, University of Utah.

Bluser macriuruy: UC 0184-93, 0225-29 ULL Yass.

P9508: Elveve dentate: NTM 13319, 13521, 16330.

OM 59265, 59277-80. UC 0307-18: Miveve georges:

AM |38387-88. UM O200@-175 Elsewe dew:

ANWC 0520; Elyveva kivarackorun: OM F24121,

OMI 31939. 31942, 31944, 31946-47, 31949 50

41952. 46284. 47908. 47911. 46544. 48547, O0255_

UCO201: Llseya fatisrernum: AM 123037, 123039,

125474-75, QM 4054-55: Flyeya deve ermine:

AM 42662, 125038) Elyever purvisi; AM) | 23040,

1235042. OM 5929.90; Ainyedura mtacguarit: OM

480 LO, 48034. 48050-3512 59275-76, UC UL75-76.

0303: Emydira subelobosa; NVM. 5028, 8206,

(3428, 13443, 16332. UC OL7E-72, 0177; Enivdtore

tunyvbaraga: AM 125470-71. 125491. NTM 871]

8213, 17339 Lnivelera vietariae NUM (3514-14.

2917, 32976, UC 0163; Elsever sp. all 2. dentate

(South Alligator: AM | 28002, | 28004, QM 59285-

BY, NTM S097, 13512, 13985, UC 0304: Elyeva sp.

al E darsrernuee (Gwyder): Elseya sp. all

liwerackerum (Bure) UC 0305-6, QM 266-

Dredd. 3H03R6, 36039. 3604 1-42. 3604447, 37033,

S8533, 59269-7]; Elveve spy alle Ee lervaruckerent

(lohnstone):; OM 22644, 23175, 22294, 23500,

23322, 24938, 28449. 48000. 48008. AM | 230)28-

290, (IM 48028, +8038: Preudenmiwdurd ambring ic

OL78 WAM 29337; Rheadvnes levkops: UC 0173.

Systematics

Order Testudines Linnaeus, (754

Suborder Pleurocira Cope. (864

Family Chelidae Qgilby. 1905

Elseya nadibajagt: sp. Nov.

(MiG. 1)

Holompe: QM F30576. a partially articulited

carupice and associated plastron collected by HH,

Godthelp during the 1997 Field Season. Upper

Andrews Quarry.

Referred specimeity: QM '30577 also collected vu

the same stle,

Type Lacalin

Upper Andrews Quarry (19" 44° 8, 145" 44° 2)

Allingham Formation. Bluly Downs. Blut Dow.s

FOSSIL TURTLES FROM BLUFF DOWNS LOCAL FAUNA 103

Hie, |, Holotwpe of Elseve needibajawy sp.nov, (A), External view of carapace. (B) Internal View of carapace. (C), Internal

view al plastron. (D). External view of plastron. Scale bars = 45 crn.

Stution, north-eastern Queensland. The Allingham

Formation was named by Archer & Wade (1976) for

a sequence of terrigenous clays, silts, sands and

calcareous sands that oulerop on Bluff Downs

Station. along the banks of the Allingham Creek, it

tnbutary of the Burdekit River, Several different

quarries have been established to exploit these

outcrops. ill showing a sinha and conuguous

stratigraphy (BM unpub). The sediments recovered

are Muviadile vind lacustrine in nature and represent a

number of depositional events,

Aue

Larly Pliocene, based on the radiometrically dated

awe of the overlying basalts (Archer & Wade 1976:

Mickness ep al in press)

Dicagnoyin

The fossilis identified as an Adyever by Whe prescnee

of steeply angled bridge struts, features diagnostic of

Eseva sensu stricto, (Thomson et ai 1997: Thomson

in press) und Evrydura. The carapacial sutures for

these struts are wide throughout their length, which

is diagnostic of the Elseva levaraekorum group

within this genus (Thomsen en al. 1997). Other

diagnostic features include (he tirst vertebral scute

being, wider than (he seeond and third and the

absence of a cervical seule (Thomson er al 1997:

Thomsov io press).

Within “iveva, this species is most simmhar to,

irwind (Cann, 1998) from the Burdekin River but can

be distinguished from it by the close encroachment

al the ilium suture to the seventh pleural, In 2. few

the suture is widely spaced as is typical ol Elseya bul

in £. nadibajagu they are extremely close. almost

approaching the Lyivelura condition in this character.

Description

Carupace consists of a complete nuchal bone with

no eervical seule present, The left pleural one is more

complete than the nght and the antenor bridge strut

has a wide sutural surface between parallel anterior

tt a

dnd posterior cdges of the suture throughour its

leweth, which is preserved, The suture is deeply

inserted inty the carapace and angled sharply away

trom the cib/eomphosis. The sulci preserved in this

region indicate that the first vertebral seute Wins

wider than the second and thivd,

NMeurals lwo to six are partially preserved on cither

side bur without their peripheral contacts. Also

preserved us un unurticulited unit is the lef eighth

peripheral The anterior sutural surface (or the ilium

is clearly constrined to this unit and does not extend

on lo or make suttiral contuer with, the seventh

pleural, It does however, continue on to the pyial in

Ihe posterion, the typical condition of the Chelidac,

All the Uiltsare represented in the plasiron except

Ihe epiplasina, whieh wre either both missing or out

idemifiable among the fragments. Included here also

are both bridwe struts. The bridge strats are wide

throughout the lenath at the stitaral surhice where

They Commuel The carapace, The plastral elements, both

in sulci and bony elements, are similar in form to any

extant menber of the Eiveva lavarackori group.

Lrynitalagy

Ihe specific epithet ix from the Gugu-Yulanji

dialeet phrase weed bayagu. meaning “very long time

avo’ (Oates er al. 1964) and is used to dendte the

significant dge of the fossil, The patie is of neuter

fender,

Chelodina sp.

Material evanined: QM P30578, ai isolated nachal

bone fron ud lone necked (irtle of the Chelodina

lonwicallis group,

Remarks

[his specimen cun be diagnosed by the extreme

widening of the posterior hall ofthe nuehul bone as

wellas (he wade, square cervicul seule. There is alee

# large series OF musele attachments Torihe muscles

at the base uf ihe meek which, by necessity, are

enlarged in the longneeked turtles (Thomson &

Ceomes 1996), The pliawement within the ¢)

longicollis group is bused on the sculptured surtiee

ofthe shell, u feature more prevalent in species sueh

as C2 luagleullis and C2 navaceninese than in

members ol ihe C. expunse group. This is, however,

it highly variable Churacter and: probably of poor

luxonomic value (Galfney LOS tl; Thomson in press)

Enveliied macquant

Material examined: QM F 30579, a series oF pleurals

Wl diagnostic of the genus Eyer usiig the bridge

strut characters of Thomson ef c/. (1997).

A THOMSON & BOS. MACIKNESS

Remarks

Nene of the pleurals is distinguishable fron) thase

OF extint species ithe urea, Eeyore moecquarit (=

EB. krefitii. Georges & Adums 1996) and we therefore

lake (he most parsinmonious view and assign the

fossil to the living speeies whieh is found in

Allinghain Creek today,

Discussion

The living species that Most closely sesembles

Llseya dadibqagu sp, noy, is E. trvini deseribed by

Cann (1998) on the basis OF its head colour Geores

& Adunw (1896) have confirmed the vahiiiy ab &.

(rwint on the basis oF electrophoretic studies. Wer

OF these liaxemomie indicators (head colour cae

biochemistry) faye nob been preserved im (he fossil

nilerial, The use of osteologicnl characters. suet is

the positien of the iiunmi/edtrupaee suru. bas

enabled the separation OE, nddibajagd fram other

members of the genus Elyeve. There is a possibility,

however. hit Whis character muy be subjeet Loa lol

more variition (hun van he seen in the limited

sumple of both Bo drwiat and A nadibajagu,

although unalyses OF variation present i other

inembers Of the genus makes (his unlikely, Repliles

huve a lower rate of species turnover than thei

Mammalian counterparts with mittry exit species

having Tossil records stretehing back millions of

years (Lo Duke (994),

White & Archer (1994) described the fossil ehelid

Lniydura levararkorin trom the Pletiocene

deposits of Riversteish and living examples were

deseribed just three yeurs later (Thomson er ai,

LOTT).

The oecurrence of three different ehetid taxa from

Blull Downs is nol unusual with tropiedal eect

systenis having Cour ob more diflerent genera i thie

mie region (Leper & Georues 1993), There live

been live dillerent turtles recorded. lor the Burdekin

(Cann 1998) including three shortageked ald two

long-neeked taxa.

The paluevenvironment of the Blull Pmwns. Ine

fauna bas been interpreled as being simitar te Wat in

present day Kakadu (Boles & Mackness 1994) with

avin species such us darters und pygmy veese

indiciting permanent water hodies (Mackness [95 )

There may have also been sipartut nanlorest or vine

thickets (Maekness unpub.) Bossils of shorl-necked

ehelids dominate the Blatt Downs fauna at the time

Of pleservauon. indicating aw Phocene pilaeo-

coyironment with well developed rivers, ereeks and

lagoons and abundant aquatic fume (Cann 1978:

Legler 1985). The long-necked tortoises indicate that

al the same time, there may have been shallow turbid

lagoons (White 1997),

FOSSIL TURTLES FROM BLUFF DOWNS LOCAL FAUNA 105

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank A. Georges, J. Cann, A,

White, M. Archer and S$. Hand who provided

helpful comments on, or assistance with the

preparation of, this manuscript. J, Best provided

technical support, The Smith Pamily of Bluth

Downs Station continue to provide help and support

for the ongomy research into the Bluth Downs

Local Fauna. Phe collection of the Bluff Dawns

material was supported in part by an ARC Program

Grant to M. Archer, a grant from (he Department of

Arts. Sport, the Environment, Tourism and

Territories to M. Archer, S. Hand und H. Godthelp,

a grant from the National Estate Program Grants

Scheme to M. Archer and A. Bartholomai and

grants in aid to the Riversleigh Research Project

from the University of New South Wales, Wang

Australia Ply Lid, ICE Australia and the Australia

Geographic Socicty.

References

Anon, M. && Wank. M. (1976) Results of the Ray BE.

Leovey Expeditions, Pact. The Allingham Formation

und & new Plioeene vertebrate fauna from northern

Australi Mev Ged Mis. 17, 379-397,

RBolis, WE & MACkNiss. B.S. (1994) Birds from the

Blut! Downs Local Fauna, Allingham Pornniton

Queensland, Keo 4. Await, Mis. 27, 139-149,

Cane. 2 (1978) “Tortumes of Australia (Angus &

Robertson. Sydney).

(1998) Lwin's Turtle, Manitar & 36-40,

Cooubk, PL -G, Cameron, EE. d& Cocene, A.M. (19844

“Zoologival Catuloguy af Austndia’ Volume 1. Amphibia

and Reptilia (Muistvalina Ciovernment Printing Service,

Canberra),

Gareney. E. 8. (1977) The side-necked turtle amily

Chehdie: a theory of relationships using shared derived

charneters. Aan Mus. Novir. 2620, 1-28.

(1981)) Aveview of the fossil turtles of Australia.

[hid 27M 1-34,

Grongks, A, & ADAMS. M. (1992) A phylogeny of

Australian chelid turtles based oon allozyme

electrophoresis. dua J Zool. 40, 453-476,

& (1996) Eleetrophoretic delineation of

species boundaries within the short-necked freshwater

turtles of Austitia (Testudines: Chelicae). Zook A Linn,

Soe, HB, 241-260.

La Dun. TC. (1901) Possil snakes of Pit OL, Rancho La

Brea, Califoriiia. Las Ang. Cov Mus. Contrib, Sci. 424, 1-

28,

Leouee. JM. (1985) Austrian ehelid turtles: reproductive

patterns i wide-ranging taxa pp. 117-123 dn Grigg, G.,

Shine, R. & Hhinann, FL (Rds) “Biology of Australasian

frogs and reptiles’ (Royal Zoological Society of New

South Wales/Surrey Beatty & Sons, Chipping Norton,

NSW),

& Georaes, A. (1993) Family Chelidae pp. 142

152 Jn Glasby, CL I., Ross, G, J. Bed Beesley, BL. (ds)

‘Fauna of Australia. Vol. 2A Amphibia und Reptilia

(Government Printing Service, Canberra),

Mackntss. B.S, (1995) Anhinga amelagrrula, a new

pyumy darter from the early Pliocene Blul! Downs Local

Fuuna, northeastem Queensland. Ena 95, 265-27),

—__. Witt etinan, PL W. & McNamara, GC, (in press)

A new potassium-argon basalt date in rekiion to (he

Pliseene Blu? Downs Local Fauna, northern Australian

Aust. A. Earth Sei.

OvrES. W., Oats, L.. ARRSHBERGER. AL. HERSHBERGER, Ry.

Savers, Bo & Gonrriy, M. (1964) ‘Gueu- Yalangi and

Wik-Munkin linguage studies’, OQccusinnal Papers in

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THE SWELL CLIMATE OF THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN SEA

By M. A. HEMER* & J. A. T. BYE*

Summary

Hemer, M. A. & Bye, J. A. T. (1999) The Swell Climate of the South Australian Sea.

Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 123(3), 107-113, 30 November, 1999.

The Southern Ocean swell continually impinges on South Australian coastal waters.

In this study we present simple formulae which predict the swell height at several

locations in the South Australian Sea from swell height data in the open sea south of

Eyre Peninsula, which are available in real time from the Bureau of Meteorology. The

predictions are based on the state of the art wave model SWAN, and indicate that the

mayor factor which determines the coastal swell climate is the direction of approach of

the open ocean swell. From these predictions, bottom orbital currents can be

computed, which are a fundamental factor in the marine ecology of the South

Australian Sea. The formulae can also be used (at own risk) on a routine basis by

mariners and surfers.

Key Words: Swell, marine ecology, South Australia.

Transactions of the Rayal Saeteiv of 8, Aust, (1999), DIAC), POF 113. 107

THE SWELL CLIMATE OF THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN SEA

by M. A. Hpmpr= & LA. T. Byn®

Summary

Hiwie MoA. & Band A222 11999) The Swell Chimare of the Seath Australis Seu Tian. AO Sie A And

1253). WOT VIAL SO Neveriber, [ane

The Southern Qeean swell coutimully impinges on South Austratiai coastal waders, In this study: we present

simple forme whien predierthe swell height wt several locations inte South Australian Sea (ram swell height

(iki inthe Hpen sea sourh al Byre Penisuli. which are availible i realtime front the Bureau of Meteorology,

The predictions ure hased on the stae of the art Wave Medel SWAN,

und ridicule Haat fhe rager luctor whieh

Jaleriifies Me coastal swell eHonate is the direction of approach of the open ocedun swell bron these predictions,

bottom arbi currents: can be computed, which are a fundimental factor i the marine ecology of the South

Australie Sea, The formule cit alsu he ised Gir owir tisk) On i) routine basis ly miariees ad surlers:

Key Wonns: Swell niiine ecology. South Australi.

Introduction

The swell generated in the Southern Oeaun south

west! Australia has been recorded to be the higest

of any in the world’s oceans (Chelton ef af. 1987).

However, the swell in the semi-enelosed waters of

South Australia ts generally considered insignificant.

This transition between the open ocean ind coastal

waters Gonmrols Finny aspects of the South Austradnan

manne enviraninent, The seasonal rhythni tor tae

swells iS a orelable signal on whieh the marine

veology uf the surl zone depends. Southern Ovean

slots also from) Line to time produce exceptional

swell events Which ventikite the interier of the

coustil seas by the intensity of the bottom orbital

currents that they wencrate. This stucly shows that the

vlfecis at swell cin be reliably estimated, ane

provides a simple predictive tormula whieh cap be

used by ecologists lo classily imairine environments

aim also by mariners and sorters ta make coal time

foreensts for ou specified voastal location,

Specilicully, we tyestigate the swell enemy bane as

Ho propagates Tam the epen ovean south of Sauth

Austria (vig Hn fate the South Australian Sea

(Pig Hb), Which comprises (Bye 1976) the seni.

enclosed withers of Spencer Gull, Gill St Vincent.

Investigator Strail, Backstairs Pussage and

Encounter Bay, extending nut pyer the continental

shelf to the 200 ct contoue hounded to the west by

Cupe Carnot and an the aust by Cape Jarl (ig. 2.

School of bette Senengos, Ulinelers: Universiny CGM Hoy 2100)

Adelaide Sao, 200]

Fig. La), Example of apen eeead swell observed i the

Southern Qeean, from RV Southerh

(photograph: CSIRO Marine Liborones, Habart)

Surveyor

eee

—

1 ‘ zSo-

Mig, Hh. Pimple of swell upproachine te beach, West

Hay, Kanwaroo bslintel i bebruniy 1998,

108

M. A. HEMER & J, A. T. BYE

Port Augusta

Franklin wes M4 >,

Eyre Ky

forke

Peninsula A

oes Ri "Peninsula

Gulf 5 Is

Ww) f

Vent a

J iuwervin

‘ ce

;SOUTH

Neps une:

a fahanas

200m x

Southern

Oceun

Fig. 2. The South Australian Sea with points of interest as mentioned in the text. x,

formulae listed in Table 1, Ry show wave observation sites.

Wave Data

The only extended series of measurements of the

Southern Ocean swell along the South Australian

coastline was conducted by Steedman Science and

Engineering of Perth, Western Australia. between

May and October 1984 at seven measurement sites in

the Great Australian Bight. These data have been

analysed by Provis & Steedman (1985)!', who noted

a reduction in significant wave height by a factor of

about two as the waves moved trom the deepwater

wave recorder in 1150. m of water, across the shelf

)Prowis, DOC. & STePpMAN, R. K. (1985) Waive meastiiements im

the Great Australian Bight, Paper presented at Australasian

Conference on Coastal amt Ocean Engimeenne. tbAust,

Christehurch, N& 1985. (unpub),

Havralwwe! P

Xs nen XG

J pe

fe : Investigator

AUSTRALIAN XgSirait

—amrvanet sea 2

ingurod Island

n nae r he

5 A

4 iy arvinerl tn,

Bay ra

Ie,

Gull St.

Vincent

Adelaide

Musrity

Fleurieu Mouth

Peninsula £7

- indicate the positions of Torecast

towards the coast to the shallowest wave recorder in

26 m of water. Significant wave heights in excess oF

5 m were recorded on several occasions, and waves

of over 10 m were recorded during a July storm us

tar inshore as the 75 m depth contour. The significant

wave period remained almost constant at about 15 s

at all seven measutement sites, This period is very

similar to the dominant swell period (16 8) in the

classical experiment of Munk ef al. (1963) in which

swell was observed to-travel across the Pacific Ocean

to Alaska from Southern Ocean winter storms,

ulmost without loss of energy,

An interesting feature of the measured open ocean

Wave spectra is that they are unimodal, Le. there are

no distinct wind sea and swell peaks, Only al times

of very low incident swell were separate peaks

observed. Young & Gorman (1995) suggest that the

THE SWELL CLIMATE OF THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN SEA 109

proximity of the site to the Southern Ocean storm

belt does not provide sufficient time for the

wavefield to disperse and a bimodal (wind wave and

swell) wave spectrum to develop.

No open sea wave measurements appear to be

available for the summer season, but in April 1998, a

new series of wind wave and swell measurements

was initiated in the South Australian Sea and the

adjacent Southern Ocean using electric field

measurements (Heinson ef al. 1998; Hemer 19987;

Hemer e7 «/, 1999), The details of this program are

reported elsewhere, but for our purposes an important

feature was the near simultaneous observation of

wave spectra on the Southern Shelf and in Spencer

Gulf with which the predictions of the wave model

can be compared. Apart from these measurements,

16 T t T 1

H(m)

ae — Analytical Solurion

"SWAN Model Results

08 L 1 C |

0 0.05 D4 yg 015 02

2en|e?

