VOL. 125, PART 1

31 MAY, 2001

Transactions of the

Royal Society of South

Australia

Incorporated

Contents

Barker, 8. & Bellamy, C. L. Stanwatkinsius, a new genus of Australian jewel

beetles (Coleoptera: evade sera with a Key to

known species - -

Conroy, T. J., Cook, P. L. & Bock, P. E. New species of Otionellina ia

Selenaria (Bryozoa-Cheilostomata) from the South West

Shelf, Western Australia - -

McArthur, A. J. & Shattuck. S. O. A taxonomic revision of the Camponotus

macrocephalus eas Cas (Hemenopreng: eoumiedse) in

Australia -

Davies, K. A., Makinson, J. & Purcell, M. F. Shearaiuns on the cacanee

and parasitoids of Fergusonina/Fergusobia galls on

Melaleuca quinquenervia (Myrtaceae) in Australia - - -

Pichelin, 8. & Cribb, T. H. MNeoechinorhynchus ningalooensis sp. nov.

(Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) from Scarus

ghobban and S. psittacus (Scaridae) from Western Australia

Smales, L. R., Gerhardt, K. & Heinrich, B. Embryogenesis, culture and

description of the free-living stages of two nematode

parasites of the northern hairy-nosed wombat Eitan

krefftii) (Vombatidae: Marsupialia) -

Vaillancourt, R. E., Boomsma, D. B. & Nicolle, D. A disjunct population af

Pucatypius globulus ssp. bicostata from South Australia - -

Brief Communication:

Phillott, A. D. Pisonia grandis does not appear to harbour fungi known to

invade sea turtle nests at Heron Island, Eastern Australia -

PUBLISHED AND SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS

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TRANSACTIONS OF THE

ROYAL SOCIETY

OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA

INCORPORATED

VOL. 125, PART 1

TRANSACTIONS OF THE

ROYAL SOCIETY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA INC.

CONTENTS, VOL. 125, 2001

PART 1, 31 MAY, 2001

Barker, S. & Bellamy, C. L. Stanwatkinsius, a new genus of Australian jewel

beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae Agrilinae) with a key to

known species - -

Conroy, T. J., Cook, P. L. & Bock, P. E. New species ef Otionellina und

Selenaria (Bryozoa-Cheilostomata) from the South West

Shelf, Western Australia - -

McArthur, A. J. & Shattuck. S$. O. A taxonomic revision of the Camponctys

macrocephalus species group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in

Australia - - - - - - -

Davies, K. A., Makinson, J. & Purcell, M. F. Observations on the development

and parasitoids of Fergusonina/Fergusobia galls on

Melaleuca quinquenervia (Myrtaceae) in Australia - - -

Pichelin, S. & Cribb, T. H, Neoechinorhynchus ningalooensis sp. nov.

(Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) from Scarus

ghobban and S. psittacus (Scaridae) from Western Australia

Smales, L. R., Gerhardt, K. & Heinrich, B. Embryogenesis, culture and

description of the free-living stages of two nematode

parasites of the northern hairy-nosed wombat WLaslostings

krefftii) (Vombatidae: Marsupialia) -

Vaillancourt, R. E., Boomsma, D. B. & Nicolle, D. A disjunct population of

Eucalyptus globulus ssp. bicostata from South Australia - -

Brief Communication:

Phillott, A, D, Pisonia grandis does not appear to harbour fungi known to

invade sea turtle nests at Heron Island, Eastern Australia -

PART 2, 30 NOVEMBER, 2001

Souter, N. J. & Williams, W. D. A comparison of macroinvertebrate

communities in three South Australian streams with regard

to reintroduction of the platypus - -

Bailey, P. T., Martin, J. H., Noyes, J. S. & Austin, A. D. *Paxbtusny ond

biology of a new species of Zaphanera (Hemiptera:

Aleyrodidae) and its association with the widespread death of

western myall trees, Acacia papyrocarpa, near Roxby

Downs, South Australia - - - -

Barker, S. Descriptions of twenty one new species of Cisseis (sensu

stricto) Gory & Eaporie 1839 (Coleoptera, Buprestidae:

Agrilinae) -

Williams, C, R., Kokkinn, M. J., Snell, A E., Fricker, S. R.& Crossfield, E. L.

Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in mebopelitan Adelaide,

South Australia - - -

Ferguson, M. A., Smales, L. R. & Cribb, T. H. ney species, Pretestis lati-

caecum, (Trematoda: Cladorchiidae) from Emydura krefftii

Gray, 1871 (Pleurodira: shellac) from Central Queensland,

Australia - - - - - -

O’Callaghan, M. G. & O’Donoghue, P. J. A new species of Eimeria

(Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the brushtail possum,

Trichosurus vulpecula (Diprotodontia: Phalangeridae) - -

O’ Callaghan, M. G., Andrews, R. H., Davies, M, & Spratt, D. M. Species of

Raillietina Fuhrmann, 1920 (Cestoda: Davaineidae) from

the southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius) - - -

Beveridge, |. Cervonemella reardoni gen. et sp. nov. (Nematoda:

Cloacinidae) from the stomachs of scrub wallabies,

Dorcopsis spp., in Papua New Guinea - - - -

Riley, 1. T. & Wouts, W. M. Pratylenchus and Radopholus species in

agricultural soils and native vegetation in southern Australia

Brief Communication:

Mackness, B. & Godthelp, H. The use of Diprotodon as a B Hlostraliprapnic

marker of the Pleistocene - -

Obituary:

Joan Burton Paton AM, BSe(Hons), MSc - - - - - ~ -

Insert lo Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia, Vol. 125 parts | & 2, 30 November, 2001

115

STANWATKINSIUS, A NEW GENUS OF AUSTRALIAN JEWEL

BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: BUPTRESTIDAE: AGRILINAE)

WITH A KEY TO KNOWN SPECIES

By S. BARKER* & C. L. BELLAMYf

Summary

Barker, S. & Bellamy, C. L. (2001) Stanwatkinsius, a new genus of Australian jewel

beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Agrilinae) with a key to known species. Trans. R.

Soc. S. Aust. 125(1), 1-14, 31 May, 2001.

Seven species of jewel beetles previously placed in the genus Cisseis (Coleoptera:

Buprestidae: Agrilinae) are recognised as different and a new genus Stanwatkinsius is

proposed to accommodate them, their synonyms and nine new species. The species

ascribed to the new genus are Cisseis perplexa (type species), C. careniceps, C. cincta,

C. constricta, C. lindi, C. subcarinifrons (= C. occidentalis), C. uniformis (- C.

coraeboides), Stanwatkinsius crassus sp. nov., S. demarzi sp. nov., S. grevilleae sp.

nov., S. kermeti sp. nov., S. powelli sp. nov., S. macmillani sp. nov., S. rhodopus sp.

noy., S. speciosus sp. nov. and S. viridimarginalis sp. nov. A key is provided for the

indentification of these species. The relationships of the genus to other members of

the tribe Coraebini are discussed.

Key Words: Australia, Coleoptera, Buprestidae, Cisseis, Stanwatkinsius, new genus,

new species.

Freie ants of the Ravel Society of S Aish b2Q01), b25Ch4, L-l4e

STANWATKINSIUS, A NEW GENUS OF AUSTRALIAN JEWEL BEETLES

(COLEOPTERA: BUPRESTIDAE: AGRILINAE) WITH A KEY TO KNOWN SPECIES

by S. BARKER & ©, L, BeLEAMY™

Summary

BARKER, Sk Berramy, Co L. 12000) Saiiwatklasin, avew genus of Australian jewel beetles (Colcoptens

Buprestidae; Agrilinue) with wu key to Known species, Tray. A, Soe d. Ant, P2501), Tel, 31 May, 2007.

Seven species of jewel beetles previously placed inthe genus Césvery (Coleoptera; Buprestidae: Agrilinue) are

recounised us different and a new genus Smee iisias os prapescd to aecommodeale then. their syilonyins and

ning new species. The species ascribed ta the mew genus ure Chisels perpleva (ype species), ©) carenicepy. ©.

eietu, Co constricta. C.

Hind, Co subcurinifrais (= CO. oecidennilis), ©.

imifarnis t= C. daradehoidés),

Sromwarth situs Crassus spy now, Sy demarmeosp, n09., 5. ayadtlecne sp.nov. 4d. keeeri sp now, § pearetl spe now.

So anecmillant sp. nays, & rhedupas sp. nov, S&S apeciusis sp. nov. and 3. udetedinereinatis sp. tov, A key th

provided for the idenitieaivan of hese species. The relitionships of the genus te other meothers wf the tribe

Coricbini ure discussed,

Kiy Workbs: Austrailia, Coleoptera, Buprestidac. Oyasedy. Steurarkisis. Hew uertis. New species.

Muterials and Methods

Specimens examined were borrowed from or are

deposited in the following institutions and

colleetious:

ANIC - Australian

Canberra.

BMNII) The Natural blistory Muscum, London,

CLBC - C. L. Bellamy collection, Los Angeles,

California,

HDWA - H, Dematz, Woodridge, Western Australi.

MGWA - M. Golding, Beverley, Western Australis,

MHSA- M, Hanlon. Sydney. New South Wales.

MNHN- Museum National d'tlistoire Nuturetles,

Paris,

MPWA.- M. Powell, Melville, Western Australia,

NMVA - National Museum of Victoria, Melbourne,

Victoria.

SAMA ~ South Australian Museum, Adelaide, South

Australia,

SWLA- S, Watkios. Lismore, New South Wales,

WAMA - Western Australian Museum, Perth,

Western Australia.

Type numbers lisied below for specimens from the

Blackburn collection, BMNH, dire not type accession

HuMbers assigned in the BMNEH system, but ruther

Blackburn collection lype numbers.

All of the specimens were examined under a

binocular microscope. They were photographed with

National Insect Collection,

Deyprurtment at Entomology, Souch Atstraliin Muse, Adchide

SA S000.

TEntotology Section, Matti! Oistary Museum, YOO Paypestiin

Blval Los Atveles CA YONO7T LSA,

at Nikon 35 min camera wilh extension tubes and the

transparencies were seanned ound digitally

inunipulated by computer using Adobe Photoshop.

Specimens were prepared for electron mivroscopy hy

vacuum coating with gol and then photographed

using an Hitachi S-450 Scanning EM.

Tntroduction

The buprestid genus Cisseis Gory & Laporte.

1839 (Agrilinae: Coraebini) oecurs thoughout

Australia and its distribution extends north and cast

into New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, and the

Philippine archipelavo, In Australia, most species of

Civseiy ure assovidted with Acacia spevies: the

lurvae bore into decaying wood and the udults are

mostly foliage feeders, Occisionally the udults visit

flowers of the host plants and other locally

blooming species. The last revision of Australian

Cisseix was by Carter (1923): subsequent collecting

has reveuled many undescribed species. In the

vourse Of re-examining species attributed to the

genus, We Found that seven species originally placed

in Ciyyers are ditferent front all other deseribed

species. Blackburn (18912300). when describing

Cissery perplexed Blackburn. the fist of the seven.

outlined the differences between at and typical

Cisvely species. Stan Watkins. a prolific collector in

NSW, drew our attention to un Undeseribed Species

allied (ao Cisse?s perpleva differing from typical

Cisseiy sppa we have revogmised eight additional

species which fil this calegory, Some of the species

are oassociuted with either Cusmarina or

Allocasuaring spp. Many ot the orbers huve been

S BAKKER A&C

found on the leaves of Grevillea spp. and Lake

spp. The major morphologic) departure fron

Chysely iS the structure of the ovipositon which 1s

supilar to bul not identical wilh the structure of the

ovipositor in Meliheeihon Obenberger, Both have

incurving setae, Sharp to Meliboeithon, blunt at the

lop and sharp farther down im all species of this

distinet vroup. Cisweds species buye a tubular

OV positon without meurving setae. This: dillercnce

anothers duve prompted fis 6 erecta new genus for

their placement. We propose the name

Sreawautkinaiis Tor the new gents:

Stanwatkinsius Sov, Nov,

Type species. Cissely perplexa Blackbum, 1891

(present designation),

Diagnosis: Siath length less than lO mn

stiheylindricul: general form somewhal resembling

\sirens Gory & LaPorte and Melihoeiene, surtice

puncte and/or wansversely vuydise. iridescent,

sparsely pubeseent, the sexes are diehromatic th

SOME Species,

Desert

Houd: eves sinall widely separated, inner margins

subparallel; frontovertex broad, transverse, offen

with feeble longitudinal medial costa: antennal

msceuons hire. moderately ta widely sepuried

with sintate caring dorsud to each (Pig 1): epistome

declivous ventrad of antennal insertions, gen with

single rounded acule prayection below eye; with

nuvrow depression to reecive basal aietennomeres

repose: labrum punetite: mandible robust, Antennae

trinmgularly serie from tintenmomere 4 or 5

Pronolumt wider (han long, witlest al posterior

ng; unterior margin evenly areustes. posteria

murdin bisinuates kteril margin nurrawing before

subacute luteraposterior angle, even before

narrowing fo aitenion mareiny dise fattened

medially, evenly rounded laterally; one preapical

caring lo well betove Injdpoint extend areugitely

wway from lileral margin and extending anterior to

luteropostecior angle to well beyond muidpomt,

Seutclluny moderate size, sabecordiform, wider than

Jom; anterior Margin even, transverse; posterior

mirgin strongly (ittenuate, Elytra much longer tan

W jles widest Wed postey iar third, bul wider ppH ye tlee

hummer than al posterior mirein oF pronotum; lateral

marines subparallel trom opposite bunieri to abou

mid-point, widening lo posterior third before

gradually ourrowing to separately subuuneate

apices: posterior portion of lateral margin serrate on

sdrruluic, epipleuton short, extending opposite

length of metepisternum, separited fram cise by

sntall carina Prostermal process with iuneale apex

1 BELLAMY

and Iwo ucute lateral projections posterad wl

procoxaey Metepimeran Pot Visible; aiterioy mace)

OF meneame! plate concave mediiths posterior

margin feebly emarginate abdonminl siernw each

progressively shone than preceding, suteral marinas

feebly arcuale medially: stem 3-5 wiih visible

Iauteral ineins cach with) prehiteral straight groove,

complete wround murgin of 5. Femorn fusiform

Hbie longer than tomeru, cuch with pair ol spines ial

Uist tipexy Tetutibiae With setigeris on distal

portions tirsi f=)each wilh ventral pulvillus, ee

pubvillus browder (han the previous one, those on

lursomeres 3 und 4 bilobed: tarsoimere S with chiws

fecbly Uppendiculate and fotehed basally ane

usymimnetie, outer chow thicker thin inner ehiw,

Genitalia: male, allvery similar relatives: ovipositor

“Svonwebibe type. soil ta thot higured ri Belhuny

(O88: 423, Fi, 61) for Mefiboeithon except ventrtl

setae bluabnotsharp, Ovipestoria Crhsei i lori a

fips |

hetween he even a € Sayers wii Glory de Laltorte. bh.

Sanding chactponqigrogeyh of the head vezron

Stmmathiinitty porlecis OBliok burn) tiecach aaby the

We Pas anlenneainieres Me wows dicate

the juretion horweern the rows and the epsstomie. Scale

hur

aye present

(Lo rn

NIW GENUS Ob AUSTRAL DAN JEWEL BEETLES 5

Hurtened tube. withour ventral setae (Bellamy LOSS

ALO).

Remarks

Srmwearkinaus dillers Tram Céixveiy in the

following combination of characters and character

states. The plant assuciitions of the various species:

most are associated with species of Grevillea or

Hakea. some with either Cesuerina ot

Allavasuaring, and ditfer trom the general C)ysers

SPECLES USSOCHITON WIth mainly various species of

Acacia. The morphology of the ovipositor differs

between these venera. In Chey (bas a Miatlened tube

with short, paired stylin In Syamwearkiisiis it is 4

scoop formed from ineurvings selec. None of the

species of Stamwvaikinstias has spots on the elyira

formed from setae as im various Ciysers, Neaspitiles

Blickburn and Paeliyveisveis Thery species. AlL have

pliin metallig colouration, Ly Stcqewetkiiscies the

mitndibles are more robust und a different shape

rom (hose in Cissels: the antennal josertions are

Nigher thin in Cissery an Ciyvers the cdge of the

rons lacks punctures and is very distinel, there ts 4

step between (his structure and the epistume whereas

in Sramwerkiniee the junction between the frons and

cpintome is indistmet and the fovea surrounding the

insertion Of the basal untennomere is less promincnt

(Pig. 1) In Stanwarkioviey (ie labrum is narrow iad

has a brush of stout wdpressed setae along the apical

imurgin, On the pronotum. the dorsal carina does hot

reich the apical margin in any species, whereas m

Ciysety Uhe dorsal carina Meets the apical margin in

all bul a few species. The asymmetrical tarsal claws

wre quire different from Cisyefy speetes. and

Lucemon in bupresdids in general, One example ak

tarsal claw asymmetry in coruebines was discussed

hy Bellamy (1990) lor the Asian and) Philippine

venus Cordeboaxond Obenberger

Key to Stanwatkinstes species

| Bodyallyren Te Ol . 3

Bouy ober than green oo... 2 ee 3

7 GF & F dark green, southern speeies

Fe anct tent ave teesttacle Se tpt nadfornys | Kerremians)

a bright green, northern species

Kermeti sy, ow,

3 ft head green apically, dark blue basally: 2 head

COPMELY 12 een : cel Uy, becats 4

B head waiher thin green nd blue Pig. eigaace 5

4.4 & F prenurum cappery -. specfusay sp. ney,

F pranorum dik blues 2 pronoun coppery

o sata, wet Somes oo dain neta ene conmsiriciiy (Blackbur)

4. 8 & 2 hed purple or purple-blue, ventral

slinfuce purple 2.2222 222---- powell sp Wow,

Head other (har purple oo. oa ern

6 Y head & pronotum rosy, elytra dark blue

it ea A As ERY Lhadapus sp NOV.

¥ teal & pronotuin other than rosy yo... 7

& & 2 head. pronotum ventral surlace bronze. 8

3 & 2 head. pronotum ventral surface uther

than bronze rOVbig hs Se 0re

& Saks elytra bronve -, perplesus (Blackburn)

2 elytra blue, 3 elytra bronve with rea apical

WIENS calenivepy (Carter)

Yd & F head, ventral surface green. pronotuni&

elytetnostly browa, .. subecrimifrons (Thomson)

o & & elytra other than all brown. 2... . - WwW

10. Ebytra with green literal margins 1]

Elytra with red lateral mareins.. 60.0... 12

IT, 2 head, pronolum blue... mec sp.nov.

2 head green. pronolum medially brawn

laterally green:4) head & pronotunt brow

OS ee vindimeremalis sp, NOV,

j2¢ & FY head, pronetiim — coppery

Diels lat y yy aHete ace aleletatajatete lind? (Blackburn)

ao ®& F head, pronotum other than eoppery . 14

13.4 head. pronotim. ventral surlice green... 14

Gd heal, pronotum, ventral surface blue... 05

hewl pronze-yellow, small S-6 mm

ces (xerremans |

2 head green: larger. >7 mim... crewiy Sp. nov.

15. Smaller species, head finely punctured, occurs

on WA coustal pun o. .) 2... demarsi sp. nov.

Larger species, head coarsely punetured: occurs

mkind WA... .-.-.-22-- wrevillede Sp. NOV.

Stanwatkinysius perplexus (Blackburn, 1891),

vomb, nev,

(RIGS th. 2a)

Cisseis perpleca Blackburn PSY1;300, Kerremans

19032230. Carer 1923:167; 1929/2709, Obenberger

)934852_

Holotype: Blackburn ( 2185), BMNEH,

examined.

Other specimens examined: WAS ot. Wannamil.

8ax.1970. 8. Barker, SAMA: 3. Korrelocking.

MaK.AYTO, S. Barker. SAMA; 2 6 &~ Quairiding,

7ax.1970. 8, Barker, SAMA: &. 77 km ETO. Old

York Ra, 7.x, 970, 8. Barker. SAMA, 5 22.4 25

South Tummin Flora Res. 8.x 1970. 8. Barker,

CLEC & SAMA: > > 2, Wannamal, JX. 1970. 8,

Barker, SAMA: 9, 77 kin. EB -T.0. Old: York Ra,

2).x).1970. S. Burker, SAMA, 2 84. 3S. South

Tammin Flora Res 6a. 1971-8, Barker, SAMA, 2,

3 kun S Israelite Buy TO. SW MIL Ragged,

LON A974, S. Barker, SAMALS . 3 kin b Norseman,

I4.xn.0974. 8. Barker, SAMA; &. South Tammin

Ploru Res., 20.01.1975. 8. Barker, SAMA; “, South

Tummin Flora Res, &.s.1976. 8 Barker. SAMA:

4 §. BARKER &

25 km & Lake Gree. 19.18.1979, FH. Uther Baker.

SAMA, SAr4 4, 2, 18 kor E Kitmba, 8.4.1979, 8.

Burke, SAMA; of, Lake Gilles CP) E Kitiba,

I4ex.1990.S. Barker, SAMA; no data. SAMA,

Male

size, 6.0% 2.9 nim (20),

Colour; Head mostly coppery-purple. green il

buse, ull green ina few specimens, Antennae bronze.

Pronotum mostly coppery-purple, anterior margin

green, Scutellum coppery-purple. Blyta bronze.

Ventral surface and legs coppery-purple.

Shape amd sculpture: Head deeply punctured.

selose. low medial carina from apex, projecting into

mediin impressed line post-medially, reaching base,

Antennomeres: 1-3 obconic; 4-11 triangular,

Pronotum stiolate, apical margin projecting

medially over hall its length, basal margin bisinuate:

dorsal carina diverging from lateral margin at base,

conves, upprouching but not reaching angle, laterally

setose, Scutellum scutiform, without punctures, Mat,

basal margin slightly caneave. Elytra heavily

striolite basally, rugose along suture, scutellate

lulerally. more or less parallel-sided, narrowed post-

medially to rounded apices, apical murgin sub

serrate. Ventral stirfaee scutellate, densely covered

by long sete us are legs,

Female

Size: 8.5% 3.0 mim (17).

Colour: Head coppery-purple. Prongium bronze

with coppery-purple reflections, Flytra bronze.

Ventral surface and legs coppery purple,

Shape and sculpture: as in male.

Disiribulion

WA: Common in drier heath areas ussociated will

Miovastaring spp. SAs Kimba on Alfecesmerrine

helmsii (Ewart & M. Gurdon).

Remarks

‘This species is he hatgest in the genus dnd the only

one that is entirely bronze.

Stanwathinsius carenteeps (Carver. 1923).

comb. mov.

(FIG, 2b)

1993; 171;

Ciyseiy careniceps Caller 1990:978_

Obenberger 1934:843,

Halorpe: 33 3 syntypes, BMNH, exarmined,

Other speciineny examined: WA: 2 ¢d,2 5 4.4%

kim FE. Geraldton, 22.18.1958. 8. Burker. SAMA: ©.

Tultaning, Tos. S. Barker, SAMA: &, Ballidu

LL. BELLAMY

168.1970, 8. Barker, SAMA &, Payne's Pind.

(7ix.1970, 8, Barker, SAMA: @, Wiulki,

Sax 1970, 8. Barker, SAMA: 3 &. 53 km W

Mutlewa, 20.15 1996, T.M-S. Hanlon, MHSA:3 2

Watherou, 3.x7.1990, HH. Demure, HDWA,

Tammin Res, 284.1975, AH. Demarz, HIDWA: of, 9,

3 kin EB Tallering Homestead, 23.47.1989, S. Barker,

CLBC; Tallering stn, 23.1%, 1989, on

Allocastaring cantpesiris. Barker/Watkins, SWLA:

G. 9, 13 kin N Galena, §.1%,1998, on A/locasnarina

campestris, T.M.S, Hanlon, MASA: ¥, 49 kin N

Galena, 8.ix.1998. on Allocasuaring campesiris,

T.M.S. Hanlon. MASA,

“

Male

Size; 8.3 x 2.8mm (11).

Colour: Head. antennae, pronotum. and scutellim

hronze. Hlytra either deep violaceous with red

margin around the apices or grey-blue with red

margin around the apices and red along suture on

such elytron rom middle to apex. Ventral surface,

lees bronze,

Shape und sculpture: Head deeply punctured,

sctose, With a incdian apical carina extending to base

as impressed line, Antenmomeres; 1-3 obconic; 4-11

(angular. Pronotum deeply striolate. apieal margin

broadly projecting medially, basal margin. bisinuate,

dorsal carina separated widely from margin except at

buse. nol reaching apical margin; literally setose,

Seutellam flat, without punctures. Elytra striolite,

laterally parallelsided from huse, rounded post

medially, ther narrowed to rounded apiees, Ventral

surface striokite, with moderately long setae,

Female

Size! 8.7 X 3.0 mm (¥),

Colour; Head. antennae, scutellum bronze, Elytra

bronze, apical margin red. Ventral surface and legs

bronze,

Shape and sculpture: as in male.

Distribution

WA; most common on the porthern edge of the

wheathell, Associated with Alfocusuarinag campestris

(Diels)

Remarks

Stanwathinistus careniceps (nd 8. perpleyvas ure

elosely allicd species, Males are easily distinguished

by their different colour combination. The females of

this species are distinguished from females of,

perplexiy by their elytra whieh have a red apical

fark. abseac in the other species.

Srna sind. Cinedes CRerreniains }

(FIG, 2a)

NEW GENUS OF AUSTRALIAN JEWEL BEETLES

Fig. 2. Habitus illustrations of the following Stamvatkinsius species: a, Stamwatkinsius perplexus (Blackburn). b. S. careniceps

g & I | |

(Carter). c. S. crassus sp. nov. d. S. rhodopus sp, nov, eS. powelli sp. nov. f. S. speciosus sp. noy. g. S. kermeti sp. nov. h. S.

constrictus (Blackburn). 1. 8. /indi (Blackburn). j. S. viridimarginalis sp. nov. k. S. grevillede sp. noy, |. 8. macmillani sp. noy

m. $. demarzi sp. nov. n. S. wtiformis (Thomson) o. S. cinctus (Kerremans). p..S. subcarinifrons (Thomson). Scale bar = 5 mm

by 8. BARKER & ©, L, BELLAMY

Cisveiy einera Kerremans T898: 1662 1903:229.

Carter 1923:167 (syn, subcarinifrons); 19292279,

Obenherzer 1934;855 syn. nov.

Haloivper |, Cissets cineta Kerremans, Australia,

Oberthut, BMNH, examined,

Ornlter specinens evsamined: WA: 3 3 4. 3. Coorow,

W.A., 245 kit) Nyon non-prickly Haken, 16.538, Du

BK. ANIC? od, Marloo sti, 1931-1941, A, Goerhng.

ANIC; &, 17 kin S Northampton, boa t98h, 1D.

Maun & LC, Cardale, ANIC; 2 do. 80 kin N

Maora, 20.%.1996, Kershaw/Golding, MGWA; <{,

Woodridge, intercept trap, 10,.X1, 199% H. Demarz,

SAMA; 2 & &. 13 kim N Galena. 1 1.7x.7998, T.M.S,

Hlanlun. MHSA,

Male

Size: 5.6.x 2.2 mm (10).

Colour: Head green. Antennae: antennomeres 1-2

green: 3611 black with green reflections, Pronotum,

seulellum green, Elytra dark brown anedially,

bronze-red Juterally. Ventral surface und legs green,

Shape and seulpture: Head punetured. shallow

median sulcus at the apex extending as impressed

line reaching base, Atitennomeres: 1-3 obeonic; 4-11

triangular, Pronotuin siriolate; apical margin broadly

projecting medially, basal margin bisinuate; dorsal

varing diverging from lateral margin at base then

curving towards it post-medially, bot reaching the

mirgin, Seutetlum Mat. without punctures, basil

margin eoneave. Elytra shallowly punetured along

suture rest scutellate; Kiterally parallelsided from

base. rounded postemedislly and narrowed to

rounded apices. Ventral surface shallowly scutellate;

very short setae,

Pemele

Size: 5.0% 2.2 win (2),

Colour, Head — yellow-bronae. Antenne;

unlennomercs 1-2 yellowebrongze; 3-1) bhick wilh

green reflections, Pronolim, seutellnim yellow-

bronze, Elytra dark brown medially, bronze-red

llerally, Sternum and legs yellow- bronze. Abdomen

green,

Shape und sculpture: us in male,

Divirthution

WA: Constal plain and Geraldton district,

ussockited witht Heke spp

Renirks

Srunvathuisiiey eniecms bs one of the siatlest

species, Iocan only be confused wath, crass sp.

nov whieh has a similar colour eombinarion but ps

pne ol the hirgest species. The straceure of the mule

venitiia easily separates them. I 8. caret the

ucdeayus is nurrow and the parameres are slightly

folded dorsally, [In 5. craysuy sp. noy. the aedeagus 1

browd and (lat.

Stanwatkinstas constrictus (Blackburn, 1897),

comb. noy,

(FIG. 2h)

Ciyveiy conyiricia Blackburn 1687:254, Kerrentins

1892294: 1903:220. Carier 1923-167: 1929-978

Obenberger 1934:844,

Halonpe. 3, Ciyeis constricke Blackburn, We Aw C1

1714) RMNH, examined

Orher specimens examined: WAL 2 92, Coorew,

245 kiN, 16.838. on prickly Hakea., IWR, ANIC.

3 Aa, 2 9¥_ Corow (sie), 17x, 1938, on prickly

Hakea, Du Boulay eollection, WAMA; 9 44, 7

? F,Coorow, 17/18.x.1938, on prickly Hakea, H, W

Brown, MHSA, 2 9 2. Spencers Brook, [6.aib PYa8,

RP. MeMillan, WAMA: 5 bo, 3, 99, Wilga, 1

30x74, Ko & E. Curmaby, ANIC; 2 dey 7.

Watning. 12.%1,50, RP MeMillan, SAMA, ¥

Pind, 22.4x.58, on Casierina, S. Barker, SAMA,

4 32.098 TIG,07E, Canning Reservoir, 11 kin 2,

Armidale. 8.40.77. 0 A, Weir ANIC: 6 oo, 2 08.

120.1977, 3 km SW Quairading, Ko Kershaw.

MPWA; 2 2d, Stiring Raw 15.4179, D. Knowles.

MPWA,; &, 26 km § Ravensthorpe, on Av fanilin,

22.x11.91, Golding/Powell, MPWAs 9. 56 kn NE

Wuhin, 18ix.01, on Hekea leaves, M. Powell,

MPWA; 3. 2, 12 km N Guleng Bridge. on A,

campestris, 30.08.92, Golding/Powell, MPWA ©,

Wicherina Dam. on Grevillea leaves, 17.193,

Golding/Powell, MPWA; 4.97. 25 hin EE York. an

Hak, trifurcan, 25.%.1997, M. Powell, MPWA; 2

OP) 2h km SE Armidale, Hake (rifiereete,

14.81.1997, Golding/Powell, MPWAy 3, '/. 13 ker

of Gulena, Tax t906, TMS, Thinlom MASA: 2

36, 65 km W Watheroo, on Aakea, 21%.08, M,

Powell, MPWA: 3. 9. Swan R., Lea. SAMA.

Male

Sive: 6.0% 2.4 mint (33).

Colours Head blue-green apreally, purple basally.

Antennomeres 1-2 blue-green, 4-1) black, Pronotini

purple, Scuiellum bloe-green. Elyire black medially

with red margin encroaching over homeral catlis 1H

basal margin. Ventral surfuee ane les purple with

blue-green reflections,

Shape and sealptarer Head closely punctured,

Median sulcus wl apex. short median wlibrous line il

base. Anlennomeres: 1-3 obconic; 4-1) triangulan

Pronolum stiekite: apical margin propecting

medially, basal margin sinuate, dorsab carina

NEW GENUS OF AUSTRALIAN JEWEL BEBTLES 7

diverging from venteal carina al base, more or less

parallel to ventral carina but sinuate. not reaching

apical margin, Scutelliim flat, without punetures.

Blytra scutellite, literally more or less parallel-sided

from base, rounded post medially and narrowed Lo

rounded upex. Ventral surface sculellite. with short

sehae pointing posteriorly.

Female

Sizer 6.) x 2.4m (30),

Colour: Head esppery. Antenmonmieres 1-2 coppery,

S11 black. Pronotuin and seulellum coppery, Blytra

black inedially with » coppery margin encroaching

over tumeral callus to the basal murgin. Ventnal

surtice and legs coppery.

Shape suid seulplures its i pale,

Distribution

SW WA.

Remarks

Blackburn deseribed Co conseriete: from Western

Australia and ©) Jind? from South Australia, Carter

(M924) synonynused ©) findh with ©. cortyértei

Neither form is found in the other stale and because

of differences ta the structure of male genitalia and

colour, herein we consider them separate species.

This species is closest to S) demurcé sp. now They

cun be distinguished on (he followings 8, demearsi is

smaller than 8. eimerisy the ventral surface of S.

vines males is purple but in So demiersi ibis bloe-

ween,

Sranwatkinsius erassus sp. no.

(PIG. 2e)

Holoiypes 3 Lake Grace, WAL, DS.ai 971K. & E

Carnaby, ANIC,

Allatwpe: &, Lake Cruce, WAL. I4.xi RO, E. Sutton

Callection, OMBA,

Paratypes: WA, do, 74 km W Balladontit, 21.08,1978,

TANLS. Hanlon. on Grevi/lea lowers, WAMA; /,

SLAVS 1 20.308.67 kin WSW Coolgardic, 71x. LO8 1.

D.C. Rentz, ANIC. SA: &, 2. no dau SAMA: 4.

no data, Blackburn collection, SAMA: of. ne dita,

NMVA2 @, 11,1913, NMVA,

Male

Siver 7.6 8 3.0 mm (5)

Colour: Head green. Antennomeres: |-2 green: 3-

1) black. Proootum and seutellum green. Bbyira

bhick medially, purple-red laterally. Ventral surface,

legs vreen,

Shape dnd seolprure: Head punetured, median

carina from upex to middle extending fo hase as

iMipressed lines pre-medial glabrous area on each

side. Antennomeres: 1-3 obconie: 4-11 triangular.

Pronowim deeply striolate: anterior margin broadly

projecting medially, basal margin bisinuale: dorsal

carina diverging from lateral margin at buse ina

curve which approaches the lateral inargin post-

mediilly but does not reach if, Seatellunn that,

without punctures. anterior margin concave, Ehytra

shallowly punetare medtilly. seutellate laterally:

lwerally more or Jess purallel-sided until rounded

post-niedially and then narrowed ty rounded apices.

Ventral surface striolate wilh sparse short setae.

Female

Sizer 7. x 3.4 ane (4.

Colour: Head purple apically, green basally:

Antenmomeres, P purple: 2-11 bhick. Pronotum dull

green. Scutellum black. Elytra black medially,

purple-red laterally, Ventral sterna purple with green

reflections; abdomen green except for Sz purple,

Legs purple.

Shape und seulpture: us inmate.

Distribution

WA: Lake Grave, Balladonia, SA: no locality dala

availible, One specimen collected on Greville.

Remarks

The colour combination of tis species is siinilitr to

that found in S. cinetuy. Their distinguishing features

ure discussed earlier,

Eninalog

This species is named for its shape cress L.. broad

Stanwatkinsius demarzi sp. nov.

(FIG. 2m)

Holotype: &, Woodridge, W.A., intercept trays,

Yt 1997. H, Demarz. SAMA L 21493,

Alluiyper &, Woodridge. WIA, intercept trap,

10.81.1998, H, Demure, SAMA LT 21494,

Paratypess WAv 3, 2, Woodridge, 20.%.96. H,

Demure, SAMA; , Fy 4.81.06, Woodridge,

intercept trap, H, Demary, SAMA; fy 7.41.96,

Woodridge. intercept trap, HL Demure, SAMA; ¢.

10.4096. Woodridge, intercept wap, Hy, Demure,

SAMA: 2 44, Woodridge, intercept trap,

WIS xL1997 TL. Demarz. SAMA 2 da.

Woodridge. intereept trup, H. Demure, 30.4. 1998

SAMA; ¢. Woodridge, intercept trap, 18.41.1998. LL

Demarz, CLBC & SAMA; ¢, Woodridge, intercept

trap, 3.40, 1998, FL. Demarz, HDWA,

8 8. BARKER & ©

Male

Size SA 22mm C1).

Colour: Head green with yellow reflections

apically. blue-green basally, Antennomeress | blue-

green: 21) black. Pronotuim and seutellum blue.

ereen, Elytra dark brown medially with red margin

encroaching over humeral callus to basal margin.

Ventral surfiiee and legs blue-green,

Shape and sculpture: Head finely punctured, small

incditn upienl sulcus. Anlennomeres: 1-3 obconic; 4-

11 triangular Pronotum striokite: ypieal margin

projecting medially, basal margin sinuate, dorsal

caring diverging from ventral carina basally then

parallel to il not reaching marein, Seutetlum

soutiform, flat. wrinkled, Elytra seutellite; Teterally

inore OF less straight-sided from hase. sides eradually:

converging, rounded post-medially and narrowed to

rounded uptees, Ventral surface seutellate with

sparse very short setae pointing posteriorly,

Fonvale

Size, 5.48 24m (3),

Colour: Head, pronotum und scutellum coppery,

Elytrcas in mate, Ventral surfiece and legs coppery,

Shape and sculplure: as in male,

Dist (butions

Banksia moncies!i KR. Br woodland on WA costal

plain,

Remarks

comsieretis, “There

been discussed

iy ulosest tas.

lentures lmive

Chis species

(istinguishing

previously,

Ervinoloey

Named alter the vollector EL Demure, Wandndge,

Stranwatkiastus erevilléae spy. Woy,

(FIG, 2h)

Holomwpe. SAS Kio oN Galen WAL Tax, OKT

M.S. Hanlon. SAMA | 21495,

Aflatype: 2 saine dhita as holotype. SAMA 12 (503,

Paraiypes, WA; 7 4%, Tammin, 264%.1936. on

Tuken TH Wy. Brown, MHSA: Wy Burracoppin

MN MYR. on Make, PL W. Brown, MISA: Oe) 7

Wo. Comtow. bO/E7 x, 1938) on Hakea, H.W

Krown, MUSA, 4. Spencer's Brook, (6.4.45, R. P.

McMillan, SAMA: 2.24, Yellowdine. | 4.53, BIL

Uther Baker, WAMA: @, Lake Varley, 21ix. 54. 7H

Uther Baker, WAMA:! dc, 34 kin EB Yellowelne,

160.77; M. Peterson, MPWA; 4. 00 7 liamk, «1077,

L, BELLAMY

M. Powell. MPWA, &. N7T Radio, (2...77. M.

Powell, MPWA: 3) dad. N7T Radio. 144,77. M.

Powell 2 99, 34 km E Yelluwdine, |3.x.77 5,

Wilson, MPWA; 2. Carrabin, [3.<.1980, on

Melaleuca, T, M.S. Hanlon, MHSA; 2 42. 9 kan

NN Zanthus, on Grevillead leaves. 21.8 8G. M.

Powell. MPWA; 2, 10 km by Norseman, 24.2.86.0n

Casuurion, M- Powell, MPWA; &. 10. km SW Moir

Rock, [S.xi.88, on Grevilled leaves, M. Powell,

MPWA: 3 34. 9, 34 kin E Yellowdine, 28.x.89, on

Grevillea leaves, Golding/Powell, MPWA, ¢& 19 km

N Galena, 22.18.90, on Casing, Golding/Powell,

MPWA, N71, A2 kin B Yellowdine, 21.8, 1991, of

Casuarina, To M.S. Hanlon, MESA; 2. 60 kin N

Galen Bridge. 28.i%.92. on Grevillea tol.

Golding/Powell, MPWA; (4, 12 ki No Galena

Bridge, 30,1%,92, on A, canmpestriy, Golding/Powell,

MPWA; 3 4, 3 2%. 49 km N Galena Bridge,

10.x.92, Golding/Puwell, MPWA: ¥. 53 hin Fk

Yellowdine, 23.,.93, Casuering, Mo O./M. P,

MPWA, 3,2 99, 15 kin’ S Billabong, 20.4, 1996,

Kershuw/Golding. MGWA, ¢&, 48 km N Galena

Bridge. 7.i¥.1996, on Greville, Golding/Powell.

MPWA; 2 6 ¢.5 92. 80 km N Moora, 20.8, 1996,

Allo, canipestris, BD. Knowles, MPWAL4 dod 4 So

km BNE Komarina, 27.viil997, on Grevillea

leaves, 9, Knowles, MPWA; 3,5 {0 7, same datas

hololype, MHSA: 2 dd. 2 94. 40 km WN

Koolyanobhing, 9.8.98, on Grenlled, M. Powell,

MPWA; ¢, 3 99, 40 km N Koolyatobbiig,

9.4, )998, Greville leaves, T. M.S. Hanlon, MUSA;

300. 499.92 km W Useless Loop, 15.4,1999, an

Crevillea leaves, S. Barker. SAMA;

Mele

Size: 62 8 24 mim (41),

Colows Head blue-green, coppery on the apieal

margin between the antennal fovea, Pronotuny blue

ereen someones wilh iedial yellow refleedons,

Scutetlun) blueeereen with yarnible yellow

rellections. Elytra dark brown with red lateral

Inurgins continuous lor short distance alons basal

margin Ventral surface and legs bhie-areen

Shape and sculpture: Head coarsely punctured,

inedian apical fovea, Antennomeres: 1-3 Ohearie: 4-

Hh tehaitguha) Pronetun striolate, apical pare)

straght, basal margin siouale, dorsal curiae

diverging from ventral carina ot base then more or

less parallel-sided until terminating belore reawhing

the anterior margin, Seutelliim That without

punctures, Bhytra seutellate, laterally paratlel-sided

from base, rounded post-medially and narrowed ta

rounded apices. Ventral surface scutellate with short

seliic.

henuale

Size: 6.5 x 2.5 mim (49),

NEW GENUS OF AUSTRALIAN JEWEL BEETLES 9

Colour: Head. pronotum scutellum, Ventral surface and

lews rose-red. Elytra dark brown with rose-red: lateral

margin extending tor short distance along busal margin,

Shupe and sculpture: as m male,

Distribution

SE and SW WA, associated with Grevilled spp.

Remarks

This species is closest lo 8. demarsi sp. nov. They

can be separated on the following: SL erevillede is

larger, 6.2 mm agains! 5.5 mm, dnd does not oecur

on the coustal plains i ines, the margin dorsad to

(he wumlennal love is cupreous, but is not ind,

Jemarzir We bead punctition ty noticeably coarser in

S. grevillede than in S. demarsi

Etymology

The speeies is tamed for its association with

Crrevillea spp.

Stanwatkinsius kermeti sp. nov.

(FIG. 22)

Holowpe 3, Boyne R., 120 km S Rockhampton,

Qld, 4.x8.1975, on Casuarina caminghamniana 3,

Barker, SAMA 1 21496,

Paratypes: Qld: 2 4 &, Gladstone, 20.11.45, 8.

Brock, ANIC. NSW: 3, Charity ck. Bridge,

Manning Re vin Karobricki, TO.Ai.91, 5, Watkins,

SAMA.

Mele

Size: 6.9 8 2.4 mim (4),

Colour: Head. antennae, pronotum, sculelliuns

green with yellow reflections. Ventral surface green.

Leys green with yellow reflections

Shape and seulptuve: Head punetured, flat, with

thin vlabrous median tine from apex to middle.

cCoOnNLNing to hase us impressed tine, with a round

shibrous patch on eweh side eloser to apex than

base. Antennomeres: 1-3 abconies 4-1 triangatien

Pronotum striglute, interior imurgins projecting

medially, basal margin bisinuale: lateral curina

diverging from lateral niargin basally, thea more ov

less paratlel to it until afer middie where i

terminates, Seutellum Clat, without punctures,

unterfor mae convex. Elytra with shallow

punctures medially, striohite laterally. margin

parallel sided Trom base until postemedial, tipered

to rounded apices, Ventral surface faintly scutethite,

Wil sparse short setac,

hennile

Unknown

Distribution

Qld: Gladstone, on Casdarina canninghaniana

Mig. NSW. Northern coustal, on Casueriie

OuMnie hana

Remarks

This is. an clongate species, [differs from all but §.

powelli sp. nov, in the position of the dorsal cara on

the pronetuin, Viewed from above, the sides of the

pronotuin diverge trom the base; they converge to

the apical margin at the point where the dorsal carina

vonverges on the ventral carina. forming a slight

protuberance on each side, Male genitalia are a

diflerent shape from males oF 8. anifernriy the only

other all green, but smaller species.

Lryatalogy

The species is named after Rermet the green frog

fram the Muppets.

Stanwatkinsius lindi (Blackburn, 1897), comb. nev

(FIG, 31)

Cisseis lined? Blackburn 1887:254; 1891300,

Kerremans 1892:225; 1903:229. Curter 1923:167:

(929:978, Obenberger 19342844.

Holowpe: 3, Cissets lindi Blackburn, 5.A,, (1 319)

BMNIUL examined.

Other specinerny evanined: SAL 4 dd) 2 23

Tanunda, 1,4u.7887, Tepper, SAMA; 8,

Williamstown, 22.x.1888, Tepper. SAMA: 2 od .2

YP, Lucindale, Fouerheerdt, SAMA, 2 44.

Warunda, Lyre Peoinsula, 4.1909, S.A. White,

SAMA, ©, i138, NMVA; do. 2. no dal, OMBA, J,

no dita, SAMA, dG. t8km W Viyonne Bay,

Kangaroo Ishind, 12.8. 1966, N, MeBarlaned, M. Pate.

SAMA: 2 @@_ Verran Hill, Ilineks N, FL Eyre

Peninsula, 74.1979, D. Lacis, SAMA, Vieo “i, Liule

Desert, |] ko S Kiala, 9.x. 1978, S. Barker. SAMA:

Y. Big Desert. 12 kin N Broken Bucket well

16.47, JOST. S, Barker, SAMA,

Male

Size. 59x 2.4 wm (1),

Colour: Head coppery, Aniennomeres; | coppery,

211 black, Pronotun and sculellurn coppery or

coppery bronze. Elytra dark blue medially, red

laterally. Ventral surface and legs eoppery,

Shipe and sculpture: Head with close, shallow

punctures, shallow median sulcus al apex sour

projecting into an impressed line reaching base,

Antennomeres: 1-3 obconie; 4-11 triangular

Pronotun) strighkute, apreal iargin projecting

medially over half its length, busal margin

10 5S. BARKER & C1, BELLAMY

bisinuite, dorsal carina convex, widely separated

from ventral carina except at base, not reaching

apieal margin, imterval between wrinkled.

Sculellum Plat. glabrous. basal margin slightly

concave, Elyta punctured medially, scutellate

Juterally, margin purallel-sided from base, rounded

post-mediilly and narrowed to rounded apex.

Ventral surface sculelhite. with moderately long

sclie,

Fentale

Size: 6.0% 2.5 ni (10).

Colour: as in male

Shape and sculpture; as in male.

Distribution

SA. Barossa Valley, SE. Katigaroo |. View Big arid

Little Deserts,

Remarks

The only species known to overlap the distribution

ofS. findi is 8. aadformis, a smallall green species,

Dilferences between S$. find? and 3. cenyériciiy ace

discussed earlier.

Stunwatkinsius macmillani sp, nov,

(FIG, 2)

flalorpe: &, Watning, WA. 19.x1, 1950, RL P

McMillan, SAMA fT 21497,

Paratypes: 4 fd same data as holotype. SAMA: 3 fd,

Bejoording. W,A., 19.51, 1950, RL BR MeMillan, WAMA

Male

Size: 6.0% 2.2 mim (8).

Colour Head green apically with yellow

reflections. blue-green basally, Antettiomeres: |2

greeny 3-11 black, Pronotum and scutellun blue-

green, Elytra brown medially green laterally, Ventral

surface and legs blue-green.

Shape and sculpture: Head punctured, very snl

Sulcus al upex projecting post-medially as impressed

line, Antennomeres: 1-3 Gbconie, 4-El triangular,

Pronotum striolate; apival margin more or less

stright. basal margin bisinuate; dorsal carina

diverging Irom ventral carina at basal margin then

more or less purallel-sided, convex post-inedially but

not reaching apical margin or ventral carina.

Seutcllum flat. without punetures, Elytra seutellate:

laterally more or tess parallel-sided from base.

rounded post-medially and) narrowed to rounded

apices. Ventral surface seutellate with short setae.

Female

Unknown,

Distribution

Known only from two localities im WA, both

devastaled by land clearance lor agriculture,

Remarks

This species is closest to .8, demearsi sp. nov. They

can be separated on the following: the male genitalia

are a different structure: their colour patterns are

different,

Erymolagy

Named aller the collector, R.P. McMillin, Kallaroo.

Stanwatkinsius powelli sp. nv.

(PIG, 2e)

Holotype: 3, 74 km SE Yalgoo, WeA,. 1929.91, on

Grevillea leaves. M, Powell, SAMA L 21498.

Allotype: 3, same data as holotype, SAMA | 21499,

Paratypess WA; & same dati us holotype. MPWA:

¢. 2. Cue, H.W. Brown, MHSA,

Mate

Sive: 6.2 x 2.2 mm (3).

Colour) Head green or purple with) cupreots

reflections. Antennae bronze. Pronotuin green or

purple medially, cupreous laterally, Scutetlum

cupreous. Elvira purple medially, merging into a

very narrow violet band whieh abuts kueral bronze

mark anteriorly und lateral blue mark apically.

Ventral surface and legs purple with cupreous

reflections,

Shape wnd sculpture: Head shallowly punctured.

with medial carima at apes projecting to buse as

impressed tine, with a protuberance on cach side

closer to base than apex, Antennomeres: 1-4

obeonic, 3-11 (rianvular, Pronolum striolale: apical

inurgin projecting medially, basal margin siniate;

dorsal carina diverging from ventral carina al base.

convex reaching ventral carina post-medially,

Scutelluin (lat. without punctures. Elytra scutellire,

laterally more or less parallel-sided, round post-

iInedially and narrowed to rounded apices. Ventral

surface scutellale, with short setae.

Femule

Size: @.7 x 2.4 mm (2).

Colour: as in male.

Shape and sculpture: as in male,

Disuibution

The specimens were collected from two localities

in WA. Those from Cue had green heads, those trom

near Yalvoo had purple heads.

NEW GENUS OF AUSTRALIAN JEWEL BEETLES I

Remarks

The dorsal caring on the pronotum is positioned in

the same way asin &. kermeri sp. nov, ats previously

discussed, That feature and (he volour pattern

Jistinguishes the species: from all others.

kEtymoalawy

Named after M. Powell, Melville.

Stanwatkinsius rhadopus sp. nov.

(FIG, 2d)

Helonpe: &. Marsupial Ck Ro Croydon. NOM,

26.1v.1996, J, & BP Hasenpusch. SAMA I 21492,

Mirtle

Wuknown.

Femile

Sizer 8 xX 3 mm (1),

Colour: Head roseate. Antennomeres: 1-2

cupreous; 3-11 black. Pronotum black medial band,

roseate laterally. Scutellum mainly black. cupreous

at ends of lateral extensions. Elytra dark blue along

sulure and al apex, green-blue laterally. Ventral

surface and Jegs cupreous purple,

Shape und sculpture: Head punctured. small

median carina at apex located ina depression with

a glabrous unpanetiuvred area on gach side,

continuing ly hase as impressed — line.

Antennomeres: [-3 obeonic; 4-11 triangular.

Pronotum punctured medially, striolate laterally:

anterior tire) projecting medially. basal margin

bisinuatey dorsal carina diverging simuously trom

Jateral margin basally approaching lateral margin

post-medially but not reaching it, Scutellim flat.

withoul punctures, basal thargin straight. Blytra

punctured medially, scutellate laterally: margin

parallel-sided front base rounded post-mediilly and

arrowed to rounded apices, Ventral surface

shallowly punctured medially. scutellate laterally

will) very short setae.

Distrifution

This species is known from a single locality in N Qld

Remarks

This species occurs further north than any other

known species.

Because of its unique colouration ih cannot be

contused with any other species.

Eryinalowy

The species is niined for tts rose Coloured head und

provotum trom chodapos. Gk rosy.

Stanwatkinsius speciasus sp. nov,

(FIG, 21)

Holotype: 3, 25 km N Eneabba, W.A., 24/25.%.1984,

at night, A. A. Calder, ANIC,

Alloiwpe: ©. same date as holotype, ANIC,

Pardixpes. WA: 2, no data, Blackburn, SAMA: ©.

17 km S Northampton, 1.x.)981, LD. Naumann, J.

©. Cardule, ANIC.

Male

Size: Male, 6.6% 2.7 mim (1).

Colour; Head green apically, violet basally.

Antennomeres: 1-2 green: 3-11 bronve. Pronotum

violet laterally brassy-bronze medially. Scutel/am

violet. Elytta brassy bronze luterally, bronze

medially. Ventral surface and legs violet,

Shape and sculpture: Head punctured, shallow

median sulcus apically, merging into impressed

line reaching base, Antennomeres: |-3 obconic, +-

1} triangular, Pronotun striolate, apical margin

broadly projecting medially, basal margin

bisinuate: dorsal carina diverging from lateral

margin basally then ere or tess parallel-sided

dintil postmedial, not reaching apical margin.

Seutellum flat, without punctures, basal margin

concave. Elytra punctured medially, scutellate

laterally: lateral margins more or less parallel-sided

Irom base until rounded posi-medially then

narrowed ty rounded apices, Ventral surface

scutellate, with short sete.

Female

Size: 6.7 x 2.6 mm (3).

Colour: entirely coppery-red.

Shape and sculpture: as in mate.

Disiribution

WA: Coustal plain’ between Eneabba and

Northampton associared with dikea spp.

Remarks

This species is closest la S. consrriciys, Tecan be

distinguished by: being larger species than 4.

consiriciuy; male genitalia ure broader than 8.

comnmictis: the colour pautlem of mates and females

of both species is dillerent,

Enimolagy

This species ts named for its Colour speefostey L., bestuty.

(2 S. BARKER & C |. BELLAMY

Stanwatkinsiay subcarinifrons (Thomson, 1879),

comb, hoy,

(FIG, 2p)

Cisseiy ynbedrinifrans Thomson 1879254.

Kerremans 1892:227) (yuheurenifrons); 1Y03:230

(subcurenifrans), Carter 1923-167 (sabearenifrans),

1929;279 (subcureni{runs), Obenberser 1934:855

(subcureni{rons )..

Cisseiy occidentalis Blackburn TA87: 255,

Kerremiuns 1892;226; 1903:230, Carter 1923:167 (2

var. sWbearenifrans): 19297279. Obenberver

IYABS I. syn. nov.

Holoivpes &, C2 subcariniirons Thorson. Kine

George's Sound, MNHN, examined. Holotype od, ©

veetentaliy Blackburn, Western Australia, BMNH

exiumined.

Other specimens examined: WA: Ll dd. 3 92. %.6

kin W Goomalling. 2.81.56, 8. Barker, SAMA; 2

fs, 2, 64 kin E Bejoording, 2.41.56, 8, Barker,

SAMA, 4 2d. 109 kin N Geraldton Hway,

Lx 956. S. Barker, SAMA: , V, 3 km NE

Gasnells. Lxi.l057, 8. Barker, SAMA, ©. [3 kn

North Bannister, 19.xi.1970, S. Barker, SAMA; ",

58 kin W Tuminin, Goldfields Ra. 23.x71,1972, 8.

Barker, SAMA; o, 2, Woodridge, intereept tap.

TXiIV97, Hh Demure CLBC: &, Woodridge,

K.xW1997, H Demarz, SAMA, 9, Woodridge,

ISX, 1998, H, Dens, SAMAP3 89, Woodridge,

Sx, 1998. H. Demure, HDWA: ), Swan R.. Lea.

SAMA.

Male

Size 5.9 x 23 Min (19),

Colours Head brown or green, Pronotum brown

inedially, green laterally. Seutellum brown, Elytra

usually browh, some specimens green faterally.

Ventral surface and legs preen,

Shape and sculpture: Head punetured, with short

median caring from apex continuing tO base as

Hhpressed bine, Antennomeres; 1-4 obeonic; 5-11

triangular. Pronotuny striolite: anterior miurgin broadly

projecting medially. basal margin bistnuate: dorsal

curmnd diverging from lateral margin basally, curving

towards huteral margin post-medially but not reaching

iL, Scutelluny Mat, without punctures, agterioy margin

straight. Elytra seutellate, falouly medially, heavily

faterally; hiterally parallel-sided until rounded: post

medilly, then narrowed to rounded apices, Ventral

surface sculellates with short setac.

Fenale

Size: 6.2% 2.4 mim (10).

Colour: as in male

Shape and sculpture; as in male.

Diytribution

SW WA. associtted with Aflocasuearine spp:

Remarks

This species is One of (he smallest in the genus. bts

colour combination is unique and i camot he

confused with any other species.

Stanwatkinsius uniformis (Thoiisen, (879),

comb. noy,

(PIG, 2n)

Cisseis vniformis Thomson 1879:53, Kerremans

1892:227; 1903:230, Carter 1923:167; (929979.

Obenherger 1934-856,

Cisveis cardeboides Kerremiuns 1898: 166;

1903229, Curler 1923:167 (syn, aadfoeninys

1929:2749, Obenberger 1934-856,

Halorype: MNEHN, not exunined. 4 a4 syritypes

Cisseiy corueholdes Kerrenuns, BMNI, examined,

Cher spectinens examined: SA. 2 4 4. Nurinolpay J.

G, 0), Tepper, SAMA; &, Y, Ardrossan J. G, 0.

Tepper, SAMA; “'. York Peninsula. Jung, SAMA,

3S, Adelaide Wills, Casuarina strict, 29.87.64. 8,

Barker, SAMA: 3 dd. 3) 22, Monart South,

2.411967, S. Barker, SAMA: 4 ft. 9 Suri Mi

Barker, 16.xi1, 1967, 8, Barker, SAMA; 26 8.67 9,

Sellicks Serub, 24.x1,.7979, §, Burker, CLBC &

SAMA, View 4. Monbulk, Jarvis, SAMA,

Mile

Size, 5.5.4 2.2 mm (13).

Colour: Most specimens entirely green, A few wilh

bronze pronotum, very few with green head, bronze

on the dorsal surface and green-bronze on ventral

surface dnd legs.

Shape and sculptures Head pumetured. Mat. thin

mediin glabrous tine frank apex to premedial

continuing to apex as impressed tine, Antennunieres:

1-4 obeconiey S-ll triamgulan Promotun strinhiute:

apical margin stramht basal margin bisinuiate, dorsal

canna divergmg from lateral margin ut base not

continued past middle. Scatellun tat, rough without

punctores. Elytra striolate; laterally parallel-sided

front base rounded post-medially und tipered to

rounded apex, Ventral surface striolate, with short setae,

Female

Sive: 6.0 8 2.3 mm (43).

Colour: as io male.

Shape and sculpture: as im male.

Distribution

SA und Vie.,

verlicillata (Lam).

ussociled with Apes

NEW Ob

Remarks

This is one of the smallest species in the gens.

The only other all green species is the hirger S.

hermeti sp. nov. They differ in tbe position of (he

dorsal carina on the pronotum. visible when

viewed fon above in So hewmen but net ins.

snares,

Stanwatkinsius viridimarginalis sp. noy.

(FIG. 3))

Haloipe: Oo. 34 km EO Yellowdine. W.A.,

168.1077, M. Peterson, SAMA EF 215017.

Alloiypes 2) sume dali as holotype. SAMA I

21502.

Parcaiypes: WA: 4, Dryandia Stite Porest ¢. 27 km

NW of Narrogii, 34.0982, C0. AL Howard & TF.

Houston, WAMA; ‘', Durokuppin Nature Reserve,

25 kin N of Kellerberrin, 22-24.41.1996, T. 1

Houston, WAMA: ¢. Swan R., bea SAMA,

Male

Siver 6.5 x 2.5 mim (3).

Colour Head and untennie green, Pronotum dull

purple medially, bright green laterally. Scuteliiim

green medially purple iuerully. Elyara dark purple

Thedially merging inte a narrow coppery bind

literally which ubuls a baghtyreen hiteral margin

Ventral surtace and legs green,

Shape and setulptare; fed closely punctured

without setae. Antennomeres: |} obeome; 4-1]

tiridngular Provotum stiolate: apical marain

projecting medially, basal margin bisinuate; dorsal

carina diverging from vente carina at base then

more or less parallel to yk dou postmedial, ve

teaching apical margine Scutellum Plat, without

punctures, elytra seutellate, literally parallel-sided

from base, rounded post-medially and narrowed to

rounded apices. Ventral surface seutellite with

sparse shart setae ine mile, dense longer setue in

female,

Female

Size: 8.2 x 4.2 om (2).

Colour: head and antenae dark purple with

coppery reflections. Seutellum and elytra as. i

male. Ventral surfice ane leas coppery.

Shape and sculpture: as i male excepr heal

SOTONL.

Distribution

This Species. is only known trom Yellowdine,

Narrogin and Kellerberrin districts. all in WA,

5 OF SUSTRALIAN JEWEL BEETLES 14

Remarks

This is um clongute species. Tis colour combination

makes it distinet (rom all other species,

Enymology

Named for the fateral green stripe around the elytris

Wridis L., green, mersine 1. furnish with a border

Discussion

Species of Sramwarkinsiuy, although similar in

gener! appearance To several groups of Australian

buprestids, wre true coruebines and thus likely: to

have diverged frony the lineage that also gave rise (0

Cisseis und its relatives. The similarity i ovipositar

morphology to Meliboei lon is likely less diagnostic

of common descent than of the fHiidity of these

orgins in response to oviposition requirements froin

specific plimt associitions and placement of cegs on

the host, e.@. above or below the substrate. From the

phylovenclic perspective suggested by Bellamy

(O88). and subsequent discussion wilh: colleagues

ubout coraebine evolution, it would seem that the use

of ovipositor morphology as un indicator ul

evolutionary divergence is perbaps Hot well-founded

since ji some generu, ee. Cordehus Gory &

LaPorte. there is a wide range of oviposilor

morphology, both in the su-called general buprestid

form and in the “cormebine eyipasitor which possess

ventral brushes, However, in the Austell

voruebine genera studied by the authors, either one

type or the other ts present. Since Sreawerhinsnay is

obviously velgted to but divergent from the Civseds

Jineage, (he different oyipositor would) split) the

former genus lo the opposite side of the suggested

phylugeny (Bellamy P98) from Césseva ane ibs

relatives such us Neaypidey Blackbur. Alemiors

Kerremans und Pocfverssers Théry, Pending, the

completion of a revision of Ciywedy, there is no reason)

fo venture into further phylogenetic speculation al

this Lime.

Acknowledgments

We thunk the followiig for assistance: TAL Weir,

ANIC: M. Moulds, AMSA: K. Walker & C. MePhee.

SIMVA: B. Hanisch & T. F, Houston, WAMA; M.

Kerley, BMNH2 &. G, Matthews. SAMA; J, Menier.

MNHN; TL. Demare. Woodridge; M- Golding,

Beverley: T. M.S. Hanlon. Sydney; L) Hasenpuseh.

Innisfail: RF MeMillan. Kalhiroo: G.. B. Monten.

QMBA; M, Powell, Melville, oS. Watkins.

Goonellaba; A. McArthur is thanked for the coloured.

photographs, J. Borrest. for the seanning

microphotographs and $, Walker Tor the digital

illustrations.

Id S. BARKER & C. L. BELLAMY

References

BELLAMY, C, L. (1988) The classification and phylogeny of

the Australian Coroebini Bedal, with a revision of the

Genera Paracephala, Meliboeithon and Dinocephalia

(Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Agrilinae). Invertebr, Taxon.

2, 413-453.

(1990) A revision of the Coroebine genus

Coraebosoma Obenberger (Coleoptera: Buprestidae:

Agrilinae). Entomologica Scandinavica 21, 197-210.

BLACKBURN, T. (1887) Further notes on Australian

Coleoptera with descriptions of new species. Trans. R.

Soc. S. Aust. 10, 177-287.

(1891) Further notes on Australian Coleoptera

with descriptions of new Genera and species. /bid. 14,

292-345.

Carter, H. J. (1923) Revision of the Genera Ethon, Cisseis

and their allies (Buprestidae), Proc. Linn. Soc. NSW 48,

159-176.

(1929) A check list of the

Australian

Buprestidae. Aust. Zool. 5, 265-303.

Gory, H & LaPorte, F. L. (1839) “Histoire naturelle et

iconographie des insectes coléoptéres, publiée par

monographies séparées.” Volume 2, livraisons 25-35 (P.

Duménil, Paris).

KERREMANS, C. (1892) Catalogue synonymique des

Buprestides décrits de 1758 4 1890. Mém, Soc, Ent. Belg,

1, 1-304.

(1898) Buprestides nouveaux de I’ Australie et

des régions voisines. Ann Soc. Ent. Belg, 92, 113-182.

(1903) Coleoptera, Fam. Buprestidae pp. 49-

338 In Wytsman, P. (Ed.) “Genera Insectorum” Fasc.

12b; 12c; 12d. (Verteneuil & Desmet, Bruxelles).

OBENBERGER, J. (1934) Buprestidae 4 pp. 782-934 In Junk,

W. & Schenkling, S. (Eds) “Coleoptorum Catalogus”

Part 143 (W, Junk, ‘s-Gravenhage).

THOMSON, J. (1879) “Typi Buprestidarum Musaei

Thomsoniant” Appendix 1A (Paris, Emile Deyrolle, rue

de la Monnaie, 23).

NEW SPECIES OF OTIONELLINA AND SELENARIA

(BRYOZOA-CHEILOSTOMATA) FROM THE SOUTH WEST

SHELF, WESTERN AUSTRALIA

By T. J. Conroy*, P. L. COOK? & P. E. BOCKT

Summary

Conroy, T. J., Cook, P. L. & Bock, P. E., 2001 New Species of Otionellina and

Selenaria (Bryozoa-Cheilostomata) from the South West Shelf, Western Australia.

Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 125(1), 15-23, 31 May, 2001

Recent sediment samples recovered from the mid-latitude South West Shelf (SWS) of

Western Australia (23°- 32° S) by a scientific team aboard the RV Franklin have

produced large numbers of free-living, lunulitiform bryozoans. Among these are three

undescribed species, Otionellina boneae sp. nov., Selenaria kayae sp. nov., and

Selenaria meganae sp. nov. The Australasian lunulite fauna is both diverse and

abundant and the new species bring the total of described taxa to sixty (P. Cook

unpub.). Twelve lunulite species have been recorded from the SWS. These findings

have extended the known geographical range of several lunulite species.

Key Words: Otionellina boneae sp. nov., Selenaria kayae sp. nov., Selenaria meganae

sp. noy., new species, lunulite bryozoans, South West Shelf, Western Australia.

Trmiaetions of lie Kovedl Sacre ef 8. Ausr (2001), 1511). 15-23.

NEW SPECIES OF OTIONELLINA AND SELENARIA (BRYOZOA-CHEILOSTOMATLA)

FROM THE SOUTH WEST SHELF, WESTERN AUSTRALIA

hy T.J. Conroy”, P. L. Coon? & PE. Bockt

Summary

Caoskov. T

J. Conk, Rob. & Book. Po oR 2001 New specs of Orionelfing and Selenertic (Beryozin-

Cheilostomuiy tram the South West Shelf Western Aastealin. Trav, R. See. 8. Atise 125C1). 15-23. 31 May

2004.

Recent sediment samples recovered from the miclatitude South West Shelf (SWS) of Western Australia (23!

- 32°S) bya scientific team abourd the RY Franklin have produced large numbers of free-living, lunulititorm

bryoveais, Anion these ace three undesenbed species, Oonelline boneue sp. nov. Selenuria kiyae sp. ney.

and Selenarie megande sp. nov. The Austealaskit Jonulite fauna ts both. div

ind wbundint and the new

species bring the tolalot described tiga to sixty (P Cook Unpab.). Twelve lunulite species huve been recorded

from the SWS. These findings have extended the known geographical cange of several lunulite species,

Kiy Worps: Qronelling Honeae sp, nov. Srlequrta kiyae sp. noy Selenearia megunae sp. nov. ew species,

Junulile bryozoans. South West Shelf, Western Australia,

Introduction

The mid-latitude continental margin of Western

Australia represents a (ransidion from cool water cor-

bomite production to warin-Wwater tropical carbonate

production (Vig, [Conroy 1996!) This paper pro-

vides the frst documentation of the nature. density

und distribution of Recent lunulite bryozoans on the

SWS. Despite extensive research on the Leeuwin

Current, the bollam sediments of the wive-dominal-

cd. open continental shelf are relatively unreported

upon.

Detailed analysis Of the sediments collected by a

selenite (eam abourd the RV Franklin in 1896 has

revealed the presenee of 12 species of lunulite bry-

ozoans, three of which ure hitherto undescribed.

These bryovouns include two

Helisolionella, He spiralis (Chapman 193) and HW,

scutita (Cook & Chimonides 1984b). three of

Orionellina, O. australix (Cook & Chimonides

198Sb). 02 nite Maplestone. 1909 and OL Ponede

sp. nov.. live of Selenearia. So meculita (BY (Busk

TSS52b). 8. piettien (Tenison-Woods 1880), 8. vert

“Rep OL Geol ihe Geophysics, Phe Friversityoah Achthathe Sa

SvUS

Cullen -delfess: Santos Dad. Sattes Mouse Ob Ringe Wil St

Adelle SA S000,

Po Sehaol of Beology and Favirvament Busden Cuiipis Benkia

Livery Clayton Vics 3b6a.