Fig. 3. Comparison of SWAN wave heights with the

analytic solution of Nielsen (1983) for an incoming swell

of period (T = 12s) and height (H, = 1.4 m) running up

a plane of slope 1.125 x 10+ with a quadratic bottom

friction coefficient, C; = 0.015. The abscissa is the ratio

of the water depth (4) to incoming wavelength

(g7°/2n%) where g is the acceleration of gravity and the

ordinate is the wave height (H). The SWAN results (x)

are computed on a4 km grid.

"Hemer, M, (1998) A Wave Study of the South Australian Sea:

Prediction. Observation using Electric Field Measurements, and

Application to Sediment Resuspension Processes. BSe (Hons)

Thesis, The Flinders University of South Australia (unpub.).

Byv, J, A, T., Gunn, B. W. & Nikpaus. C. VY. (1975) The Wave

Climate off Cape Jervis, South Australia between June and

November, 1974, Flinders Institute for Atmospheric and Marine

Science Research Report, No. 17. (unpub.).

Cuiver, Ro & Warker, D. (1981) Redeliff Wave Atlas. The

University of Adelaide Department of Civil Engineering report.

(unpub. ).

* WALKER, D. (1989) An Efficient Wave Hindcasting Model. 9"

Aust. Cont, Coast. & Oc, Engng. Adel, 4-8 Dec. 1989. 117-121.

(unpub,).

' SWAN (1998) SWAN web page. http://swan.ct.tudelft.nl

wave studies in the South Australian Sea (Bye er al.

1975*; Culver & Walker 19814; Walker 19895) have

usually neglected the swell signal.

The SWAN Wave Model

The SWAN wave model (Simulating WAves

Nearshore) is a directional spectral wave model

written by the Coastal Engineering group of the Delft

University of Technology, Netherlands (Ris e/ al.

1997) especially for coastal seas. In the formulation

of the model, many waye propagation processes are

implemented. These include wave propagation, wave

refraction due to bottom shoaling and refraction and

reflection by currents. Along with these effects, the

model also includes generation of wave energy by

wind, dissipation of wave energy by whitecapping

and depth induced wave breaking, frictional

dissipation due to bottom drag and redistribution of

energy over the wave spectrum by non-linear wave-

wave interactions (SWAN 1998°). Limitations of

SWAN are that it does not account for diffraction or

reflections, and hence it is unsuitable for regions

where wave height variations are large within a

horizontal scale of a few wavelengths (Ris ef al.

1997) and regions of ‘steep beaches’ (i.e. cliffs,

harbours etc.) SWAN is therefore a ‘state of the art’

model for the present study of the propagation of

swell into the South Australian Sea. It is important

however to carry out two basic checks on the model.

Firstly, the analytic model of Nielsen (1983) was

compared with the results of the SWAN model over

a plane sloping bed under variable conditions in

which a plane wave was propagated into the domain

at the deepest end (Hemer 19987). Figure 3 shows

that, for a typical swell period of 12 s, and a

quadratic bottom friction coefficient (Ci) of 0.015,

32°S

138° 140°E

Fig. 4. The swell wavefield in the South Australian Sea

predicted by the SWAN model for Cy = 0.015 and Dy =

230°. The contours show normalised wave height

(NWH): contour interyal 0.1, and the arrows indicate the

direction of swell propagation.

ie) M.A. HEMER S&T AST BYE

such as would oceur over sundy beaches (Jonsson

1966), the analytical solution and the numerical

solution we i very good aereenrent for the grid

imeryval 4 kin, The SWAN model simulations

presented below are run on u uniform LOO x 10

reclangular grid of griddinterval, 4.5 kim on whieh the

huthymetry was taken from the Australian

Geological Surveying Orgunisution (AGSO) 30 ure

second digilal file. Secondly, we eompure the

predicoons of SWAN for swell propagation into

Spencer Gull with the April 1998 wiive observations

and the predictions Of the Bureau of Meteorology

Southern Ovewn wave model (WAM) which is run in

uperational mode with wave fields issued at Q000.

O600, 1200 and S00 UTC, andis avanable from the

Buren ol Meteorology (Bureau of Meteorolany,

19997), IL is convenient ty present (he resalls al the

comparison at the end of the nex! seetion after the

SWAN model outputs hive been described,

Results

Figure 4+ shows the normalised waive beight"

awi=tfy, ul)

where Has Lhe swell wave height, and He is Lhe open

vocun Mpubswell height. wand also the wave direction

(Di for swell of period 15 8 and Hy = 33 m

propagaring fom the direetiog, D, = 250°, tb is

observed that (he swell begins Lo Jose ils energy as

soonits enters the region. More energy is lost when

the wave front revches Kimguroo Ishin CRT) with the

coast absarbing the enerey of seme cirecthormal

components oF the wave, Large wave heights oceur

ap the coast of KE (N WET 0.9) close ta fhe eoust,

‘These tesults aurce with aneedotul Ghservations of

lurve wave heights on the southern and western

coasts Of KL

Kangaroo Ishind provides a significant blockuge bo

waye enerey influs into Gull St Vineent (CiStY), add

(he wave energy that enters CSt¥ is (ue to retraction

as the water depth decreases ane the waves “wrap”

Win Tiwestivator Suan. becoming omate

perpendiculir to the depth contours, Sagnifiett lass

af wave energy is Ohserved with Waves prapagalind

Cust Through Backstalis Passage, sc thal aliiest

all the wave energy duc lo swell in -GStY eptwimules

from wieyes propagating through Inwesttsslor Strart

Hieron ah Mie tpokoneta FIM9) Bereos ol Nioimanolury

Hilp Sve ben gern ie

Wiley Hhathre rte sie tian see Heiehrdetinead be rhe pelarion

TM sd eet bees the seaye gers (PLM [Ty

Prev DOE & Sonowiys RoR PVRS) Vyave Mossurenmnte

He Coat Asiraligg Botan Paper Presenied ait Ausialiene

LOOT IAH a I DE UNE Deri Etienne ED aint

THe DHPCL: ye) ARTE EUR Frits |

Waves at the head of GStV, the western end of

Backstairs Passage and the metropolitan coast of

Adelaide all show wave heights less (hin LO af the

inpul height (NWH < 0.1). In Investigator Strait

refraction is seen to have an elfeer with the waves

hecoming more ind more perpendicular to the coast

and the forthern coast OF KT shows regions: wlicre

wives have refracted more than L8O° frony the inpul

wave dirteetion. Within the gull, a northward

dominance of witve propagation sill exists, but a

significant spreading towards the coast at all

localigns is Observed, Wave height is observed ty

increuse markedly along the southern side of

Fleurieu: Penimsali. with ulfhost no waves ab the

western end (NWH < 0.1) ta signitiount wave enery

wh the Marry Mouth (N WIP = 0.0), Propigition tite

Encounter Bay shows very lilile refraction, due te

the waves Imtitly travelling almost nora! to the

depth contours,

The propagation of swell into Spencer Gull (SG)

shows a contydal loss of waye energy for wave

height) wilh decreasing water depth towards Lhe tead

oft the elf Large loss of wave cnerey is observed i

the varus “shadow vanes’ al SC) such as

Hardwieke Bay. Again clear evidenes of rel ruetion ts

observed wilh wave direction becoming nearly

perpendicular to the coast in ull regions. Within

Hhidwieke Bay. waves are observed ty be

propagating tn directions rotated mare thin 80° frou

the input swell cireetion. In the viernity of Port

Lincoln, wives ure Observed Lo hive refracled: hy

180° with waves thivelling in the oppustte direction

ly (he input swell. “Phe vencral punter of wave

energy 1 SCH shows a spreading and loss al witwe

energy towards the sides of (he gull) The south

western couse Of Eyre Peninsula shows. very litle

loss of energy befure reaching the coust. On the west

coust ol byre Peninsula, however, the observations

al Provis & Stecdmian (1985) show a tiuving ol

wane herghl (rom deep avaler lo the coitsl Botany

eflects prechimfe a comparison belween sinulition

god observations in this region bub at simikar

reduiciian Pactar peers ii the model in Eneenuier

Bay. Islands in the openings ta SC) such us the

Neptune Islands ie seen to blouk some wave ener

fron propadatiye late the Sule,

The wave period af the swell reniuits aba constant

IS 8 throughout (he model domani, This resull os

expected wiven that no Farther wind forcine within

the region is present. A reduetion of wavelength ost

aN neenrs wilbin (he gull dime tothe decrease i

waive Speed wil alecreasing water dep) (see eqn

(S)). Peom the model results, the maximum bouci

crbith velneuy, OF cun alse be derived (Henn

HONOR), (See eqn by) It is ford that i halance exists

hotween the : bewehyrs ail

Wwivelength and the decreasing water depth Phe

dleeresaiyigs | \warwe

MME SWELL CLIMATE OF THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN SEA i

oats}

ney

apr

Fin 5. As for Figcie (at) A westerly swell 0, = 260°, (bh),

A sourh-casturly awell. PD, = bale.

hargest (0 values (lor A, = 3.5 m) of QS ms! (1

kno) were Ohserved in the shallow water ol” the

south coast OF Kamgurou Iskind. Within the gults,

warer depllis were much less, but waive energy had

dissipated such that 0) values, (L135 is! (O34 knot,

were less than half ol the magnitude on the south

coust of Kangaras Ishine,

A number of sensitivity studies (hlemer 199%-)

have been carried out by varying inpat model wave

heihts, direvhons, periods. bottom friction und

wave breaking purameters. and thodel ruins were ulso

curried out with a uniform depth South Australian

Sea, Vittiaition of input swell wave herghts (fa was

found lo cause minimal changes in the NWH

throughout the South Austrahan Sea with slightly

lower NWH (greater dissipation) for a larger input

wave height. Chiatging the input wive period also

only had small effects on the wave heights and

directions within the South Australian Sea tor typical

swell periods.

The swell propagation is alse insensitive to the

VINAUOF OF Doon Pichon, Sdeh as might be caused

over seautass beds. Uy the coastal Zone however,

bottom friction 1s found lo cause sipnificant

decreases in predicted wave heights, eg. wave

heivhts in the sart zone ure approximately 25%

greater if frictionless conditions are asstined [or

coastal zone depths less than 1) im, Pinally,

specilyime the Soath Australian Sea to haye a

umform depth of SO mi guve almost the same

reduction in wave height with progression intg

Spencer Gulfand Gul St Vincent as for the depth

varying lopagraphy, These resulls suggest thil the

dominant source of energy loss in the South

Australian Sea is ahbsorpuion of wave enerey at the

coust by fretional loss in jhe shallows and wave

breaking on coustal beaches pn depths less than 14) m,

rather than any form of depth induced effect in the

interior ol the sea.

We conclude from these sensitivity studies that the

Inyor source Of swell fenht variability ja the Soudy

Australian Sea is the direction ob upprouch of the

deep sea swell. Figure 5 iMustrates the effeet of a

rolauon of the direction of approweh of the deep sec

swell, either towards a westerly oral south-eusterly

direction. A Westerly swell penetrates jit

Investigator Stra, and ts retracted into Spencer

Gull along the western coast of Yorke Peninsula

(Fig. S(a)) On the other hand, Investigator Strait is

well protected from the south easterly swells, aoc

typical of Summer weather conditions, whreh are

refracted into Speneer Gull on fhe eastern cows, of

Lyre Peninsula (rig 5(b)). This pattern occurred on

April 20 1998 when waive observations were made

mond Spenver Gull Us tn Pig. 2). The observed

swell height and direction were respectively, Tf =

(LIS mam D = 250". wheredsy sou ob Eyre

Peninsula (he WAM model predicted the swell

height and direction, Ha = |.R in and D, = Lo’, froin

which NWI = 0,08, The SWAN model prediction

shown in Fiz S(b) yields NWIP = 0.08. and

Uireetion D = 723") in good agreement with the

observations, The aecuricy af the WAM model was

itlse assessed by comparison with observed wave

Ula Obtained soulh OF Leyre Permsuli on April 16

1998 (Ro in Pig. 2). The predicted swell parameters,

Ho = 1.5 mand D, = 220° were in good ingreement

willl the observations of thy = 1.3 mand D, = 225°

(Hemer 1998-),

We conclude thatthe predictions of the WAM and

SWAN inodels can be successfully linked to provide

reliable swell prediction formulae tar the South

Australian Sea, which ave presented ib the neat

section,

Swell Prediction Formulae

The isohatiou of wave direction as the domimant

influence on normalised wave heights (NWIL) within

2 M. A. HEMER & J. A. T. BYE

TABLE |. The coefficients of the swell forecasting formula (eqn (2)) and swell heights (H) and maximum bottom erhital

velocities (U') for swell propagating from the directions 230°,

260° and 160° for various locations in the South Australian

Sea,

Position him) ay (xl0") ay (810%) ay (x 10") ay (X10!) ayy

|. Cape du Couedic 47 “6, 8842 6.3809 -2.2079 3.3862 -18.512

2, Cape Catustraphe 50 ~08 622 38.499 -TR.517 25,781 -132.24

3. Fleurieu Peninsula 27 34.150 27.419 8.0454 -10.190 47.388

4. Franklin Harbour I] 12.867 ~10.7 14 3.2704 -4.3259 20.988

5. Mid Gulf St Vincent 33 -2.2965 1.8031 4).51453 (1.63910 2.9210

6, Hardwicke Buy 10 2.0027 -|.7867 (58009 80486 4.0507

7. Adelaide 10 5.8435 -4.8575 14918 -1.9994 9.9339

8. Lower Spencer Gulf 46 32.394 -26.892 8.1539 10.644 50.701

Q, Investigeitor Strait 36 -7.7955 5.9928 - 1.6607 L9US5 -SSA03

10. Mid Spencer Gulf 28 28.793 -23.973 7.3154 YTD 46.87)

1, Upper Spencer Gull {2 4.2561 -3,5376 L.O7S1 14241 6.9002

[2. Lacapede Bay 39 8.2295 6.6782 1.9008 2, 1954 9.0546

Hea Hen: Hein Usui Lai Uji

Position (m) (ms!)

{, Cape du Couedie 4.73 4.84 3.85 0.77 0.78 (1.62

2, Cape Catastrophe 447 4.52 4.29 0.65 0,66 0.63

3, Fleurieu Peninsula 2.9 231 193 1.10 O87 0.73

4, Franklin Harbour Q.73 0.42, 0,22 O98 0.56 (),29

5. Mid Gulf St Vincent 0.36 4.45 O07 O10 0.16 ().A)2

6. Hardwicke Buy 0.50 O48 (44 Q77 0.74 0.20)

7, Adelaide OSU 63 (), 34 O91 Q).07 ().52

§. Lower Spencer Gulf 3.44 2.69 1,09 (358 O45 O14

9, Investigator Strait L.X1 2.76 ().24 OAS 0.68 (0.06

10, Mid Spencer Gulf 1.63 O92 0.45 O58 {).335 0.16

11. Upper Spencer Gulf 0.24 O14 ().07 ().28 O17 ().9

12, Lacapede Bay 4.46 3.51 3.15 O86 (1.67 0.6]

the South Australian Sea suggested that swell

prediction formulae could be obtained. The set

(150°. b6O", 175°, 190°, ZOO", 2LS , 222°, 230°,

237°, 245°. 253° und 260°) was chosen trom SWAN

mins as representative of the swell energy window

from which waves propagate. and the NWH was

determined at selected grid points. Using the Lwelye

runs. a polynomial of order 4+ was fitted at each grid

point to interpolate NWH over the range of

propagation directions, D,, = IS0° - 260°.

NWH = aD) + 43D) + aD, + a,D, +4, (2)

The authors accept no lability an the use of information wiven in

this pauper,

‘Harrison, P(1997) Protecting Gull St Vincent: A Statement on

its Health dnd Future, Department of Enyironment and Natural

Resources, Adelaide, 1997. (unpub, ).

The coefficients are shown in ‘Table 1 for the

positions in the South Australian Sea iNustrated in

Fig. 2. [tis emphasised that, for the coastal sites. eqn

(2) predicts the incoming swell heights outside the

surf zone ata depth of LO m. ‘Table 1 allows a simple

calculation of swell heights to be made using the

deep sea swell height and direction from the WAM

model oulpul, over the range of directions for which

significant swell energy propugites into the South

Australian Sea,

The travel time. Tinh, for swell over a distance, ¢/

in km, assuming deep water wave conditions, is

7 0.184/, Q)

in which 71s the swell period. For a representative

travel distance of 350 km, and a swell period of 13s,

tT~ 5 h. and hence real time forecasts for swell

conditions can be obtained from the six hourly

waveliclds available from the Bureau of

THE SWELL CLIMATE OF THE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN SEA 13

Meteorology (Bureau of Meteorology. 19997), [1 is

suggested that input parameters be taken from the

WAM output at the 37°S and 135°E grid point".

The corresponding maximum bottom orbital

velocities, U, due to the swell can be euleulated from

eqn (2) using the formulit

= nH f,, sinh(kiy) (4)

in which fas the water depth and 4 is. the

wavenumber OF the swell, Whieh can be determined

Hrom The approximate formula (Fenton 1990)

in whieh g is the acecleration due to gravity, The

swell heights (//'),) ane maxiniun bottom orbital

velociies (0%) for an open ocean swell of Soin

Propagating from the directions (D,) discussed in the

previous section are representative of the mast

severe swell condilions likely to he encountered in

the South Australian Sea (Pable 1).

Conclusion

This study uses state of the art wave modelling to

show the propagation of swell into the South

Austrahian Sea, An obvious application is real time

swell forecasting for iiariners and surfers. The

SWAN model can be also run to forecast the wind

wave spectrum generated by local winds but this is

heyond the present scope.

The intrinsi¢ interest. of swell is its role in sediment

Iransporl processes at the sea bottom, The example

Of Table 1 illustrates that a severe swell event

generes very significant bottom orbital motion

which resuspends sediment particles into the water

column which may then be transported by ticki and

wind driven currents. In order to describe the

sediment transport process in coastal areas, iL is

essential to determine the swell climate jiecurately,

The results of this wave study, wong will developed

sediment resuspension tools, will help significantly

fo adyanee the understanding of sediment and

pirticulale transport processes Heregigns of concern

within the South Australian Sea, for example. the

Adelaide metropolittn coastline (Wynne 1984) and

the mouth of the River Murray (Harvey 1996), and

provide it framework for its future management

(Harbison L997!'),

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A NEW SPECIES OF GALL MIDGE (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)

DAMAGING BRANCH SHOOTS OF THE DRYLAND TEA-TREE,

MELALEUCA LANCEOLATA (MYRTACEAE)

By PETER KOLESIK* & DAVID E. PEACOCKT

Summary

Kolesik, P. & Peacock, D. E. (1999) A new species of gall midge (Diptera:

Cecidomylidae) damaging branch shoots of the dryland tea-tree, Melaleuca lanceolata

(Myrtaceae). Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 123(3, 115-119, 30 November, 1999.

A new species of gall midge, Lopesia quadrata, is described from Melaleuca

lanceolata Otto in South Australia. The infested branch shoots are transformed into

pine cone-like galls and do not develop further. The larva, pupa, male and female of

the new species are described and illustrated. The new gall midge, only the second

record of the tribe Lopesiini in Australia, is compared to other known gall midge from

Melaleuca spp.

Key Words: Diptera, Cecidomyiidae, Melaleuca lanceolata, South Australia.