Coston, P1996) Vagrant Brvozordne Hom the South West Shell)

WAG Then GIST U Lon TOOT. Seeichiical Chane ren stress

AN relevance 1 pilaececoliiwal studies, BSe Chom Thsrs,

Liniversily ot Adehnde LL

species oof

dats (Cook & Chimonides 1987), 8. kevae sp. hoy,

and $. meganae sp. nov. and two of Lamularta, L.

cupulus (Busk (8520) und 2. reper (Maplestone

1904) (Table 1),

Lunulite bryazouns may be locally abundant und

Jive upon or within the upper layers of the bottony

sediments, supported und stabilised by ihe extended

mandibles of the peripheral and subperipheral avicu-

lari. The avicularian morphology of O. boneae sp,

hoy, Makes it uolikely Uhat it is capable of colony

locomotion like that of OQ. svwanerica (Cook &

Chimonides 1984a), the only species of this genus

which has been observed alive. The colonies of 5.

kayue sp. nov ind S. meganae sp. nov, have no avie-

ulaniin mandibles preserved but their skeletal mor

phology suggests that they had the capacity for loco-

motion, as mt all observed species of Selenarie

Observations on diving material of the three new

species Would assist in the understanding of the cor

relation between skeletal and mandibular morpholo

gy and avicularian Function.

Materials and Methods

Abbreviations ol institutions whieh are reposity

fies of the Specimens referred to in this paper ares

South Australian Museum, Adelaide (SAMA),

Department oF Geology and Geophysics, University

oF Adelaide (UA). Museum Victoria, Melbourne

(MU) British Museum (Natural tistory), London

(BMNH).

Sediment sumples were collected by towing an

epibenthie sled along the sea Poor at ad speed of two

knots for three te five minutes, This provided 4

mixed sample of surhice and subsurlkice miterial

T, J. CONROY, PL. COOK & PE, BOCK

Fig. |. Map of the South West Shelf, Western Australia showing transects, location sites ind bathymetry.

NEW SPECIES OF OTIONELLINA AND SELENARIA, Vv

Tanne | Species eons (rom the SWS,

——_—_—_———

Species Living Non-hving Total

speciinens — specimens

Al scunterter 52 O16 Yor

AL ypuraitty 5 XW 24

Lo sapulas 44 Ro Wo

Loorepunda 0) 1 ne

C2 cresteerlin 3 1340 \42

Cd nitiedis 4 13 Le

O), bontede sp, now 4 64 7

S. center 414 7a LOSS

S. puncreta \2 1924 1936

S. veerns x 309 4u1

S. hee sp, nov. 0 106 1G

S. megane sp, nay. 0) 356 Ie

from adept ol approximately [OO - 150 mom. The

sampling was conducted along (rinseets across (he

continental shell shell edge. slope and abyssal plain

ofthe SWS between 23° and 32'S and from depths

rinvings from 39 - 314 in (Tables 2, 3). Measure-

ments of Ofionellind and Selenaria species wre

revorded in Table 4,

Sea floor sediment samples minge trom 0.4 ke ta 2

ke in weight. Recorded lupulite bryozoan olimbers

are the Lotal number oF lunulite bryozouns present ul

the available sediment samples.

Specimens. were cleaned ullrasomealhy ia 1:50

solution of commercial strength bleach und water

before being wihsed jn detonised water, dried and

coated wilh a gold-pulladiuar mixture for scanning

eleetron microscopy (SEM).

Identification af colonies

Many of the colonies, preserved wilhih the tihe-

grained sea-bottom sediments where they had tryed

und died. were relatively tndamaged and inched

ciiculir structures such as Opercula and uviculirian

miundibles iluer Byen if these were absent, the skele-

fal structure was complete, The amount of wear and

breakage depends both on the nature of (he sediment

and the initial robusiness of the species. Ofenelfing

bone sp.nov, colonies are up Lo Spin in dhameter

and are heavily culeified and flat basally, They are se

robust that they aire generally found as whole colonies

Wilh Uidamaged 7ooids ane so the species are readi-

ly Wentified, Colonies of Seleiaria Aavue sp, nov, are

also basally thickened with Phitlence margins iat (he

periphery of sexually mature colonies forried by cul-

cificd kenozoords: this helps to preserve then in their

entirety. In contrast. colonies Ob dS. megane sp. Woy

are flat and thinly ealeified basally and ure generully

fragile. ‘This species is diffleult (o distingiish from

others unless its colomes arc sexuidly mature and

have an undamaged ancestrulir region,

Systematics

Order Cheiostomutida Busk, (852

Family Otionelidae Bock & Cook, 199%

Genus Offenellind Bock & Cook, 1998

Type speetes: Oifonelle ausiralts

Chimonides. 1985

Cook &

Colonies budded radially fram an dneestrula which

has one distal and one proximal adjacent aviculaci-

um. Basal surlace Mat or coneave, formed by sectors

of porous extrazooidal caleificution, Autozooids with

small rounded or oval opesia and well-developed

cryptoeyal. Brooding vooids marginal with an

enlurged opesia: skeletally distinet male vooids

linknown. Avicularia smaller than autozooids, with

paired condyles, which may be fused in some

species; Opesia symmetrical or asymmetrical, open,

or Closed by a porous eryptoeyst lamina. Mandibles

spoon-shaped, or more clongated, with two expan-

sions and serrate margins, Note that Back & Cook

(1998) separated this genus trom Olionedla devised

by Canu & Bassler (1917).

Otionellina boneae sp_ nov.

(PIGS 2-4}

Material examined

Holawpe: Sarnple 85B. Transect S$, 23° 26.57) 5.

1)3° 45,22" &, 50m, 211.1996, SAMA, SAM L&04

Panuypes. Sample SSB, Trunsect 8, 23° 26,577 5,

}13" 45,22" 2, 50m, 21.40.1996, SAMA. SAM L895,

Orher material, Sumple |OLB, Tramseet Q, 25°

18.29 8, 112° 48.36" BL lOO m, 234.1096, MV,

FH6428; Sumple 1W2B. Transect Q, 25° TK.OL' S,

112° 33.97" BL 121 m, 231.1996, MV, FROA2,

Sample 1O02B. Transect Q. 25° PS.01S, 112" 33.97!

FL I20-1 om, 234.1996, BMNH, 1999.11.18.1,

Sainple 102B, Transeet Q. 25° E8.01' 8, |) 2° 33,97"

BE, 120.1 rm, 23.1-1996, UA.

Deserviption

Colonies bubshaped. solid basally. with ai few

irregular seetor boundaries and small pores: sexually

mature with peripheral brooding zooids by the filth

WO eighth astogenetic generations, Autozooils with

Fie. 2, Onenella Ponede sp, nov, Mandible. Seale bir =

O50 ie

Is T. J. CONROY, P. L, COOK & P.-E, BOCK

TABLE 2. Eenlagical ranges af species fram the SWS,

Species Transects Depth in m, Bottom temp.’ C Salinity. Ye

H. sentata A,D.1.M,Q,8 77,1-221 18.8-22.8 35-35.8

I. spiralis A,D,1.M.N 139-221 17,.3-19.7 35,7-35.8

L. vapulus A,D.M,N 39-139 1§,9-22.2 35,7-35.8

L. repanda A.D 97.158 18.9-19 35-45,8

O, iustralis A,D.1.M.Q,S 50-221 [88-24 35.2-35.8

O, nitide N,Q.S 50-100 22, 8-24 35,2-35.36

O. bonene sp. nov. A.N,Q\S 50-121 22,3-22.5 35-35.4

S, maculata A,D.M.N.O.S 50-22 | 1K, K-24 35-35.8

S. mevanae sp. nov. D\.M,N.Q.S 50-170 18,824 35-36

S. punctate A,D,I,M\N.Q,S 44-203 17.3-22.8 35,2-33.8

5. kavae sp. nov. A,D.M.N.Q 66-221 18.9-23 35.4-36

SL variais A,D.M,Q.S 66-158 18.9-23 35-30

TABLE 4, Deturls of transects.

Line Location Starting latitude and Finishing latitude and

longitude of transect longitude of transect

A NW of Perth 31°45.21" S. 115924. 17' E 31°43.36' S, 115°00.47' B

dD Of Green Head 30°09.47' 8. 114°53.50" E 30°20.31 S, 114°35.57' E

I NW of Geraldton 28°32. 14'S. 114°21.90' EB 28°52.49" §, 113°43.50' E

M NW of Bluff Point 27°27.21" S. 113°57.94' E 27°50,18" S, 1130613" E

N S of Zuytdorp Cliffs 26°54.45' 8, 113°42.33'E 23°18.18" 8, 113°08.65" F

Q N of Shark Bay 25°11.52" §, 113°35.12' E 24°42.00' 8, 113°23.00' E

Ss Cape Farquhar 2328.89" 8, 113°37.02' LE 23°17. S. 113°02.71' B

TABLE 4. Measurements in mm of species ef Otionellina and Selenaria described here,

Otionellind banede sp. nev.

Selenaria kavae sp. nov.

Selenaria meganue sp. nov.

Lan 0.46-0.50 0.13-0.16 0.18-0,24

lan ().23-0.25 O11-0.13 Q.12-0,15

Le 0,30-0,39 0).21-0.25 ().24-0,27

Fa 0.27-0,37 0).25-0.27 Q),.24-0.27

Lop O1LON3 O.08-OL.13 O.08-0, 12

lop 0.09-0, 01 0,08-0.09 O.O8-0.11

Lhrz, 0.28-0,38 0),20-0.26 0).20-0.25

Ihrz 0).35-0,40 (.25-0.31 ().22-0,25

Lhrop O.13-O.15 O.1T-0.14 0.08-0.10

Ibrop O.13-O.15 O11-0.13 0,08-0.09

Lm —_ 0,23-0.35 0,25-0.33

Im a 0,29-0.35 0),25-0.26

Linop a 0.07-0.09 Q,18-0.22

lmop aos. 0.07-0.08 0,.07-0.08

Lav 0.14-0.3 0.25-0.35 (),22-0.37

lay Q.15-0,26 0.29-0.40 0, 19-025

Length and width of ancestrula (Lan, lan); length and width of autozooid (Lz, 12); length and width of autozooid opesia

(Lop. lop): length and width of brooding zooid (Lbrz, Ibra): length and width of brooding zooid opesia (Lbrop, Ibrap):

length and width of male zooid (Lim, Im): length and width of male zooid opesia (Lmop, Imop); ); length and width of avie

wlarium (Lay. lav}.

NEW SPECIES OF OTIONELLINA AND SELENARIA. 19

Fig. 3. Onionella boneae sp. nov. Whole colony with ances-

trula, directed to the right and periancestrula autozooids

with long gymnocysts, Seale bar = 0.50 mm.

Fig. 4. Otionella boneae sp. nov. Autozooids, marginal

brooding zooids and avicularia. Scale bar = 0.20 mm.

raised margins but rim of cryptocyst deficient distal-

ly with small protuberances. Opesia oval. Brooding

zooids with circular opesia and no protuberances.

Avicularia in contiguous radial series, symmetrical

with elongated open opesia and paired condyles.

Mandible clongated with a terminal expansion and

slightly serrated margins. Basal avicularia absent

Etymology

Named for Y. Bone, Department of Geology and

Geophysics, University of Adelaide.

Remarks

QOnonelling boneae sp. nov, resembles QO. nitida

from the southern and eastern coast of Australia in its

raised zooids and contiguous radial series of avicu-

laria. The avicularia differ in having an open opesia

with no cribriform cryptocyst lamina, Another some-

what similar species, O. zelandica (Cook &

Chimonides 1984a), has distinctly asymmetrical

avicularia which only rarely occur in distal contigu-

ous pairs marginally. The distal cryptocyst protuber-

ances of O, boneae sp, noy, resemble those of fossil

O. cupola (Tenison-Woods 1880), However, QO,

cupola has distinct brooding zooids with tubercules

which O. boneue sp. noy. lacks (Cook & Chimonides

19856),

Otionellina honeae sp. nov. appears to be a distinct

Western Australian species. The two colonies from

Site 85 ure significantly larger (diameter 5 mm at the

cighth astogenetic generation) than those [rom Site

101 (diameter 2.5 min at the sixth astogenetic gener-

ation). The opercula and mandible are dark brown,

the mandibles are longer than those of O. zelandica

which they otherwise resemble. The longest, from a

seventh generation position, measures 0.82 mm com-

pared to 0.5-0.65 mm for O, zelandica, No basal

avicularia are present at colony maturity.

Family Selenariidae Busk, 1854

Genus Selenaria Busk, 1854

Type species: Lunulites maculata Busk, [852

Description

Colonies budded radially from an ancestrula which

rarely has any adjacent avicularium. Basal surface

formed by extrazooidal calcification with radial sec-

tor boundaries and pores. Autozooid opesia some-

times with paired opesiules. Colonies composed of

concentric zones. of closed central zooids, auto-

vooids, female zooids and marginal male zooids.

Avicularia very large, scattered, with a complex condyle

and musculature system and, very often, a complete

cryptocyst. Mandibles elongated and setiform.

ait) Lo CONROY PI

Selenaria appears to be distinet from all other

lunulitey genera and 18 revarded as (he only member

allribuluble to the Pamily Selenanidae by Bock &

Cook (1998, 1999),

Selenaria kayae sp. nov.

(FIGS 5, 4)

Muterial exanineel

Holotype: Sample TOOB, Tramseet Q, 257 1796'S.

112° S913" BO 771 om, 231.1996, SAMA, SAM

LAY,

Puratypes: Sample 1O0B,“Transeet QO, 25° 17,96' §

1/2" 59.13! BE, 770 om, 23,1996, SAMA. SAM

L897.

Other mneteriak. Sample LOU, Trinseet Q, 25°

I¥.29' 5, 112" 48.36' BL 100 m, 234.7906, MV,

PS6427; Sample 102B, Tramseet QO, 25° 1%.05' 8,

112° 33.97" BL t21. om, 24.0,1996. MY, rh 20;

Sumple 102B, Transect Q, 25° 18.05’ S, 119° 33.97!

FE, 121.1 m, 234.1996, BMNH, 1999.1),18.2;

Sample 1028. Transeet Q, 25° 18,05" S, 112° 33.97'

BK. 127.1 m, 23,7,1996, UA

Dexseription

Selenaria with colonies reaching a diameter of 4

HT ah astogenelic generations and sexual maturity

Basal surtaee becoming Mattencd, with thick caleit-

cation and a distinct *edge* murzinally, formed by

bin

“Uisfinet citcihed edae maraintly., Scale bar =O0.50 nin

5. Sefleria have ap. how Whole colony, mature, will

COOK & PLE. BOCK

kenozooids on the frontal surface. Sector boundaries

very faint and pores absent except at the periphery,

Autozooids with slightly clongaled D-shaped opesia.

lomuale brooding zooids wilh higer opesia and very

slightly raised distal cit, Male vooids with minute

vpesmt and paired opesiules proximally. Aviculuria

large, with punetate eryplocyst and S$ shaped

condyle system. Colonies have no itaet mandibles,

which are assumed to have been setiform.

Eryniology

Named for K, Conroy, the mother of the priucipal

duithor

Remarks

Selena kavee sp. nov, closely resembles

minor (Muplestone lOll) which heen

redescribed by Cook & Chithonides (1985). tt dil

fers frond. miner in a shorter aulozooid opesia. in

lacking a raised overhanging fhinge atthe distal end

of the brooding zooid and in the presence of paired

opesiules in the male zooids, The that henozoordal

‘edge” Of Mature colonies and the large avicularia

wilh S-shaped condyles are very dike those at 8.

miner, Two other species of Selenaria, &. pulchella

(Mactiillivray [895) and & (Cook &

Chimonides }985a), also have only the male zootbs

has

Waller sy

hi G Selenerid kaye sp. moy. Autovneids feraule and

Toe Indra kenowonils aod aviduloen erly

PUINELe CY ploeyet Seale bar =() 2mm.

NEW SPECIES OF OTIONELLINA AND SELENARIA, 2\

with opesiules but have quite different autozooidal

opesiae. Se/enaria pulchella and S. watersi: have

rounded and trifoliate opesia respectively, whilst S.

kavue sp. nov. has elongated D-shaped opesia.

Selenaria pulchella and 3S, watersi have avicularia

with C-shaped, reflexed condyle systems in contrast

to §. kayae sp. noy. which has S-shaped condyle sys-

tems (Cook & Chimonides 1985a).

Selenaria meganae sp. nov.

(FIGS 7-9)

Material examined

Holotype: Sample 100B, Transect Q, 25° 17.96" S,

112° 59.13" E, 77.1 m, 23.1.1996, SAMA, SAM

L898.

Paratypes: Sample 1OOB, Transect Q, 25° 17.96’ S,

112° 59.13’ E, 77.1 m, 23.1.1996, SAMA, SAM

L899,

Other material: Sample 101B, Transect Q, 25°

18.29’ S, 112° 48.36’ BE, 100 m, 23.41.1996, MV,

F86425; Sample 101B, Transect Q, 25° 18.29" S,

[12° 48.36’ KE, 100) m, 23.13.1996, BMNH,

1999.11.18.3; Sainple 101B, Transect Q, 25° 18.29!

S, 112° 48.36" B. 100 m, 23.1.1996, UA. Fig. 8. Selenaria meganae sp. nov, Ancestrula area, direct-

ed upwards, with distinct proximal cryptocyst and na

adjacent avicularia. Scale bar = 0.20 mm.

Deycripiton

Colonies thinly calcified, basal surface not much

thickened. with radial sector boundaries and numerous

‘

Fig. 9. Selenarie meganee sp. noy, Autozooids, female

Fig. 7, Selenaria megenae sp. nov. Whole colony, mature, brooding zooids, raised distally, mule zooids with nar

ancestrula directed left. Seale bar = 1,00 mm. row opesia and avicularia. Scale bar = 0.20 mm.

ra] TJ. CONROY. PLA €

pores. Sexually mature ula diameter of 4 mm and the

eit astogenene genenition. Anvestrula wilh a dis-

finel proximal eryptocyst and ne adjident avicularia,

Autozooid opesia clongated, D-shaped, not hecoming,

proportionally longer with wstogeny. Pemale broodiny,

zoids very slightly raised distally: male zooids small,

will very narrow opesia, slightly constricted lateral-

ty. Avichhuia not very large, 0,22-0.37 mm in length

amb O,19-0,25 mom in width, with sparrow rinvef gym

Hoeystamd eryplocyst and an clongated, “pen opesia,

Condyle system reflexed, C-shaped; mandible jot pre-

served, bulussumed to be setilprm,

Etymology

Numed tor M. Sivith of Santos Ltd,

Remarks

Selendria meganee sp. nov. closely resembles both

S. varity and S. evasperansy (Cook & Chirnondes

1987). [differs from §, varias in the consistency of

(he proportions of the autozooid opesit, which do vol

beeome more clongated with astogeny. Also 5.

mevenae sp. Ov hus narrower male zooids, (0,07-

0.0% i) Compared to those OFS, varios (024-024

niin, Hedhiffers from 8, exeasperaas in the absence of

any avicularia adjacent to the aneesirutia anc its more

clongated, D-shaped autosuoid Qpesia.

The three species of Se/enaric appear Wy be closely

related and far a witerestit complex, It is dill

cull lo distinguish individuals of each Lason witless

the colony has a well-preserved aneestrulir arew wid

is sexually mature. Selenearia variaas occurs with &

Inegdnhae sp, nov, fron Western Australia, Both S,

varie and §, exayperans occur together from the

Grear Australian Bight (Bock & Cook 199) but

most records are from Bass Strait. Selenite werrieains

is also found in New South Wales (Cook

Chimonides 1987),

Discussion

The collections of bryozouns from Western

Australia otter an estimate of the diversity and

COOK & BoE, BOCK

ubundanee of lanulite hryozouns from the Sauth

West Shell This so includes range extensions for

sever species, Helinolionella spiralis and My weita-

moawere previously known from the Jurien Bay dis-

trict of Western Australia (Parker & Cook 1994). The

sulviples from the South West Shelf extend: the

reeorded range ef A. seutate north lo Cape Farquhar

(approximately 23°30" S) and of Mf. spiralis north ro

Zuytdorp CHIL (upproxtacly 26°45" $8) where

Lunulirid capulas (lse appears. Lighidleavia repetnda

fas How heen recerled from Green Head (approxi-

imately 30° S) The range of Onerelling aiyrealiy and

O. pire. together with Selenenta maculata. 5, pune

fete and SL veiriee has alse been extended even

further to vortraf Cape Furqubian Phe bathymetric:

minge ol UL spirativ und A, seufaia has been extend

ed by 73 m te 221 Selenide macitera and S.

panetie tre The Iwo mest commat spectes collected

from the SWS and account for more than 25% ofall

{tinuliles recovered, Tas interesting la mote (hal,

ulthough a large number of tuouliie colonies wats col

fected. the majority (79%) were not living when

retrieved (Table 1),

The ceological and geographies! ranges of all

species, mchiding O. bonede sp. rave S. kava sp

my. and 3S. megane sp. neve and are babulared: on

Table 2

Acknowledgements

We should Tike to thank Yo Bone (University uf

Adeliide) for providing most al the funds for tris

research project from an ARC Grant, S. Hagen

(Appalachian State University, USA) for discussions

on bryozoan taxonomy und life forms. M. Spence

Jones (British Museum Natural History, Landen) tor

providing registration puimbers, L, ‘Talbot and

Tatlett for scanty electron microscope training for

the principal author (CEMMSA). P. Chinnock for his

support during the prmeipal authier’s honours yveur.

The Oceanography Department of the CSIRO, and the

Master anu crew of CSIRO RV. Arauklit lor theit

ecoopeniuon and assistinee in the collection af sum-

ples trom the South West Shelfol Westen Austealit

References

Bock, PE, & Cook, PL, (1998) Otionellidie, a new fan

ily oof five frow-living, lunwitiferm Bryozeu

(Cheilostomuatida), Mer, Sci Geol, 50, 195-211,

& (1999) Notes an Ternary aml

Recent “lomlite’ Bryuzus from Australia. (Aid, $1, 415-

4a).

Bosr. G. 1 t852i) An account ol the Polyvou and sertihiri-

un Zoophytes. Appendix, pp. 345.385 7 Maceilliveay, J,

(huh Nararive af the Voyuie ot BIMS aries 1

(Lowden.

(NS 2b) Catulogue of Marine Polyzoa in the

Collection of the British Museum, Purt 1. Cheilostomann

(part). Lrustecs of the British Musewn (Natural History).

vi-vili, 1-54.

(1854) Catalogue of Marine Polyzon in the

Collection of the British’ Museum, Part Uh, Cheilostomuati

(part). (bel. iii-vili, 55-120),

Camu, b & Bassin, BROS. (L917) A synopsis of Aerian

Tertiary chevlostomme Bryazow Ball 18 nel Mis 96.

I-KT

Cook, P. L. & CHIMONIDES,

NEW SPECIES OP OTIONELLINA AND SELENARIA. 23

1APMAN, FP. (1913) Descriptions of new and rare fossils

obtained by deep boring in the Mallee. Proc, R. Soc. Vict.

26, 165-191,

P. J. (1978) Observations on

living colonies of Selenaria (Bryozoa Cheilostomata).

Cah. Bio, Mar 19, 147-158.

& — (l98&4a) a and fossil

Lunulitidae (Bryozoa, Chelalosicmatas The genus

Otionella from New Zealand. J. Nat. Hist. Ke 227-254,

(1984b) Recent and fossil

Lunulitidae (Bryozoa, Cheiolostomata) 2. Species of

Helixotionella gen. nov. trom Australia 2. [bid, 18, 255-

270.

& (1985a) Recent and fossil

Lunulitidae (Bryozoa Cheilostomata) 3. ‘Opesiulate’ and

other epeciés of Selenaria, sensu lato, (bid. 19, 285-322,

— (1985b) Recent and fossil

Lunulitidae (Bryozoa Cheilostomata) 4, American and

Australian species of Otionella, Ibid. 19, 575-603.

& —— (1987) Recent and fossil

Lunulitidae

(Bryozoa Cheilostomata) 7. Seleneria

maculata (Busk) and allied species from Australasia,

Ibid. 21, 933-966.

Mapetestone, C, M. (1904) Notes on the Victorian fossil

Selenariidae, and descriptions of some new species

(Recent and fossil), Prac, R, Soe. Viet, 16, 207-217.

(1911) The results of deep-sea investigations in

the Tasman Sea, No. 5, Polyzoa, Supplement. Rec. Aust.

Mus. 8, 118-119.

MAcGILLIVRAY, P. H. (1895) ‘A monograph of the Tertiary

Polyzoa of Victoria’. Trans, R. Soc, Vict. 4. 1-166.

(1909) The Results of the deep-sea

investigations in the Tasman Sea, 1. The Expedition of

HCMS “Miner”, 5. The Polyzoa. Rec. Aust. Mus. 7, 267-

273.

Parker, S, A. & Cook, P. L. (1994) Records of the

Bryozoan family Selenariidae from Western Australia

and South Australia, with a SeneHP yon of a new species

of Selenaria Busk, 1854 Rec. S. Ausi. Mus, 27.1-11.

TrENNISON-Woons, J. E. 1880. On the recent and fossil

species of Australian Selenariadae (Polyzoa), Trans.

Philos. Soc. Adelaide for 1880, 1-12.

A TAXONOMIC REVISION OF THE CAMPONOTUS

MACROCEPHALUS SPECIES GROUP (HYMENOPTERA:

FORMICIDAE) IN AUSTRALIA

By A. J. MCARTHUR®* & S. O. SHATTUCKT

Summary

McArthur, A. J. & Shattuck, S. O. (2001) A taxonomic revision of the Camponotus

macrocephalus species group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Australia. Trans. R. Soc.

S. Aust. 125(1), 25-43, 31 May, 2001.

Australian ants in the Camponotus macrocephalus species group are reviewed. The

group is defined here for the first time and contains eleven species including three

new and one raised from subspecific to specific rank. In addition, five new synonyms

are proposed. The species placed in this group are: C. anderseni sp. nov., C. annetteae

sp. nov., C, conithorax Emery. C. howensis Wheeler, C. gasseri (Forel), C. janeti

Forel, C. janforrestae sp. nov., C. mackayensis Forel (previously a subspecies of C.

reticulatus), C. macrocephalus (Erichson), C. sanguinifrons Viehmeyer and C, vitreus

(Smith). The new synonyms are: C. gasseri coloratus Wheeler, C. gasseri lysias Forel

and C. gasseri obtrusitrumcatus Forel with C. gasseri and C. fictor augustulus

Viehmeyer and C. semicarinatus Forel with C. macrocephalus. The queens and major

workers of these species display varying degrees of phragmosis from weak to very

strong and the worker caste is dimorphic. Most are arboreal nesters.

Key Words: Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Formicinae, Camponotus, arboreal ants,

phragmosis.

Drnsartiony of the Reval Seeiety ofS Vast. (2001), 1251), 25-45.

A TAXONOMIC REVISION OF THE CAMPONOTUS MACROCEPHALUS SPECIES

GROUP (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) IN AUSTRALIA

by A, J. MeArtiur® & 8.0. Saarruck’

Summary

MeARTHER. ALL xe SHAPPUCK, SO. (20010) 4 taxonomic revision at the Clomponotis macroephaliy species

group (hlymenoplera: Formicidae) i Australia. Tes. Ay Sue 3 Aus, T2500). 25-43-31 May. 2001

Australian ants in the Ceenperoltis macrerphales species poop are reviewed. The sroup is defined bere lor

the Mrs tine mid contains eleven species including (hree new aud yne raised from subspeeiic lo specific rank.

In uddition, five new Synonyms are proposed. The species placed in this group are: OC) cvidersent sp. nov. ©

winettede sp. ney. Co conthoruy Emery, C. howensis Wheeler, Cl xisser? (Forel Co jane Borel. ©.

junferreside sp Nov C. qeckedvesiy Forel (previously a subspecies of Co rencufati), (2 macrocephalas

(Lrichson). ©) seeweuiifions Vichmeyer and CL vitrens (Sanit), The new synonyiis abe: C gassel coloritis

Wheeler, © gaaserr fyoteay Forel ind ©. gesseri obbowiirimmcatis Borel with Co casseer, ad ©) fieter cui stilis

Viehmever ane OC. aenueurmaits Vorel with Co marncephalis, The queens and major workers of Ihese species

display varying deyrecs of phriuzmosis From qweuk to very streng and the worker custe is dimorphic. Most are

dvhoreal Westers

Ky Wowbs: Hymenoplerd. Formicidae. Formicinae, Camponalis, arboreal ants, pheaginosis.

Introduction

Species in the genus Cuiponotuy Mibyr ure

widespread in Austria yet few ob the 120 deserted

species can be identified with certainty becuse

revision ofthe group is lacking. Charucters detining

Camponotus in Australia ave deseribed by Shattuck

(1990). Our objective bere ts to define a small group

of apparently related species and revise them at

spevies level, ldendlication of the mudintand speeies

is based on characters af minder workers us majors

seldon) leave the nest andeare therefore infrequently

encountered. This will be especially uselul fur those

USINg iits as environmental iodivators particularly

when manloring disturbunve (Hoffman etal. 2000).

The subseas Colobopsis

Most of the speeies treated here have been placed

inthe subyenus Celabapsty Maye by earlier workers.

The exceptions are Camponotus janeti Forel and ©.

Muckavensiy Forel which were pliccd in subgenis

Mvyrmamblys Forel.

Mayr (1861) established both Cuapetetis und

Colobopsix as Vall venera, Emery (1869) first

proposed Colobapais as a subgenus of Camponelis

although Bingham (903) cantinued to recognise

Colohupyiy as a genus. Wheeler (1904) supported

Lmery’s subgeneric concept and subsequent works

have followed suit. The subgeneric classification of

Camponotus Was fot pravern particularly usetil.

Amery (1896) was the (Pst to attempt lo subdiyiue

= South AUAUHN MUSEU fyorthe Force Adehude SA StOOL

* CSIRO Entomology, PO Box | 700 Canberra ACT en

the genus ilo subsets by creating 26 subgenera,

Tlowever Borel (1914) disagreed wilh the proposed

classification ais be found if impossible to

“disentangle the muluril phylogeny of the genera”,

Later, Emery (1925) listed 40. subgenera created by

himsell and olbers and produged a key bused on

morpholayieal characters: He characterized

Colohopsis as “head more or less cylindrical and

obliquely ttuneated™ and Mynnanblys as head more

or less distinctly truncated or obluse anterioriy. He

placed conihoray Emery, fictor Forel, gasseri Forel,

senguinifrony Viehmeyer and witrevy Smith in the

subvents Colohupsis and fanen Forel and

meackayensiy Borel in the subgenus Adyrarniblys.

These placements have heen followed, withoul

vomment, since.

The subgencric classification was quened by

Brown (1972), He deseribecd it as “weak aad

inconsistent, This view was repealed by Bolton

(1995) who stressed that many of the subgenera in

Camponerns “were weak. poorly defined jind

untrustworthy’. We suppert this view and can lind

Titde utility te the ecorrent chissification. This. is

especially true for the subgenus Colehopsiy, The

subgenus has accnimulated species of Camponanis

which ure phragmotic with little crotieal analysis of

how they mity be related to other phragmotie species.

It 1S wppurent (hat w number of unrelated groups has

been artificially assembled within this subgenus and

the group is Undoubtedly polyphyletic. This is based

on the morphology of the mesosama. especially that

of the propodeum, the mandibular dentiion and the

clypeal structure and its relationship with

phragmotism 1 major workers Gif soine speeies the

26 AT MoARTIIUR & 5.0. SHATTUCK

posterior region of the clypeus ts angled: in others it

is flat), Unfortunately, resolving the Celatapysiy

predicament will require examining a wide range of

lixa On wu world-wide basis, an lindertuking well

outside The scope of (he Curent projeet, Because ol

(his, lhe species group proposed here muy be broken

into wd number of wroups in the future. However, the

purpose Of this paper is to resolve the species-level

taxonomy Of part of the Australian Coampenetian

fauna, We believe the recognition of this group is

aceeptuble as it Forms aimoderite sized group that is

Well defined, a situation not found previously,

The Campanolis nacrocephaliy species eroup as

described here should not be confused with the

ephippium species group, the deseription of whieh ts

in preparation, Camponotis ephippiin group major

workers Have been observed using their heads to

hlock soil nest entrances bul the truncated portion ol

the unteriar head is rounded and noras Pat, We lore

lemurs are not swollen, and the cheeks are swollen

compared with Co meerocephalis group species.

Also, ©, ephippiue group species nest in sail

whereas C. macrevephalis group species generally

Hest in wees,

Material

Mevisurenenttn

CAR W = inaxiinum frontal carina width; CLY W

=clypeus width measured between lentorial pits; LL

= vye Jength in dorsal views HW = maximum head

width in dorsal views HT = maximurni head thiekness

i) lateral views HE = head length measured trom

anterior imiurgin of elypeus to yverlea, PW =

maximum pronotal width in dorsal views NW = node

width if dorsal view: Tho= length af mid tibiae.

Seale lines = | mim,

Location of inalerial examined

ANIC = Australian National Tnseet Collection,

Cinberru, ACT; Curtin = Curtin University, WA;

COMNE = Museum d’istoire Naturelle, Geneva,

Switzerland, MCG = Museo Civies dt Storia

Naturale “Giacomo Doria’. Genoa, Italy; MCZ =

Museoin of Comparative Zoology, Harvard

University, Cumbridge, USA; SAMA = South

Australian Museum, Adelaide, SA; ZAMB = Museurn

tur Nalurkunde an der Universitaet Pumboldl 4u

Berlin, Germany,

Collectors af material examined

AC, A. Calder; AIM, A_d. MeArthur: ALE, ALL.

Hertog; AML, A. M. Lea; AS. A. Salvaranis AZG,

Adelaide Zoo Guides; BBL, B. B. Lowery; BFR. B.

I. Rogers: BIW, B. J, Walkers BPM, B. PM,

Hylind, CDM, C.D. Michener: DUC, D. H. Colless:

DIC. DB. J, Cook: DPIQ, Department of Primary

Industry, Queenshind: EC. EB, Cameron: MPR, E. E.

Rick; BOM, E.G. Mathews; EK, Keuney, EY, Bs,

Youunant PAC) FA, Cudmere; PPD. BR, P. Dou:

Peu, Feuerherdt; GCh, G. Churchelty GBM. G. B.

Monteith; GFG.G, 7. Gross; GPH, G. hb, Hitk GT G.,

Turner; HON, LD. Nauimanny J&L, J de oN.

Lawrence; JAR J, A, Porrest: JAH. J, A, Herridge;

JAh. J. Ahlers: JBS, J. B. Stuckey; ICC, 1 ©.

Cardale; ICG, C, Goudie: JOLL Chirk JDM, 1 BD

Majer: JER J.B. Feehan: JID. 11. Davis; JMe. J

McAreavey; IS. J. Sedlavek, JT, J. Toma KP K.

Pullen: LHM, L. Ho Minchin, EW, L. Weatheril,

MIN, MJ, Neave; MLS, M. [.. Sippsons NMI. N-

M. Pludsons PIED Pod. Barghers PIM. PM.

Greenslade, PSW, PS. Ward: RAB, R. A. Barrett:

RAP, R.A, Perkins, RE, R, Bostwood; RHM, R. HH,

Mew: RR, R, Robinson; RSB, R, S, Bungey: RVS,

R. VY. Southeort, RWT. RW. Taylor; SOS. 8. ©.

Shattuck; SEP, South Australian National Parks

South East Fauna Survey: TAW, TA. Weir TC, f.

Cro, TG, T. Greaves; Tur, Turmer; WOO, Woe

Crawley; WLB, W. L. Brown, WMW. W. M.

Wheeler: WR, W. Raflertys YS. Yo Sakuri,

Genus Camponotus Mayr [S61

Diagnosiy af Camponotus macrocephalus species

eroup workers In Aistalta

Fore Temurs swollen, niuch greater rm diameter

than imiddle and bind femurs, generally more

swollen than in anost other Cammpunaltis species (Pi.

1), Major workers and queens show. distinet

phragmosis, ie. the anterior of the head is iruhested

Swollen favs Lot at

ba thiyyrirnatay sromp

Cire with

Hyrethve on ianhe oh ibid

Die. |, Compononis neaeror phates group, Morphology ot

{he lone lee showing the swollen Fore lemurund absence

of bial bristles compared with C, eramsebrinns. Seale bar

= |omm,

REVISION OF MACRKOCEPHALUS !

Pip 2. Companories sangitiiifians. Anterior view al head at

mageir worker showlie phmginosis and chive setae,

Seale bat = (nin

and (Mattened (Pig. 2). Workers are dimorphic, he.

mayor abd) miner workers have practically no

inlermediwies as shown by head measurements (Fh.

(1). Spines or bristles on the lower surfuces of the

tibiae lacking, Or ab most, only one or two (most

Cuponolis species possess two rows of Sto 10

spines) (Pig. 1),

The Camponotus qacrocephulus species group

“an be divided into diree complexes as Tollows:

| Wrreas Complex: comprises ammetieae, CONMAOPE,

vasser, jdnlorrestde and vitreis This group is

characterised by the depressed mebuwotal groove anid

high, arched propodeum.

2, Mdecrecepliliy, Complex: comprises anderseni,

howensis and jraerocephaliy, all possessing u thn

mesosonil dorsal surface and an cleyated propodea|

mle

4. janeti complex comprises junend, mackayvensis and

sen guinifrans, all possessing a@ more evenly convex

Wiesasoma,

Bialowy

Nests of these antsare penerally found iy galleries

or tunnels which had been constructed in trees. and

Shrubs by another insect. The nests are common in

dead and living branches where the diameter exceeds

40 mm, Nests dsually baye only one entrance which

is blocked ina remarkable way, A major worker tses

its head dike a cork to close the circular entrance, Ihe

dhimeter of which is only slightly greater tha the

worker's head. The heads ol nmiajor workers and

queens dire more or less circular in Cross section with

(he witeriog partion truncated, Mat ind atten deeply

und coursely sculptured, cumoullaging (he entratice

when tt is blocked, When the ‘door keeper removes

its heal from the hole, there is enough spuce to allow

anes mute to pass. Major workers are able tonuct us

living dours becuse they have evoalved a

chanteteristie Wit or phragmoue face (front Greek

phraumos, Verner or feneing in). Wheeler (1904)

has shown that workers wishing lo gain entry upped

to Conmmunicute to the “door keeper” by its clypeus or

mandibles, as all other sensitive parts, notably the

eyes and antennie, are loo fu out of reach to receive

sumuli from outside the entrance, Wheeler (1904}

and Donisthorpe (1948) suggest ‘that in) Burape,

workers af Camponoatis (Colobopyixy truncate

Spinola (1808) are capable oF excavating hard wood

for their homes. a babit pet found in Australi

species Which show a preference for rotten wood or

preformed cuviies. In Australia. galleries used by

hese ants ure probably excavated primarily hy

rermites,

Key to the minor workers Camponotus

macrocephalus species group in Australia

1. Number ol ereet setac on dorsuntof mesosoma

greater than 3.022222... - -. a

Number of reel sctue on dorsum of Mecsosoni

fess than 5 Collen O) , attitet te, vign

2. Erect setae on dursum of mesosonmu short (Vengih

< hal GL) (Pigs 5,6) 02.2. dimeneae sp. nay

Erect setae on dorsulty) of inesosome long (engl

Sha El) ce re-Bid-t bad

3. Dorsal surface of propodcunt coneave (Pigs 1h,

1) ean oer ee ROI an MACkKUvennty

Dorysil surface of propodeun fat or convex . 4

4, Doprsil surhice of propodeum thik or weakly

wonvex (Pigs I IEP junelf

Dorsal surfiee of peveaideuin strongly COnVes

and dome-like. 22 a:

» Underside of hewed with Steer stile (Fi igs LO, 17)

Sy egw aitlas'p ate ) jaufurrestue sp. nov,

Underside of head hieking erect setae (Figs 24,

25). ea hee acl Poa ces . VIreuts

6 Propadeum separated from mesonotyin by un

angina metunolul groove . an dee dle 7

Propodeum and mesonoium in uppronximately

the same plane and forming a eantinuous

surfdces Metanotal groove essentially absent... 8

7. Propodeum cone-like, ity dorsal and) posterior

faces meeting io an ungle bein 7,

isectiepehel cafe de ejebre cups Ah ate CONMMEIN

Propodeun hemispherical, ats “dorsal und

posterior faves rounding gradually into each

other (Pigs 8 TO ee ee maser

8. Dorsal face of propodeutn relatively lone

cofpared 1 posteriog fee cratio propodeal

dorsum/declivity > 1.5) (Rigs 22, 23)

ban aoa abe aee ape ett tt te ttett lene wre eh saneuialf[rons

Dorsal face of propodenm relatively short

compared to posterior Tawe (ratio propadeal

dorsum/declivity < 1.5). ae S14

9 Eyes placed unteriorly, much closet: rt) 2 mandibles

than vertex (Pigs 3, 4) _anderseni sp. Wwv.

Eyes pliced near midline of head, slightly closer

28 A I MbARTHUR & S.O. SHATTUCK

to vertex than mandibles... ¢. 0.02262. 10

10. Mandibles tn major workers smooth and with

shallow fovae, rayae weak und limited to the

anterior region of fhe dorsal suefiees limited

to iinitand Australia (Figs 20, 21)

(Pe He ee ns macracepheluy

Mandibles tt major workers with distinet rugae

superimposed over shallow fovae, the pugae

vovering the entire dorsal surtice. ovcurring on

Lord Howe Island (Figs 12.13)... hewensiy

Camponatus anderseni sp. nov.

(PIGS 3, 4)

Hofeinpe: One inajor worker. pinned. Northern

Territory, Leaders Ck, Guin Point, 9/5/98, ALH

(SAMA),

Paraiypes: Three major workers und three minor

Workers im alcohol, same data as holotype (SAMA,

ANIC),

Warker ditenasis

Mesosoima glossy with only a few oreer setae ancl

very sparse indistinet fla-lying setac, Ubiae with

Slightly raised setae; eyes large. clonvated, placed

closer to mandibles than vertex (Pig. 3).

Worker description

Major worker I hitend view, Head: Yellowish

brown, grading darker posteriorly. side with plentiful

smut punetations spaced jast eredter that their

diameter, Plentitul, short, erect setae tending sparse

Pies 3.40 Crmpeneruy andersent sp, nov, 3. Minor worker,

head and mesosoma, ‘The eye is kuree and close to (he

miundibles, Pigs “h Known distribution. Seale bur= | mim.

on the side. with sparse flatlying sekie; antennae

same color as anterior head, vertex with w few short,

thiek setae, underside of head withoul erect setuc,

cye large. much longer dan wide, closer tw

mandibles than vertex. Pronoun: Light red brown,

similar to anterior head, flatly convex with distinet

prosternal stracture, dorsam wilhoul setae or

pubescence, Mesonatumy Light red brown slightly

darker thin head. mostly straight. dorsum without

setae. Metanotuin: Distinet, narrow, spiracle scarcely

protruding. Propodeuny Light red brown, slightly

darker Uhm rest of mesosema, dorsum and declivity

Mostly Straight separated by widely rounded rivht

wigle, glossy. withoul pubescence; declivity shart,

Straight, Upright, spiaele sittated four or five

dhamieters anterior to deetivity, Node and gaster:

Brown, darker than mesosana, Node: Withou

pubeseenee, anterior Mice conver, summit rounded,

posterior fade mostly straight, Gasters Glossy, bore

femur; Brown grossly swollen, Mid tibiar Without

pubescence, will lew adpressed short setae outside.

without bristles inside. tn dorsal view. Head: Sides,

parallel mostly straight; vertex and angles forming

even convexity, seape without pilosity, thiekened

towards funiculis, Frontal carinue siraighh diverging

to wider (han halP PAW: frontal area dikmend shaped.

Amerior inangin distiier, mux IW oa eye contre.

Clypeus, frontal lobes and mest of trontal area

sunken. Clypeus; Anterior margin projectiny,

conves. Tnlegument finely shallowly punetace wilh

plentiful very short, crect setae. without pubeseence.

without cari, In front or rear view. Node summit:

Straight, wide, with few long setae, lh lop view.

Node; Posterior surfiee (Mal, anterior conver.

Minor worker, Tn lateral view. Mesosani, node.

guster und) posterior head similar reddish brown,

amerior Head lighter, Head: Side with few small

Indistinet panekitions, sparse, short, Hitlying selue,

underside of head withoul long setae: seape ane

Funiculus sume color as anterior head: vertex walt

one or two short thick selie: eye nearly dwite as long

as Wide, closer to mandibles than vertex, Pronotun:

Antetior and posterior halves Mat. separated by

widely rounded angle, without setae, Mesonotuiy

Flatly convex, dorsum with one or lwoovery short

ereet sete, Metinoatuns Thinsverse, narrow, spiracle

prominent, well below dorsum, Propodeuny: Glossy:

dorsum and declivity form even convexity, dorsum

with few very short adpressed sete, ratig

dorsum/deeclivity approximately dy spiiele

surrounded by glossy inteviiment, withent

pubescence, sitdated four or five diameters anterior

jo decliyity, Node; Without pubescence, anterior fice

mostly straight: suninit rounded: posterior face

mostly straight. Gaster: Glossy. Pore coxa: | ight red

brown. sliwhily darker abowe. Fore femur: Red

brown, sume color as mesosoma, grossly swollen.

REVISION Ch MACROCEPHALUS ay

Fore tibia dnd Fore tarsus: Red brown same as

mesosorma, Mid tibia; With few decumbent and

udpressed short setae. wilhout bristles insides Ta

dorsal view. Head: Sides and vertex evenly rounded:

seape without pilosity, thickened towards funiculs:

frontal carinae straight, diverging: to wider uhin Holl

HW: frontal area diamond Shaped (ith distinct

anterior mitrging max. HW at eye centre. Clypeus:

Finely and sparsely punctate. without pubescence.

few setae around margin, withoul carina, anterior

marin projecting. convex, Wide. Th front or rear

view, Node summits Widely rounded with a few

Sele.

Mevannurenrents

HW 0O.80-1.20 mm. HL. 0.90-1,30 mm. PW 0,60-

090 min, HT 0.60-0.95 tin BL 032-035 min,

CARW 0.45-0.95 mm. CLYW 0.15 mm. Th 0.65-

O75 mm,

Envimneilouy

Named alter AN, Andersen who recognised (ie

migueness of this dal

Remarks

This species his been found nesting tn the

mungrove Suaneratia alba J, Smith in the Northern

Territory and Kirnberley region of Westem Austria

Wig. 4). At high tide the nesis ure submerged und

during these times major workers use their heads to

block nest entrances (A, N, Andersen. pers, Comm,

2000). While this species is rare and knows from

only a small numberof specimens. iis distinct from

ull others in this group.

Camponvius annetlede sp, nov.

(PIGS 5, 6)

Halawpe: One minor worker pinmed. Carries.

Quecnstand, 9/8/75, BBL (ANIC).

Pardiype: One minor worker, same dala ay holotype

UANIC).

Warker diagieasis

Whole ant clothed in short ereet setic. Mesasoniu

with a deep, wide depression alicud of the

propodcum whieh is raised into a dome (Fig. 5).

Worker deseripuian

Minor worker, Whole ant covered wilh plentiful

while, short, apstaunding setite: red except tor slightly

fighter limbs and dark brown posterior guster, In

lateral view, Head: Glossy, indistinetly reticulite,

few punctalions, vertex bluntly margiped, Pronotim:

High dome with anterior and posterior halves

hiss 5.6. Chnponedis cainelieae sp, noy, 5. Minor worker

head amt mesosomia. Pilosity ts plentilil 6. Kavews

distribution, Seale bar =} mim,

sirmelt. dorsum with few fat-lying additional sete.

feebly punctate, Mesonotuim Suaight, long,

Metunotum: Wide deep trough 0.25 mm wide swith

spiracles protruding to level of dorsal surface.

Propodeum: Domed. near hemispherical, angle well

rounded, declivity sudight; spiracle protruding

rearward surrounded by smooth, glossy, uilegument

with a few short erect and fMat-lying setae, Node:

High, anterior face strongly concave; sumoit sharp.

leaning forward) posterior face convex, Guster: Red

anterior, black posterior, glossy. smooth. fine (lar

lying pubescence, Pore femur: Swollen, Mid (ibis:

Plentilul sub-erect setae outside, without bristles

inside, La dorsal view. Head: Sides, posterior halves

slivhily convex, lapering it slightly; wbterior halves

straight, parallel; cheeks slightly swollen, vertex,

nearly strait. scape with plentiful short erect setae.

Frontal carimaé very wide diverging strongly

scurecly converging pasteriorly, Anterior extremities

of frontal curinae continuing transversely, lorming a

step along postenor elypeus. frontal area narrow

(ransverse; max LEW well antenor ta eye centre, eyes

situled less than hull eye wid(h from corners,

Clypeus: Wide. slightly strate with elongated

punetations, no uuneation. glossy with plentiful

short setae, carina distinet as nurrow Adge on Hattish

elypeus, anterior margin lateral fifths intruding,

median three filths projectitig evenly convex. Tn

front or rearview. Node: Summit widely and deeply

indented with plentiful short erect setae,

Measurements

HW 14 mm, FIL 15 nin, PW LOS mm. PP 0.05

min. EL 0.3 min, CAR W O85 mm, TL 1.3 min.

Aa) NOY MeARTHDR & $. O. SHATTUCK

Kiynmloe:

Named ufter A. Vineent, w scientific Wistratar

Remarks

This tare spocies is uppurently restricted to Tn

North Queensland (Fig. 6). B, B, Lowery collected

speciinens from street trees in Cairns und noted {hal

iL uppeared Lo mimic a red species of Podemnveni.

Although ©. aanerece is known from only two

specimens i is highly distinetive and willkely (a be

confused with any other species,

Cumpondtts conithorar limery

(FIGS 7, §)

Campanas (Calahopstx) contin Emery 1914

4G).

Type examined: One mile labelled “Carap

vonithorax, Emery’ “Port Sandwich? “Mus Civ

Gen” “Museum Paris Nouv Hebrides WL Malliealo

Dr Toly 1903" (MEG),

Oner marerial exdinined: Queensland: Lockerbie,

10°48" § 142°28" BE, 15/6/69, GBM (ANIC):

Banta, (0° 53" S$ 142°24' 2, Feb-80, BPM (ANIC),

Worker efferenanns

Propodeum appears conical when viewed from

side, upper and posterior surfaces straight and

separated by an angle just greater than 90", Seapes

and vibive with plentiful short tine setae, raised fo an

tingle oF about (O°, Very few erect setae on the ouler

surface of (he head and none on the under side (Fig,

7).

Worker deseription

Major workee, In kiteral view, Pronotum, anterior

mesonpliun. limbs and gaster brown. posterior

mMesonotuni. prapodeum anc node darker brown,

neurly black. Head: Dark brown, lighter in front: side

wlossy, smoothly reticulate with very sparse [Mat-

lying short setae; scape dark brown like posterior

head; funiculus lighter like anterior heads yertex with

one or two erect sete; Underside of head without

erect setae, wilh lew yery short udpressed setae.

Pronotuin; Glossy, flatly convex, dorsum with one or

two long setae, without pubescenve, Mesonotum:

Glossy, evenly convex without setae or pubescence.

Metanotum: Separated from mesonotum and

propodeum by deep transverse cots raised up in

centre; spiracles placed well below dorsum, slightly

protruding upward, Propodeum: Posterior dorsum

inclined upward, conical, glossy, with few short

idpressed setae; angle approximately 90°, sharply

rounded: deelivity mostly straight: ratio

Vorsunvdechivity approximately ot; spiracle

Ca WA ef

\ Leis’

Hips 7% 8. Counponeney coniovisy. 7. Minor worker, lend

wid Hesosoma. Propadeal angle is coniedh # Knows

distribution OF CL vonitharax. Seale bars = Ltn

protruding 10 veut, surrounded by glossy inteyument

With i few short indistinet flat-lying sevice, Node:

Glossy with sparse flat-lying and sparse ereet, short

sclue, uinlerior face convex ubove: summit blink

posterior face straight, Gaster) Dark brown, lighter

posteriorly; Glossy. Fore femur Swollen, Mid tibia:

Plentiful short, decumbent setae, without bristles

inside, Tn dorsal View. Heads Sides straight, parallel:

verlex straight; scape with sparse. short flat-lying

setae: Frontal carmac wide. diverging strongly then

converging slightly at posterions frontal area

dimond shaped With wi anterior pil, mits TW at eye

centre, Trunedtlion: Near posterior elypeus. Clypens:

Sides mostly parallel long. diverging anteriorly,

with few feeble striations and punctations, without

furrows, glossy, with few very sparse. Nal-lyine

selie. unlerior murgin projecting, mostly straight

with weak median concavity. with few loog setae;

without cari, To from orrear view. Nodes Narrow.

SUIMMmIE Straight with few short setae.

Minor worker. In lateral) view, Pronotuimn, anterior

Mesonovim and gastee browns posterior mesonolum,

propodeum and node darker brown, limbs a Tittle

lighter coloured than mesosoma, Head Dark brown,

grading to yellowish brown antertorly, side with

sparse Hal-lying short setae; glossy, smoothly

reticulate: scape dark brown, like posterior hee

funiculus lighter, like anterior head. vertex with

sparse. short. Phi-lying setae: underside of head

without erect setae. with few very short, adpressed

seuuic. Pronotum: Anterior third convex, otherwise

straight without setae or pubescenee, Mesonatuin:

Evenly flatly convex, dorsum without selue or

REVISION OF MACKROCEPHALUS a

puhescence. Metanotum: Separated front mesy-

notum and propodeum by deep transverse cies,

raised in the centre: spiracles placed well below

dorsum, slightly protruding op. Propodeum: Dark

brown with few short adpressed setae; dorsum

slightly convex, slighily inclined upward: angle

blunt 90°: deelivity very stright: catia dorsuin/

declhivity near ot: spiracles protruding Lo rear

surrounded by glossy integuinent with few short,

sparse setae, Node: Glossy with few very short, erect

sctue; petiole with ventral protubermee; lower tall

of anterior face of node straight, otherwise Convex:

summil blunt: posterior face mostly stramht. Gaster:

Glossy. Tore Jemur: Swollen, Mid libia; With short

decumbent setae. lackimy bristles inside, tn dorsal

view. Head: Sides flatly convex, tapering to Front;

vertex Conver, scape with sparse, short, fat-lying

setae: Hronlal carinae wide, nearly paratlel, frontal

area diamond shaped. indistinet: pax HW at eye

centre. Clypeus: Glossy with few sparse flat-lying

amd cree’ selue, without carina; ailerion margin wide

mostly straight, proyecting bal nol beyond cheeks, In

front or rear view. Node: Narrow. summit rounded

with lew erect Jong selie,

Meadsnerements

HW 15-2.) mm, AL 1.6-2.3 mm, PW 11-13 in,

HY 12-16 nm. BL OA-0.5 nm, Th 1.4- 1.9 nim,

Remarks

Linery (1914) deseribed minor workers from

Vanuatu (“hen the New Hebrides). The major worker

is deseribed here for the first time, The identity of

the Australian specimens ts based on compariion

with the only known type specimen Gi mole

parulype) and the brie! description (fimery 1914,

including Pig. (8 in Plate 13). BMP collected

specimens nesting Wa hallow twin of Endosperinii

ul Barmaya, Qld.

Componotis gayvert (Forel)

(FIGS 9-11)

Colobopsiy saysert Forel 1894: 233,

Camponotus (Colabapsis) gassert Borel 1902, 507

Combination.

Canponutuy (Calabopyts) gasseri Forel 19 (2: 90

Cramponatus (Colobapsis) vasseri lysiay Vorel 13. 193.

Comiponots (Calobapsis) gasserd Ob usirrunients

Pore] L902, 508.

Campenoiiy (Colobopsix) seassert vblrusitrancalas

Emery 1925; 148 Spelling change,

Cumponoms (Colebapsis) sassert

Wheeler 1934. 162.

eolordln

Hypes examined: Camponotus gaxseri.. Typus, Tham

Perth, W. A. major and jninor workers. Box 176

(GMNA), Campenetuy xessert oblruslrulealis,

Typus. from Mackay. Olu. major und minor workers,

Box 176 (GMNE Canponams gasseri Lyvicsy

Typas. from Ulverstone. Tus, three workers, Box

176 (GMNEN.

Other jnenerial examined: Austaaliu Capital

Territory: Black Mountain, 1931, TG (ANIC):

Canberra, 945. TG (ANIC): Kowen, Brindabella

Range. 1932, TG (ANIC): Red Till l931. TG

(ANIC): Urturva, 1981. TG (ANIC). New South

Wales: Armidale, 1982, YS (ANIC): Berrigan State

Forest, 1979, BBL (ANIC); Braidwood Rowl, L935,

TG (ANIC); Brookvale, 1931. TG (ANIC); Barns

Buy. Line Cove. 1959. BBL CANIC): Guyra. 2 mi

949. TG (ANIC): Kialow State Forest, 1998, SOS

(ANIC). Mt Wor Wos, 4 kin NE, 1986, TAW

(ANIC): Nyngan, P948. IMe (ANIC); Port

Macquarie. 1968. KP (ANICK Ryde Curayin Ph.

1966, RIIM (SAMA); Wyong National Forest

Ourinba. 1967, BBL (ANIC), Queenstind: Beerwah,

1958, CDM (ANIC): Beerwah, JDM (Curtin,

Beorwah State Forest, 195%, CDM (ANIC); Cairns

1971, BBL (SAMA): Upper Gayundah Creek. 1984.

GBM, DIC (ANIC). South Australia: Adelaide

Bolanic Park, 2000, AZG (SAMA; Aldiliga, 1987,

JAP, RGM (SAMA); Aldinga, 2000, AJM. PIP

(SAMA): Aldinga. 3 km SW. 1989, PSW (ANICHE

American RK. 1973. PIM (SAMA); Banil, 1975,

PIM (ANIC); Belair, 1999, AJM (SAMAI Belair,

1973, PIM (ANIC); Beltana, 15 kin ENE. 1975, PJM

(SAMA): Breakneck R.. 19732. PIM (ANIC).

Burnside. Undelcarra, 1996, MLS (SAMA): Cape

err :

Pies 9) TO Comiponetin gasseri, 2 Minot worked, head wind

fessor Propodeain is hiimped and glabrots., Le

Known slistribtition, Seale bars = | mn,

! A.J. MCARTHUR & §. 0, SHAPTUCK

—

“

tl .

4 .

MI i

ts gee 7

7 1-1

HH i Aes

+ RF

rl | Re.

—

»~- a

-* ft 1 .

' '

Pat rien ai

big TE Graph showng dimerphisn ta head eimensions al

Comparars cayyver’ from Glen Osmonih South Austeatian

in = 0. RO = 0.08) and Jrom Beerwah, Queenstand (y=

1 R= 0.94). Queensland specimens Were snaller

Honda & mi BO 1973. PIM (SAMAY: Ceduna. CO nt

SH. 1975. JAH AMAA Clare. 1950, JMe (ANIC):

Dudley CP GCh (SAMA), Ferries Macdonald CP,

1964, GG (SAMAL, Flinders b. 1987, JERS MIN

(ANKE); Glen Osmond, 1976, PIM (ANIC); Cireenly

L. (SAMA Kunguroo [AML (SAMA): Elainson

Bay, 1973. PIM (ANIC); Head of Creat Australian

Bight, 198K, JAP (SAMA lites CP. 1976, PIM

(SAMA): Kalaungadoo, 15 km W. 1995, BPR

(SAMA): Kelly Hill Caves. 1972, PIM (ANIC:

Kongorony, 1997, SEF (SAMA) Lith Dip CF

197K, PIM (SAMA): Lottia Pk, 1990, SAF (SAMA);

Lucindule, Feu (SAMA); Meningie, LEIM (SAMA;

Meningie. HW) km SW. 1974, PIM (SAMA),

Minehool, 1987, AIM (SAMA). Mt Benson, 21 kin

NE. 1997, SEP USAMA) Mi Compass, 1969, BRL,

(SAMA), ML Compass. 1969, BBL CANIC), Mi

Lolty, Y7k, EY (ANIC): Mt Remarkable CP. 1974.

PIM (ANIC). Mt Rough. S kn Wo 1972. PIM

(ANIC): Naracoorte Cave CP 1O58, FG (SAMA):

Nappyalla, | kin Wl 484, RR (SAMA Norwood,

N71, BBL (SAMA), Oriparinnu, 1971. PIM

(ANIC) Portes, 1999, AIM (SAMA Ravine Des

Causours, 7 Ki N, F990, THGM. JAE (SAMAS

Reeveshy Lo 1936. JC) (SAMA): Riverton, 1975,

PIM (ANIC): Rocky R.1972) PIM (ANIC), Sandy

Ck, 1972. PIM (ANIC: Sevenhill, 1957, BBL

(ANIC: Spalding Cove, (973, PIM: (ANIC)

Strauky Bay, M987, BRL (ANIC): Piatinara, 10 mn

E, 1958, TG (ANIC), Uinberakii, 1975, PIM

(ANIC), Umberatianis, 13 kim Nb, 1975, PIM

VANIC): Western Flak Rok S. 1894, TC (ANIC),

‘Tasniunue Asbestos Ra 199), BBL (ANIC):

Ashestns Ru. 1890, BBL (SAMA); Bakers Beach.

}992) BBL (SAMA: Bakers Beuch, 1993, BBL

(SAMA}: Bruny L Aerodrome, 1992, BRL (SAMA):

Burnie, A key B, 19d, BBL (SAMAR Devonport,

The Binh, 1993, BBE USAMA): linders 1, 1992,

BBL. (SAMA), Furneaux Lookoul, 1992, BBL

(SAMA), Greal Bay, North Bruny 1. 1992. BBL

(SAMA); Hoban AML (SAMA), Ploburt, 193%,

PAC (ANIC): Hobart. 19S), NMET (ANIC): Hobart,

19345, WR (ANIC): Launveston, 1915 (SAMA),

Lavinia Res, King |. 1992, BBL (ANIC); Mari L.,

1992) BBL (SAMAI: Mt Tanner 1991, BBL

(SAMA), Mi Wellington S00im slope, 1991, BIT

(SAMA), North Bruny f., (1992, BBL (SAMA: Port

Sorell, 1992, BBL (SAMA); Rocky Cape Sisters

Beach. 1994. BBL (SANMLA), Seal Rocks. King 1,

1OOL, BBL (SAMA); Surprise Buy, 4 kn Ny 1904,

ABL (SAMA): Swansed. 1962, LW (SAMA);

Swinsed, Nine Mile Beach, 1996, BBL (ANIC);

Hoburt, AME (SAMA): Tunbridge, 1997) GAL

(SAMAr Walkers Lookout 2 km N. 1995. BBL

(SAMA). Victoria: Aireys Inlet, 1945, Me (ANIC):

Greensborough, IMe (ANIC), Hursibridge, 1958,

BBL (ANIC); Orbost 1959, GFG (SAMA):

Springvale. RVS (SAMA): Ultinit, JOG (SAMA).

Western Australia! Cunderdin, | km B, 1985, PSW

(ANIC), Darlington, 1969, BBL (ANIC), Dryandra,

1982, JDM (Curtinys Esperance, 1970, BBL

(SAMA): FEsperunee, 1970, BBL (ANIC): Junana

Rock. 1977. RW (ANIC); Kings Park, 1969. BBL.

(ANIC): Mt Ragged, 11 kan NW hy N, 1969, RWT

(ANIC); Mundaring Wein JCL (ANIC); Nornialip,

ION4. WANE (ANIO©): Norseman 19 kin ENE. 1969,

RWT (ANIC), Norseman, + km NNE, 1969, RW'T

(ANIC): Northampton, 5 km N, 1985, PSW LANIC):

Pingcup, 1958, TG (ANIC) Stirling Ra. NPL 198d,

J&NEL (ANIC, Widgiemooltha, 8 mi N hy Wy 1969,

RW'T CANIC): Worsley. JDM (Curtiny: Yanebop, JOM

(Curtin): Zanthas, | mile SE by E, M6 RWT (ANIC)

Worker diagnosis

A Tew ereet setae on the front of the head and

gusier., nune clsewhere. Mesosomi lossy wath

propodeum raised to hemispherical dome (Pig, 4)

Worker deseriplion

Major worker, Whole ant varies Tron) black wilh

pulches Of red or red brown le occasionally all red. i

lateral view, Heads Side without erect setae, posterior

three quarters, very Finely punetates anterior quarter

sural, truncation 135° abrupt: vertex with wo few

setae; Underside of head without sete, Pronotam and

mesonotuin forming rounded syrometrieal hurnp,

shehtly Mitlened on top, without setae, Metanotun:

‘Two distinc! (ransyverse sutures al boltonyof a trough.

spiracle direeted upward, phiced below dorsum.

Propodeum: Without sete. dorsum hemispherical

dome: unvle rounded: deelivity straight: rats

dorsuni/declivity approximately Ls spiracle placed

inidway between dersuni and coxa, sureounaded by

Hae rohculations sind very sparse. short, Mitely ing,

course setae, Node: Finely reticulate, glossy. withoul

REVISION OF MACROCLPHALLES wi

pilositys: anterion face mostly stright saint

rounded: posterior face mostly straight. Gaster: Very

finely striate, no pubescenec. few short setae along

merabranes, Fore femur: Swollen. Mid abia: Withsut

vec setae, wilh very sparse, mndistinel, Mat-ly iu

setae without bristles inside, In dorsal view. Head:

Sides. posterior Hall straight. parallel anterioe hall

slightly conve, lapering to the trom vertex Tidy

conves, widely rounded corners, scape Without erect

setae: frontal cavinae wider than half WW frontal

aren Indistinet. mike HW posterior to eye cenre:

mundibles with many fine teeth, Clypeus: Coursely

striate loagitudinully, withaut pubescence. carne

replaced wilh groove; unlerior margin conves,

nurrow. prajeetiig, tn front or rear view. Nove:

Wide, summit widely bidented, without setae,

Mijor worker, Whole ant varies from bhack witht

palehes of red or red brown ta gecustanully all red, In

Lateral view. Head: Side. giossy, finely retieulule

wath sparse. Short, Cut lying setaes vertex with a lew

lui setae! underside of head without sefte,

Mesosoma and trode wailliout elect setae or

pubeseenee. Pronotum amd mesonotimt bumped

lommims even convexity higher than mewnotum.

Matunotiii: Deep wide dough with convex bast:

prominent spiracles pointing Upward, placed mear

level of dorsum, Propodeum: Blevated, high,

fumped. evenly convex: angle well rounded:

dechivity, mostly straight) ratio dorsum/deely ty

approxtimately: | spiracle pluced midway between

dorswuin wi coxa, pointing rearward, surrounded by

vlossy, Covly reticulite tafegument, Node: Anterior

face lower hall stright upper eonyexs suman

rounded: posterior face strenght. Gaster:

Microscopically striate, Pore lemurs Swollen. Mid

fibiac Sparse short, fine, adpressed setae, walhoue

bristles inside. Tn dorsal view: Head: Sides, flatly

conves. fipering fa front, vertex and angles

Uniformly convex: scape without erech setae, with

indisiinel adpressed setae, Frontal carinae short, very

Wide upurk, mostly diverging; fronpal area indistinct:

max HW oat eye centre. Clypeuss Wide. without

Iruncation. few Sele on inarins. wossy. finely

Poneale-reviculaie, carina distinc); Anrertor muni

convex. In Trantor rear view. Node: Sami thithy

convex, Wide, WiTholf Setac.

Moasnrenennts

HW. 0,.80- 1-60 nim, HL 00-14-70 nim, PW 065

1.20 nun. TL. 0.90- 1.10 nn.

Remarks

Wheeler (1994) deseribed the subspecies colar eins

bused on “smaller average stze und diflecent colout

paver” und admitted that i was “only uw stiysht

variant af the typteal torn.” Borel (1913) deseribed

the subspecies /vviny us “differing in heud shape

from C. gasyeri bul otherwise jdenticyl with the

type". Forel (1902) established the subspecies

vhirnyiruncatry based on slight differences to head

and mesosoma shape, seulpluriiy and colour, with

the minor worker “having a shorter head and more

conyes pro-mesoooluim, wilh the pest identical bo

the typical form. We ean find Titthe to support the

retention of any of these subspecies beewuse the

differences are tryial Camponeliy gasserl

specimens, collected ul Beerwah, Queensland were

light brown aod smaller than those collected at Glen

Osmond, South Australia as shown in big. DL. The

Stiled differences in major workers are of Hille value

in diagnosing these lorms its (hey seem lo be based

on allometric variation within this caste patter Chan

species-level (lifferences,

Camponotis assert miior workers aire often

observed Toruging on trunks of eucalypts in te

Adelaide metropolitan are. On 20 Jan (999, AJM

when wateling the removal of so large live

Bucalypnis caitaldilensix Detink at Glen Osmond. a

south-eastern suburb of Adelaide. collected 4 sawn

off Joe which housed a colony of ©) gasyerr. The

diameter of the log was 120 om and the ants’

entrance was netrly 2 mm in diameter at the

qunction of a dead offshoot of the log. On cutting

open the log, [142 workers, three dealile queers,

ove date made aod pomerous eges und naked luryae

were foun The volume ol the gallery. measured by

filling it with water, was 125 ml About 10 mt of

{russ resembliiye sawdust was alse tiken from tbe

gallery. The gallery jippewred lo hiaye been excavated

by terntites (determined by examination af the frass,

P. Gleeson, perscomm, 1999) and wats located an the

central heart wood and extended for about 300 m0,

wilh (he entrinee (inet about equidistant froin each

end. The width of the main gallery was aboul [0mm

diumeleratihe centre. Mostotthe wats were jet black

with a litte red at the anterior head, the umount ol

red being variable, 1) afew individuals the bhick was

replaced by yellow-brown,

Wheeler (1934) described nests of C. vessert near

Perth, WA in) branehes of varying sive

Lepospernian spp. Acacia spp. Eneahyntis spp

und Celliris spp. Most of the specunens of €

caer? examined here have heen collected while the

wots were foraging on vegetlulion, eXcepl for one

collection from. a piliill (rap dnd one trom teat litter

wid those collected from the sawn olf log describes

ubeve,

Camponotns feiwvensis Wheeler

(FIGS 12, 13)

Commpencins (Culolapyts) heawensis Wheeler LO27

\52.

‘4 AJ. MCARTIUER & S. OO SHATTUCK

Types examined: Nine minor workers Irom Lord

Howe Island. A.M. Lea (MC),

Ofher material examined: New South, Wales: lord

Howe Ishind, Erskine Valley, 1966, RWT (ANIC);

Lord Mowe Cshend, Middle Beach Track. 2000, AJM

& PIF (SAMA),

Worker didunosty

Mundibles in major workers with distinet ragae

superimposed over shallow fovae, rugue covering

the entire dorsul surface of mandible, A few long,

erect setae on head and gaster. none elsewhere, In

Jaleral view, dorsal surfaces ef pronotum:

mesonolum und propodeum form a contimuaus

weukly conves surfer; posterior propodeal faee

slightly concuve (Fig. 12),

Worker descripiiou

Major worker, In lateral view. Red brown, gaster

venerally darker, Vinbs simile in colour but with

first and tibiae slightly tivhler, Head: Side with no

erect setae: posterior glossy, sntootly, anterior sharply

truncated, anterign striations extending from

truncation one/third distange to eye: vertex. with few

long setae; underside of head without ereet setae,

willl very sparse, short, flal-lying selae. Mesosomie

Without erect setue. Pronotum and) Mesonotum:

Evenly conves. Metanotum: Wide trough, spiracle

well below dorsum. Propodewm: Dorsum evenly

curved, angle, rounded: declivily slightly coneaye,

ray dorsum/declivily approximately |: spiracle well

forward of deelivity, closer to coxa (han dorsuin

surrounded by indistinetly reticulate, glossy

integument. without pilosity. Node: Without setae,

anterior face Tower half, straight, upper half evenly

vonvexs sumoit blunts; posterior fice straight.

Custer: Glossy indistinctly striate. Pore femur:

Swollen, Mid tibia: Without erect setae, with sparse,

Hlul-lying pubescence, without bristles inside, Tn

dorsal yiew, Head: Nearly reclungular, sides straight,

parallel; vertex straight; ungles blunt; scape with

very sparse, short, flat-lying setae, Frontal earinae

mostly sthaieht, diverging; posterior very wide,

Frontal areca, very small, depressed. Clypeus sides

hordered hy sharp ridge, narrow, widest al

Hiinealions sides vearly straight. Gipering anteriorly.

srossly ridecd longitudinally, similar lo cheeks; three

fourths of clypeus anterior to truncation. Anterior

head comprising elypeus, mandibles and cheeks

lying on Mat circular planes max TW at eye centre:

eyes oval, Clypeus: Without erect setae, Carine

present, among striations: anterior margin narrow,

projecting, evenly convex, ta front oF rear view,

Nodes Sunil wide, slightly indented, without setae.

Minor worker, Heads Reu-browr to dark brown,

limbs andointeroee slightly lighter colour. anterior of

ad ‘

\ rn cre

ae] Na, af

‘g

Pigs (04. Cipenenis howensts.. bh Minor worker heat

and mesosoma, 13, Known distribution, Scale bars = bon

head yellow brown, vertex with fow setae; underside

of head without erect sete, Mesosoma: Glossy,

mmieroscopically — reliewate without — pilosity.

Pronotum: Anterior and posterior thirds straight,

ventre third convex. Mesonotum: Mostly straight,

slightly fused above prosetiin and propodeum,

Metanolun: Sheht ridge, spiracle near middle ol

side, Propadeum: Darstim straight to flatly convex;

ingle abrupt; deelivity eoneave: ratio darsumé

declivity about 1.5; spirucle situated tiidiway

between dorsiun and cox surrounded hy elossy

microscopically: reticulate integument, Node

Without pilosity; antertur luce lower hall straight,

conves, above: summit sharp: posterior face straizht,

Gaster Finely strate. Fore lemur Swollen, Mid

tibia; With indistine! sparse, short. (Mal-lying setae,

withoul bristles inside. In dorsal view, Plead: Sides

straight. slightly tapering to the front, vertex and

ingles forming ah even convexity: seape with

indistinet, sparse, short, Mat setae; Tontal carina

diverging Widely: frontal area indistinet, diamond

shaped; maa HW just posterior lo eye venire,

Clypeus: Glossy, finely reticulate, few sparse, erect

sehie: caring feeble, anterion margin convex, wide,

projecting. La frontor rear view, Node: Sumit wide,

sometimes indented, without setae

Mecsurenients

PW 0.90°1.06 mm, TIT 1,06-1.28 tinm, EL 0.44

O4S mo. HW (41-164 mm, Wh b48-).82 mn,

CAR W 0.63-0.89 nim, C'LY W 0.60-0.63 man Th

(95-105 nm, NW O48-0.55 nin,

Romarks

Wheeler (1927) described Champometis livwewnaia

REVISION OF MACROCEPHALUS 1S

based on minor workers (rom Lord Howe Island. Hits

description includes compalisons With number of

species [rom nearby Pacilie islands bul makes fo

reference Lo thuintand Australian speems such as 0.

macrocephalus, A more recent collection from Lord

Howe Ishind by RWT includes both major and minor

workers, minors OF whieh maleh Wheeler's types.

The specimens from Lord Howe Island are very

similar to mdiniind speeiinens placed aa CL

macrocephalus. They differ in having the dorsal

surface of the mandibles of major workers sculptured

with longitudinal rugae superimposed over shallow

fovae, The mandibles in CL mecrocepheadis ure

smooth with siiilir fovae and with. ail most. weak

rugae along the anterior (he region away from the

head capsule) one-halh or tess. Addifionully, Une

sculpiuring on the anterolateral region af the head

between tie eye aod the base af the mandible in

major workers OF Cy Trawensiy tends ta be: less

vxtensive and weaker than the sculpturing found in C,

macrocephatus, Finally. the colour of the Lord Howe

Island material (all castes) is consistently dark brown

While maintind material varies from yellow-brown to

dark brown. No significant differences could be

found bewween the minor workers (rom these regions.

Based on this, these two taxi ane treated as distinet

wilh all acknowledement that they are very closely

related und may swell prove lo be conspeeiic,

Camponoliy janet bored

(FIGS 14, 15)

Cumponanis janet’ Forel A. (895b: 417.

Camponotus (Mtyrmanthhys) jane Forel (Ol4: 271

Combination,

Camponaus paneti Emery 1975: 138,

{ype examined: Major and minor workers. labelled

“Typus trom Queenshurnd. Mackay” Box 174

(GMNH, ANIC)

Other material examined: Queensland: Cains

Parkhinls. 1975, BBL (ANIC); Mackay, 1949. TC

(ANIC).

Worker elfegneysts

Mesosona low and long in profile wath plenusul

fom, ercet setuc, Head, treludibg underside, and

Seupes Wilh plentilil long, eruct setae (Fig. 144),

Worker deseripiian

Major worker Very dark brown to black all ever

exeeph red teeth, red brown amtennue.. Washter Livins.

In daterul view, Head: Side glossy. finely reticulate.

finely punctate with plentiful mid length setae (about

0.2 nin long), yerles with plentifirl ereet setae und

no pubescence: underside of head with plentiful

short und long, erect setae, Pronotum; Unitority

flatly convex. dorsum with plentiful mid leg erect

und few Mat-lying setae, Mesonotums Fluly conver,

dorsum with plentiful erect setag, sides reticulate,

more strongly below Whi ubeve, Metinotiun:

Indistinet. Propodeum: Dorsum with pleniital ereel

selec, Uniformly vonvea, sides reticulate, more

strongly below than above: angle widely rounded:

degiivity straight: rani dorsum/declivity

approximately |: spiracle projecting rearward, well

forward of declivity. and ntidway between cosa and

dorsum, surrounded by erect andl flat-lying serae.

Node; With long. erect and short, Mlat-lying setae)

aiterion face, lower fall stramtil, upper conyea:

summit blunt: posterior face. lawer hall) straight

Upper hal conver. Guster: Finely striute, Pore femur:

Swollen, Mid tibke Plenitiful upstanding long setae,

without bristles inside. In dorsal view. Head: Very

finely densely punctate with few coarse punctations:

sides stratght. slightly tapering too fron. vertex

conves, scape will erect and flat-lying setue. Frontal

carinae wide. strongly diverging al front, posterior

hull straight: frontal area small diamond: shaped,

smoother than surroundings: mix AW just posterior

lo eye centre, Clypens: Without striations, scarcely

lrunculed, sides widest at centre, less than one third

TW, with few erect setae and no pubescence, without

Curinis anterior iInargin projecting. straight. narrow

Ih front or rear view. Node: Summit wide. outer

thirds conyes, centre third straight or slightly

concave: with plentiful long setae,

Minor worker: to heteral view. Very dark brown to

black all over except red mundibles. ighterantennae

durker red brown limbs, Head; Side glossy, finely

reticulate with plentiul mid Tength and longer setae,

Fives 14 15) Cenupeeenis janeri. 14. Minor worker, fei

and mesosoma. Mesosonit is law and long 15) Rnuwe

disinbutiomoel GC, ped. Seale burs = bomen.

MG A.J, MeARTIIUR & 5,0. SHAPT OCR

vertex wilh plentiful, erect setae, ne pubescence:

linderside of head with plenutul longish erect setae,

Pronoun: Rodded lateral margin, uniformly Cathy

conves; dorsum with plentifil erect and few Mae

lying sclue. Mesonotum: Blitly convex, dorsum with

plentiful long wreet setae, Metanotun: Ao slight

depression. Propodeum: Dorsum with plentiful ereet

selue OF various lengths: aniformly convex, making

whole mesosoma evenly conver: sides more strongly

reficolute below than above, angle widely rounded,

declivily Matly conyeas ratie dorsum/declivily about

15: spiracle projecting outward. well forward of

dechvity and midway between coxu and dorsum,

surrounded by erect and (lat-lying sere. Node,

Long, with long erect und short, (lat-tying setae:

anterior lace lower half straight convex above:

summit rounded with weak ridge; posterior lec

lower hall straight, upper hal! convex. ‘Caster

Glossy shebthy (inely striate, Fore femur: Swollen,

Mid tibia: With plentiful coarse, mostly decumbent

setae, Wilhoul bristles inside. Dorsal view. Head:

Very linely and densely puncte, sides straight,

strongly lipering te front, vertex convex, ianeles

widely rounded; seape with erect und) Mat-lying

selae: Frontal carinae wide, strongly diverging:

frontal area distinctly dkamond shaped, depressed;

imix HW at eve centre; eyes close tO earners,

Clypeus: Wide, with few short decumbent sete;

curina distinct; anterior margin projecting. mostly

eonves. Front oor rear view. Node: Summit wide.

conver, with plentiful long setae.

Mevasuremenis

HW 0.95-1.70 om, HL b.00-2.00 min, PW ().70-

LS omm, UT 0.75-1.00 mom. EL 0.25-0.35 mm, CAR

WoO S04L90 tam, CLY W 0,50-0.65 nay. TL O90

L20 jm,

Remarks

This rare species has been collected only a few

Hines From northern Qaeenshindk The only biologica!

notes refer Lo une collection from a (lee in parkland,

Camponotus janforrestaé sy, Way.

(FIGS 16, 17)

Melotype: One minor worker pinned. Queensland,

Citirns, Barklunds, 2/8/75, BB. Lowery (ANIC),

Onley malertal examined: Queenslind: St. Georue,

fear Balonne River, 66, BBL (ANIC): SL George,

Bubonne River bank, 966, BRT. (ANIC).

Worker dieeniyiy

Whole unt iwith the exception of the funiculus)

clothed in erect setae, On mesosoma sete vary fron

short to long. Dorsal surface of propodeunt straugly

convex wand dome-like (Pig. 16),

Worker deseription

Minor worker, All black except for dark brown teeth

and lirmbs. In lateral view, Head: Side with lew erect

setae, without Mat-lving pubescence, glossy, smooth:

vertex with plentiful Jong setae; Underside ot head

with plentiful long and short setae, Pronolum: Evenly

convex wilh plentiful erect setae of vuwious lengths.

Mesonormin: Fhitly convex qwith plenriful sere.

Metanotum: Deep trench, with spiracles projectig up,

apertures below level of dorsum. Propodeum:

Plentili) long setae, wlossy, dorsum domed, nearly

circulars angle rounded: deehyity mostly straight,

spiracle projecting Gutwurd, surrounded by slightly

punetate InfegumMent with Hlat-lying and erect setae.

Node: Thick with plentiful long erect setae: anterior

face short upright: summit blunt: posterior liee lower

halh suaght upper convex. Guster: Glossy, hairy

Pore Femur: Dark red brown, swollen, Mid tibia; With

plentiful long and a te short, ereet setae, without

bristles on inside, tn dorsal view. Head Sides straight,

strongly tapering to front. posterior angles and yertes

forming even convertty, scape with plentiful long sind

short, erect setic, Frontal carinae wie, diverging £0

rear, Hol converging, posterior width twice anterior;

fromal area elongated diamond. small nag HW

posterior to eye centre. Clypeus: Wide, glossy,

smooth, withont (lat-lying pubeseenee, With few ercel,

Jong setae, carina inelistinek anterior margin: lateril

quarters projecting: forward. median half indented

between two teeth. Ln front or rour view, Node:

Summit Plat, between conves literal thirds, with

plentifil long setae of varying length.

Mensirements

HW 0.6 im. PLL 18 mm. PW 1.2 mim, HPP 1 35

mn, EL O35 mm, Th 17 mm,

Etyitelowy

Named after J. A, Forrest OAM, SAM, Adelame,

Remarks

This rure species Has heen collected only three

times. The limited biological information jidicates

(hat it Was Common on box and wun trees on black

soil und was foraging all afternoon al St Gearge. His

highly distinctive and unlikely to be confused with

oOlher members of this species group.

Camponotus mackayensis Forel

(PIGS Va, 19)

Camiponolty. veticulalus jnackeyeasis Forel 1902:

506,

REVISION O} MACROCEPHALUS 7

Camponotus (Myrniamblys) rericulatus mackayernyis

Emery 1925: 139 Subgeneric assignment.

Type examined: Major and minor workers. lubelled

“typus”. Box 174 (GMNH, ANIC),

Other material examined: Northern Territory:

Caiman Ck, 1977. TAW (ANIC); Darwin, 1961. LW

(ANIC), Howard Springs, 1951, WLB (ANIC):

Kukadu NP. 1994, BBL (SAMA); Sitath Point, 1977,

RAR (ANIC): Smith Point, 1977, TAW (ANIC):

Sinith Point, 5 mi. E by 8, 1977. TAW (ANIC):

Wanei Pally. 1994, BBL.(SAMA); Wessel E., Rinilyji

1. 1977. TAW (ANIC). Queensland: Cairns. L962,

RWT (ANIC): Cairos Edge HL, 1975. BBL (ANIC),

Kdee Hill (ANIC), Lake Eacham NP, 1972, RWT

(ANIC); Mingela, | km E. 1977, BBL (ANIC):

Missionary Bay, 1977, RWT (ANIC).

Worker diaanosiy

Dorsal surface of propodeum with shallaw

concavity. Sparse to plentiful erect, long setae on

most surkices, including scupe (Fig. 1s).

Worker deseriptroi

Major worker. In lateral view. Head: Red brown,

anterior hull coarsely punctate With plentiful short,

whilish, sub-erect setae. posterior half smooth,

glossy. with few shallow punctations: scape brown,

funiculus lighter red brown, vertex with plentital

Short setae, few shallow punckitions; underside of

head with short setae. Pronotuin; Red brown, lighter

thin mesonotun, evenly convex, dorsum with few

long and short sclae, Mesonotum: Brown. evenly

Pius 16. 17, Camponotus janforiestie sp. nov, 16, Minur

worker, hed and mesosomua, Underside of head with

ervet sel. 17, Known distribution. Seale bar = 1 mane

convex, dorsum with plentiful Short setite

Metanotum: Distinet, wide. shallow groove

Propodeum: Brown, dorsum with few long setac,

anterior dorsum marked by narrow ridge, otherwise

straiwhe: angle abrupt: declivity straight, ratio

dorstinvdeelivity approximately |}; deeply striate

near spiracle, Node: With few long setae, brown;

amerior face Jower hall straight, upper convex:

summit blunt: posterior face straight. Gaster; Brown,

finely striate. Fore coxa: Mostly red brown with

some yellow. Pore femur: Red brown, swollen. Pore

tibia and tarsus: Red brown, Mid tibia: Outside with

sparse (at-lying. short setae. without bristles inside.

In dorsal view. Head: Sides straight uipering to front:

vertex straight. slightly coneave in some views;

frontal area small, depressed and extended

longitudinally: frontal carinae nearly parallel.

unterior half diverging. posterior half wide. plenutul

Short, sub-ereet setae on clypeus and cheeks.

Clypeus: Oval shaped, widest al truncation, coarsely

punctate. similar to cheeks: galerior juargin

projecting, convex. marrow, less than half head width

al mandibles. Front or rear view, Node: Summut

wide. straight, with few long setae.

Minor worker. In kuteral view. Head: Red brows,

side glossy with sparse short flat selae: scape red

brown; funiculus lighter red brown, vertex with few

long setae. underside of head without erect setae,

with sparse, short, fat-lying setae, Pronotum: Red

brown. lighter than mesenotum. Pronotum und

imesonotum: Even convexity with few, very lony

setae, Metanotuin: Distinet yee, Propodeum: Brown,

dorsum with few scultered setae, anterior dorsum

inclined upward to ridge, then shallow coneayily to

“

Figs 18. 19. Camponotus mackayeosix. US. Minor worker,

head and mesosona. Dorsuim of prapodeum is concave.

19, Khowa distribution. Seale bars = | mm.

aK Ad Meak THUR G&S. 0, SHATTUCK

widely rounded gigle: declivity mostly straight, ratio

Uursun/declivity about 1.5; glassy, deeply striate

mai spiricks Node: Brown with few long sete,

without pubescences anterior face mostly straighe:

summit taunded: posteriur face straight. Guster:

Brown, glossy, “inely suriie. Pore coxa: Mastly red

hrown with some yellow, Fore femurs Swollen,

Tarsus; Red brown, Mid tibta; Red brown with

sparse. Hal-lyinge setae. without bristles inside. In

dorsal view. Head: Sides, unterior hall tapering to

fronts vertex Mitly convex berween widely roundea

comers: scupe sumelimes with few long selaes

Trontul caurmuc diverging -wide> frontal area

depressed: roax HW posterior to eye centre: five

course (eeth visible. Clypeus: Glossy with few long

and short, scattered Mablying setae; carina indistinet:

anlerior margin convea, projecting, Mn front or reu

view. Node: Summit wide. suuieht with lew long,

selac,

Measurements

PW. 0.80-1.05 mm. AT O.7-1 15 nim. AW 1.Ub-

|_tSonm, HL 100-1. 70mm. CAR W OLS ti, CY

W 040.45 mm, TL O80 oi.

Remarks

Workers of (his species have been found of) Wees ats

well as the ground in rumnforests. munyroyve arid

sevainnaly woodland, Alb known best have been

Vound in dead (wits und branches.

Componoins macrocepheatas (Erichsen

(PIGS 20, 21)

Farnica macrieephata richson, 1842-259.

Camponotus (Golobopis) fielor Forel V02, 508

Synonym Shattuck and MeArhur (995: (2 ¢-

Company fiero cuguytiis Viehmeyer 1925: 145

New Synonym.

Coluhopts rufifrmy semicarinidea Porel, 95h 418

New Synonyni

Craipaneus (Colobapis) semearinvans Forel (90%

S08 Combination.

pes examined: Cumponotis fie Major and

minor workers hibelled “Typus Com Newuustle New

Souu) Wales.” Box L7S (GMNID). Campana ficlor

destin. Major and minor workers labelled

“Typus from Trial Bay. New Sonth Wales? (ANIO),

Camponains senicarinatas, Mayor and minor

workers labeled “Typus Thom Maekay, Queenshind”

(CiMNH).

Other material examined: Australian Capital

‘Lerritory: Blondeil’s Farm, 1955. TO (ANIC):

Brindabella, 1933, TG (ANIC); Brindubella Ra,

1930, TO (ANIC): Canberra Sutton Rd, 2025, TG

(ANIC), Kowen, 1992, TG (ANIC), Lees Spring.

1930, TG (ANIC): Lees Spring. 1931, 1G (ANIC):

Uriarra, L931. TG (ANIC): Yarruluimla, 1976, BBI

(ANIC). New South Wales: Braidwoou Ra, 1937,

TG (ANIC); Burs Bay, Lune Cove, 1959, BBL

(SAMA), Ibor, 1973, BRE. (ANTO); Gerri. 1962.

BBL (ANIC): Kiundra. 1960. EFR (ANIC), Nerriga

Braidwood Nowrnt Rd, 1937, TG (ANIC

Neweustle, JICL(ANIC), Pine CK Stile Forest, 1957,

TG (ANIC); Pymble. 1956, BBL (ANIC) Pymble,

1944. IMe (ANICI: Springwood. 1945, BBL.

(ANIC); Timbulgum, 1962, BBL GANIC): Tunt,

1962, BBL UANIC), Queenshind, Brisbane, JDM

(Curtin: Brisbane, 1945, RAP (ANIC); Bunduhers,

1968, JD CANTO): Bundaberg, JID (ANIC): Cuirts,

1975. BBL. (ANIC): Cuirus, 1975, BBL (ANIC:

Cuirns, 30 mi. N, 1966, RWT GANIC), Giru

Haughton &, 1980, RWT (ANIC); Linnington

Plateau, Nuptial Flight, 1994. RE (SAMA):

Missionary Bay, Hinehinbrook Lb, 18772 RWT

(ANIC). South Australia: Littlehampton, 1995, 77

CSAMA); Luieindale, Feu (SAMA), Tasmania,

Asbestos Rin. 1991, BBL (SAMA): Bakers Beuch.

19904. BRL (SAMA), Big Kiver. 1901, BBL.

(SAMA) Bridport, 1995, BBL (SAMA): Dulverii,

1995, BBL. (SAMA): Emita Flinders 1. 1991, BBL.

(SAMAY, Epping Forest, 1993, BBL (SAMA);

Flinders [2 Mt Sirevlueki. 1991, BBL (SAMA)

Freveinet Peninsulit. BBL. (SAMA): Isthinius Bay,

1992, BBL (SAMA); Low Head, 3 km E, 1992, BBL.

(SAMA) MU William, 1993, BBL (SAMA); North

Bruny Le 1992, BBL (SAMA): Port Soncll, 4 kn &-

1992, BBL. (SAMA); Sassulrus, 1993. BRL

(SAMA): Seymour, 1994, BBL (SAMA). Victoria:

Greensboyough, JMe (ANICK Loengatha, 1457.

BBL. (ANIC); Portland, 1958, Me (ANIC).

Worker dietenosis

Miandibles in mujer werkers smoetht, Will) stalew

lwae, rovae weak and Tinited to unterior region of

dorsal suctice of the mindible. Few lone, erset sete

of head und guster, none elsewhere, In lateral view,

dorsal surfuces of pronofum, mesonotum and

propadeum forma continuous weakly convex suelyee.

The posterior’ propodeal Mee nrostly stright (Pig. 20),

Worker deseviptivnn

Major worker tn literal view. Yellosy brown, waster

sometines darker, linths, especiilly coxa yery much

Highter than mesosoma. Plead: Side with no erect

seni. anterion sharply truneaedk posterior wlossy.

SMOOTH aUNterior saviors extendiig from truncation

nearly Hall wary lo eye: vertex will few long setae:

underside of head without erect setae, with very sparse

short. (hw lying setae. Mesosoma: Without erect setae,

Pronotiim dnd Mesonatiin: Evenly conver.

REVISION (? MACROCEPHALUS Ww

Metunoium: Wide trough. spiracles well below

dorsum, Propodedin: Dersum evenly eurved, angle

rounded, deeliviiy omestly strajght rauo

dorsum/declivily, approximately f; spitacle well

forward of deelivity, closer to coxa than dorsurn,

surrounded by tndistiner reticuline micgument. glonsy.

Williout. pilosity, Node: Withait setae. anterior fee

lower hall slight. upper evealy convex; sumynit

blunts posterior luce straight Guster; Cilossy,

indistinctly striate. Kore femar: Swollen. Mid tibia:

Without erect sete, with sparse, flat Lyin

pubescence, without bristles (iside, I dorsal view

Head: Nearly reetangulan sides siramht, parallel:

verter stiughit. wigles blunt: scupe with very sparse,

short, flat-lying Sette. Frontal curiae mostly straight.

divereim, posterior very wide. Frontal area. very

small, depressed; clypeus. sides bordered By sharp

ridge. narrow, widest al truncation, sides nearly

strani. uipering woteriorly, grossly ridged

lonmitgdinally, similar to eheeks, three fourths of

clypeus unlener to truncation. Anterior head

comprising elypeus, mandibles and cheeks lie on [kal

vireulitr planes max HW at vye centre: eyes oval

Clypeus; Without erect sehie, curinit present within

striations; anterior’ murgih narkow, projecting, evenly

conves. In front or rear view. Node: Summit wie,

slightly indented. without setae,

Minor worker. Head: Browaish yellow to brown,

limbs aid antennae more yellowish, much lighter than

mesosoma; se of head, mesosoma. node yellow

brown vertex with few setae; underside of head

without erect sclae, = Mesosoma: Glossy.

microscopically — reticulate, without — pilosity.

Pronolun: Antenor atid posterior thirds straight

Figs. 20, 21. Camponomy macrecephalis, 20, Minor

worker, head and mesosuma, Dorsum of mesosomu is

mostly straight 21 Known distribution of C.

macreephalus. Scale bar= 1 mm.

justification for

centre third convex. Mesonotum, Mostly straight,

slightly raised above provotum and propodeurn.

Metunotum: Slivht ridge: spiracle near middle of side,

Propodcum; Dorsum siriight 1 Thitly gonves, angle

ubruph dechwity pearly straight rao darsuni/

devlivity about LS: spiracte situdled midway between

dorsum and cosa. glossy. Surrounded by micrascapir

reticulation. Node: Without pilosity, anterior fave

lower half stuight. convex above: summit sharp:

posterior fuce straight, Guster: Finely strate, Fore

femur: Swollen, Mid tibia: With indistinel sparse.

short, flat-lving setae, without bristles mside. In dorsal

view. Heal: Sides straight, slightly tapering to fronts

vertex and dngles form even conyenily, seape with

indistinet.. sparse, short. flat setye: frontal carina

wide. diverging: Trontal area fidistinet. dhimane

shapedk mix LEW just posterior to.eye centre Clypeus:

Glossy, finely reticulate. few sparse. erect, setae,

carina indistinct anleriar margin. convex, wide,

projecting. In front or rew view, Node: Summit wide,

sometimes indented, without sete.

Measurenwnts

PW 0.7-1.2 mim, HT O.8- 1.25 mim, BL 03-04 mm,

LW 6.95-1.7 nim, HL 11-19 mm, CAR W 05-05

mm, CLY W 0.5-026 mim, TL 0,95-7.0 mm, NW 0, 35-

0.65 min

Remarks

Forel (1902) distinguished sem/cerinaius trom

macrocephalis (as fictur) by differences in the shape

of the head, propodeum and petiolar node and in

having the sculpturing 6n the truncated portion of the

clypeus “more clearly lengthwise und not wrinkled-

reticulate as in the case of semicarinatus”.

Viehmeyer (1925) deseribed the subspeetes

aveustidus as. having “head of the major worker

noticeably narrower than i the type, the trumeate

surface of the anterior head less sharply delineated

and less concave. apd the longitudinal grooves.of the

head and clypeus mach stronger”. However, the

chirently available materisl shows considerable

variation in all of these characters and we can find ne

recognising the subspecies

separately from ©, macrocephaluy. For septation

trom the closely related C. howensis. see Remarks

under that species.

Cumponotty macrocephalus is generally found

nesting in branches of trees und shrubs in eastern

Australia,

Camponotus sanguinifrons Viehmeyer

(FIGS 2. 22, 23)

Camponatus (Colobopsis) sanguinifrons Viehmeyer

1925: 143.

4 A J, MeARTIUR & 5, O, SHAPPUOCK

Type examined: Major and minor workers labelled

“Typus” from ‘Vriul Buy, New South Wales, Box

{65/3 (ZMB),

Other material examined: New South Wales:

Leoppinghin, 1966, El (ANIC); Mt Warning, 1964,

BBL (ANIC), Tumut, 1962, BBL (ANIC): Leslie

Dun, 1997, AIM & RE(SAMAY, Tumut, 1962, BBL

(ANIC). Notthern Territory: Kakadu NP, 1992, BBL.

(SAMA), Queensland: Mackay, 1977, BBL.(ANIC'):

Mingelu, | kin E, 1997, BBL (SAMA); Mt Tozer, 3

km ENE, 1986, JOC (ANIC); Mackay, GT (ANIC).

Worker diaenosiy

Minor worker with a lew long, ereet setae on

linderside of head, few more on waster and none

elsewhere. Dorsal surface of propodeum abour liree

unies as ling as declining surface. Major differs

wreatly from minor Thynajor worker, doterlor regions

of head clothed a plentifw short, chivate setae (Pin.

2) particularly on and pear truncation: absent from

posterior regions: few long setae on underside of

head, coxaand guster (Fig. 22).

Worker eweription

Major worker. Ii literal view, Head: Posterior dark

brown, anfierior reds posterior without pilosity,

wileror Wi detise, fine, short, white, chivale sete

(Vig, 2) especiilly on cheeks and clypeus; antennae

red brown. underside of head with few long setae.

Mesosonia and node: Dark brown without pilosity,

lossy, Uinely striite.

straight, next quirler rounded, then Pally convex.

Posterior half of pronorum, mesonotum., metaneiuin

und dorsum of propodeum Form uninterrupted gentle

curve, Metanatum; Wide, marked by two tralisverse

sutures, Propodeum: Angle about 150°; declivily

mostly straigtit; mutio dorsum/deelivity abour 1.5.

Node: Anterior face lower hall straight. otherwise

convex: summit rounded; posterior face straight,

miehined forward. Limbs: Lighter coloured than

mesosoma, fore femur swollen. Mido tibia: With

short, sparse, Hit-lying setae, without bristles inside.

In dorsal view. Head: Sides straight, parullel: vertex

mostly straight, scape with indistinet, flat short,

prime setae, Frontal curiae wide, short. straighe,

diverginw behind: anterior head trunedted. ¢elypeus

Wundibles und cheeks forming Mal circular urea

coarsely punetute with few coarse longitidinal

striations and central Keel) plenritul short, ercet,

stubble-Tike, Chivale setiue; clypeus bueral mureins

Widest al centre of circular areas Trontal area

extended laterally al truncation, Clypeus: Anterior

margin well posteriar to mandible josertions.

straight. short. tn front or rear wew. Node: Summit

Nal, wide,

Minor worker, iy luteral view, Dark brawn, limbs,

Pronotunn Anterior quarter

anterior head and antennae a little lighter coloured,

Heads Side glossy without pilosity, finely. striate:

veriex with a few foug sete. underside of heud

without prlosity, Mesosomar Without pilosity, finely

striate, reticulite, Pronotun Anterior hall conves,

posterior hall straighter. Mesonotum: Anterior and

posterior sixihs inalined, centre flatly conver,

Metanotum: Shallow trough, spiracle well below

dorsuing Propodéum: Dersum ynterior quarter

inclined Upward, otherwise straiwht and sloping

downward; angle rounded 135°) declivity upper hall

straight, dower hall strongly coneuver ratio

dorsum/declivily approximately 3; spiracle situated

well forward of deelivity amd midway between

dorsuil and coxa, Node: Without pilosily, anterior

and posterior faces parallel anterior fave short,

Sti Summ sloping upward rounded; posterior

luce Straight, longer (han anterior, Caster; Finely

striate, scattered upstanding: sclae wilhoul visible

pubescence, Fore femur: Swollen. Mid tibia Sparse,

fine, flat-lying seme, withaut bristles inside. In

dorsal view, Head: Sides straight, tapering slightly to

fronts vertex Tha wath rounded corners; scupe with

indistincl, sparse, line, fMat-lying setae; frontal

carinae short, wide: frontal area iadistinet: max PEW

neav eye centre, Clypeus and cheeks: Pinely

reticulate with few setae; Carina distinet posteriorly;

unterior margin projecting, evenly convex, wide. In

front or rear view, Node: Summit siaieht, withou

pilosity.

Measurements

PW 0.45 —0.55 mim WT 155 — 0.65 mi. BL O20-

0.22 nm MW OTS - 110mm. HORS | AO min

x i

Sad

Figs 2223, Campetioniy seigati{rons, 22. Minor worker,

hodd und tresosonia, Dorsui at propodeum is longer that

declivity, 24, Known distribution, Seale bars = 1 min.

REVISION OF MACROCEPHALUS Al

CAR W 0.4 mm, CLY W 0.38 mm, TL 0.72 -0.75

mm, NW 0.2 - 0.25 mm.

Remarks

In this species the major workers and queens

possess plentiful distinctive short, clavate setae (Fig.

2) on the anterior head. Setae on the anterior head of

minor workers are sparse, longer, uniform diameter

and not clavate. (Clavate setae resemble a forest of

miniature matches with enlarged extremities.) Such

clavate setae are uncommon in Camponotus

although Donisthorpe (1948) refers to similar clavate

setae in Camponotus (Colobopsis) excavatus from

Maffin, West Irian,

AJM and RE collected an alate female at Leslie

Dam, Eatonsville, NSW at 10 p.m. on 29 Noy. 1997,

This suggests that nuptial fights of this species

might occur near the last week in November,

Camponotus vitreus (Smith)

(FIGS 24, 25)

Formica vitrea Smith 1860: 94.

Prenolepsis adlerzii Forel 1886: 209: Forel 1895:

458 Synonym.

Camponotus (Colobopsis) vitreus: Emery 1893; 225

Combination,

Camponotus vitreus: Forel 1895a: 455.

Cumponotus vitreus: Viehmeyer 1916: 160.

Camponotus vitreus: Emery 1925: 148,

Camponotus vitreus: Karavaiey 1933: 319,

Material examined: Northern Territory: Darwin, 10

mile Jungle, WCC (SAMA); Darwin, Holmes

Jungle, 1997, AJM (SAMA); Howard Springs, AS

(SAMA); Howard Springs, 1951, WLB (ANIC);

Litchfield. 1994, BBL (SAMA); Mt Brockman,

Radon Ck, 1979, GBM (ANIC); Mt Gilruth, NE

Gorge, 1979, GBM (ANIC), Queensland: Bamaga,

1983, JS (ANIC); Brisbane, JOM (Curtin); Cairns,

1970, DPIQ (DPIQ); Cairns, 1996, JIBS (ANIC);

Cairns, 1914, WMW (SAMA): Cairns, 20 km N,

Cook Hwy, 1975, BBL (ANIC); Cairns, Lake Placid,

1975, BBL (ANIC); Cairns, Parkland, 1975, BBL

(ANIC); Cape Tribulation, 1980, GBM (ANIC);

Cape Tribulation, 2.5 km W, 1982, GBM (ANIC);

Cardwell, 10 km NW, 1976, PJM (ANIC); Clump

Point, 6 km W, 1971, RWT, JEF (ANIC); Cooktown

Bot. Gdn., 1990, BBL (ANIC); Daintree, Cooper Ck,

1971, RWT, JEF (ANIC); Deeral Landing, 1975,

BBL (ANIC): Edge Hill, 1971, BBL (ANIC); Etty

Bay, 1980, GBM (ANIC); Goodna, 1956, BBL

(ANIC); Hayman L, 1996, RSB (ANIC);

Heathlands, 12 km SSE, 1992, IDN (ANIC); Hope

Vale Mission, 15 km W by N, 1981, JEF (ANIC);

Ingham, 1975, BBL (ANIC); Iron Ra., 1971, RWT,

JEF (ANIC); Kuranda, 1914, AML, WMW (ANIC):

Kuranda, 1919, FPD (SAMA); Kuranda, 1914,

WMW (SAMA); Lake Eacham, 1972, RWT

(ANIC); Lakefield, Laura, 1980, GBM (ANIC);

Mackay, Tur (ANIC); Magnetic I., 1981, BBL

(ANIC); Magnetic I,, GFH (ANIC); Mareeba, 1937,

TG (ANIC); Mareeba Clahesy R., 1937, TG (ANIC):

Mission Beach, 1962, RWT (ANIC); Missionary

Bay, Hinchinbrook 1., 1977, RWT (ANIC):

Mossman Gorge, 1966, RWT (ANIC); Mt Baird, 3.5

km SW by S, 1981, IDN (ANIC); Mt Cook NP.

1980, DHC (ANIC), Mt Coot-tha, 1961, BBL

(ANIC); Mt Tozer, 3 km ENE, 1986, TAW (ANIC):

Mt Webb, 1981, IDN (ANIC): Packers Ck nr

Portland Roads, 1985, GBM, DJC (ANIC); Palm [.,

GFH (ANIC); Palmerstone NP, 1969, RWT (ANIC):

Rounded Hill, | mile N, 1981, JEF (ANIC): Silver

Plains, Massey Ck, 1979, BIW (ANIC); Somerset,

1976, EC (ANIC); Townsville, 1902, FPD (SAMA):

Townsville, 1974, JAh (ANIC); Yarrabah Aboriginal

Community, 1988, RWT (ANIC).

Worker diagnosis

Whole ant clothed in plentiful long erect setae

except absent on most of underside of head. [n lateral

view, metanotal groove is depressed, mesonotum and

propodeum form high, arched convexities (Fig. 24),

Worker description

Major worker. In lateral view. Dark red brown,

limbs and funiculus lighter coloured, gaster darker.

Head: Truncation rounded 135°; side glossy with

sparse extremely short, adpressed setae, without

erect setae; few long and short, erect setae on vertex

and posterior head, absent on anterior head:

underside of head without erect setae, Pronotum and

mesonotum: Uniform semicircle scarcely marked by

pro-mesonotal suture, plentiful long and short, erect

setae and sparse flat-lying setae. Metanotum;:

Trough with distinct sloping sides; spiracle directed

upward, aperture level with dorsum. Propodeum:

Humped high, also forming semicircle, slightly

flattened on top: angle near right angle, rounded:

declivity straight aboye, concave below; ratio

dorsum/declivity about 1.5; spiracle situated midway

between coxa and dorsum, directed backward,

surrounded by glossy surface with very sparse, short,

fine setae. Node: Short longitudinally, few long

setae, without pubescence, lower and upper halves of

anterior face straight, separated by rounded 135°

angle; summit sharp; posterior face mostly straight,

Gaster: Glossy. Fore femur: Swollen, Mid tibia: With

plentiful sub-erect setae, without bristles inside. In

dorsal view. Head: Sides weakly convex, tapering to

front; vertex straight; scape with plentiful distinct

setae raised 45°; frontal carinae wider than half HW,

more or less continuous with Jateral margins of

42 A. MCARTHUR & $0 SHATTUCK

clypeus; Frontal grea clongaled. chamond shaped,

depressed; niax HW at eye contre; five teeth,

Clypeus slightly raised ahove cheeks and separated

on sides by ridge; anterior third of clypeus,

surrounding cheeks anid mandibles for a truncated

pline separated from surroundings by rounded angle

WILhOut striabons: sides of clypeus narrow. widest at

truncation then lipering to front: glossy without

pobescence, With oue or (Wo creck setae; withoul

curima; anleror margin very narrow. projecting,

vonvex. Front or rear view. Node: Sunmit straghe

sometings widely indented, with plenuful, short,

fine selie,

Minor worker. Lateral view, Dark red brown, limbs

und fomeulus lighter, Head: Side glossy with sparse.

extremely short, adpressed setae, vertex with lew

long and short fine setae: Underside of head withou

erech setae, Mesosoma: Similar to major worker

vacept uperture of metanotal spiracle placed ubove

dorsum. Node: Short longitudinally with few long

selic, lacking pubescence; lower and upper halves of

anterior Face straighl, separated by rounded 135°

ungles summit sharp but not as sharp as major:

posterior face mostly suaight. Gaster: Slightly darker

than head, glossy, Pore femur: Lite lighter coloured

than coxa, swollen, Mid tibia: Plentitul sub-erect,

Jong. setae. lacking bristles on inside, Dorsal view,

Head: Sides neurly straight, tapering to front: vertex

Figs 24, 25. Canponoris vitreus. 24. Minor worker, head

and mesosoma. Underside of head lacks erect setae. 25,

Known distribution of C. vitrens. Scale bar = | mm.

conver, flattened al centre; seape with plentiful

distinet setue cused 45°) Tromtal curiae wider than

hall AWs frontal area indistinet triangles mux AW at

eye centre, Clypeus: Without Wuneation, finely

punctate, anterior margin convex. projecting, very

wide: sides of clypeus straight, glossy. without

pubescence with few line erect setaes with indistines

caring. Front or rear view. Node: Summit wide,

strught, wilh plentifuls shorky fine setae, sometimes

indented.

Measiirements

HW 0.85-1.55 mim, Hi U.85- 1.55 mm, PW 0.60-

1.05 mm, AT 0.65-1.20 mm. CARW 0.45-0.85 mm,

TL O.80-0.95 tom.

Remarks

Camponotus vitreds is contined to the tropies and

is offen Seen foraging on wee trunks und on the

wround in rain forest. Srinth (1860) desermbed iis

species Irom specimens collected by A, R. Wallace,

aw “Bachian, running in numbers up and down tree

trunks. probably mn search of Aphides” (the Joeality

is now Batjan, Molucen tshinds, Indonesia)-

Viehmeyer (1916) noled that in Singapore, C. vitreus

“nests inthin bamboo, in rotten wood and in hollow

branches of Mangifera. Females [requently on the

lamp. One such caught female had raised 6 sterile

females ina plaster nest’. WCC collected specimens

of ©. vitreus from “a hole in a tree” near Darwin,

Staff of the Quarantine Service, Department of

Primary Industries, Queensland collected speeimens

Of C, \itrety (vial Hy77) from a wooden window sill

ul Cairns, Qld on 5 June 1970, No attempt has been

made here ta determine the distribution of C. virreds

outside Australia. We have been unuble to examine

type material of C. vitreus and the concept accepted

here is based on Smith's onginal description.

Acknowledgments

This work has been made possible by grants. from

Australian Biological Resources Study and the Sir

Mark Mitchell Trust, and the support of the South

Australian Museum and CSIRO Entomology.

Thanks are due to the referees A, Andersen, A,

Austin and B, Heterick for their helpful comments,

A. Vincent for the finest of the drawings, M,

Anthony and N. Barnett for library assistanee and EF.

G. Matthews and 8. Burker for their encouragement.

REVISION OF MACKOCEFPHALUS 4a

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OBSERVATIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND PARASITOIDS

OF FERGUSONINA/FERGUSOBIA GALLS ON MELALEUCA

QUINQUENERVIA (MYRTACEAE) IN AUSTRALIA

By K. A. DAVIES*, J. MAKINSONT & M. F. PURCELLT

Summary

Davies, K. A., Makinson, J. & Purcell, M. F. (2001) Observations on the development

and parasitoids of Fergusonina/Fergusobia galls on Melaleuca quinquenervia

(Myrtaceae) in Australia. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 125(1), 45-50, 31 May, 2001.

The gall-forming Fergusonina/Fergusobia association is being considered as a

potential biocontrol agent of Melaleuca quinquenervia in Florida, where it has

become a serious weed. This paper reports observations on the development of

Fergusonina/Fergusobia galls on M. quinquenervia in coastal and sub-coastal south-

eastern Queensland and northern New South Wales. The morphology of the gall and

the relationship between gall size and numbers of developing cavities and insects are

described. Nematodes were found in cavities containing first and second or early third

stage fly larvae. Eight species of hymenoptera parasitoids were reared from galls.

Key Words: Galls, field surveys, Fergusonina, Fergusobia, Melaleuca quinquenervia,

flies, nematodes, parasitoids, gall inquilines.

Transesions af the Kaya Seetery ofS. Aust (2001), T28E), b5-S0-

OBSERVATIONS ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND PARASITOIDS OF

FERGUSONINA/IFERGUSOBIA GALLS ON MELALEUCA QUINQUENERVIA

(MYRTACEAE) IN AUSTRALIA

hy K. A, Davinis®, J. MAKINSONT & M. EL PURCELET

Summary

Davins. KOA. MANSON, J & PERCH, M. FO 12001) Observations on the development aid: parasitoids ol

Fersusonne/Fercuvebia galls on Medalenea qidngienervia (Miyrhicene) in Australis. Trans, Ry Soo 8 Aust 125

(1. 45-50. 36 Miy, 2001,

The sall-forming Pergusiiia/Fergivohia assooation ts being considered us a potential biocontrol agent ot

Mehileuca yuinguenerviitin Flordiy where it las hecome a serious weed. This paper reports observations on

ihe development of Fereasenina/bergusebia galls on M quinquererdia it coastal and sub-coastal south-eastern

Queenstind and narthern New South Wales, The morphology of the gall iim (he rehitionship hetyeen pall size

dnd ntimbers of developing cavities and inseets are deseriheal Nematodes were found in eavilies containing first

dnd second or carly thitd stige tly larvae. Bight species of hymenoptecaun pacasitnids sere peuned from galls,

Kny Worps; Gulls. field surveys, Fergaveniny, Peruusohia, Melelenca quingkuiivid, Mes. neniutedes.

) ‘8 ; naib

parasitoids, call ciquilines.

Introduction

The obligate associition between Pereuvonma

spp. (Diptera: Fergusonimdier and Ferunsehie spp.

(Nematode Tylenchida: Sphaerularidac) in galls on

members of lamily Myrtaceae is amongst the most

complex known (‘Taylor er af 1996, Giblin-Davis ez

af, 2001). The [ly/nematode association was irst

deseribed by Currie (1937) and development of the

nematode Was further cliritied by Fisher & Nickle

(1968), The nematode has two types of life cyale,

with a parthenogenetic generation followed by a

helvrosexual Senertion. In the datter male and

female neniatiodes develop to the adult stage i the

plant gall, where young females ye inseminated, nid

then enter the mature third stave larva ot the female

fly. They became purasites of the fly. growing wind

laying eggs in the buemolymph of the adult Ty

developing in the puparium. Juvenile nemauues

hutch and some move into the fly ovaries. When the

adult fly emerges from (he gull, ib deposits iis eves

and juvenile nematodes within primordial leal and

Mower bud ossucs, where ney galls develop and in

Which the purthenogencic genenition al the

nennilode occurs, Giblin-Davis (unpub. 2000) bas

preliminary evidence sigeesting thar lin Wz

yuingnenervie the netatode (itaites gall farmaion

before the Ply eges have hatched. The Tleeding

activity of the Thy lurvae apparently leads lo

Department of Applied aint Moteculin Leology, Waite Carats

Advhode University Glen Osinond SA S004

Lomil kerries davies @iaceloile cath au

CSIRO Lotomology, 120 Moters Rel Indooroopilly Gil aba

formation of the characterise cavities within the

gall (Cure 1937, Giblin-Davis unpub.)

Associations between the nematode wid Hy appear to

he species-specific (Giblin-Davis ef af, 2001).

The 21 species of Ferguvenina described fron

Australia are from Ecedypos (Tonneir 1937) wilh

one species from Indiit on Sveyedenr (Hurray 1982).

Mast records of Ferisebut nematodes tre froin

Euealyphis spp, trou Australia (MeLeod ef di, 1994,

Giblin-Davis er al 2001). Eight new species ot

Ferguvenina (hes. with paral deseriptions of

another six un-named species (Taylor pers, con.

2001) and seven new species of Ferysseblea. with

purdul deseriplions of another Uree Un-named

spevies (Davies pers. com. 2001) are currently being

dleseribed fram Melalenca. Lathe is known of the

biology and development of Ferghsonine/

Fergusebia galls on Melaleuca,

Meluleitca quinquenervia (Cay.) ST. Blake, the

hrowd-leafed puperburk tree, iy widely distributed

along coastal streams and in swamps fram neue

Sydney to Cape York iv Australia (Holliday 1989)

and fas become a popular ornamental tree in tropical

and sub-tropical regions of the world (Gagné ep a/

1997). Th was introduced into Florida in 1906

(Sehinity ef ah (997) and is now regarded as the

most problematic weed there (Mlorida Conservation

Foundation 1993), [causes extensive environmental

dnd econontic damage (Bulciunas & Center 199) )

and has invaded more thin 200,000) heetares

including wetkuids (Bodle ef af (994). Conventional

control methods, including burning. slashing and

application of herbicides have proved inetlective,

costly or environmentally unsound (Guzne ef ul,

dy KL A. DAVIES. I. MAKINSON & MF PURCELL

(997) To Austin Mo gaiiguenervia is asseuinted

with more than450 herbivorous tiseets (Baleiunas 0

d/, (995a) thal Suppress its growth (Balciyiias. &

Burrows 1993) and sone tive potential as

foconlrol agents (Baleiunas eral M945. Varios

vall-formers found meluded three species ol qall

intdges (Diptera: Ceewomyiidae) (Gagne ef ih

1997) anid the Pergayonina/Pergusebia association

(Baleiunas. er uf 1995b), Galls of the Penouser-

mi/Pergwsabia wet us a “Maderutely powerful”

Metubolie sink, and could polontiilly siippress sced

pladietion and redtice (ree vigour (Guolsby en ul

2000), Hence this association is hein cansidered

among suite OL fscets ws biocontrol agents of M,

qainguenervia (Balewmas et al (995bh: Goolsby ef

af, 2000),

Fergusonina/Pergusobia galls on Eacalypris spp

Frequently coniain a eomplex of hymenopteran

purasitaid Species und herbiverous lepidopteran

inquilines, but there have been few studies on these

assochled qascets (Currie 1937) Taylor ef al 1996),

There ix considerable variability beoween Balls ti

terms of punusiloid populiions and species and their

omermence (Taylor er ah 1996) However, little (6

hyowraboul heir eflecton Feruusoniie/lerenvobig

sully on Melaleuca spp. ‘To assess the porential of

Fergusontina/Pergusabic spp. as blocuntrabayents ot

Melaleaed spp., the role of their parasitoids needs ty

he examined,

This piper reporls on the development of

Fereusuninal/Pergusebia galls on Ad gamnyuenerv tie

in southern Queensland and northern NSW and the

parasitoids found in them, as determined fram tied

surveys, Bath the nematode ane the tly are uew

species, and will he described elsewhere

Materials and Methods

Galls were collected from specimens af ar

ginger id i JULY L997 trem coustial and sub.

coastil seasonally inindated, sites i south-eastern

Queenshiid and jorth-castern New South Wales:

Peresiin National Park (26° 30° 8, [S3" 05" Fi.

Coolum (26° 44° S. 153° 05" BL Coolune Airfield

(16° 30'S 1S7° US Ei. Roy's Rowd (267 51s. 152°

34° bE). Morayfield (27> 07’ S. 152° SR" BE),

Burpengary (27° 09'S. 152° 58’ FE), Bravken Ridve

(27° 10S, 153° O11), Nudgee (27° 23° 8, 154" 06!

EB), Chelmer (27° 3" S, 152" Sk! ey, Corinda (27°

32) §, 152° SR!) Potlsville (289 22° S. 153° 34" B),

Oatley Park (27° 33" 8, 152" 59° Ey, Donlantella

(2797 SL 1S 3! and Woodburn (29° 13'S.

153° 16) By. Geeusional colleetions were alse ntude

from siime of these sites in 1996, in Deeember (907

und July 190%

Gals that appeared to consist of living Gssue and

Hit Wid det Tave obvious exi holes were stored in

plashie bags ab 3° © unlit examination (within 7

days). Using a scalpel blade, galls were sliced it tp

wiler under a dissecting microscope, Laree galls

were cul ia half and only ane purl wis dissected,

some mature third stage Ty larvae and puparia

extrieted Were rinsed. und then dissected ja O8%

NaCl for extraction of parasitic nematodes. The

morphological characteristics, number ol cavities:

presence or absence of nematodes. number of fly

hirvae and/or pupa. Humber OF wasp larvae and/or

pupae, and number of lepidopteran trquilimes fey

wich Yall were recorded, Nematodes were collected

und dined to hel formalin acetic avid (4:0). processed

through alcohol/lyeerol into pure glycerol by slow

evaporation at 40°C. und mounted in glyeerel on

glass slides for examinition (Davies & Lloyd [84e).

Popac and puparit were either preserved in aleahol

or kept fresh in plastic yials and cheeked daily for

wmergence of tiseets. Adults energing from galls

were cither preserved in 70% alcohol or pinned (or

Wentifieation, Undissected hall walls were moniiured

lor emergence of flies, parasitoids and inquilines wn

Uny Mseets emerging were treated as above,

Nematode specimens trom this stuily were

deposited in (he Waite Tnstiture Nematode Colleton

(WIN®), accession numbers 977 - ORT, OS4. URS,

994 YOR. (nseet voucher material was deposited: tu

the United States Depariment of Agrivulture,

Agricultural Research Service, Australi Biolosical

Control Laboratory (ABEL) insect collection,

Results

Dexeviption of gall

Gulls (Pigs 1, 2) are found throughoul the yeur

jhough they ae more prevalent between April and

Oelober. In partioukir, they eccuron the Plush af new

vegetitive growth that oegors vihiloly duriie the

winter months (Goolsby et af 2000). They usually

develop in terminal buds (137 of (77 galls examined

lrom 13 sites in July 1997), either on stems (89.85%)

or Mower spikes (10.29%). but ocedsionully devel

as ashe galls (39 Of 177) orat the base oa lower

spike (1 of 177). Mature calls were nodular with the

uppearanee of a skull bunch of grupess dissections

showed that cach codule contiifed a cavity, Those

on Tlower spikes were sessile (Vig, 1) bul terminal

bod galls were shilked (Fig 2). Some were covered

with fine hairs (Pig. 2). others appeared sovoothy aed

hairless (Pig. t).

Galls appear to have arisen froma single hud, with

the Ventral surtiee of the leat/fleaves ferrin the

exernal fae of the gall, Some galls, deseribed as

‘Tealy wills” (Big. 2), had the ouler leaves erowing as

Hormal lea? lisse heyond the tip. When seetioned.

(he walled lissue was seft. excepr around cavities

ovcupied by suine hymenopterun tiquiline larvae, I

EERGUSONING/PERGUSOBIA GALLS A

Vig. 2,

Ries 12. Perwusontine/Ferguvebia galls on Melalenea

yumguederia. Fla. 1. Mature flower bud gall with exit

holes. Seale bar = 1 em. Fig, 2, Leah bud esills with feat

material crowing beyond the gall Seale bur = 1 en,

transverse section. galls were rounded in outline jind

tinsuies frequently hid a reddish or pinkish Gage.

Cavities contuining adeveloping fly larva were oval

in Jongitudinal section aid) appeared woe

surrounded by young, while, undifferentiated plant

cells. These cells were absent uy cavities containing

puparas and around seme cavities that contained

lymenoptenin mquiline furvae. Gall nodules with

Waivities Conlining puparnkt had a window-like area

of thin pluntepidermis through which the adult Hy

could emerge,

The average number of nodules per gall collected

i 1997 was (mean + SD) 7.6 45.5 (n= 175, range |

- 27), In duly 1998. [resh weights and lengihs jmd

breadths of 43 galls From Chelmer and Corinda wore

measured. und the number ol nodules for each gall

was counted. The galls were then sliced ap and the

number and locution of the cavities was noted.

Rewression auilysis showed a linear relationship

between (he numbers of nodules and the actual

number of caviues fy = 1.8763 + 1.0353ax. 6° =

0.716), The average number of nodules wis 104 +

5,6 (ange 2~ 24) and cavities 12.6 +0.9 (range 3-25),

i.e, (here was an average underestimate of cavities of

18% resulting from galls large enough to contain

internal cavities, One small and some larger galls

contained some cavilics pot inside 4 nodule,

There was a linear relationship between tresh

Weight and number of cavites per gall (y = 3.7995 4

TO04x; = 0.584), Small, soft galls lacking clearly

defined nodules averaged 57.2 + 2).7 mg in weight,

5.0 +0.7 min in length and 4.8 + 0.5 mm in diameter

(n= 4). galls with defined nodules bur lacking

“windows’ averaged 119.0 + 55.9 ing in weight, 6.3

41.9 niin fengtl and 5,9 + 1.6 min in diameter (n

= 12) und galls with both defined nodules and

‘windows’ averaged 151.0+ 82.7 my in weight, 7.5

+ 2.3 nm in length and 744 1.4 mm in diameter (n

= 14), Small, soft gulls contaimed 8.7 + 5.1 cavities

(runve 4 16), galls with defined jodules 11.7 4 7.5

unvilies (ange 6-27) and galls wilh ‘windows’ 13.4

+ 6.9 cavities (range 3 - 2).

In December 1997, very sinall galls (about 3 fin

diameter) relerred ta as ‘curled leaf galls’ were

collected at Morayfield, Leaves growing beyond the

galls were uneharacteristically small and distorted

The average number of cavities in these galls was 4

+ 1.4 (range b- 8) = 10)

Nunther of taseets per gall

The 175 galls collected Frontal sites and examined

in July 1997 hadan average of 6.1 + 5.2 inseets of all

Lypes (runge 0 — 28) per gall, Seventy galls (40% of

the total examined) contained more developing

wasps thin flies, These galls hid an average of 4.02

74 wasps per gall (ange | - th) and 0.8 + 1.1 flies

per gall (range O - 4). Eaghty-six galls (49%)

conlained more flies than wisps, will a average of

6.2 + 3.6 Hies (range | - 15) and 0.7 + 1.7 wasps

(range 0 - 6) per gall. However, regression analysis

showed that there wits a poor rehittonship between

the oumbers of wasps and pumbers of flies

developing ova pall G2 = 0.086).

Thirty of these walls (17%) contained lepidopteran

inquilines. ustully assaviated with webbing and

frass. Only ane lepidopteran lurva, from either of two

indétermined species, was present in any one gall,

The average pumiber of other insects (developing

flies und wasps) per gall containing a lepidopteran

larva was 144 2,0 (range 0-7), In 33% of the gulls

with lepidopteran inquilines. the larva had eaten oul

most af the gulland few flies or wasps survived. Th

one gall. six small fy larvae were found in the

remaining shell oP pliant tissue.

Mites, psyllids and raters were found in or

assockued with galls and thrips occasionally. Other

gall inquilines recorded were a coleoplerui larva

4h KOA DAVIES. 1. MAKINSON & M. f PURCELL

from one gall, ind unidentified dipteran Jarvae from

three others.

Bialogy af Fergusobia associated with Melileuea

walls

Nematodes were found im 54 (30.5%) galls

collected from all sites in July 1997. associated with

first and second stage and young third stage tly

larvac, They Were not found in cavities with mature

third stage fly larvae. puparia, wasp parasitoids or

lepidupteran myutlines. Very few infective female

nematodes were collected. and then from only four

galls, Examipation of infective females front the

vully showed (hal they were inseminated belore

enterme the fly kuvae. No parasitic nematodes were

found trom dissections of male larvae und pupuria (n

= 18), Pemile lirvae contained an average of &.3 +

2.7 parasitic nemidodes (range 3 — 1]. n = 9) and

female puparia 3.9 + 2.4) (range 0 - 9, n = 15),

Unexpectedly, one fy larva contained not only

parasitic females but also several male neniatodes,

Nematode eges were found in the haemolymph of

some puparia, Le. egg deposition begun before the

adult fly enierged, and newly emerged fernule Mies

contained many juvenile nematodes in the

haemolymph,

Galls collected from Moruylield in’ December

1997 were venerally earlier in development than

those Collected in July and mostly contained only

first stage fly larvae. Nematode development wis

similarly alan curly stage, and most of the galls

examined contained only parthenogenetic females

und juveniles. OF LO) galls dissected, two were

parasitised by wasps and contained no nematodes,

OF those containing nematodes, only two had males

und these were the only galls with second stage fly

larvae, The average number of parthenogenetic

nematodes per cavity in the galls was 2.2 + 0.7

(range 1 - 3, = 8). The average total number of

nematodes per cavity was 8.3 + 5.6 (range 3 - 20),

Wasp diversity, distribution and status

In July 1997, eight species of Hymenoptera were

reared from pupae dissected fram 38 galls from 12

sites (Table 1). Most galls (27) contained wasps of

only one species, nine galls contained two species

und two galls contained three species. The wasps

were Bracon sp. (Braconidae), Buryiema sp.

(Eurylomidae). Coeloeyba sp, (Pteromalidae),

Nednastatus sp. (Bupelmidiae), Cirrospilus sp.

(Eulophidae), Mevastigmus sp. (Torymidae), and

two unidentified species, OC these, Buryvieme

ippeured lo be the most widely distribuled, being

reared from 16 galls at LO sites, Coelaeyhe (rom 1

galls) and Neanastatus (rom 12 galls) were each

reared from six sites, Bracon (rom 9 galls) frou five

siles, Megastigiues (from 3 galls) from two sites and

Cirraspilus (from 3 galls) from two sites.

Observations were made of feeding behaviour

and/or emergence of particular Wasps frei isolated

puparit, Coeleevha sp. emerged from a pupurnim

dissected froma gall, ie. itis a primary parasitoid of

Ferguyonina. Eurviome sp. emerged from tsoluted

pupae, Which had developed from larvae observed

feeding eeloparausiticully on Ferguyenina larvae.

Eurytoma larvae had long, curved mandibles that

were protruded for fecding. In two galls. cavities

were noted which contained the remains of young

second instar flies and whieh were connected by

smull ‘lunnels’ lo other cavities containing fy and

TABLE |, My menopreran spp, reared fram pupae iselated from Percusonina/Pergusobia dally collected on M. quinqucnervi

é 4

in July 1997,

Collection

Site

Bracea sp. Eurviorse sp, Coeloeybe sp

Neeiastaduy sp

Mevastignus sp. Cirrospilys sp, Unknown sp.

Coplum ! |

Coolum | i

Atrhield

Roy's Road

Moray tielet

Bracken I | 1

Ridge

Nucdoee \

Chelmer

Corinda

Pottsville

Oxley Purk

Doolandellit

Woodhurn \

— piesa —

Figures indicate the number of galls contuming the particular insect.

PERGUSUNINAAFERGUSOBIA GALLS I

wisp larvae identical to those which developed into

Burytont, Ply larvae attacked by Enryrenn tad

characteristic brown tyarks on their cutivle.

presumably resulting from wounding, Pupac that

give ise to Breen sp. were enegased ina loose, sof

cotoon surrounded by frtss, and were dissected from

indivietial cavities. There was ho evidence that they

moved [rom cavity to cavity, Tardening of gall eclls,

ussacrited with the presence of some hymenopteran

mqtilings. was observed m four galls,

Discussion

Given thatthe lenguof the Pergusainine life eyele,

from eee (oad Tivo ts approximately six weeks

(Baleiunas eba/. 1995b) and the flowering period for

M. quinquenervie is front April to October annually.

iL seems likely dhat thete are several generations of

the fly per year. Lt remains unclear what happets ts

(he fly over the simmer period. Thawas not possible to

determine if the small curled feat galls colleeted in

December $997 coniained the same species of tly

found inthe larger nodular gulls: (f they did. the [ly

could Survive the somimer and woul pop require a

Uhapauses

The work described here bas provided the tyrst

information on dumbers af parthenogenetic female

nematodes in young gulls on Ad qainguenervia but

Ihe rumbers of juvenile nematodes deposited hy

emule Mies was not established, This work also tis

comlienied that infective femule nematodes do not

enter mule fies (Curnic 1937) bot nothing is kntown

about bow they distinguish the sexes. As with

bergavela species on Eucalyplas spp, (Fisher &

Nickle 1968: Davies unpub. ). infective females From

Mo ingdenervie are inseminated while in the gall.

‘Lhe quimbher af female nematodes parasiie in female

larvae, puparia and Mies front a2 grinquencevin 1s

hivber than for most Feruevntia species bub ihe

purasiic females were smnuller than reporied for

species On Enculynus spp (Carrie 1937, Fisher &

Nickle 1968; Davies unpub.)

Galls on MM. guingnenervie are much smaller (iat)

those foundoon A. cometdidenyis Deboholin Cray lor

eo 1990) und contain lewer inserts, This supports

the sugvestion (Taylor ecaf 1996) thal gall size is a

reusiinable esdmate of resource and hence of

currying capacity OF the gull.

The biology of pallaissoented Hymenoptera ts

eoyaples and itis offen difficult io determine wher her

@ wasp is a pritary parasitoid, Meullative parnsthand,

hyperparasitomd ar inquiline Chilling the tesjdent

inseet and then feeding on the gall tissue) (Bouter

198s. ‘Paylor er af 1996). Prom studies of

Fersivoutnal Ferguyobia galls oo Bo cartteleduteryes.

Tavlaretal (1906) deseribed Coelecvba sp. as most

likely to be an inquiline ora primary endoparastaid.

Here, its ermergence from a pupil from a gall

confirmed ats status as a primary parastioid,

Rurvionia is a very large genus, conwinin species

with divergent biologies (Taylor er al. 1996). Here.

Eurviema sp, was observed feediig-cctoparasitically.

on Fergusoning larvae. Papae of Braces sp, were

disseeled from) individual cavities in galls

Sugevesting thal this species of Bracan is a solitary

ectopurasiloid oof Fergusenmia larvie. The

pecurrence of Neanustanes in these galls wis ol

particular mferest, becutise this seers co be the first

record of this genus from Ferensonine/lerguyabia

galls, Some Neanaytuus are hyperpardsiternds

(Schmid pers. com. 2001). Vhere are several records

of it from southern Queenstand |Boncéek OSS): ib 1s

Lyoughe to be pargsitie i céevidomivid pulls.

Twelve species of Hymenoptera Were reared from

leaf bud galls on & cotmatdulensiy at Goohyva, South

Australia (Paylor eras, 19896). six Crom Flower bal

galls all on Fucalypri spp. in the Canberra ares

(Currie 1937) and four from salls On Svevedien in

India (Harris 1982), Bight genera have been reared

here from galls on Mo yunguerernia, oF which five

hive been previously associated with Ferguyanina

Fewer species Of hymenopterun purasiloids were

ussucuiled oawith individual galls on Ad

q“uingheveriia compared ty those oon &,

ciraldudensis (Taylor et uf 1996), This may be

attributable ta the Smuller sive ot the galls. In

audition. in the Titylor ered study walls were bagged

inthe field. so that ull wasp species emerging were

vollected. Here, pupae were collected from

dissected galls. so that larval Sluges were generally

unidentified. and rare species eOuld have been

missed. OF the genera collected [rom Melidleari

walls, Euryrene sp. Cocleesvke sp. and Bracur sp,

appeur to be most wilespread.

Currie (1937) coneluded that parasiords have un

ioportant role in the regulation of populations ot

ereiyeming spp. on Eucubipuis spp. White this

study represents u short lime. uml gives ne

information about temporal variation. 1h cantirnis

thar when bymenopterin parasites and pquilies

wre present within galls on ML gilfiquenervia, dhe

number of flies js offen reduced. Lepidopterian

inquilines offen consumed the intertor of whale

galls. destroying boll developmg flies anu wasps,

The efficacy of Fergusoniia in potential biocontee!

programs ob M. gulingnenervia in Merida ts therefore

likely to be reduced by parasiusm. predation and

herbivery hy local hynrenopterans und lepiopteratis,

However. this may be somewhat compensated for hy

jhe oils and terpenes echaractedistic of Melafepiee

(Afiman 1989) whieh may act as deterrents to

panisitisn and herbivary

bit) KA, DAVIES, I. MAKINSON & MEF PURCELL

Acknowledgments

Aloju with finds from the USDA-ARS Office of

International Research Progrins, the biglogicul

control of Melaleuca projeet is tunded by & US

Vederul und State of Florida Agencies: US Army

Corps of Engimeers Jacksonville District); National

Park Service: Florida Department of Natural

Resources; Florida Departent of Environmental

Regulation (West Palo Beach anid Fort Myers

offices); South Florida Water Management District:

Lee County, PL: Dade County, PL. The USDA-ARS

Aquatie Weed Laboratory in Fort Lauderdale, FL,

assisted in obtaining fulds Crom the above upencies,

KAD thanks the USDA und CSIRO for allowing her

lo visit the Australian Biological Control Laboratory

at Indooroopilly. and for use of their facilities, C,

Burwell (Queensland Museuni) identitied the

Hyihenoptent We thunk G. Taylor and A. Austin for

critical reading of The manuseript.

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NEOECHINORHYNCHUS NINGALOOENSIS SP. NOV.