Transactions ef the Rovel Soedety of S. Aust, (1999), WAG) TPS-EE)

A NEW SPECIES OF GALL MIDGE (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYITDAE) DAMAGING

BRANCH SHOOTS OF THE DRYLAND TEA-TREE, MELALEUCA LANCEOLATA

(MYRTACEAE)

by Pever KOLESiKk® & Davip E, PEACOCK:

Summary

forksik, Pe & PRAcMek. DE

(1999) Anew species of gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomytidae) damaging branch

shools of the drykind tewtree, Melaleuca lanceolula (Myrtaceae). [rity Re Soc 5. Aust 12313), 115-119, 30

November, 1999,

Anew speeres of wall midge, Lopeswe yuadratd. 1s described from Melaleuca fanceelata Ollo in South

Australia, The infested branch shoots are transformed (ito pine cone-like gulls und do pot develop further, The

larva. pupa, mile and femile of the new species are deseribed and illustrated The new gall nndge. only the

second record af We tribe Lapestini in Australia, is compared 16 other known gill midges trom Melalewea spp.

Ki Wouns: Diptera, Cecidomyiidiae, efalewce lancecfaty, South Austrabae

Introduction

The dryland teatree, Melaleuca lanecolata Oto

(Myrtaceae), also known us Moonah or black tea-

tree. isa Shrub ora small tree of up to 10 min height

vecurring in’ Western Australia, South Australia,

Victoria, New South Wales und Queensland (Barlow

1986), Tt grows in various habitats, in South

Ausiralia commonly in saline heavy clays that are

subject to periodic waterlogging, The durable wood

is occasionally used in the timber industry and the

flowering trees tre valued by beekeepers

(Cunningham ef al, 1981).

The gall micdge modifies branch shools of M4,

lanceolata subsp. lanceolata into, galls that resemble

pine cones (Fig. |). The galls were collected by one

of us (DEP) at) Oetober, 1998 in the Coorong

Nalional Park during a South Australian Animal and

Plant Control Commission ecologieul survey.

Although the galls were found in low abundance the

gull midge can potentially have aw severe impact on

ree development because fh prevents the growth of

new branches,

The new wall midge, to be attabuited to Kolesik, is

placed inthe genus Lopesie and becomes the second

known Australian species of the tribe Lopesiini.

along with Ausvalopesia melaleucae Kolesik (1999)

that forms flower galls on Melaleuca halmetureraun

FP. Muell. ex Mig. in South Australia.

Deparment ol Hortioulinn. Wiiieuliire and Oenelowy. Wante

Campus Phe triversity af Adelaide PMBI Glon Oxmond S. A\ast,

S064. Erni Peter, Kalesih @! yy alte adeliide edu al.

) Semthy Awerrttian Animataine Plant Control Commission, OPO

Box LOT) Adehiude S. Aust SOOT

Fiz, |, Branch shoot wall of Lopeste qaadrata sp. nov. on

Melalereet lantceelit, Arrow marks pupal skin, Scale

hur = 10 mm.

Materials and Methods

Branch galls on Melaleuca lanceolata were

collected ul the Coorong National Park on 5.x. 1998

The galls were processed in one of two ways. Some

were peeled open and the kirvete preserved wn 70%

ethanol, Those remaining were kept in plastic hays

und the larvae were reared to adults, Pupation look

place within the galls. Emerged adults were

preserved together with their pupal skins. in 70%

ethanol, Microscope mounts of the type series were

prepared according to the technique outlined by

Kolesik (1995). The type series and other miterial

retained in 70% ethanol. together with dried galls,

are deposited in the South Australian Museum,

Adeluide (SAMA), the Australian National nscet

Collection, Canberra (ANIC) and the State

Herbarium of South Australia, Adelaide (AD).

Descriptions und measurements refer to the holatype

and paralypes.

IIe P KOLESIR & DE. PRACOCK

Genus Lopesia Riibsuamen. 1908

Lapesta Riibsauiien. (908; 29

Type spevres. Lepesia brasiliensin Riibsaumen,

190%: 30. fias tH, 12

Lopesia tsa penus of the supertribe Cecidomyiidi

originally characterised by the bend in the Rs wing

vein at tts juneturce with Ry. Ry situated beyond the

midiangth OF Ry, toothed tarsal ehiws, empodia

shorer than claws, short female postabdenten with

large cerey, and tourscemented palpi. Tl is currently

Wscd as a catch-all venus within the tribe Lopesiini

und now also includes species with simple tarsal

claws and a reduecd number of pulpal segments

(Gusne & Marohasy 1993, Gagné & Hibbard 1996)

The new species fits Lopesia ss. an ull characters

vxcepl the Iwo-seeymented palpi, ww reduction that

appears independently th many genera and does re

preclude placing the species: within the wider

concept of the genus,

Lapesia quadrata sp. Woy.

(PIGS | - 16)

Holotype: 3, Coorang National Park, “Loop Row”,

South Australia (46° 11° S. 139° 41° BE), x 1908.

reared by Po Rolesik from branch shoot galls on

Melalerea lanceolate Oto subsp, luncenlatir, gall

collecled 5.x, 1998 by DBD. FE. Peacock, (21427

(SAMA),

Pararypes, | 3. 2 & 4, 3 pupal skims (SAMA,

J21426-121432), 2 &4, 2 99, 3 pupal skins

(ANIC), sume data bul emergee Sx 23.4.1998_ |

larva (SAMA, 121433) 7 larva (ANIC). colleetou

with holotype.

her material 20 29, 3 pupal skins, same

dake as paratypes (SAMA), galls, same dali

(AD999 26213),

Male (Mes 2-8)

Colour eyes bhick, head dark-brown, antennae

und palpi brown, thorax black clorsally abd red

elsewhere. abdomen with sclerotised parts brown

and unsclerotised parts red, genitalia brown, lees

brown and yellow,

Heud? Antenna: seape slightly longer than wide:

pedicel spheroid: flagellomeres 120 in number.

bingdal, with one circumfila on basal node. two on

distal, circumfilar loops not reaching the next distal

circurmfilum, nodes with sparse, short setulae, dist

Magellomere with smal, apreal mpple. Rye lacels

Closely adjacent except al verlex where sparser. eye

bridge 3 facets long. No postvertical protuberance

Palpl tWo-scemented, segmentation weak, Prous

with 5-9 solae perside, Labella hemispherical, each

wilh 4 - 9 short setae,

Thorex: Wing length 2.3 min (range 2.20 24. n=

4). width 0.9 mm (ON - 0.9). Ry varies between

barely visible to all strength vein, “Tarsal eliws

curved beyond midiength, with short, wide tooth.

empodia tess Can hall claw length.

Abdomen: Sternum | not sclerotised, asetase,

sterniies TT - VE with anterior pau of trichoid

sensilht, posterior setil row und sparse see

scullered elsewhere. Tergiles 1 - Vl with anterior

pair of tichoid senshi. posterior setul tow and

sporadie setae elsewhere, tered VHP net

Seleroused, asetose, Geritaliat — gonucoxine

cylindrical, with large. rounded. setulose mesobiasul

lobe: gonostylus slightly tipered distally, bent ot

distal third, shehtly swollen and setulose on basal

third. asetose and ridged beyond; aedeagus wilh

several userose papillae, longer (han gonacers ites,

robust, dapered distally, hypoproet brlohed. cuch lobe

with sever setae, setulose: cerer hilobed. shorter

than hypoeproet, each lobe with several sere,

setulogse.

Fenule (Figs 9 12)

Colour uy inane. Head: trons with 7 - 8 setae,

lubella euch with 4 — 7 setae; fMavellomeres

cylindrical, with slight restriction at midlength in

basal ones. ciroumfikt simple around midlengih, with

several small, interconnected arches distally, setulae

short and spare basally, unusually long and dense

distally, Wing length 2.6 mm (2,3 - 2.8. n= 4), width

LO mm (09 - 1.0) Abdomen sternunt VILE and EX

not selerotised, setoseslergite VIL consisting of two

small areas. one on euch side of centre, terguny PX

selerotised, both setose. Ovipositor short, barely

protrusible; ceret ovoid, completely setilose jun

stlose, several selae on posteroventral surface thiek:

hypopreet short, robust. with several setae. setulose.

Other charavters as i nade.

Pune (Pigs 1a. tA)

Colour nurrow ring On anterior part oF antenna

pale brow), remaining purty grey, Length 2.6 jun

(2,3) 28,1 =6), Cephalic papillae 5 pm (4-5) lone

Frons on gach side. one of iwo facial papitlie setuse,

pre of three lateral papille setose. all setae minute

Prothoracic spiraele very Short, as long as wide No

Jorsil abdominal spines

Frvva (Pigs 15, 16)

Colour: oringe-red, Lengih 1.5 - 1.9 marin = 2).

Head: antennae wnusually broadened basally.

posterolateral apodemes yery short. No sternal

spatula. Termimal segment with several small.

aseloxe pup tlie

NEW GALL MIDGE FROM MELALEUCA LANCEOLATA I}?

Figs 2-8. Male of Lopesia quadrate sp. noy. Fig. 2. Head in frontal view. Fig. 3. List three flagellomeres. Fig. 4. Sixth

flagecllomere, Pig, 5. First tarsomere. Fig. 6, Tarsal claw and empodium, Fig, 7, Genitalia in dorsal view. Fig, 8, Wing.

Seale bars = 100 pom 2. 4,7; 50 pm 4-6: S00 pm &.

118 P. KOLESIK & D. E, PEACOCK

Figs 9 - Lo. Lopesia quadrata sp. nov. 9 - 12 female, 13, 14 pupa, 15, 16 larva, Fig. 9. End of abdomen in lateral yiew

(sclation on segment LX and ovipositor omitted). Fig. 10. Ovipositor in lateral view. Fig. 11. Last three flugellomeres.

Fig, 12. Sixth flagellomere, Fig. 13. Prothoracic spiracle. Vig, 14. Anterior part in ventral view. Fig. 15. Last two

abdominal segments in dorsal view. Fig. 16, Head in ventral view. Scale bars = 100 tim 9 - 11, 14, 15; 50 pm 12, 16: 10

pm 13.

NEW GALL MIDE PROM MELALIUCA LANCEOLATA 14

Hlongile-ovoid, red in colour,

Enimalouy

The name queddreita is a Latin adjective for

“square”. referring to the shape of the gall in the top

side view.

Gall and bialowy

The midge transforms a branch shoot into 4 pine

cone-hke gall (Pig. 1). 3-4 mm dong and 4-6 mit

wide, sqtuure in the side top view, ouler leaflets hard

und brown in colour, toner ones soft amd yellow-

green, all sparsely Covered with short. silvery hairs.

Bach pall contains one larva dwelling betweet iWwa

closely appressed Jeallets. Pupation likes place

inside the wall, At the end ol fis development the

pupa fifty 2/4 Ol its bedy outside the gall. Shortly

wierwards the pupal skin splits open at the dorsal

part of \he thorax amd the adult emerges. Ab the

beginning of Qetober [9Y8, at the Coorong National

Park, the all midge popalution consisted muimly of

pupae with only a small proportion of larvae. OF 11

cxumined Melaleuca lajgeoliria tees, six had galls

Of the new species, The tree with the Tizhest

infestation was 5S im high with a canopy of 4m and

bore about 200 gulls.

Remarks

Previously, five eeeidomytids have been knawn to

induce galls on Melaleuca spp. Gagné etal. (1997)

deseribed four species: Lophodiplasis brtentette

Gagné trom rosete bud galls on MM. quinqueneryia

(Cav) SOT. Blake. 2. corauete Gagné from trumpel-

shaped teal galls on Ad. Hervave (Lindley) Cheel, and

M. viridiflora Sol. ex Gaertner, L indentata Guané

Hom blister galls on leaves of ML qguinquenervia, ML

dealbata S. T. Blake, WA wiriditlard, M. creda S. T.

Blake, At “fluviatilix” Barlow und Ad sedtyonee

Schauer and 2. dentiewant Gagné trom M

geinguenervia and M. wridiflura. The tifth species,

Austrolopesta melelencue — Kolesik (1999),

(ranstorms flowers OF AZ. heatmarirorial E Muell. ex

Mig, into hard, spherical, lairy galls.

The main character that distinguishes the new

species from the otherwise rather diverse species ol

Lophodiplosis Gagne is the — conspicuous

protuberance on the pupal vertex which 1s present in

the other species bul wbsent in Lepesii querdrate sp.

nov, The new species differs from Ansirolopesia

melaleucde, & species wilh which i shares the type

locality. in all developmental stages, In L. gitdrata,

the palpi are two-seamenied, the tarsal claw has a

browd, short tooth. the male fligellomeres are

binodal, the Gvipositer is short und barely

protrusible, the pupal prothoracic spiracte is as long

wh wide and the larvee has no sternal spatula, Mra.

melalenede, Ihe palpi are /our-segmented, the tursul

claw hus a thin, tong tooth, the nale flagellomeres

are gynecoid, the ovipositor is long and protrusible.

the pulpal prothoracic spiracte is several times longer

than wide and the larva has well developed sternal

spatula.

Some specimens of the vew spectes had the

aedeagus widely opencd at its terminal end, a

transformation possibly caused by mating.

Acknowledgments

M. C. ()' Leary, State Herbarium of South

Australia. courteously mentified the host plant, We

thank KR. J, Gagne, Systematic Entomology

Laberatoery, USDA, fashington DC, — tor

commenting on dn carly drat l of the munuscript.

References

Baniow BoA, (1986) Melalenca pp, 945-946 Tt lessop. 1

how Toelkem H.R. (Rds) “lori of South Austria’.

Part. (South Australia Government Printing Division,

Adiehade )

CUNNINGHAM G, ML. Miia, We Pe MInbOePE, Boba ke

LiiGih to HL 1981) ? Plants oF Western New Seu

Wales” (New South Wales Government Printing Office.

Sydney).

GAGS, Ro & Maroiasy, i. (195) The gall midges

(Dipteras Ceciomy fae) of Veet spp. (Miniosareac)

ja Africa. Iasenta Mundi 7 77-124

& Hissako, KL. (1296) Anew species al call

midge (Diptery Cecdomyridae) trom subterranean stem

gulls OF Lica michaaeid (Chrysobalunmecue)

Wlovida, (vide Me 7. 428-434,

BALCIUNAS. JK, & BeRRoWws, D, W. (1997)

Six species of oul) midve (Diptent Cecidomytidae) lain

Mekilevica (Myrtieeie) in Austrilian Pe. cin See!

Wah. 99, 312-354,

Koresizn, B (1995) A pew species of Leocriedicorma Bell

(Diptera: Cevidomyidies on Eucalyais faselenfesa in

South Australia. da) ase ean Sec, 34, 47-192,

— (1999) Anew venus and species of all midge

(Diptera: Cecidomyiidacs diumaging (lowers of the South

Australian paper-bark. Mfefelewow — latrmeeremennin

(Myrtaceae), Traits. Re Soe 8. Alin P23. 41-46.

Rups\AMeN, EB, 1b (1908) Bettrige vir Kenuinis

aussereuropiinseher Zoacecuhen VL Berra fcowt |:

Gallon ws Briisilien tinul Peru Mareellia 7 15-70

TRANSACTIONS OF THE

ROYAL SOCIETY

OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA

INCORPORATED

VOL. 123, PART 4

OBSERVATIONS OF SOME NEMATODES FROM

KANGAROO ISLAND, SOUTH AUSTRALIA, INCLUDING THE

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES, HEMICYCLIOPHORA

FLUVIALIS (TYLENCHIDA: HEMICYCLIOPHORIDAE),

FROM ROCKY RIVER

By ALAN F. BIRD*

Summary

Bird, A. F. (1999) Observations of some nematodes from Kangaroo Island, South

Australia, including the description of a new species, Hemicycliophora fluvialis

(Tylenchida: Hemicyclhophoridae), from Rocky River. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 123(4),

121-131, 30 November, 1999,

A new species of Hemicycliophora De Man, 1921 is described from Rocky River

which runs through the Flinders Chase National Park on Kangaroo Island.

The morphology of the new species, Hemicycliophora fluvialis, is compared with that

of four mainland South Australian species of this genus. It resembles H. charleston

Reay, 1984 more closely than the other South Australian species.

Key Words: Hemicycliophora fluvialis sp. nov., Eutobrilus heptapapillatus,

Hemicriconemoides minor, Rocky River, Kangaroo Island, nematodes, morphology,

measurements.

Transactions af the Royal Sovlen atS. Aust. (W999), L234), 121-141

OBSERVATIONS OF SOME NEMATODES FROM KANGAROO ISLAND, SOUTH AUSTRALIA,

INCLUDING 'THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES, HEMICYCLIOPTIORA FLUVIALIS

(TYLENCHIDA;: HEMICYCLIOPHORIDAE), FROM ROCKY RIVER

by ALAN FB. Bin

Summary

Binh, A.D, (1999) Observations of some nematodes from Kangaroo Istand. South Austria, teluding the

Ueseription of a new species. Henicyeliophore fineialis (Tylenchida: Hemicyelophoridac). fram Rocky Rryer

Trans: & Soe 8. Aust. 123(4). 121-131. 30 November, 1999,

A new species uf Meneveltaphara De Man, 1921 is described from Rocky River which rms Hiroueh the

Finders Chase National Burk on Raniuroe Dshanel,

The morpholowy of the new species, Vemicveliophora fiialiy, is compared wah that of four mainluod South

Australian Species of (his genus. Hocesembles He chartestoie Reay, 1984 more closcly than the eather South

Australian speeies, A population of /agrabrihes hepeapapi latins daubert& Heyas. 1979) Tsalotikhin, Last is alse

described (ram Rocky River and is compared with populations of this spectes front matohind: Australie atid

South Alriaa, A population of Henicricanemnides winer Breoski & Reay, 1982 collected [rom sui) adjaeent to

Rocky River is compared Witt specimens from Kuitpo Forest, 40 kin south of Adelaide, Relationships between

these Kangaroo [stand nematodes and their close relatives on the South Australian maimland are tliscussed,

Key Worps: Hemiereliyphone (inuiadiy spo nov. Leiobeilis heptapupillais, Heniericaiemaides Mitor,

Rocky River. Kangaroe Istind, tematodes, morphology, measurements,

i e

Introduction

Rocky River is one ob the more pristine rivers or

streaiis of Kangaroo Istind running. as i does.

through Plinders Chase National Park throughout is

lemetly and thus being Free from) polluhon tron

farmed kinds and human habitation. Hs nematode

Microhitnd has not been studied or compared woth

mainland speaes, Kangaroo Tsland is thought to

have been separated from the mainkind for about

9.500 yeu (Lampert 1979) and some divergence

from the mainland populations might be expected.

iy (his paper the ionic composition of the water

Irom several of te ishind’s rivers that run through

farm lands is compared wilh (hat trom Rocky Rivet,

Meusurements of some free-living and plant parasitic

pemiutodes are nade and compared with related

mainind spectes, These relationships are discussed

amd a new species 1s deserthed,

Materials and Methods

Site

Soil and witer samples were collected from the

Rueky River site (1) (35° 57° $8, 136° 42° E) on two

occasions, Firstly on 3 June 1993 and secondly, four

years hater on S October (997. On the first occasivn

samples were collected from other rivers on

Kangaroo Istind (Mig. 1) for comparison. These sites.

in order of increasing sulimly. were (2) Stunsail

“7 aytond Bal Mivehig S$. Aut, a0

Boom River, collected on the seuwurd side of the

bridve across (he fiver on the South Coast Rad, 04)

Harriet River, collected on the seaward side of the

bridge aeross the river on the South Coust Rd, (4)

Fleanor River, colleeted close to the bridge weross

the river on the South Coast Ra, (5) Chapman River.

collected on the landward side of Willoughby Rel and

(6) Cygnet River, collected about 50 my Up stream or

the bridge at the township

Collection dnd processing of samples

Waler samples were filtered through a 0.2 pm

membrane filter und stored mm sterile serew-capped

bottles prior to anilyses of major soluble ions: as

described previously (Bird 1995), Soil samples taken

adjacent to the river using ou 47 cm diameter corer

were trented in misting machine as described by

Yeates & Bird (1994). Samples of water-saturated

soilatthe rivers’ cdges Were also collected using the

corer but this soil was pa7aed with water and sieved

through a range of sigves us described by Bird

(1999), The 1993 samples were collected Uiroughout

the islind by the author assisted by H. R-B. Jack and

the 1997 samples from Rocky River by A. Meck,

McHugh assisted by M. McHugh,

Sort from Kyeema Conservation Park, suppliec by

I. Reay and continning Henieviconenaldes minor,

was ulso placed in the misting machine and the liv

ing nematodes extracted and photographed.