(ACANTHOCEPHALA: NEOECHINORHYNCHIDAE) FROM

SCARUS GHOBBAN AND S. PSITTACUS (SCARIDAE)

FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA

By SYLVIE PICHELIN® & THOMAS H. CRIBB*

Summary

Pichelin, S. & Cribb, T. H. (2001) Neoechinorhynchus ningalooensis sp. nov.

(Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) from Scarus ghobban and S. psittacus

(Scaridae) from Western Australia. Trans. R. Soc. 8, Aust. (2001) 125(1), 51-55, 31

May, 2001.

Neoechinorhynchus ningalooensis sp. nov. is described from Scarus ghobban

Forsskal, 1775 and S. psittacus Forsskal, 1775 (Scaridae) from Ningaloo Reef,

Western Australia. The new species is distinguished by having a combination of the

following: three circles of six hooks on the proboscis; anterior hooks equal in size

(66-68 jam long), middle hooks (50-58 jam long), 79% smaller than anterior hooks,

posterior hooks (40-44 ym long) smallest; lemnisci equal in length and extending

beyond the proboscis receptacle but not to ovoid testes; terminal papilla absent. This

report is the first published account of an acanthocephalan from parrotfish (Scaridae)

and the first record of an eoacanthocephalan from the western coast of Australia.

Key Words: Acanthocephala, Neoechinorhynchidae, Neoechinorhynchus, parrotfish,

Western Australia, Scaridae, new species.

Primsacnons of the Raval Seetetol S. Ani (2001s. V25(1), SPSS.

NEOECHINORHYNCHUS NINGALOOENSIS SP. NOV. (ACANTHOCEPHALA:

NEOECHINORHYNCHIDAE) FROM SCARUS GHOBBAN AND S, PSITTACUS

(SCARIDAE) FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA

by Syivie PICHELIN” & Thomas H. Crips”

Summary

Pichletis, So & Crips. J,

Hh (QO01) Neoeehinoriwnichis ningataoensts sp. now (Acaithoceplialic

Neoechinorhyhchidae) front Scares ehobban ands. psiracus (Searidie) from Western Australia, Trans, RE See,

SN. Avyt (2001). T2501), 51-95, 31 May, 2001

Nevechinorivnctiis niwdoeensis sp. nov is described trom Scaruy wheres Porsskal (77S and §. paaritccyes:

Forsskal, 1775 (Scuridie) from Ningaloo Reet, Western Australia, The new species is distinguished by hiya

acombination of the following: three cireles of six hooks on the probasers: anterior hooks eqtal in size (64-48

Him dong). middle hooks (50-38 pan dong), 79% sinaller than anterior hooks, posterior hooks (40-44 pin Jong)

smallest: lemmnise) equal in length and extending beyond the proboscis receptiele bul not to ovoid Lestes: termi

Oa! papilla absent. This report is the fest published account of an acanthocephalan from parrottish (Scariduc)

und (he first record of an eoacunthocephalan tron the western coust of Australia,

Ky Warps Aganthoeephala Neoechinochynelidue, Neveehiorivnelis. parrots. Western Australia.

Seuridae, new species,

Introduction

Neoechinorhynchns (Neoeehinorhyachidae:

Acanthoeephuky bas been recorded from about 50

fumilics of fishes world-wide. Three species of

Nevechinorhynchus, N. dgilis (Rudolphi, (819), N.

Wlosuri Yumagul. 1939 and MN. aldrichetiae

Edmonds, 197} are present in’ Australian fishes.

Anorber Australian species N. magaiy Southwell &

Maelie, 1925, wis described by Southwell & Mactie

(1925) but Edmonds (1982) considered that it miytht

be conspecific with NM. tylosuri. Neoechinorhynclias

magnus is currently considered a species lquirenda

(see Edmonds 198%),

The new Species described here was recovered

from Iwo speetes of parrolishes (Searidae) from

Ningaloo Reef in) Western Australia. To Qur

knowledge. no acanthocephalan has previously

been recorded from purrotfishes anywhere in the

world,

Materials and Methods

Acanthocephalans were removed [rom the

imtesunes of Searus spp., washed m lipwater.

compressed slightly between two glass slides to evert

the proboseis, fixed in 10% Berland’s fMuid (YS%

glacial acetic acid and 5% formalin) in tapwater and

stored in 70% ethanol, Specimens were examiged

and measured in temporary glycerol mounts ander a

* Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, The Universiy of

Queensland Brisbane Qld 4072,

coverslip. Drawings were made with the aid of i

camera lucida and added to by hand, Measurements,

presented us the ringe wilh the meun in parenthesis,

we given in micrometres unless otherwise stated,

Width measurements refer to maxiniim width, Trunk

length does not include neck, proboscis or male

bursa. In order to compure relative hook sizes of

different species. the median of each hook length for

each species was determined from the ranges given

in the literature.

Abbreviations used: AHC ~ Ausiratian

Helminthological Collection, South Australian

Museum. Adeluide. WAM — Western Australian

Museum, WA,

Neoechinorhyachus ningalovensis sp. nov.

(FIGS }-3)

Holaype: 3 trom intestine of Searus ghabhan

Forsskil, 1775 (Scaridae), Ningaloo Reef WA, (22"

40'S, 113° 37" E), coll S. Pichelin, T. H, Cribb, Dy

Capps and K. Hall. April, 2000, WAM V4144.

Pararypes: 1d and 222 (rom intestine of Scurns

ghobban Forsskal, 1775 (Searidue), Ningaloo Reef,

WA, (22° 40" S, 113° 37’ E), coll: S. Pichelin, 'T. H.

Cribb, D, Capps and K, Hall, April, 2000, AHC

31406-31408.

Other material examined: | & from intestine of

Scaruy psittacus Forsskal, 1775 (Scaridac), Ningaloo

Reef, WA, (22° 40' 8, 113° 37° B), colk: S. Pichelin-

T. H. Cribb, D. Capps and K. Hall, April, 2000,

WAM V4145.

S. PICHELIN & T. H. CRIBB

Fig, 1, Male (holotype). a. Proboscis, b, Whole mount. Scale bars = 100 ym, a; 2 mm, b. Legend: cg, cement gland: er,

cement reservoirs n, nucleus; s, Safftigen’s pouch; sv, seminal vesicle; 1, testis.

Fig. 2. Proboscis hooks of holotype. a. Hook in anterior circle = anterior hook. b. Hook in middle circle = middle hook. c.

Hook in posterior circle = posterior hook. Scale bar = 50 tim.

Fig, 3. Female, immature (paratype). a. Proboscis. b. Whole mount. c. Terminal genitalia — the outline of the uterus

(represented by a dashed-line) is estimated by considering the position of the selector apparatus and the vaginal sphineter.

Seale bars = 100 wim, a,c: | mm, b. Legend: gp, gonopore; sa, selector apparatus; sp, vaginal sphincter: u, uterus: y,

vagina.

NEOULCTINORIVYYNCHUS NING ALQOENSIS SPLNQY, FROM SCARIDS at

Deseripfion (Measurements of specimens fram

Scurus vhobhau)

‘Trunk eylindrical, (apering posteriorly, meres,

Proboseis globular, armed with 3 cirei¢s of 6 hooks

of sunilar size teach circle. Hooks fn anterior cucie

rohusk stightly curved, equal in size, 668 (68);

routs robust 44-37 (30) bur lacking dtstinet

Hanubriam. Hooks in nmddle cirele 30-58 (3.4).

aipprex, 72% smatler than anterior hooks, similar on

Shape to anterior hooks, roots less developed,

stumpiern 27-35 (30). Posterior hooks 40-44 (42),

slender, approx, G19 smaller than antenioe hooks,

appres, 7H sriutler than middle hooks: roots i

defined. Neck jheolspiclotis or absent Proboseis

receplacle single-walled) brain near posterior end.

Hypodenpmal nuclei present in trunk walk 3) in

holotype. Lense: equul in length, single nucleus in

One, 3 or more in other: extend beyond prabosers

receplucle, whout 15% trunk length. Genital pores

terminal in both sexes. Terminal papitlae ubsent.

Males (n=2 specimens)

Trunk %4 «15.8 a (12.6 AML x OSE) ein cb 3

mm), Proboscis 176-200 (188) x 160-208 (184),

Antcnur hooks 68-68 (65): roots 41-32 (471. Middle

hooks 51-58 (S54): roots 27-32 (30), Posterior howks

40-44 (42), Proboseis receptacle 400-736 (S68) x

158-240 (199), 31% oF lemniser length. Lenineser 10

- 2b mim (8 mn x 128-272 (198) extend beyond

proboscis receplicle but not fo testes, oecupying

14e of trunk leneth. Testes 2, ovoid, equatorial, on

lundem. contigtious of slebtly overlapping: aiteriot

testis SOOT 136 (MOR) x 400-704 (552): posterior

ists 746-1088 (912) x 480-592 (536), Cetnent

gland multinucleate (4 vucler observed in holotype).

Cement reservoir lage, posteriod to cement ghar,

SaMfligen’s pouch long, pestertar to cement ehyud,

udjucent cy seminal vesivle,

Females (n= 7 specimens)

Trunk 4-8 moi (6 nin) & 448 - br (Oi),

Proboseis 144-145 (145) 6 158-197 (177), Anterior

hooks 66-68. (67). roets 57-57 (57). Middle hooks

30-34 (52); roots 24-35 132), Pasterior houks +0-+1

(40). Proboseis receptacle 442-595 (498) x 145-192

(169), 46% of lemnised length. Lemmise: 656-1440

(L072) & 64-176 (120), oeeupying TS of trunk

length. Uterme bell fol visible, Selector apparatus

about 1G from yvagiial sphincter, Vlerus nolclearty

visible, Vagina thick-walled, (35 long. Gonupore

renin butslightly ovaginwted. Eggs not observes)

Remarks

A fenmie specmmen oF Neoeclinerhyrclity

miureilovensix sp, doy. was also recovered Tron 4.

paliraces in Western Australia, Ws measirements sire

as (ollows. Pronk 28 % 2.1 mn. Probuyeis 189 «215

Anterior hooks not medsurable. Middle hooks 33,

rooly 27-32. Posterior hooks 41, Probaseis receptacle

976 « 272, Lemnise) 3.2 - 3.4 rom x 304-384,

Five species of scurids were exumined trom

Ningaloa Reef: wo of wo 8. ehohhen and one oF

one A. pavilacus were infected but nene of sever

Lepioscarus vaigiensis (Quay & Gaimard, 1524),

one Chiaruruy serdiduy (Borsskal 1775) and one

Seurus chameleon Chout & Randall, 1986 was

infected. A further 66 scaurids were examimed fro

Heron b. Queensland bul no acunthocephalins were

found. These species of fish were Ceraycars bicolor

(Riippell, 1829) (n= 1), Scaruy dintiifiatey Blecker,

ISU (= 3). S. [rertetins Lavepede, 1807 (n= 7h, 8

ghobhan Korsskal, 1775 (no = 2). 4, glebivep,s

Valenciennes. 1840 (n= 5)05) tieverhinus Bleeker

IhS4 Gn = 1), So ttheer Porsskal 1775 fn = 4). 3.

oiceps Valeaciennes, 1840 (1 = 1), S. psineaciis

Rorsskiil, (775 (n = 3), 8) reenietis Valenciennes,

S40 (n= Ti. sehlevell (Bleeker, 1861) (r= 4). 5.

sardidas Forsskil (775 U1 = 27). 8. spiay CRnet,

ISO) (n= 1),

Enynnilouy

The specific name of (he new species reters to the

Australiana loeason in which ibwas discovered.

Discussion

Amin (1985a) lists 75 species uf

Nevechinorhyachus, A Turther 12 have been

deseribed sinve. namely: No cernates Bockoer &

Buckner, 199% (see Buckner & Buckner 19934), NV

dimarphospliins Amm & Sey, L996 (sce Amin & Sey

1996), N, wibyort Khan & Bilgees, FY8Y (sce Khan

& Bilyees [O8Y). NL tdulmensiy Amin & Heekrmuon,

1999 (see Amin & Lieekinami 1992) AN. lireulety

Nivkal & Ernst, 987 (see Nickol & Ernst 1987). NV.

nickol’ Khan. Bilqees, Noor-Un-Nisa, Ghazi & Ata

UrRahim, 1999 (see Khan, ep ul. 1999). N. pimelodi

Brasil-Sato & Payunelli, 199K (see Brasil-Sato &

Pavanelli VOSS) No pligiognethopiis Wang &

Zhing., (Y87 (see Wang & hare RT NV

toberthauert’ Amine |Y85 (see Antin JO8Sb), N

rosmraidn Amin & Bullock, JY9S8 (see Amin a&

Bullock 199), No saree? Yo de Wa, 1989 (see Vu

& Wu 1959) und No prdleddod Vireuing, 1992 (see

Vizcaino 1992). Descriptions were examined lor all

species except Neverhinorhynchus karachiensiy

Bilqees. 1972. VN. quinghaicasys Liu, Wang & Yang

108), No weir Rurougi, 1980 und N. lerrtssries

Faroogi, 1980. Neoechinoriivnehus kuradechiensiy anil

MN gttitgiamnsts are listed by Amin (19Y8Sa) but

could not be found i the literature. The only

reference by Piurgoqi we could find which contained

st S TICTIELIN d& To CRI

the deseuiplrons ah A, deat and NW. loneesstnnis

was in the form at an abstraen HW this is the only

refentce deseribing No aed and oN.

foneissiaies, then the species are reoene rele

because they five oof been formally deserbed

Neovehiioehyitoliis tialooensis sp. Wow. hus

heen pluved in Neoeehitarivitelus because it les

three Cireles GF sis HOOKS OF The ploboseis, a siiywle-

Walled proboscis reveplacle, a single cement ghd

und ne trunk spines. It can be distinguished fron all

uther spevies by the combination oF the following

Vhardcters: lured hooks of the antertar circle eqtial i

size und measure 66-68 (68) 7 leneth; hooks ta the

middle cirele SASK (53). 79% srtaller than anterion

hooks. posrerion houks sialest 4U-44 (42): lenmises

equal ip length dnd estendintg heyend the probose|s

receplacte but nol to the gv testes; ihe drink

withoul aw Leminal papible

Many Neeeohiieriynelii species oeeur only in

the Americas in echer freshwater fsties or turtles and

we (herefore unlikely to be confused with A,

nragaogensis whieh Oecurs in un Australian marine

fish, There ge 1S species. thar ocaur ooly ourside

Austrati., which fave equal sized hooks i the

anterior circle ay the proboseis wl have antesion

hwoks (58-75 long) similar in length to the new.

species (66-681, Nine of these also bave distinecty

ulequal Temmser and/oe the middle and posterior

hooks uhout the same Size (the posterior hogks are

abou) 90% or qore the length of the middle hooks in

these species). Nepechinorhvachus ningalovensis

has lemmaser oF equal lengttts ind the posterior hooks

are 78% the leneth of the middle linoks.

SIX species are similar to (he new Australian

species, These are N. formeosenitis (Harada, 1938)

Kaw. MOST. AN. longilemmiscus Yamaguri, (930. 4,

Higeriensiy Farooyi, 981). No rterduy (Van Cleave,

1028) Kaw. 1051, N yevinetis Van Cleave &

Bangham, 1949 and N, salmeniy Ching, 1984

(females only). The middle hooks of No farnasenins.

N, longilenmisens, N, nigericnaix, No saginaras and

N. salons awe about half the size of the anterior

hooks (middle hook SO-57% of anterior hook

lengths) whereas the middle hooks of W.

ningalooensis are about 79% Of the length of the

amerior hooks. The very long lemnisei whieh extend

almost to the posteriar end of the trunk of N.

longilemniscus also readily distinguish this species

fram oN. ningalooensis. Neaeclinerhynehis

migeriensis iS further distinguished from the new

Species because its postenor hooks are half the size

of its middle hooks.

The orginal descnipuon of N, rigiduy from an

Indian fish (Sehicothorar zarundayi) by Van Cleave

(1928) is brief. Van Cleave (1928) gave the lengths

of the anterior, middle and posterior hooks. as 70, 47

wid 41 pm respectively but yery little other

information. The simtuiry heweer the middle ane

posierioy hook lengths HUTS species is Suen ly

distinguish it from No wingaleoensis Monier &

Amin (VO78) desermbed AL riviedits (rom lahes at

Afgluinistin aind gave the leret) nutes for the

wolenior, middle and posterior hooks ws (-Sh 45-03

and 42-6 respectively, Their figure at the haaks ol

No srgidia (See Fig, 7 in Morayee & Apt (1a7sys

abo shows the sinikirily between the middle jind

posterior hook lengths.

There ure onnty three valid species at

Nepveciinertvichiy in Australi = Nepertia-

crhwavhas aldriehenae 1s kiwowr tram Afdereheia

forster? (Cuvier & Valenciennes) i South Apstralia

and the wiher ove species Mose’ and Ny usliy are

known Tron Avena sp. and from. Crevrnite

crenfubras wad Mell ceplalis (respectively) ot

Queenstunu! (Edmonds 198%), Neoeednerhy actus

auiliy ts-also kerown from MA eephadies (ron up

and TaN Clype loaility) O8drnonds 197),

Nepechinerhyachas tylesad is & long slenderwom

With clongate testes, anequad Jemnnsci aml ts oiddle

and posterior houks aire similar oe leneth and about

hall the size oF the anterior hooks (Edmonds [98?)

Whereas No ringaloaensis Ts mure conipucl this

avoid testes and its posterion Hooks are sialler thar

ils middle hooks, The anterior hooks of AN. etlés

deseribed by Ldmonds (1982) tnay be almose

twice the size of those of No iileetlouensn,

Nevechiaorhyachius aldrichetiae can be distin

guished easily fron No mingalawenvin by the

differences in the shape and size of the proboscis

hooks and the relative lengths of (he lemmisci, The

middle and posterior hooks of NV. aldrivhenae une

more slender and smaller than tts. anterior robust

hooks whereas the middle hooks of N. ningalopersytn

are more robust and larger than its posterior hooks.

The lemnrsen oF N, addricherrae are about one (hind as

long as the trunk (Rdmonds 1982) whereas those at

N. ningaloeensiv ure ubout a seventh (tS¢%) of the

trunk length.

Neweehinarhvnehuy ninseloaetwis was recovercil

from Searts: ghobban (ype host) and 8, pysittacns,

This is the first record of an acanthoeephalan

infecting species of the family Scaridae. [tis also the

first recard of un eoucanthocephalan from the Indian

Ocedn olf the coast of Western Australia,

Acknowledgments

This study was supported financially by the

Austrahan Biological Resources Study to SP. We

wish to thank DB, Capps and K. Hall for their

assistance in collecting und dissecong fish from

Western Australia

NEOECHINORHYNCHUS NINGALOOENSIS SP. NOV, FROM SCARIDS

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38-50)

EMBRYOGENESIS, CULTURE AND DESCRIPTION OF THE

FREE-LIVING STAGES OF TWO NEMATODE PARASITES OF

THE NORTHERN HAIRY-NOSED WOMBAT (LASIORHINUS

KREFFTID) (VOMBATIDAE: MARSUPIALIA)

By I. R. SMALES*, K. GERHARDT* & B. HEINRICH*

Summary

Smales, L. R., Gerhardt, K. & Heinrich, B. (2001) Embryogenesis, culture and

description of the free-living stages of two nematode parasites of the northern hairy-

nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus krefftii) (Vombatidae: Marsupialia). Trans. R. Soc. 8.

Aust, 125(1), 57-63, 31 May, 2001.

Faecal pellets were collected from the only extant population of Lasiorhinus krefftii,

the northern hairy-nosed wombat, at Epping Forest National Park, Central

Queensland. Nematode eggs and larvae, extracted from these pellets, representing 24

h samples from the total host population, were cultured in the laboratory. The eggs, all

presumed to be Oesophagostomoides eppingensis hatched as first-stage larvae after

19 —23'/, h in distilled water at 25° C, The optimum temperature for larval hatch in

faecal culture was 26° C. All larvae had moulted to second-stage by day 3 and to

third-stage sheathed larvae by day 5. Third-stage Strongyloides sp. larvae, smaller

than larvae of S. spearei occurring in Vombatus ursinus, the common wombat, were

also found in the cultures. The developmental strategies of O. eppingensis free-living

stages, optimum temperature for hatching and unprotected first and second-stage

larvae, are congruent with those of strongylid species native to temperate regions

outside Australia but not those of the Australian strongyles Hypodontus macropi,

Rugopharynx rosmariae, Labiostrongylus eugenii and Cloacina similis, all of which

have protected second-stage larvae and in the case of the latter two species protected

first-stage larvae also.

Key Words: Lasiorhinus krefftii, wombat, Oesophagostomoides, eppingensis,

Strongyloides sp., nematode life-cycle, free-living stages.

Fromanetions of the Bosal Seelery ots. Aust (2001), 12801), 57-63

EMBRYOGENESIS, CULTURE AND DESCRIPTION OF THE FREE-LIVING STAG

OF TWO NEMATODE PARASITES OF THE NORTHERN HAIRY-NOSED WOMBAT

(LASIORHINUS KREFFTID) (VOMBATIDAK; MARSUPLALTA)

by L. R. SMALES*, K, GERHARDT® & B. FLEINRICH"

Suntmary

SMabbs DR, Guinivwbi, Ky & Mersin, B. (200) Embryogenesis, culture and description of the free-living

stages Of two nematode parasites of the porthen Natey-nosed wembar (Lusrachinas degli, (Vombaticue:

Marsupttia). Tras. A Soe. 8 Aust $25 01). 57-64 31 May. 2001.

Paveal pellets were collected from the only extant population of Lewtarhiets drepfil, the wecthern hiucy-nosed

wolnbat, af Bppiie Forest Nahonal Park, Central Qaeenshkind, Nematode eves und larvae, extracted from these

pellets, representing 24 h samples from the toGd host pepulitlion, were cultured tthe laboratory. The egys. all

presumed la he Cesopfimesronoldos eppingeanes hurchedt as first-stage firvae after 19-2342 hin distilled water

25°C. The optimum temperauire for dana) hath in freee! eablare was 26°C. AT) hurvae had mouledt ta

secomul-stige Ay dlvy 3 amd to third stage sheathed lurvae by div 5. Third-stage Sone wWoides sp. li Vue. anatler

than larvae OLS, sped Oecurring In Voiihates mayan he conmmon wormbal were vse found in the cullures,

The developmental sigdegies oF OL eppingensis: (ree-living sGiges. oplimiun temperature for batching and

dinprotected First ynd second-stiwe larvae, are congruent with those of sthongylid species tative: la temperate

regions outside Ausinilia bur ner those of the Australian strongyles Aypadoniis mecropr Rugepleteynn

rusmenriee. Labrstristas engend aad Claaeina vinilis, allot which have protected second-stage larvae and

in Hhe casi oF the Latter fwo species protected firsledtase farvie als,

Key Warns: Lastoriiiie krefith, wombat. Oesuphazestonatdes enpinvensis, Aoneyloides sp. nematode

litt-eyely, Mree-living stages.

Introduction

Lastorhinus kregitit (Owen, 1872) (Yombatidac:

Marsepialiay (ie northern hatry-rosed wombat (4

now restricted to a single population of about 05

individuals in Apping Forest National Park (EFNV)

120 kin north west of Clermont (22° 19S, 146° 47!

by, Centr! Queenstund (Crossman ef al POO4),

AMihough (his species was previously distribured

through Oneensland. New South Wales and ueross

the border into Victoria, the present reduction yn

range and nimbers 16 thoueht ta have occurred over

he past 120 years (Taylor ef af 1994). The northern

hairynosed wombat ts listed as critically chdangerea

(Maxwell eral 1996) and a Recovery Phin is heii

managed through the Brvipontent Proteetion

Agency of Oucenshind (Horsup 19991),

The wombats ogcupy a single hurrow system. a

senies OF large burrows arranged in loose clusters

along the banks olf a sandy golly lohnsen tk

Crosson 1997). These annals spend 2 - 6h, only

utnight above bround. Burrow entrances are mirked

Wilh piles Of fresh faeeal pellets with sinaller piles

deposited alone the paths between the burrows but

Scheel ool Biologroal id Govironmnental Setenees. Cental

Queostind Giiversilt, Rock bari Qld 4702

Horse AU TYO07 Reerwery RI For the narthenn hitryaeisod

UTE (hastens: Arcee) TOYS ANC Ruport sulted be

Fvivicenment MISHOTaL bv the Nother) Hilly iosed) Wornbat

Recovery Team Uircueh the Departnent at Gavirooment and

Horitipe. Queenstane! (inpabe),

not elsewhere Woltnson & Crossman 1991). Fresh.

that is shill moist, pellets catlecteal from the burrow

systen) at dawn Gad therclore provide a 24 h sumple

from the toll extunt population of the wombat.

Two species of gastro-intestnal nematode

Oevaphagaviomoeides eppingensts Smales. 194

(Strongylida: Stongylidae) und Sframeyvloides sp,

(Rhabdilidie Strongylodidae) have been found inthe

northern hairy-rosed wombat (Smales 199s:

Gerhardt eral. 2000), OF these Iwo species only one,

O. eppingensis, produces edges that pass oul with the

faeces, Any Caps extracted trom wombul faeces vol-

lected from EPNS-ure herelore probably eges of O

CPpPINVeNsis

Duong 1996 and again in 1999 the opportuniry

urose 16 Collect fresh faecal Samples from the wom

bul population in ENP, This acvily was sanctioned

by the Recovery Team, From these samples we were

able both to isolate nenmntode veges and culture larval

nermulodes. This enabled us to javestigate: the

embryogensis und hatching of epys af QO. eppinien-

yay and to determine the morphology of QO. eppingen

sie and Srroley aides sp, larvae.

Materials and Methods

Fresh faceal pellets. collected (rom EPNP in Jane

und August 1996. and August und September 1909

were (rumsported to Rockhampton on ice and stored

ab oC. Byes for embryological study were extract

cd from small aneunts OF fieeal material that bad

been sedimented with distilled walter Filleen eas

5k 1, SMALES. K, GERHARDT & B. HEINRICH

were meusured, pliced i hanging drops, held at

room temperalure (25° C), observed hourly using an

Olympus CH3 differential interference microscepe.

and photographed,

The number of eggs per gram of fieees in the pel-

lets was determined by the standard McMaster tech-

nique’. Puecal cultures were then established asing

|g facees, | g activated charcoal (8 mm diameter),

S ml water und 5 drops 4% Nystatin, pliced on filter

paper in Peui dishes, Preliminary trials were curried

ontin 1996 and cultures were set up at 18°, 22", 26"

and 24°" C for seven days in 1999. The larvue col-

lecled were examined live in water or after killing in

hot 70% ethanol and clearing in uw mixture ob 70%

ethanol and glycerine and being left until the aleohol

had evaporited. Larvae were differentiuted into

strongyloidid and strongylid) forms and the total

number of strongylids hatching aller seven diya, it

each temperature, was recorded,

Six strongylid larvae were measured on hatching

lrom the hanging drop preparations described above

Pirst-stuge strongylid larvae, collected Hon) a fieea!

culture one day after its establishment, were trans-

ferred into a Petri dish and maintained ina ineubator

i 28" C for Four days, Pen larvae were recovered and

measured on establishment of the cultures and a for

ther 10 larvae Were removed and measured cach diy

for the next three days.

Results

By the lime the exes bad been transported from

EFNP, extracted from faecal pellets and established

in hanging drops, embryologieal development had

already commenced, with the embryos having

reached aboul a 16 cell stage. Eggs measured 749-92

(88) pin by 42 51 (46) pan. The stages of develop-

ment ave shown im Fig. | and a time chart of the

sequence is given in Table |,

Elongation of the embryo began at about 9 h, the

larvilurm embryo began wetively moving after 10h,

the oesophagus was clearly visible after about 16! h

and the intestine could be differentiated from 18 th.

Hatching as first-stage larvae occurred after 19

23'/) h, Hatching involved the larva Uwisting actively

ina continuons figure-of-cight pater followed by a

pulsating Movement aginst the side of the ege. This

pulsiiting was associated with a bulge in the ege-

shell followed by the shell rupturing and the larva

emerging us a first-stage larva head or tail first, The

hatching process took 2 — 10min.

Results from the preliminary trials indicated that

hatching Oecurred successfully between TS" and 30°

C bul not al 4° C. The cumulative numbers of nen

odes that had hatehed after four days in lieeal cul

ture ure given, as the percentage hatch, mm Pig. 2, and

were compared among the four (emperature [real

ments using a Chi squared 2.x 4 contingency table

unalysis uf the propertion of hatched versus

unhatched. ‘There was.a significant difference among

treatinenits (¥')=47.49, P< 0.001), so an iterative 7

posterior? analysis wis done by progressive temoval

of the most exveme treatment group. The results ol

this analysis Showed there was no difference in the

proportion hatehing at 18 or 22°C (47) = 0.27, NLS.)

bul the proportion hatehing differed significantly

among temperatures of 18, 22 und 28°C (with a

smaller proportion hatehing at 28° Cry?) = 11.72) Ps

0.01) and also among temperatures 18, 22, and 26°C

(with a larger proportion hatehing Ht 26° Cr yA) =

20.36, P< 0.001), Finally, there was a signuficant dit

ferenee between 260 and 28° C in the proportion

hatching (4) = 12.31, P< 0.001). Taken together,

these testis differentiated three statistically significant

groups. Halehing was lowest at 28° C, intermediate

al 18 and 22° C, and higher than both of these groups

m 26°C,

Although during collection, transport and storage

TARDE Lo Time chat of developmen sequence ef Oesophigostomoides eppingensis eves kept in Fangine drops of divcilled

wiler ar 2a ©,

Stage Time (h) 3 6 s) \2

Is 21 4

morula

elbngulion begins

vermilora embrya

mouth visible

ousophiigus visible

embryo 3x length of ees

intestine well defined

hatching

Sehoil ul Vetetinaey Setence (1998) Laberarory Manual toy

Vietoriney Puoditplogy. University of Melbourne (unpub,

LARVAL NEMATODES FROM LASIORHINUS KREFFTIL sy

Fig. |. Oesophagostomoides eppingensis eggs kept in hanging drops in distilled water at 25° C. A, After 4 hours, B, After

5 hours. C. After 7 hours, elongation beginning. D. After 9 hours. E. After 11 hours, larviform embryo, elongated to twice

the length of the egg, now active. F. After 13 hours, oesophagus forming. G. After 15 hours, larva about three times length

of egg. H. After 18 hours, intestine visible. I. After 20 hours, beginning to hatch, Arrows indicate developing mouth, Scale

bars = 20 um.

oi L. R. SMALES, K, GERHARDT & B. HEINRICH

% hateh

Days

ig, 2. Percentage of Qesophagestommides eppingensis

eggs harvested as larvae from faecal cultures held ata

range of temperatures for 7 days —*—-— = 18° C,

eB = 12 0. Oo = 0 Ct et =

28° C. N= the number of eggs hutehed for each

Ireatment.

faecal pellets were kept moist al about 4° C, the time

iN storage May have affected the viability of the eygs

and henee the overall relatively low hatching rate at

all lemperatures. Further, the logistics of the exercise

precluded both the collection of large amounts of

inaerial at any one time ghd multiple collection

events, Notwithstanding these linititions. an infor

mative set of data has been collected.

Measurements of the strongylid larvae are given in

Table 2, All larvae had moulted to second-stage by

day 3 and to sheathed third-stage by day 5 (Figs 3 &

4), Before moulting the larvae attached themselves

to the substrate by the anterior end, Starting from the

posterior end, the cuticular sheath became loose and

the larva wriggled backwards until it was free, leav-

me the sheath tirmly atlached to the substrate, These

larval sheaths were detected in the culture on day 3.

Although moults to third-stage were not observed,

some cuticularisation of the buccal region and

grealer definition of the lips was apparent by day 5.

A small genital anlage could be seen in the third-

stage larvae.

Also detected in all faecal cultures on day one was

a nuinber of farvae with rhabditiform oesophayus

morphology and by day four, forms with a laa ilar

iform oesophagus ancl a notched tail, eypical of infee-

tive larvae Of species of the genus Sfroigyloides,

were also apparent. These larvae were 425 —470 pm

Jong with the oesophagus 200 — 230 prim Jong, the tail

40-58 pan dong and the genital anlage 240 — 300 pm

from the anterior end (Fig. 5).

Discussion

The Australian strongylids studied thus far, have

free-living lirval stages that retaia the cuticle of pre-

vious moults to sheath subsequent stages,

Rugopharyax rosmariae Beveridge & Presidente,

1978 and Hypoederniis mecrope Monnig, 1929 both

hatch as first stage-larvae and retain the sheaths of

the first and seeond moulls, so that the second-stase

lurva is sheathed and the third-stage larva has a dou

ble sheath (Bevertuge & Presidente 197%: Beveridge

1979). Lahiastroneylus cugent{ Johnston & Mawson,

1940 hatches ats a secondestage sheathed larva and

moulls to oa third-stage double sheathed larvae

(Smales 1977) and Cloacind similis Johoston &

Mawson, 1939 hatches as a third-stage double-

sheathed larva (Clark 1971").

By contrast O. eppiigensts hatehes us a Lirst-stie

unsheathed Jarva and retains only the second-stage

cuticle as a single sheath around the third-stage

larva. These differences in stage of hatching are

reflected in the time taken from the beginning of

embryogenesis to hatching, 19 — 23 h for QO. eppin-

vensix, 12h for HT. macrapi. 20 — 40 h for A. rose

maria? and 67 — 14h for L. engenii (Smiles 1977;

Beveridge & Presidente 197%; Beveridge 1979), The

ume @. eppingensiy took to hatch und then develop

to third-stage sheathed larva (4 days at 28° C) is eon-

sistent with the life cyele patterns given by Anderson

TABLE 2, Measurements (tt) ef Oesophivostomoides eppingensis it distilled water culrare at 25° C. Ten larvae were

removed wid measured cach day. The minge is followed hy the meyn.

Day Larval Stage Length Width OcsophiuLus lenuth

0) 1 277 - 323 (292) 22 —27 (24) 58 —77 (69)

| | 325 - 365 1344) 19 — 25 (22) 73-847)

2 \ 355 — 383 (369) 21 —27 (24) BR 98 (O49)

3 2 384 - ho (400) 22 —28 (35) 93 — 103 (98)

+4 2 438 — 462 (450) 26 — A (28) 95 EET GN0a)

5 3 440) 545 (528) 28 —41 (34) HY — 132. ( 12k)

Chari, (E971) A preliminary investigation inty the freestving

sliges OF wee nemitlode purasties af the Kaneda [slind Walkithy

(Mecropys oomernd) BS (tlons) ‘Thesis, The Unirersaty of

Adelaide Ginpub

LARVAL NEMATODES FROM LASIORHINUS KREFFTI ol

Fig. 3. Oesophagostomoides eppingensis larval development when cultured in distilled water at 25° C lor 4 days. A,

Hatching. B. First-stage larva, day |. C. Second-stage larva. day 3, D. Third-stage larva, day 4. Scale bars = 40 pm A —

C, 70 um D.

(2000) for the superfamily Strongyloidea, to which

Oesophagostomoides belongs.

The process of hatching, including increased larval

movement, for O. eppingensis follows the basic pat-

tern suggested by Bird & Bird (1991) as common to

all nematodes. The escape of the larva by mechani-

cal disruption of part of the egg shell is similar to that

described for L. eugenii (Smales 1977) and could

therefore also involve enzyme action to effect a

change In permeability of the egg and increase plas-

ticity of the shell (Smales 1977).

Examination of eggs and larvae confirmed previ-

ous suggestions (Smales 1994; Gerhardt et a/. 2000)

that only two species of intestinal nematode occur in

L. krefftii. Measurements of eggs in this study (88 —

92 um x 42 — 50 pm) are consistent with measure-

ments of eggs of O. eppingensis and fall within the

size range of eggs of other intestinal nematodes

occurring in wombats (Beveridge 1978). The range

of temperatures at which egg hatching occurred, 18 —

30° C is consistent with that recorded for other

strongylids. For example, the eggs of Chabertia

ovina (Fabricius, 1788) hatch between 6 and 36° C,

Strongylus vulgaris (Loass, 1900) between 8 and 39°

C, Oesophagostomum columbianum Curtice, 1890

between 15 and 37° C and Castorstrongylis castoris

Chopin, 1925 between 18 and 25° C (Anderson

2000). Given the hot, dry climate of EFNP, we

expected that the optimum temperature for hatching

would have been at the high end of the range such as,

for example, 30° C recorded for S. vulgaris and O.

columbianum (Anderson 2000). The optimum was,

however, 26° C, a temperature reported as optimum

for C. ovina and close to the 25° C optimum report-

ed for a number of strongylids, such as Ostertagia

ostertagit (Stiles, 1892), Trichostrongylus axel

62 L. R. SMALES, K. GERHARDT & B. HEINRICH

Fig. 4. Oesophagostomoides eppingensis free-living stages. a. First-stage larva. b. Second-stage larva. c. Third-stage infec-

tive larva. Scale bar = 50 um.

Fig. 5. Strongyloides sp. Free living stages. a. Rhabditiform first or second-stage larva. b. Filariform third-stage infective

larva. Scale bar = 50 um,

(Cobbold 1879), Syngamous trachea (Montagu,

1811) and Ancylostoma caninum (Ercolani, 1859),

found in temperate climates (see Anderson 2000).

One possible explanation is that eggs might go into a

state of arrested development at high temperatures,

as has been reported for the eggs of animal parasitic

and plant parasitic nematodes (Waller & Donald

1972: Bird & Bird 1991), to ensure survival.

Of the three morphotypes of larvae found in faecal

cultures, the first morphotype was a_ typical

strongylid. No obvious differences in size, growth

rate or morphology of this type were detected during

culture, lending weight to the presumption that these

larvae represented a single species, namely O. eppin-

gensis.

The other two morphotypes could clearly be des-

ignated developmental larval stages of species typi-

cal of the family Strongyloididae. Although both

genera Parastrongyloides and Strongyloides occur

in marsupials, only a Strongyloides species has been

reported from vombatids (Skerrat 1995).

Consequently these larvae are presumed to be

Strongyloides sp., possibly S. spearei Skerrat, 1995,

occurring in the common wombat (see Skerrat

1995). The infective larvae we found, however,

were smaller (mean lengths of 445 um compared

LARVAL NEMATODES FROM LASIORHINUS KREFE TI 03

with S529 win) with wa shorter oesophagus (210 ym

compared with 236 pin) a shorter tail (47 wot car

pared with 79 jam) and with the genital anlage clos-

er to the anterior end (277 pm compared with 324

un) than in 8 speare?. They may, therefore. be

either a distinct species or represent a population pf

smaller worms that populations ofS. ypearer fram

the common wombat. A more detailed examination

of all stages of the life eyele, particularly by culliu-

ing larvae through to adults, is needed before the

specific status of the Syronevieides sp. from the

Northern hairy nosed wombat can be determined,

The hatching af £. event as a sheathed secand-

Neither this strategy nor a preference for higher

temperatures for hatehing success has evolved iO.

eppingensiy. Monitoring for the presence of

intestinal helminths in the EPNP population through

1996 (Gerhardt ef al, 2000) has shown that O

eppingensis is presedt throughout the year. Larvae

must. nevertheless. be sufficiently robust to survive

the hot summers and dey winters typical of Central

Queensland. Further work is needed lo determine

the Jevel of heat tolerance and responses to

desiccation of QO. eppingensiy und how they relate to

the life-eyele strategies of the parasite. A better

ufiderstanding of the dynamics of the freeliving

stage ava was thought by Smales (1977) lo be a stages could be useful when developing

protective response lo the polential fordesiccation of management strategies for the wambut host

eggs und larvae under Australian climatic conditions. population.

References

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brates their development and transmission (CAB

International, Wallingford),

Breveripar, b (1978) A laxonamic reyision of the gener

Phascolusrrongylius Canavan aod Oesapliagestomailes

Schwiute (Nematoda: Trichonematidie), Awan 2 Zand,

2, 585 — 602.

(1979) Aypedluniies macipi Monnig. 1920-4

hook Worm-tike parasite of macropodid harsupials. 1

Helminthol 33, 229. Jad

_ & Prustpenrr, Po AL (978) Ritvapharvi

rosmariae New species (Nematodes Pharyagee

stronpylidae) from grey kangaroos (Micrpits giganteas

and ML fitiginesay) with fife cyele stages and associalud

pathology, dat dh Pacasital, 8, 379 — 387.

Biep AB & Biko. 1, (1991) The structure of nematodes”

(Academic Press, Sun Diego).

CHOSSMAN, D.G,, JOHNSON, CN. & Horsup, A.B. (1904)

Trends in the pepulation of the northent hairy-nesce

wombat Lasiortiins kreffir in Epping Forest National

Park, Central Queensland Paes Cony Biol L141 149,

Granagpi, K. Smarhs. b, Re & McKinnor 8. C2 (2000)

Parasites oF the northern hairy-nosed wembvat

Lisohinys kreffit and the implications for cousery.e

ion, Ausr. Manned, 22, 17-22.

Jounsos, CON, & Crosswan. 2. G. (1991) Dispersal and

social ofsanization of the orthern huiry-nesed wombat

Laslorhinus keel. Zool Land, 228, (05 — 413.

Maawriw. S$. Bursinge, A.A. & Mogkus, K. (1996) “The

1096 Action Phin for Austrulian Mirsupials.” Wildlife

Australia Species Prosrant Projeet Number 150 (Wildlife

Australia, Canberra),

SKERRAL LP. (1995) Strungvlaides spearei ne sy.

(Sematoda: Strongy loididae) fron the common wombul

Vombates vesinus (Miarsupralian Yombatidae), Svan Parasite

32, #1 - BD.

SMALHS. L. Ro (1977) The lite history of Leb iustroptis

engeni’ a pemilode parasite OF The Kanearoe [shan

Wallaby (Meerapus ergeniis development and hatching

of the eve and tree ving: stuwes. dnt J Parasitol. 7.

449 — 456.

(1994) A new species ob Gesepligastaioiules

(Nematoda: Cloacinidie) from the northern hairy-nosed

wombat Lasiorhinus kepiill with a key ta the species of

the genus. /. Peardsiral. 80, 638 — 643.

(1998) Helminth purasilus of wombuats pp, 312

— 316 fi Wells, ROT. & Pridmore PA. (Eds) “Wombats”

(Surrey Beatty & Sonus, Chipping Nurton).

TAYLOR, AOC, Srmuwin. W. & Waynr, K. (1994) Genene

variation of microsatellite loci in a bottleneck species:

the northern hairy-nosed wombat Lastoriinus Arefptit

Mal, Ecol, 3, 277 - 290,

Waring. Pod. & Dosarp. ALD. (1972) Elfeets of changes

in temperature and saturation deficit of the survival of

egus of Trichostrongylus colubriformis (Nematoda:

Trichostromgylidae). dat J, Parayitel, 2.439 - 447

A DISJUNCT POPULATION OF EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS SSP.

BICOSTATA FROM SOUTH AUSTRALIA

By R. E. VAILLANCOURT*, D. B. BOOMSMAT & D. NICOLLE#

Summary

Vaillancourt, R. E., Boomsma, D. B. & Nicolle, D. (2001) A disjunct population of

Eucalyptus globulus ssp. bicostata from South Australia. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust.

125(1), 65-68, 31 May, 2001.

A population of Eucalyptus globulus ssp. bicostata was recently discovered at Mt.

Bryan (SA) which is more than 600 km from the nearest other population of this

taxon. The aim of this study was to determine whether this population is natural or

whether it might have been planted after the arrival of pastoralists to the area. To

achieve this aim we used RAPD molecular marker analysis of a large (10 m diam)

lignotuberous stand of E. globulus ssp. bicostata that roughly formed a ring. The

RAPD analysis indicated no differences between samples taken from the

lignotuberous stand, although individuals from outside it were all different from it and

from one another. Because the lignotuberous stand of E. globulus ssp. bicostata is

likely to originate from a single individual and is very large, it is likely to be very old

(possibly as old as 4,000 years) and this would imply that the population was not

established by pastoralists. How did the E. globulus spp. bicostata become established

on Mt. Bryan? Four possibilities are discussed, namely, natural long distance seed

dispersal, seed dispersal by humans before the arrival of pastoralists, long distance

pollen dispersal and connection to the Victorian Eucalyptus globulus ssp. bicostata

forest in the past.

Key Words: Lignotuber, clone size, RAPD, fingerprinting.

Trcetions of the Ravel Seerey op 8, Aust 12001), P2108 68.

A DISJUNCT POPULATION OF EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS SSP. BICOSTATA FROM

SOUTH AUSTRALIA

by R. BE. VAILLANCOURT*, D. B. Boomsma’ & D. Nico nt

ummary

VallbaAncovin, ROE, Boomsma, D, B. & Nieonie D, (2001) A disjunct population of Laeulypnes globules asp

bieostane from South Australie Trans. Ro See SL Ast 925 (1 85-68. 3) May. 2007

A popakition al Bncalyiptes glabalis ssp. bicasiere was recently diseavercd at Mi Bryan PSA) whieh is mare

Han GOO ka frou the nearest other population of this xen, The aii ob Mis study was ta deterniine whether

this population is Nalitalor whether might hive heen phinted after the arrival of pastoralists to (he area, To

achieve Tis ain) we used RAPD molecule tairker analysis oF linge (10m didi liinotuberous stand of &

wobulus ssp. bicostare thar coughly formed acing The RAPD analysis dicated no differences between san

ples fiken From the Hignoatiberous stem, aithaugh pilwidtials fram outside i were ull different from) jtand trom

bne another Because the Jignotuberous stand of lo wlabuliys Sop. blcostatd is likely to originate fron a single

individual and is very large. iis likely te be very old (passifhy ats ald as 4000 years) ancl (is would inply (het

the population was Wat estiblished by pastonilst: Mow did the Bo clebufiw ssp, bicosiate become established

on ML Beyai? Pour possibilities swe discussed, namely, nalural long dishinee seed dispersal, seed dispersal by

humus before the arrival of pustonilists, lone distanee pollen dispersal and cannection to the Victorian

Maculypias glidiilis ssp. bioesteaey Torest in the past

fly Wokps: Lighotuber clone size, RAPD, finperprintine.

Introduction

A populition of Eneaulypiiy globulay ssp. bicoslata

(Manlen, Blakely & J. Simm.) Kirkpate was recenrly

discovered at Mt Bryan SA (33" 26'S. 138° 57° Ey

by B. Baltes. This population is anusual im that i is

more than 600 km from the neatest know E,

wlobulus ssp. bicostate population (Otway Ranges.

Victoria) and ts the only population of that specres

west of the Murray-Darling drainage system The

population is sited an the slopes of y high ridae

south-west of (he sumint of Mi Bryan, at an allitie

between 680 and S90 m, The entire population

consists OF approximately 80 apparently very old,

liurge individuals and between 160 and 180 “sapliag

stage” individuals with a stem diameter of less than

300 min just above ground level, Smiull seedlings at

the cotyledon to the filth leal-pair stage were

observed at the site in 1996/97 but seedlings were

nol observed 7 August 2000. They may have been

removed by sheep. The population hay w range of

approxinmitely TO00 mi and forms three sith

populations separated by c, 200 m each, the western

sub population bemg the largest, Sapling stige

~ Suhre of Plant Scenes aid Coopenmive Research Centre tr

Sustinible Proddetion Borestey. Wonversity bt Tustin, G1

Box 252-55 Waban Tas. Ha

Periail: RB Vatbincodr (rutin Adie vu

Fy Soumern Vee Breedihe Associa He ane Couperlve

Resear Centre for Susytiimible Prodoetion Forestry TOb [hos

IS) Mount Gambier S520

Rehool ol Hinlemeal Saenges, Plidar Clverseny ab Soult

Saetniliy GPO Box 2200 Adehuue SA S001

individuals were more plentilal in although aot

restricted la, the relutively lower elevations within

the population, The A. elohulias sxp. bicostete tees

ranged jn height from less (han 3 lo som, The

understorey was dominated by native grasses and

herbs. although some A/Mocasiiarind verticillata

(Lam) Lo Johnson ane Bursarta spiresea Cas.

occurred within the population. Six plank species

occurring at the site are classified as rare or

enclingered. numely, Asplentuntflabellifadiin Cay,

Derweitia decorosa (PF. Muell.) Bo G. Briggs &

Ehren. Ayvinenunthera dentita Ro Brews DC,

Lepidinm pxeude-rasmanican Thell. Qlearia

pannesa Hook. ssp. pannasa. and Rhodeitle

dathemaides (Sprengel) Paul G. Wilson (Pod Lang,

pers. comm. 2000) Noother evenly pts oecurped wilh

Eucalyptus globuluy ssp. bicoyiate, Further down Mi

Bryan the ssp. bleasrie population 1s grassland

down to fdwiy oi the south-western slope. Beliw

this grassland is open B, leveesyvlon B Mull, /E.

perasa b Muell.ex Mig. /A. verticilara woodland.

The local area is one of the caldest in’ South

Australia, with the nearest temperatuire-recording

wealher station ab Yongals recording ayerige winter

minima gf 2,5° Cand an extreme (July) minimum of

minus #.2° Cy the lowest in SA (Bureau of

Meteorology: hitp://www, BoM GOY.AL/climate/).

In cuculypts. vegelalive propagation oceurs

through lignoatubers. A lignotuher is a semi

subterranean woody mass Of stem-like tissue that

#ives protection lod kage reserve of epicormic buds.

These allow rapid regeneration aller stem destruction

or damage by lire or other cuuses Glacobs 1955:

init) ROL, VAILLASCOLIRT, 1 BH RBOOMSMAA 1 SICOHT LE

Chatawity 1958). Lignotubers Gecur in the majority

WW Lucelyplis (LOHGriL) species at sole stage a

their life cyele (acobs 1955), Repealed damage to it

fee cin result te extensive lignotuher development

ond fomution of ad anulli-stemmed stand (Licey &

Jolinston (990), Buealypis capable of vegetative

reprawlh cin hve longer [ban staglestenimned: toes

(Tyson er ad, 1998)

The question hay been mifsed as ta whether uhis

South Austruliin population of AL global ssp.

frivostata is nalural or whether ib Might have beet

planted after the arrival of pastoralists ta the: iired, A

large sumd of Eo alobadis ssp. bieesrata thal roughly

formed a ring, Shape wits Todnad at the site at abour

S50 moaltitude fa the Wester sub-pupularion, This

stam is very Janse, being Lom in diwnieter ane

potentiaiy could have arisen From Tignotuberous

vrawth, Other lignotuberous stands of a simile size

und possibly even larger tue also present at the site.

hur are more difficult ta identify because of

lignotuber = fragmentiioan and) mn-circular

development af the scind,

Molecukin markers dire essential in denaryane

individual genotypes und sidyine Vvegeitive

propugition beewuse the clonal nature of some

vevelation cannot be-estublished with confides by

nurpholopgioal assessment done. Random Amplified

Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) (Willhins ef ah 1990,

Welsh & MeClelland 1990) is a useful type ol

molecular marker for the study of generic variation

since mimerous toe cun be sumplad. RAPD analysis

Tas been used extensively in euealy pes, in detecting

differences bebween closely relied species id

hybrids (Sale era 1996; Rossetto er ak 1997), tn

Siidies Of wenoic diversity and populitiin structure

(Nesbit ep af, 1995; Skaho ef e/ 1998), In

lingerprinting studies ( Kei] & Griffin 19¥d4: Nesbitt

eral 1997: Vailluncourl & Skubo 1999), in studies at

breeding systems (Gaiotia era 1997) and inostudies

of vevdlilive propagation by lgnotuber (Reniington

abel. 19962 Tyson er ah L948: Rosserto er ad L990),

The dim of this study was to determine whether the

lange lignotiberous E. glahidus ssp. hicestiuta stand

iy Chonul, [itis then its large size would imply that

itis very old suggesting (hal (he popubatron coutel (et

live been estublished hy pastoralists.

Materials and Methods

Mature adole leaf material fram eight Eucedypniy

vlolniuy ssp. bicostate sainples Was Weighed und

frozen in liquid nitrogen prior la use. Boar ob these

sumples were from the possible clone and four other

simples came from trees. away from the

liwnotuberaus stund. The four samples from the

possible clone came fram the four curdinal povaty of

(he Nenotwber “Total penomie DNA was isolated

from 2.0 9 of lear miuterkdl ueeording ta the CTAB

method af Doyle & Doyle (1990).

The DNA from each thee Was assayed lop Rincon

Amplified Polymorphie DNA (RAPID) iha'kers

(Welsh & MeClelland 1990: Williums ve at 1990),

Amplification conditivns were us in Nesbitt ee el.

(1997), Privers Were obtuined (ram Opera

Technologies Ine. (T0000 Atlantic Ave. Alianeda CA

D450) USA) am the University of British Columbia

(6174 University Boulevard. Vaneouver, BC. VOT

(73). Twenty dour primers previously showin to

produce polymorphic bands: (Vallhiweaun We Skah

1009) were used; OPA-02, OPA-1[4, OPA-1S, OPA-

17. OPA20. OPES. OPC-19) OPD-05, OPE-7,

OMA. UBC 30, URC 210, UBC 215. UBC 117.

UBC 2)%, UBC 232, UBC 154, UBC 237, UBC 23.

UBC 249, LiBC 266 and LBC 290, Aynplitied

lraemenis were vleciroplorelically sepuritedt ji a

50) WA figatose gel. using |X TBE buffer nim

photowraphed after staining with ethidium bromide.

Consistency Of interpretation was cstublished by

repenting three samples with each primer, In general

bands were Wot seored i they were (aint or diffuse.

ar occurred in the extremes ol the amplified size

rings, Only bands that were present th 25% to 75%

of the samples- were used in the analysis, as reported

in Skabo et af (99K,

The prosence/ubsence of RAPD bands was used ta

caleuhite a similurity matrix OF simiple matching

coellivients (Sokal & Sneath (964), usin the

N'TSYS program (Rohl 1993). The sinple inalehing

coclfieent (SM) ts delined us the total namber al

matches (shared absenee or presence) belween wwo

individuals, divided by the total ntiber of bands

yepred, The same program was (het used (Oo cilcurltbe

the Clustenng of inees with the UPGMA algerithm

and a déendroyrain showing the relutedness ob the

samples was-pyodiices

Results and Discussion

Putry eight polynorphie hands (hal met vy

avleelion eolerkt were scored for the eight DNA

sumples. Samples 1-4 frum the possible

Iienoluberous stad Were ideptiod! with a sini bintty

vf 1.0 (Table 1), Samples 5-8 were all difterent fran

one another and front siumples OF the Trsnetaberaus

stand (Pig. 1). The tree most closely related ta hie

liznotuberous stand, ree 5, joined the Tignoluberwis

suind sumples at iwdevel (SM = 0.58) chat shows thar

is not clokely related to it. Neshitt er at (i897)

found thar RAPD variation within elones was trniviul

conipared tor the Valiation found even hetween full

Siblings and that samihirity decreased wilh pedighee

distinee. The lack of any variution between samples

fron the lignetuberois sind cand fhe niueh lower

devree of similarity wath the eestor the samples. aver

A DISJUNCT EUCALYPTUS POPULATION FROM S, AUSTRALIA

TABLE |, Siiple marching coeplicient (SM) icasure of sinilaray beeen saniples frond Lucalyptus globulus ssp. bicosta-

fa population at MI Bryan in South Nustratia caleutated with RARD inirkers

Sanyple muiiber ( ne.)

no. | 2 3 4 5 in} qT $

| ua)

2 1.00 1.00

3 1.00 1.00 1.00

4 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

5 0.61 (59 {),37 (57 100

(y 44 (La5 1). 34 (34 47 1a)

7 43 143 43 (43 Qoi0 v.40 1.00)

A (32 0.33 0.34 0.34 (38 40 0.66 100

Samples | are front the 10m wide lignormberous stand. while samples 5-6 are trom individual trees iH (he vicinity OF the

stan

Fig. |. UPGOMA clustering al samples (ont a Bacal

Wohulus ssp. bicastate population at Mt Bryan in Seuth

Australia bused) on w simple nuuteching coelficient thyM)

incusure Ol similurity culeulated with RAPD markers,

Samples b-4 are from the LOm wide lignotuberous stand,

While samples 5-3 are fram individual trees in the

vicinity oF the stand.

i relatively large number of polymorphic binds. is

very strong evidence for the clonality of samples |-

4. Assuming the growth orate of the &. globulin ssp.

bicaylala Vinotuber was similar to that given by

Tyson ef cf (1998) for 2. rivdenti Mook. Poand A.

amnyedaling Labill, of about 2.5 mm/yeur, then it

would have taken 4000 yeurs for the A. glade ssp.

hicostata Wenotuber to achieve its present size. This

growth rate was comparable 16 that observed in é.

aleosa F Muell. ex Miq by Wellington ep a/. (1979),

but greater (han that obtained for a two metre

diameter lignotuber of fe. ceecifere J, D. Mook (Head

& Lacey 1988) We cannot say how old) this

individual really is. bat itis probably much more

than 200 yeurs old. This population of A. glabnluy

asp, bicestata is therelore most likely to be natural

and indeed an interesting remnant that deserves

conservation. Although the site is being grazed by

sheep (which would affeet (he rire understorey

species and (he cuculypt regeneration), the trees are

long lived and nol noticeably alfected by grazing.

Thus the population is not under any short term risk

from the current land practices,

How did the &. globulin ssp. bicestala get

established on Mt Bryan? One possibility is that a

moved to this site through natural Jong distance seed

dispersal. However, this eucalypt taxon, like most

euealypts, lacks adaptation for long distance seed

dispersal (Potts & Wiltshire 1997). A related

possibility is that this population was established from

seed transported by uborigines, Another possibility is

that it could have moved us ssp, hicestate pollen

coming from afar and hybridising with an unknown

resident eucalypt species, such us the related £,

gontocalys FL Muell. ex Mig. whieh occurs within 60

km ol the site (see Potts & Reid 1988 for un exumple

of this evolutionary mechanism). This would explain

why the chloroplast DNA of this population is of a

type very different from that encountered in: oiber

populations of 2. globules so Far surveyed (hickson ef

wl, 1999). None of these hypotheses can be disproved.

However, perhaps the simplest exphination for the

veourrence Of BL vlobulis ssp, bicostata at Mt Bryan

iy Uhat the Victorian &. vlebulus ssp. bicestate

populations were once connected to Mt Bryan at some

time in the past. When this would have occurred is a

matter lor speculation, [is unlikely to fave been im

the last 35,000 yeurs since the current aricity and the

even greater aridity around (he glacial maximum

make it unlikely that the Murray Basin could have

sustumned /. globultty ssp. bicestate populations, Lt his

often been assumed that this aridity muy have been

fairly constant from the Eocene to mid Miocene

murine incursion into the Murray Basin (Marginson

& Ladiges 1988). However, reeent evidence from

Lake Eyre suggests that there might have been weuer

Os Rb.

periods between 50,000 and 35,000 years BP (Magee

& Miller 1998), Therefore. itis possible that during

these or other previous wetter periods, an LE. wlobultis

ssp. bicostate lorest could have been more or less

continuous from Vietorat to Mt Bryan im South

Australia,

VAILLANCOURT, D, B, BOOMSMA & 2. NICOLLE

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to B, M. Potts for providing the

impetus for this project, some ol the informittion on

the site and for helping with the colleetion of

specimens. und S. Skabo for technical ussistance.

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variation in Lucalypies beater’ s.. and the recognition of

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Nessire, R.A. Porrs, BLM. VAILEANCOURT. R, EL. WEST.

AWK. & Rep, J. A. 1995) Partitioning and distribution

of RAPD variition ina Torest (ree species, Eyeculypties

clobulus (Myrtaceae), fered, 74, 628-637,

®& Reiv. dl B. (1997)

Fingerprinting and pedigree analysis in Buecelypris

dlobuluy using RAPDs. Silvae Genetica 46, 6-11,

Ports, BoM. & Rib, J.B. ClO88) Hybridisation as a

dispersal mechanism. Evel. 42, 1245-]255.

& Witiseike RB. IE, (1997) Euculypt genetics

and genecology pp. 56-91 Jn Williams. J. & Woinurski,

J. (Eds) “Eucalypt beology: Individuals to Keosystenia”

(Cambridge University Press, Cambridge).

Rossevro, ML, Lecwrorrn Bi, Horper, S, D, & Dixas, K.

W. (1997) DNA fingerprinting of Buculyias grauiticole

- Acritically endangered relict species ora rare hybrid.

Hered. 79, 310-314,

WJEZERSKL G., Toner, 5, BD. & Dixon, K. W,

(1999) Conservation geneties and clonaliry in twe

critically endangered eucalypts fram the highly cndennie

south-western Australiin flora. Biel Convery. 88, 321-

aa.

Ronin. Fd, (1993) “NTSYS-pe, Numerical luxonomy und

multivariate analysis system (v1.8) (Department of

ecology und evolution, Ste University of New York.

New York).

SoKAL, RoR. & Savant PEL A. (19603) “Principles of

numeral taxonomy” (Freeman, San Franciseo).

Sat. M. M., Ports. BoM. Wesn ALK. & Reid, dB.

(1996) Molecular differentiation within aod) between

Pnvalypiny risdonii, Bo anyedatina and their hybrids

using RAPD markers. Air. Bor. 44, 559-569,

Skano, S., VAInLAWCOURT, Ro EL & Potts. Bo ML (1908)

Finesseale genetic structure of Euca/ypiis globylus ssp,

globulus forest revealed by RAPDs, dhit 46, 583-594,

Tysox, Mo. VAILDANCOURT. Ro BK Rib, J. Bo (1998)

Determination of clone size and age inv mallee eucalypt

using RAPDs. fhid 46. 161-172,

VAiLApCouRI, R. E.. Skaba, S. & Gort, Pi (199%)

Fingerprinting for quality control in breeding and

deployment, Aus, For 6b. 207-210

Wretincton. A.B. Poracn. Th AL & Noun, b RR. (1979)

Radiocarbon dating of lignotubers (roan mullee forms of

Muealypuis. Seared MW), 282-283.

Weist J & MeCLeniaAnn, M,

genomes using PCR with arbitrary primers.

Acts Kes, 18, 7213-7218.

WILLIAMS, 1. Ch Ik, KUIK, ALR, LAVAK. Kd, KADALSKI,

OAL & Tineny, S. Vo (1990) DNA polymorphisms

wmplitied by arbitrary primers are usetul us penetie

markers, (hid 18, 6531-6535,

(M90) Finmerprinting

Nucleic

PISONIA GRANDIS DOES NOT APPEAR TO HARBOUR FUNGI

KNOWN TO INVADE SEA TURTLE NESTS AT

HERON ISLAND, EASTERN AUSTRALIA

BRIEF COMMUNICATION

Summary

Hatching success of loggerhead sea turtle nests is significantly lower at Heron I.

(23°26° S, 151°55° E-Capricorn Group, southern Great Barrier Reef), than on the

adjacent mainland’. Fungal invasion appears to play a major role in inter-specific and

inter-habitat variation in egg mortality between loggerhead (Caretta caretta L.) and

green (Chelonia mydas L.) sea turtles at coral cay and mainland rookeries’, and

hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata L.) and flatback (Natator depressus Garman)

turtles at other major rookeries in eastern Australia*.

Prisca Hats of He Rove Sacvety af S Aist (2001) T2801). 69-70,

BRIEF COMMUNICATION

PISONIA GRANDIS DOES NOT APPEAR TO HARBOUR FUNGL KNOWN TO INVADE

SEA TURTLE NESTS AT HERON ISLAND, EASTERN AUSTRALIA

Llutching success of loggerhead sea lure nests 1s

sitnificantly lower at Heron 1. (23°26' 8, 15 1°55" E-

Capricorn Group, southern Great Barrier Reef), (han

on the adjacent intinland'. Fungal invasion appears

lo play wmajor role in interspecific and inter-habitat

variition if egg mortality between lopgerhead

(Curetla caretia b,j) ane green (Chelonia mydeas |.)

sea turtles al coral cay and mainiand mokeries . and

hawksbull (remochelys tmbricate Loy and PMatbuek

(Natitor depressus Garman) turdes at other major

rookenes in astern Australia’,

The fungi /iwartian ovysparun Schlechne #

satan’ (Marto Sace. and Pyeudallescheria hoylii

Nevront und Piseber have been isolated front failed

Wurtle eggs al Heron 1 Pyeadallescheria bovdii is

an Opportunistic infectant of humans and other

animals bur there is na record of its bemg iivolved

in plant disease. However numerous strains of &,

eevsparion are wilt pathogens and Fo solani moy

cause rool pol, cunker and wilts' Since one of the

most distinguishing features of Heron Lis the dense,

central Piveae grandiy RO Br. forest, ib seems possi-

ble that this inight be acting as a reserveir for

anthracnose Msaria Which are also able to Tnyade

seu lurile nests.

Tn its wild stare 2 grandis (Nyctaginaeene) is

almost exclusively confined to small uninhibited

islands with large seabird colonies*", (Hroughout the

Indian utd Pacihe Oceans’ 8 Tn the Cupricota/

Bunker group af the southern Great Barrier Reef, 2

yrandiy os found on all of the islands. A central

forest is usually surrounded by natural fringing vee-

clarion, although erosion May bring the forest to the

beachlront’, ‘The presence of such forests appeurs

heavily cehant upon abundant seabirds and a specil-

ic soil and rock base", The Jemo Series!” are rich'y

organic. acidic, phosphatic, soils i association wilh

A hardpan or Coral conglomerate transformed into

calcium phosphate! This edaphic condition acctirs

only on cond and coral debris beneath bird colonius®

and is almost exclusive (oy forests dominited by P

eramdin

"ON 1D Mutiore tanh),

Piveniet eradis is offen associated with islands

hosting piveons. gannels (Sia spp.) or nodaly terns

(Anos spp). Uothe bird colonies desert the ishinds.

for whatever reason, the B gadis forest disappears

as it Seems undble (survive without the phosphite

coached soil! thal aids zermination und early devel

opment’ 1lis believed 2 grandis utilises seabirds for

epizoic dispersal’, although this has been disputed!”

Previously, the only funeus associated with /

vrdvdiy wt Hero to was an dmdeathed busid-

iomycele ectomycorrhizal symbiont! This fungus

Appears to be winique to 2 wremelfy or at least have u

limited host range, and could not he one of the three

turtle nest mycoflons reported? as Hone OF these is w

busidiomyeete,

To determine whether grandty barboured any of

Ue fungal species isolated from failed cays im sea

turtle nests, five individual /” granedis trees at the

Heron Island Research Staton. whese foliage

showed anthracnoses, were examined. Two leaves

from euch tree were collected and washed witli

sterile, distited water Lo remove bird guanine helore

refrigerated storage, Leaf tragmerits (Lem?) were sur

face sterilised in 19% AGNQOs for 2 iin then rinsed in

5% NaCl for | min, A final wash in sterile distitled

water lor 2 mm was undertaken lo remove any resid

ual silver cations, Fragments were Culturedas a cen

tral inoculum on halestrengt Potato Dextrose Awa

ar 2s! C for 7 days prior to identification.

Colletorrichunt gloeaspertaidey (Penz.) Penz. anc

Suec. wis molited from all leat lragments with teal’

spots, Culture of Unblemished fragments did) not

resulta any fingal erowth, Callelairichia 1s one ol

the most important genera of phot pathogenic fungi

worldwide" and can uffeet stems, shoots, fruit, pods,

flowers anil leaves". Tt has por been isolated: from

failed sea turtle ees and so it seems unlikely Uhal the

Po grandis torest ot Heron [sland is festing fing

likely to have an adverse efleet on sea turtle nests.

R. Shivas, Queensland Department of Primary

Industries, is thanked for the identification of ©

cloeusportolidles.

'Limpus, C. J., Reed, P. & Miller, J. D. (1983)

Islands and turtles. The influence of choice of nest-

ing beach on sex ratio pp. 397-402 Jn Baker, J. T.,

Carter, R. M., Sammarco, P. W. & Stark, K. P. (Eds)

“Proceedings: Inaugural Great Barrier

Conference, Townsville, Aug. 28-Sept. 2”

Press, Townsville).

*Phillott, A. D., Parmenter, C. J. & Limpus, C. J.

(2001) Chel. Consery. Biol. In Press.

‘Rippon, J. W. (1982). “Medical Mycology. The

Pathogenic Fungi and the Pathogenic Actinomycetes

2nd Edn” (W. B. Saunders and Co., Philadelphia).

* Booth, C. (1971) “The Genus Fusarium”

(Commonwealth Mycological Institute, Surrey).

St John, A. (1951) Webbia 8, 225-228,

" Airy Shaw, H. K. (1952) Kew Bull. 1952, 87-97.

’ Stemmerik, J. F. (1964) Flora Malesiana Ser. 6,

450-468.

(JCU

Reet

‘Hunt, D. R. (1967) Kew Bull, 21, 251.

’ Cribb, A. B. (1969) Qld Nat. 19, 110-114.

' Fosberg, F. R. (1954) Soil Sci. 78, 99-107.

'' Christophersen, E. (1927) Bishop Mus. Bull. 44,

1-79,

"Walker, T. A. (1991) Atoll Res. Bull, 350, 1-23.

Ashford, A. E. & Allaway, W. G. (1982) New

Phytol. 90, 511-519,

' Cairney, J. W. G., Rees, B. J., Allaway, W. G. &

Ashford, A. E. (1994) Jbid. 126, 91-98.