Treaunent ef nematodes

Living nematodes under a dissecting microscope

were picked from the contumers (ita which they had

122 A_F. BIRD

SOUTH

AUSTRALIA

ores en

Kangaroo

Island

50km

Fig. |. Map showing collecting sites with rivers listed in order of increasing salinity (see Table 1). (1) = Rocky. (2) =

Stunsail Boom. (3) = Harriet. (4) = Eleanor. (5) = Chapman. (6) = Cygnet.

SOUL AND FRESHWATER NEMATODES FROM KANGAROO ISLAND 125

been separated and fixed in hot HA 4:1 before being

processed to unhydrous glycerol us deseribed previ-

ously (Bird 1995), Both living and fixed nematodes

were pholographed using a Vanox AHBT research

microscope equipped with bright field and interfer-

ence contrast (Nomarski) optics with Tord Delta

400 film.

The lype series fas been deposited in the South

Australian Museum, Adelaide (SAMA), CSIRO

Diviston of Entomology, Canberra ACT (ANTC) und

the Waite Institute Nematude Collection. University

of Adelnide (WING)

fe Man's indices and ubbreviations for morpho-

logical lerminoloey are as follows,

us hody length = maxim body diameters bs boy

length = pharyngeal length; e hody length = Gel

femethy ce) Gul lensth + body diameter at cloaca: 1:

lola hody lengthy im: deneth of conus (anterior ) part

oF buceal styler 100+ total styled Tengthy ns number

of specimens, Re number of body annules; RB:

breadth oFone body unnule, Ros number of annules

on lak Roo ntitinber al aniules between labial dise

und first annale aller secretory-excretory (S-B) pore;

Rohawis ese MUMber OF donules belween labial dise

und pharyngo-inlestinal valves Ry: number of

ainnules between laibral dise and base of stylet knobs:

RV: nutpber of annules from vulva to tail tips Ry)!

number of annules between vulva and ants; Vo

distunee of vulva from anterior end x 100 + Ly Vis

distance heuween vulva and tail tip: Vléyp ¢ distance

between vulva and til ip = bedy width at vulva.

Results

The wetter environment

Most of the water samples Were collected in imide

Winker when awl he springs und rivers had sunnie

waler, Nevertheless, some of the rivers, such as the

Cyenet and Chapman (Pig. 1. Tible 1), are clearly

estuarine some distanee from ther mouths. They also

have more culeium, naghesiim, phosphorus and sul-

River which runs throughout its length in) (he

Hlinders Chase National Park and so is not exposed

to agricultural efMuents, His pleasing to note (Table

1) that ever the four-year period from (993.1997

(here was no increase in the tonic components m tls

iter, in fact, there appears to have been a slight

Ueereuse, possibly dite to the difference in the tine of

your,

Nematordes

Hemicycliophora flavialis sp, wey.

(FIGS 2-5)

Tre: Volope Rocky River, KL(35° 57° 8, 136

42° 8). voll AL W Bird. 3.vi 1993, SAMA AHO

28115.

Paratypes; 10.7 9, sume data as holotype. SAMA

AHC 25115, ANIC 700, WING 2022,

Deseriypwion

Body straight to ventrally curved. outer cuticle

loose fitting, Outer cuticle with circumferential sur

luce markings ob cither side of harrow band ov

groove running unbroken through centre of each

wontuile, No breaks observed in annulations, No laler

ul lines apparent. Lip revion continucus with boy

awnties, Labial dise distinet and curved. Three lip

unntes, the third being liirgest, Style long, basal

knobs posteriorly sloped and rounded with posterior

cuvily. Median bulb. isthmus anid termmal bulb of

pharyns distiner, Secretory-excretory (S-E) pore al

junction of pharyis and intestine or slightly anterior.

Genital branch single, Oulstretched. Spermatheca

oval, containing sperm in all specimens examined.

Vulval lips irregular. Post-vulyal region cylinudrical,

fipering towdrds fail terminus gnnulated to its tip.

Anus obscure and not observed,

Female (Measurements of holotype) (Pigs 2-5)

Length 1109 pm; a=32; b= 5.7) V = 86: VL = 136

hing VL/VB = 4.3: stylet 116 pam: m= $6: R = 351:

phur than the other rivers listed, particularly Rocky Ryy = 53: RV = 50: Ry = 31: Ronaruns (nes) = 95:

TAREE Lonalywes at reior solitble ious fing EO) de werner fran vartens rivers-on Ranearae island

Date River Nu Cl Cu My K P Ss =(EC “TSS

4 June 993 Stunsail Boon 269 438 J2 Ww 3.5 <i) \2 (3 (09

2 Harriet 194) 3160 Os tat 39 3 11k Ot (6-4

Eleanor 1930 S470 lay 205 27T O43 79 nS 4.05

‘ Chapovan S610 44350 40 586 $2 (5 334 ve) 119

Cygnet 4750 6970) 540 O3t) a7 0 257 124 150

Rocky 87 J-bs 7.8 I! o5 <A) 4 45 O45 O03

5. October [997 Rocky 62.6 Hi a5 vei 25 (LI 34) 45 O43

She . > 2 as ?

EC = electrical conductivity (deci-siemens m ‘)-

“ESS = tonal suluble sults (estimated percentage t.

124 A, BIRD

4 5

Fin 2) Henicveliophera flivialis sp. nov, Holotype female, showing dimensions of the whole nematode,

Fig 3) Suchiee of pater enliche af holotype, showing arrow band or ridge running unbroken through the centre of each

innule from side to side (small arrows). The aimules also cin unbroken across the surface of the cuticle Carge arrows)

and there is my evidence of lateral lines.

Pig. 4, Tail region of the holotype at higher magnification showing vulva (Vv) and annulated tapering tail, Note the shorter

distinee between vulva and tail lip (0 contrasted with that of 7. charleston (Fig. 6).

Pig 5) (Sumne magnification as Pig, 4), Head of holotype showing the long stylet (s) with its postermorly sloped busal knobs,

the dixtine| media bulb, isthious wad terminal bulb,

SOIL. AND FRESHWATER NEMATODES FROM KANGAROO ISLAND 125

Paratype females (Measurements Table 2)

Fiymology

The name is derived trom L, fluvialis, of or belong-

ing toa river.

Diagnosis and relationships

Hemievcliophora fluvialis sp. nov. resembles H.

charlestoni Reay, 1984 but differs in having its vulva

closer to the tail tip, fewer annules between its vulva

and tail lip, no observable lateral lines. unbroken

mid-annular transverse bauds or grooves and a lower

VL/VB ratio (Figs 3,4, 6. Table 2). Hemieveliophora

/luvialis differs from H. literalis Reay, 1984 in hay-

ing w shorter distance between its vulva and tail tip,

no observable lateral lines. unbroken mid-annular

transverse bands or grooves, fewer annules between

its S-E pore and the tip of its head, a lower VL/VB

ratio and in the absence of the characteristic yulyal

fold of the outer cuticle found in most //, literalis

(Figs 3, 4, 7. Tuble 2) (Reay 1984: Ye & Geraert

1997), The new species differs from A. wallacet

um \

Viv. 6. Tail tegion al HW. eharlesteni (paratype “2 WINC

Reay, 1984 in having a much larger stylet (114 um

compared with $2 tm), more annules between its

vulva and tail tip and a higher VI/VB ratio (Table 2)

and from A. eucalypt Reay, 1984 in having aw lower

De Man’s index b, a larger stylet (114 pnt compared

with 104 pm), more annules, a higher Rex, RW and

VL/YB ratio (Table 2).

Eutobrilus heptepapillatus (Joubert & Heyns, 1979)

Tsalolikhin, 1981]

(FIGS &-10, Table 3)

Material examined

7 33 Rocky River, KI (35° 57° S, 136" 42° B)

coll, A. F. Bird, 3, vi. 1993, SAMA AHC 28116.

ANIC 701, WINC 2023.

Measurements: Table 3

Relationships and remarks

Eutobrilus heprapapillanis is one of the most com-

mon nematode inhabitants at the water's edge of

IG8A - (KY) showing the distunce between vulva aud iil lip

(arrows) Tor comparison with that of A. flaviclis sp. nev, (Pig. 4).

Fig, 7. Tail region of H. fiterafis (pacatype & WINC [78C

Cannowsa

(HO) showine the characteristic vulval fold of the ouler cuticle

|26

A. F. BIRD

TaBee 2. Comparisons of measurements of females of Hemicycliophora fluvialis sp. nov. from Rocky River (KU) with those

published for ather species from South Australia.

H. fluviali.

A. charlestoni

(Reay 1984)

n= 10 nh=12

Parts measured (um) Range Mean SD ~~ Range Mean

Body length (L) 974-1278 1096 +83 1000-1420 1222

De Man’s index a 2939 34 dnd

# b 5.25.9 55 403 53-65 60

V% 85-88 86.2 +1.0 82-87 84

VL 120-160) 138) 413) 159-220 195

Stylet length 107-118 114 -+4.5 100-1202

m TORS 82 +3.2 82-84 83

R 279-352, 307 427) 277-316 = 297

Rex 50-54 S52 +15 49-58 33

Ry 25-33 30 +2.6 nd

Roharynx (oes) 48-58 52 43.4 nd

RV 49-59 53. 43.2 54-05 60

VL/VB 40-48 44 403 45-63 52

a '

nd = not determined.

H. litoralis

(Reay 1984)

HA, wallacei

(Reay 1984)

Hy, eucalypt

(Reay 1984)

n= 52 n=27 n=11

Range Mean Range Mean Range Mean

850-1380) I114) 870-1130 = 1007) 870-1200 LOS6

nd nd nd

4.7-6.6 5.5 5.1-6.3 59 54-67 6.2

82-86 Bd 87-90 89 86-89 87

156-200 178 101-131 Hl 116-148 137

94-118 109 77-88 82 97-113 104

§2-85 84 79-85 83 83-87 S4

299-380 = 3260 267-305) 285) 190-221 206

60-73 66 49-57 53 39-44 4)

nd nd nd

48-69 55 31-44 36 30-37 33

4.8-7.3 57 3.1-3.9 35 32-42 37

TABLE 3. Comparisons of measurements of males of Eutobrilus heptapapillatus fran Rocky River (KI) with other

populations,

Parts measured (um)

Body length (L)

Max, body width

Pharynx (oes) length

Tail length

Body width at anus

Spicule

Gubernaculum

De Man's index a

. y dist. S554

#1 "

nd = not determined.

“Oh dist. Ss5-Sy = distance between supplementary organs 5 and 4, expressed as a percentage

Rocky River

Range

1700-2136

45-68

303-361

187-209

30-34

50-57

27-33

3L-40

5,2-6.2

8.5-10.5

5.7-6.7

19-26

(Swart & Heyns L988)

South Africa

Sit n=7

Mean SD Range Mean

19524185 1550-2120 19230

5547 “nd 53

33] +24 nd 369

199 +7 211-300) 244

3341 nd 38

$443 48-57 53

30 + 2 55-39 37

36435 32-4] 36

5.9403 §.1-5.3 4.2

O8+1 6.2-8.8 7.9

6.1+03 5.8-8.() 65

2242 16-18 17.4

between these supplements (Bird 1995).

Lake Albert

(Bird 1995)

n=5

Range Mean

1873-2000 = 1931

64-77 7

305-327 311

168-191 179

36-41 38

50-55 54

23-36 31

26-30) 27

4.7-6.6 6.2

10.4-1 1.6 10.8

44- 5.3 4.7

16-23 20

of the

Lake Alexandrina

(Bird 1995)

n=5

Range

1800-1990

60-70

270-315

{40-)92

42-40

52-56

30-36

28-31

6,1-7.0

9,9-12.9

4.4-4.8

17-22

Mean

1896

290,

173

6.6

4.6

sum of the distances

SOIL AND FRESHWATER NEMATODES FROM KANGAROO ISLAND \27

3 Oum

Fig. 8. Montage of whole Eutobrilus heptapapillatus & showing its overall thinner appearance than the same species from

the mainland lakes (Table 3),

Fig, 9. Tail region of nematode shown in Fig. 8 ata higher magnification and showing the supplementary organs (numbered

urrows).

Fig. 10. Head region of nematode shown in Fig. § ata higher magnification and showing the pharynx and associated glands

(arrows).

128 A.F. BIRD

14 50um ™

Fig. 11. Living Hemicriconemoides minor & showing shape and sive. Note copulatory spicules (arrow) and absence of a

buccal stylet.

Fig. 12. Living #. miner Y showing shape and size, Note position of yulya (v) and the pronounced buecal stylet (s).

Figs 13 & 14. Living A. minor 2 & showing evidence for serpentine movement (Fig. 13) and ring formation (Fig, 14), Note

the off set heads (h) (cephalic annules) and the buccal stylets (s). These mainkind specimens haye identical measurements

to the Roeky River population (Table 4).

SOIL AND FRESHWATER NEMATODES FROM KANGAROO ISLAND

Rocky River, making up almost 40% of the nema-

tode population of the sumples collected. This &.

heplapapillatis population uppers lo be morpholog

ioally intermediate between the South Afmean popu-

ladon (Swart & Heyns 1988) and thase from Lakes

Albert and Alexandrina in South Australia (Bird

1995), The population rom Kangaroo Island resem-

bles its South African counterpart in maximum bacly

width and De Man’s indices a and ¢* and is thinner

than the populations fron the South Australian lakes

(Fig. &, Table 3). It resembles the lake populations in

the size of the gubemaculam and percentage distance

between the supplementary organs S5 and Sy (Pig. 9,

Table 3). The Kangaroo Islund population is inter

mediate between the South Affieai and South

Australian lakes populations in pharynx length (Fig.

10, "Table 3), tail length and De Man’s indices b and

&. I has a narrower body width at the level of its anus

than any of the other populations but all the popula-

tions resemble each other in body length and spicule

size (Table 3).

The morphological differences between the Rocky

River population of EL heptapapillatus and popula-

tions of this species from Lakes Alexandrina arid

Albert may be a reflection of the isolation of

Kangaroo Island trom the mainland of South

Australia some 9500 years ago (Lampert 1979). Ibis

jo0

(hought that prior to separation from the mainland

(he ancient River Murray ran past the eastern tip of

Kungaroo [sland less than 10 kin away from it. The

subsequent retreating of the river, the [ormation of

the ishind and the Onset of more atid conditions. as

indicated by changes in the vegetation, would have

subjected the tobrilids in Rocky River to environ-

mental pressure greater than those in the billubonys

of the River Murray,

Hemicriconemoides miner Brzeski & Reay, 1982

(FIGS 11-14, Table 4)

Material examined

15 2 2 from soil adjacent lo Rocky River. KI (35°

57° S, 136° 42° EB) coll. A. BE Bird. 3. vi. 1993,

SAMA ATIC 28117. ANIC 702, WINC 2024.

Remarks

Kuitpo Forest near the township of Meadows and

30 km south of Adelaide is the type locality for

Hemicriconemoides minor. However, this species ts

widely spread throughout the southern parts of

Australia and has been found in virgin karri and

mum forests south of Manjimup, Western Australia,

in forest soi] near Cape Jervis. South Australia, in

Tani 4d Comparivans of measurements of females of a Hemicriconemoides minor population collected close to the hanks

af Rocky River (33° 57° S, 136° 42° E) an Kangaroo lslane compared with those of the paratypes and hatoivpe from a

Kuitpo Forest population onthe meiniand af South Australia.

Rocky River

n=I5

Farts measured (yin) Range Mean

Body length (L) 203.383 328.8

Deu Man’s index a 13.6-17.7 135.4

* b 34-49 33

a “nl nd

a Vv 87 7-94.9 Y\_)

VL/VB 1,2-1.5 13

Stylet 63,3-70.01 05.3

R 110-127 18

RK (n=5) 3.44.1 3.5

Ry 24.26 25,1

Ro harynns (uus} A641 38.5

RV “1 Wht

Rey nd nd

Ryan nd od

Roy, nd nd

Kuitpo Porest

(Brzeski & Reay 1982)

Paratypes Holotype

n=16

5D Range Mean

+214 200-370 420) 340)

+13 12-15 I4 15

+03 2.8444 3.4 3,3

O27 23 26

42] 91-94 92 92,

+O {+15 1a 15

+21 56-68% 63 65

+45 {19-135 TTS ty

=O04 nd ne nd

+015 nd md nid

+15 nd wad ne

+06 1.13 {2 3

32-49 37 Bia]

1-5 4+ 5

68 7 z

“hd = nat determined,

[a0 ACT, BIRD

woodland adjicent to the River Murray in the

Sunraysia district of Victoria, on the slopes of ML

William jn the Craripiin Mountains of Victoria and

iW ftinforest new the Hollver River, O4 km south oF

Hurnic i Tasmiaiia (Braeski & Reay 182. Reay &

Coalbyan (986), Tis thus Hat surprising that it has

now been found on Kangaroo Istind in the sed under

miivebush in Flinders Chase National Park about 20

in fram Rocky River.

Comparison Of ineisurements of the Flinders

Chie femiles with the holotype ferale ane

nuratype females of Ao rie Cron Kuiper Forest

Hluhle 4) slow that they are remarkably sinilar.

Henticvivanemoides mindk belongs tO the Family

Creonemutdae, As its speeilic mame suagests, 18 a

small neniatmile with the adult fenide having: a ehar

uelerisiic stubhy shape (Pigs 12-1), Both mies und

femiles ure bout YG nom ia leneth. Crivonemutids

we CoMpNonly KHowrnas Ting nematodes hecalise oF

(heir suusuge shuped boul) that airy bend pate a rie

inthe living stute (Mig. [4), These nematodes haye

pronounced hody annules and a long styler The

anus Memicriconnoides is characterized hy: the

Jomule hayime a double cuticle, We outer being

sheullstike wil retrose anmulations, The head tay

he rounded wy aatine (hig. (2) or offset, us can be

Seen im the living state (Bigs La. 14), The speemuathe

ea ithe H, dinar specimen depicted in Figure 12 is

Alle with sper and the vulva is open, Maleswere

not found in-sod from the sample site adjacent to

Rocky Riveralthough they have been deseribed Trans

the Grampian Mourttains im Vietora (Rey &

Colbyan }986) and were found in seit (ron: KRyeema

Conservation Park, cust ob Williaa and) south: ol

Adelvide (Migs 11). They are narrower thin fertles

und lick u buccal stylet. Males have vot been four

iWomany of the sites front which females have heen

deseyibed.

Because i) wis not possible ta locale clearly the

positions of either the SE pore or (he anus in the 5

female specimens measured trom Rocky River

Ry, UH Ry re Not given, However figures for

RU, A, and Rohwvng (ons which have nal previuds-

ly been determined, are provided. Tn all cases where

compurible measucenents have been made (Table

4) the Roeky River population closely resembles (he

I puralype females of AL atiner trom Kuitpo

Forest. in spite of a physical separation by sea for

O.500 yours.