' Sutton, B. C. (1992) The Genus Glomerel/a and its

anamorph Colletotrichum pp. 1-26 In Bailey, J, A. &

Jeger, M. J. (Eds) “Colletotrichum: Biology,

Pathology and Control” (CAB International,

Wallingford).

' Dodd, J. C., Estrada, A. & Jeger, M. J. (1992)

Epidemiology of Colletotrichum gloeesporioides in

the tropics pp. 308-325 Ihid.

ANDREA D, PHILLOTT, Schoo! of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Central Queensland University

Rockhampton Qld 4702. E-mail: phillota@topaz.cqu.edu.au

VOL. 125, PART 2

30 NOVEMBER, 2001

Transactions of the

Royal Society of South

Australia

Incorporated

Contents.

Souter, N. J. & Williams, W. D. A comparison of macroinvertebrate

communities in three South Australian streams with eae

to reintroduction of the platypus ~ -

Bailey, P. T., Martin, J. H., Noyes, J. S. & Austin, A. D. Wenudacy aad

biology of a new species of Zaphanera (Hemiptera:

Aleyrodidae) and its association with the widespread death of

western myall trees, Acacia papyrocarpa, near Roxby

Downs, South Australia - - - - - -

Barker, S. Descriptions of twenty one new species of Cisseis (sensu

stricto) Gory & 2 1839 aaa it cae eons

Agrilinae) - =

Williams, C. R., Kokkinn, M. J., Snell, A. E. ; Fitoked, S. R. & Crossfield, E. ie

Mosquitoes (Diptera: Sueiite) in panncponitass Adelaide,

South Australia - - -

Ferguson, M. A., Smales, L. R. & Cribb, T. H. Aree species, Pretestis lati-

caecum, (Trematoda: Cladorchiidae) from Emydura krefftii

Gray, 1871 (Pleurodira: ie ae from Central Serena.

Australia - - -

O’Callaghan, M. G. & O’Donoghue, P. J. A new species of ‘Eimeria

(Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the brushtail possum,

Trichosurus vulpecula (Diprotodontia: Phalangeridae) - -

O’ Callaghan, M. G., Andrews, R. H., Davies, M. & Spratt, D. M. Species of

Raillietina Fuhrmann, 1920 (Cestoda: Davaineidae) from

the southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius) - - -

Beveridge, I. Cervonemella reardoni gen. et sp. nov. (Nematoda:

Cloacinidae) from the stomachs of scrub wallabies,

Dorcopsis spp., in Papua New Guinea - - ~ 4

Riley, I. T. & Wouts, W. M. Pratylenchus and Radopholus species in

agricultural soils and native vegetation in southern Australia

Brief Communication:

Mackness, B. & Godthelp, H. The use of Diprotodon as a ey

marker of the Pleistocene - - - - Z

Obituary:

Joan Burton Paton AM, BSc(Hons), MSc - - = . e Z ”

PUBLISHED AND SOLD AT THE SOCIETY’S ROOMS

SOUTH AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM, NORTH TERRACE, ADELAIDE, S.A. 5000

115

123

129

133

141

147

155

159

TRANSACTIONS OF THE

ROYAL SOCIETY

OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA

INCORPORATED

VOL. 125, PART 2

A COMPARISON OF MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES

IN THREE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN STREAMS WITH REGARD

TO REINTRODUCTION OF THE PLATYPUS

By NICHOLAS J. SOUTER** & WILLIAM D. WILLIAMS*

Summary

Souter, N. J. & Williams, W. D. (2001) A comparison of macroinvertebrate

communities in three South Australian streams with regard to reintroduction of the

platypus. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 125(2), 71-82, 30 November, 2001.

The macroinvertebrate benthos of Scott Creek, an intermittent stream in the Mt. Lofty

Ranges, was assessed to determine whether it could sustain a population of platypus

(Ornithorhynchus anatinus), a species that has been locally extinct for about 100

years. The benthic fauna was compared to that of Rocky River and Breakneck River,

two streams on Kangaroo Island where platypus have been introduced. Little

difference was observed in the abundance and biomass of macroinvertebrates in the

three streams, suggesting that Scott Creek in common with the two island streams

contracts to pools in late summer/early autumn where the platypus populations are

limited by this habitat truncation. Further assessment is needed of the physical

suitability of Scott Creek for platypus reintroduction (e.g. consolidated banks, over-

hanging plants, permanent pools) and the risk of predation by foxes.

Key Words: Macroinvertebrates, platypus, reintroduction, Onkaparinga River, Mt.

Lofty Ranges, Kangaroo Island.

Titans af le Koval Sackere of S. Vast (2001), 12502). 77-R2

A COMPARISON OF MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITIES

IN THREE SOUTH AUSTRALIAN STREAMS

WITH REGARD TO REINTRODUCTION OF THE PLATYPUS

by NICHOLAS 1. SOUTER EY & WILLIAM D. WILLIAMS ®

Siomumary

SotUrpR: Ne Low Withiams., Wo 2. (2001) A compitison of maconivertebrute communities up thee South

Austiilian streatis Will regi to reintraduetion of the platypus, Tram. Ro Soe. S. Aus 125(2). 71-82. HW)

Novernber, 2004.

The acroinvertebrite benthos of Scull Creek, aie imerniticnt straint inthe Mt Lotty Ranges. was assessed

We UETeRM Ene Whethed T eon sustiita populition of plitypis (Qruitariviehiisy cients La species Mat hes

heen toeally extinct Far abeut WO yeurs. The benthic Gina was compared to thatol Racky River and Breakneek

River two Siiihs On Kangaroo Ishiid where platypus have been iitroduced, Lite difference was ubseryed iy

the abundance sd bioniss of nigeroinverWbrtles tH (he three streams, sugvestiog that Seoul Creek dhes produce

aulligivnt food supply. The resouree may be marginal, however us Seott Creek in common with the two ishined

SUMS CONES To Pols Ti tate sumimenearly autumn where the pkitypus populations are limited by this

Jabitt trineation, Pirther assessment is needed of the physical suitability af Seat Creek for plitypus

reMroddetion (e.g, consolidated hattks, Gveehangeue phints, pecmanent pools) and the rsh ot predurion by

foxes,

Riv Worps: Macromvertebrates, plitypiis. contredietion, Onkaparinga River, ME LGtty Runoes, Kangatoe

YI \ ! E

Isham

Introduction

The last peliible peeard oof a platypus

(Oraithorhynchas anutines (Shaw) ia the Mt Lotty

Ronges, South Australia. wierd curcass Touma after a

Nued in the River ‘Torrens in 1892 (Hale

Somerville 1943). Before Europea settlement, the

Rayer Torrens, Oukapiringa River and ofher regional

streams contracted fo pools Ta summer and provided

OME Habit for platypus (Cirant 1992) Crant de

Denny!) Pollution. river regulation, aucieultiire,

torestry and urban development may have

contributed to the local extinetion af the platypus.

Predation by the lox (Cami (Wipes) vidpes 1.) une

other introduced animals is probably dso significant,

Reintroduction provides a valuable tool an the

miinhigement of vulnerable species: A provranime of

platypus reinteaduetion nite the Mr Lally ranges

would expand the vane of the species and enable the

collection Of information on the ecology of the

phityptis im marginal areas. A possible site fay

platypus reintrodiuction is Sea Creek, in

Onkaparinga wibutary (hat is partly within oa

conservation park and) a protected SA Water

catchment.

| Departinentol Ervironnenial Miele, Adelaide Piypwersiny Sa

SiUS

| Corespondiog athe Mresent ddeess) Scbrmih ad Hveleeiyy!

Serves, Uleaders Livers cl Seth Austiatiin Bedloed Park 84

S002. La nequterto catia

Gwin TR 8 DNs MAE STU DIS iubin OF tae

PhIWAns, Criiiiicdiy cuales, 1 Mistnitian WH auideliios

FOP UHI CRT VOTE) Miia Paths ail Witdlile Sereice.

As u first step toward dn assessment of tabitat

suitability for phitypuses, we investivaled the

potential Food supply Le, benthie miteroimvertebrates

(ef, Gram & Carrick LOTS) Faragher er val 1979:

Gram POS, 1995: Griffith ef af 1989: Kleiman

(989), Phe availability and productivity of benthic

macromyveriebrales, upon which pliaiypuses feed. is

believed to be the main factor fiiniting platypus

abundinee (Grant & Carrick 197K: Muragher eral,

1970: Grant 1995), Plalypuses are opportunistic

carmiyores, generally selecting invertebrares in direel

proportion to their abundance i the benthos

(Farugher ev af. 1979; Grant 1982). Paragher er al,

(1979) compared quantititive macroinvertebrale

sumiples collected from pools (dredge netling) aim

rifles (surber sampling) with the contents uf

platypus cheek pouches und found that the test

ubundinet animals in the henthos were iost abupeait

iy the platypuses” check pouches, ayilh some

aclechion for lureer jovertebraules und seleetion

awainst smaller ones. We compured — the

mucroinyerlebrake benthos of Seal Creek with thit

in Rocky River and Breakneck River on Kangaroo

Ishin. where platypuses were — introduced

sticcesslully between 1929 and (946 (Grant &

Denny!)

Benthic samples were collected in autumn ond

spring as they are times of sivess for the plarypus.

Harly autumn generally sees a considerable reduedion

i platypus habitat on Karmaroo tskind as the two

rivers are reduecd Lou string al water holes (Grane &

Denny!) This results in widespread dispersal and

horkility OF juvenile plitypuses (Grant & Denny!)

777

Spring is seen as the harshest season for plarypuses

(Grant 1995) dis ale winter and early spring rainfall

cause flooding and scouring of feeding areas and an

increase in flow makes feeding difficult. At the end

of winter platypuses ure in poor physical condition

(Gram & Duwson 1976: Grant 1995), with juvenile

males being the most affected as they possess

negligible reserves of body fat (Hurlbert & Grant

1983). To make up for this loss of condition

platyptises need an abundance of food inthe autumn,

Materials and Methods

Study Sites

Scott Creek (35°06' S, 148"42" E) an

intermittent, spring-fed stream with a 27) kar

citvhment that is partly cleared for urban

development and pasture (Fig. 1). Three 20-m sites

were chosen as representative stream sections in

order to sample a broad range of microbabitat types

(Table 1), Ste SC] was on the border of Scott Creck

Conservation Park, where the stream banks ure

dominated by the exotic weeping willow (Salix

behylonica L.). Sites SC2 and SC3 were in the Mt

Bold Reservoir catchment, in messmate (stringy-

vo Adelaide

3 | } ‘4

gee Pale at ol,

fy .

iw Kangaroo \

Island

| if & r

| \y

\ Ret

Hiv. 1, Sample sites on Scalt Creek, Roeky River and Breaks

~s ie a

Mt Bald

RRA \ Reservoir |

A Fa

Pong a

Nob SOUTRR & WD, WILLIAMS

bark) woodland (Eucalyptus eblique LHe,

Hydrological records for = 1970-94 (Dept

Environment & Heritage (DET), Adelaide, unpub.)

indivale a mean annual discharge of 3.501 MI, with

periods of no flow in November (20 of monthly

records), December (4%), January (8%). February

(16%). March (10%) and April (2%).

Rocky River (35°57' S, 136°42' E) drains 190 kin’

of eucalypt sclerophyll forest: in Flinders Chase

National Park, Kangaroo Island (Fig. [). Here. one

sumpling site (RRI) was chosen (Table 1)-

Hydrological data for 1974-94 (DEH, unpub.)

indicale a mean annual discharge of 17.620 MI, with

po-flow periods in December (4% of montlily

records), January (22%). February (62%). March

(5806), April (26%) and May (6%).

Breakneck River (35°56' S, 13635" E) drains 92

kn’ of eucalypt sclerophyll forest in’ the seuth-

western area of Flinders Chase National Park, Siles

BNI and BN2 were 50 m and | km downstream,

respectively, from a road crossing (Table 1). Whilst

no hydrological data are availuble. Breakneck River

is known to dry to a series of isolated pouls at the end

of summer (Grant & Denny!).

wok River

) PLATYPUS REINTRODUCTION

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74 N, J. SOUTER & W, 1D. WILLIAMS

Simiihitdae (1)

Cyloowlase €1)

laschereniur spp tlt

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1 crresivetdcen fees (1)

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Fig, 2 TWINSPAN dendrogram of samples in uutimn. The size of each sample group is shown m square boxes, with

indicator species (pseudospeeies cat levels in parentheses). The total number af samples fram each site is shown,

followed by a breakdown of samples from each habitat type (p. pools s. Linge woudy debris; m, macrophyte; en. run, rl.

riffle). Sanyple groups ure denoted A-h.

Siunmpling

The benthic omacroinvertebrate — sumpling

programme was designed with the assumption that

platypus will lake food in proportion ta tts

ubundance in the benthos (Puragher er a/, 1979)

Thus a wide range of microhubitals was sampled for

wuicroinvertebrates. using a range of sampling

lechniques. Five replicate samples were taken trom

up to five microhabitats at each site (Table [) in

wutumn (22 Mar - 5 Apr) and spring (28 Aug, - %

Sept.) 1993, In autumn, 0.1 m deep cores were

obtained from pools, riffles und runs with a O.154 m

diameter PVC tube (area O.O18 ie, volume 1.8%

10% im) or. when this Was not possible, with 4

moditied O18 oF Surber sampler and sieved through

a 250 mm mesh dip net. Large woody debris was

sumpled using a dip net over 0.3 nv for | min, und

buited ‘yabbic trips’ also were set. Spring samples

were reduced in size to expedite sampling. Species

area Curves were generated for samples collected in

wulumo to ensure that no loss of information

gecurred with reduced sample areas, This change in

sumple area should not have impacted on the results

us no attempt wis made to compare temporil

differences. (Cores were limited to 0.05 m depth

(volume 9.0 x 10% im?) and Surber and dip-net

sunples were rédticed wo 0.09 m7). Samples were

preserved in 70% ethanol and sreyed (2, 1. 0.5 mm

mesh) prior to determination of the numbers of

organisms per sample, Macroinvertehrates were

identified to a level according to their importunee as

platypus food, following the results of Faragher e7 cl.

(1979). Where possible, larze invertebrates were

identified to species. Smaller taxa, those identified in

Faragher ef al, (1979) as less common in the platypus

diet. such as chironomiids were not idenuitied heyond

family. Large were — selected

subjectively on the basis of size and us significance

us food with reference to Faragher ence. (1979) and

are listed in the Appendix. Conversions to biomass

were mide after drying samples (autumn only) at 55°

C for 2 days to constant woght, Water temperatures

were recorded On site using an alcohol thermometer:

conductivity (Radiometer CDM2e meter) und

turbidity (Hach Turbidimeter) were determined in

the laboratory,

invertebrates

Pai analysis

Al] abundance and biomass values were converted

to a common unit (number of incividiids per tom

and grams per | om) prior to analysis. Abundance

dita were log(x+)) transformed ta reduce skew,

range-standardised and rendered as a Bray-Curtis

distance matrix belore Two-Way [Ndicutor SPecies

MACKOINVERTEBRATES AND PLATYPUS REINTRODUCTION ;

ANalysis (TWINSPAN) (untransformed pseudo-

spevics were defined by the cut levels of 0, 25, 100,

200 und 1000; delault values were employed

elsewhere) and ordination by Semi-Strong Hybril

mullidimensional scaling (SSH) (PATN: Belbin

1993), Ordination solutions were derived from S00

randont starts. A Monte Carlo procedure (MCSSH in

PATN) was usec to determine whether the three-

dimensional SSH ordinations produced reliable

patierns, The PATN. Principal Axis Correlation

procedure (PCC) was used to cxaumine the

relationship) between ordination vectors and

environmental variables (conductivity, current

velocity Gis a ranked variable: T. riflfe; 2, run: 3,

pool), lititude, lonviltude, turbidity and temperature ).

PCC correlations were tested for stitistical

sreniticance (77 < 0,03) using the PATN Monte Carlo

procedure (MCOA) over LOO runs (Faith & Norris

1989), Groups ol sumples were compared using

Analysis of Similarities (Clarke 1993) (ANOSIM in

PATN), Suruples were grouped according to river,

site, microhabitat (large woody debris, pool, riffle,

run, mucrophyte bed) substratum (large woody

debris, sand/gravel. cobbles, bedrock, willow routs,

Hine sil) and current velocity (sull. pool/larre woody

debris/macrophyte bed; medium, run and fast, riffle),

Mediin invertebrate abundances, the abundances

of large laxcand bromiass in pool and rittle samples

(sce Appendix) were compared hy Kruskal-Wallis

ANOVA as the duty were non-normal. Between-site

differences were located using Zar’s (L984 pp. 199)

“Lukey-type’ multiple comparison test. a non-

parametric analogue to the Tukey test.

Results

Autianii

Seott Creek yielded 35,295 specimens in 35

samples. Sixty seven taxa. mostly insects (70%),

were recorded. with the amphipod Austrachiltonies

australis (Sayce) being the most abundant taxon ii

the greatest number of samples collected (Table 2)

Rocky River and Breakneck River yielded 9-415

specimens in 45 sumples. Fifty six taxa were

recorded: these were mainly insects (74%). with

chironomids being the most abundant taxon in the

largest, number of samples collected from both

Kungaroo Island rivers (Table 2).

TWINSPAN analysis (Fig, 2) first Separated

groups correlated with current velocity and. site

(groups D-E were riffle samples trom SCI and BN2

plus non-rilfle samples Irom RRL and BN2). The

remaining Separations were correlated with location

(groups A-B from Kangaroo Island: group C from

Scott Creek) und site within location. SSH ordination

yielded a 3-D model (stress 0.19) (Pig. 3a-c). As the

stress OF the 3-D model wits less than that derived

from the MCSSH procedure (stress 0.28) the original

TAME 2. Most abroident tac per seme from Seer Creck, Rocky River and Breakneck River in autine ured springy.

Autumn

Seoll Creek

(45 swnples) (15 simples)

Taton

Rocky River Breakneck River

(30 samples)

Spring

SeatiCreck Rocky River” Breakneck River

(40 samples) (15 samples) (30 samples)

Auserechitienin

costae 16 +

Por dilopy eels sp.

Micrentecta spp. -

Chirononiidiae I)

Simubidae

Baetiday eenus | MY sp. 5

Parad aistealien yes

Spurte ray Sp.

Linvloe

POSH ACHES SP,

Hydrapiila seumenielrit -

Newnaneperta thoveyt

Dinwiaperta evansi - -

Nematoui -

OWigochseta

Ostracoda -

Culocidie :

i eS a

Chrysenmelidae - -

\")

“4

- | “ :

> |

—_ — — — — — — — ——

The tombers indicate the numberof samples ia which the given taxon wils mast abundant

70 N. J. SOUTER & W. D. WILLIAMS

ordination is credible. Samples from Scott Creek and

the island rivers formed two groups on the third axis,

and sites tended to aggregate within these groups. °

PCC indicated significant correlations for all

environmental variables (Table 3). Vectors show two 07

main gradients: an altitude/geography gradient

comprising altitude, latitude, longitude, conductivity

and temperature and, at right angles on axis three, a

current velocity gradient also comprising turbidity

(Fig. 3a-c). The altitude/geography gradient

delineates the geographically distinct and high 07

altitude Scott Creek samples from the geographically

TaBLe 3. Maximum PCC correlations and significance of 14

environmental variables and sample ordination scores in 14 0.7

0.0 07

autumn and spring (* significant at p = 0.05; ** Axis 1 (a)

significant at p = 0.01). 14

‘i

Habitat feature Correlation

Autumn Spring

0,7

0.649%

0.345%

Conductivity (mmho) 0.916**

Turbidity (NTU) 0.519"

Water temperature (°C) 0.872:

Current velocity (ranked) 0.67

Altitude (m) 0.927

Latitude (decimal degrees) 0.900% * 0.885**

Longitude (decimal degrees) —0.907** 0.893% -0.7

closer and lower altitude Kangaroo Island river 44

samples, whilst conductivity and temperature were 14 0.7 0.0 0.7 14

higher in the Kangaroo Island rivers. The gradient of

decreasing current velocity corresponded with an 14

increase in turbidity. This gradient delineated groups

of samples from riffle, run and pool sites. ANOSIM

results revealed differences between each group of 07

samples analysed: significant differences were

located between river (R = 1.240, p < 0.001), site (R

= 1.356, p < 0.001), microhabitat (R = 1.158, p <

0.001), substratum (R = 1.226, p< 0.001) and current

velocity (R = 1.096, p < 0.001) sample groups.

Differences in median total macroinvertebrate

abundance in the three streams were not significant

for microhabitats within and between sites (H7 =

13.72, p = 0.057) (Fig. 4a). There were no significant

differences between the numbers of large taxa from

habitats within or between sites, with one exception eS 01 00 07 14

(Fig. 4b). The exception was that the number of large Axis 2 ()

macroinvertebrates in the macrophyte beds at RR1

was greater than that in the run at BN2 (7 = 21.95, Fig. 3. SSH ordination (a: axis 1 v. 2, b: axis | y. 3. c: axis

0.0

Axis 3

p = 0.003). With regard to biomass there were no 2 v. 3) for all samples collected during autumn. The site

significant differences between sites or habitats (Fig. of origin is marked 0, SCI; 1, SC2:; 0, SC3; A. RR1: @,

4c), with the exception that the median biomass from BN1: MM, BN2. Significant PCC vectors are superimposed

a rocky pool at SC2 was higher than that from a on the ordination plot (Al, altitude; Cn, conductivity: Cy,

rocky pool and bare sediment pool at BN2 (H7 = current velocity (ranked); La, latitude; Lo, longitude: Tp,

19.62, p = 0.007). water temperature: Tb, turbidity).

MACROINVERTEBRADES AND PLATYPUS REIN TRODUCTION t7

7000

2 soap

5 1

S 5000 |

ci]

2 4000

fe © 3000 a

: wy |

= 2000 |

e i WU)

pol | Mil

SC4(p). SCAp) RRA) BN2(p)

SC2{p) RRA(p) BN1i(p) BN2(r)

Sit@ (macrahabwtal) (a)

- 5000

= 400 |

i i

& 2000 |

3 |

% yop

c 0 > E—

5 Fa) "I

- | ! To

SC1(p) SC3(p) RR1v(in) BN2(p)

SC2(p) RR1(p) BN1(p) BN2(r)

Site (inaorohabitat) (b)

= 4

5 8

= 7

bey 6

2 |

34 5

5 4

3 q

a] rd

2 wl |

= al ! | —1> een —— -

SC4(p) SC3(p) RRA(m) BN2(p)

5C2(p) RRA(p) BN4(p) BN2(r)

Sile (Mmacronabilat) (c)

hike 4+. Mayor patch type comparison (median & 75-25

pereentiler ol autumn samples: Gy) awbundanee, ch)

sbundance HC large orgunisms. (ce) biomass (p. pools i,

nucruphye bee punt

Spring

The 40 samples from Sear Creek yielded 13.409

invertebrates in 54 taxa. the majority being insects

(68%). Chironomids and the snail Pondnopyreus sp,

were the most abundant asain the largest number af

samples (Table 2), A total of 2.964 invertebrates in

A+ las (81% Insects) was collected in 45 samples

from Kangaroo tslind. Oligochaeles were the most

abundant taxon from the largest number of samples

collected trom Rocky River but chironamids were

most abundant in the greatest number of samples

collected rom Breakneck River (Table 2). bare

Inaeromvertebrales were represented i both Sevott

Crech und Kangaroo Istand saniples, tadieaine (haat

reduced sample sizes in spring were effeetive in

collecting favourable food mems.

TWINSPAN analysis Thdicuted seven sroups (Fig,

5). The first division sepurited inte groups correlated

with current velocity. Pool and macrophyte samples

from RRI. BNI and BN? (group A-E) separited

from the remaining rifle. run, snad and pool simples

(gfoup F-G), The remaining divisions broadly

sepurited into groups containing samples of similar

focalion, Then site. SSH ordination yielded a 3-D

solution (stress O19), As the stress oF the 3-D model

was less than that derived Team the MCSSEH

procedure (stress 0.27) the oriinal ordination. ts

credible. Samples from Svott Creek separated fram

the two other sites ata angle along Axis b (Big. 6a-

by). Sites tended to cluster within. these groups (Fig

Ga-e), Principal Axis Correlation yielded staniticauit

correkitions forall environmental parameters (Table

3). The veetors show tye main gradients: a

altitude/geography gradient and oa current

velocity gradient. The altitide/geography gradient,

comprising allude, kuitude. longitude and water

lemperature separates the higher altitnde/

geogriphicully separite Seou Creek samples from

the lower altitide and geographically

Kangaroo Tshind yer samples (rig. @a-c). This

aradient also corresponds with an increase in water

(temperature. The current velocity gradient delineates

groups of riffle, rin und pool samples, whilst an

ineredse in clirrent Velocity coreesponds will a

decrease in conductivity, The orientation of lurbidity

does not correspond with the other two gradients

ucross the three axes and its level of signiticanee is

lower (Table 3), ANOSIM) results revealed

differences between euch group ol samples analysed

(with the exception of current yelouily): sigeificant

differences were located between river (R= 1.243, p

0.001), site (R= 1.273, p< 0,001). microhabitat(k

= 1.178, p< 0,001) od substratant (= P2284. pe

O.O0T) simple groups, Current velocity (R= | OPS, p

<0, 16) Was not signilicant,

Mediun invertebrate numbers in the miucrophyte

beds at RRT and bare sediment frany BNL were

greater than those from the rocky pools at BN2 and

SC3 (A) = 28.37. pp = 0.0002) (Pig. Tay. Otherwise,

there was no significant difference between mecian

numbers from habitits wibhin or between sites. The

Median ubundance oF hirve taxw in samples from the

three streams was different (5 = 26.40, p = 0.0004)

(Pig, 7b), Fewer large organisms occurred jn the bare

sediment pool al RR than the rocky runat SC2 and

there were fewer hinge taxa in the pool at BN2 than

cither the rocky run al SC2 or macrophyte beds at

closer

1S eva

Sivbiehies (1

Moron

Jasanrioveenis spp tl)

Th cumin’) )

AL swamithulia (2

SUC CE A ecazipbasices (1

N. tharevt (1)

Morprdidue (Ly

Calovidae (1)

Ponrapy peas sp, (1)

Chicorcinidie (9)

SCAT BNI (GH) SO2 (6) SC2 (4)

wl Ley rh Somme | ry 4.

RRS) BN2 (14) SORT) HEF (h)

mi mn 3 fel paim4d

BNI (2) 45 BNZUN)

2 rele

hig. 5. TWINSPAN dendrogram of samples in spring. "The si

Haetidue Gents | MV aps (1

N.J. SOUTER & W.D, WILLIAMS

Fenn eacuents spp (20

Conatopopanidie (3)

Objocliieti (3)

Chirunomislae (8)

ivi (1)

apvrans sp, (1)

Vo oneyi (1)

Vinpicidie (1)

Teese lennenies spy (2)

1 prinitii dy)

Piven ops, (1)

Poldihop irais spy, (4)

E F G

SOL) SO wT SC)

Th Ay. 3. pl mt

HSS BNLi4} RR

ped hans

BNI (1) fd (Lh

pl nl

BN2 (4)

ied

ve of cach sumple group is shown i squire boxes, with

iidicator species (pseudospecies cul levels in parentheses). The total number of samples from each site ds shows,

followed by a breakdown of samples trom each habitat type

riffle) Sample groups are denoted A-G.

RRI. There was no difference in the abundance of

large organisms from other babitats. within or

between sites.

Discussion

There were no major differences io the hiontass or

the abundance of total fruna or larger taxa in Scout

Creek und the Kangaroo [sland rivers. This finding

suggests that Scott Creek is a potential platypus

reintroduction site, based on the available food

resource in aulump and spring. However further

information is needed on the food resource during i

dry year and over.a wider area before reintroduction

of the platypus inta the Scott Creek area is

considered.

The key food groups for platypus the

Shoalhaven River, New South Wales, were

‘Trichoptera, Odonata, Diptera and) Ephemeroptera

(Faragher er cl. 1979), These are well-represented in

Seott Creek. and the decupods Cherax destructor

Clark and Peratya australiensix Kemp also are

(p. pool; 5. large woody debris: m. anaceophrytes rm, run, rf,

potential prey (cf Paragher er of (979: Krueger ef

al. 1992). The dominant macroinvertebrate in Scott

Creck the amphipod, Atstrach(lonia causiralis, 1s

another potential food source, In contrast. the

Kangaroo Island rivers (and Scott Creck in spring)

were dominated by chironomids, considered a less

substantial food for platypus by Fiaragher ef al,

(1979).

The macroinvertebrite community in Scott Creck

differed from that in Rocky River and Breikneck

River, with samples from similar streums and sites

(for example Rocky River and Breakneck River and

sites within Scott Creek respectively) showing

vreatest alfinity to one another. Dilferences in

community structure between Scott Creek und the

Island rivers were consistently correlated with a

number of river specific habitat and environmentiul

variables, such as altitude. latitude and Jongitude.

Seow Creek and the two Kangaroo Island rivers are

geographically distinet (separated by more than 200

km) and differ markedly in ullitade and microhabitit

types. These three factors have been shown to

MACROINVERPEBRALTES AND PLATYPUS REINTRODUCTION 74

0 1 2

Axis 2 (c)

Fig. & SSH ordination plot on axes (ay lv. 2.¢b) by. Bote)

2.3 for all samples collected during spring, The site of

origin is marked 0. SC1: OL SC2; 0, SC3; A. RRL,

BNI; BN2. Significam PCC yeetors are superimposed

on the ordination plot (AL altitude; Cn, conductivity, Cy,

current velocity (ranked): La, latitudes Lo, lomsitude: Tp.

water temperature; Th, Lurbicity )-

14000

Macroinvertevrate abundance

(na.m

SCi(p) SC3(p)

SC2(p)

RRVUm) BN2(p)

RR1(p) BNi(p) BN2(r)

Site (macrohabitat) {a)

Large taxa abundance {no.m*)

200 E |

| a |

6 ma 1 | |

SC1(p) SC3(p) RRUm) BN2(p)

SC2(p) RR1(p) BN1(p) BN2(r)

Site (macrohabitat) (b)

hig. 7. Major patch type comparison (median + 75-25

percentile) of sprog sumpless (a) abundance, (b)

abundance of large organisms, (p, pool, m, macrophyte

bed: nr run),

explain differences in aquatic muacroinyertebrate

structure of spatially distinct sites (ef, Corkum 1992;

Marchant ef af. 1994; Marchant ef al. 1999).

Despite the differences in Community structure

belween streams, samples from similar microhabiliats

and substrates were similar. This similarity was also

related to differences in current velocity, Autumn

riffle samples from Scott Creek and Breakneck River

showed more similarity to one another than to other

microhabitats at the same sites (cf Delucchi 1988:

Boulton & Lake 1992). Samples from Rocky River

and Breakneck River were more similar to one

unother than to samples from Scout Creek but were

iso different from one another.

The two island stream communities are likely to

ditter from those of Scott Creek since they have been

subjected to prolonged platypus predation, In this

study, chironomids and other small organisms

dominated in the streams subject to) platypus

predation and larger organisms dominated in Scott

Creek. There was little difference in total launal

abundance or biomass between the three Sites,

suggesting that platypuses may nol have a great

influence in that regard. It is hikeby. however, that

a) NOL SOLTPEROA® WoL WILE TAMS

reintroduction © platypuses ito Scou Creek would

reduce the density und ablindaiee of larger

oraunisimis, SO (hal the benthic fauna in Scot Creek

would become more like thar inthe two ishind rivers:

There are also likely to be diflerenees i predation

pressure between the (hree steams, die to

differences in the Tish fauna. Predation by fish, Car

example. causes behavioual changes tn love

Hicroinvertehrates (Cowan & Peckiursky 1904,

Kolar & Rahel }993; Tikkanen er al 1996) and

reduces ubundanee (Closs T4896) and density

(Diilgeon 1993: Melntosh & Townsend 19944,

Brook trout may sclectively reduce the biortass anu

density Of large organisms (eg. Ephemeropterns,

‘Trichopleray, promoting smaller ones (ear

Chironomidae) (Bechara ef af, 1992, 1993), Sean

Creek supports populiions Gf climbing gahes ies

(Gadlavias brevipiiies Giinther). redline (Perc

Hluyialiliy Lo, brown lout (Sade tretie 1) areal

gambusia (Crmbusier affinity bolbreokt (Girard)) (M,

Hhonner. Adelaide University. pers. conmm, 2001) th

Rovky River, common gailasis (G. aaenlatis

Jenyns) and climbitig gahaxiis hive: been recorded

(SA Museunt dali, whilst aecordines ta Clover

(1982) ratobow prone CO@rorhyaechus uykivs

(Richurdsony) vind brown trout (S20 fee) ure

porentidly present having been inteodueed inte barn

Wins on Kanigarcde bshand i the (9508. Th is nor

possible to evaluate further (he potential tood

fusouree in, Seow Creek without quantifying the

jopact of plutypis predation on the istuad rivers, bul

Halves appa Hihely that plitypuses would not be

excluded Tran Seoul Creek for want at lood,

The three seetions of Seau Creek tvestigated tn

Ibis study are insufficient to evaluate filly Seott

Creek in terms of philypus habitat, As (he home

runge ofa platypus has heen estimated to be between

12.3 Ka (Gram 1992), 0.33-2.28 kim (Serena 1993)

and 2,9-7.0 kin with one male travelling up te ES kin

(Cirdner & Serena P995) jp witler assessment of

Seoul Creek and surrounding walter bores is required

to determing enough suitible loud and habitat ure

present to support a Viable plarypus population, Phe

contiied How of both Seat Creek and the twe

Kangaroo Island rivers al the time of autumn

sampling dil vor alow fim an assessment ofthe food

resouree When (he habitat wits al its Most nimi.

Before nesintrodvetion can be further considered: an

capunded study of Scot! Creek and surrounding

witter bodies is required wit actinw al na Plow. This

Survey is roqaired ia contin the presence ol

consolidated banks, Overhanging vegeditien.

adequide food resources and the deep permanent

pools favoured hy platypuses, The potential threat sl

predation by foxes must also he assessed) helore

reintrodtetion is Considered,

Acknowledgments

‘This paper is drawn froma BSe (Hons) thesis by

NIS, supervised by WOW. We are indebted. to the

Department of Environment & Land Manigenent

for financial and other support, under pernit

O23779-01, Our thanks go alse to AL Boullon and

T Grant for advice, K. Walker tor cditori)assishinee

and S. Paul tor Help inthe field,

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(1989) ‘Translacation as 40 species conservation. tool:

status and strategy. Sefenee 245, 477-480.

Hani HLM. & Sombrviniie J.D, (1942) ‘The phitypus in

South Australia. S. Ans. Nat 24. 11-12.

Hiner, AW & Gran TR. 1983) A seasonal study of

hody condition und water turmaver in w free living

population al platypuses Ornitherhyachus anarinits,

(Monotrenmai), Aas A Zeal 31. 109-116.

Kiem an, DOG, (1989) Reintroduction of captive maninials

for conservalion. Bioscience 39 152-161.

KoLarn, CS. & Rathi, BE C1994) Interaction of a biotiv

factor (predator presence) and ain abiohe tietar (low

Oxyeen) us ain influence on benthie iivertebriite

communities, Gerologia 95, 210-219.

REOHOER, B., Hiri, S. & SeRDN ALM. (1902) Husbandry,

diet und behaviour of platypus Ornithorhyvachus

anatines it Healesville Sanctuary, dan Aon Yeh. 31. 64-

MARCHANT. R.. Barowitia. Le A. & Chissmas, Boe,

(199d) Preliminary study oof the ardination ani

Classification of macroinvertebrate conimunites fron

running waters in Victoria, Austratia, Adan A Mian

Frestoy, Kes, 45. 945-902,

- bike AW Nobis, Ro & Mertakuine, 1.

(1999) Classifivation of maeromvertebrate communities

getoss drathiwe basins in Vietoria, Australia:

consequences of siimpling ona broad spatial seale for

predictive modelling, Frestavarer Biol 4. 254-268.

Metnrosn, AL Ro & Towssenp, Co. R. (1994)

Interpopulation variation in maytly antiepreditor lacties:

Differential effects of contrasting predatory fish.

Eealowy 78, 2078-2090,

Sienna, M. (1994) Use al tie ail space by phitypus

(Ornithorhwachas anatins: Monotremita) along a

Victorian stream, A. Zeal. Lonel, 232, 117-131

TIRRANEN, PB, MiOrkKAL T. & Hupra, AL (1996) Fishless-

stream omayflies express behavioural flesibiliry in

response 16 preditory fish, Adin Belin, Sb. |30}-1399.

Zar. J. He C1984) Biostatistical Anulysis’ 2nd can

(Prentice-Hall, New Jersey).

Appendix

Miaicromvertebrile species, itssigniments of “large” oraanisms (designated by 7), site (SC Scott Creek: RR Rocky River: BN

Breakneck River) and season (a, autumn: s, spring) im 1993,

Major Grou Larse — Tuxon Stte/Season

TEMNOCEPHALIDEA

SCas, BNas

Teamoacenhila spp

TURBELLARIA

Duyesiidae Cura pinguis Weiss, 1910 SCas: RRs

NEMATODA Unidenmilicd spp. SCas. RRs. BNats

ANNELIDA

OLIGOCHAETA Unidentified spp. SCas.RRas. BNas

HHIRUDINEA Unidentified spp, SCas

MOLLUSCA

GASTROPODA

Aneyclicie Pervissia spp SCus, RRa, BNas

Hydroblidue Polamapy rus sp SCaus, RRas. BNas

Plinorbidie Pisa sp, SCas, BNus

Jsidorellt sp. SCas, BNu

BIVALVIA

Sphueriidae

Spherion tasmeanicun (Venison Woods, 1876) SCas

HYDRACARINA Unidentified spp, SCa, RRa, Bout

CRUSTACRA

AMPHIPODA

Ceinidac Austrochiltinia australis (Sayee, M01) SCas, RRas, BNu

DECAPODA

Atyidite Partiiva ausiralionsix Kemp, (207

Parasticidie Cheras destructor Clark. 1936

OSTRACODA Unidentitied spp,

COPEPODA

CLADOCERA

ISOPODA

Janiridae

INSECTA

DIPTERA

Chironomidae

Simuliidac

Ceratopogomidae

Empididae

Tipulidae

Museicdiae

Stratiomyidae

Culicidae

EPHEMEROPTERA

Buchidite

Leplophiebiidac

Caenidie

TRICHOPTERA

Caloacidae

Leptoceridae

Calamoceratidie

Atriplectidae

Ecnomidae

Hydroptilidac

Hlydropsychidie

Hydrobiosidue

COLEOPTERA

Elimdae

Dytiscidie

Gyrinidae

Setmidae

Chrysomelidac

Hydrophilidae

PLECOPTERA

Gripapteryeidae

Notonemouridie

HEMIPTERA

Mesoveliidue

Corixidae

Velie

Notonectidae

ODONATA

Cocnugrionidae

Corduliidue

Aeshnidiae

Gomphidae

LEPIDOPTERA

Pyralidae

N, J. SOUTER & W. D. WILLIAMS

Jmdenttied spp.

Unidentified spp.

midentified sp.

nidentificd spp.

nidenutied spp,

nidentilted spp.

nidentified spp.

Inidentified spp.

Unidentified spp.

—=aeco

Baeuidac Genus 1 MV spS

Centroptilim elongatum Suter, 1986

Clocon sp.

Aftalophlebia ausiralasica (Pictet, 1845)

Nousia incoaspicua (Baton, 1871)

Teasmanocoenis spp.

Unidentified spp.

Triplectides spp.

Oecelis spp.

Netalind spp.

Anisocentropus bicaloratus (Martynoy. 1914)

Unidentified spp.

Ecnomus spp-

Hellyeihira spp.

Orplitotvichia sp.

Oxyethirin sp,

Hydraptila scamanidra Neboiss. 1977

Chenmiatopsvche spp.

Apsilochoremua sp.

Ulmerochorema sp.

Taschorema species comples.

Unidentified sp. arvae)

Unidentified spp. (irvae)

Aatiporiis sp.

Necterosemit sp.

Srernopriscus muliimaculaius (Clark, 1862)

Unidentified sp.

Unidentified sp. (adults)

Unidentified spp. (larvae)

Unidentified sp.

Unidentified spp. (adults, larvae)

Unidentified sp.

Dinetoperta evansi Kimimins, 1951

Newmanoperla thoreyt (Banks, 1920)

Lepioperla primitiva MeLellaun, 1971

Mllexsaperle mayi (Perkins, 1958}

Austrocera lasmanicu (Tillyard, 1924)

Mesovelia spp.

Micronecta spp.

Sivara sp.

Unidentified spp.

Antsupy sp.

fyehnura heterostieta (Burmeister, 1839)

Hemicordulic tau (Selys, 1871)

Austroaeychia parvistignid (Selys. E883)

Austrade vehinir unicornis unicornis (Martine 90d)

Henpiunay papiensis (Burineister, 1839)

Austrogamplius ochracens (Selys, 1809)

Austrogemplis sp.

Unidentitied spp.

SCas, RRa, BNa

SCa, BNa

SCus. BNs

SCas, RRas, BNas

SCus, RRus. BNus

SCas, RRa. BNas

S$Cas. RRas. BNas

SCa, RRs, BNs

SCus, BNa

SCu

SCus

5Ca. RRas, BNas

SCas

SCas, RRa, BNas

SCas, RRas, BNas

SCas. RRas, BNas

$Cas, RRa, BNas

SCas. RRas. BNas

Tas. RRas. BNils

as, BNas

SCus, RRa, BNa

SCas, RRa, BNi

SCi

RRa, BNas

SCits, BNas

SC us

BNa

SCu

SCas. RRas, RNas

SCa

SCas. BNas

SCas

SCu

SCs. RRa, BNa

sCa

RRa

SCas, RRas, BNas

RRs

SCus. BNa

SCas, RRa BNis

SCas, RRs, BNas

SCus. RRs, BNas

SCs, RRs

SCs, RRs, BNs

$Cas. BNa

sCas, RRa. BNs

S$Cus, RRas, BNa

S8Ca. RRu

SCas. RRus

SCu, RRa, BNu

SCas, RRa

SCa. RRa. BNa

SCus

SCu, RRa. BNus

BNu

RRa. BNa

SCu, RRa, BNas

RRa

UE EEE

TAXONOMY AND BIOLOGY OF A NEW SPECIES OF

ZAPHANERA (HEMIPTERA: ALEYRODIDAE) AND ITS

ASSOCIATION WITH THE WIDESPREAD DEATH OF

WESTERN MYALL TREES, ACACIA PAPYROCARPA,

NEAR ROXBY DOWNS, SOUTH AUSTRALIA

By P. T. BAILEy*, J. H. Martin7, J. S. NOYES? & A. D. AUSTINE*

Summary

Bailey, P. T., Martin, J. H., Noyes, J. S. & Austin, A. D. (2001) Taxonomy and

biology of a new species of Zaphanera (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and its association

with the widespread death of western myall trees, Acacia papyrocarpa, near Roxby

Downs, South Australia. Trans, R. Soc. S. Aust. 125(2) 83-96, 30 November, 2001.

An outbreak of western myall whitefly, a new species of Zaphanera (Hemiptera:

Aleyrodidae), is associated with dieback and death of western myall trees, Acacia

papyrocarpa Bentham, in a desert area of about 10,000 km? in South Australia. Both

young and mature trees up to several hundred years old are affected, Death of foliage

appears to be related to large numbers of the whitefly feeding on phyllodes. A new

species of the parasitoid Zarhopaloides (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) emerged from

whitefly pupae and appears to be the first encyrtid authenticated as a true parasitoid of

aleyrodids. Possible causes of this outbreak are discussed and include (1) a temporary

parasitoid asynchrony with its hosts population, (2) the possibility that western myall

whitefly has been newly-introduced to the area on another plant host and has adapted

to western myall trees and (3) that the outbreak is symptomatic of a widespread

decline in the health of trees. All life-history stages of the new species of Zaphanera

and the new species of the parasitoid Zarhopaloides are described.

Key Words: Zaphanera, Zarhopaloides, Acacia papyrocarpa Bentham, western myall

whitefly, western myall tree, outbreak, tree death.

Transactions of the Royal Society of S. Aust, (2001), 125(2), 83-96,

TAXONOMY AND BIOLOGY OF A NEW SPECIES OF ZAPHANERA (HEMIPTERA:

ALEYRODIDAE) AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH THE WIDESPREAD DEATH OF WESTERN

MYALL TREES, ACACIA PAPYROCARPA, NEAR ROXBY DOWNS, SOUTH AUSTRALIA

by P. T. Baitey’. J. H. MARTIN", J. S. Noyes* & A. D. Austiné

Summary

Batry, P.T., Martin, J. HL, Noyus, J. S. & Austin, A. D, (2001) Taxonomy and biology of a new species of

Zaphanera (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and its association with the widespread death of western myall trees, Acacia

papyrocarpa, near Roxby Downs, South Australia. Trams. R. Soc, S. Aust, 125(2) 83-96, 30 November, 2001.

An outbreak of western myall whitefly, a new species of Zaphanera (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is associated

with dieback and death of western myall trees, Acacia papyrocarpa Bentham, in a desert area of about 10,000

km° in South Australia. Both young and mature trees up to several hundred years old are affected. Death of

foliage appears to be related to large numbers of the whitefly feeding on phyllodes. A new species of the

parasitoid Zarhopaloides (Ilymenoptera: Encyrtidac) emerged from whitefly pupae and appears to be the first

encyrtid authenticated as a true parasitoid of aleyrodids. Possible causes of this outbreak are discussed and

include (1) a temporary parasitoid asynchrony with its host population, (2) the possibility that western myall

whitelly has been newly-introduced to the area on another plant host and has adapted to western myall trees and

(3) that the outbreak is symptomatic of a widespread decline in the health of trees. All life-history stages of the

new species of Zaphanera and the new species of the parasitoid Zarhopaloides are described,

Key Worps: Zaphanera, Zarhopaloides, Acacia papyrocarpa Bentham, western myall whitefly, western

myall tree, outbreak, tree death.

Introduction

Western myall, dceacia papyrocarpa Bentham, is a

desert adapted tree of chenopod shrublands on

calcareous soils in the 150-300 mm (predominantly

winter) rainfall zones of northern Spencer Gulf,

along the margins of the Nullarbor Plain of South

Australia, and in the Eastern Goldfields of Western

Australia. Much of this area is used for grazing sheep

and cattle for which the trees provide shelter.

Western myall shares the castern parts of its range

with mulga, deacia aneura F. Muell., to form a

mixed species woodland.

Western myall trees are slow-growing and may

reach 5-6 m before becoming recumbent (Lange &

Sparrow 1992). Age estimates of mature trees vary

South Australian Research & Development Institute. Entomology

Section, Waite Campus, GPO Box 397 Adelaide SA 5001

E-mail: bailey.peterT @saugoy.sa.goy.au

* Department of Entomology. The Natural History Museu

Cromwell Road London SW7 SBD UK.

£ Department of Applied & Molecular Ecology and Centre for

Evolutionary Biology & Biodiversity, Adelaide University Waite

Campus Private Bag | Glen Osmond SA 5064.

' ConpMaAn. D., IRELAND, C. & West, N. E. (1996) The lifespan ol

western myall (Acacia papyrocarpa Benth.) “Rangelands in a

sustiinable biosphere’. Proceedings of the Fifth International

Rangeland Congress Salt Lake City, Utah, USA 23-28 July, 1995

Volume [| contributed presentations. 1996, 99-00. (Society for

Range Management, Denver, Colorado, USA) (unpub. ).

Ikrh AND, C. (1997). Sustaining the western myall woodlands:

ecology and management. PhD Thesis, Department of

Environmental Science and Rangeland Management, Adelaide

University (unpub.).

from 250 years (Coleman ef a/. 1996!) to 350+ years

(Ireland 19977), Foliar growth flushes are produced

by the tree during summer (November to February)

and appear to be independent of rainfall (Ireland

1997?)

This paper describes an outbreak of an apparently

native whitefly species in the genus Zaphanera on

western myall which has killed trees over a wide area

of north-eastern South Australia. There is no

historical evidence of previous outbreaks of this

species on western myall trees anywhere in Australia

(nor of any other insect capable of killing so many

trees so quickly). We are not aware of previous

reports of any whitefly species causing widespread

death of perennial trees. Both the whitefly and its

encyrtid wasp parasitoid are described as new and

possible reasons for the outbreak are discussed.

Materials and Methods

7Jaxonomy

Terminology for whitefly morphology follows that

of Martin (1999) and that for the encyrtid parasitoid

is after Noyes & Hayat (1994). The following

abbreviations are used for institutions:

ANIC, Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO

Entomology, Canberra;

BMNH., The Natural History Museum, London, UK:

USNM, US National Museum of Natural History,

Washington, DC;

WINC, Waite Insect and Nematode Collection,

Waite Campus, SA.

POP UATE BY TEE MARTIN

the Jollowiig abbreviations are used i the

parasitoid descripiion:

Ab.- vedeagus length

IL. - maxtinuin eye length

EW -masimum eve wislth

Fl-G - Luniche segments 1-4, 1a,

sewments afer the pedicel

FY -nitiinun frontovertes width

EWI. - fore wing length

PWW - fore wink width

GL - gonostylus length

HW ~ head width

TIWL, - hind wing length

LAW AW - hind wine width

MI anid tibia length

MS - nvaliir space

QC, - mini distatiee between posterior ocellis

and occipital margin

Ol, - ovipositor length

QOL <mininiiont distance belween. posterior ocellis

vod eye arin

POL - roininium distinee between posterior oeelli

SL -seupe length

SW — maximuin seupe walth

ile liest sis

Bivlaey

The Tite eyele oF western myall whitefly was

vonstrucied front ten population samples taken at

Approximately monthly mlervals during September-

Aprilarl less frequently during May-August over

ihe period Deceniber 1999 fo December 2000,

Whitefly population samples were taken [rom 20

mate trees. jedividually: marked, just outside

Roxby Downs township. At cael sampling time. a

healthy growing shoot was cul from cach tree at

approximately 2.5 m ficight and jdividually stored

ina paper bag. The samples were examined within

wo days of colleetion, On each shoat, five sub-

terminal mature phyllodes were cxummed and the

nuniber and sage of whiteflies were noted using x 20)

Huinitieation under a binoeular microscope,

This intensity of sampling yielded estimates of

mean nurnbers of whitefly with the following

stindard errers; for eyes, 20% Of the mean per

phyllude. for each of sevoud and third instar larvae,

25% of mean and for the pupal stage, 19% ol the

mean number per phyllode. First instar (mobile)

Jurvae were rarely observed, The presence af any

adults Aying around trees was also noted.

During the year 2000, eround surveys along stilion

tracks delimited the extent of the whitefly

iilestation. Trees with symptomatic diebuck were

inspeeted und the presence of u whitelly noted, Non-

syinplomatic trees were examined fh every Gopse

encountered along the route, generally allowing cae

Joust 5 kinafler cach positive recard belore resuniing

simpling, A treewis chosen 10-20 py away from the

IS NOYES A ALLL ALIS TUS

track but beyond this. oo special sampling: scheme

was tised. On each tree, 50 phyllodes were examinee

wilh the aid ofa hand lens and, if any stietsy of

whitefly were present, the lee wars counted as

postive. Wong whileflies were found on the tree

exomined, u nearby tree was sampled. LF this was

positive, the site was scored ys positive, Phe site was

seored as negative only dl no evidence of the whiten

was found in cihertee,

Zaphanera papyrocarpae Martin sp. 00s

(VIG 1-4, 7-17)

Uelawpe 4a pupanuwin, Bilhikilie Station. JO [a7

S, bg0° 17° EF) South Australia, on plvtlades at

fede papyrocarpa, 26.4v.2000 (0, FE, Martin 7406)

(slide-mounted. ANIC),

Moraiypes, South, Australia fall slideanounted): 8

(pupuria). To 4) (puparia) sine data as

holotype (ANIC, BMNIL USNM, WING), 3!

(puparia), 6-79 (puparia) Roxby Downs lownsinp,

27AvZ000 (Hh Martin) (BMNIL WING), 25

puparia, 6 third-instar Hirvue, | secomd-instur larva,

vicinity of Roxby Downs, ¥, 1999 (1 Zwar) (ANIC):

29 puparia, & L3/puparium midemoults, 9 (hid-instar

farvac, UL first-instar larvae. vieinily of Roxby

Downs. 20.x.1999 (P. Bailey) (BMNIL, WING): 14

puparit, 2 L3/pupariun mid-moults, 4 third-instar

larvae. vicinity of Roxby Downs 1.12000 (1

Hardy) (BMNEL WING): LT adult cf 9 adult 2 2,

vicinity of Roxby Downs. 14.1,2000 (PF Bailey)

(BRMNID): | L3/pupariuin mid-moult, 6 thircd-aistat

larvae, 37 sceond-instay larvae, 5 Vipsteinstar larvae,

Roxby Downs township, 25.1v.2000 (1, HW. Martin)

(BMNEM).

Other material: A large amount of dry material of all

jarval slages from the above collection sites is held it

BMNIt and WINC.

Puparinn Wigs 3. 4. 7.8)

Shortly afler the La/l4 moult shining black,

almost Mat, but with inereasing maturity beeoming

markedly convex and developing covering of sparse

greyish meal (Mig. 3); cntire cephulothorisx Cilling

away upon emergence of adults (Pig. 3); sexually

dimorphic, male puparia }42-).57 min long, O81

0.96 mm wide, widest opposite confluence of

longitudinal and transverse moulting sutures (Pig. 7):

antennal apices underlying median part of abdominal

sexment T/L (n=Lo), female puparia 1.72-1.45 mi

x TO5-1.98 mm, widest abdominally: antennal

apices terminating between middle and bind lews

(n=!4); puparia of both sexes 1501.80 x as long as

wide: margin erenuhue throughout, typicalhy 68

rounded teeth oecupying OQ) mim of abdominal

ERN MYALL WHITEFLY AND ITS PARASITOID

Figs 1-6. Life history stages and damage of western myall whitefly, Zupleimera papyrocarpae Martin sp. nov. 1. Eggs ona

g 3 e = ) ) 1 pa 2

phyllode of western myall. 2. One second instar (on left) and third instar larvae on a phyllode, 3. Adult female emerging

from puparium. 4. Eggs and pupae encrusting phyllodes. 5. Damage by Z. pupyrocarpae. A western myall tree in Roxby

Downs township with early symptoms of dieback associated with Z. papyrocarpae on phyllodes (this tree died six months

later). 6. Dead (left) and dying (right) western myall trees in pastoral lands of South Australia. Seale bars = 0.5 mm. 1; |

mm, 2-4: | m, 5, 6.

Hies 7.8. Zaphanera papyrocarpae Martin sp. nov., puparium, 7. Complete puparium with expanded detail of capitate setac

and geminate pore/porette pairs. 8. Dorsal detail of vasiform orifice region (drawn from a teneral puparium).

Scale bar = 0.5 mn.

WESTERN MYAL.L. WHITEFLY AND ITS PARASITOID 87

Figs 9-11, Zaphanera papyrocarpae Martin sp. nov. instars HL (not drawn to same seale), 9. Third-instar larva, dorsum.

10. Second-instar larva, dorsum, 11. First-instar larva. Scale bars = 0.5 mm. 9: 0.) mm, 10, 11.

margin: teeth rather irregular but not modified at

caudal and thoracic tracheal openings at margin;

anterior and posterior marginal setae present; dorsitl

chaclotaxy difficult to discern in mature puparia; ull

dorsal setae short, capitate; single pair of 8th

abdominal setae placed anterior and slightly lateral

to vasiform orifice; abdomen usually with 6 outer

submarginal pairs, cephalothorax usually with a

single outer submarginal pair and 2 subdorsal pairs

of setae (Fig. 7). but cephalic (submedian) setae

absent; dorsum with longitudinal moulting suture

reaching puparial margin; transverse moulting

sulures curving anterolaterally and reaching margin:

abdominal segmentation as shown, — the

intersegmental divisions of abdominal segments

U/L to VI/VIE exaggerated, thickened, suture-like,

SN UT, BAILEY, 21h MARTIN, JS. SOYES & ALD. AUSTIN

all Gurving Sharply untermid) and calinast reneliine

puparial margin: abdominal division Vi-VILE Joss

exigvermed bul also closely upprowehing margin,

submedian pockets variably marked depending an

degree ol utuniiys abdeminal segment VEE iat

jedueed if) length medivtlys ahdamingh rhachis

evidenk With lileraitarnis short (not to be confused

WHE dong intursegmental divisions); pair of

submedian posteriorly direeted tubbereles: on

posterior edge af cach of abdominal seginents V1

wbul with a pair of sina anteriorly ditecrod

nibercles on fhe anterior edge of each ol segments TE

VIL afien appeurmg as f pais of eharaeteristic

dirker TN" Vigures; Submedian abdominal

Hepressivns present bul cariouflawed by these

tubercles: cephalothoracic equivalents clearly

Warked by irregular mags of paler markings:

subNun WwiLh row of tiny pores. seen to be

veins pore/parette pairs only an teneral

specimens: Similir pores seen ti stall grote:

ddjaeent ty submedian depressions; vasitorin oviliee

cordate. slightly elevated posterolareralhy, filly

eecupied by Operculam) which obscures. Hingulis i

leneral speeliens Tinguhi as shown jn Pi 8, without

apical setae feharacters Of vasiform orice

vsscitially the same throughout larval stages;

vastiormn orifice about 0.06 tim long i male. 07

Ao iy female. inset from posterior puparia) margin

by 20-31 a itseown length tame, 2a-h ea

feral caudal farrew defined by shutlow pidge ti

either sides hub without markings: eyespou rarkinies

Absent On ventar antennae dinorphie us discussed

hove, bases pliced huteradl fo fore lees, legs euch

wilh apical adhesion pads middle and firme less each

wih ting basal seta and spines ventral abdominal

sue pliced Sighily anterior ty dorsal 8th abdominal

seties culidal and) thoracie tracheal folds: present.

narroay, paler Hin adjawent ca ticle ane puinetiated hy

darker ovoid markings: when -venler separated from

the dorsum. submedian wica seen te he much paler

than submutvin/subdorsun (ae chumwier rypieal bor

ZAPhanevey,

Thuabenistar turva (Pigs 2, 9)

Flongate civil, outline subtly comstrered shehtly

unierior ti Tang nteso-metathoracic Wivision (easily

HWhostaken for cephalothoracic-abdominal division but

lind legs clearly underlie apparent first abdominal

seement), uf which point Course niareinal

erenulations are Samewhal finer i some individuals:

third-stal -exnvia observed to fold at this mese-

tetathorucie wvision; sexual dimorphisar apparent,

ineividdils Filling tito roiwe 1041.09 mint Jong,

149-0.55 mm wide (presurmed aiule) or }.1a- 1.27

tim Jom. 036-0063 nin wide (presumed female). all

DA0N-2.13 Xs longus wade (n=l) cunule pala, but

with medi plentnted patel overlying moulhpurts

and. fore legs, another on abdominal segmenis FILL

and beowaish jedign piumentation present between

yvasiform ortlice and ahdominal division VIPUL

anterior and posterior marginal setae presents dorsal

chuelolixy Same as Ty) pliparate seni shart aod bluat

or very slightly upinite: abdominal mterseymental

divisions [MH to VIVE propounced, extenditie inte

outersuhdorsun: submiedian abdorninal depressicns

distinet. thoracic equivalents marked as i pupariae

submediun zone rhuchisform, submurgin with row of

eenminate pore/poreties: legs typical for thirdsinsuir.

rulher Uiingular, fore and middle pairs with apical

pads dimweted laterad hut hind pair ireeted

postanorlys aiennie vestigial, plueed aniteriar to

bases of fore lees.

Seconed-tistar faeva (Pigs 2. by)

I lotgateowul. outline subthy constricted anterior bo

Jong meso-mertharaeie division. whiell) is only

inlerseemental division extending into subdorsiny:

eulicle mostly gale, bul with some dusky

piumentarion on rhachisform submedian areas size

(A0-0.90 mm x (L27-0.33 mm (e324). mein

coursely crenulates anledor ind: posterior tmunginal

sclae present, large awith respect ty body sive, dorsal

chaviolasy apparently as in pupariin und liye

instar, but unly 2 pairs of thormerc and single pair af

submedian Sth abdontinul setae distinct tall

specimens: other ipdividiials with 6) pars. of

Subdorsal whdominal and therd Hhorgere pair ob seal

bases always visible but sete dhenselyes variably,

ar nol, developed: fow eontinite pore/pareie puis

present around periphery oF rhachis;

subtriangulir, upicul pads distinek ailennae

vestigial. anterior Wy fore evs, lateral to basal

(anterior) part oF rostral apparatus,

luws

Fiestrsnar fave Wig. V1)

Pale, OS4-0.40 mim os (14-019 nin (ne 1a),

marcin aver La pairs af fimertike protrusiuts,

smooth between thems each marginal protrusion

beabing seta winerion and posteriormost 3) pairs

bein loo und Wan-like: remunder short. shelly

capitiles benween the unteriominost 2 piors af

protrusion-borhe setae is i pair dnising Trop the

siqvoth murin, presumed ty be the anlerior nawial

selues On Uhis busts, posterior marginal sette absent

ws in second and: third fasturs. rnast pronounced

Wierseymental division is between mese- une

metathorax: dorsum with 4 pairs of cephalaihanew

und 7 pairs oF abdominal subdorsal capitate setae:

ventrally. dppendages refleet mobility ul this stige,

each leg with single articuliqon between coxifeniar

wud Ubladlarsuss Cora discernible: tarsus not distinc}

from tibia but distal sexment oF leg with apparent

single claw-lke upes und distinet chibbed subaptent

divitules cach antenna with 3 distinet segments,

WESTERN MYALL WHITEFLY AND ITS PARASITOID 89

16 17

Figs 12-17. Zaphanera papyrocarpae Martin sp. noy., adult characters. 12. Male antennal segment Hf. 13. Male antennal

segment TV, with single convoluted sensorium shown. 14. Female antennal segments HI-VIL 15. Lateral view of male

genilal segment. 16, Lateral view of male aedeagus. 17. Dorsal view of male abdomen, with expanded detail of

operculum and lingula.

ie) BL A ATER FT MARTINIS NOYES & ALD. AUSTIN

distal one longestand extending posteriorly ta hase

of ruiddle lees rostral base abd ventral abdonyiinal

wclie Hine, at toasts Lome as yasiforn ontice,

ye (nV)

Pick, hore at apex afi long pedicel singled suet

(haf eee visell ulittost louches the phyllode surlaee!

juid on ta phyvllode sortices. allen interspersed witht

jurvill Shige,

tefalt wate (Pies 12. 13. 15-17)

(73-087 in long (ureluding pariameres).

amine O41)-O.980 pon, ultimate rostral seament

OL OTES oni (ne 9): Wangs Lypteal for

Aleyrodiive. With) Main vein of fore and hind wing

uinhranched. wings unpizmented; abdomen bearing 4

pas Gl aval was ptinds, wboar 0 70-090 nm long

(Hig 17) purameres, aedoipus, opereulum and

Hime ds Wiisteited (Pigs 15-17): entire abdomen,

anterior W) wenital segment, very finely spinulose.

uppeariow preyish under lower mugnitieation:

witennde wah oly + visible segments, seement 11

usmally distingHy Gngled tits basal third amd: with

siigle, chreulit, efliate sepsoriany proximad at this

“elbow? (Fig. }3)ethe 2 (igellar segments each with

much convoluted, but apparently single. sensariun

Joop repeated! y around the sopment (bigs 12.13)

ohluli fennile (Fuss a, 14)

|.78-).97 mm long, antennae 0.62-0.75 min,

ultimate rastad seyment O.F0-013 mCi Bs wing

characters av in males; abdomen hearing only 2 patis

oF oval wax glands, about 0,10 tim longs abdorial

surface very finely spinulose, as i iile, amleniae 7

segmented, FV and V much shorter than remainder of

Nagellar seemenisy usually with segment VO bearing

2 sinuous sepsoria Che distal one being the longest).

seenient VE with one simous sensoriun and segment

Wh wilh a subapioal sensorium of irregular outline

but not elongate.

Avmalogs

Named utter its fost phimt, dewere paynnacirpe

(Leguminosae: Mimosaideue) the western niyall.

rom whieh it tikes both its speeitig name and

sivgesled common time, western myul whitelly,

fevonomic relatanships

Amonust the four deseribed Australian speeies of

Zaphanerd, Une pupania of 4. puprracarpae sp. nay.

upped’ closest to 4 aiger (Maskell) and nearly key as

such in Martuy’s (1999) key. Zaphanera

papyeecarpue stares with A igen a lack of

submedian vlandular patches, presence of saibmedisan

pairs of ubutting abdominal tubercles and

exeephonally pronounced intersezmental divisions

HAT te VIVID Thee puparia OF 20 papyrocenpere

develop aligned along the narrow, subeytindrical

phyllodes oF the western nivall Ih was initially

suspected that the new speeies WleNE be a variint oF

4 qiger, developings greater convexity and a iiore

clougute puparigl outline i response to tis leedine

environment. However chaser exaninunie has

indicated several other, consistent, characters thet

sepurale these two dasa. Phe Most striking

characlerste of the pupari of 4 popyrour pa vs

the extreme lorwird-earving of the transverse

mouwlling sotures and abdominal iterseuiental

divisions T/T Eto VV Ea feature nat seen in any

other examined members of the genus, whether

deseribed or not Puparia ot 4 paperaecrpde Hirther

differ from those of Zeer in only possessing tree

pats of cephalothoracic setae af whieh Iwo pairs ine

displaced into subdorsum (4. fieer has si

cephalothoravie pairs, wl submarginal, in not

POSSENSTN CL Submaninal par af setie on-abdenrinal

segipent HT (present in 4 arger)and in fawning ou short

literal rhitchis wen) issuing froth (he outer basal edde

of ceavh abdominal anteriorby-direeted tuberele

(rhachis completely undeveluped in A) wiger)

Puparta of 42. adver have very small. but distiiet,

subinedian abdominal depressions iid way between

the interseymental divisions, Whereus — the

depressions in 4 pupyrocurpan ure difficult (a see.

given the greater development of the sohmedian

abdominal tubercles, Uhird-instar larvae of 4.

pupyrecipae ate clopyate-aval (more brondly

reclangular in 4 wiger), with charaetersue

submediant pigmentation (vompletely pale in #

niger) and clonwate subrmedian uhdeoiial

depressions (elreulir in 4. aivger) and with a

pronounced submedian rhachis (completely qbsent

in Zante),

Vo date, the adults of 2. papwnedrpue are the anly

vWiGos known for any species ol Zaphanerca, Mus,

no conclusions call yet be drawe as to Whether any oF

the several unusual adull characters veseribed above

are generie or specifie, Certainty, the presence of

only two pairs of abdominal was glans. a the

females is nat usual in the Alevrodinae and the

eharieleristic convoluted antennal seasoria of bork

sowes are similarly remurkuble.

Life cvele-af Zaphanerdt papylocarpae

Western omyall whitetly bid two distiiet

venerations per year during the study (Pig. 18). An

HULL Wwinker generation eommenced wilh eges

lid in late February and a spring-suninmer vencration

sturted front eyes lined mn October. The eges hatch

into mobile first instar larvae thar could) someunies

be seen dispersing on phyllodes, The sedenhiry

second und third instar bivae (Fig. 2) developed

more slowly In winter than ia the summer Phe tourth

Wiskt larvae ( pupae’) were Gonspienous on

WESTERN MYALL WHELEELY ANDITS PARASETON) o]

Fogsiphyllode

Nymphs lle lll phytlade

Ane

Lig. 1S. Generurions of Zuphinci papyrecarpac Martin

sp. Wat, Adults aimerge from pupae during kite summer

and apring (py figuned and day eggs Gmiddlen trom

Which develop (he Gutlintewinter dnd: springesammer

BeNeKALLOTS at Lurwdte (hattom), Second instr larvae ire

shown stided and third instars in black,

phyllades, where large numbers oflen appeared to

enerust the phyllode (Fig. 4). This stage was closely

ussocited with leall shoot and branch death. No

honeydew exudate was observed associated with ary

shive ol whilelly development, nor were ants closely

associated with whitefly larvac, Adults (Fig, 3) lived

for only one or two ditys when allowed lo emerge in

the laboratory at 24° C and provided with moisture.

Phe February 2000 sample was tuken inimediuely

following rain and the adults were observed flying in

smh clouds gmimedialtely above shoots on trees.

Miwing of venerauons and life history stages ean

be roughly estimated from Pig. L&. Taking tte

account the period between egg layings, the autumn-

willer generation takes approximately seven months

und the spring-summer generation five mouths. Eges

appear to batch over a period of no more than four

weeks, Duration of the second instar is about 6-8

weeks in March-April and 4-6 weeks in September-

November, Duration of the third instar ts about 20

weeks in April-September and eight weeks in

November-December. Duration of the pupal stage is

four weeks in September but up to cizht weeks m

January-February,

Denatreation of outhreah

‘Trees on Which 4 paprracarpde were recorded are

contained fo an aren of appro ihately {0.0000 key

north und north-west of Roxby Downs (Pig. 19)

‘Trees showing symptoms of diebaek and death

associated with western myall whitelly populations

were Found throughout dhe area, Outside this grew. ne

evidence oF any whitelly species could be found on

any oh papyrecanpe tree

Within the urea of infestation. mulga trees (1

wnienra) Were sometimes found ih close assoelition

wilh western myall an -some causes with louchiny

foliige, These molea trees were exdmined bub 7

Fapvrocinpee Was never recorded, Hlawever, another

(undescribed) Auiphanera — Was

oceasronally Found on them,

species of

Damage

Field observations confirmed the association af 4

pupvrecarpae With diebuck und death of trees, first

reported by treland in 1998) Gunpub.), OF several

hundred trees examined during the study. those with

dieback symptoms were always ussoctited with the

presence of western niyall whitefly, Symptoms on

mature trees included inital yellowing of ply odes

on small areas of the tree, followed by death of

folkige on branches (Pig. 5) and then death of woody

branches (Fig, 6). Onee dead patches appear on

mature or young trees, death of the whole tee may

occur wilhin one year, Asa rough estimate, areas ol

foliige With an average ol 3-5 pupae per phyllode

were likely to hie.