Discussion

I} is interesting lo specuhite upon the effeets of

environmental change on animal populitions, Both

Of flavialis wand bo heprapapitlams collected front

Water logued soils at the waters edge of Rocky

River showed ditlerences Moni closely telated oa

similar species/populations on the miaintind of South

Australia whereas (he population af Wo tine col

lected Drom soil adjacent to the river but ander atur-

We vegetition was indistingnishable from a

spectes/population on the mainland (Table 4), 1 is

likely thal the environment of ihe river bed in Rocky

River whieh dries ip into poals in the summer ane

(the sie up river from the road bridge whieh dies oul

completely (2. Siithersen pets. cami, 1999) would

Hlucthale uch more thin Thabof the botlors of Tikes

Albert und Aloxindrinae where other populations of

EO heptapupillains are Vound. Subjecuion ka regular

sireeses of dryitie and wetting could explain Why, fot

imstince, A. heplipapilhitus trom Roeky River ray

have some similar morphological characteristics 1

/. hepepapillaiis Lom doshas nine water Hole ty the

Tsisikaiia National Park in Cupe Province, RAA,

Wiech neither populition shares Wilh those of Eley

rapeqpitlats trom the (wo lakes (Table 3), An exis

ple of this can he found tithe mein widths. Thee

OL. heprapapillaniy from the lakes is greater than

that of (he specimens from Reeky River ind

Tsilsikumi National Park (7) und 66 um compared

wilh 55 und 53 pum). Tr would be inleresting 10 kins

ithe Kanguroo Ishin and South Alricun pupula-

tions hive greater capability ol surviving desiccation

Uw the likes” populations,

Environmental Muctuations ab the sie where Jf,

imine Was colleeted. under mative vegekuion iT soil

some 20 rn from the river's cage. would mat be near

ly os great as ot the riparian site and avould be sini

har lo the various dimilnd silesowhete AL pater las

heen collected, This may account lor their close mor

pholovical simikuities (Ruble +),

Although @ considerable amount oF research has

been done on the macrolauna of kangaroo island hy

many workers (Tyler ef al. 1979) there has been lt

Ue or no research into microscopic soil und fresh

waler nematodes, However (hey are very mach a

part of the soil and wiler eovironment amd are a nal

ural component of any studies on environmental

biology und biodiversity.

Acknowledgements

{ thank J. Bird for constructive criticism ol the

manuscript. CSIRO Land and) Water provided

aeepmmucdalion, facilities und the expertise of A,

Beech (water unulyses), G, EB. Rinder (miupping) and

the library stall T should like to thank Red. Tlis

(District Ranger Kangaroo Iskind W) Cor penmission

lo colleer soil suniples From Flinders Chase Natoma

Park, This: resvareh was made possible by a vrant

Hon the Australian Biologicul Resources: Study

SOIL AND FRESHWATER NEMATODES FROM KANGAROO ISLAND 131

References

Birp, AW F. (1995) Studies on Ewobrilus heptapapillaius

(Nematoda: Tobrilidac) the predominant nematode

inhabiting the bottoms of Lakes Albert and Alexandrina,

South Australia, Trans. WY. Soc. S. Aust. 19, 133-141.

(1999) A comparison of some — soil

microinvertebrate assemblages in Southern Australia.

Ibid. 123, 69-75,

Brzeski, M. W. & Reay, B. (1982) Heniicriconemoides

miner sp, n. with observations on four other species of

the genus (Nematoda: Criconematidae). Revue Nématol.

§, 327-334.

Lamprrr, R. J. (1979) Aborigines pp. 81-89 In Tyler, M.J..

Twidale, C. R. & Ling, J. K. (Eds) “Natural History of

Kangaroo Island” (Royal Society of South Australia,

Adelaide),

ReAY, EF. (1984) Plant nematodes from Australia: Studies on

Hemicycliophoridae (Nematoda: Tylenchida). Revie

Nematol. 7, 367-384.

——— & Conpran, R. C. (1986) Australian plant

nematodes: two new species of Hemicriconenmoides

Chitwood & Birchfield, 1957 with notes on H. minor

Brzeski & Reay, 1982 and H. gabrici (Yeates, 1973)

Raski, 1975 (Nematoda: Criconematidae). (hid. 9, 325-

336.

Swart, A. & Heyns, J. (1988) Redescription of Eutobrilus

heptapapillatus (Joubert & Heyns, 1979) Tsalolikhin,

1981 with notes on its morphology and a possible

excretory system (Nematoda: Tobrilidae).

Phytophylactica 20, 161-168.

TYLER, M, J.. Twipare, C. R. & Ling, J. K. (Eds) (1979)

“Natural History of Kangaroo Island” (Royal Society of

South Australia, Adelaide),

Yratus, G, W. & Birp, A. F, (1994) Some observations on

the influence of agricultural practices on the nematode

faunae of some South Australian soils. Fundam. appl.

Nematol, 17, 133-145.

Yr, W. & GERAERT, E. (1997) Plant parasitic nematodes

from the Solomon Islands with a description of

Boleodorus solomonensis.. Nematologica 43, 431-

454.

A NEW SPECIES OF EIMERIA (APICOMPLEXA: EIMERIIDAE)

FROM THE STICK-NEST RAT, LEPORILLUS CONDITOR

(RODENTIA: MURIDAE)

By MICHAEL G. O’CALLAGHAN* & PETER J. O’ DONOGHUET

Summary

O’Callaghan, M. G. & O’Donoghue, P. J. (1999) A new species of Eimeria

(Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the stick-nest rat, Leporillus conditor (Rodentia:

Muridae). Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. (1999) 123(4), 133-135, 30 November, 1999.

A new species of Eimeria is described from five of eight (62.5%) stick-nest rats,

Leporillus conditor from South Australia. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria leporilli sp.

nov. are ovoidal to sub-spheroidal, 19.3 x 15.7 ym, with a double oocyst wall, no

micropyle, no oocyst residuum, with four ellipsoidal sporocysts 9.4 x 6.2 wm, slightly

pointed at one end with a knob-like Steida body, each containing two sporozoites.

Attempts to infect laboratory rats, Rattus norvegicus, with sporulated oocysts from

stick-nest rats were unsuccessful.

Key Words: Coccidia, Eimeria, Eimeria leporilli sp. noy., Rodentia, Muridae,

Leporillus conditor, stick-nest rat, Australia.

Transactions of Me Rayal Saucier of 8 Ause (1999). 123(4), 133-135.

A NEW SPECIES OF EIMERIA (APICOMPLEXA: EIMERIIDAE) FROM

THE STICK-NEST RAT, LEPORTLLUS CONDITOR (RODENTIA: MURIDAE)

by MicwArt G. O'CaLLAghaAn® & Petix J, O° DoNOGHURY

Summary

the sticknest ral, Leperitius couditor (Rodentia: Muridae), Trans: R. Sec. 8. Aust, (1999) 123), 134-135,

November, 1999,

A new species of Boneria is desetibed from tive of cight 162.590) stick-nest nits, Leporilus conditor [rom

Soulh Australie, Sporulated oovysts of Binierid teporill] sp. nov.are Ovoidal to sub-spheroidal 19/4 % 15-7 pn.

With a double oocyst wall, no micropyle, no ooeyst residuurn, with four ellipsoidal sporoeysts 4 x 6.2 Lom,

shytitly pointed at one end with w knob-like Steida body, each contuinmy two sporozaites. Atempes to intel

laboratory rats, Reis rervegicus. with sporulated oocysts from stick-nest raly were unsuccessful.

Kny Worbs: Coccidia, Eimeria, Eimeria leporiiii sp. noy.. Rodentia. Muridae. Leparifluy conditar, stick-pest

ral, Australia.

Introduction

Enrerie coecidia have not previously been reported

in the suck-nest rat, Leporilus cendirar (Sturt.

}S58). Indeed, all previous revords of etineriid

coceidia in rodents from Australia have been

restricted to Rats norvegicus, RK. vali and Muy

musculus (cl, Mackerras $958). A novel Kimeria sp.

was discovered inh. Gondifar and is deseribed here

as new. The validity and host speeificity of the

Kimeria sp. was examined by attempted cross-

transmission to Radius norvegicus,

Materials and Methods

Haveal samples were collected from eight stick

nest ruts from Franklin Ustand, South Australia trom

JUS to 1997, Two suinples were collected trom

animals whieh were subsequently transterred trom

the wild popubiion oi Franklin [sland lo a captive

colony ut the Monat Fauna bacility, South

Australia. Puceal samples were stored at roam

lemperature for three weeks in 2% (w/v) aqueous

potassium dichromute to allow nacysts to sporulate-

Subsamples were mixed in saturated sucrose

solution (S.G. 133) and obeysts recovered by

centritugal flotation, Oocysts were examined

microscopically using an off immersion [00x

= South Austrilion Research aol Development isetute, GPO Mer

307 Adehude S. Aust S00} and Departments ol eevirimentil

Biology and Mictoblology ind Tmimtinotigy. The University ot

Adehide Aust, SO08,

§ Department of Microbinlogy andl Parisilotogy. The University ot

Otwornsditiel Broshune Qh!

objective with a Nomarski differential interference

contrast systein and were measured using an

eyepicee graticule calibrated wath an Olympus

objective micrometer. Measurements in the text are

given in micrometres (4m), mean + standard

deviation with range in parentheses,

A phototype of the sperulated Ooeyst hus been

deposited in the US National Moseum, Beltsville

Maryland, Parasite Collecuhion (UISNPC No. 88842).

Cross transmission Study

Two two month old laboratory -reared coucidia-lree

oulbred Sprague-Dawley rats, Ralins norregicHs

Berkenhout 1769, were obtained from the Institute of

Medical and Veterinary Scienee, Adelaide. Animals

were housed in a plastic caee with pre-sterilized

bedding and accessed water and sterilized

commercial rodent pellets ad [hitnm. Both were

exposed to natural light/dark and) temperature

patterns (ay. min. L7> Clay. max, 21° C) and isolated

froin other rodents, One rut was inoculated with

5,000 and the other with 10,000 sporulinted oueysts

harvested from three stick-nest cats by centrifugal

HolaGion in saturated sucrose solution. washed three

times in tap water, counted ina haemocylomerer und

viven orally using a syringe Titled with plastic

tubing. These ooeysts were harvested from fuecul

sumples collected in July. 1997 and were stored at

room temperature in 2% (w/v) aqueous potassium

dichromate for less than 82 days. Paecal samples

were colleeted before Thoculation to ensure the

inoculated animily were Hot passing oocysts.

Following inoculation, faces) samples were collected

daily and examined lor oocysts for 24 days.

144 M. G. OCALLAGHAN & P, J, O; DONOGHUE

Results

Coceidial oocysts were detected in faeces from

live of eight (62.5%) stick-nest rats examined. The

morphological configuration of the oocysts

conformed to those of the genus Eimeria in that they

contained four sporocysts per oocyst and two

sporozoiles per sporocyst. The coccidian species

detected was considered new on the basis of

morphological characteristics, noyel host species and

apparent host specilicity as infections could not be

estublished in A. norvegicus.

Eimeria leporilli sj. nov.

(FIGS 1-3)

Material examined

Oocysts in fueces from 5 Leporillus conditor. 4

originating {rom Franklin Island, SA, (22° 27° S.

}33" 40° E), 2. vi. 1988, 21. vi, 1988. 27. vi L988, 14.

yii.l997, and 1 from captive animals transferred

from Franklin [sland to Monarto, SA (35° 07° S.

139° 09° EB). 27. vii. 1997. USNPC No. 88842,

Deseription

Oocysts ovoidal or subspheroidal. 19.3 + 2.3 (14 -

25) x 15.7 + 1.6 (11S - 19) (n = 100); mean

leneth:width ratio 1.2; oo¢yst wall bi-layered, outer

layer colourless, smooth, 1.0 thick: inner layer

colourless, 0.6 thick; micropyle and oocyst

residuum absent; predominantly 1, but up to 5

refractile polar granules present; 4 ellipsoidal

sporocysts 9.4 + 1.25 (7.3 - 13) x 6,2 + 0.71 (4.2 -

8.2) (n = 100): slightly pointed at one end with a

conspicuous knob-like Steida body; sub-Steida hody

absent; 2 sporozoites filling sporocyst; large

refractile globule 2.4 - 3.2 in diameter at posterior

end; ellipsoidal sporocyst residuum, 2.4 in diameter

at equator of sporocyst, composed as an aggrevation

of numerous granules,

Type |ost

Leporillus coniitor (Sturt, 1848) Stick-nest ral.

Locality

Franklin Island, SA (32° 27° S, 133° 40° B),

Lecation in hast

Ooeysts in faeces: endogenous stages unknown,

Etymology

Specific name derived from the generic name of

ithe host.

Crosxs-transmission study

Over the 24 day observation period. coccidia were

not recovered from the faeces of two KR nurvegicus

inoculated wilh sparulated oocysts [rom stick-nest

rats,

Discussion

Coveidia of the genus Eimeria ure typically host

specific; it is rare for these parasites to infect more

than one host and many species are known only by

the morphology of the oocysts and by the identity of

the host in which they are found (Joyner 1982).

Upton er al. (1992) suggested that some rodent

Fig. |. Eimeria leporillr sp.nov. from captive stick-nest rat - sporulated oocyst. Scale bar = 10 kum.

Fig. 2. E, leporilli sp, nov. front stick-nest rat on Franklin Island - sporulated oocyst. Scale bar = 10 tum,

A NEW SPECIES OF EIMERIA FROM THE STICK-NEST RAT 13

vil

Fir. 3. Composite line drawing of sporulated oovyst of E. leporilli, Scale bar = 10 um.

coccidia are less specific in their host range and may

be able to infect different, usually phylogenetically

related. species. In this study, the Eimeria sp.

detected in stick-nest rats did not establish an

infection in experimentally inoculated R, nervegicus.

The inability to infect Ro vorvegicus confirms the

distinctness from coccidia previously reported in

rodents in Australia (Mackerras 1958). However, the

host range of coccidian species from native rodents

remains to be determined by further comprehensive

coprologicul and cross transmission studies. In

addition, histological studies on gut sections are

required to determine the endogenous developmental

eyeles and to indicate the potential pathogenicity of

infeclions.

Eimeria leporilli sp. ney. exhibited variation in

oocyst and sporocyst size. up to 40% and 43%

respectively in each animal. Considerable variation

in oovyst and sporocyst size 1s Known to occur for

many Eimeria species, some varying as much as

40% (Duszynski 1971). In the absence of other

distinguishing characteristics, the coccicia described

here are considered to be a single species with

considerable size variation in the oocyst and

sporocyst

Acknowledgment

We thank S. Conaghty for providing sumples from

the captive animals.

References

Duszynski. D. W. (1971) Increase in size of Limerta separate

ooeysts during patency. J. Parcasital, 57, 948-952,

Jownrr, L. P. (1982) Host and site specificity pp. 35-57 In

Long, P. L. (Ed.) “The biology of the eoecidia” (Edward

Arnold, London).

Mackerras, M. J. (1958) Catalogue of Australian

mammals and their recorded internal parasites: Part 1.

Eutheria. Proc. Linn, Soe, N.S. W. 83, 126-143.

Upron, S. J... McAuusrer, C, T., BRitLHART, D. B.,

Duszynskt, D. W, & Wasi. C.D. (1992) Cross-

transmission studies with Eimeria ariconensis-like

oocysts (Apicomplexa) in New World rodents of the

genera Baiomys, Neotoma, Onychomys, Pernyscus,

and Reithrodontomys (Muridae). 4. Parasitol, 78, 406-

413,

CLOACINIDAE (NEMATODA: STRONGYLOIDEA) INCLUDING

A NEW SPECIES DORCOPSINEMA SIMILE, FROM

DORCOPSULUS VANHEURNI (MARSUPIALIA:

MACROPODIDAE) FROM PAPUA NEW GUINEA

By L. R. SMALES*

Summary

Smales, L. R. (1999) Cloacinidae (Nematoda: Strongyloidea) including a new speces,

Dorcopsinema simile, from Dorcopsulus vanheurni (Marsupialia: Macropodidae)

from Papua New Guinea. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 123(4), 137-142, 30 November,

1999,

Paralabiostrongylus bicollaris, Dorcopsistrongylus labiacarinatus, Coronostrongylus

coronatus and Macropostrongylus sp. are recorded from the stomach of the lesser

forest wallaby Dorcopsulus vanheurni from Doido in Papua New Guinea.

Key Words: Dorcopsulus vanheurni, Dorcopsinema, nematodes, Cloacinidae,

marsupials, Australia, Papua New Guinea.

Trunsuctions of te Royal Society of 8. Atisn (1999), 123 (4). 137-142.

CLOACINIDAE (NEMATODA: STRONGYLOIDEA) INCLUDING A NEW SPECIES,

DORCOPSINEMA SIMILE, FROM DORCOPSULUS VANHEURNI (MARSUPIALIA:

MACROPODIDAE) FROM PAPUA NEW GUINEA

by L. Ro SMALES*

Summary

SMADPA, L. Ry (1999) Cloucinidae (Nematoda: Strongyloides) ticluding a Hew species. Dereapenieniad sil,

from Parcopsatis vanhenn’ (Marsupials Macropodidie) trom Papua New Guinea, Tram. RB. Soo 8. Aust

$2304). 137-142. 30 November, 1999,

Tifaliblosthnigy tin bicoliiels, Dotcopsistronuvlis liblecariatis. Coratostromieylin cormudtin aid

Mocrpostinivies spare recorded from the stomach of the lesser forest wallaby Deneopsufiys veurenane rom

Doide in Papua New Guinea, Dorcopsinema simile sp, nov. is described from the same host and locality,

Doreopyinenu simile differs Crom 2. dervopsis. the only other species of Dorcopsineme vecuing i forest

wallabies. i having the nerve cing anterior to the deirids rather than posterion huger eggs (120 pix O85 pon

compared with US pints $7.5 pin) a shorter vagina (200-470 prim compared with 680 pom) and lateral branchlets

avisiig abterio’ 66 the bifircation OF the dorsal tay tithes than posterior to iL The fourth shige larva is described

Nrevised key to the species of Dercopsineme is eiven, Ananulysis of the helminths occurring in Doreupsaltis,

Dorvopsis iim Denidrodigs suggests that the forest wallabies have oo more diverse community thi the tree-

hunwornos. iieliding components which are exelisive le the wlind of Ney Gumesas well us components (hat

ure common to bath the Agstralian continent and New Guiness,

Kiy Wokps

New Cuiney

Introduction

The venus Dercupsinena Mawson, 1977

comprises strofeyloid nematades of the Fantily

Cloacinidae (Stossich, 1899) oevurring in the

stomuchs of tree hungatoos, Deadroliguy Mueller &

Sehlegel, (839 nd forest wallabies Dareapyis

Seblewel & Mueller (842 (see Bayles 1o40:

Muwson 1977. Sinales l982a, 1997), There are,

however, few records of puasitie helminths from

the related genus of forest wallibies Dercopwulis

Maischie, TY¥IG and none fram Dro vanheurat

(Thomas, 1922) (see Spran ef al 19), Pour

specimens of the small forest wallaby De vanhenrni

collected front the Chimbu Province of Papua New

Guinew in 1984 by RB, Speare were Pound lo have is

diverse community of stomach nematodes. A new

species Of Doreupsineme is deserihed in this paper,

New host records far other speeies of the

Closemidae found in the stomachs ol the animals

exuimined are given below and new species of’ the

sens Cleacine yor Litstow, PSY% are reported

elsewhere,

Materials and \lethods

Stomach conents of lesser forest wallabies were

Asxcihin LOG formalin i the field. Subsequently the

‘Sehoul al Brotowieal and (invirgencibal Selemas. Contest

Queenshindt Uoiverity Mockhoc yin Ohba,

Dorcopsitis verhena’, Dencopatiena, nenatodes, Cloaeiduc, ciaescipils. Atistribin Papua

contents were wished in water ta remove the

formalin, nematodes were removed, washed again

and stored in 70% ethanol, Worms were cleared in

lactophenal prior to examination. Specimens from

Dorcopsulus sp. deposited in The Natural History

Museum, London (BMNH), were alsa examined,

Measurements Of 10 specimens. in micrometres

unless otherwise sided. were made using an oeulir

micrometer and are presented as the range followed

by the mean ti parentheses, Figures were preparce

with the aid of a drawing tbe, Host names follow

Flannery (1995), Nematode clissificution and

(crminology lollow Beveridge (1987). ALP material

his been deposited in the South Australiin Museum,

Adcluide (SAMA),

Results

Light specimens of Pardlaibiosteongvlis bicallariy

Simales, 1982) (Closeininiie Stossich, 1899

Labiostrongy lined Beveridge, 1983) from three host

animals, 39 specimens of Doreupsistroney sits

fublacorinias Smiles. (982 (Cloweininie

Pharyngostrongytiiea Popova. (952) from fou

hosts. 37 speciinens of Coronas rong das COMME

Johnston & Mawson, 1939 (Cloueininue

Coronostrongylinga Beveridge, 1986) from four

hosts dnd one specimen of Macropasrroneylis sp.

Yorke & Miuplestone. 1926 (Cloacininie;

Macroposirongylinea Lichlentels, 1980) Tron one

host were found. Each of these is a new host record,

148 1. RK. SMALES

Pigs 1-15. Darcapsinema simile sp. nov. 1, Anterior end (ventral yiew). 2, Cephalic end, lip-like elements extended (ventral

View). 3. Cephahe end, lip-like elements not extended (lateral view), 4. Spicule. anterior end. 5. Oesophago-intestinil

junction (lateral view), 6. Cephalic cad, opucal secbon (dorsal view). 7, Cephalic end, optical section (ateral yiew), 8.

Gubernaculum (ventral view). 9. Posterior end. female (lateral view). LO. Cephalic end (en fue view). 11. Spicule tip

(lateral view), 12. Ovejector (yentral view), 13, Female tail tip. 14, Deirid, 15, Genital cone (dorsal view). Scales burs =

500um J; SOum 2 - 4.6.7, 13; 200um 5,9, 12: 25pm 8, WO. 17, 14. 05.

NEMATODES FROM NEW GUINEAN WALLABIES 139

Figs 16-22. Dorcopyinema simile spo ney. 16. Bursa (apical view), 17, Bursa (lateral view), 1S. Pourth stage larva, cephalic

end (lateral view), 19) Fourth stage larva, oesophage intestinal junction showing developing diverticula (hiteral view).

MM). Fourth stage larva, developing female wil 21. Fourth srige larva, developing mile (il, 22. Fourth stige lurva,

cephalic end (fare view) Seale bars = [00pm 16, 17; 25

Dorcopsineme simile sp. nov.

(FIGS 1-22)

Types > Holotype 2 allotype &. paratypes 54 cd

72 FP from stomach of Dorcopsilus vanheurnt

(Thomius.1922), Doidy {6° 33° 8. 4° Sir be),

Chimbu Provinee, Pupua New Guinew. coll. R.

Speare, | 7v. 1984 SAMA AHC 31526, ATIC 31327,

und ALC 31328 respectively.

Other material examined » Prom Dorcapsuliy ver

henrnis 2 SSL 1 2,4 larvae sume dala AHC31329,

From Daorcapsulus sp. $3, 2 29 Lae (6° 44° 8,

147" 007 FE), Morobe Provinee. Papua New Guinea,

coll. N.T. Talbot, BMH 1970), 499-505.

Desevipnon

Relatively large worms; body with fine transverse

cliliculu striations, Cephalic exwemity with wide,

pm 18, 19, 22; 50pm 20, 24.

well-defined fleshy collar bearing two amphids, each

on dome-like projection, and tour cephalic papillae;

perioral cuticle forming eight selerotised lip-like

processes arising within buccal capsule. Buccal

capsule short, cylindrical, walls well sclerotised.

within region of colli Oesophagus long, clavate.

ubout 20% body length. Oesophiago-intestinal

diverticula small; length of diverticula less than

main) Width of oesophagus,

Male

Length 16 — 24 (20) mm, maximum width 665

1105 (760). Buceal capsule 60 8&5 (75) wide x 75

— 100 (88) deep. Oesophagus 3.500 — 4.760 (4,110)

long. Nerve ring S80) 735 (665), demids 735 — 9460

(855), Secretory-excretury (S-E) pore 890 — 1155

(1020) from anterior end. Bursal lobes not separates

140 LR. SMALES

dorsal lobe longest, ventral lobes shortest.

Ventroventral and ventrolateral rays apposed,

reaching niargin of bursa: externolateral ray

divergent, nol reaching margin of bursa:

mediolateral and) posterolateral rays apposed,

reaching margin of bursa; externodorsal ray dirising

close to lateral trunk, not reaching margin of bursa;

dorsal trunk stoul, bifureating al about '/3 its length,

rays reaching margins of bursa; each ray branching

anterior to level al’ bifurcation, lateral branchlets not

reaching margin Of bursa, Spieules JO85 — 2055

(1850) long, 9% body lengthy anterior extremities

irregularly koobbed: distal tips slightly curved,

Moely striated browd alte not extending lo spicule

Hips. Genital cone prominent: anterior lip) larger

conieal, extending almost to limit of ventril lobes:

posterior lip smatter with 3 pairs posteriorly direeted

appendages. short central projection, Gubermaculuns

reetungu ir,

hemale

Length 28 — 42 (31) om. maximum width 1020—

1540 (1190), Bueecal capsule 80 — 100 (97) wide x

92 101 (99) deep, Oesophagtis 4040 — 5450 (5640)

lous. Nerve ring 790 — 870 (835), deirids 870 970

(925). S- F pore 935-1225 (1005) from anterior ena.

Yau 970 — 1190 (L090) long ending in pointed tip:

vulva immediately anterior to anus, 2U75 — 2530

(2290) from posterior end. Vagina show, straight, 300

— 470 (410) longs vestibule muscular about sane

length as sphincters. infundibula shorter yas

ellipsoidal 119 — 122 (120) % 66 69 (68S).

hourth stage lurve ys Ay

Length 5-8 mm, width 270-660. Qesophazus

1700-2295 long. S - pore 345-670 Tram unieriat

end. Mlestiy collar not developed at cephylic end, 6

per-orah lip-like processes: present, Anterian end af

Intestine developing into diverticuls, Pail 2&5 25

lon,

Eiyinlasy

The spewifiv nance siiile celers Lo the sinilarrbies

hemweed tis Hew speeies and Dorcupslnena

(arcopaiy abso oceurring in forest wilhibles,

Reurarks

Doreopsinenut sinle sp. nov. is very siibir lo 2.

dorcopsis purtedliorly Wi having ehhh perioral lip

like processes atound the Mouth, a fleshy cephalic

coll and ja the length of the oesophagus ine

spicules. Dorcopalneni sinile differs in the eelarive

positions of rhe nerve ring and denis. the nerve

hig being more anrevian than in 2. dercapsty (S83

737 conpwed with 737-985), This resulls in the

deinds being posterior to the nerve ring rather than

anterior to it us He BD. darcapyiy. Other differences

between the two species are that the ees of D,

vimile are larger (120% 68.5) than those of 2,

darcapyiy (IIS & 57,5), DB. atmile females have

Shorter tails (970-1190 compared with 1120-1430)

und shorter vaginae (300-470 compared with O80)

than JL dereapsis, Darcopsineimia simile las three

pairs Of appendages on the posterior lip of the

genital cone and the lateral branchlets of the dorsal

ney urise slightly auterior to its bildreation from the

dorsal wink whereas 2 dercopsiy has tour pairs ot

Uppendages on the posterior lip of The genital cone

wid the lateral branchlets of the dorsal tay arise

slighlly posterior to its hifureation From the dorsi

trunk, Although these morphalagieul differences

indy seein slight they ure consistent and ore

sufficient to differentiate 2. dorcopsly from 2),

Simule. Within’ the Lubiostroneylinea the

Significance oof sueh minor morphological

differences helween species has heen confirmed by

envyme electrophoresis (Chilton & Srmales 1996,

Shales & Chilton 1997), Purthermore, species pairs,

readily distinguished hy the relative positions ol

deirids and oerve cin have been differentiated by

Chilton erat. (1993) and Beveriddze (1998) for other

Clotiginid species,

Dercopsinema Sintile oecurs in Br vinden

Whereas Do dercopsiy oecurs in Deo mttelleri

(Schlewel, 1866) and De lveniosa (IY Atbortes,

I874) (sce Smiles [997),

Key Lo the species of Dorcopsinema

revised [rom Smiles 1997

1, With fleshy head collar hearing amphids an

cervienl papillve: eight selerotised lip-like

processes: spieules > 1650 im lope. Parasites of

Prorrcnprsis te ofiecle sbideble ethane

Wilh or without clearly “detined. Teshy. “hend

collanosis sclerotised lip-like processes.

Drs OF DE HALF ALBUS occurred

2, With deifids ponterior lo nerve rings laleril

briichlets urising anterior lo the bifurcation of

the dorsal rays vagina =480 pm long... 1 site

Will) deirids anterioy mm nerve cigs hueral

branchlets arising pastertor to the bifurcation ol

the dorsal ray; vagina > HOU PM long. 0

arcopnis

3. Wilh clearly defined head collar deiids nea

collar, spigules <= b275 pun) lone: femade tail

WITHOUL SPIKE cscs dl medye

Withoul cleurly defined head collar: deirids close

lo nerve-ring; spiewdes = (400 pom loop: female

iil with spike 1. denidraletgi

NEMATODES PROM SEW GUINEAN WALLABIES Is]

Discussion

Atthough small the sample of four individuals

Sueveyedt in this Study as indicative of the diversity

of nematode species. oceurring MM most hanguras

anu wallabies (Spratt e7 ai 1991). Representatives of

all the tribes, excepl the Zomotdiminea (Popov,

1952) of the Cloucininue (Beveridge 1987) have

heen found, Puralabiosiraugylay bicollariy und Dy.

fubnicurinals are exclusive Uy the island uf New

Guinea, occurrime also im De. fagent Peller, L897

and Bo, dderoasd (Smales OX2h: Spratt eral LOY).

As discussed by Sniales (1997). bosts callected in

Sapua New Guined und identified as Dar‘apsin

recerupr Lesson, EX72 (syn, D. nnielleriy, by Smates

(19820) and Spratt ec af. (P991) are now known to

be Do, netitaye (Plunnery 1995S), Carmnostrongylus

coronanis hus been previously ceported [hom the

forest wallabies Dae hover und De. Inetuesa and is

uso found in severa) tMaeropodid) genera jin

Austrilia (Spratt ad ah 1991), Similarly,

Macropostonevies species oecur in both Australian

und Papua New Guinean hosis (Miwson 1977:

Beveridge 1985)

Dorcopyineme ocours only in hosts on the ishtad

ol New Guinew. Tt hus not been found ins the

Australian species of tree kungaroas (Spratt er el.

O01) Australian tree kanparcios studied to date

lave a depauperate helmiith community as

compared willy olher macropodid species. Seven De-

(nmotis) Colles 1884 from Queensland examined

for parisites (Beveridge er ah 1992) hud unly two

species, Labiostoneyiiy dendroalag? Simalis. 1905

wil Zeonielaimns demlrolag? Beveridge, 1983,

present in the stomach, Hoses tram the fshund of

New Guinea, however, hive a more diverse stomueh

fauna, Inluding Cloacine spp. L, redmonedi Smales,

1982, Macrupoytrongyleides dendrolaut Beyendge,

1997, Mhaixanema coroatun Beveridge, 97, 4,

ninwntenyiy Beveridge, LORI BPharsigestradgeyvias

dendrmlag? Beveridge, |Y82. Dorcapstienta spp.

wid Papovastromgylns sp (see Flannery er al 1996,

Beyerdee 1997).

ree kangaroos have evalved infa io group of

arhoreally adapted specues oorque to New Guineas

(Flannery (998), The most primitive group,

however. inclides the two species De. Penetianes

De Vis, A8 7a De. daiicdic i which are bound only

in Australia Celarivery 1995), Ancestors of these

Australian species are though! fo have migrated

south aerass Torres Strait and new represent a

remnant of New Goinean Guna tefl on Cape Yorke

Peninsula Johnsen 1995; Martin & Johnson 1995).

The forest wallabies Dercopanday and Dercopsty are

now exclusive to New Guineu. Ancestral Australian

uee Kangaroos may have fost components of thei

helminth communities during migration south te

Cape Yorke Peninsula or following isolation trom

the northern populations of tree kangaroos on the

ishund of New Goinea, Alternatively New Guinean

lee kangaroos may have acquired w richer helminth

fauna through hust switching trem the miligenats

forest wallabies, after the solution of New Guinea

from the Australian continent

Fourth stage larvae of D. sfinife examined in this

Study had three puirs of lip-like processes not four us

found in the adults, This stiggests that three pairs of

lip-like processes may be wa primitive condition and

four pairs of Tip-like processes in vanced character

ffhree pairs of lip-like provesses is the primudve

condition then the Species beeurring im forest

wallabies have the denved conditian, Darcepyinents

darcepsiy, (be other species of DVarcopryinenid

occurring in forest wallabies. alse has four pairs of

lip-like processes hut 2. mhaive and 2, eenedretegs,

occurring ip (ree kangaroos have only three pairs.

Forest wallabies, however. are primitive browsing

species While tree kangaroos are evolved arboreal

species (Plannery 1989), By contrast. trends towards

ainipliciy of male characters fron 2. darcapacy wo 2.

mbaise were tinted by Stnales (1997) sligeesting 4

period of co-evolulion of Dercepsinema and tree

kangaroos. The helmint data from both groups of

macropodid hosts are fragmentary und additional

surveys of their helminth populations (ire needed

before the existence of any paltertin can te

determined,

Acknowledgments

My thinks to L Beveridge who made the material

available and to E. Harris. Natural History Museuin,

London and J. Porrest South Australian Museuni.

Adelaide who gaye me aecess (a museum speciinens.

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PROGAMOTAENIA ABIETIFORMIS SP. NOV. (CESTODA:

ANOPLOCEPHALIDAE) FROM ONYCHOGALEA FRAENATA

(MARSUPIALIA: MACROPODIDAE) FROM

CENTRAL QUEENSLAND

By C. TURNT*® & L. R. SMALEST

Summary

Turn, C. & Smales, L. R. (1999) Progamotaenia abietiformis sp. nov. (Cestoda:

Anoplocephalidae) from Onychogalea fraenata (Marsupialia: Macropodidae) from

Central Queensland. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 123(4), 143-147, 30 November, 1999.

Progamotaenia abietiformis sp. nov. is described from the small intestine of the

bridled nailtail wallaby, Onychogalea fraenata, from Taunton National Park, Central

Queensland. Progamotaenia abietiformis is most similar to P. dorcopsis, P.

lagorchestis, P. thylogale and P. queenslandensis in having a prominently fringed

velum and two uteri but differs from them in its size and the number of proglottides

and testes. It also differs from most congeners in having the two uteri forming

anteriorly directed arcs within the proglottis, not transverse but at approximately 45°

and in the termination of the pyriform apparatus in two horns.

Key Words: Onychogalea fraenata, cestode, Progamotaenia, bridled nailtail wallaby.

Trmvactious of the Royal Sectery of 8, Aust, (1999), P2304), 144-147

PROGAMOTAENIA ABLETIFORMIS SP. NOV. (CESTODA 3 ANOPLOCEPHALIDAE)

FROM ONYCHOGALEA FRAENATA (MARSUPIALLA: MACROPODIDAE) FROM

CENTRAL QUEENSLAND

by COTHRNT® & 1. Ry SMALEST

Summary

PORN) & SMaris, bo. C99) Browenataenin dbfenfarins sp. tov. (Coestocke Anaplocephialidae) from

Oivelogolen froenoid (Marsupiilie Macropodilie) fom Cental Queenshitd, frais i Sac

143-147. 40 November PYoo

S. Auer. ELBA),

Provanorenin gbliedorni. sp, noy, ts deseribed from: the soil) intestine of the bridled agaitarl watlaby,

Onvehodled daceneit Tyin Tati Natlonal Park, Centr! Gueenshind, Pravananieain abies ts most

siinihir tof darcepyis To hagarchestis, Potivlogaleound 2 guecenstindeasis i haying a pronidenty: [emgen

vellint ahd iwe olen bul differs from thent ii its size und the number af progtettides and testes. Tealse differs

Lon most congeners hie ii The bye lee: Canning anteriorly directed utes WHAT Abe prewlotris, not Walisyerse

bulalupproxtermaely 49° and tp Che ferminatian of the pyciforn appiitoos i (wo hort

Key Worbs: Qui divcalee drei, vestule. Prouenienin, Pridlec nadttanl wallaby:

Introduction

The Anoplocephalidae Cholodkovsky. 1902 is. a

conmopoltin fumily of cestodes occurring in

mammals, birds and reptiles (Beveridge 1994),

Species of the goous Progemotaenia Nybelin, 1917

vecur exclusively inthe sinall intestine und bile ducts

of Macropodoid and vombitid marsupials from

Australia and Papua New Guinea (Sprathesal, 199] ),

Within the genus. B fanevof Wobnsion, (912) and

PP syehokke? Ganick, 1906) have been recorded

from, amongst other macropodids, the two extant

naillail wallabies, Onychovelea fraenate (Gould,

S41) and O, unguifera (Gould, l841) (Beveridge

IOXO). Recent collections of cestodes from 0.

freenuia Trom Taunton National Park in Central

Quvenskind revealed ou third

Prosamotaenia which is deseribed below.

Materials and Methods

Cestodes collected from the intestine of a bricled

mailiail walkiby were fixed in 10% fonmatin and then

stored in 70% ethanol. Additional material deposited

in the South Australian Museum, Adelaide (SAMA),

ALIC 25880 which had been relixed in water prior to

fisation io 10° formalin and then stored in 70%,

ethanol was also examined. Cestodes were stained

with Carmine. dehydrated. cleared jn N3B and

' epartinent of Mircosbrolows andl Pavasitilogy. Uiniversity ot

Qucenshind St Lucia Qld 4072,

| Sehool of Bielowical and Environmental Serenees, Cento

Quepnshind University Rock bumpin Qld 4702,

species of

mounted in Permount or with Celestine ble.

dehydrated. cleared in glove of) and mounted in

Canuda balsam. Serial longitudinal sections were cul

ula thickness of 7 pm and stained with haematoxylin

and eosin, The measurements of LO specimens tire

given in millimetres as fhe range followed by the

meu i parentheses. Drawings were made with the

aid of a drawing tube. All specimens hive been

deposited in the SAMA,

Progamoataenia abietiformis sp. nov.

(FIGS. 1-9)

types: Holotype tron stall intestine of

Onychosalea fraenata (Gould P8410), Taunton

National Park (23° 33° 8, 149° 13° B), Queensland,

coll, C. Turni, June 26. SAMA AHC 28071:

paratypes: whole mounts AHC 28072-28108, 261 12-

2KI14; numerous speciiens spirit material AHC

31314: serial sections AHC 25109-28111 additional

speciinens, numerous specimens 1S. 19U4 SAMA

ATIC 25880.

Deseriplion

Length 5.92-l24 (8); width 0.68-0.83 (0.77);

seolex diameter 0.72 «1.20 (O88): sucker diameter

(.215-0.322 (0.272) X O.215-0,291 (257k neck

O.0S- O34 (19): 34-57 (42) proglottides: mature

progtoctides Q,64-0.74 (Q,72) x O14O38 (0,25);

gravid proglottides 0.64-0,83 (0.76) % 0,22-0,16

(0.33); dorsal osmoregilatory canal 0.0120 033

(0.019). ventral osmoregelitory canal 0.014-0.034

(0.02) ) in diameter cirrus sac in matare proglotudes

(289-0435 (0.333) x 0.0495-0.067 (0.059); cirras

4 C.TURNI & L. R. SMALES

Figs 1-5. Progamotaenia abietiformis sp. nov. |. Eggs showing pyriform apparatus, the two horns not visible in all views.