Zurhopaloides anaxenor Noyes sp. Nov,

(FIGS 20-27)

Holonpe: ©. Roxby Downs, South Australia, ex

Zaphaierd papywvocarpac, on ledeht papyrncatpa

22.8 1999 F. Awar (ANIC).

Puraivpes: South Australas 6 0 Wd. same

dita as holotype (ANTICO, BMI, WING).

Pemale

Length 113-140 mm (140 mm in holotype),

Frontoveries: pale orange-yellow, paler in’ ocellar

area, fee. genae and temples coneolorous but

slightly paler, oceipul black bordered pale orange

yellow: radicle and most of scape concolorous with

face. but outer face of scape with broad, dark brown

dorsal stripe extending along most ol dorsal margin:

pedicel with basal two thirds dorsally and: laterally

dark brown, almost black, ventrally and at apes

dusky, pale orange: flagellum testaceous brown.

proximal sexments darker: anterior halfof pronotum

black, posterior halftranstucent pale, yellow or white

and clothed in translucent white setae; mesoscutum

g2 P.'T. BAILEY, J. H. MARTIN, J.S. NOYES & A, D. AUSTIN

a ; *

Cooper Pedy

* Whitefly present

° Whitefly absent

@ Habitations

ann — Approx limit of distribution

Commonwealth Hill Bild Kalina te kn

a vy. _

va |

° ,f |

Mugathing F o%, |

oe Moynt \

Vivian \

2, Tarcoola os 7 & 4

ga f Dike eo PAndamooka

Glendambom® wee Po

3) \_e@-7

°o

| : Pimba

fs)

\. ©, Port

om Augusta

(yor Ny 9 i ”

1 oO | \

=< gro Knob |

VY \

\, Middigback =} \.,

\ 5 wk y

oo yf —

~— ‘ Pa a

y { ‘.

f \

re )

fp A anal fe

Fig. 19. Surveys of western myall trees on which western myall whitefly. Zaphanera papyrocarpae Martin sp. nov,. wis

detected between November, 1999 and July, 2000, The northern edge of the outbreak was not delimited,

shining, metallic blue-green in anterior two-thirds,

yellow in posterior one-third and along lateral

margins, extreme posterior margin black; axillae

yellow; scutellum mostly shining, metallic blue-

green mixed, posteriorly purple, apex and lateral

margins posteriorly yellow; tegula white with brown

apical spot; dorsum of thorax clothed in dense,

translucent, white setae; metanotum medially

yellow, laterally black; prepectus translucent white,

anteriorly dark brown; mesopleuron with small

yellow spot below tegula but generally metallic

green, bluish posteriorly, slightly purplish dorsally:

prosternum metallic green; fore leg with coxa and

femur yellow, tibia yellow mixed dusky and

WIESTERN MYALL WHIELERLY ANID ITS PARASITOID hl

Marwined brown dorsally and ventrally, bersus pate

brown nrixed vellow. prejarsus dark brawn

inesosterin imekillic green) antd coxa metallie

revn dnd clothed in conspicuous thinslieent. white

sete, apes vellow, femur yellow, (bi slehtly dusky

yellow with an ingonspicious brown stripe alone

Most of Jorsal margin. tarsus pale yellow with

pretirsus dirk brawny hind coxa metallic blye-preen

mixed With purple and clothed with (ranstacent pate

brown or whitish series bind Fenior yellow, hind tibia

vellow hut with narrenw brown band at base and two

broud. brawn bands al one-third and two-thirds its

lenath respectively: tarsus dusky yellow. prstarsus

dirk brown, wings Completely hyaline, venation

brown; melapleunmn metallic green and clothed jn

vorspreuous tristucent white sete: propadeun

medially hluck with slight sheen, greenish towards

spitucles, Shine blucegreenm oulside spiracle here

und clothed idense. conspietous, translieent white

seh waster dark brown but wath strom. mendlic

blue-green oe purplish sheen and clothed in furhy

consprctions, fraslucerit, white setae or) basal lervite

and lilenidbys: visible part oF gonostyluy yellow wilh

extreme apes brownish: head about 3.3 ~ as broad as

Troitovertex whieh is about bb x as bong as broad

and Harrowest between anterioe deellus and top of

scvobos, ocelli forma ai weute angle ol about 70:

wien (ig. 20} with seape almost evlindricak a

lith® less than Soy as long us broad: lS

sulquadrite. distal sepmunts fareest Fe clearly

Intisversé and largest; clave with apieal sensory ares

distinel givin apex slightly obliquely truneste

uppenranee: Tnewr sensilla on P3-6 aad claw

nmandibles (Pie. 21) tridentate, upper (yoth somewhal

Hruneite: relative measurements: HW 76, FY=23_

POL SIA, OOL 25, OCL) 7, MS-23, KL=42,

IW 34, SL. 29, SW-6.5,) Visible part of

mesescutum about 2 x as broad as longs seutellun

hardly shorter that mesoseutum and slightly broader

than long: fore wing about 2.6 x as long as brows

Hine chava not ilerrupled, but-closed by one ur iwe

Jines OF Sclae nk posierion wing margin; basal cell

densely and evenly pilusc: venation as in Pip, 22:

relarive ieasurenients: FWL=18S. FWW-7I.

HW Jas. TIWW-22 caster about three-tilis as

Jonas thoras: ovipositor us in bie, 24 exsorted puri

less han one-fith is dong as iid tibial spurt hypopyeiaiy

(Fiz, 23) reaching about halFayay along gaster; refaliye

IMeusurements (paratype): OLS MT S34, Cubs,

Male

Leneth (98-129 toy very suntilar to lemile

eScept for some small differences. in colotiratioy,

wider Hromtovertes, atitenal sttuetue (Pig, 25), less

deyise setie i basal call ol foreaying ane structure

ventilias colour asain temiale bul for small, metallic

vreen spol immypdintely behine anterior opellus.

Mivellum generally yellow with extreme apes ol

clava’ browns mesoseurum. uxilkie uid scutelluim

completely metallia blocdreens Hore tibia with only

a sitll subapical, brown spol on dersil margin,

Ollierwise fore and mid Ubi yellow: hardly marked

with browne head ubeut 2.3 x as broad ats

frontovertex which is ubout |3 x us lainte as bree

and narrowest about leve) with adlertor mareins ql

posterior ocelli: serobes broad. subparallel anil

moderwely deep: a small depression between cach

serobe dursilly and eve which possibly

accommoudites FL in resting positions ocelll forming

mmyle of abou! YS", untenual vorulus separated [rom

mouth marin by sfighily more thaq 1s 4 iis own

Jength with ventral mirgin a litde above lower eve

miuwing antenna (Fig. 15) with) scape shortapd oli

uboul 2 sas lone as browd; Aavellim clethee im lone

sclue which on proximal sewments dorsally are

clearly lonwer than diameter of seyiments: 11

subquiadrate ait with deep, dorsal vroove aiving itd

U-shaped oppeaninee (big. 26% 2-f 6 AbOUE TS x as

tony as browd bul givinw the rest of the fliniele it

slightly serrate appearance: cliva subeylindrival and

a little Jess than 3-4 as long us broud, with apes more

or loss transversely truncate: relative measurements

HW 7h, PV 4h POL=19% OOL=3, OClL=7

MS 20, bb 35, EW-3th SL=20, SWeUS: fore

Wing about 2 sas long as broad: busal ell with sete

conspicuously less dense (han in apical halhil wine

wilh distinct naked areas near hase and below

pumstivina, pelathye tieasarenienis: PW ak.

PWW 37. TIWL A LT WWel4: oedeaeus about

halos lone as nid bia. iis apex broadly spatulute

(Mie, 27). relative mensurements: AL 32) M'T=70-

Hast

Aurhopulailes ise owas reared fio

Zuphanera papvrocwpiae =~ Martin sp. now

(Hemiptera: Alevrodidae) un teetehet paprocelper-

Tuvonouite relationships

Zurliopaloides bas been characterised by Noyes &

Hava (1984) and Dahms & Cordh (1997) und

includes four previdusly describedt species, Females

Off eneevcner sp. nov. ure Imost similar to those of

Z) speciosis Cirnult in general strdeture aid

colouration OF the head and dorsum of the thors.

The two species can be distinguished an rhe

distribution of tinear semsilkt on the funtele and

volourution al the hind tbive amd fore wing, In 4

duavenar lincar sensilla ire present only on F3-b6,

the hind tibia has a pair oF distinet browi bars arte

the fore wile ts copipleteby liyaline, whereas in 2%

speciasus all Vamicle segnrents possess liner

sensilla, the tind bie is almost Gumpletely brawn

without any distiner hands and the fore wing hus a

large subeireular pfuseute area below the iain

Qe PT. BAILEY. J. A. MARTIN, IS, NOYES & A.D. AUSTIN

Higs 20-27, Zirlnpeleides anaxenor Noyes sp, noy, 20, Remale antenna. 21 Mandibles. 22. Fore wing venation, 23. Female

hypopygiun. 24. Female ovipositor, 25. Mule anenns. 26. First funicle segment, male, 27, Male genitalia (inset - apex

af aedeagus).

WESTERN MYALDL WIEEEEEY ANDES PARASTEPOID os

von) Peniles of the other species differ ti nowt

(he Hromloverles did Mee largely metulhe arcen (4%,

cine divover (Cri), a subeireular inluseate: aren

below (he marginal vein (4. wurieapue (Cipiull)) or ul

lest PL stromly Garsverse wid about 2% us broad us

Jone (4, auicapur and 4 aviflaers Critailt). Males

we known only lor 4 efnetihures and have the

antennal Haveli Flitorm with (b unmeditied and

clothed Insetae which are very much shorter than the

dhameter of the seaments,

Phere are low authenticated records of Eneyrhdite

Js parasitoids OF whiteflies. To date, species of 1]

cneyrdd genera bave been recorded as whitelly

parasitoids (Noyes 1998), Most of these are likely to

he crroneous observations of Ohe-olt deeidents’

where specres that normally atlack diaspidid xcules

or other smaller voccoids may attempt to parasitise

weyrodids when therrnormal hosts are scarce. Other

than some undeseribed species of Merapliveus

Irequently reared tron whitefies m South America

(inaterial th BMNTI) and) Rhapis erent

(Myarstew) (comb. nay, from Platrrhopis) Tren

cent Asi, 4. anveror appears lo be the linst

species tO be uuithenticated as a true prrisitaid at

ileyrodids,

Rettes ef parasttisin

Parusiised pupae were identified by the civeubn

exit hole and predited paphe by & jagged hole, The

ONY purasitond til emerged from samples of 4

papwrnedrpiie wis Zurhopeloides umavenar Noyes

sp. hay. Phe rates of parasitisint off pupae of 4,

Papyrowdepae dre shown lor wo pericds th Table |.

No piarusiloid exit holes were detected in any stize

other than the para,

DANE LOPE HTH af 2 Papyyeaepane Pup dl

Kevty Dats fae tie sanity pertoeds diviiie 2000

Dale Total We the

Lolleetad pupae (a) parasiisin prectiny

15 Feb. 200) U4 4 < ||

2h Det, 2000 dxI 0 21%

Discussion

The outbreak GF western tnyall whitefly and the

assoomited death Of muny of its hose trees is unusuil

vd the ciiseds) have not been established with any

cerkunly dure His study, Al mumber of possible

ciuses are discussed below.

Maithiv tf italia’ Uneasy

The parasitoid “4 aeawcnon wae the only rerueal

cnery Identical daring iis study but the biology of

(his wasp has not yet heer studied in deni, The bate

al pamsitism: an western myall whitetly wis ie

erator the Ti duit (his study and sa nots

unlikely lo fave been stenivicant ty reduce

numbers of is species.

There wis no evidence that the outbreak ot 4

poproeorpoue would be uttributed to farlure of

generalist preditors or parasitoids. Phe presenee of

prodators wis inferred trom jagged holes in pupuari

bul predation of younger stages of whitelly was

unlikely to have been detceted because evitlenee ul

these stages may tall from the phvllode. Uiges ol

brown lacewings (Mfervuus spp. = Neuroplera:

Hemerobiidae) were frequently observed on sampled

phyllodes, Thas. the tifluenee of gener predators

may have been preater thin indicated by these

results. However, any failtire of (hese predators

should faye been in evidence on olher species of

trees, Ata number of sites in the Rasby Downs una.

western mydll (a pepvracarpa) (ees infested. with

whitefly grow in close proximity to julea (1.

dened), somMclimes wilh overkippimg canopies,

Cureful searching of sueh mules frees yielded a

different spevies of whitelly but te very law in

numbers, Chis nialpa-ussociited whitelly was clearly

hor undergoing fy ierease in population. whieh

might be expected i ecnerbst natiml enemies hid

heen absent from the area.

al new inteoduetion

This study his not eliminated the passibility: that

the origin pliant host of the whitefly was ie species

oF Jeaee other than 1. papvracerer Searches ol

miturally-occurring slevefa species i the areca ol

Roxby Downs did not yield any 4. paprrocurpee on

Hosts other thin western myth Has possible that

Jodcia species exotic lo the Roxby Downs region

muy Ive been introduced and carried the whitefly ta

the wrea. This whitefly may then have switched 10

Jeacia papyrecarpa but her to any other deaera

species in the urea. Martin (1999) voles that the

related spevies 4 wiver has three recorded hosts:

leaeia prenauhe Beatham, Al. longifolia (Andrews)

Willd, and ft. mefanexylon R.Br More dation the

hostringe of, papvrecarpae need to be collected to

lest the hypothesis that this whitelly hite recent

adapted lo, puprroceanpe

Tree health

Dying western myall trees were first rotived in the

township of Roxby Downs in 1998 (Treland unpub.)

Roxby Downs isc miiiay lowo constracted duchnge

(he past 20 yours around existing communities ol

nittire western myall trees. A large copper-uranium

mine is localed some 20 km from Roxby Downs and,

heyond the limils of the mine area jtsell there is no

evidenee of acral or effluent emissions in the

dimosphere or proundwater which might allcet tree

haulth,

‘Ny PT, BAILEY. I. WH. MARTIN, J.

Some trees within the township had their extensive

root systems disturbed by road works and other trees

had changed water availability, mainly an inerease.

resulting from garden irrigation. While the western

myall trees in Roxby Downs township live in a

disturbed environment, the same is not true of the

symptomatic trees up to 100 km distant in the

pastoral areas to the north and north-west of the town

where land use has changed little during the past 100

years, with sheep, cattle. rabbits and red kangaroos

as the main grazing and browsing macrofauna. White

(1993) argues that nutritional status of host plants

may cause outbreaks of insect populations. In the

present case, western myall trees under some form of

stress may have provided optimum conditions for the

hithenlo uncommon Z. papyvrocarpae to inerease its

reproductive rate temporarily to outpace its natural

enennes. However, the area containing symptomatic

trees covers about 10,000 kim-, including both

recently disturbed township areas and pastoral arcas

whose land use has remained unchanged for many

years. Age of trees does not appear to be a factor, as

S. NOYES & A.D, AUSTIN

both younger (1-2 m high) and older trees, up to 6

high, and at least 160 years old (Lange & Sparrow

1992) or older (Coleman vé a/. 1996), sustain high

whitefly numbers and exhibit dieback and death.

There have been no discernible changes in raintall

patterns for the past 70 years, Therefore, since

conditions for tree growth have remained much the

same, there is no evidence to support the suggestion that

poor tree health was a contributing tactor to the outbreak

ol western myall whitefly and consequent death of trees.

Acknowledgments

We wish to thank WMC (Olympic Dam) for their

interest and co-operation during this study. In

particular, J, Zwar, K. Ashby and J. Read provided

encouragement, support and critical comments in

equal amounts. Our thanks also to J. Hardy who

helped with field and laboratory work, M. [qbal who

assisted with the preparation of digital images and

plates, [, Kaesler. who compiled Figure 1 and

N. Schellhor who kindly read the manuseript.

References

Daums, B.C. & Goro, G. (1997) A review of the seneri

of Australian Eneyrtidite (Hymenoptera: Chaleidoidea}

deseribed from Australia by A, A, Girault with a

checklist of included species. Mem. Ent tit, 9 1-518.

Lancr. R. TL & Sparrow A.D. (1997) Growth rates af

western mivall (Aveeie pupyrocarnue Benth.) during tts

main phase of canopy spreading. Aust, J, Ecal. 17. 315

320,

Martin, J. H. 11999) The whitelly faunas of Australis

(Sternorrhyneba: Aleyrodidae). CSIRO Ent. ‘Tech. Pap. 38.

Noyes, JS. (1998) Catalogue of the Chaleiwouea of the

World. Biodiversity Catalogue Database and Image

library CDrom = Series. ETIW/The Natural History

Museum,

& Hayat, M. (1994) A review of the genera of

Indo Pavifte Eneyrtidae (Aymenopler: Chaleidiodea).

Bull. Br Mus, (N. H.) (Entomeloey) 48. 131-395,

Wait. TC. R. (1993) “The Inadequate Environment.

Nitrogen and the Abundunee of Annals” (Spnnver-

Verlag. Berlin).

DESCRIPTIONS OF TWENTY ONE NEW SPECIES OF CISSEIS

(SENSU STRICTO) GORY & LAPORTE 1839

(COLEOPTERA: BUPRESTIDAE: AGRILINAE)

By §. BARKER*

Summary

Barker, S. 2001. Descriptions of twenty one new species of Cisseis (sensu stricto)

Gory & Laporte 1839 (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Agrilinae). Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust.

125(2), 97-113, 30 November, 2001.

A redefinition of Cisseis is given and the following twenty one new species of Cisseis

(sensu stricto) are described: Cisseis aberrans sp. nov., C. adusta sp. nov., C.

armstrongi sp. nov., C. augustgoerlingi sp. nov. C. brooksi sp. nov., C. broomensis sp.

nov., C. chalcophora sp. nov., C. corpulenta sp. nov., C. cupreola sp. nov., C. cyanea

sp. nov., C. derbyensis sp. nov., C. excelsior sp. nov., C. kohouti sp. nov., C.

macmillani sp. nov., C. macqueeni sp. nov., C. pulleni sp. nov., C. septuosa sp. nov.,

C. speciosa sp. nov., C. stellata sp. nov., C. trimentula sp. nov. and C. watkinsi sp.

nov.

Key Words: Australia, Coleoptera, Buprestidae, Cisseis, new species.

Hnscetiony ap tte Raval Sector: aps. Aten (OU, 12509), 87114

DESCRIPTIONS OF TWENTY ONE NEW SPECIES OF

CISSEIS (SENSU STRICTO) GORY & LAPORTE 1839 (COLEOPTERA;

BUPRESTIDAE: AGRILINAE)

by S. BARKEL

Summary

BARBI. §. 2001 Descriptions of twenty ane new species of Crsets (sensu sitietay Cry & Laporte [849

(Coleopten: Buprestidae: Agrilinue), frais, R. See S. Ain 123 (2). 97-114. 0 November 2001

A redefinition of Casey is given and the following iwely ane new species ob Ciyyeny (sensi stricta) are

desenbals Ciswels dbornins spo now. Co adiyiesp nov. Co arnistrenge sp, nov. Co aigiienguertiigt sf aw C-

Aruoks! sp. naw ©. broamensis sp. nov. Co chaleaphared sp. ney. © pordpadenta sp.nov. Co cupreatar sp. now.

c eNO spy HOV £ cleicrisns apo now. Eo eycelsfar sp, pow. O

meen Sp HOw €padfene sp, nowy, ©

rien sp iy, a OO peeiiiste sp. no,

Aohoui sp, nov C. dicated sp, new. €

VOPAON AP. NOY. CO) spectiane spo nei Co stellate spe new Ch

Key Woros: Australi. Coleopterns Buprestidae. Cyivers, new spdeies.

Introduction

The wenus Civvets Gory & Laparte (1839) isu

member of the tribe Agri, subGuntly Agvitinae, 1

occurs dn Australia, New Grint and seme of the

wdjeent ishinds and in the Philippine Islands. The

genus was ast revised by Carter (1923) and now

Needs tobe te-worked beewuse (here has been a lara

number of new species collected recently. As a ipst

Slep TP examined the ayaihible types and designated

lectotypes al seven species, dlevated a sub-speeies (0

full species and described iwe pew species (Burker

19S, }99Lb). Seven species previously placed in

Cissens were recomnised as at separute genus and

logether with nine dndescrihed species were placed

ina new venus Steamed Barker & Belhiny

(2001).

Blackburn (P887, 1891) described some South

“Australian species of Ciysers but missed) others

(hrourh misidentilying Ciweis netilate (German)

(Carter 1993. p. 162) As i consequence, several

smull species, common im South Australia and

Known to Blackburn. have remained undeseribed..

There appeaut te be changes in the ubundanee ul some

species sive the curliest collections were mine in

South Australia, probubly beewuse ol labitat

Uestrichon, Hope (1846) noted Uiat Co rage apron

“wus Gipftired al Morhatha where it was taken in

greal abundance’, “Morita is probably a

misspelling of Mort a gore in the Advhtide

foothills wow a Conservation park. In thirty eight

yeurs of collecting in South Australia] have captured

one specimen. Kerremuns (E890, TS9R. P900, 1904)

deseribed thirty nine species, apparently without

reference to previous work on the genus as only

Cighteen are valid,

Departient Gb boron done, South \uetrahin Mabetiny aMtehide

SA anil

Blackburn (1887) proposed the Mery Neasparles

Which differed from Chyyeis in having Compressed

turse with the basal metatarsal segment barely longer

than the seeond joint and aise in having the tarsal

chiws stongly divided. Curter (1923) followed

Blackburn bat hater (Cirter (929) relesited

Neospades losub-generic status with which | concur

In future papers shall deseribe more new species

ol Cissety (8.8.0, presental key for the identification al

ull species und a cheek list,

Materials and Methods

Specimens examined were borrowed from or are

deposited in the following irystitulions and

collections:

AMS A- Australian Museum, Sydney.

ANIC- Australian National Insect

CSIRO, Canberra,

BMNH- The Natural History Museu, London.

GNUS- G, Nelson, Blue Springs. MO.

HOWA- TE, Demare, Wanneroo, WA,

HUMIS- Humboldt University Museum, Berlin.

IBQA-.L Balderson, Qeanbeyan, NSW,

MGBA- M. Golding. Beverley, WA,

MIISAs 1. M.S. Hablon, Sydney. NSW,

MNAG- M. Nichuis, Alhersweiler, Germiny,

MMNEHN- Natural History Musenin, Paris,

MPWA- M_ Powell, Melville. WA,

MSNG Museu Civico di Storia Naturnle, Gena.

NMVA- Museu of Victoria, Melbourne.

NRSS. Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet Stockholm,

NMPC- National Museum. Prue.

OMBA- Queenslund Muscuny, Brisbane.

RMBB- Royal Museum. Brussels,

SAMA- South Australian Museum, Adelaide.

SWLA’ S. Watkins. Tismare. NSW.

WAMA- Western Austalin Museum. Perth,

Collection,

at S. BARKIR

All of the specimens were exaonoed under a

binoeulir microscope, They were photographed with

ou Nikon 35 a cumert with extension tubes tind the

transparencies were scanned andl dustlally

nitinipuhited by computer using Adobe Photoshop,

Mile bentalio were dissected, mounted on card ane

‘so displayed Ky the inethod deseribed abowe.

Genus Cryseis (5, 8.) Gory & Laporte, ER39 1

Diphnerania Dejan, (a3: 84

Type species: Cisveis signet Gory & Laporis

(Belhuny 1998 desig)

MNaanusix

Very snk to jnaderate i length, 3-'5 nin

subeylindricals upper surhice Wiansversely rgose;

pronoluoy with Iwo lateral carmae, dons one tore

or less strivht and usually reaching apical margin:

commonly with prominent pubescent spots or

patleros on the dorsal surtnees in many species the

sexes are dichromitic,

Descripion

Head with eyes Ob width, inner nig

subparailleh frontovertex breadthidepth ratio 2:1,

variably punetured, often wath basal impressed tine.

frequently with median apleal suleus, eyes never

deeply divided as in related gener Aion Gory &

Laporte, Alene Deyrolle or Hypoeissedy Thomson:

antennal insertions very large. closely to moderately

separated by interantennal bridge. with straight tw

bisingate carmia dorsud to cach, epistome declivous

ventric to unennal insertions; pert with atte

projection Heneath cach eye, grooved to receive

busulantennomeres: labrum setoses mandible robust,

Antennae tiingularly serrate from antennomere 4.

somnclimes compressed. Pronotum widthilength ratio

24; medially punetate laterally striglate; ainterior

Inuesig variable from almost straight to strongly

projecting sucdially, basal margin sinuate, laterally

prominent dorsil carina. i most species diverging,

from venteal carina al base, reaching anterior margin,

inout few species abruptly ending post-mecially

surrounded by dense pubescent setae. never

approaching ventral carina anteriorly as in coruchine

venus Sraiwatkinsiiss space between carinue

punctured and often setose, Seurellum seutiform,

Jonger (han wide. anterior muri offen conver.

Rivira seutellaie. length:breadtt ratio 251, sides

usuilly sub-purallel, post-medially rounded. apices

rounded anid pugose, often sub-serrite, most species

with clumps OF pubescent setae forming spots or

patterns. Ventral surface faintly seutellite. Gghthy to

densely setoses in some species see cluniped

lvlerally fer for pubescent white spots on thoracic

anit abdominal sterna, Legs: tursal claws bifid) ane

either smgle or wath sinh inner tooth. ra Crosser

(Neaspades) chiws une divided: with) meniibtl

seligeris. Genitalia, male, aedeaeus offen heavily

chitinised, in most species parunieres biave lous Toe

seusory vibrissae ad apex Wilhoul other

ormimenution, ma very few species There is an

upteal brast of deuse setie whieh are folded benenth:

one sinall roup Has accessory stractures oF dak iawi

funetion in the form oof literal paired elongate

structures cmerping from near fase of pariineres

witht leromeal brush of setae: female. ovipositor i

(he forint a CHatlened tube With) pated Styli, never

as ih Melobarithan Obenberger (Bellu (98s) os

Sramvatkinviny (Barker & Bellamy 2001).

Cisseis aberrans sp. VWwov-

(HIGHS LA, 20)

Holotype. oS. Woodridge, WA. intercept Urip.

2 Ni MOK EL, Deru, SAMA) 21 504,

Allalype: @, Pemberton, 36-801, WAMA,

Poraiwpes: WA: S. Perth, LL. WW. Brown. MUSAS 3?

Denmark. (Ow 1926, WO OB, Barnard, OMBA: .

Bunbury. 1.1942, BL. Whithoek, ANIC:

Denmark, 201.1964. Ro Po McMillin, WAMAS o.

Woulridge. interceph ip. Pest 1996, bh Deinare,

SAMA; ¢, Woodridge, itercept trap. 7.801 L998, A.

Demurs, HDWA; %, Woodridge, intercept trap.

25,1, 1999, TL, Dermare. HID WA,

Male

Size: 5.7 8 24 min (6),

Colour head. ainenae, propor, scutelin

vupreous. Rlytra dark blue with coppery-purple

reflections, Venural surface and Jegs cupredus, Selae

yellows on elytra in bands Forming a yellow and blue

pulley,

Shape and sculptuces tead wah median snleus,

selie al base and apex, titerantemal bridge 0.25

infer-ocular width. Promotie stoke. setae laterally

and basally, basal fovew estending hiverally, apical

margin projecting medially: dorsal carina diverging

from ventral carinii at base converging at middle then

more or less purallel, diverging to apieal miurgin but

nol reaching it, Seutelm scutiform, punctured,

extended hiteruly, anterior margin straight, FElytra

sculellate, with the following bands of clumped setie

forming the following markings: alone base, weross

middle. across pre-upical area; sub-serrate apreally,

Ventitl surtaee with modenidely Jong yellow sete

clumped at lateral edges of thoriete and abdominal

stern, Les: tarsal chiws with) prominent inner

tooth,

Acdeugos: heavily ehitinised, short and broad

towards the apex (Pig. LA).

TWENTY ONE NEW SPECIES OF C7SSEIS OY

bis 1. Photomicrographs of the aedeagt of the following Cyywels species: A, C. uberrany sp. nov, B,C. kefetri sp. noy. ©.

Co ntcidlani sp. now. D. Co adusta sp. now. EC. roseocuprea Hope. FC. augustgoerlingl sp. noy, G. C, irtmentiula sp.

now. H.C. chalcaphera sp. nov. LC. westwoodi G, & Lod. C. wartkinsisp. noy. KC. vicina Kerremans. L. C. macqucent

sp. nov MLC. pafleni sp. mov. NLC.

veprioxe sp. OW. OC. seebrosata Kerremans, PC. cupreola sp, noy. Q. C. prasine

Carter RoC. dromrrong? sp. now S.C. cerpulenta sp. nov. 7. C. oblenya Kerremans, UC cyaneq sp. now V.C, tyrrheni

Carter, W.C. breoksi sp. now X.

C. broonensiy sp. nov. Yo C. stellatu sp. nay, Z. C. yignaticolliy (Hope) AA, OC)

fitgidicalliy Macleay, AB, C. derbyensiy sp. nov. AC. C. opine Thomson, AD, C. evcelsiar sp. nov. AE. C. ypectose: sp. nov

Seale har = 1 mm.

100 S. BARKER

Ss u

Fig. 2. Habitus illustrations of the following Cisseis species: a. Cissety stellata sp. noy. b. C. macmillani sp. noy. ¢. C.

derbyensis sp. noy. d. C. armstrongi sp. nov. e. C. cupreola sp. nov. ft. C. broomensis sp. nov. g. C. excelsior sp. nov. h.

C. corpulenta sp. nov. i. C. brooksi sp. nov. j. C. septuosa sp. nov. k. C, augustgoerlingt sp. nov, |. C. cyanea sp. nov. m.

C. chalcophora sp. nov. n. ©. kohouti sp. nov. 0. C. aberrans sp. nov. p. C. speciosa sp. nov. q. C. adusta sp. nov. 6. C.

pulleni sp. nov. s. C. macqueeni sp. noy. t. C. trimentula sp. nov. u. C. watkinsi sp. nov. Scale bar = 5 mm.

TWENTY ONE NEW SPECIES Ob CYSSEIS Wy

bemale

Sive: 5.8 x 24 mm (3),

Colour: as in male.

Shape and sculpture, as in male,

Remarks

This species is unique in having yellow setae

forming patterns on the elytra,

“Livineloey

The species mime is derived fram aherrany 1.

abnormal

Cisseis adusta sp. nov,

(FIGS 1D. 2q)

Holeiype: &. Lacindale. S.A.. Feucheerdt, SAMA |

21 505

Allotwpe: 2. same data as holotype. SAMA TL 2! 506.

Poratypes: SA: 2

SAMA: G& Tintinara. on Banksia. N.

14.1956. SAMA.

Jf. 2. Yorks (sic) Penin., June,

B. Tindale,

Male

Sive: 5.4% x 2.3 nim (4).

Coloar: head mumly green. coppery al base:

antennomeres: 1-2 coppery; 3-11 bronze. Pronotum

and seutellum brown with coppery reflections: elytra

brown with coppery reflections and Paint white

marks formed from clumped setae. Ventral surface

and legs brown with coppery retlections,

Shipe and sculpture: head with short impressed

line at base projecting into faint median sulcus; inter

antennal bridge O.15 inter-ocular width. Pronotum

sttiolate. unterion mutrgin projecting medially: dorsal

curina sinuate, diverging from ventral carina basally

then approaching it just before meeting anterior

margin, Scutelum scauiform, Tht without punctures,

anterior margin straight, Elytra apically sub-serrate,

with following faint white mitrks on each elytron:

four in semi-circle from pre-medial to post-medial

wee. [rst und Jourth closer to suture than mucin,

second and third closer to margin than sutare, with at

ledst one medial at suture, Ventral surface with short

sclag medially and clumps of long dense setae on

lateral coxue and laterally on abdominal stern. Lees:

tarsal claws with small inner tooth,

Acdeagus: heavily chitinised. shart and) brew

towards the apes (Fig, 1D).

Female

Size: 5.9% 24 mim (2).

Colour: head mainly coppery. brown al base Rest

ws 1 male,

Shupe and seulpture: as im male,

Remarks

This species could be mistaken for CL reseecupren

(Hope) which is the the same size. However. thal

species does not have elyiral markings formed trom

clumped Selae and male venitalia are distinct (Fig.

IE). The only known specimens are old and abraded,

Plint associations unknown except that one

specimen was collected on Banksia sp,

Lromolosy

The species is named for ats colour adisnis 1.

brown,

Cissers armstrangi sp. oy,

(FIGS IR, 2d)

Holotype: 3. Bogan River. N.S.W.. tuken on A.

pendula, Myall, J. Armstrong, NMVA.

Alloivpe: 2, same data as holotype, ANIC-

Puratypes: NSW: 2 3d, same data as holotype.

NMVA, SAMA; 2 o¢, 7 22. same dita os

holotype. ANIC, SAMA: 4. 29. Bogan Ra J.

Armstrong. MHSA.

Mate

Stwe: 9.6 x 3.4 mm (5).

Colour: all green: pronotum with yellow

reflections. Elytra with white spots fonned by

clumped pubescent setae.

Shape and sculpture: head tat, intersantenoal

bridge 0,2 inter-ocular width, Pronotum striolate,

apical margin projecting medially: dorsal carina

diverging a short distance from ventral carina it

basal margin then gradually converging towards it.

hot reaching apical margin, Scutellum scutitorin,

punctured. extending laterally al apex, anterior

margin convex. Elytra seutellate, with very short

sclac pomuing posteriorly evenly distributed over

whole surhice and numerous white spots formed by

small clumps of longer pubeseent setae: upicul

mirgin sub-serrate. Ventral surface with evenly

distibuted setae projecting posteriorly except al

literal margins of abdomina) sterna where they ure

fouger and clumped. Legs: tarsal claws with inner

tooth: mettibul setigeris formed from three clamps

of setac. the imddle ome elevated,

Agdeagus: modentely chitinised. elongate (Pig. |R).

Fenale

Sive: 11.3 x 4.0 mm (12).

Colour: all black: head with bronve reflections:

proootum with purple reflections. Blytra wot white

102 S. HARKER

spats formed rom clumped setae,

Shape ancl sculpture: as i mate,

Remarks

This species is close lo ©. presiae Carter, whieh

has simlin coloured miles und femides. but tt is a

larger species than CL presine with distinct male

venilalia (Pig. TQ),

Einology

The spevies js named after the lite J, Armstrong ot”

Culubri Station Nyngan, NSW,

Cissety augustguerlingt sp. nov.

(PIGS |F, 2k)

Holotype: oo. Marloo Stn, Wurarga, WoA,, 193T-

1901, A, Goertings ANIC,

Aflony pe, same data iis holotype. ANIC,

Paranyposs WA: 2) 44, 19 2°?) sume data as

holotype. ANIC. SAMA: 3° & 2. Ukm S Pingelly,

24,1989, ML Golding, MGBA:3 ao, 29 9, Dedari,

104.19, on Acaefa, EL W. Brown, MESA,

Male

Size: 0,3 8 2.6 mm (25)

Colour bead blue, coppery-purple al base,

Pronolum mehillic copperyepurple with white

pubescent setae, Scutellum coppery-purple. Elytra

black with copper-purple reflections and white

pubescent setae. Ventral surface und legs coppery-

purple, White pubescent setae on later margins al

ubdorminal sezments,

Shape und seulpture: head Tit, over-antennal

bridge 0.2 interoeulir width, Antennae. compressed.

Pronotuin faintly striolate medially, deeper laterully,

punctured alone dorsal margin of dorsal carina

dpiew) Margin projecting broadly mediatly, dersal

cur diverzing from vented canna at base, wore or

less parallel, diverging just before reaching amlerior

mamins reund foyeasoo each side near base, filled

with pubescent setae, Scutellam scuutorm. with fae

punctures, expanded laterally near straight anterior

murgin. Elytra seutellate with single short seta

emerging trom beneath cach plite, projeetuig

posteriorly; 20 white spots formed front clumps ob

pubescent setae in the following order on each

elytron: two along anterior margin, a third beneath

humeral callus, one direetly posterior to this and

another farther posteriorly near margin, from middle

lo near apes foor arranged incircukar pattern and one

medial close lo suture; apices linely sub-serrate,

Ventral surfice medially ehabrous but shallowly

punelired, laterally scutelfate. with clumps of

pubescent setae on coxae and abdontimal stern,

becoming progressively smaller towards apex. Lees:

tarsal claws with minute inner tooth,

Acdeagis: mostly heavily ehitinised, broadest

posl-inedially, elongate albuper (Pig, 10),

Fenuale

Sive: 7.0 x 2,8 nm (25),

Colour: heal coppery-purple, Rest as in male,

Shape and sculpture: as in male. exeept apex of last

visible abdominal sternite heavily spined,

Remarks

The combinauion of distribution, colour and shape

Of the male penitalia make this species unique, Ina

few specmmens the sexual colours are reversed, ‘The

plunk species with which itis associated is unknown,

Enniology

This spevies is pamed for the lite A. Goerling. of

Marlog Station, Wurarga aid) Phijarra. Western

Australia,

Civseis bravksi sp. nov.

(FIGS TW. 21)

Holanpe: &. Mareeba. 147.0. G2 Brooks. ANIC.

Mionpe: Vv, Tolga, 74.62, Care, Bridon, ANIC,

Paratvpes: Qld: 3. Mareeba, N.Q., 911,52, Gi, By.

SAMA, 3.2 29, Mareeba. xii.58, J. G. Brooks,

ANIC: 2 ANIC: oe, Mareeba. 9S 1.0. GC. Brooks,

NMPC,

Male

Size: 7.4% 2.8 nim. (4).

Colour head, antermmae. pronotum green with

yellow reflections. Scutelluny bronze, Blytie preen-

bronve, Venttal surface and legs green with yelhow

reHlechions,

Shape and sculpture: head heavily punctured wad

sclose with prominent median sulcus: imler-antennal

bridge 0.3 anterovulie width. Pronotuimn heavily

striglate, literally setose, with deep basal fovea on

each side extending literally; anterior tmhargin

projecune medially; dorsal carina diverging fon

ventral cure at basal margin, then more or less

parallel, diverging to and reaching anterior margin,

Seurchhim seutiform, with few punctures, laterally

extended, anterior miirgin more or fess straight.

Elytra heavily scutellate, with the following white

spots formed by clumped setae on each ely tron) one

medial at bases (ree irregular medial: lwo irregular

post-nedial forming a broken Tiseiay one small pre-

apical in middle. Ventral surface seulellate, with

TWENTY ONE NEW SPRCIES OF CISSEIN 1

moderitely long sete and lateral clumps of white

selae On thoritcie and abdominal stern. Legs: tarsal

claws with smh inner tooth,

Acdeugus: moderately chitinised,

broudest Lowards apex (Fig, |W).

elongate.

Fomale

Save: &.1 4 3.2 mim (6),

Colour: asin male,

Shape and sculpture; as i yale.

Remarks

‘two female specimens have w preen head willl

pink reflections, TWo specimens ii the Prague

Muscum five ain Obenberver inanuseript naine

which | have preserved. This species is distinc! front

ghy other beewdse of (he colour al the sexes and (he

medial sulcus on the head,

Kiviology

The species is (aed after the lute JG, Brooks,

Cairns,

Cissets broamenyis sp. Woy,

(PIGS: |X, 21)

Holotype: 4. Broome, WA. TL W. Brown. SAMA T

2) 509,

Alonype: ose daticas holotype, SAMA E21 S10,

Purdiypess WAv cf. Tlicking gorge. Kimberties,

AOL Ce Phavold. MPWAl3 ef 17 2 same dita

is holotype, MHISA: 3 9 9) Derby, WAL FLW,

Brown, MHSAs4 ono data, MUSA,

Mile

Sives 63s 4.2 min (10),

Colour Head coppery-red, Antennae black with

coppery ted reflections, Pronolum and scutelluin

coppery red with green reflections. Elyta bhiwk

with white spats formed) from clamped sete,

Venten surfitee aid legs blick with purple

refleetions,

Shape dnd seulpture; Tend deeply punetured,

median suleus from apes to middle then projecting Wy

base as impressed tine: inter-antennal bridge 0.2

intereocular owideh. Antennae conipressed

antenniles|}S cobeane: 4-1) toothed. Pronotum

stride, apical miurgin projecting browdly, basal

Nae sinuie, dorsal carina diverging from ventral

curima basally, then straight and more ar less parallel

to Tt ubtll ebdiig: abruptly postmedially. space

between filled with Thittened while setae continuing

laoupical marvin, Seulellum seutilornt extending

huterally ut concave basal omrging wilh a few

punctures. Elytra sculctlate, with single minule seta

projecting posteriorly beneath each plate, laterally

angled out from margin rounded at humeral callie

then more or less parallel-sided until post-mecdially

rounded dnd narrowed to serrate. round apices. with)

the lollowing prominent white spots formed trom

clumped setae on cach elytrom largest in middle at

base, smaller round spot immediately posterior (6 it,

one close to Margin beneadh humeral callus, four in

semicircle from pre-medial lo pre-apical, first and

fourth closer to suture Chain mareio. seeond and third

closer to margin than suture, in the middle, one two

or three small. Runt spots. Ventral surtace faintly

scutellale with short setae except laterally where (hey

are clumped to form while spots on the meti-coxae

and on allabdominal sterna. Legs: tarsal claws with

prominent inher woth: meketbial setiveris

consisting of three raised clumps front pre-medial to

just before distal end.

Acdeagus: mostly heavily chitinised, broadest pre

apically, tapered lo apex (Pig, 1X),

Female

Sive: 2E 4 35 mm (2h,

Colour! as in dale.

Shape dnd seulprre: as iy male

Remarks

The only other prominently spotted species

oceusring inthe Kimberly distrretis Cy fulgidreeltis

Macleay which has been collected af Derby. This a

larger species than C. braemensrs sp. noy.; there is

a promingnt mediin sulcus on the beads and male

venililia are distinet (Pig. TAA), There has been

only one specimen of this species collected since

H. W. Brown mide the Tirst colleetion in

November, 1946,

hryitalogy

Named aller the type locality,

Cisseis chalcaphora sp. Woy.

(FIGS Wt. 2m)

Holvyper &, 39 km NW Kapurida, SiAdst,

249,47. 1998. S$. Barker SAMA | 21 S07.

Aflanpes ss same dauras bolorype. SAMA | 21 S08.

Paraipes: SAL do. 9, 2 km NW Kupunda.

12.41.1086, C, Reid, ANIC, HL ol 6 9 2, same

dita as holotype; 5 ag, 4 FPL 49 kin NW

Kapunda, 30.47, 1998. 8. Barker SAMA: 4 dG, 2

22.39 km NW Ripunda, 25.96.1999 $, Barker,

SAMA: {, 3.9 kin NW Kapunda, 2.017-2000, S,

Barker, SAMA: 3. Adelatile, no. 647 HUMB.

{04 5. BARIKHR

Male

Size: S88 7.1 im (23).

Colour, lead rose-coppery, Antennae, pronoun,

seutclium. stern ane legs coppery, Ptytra and

Abdominal segments yellow-preen,

Shape add sculpture: head) Mat. inmtersantennal

bridge 0.3 inter-ocukir width. Pronotun) striokite,

anterior muni projecting medially. dorsal carina

gradually diversing from yventeal earing from basal

margin reaching apien! margin Seutellum

transverse, Hal, without pufetires, anterter margin

convex, Ebyira sculellate with following very faint

While spotting on cueh elytron foemed by smal!

chimps of setae; one near margin beneath hummer

callus, one medial close ta margin, one close Lo

margin in pre-apieat area joing one clongate angled

closer to suture forming Taint. irregular fascia close

fo suture: apex Sub-sernate. Ventral surface: thoruee

slur seutellate; abdomindl sterna striolite. Lees:

tarsal claws with diner touths metetbial setigeris

trom middle to distal end in two prominent clumps.

Acdeapus: moderately chitinised. short widest

pre-apieally, diapered to apes (bis. HH).

emale

Sizes 6.3 x 2.2 mor (13),

Colour: all yellow-green,

Shape sind sculpture: as in male,

Kemarks

All speciinens collected by me were on Towering

Acacia retiiodes P Muell, This species of Cisseis ts

close lo OC. westwood? Gory & Laporte in whieh both

sexes ure all green, Cisvels westwood? oecurs in

NSW, Vic. and ‘Tas, Mule genitalia are distinet (Pig. 1D

Livia:

The mine, suggested to me by d. Mekntee of

Prudina Scition, refers to the colour of the male head

and pronotuint ebalkas Gk. copper,

Cisseis corpulenta sp. Woy.

(PIGS ES. 2h)

Healoipe: o Vallering Str, Pindar WA. 20.0, 1955,

S Barker, SAMA T21 STI.

Allonpes 7. Marloo Sti. Wuraga. WA, [31-

O41 A, Goering. ANIC.

Paranyypes: WALS ad, 2 ¥ &,same dati as wlotype

ANIC: of. Prowaoniog, 227,50, R, Po MeMilhan,

SAMA; © Wialki, 12.xi. 1958. R. Po MeMulan.

WAMA, 2 ¢ 4. Mogumber. 1211.52, 8, P. MeMillan,

SAMA: & Yellowdine. 21,1,1962. A.M. Douglas, L

N. McKenna, WAMA: 2, Wannamal. [5.x 1970, 8.

Barker. SAMA: 2 7 9. Wongant Hills, 20281-7101

Denare, HOWAL ¢. Lake Grace, 2% x0.71. M.

Powell, MPWA: 44°, Pingrup on Melaleied

13.ni) 1973, K. & E. Curnuby, GNUS: y. TO kink

Ravenstiorpe. L6.x0.1975, 8. Barker, SAMAG @

VYellowdine, 13.41.77, M. Powell, MPWA: %.

Newdesate, 20.4077, A. Demarz, HDWA;2 2? do. 2.

W758 km ENE Norsemiun, T0-b.x1le78. Too

Houston eral. WAMA: 4 ¢ o. 9.6 km N Marindo,

4.01.78, M, Powell, MPWA; oh, 4-9 0. Newdegate.

7.AtBO. M. Powell, MPWA: 2, 20 kin N Southern

Crass, 3041-81, M, Powell, MPWAL 9. 20 kar W

Deduri, 12... 1983. S. Barker, SAMA: 2 2 2.82 kin

Boyden. S4085, M. Powell, MPWA: 5. 33 kin S

Borden. 3.1.87, DL Knowles, MPWA; ®. 14 kin E

Yellowdine, Uhank7, Golding, Powell, MPWAL &,

Quoin Head. 31.xi.87. Wilkon, Knowles. MPWA,

, 8O km bE Hyden. 8x90. Golding, Powell,

MPWA, 39 km No Koolyanobbing. 17.41.90,

Golding, Powell. MPWA\ o. U7 kin NO Mt Holhind,

8,911.90, Golding. Powell, MPWA, 2d 4d. 2 7. 20

kov W Grass Patch, Kershaw, Harold. 24.%1, 1996,

MPWA, &. Three Springs, R.P.MeMilhin. WAMA,

2) no data, ANIC,

Male

Size: 7.8 & 4.4 nun (23).

Colour: head, antennae. pronotun and scutelfiamn

bronze, Elytra brown with eliinps of setae forming

while marks. Vential surface avid legs bronze or

ooppery-bronze

Shape und sculptore: head with broad media

sulcus, inter-antennal bridge 0.2 inter-oculiar width,

Proootwm shallowly punetared mediilly, strighite

basally and laterally; anterior margin projecting

wedially: dorsal carina diverging from) ventral

curing at bite more oor less parallel to it then

converging just before reaching anterior margin,

Scutelluny scutiform, laree, wath few punetures,

extending laterally at convex anterror margin,

Elyira scutellate with very short transparent sete

projecting posteriorly und longer white setae

forming the following spots on cach elytron: basal

closer do margin than suture, lurge pre-medial,

lurge pre-upienh upieal several stoall regular in

middle along suture: apex sub-sertate, Ventral

surface scutellite with short projecting sete,

longer on meta-sternal coxae and lateral edges of

abdominal sterna, Legs: tarsal claws with small

inner loath,

Aedeazus: modermely chitimsed, elongate. widest

fear apex, penis divided (Fig. 1S).

Female

Size: 4.6 x 3,7 (29),

Colour as in male

Shape and sculpture: as tn iithe,

TWENTY UNIT NEM

Remarks

Mustly collected au the Wowers ot Melaleuca spp,

This isu broud species. Mile genitalia ure very

distiict from all but the genitalia of Cissers oflonea

Kerremans (Fig, TT) a very common species in

eastern Austealia. Cisseis vblonga is an elongate

speeies with Brecn head and: pronotim and black

elytra and is fot close lo ©. cordenta sp. fey,

hrvnalouy

This species is mimed for ity broad shupe

cerplilentis L,, Stout,

Cisseis cupreala sp. noy,

(PIGS IP. 2c)

Holaiype, do, MUSpee 8.Q., 8.1.05, 0G, B.. ANIC.

Afliiypes ste daiit ats holotype. ANIC,

Pavitvpes: SALA 36.3 3S, Quorn, Blackburn,

SAMA, NSW; 2 ¢ a, Barrington Tops. 116. AL Jd.

C.. OMBA: 4. Barrington Tops. 1.25. U.S. Zoo.

Exp. ANIC, ¢, Blundell Phuts. 6.71980, DoJ.

Pergusson, ANIC: 4 4, Hartley Vale upper Blue

Mas, 4.1. 986/29. 47), 86/) 8.0.87. S, Watkilis, SAMA:

$,2 2, Armidale, C.F Deuguel, RMBB, Old; 4

4 Marecha, (1.4605. RoE. Brock, ANIC: ol Mt

Spec. 3-7.1,65. J. G. Brooks, ANIC) did dak ee ,

Mr. Spec, 5.1.05, 1, G, BL, ANIC: 34d, same diita as

holotype, ANIC; 4 ch. 2, ML Spee. 16.065, 4G.

B., ANIC: 3. Rockhampton xii64. C. Vo ANIC, 3

ffl 2 9 Sh. Ewan Re. 16-19 Kin W Palurnit. 3-6.1.66,

JG. and J. ALG, Brooks, ANTICS &. Bhigkdown

Tublelind via Dingo, tox 1981, G2 Monteith,

OMBA: 4. Blackdown Tableland via Dingo. s1.82.

5, Pearson, QMBA; 19 fd, 8 79. 16 kn W

Paluna, (0.2000, T) M.S. Flanlon, M2 Powell,

MHSA, MPWA; 5, 7. 5 kin W Hidden Valley via

Paluina, 1Ob2000, 17) M.S. Hanlon, M, Powell,

MHSA, MPWA: ono dati, RMBB,

Male

Siver 7.8 8 3.1 mim (55).

Colown head. dotenpae, pronetum. scutellum

coppery, Elytra black with white inurkings formed

from clumps of pubescent setae. Ventral surface and

legs coppery,

Shape and sculpture: head with prominent median

sulcus. Tnterantennal bridee 0.13 inter-oculiar width,

Pronotum striolate, upical margin projecting

medhilby: dorsal earina diverging from ventral caring

at basal margin. (hen more or less pauralel to it anal

converging just before meeting anterior murgia, wilh

setae Wlong dorsal edge of dorsal carina and in spice

hetween the rwe. Seutellim sentiform. haiteral edges

PSPEEIES OF CISSEIS tus

extended at eaves ainterior marain, flat, with few

punctures. Hiyira sculetlate, apes sub-serrate. wilh

following whie marks on eaeh elyirens Iwo alone

base, One mm onneddle oF and slightly posterior tu

above; three iy row across middle dad one slightly

unterior Lo these and closer Co sate Cha mores,

two in pre-apienl area, anterior medial posterior

closer to suture than margin. Ventril surlace deeply

strinlate On thoracic sterna, barely on abdominal

Sterna, wilh short selue except laterally on meta

coxue and abdominal stern where dense chimps ab

longer sete form white murks becoming

progressively smaller along abdomen. Logs: tarsal

chews with smidt inner tooth,

Acdeagus: heavily chitinised at apex, moderately

i base, widest near apex. penis stronsly divided at

aper (Fig, TP).

Kenele

Sizer 9.0% 3.6 iin (221,

(Colours as in file.

Shape and sculpture: as in male.

Remarks

The specimens from Hartley Vale. NSW, were all

collected on Acacia lonudolia (And) Willd. This

species hus a different colour combination fron any

other named species,

Erymalovy

The species is mined for its colour eapran ba.

copper.

Cisseis cyaned sp. WV.

(PIGS Wl 2

Hafonpe: &. 4.8 kon W Wialkil WA. 219K, 70. 8.

Burker, SAMA 21 512.

Miloiper 4. Northampton, WA. Poa. l958, FL LL

Uther Baker, SAMA E21 S134.

Paraiwpes, WA: 3a 5. 4 24. Withki, S.ix.59 on

Acacia, S, Barker, SAMA; &, sume dala us allotype

SAMA: &. Mingenew, 26.ix.56, © TL Uther Baker,

SAMA, &y Strawherry, 27.18.1956. FUL Other

Baker, WAMA; ?, Dantdarragun, 29% i8.1956, POH

Uther Baker, WAMA, 1. Mingenew, ¥.56, J. G.

Brooks bequest. ANIC: 2 dd. P. Wialki, 24.6061,

KOHL Uther Baker, ANIC; i). Irwin, PhaN.67, 1H.

Uther Baker, SAMA: 2. 4 &. Strwberry, Lin.GQ. be

H. Uther Baker, SAMA: 4 99, 29 kin FE Geraliton,

MOH, Uther Baker, SAMA, 5 (iit, Coral Bay,

29. yi 1974, WK. & TE, Carnaby. ANIC: &, 24 hin N

Geraldton, 25.vili, 1979, T, M.-H, Hanlon, WAMA;

4. Mount Madden. 4.9) 1979. Ke de EF. Carnaby,

rie Ss. BARKER

ANIC) ©. Bneabba, 12... 1980, Ro B MeMillan,

WAMAL 3.2 29, 29.128 1IS.10E, 23kin E by N

Dong 3074 PORT, 1 DL Nauman, JC, Cardale,

ANIC: 2 99, Bneabba. on Aewete. |v 1987,

RP MeMilhans WAMA: d. 10 km S Eneubba.

F(/73 Vii 1987, es Viwes Aeaeda, C. Reid, ANIC: &,

Vy bheabba, thon) Aceete gall, 2bV, 1989 RP.

MeMillan, WAMA: of, Uneubba, 1% 1x. 1989, 1 P.

McMillan, WAMA: 2, N77: 32 km Te of Yellowdine.

2x.1991, To M.S. Thinlon, MHSA, 2 27,

Lneabba, 20°40" S LIS TO" EB, Alix, (O96, RP

MeMillan, WAMA; &.2 97, 33 kat W Mullewa,

Mhin- 1996, To M.S. Hanlon, MUSA; 4 34, &.

Taminin, H.W. Brown, WAMA: 3 of dl 4 2 @

Borden, TL W. Brown, MASA: 5S of, Yo. Tammin,

I W. Brown, MHSAL 5 2d. (', radu, He W.

Brown, MHSA,

Mule

Sizes G3 8 2.4 min (39),

Colour head, antennae. pronotum and scutelluin

bronze, Hythe either violei-blue or cupreous. Ventral

surface and legs. bronze. green-bronze or cupreotis,

Shipe ind seaipture: head with median impressed

Jines Tnterantennial bridge Q.2 inter-ocular width.

Proonium striolile, anterior margin more or less

steht, basal tiaitgin simuate. dorsal cariia

diverging fron) ventral carina at basal margin, (hen

more or less parallel ond reaching anterior margin.

Scutellum sculiform, punctured, extended laterally,

woterion margin convex, Thytra seutelfate with the

following patches oF white sete on each ely trans one

medial at hase, ane medial near murgin, wavy pre-

apleal fascia from ouirein to stitdre dnd shill

irregular climps close to suture: apex sub-serrule,

Ventral surhice heavily scatellate on (horaete stern.

laintly on abdominal sterna, Covered with very short

seluc. Lews: tursal chiws single,

Avdeagus: heavily chilinised, parumeres more or

less petallel-sted for the whole of their length aac

indented at fhe base (Pig. TL).

hemale

Sive: 7.1% 2.6 win (32),

Colours as i male.

Shape diel seuipluire: as i ale,

Remarks

The elytral colour iy not sex assauiited. Most ol

those With Cupreads elytra have a cupreaus ventral

surface. "Those with eyaneous elytra never have a

cupreaus ventral suplive. AC Eneabba the hinvie of

(his species form galls on Acacia blakelye Muiden

(K.P MeMilhin pers. comm, 1999). This species fies

previously been misidentified us CL ner Carter, a

broader species with very different male genitalia (Pig. LY),

Liviology

The species is mined for the elyeral colour dvertean

Gk, durk blue.

Cisseis derbyensix sp. nov.

(FIGS JAB, 2e)

Holotype; 2, Derby, NWA. on broad-feated

Acaetin, (2.,1947, H.W. Brown, SAMA L217 519,

Vlaipe: 2 same dau as holotype, SAMA 1214520.

Paraivpes: WAG ToS, sane dala as holotype,

WAMA, 4 a4, 3 FS. same dati as holotype,

MUSA: 4 74, Berhy NWA. Gn hroud-leated

Vedete, HOW. Brown, MHSA-

Male

Sites (OX 4.2 mn (A).

Colour, Head. antennae, pronotum und sented

green with yellow reflections, Elytra dark coppery-

red with faint white spots formed fron chimps of

setae. Ventral surfave and leas ereen,

Shupe and sculpture: Head deeply punehite, with a

faint impressed dine fran middle Wo base, inter

unten) bridge O15) interoculir width, Antenne

normal untemnuless |-3 obeonie: 4-1) toothed,

Pranotum punctate rmedily, striohue laterally, with

Iwo poorly defined fovea on cach side the anterior

smaller than the posterior, Anterior mareih projecting

medially, basal inmurgin sinuale, dorsal aria

diverging fron ventral carina then more or less

straight aod gradually diverging from ventral carina

reaching anterior margin, Scutelum scutiform. with

few punctures, sides catended laterally at busil

marin. Elytra seutellate. laterally angled outwards

from base then rounded at homeral callus. mioee or

less parallel-sided. until rounded post-medially ana

furrowed to sub-sertute, rounded apex, wilh the

following white marks en each elytron formed froin

cluinps of setue: hilerally four small spots, pre and

postimedial, sub-upieal and apical and a number of

much smaller faouer spots evenly distributed over

elytra. Ventrally faintly seutellake with few medial

selue but with patches of long literal seuie on auch of

the abdominal sterna. Legs: tarsal claws with diner

tooth: mMetatibial setigeris from middle to before

distal end in four raised clumps,

Aedeweus: heavily ehilinised iat apes, moderately

it base, clongare, wulest post-medhdly. lapered in

Two slups lo upes. apleal sensily very prominent

(Fig, LAB).

Fentdle

sizer ILS 84.4 min ()2),

Colour: entirely dirk coppery-red.

Shape and sealptures as in mates

PWhN'TY ONE NEW SPECIES Ob CISSELN 107

Remarks

This species can only be vontised with ©.

Julwidicolls whieh occurs in the sanic area, They ca

be separated by the following: ©) faleidicallis lias

larger and: more prominent clyttal spotting; C.

frlwdicolliy has a median sulcus on the heal,

whereas the heal in ©. derbvensix is fats the male

genitalia dither (Pig, TAA), ALL Known specimens

were vollected at the same time by H.W. Brawn,

Liynieloey

The species is rimed afler is type Toeality,

Ciyseis excelyior sp. voy.

(FIGS |AD, 22)

Moloivpe, &. Aa km N of Mt Carbine, Qh,

121.2000, on Pateidea leaves. T) MOS. Hanlon. M,

Powell, SAMA 21 Sb.

Affoiype: 2 osime datitis holotype. SAMA L2E S15,

Paraiypess + 2a 10 2 2 same dit os holotype.

MIISA, MPWA, SAMA,

Mute

sive Xtoy Ab nmin (5).

Colours Nead coppery-purple. untennomeres | 2

coppery purple; FEE black with) evappery purple

reflections, Pronotin and scutellum coppery-bronve

or green-bronve, Elyica black with white marks

formed from clumps of setae, Ventral surfiee and

lees coppery-hronze,

Shape and sculpture: bead with median fovea

inlerantennal bridee 0,2 jnleroculoar width,

Prowotam heavily osthrohkite. anterfor nian

projecting medially; dorsal carina not meeting

vertal carte at base. Hore of fess straight ane

diverging Trom ii, nol reaching anterior margin,

Scutellun scauforay, punetured. laterally extended it

base. anterior marcin straight. Elytra scutellate, wath

following white marks on cach elyiron formed from

clumps of fattened setae: one medial at base, four in

semi-circle around: pre-and post-media) areas and

Uwooor three meditl close to suture, Ventral surtace

sculellile with short setae, except lilerally on imeso-

come, mehevoxae and abdominal sterna where they

are longer, clumped and) pubescent, Legs: tarsal

chiws with small immer tooth,

Aedeagus: heavily chitinised at apex, moderately

at base, widest near apex. penis divided apically

(hig. LAD),

Pemiale

Sve) 34 mm ct)

Colaur head. pronmotun and scoreline cappery—

bronze or green-bronze. Elytra as in mute. Ventral

surface and legs bronze,

Shape and sculpture: as i inate

Remarks

This is a very distinct species, diMeull lo conluse

with any other,

Eryanoloy

The species is named for its istinetness (ren ather

species edeelsior L., higher

Cisseis kehauti sp. ny.

(FIGS 1B, 21)

Holotype: 3. Uriara Ru. tik WSW Canberra.

23,811,1973, K,R. Pullen, ANIC,

Affoiype: G sume dati as holotype, ANIC.

Paratypes; ACT. 2 ori. 2 2%. 35.1608 149.07K,

590m. Botunie Gardens, Black Manin, ALCL.

H1972. Ro. Kohout QMBAL 4 of sume dita as

holotype, ANIC. SAMA, Qld: 2 4 9, Stanthorpe, F

Suton, QMBA, NSW) 2 cd, Nowr, 12/52, R, Do

JG, Brooks bequest, ANIC,

Mile

Size: 59 8 2,3 min (9p.

Colour; head green apieally, black busally,

Aptennomeres: [-2 green: 2-11 bronze. Pronotum

green, Scutellum green. Elytra blick with white

marks formed from clumps of setae. Ventral surfice

and legs green with yellow reflections,

Shape and sculpture: head with median inpressed

line at hase projecting into median sulets. marrow

und deep new apex; inter-antennal bridge O.1S inter

ocuku width. Pronotum steiolate, aaterioe tugih

projecting medially, large shallow fovea near each

basal angle. dorsal carina diverging front veoreal earings

basally, widely separated but more or less parallel

sided (0 it, ineeling anterior margin. Seutellum

scutiform, prnetured. sides expanded laterally near

straight anterior margin. Blytra seutellate, sib-serrate

upleal mimwin, eae elyteon with following white

Inarks: one at base closer lo margin (han suture, ane

beneath humeral calls, four in semicirele around pre

and postemedial area, first ind fourth eloser te suture

than murgin. second and third closer to margin than

suture. three or four smaller marks inside vlong suture.

Ventral surface seutellate with short setae

medially and longer clumped setue laterally on

melteeoxie and abdominal stern. Legs: tarsal

claws with prominent inner loath,

Aedeagus: moderately chilinised, short. widest

pre-apieally. tapered to upex (Fig, LB),

108 §. BARKER

Female

Size: 6.1% 24 nm (5).

Colour: head coppery apically. black basally

Ailennomeres bronze, Pronotum bhick, Seutellins

bronze or copperv. Elytra black with white marks

formed from clunips of sete. Ventral surfaee and

leas black with gecen-blue reflections

Shape und sculpture: us mn male.

Remarks

Males of this species have & similar colou

combination tamales of ©. eblaiva Kerreimiuns, bul

are statler and have different shaped mate genitalia

(Pig. 1B)

Kiviwloey

‘The species is named afer Rod) Kohoul. Grishine.

Cissets macmillani sp, nov.

(FIGS IC, 2h)

Holanpe. 3. Wanneroo, W.A.. on Nantharrhea.

LOA 1949, ROB MeMillan, SAMA L 21 516.

Alloivpe: @ aime dita as holotype, SAMA T 21 517.

Paratypes: WA. +), sume datitas holotype, SAMA; 2

PP. Wanneroo, on B. areinata, Wii 1949. R_ P.

McMillan. SAMA. 3,8 kin W Mt Barker, 28.11.50.

J, ALL, Watson, SAMA: &, Darlington, J, Clark.

SAMA.

Male

Size: 8.2 x 3.4 mm (3).

Colour head and antennae eoppery. Pronotn and

sculellun bronze. Elytra brown with while markings

formed from clumps of setae, Ventral surface and

legs bronze.

Shape und sculpture: head with very sinall

irregular median sulcus at apex; imer-aniennal

bridge 0.2 jnter-ocular width. Pronotiim puneiute

medially. sttolate laterally, apteal margin projecting

medially: dorsal carina diverging from ventral curina

at basal margin then more or less parallel until

diverging as it approaches apical margin which

micets: setae present dorsal to dorsal carina,

Seutellumt seutiform, with few punctures. extended

laterally. anterior margin convex. Elytra scutellate.

sub-serrate apically. with following clumps of white

selie on euch elyteon forming an irregular pattem:

one at base. one near margin posterior to humeral

callus, one irregular medial pre-apical fascia with

short side angled anteriorly from margin und longer

side angled posteriorly reaching suture, Ventral

surface seutellate except for smooth edges al

abdominul Sterna, with moderately long single setae

seauicred over whole surfiee, adpressed and pouting

posteriorly except along laleral edaes where they are

slightly clumped. Legs: tarsal chiaws withoot inner

Laoth,

Avdengus: moderately chitinised. short, widest

post-medially, tapered to upes (i. LC).

hemele

Size, 107 x 4.4 mm (4)

Colour: head. antennae. pranotum, seuteHum

ventral surface and legs bronze, Elytra brown with

white markings,

Shape and sculpture: as in inate,

Remarks

This species could only be confused with C, epeiere

Thomson. which has a spotled elytral pathern and

heavily chitinised aedeagus: CL meena tas un

obscure elytral pattern and) lightly chitinised

aedeagus Of different shape (Fig. LAC), The

specimens examined from Wanneroo were collected

on Banksia attenuate KR. Bro and Xantharrhed spp.

Liynalouy

The species is named afler R. P. MeMillin,

Kullaroo.

Cisseis macqueeni sp. nov,

(FIGS IL, 2s)

Holorpe: oo, Milmerran, Qld.

McQueen, ANIC,

Px LY43, J

Allatype; |. same data as holotype. ANIC,

Paratypes: 2 dd, 5 ? 2. same data as holotype.

ANIC & SAMA: 5 99, Milimertan, xin 943, J,

McQueen. ANIC,

Mile

Sive: 47% b.7 mm (3).

Colour, head and antennae preen, Propotum and

scutellum bronze-green. Elytra black with bronze

reflections along suture from base to middle and

Inegular white spots, Ventral surface blick, Legs

black with bronze-green reflections.

Shape and sculpture: head with laint medial

impressed line: inter-antennal bridge 0.3 inter-ocular

Width, Pronotum strolate, anterior margin projecting

incdiilly, shallow basal fovea on cach side trom

middle to dorsal carina with moderately long white

sete: dorsal carina diverging from ventral carina at

base. then more or less parallel. reach anterior

nurgin, Seutellam seutitorm, expanded latyrally,

punctured. anterior margin convex. Elyira scutellate,

apieal margin subserrate. with white sete forming

TWENTY OND NEW SPECIES OF CENSELS 109

followin Runt pattern on each elytvon: small medial

spot at anterior margin, medial spot at margin und

One Hear stl Wath hirger spel just antertor to it and

hwo or three sinuller spots al margin posteriads short

hascia fram pre-apied! margin slighthy anterior to pre-

apical spot near suture, Ventral surface laintly

sedlellate with fine very short sere and chiiips af

while pubescent setue on lateral meti-coxae und

abdominal steroa. Lees: tarsal claws with short inner

looth,

Acdeaguis:

pre apreatly,

Moderately chitioised, short, Wwhlest

fapered Wy apes (Pig. Lh),

hemate

Sive: 4.98 LT nim (11),

Colour: head aad antennae coppery. Prouotuin and

sculellin bronve, Elytra black with bronze

reflections along satuve Tom base to middle ane

wresuhie white spots. Ventral surface black, Lees

black with bronve reflections,

Shape and sculptures as i niale,

Remarks

This species is closest too. vera Kerremins.

However itis smaller the male has only a green

fread, Whereas the mile of C. view his a green head

dnd provotuimn and male genitalia are dilferent (Fig.