2. Scolex. 3. Mature proglottides prior to and during ulerus filling. 4, Mature proglottis, contracted. 5, Mature proglottis,

fully extended, Seale bars = 0.0 bm 1; O.lmm 2-5.

A NEW SPECIES OF PROGAMOTAENIA ids

Figs 0-9, Progametcenia abieniornis sp, nov, Gravid proylotides, 7. Femule genitalia, dorsal view. 8, henule genitalia.

opbeal sectivn showing Mehtis’ gland, 9, Male veunilia: Seale bars = (lm M = Mehlis’ whind, V = vitellariun

sac in pravid: proglottides O.26%-0.487 (Q.386) x

0.049-0,074 (0.002). 11 13 (12) testes per proglottis;

lestis O.031-0,039 (0,032) x 0,025-0,039 (0.032);

seminal receptacle Q.087-0L084 (0.073) x O.031-

0.073 (0.058), vitelliriiin O,030-0,069 (0.045) x

O.018-0.039 (0.022) ovary Q.0S7-O. 100 (0738) x

O.031-0,094 (O.051): Mehlis’ gland 0.016-0,008

(O.017) x O,018-0.029 (0.024): ege 0.03 1-0.055

(0.042) x O,031-0,.055 (0.040), pyriform apparatus

O.0O12-0.018 (01S) x 0.017-0.022 (0.020):

oncosphere 0.012-0.014 (O013).

Short, narrow cestode with rekatively few

prowlottides, Broad seales with four acetubulate

suckers on peduncles extending antero-literally.

Anterior borders of suckers eleft. Proglotudes

eruspedote with broad, fringed velum consisting of

12-16 tentacle-like projections overlapping adjacent

prowlottis. First mature proglottis 16-28 (22), Mature

proglotiides with length to width patia of 1:2 b:4.6

Gravid) proglottiides ratio of 1:1,7-let.). Dorsal

osinoreguliatory canal situated lateral ta ventral

cunuk ventral canal slightly wider than dorsal eanaly

transverse canals connecting both lateral canals

posterior to seminal Genital pore

marginal opening inte wide. long, simple genital

alrium. Genital atrium bending anteriorly lo open in

mid-section of lateral margin of proglorides, Cirrus

sucs long. thick-walled. crossing osmoreguliatory

canals dorsally then curving anteriorly and dorsally,

lerminating anterior to ovaries. Cirrus sacs almost

meeting in centre of proglottis, running ariteriorly

parallel towards border of preceding proglotlis,

Cirrus heavily armed, widest at distal end, mid-

section narrower and potas beayvily aimed. prox inal

end uinuimed, sinuous leading into elongate internal

seminal vesicle. External seminal vesicle elongate,

recepticle,

he C.TUBNE & L.

ventral to cirrus Sade, extending anleriorly. Testes in

two groups of 3-7. round to oval. Ll-da) per

prvahotis, dorsal and ventral to cirrus suc, lateral and

aiterio’ to \iteris, restricted literally by

osmorcguhitory canis, Semimal cecepliele huge,

ovoid, ventral foceirrus see and lateral to vilelliriuen.

Vitcllurium dvoikl to clongate. compuck. In early

militre proglottides, viteloridm dorsal to ovaries,

ying aver anreroe half of ovary. [tater mature

prostodides, with fully everled cirrus, vitelariun

ving over posterior half of ovary, Ovaries oveaid,

lohulute, compuel ventral to seninal recepluvle;

loliching, sometines even slightly overlapping cael

wither in centre of proglottis, Mehliss ghund overt,

medial to eyary, helween ovary and vitellirium,

Lich tube-like, paired in each proeloitis, extending

ab approximately 45° towards vente of proglortis,

ventral lo ovuries, beginning bo Cah proslottts 23-

32 (27) In gravid proglottides uteri saecilorin,

uppauring whvest loapitudioalas diverticula exten

nuiimly mecially oh posterior part ob utert. Towards

posterior end af cestode uteri, in gravid proglottides,

extend lowarel posterostateral margin of proglollides

crossing, dongiludinal osnmioregulatory canals

Horsully. Lier abutting. even slightly overluppins in

conmre of proglonis, gg spherical to elliptical, (hiek:

shelled. Pyriforn aipparitus Comeal, ermine: ty

two blunt horns (nol visible: in all yiews) with

numerous long fine filaments. Cirrus developed by

20 27th (22) prowlatis. internal seminal vesiele

filled with sperm in 21-28th (23) provlottis;

Inserination occurs in PY 25th (27) prowlottis.

vaginul atrophy not seen.

Aninaloes

The hame ts derived from abies, the Latin naine fog

lir (ree. relerrimg to the shipe of the whole cestode,

Discussion

Progammnacnia abietifornis sp. woOVv, Wost closely

resembles a comple of similarspecies, [ darcapsis,

BP higorchestiy, 7. thylogale und Po queenslandensts.

allot which havea tringed velum, paired uteri, testes

iW two groups und an external seminal vesicle

(Beveridue |O85). ft dillers Irom this complex in its

small size (up to 12.4 mim compared with 32 mi ul

longer in fhe other species). small number of

proglotudes (up to 57 compared with at least YS 41

(he olher species) and the small number of testes (1

13 compared with at least 36 i the Po lagerchestis

species Complex) (Beveridge (985). Provaniorienie

spearel, which also has a finged velum, paired uteri

and testes in (wo laterul groups but no externil

seminal vesicle, is a small cestode with lew

proglotudes abd iesmall number of testes (Beveridge

R. SMALLS

NORD) However 2 ufierifarmis ts smaller (5.92-| 24

mat compared with 26-30 mm), hus fewer

praglouwides (34-57 compured with 71-85), fewer

testes (11-14 compared with 30-40) ad has a vehi

with T2164 tentacle-tike projechvas compuredl wath

25-55 lingue shaped prijeetions for Po speared

(Beveridge 1980). Uther distinetive Jeutures al /

dbienjovos we the long cirrus sacs almash meetite

Mthe-lie ahd the ovaries Wile are genteab aia

abut, Wilh regard fo the position of the femule

genitalia 2 whienformis ts most similar to

aepypryunt, whose fully developed ovaries ulimit

abut (Bevendre 974}

In the gents Praseneivenia the uberis is usiilhy

transverse (Beveridge |99d) and the pyritern

wpparalas nurnilly dacs vot endian hors except Wit

Po diaphate (Bevmyidee 1976) and #

gynendrotinedriy (Beyoruee & Thompson 179), In

P ooirenfiens. however the uterus in the matin

proglaiides jy at 45° und the pyetorn appuratis

ends 1 horttes

Progamoatacinit abiatilavinis win be distinsarshed

from BF haerelt? Gohinston, (912) and ¢) cschekher

(Janicki, 1906). the other spevics found in O

Jraenata. by sive (Po dhletifaritia is much smallen

and the shipe of seokes sinde only Pablerfariits les

Suckers On peduncles extending anteroelaterally.

Progemotuenio banerotit has no pyriforim apparitus,

BP ssefokked has asingle uterus amd bout have a line

nuinber ob testes (mare than 60 compared with LE bs

for PB dhieriiormis) (Beveridge 1976, (980),

The deseriphiod Ob Po abiediformis ts based gn the

collection of niderial from two specimens of 0

freenua Tow the ‘Patio Naronal Park. Centhal

Queensland. Sinee Oo freciate is un endangered

species, (he List aldral population beige confined te

Taunton National Park, Po abfediforuix as also ain

endanpered spevies.

Cestudes of the 2 lageirefevtiy species complex ute

four closely related but disuace species (Bevendee

JOSS). Their hosts. however Civliwele viremetive

(Giiuld, |h60) (Pragamorteenia quecuslaiilensix and

Poivlosaley, To hillardiviit (Desmiirest, (822) 1P

thelowale), 1. tHeliy (Lesson, T8271 UE ptivlagedler,

Lavorvhesiey conspiciiuris (Gould, R42) 1P

lugorchesas), Darcopsis lnenova (DY Alberts. D874)

(yn. DP. veterwa see Smules 1997) OP dereepasry) aod

Macrapuy cufogriseuy (Desimrest. 1817) 18

(iylauale) (Beveridge YS: Beveridge & Thampsan

L974). are tot, Macnopodines can be separated iii

two clades with one chide consisting of the New

Guinean forest watlabies, Parcapare and

Dearcopsulus. and the other jneluding the genera

Macrapuy. Laworchestes, Thylawiule and

Onvehogalea (Burk ef al. 1998). Although ol.

conspic lite is the only host whose range currently

overlaps that of, frvenate (Burboldge & Johnson

A NEW SPECIES OF PROGAMOTAENIA 147

1995; Evans & Gordon 1995) former distributions of

each of the hosts, including fossil material of

Dorcepsis spp. from Australia (Calaby 1995;

Flannery 1995: Johnson & Vernes 1995), are

indicutive of the potential for host switching in the

past.

Acknowledgments

Thanks are due to D, Fisher for assistance with

collecting material used in this study and to L

Beveridge for the preparation of slides and serial

sections and for making useful comments on a draft

of the manuseript.

References

Beveriocr, L (1976) A taxonomic revision of the

Anoplocephalidae (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) — of

Australian Marsupials. Aust. J. Zool. Suppl. Ser 44, |-

110.

= (W980) Progamotaenia Nybelin (Cestoda:

Anoplocephalidae): new species, redescriptions and new

host records. Tras, R, Soc, 8. Aust, 14, 57-79,

(1985) Three new species of Progamotaenia

(Cestoda: Anoplocephalidace) from — Australasian

mursuplitts. Svvr. Parasital, 7, 91-102.

= +, oe (1994) Family Anoplocephalidue

Cholodkovsky. 1902 pp. 315-366 In “Keys to. the

Cestode Parasites of Vertebrates” Khalil, L. 1, Jones,

A. & Bray, Ro A. (Eds) (CAB International,

Wallingford).

& THOMPSON, R.C. (1979) The anoplocephalid

cestode parasites of the speetacled hare-wallaby

Lagerchesies conspicillatuy Gould, 1842 (Marsupialia:

Macropodidae), J. Helminthol, 53, 153-160.

Burk, A. WESTERMAN, M. & Sprincur, M. (1998) The

phylogenetic position of the musky rat-kangaroo and

the evolution of bipedal hopping in) kangaroos

(Macropodidae: Diprotodontia). Syst Biol, 47, 457-

ATA,

BursribGe, A, A. & Jotinson, P.M. (1995) Spectacled

hare-wallaby Lagorchestes conspicillarus pp. 313-315 In

Strahan, R. (Ed.) “The mammals of Australia’ (Reed

Books, Chatswood),

CacApy, J. H. (1995) Rec-necked wallaby Maeropus

riifogriseus pp. 350-352, Lid.

Evans. M, & Gorpon, G. (1995) Bridled nuiltail wallaby

Onychoxgalea fran pp. 356-358. [icd.

FLANNERY, T) F. (1995) “Mammals of New Guinea” (Reed

Books, Chatswood),

Jounson, P.M. & Voirnes, Ko AL (1995) Red-legwed

pademelon Thylogale stigmatica pp. 397-399 In Strahan,

R. (Ed.) “The mammals ef Australia” (Reed Books,

Chatswood).

Smarts. L. R. (1997) A new species of Dorcapsinente

Mawson, [977 (Nematoda: Cloacinidac) from the tree

kangaroo = Dendrolayns — nibaisa — (Marsupialia

Macropodidac) from Irian Jaya, Indonesia and new host

records for Dorcupsinenur dendrolagi, Svst. Parasital.

38, 131-135.

Sprarr, D. M.. Bevertpoi. L & Watrer. E. L. (1991) A

catalogue of Australasian monotremes and marsupials

and their recorded helminth parasites. Ree, S, Aust, Mus.

Monog. Ser. No 1, 1-105,

NOTES ON THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE FRUIT GALLS OF

ANTHOCERCIS ANISANTHA (SOLANACEAE) IN

WESTERN AUSTRALIA

BRIEF COMMUNICATION

Summary

Anthocercis Labill. is an endemic Australian genus of ten species, concentrated in the

south-west of Western Australia, with two taxa extending to South Australia’.

Anthocercis species mostly occur in disturbed sites and are frequently early colonisers

following fire or mechanical disturbance but a few species also occupy relatively

stable habitats associated with rocky outcrops and similar landforms’. Despite their

conspicuous nature and relative abundance, little has been recorded of their biology or

ecology.

Traanetions af tie Royal Sorte eek ay

BRIEF COMMUNICATION

Vine CIYOUL TOA Ido Lae

NOTES ON THE INSECT FAUNA OF THE FRUIT GALLS OF ANTHOCERCIS

ANISANTHA (SOLANACEAE) IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA

Aithocerciy Labill, isin endemic Austruling genus of ten

species. goncentrated in the south-west ul Western

Austulit wilh (wo fax extending to South Australia

Anthacdreds species mostly oeveur i distarbed sites and yire

frequently early colonisers following fire or mechanical

disturbance bul lew species alse occupy relatively stable

habitats asseciated with rocky outerops anc senplir

lindtoris. Despite chew conspieuous fature aid relative

ubundanes. lide hus been recorded of (herr biology or

ecolay

Fruit yalls hive heen reeerded a) four taxa of Aniacercis

1 date, namely, A. Micifefia Took, subsp, tieialio. A.

intvicain Miers, AL Hiteren Labill and A, Viseesit R.Br,

fippurently ouly subsp. candace Waegi see Huewr') 1 but

A titoreais the only maxon in whieh the gall fuima his been

studied. Fruit gulls i this species are induced by the

cecidomytid inidge Aaphondylia (mithocervidis Kolestk?

which is in men accompanied by a suite of parasitic and

inquiling chaleidoids”. Whittemore? recorded seven species

(in six fumiligs) of chuletderd wasps in Al aiiheeere tdi

induced galls ou A. Hrrerea in the Perth region of Western

Austria. OF these, ua speties ot Sigmtepliore

(Tetrastichinac) was found ta be the most abundant

Recently, several new Ayohondylie spp. have been found

(o cause Fruit and: stent galls on native and) itioduced

Sulaniceae, some of which are chissed as agricultural

weeds in Austribal (iformation.on the hose singe of these

morphologicully close mseets is essential fo understand

Wer ile eveles and assess the impact of their intestition on

the population dynamics ol the plants.

We report hvee the frst record ob fruit galls in

Anthorenis anixaitha Bnd. along with informition on

wall fa oN srl number of frait galls (Pi fy) wis

collected by the Tirst author from a single phunt of AL

quiet subsp. caiseaelie (Lepschi, Lally & Mastin 3547)

nour Mollerin Ruck Tank, upproxinitely ia kin NW of

Bencubbin in south-westertt Western Australia (30° 323° S,

117) 34° BE), in September 1997. Cialis were subsequently

placed anh plastic Vids and maintiiiied at room lempecanire

'Pordie, KR. W., Synion, BD. R. & Habgi, &. (1982)

Sohumaiceae pp. 1-208 In Gearge A, hs. (Edd “Mora of

Australia Vol, 29 (Austidian Government Publish

Service, Canberra

‘Mactarkane, Tt

Nuytsia Ph, 71-78.

Haegi, b. AL RL (7YS4) “Systematic and evaludonary

studies inthe Australian Soltuaceie’ PHO MMesis, Flinders

University of Sout Austialia Canpab. ).

“Ralesik, P. Whittemore, R, & Stace, HL M. (J 407)

Vrans. R. Soe S. Aust b24, 157-167,

D, & Wardell-Jobason, G. (1996)

in Perth for approsimarely tye weeks anil all insect lune

had emerned, No allempt wus fade to teword emergence

times, numbers af individeal insects. sex ratios Or other

such data.

Tiasect plerinl was identitied by PK (wall ridges) and

MC (wisps) and is deposited in the South Australian

Museum. Adelaide (SAMA) (gall midges only), University

of California, Riverside (UCRC) (wasps nly band Western

Australian Museum, Perth (WAMA). The plant voucher

was identified hy BIL und ys deposited fy the Australian

National Herbarium, Canberra (CANB) and the Western

Australian Herbariin, Penh (PERTTI,

Two inseel species were reared from the fruit walls. the

recently described! gall midge A, cadecercidis ands

chaleoid wasp, Shonupliera ofvy (Walkert The

oecurrence ol fruit galls in A. daiventiha represents a ney

host plunt record for A, anrhevercedis, which was formerly

kKnewn lo madtice falls mot, diverce: only, Mowever, it seems

likely that A. cahiecereidiy (or at Jeast a lixon closely

related 1 if) could be responsible for the fruit galls

observed inthe ollier taxa of Adiiecercis mentioned above,

All these Species have Similar distributions andl fabitats 0

the two recorded hosts of A, carhecereddis (A, aniventthe

und AL fifferea) and also share a siidar oroass floral

morphology,

The presence ol the wasp So oeryy in the tri galls

exsimined in this study also represents a new host recone

(he AL aithocercidin) tow that species. Whittemore? treated

Siemaptora (8, ays) recorded (i Herstucly: us un engulfing

but other clita stwgest Sremopiare is more likely to be a

Pamary parasitoid of Asphorndviia’ ~ Graham’ records

species oF Sigiaplora as grewanous Cetuphages ab the

larvae and pupae of yarous genera of cecidomyill midges

Wypieally Asyphondviia, but atso Comtarinia Rondant,

Eumarchalia Del Guereiu. Ntefferia Mike aad Sediswinsia

Kieffer) throughout the Old World.

We are urulefal fo EL Hines, CSERO) Division at

Lotumology. Ciinberri. for assistance with the pradidetion

of Fiuure 1.

Whittemore. R. (]906) “Aspeets uf pmectinduced [ut

galls and repreductive biglopy of Anarene lined

(Solanaceacy? BSe Cons) Thesis, University al Western

Austniia (unpub, },

\Kolesik, PB, Mefadyen, Ro BE. Co & Wapshere, A, J,

TYrons Ry Soe Se Aust: 124 (in press)

‘Bontek, 4. (ORR) Oo Atestralasion = Chulenlonles

(Uymenopteray (CAB tnternaional Wallingford),

‘Gratin, M. WOR. de VW, (LUST) Bull, Beit. Miis. Nat Plist.

(Bae) SS, | 392.

Pu Anthocercis qaiantha galls and tui A. Fruir galls Tnueen by hyrend vin aiihanereddis. B, Normal (ungated

Toi ob vaniqa. Seale bar = 3 mm.

B,J. LEPSCHI!, Western Australivn Herbarium, Deparment of Conservation and Lind Management Locked Bus 14

Bentley Delivery Centre W. Aust 6984. P ROLESIK, Department of Hornculnire, Viticuliire and Oenology. Waite

Comps. The University of Adeltide PMB | Glen Osmond §. Aust. 5064 and M. GATES, Department oF Entemotusy,

University of California Riverside CA 9252] USA

| Mreseni address: Australi Nation! Herbarium, Centre tir Plant

Hiwliversity Reseuch GPO Box 1600 Chile ACT 260),

ILIAL SHAFT CURVATURE: A NOVEL OSTEOLOGICAL

FEATURE DISTINGUISHING TWO CLOSELY RELATED

SPECIES OF AUSTRALIAN FROGS

BRIEF COMMUNICATION

Summary

The status of the Australian frog Limnodynastes spenceri Parker (1940)', as a species

distinct from L. ornatus (Gray, 1842)*, has been the subject of controversy. In the

course of the study of fossil material it was noted that there was a distinct curvature of

the shaft of the ilium of L. ornatus, whereas the ilium of L. spenceri appeared

straight®. The present study was undertaken as a component of studies of fossil

material seeking means of distinguishing species by features of the ilium.