IK),

Laymology

The species is named after the dite J.

Millmerran and Toowoomba.

Macqueen.

Cisseis pulleni sp. nov,

(PIGS 1M. 2r)

Holowpe: 4. 10 kin NW Edungalba. Qld. Ti-tree

creek on Yellow wood, 1.411975, 8, Barker, SAMA

}27 518.

Allatype, 2, Black Mountain, 13,41), 1968, on Acuere

spp. K. Pullen, ANIC,

Paraiipes: MOV 4 9d, %, same data as allolype,

ANIC, SAMA, Queenslund: 7 of .41. Milmerran, J,

Macqueen, ANIC: 4 44, 30 99) Milinerran.

ABA J. Maequeen. ANIC? 2 dd. 2. iA Ud.

MacQueen, NMVA, ¢&, Milmerran, sii (Ota, t.

Miacqueen, ANIC; 6 2a, 3 28, Milmerran,

MAS 44. Macqueen, ANIC: 3 od. V, 14d

Millmerran, J. Macqueen, ANIC; 6 ¢ 4, 4,

Monrangee. Edingaba.on brigelow, [X.xti 1947, 27.

Adanis. ANIC. 4. Milmernan, if. F957, J. Maequeen,

ANIC? 3, 9, Gayndah, 91.56, Eo Sinith NMVWAy «

(6.198 14524 12 kin SE of Duintree, EL Balderson,

D5 LOX ANIC! 9 no dati, S. Re Brock, SAMA,

Male

Sive; $8 x 2.1 min (44).

Colour: head mostly green,

Antennae green, Pronotun coppery bronze,

Seutellum bronze. Elytra bronve basally. bluck

mediilly, coppery apically, Ventral surface coppery,

Lees: |. dorsal surface of femur and tibia green. rest

coppery, 2. 3 all cappery.

Shape and sculpture: head siriolite basally, median

apical soleus, apical edge of Eroms concave, inter

antennal bridge 0.25 interocular width. Pronotum

strulate, With few setae. anterior muwein projecting

medially; dorsal carina diverging from ventral carina

Yom basal nuirgin reaching anterior margin, space

between punctured, Sentellind seubtorm, closely

punctured. basal margin convex. Elywa stiolate

basally, elsewhere seutellate. with following ohscure

mirks On each elytton formed from cluyped setic!

in middle closer lo maruin than salure, lwo pres

apical, one closer to margin thai suture the other

ventrad to itand-closer to suture than marein. Ventral

surface strialate, faintly on abdominal sterna, with

very short, spaced setae, Legs: tarsal claws with

inner tooth,

Aedeugus: lightly ehitinised, moderately clongate,

Widest pre-apically with a long. rounded. pre-apical

sell brush on cach paramere (Pig, [M).

coppery al base.

Fonale

size: 6.0% 2.6 mim (14).

Colour: head, antennae, pronotum and scutellin

bronze. Elytta bronze basally, black medially,

coppery apically, Ventral surface and legs coppery.

Shape and sculptures as i male,

Remarks

This species superficially resembles C) searasale

Kerremins. However, it is smaller and the rule

genitalia clearly distinguish it from the ather species

iO which the mile venitilia hive no weecessary

structures (Fig, LO).

hiyniology

The species is named ater Kk, Pullen, Canberra.

Cisseis septiosa sp. nov.

(FIGS |N, 2

Holotype: 3, Charity Ck Bridge yia Mount George

Manning River NSW. 74191, S. Watkins, SAMA |

21 521,

Allonipery , same dita as holotype. SAMA 12) 522.

Paraivpes: NSW: 4, Lapstone Hill lower Blue Mis,

I4oxi 1983, 5, Watkins, ANIC: & Stockyard home

11th S. BARKER

Combined Street Wingham, 23-811. 1990, 5. Watkins,

SAMA; &, Charity Creek via Kirnbrickt Mannie

Charity Ck Bridge via Mount Oeorge Manning

River, 20.5, (991. on Cusudring conninghamiana, S

Watkins. SAMA; &.2 1", Charity Ck Bridge vid

Mount George Manning River, 4.81.91, 8, Watkins,

ANIC. do sume data as holotype. ANIC: Charity

Creek via Kimbricki Manning River, [4.91 1991, on

Casmering couaniighunina, S. Watkins, SAMA: 9,

Charily Ck Bridge vin Mount George Minnine

River. PR.xbYT. S. Watkins. ANIC: 2 dd. Charity

Ck Bridge via Mount George Manning River.

ALI/AOKY2, oO Casuarina cunmineghaniana, S-

Watkins, ANIC:Y. Manning River al Tinonee Ra,

vit Wingham. 911.1995, Tristeniopsis, S. Watkins,

ANIC. Qlu: of. Herberton, xt.52. G. B. ANIC: 6.

N. Old, Blackburn collection, SAMA. SA: 3,

Sumit Mt Barker. 16.40.07, on Casartien stricta,

5, Barker, SAMA,

Mule

Sizer 6.8 x 2.6 min (3)

Colour: head green, Anlennomeres: | yellow-

green: 2-11 dark brown with yellow: reflections.

Pronotum and seatellum yellow-ereen. Elytra bhick.

With Obscure White marks formed from chimps of

setae, Ventral surlice, sternum fused abdominal

seymenis and legs yellow-green: Tree abdominal

segments bronze,

Shape and sculpture: head with deep median

sulcus, intersanlenpal bridge O.2 piter-ocuhar width

Pronotum striglale. anterior inargin browdly

projecting medially, with shallow basal fovea on

each side, dorsal carma diverging trom. ventral

cariod dt base, more or less straight until reaching

anterior margin, Seutellund scutiform, punctured,

laterully extended at straight anterior margin

Elytra stutellate. apical margin sub-serrate. with

following faint while marks on cach elytron:

vilriitble number af small spots along surtice.

irregutar fascia post-medial from margin to suture

and round pre-apical spot Venural surface

sculellite Wilh short sctie except literally on ineta-

cosae and abdominal stern where clumps of

longer selae form white spots, Lees: tarsal claws

with stall inner tooth,

Acdeagus: lightly chilfnised. short. withest pre-

dpically rounded to apex, penis divided apically and

strongly ported (Pig, EN),

Femelle

Size: 40% 3.0 mim (7).

Colour: head, anreonite, pronotam and seuatelhin

bronze. Elytra as in mile, Ventral surkiee and legs

black with hronve reflections.

Shape and sculptures as in pate.

Remarks

The males of this species have similar colouration

to males ob CL sedhravide Kerremans, Ibis a larger

species thin Co seadbrasidke and male senitalia ure

distinet (Pig. LO),

hivnioloey

The species name is derived rom sepia Le,

ohseure,

Cisseis speciosa sp. noy-

(BIGS LAL. 2p)

Holoivpe: &, Midland Junction, WoAL M37, RP

MeMilhin, SAMA T 2) 523,

Paratypes;: WAc 4, Cannington, W.A., 3.87.50. RE

MeMillin, WAMA: 4, Bayswater, 17147, ROP

MeMilkin, WAMA,

Male

Sive: 5.7 x 2.2 mim (3).

Colour: head green with yellow retlections,

imtennae bronze. Pronotum, seulellum green wath

yellow reflections. Elyua black with white spots

formed hy clumped setae. Ventral surfuce and lees

dark green,

Shape und sculpture: head with shallow tedian

Suleus a apex, interantennal bridge O.2 interocular

width, Antennomeres: 1-3 obeonie: 411 Griangolir,

Propotuim striolates anterior margin projecting

niedially, dorsal carina diverging from venta carina

al basal margin continuing lo diverge slightly but not

reaching anterior mtn, Scutellimn seutellate, sides

extending laterally at Gonves anterior margin,

punctured. Ely scutiform, with following white

nurks on each elviron; one al base closer lo mirgin

(ha suture, one posteriad closer to suture than

Mirgin. One posterd ta second closer to unurein

(hin suture, one beneath hummer callus. four srmatler

muirks whong marein postermad and rreguburly spaced.

Nour insemi-circle from pre- Lo post-tmedial with four

smatier internal tiarks dlong sature, Venta surface

seulellite, with short setite, Legs. tarsal claws

without inner tooth,

Aedeugus: heavily chitinised at qipes. lightly at

base, moderately lang, widest pre-wpieally ana

rounded fa apes, penis divided and pointed

(Pig, |ABY,

hemete

Woknown.

Disirihunion

Only known from outer Perth suburbs an coastal

plain of WA,

TWENTY ONI NEW

Remarks

This species only occurs in WA and has a diflerent

colour and male genitalia (Pig, PAL) front iuty other

WA species.

hivindogs

The species is famed Lor its beauty speerests Li,

fhevalrtal,

Ciyseis stellata sp. nov.

(PIGS VY, 2a)

Holoivpes oo Cairns, SAMA | 21 524.

Miowpes Caitiw SAMA E21 825,

Peratypes: Oh, &. Bowen, A. Simson, SAMBA:

&. Cooktown. Bhickburns SAMAL 2 4.

Townsville. Dodds 7. 74, C. Yunwk, SAMA, G. Bort

Vallis, SAMA: &. Endeuvor i, M. ML, SAMA: 2

VS SAMA; 2 4 9. Cairns. A. P Dodd. QMBAL ci.

y. Cans, LOA. Anderson, QMBA: 2 Mt Spee,

IS.i.65. 5. C. Brooks, ANIC: 2 4.4, Black Mi, Rul

Kuranda, 1970, OMBA; 2. 8) Paluma, 12.4,1979,

S. Burker, SAMA: 305-4. Black Mr. Ral Kuranda.

M1 T979, OMBAZ2 2 2. Yeppoon 1950, EC. v.,

OMBA: 2 4. Curdwell. Browdbent, i tSs89,

OMBA: of. Lovkerbie area, Cipe York, 14

IMiv. 974, Go B. Monteith, OMBA; &. Logkerbic

area, Cape York, 13-27.v.1973, G. Bo Monteith,

QOMBALS ff. 2 45, Mouringee, Qld, 20471993,

I, 1 Adains, MUSA, 4. Cape York, Dacrel,

HUMB; of, 2 YY. Rockhamplon, HUMB, ¢.

Bloomfield River, No Queensland, WUMB: 4 9 9.

Cupe Bedford, HUMB. @&. o. 17488) LS.08L

Kennedy Plwy. ca Skat SW of Mount Garnet,

Ihi1995, J. Balderson, KB. oP, Moore, PK,

Christensen, IBQOA, oY. T8088) (44.521

Rennedy Ewy. ca 6Okin ESE of Mount Surprise.

31,1995 0. Balderson, POR. Christensen, IBQAL (7

Marsupiil Ck. Fooof Croydon, J204;b99e, |

Ilisenpuseh, JBQAL IS 6d, S8 2 lS kin W beidden

Valley via Paluina, LO 2000, 7 MS. Hanlon, M1.

PS.81,2000, Hovorka leg., NMPO: 3. Cape York.

Thoren, NRSS: 2 fet. 2 VV S Jolmstone Ro WW

Brown, MUSA,

Mele

Sizer WOM & 43 i (43).

Colour beak alteniac, pronotuiy wil scutellunni

coppery or green wilh yellow reflections, Ulytry

black will clirmps of setae forming white spots.

Ventral surface black with while markings. [ews

hlnek

SPECIES OF CISSEIS an

Shape and sculpture: head with prominent median

sulcus. iiterantenndl bridwe O.07 titer oedlar with,

Pronotumy punctured medially, striokwe laterally:

apical margin propecting mednilly; clorsal carina

diverging trom ventral carina at basal margin then

More or fess parallel anti post-medially then

converging towards ventral carina bul not meeting it,

space between bwo und belween uned part ol dorsal

carina and anterior margin Tdled) with) dense.

pubescent sehite, Seutellum seutitorm, Mat without

punctures. Elytra medially punctate, larerally

scutellates with Tollowing white spots on cuch

clytron, four in circle trom pre-medial to pre-apical

wilh one or iwo small in eentre and two or tree

small itong basal margin and one sovall pre-upicul,

Ventral surface medially alibrous, literally faintly

siiiohites With short setae except ou glubrous edees

OF abdominal sterna. laterally with clumps of longer

serie on abdominal stern. Legs: tarsal ehiws with

iifer tooth, meta-tibial setigeris from before middle

Wo hear distal end on three prominent ridges.

Wedeagus; mostly heavily chitinised. Tightly at

hiuse, widest pre-apically. tapered to apex (ig. EYL

Fomale

Size: 12.0 x 4.5 mim (35),

Colour: as in mule.

Shupe und sculpture: as i male,

Remarks

This species is closest to CL sigreaibeltis (oped

the only other Jarge, spotted speetes with black

elytra. The pronotun of C signaieoolloy his a bow

shaped dorsal carina and a round fovea filled with

pubescent setae on either side of the mid-line vloser

wellafe sp. nov. has a straighter dorsal carina qed ne

setae filled fovea, Male venitalin in both are heavily

chitinised and their structure is similar (Pig. 144.

Etvaralogy:

The speeies is munmed lor its clyttal markinss.

wiHletan Lo spaued.

Cissety trimentulie sp, ay,

(PIGS (Gi, 24)

Haloiwpe. 3. Burma Road Pilliga dust SE NSW, on

Dodonied sp. lOas.90, S. Watkins, SAMA 121 524.

Mlot\po. ¢. sane datas holotype. SAMA P2527.

Paruivpes: NSW: ¢, (2. Sydney, 4.1.06. Blackburn,

NMVAL 2 94.2 29, Hortishy. si,60. L. Fellers,

ANIC, Oo Lune Cove. Sydney. 7.41.62, L. Kellers.

MNAG: 2 eels Tngleside, Ui 198d, Loliage of

tl S BARBI

todiier fomwifolia. S. Watkins. SAMAL Wo Meus

a, 0985, Acacld Milfella, S. Watkins, SAMA, =

Garawilla lurnol! SWest of Mullalay, 22.4). 1985, on

Leprospermin. 8. Watkins SAMAY 2. Menai

VLNONT. Neato dindfolia, S. Watkins, SAMA: ‘5.

Burfi Road Pilliga Base SR, 14.41.89, Buecker sp.,

§. Watkins, SAMA; oh /. Burma Road Pilliga Bast

Shkovin Coonabarrabran, on Daalepeed spr

His 1990S. Watkins. ANICZ oo Wo Sydney. ANIC.

W Sydney, SAMA: 3 dt, Sydney dist. Red.

Burton, SAMA: 4.9. Blue Mts, SAMA, 2 4%,

Sydney, QMBA: 3, no dit, SAMA, Old 2. Bunya

Mins. Whar. Ho Hacker, QMRBA: 2 2,

Milmerran, laost4a. J. Maequcen, ANIC) &.

}145S 142,356, (kin S of Heathhinds, 24.vii 1902,

al High, P Aborowski. ES. Nielsen, ANIC, 7 ct,

1a, 16k Woot Paluma, FO¢-2000, on Jeeksenia

thevtades. “Vo M.S. Thinlon, M. Powell, MISA.

MPWA, ACT) 9, 35,158 [48.571 Uriarra Crossing,

iL 1989, Bursuria lowers, C. Reid, ANIC, View",

Inglewood, 27.ii47. C. Oke, NMVA; of, 4,

lnwlewoodlk J. BE. Dixon. ANIC, one data. PLUME.

SA! 9, Quorn. Blackburn, SAMA,

Male

Sive 4.9 8 1.90 ni C23),

Colour, Head black with ereen refleetions apically.

bronze reflections basally. Antennomeres: 1-2 bhick

wilh bronze reflections: 4-1 LE bhick, Pronotuin bhick

wilh bronze reflections in middle at apical margin

vnd along basal margin, rest with blue refleetions,

Sentellumy bronze, Elytra blick with bronze

rellecHons wong apical margin and dows suture and

with obscure markings formed tron setae. Ventral

suirluce bhick. Legs bhick with bronze reflections on

dorsal surface ol femora.

Shape aid seulprate; head punetared with deep

median fovea, inler-untennal bridee Oa inter

veukir wid, Pronotunmy setalate, apical rmrgin

proajeeiiog medially. basal margin smote, with a

broad. shallow. basal fovea on each side closer to

basal (han upieal margin, dorsal carimt diverging

from lateral margin at basal margin, more or less

paridlel lo vl until diverging strongly post-medilly

fo novel apieal nurgin, Sculellum scutilorm. Elytrit

seutethite, with clumps of short setae forming

Obscure pullers coumencing posterior to buse.

Wilh a pre-upieal and apreal Risen Ventral surtive

striolate on thoracic stern und laterally on

abdominal sterng, glabrous in middle of abdomen,

With short selec, Legs: tarsal chiws with inner

toothy

Acdeagus: heavily chitinised al apex. moderulely

at base. elongate. with long accessory structures an

ench side uthiched haterally towards base, cach

ending in a selal brish penis with long point

(Pig 1G).

Feorle

Size: 5.08 2b nin (2h),

Colours heud bluek wath

otherwise as Hy Hale,

Shupe and sculptures as in mute,

bronze rellecuens.

Renturks

This species is similiar lo the lollowin: ones the

Jifferenees wre discussed vor the lallowing

Remurks.

hivntology

Nured foe the steretune of the nmle geninilia ee |

(hree mentiliy L penis.

Cisseiy watkinsi sp. ny.

(PIGS th. Tu)

Holotype: dy Manning River ar Tinonee Rao vit

Wingham, NSW, Welertonsede 21X,1993, 5,

Watkins, SAMA | 21 528.

Allonpe: 7, sane data as holotype. SAMA 12} 529.

Purdivpes; NSW; Y, Charity ek bridge yar Mount

George Manning River, on Acari foliage,

IR. L991, S. Watkins ANIC: 20:0. Wingham

Brush Manning River, Walerhetised, 3/8 811993. 5.

Watkins SAMA, 2 oc. 4. Mannings River at

‘Tinonee Rd vin Wingham, Waterhouse, 11, 81,1993,

S. Watkins, ANIC: 2 ¢ 2. Wingham Brush Manning

River, Warerhousea. 14.xi.1993, 8S. Watkins, ANIC:

4 4. Manning River at Tinanee Rd via Winghan,

Warerhaused, Lo8i. 1993.8. Watkins, SAMA: 2,

Winghunt Brush, Manning River Wererhonsed,

17.81.93, S. Watkins, ANIC, SAMA; 6 ce 5 88,

same chit as holotype, ANIC; d, Gloucester River

near Bundook, Acmenca yaritiii 25,41, 1994, 5,

Watkins, SAMA; 2 9. Wingham Brush Maniing

River, Waterhouse flarihunda, 25/27. 1993, 8,

Watkins, SAMA: 3.9, Manning River al Wingham,

Warerhoused, 16/24.8i1, 1993.8. Watkins. SAMA; of.

7, Manning River at Tinonee Rao via Witham.

Warephaysed, 25.91), 1993, S$. Watkins, SAMA; 2

Jd. Manning River a Tinonee Rd yin Wingham,

Waterhoused, 9x1 1994, 8. Watkins, SAMA, &, 1,

Upper Williams Ry 8.1926. Lea, Wilson, SAMA,

Olu: F National Park. HH. Hacker. x1.1920, NMYVA,

Male

Siver dh 7 x 1.9 wi (24).

Colour head dull green or blue. Antennomeres: |-

3 dull ereen or blues 4 1 bhick with green or blue

reflections, Pronatin bhick with yellow relleeons,

Seutellund gold. Telytra black with white patterns

TWENTY ONE NEW OSPROTES OL CISSELS sa

formed from clutiped setae, Ventral surface und less

black.

Shape and seulptire: head setose, with deep

media suleus and Medial fovea on each side, witer-

antennal bridge 0.2 inter-ocular avidth. Pronotuin

strialate, Wi hire. double basal fovea on eaeh side:

UNleriOr margin projecting medially, dorsal carina

walled outwiirds from bse, then approaching the

ventral caring postanedially, not reaching anterior

margin. Seutellum cordiform, punctured. anterior

murin stauight. Elyunt covered with setae forming

irregular patterns, Ventral surface laintly seutethue

With short setie, Legs! tarsal claws walle siialh pier

(oath,

Acdeagus: beavily chitinised. moderately long.

Widest preapically, tapercau to apes. penis pomted

(Pig. ty,

Female

Sie: 5.28 2.) mm (141.

Colour head gold, Antennomeres: 1-5 golds 6-11

black, Pronotumn black wilh gold rellections

Seutellim wold, Elytra black with white patterns

Ventaul surlaee black, Lees bhick, distal ends of

dorsal lermord with wold reflections.

Shape and sculptures as i pale,

Remarks

This speeles appears similir (oC. panel sp

Hoy. ‘These two species can be distinguished by the

differences in width - OC) frimendulee is the browder

species. the sive of the inter-antennal bridge - larger

in. trimentiler, the structure of the dorsal carina on

Ihe pronetim which steongly diverzes from the

Hrimentile and does not in €) warkiiy sp. ney. and

the structure Of the wedeagus which hits no accessory

structures OC) wathiisé sp. now, (Fig. 1h).

Eryinelowy

The species is nanied alter the fate S. Watkins who

has been of immense assistance tomy research.

Acknowledgments

| wish ty thank the following people who have

dsstated with my research: M, Brendetl M. Kerley,

BMINH; L, FE, Adams, Edungalba: J, Balderstone,

Queanbeyan, C. Lb. Belkimy. Los Angeles County

Museum: 2. Cowie. Tusmania: M. Powell, Melville;

H, Demarz, Wanneroo. M. Golding, Beverley. J.

Cools, RMBB, J, A, Cardoen, Adelaide: 5B,

Gustafsson, NRSS: TMS. Hanlon, Sydney. G. B,

Monteith, QMBA; T. A. Weir. K. Pullen, ANIC, M,

Moulads, AMSA; C, McPhee, K. Walker, NMVA;M,

Nichuis, Albersweiler: R. Poggi. MSNG; 8. Smith.

Werribee: So Watkins. Lismore; E.G. Matthews. A,

McArthur. J. Forrest. T. Peters. SAMA: RP.

MeMillian, Perth, 8. Bily, PMCE: M, Uhlig, HLIMB;

J, J, Meniey, MNHN; S. Walker, Adeltide: J.

McEntee, Erudina Stn for generous financial support,

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(19996) Destunation of leclolypes ol (Aree specius

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& BuriaMy Cob. (2001) Stameetiitii. a new

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Bria Cob. (1988) The ckosificiution und phylogeny ot

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(1998) Type speeies desiettions in the banily

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Carri, HL (1923) Revision of the genera hho, Ciyvers

und then allies (Buprestidae). Proc. Linn. Sue. NAW AR,

150-176,

(1929) A cheek listot ure Austin Buprestidie,

Aust, Zool, §, 265-403,

Dithas, POEM, A. E833) "Cauttlogue des Coléopteres de

In collegtion de M, le conte Deyean. Liyinisoa |, pp. t-

6 (Mequivnon- Mary is. Paris),

Gory He & LAPorth, bob, (E859) “Histone oanivelle et

iconogruplic: des itsccts eeléopires, publige pur

monoprniplies separces” Vol 2 Suite aus Bupreshdes (P

Dumenil. Paris.

Hom. be WoCTS46) Desetiptions of Various new species al

Buprestidae from Austalia fies. Put Nor Lawl 4

20%. 220

Nigpore. Comp. oe see. Earem. Bela, 34. 200-210.

(INOS) Buprestides nouveaus de i Austabe er

des rewions vonsines. Avi Soe. Bur Bele, 420 1b a-182.

800) Buprestides IndosMakiis. “Proisitine

purtic. Magn. Soe, Barn Bele. T0192,

aw, (1903) Coleopternt Serricornia Pain, Buprestidae

Ii Woy tara, Ceara fivecterum P2, 1-448.

MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) IN METROPOLITAN

ADELAIDE, SOUTH AUSTRALIA

By CRAIG R. WILLIAMS*, MICHAEL J. KOKKINN*, AMY E. SNELL*7,

STEPHEN R. FRICKER* & EMMA L. CROSSFIELD*

Summary

Williams, C. R., Kokkinn, M. J., Snell, A. E., Fricker, S. R. & Crossfield, E. L. (2001)

Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia. Trans. R.

Soc. S. Aust. 125(2), 115-121, 30 November, 2001.

The diversity and seasonal abundance of mosquito communities in metropolitan

Adelaide were studied from 1998-2000. Dry-ice baited miniature light traps set at 10

sites captured adults of 16 mosquito species, while the larvae of nine species were

collected from water bodies. Despite spatial and temporal heterogeneity both within

and amongst sampling sites, Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Ochlerotatus

notoscriptus (Skuse) were the most common species, comprising 46.9% and 27.8%

respectively of the entire catch. These two species utilise man-made water bodies for

larval habitat. Only Cx. Quinquefasciatus, Oc. notoscriptus and Oc. vigilax (Skuse)

occurred in sufficient numbers to warrant population control measures.

Key Words: Mosquitoes, seasonal abundance, urban, Adelaide, South Australia,

Ochlerotatus notoscriptus, Culex quinquefasciatus.

Troseedouy af the Revd Savion abs, Aust (2000 W252), 5 121.

MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) IN METROPOLITAN ADELAIDE,

SOUTH AUSTRALIA

by Craig R. WiLntAms*. Micuani wt Kokkinn®, Amy E. Swe,

STEPHEN R. PRickER® & Ema L, CRosspitho

Summary

WIETIAMS, COR KOKKINS MOSSE ACE PreK. S. Ro d& Chosseikien bob. (2001) Mosquitoes (Diptera:

Cohicidicd in netropelitin Adelaide, South Australi (reais Ae See S. Ani. €25(2). 115-121, 30 November.

200,

The diversity and seasonul abondance of mosquite COMMMINTGES Th Metrapalitny Adeluide were studied (ran

1998 fo 2000, Drysiee bailed miniature Hight Grips set ar (0 sites capiited adilts Of P6 mosquito species. white

the larvae of nine species were collected from water bodies. Despite spatial and temporal heterogeneity: both

WHKiA nd amongst sampling sites, Cuden quinguefeetettin Say und Geltleromty tetoscripnrs (Skuse were thie

Most COMMON species, comprising 46.9% und 27.86 respectively al the entire catch, These two speeies utilise

Wan-nnide water bacles for hava habit, Only Ca, yringachaseianis. Oe. HotescvipHis ind Oe. \ivitey (Skuse)

pecurred in solficiont miimibers (oO warnint populition control measures.

Key Workbs: Mosiytitoes, season) abundunee, urban. Adchiide, South Ausuulia, Qctleraiiny niutasc riper.

Coley gut lefasctains,

litroduction

Mosqailogs (Diptera: Culicidue) pose a miisance

and disease risk tor both human and other aninal

populations. iy Australia, several mosquila species

acbas vectors For (mostly zoonotic) viral nesses in

hun and Tivestoek (see Russell M995, 199%,

Muackenvic ered. 1996 for reviews) and for canine

heartworn) catised by the fihutial fenatode

Dirofilarte tiumilty Leidy (Russell L985: Russell &

Geury 1992), For any given locations the risk of

human infcedion with mosquito borne virus is

dependent upon the mosquito and vertebrate host

specics present Henee, (he minigement ol

mosquitoes and mosquilo-borne iMness is contingent

upon an understinding of mosquite community

dynamics andl diversity. Tt this study, mosquitoes

were investigated ip the Adelaide metropolitan arcu

Where ost of the South Australian population. is

concentrated,

In the last published investigation of Adelaide's

Mosques (Borthwick [924), four species were

recordcd: in parkhinds near the current Central

Business District (CBD). Since then, references. (0

commion species have been made only periodically!

(Hiyes 1972; Willkinis efit, 1999; Snell & Rokkinn

2001) An examination of the South Austeatian

School ab Phartaceutiealh Molecular & Biomedical Seicnees

Univenity of South Australian worth Perawee Adehude SA S000.

i Curent atdiess Departinent ob Piblic Miationas, Wellipeton

Sehoolol Modine Vanversiiy id Oligo HO Box ih Wellieton

Soult Sow “ejihine

STAR OTON. LOL. C84) “Oviposnlon antl bargit Peavey: or the

Monquitocs fedey mararcyry (Sascha heades ep

Hrvietiiy CTO SON) VE MILE SAH) Alistratal — dowleys

Dope City Saebihe iiepiibe)

Muscum’s entomological collection revealed that

Hine Mosquito species from urban Adelaide have

been identified since ESSY (CLR. Willianis unpub),

To date there has been no systematic mosquito

sumpling in Adehiide, probably due to the lack of

mosquito borne human iiness (here.

ly these studies we aimed ta determine the

diversity and: Seasonal abundanee of mosquite

COMMUNIGES Th etropolitin Adehiide and describe

spall varhition,

Materials and Methods

The Adelaide CBI (34°55 8, I38°33' Ey is

surrounded hy a tract of suburbia (here named

metropolitan Adelaide) extending approximately 60

km Front north to south. and 20 km from east lo west

(Fis, 1),

From 1998 to 2000, len sites representing the

majority of landscape types present in metropoliiw

Adeliude were sumpled for mosquitoes. These were

dosuburban residence (Kingswood), a curuvan park

(West Beach), a racecourse (Morphettville), a gully

with i stream (Sturt River Gorge at Phiestat Hill,

manicured: parklands featuring streams, drains,

wnd/or constructed ponds (South Purklands adjaceur

to the Adelaide CBD and Oaklhinds Parks.

constructed Wwethinds with aquatic veyomnon

(Bedlord Park und St Peters) and grasshind featiping

a stream (Brownhill Crock adjacent to (he southern

perimeter of Adelaide Airport), Coustal residences

udjacent to samphire (Sareocoriia A, d. Scott) and

mangrove (Atieenia murine (Porsskal)) saline

swamps at Clohe Derby Park were alse siimnpled

(Fie, 1)

116 COR. WILLIAMS, MoS KORKISN. A, bb SNELILS. R. FRICKER & EL. L. CROSSEIELD

ee Apbteximate eatent at |

~\ med rapolitan area

Little Pos AEF

Tote, ROS! Polar |

: ah @ Adelaide CBD

St Vincent Wes! Beach eSoulh Parklands

Adelaide Alrport

OKingsweod

OMorphetlyille

N OO0aklands Park ar

SBedlard Park 4 e

Skin) had

fe]

Flagstatf Hill

; e

' onkat

Approximate extent of

metropolitan area

Hig. L. Map of Adelaide, South Austnilia showing sampling

sites and extent of metropolilun ares,

Adult masquito populations were sumpled using

dry-ice baited miniature light traps (Rohe & Fall

1979), These traps predominantly capture host-

sccking adult female mosquitoes. The traps were set

(5-2 m above ground level in trees approximately

one hour prior ta sunset and retrieved one hour aller

sunftise to ensure thal crepyscular species were

suimpled. Masquilves were identified using the keys

of Lee etal. (1982, 1984) and Russell (1993). ‘To

identify the sources of adult Mosquitoes, non-

quantitative sampling of Jaryal mosquitoes was

performed al cach site using a standard dipping

techmique. In addition, collections from water-filled

vontuiners al fiye residences i metropolitan

Adelaide (not shown in Big. 1) were also made.

Larvae were identified using the key ol Russell

(1993),

Five siles were sampled during the temperate

Southern Hemisphere spring. summer and autimn

seasons of 1998-1999, and four sites during the

summer aod aging of (999-2000, Collections were

made at Glabe Derby Park during wutumir L998, Ad

hee tapping Over three winter seasons (L997 — 1999)

revealed lide of no adult mosqutto wctivity in the

Adeliide metropolitin area (CR. Williams & M. J,

Kokkinn unpub.). This obviated the need for further

winter trapping.

In general. Wrups were set overmght at cach site

every (Wo or three weeks. The number of traps varied

hehween sites. When several traps were used aban,

they were set at several locations within 0.5 han’.

uring 1998-999. one trap wats used at cach sie

(Plagstall Hill, Bedford Park, Kingswood und West

Beach) ou be mghts. TWo taps were used in the

South Parklaods over the same period. During |}999-

2000. six Lips were used-on cach of 11 nights wi euch

site (Oaklands Park, Morphettville. Adeluide Airport.

St Peters). Over the same period, six traps were used

on euch of seven nights at borh Plagsnul Hill aad

Bedford Park. Data colleeted trom these two sites i

1999.2000 were used lo determine species

composition bul were not used in abundance and

scusonal comparisons between sites, Trapping was

spread evenly across (he seasons,

The mem number of female mosquitoes captured

per trap per night at each site was used foe ull

slulisticul analyses. For edeh site. mosquito

abundance for each sewson wis compared sing

either the Man-Whimey U-test (with the Normal

Approximation, 2) or an analysis of variance by

ranks. namely the Kruskal-Wallis test (with the Chi-

Square Approximation, x7) (Zar 1984), These

analyses were petformed using JMP-(N" statistical

software (SAS Institute 1997), When significant

seasonal effects were detected by Kruskal-Wallis

tests. a Hon-parametric niultiple Comparison (Duns

1964; Zur 1984) was used to determine where

differencves lay. For euch season und year mostly

abundance wus compared between sites ust the

aforementioned stuitistical techniques.

Results

Sixteen specics were identified from 7.326 female

mosquitoes captured on 419 trap nights (Table 1).

These encompassed five genera, namely Anopheles,

Coguillentidia, Culex, Ocllerotanis and Tripreroides,

While up to 12 species were teupped at any one

site. the mosquito fiune was numerically dominated

by yery few taxa, with others present in very small

numbers. Culex — quringuelayetaiis Sav and

Ochleroratus nolascriptus (Skuse) comprised 469%

und 27.8% respectively of the total catch (Table 1),

ulthourh the dominaat species varied herween siles,

In the South Parkhindls. Cx. qainegtefivetaney

\t7

TROPOLITAN ADELAIDE

SIN MI

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(SU.LIAYOR]AL)

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(uienbaeyyy)

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YPYLNOL ALY IC)

ARS

snp snjanbuanb xy

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QOOT-866) Hos) DPA WINS -aplpjapy neodouate ty SaHs ati ye vii 1st aap Pallpg-apivorpf UaEgsna aust panudn saiads onmbyau Jo sppiey *| ATA,

18 CR, WILLIAMS, M, J, KRORKINN, AWE SNELL. 5, , PRICKER & BOL, CROSSRIELD

formed B7% of the catch (Table 1). This contrasted

With the Kingswood residence which was dominated

by Oc. nefoycriptus, comprising 89% of the caleh

(lible 1). Numerical dominance was demonstrated

by Culex moalesius Forsskal at the West Beach

Caravan Park (76.6%) and by Cx. yttgtefesetatiy

at Adelaide Airport (77.50%). Collections from the

remuining sites were dominated by amrxtare of two

fo three of the aforementioned species (Titble 1).

In April 1998 at Globe Derby Park, 6,395

mosyuiloes (nol included in the aforementioned

total) were cuplured using six traps per night over

ight nights, Oehleroretus vigil (Skuse) comprised

83.8% of this cateh (mean per trap per night =

111.4).

Stulisuicully significant seasonal effeets were

observed at the South Parklands (47 = 6.99, p= 0.03),

St Peters (Z = 2.46, p = 0.01) and Adelaide Airport

(Z = 20). p = 0.04) (Pigs 2. 4), Abundance wits

trealest im suminer at all three sites. No distinet

=O03

200 R

E150 A

2 spine

= > tanner

21a) ns. Hal

= ns

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a Lee 1

nr! & a | et a ceri |

‘ “ \ i yaleout A ceytiengit ent

pe blog tate bet Nill ty MRS Berntt

locity

iy. 2. Seaacal corparisen OF addr demale mosquitoes

euplured (ein & SEM) at vuch sainpling site ducing

OOX - (WOU, Stutistival signilicance ol seasonal

diflerenves denuted by po — valites (lon p< O05) ab thes,

(no Significant dilferenee)

nT)

Want

| | Anant

THeAT rnsquitars pee tay)

1uu Japitiinen

=nar

av e i p=0.04

| Hs ie | ne

n Te = dems

Hahitione Racceauree, — Trewediill ck Parklanite

Sh beber ‘Aenyabetisaiis Melek Tepe Teh tanned th

feeglity

big. 4 Seasonal comparison of adult female mosqttitoes

cuptured timed SEM) al each sampling site during

(Hoy ZOUU, Stilistical significamee of seasonal

UiMircnges cenoled by poe values (hor p< (L058) an tos

(Ho sivnitieant difference ).

seasonal effects were observed at other locations

(Fins 2. 3),

Mosquito abundance differed between sites, In the

summer of 1998-999. abundance iw the South

Parklinds and al Kingswood was signilicuntly

eccater than at Bedford Park ("= 13.91. p= 0.008),

In the following autumn, South Parklands mosquito

numbers were significantly higher than at Plagstaft

Hill (7° = 12.61. p = 0.01). In the suminer of 1999-

2000, tbundanee at St Peters and Adelaide Airport

wis sinificuntly higher than at Morphettville (yz! =

14.83. p = 0,002). No significant differences were

detected between sites during the following autumn

(yo = 3.97, p = (0,26),

Nine species Of larvae were dentfied in 102

collections from water bodies (Table 2). The most

commonly cneountered species were Cy,

guinquefaseldatus (28.4% of positive collections), 8.

wigitax (14.700) and Oe, nataserqas (12.7%)

Discussion

The mosquito Touma of Adelaide is predominated

by Cy quinguefaseiatis und Oe. neloycriptus, Vie

former is most common in metropolitiun parklands

(54 per trap per night in the South Parklands), the

latter in suburbin residences (34, per trap per night

il Kingswood) and parklinds amongst densely

populated residential areas (11.5 per trap per night at

St Peters). Both species are able to use artificial

water badies for larval babitat. Crlea

quinghefaselatis Wiilises cuiraphic walter in drains

wnd huree water-filled containers while Oe,

votoserinus is found in a wide variely of small

wiler-tilled vessels. gurden accoutrements an

rainwater tanks (Hanailyn-[larris 1929; Lee er al.

1982, }O89: Table 2).

Ina lew localities, saline swamp species such as

Oe. yivilax (at Globe Derby Park) and freshwater

pond species such as Anmapheles commielipes vi

Walker (at) Mlawstall Gill Bedford Park and St

Peters) are prominent, Anopheles cmiutipes, Cx,

wuiiliostrts, Cy, dustralions, CX. fine fasciitis,

Oe, campto-rhynehus and Qe. noloseriplus vce

ubiquitoos throughout Adelaide.

While mosquite abundanee was greatest during

stminier abthree sites (South Parkhunds, St Peters ana

Adelaide Airport), no other stitistically significant

seusonal effects were apparent (Figs 2, 3) At several

sites Ubere was no discernible summer peak in

Mosquito abundance,

Humin activity provides a number of mosquito

habits jo metropolitan Adelaide. Tn addition to

mun-miide vessels. drains and wetlands. serigation ot

purklunds provides water-lilled grassy depressions

which wet as herval habitat lor Cider spp. (Table 2).

Given that the nwo mast common species i Adelaide

MOSQUITOES IN METROPOLITAN ADELAIDE 119

TABLE 2. Mosquito larvae identified from different aquatic habitats in metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia from

1998-2000.

Sample site

Habitat type

Species collected

No. of positive

collections

South Parklands Creekline pools Cx. quinquefasciatus 3

Oc. alboannulatus I

Pools in earthen drain Cx. quinquefasciatus 4

Pools in concrete drain Cx. quinquefasciatus i

Water-filled grassy depression Cx. australicus 2

Cx. quinquefasciatus 3

Water-filled tree-holes Tp. atripes |

Oc, notoscriptus 2

Sturt River Gorge, Flagstaff Hill — Vegetated fringes of Sturt River An. annulipes 3

Cx. annulirostris |

Cx. australicus 2

Cx. globocoxitus I

Cx. quinquefasciatus 2

Oc, alboannulatus |

Oc. rubrithorax |

Water-filled grassy depression Cx. annulirostris |

Cx. australicus 2

Cx. quinquefasciatus 2

Warriparinga, Bedford Park Vegetated fringes of constructed An. annulipes 8

wetland Cx. annulirostris 4

Cx. quinquefasciatus I

Brownhill Ck, Adelaide Airport Rock pools, Brownhill Ck Cx. quinquefasciatus 2

Water-filled car tyres Cx. quinquefasciatus I

Pools in concrete drains An. annulipes I

Cx. globocoxitus |

Cx. quinquefasciatus 3

Racecourse, Morphettville Pools in concrete drains Cx. quinquefasciatus 6

Water-filled grassy depression Cx. quinquefasciatus 1

Globe Derby Park Samphire swamp Oc. campto-rhynchus 7

(predominantly Sarcocornia sp.) Oc. vigilax 15

inundated by tides

Urban residences (includes Water-filled tree holes Oc, notoscriptus |

those at sites on map and five

additional homes) Water-filled ceramic plant pots Oc, notoscriptus 2

Water-filled car tyres Oc, notoscriptus I

Disused fish ponds Cx. australicus 2

Water-filled buckets Cx. quinquefasciatus 3

Oc, notoscriptus 2

Rain water tanks Oc, notoscriptus 5

Concrete drains Cx. quinquefasciatus I

Concrete bird-baths Cx. quinquefasciatus 2

and fountains

Total no. of positive collections 102

120 CR WILLIAMS, Mo J, KOKISINN, A, EOSNEDLL, SR, TRICKIR & 1, 1 CROSSPINLD

(OA, qhingiefasclams tinh Oe Hofesecripriis) Utilise

Win-Tade habitals, TW follows. that Hulman ae vity

profoundly Inilvences local mosquito conmunities.

Comsequently, the reduetn ok Ce,

qiingnefasciams and Oc. Aoteseriptiis populations

my be possible through public education about the

nature oftheir larval habitots. Vigilance by residents

WTTTSe The Qecurrence of water-filled vessels, and

design at werlinds and drains to minimise mosquita

breeding are potential mosquito control Measures,

Por Qe. vigil larvae. whieh occur in saline, infer-

Udall swans. cantrol inaiy be possible thraugh the

application of lurvicides or inseet growth regulators

(Mosquito Control Association of Australia L998),

Allernatively, babital modification tiay be

vmiployed. whereby ephemeral pools used by

mosquito larvae are More Freyucrtly inundated ot are

prevented trom forming. This may be gehieved: by

impountinent or by culling channels to improwe Gail

(lush of such pools (Hulsman en al LYso:

Masquitey Control Assocation al Austin (OX),

Control methods lor Oe: wigiteay in Adelaide are

CUNPCHILY beie livestignted (CLR. Willis & Mot

Kokkinn unpub)

Similarities exist between Adeliide’s mosquito

fauna and that of other Australia cites with

lemperite climates, Twelve of 19 species identilied

Wourbiun Sydney Wy M987-[998 JA of |S species iy

urban Melbourne in T9988 — 1999 (Wishart 1999) and

H) ol 22 speeies identified in urban Perth (in another

higgeouraplic region) Tom 1990 - 1900 CM. 1),

Lildsay, Cniy, of Westera Australi, pers, conn,

LOO) were present in Adelaide, Avraydielen

alestin, CX qhinghefasciatiy, Ov. hataseriplis and

De. camplesrivachus Were connor tO dll four cies.

RUGSHE BOR, Do CR ABOY. GR. DOGGHTE Ss. ba TANIATIS. 2

Hsien Fe MEOH Er MA ke Pav via De CPIM New Senll

Wales Artowiiie Suevcitiince: de Mosquita: Monitoring Proje

PU THOR OArBowiiin Ethene Cobtial Atiheaty Craigie Seay

SHE Wiles Pepi Heri Breall Caripate

Several Mesquite species identified in this study

we known vectors of pathogens, Cules

yeinpefasciamas is a Veclor oF canine heartworm

(Russell 1985) but is considered an tetlerenn an

unlikely vector af arboviruses in Austeilie,

Vehleralatiey Retoscriplis ts & potential vector ot

Ross River virus (RR) (Watson & Kay 1998),

Barmah Morest virus (Watson & Kay 1999), ane an

efficient vector Ol canine heartworm (Russell &

Geary 1992), Although Cav, dre/esres has been shown

fo carry) Murray Valley Eneephatitis virus in

laboratory studies (MeLean 1953). is trie veelor

potential is unknown, Crles aivtreieny is UhOu ht bo

prefer avian Hosts to humans for blood mouls (kaye

a, (985) andas not considered an Timeditte risk bo

hiinan health,

Ochlerotains campla-rhynehis wa Oe, vindlan ace

primary vectors of RR in coustal lemperate Australia,

while Cy. amtudiresdeey is the nado vector io jalan,

riverine areas (Russell (995), Despite the abundinece

of Oe. vigils ae Cilobe Derby Park there re few

cases OF domully aequired arhoyous infeerun

Adelaide = (C. Horwood, South Austrabiain

Departhent of Humin) Services, pers. conim, L998),

Nonetheless, any developitent of dand and

waterways im metropolitan Adelaide mist be

assesseul with regurck to the dmpaet apa the diversity

ant abundinee Of fosquitoes, fs well ais any

concomitant healih mmplicutions.

Acknowledgments

Nhe Pulawalonga Catchment Walter Management

Bourd and the City of Salisbury funded some of

these studies. S. Williams, K. Gilbert and J. Simth

assisted ty the field and laboratory and Po Stace

provided lechmieal support. J. Clancy UCPMR,

Westmead Hospital. Sydney) confirmed some

mosquito identifieutions, NN. Souter provided

constructive criticism of un cartier mitruscript, CRW

was Mm receipt of a University af South Australia

Postoraduate Research Award.

References

Bowtioviety Ty (1923) An mNti-uireasqttilo Hp de

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Taniivs Divina, (19090) Notes on the heeeding plices of

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Kay, Bo fy Boridan, PRL & PAsntyve hb De i bORS) Eat.

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(Dipreras Culletaed at Charleville, southwestern

Oueemiand, Australia 2 ted: Matatnel, 22, 329-845

be). Pe ks, M2 Me. Cinuorinis. M., Ressitay BOC

Marks, EON, (O82) The Cudiente al the Abstribisiin

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Region Volume HWP Monogriph Seres, Entonilosy

Monugrmiph Slo, 2 (Australian Cowurenent Publisting:

Servies. Cunberiad

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Marss, KE. N.. Bryan, J. H. & Russet, R. C. (1989)

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Mosaurra CONvRoOL ASSOCIATION OF AUSTRALIA (199K)

“Australian Mosquito Control Manual’ (Mosquito

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A NEW SPECIES, PRETESTIS LATICAECUM, (TREMATODA:

CLADORCHIIDAE), FROM EMYDURA KREFFTI GRAY, 1871

(PLEURODIRA: CHELIDAE) FROM

CENTRAL QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA

By M. A. FERGuUSON*, L. R. SMALES* & T. H. CRIBBT

Summary

Ferguson, M. A., Smales, L. R. & Cribb, T. H. (2001) A new species, Pretestis

laticaecum, (Trematoda: Cladorchiidae) from Emydura_ krefftii Gray, 1871

(Pleurodira: Chelidae) from Central Queensland, Australia. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust.

125(2), 123-127, 30 November, 2001.

Pretestis laticaecum is described from the small intestine of the freshwater turtle

Emydura krefftii. The new species can be distinguished from its congener P.

australianus by the following characters: significantly smaller ovary, main lymph

vessels reach anterior to posterior testis, genital atrium in mid-oesophageal region,

small vitelline follicles clumped around the ovary and significantly larger caeca

overlapping. The position of this species and related genera in fish, the life cycle of P.

australianus and the presence of P. laticaecum in turtles suggest that it is a relatively

recent host capture.

Key Words: Emydura krefftu, freshwater turtle, trematode, amphistome.

Troeacrians oftiie Rovel Saciety of 8

Aust (2001), T25(2), 125

A NEW SPECIES, PRETESTIS LATICAECUM, (TREMATODA; CLADORCHTIDAE),

FROM EMYDURA KREFFTH GRAY, 1871 (PLEURODIRA: CHELIDAE) FROM

CENTRAL QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA

by M.A, Ferausos

RO SMALES”

& TW, Crmn”

Sunmnuiry

Bit som, MEAL ShaAths. |

Chidorebiiths Prom dovendionee Keep {iit Gray,

Trans. KR. See 8 Aust, 125 62),

RO Crm ETL 001) A new species Preestis featicaecime (Tremutodit:

(S71 (Pheuroditas Cheldue) fom Central Queenstined,

(23 127. AO November,

Atistraliit.

200).

Mrorestts ladicestan is described front the small intestine of the Treshwater turtle Eevee kre, The new

species Gan be distinguished from pis coneener (envireliiies by the followin characters: siantheanthy sitaller

ovary, fain hanph vessels reich anterior Gh pestyrion testis, venitil atrium in ini oesuphawel rewion small

vitelling follies chimped around the avary dnd sumitienntly larger coeea overlapping. Phe position al this

species und relied eener in fish the life eycle ot P crevdrcelicoies cant the prescnee Ob FB daticae chit iy tires

suggest (Dat ibis ierelinively recent host capture.

Kier Wants: Lryeiind Reef, Gresbwater forthe, trematae. cimphistemes

Introduction

Only Tl species oF amphistome trematodes have

been reported trom Australias emht of these ure

endemic (Sey (991) OF the endemie species

Macropolrema periinas Blair, Bevendge & Speure.

1979 (Ayeueorylidae Sey. L988), and Gemellicor/e

Wallabieole Prudhue, 1975) (Paramphistomidue

Fischoeder, L907) oceur in macropodid marsupials,

Australodisens jnesalerchys (lolinston, 1912)

(Diplidiseidae Skrjabin 1949) meeurs in

umphibrins, Pretevils austradianus Angel & Manter,

1970, Ansrridatremad hrixhanense Khalil, 19st,

Bancrofireone neecirotodi Angel, 1966 (all

Cladorchiilae Southwell et Rarshner 1932) occur i

Osh and Lohatediveus cuostrationsty Rhode. 984 and

Liywitrema inicrancetabularts, Rohde. 198d (beth

Chidorichiidaed occur i turtles (Sey 199]). These

Jatler two sperms oecur po the freshwater turtle

Hiseva dena Gray, 1836.

With the exception of Careiochelys msculna from

New Guinea und the Northern Territory, il

Australi freshwater turtles belong to the Order

Plourodira, chiracterised by horizontal Hexion ol the

neck vertebrae during head retraction, Family

Chelidae, a group that his no fossil record outstde its

present distribution, Australia and South America

(Ernst & Barbone LO89) Bandura Reeffiit is

distibuted aeross must of caster Queensland (Cin

Schon ob Biotagicdl did Fayinoniiennil Senenees. Certs

Cwenstarill | yversity Rockharnpton Qh 7a,

Foals den Ter ase cop.edta a

Duportevent of Paraarohiey, Lmveesiny of Qeeensland St baner

Whl wy.

1998) and is conmion im larger rivers, wuterholes,

billubongs and assoculed floodplains (Cogger

1992). Juvenile daaydire species are muinty

carnivorous but imerease the propertions of other

food types as they mature (Georges 1982) and

become omnivorous. opportunistic feeders whieh

adapt to loval availability of food (Cann 199s),

During a survey of restavatee turtles from the

Fitzroy River eatchment in Central Queenshind,

three of St Ban Avefifi were found to harbour a

previously undescribed umphistome species.

Examinaden showed this ta be a pew species of

Pretestis. which ts deseribed below,

Materials and Methods

Turtles were captured use diijt nets and: fae

lines baited willy ox heart. Turtles were cuthanused

wilh a cervical injection of Nembutal (sodium

pentobarhiame) and all organs examined ander a

dissecting rmicroseope for helnianths. “Trematodes

were fied tntlittened im near-boiling formalin,

stuined with Gowers carmine and mounted in

Canada balsam, Drwwinigs were ade with the aid of

i drawing tube. Alf imeasurementy are tn

imerometes given as the range followed by the

meun in parentheses.

ALL work for this project wits curried out tinder

Central Queensland University Animal Ethics

Approval Noa. 95/7-105 and all collections were

mide under Queenslind Enyironmentue Protection

Agency permits NO/OOTH62/9H/SAA and

CH/QDDOTT/OS/SAA. Apecimens have been deposited

in the South Australian Museum. Adelaide (SAMA)

und the Queensland Museum. Brisbane (OMB).

Ia M.A. PARGUSON, LR. SMALES & To CRIBB

Pretestis laticaeenm sp. Wo,

(FIGS 1-5)

Holuwpe: trom the lowersmall intestine al baevedire

href Gray. Fitzroy River, Qavenshinel (239 23'S,

0 32") voll M, Ferguson, 1 7/ix/1906

OMB2) 8302,

Maroy: 2) specimens SAMA ATC 28364.

Deserpran af adit

(Measurements af 20 specimens, typesd. Body

eylindrical, R34-1105 (41) long, round im cress

sechome PaY-A74 (257) al widest porn. Pharyns

(2-132 (ILL) long x GO-82 (79) wide. cup-shaped

and Strongly muscuhised, with vintenar sphinetier

Lame extraniral pharvintedt sacs, 59-99 (81) long

§ 50962167) wide, Oesuphapus 1-H 270 (273) lone

Wilh vesophugeal bulh 33-42 (36) long » 46-06

(51) wide, Cavea short. 231 446 (402) & 69-127

(92) Wide OECUpM ie middle third af boaly. with

(hin miuseular walls andb a Thick hiyer oF gtaneluliar

tissue. Ventral sueker vertroterminal, 154-247

(197) long x 201-266 (140) wide. well

muscularised. Lyiph vlands large. openiiy

Wiroueh yestuped pore in cup of ventral sucker

main paired lymph vessels extending ty just past

posteria’ testis, Exurerory bladder y-shaped,

exerctory pore darsal, poOsteror, Oxiting just

aNlerlok Le neh of cacetabulunn, Testes two,

Obliyne. round to slightly oval Anterior testis 69-

105 (89) diameter precueewih submidtine, Posteriat

festis 75-145 (106) dhameter, atracueedh, midline,

Ovary midline. aval, 36-39 (38) lone, Tntracaceal,

Wireetly posterior lo posterior testis, Lauirer’s canal

Opening on dorsal surfaee posterior to ovary

Virelline [ollicles inthieaceal. extending From just

behind posterior testis ty just past ferminakion ot

weed, Utertis intmicdecu!, No-cges present, Cirelis-

sue wath yesteula senimiiis intermi Cirrus sprned,

Gonopore midhineg, (71-264 (224) fron anterior, at

miarsin ool anterior testis, ust posterior tw

diverliculi, Distinet cyespots in mid-nesophageal

Zone.

Deseripian ap reciat

Body evlindrical, 850-952 (895) long x 170-306

(271) wide. Large oral opening with museuhar

phurynx 142-165 (149) lime x 112-132 (124) wide.

WITHOUL eXtramuuril suds, Saedike infesting Ikh404

(340) long 8 [34-26% (230) wide, Up ta six

deyvelopiig ecereumae i body Of redia.

Deveription af cercaria

Body oval to elongite 630-710 (662) x 20K-302

(259), heavily pusmented, Tail simple. shorter thin

bouls G7 7-7IOKOYAE SX YA-127 (103), ailtiehed dorsal

to ventral sucker, Pluryina S804 (72b% GO-101 (78)

wilh extramural pharyngeal savs4+7 HO) (G0) 5 67-94

(74). Oesaphagus long. LOF-147 (129) with

oesophageal bulb, Cucca short 134201 (17h) 8 13

40 (27), ondidg trid-body. Testes (wo, 34-4 (601 x

34-50) (56), unlerion lestis precuecul, subrmcline,

posterior testis ioucuecal midline, Qviay small. 1a-

AQ) (25), posterior to tests. Cuudal exeretory tube

large Iwinph vessel opening through v-shaped pore

in pape oF sentrat sucker, Ventral sucker

ventroterminal Genital pore at anterior margin ot

anietior testis. Two eyespots present. 34-87 (47)

lone.

hiviedlagy

The speeles foie peters to the characteristic wide

CHC

Kemarks

Prelestiy lalicaeeunr sp. wow, WILE Iwo testes. (He

unlerior extieecul, a post-losticuleoyary, cirrus sae

ant primary plaryiweal sues. is clearly a member at

the lanily Cladorehiidie, Sublamily Sandoniinie

Ukali, (972, OF the fou! genera comprising the

Sumloniinie, Po feffeaecur Valls within the

monospectiv venus Mrerestis Angel & Miaiter 1970,

as it bas a eylindricul hedy shape, venti! sueker

sniatler than the body width with an oval aperture

vod cuecu thal terminate midboly, OF the other Hiree

genera of the Sandoniinae. the new species cup he

eachided from Basieiediveus Fisehthal & Kunte,

1950, hecause the acetabulum is smaller than the

body WITH and withoul papiloloria projections. Lt

cin be excluded from Sandouie MeClelland, 157

becuse the eaecal lerminddon und ovary are

midbudy, and do not reach to the devel of the

acelibulu. Austere Khalil, JOS l. les tandem

testis andl di aechibului Wilh a transverse opening

and stone sphineier characters absent from 2

Leieetecunhs

The new species ean be distinguished trom 7

dusted UT haying a-smatler ovary 36-49 pon

compared to S40-840 pint long. The main lymph

vessels in Fansrifidiis reich only to the level ot

the oyaty, Whereas the main liiph Vessels in 2

leticaeeune reach a point in front oh the posterior

testis (Pig, 1). The genital abrium in 2 cespred fens is

mid-oesophugenl (Angel & Manter 1970), whereas

INTHE Hew species Tesits on the anterior miargin of the

whleriar Lesos (hig, 2). Phe caecn of all specimens of

2 hitiedeountare very wide und, in many specimens,

overlip centrally, whereas ia 2 ustrefianay they are

slender and distinetly separute, Finally, the vitelline

follicles of (he new species are not “considerably

large” (Sey |99]) und the follicles are ehimpea

dironnd the evary, whereas i A elstradiontis they are

A NEW SPECIES OF PRETESTIS FROM AUSTRALIAN TURTLES 125

in two distinet fields which align with the caeca and

are not confluent posteriorly. A single papilla can be

seen in the base of the ventral sucker (Fig. 3).

Figs 1-3. Pretestis laticaecum sp. nov. |. Adult, ventral view, 2. Cirrus sac. lateral view. 3. Ventral sucker papilla.

lateral view.

126 M.A. FERGUSON. L. R. SMALES & T. H. CRIBB

Angel & Muanter (1970) mention “eercarial

eyespols” in their specimens, and anterior

pigmentation in this area, presumably as a result of

disrupted eyespots. The specimens we exaniined had

lurge amounts of sperm stored in’ the vesicula

seminalis interna and a single egg has been recorded,

All of the specimens we examined had eyespots and

we therefore consider them to be a feature of adults.

Discussion

The subfamily Sandoniinae comprises three

Inonotypic genera plus Pretestis, all species with the

exception of PB laticaecum, occurring in fish (Sey

1991). Sundonia sudanensis McClelland, 1957 and

Basidiodiscus ectorchiy Fischthal & Kuntz. 1959 are

from North Alrica (Egypt, Ghana, Niger and Sudan),

P qustralianus and A, brisbanense are trom

Australia, This modern disjunct distribution suggests

Gondwanan origins for the group (Sey 1991). As all

other representatives of the Sandoniinae occur in

fish, Pretestis laticaecum may be an example of

recent host capture.

The fish hosts for P aesiralicanus commonty occur

in coastal rivers and estuaries in Queensland (Grant

1982). Angel & Manter (1970) observed the

metacercariae of Po australianus eneysting on

Nlamentous algae, Probably the fish become infected

when they eat such algac and presumably turdes

become infected the same way.

bigs 4-5. Pretestiy laticaecum sp. nov, 4. Redia. ventral view. 45. Cercarta. ventral and Fateral view. t: anterior testis, Scale

bars = 1. 3-5 200 mm; 2, 50 mm.

A NEW SPECIES OF PRETESTIS FROM AUSTRALIAN TURTLES 127

The rediae (Pig. 4) and cereariae (Fig, 5) were

recovered from the snail host Thiara balonennsis,

Conrad. The cercariae especially have many of the

features of the adult, including the distinctive

pharyngeal sacs, eyespots. alignment of the testes.

small ovary, short caeca and papilla in the ventral

sucker,

Einydura krefftii has a sympatric distribution with

Im. macquarti Gray, 1830 in southern Queensland,

‘Jub Sup (1976) Studies an trematodes (Plagiorehiata) from

Australian freshwater turtles, PAD thesis, University of

Queensland Cunpuby)

the northern part of Ei, macquarii’s range (Cann

1998), and the two species have similar dietary

habits. No amphistomes however have been found in

him. macquarit .

All other amphistomes Known from turtles, also

cladorchids, are included in) the subfamilies

Nematophilinae, Schizamphistominae and Caball-

erodiscinae, The previously known Australian

representatives, L. australiensis and E. micro-

acelabularis, are placed within the latter two

subfamilies, and are thought to represent both a

Gondwanan distribution (E/vevatrema) and parallel

evolution (Lobdtodiscus) (Sey 1991),

References

ANGEL, M. A. & MANtER, TH. W. (1970) Pretestis

austraudianus gen. el osp. nov. (Digenea: Parani-

phistomidae) from Australian fish, and a closely related

cerearla, Cercaria decetabulapapillasa sp. noy., with

notes on the life history. Av. Inst. Biol. Univ. Nee. Auton.

Mex. 41. 1-10.

Cann, J. (1998) “Australian Freshwater

(Beaumont Publishing, Singapore).

Cocgrr, H. G. (1992) “Reptiles and Amphibians of

Australia” (Reed Books, Chatswood),

Lirnst, CTL & BARBOUR, R. W. (1989) ’Turtles of the

World® (Smithsonian Institute Press. London).

Turtles”

Grorors, A, (1982) Diet of the Australian freshwater turtle

Fmydura kreffiii (Chelona: Chelidac) tn an unproductive

lentic environment, Copeia 2, 331-336.

Grant, E. (1982) “Guide to Fishes” (Department of

Harbours and Marine, Brisbane).

Roun. K. (1984) Two amphistomes. Lobatodiscus

australiensis, dg. spo and Elyevantrema micra-

acetabularis 1g. wsp.. from the Australian turtle Elseye

dentata (Gray), Syst. Parasitol. 6, 219-227.

Sey, O. (1991) “Handbook of the Zoology of

Amphistomes” (CRC Press, Boca Raton).

A NEW SPECIES OF EIMERIA (APICOMPLEXA: EIMERITIDAE)

FROM THE BRUSHTAIL POSSUM, TRICHOSURUS

VULPECULA (DIPROTODONTIA: PHALANGERIDAE)

By MICHAEL G. O’CALLAGHAN* & PETER J. O’ DONOGHUET

Summary

O’Callaghan, M. G. & O’Donoghue, P. J. (2001) A new species of Eimeria

(Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula

(Diprotodontia: Phalangeridae). Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 125(2), 129-132, 30

November, 2001.

A new species of Eimeria is described from the brushtail possum (Trichosurus

vulpecula). Fifty (24%) of 212 faecal samples were positive for coccidia. Sporulated

oocysts of the new species are ellipsoidal to cylindrical, slightly pointed at one end,

41.4 x 22.7 wm, with a double oocyst wall, micropyle, oocyst residuum and refractile

polar granule. Each oocyst contains four ellipsoidal to pyriform sporocysts 15.6 x 9.9

pm, with a Stieda body, sub-Stieda body and sporocyst residuum. Each sporocyst

contains two sporozoites completely filling the sporocyst and containing a large and

small refractile globule.

Key Words: Coccidia, Eimeria, Eimeria trichosuri sp. nov., brushtail possum,

Trichosurus vulpecula.

Tracts ap the Ruyal Secien of 8, Aus (2001), 1232), 129-142,

A NEW SPECIES OF EIMERTA (APLCOMPLEXA: EIMERIIDAE) FROM

THE BRUSHTAIL POSSUM, TRICHOSURUS VULPECULA

(DIPROTODONTIA: PHALANGERIDAE)

by Mictiagn G. OCALLAGHAN® & PeTrR J. ODoNoGHurr

Summary

O'CALLAGHAN. M.G. & O Donouiiin. Pl (2001) Anew species of Eimeria (Apmeoniplesas Himericie} Levi

the broshtiadl possum. Vrvohasatiy tulpecua (Dipratodontia: Phalingeridae), Trams Ro Seo 8. Aust 12512),

129, 132, 40 November, 2001,

Anew species of Coameria is deseribed from the brustitail possum (/richesiras valpecatis Filly (ane) af 2 t2

faceul samples were positive tar coceidia. Sporulifed oocysts af the new species are ellipsoidal to eytindrical,

sHivhtly pointed alone end, 4) 40s 23,7 pom awith a double oocyst wall eropyle. oeeys! resiiiin and refracdle

pol granule, Bach ooeyst contains four ellipsoidal to pyriform speroeysts 15,65 9.9 pron, wilh aw Stigda body,

sub-Stiedie hody and sporoeysr residduin, Bach speroeyst eontiins two sporozoites completely filling the

sporoeyst and conkiining a lange andl sinall relraedile globule.

Khy Wokbs: Cocelia, Gian, Rivera tichosie sp. vow. brustitall possuin, Cifedtosiris vider tila.

Introduction

Phe common brushtail possum is one of the most

familie ol Australi nitive anit inhabiting most

cities, Three genera belonging lo the Pumily

Phalaneeridie occur in Australias Phatanger, the

Coseuses, OF which there are two species inhabiting

northern Queenshind, Trichoseriy, Uhe brushtail

possnms and Waileler sepemiecidita Alexander.

J9T8. the sculey-taned possum (Sehink er at. 1992).

The northern brashtail possum, 7 avaheonensiy

Colleue, S97 inhabits north-western tropical

Australia. the mountain brushtail, 7) euainns (Ogilby,

1846), dnhabits high country im eastern Australia

while the common brushtatl 7 welpecela (Kerr,

1792). is the Most widely distributed, occupying

custern, central western and southern Australia

including Tasmania anc also New Zealand, where it

has been introduced (Sehink ef ed [Y92). Tis arboreal

aod nocturnal and spends the day inthe hallow ofa tree.

Mihough Aderig species have been reported in

brushtall possuiis i Australia (Presidente en al

1982; O'Callaghan & Moore 1986: Vigswers & Spratt

1995) and in New Zealand (Stinkiewies ef al 1996,

1W9O7a, Bb, L998) no Eimeria species tats been

describual nor oumed from brushtails nor any

Member of the Pumily Phalingeridae. Here we

describe a mew species of Bimeria found oy

Soullh AvsGalii Research aid Developricnt Pistitite. CPO! Boss,

7 Adelotle SA SUPT cual Departiient of Envinoniental

IHelowy, University oof Adelaide SA SOOS Fern:

UAT Cee

(eeshind Bristhante Old lors,

I tivorsiry vl

Frichosnius widpeenta Trom severil localities in

Australi and New “Zealand,

Materials and Methods

Most faecal siunples examined were colleetcd

from live-trapped possums captured in Queensland,

Vicloriit. Tasminia and Sout Austualie in 1994 and

995: the remaining sumples were collected from

dead animals in New Zealand and from the ground in

Tasmania in 2001. Puccal samples were transported

to the liboratory and examined for the presenee of

coecidia following a centrifieal Hotudion in satiated

magnesium sulphate solution (SC) 1.30). Positive

samples were plived into 2 aqueous (w/v)

potassium dichromate und stored at reo

temperature for up to 12 weeks, Sporuluded oovysts

were recovered in magnesium sulphate solution and

caumined under an oil immersion [00x objective in

an Olympus microscope fided with uw Nomarski

differential interference — Conttast systeni

Meusurenjents were made with an eyepiece gricule

calibrated with oan eeular micrometer, All

Ineusurements in the text are given i micrometers

(win) as mean +> standard deviation with range in

parentheses. Ao phototype of unspotulated ana

sporulaied oocyst has been deposited im the US

National Musetim, Beltsville, Maryvlind. Parasite

Collection CUSNPC No, 01524)

Results

Ooeysts were reeavered trom faecal samples of 50

(2460) TF vulpecula collected at 5 lowalittes in

cusiern and southern Austraha ad twa New

1a0

M. G. OCALLAGHAN & PJ. O'DONOGHUE

Tabi 1. Maperigh examined, localities, year of collection and annber of sanples positive for oocysts of Eiuerit tichosuct

Lucultly

Tasmania. Layneeston

Year No. collected No, positive

Suburban 1994 & 2O0T in| 4

Rural 1994 & 2001 34 5

Upper Blessington 2001 6 4

Victor Sulton Grunge LOO (9 5

Axe Creek ;oo4 | 0

Culyoa Mallee 1904 4 )

Tang Swamp 1904 {2 3

unidentified 1904 4 |

South Australia

Adelaide 1995 tt) i)

Kamngarog (sland 1995 a) 6

Queenshind

Brisbane 1995 19 0)

Rockhampton 1995 23 6

Townsville

Tullerenda 1995 6 \

City 1995 1a so]

New Zewhund

Bulls 2004 |2 6

Tanihiet 2001 4 ~

‘total 212 5()

Zewand (Table 1), Morphological characters conlonn

Lo those of the genus Eimeria in that they contain four

sporocysts. per oocyst aud vo sporozoites per

sporocyst. The coccidia were identified as a new

species of Eimertce which is deserihed helow.

FKimeria trichosuri sp. nov.

(FIGS 1-4)

Material examineel

Oocysts in faeces From four animals. from Sution

Grange. Townsville, Launceston and Bulls.

Phototypeys: Holotype from faeces of 7 vilpecula

Townsville, Queensland: paratype from lueces of 7.

Vulpecuda Launceston. Tasmania (USNPC No, 91524).