Frnsacrions of the Raval Saciety ofS

BRIEF CO

UNICATION

Vaye ((999). 1234), IS1-152

ILIAL SHAFT CURVATURE; A NOVEL OSTEOLOGICAL FEATURE

DISTINGUISHING TWO CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES OF AUSTRALIAN FROGS

he stalus of dhe Australian frog Linureditustes spencer

Porker (M940). a8 a species distinet From 2. arnaiiy (Gray,

187), has been the subject al controversy, In rhe course of

the study of fossil material i was noted that there wae a

distinen curvature af the shaft of the tun of Lo oredis.

whereas the Hum of Lo speaeer? appeared steigh’, The

present study wis undertaken as (component of studios ot

fossil niilerial seeking Means a) Gistinguishing species. oy

features Of the iam,

Limnvdytaytes ins Wiis deseribed from material

collected gt Port Bssiguton in the Sercherh Territory. Che

species is HOW recognised lo aecupy mute of the northeen

und eastern seaboard of Anetmliy.

Mita coneephs of what constituted 2 aed bivalved a

species Ul ranged browdhy Over the northern hall oF te

continent, Patker speacere Cron Alive

Springs, This eorendly Used to

mivcommadite the contral Austaiiaun individuals formerly

is, Hub Mere extensive inberdig ital

webbing of the feel in. aypeeneeei oo cone ob tie few

Jistinguishing morphalogien! features,

Not all anthors haye supported the recogninon of more

descrimed dh,

Iitler species 14

relerred Wes bey

than one species’ More recently the populitons Nave

heen considered distinet, being distingdished pringipally by

features uther than Inarpholowy ts, A

phylopenetic exumined the

rehOnShips WITT the ends Liaiiodyiaarey bub dit were

HO. ScHSILVeG enough to resolve the speeies status wt ZL

OHS AN Fy Apenieny.

exper

antlysis crolutionsry

The ini his been osed to distinguish and identity fossil

speeles GF Australi (rages!

component of the anuran pelvis and varies in length of

shalt. posterior shape and the presenée aod absence of

Phe length oF the ial share is an

udaptulian ta jumping and svetticul propulsion in

swimiminse aint it is considered that longer iliah shatts are

gonenilly uaseciied wath species disphiying saltacorial

habits: whorcas shorter shalis dee characteristic! terest ial

or fossurial species that tend to walk rather than jump’, The

posterior al (he ion provides the point of altachment for

Hitscles responsible for propulsion

reflect (he cilferent habils of species. The posterior of the

iy is wore likely to be larger in species that require

powerlil leo museles (ihe, those that are significantly

adipled ly jumping. swine or burrowing (MJT.

unpub.)

The lena of the Him has been shown to be dineurly

welled fo sneul-vent (S-Vi length in Cyelovaner cuistrelis

(Gry! This rehitionship was examined tor fh. spencers

and fa. ornare (oO delermine if there was at sitar

rclitionship. Specimens Ob the (wo species were obtamed

from collections at the Qepartment of Environmental

Biolowy, Llinversity of Adelaide, Murther specimens of 2.

spencer’ Were provided by the South Australian Museum.

Ihe snoul-vent lenetly (S-V) of eveh speciinen was

Meustired 1 the nearest OF mn using Helios dial calipers

hefore the speciens were dissected to remove the [ium

This bone is the largest

yurious proliherdiices!

The sive and shape

Sinall iia (whieh are prone ta distortion due to dehydration

(MJT unpob.)) were preserved in 65° erhauol The length

of the ium was measuns! from the fp at the dorsal

devtibular expansion to the end of the ial share (AB ia Big.

1), Snoat-vent leneth for cach specimen wats plotted against

ium tenet) (IL) for euch specs. Bach tin was ther

aligned horivontally ina literal pline under a dissecting

Microsvope and the outlige dawn Gsine fh Gamer leila,

The corvarire of the thal shall was meusured mndireetly

from these draw ines a6 follows Geter tet U). The length

ol the ih shaft, CB. was measured from the saperion

extremity of the dorsal aeelabulir prominence (a the distil

end of the thal shat. The mdpoiit, D. of this Tine Was

found. A line perpendicuhir ta CR from 1 yas driwn to

jitersect witht the dorsal surfice af (he lial shall, By The

vurvalure ol the ial shall was expressed as the unjle

formed by CEB. The smaller the angle farmed hy CER the

greater the curvature of the Wil shale (vompare (Gt) id (6)

in Fig 2),

Vip. |. Diggraninatie representation of lateral surtiace ola

fray pelvis showing reference points for measurements,

Fig. 2. Lateral views of pelvises of Limnodyeasies spenceri

(top) and 7. erretys (bottom). Note the difference i the

curvature of (he ial shall, Seale bars =~ S mim.

152

The normality of thal Shalt curvatare data was confirmed

before differences between the Iwo data sets were tested

using a two sample t-Test, assuming equal yariance.

Strong relationships between S-V length and ilial shaft

length were found with R? values of 0.96 for both JL.

ermats and 1. spenceri (Figs 3, 4). Comparison of the

linear equations of the trend lines showed that 1. erraries

und L. spencert demonstrated similar S-V y. ilial length

relationships. The limited number of L. spencer] specimens

available constrained the data in the S-V range of 21-30

min,

The curvature of the ilial shaft for £. ornetis was found

to be significantly greater than that of L. spencer? at 4

confidence level of 99%, ‘The mean angle for L. grrtatus

was 1704". whereas that for Lo spencert was 177.67, a

mean difference of 7.2°.

Linmodynastes ornatus is known from the Cainozoic of

Queensland’ but it is net known whether 1, spencer

coexisted or had in fact diverged fron it before this era, The

slight but significant difference in the shape of the ilial shaft

will provide a Simple means of distinguishing these species

if suitthle deposits are found in Central Australia.

We are grateful to M. Hutchinson, South Australian

Museum, who provided several specimens of

Limnodynastes spenceri for use in this study, L.. Russell for

Figure 2 and to the referees for their constructive criticism.

“

y > D.S78x=2 aN

w = 0.5581

{

, * a 4s 4

0 as

SV lengli (mm)

Vig, 3. Regression line of ilial lengih plotted against S-V

length of Limnodynestex ornatus.

‘Parker, H. W. (1990) Novit. Zool. 42, 1-106,

“Gray, J. E. (1842) “Zoological Miscellany” (Treuttel,

Wiirtz & Co.. London),

‘Tyler, M. J. (1990) Mem. Qld Mus. 28, 779-784-

“Barker, J., Grigg, G. C. & Tyler, ML J. (1995) “A Field

Guide to Australian Frogs” (New Edn) (Surrey Beatty &

Sons. Chipping Norton, NSW).

‘Moore, J. A. (1961) Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 121, 149-386,

"Barker, J. & Grigg, G. (1977) “A Field Guide to

Australian Frogs” (Rigby, Adelaide).

‘Moresealchi, A, & Ingram, G. J. (1978) Experientia

(Basel) 34. 584-585.

‘Tyler, M. J., Martin, A. A. & Davies, M. (1979) Aust. J.

Aol. 27, 135-150,

yr 24042 DORI

R= og572

Vibe hength dimen)

‘a a > a a “

S-V length (oni)

Fig. 4+. Regression line of ilial length plotted against S-V

length of Lianodynastes spenceri

*Cogger, H. G., Cameron, E. EK. & Cogeer, HM. (1983)

Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol, lL. Aniphibia and

Repulia (Australian Government Publishing Service.

Canberra).

"Roberts, J.D. & Maxson, L. R. (1986) Aust, J. Zool. 34,

561-573,

Tyler, M. J. (1976) Trans. R. Soc. 8, Aust, 100. 3-14.

“Trueb, L. (1973) pp. 65-132 Jn Vial, J. L. (Ed.)

“Evolutionary bralogy of anurans. Contemporary research

on imajor problems” (University of Missouri Press.

Columbia).

“Tyler, M. JP. (1994) “Australian Frogs. A Natural History”

(Reed Books, Sydney).

"Walker, 8. J. (1994) Trans. R. Soc, S. Aust. 118. 147-148.

BONNIE LAUCK and MICHAEL J. TYLER, Department of Environmental Biology, The University of Adelaide, 8. Aust,

5005,

AN ADDITIONAL RECORD OF A MEIOLANHD TURTLE

FROM THE PLEISTOCENE OF NORTHERN QUEENSLAND

BRIEF COMMUNICATION

Summary

The extinct meiolaniids are an enigmatic group of turtles characterised by cranial

horns and tail clubs. They are confined to the Southern Hemisphere and _ their

phylogenetic relationships have been the subject of much discussion’. The oldest

known Australian meiolaniids come from Oligocene and Miocene deposits in South

Australia, New South Wales and Queensland’**. Most of the Australian material

collected to date however, comes from Late Pleistocene deposits from Lord Howe

Island*®. There are additional Pleistocene occurrences of meiolaniid from Walpole

Island, New Caledonia, the Darling Downs of Queensland and from the Wyandotte

Formation’. This note reports the presence of further meiolaniid fossils from

Pleistocene deposits of Bluff Downs, north-eastern Queensland.

Transactions of the Royal Society of S. Aust. (1999), 123(4), 153-154.

BRIEF COMMUNICATION

AN ADDITIONAL RECORD OF A MEIOLANUD TURTLE

FROM THE PLEISTOCENE OF NORTHERN QUEENSLAND

The extinet meiolanuds are an enigmatic group of turtles

characterised by cranial horns and tail clubs. They are

confined fo the Southern Hemisphere and their

phylogenetic relationships have been the subject of much

discussion!, The oldest known Australian meiolaniids come

from Oligocene and Miocene deposits in South Australia,

New South Wales and Queensland?+. Most of the

Australian material collected to date however, comes trom

Late Pleistocene deposits of Lord Howe Island*°. There are

additional Pleistocene occurrences of meiolaniid from

Walpole Island, New Caledonia, the Darling Downs of

Queensland and from the Wyandotte Formation’, This note

reports the presence of further meiolantid fossils from

Pleistocene deposits of Bluff Downs, north-eastern

Queensland.

Bluff Downs is currently only known as a Pliocene site

with a wide range of taxa already having been reported® “.

During field investivations in 1992, further fossil exposures

were located upstream from, and on the opposite side to, the

main Pliocene quarries. The fossils were located in a gully

that cut through a black soil plain and included mammals,

crocodiles and turtles. A detailed examination of the fossils

revealed little softening of features normally associated

with transportation or re-working and it was therefore

assumed that the original site of deposition was relatively

close. There were no overlying formations that could give

un age to the fossils.

However, the new collecting locality, named Jaw Site,

contained a diagnostic P* of the diprotodontid marsupial,

Zygomaturus trilobus Macleay, a species with a Pleistocene

distribution’. This tooth differed from the P* of a new

species of Zvygomaturus that had been recovered from the

Bluff Downs Pliocene sediments (Lat. 19° 43° S, Long,

145° 36° E), indicating that Jaw Site was not Pliocene in

age'”. Furthermore, there was no evidence of the commonly

found Pliocene diprotodontid Euryzygoma which was a

major component of the Bluff Down Local Fauna*. The age

of the site was therefore either Plio-Pleistocene or

Pleistocene by biocorrelation.

A number of bone fragments with distinctive sculpturing

wus identified as being possible meiolaniid tail club

fragments, This identification was confirmed by E. Gaffney

of the American Museum of Natural History. One group of

fragments (QM F25854) contained 12 individual pieces

including one partial tail club spike and the distal ends of

caudal vertebrae (Fig. | A, B), The other group (QM

F25855) contained two tail club spike fragments and a

number of smaller bone shards (Fig, 1 C). The tails of these

land-dwelling turtles were covered with articulated bony

rings armoured with spikes.

he Wyandotte meiolaniid was identified as having

affinities with Mefolania platyceps trom Lord Howe Island

rather than the mainland species M. oweni from Kings

Creek, Darling Downs>. Unfortunately not enough material

has been recovered to make any constructive taxonomic

assignment for the Bluff Downs specimens except for

identification as a meiolaniicl, Unlike its Lord Howe Island

counterpart. the Bluff Downs meiolaniid had a number of

giant reptiles to contend with including several species of

crocodile’, a large varanid and python’. Whether the

stgnificant armour the metolantid possessed was enough to

protect it from these potential predators will perhaps never

be Known, Its development and elaboration during the

Tertiary perhaps suggests some sort of defence strategy.

The author wishes to thank E. Gaffney who identified the

specimens and R. Molnar who facilitated the identification.

The Smith Family of Bluff Downs Station continue to

provide assistance and support for the ongoing research

into the Bluff Downs Local Fauna. The collection of the

Bluff Downs material was supported in part by an ARC

Fig. 1. Meiolaniid turtle fragments. QM F25854. A. Partial

tail club spike. B. Distal end of caudal vertebra. C, QM

F25855. Tail club spike fragment. Scale bar = 5 mm.

154

Program Grant to M. Archer, a grant from the Department

of Arts, Sport. the Environment, Tourism and Territories to

M. Archer, S. Hand and H. Godthelp, a grant from the

National Estate Program Grants Scheme to M. Archer and

Gattney, E. S. (1953) Bull. Am. Mus, Nat, Hist. 175, 361-

480.

’ Woodburne, M. O., Macfadden, B. J., Case, J. A.

Springer, M.S., Pledge, N. S., Power, J. D., Woodburne, J.

M. & Springer, K. B. (1993) J. Vert. Paleontol. 13, 483-515.

‘Gaffney, E.S. (1981) Am. Mus. Novit. 2720. 1-38.

' Gaffney, E. S., Archer, M. & White, A. (1992) The

Beagle. Rec. N.'T. Mus, Arts Sci. 9, 35-47.

»Galfney, B.S. (1985) Am. Mus. Noyit. 2805, 1-29,

° Gaffney, E.'S. (1996) Bull, Am, Mus. Nat, Hist. 229, 1-

166.

‘Gaffney, ELS. & MeNamara, G. (1/990) Mem. Qd Mus.

28, 107-113.

* Archer, M, (1976) [bid, 17, 379-397.

" Boles, W. E. & Mackness, B.S. (1994) Ree. S. Aust.

Mus. 27, 139-149,

'’Mackness, B.S, (1995) Emu. 95. 265-271.

A, Bartholomai, and grants in aid to the Riversleigh

Research Project from the University of New South Wales,

Wang Australia Pty Ltd, ICT Australia and the Australian

Geographic Society.

'! Mackness, B.S. (1995) Mem, Qu Mus, 38, 603-609,

"Thomson, S. A. & Mackness, B.S. (1999) Trans. R. Soc.

S. A, 123, 101-105.

' Willis, PD, M. A. & Mackness, B.S. (1996) Proc. Linn.

Soc. N.S.W. 116, 143-151.

't Wroe, S. & Mackness, B.S. (1998) Mem. Qd. Mus. 42,

605-612,

' Murray, P. F. (1992) The Beagle, Rec, N.T. Mus, Arts

Sci. 9, 89-110.

' Black, K. & Mackness, B. S. (1999) Diversity und

relationships of diprotodontoid marsupials / Archer, M.,

Arena, R., Bassarova, M., Black, K., Brammall, J., Cooke,

B.. Creaser, P., Crosby, K.. Gillespie, A.. Godthelp, H..

Gott, M., Hand, S. J., Kear, B., Krikman, A,. Mackness, B.,

Muirhead, J., Musser, A., Myers, T., Pledge, N., Wang, Y, &

Wroe, S. (Lids) The evolutionary history and diversity of

Australian mammals, Aust. Mammal. (it press),

BRIAN MACKNEBSS, School of Biological Sciences, University of New South Wales Kensington NSW 2052. Present

address: PO Box 560 Beerwah Qld 4519. E-mail: megalunia@compuserve.com

DESIGNATION OF LECTOTYPES OF THREE

SPECIES OF CISSEIS (COLEOPTERA: BUPRESTIDAE)

BRIEF COMMUNICATION

Summary

While it is usual to designate lectotypes in a generic review, the following cases have

emerged from a current study of the genus Cisseis LaPorte & Gory! and in order to

have these changes incorporated into a Catalogue of Australian Buprestidae, due to be

completed in 2000, it is necessary to publish them at this stage.

Transactions of the Royal Society af 8. Aust. (1999), 1234),

BRIEF COMMUNICATION

DESIGNATION OF LECTOTYPES OF THREE

SPECIES OF CISSEIS (COLEOPTERA: BUPRESTIDAE)

While it ts usual to destynale leclolypes in uw genene

review, the following causes have emerged trom a current

study ofthe genus Cisyeis LaPorte & Gory! and in ordet to

lnive these changes incorporated into au Catalogue of

Austeliioy Buprestidae, due to be completed in 2000. it is

hecessiry to publish them at this stage.

Cisseiy haicollis, var. cyanenpvee Carter, 1923" (2

syntype. no data, The Natural History Museum. London: 2

syntype. Lake Austin. W. Australia, H.W. Brown, K 67292.

Australian Museum, Sydney) is conspecilic with Cissers

geerliigi Carter, 930° (2 holotype, Marloo sta., Wuirarga,

W. Australia, Austrabun Museum, Sydney), Cissets

funiealliy Carter, 1923 is i Queenshind species clearly

separate fram the other species which is found only in avid

reas of Western Australia. Afler examming all specimens |

herchy elevale Cryyeis cvaneapyed Carter to full specific

Status and designate as the lectotype the female specimen in

the Australian Museum collection labelled Cisyeis latico/tis

var. cveneopyed Carter, Lake Austin, W. Australia. H.W,

Brown, KO7292. with a printed red label on which is

wrillen "Lectolype. Civei ovinenpyge Carter, Designated

by §. Barker, [999°

Carter’ descnbed Cisweis mairmorate var prasina trom

two male specimens in the collection of The Nuturil

History Museum. London. one labelled NSW, the otber

without data, and (wo mule specimens in the collection of

the South Australian Museum, one labelled 5. Australia, the

mber Australia. | have examined these specomens and lim

‘LaPorte BLL. & Gory, H. L. (1839) ° Histoire naturelle

et iconographie des insectes coléoptéres” vol. 2.

Carter, A. J. (1923) Proc. Linn. Soe. N.S.W. 48, 159-176.

that they are a good species. They ure ull green in colour,

Whereas C. mapmerida LaPorte & Gury nnales have a green

head and prenerum and brown elytra. As well, their

genitalia are of a different shupe fram those of male Cfyseis

marmoratd. | hereby elevate Cissets prasmia Carter to full

species and designate as the lectorype the male specimen in

the collection of the South Australian Museum labelled

“Australia Blackburn's callection’. numbered in red ink

3267 and with a printed red label oa which is wrilten

‘Lectotype Cissery prasine Carter, Designated by §, Barker.

1990". A series Of associated male and female specimens

collected at Milmerran by the late J. MeQucen is housed in

the Australian National Inseer Collection, Canberra, The

females are brown with white murkings on the elytra und

are larger than the males of the species.

Kerremans! described Cisseis cvanuira. The four syntypes

of the types series ure lodged in the Natural History

Museum, London. collection, OF these one male is clearly a

different species from the other three. On the pin tu bears a

B. Levey identification lube! stating that it is a specimen of

C. nigrovenea Weeremans, 1598. The remaining three

specimens, two males and a female appear to be conspecific

allhough the male genitalia vary slightly: | hereby designate

the male specimen which has the broadest parameres as the

lectolype of Cisseiy cyanurie Kerremans. The specimen

bears a printed red label on whieh is written ‘Lectotype

Cisseis cyanea Kerremans, Designated by S. Burker,

1999 °

‘Carter, H. I. (1936) bid. 61, 98-110.

' Kerremans, C. (1898) Ann. Soc, Ent. Belg, 92, 113-

182,

S. BARKER, Department of Entomology. South Australian Museum, North Terrace Adelaide S, Aust, 5000,