Description

Sporulated ooeyst (n=f20) ellipsoidal to

cylindrical: 44 + 3.20 (34.4 - 49.2) x 22.7 + 2.67

(18.4- 27.8) with a lengthrwidih ratio 1.8 (1.4-2.6%;

double ooeyst wall, outer wall smooth. occasionally

stippled at micropylar end, colourless to yellow, 1.6-

2.0 nm thickness: mer wall clear, colourless. 1.0

thick, Goeyst residuum consisting of globules up to

3.0 in diameter, becurring either as u loose aggregate

or scattered throughout ooeyst: micropyle present,

3.2-4.0) wide. 1-2) relractile bodies present.

oceusionally disintegrated; 4 ellipsoidal to pyrifornm

spordgeysts (n=L10O) 15.6 + 1.02 (13.0 -18.0) 1 9.9 &

Fig, 1. Unsporuktted oocysts oF Liner uieheyitl sf, OV,

Seale bar = |4 yin,

Figs 2. 3. Sporulated oocysts ol 2. rreichosert sp. nev,

Abbreviations; pg. polar granule: or, Qucyst residuum,

Seule bars = I+ pm.

SA NEW SPECIES OF CITERIA PROM THE BRUSHTATL POSSUM \3!

Tig. 1, Composite tine drawine al sporulited poeyst of fy,

Hrichwaurd sp. daw Seale bar 10 jum.

0.09 (8.2 - 12.0) with lerethawidth mitie 1.6 (1,1

LO) slightly pointed at one end with a cap or kniob-

like Stieda body: sub-Stieda body present: sporueyst

residuum ain weeumulnon OF small globules 5,.0-3,8

in Ciimeter at equator of sporaeyst, 2 spocrazoites

present. Lying head to tail caeh containing a large

refractile globule 5.00 in diameter and a smaller

refruetile globule 2.5 in diameter,

Remarks

No Aimerta speeres have heen deseribed. fram the

family Phahingertdae until now. OF the Limerie

species described from the order Diprotadontio i

Anstrilia, QHeysis Of The Hew species most closely

resemble oA, vertinerdi Batket OrCathughan

& Beveridge YSh trom Bedeneia gala

(Desires (S22), Lhe Tasmanian beltong. Qoeysts

of the proposed speevies dillern however. by hen

larger (VAS 27,7 vy, F4.00x 24.3 ain by pussessing

a ierapyle. di addition, the Goeyse

1 edly is thinner than (hit of the new species

Wd also Munlale Th appearance (Barker er yl

)O8S),

Type frost

Trrohesariy widpeente (Ker 1792) (Marsupials

willl of

Phakiogeridae), common brushttil possuyy,

Wye lacaliry

Townsville. Queensland (19) 16° S. 14a5 49" fey.

Location in best

Oocysis in faeces, developing staves unkaown,

However, devclopme stiges oF whut may be the same

species have heen found previously within

(he intestinal (rach ol the same host (Presidente 144),

Kiviniolaey

‘Specifie name derived from the generie name ot

(he Host

Discussion

Most Liner species deseribed tony imamials

wre Known only from ooeysts recovered in fecal

samples (Levine 1982). Ooeyst morphology is used

Wi identity and distinguish between Binteria species

“hough considerable variation ih Goeyst aid

sporoeyst size ty Known to occur (Dusazynski 1971),

Despite some vartilion in sive. shape and: colour.

the ooeysts of 2. (efedawuri sp. nov. were remiurkably

ifort thei morphological chiraeteristies

Wrespective of sampling locality or season, We

conclude, therefore. that Urey represent a single

Limeria species, Dimensions al couvcidiun Goeysts

reported hy Presidente (1982) i 7 vi/pecuit trapped

in rival and urban deus of Melbourne, correspond

with (he dimensions ol the Limeria species described

here. Morphometric observations made on oocysts

detected in 7 caninus by Presidente et al. (L882)

were ulso similar to those reported in this

Investigation, stiggestny that they may be con

specific. However, further studies on the identity ane

distributing of Liner species infecting closely

relied host species ure required belore the biological

validity of Morphologically simihw species ean be

continmed,

Presidente ()982) did not consider eoeeidin

iifeetons detected in possums to he pathogenic,

Subsequent studies Ruled to demonstrate Jesians

iW UVerie possums ieeted wilh Sporuluted ooeysis

of an undeserihed Ebner species (Dhirrigan &

Presidente, unpub, cited by Presidente 184) ane

histo patholosionl! changes were ill in matures,

Infections by coecidin ti 2 eafpeca in New

Zeahmil were tenkitvely aasaegica well dian hows

(thitton 1979) but in only two aniinils, There is tile

evidence Lo sugest that the species of Eineria

meeting Fo wilpeteufa described ti this staly ps

pathogenic However the uber of ooeysts

detected wis senerilly low ant no didieare availible

an the effects of heayy infechous in susceptible

animals. Further studies are required to determine

}52 M.G. OCALLAGHAN & P. J. O07 DONOGHUL

whether infections may be pathogenic under specitie

conditions.

Acknowledgments

The wuthors wash to thank B. Comun and D.

Obendorf for providing the majority af samples

used in this study, K. Jakes and D. Ward for

collecting additional samples frond ‘Tasmania and

I. Carmichael and J. Cooper for collecting samples

in New Zealand.

References

Barker, 1 Ko O'Callaghan, M, G. & Beveridge, 1. (1988)

Eimeria spp. (Apicomplexa: Fimeriidae) parasitic in the rat-

Kangaroos \psipryiiodeun —maschatis, — Petorous

triduciyiuy, Aepyprvammy rufescens and Bettonyic vainandi

(Marsupialin: Potoroidae). dat, /. Parastiol. 18, 947-953,

Deszynski, Do W. (1971) fnerease in size of Binerta

separata oocysts during pateney. 2 Paravitol 57, 948-

952.

Horton, J, BL (1979) Some diseases of possums pp, 22-25

Jn Goldsmith. M, (Ed.) “Opossum Field Day” (Ministry

of Agncullure aud Pisheries. Rangiora).

Living, N21. 11982) Taxonomy and lite cycles of coceidta

p. I4/n Long. PL (iid.) “°The Biology of the Coceidia®

(University Park Press, Maryland).

O'CALLAGHAN, M, G, & Moorn, E. (1986) Parasites and

serological! survey of the common brushiail possum

(richosuvus yolpeculs) trom Kangaroo [slaind, South

Australia, J. Wildl, Dix, 22, 589-591,

Presibenib. Pod. A. (1982) Common brushtail possi,

Trichostus vulpecula: maintenance in caplivity, blood

vallies, diseases and parasites pp. 55-66 Jie Livans, D.

(Ed "The Management of Australian Manimals in

Captivity” Proceedings of the Scientific Mecting of the

Australian Mammal Society (The Zoologienl Board of

Victoria, Melhourne).

— — (1984) Parasites and diseases of brushrail

possums (7rrefiesurus spp.) occurrence and significance

pp. 171-190 dn Smith, A. Po & Hume, TD. (Eds)

“Possums and Gliders” (Australian Manunal Society and

Surrey Beatty und Sons, Sydney).

, Barnery J. L.. How, R.A, & HoMbREYS W,

PF. (1982) Effects of habitat, host sex and age on the

parasites of Trichoyurus caninus (Marsupialin

Phalageridac) in north eastern New South Wales. Ars 7.

Zool, 30, 33-47,

ScHInk, G.. KReRLE. J. AW Hoyie, G. A. Wrerk, G. &

Baton, E. (1992) Phalangeridae pp. 44-48 fy Strahan.

R. (Ed.) “Eneyelopedia of Australian Animals,

Manimuals” (Angus and Robertson, NSW).

STANKWICZ, M., Jownrr G. H., HuAriL D. Do Cowan. P..

Charny, J. Mo. Jowerh J. & CHARLESTON, Wo ALG

(1996) Internal and external parasites of possums

(richosurus valpecula) ftom forest and farmland,

Wanganui, New Zealand, N.Z. J, Zool, 23, 345-353.

. Hearn, D. D, & Cowan, PoE. (19970) Internal

parasites of possums Vrichosurus valpeculay trou

Kawau Island, Chatham [sland and Stewart Island, WN. 4,

Ver #45, 247-250,

—, Cowan. BE & Hearty, BD, D. ()997b)

Endopatasites of brushtail possums (/rvefesurtey

vidpecut) trons the South Island, New Zealand, (biel, 45,

257-200),

= ‘ a — (YOR)

Endoparasites of possums Irom selected areas of North

Island, New Zealand. NV. Z. 4. Zool, 25, 91-97,

Viccers, K. L. & Spratt. D. M. (1995) The parasites

recorded from) Triehosurus species (Marsupialias

Phalungeridae). Wildl. Rey. 22, 311-332.

SPECIES OF RAILLIETINA FUHRMANN, 1920 (CESTODA:

DAVAINEIDAE) FROM THE SOUTHERN CASSOWARY

(CASUARIUS CASUARIUS)

By MICHAEL O’CALLAGHAN*7, ROSS H. ANDREWS*, MARGARET DAVIS*

& DAVID M. SPRATTE

Summary

O’Callaghan, M. G., Andrews, R. H., Davies, M. & Spratt, D. M. (2001) Species of

Raillietina Fuhrmann, 1920 (Cestoda: Davaineidae) from the southern cassowary

(Casuarius casuarius), Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 125(2), 133-139, 30 November, 2001.

A new species of Raillietina is described from the intestine of the southern cassowary,

Casuarius casuarius, from Australia. It is a small cestode and differs from cestodes

previously described from cassowaries in the size of the scolex, rostellum, rostellar

hooks, suckers and cirrus sac. Raillietina casuarii is redescribed from specimens

collected in Australia. Raillietina casuarii and R. infrequens were identified in a

southern cassowary from New Guinea.

Key Words: Cestoda, cassowary, Raillietina, new species Casuarius casuarius.

Transactions of the Roval Society of S. Aust. (2001), 125(2), 133-139.

SPECIES OF RAILLIETINA FUHRMANN, 1920 (CESTODA: DAVAINEIDAE) FROM THE

SOUTHERN CASSOWARY (CASUARIUS CASUARIUS)

by MICHAEL G. O’CALLAGHAN’*, Ross H. ANDREWS’, MARGARET DAVIES!

& David M. SPRATT

Summary

O’ CALLAGHAN. M. G., ANDREWS, R. H., Davies, M. & Spratt, D. M. (2001) Species of Ruillietina Fuhrmann,

1920 (Cestoda: Davaineidae) from the southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius). Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 125

(2), 133-139. 30 November, 2001.

A new species of Rajllieting is described from the intestine of the southern cassowary, Casudrius casuarius,

from Australia. [tis a small cestode and differs from cestodes previously described from cassowaries in the size

of the scolex, rostellum, rostellar hooks, suckers and cirrus sac. Raillietina casuarii is redeseribed trom

specimens collected in Australia. Ravllierina casuarit and R. infrequens were identified in a southern cassowary

from New Guinea.

Kry Worps: Cestoda, cassowary, Ruillietina, new species, Cusuarits casuarius.

Introduction

Two species of Kaillietina have been reported trom

Casuariidae by Kotlan (1923) who described

Raillietina casuarii and R. infrequens from a large

collection of parasites belonging to the Hungarian

naturalist, Lewis Biro, accumulated during the years

1897-1899 from) Casuarius bennetti picticollis

Sclater, 1874 in New Guinea, More recently,

Schmidt (1975) identified the same cestode species

from C. bennett? Gould, 1858 at another location in

New Guinea. The related southern cassowary,

C. casuaris (Linnaeus, 1758), inhabits north-

eastern Australia and New Guinea (Pollock 1992). In

1917, Macgillivray recorded the

unidentified tapeworms in the intestine of C.

casuarins johnsonii Mueller, 1866 “bagged” on the

upper Claudie River during an ornithologists’

excursion to Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. In

this study, we have examined the cestodes collected

from nine C. casuarius; one from New Guinea,

seven from known localities in Australia and one

with no collection data. Three cestode species have

been identified and all are assigned to the genus

Raillietinad Fuhrmann, 1920 (sensu Jones & Bray

1994) on the basis of the possession of two rows of

numerous, hammer-shaped rostellar hooks, unilateral

genital pores, a small cirrus sac which does not cross

or just crosses the osmoregulatory canals and egg

capsules containing several eggs, Here we describe a

5005

+ South Australian Research und Development Institute. GPO Box

397 Adelaide SA SOOT.

= CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, GPO Box 284. Canberra ACT

2601,

presence of

new species of Raillictina and report the presence of

R. casuarii and R. infrequens for the first time in C,

casuarius.

Materials and Methods

Southern cassowaries, C. casuarius, were collected

as road kills by staff of the Queensland National

Parks and Wildlife Service and frozen. At a later

date, the birds were transported to CSIRO

Sustainable Ecosystems (formerly Division of

Wildlife and Ecology) in Canberra where the

cestodes were recovered from intestines and

preserved in 10% formalin. Some of the material

examined consisted of cestode fragments only.

Proglottides were stained in Celestine Blue and

Heidenhain’s haematoxylin, dehydrated in ethanol,

cleared in clove oil and mounted in Canada Balsam,

Scoleces were mounted and cleared in De Fauré’s

medium. Measurements of the cestodes examined

are given in the text, in mm, as a range followed, in

parentheses, by the mean and number of

observations. Illustrations were made with the aid of

a camera lucida attached to an Olympus BH

microscope. Type specimens have been deposited in

the Australian Helminth Collection (AHC) of the

South Australian Museum, Adelaide (SAMA) and in

the CSIRO Wildlife Helminthological Collection,

Sustainable Ecosystems, Canberra (W/L HC),

Raillietina geraldschmidti sp. nov.

(FIGS 1-6)

Holotype: Scolex on slide, 2 specimens on slides, 3

specimens, Mission Beach, Qld (17° 52' S, 146° 06'

E), coll. D. M. Spratt, 3.ix.1999, SAMA AHC 28397,

31475.

134 M. G. O'CALLAGHAN, R. HL. ANDREWS, M. DAVIES & D. M. SPRATT

Pies 1-6, Raffteting geraldyschimidti sp. nov. 1. Seolex. 2. Rostetlar hooks, 3. Sucker hooks. 4. Mature proglottis, 5. Cirrus

und dish vagina. 6. Gravid proglottis. Scale bars = 0.) mm 1, 4-6. 0.01 mim 2, 3.

CESTUODES FROM CASSOWARIES [as

Paralypes: | shide, 2 specimens, Mission Beach, Qld

(17° 52'S, 146° 0607), coll. P.M. Sprath.3.19, 7999,

SAMA AHO 28398. 31476) 1 specimen, EL Arist,

Qld (17) 49 8. 146" 005). coll, De. ML Spratt,

28,41, 1999, SAMA AHO 31477) cestode fragments,

Buy Buy, QE CIT) 34S. 146° 05) Ey coll DL M.

Sprit. 4.01998, SAMA ATIC 31478: mature

proglottides on slide. Mission beach, coll FE Crome &

D.M. Spratt, 7.vi, 1987, SAMA AHC 28399.

Other material; WAL HC C94), W/L HE C939

Deseription

Deseription bused ort fouled specnmens ol Uiree

strobilae, cestode fragments consising Of mature

proglottides and two seoleees, Small cestode.

maximum tength 40 in relaxed specimens, max invuen

widih 0.760, Strobikie contain approximately 450

prostottides, Seales O.TSS5-0.180 (0.166. n=3) in

diameter with retracted rostellum (L064-0.074

(0.0600, n=2) jn diameter (hig. 1). Rostellum: armed

With 218-238 (228. n=2) hiamimer-shuped hooks tn

wo circuit rows, Larger, antertor rostellie looks

Q.008-0,009 (0.008, ns20) in lengthy smaller,

posterior rostelhiur hooks Q.007-0,008 (0,007, 1=20)

in leneth (Pig. 2) Rostellum armed with minute

jecessory spines O.OOF in dength Visible under hieh

mfeution only, Suckers O.O52-0,072 (0,059,

neh) in diameter armed with hooks 0,005-0.014 in

length (Pig. 3). Prowlotudes aeraspedote. Tniiature

proglottides longer than wide, 0.1 12-0, 152 (0,130) 4

0.036-0,072 (0.000, n=O), Mature proglotides

wider than long 0.080-0.144 (0.004) x 0.312-0.560

(0.426. n=l) (Pig. 4). Genital pores single.

unilateral Lateral dorsal osmoregulatory canals

0.028-0,036 fy diameter jomed by tradsverse

commissures, (008 in diameter. in posterior region

of proglotides, Ventral osmoregulatory eanal noe

seen. Cirrus sue O.108-0.124 (0,116) 8 O.048- 0.052

(0.049, n=10) (Fig. 5) extending anteromedially to

bul not crossing literal osmoregulutory canal, Distal

reion OF cirrus narrow, midk region enkurged. lined

Wil spines, proximal reeion forms spherical infernal

seminal vesicle Q.018-0.030 (0.023, n=10) in

diameter, Listernal seminal vesicle absent, Vas

deferens narrow, greatly coiled, passing medially

towards centre of prowlottis, ‘Lestes 5:7 in number.

lying within area bounded by lateral osmoresulatory

camils, usually overlying ovary and vitellarium:

(estes 0.036-0.044 (0.039) n=10) jo diimeter in poral

ind aporal groups, 2 poral and 3-4, oeeusionully 5.

“poral

Vagini aid cirrus opening into common genital

HI, Vaeid opening: posterior to cirrus, Deéstal

region of vagina enhirged, O.O40-0,048 (Q.047) x

0.018-0,024 (0,022, n=10). with a seminal recepticle

O.014-0.020 (0.016. n=O) usually containing sperm.

Mid-region narrow, leading medially posteriar to vas

delerens.. Oyary bilobed. cach lobe circular, lobes

approximately equal in size, 052 0.120 (Q.088) s

1.040-0, 708 (0.080, n=20). Vitelliriuin mediin, post

ovarian, circiilar O.048-0.076 (0.062) % 0,040-0.072

(0.053. n=10). Grivid proglottides (ig. 6) wider

than Jong, 0.240-0.320 (0.251) x O.480-0.736 (0.650,

n=l). Bye capsules 0.072-0.080 (0.075) x 0.064-

ated

O“.O80 (0.006. n=5). spheroidal 16-20 in each

= x

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Ia M. G, OCALLAGHAN, R. H. ANDREWS, M. DAVIES & D.M, SPRATT

igs.

C7) Sete ame

OD DAA Oo

SGOCB AO

Aria oy 20love 3

Migs 7-13, Raiilieine cosuerté trom Austria. 7. Seolex. §. Rostetlar hooks. 9 Sucker hooks, 10, Muture proglotis, 11

Cirras sae and distal vagina, 12, Femile venitalia, 13. Crrayid proglottis, Seale bars = 021 omm 7, TO-132th07 mink, 9

Legend: 0. ovury: u. developing uterus; v, vitelhurigm.

PESTOUOLS PROM CASSOWARIES 1A?

proglotis. eontuining Uh 1a cineulue eggs (2021.

(1.032 (0.026. 0=10) diameter, Oueasplere aun lit

(HOI-O 016 (01S, H=LO) in diameter, embryonic

hooks U.006 lone.

Hlast

CUNT CUNUELETEN

Oniormes: Custiaciihies,

Linnaeus. 1758 (Strath

Lawrie a leat

Iilestiie

Etyinolauy

Mined forthe lite Pr. Schrmdbin recornition of

fis nubstaming contribution te our knowledge of

cestTodes,

Comparison with other species

Katlicrine gercfidsehmidty sp. nov. ean be

(istinwiished (rom congeners in the Casuariidae by

sive, We sbiall costelhar hooks ane small seoltes.

ClHiable 1), OF the species al Raiiedineg described in

the Struthiontormes. Ro yeruldselunidt) most closely

resembles A. qniteheld/li: deseribed) recently by

(CF Callushan, Davies & Andrews (2000). Raillielina

gerafdschatedt ditlers from Ro mitehelll inthe size of

the sealen (0166 y, 0.208). rostellar hooks (O.QU7-

(1G) ¢ (2.038), Hr audition, Ro veraldvehmidti is

sioiller than AR, aiehelli and hay brewer vostellur

looks (228. 316).

Railhetind casuari (Kotlin, (923)

(PIGS 7 13)

Davanrea easnari’ Koulan, 1923. Ann. Trop, Mea,

Purastial, 17, 45-S7_ Figs 1-5.

Radherina (Ransomia) casei) Puli, F920

Koilania casmrit: Lopes-Neyra. 193]

Kerlanotiuris casuarir: Spasskit, 1973

Raillietina casa: Vubrmini, 1924

Merterial evnmiied 4 speciens, EL Arsh, Ohl (17

40S, Ha 00" Fp, coll, DOM, Spratt, 28.41, (999,

SAMA ATC 31481, 12 specimens. Mission Beach,

Ohh coll P.M. Spralk 3.ix-1999 SAMA ATIC

JIATO. SIASOS 1 specimen on slide. Queens

University. ho collection akin, SAMA AHIC 26400; 2

sirobrie on slides. @ specimens, Anau, New Guinea

(10) 02 S. IRS 40" TU, all Wl GL Aitchesck.

+18 1969 SAMA AHC TIS7K, 22344,

Olher material: WAL UIC C940, W/L. TIe 942

Revised deseryntiont

Description based dn mounted specimens of Tour

strohilacand five clawed seoleees, Large cesmide, pe

Te 200 in anrelaxed speeimetis, maximum width 3d

Surobili contiins appraximiately 700) praglottides

Seolex (800-1048 (0962, n=Sh in diameter with

eversible poset 0.304 0.360 (0.323, n=S) in

dhumeter( Migs 7.04). Rustellim armed with 172-212

(190, WO) haminershiped hooks i Gve eirentar

toWs, Larger anterior rostellin hineks O,038-0,053

(O,045. n= 50) i lengthy smatler, posterior posted fas

hooks 0,032-0.046 (0,039. n=S01 in length (bigs &.

IS). Rostellum armed with accessory spines 0.002

O.003 [rn leneth visible under (ah mawnifeaion

onky, Suckers, circular, (320-0368 (0.347, n=0) in

diameter, armed with 1-13 raws of hooks O.005-

Q.02 7) indength (Pigs 9 16).

Proglottides erispedote Mature proglhtiides wider

thant lone 1, 777-1898 (L836) x O34 O505 (O42,

n=10) (Fig, 10) Genital pores single, unilateral,

Dorsal osmorewihitory canal nanriay. O.010) a

diameter, ventral osmoresukvory canal O.040-0.064

in diumeter. Narrow tninsverse osmaregulaory

camus connect right and tell dorsal and) ventral

canals al posterior margin ef each proglottis. Lucge

eleruis Site (.232-00.336 (286) 1 0.1 28-0.208 (0.169,

n=20) extending goteriorly, not regehine heeral

psmiorenubitory cunts, Distal region of cirrus ol

ereater internal diameter (han proximal region,

urmilture not seen. miud-region expanding to forny

large internal seminal vesichs foldid dorsally, Q.098-

W128 (0102, n=l) maximum diameter (Pia, 11),

Vas deferens greatly coiled passing medially cowards

centre of progtottes. Testes O.048-0.056 (L049,

n=12) an digmeter number 45-51 per praglotis,

ulWays Hore testes on aporal Geld; 12-14 (1a) an

poral field, 31-37 (35) poral,

Vagina opening fo wenital atria posterior to male

genital pore, distal region with thickened museulir

wall Q,028-0.036 (0.033, n=lO) wide. Mid fesion

with thickened wall extending. uneorled, medially

doch posterior to vas deferens. region internal to

ostoregulitory canals dilated and Filled with sperut,

proximal region Coie Ovary bilobed poral lobe

O200-0,.240 (O24) x» OTT2O.120 (W115, nS.

uportal lobe O.240-0- 280 (0.269) x OF 12-0, 136

(O132. n=S) with J-4+ lobules in cach lobe,

Vilelliriin median, postoyarian, sub-circutar (| 28-

O.152 (O14) x O.096-0.136 (0.010, n= 10), Uterine

duck passing anteriorly to developing uterus ig.

12), Gravid) prowlatiides 100-2121 ChLR6O) x

(2606-1080 (0.731, n=10) (Fig. (3) filed with cue

capsules, Ege cupsules sub-spherical la ovoid

containing T-4 eees, mostly | 2. seldom 3 or 4.

Capsules containing one exe O.052-(.072 (0.062) %

0.048-0,064 (0.0356, n=10), contiining two ees

O.076-U.104 (O09) x O,.052-0,072 (060. n=O).

Approximately 250-300 ces capsules om each

proglotts. Panes spherent (LOd0-0.052 (0.045) 4

138 M. G. (CALLAGHAN, R. TL. ANDREWS, M. DAVIES & D. M. SPRATT

Figs |4-16. Raillietina casuarti trom New Guinea. 14. Scolex. LS. Rostellur hooks. 16. Sucker hooks.

Figs 17-21. Raillietina infrequens from New Guinea. 17. Scolex. 18. Rostellar hooks. 19, Sucker hooks. 20, Cirrus and distal

vagina. 21, Gravid proglottides, Scale bars = 0.1 mm 14, 17, 20, 21: 0.01 mim 15, 16, 18, 19.

CENSTODES FROM CASSOWARIES a9

(.032-0,.044 (0,049, Hel) contuming spherieal

oncosphere 0.020-0.024 (0.023) x 0.020-0,024

(0.021. N=10), crbryamie hooks (.006-0.008 long.

Hist

CUNHATTEN CASHUETNS

onvorines; Castiantidae),

Linnaeus, L758 (Struthi-

Location in trast

Intestine,

Kemiarhs

These specimens of Ao casnarii are sandler than

those reported previously (i440 v. 340) (Table 1).

However, Kothin (1923) i deseribing the lursest

cestodes from one locality, observed more contracted

dnd shorter cestodes than those deserbed,

Raillerind infreqiens (Kouan, 1923)

(PIGS 17-21)

Daveiniea fnfreguens Kotlin, 1923. Ann. Trop. Med.

Parasitol V7. 45-57,

Reaitlielina infrequens, Fubrmann, (932

Marerfal examined: ) strobila on slide, 2 speenmens.

Ant, New Guinea, coll Wo B. Hitchcock, 49x 1969

SAMA AHC [2878, 22349,

Revised desorption

Deseriplion bused oon one entire mounted

specimen, segments of matte and gravid

proglotiides and one scales, Strobilie ure 50> long

and contain S00) segments with characters chat

conor to those reported by Kothin (1923). The

seoles (Fig. 17) 15 0.456 in diameter with a retracted

rostel lun 0.200 ty diunieter armed with two rows of

humnmershaped hooks (hat have become dislodged

and seme uppeae to be missing. Larger anterior

rostellar hooks 0,.022-0,024 (0.023, n=10) in length:

smaller, posterior fostelur hooks O.017-0,0 19 (O,0 18,

H=10) nh length (hig. 18) Circular suckers (1 16-

O10 (O.128& n=O) in diameter are armed with

hooks O.005-0.014 in length (Pig. 19). In mature

sezments gemital pores are unilateral. with a cirrus

sie and vagina which contorm with the description

und dimensions reported by Kotlan (1923). Cirrus

sue 0160-0192 (0.074) 5% (048-0060 (0.056, n=10)

(Pig. 20). Gravid segments are wider chin long (Pig,

21): up t6 six terminal segments O.488-0.560 (0.537)

X 0.336-0.520 (0.425) eontuning 25-32 (28, n=6)

eee ciyppsules cach with 7-10 (9, n=10) eggs, Ege

cupsules circular O.080-0.100 (0.090) x G07 240.088

(Q.078, n=1O0,

Hogi

Casuarins casnarivs Linnideus.

oniformes: Casuartidae),

1758) (Strurhi-

Location tt lost

Intestine,

Remarks

Crivid) proglottides were unavailable in) the

material examined by Keothan (1923) and

consequently he was unable to complete the

description of RX. infregrenys, Therefore, a description

of gravid segments, although from a limited number

of specimens is presented here, Kothin (1923) also

estimated the size of A. fafreqneny trom two

fragments that apparently belonged together, The

(wo mounted specimens of A, infrequens examined

here dre in semi-contracted farm,

Discussion

The new species of Rusllieting described in this

study appears to be restvieted to the southern

cussowury in Australi and cloes not occur ins the

closely related emu (O'Callaghan er af 2000),

Although A. geraldschmidii sp. nov. has not

previously been reported from cussowaries in New

Guinea, lew birds have been examined for cestades,

Similarly. A. faf/regnens was not found in the birds

examined here and tay be limited to cassawures in

New Guinea. Studies of additional material will be

required before the distribution of Rafflieding species

in the Custuriidae cum be determined,

References

Jonps, Ay & Bie, ROA. (1994) Punily Davaineidie Brin

HOU pp, JOT) da Khalil, LB. Jones. A. & Bray, RB.

A. (nds) “Keys tothe cestode piirasiies of vertebrates”

(CATS Internanenil, Wallingford. UK),

orb ar, AL (1924) Avinn Cestodes From New Cuties.

Costodes fram -Casuauiformes, Aw Prop, Med,

Marasital, 17, AS 7,

MACCHILIVIEAY, Wo TPO T) Ornithologists tre orth

Oucenshind Bee 17, 63-87

O'CaAtacias. M.G.. Davips. Mo & Ampiiavs, Roo

(2000) Species of Rai/feting Pubrmann. 1920 (Cestodia:

Davainiidae) trom the emu, Ornette dovcehollandioe.

Trt BR, See. 8 Atat 124, WOS-1 16,

PonLock, Pht, (1992) Casuuimidie p. 5 da Strahan, By thd.)

“Roeyclopacdia of Austad Anions, Birds CAnius

und Robertson. NSW),

SCHMIDT, G, DO(1975) New records of heliinits (ron New

Ciines, including deseriplion Of three new costae

species, one tithe new genus Wollabicesiiy iis Tras,

Amer Microye, Sue, 94. 89-190,

CERVONEMELLA REARDONI GEN. ET SP. NOV. (NEMATODA:

CLOACINIDAE) FROM THE STOMACHS OF SCRUB

WALLABIES, DORCOPSIS SPP., INPAPUA NEW GUINEA

By I. BEVERIDGE*

Summary

Beveridge, I. (2001) Cervonemella reardoni gen. et sp. nov. (Nematoda: Cloacinidae)

from the stomachs of scrub wallabies, Dorcopsis spp., in Papua New Guinea. Trans.

R. Soc. S. Aust. 125(2), 141-145, 30 November, 2001.

Cervonemella reardoni gen. et sp. nov. is described from the stomachs of Dorcopsis

hageni Heller, 1897 and D. luctuosa (D’ Albertis, 1874) from Papua New Guinea. The

new species and genus are allocated to the Cloacininae Stossich, 1899 on the basis of

having a large, cylindrical buccal capsule, four branches to the dorsal ray of the

copulatory bursa and the externo-dorsal ray arising close to the lateral trunk. The

bipartite submedian cephalic papillae indicate that the species and genus belong

within the tribe Cloacininea (Stossich, 1899). The buccal capsule which is as long as

wide, but lacks internal teeth, together with the anterior extensions of the intestinal

cells, around the oesophageal bulb differentiate the new species from Cloacina von

Linstow, 1898, Arundelia Mawson, 1977 and Beveridgea Mawson, 1980, the other

genera of the Cloacininea.

Key Words: Nematoda, marsupials, wallabies, new genus, Dorcopsis.

Tratsactions cd tlie Bowel Saetew obs. Anwe (AO), 1252). 141-145

CERVONEMELLA REARDONT GEN, EV SP, NOY, (NEMATODA: CLOACINIDAE)

FROM THE STOMACHS OF SCRUB WALLABIES, DORCOPSIS SPP.. IN PAPUA

NEW GUINEA

by L BevErien”

Summary

Bevertbok. 1 Q001) Cerrenenetia reardon’ gen, et sp, nov. (Nentitoda: Claacinidae) from the stamachs of

serub wallabies, Deveopsds spp. i Papua New Gite Trai, A Sue 8 Angst 128 (2). 141-145, 10 November,

AMI

Cervanemelta reardont genoet sp. nay. is described from the stomitchs of Parcepsi fiaigea? eller, DRY and

De tictrose (DO Albertis, S74) from Papua New Cumieu The new specres and venus aire allocated (a the

Cloacininite Stossich, [899 on the basis of having a large. cylindrical buceal capsule, four branches tothe dorsal

fay ofthe copulatory bursa and the externe-dorsal ray arisiag close to dhe lateral trank. The bipartite subawdin

cephalic papithie maicate that (he species und venus belony within the wibe Cloucinines (Stossich, [899). The

hueeal capsule whieh is us long us wide, bul lacks internal teeth. together with the anterior extensions ol he

mest! vells around the oesaphageal bull diflerentine the new species From Choaeing von T inslow, PUR,

Adiidetia Mawson, 1977 and Beveridgea Mawson. 1950, the ther genera of the Cloweinines,

Ki Wokbs: Nematoda, riirsupiats. Wallabies. mew eenus, Darcopsty.

Introduction

The helminth parasites af forest wallabies of the

venus Dercopsiy trom Papua New Guinea are poorly

known (Spratt er ak HOt) with current collections

limited to a small range OF specimens obtained from

some af the more conimon species. Among the

eXisting collections, Spratt ef af, (1991) listed an

undescribed venus belonging to the nematode tribe

Cloavinined (Stossich, [899) deposited in the South

Austvalian Museum. The specimens were derived

from material eolleeted by TL Reardon from the

White-striped dorcopsis. Darcapsiy lagen’ Heller,

1897, during a field Grip to the Madang area of Papua

New Guinea in 1987,

nematodes from the grey doreapsis, Dareapsis

fietvasa ( Atbertis. I874) in the collections of The

Natural Pistory Museum, London. revealed an

additional specimen of the genus. The new taxen is

described inthis paper and its alfilitions with other

genera in the wibe Cloacinined are discussed,

Materials and Methods

Entire stomach contents, including parusites, were

fixed in LOS formaldehyde following the death of

the host dn the laboratory, nematodes were removed

rom stomach content. washed fi water und cleared

in aclophenol, Drawings were made using a drawing

Depniene oF Velenary Seicnce. The tinyersity i Methonene.

Parkvitie Vie (32

Recent exuminabion of

tube attached to oan Olympus BIZ microscope.

Drawings of apical views of the heads of nematodes

ure oriented with the dorsal aspect uppermost;

drawings of the bursa have the veotral surface

uppermost. Measurements were made with an ocukir

inicrometer, ATT measurements are in millimetres and

are presented as the range from lO inale and 5 female

specimens Tollowed by the mean in parentheses.

Types of the new species have been deposited in the

South Austrutiin, Museum, Adelaide (SAMA), the

Natural History Museum, London (AMNH) anel the

United States National Parasite Collection,

Beltsville. Maryland (USNPC). Host nomenclature

follows Groves & Flannery (1989).

Cervonemella sen. \oy,

Syvnenyny: “Cloacininea genon., sp."

al, JY9L, p. 63 (SAMA AHC 16999),

of Spratt er

haivimolaes

The generic name is derived from cerviis, or cerns

i older orthography, meaning stag, but uscd

Heuralively by same Latin authors to mean “horned”

und alludes to the horn like appearince ot the

incuryed submediin cephulic papillae.

Diagnosis

Strongyloidea Weinland, §863: Cloacininae

Stossich, 1899; Cloucinined (Stossich, 1899); small

nematodes, body covered with numerous line

amnulations; eephalie volkir present: 2 amphids: 4

bipartite. incorved submedian papillae: Internal leah

42 ], REVERIDGE

figs 1-15, Cervonemella reardoni gen. el sp. nay. |. Anterior end, lateral view. 2. Cephalic extremity. lateral view, dorsal

aspect on felt hand side. 3. Cephalic extremity, lateral view, median optical section, dorsal aspect on left hand side. 4.

Submedian papilla, lateral view, 5, Cephalic extremity. dorsal yiew. 6. Cephalic extremity, dorsal view, median optical

section. 7. Cephalic extremity, apical view. &, Cephalic extremity, apical view, optical transverse sechon through anterior

region of buccal capsule, 9, Cephalic extremity, apical view. optical transverse section through posterior region of buccal

capsule. 10, Bursa, apical view. 11. Gubernaculum, spicule sheaths and genital cone, dorsal view. 12. Transverse optical

section through eubernaculuim. 13, Distal tip of spicule, lateral view. I. Female tail, lateral view, 15. Hemale genital

system, lateral view, Scale bars = 0.) min 1101415: 0.01 mim 2-9, 11-13. Legend : A, amphid; B. buccal capsule; D,

deirid; DL, dorsal lip of genital cone; E, seeretory-exeretory pore: G, gubernaculum; [. infundibulum: TE, intestinal

extension: Lb, lateral thickening of spicule sheaths; M, median thickening of spicule sheaths; NR, nerve ring; O.

oesophagus: P. submedian papilla; SP. sphineter; U, uterus: V. vagina: VL. ventral lip of genital cone: VS. vestibule,

NEW NEMATODE PROM PAPLLA NEW GUINEA i

crown af S elementss mouth opening sub-ciroular,

buccal capsule us long as wade, Wally sclerotised

esophagus elongate, clavate. bulb surrounded by

vAtcHstons GF anterior mtesinal velly. Basin short.

lobes distinct: ventro-lateral and wentre-ventral rays

upposeds mediorhilera and posterolateral rays

upposeds antero-lateral ray divergent. shorter:

MTOTHO- LOPS fay arises Close fo haterat trunk: dorsal

riy with 4 branches, Genital cone with conical

wntetjor lip) heurimg single eentral papilla ane

posterioe lip With paired papillae; median and lateral

thickenings Of ospieule sheaths present:

vuhernuculunt present, spicules simple, elomate,

alate, Female tail comeak vulva tnamediately

anterior fy anus: ovejeeior Jeshaped, sphincters and

Infuni bul short, cee thin shetled. ellipsoidal,

Parasitic fr the stomachs of imucropodicl marsupials,

Cervanentella reardant sp, nov,

(VIGS 1-15)

Heloivpes oS leant siiamueh of Doreopaty lutwent

Heller, 1897, Csine, Madang, Papuie New Guinea

Miy 1987, coll Py Reardon, SAMA ALC 31463.

Alene: Vo same dat SAMA AHO 31464

Mauaivpes, sane data, Per, 34h SAMA ATIC

Aldos; to. BMNH 2001410 be. USNPC

HPA: slide preparations of upload view oF miu

und bars SAMA AHE 28391.

Olter natertak excndned: trom stonmaeh oo

Dorcopses liens (PD Albertis D874 be. Voikabu

Creek. Papuuw New Gunes coll t Osven. BMINGE

LOST. 216,

Site tin frat

Stomach.

Paivinvaliren

He species is named aller the collector of the

lypes T Reardonoof the South Australian Museum.

Deseriinn

Small slender nematodes: cuticle with mamarets

fine irinsverse anintilations OOF aparny cervical

cuticle closely applied to body, becoming stishtly

Mithited Wy oesophageal rection, Mouth opening sub-

circular) distine? cephalic collar present bearing 4

submedian papillae and) 2 amphids. Subrnedian

papillae clompate, divided ite proximal and distal

SURIMIEHLS. projecting unmteriorly From perk oral eatiele

With distal extrentitits ieurveds proximal segment

elongate, subeylindtion! with outer Wight coOnves,

(004d lone: disral segment shor, overd, O.00T3 ip

diinelen Bueea! capsule cylindiical approsinnstely

us long os wide, walls sinuionts ti Literal and dorse-

ventral views. Gipering al extremes, Buccal capsule

approximately hexagon Tapioca! view near anierior

extremity. becomily approximately oval on shupe

near posteror enc Internal leaf crown vlements 8 in

number, rounded distilly. arising from lull heneth ol

imernal wall of buveal capsule. Peri-oral cuticle wor

ifhuted qnto Hpelike lubes auachod te caeh deal

crown clement. Oesophagus simple, elongate,

ehovilorm: anterior ball broader thir third quarters

distal qtarier forming chavate bulb dining of

Oesophiges without cows al selerorised: bosses or

dentivles, Nerve ring in mid-cesophaseal region

Ueinds setilorm. in unlerion eesaphaveal region,

unlerio’ 10 nerve Pe. seerelory-exerctory pore

heiween nerve ring and) oesophiugo-miestinial

Jinichiou, Anterior intestinal eells enlarged. Cormin

paired clonaate appendages extending anteriorly

dlongside oesophageal bulb.

Mate

Total length 32)-6.8 (5.8): maxima width) Ab

39 (0,35), buceal capsule ,020-0,025 (0,022) lors

&-O.N25-0.0380 (0.026) wide: besophagus O.56-(1,7 |

(Q.66) longs teeve cing to anterior end 0.20-0.27

(0.25), secretory-exeretory pore to dnerior end (.25-

Onbd (0, 39)0 deirid to cmterion crud Q.08-O.17 (0,13),

Bursa without proninent divisions between lobes.

Ventral lobes joined ventrally: Jateru! Johes ane

ventral lobes joined. Dorsal lobe similar in length 6

literal lobes, Dorsal vay divide to produce 4

branchlets, primary division aecurcing al nicd-leneth,

giving rise lo paired external hranehlers: external

brneblets directed posteroslaterdiily, not reaching

nrg Ob bursa; iternal branehlers arising

Imineditely after paniury bifureation. branchlets

directed postero: kilerully, inast reaching. margin ar

burkut. 2x ternp-dorsadl rey ueising close ty lateral revs,

nol reaching marin GF burs. Postero-luteral ane

venro-lieral rays apposed. reachine Margin of

bursa; sitero-hiuteral my diverzent, shorter (han other

literal rays: not reaching: margin nl bursa: ventre-

huerl and ventre-ventral mivs apposed, reuching

mang of borsi. Guberniculonn present. heavily

selerutised, oven in shape. 0.020-0.030 (0.022) long

x OL.040-0.0500 (0.042) wide, median und paired

hderal thickenings present at junction of spicule

sheuths, Genigd cone prominent, anterior ip conical,

wilh single papilla at apes: posterior lip shorter than

anterior Tip. with paw oF ehiviforn pupil: spicules

simple, clongate. with tubulin shat proximal tips

ireegulary knobbeds distal tips blunt stishthy eurwed:

spieule ahi prominently ribbed, tevminitine: distally,

anterior Lo spicule tip, spietiles )75-2.108 (201) long,

Pennie

Tolal length @.8 98.9 08.00) will in iid-bordy

feb LEVERAGE

rewon O38 O48 (40). body swollen in region al

tail, O40-0,50 (O44) i widths bueeal capsule O.020

(020) lone by O02 70,030 (O.030) wide

nesophages O.70-0.78 (0-74) longs nerve ring ip

anterign enh (25-0030 (O27). seeretory-exeretory

pore to anterior end 040-047 (Ady denid in

mnteripr end O12-0, 14 (0.14),

‘Lal short, eonieal 0.30-0.35 (0.32) long: vulva

Wamediately anterior toanus, 42-049 (0.47) fran

posterior eds vagina slightly conwatuted, 0.42-0.08

(54) lone; oveyector J- shaped. sphincters and

Witonichbuleis lone as or shorter than vestibule; wert

prodelphics evy ellipsoidal thin-shelled. 0.07-0,08

(LOT) & O.03-0.04 (0.04).

Discussion

The nemutedes deserihed above belong te the

Stronevloide, based on the presence of a well

developed, selerolived buceal capsule and a

copulatory bursa in the mile, while the presence of

four branches to the dorsal ray and a eylindrical

buccal capsule place them inthe family Cloaenidae,

Vhe externo-dorsal ray arising close to the lateral

trunk, places the species within the subefamily

Cloacininac. a subfamily restricted ty the stomachs

und oesophagi of oo mueropodid marsupials

(Lichtentels T1980), Within the | sub-famvily

Cloucininae, six tribes ure currently reeognived

(Beveridge JOST). The presence of a simple,

vlongate Gesophagus lacking obvious division inte

corpus, isilimus and bulb, logether with bipartite

submediin cephalic papillae, pliices the species in

jhe tribe Clowcinines, which currently contains three

tener the hupe genus Clouecing vou Linstow, ES9S,

and the monotypic genera Anindelia Mawson, 1977

and Reverideed Mawson, L980. The species

slescribed here differs trom Clocedia and Ariandelia

in having worehitively deep buceal capsule, tn

Beveridvea, the buceal eapsule is longer than wide

und is armed mtecnally wih teeth (Mawson 1980),

whieh are Meking in the species deseribed above, In

Hiddition, the species described here differs from all

other fener th the tribe ty havin the anterior

intestinal cells forming piured clongile extensions OF)

eirher side of the oesophageal bulb. This character

oeeurs jaother tribes of the Cloacininie, such ds in

the Phoryngostrongylines Popova, (952 in the

senen Afminwieayiraneriay Yorke & Maplestone,

126 and Dorcopwistrongviny Srmalesx, 1982 and his

been ulilised iis a chariwier ob genere sieniticanee

(Beveridge 1962; Siales 1982). Analogous

speclilizations of the adterior intestinal cells have

been reported in the tribe Macropostrongy lined, 1)

the venera Afveostend Mawson, 1977,

Maeroposironeviis Yorke & Maplestone, 1920 and

Fiigonostonenie Beveriie, 198] (Beveridge Os],

O85. 1986) us Well as i tribe Zonmokumines 1) the

genus Cassie Beveridge & Johnson, Lat. Tn

the tribe Lubiostrongy linea, similar struetures: Farin

distinctive diverticnly between the Gesophagus ine

intestine (Smales 1904, 1995), However, mm all of

these jostances, allhough the anterior intestinal cells

we enlarged, they do notextend unteriorly Lo envelop

the ocsophayeal bulb. The structures seen in the

species desuribed here thus appear to be analogous lo

those found in the Pharyngostrongylinea, but are

deseribed forthe first time in the Cloacinines, Since

the species deseribed here is elcarly different from

the three gener) currently Known within the

Clowcininea, a few eentis fas been created: to

accommodate ih,

Vhe material described comes from) lwo closely

related species of serub wallaby belonging to the

venus Dorcopsis. The single specimen in BMNEL has

ussocniedh with atthe host mane Dorcopsiy verertua

(Lesson & Garnot. 1826). Groves & Plinnery (1989)

considered this name a emer debi and indicated

thar the only species of Darcapaiy occuring in the

Port Moresby region, the locality of the present

collection, was 2, facia, Consequently, the host

name utilised here is that of 2. divetvesa rather than

the" D. vererme ol the hibel.

The finding ofa new genus Of cloueiine netatode

inosceub wallalyes fram Papi New Guineas not

surprising given the limited extent ty which the

purasite Fun of New Ciinew macropadiids has been

investigated and sugeests (hat mare detiled studies

wilhuncover additional novel cloaeipine genera.

Acknowledgments

Thanks are due to T. Reardon, South Australian

Museum for collecting the material trom 2D. legend

dod making Wo available for study and to 1. Owen,

Pork Moresby, for collecting the material (rom 1.

Iueiuova, Ry Uhurigun is thanked for exeetent

lechnicul ussistunee and is. Plarris for the loan of

material from the Natural History Museu,

Londan,

NEW NEMATODE FROM PAPUA NEW GUINEA \45

References

Brvirtoan, b (1981) Trigenestenema gen. n. (Nematoda:

Strongyloidea) from the pademelon, — Tirvlogale

sigmatica (Marsupialia) in Australia, with two new

species, 7 irivonastoma sp. n, and 7) langibursata sp. 1.

J, Parasitol. 67, 94-100.

(1982) A taxonomic revision of the

neostrongy lined Popova (Nematoda:

Strongyloidea) from) micropodid marsupials, Aust /

Foul, Suppl, Ser No, 83, 1-150,

—(N 985) Maeropostrongylis Yorke &

Maplestone. 1926 (Nematoda, Strongyloidea) from

macropodid marsupials. Bill Mus. Nat Hist, Nat, Paris,

4° ser. 7. 761-780.

= (1986) Alvcostoma propingue sp. n.

(Nematoda, Strongyloidea) from Maeropus spp.

(Marsuptaliay trom Queensland, Australia. with a

redeseription of A. cledandi (Johnston & Muwson, 1939).

[hid. 8 SQ5-5 | 2.

: (1987) The systematic status of Australian

Strongyloidea (Nematoda), /bid, 9, 107-126.

— & Jonnson, P.M. (1981) Three new genera of

nematodes (Stvongyloidea: Cloacimnae) from the red-

levwed pademelon, Vhvlogale stematica Gould

(Marsupialia; Macropodidac) from eastern Australia.

Syn Parasitol, 3, 77-89,

Gkoves, C. BP & FLANNERY, T. F (1989) Revision of the

genus Dorcopsiy (Macropodidae: Marsupialia) pp. 117

128 Jv Grigg. Gi. Jarman, Po & Hume, I. (Eds)

“Kangaroos, Wallabies and Rat-kangaroos” (Surrey

Beatty & Sons, New South Wales),

LICHTENFELS, J. R, (1980) Commonweulth Institute of

Helminthology Keys to the Nematode Parasites of

Vertebrates, No, 7. Keys to genera of the superfamily

Strongyloidea (Commonwealth Agricultural Burewux,

Purnham Royal).

Mawson, P.M. (1980) Beveridgea, new genus (Nematoda:

Strongylida) from the agile wallaby from northern

Australia, Trams. R. Sow. 8. Aust. 104, 81-82.

SMALES. L. R. (1982) Dercepyistrongyluy ew genus

(Nemutoda:Strongyloidea) from the grey serub wallaby

Dorcopsis Vererian Lesson, 1827 trom Papua New

Guinea. /bid, L06, 31-34.

— (1994) A taxonomic revision of

Labiostrongylus — (Labioytrongvlus) (Yorke — and

Maplestone. 1926) and Lablostiongylis

(Labiomiltiplex) subg. (Nematoda > Cloacinidae) from

macropodid marsupials. Syot, Parasiveal. 29, 181-216.

— — (1995) A revision of the subgenus

Labiostrongylus (Lahiosimplex) (Nematoda:

Cloacinidae) from macropodid marsupials, with

descriptions of twelve new species and a key to species

of the subgenus. /ivert, Taxon. 9, 181-242,

Sprarr, D2 M., Brveripdk, 1 & Watrer. E. L. (199) AN

catalogue of Australasian monotremes abd marsupials

and their recorded helminth parasites, Ree. 8. Aust. Mus.

Monogr Ser No. 1. 1-105.

PRATYLENCHUS AND RADOPHOLUS SPECIES IN

AGRICULTURAL SOILS AND NATIVE VEGETATION

IN SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA

By IAN T. RILEY* & WiM. M. WouTst

Summary

Riley, I. T. & Wouts, W. M. (2001) Pratylenchus and Radopholus species in

agricultural soils and native vegetation in southern Australia, Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust.

125(2), 147-153, 30 November, 2001.

Pratylenchus species were found in 105 and Radopholus species in five of 284

samples taken from agricultural soils and native vegetation in areas of southern

Australia. Pratylenchus crenatus (2 samples), P. neglectus (80), P. penetrans (3), P.

scribneri (1), P. teres (10), P. thornei (13), Radopholus nativus (4) and R. crenatus (1)

were identified. Pratylenchus teres has not previously been recorded in Australia and

its widespread occurrence in agricultural soils in Western Australia may have

important implications for crop production. Morphometrics and diagnostic features

for P. teres are presented to facilitate its distinction from the morphologically similar

P. thornet.

Key Words: Nematoda, Pratylenchus, Radopholus, distribution, species diversity,

Pratylenchus teres.

Transactions of the Royal Societn of 8. Aust. (2001), 125(2), 147-153.

PRATYLENCHUS AND RADOPHOLUS SPECIES IN AGRICULTURAL SOILS AND

NATIVE VEGETATION IN SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA

by IAN T. Ritey. & Wim. M. Wows:

Summary

Ritey, LT. & Wours, W. M. (2001) Pratvlenchus and Radopholus species in agricultural soils and native

vegetation in southern Australia. Trans. R. Soc, S. Aust. 125(2), 147-153. 30 November, 2001.

Pratylenchus species were found in 105 and Radopholus species in five of 284 samples taken from agricultural

soils and native vegetation in areas of southern Australia. Pratylenchus crenatus (2 samples). P. neglects (80),

P. penctrans (3), P. scribneri (1), P. teres (10), P. thornei (13), Radopholus nativus (4) and R. crenatus (1) were

identified. Pratylenchus teres has not previously been recorded in Australia and its widespread occurrence in

icultural soils in Western Australia may have important implications for crop production. Morphometrics and

diagnostic features for P. teres are presented to facilitate its distinction from the morphologically similar ?.

thorne).

Kry Worbs: Nematoda, Pratylencliis, Radopholus, distribution, species diversity, Pratylencluts teres.

Introduction

Pratylenchus Filipjey, 1936 consists of migratory

endoparasilic nematodes that feed in the roots of

plants and are important pests of dryland agriculture

in southern Australia. Pratylenchus neglectus

(Rensch, 1924) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven,

1941 and P. thornei Sher & Allen, 1953 have been

identified as important pest species in south-eastern

Australia and have been the subject of much research

since the late 1980s (Vanstone 1991!; Taheri ef al.

1994; Farsi et al, 1995; Poller ef al. 1998: Vanstone

et al, 1998: Nicol ef al, 1999; Taylor et al. 1999;

Hollaway ef al. 2000). In response to the findings of

this research, interest developed in determining the

significance of Pratylenchus in Western Australia

(WA). This prompted an extensive survey of the

wheat growing areas of that State (Riley & Kelly in

press). This survey revealed that potentially yield-

limiting populations of Po neglectus and P. thornei

occurred in much of the WA wheatbelt. In addition,

the study found an unexpectedly high level of

Pratylenchus species diversity. Although P. neglectis

was most commonly detected, populations identified

as P. brachyurus (Godtrey, 1929) Filipjev &

Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941, P. penetrans (Cobb,

1917) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven, 1941, 7

seribnert Stemer in Sherbakoff & Stanley, 1943, P.

thornei, P. zeae Graham, 1951 and an undescribed

species similar to Po thernei were also found.

Concurrently with this survey, Radopholus nativus

Department of Applied and Molecular Ecology, The University of

Adelaide Glen Osmond SA 5064.

H-math tanriley @adelaide.edu,au

“Landeare Research, Private Bag 92170 Auckland New Zealand

| VANSTONE, Vo A. (1991) The role of fungi and the root lesion

nematode, Pratvienchus neglectus, in damaging wheat roots i)

South Australia. PhD thesis University of Adelaide (unpub, :.

Sher, 1986 was found in 10 of 300 diagnostic

samples with migratory endoparasitic nematodes

(Riley & Kelly 2001), further highlighting the

diversity of migratory endoparasites in cropping

areas Of WA.

The species diversity in WA has. significant

ramifications because, until now, all efforts to

establish resistance of crop species and cultivars

grown in southern Australia have been limited to P.

neglectus and P. thornei (Taylor et al. 2000:

Hollaway ef al. 2000). Also DNA | based

quantification of root lesion nematodes in cropping

soils, provided initially by the South Australian

Research and Development Institute (SARDI) and

now by C-Qnetee Diagnostics (a division of Aventis

CropScience) is restricted to PB neglectus and P.

thornei. The work of Taylor, Hollaway and. their

coworkers has already shown that resistance to either

P. neglectus or P. thornei does not always provide

resistance to the other (Taylor e¢ al. 2000; Hollaway

etal. 2000). This means that suecessful management

of P. neglectus and P. thornei could be undermined

by a shift to predominance of other Pratvlenchus

species for which the crops grown are not resistant.

It is, therefore, important that in population

monitoring all Pratylenchus species occurring in

cultivated fields and native vegetation in agricultural

areas are identified, either by conventional diagnosis

or DNA tests, so that effective options can be

determined for sustainable management.

Taxonomists examined only a limited quantity of

material from the carlier survey in WA (Riley &

Kelly in press). Combined with the limited number

and nature of surveys for Pratylenchus in south-

eastern Australia, this means that the diversity of

species of Pratylenchus in southern Australia is

largely unknown. For the present study soil and root

sumples were therefore collected in areas of southern

Js 1h RILEY & WM WOUTS

Austittia for Hie extietion ot Pradvienehus spp. and

thei) identification by detailed monphetopied!

examination and morphormetrical compiurison. and to

provide additional ifernwition on geographical

Jistuburtion The resulls ure presented and discussed

helaw

Materials and Methods

Soil and root sumples were abtaineet io dryland

cropping areas of the southern Stites of runt

Australie in September and October, 12900 Ty South

Austria (SA). 173 simples were collected frony 49

sites und in WA, 102 suimples from 38 sites. Sites

were generilly cullrvated Fields with adjacent pative

yerelulion, Thiety five per cent of the samples from

SA and 480) (ron WA were collected Tron cultivated

fields. Samples from cultivated sells were

Composites Ot about six subsamples of raets and soil

to 100 pind deep asd samples from mitive yeretation

were mostly collected adjacent to single plants, Sites

in SA were selected alongs publie aeeess rotites

providing reasemable coverage af the main wheal

vrowihg regions vit. Murrty Mallee. Mad) North,

Yorke Peninsula and Eyre Peninsula. tn WA, a

proportion of the sites Visited had: been identified

previously us potentially having speeies other thaw 2

neglects and 2 termed other samples were

collected Wareas Where the greatest species diversity

was known fo occur A further nine samples trom

eight sites rant cropping areas in Vietont (Vie)

ware provided hy G. Hotliway (Agriculture Vie.)

Nematodes were extricted from soil by wet sieving

(45 pm) and saan flonition (Wours & Sher L971)

wou Tron roots ita misting cabinet Csouthey M986),

Nematades were heat killed. fixed in formation and

mounted iM wlycerol for microscapie examinuiien

(Wouls & Sher 1971).

Results

Prarylenohos species were found in 105 saniples

undomeluded 2 erenernis book P9960, Py neglectin Py

penerrans, LL seribneri, Bo teres Bhat & Singh, (975

and P. rarnec (Pable 1). Some populations could net

be identificd la species level because of tack ol

adilis or obscured characters. Althongh some

Pranvlenehus species, were found in native

verctuibion. best were present in cultivated spits

associited wilh Feld erops, pasture or weeds. Tn SA,

where alive vegetation was nore thoroughly

siinpled, three of the lout species colleetod were alst

found if these less disturhed habitats.

Preavlenchis crendis wis Tound i only two

sariples both train wheal elds dear Weshyiere and

Wilhiura, View These toclities are ti it 600-700 rin

minal zone, a zone wot saapled in WA iin SA,

Praivtenclins neglectas was (he West common

species it SA, bein Tou ta Ose of the

Cravlenciis popuhitions saeipled tit Chal astute.

Although Po mewdeettis ts considered to be tbe most

COMMON species i cropping areas of WA (Riley &

Kelly in press). our sapling purposeritly fogused

on ureas where (his species was hiown le le less

common, So Bo negeedis Wits Toned ih arly Stee ul

Pranlenchys populations sampled in WA,

Pratvlenchus neglectus was found i yest erays

Ineluding some (hat are considered poor oF (Ol Hosts

viz. Held pea, lupo ane verels O Taylor eee 200)

Pranlenotiy neglects was alse Found i View

Pratylonehus penetdds wars Pann i Taw

vepelation ab one site i SA aid baw farrow-leated

Jp Crop CLiyaiiies ee veOHis Lo) Wr axsocraled

weedy brissiea ib WA,

Pratvlenchus seribnert wis tound vi only oni

sample of barley roots Hom SA, bul tere were Low

specimens and (he ideotificaton is souewhtl

UNeerhn,

Praylnenis teres was found only ii WA where ti

was the tost commen of the species collected (40%

OF populations), Th wits Louth Te cssenentione WD a

broad range of phint species viv. canal, malive

plants, Gat, pasttre plaints. vartitis weeds anu wheal

Given that this is a new record fan Atetaba.

measurements are provided (Table 2) for coripurisan

with cartier deseriptions and dhitgranis to show

(Hig, 1) Some dillerence Fram 2 darned, the species

it Most closely resembles.

Pratylenchus thorne? wis Tound iy the (tree suites.

mostly in cropping soils bulls i) halve vegekition

in SA. Notably, it was vollevted in association with

field pen and tentil. both crops considered to be

resishint CHlollaway er af 2000), This muy represent

enrryover from the previous seanon, Meaty leeds

Horned Was found ina relatively minor propertion

(74) of Pratyleneliny populations in SAL where

samples were collected more mindomly, In WA,

hour 24% Of samples had Po tered but iis bs

likely to tefleet the different sampling criteria.

Mixed populations of Bo aeeleens and 2 rere

were Found in} smples (4 sites) from SA pnd 2

samples Tram WA. ‘Therefore tore than hall the

qlee’ populations detected oecurred 1H

vonpuimetian with Fo qeudecis, Apart from the

Hneertuin record ol 22 yeritineri, whieh was

assoglated with 2 aegleemis. mane ob the athe

species was found iy mised populations

Hoeleredencmenae Wollenweber, 1924 inales were

dlso extracted Frome awwheat and barley foot systems

Tram }2 siies te SA. dir all cases, (hey occurred th

USsUaHLOn with 2 pewlecras and jo one case wille i

mixed population OF AL yeadeeris and Go neni

Herereadenn (enae seise aot foun in WA, Chis is

consistent with the finding of Riley & Kelly tn

149

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150

PRALTYLENCHUS ASD RADOPHOLUS IN SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA 1S]

Tig, 1. A, Bo Mitten derive AJ Anterior end. 2,

Posterior end. CAL Prawienchus teres. C. Anturiar end. 0,

Posterior cod, by Vail terniius variation. Seale har = 20 pen,

press) (hil J, avende is nol common in that Stare,

Radaphatus netivas and Radophralis erenetiis

Colbrun, 1971 were found in native vegehuion: Wo

samples each of R, vativay in SA and WA and one

sample of Ro crenatis in] WA, One Ro nativus

population fram SA occurred in association with &

jeglectus, Although Ro jativuy was not found in

cropping soils, as reported by Riley & Kelly (2001),

asi) number of Radopholus juveniles was found

al the same site near Wyalkatchem that they had

investigated, This site was dominated by capeweed

(Arctotheca calendula (1) Levyns) and a small

proportion of grasses (such uy Lelinm rigidum

Gaudin. Merdewn leporinum Link and Bromus sp.)

in 1999. Tt appears that capeweed and these erasses

wre nol hosts for either / regleerisy nor AR. natives,

which were ubsent or scarce in the eleven samples

colleeted at the site. This observation is consistent

with the findings of Vanstone & Russ (2004, b),

who have shown the plants species found at this site

to be largely resistant lo 2 neglecius.

Figure 2 shows the geographic distribution of the

Pratvlenchus spp. and Radepholis spp. collected. In

WA, spevies other than 2 neglectuy occurred toward

the west and south where annual rainfall is higher. In

PNrean Mo CP9960 "The distibution, pathomenivity aod population

Uyruiies oF Paice tis there on wheal in Sooth Nuateatia

PAD thesis University ot Ackolaide Cuipib

Adutaiile

Fig, 2. Distribution of Mrarvlencties and Readoplolas species

collected ins southern Australi, AL Bo Pratylenchus

negleetiy und Prarvlenelues thorned A. In WA. B. la SA

and Vie. C, D, Other species. C, In WA. D- In SA und Vie.

SAcand Vie. Poneglectus wax widespread and.

although less commen, Po fore? occurred

throughout most of the area sampled. The other

species present in custern SA were mostly in native

vegetation. Pretvlenehis crenetus occurred in

cropping soils of a high rainfall area ol Vie.

Discussion

This study eontirms the diversity of Pralylenchius

species in WA cropping soils (Riley & Kelly in

press) and the relative Jack of diversity in SA (Nicol

19967). A predominance of PO negvlectus and/or P.

thornel in-cereal soils is Consistent with that in other

countries with climates similar to southern Australia.

lor example South Africa Gordaan ef af 1992) anal

lialy (Palmisano 1992), In Portugal, however, P

peneirany and Po erenatus were more commen in

cereals and other crops thin Boneglectus and 2

tharned (de O. Abrintes 1987). Similarly, ins other

chinaue zones. other Pratvlenchis species have

become predominant in cereal crops, for example /

seribneri is predominant in Arkansas, USA (Robbins

etal (989) and PB penetrans in’ Prince dwar

Island, Canada (Rimpinski ef al 1989).

While Ponegleenis and Po hore? may be the most

common species in cereal producing areas of

Ls* Tot Riker & WOME WOLTTS

Australie and sriike! ives worldwide: some authors

reporl wide species Wiversily as seen ih WAL Por

mstanice. Jevdaai er a (1992) found 2 britediuari.

PP ponerans and Po seae along with A neglects and

B thornet mowheat fields in winter rafal ares in

South Alien nd Poller & Townshend (1974) land

BPoerenatas, BP oneelenity Ginest common) 2.

penenans anil Po pracensiy (de Man. L880) Pilipjey

1946 jy cental suits in Ontario, Canadon Eh moister,

more Wericuilurally dHVerse GORA ments specles

Jiversity Gay be even greater: nine species. were

reported froin eld sors of caste Germany {Deeker

& Dowe (O74) and [4 species in eastern Cina

(Vownshend ef al 1978),

Provleachus (eres has not previously been

recorded in Australia. Towever, i the earlier survey

of WAS Riley & Kelly (in press) found) an

nidentified specs similar ta Po taker with

allinities lo Po teres or 7 fire (ML, Hadda, pers.

con. MOUS) which was probably the Bo ferey us

identified inthis study. Prarvleredaey teres identitied

here closely fits the original deseriphon al the

species (Khan & Singt 1975) god materi fromt the

French West lodies recently described by yan dey

Berg und Quénégherve (2000) (Table 21 The WA

specimens seem fo be sommewhal longer. but Tit

within the ranwe for the stylet leneth aod (hea tnd e

values, The h-value is considerably higher (0.2-7.4 vy,

FASS) but Uns one be cue ty distortion of the

acsophaveal region ih sevecuh oF our speaimens

wihel diay Have moved the base Gl the oesophagus

somewhi antler tesulting in easuring

Hiccoruenes. Phe grontest diserepuney seems to be

(he lend al the pusterion atarme sac whieh i the

origial deseriprion as wellas by van den Bors and

Onenéherve, is reported as abou (wie as lon as in

cu mmneriak Peanlenehus teres closely rescinbles 2

Hhoene? in body. stylet and tail length, the shape ol

ihe lip region ane the stylet kuobs and the positien af

the valve (Pin 1). Pragenotiis teres, therefore

Goll fe Con ried With 2) diaried, especkilly in arcs

where (he Hitler os conimen, "The honeliteds till. the

main character separating the lwo species. is quite

yaviible and specimens with only a light ereniten on

the Gil Gould be identified as 2 fired with slight

Merkings on the tol Termiiiuss ae eharieteristic nol

Yncommen i thal species, Genenlly thaush when

material is plenital the difference batween the two

species ds bylaws With Ate baving Ww more

pointed crenale ih Twas farther observed that the

lip region of P deres is ubout one inicton widee tain

the lip region of A phorina. This churagler may be

dieu ta niGasure but ia eireet comparison is

Timediately upparent Also the Hp region OF 7! fave is

more seb oof and the eephalie Timtework extension

shorter Han i B tetaed,

Alihotiath riot ah the spevics previonsly fourik om

drylund cropping soils of WA (Riley & Belly: in

press) were collected. the addin of 2oderes te the

lists Senifiednt. ASP teres was (He Tdst ZORTIAN

species collected in WA and vecuried Ta variety Of

vrops and native vevetation, 7th should he piven

priority for further investivaion, As muicuted above.

work on Bratvlenchas in southern Atestratia bas

concentrated on Po newectiy and Ro tlarner with

dillerences th host range. distribiilion and) iriprted

being found. Wis likely: that 2? teres will diffee rem

both of these adhd crop inunagenient straneies

designed to control 2 regleetas and Ao phoariier tine

he umdermined by Poteves. Sinee ils deseriplion tony

wiustud a 1975 there lhive been relatively few

reports af Po teres and studies ab ats biolegy ar

wcicatral siiaificinee. There is, thercvete, nes

information from whieh to predict ity Wm parkinee iy

WA.

The datechon OF 2 penerrany in WA is nitable

becuse the lupin routs were exceptionally heswely

infested This site and (he preceding wheat crcps lol

alsa heen heavily infested (S. Kelly, pers, corm

20000. Nawrow dead lap ts considered) ty be

resistant to Fo retelecis (Vo Vanstone, pers: coon

2000), The only lupm/Pranveacdits combinarion

assessed. so if uppeuars thal (his pesistanee is Hol

senerul dor all Peenlenchus spp. The oecurrence ot

PE penetiais in lupin, wher and brassieas ps ulsu

TMporGinl as it nidiodtes that ie tay nat be easily

controlled by crop rotation Cespeckuly i ips host

ninge includes the Common cerenl lerurne and

brassica crops). Pravlencliny pemerans his heen

recorded widely in all Australian States, ireby i

highurriinfallareas and/or associated with perconiul

evaps (Mebend etal (29d) bul also ii aissoeration

wilh lupin in Queensland (Qhiy) and: brassicas in

varlous Stites,

Praivlenchus seribnert has been identified remenily

insamples front eropping soi in WA (Riley & Kells

Wopressi her cartier reeords in Austraba are yes

considered tw be Mranvlenchin fordanenyis Usetiny

Wed MeLeod erat 1994). Further collections of 7

seria? wy Austrulin are cequired) ta contin its

presence.

Pratvlenchus crendtlas was Tound only yu Niel

ruintull area of Vietoriin whieh Hes outside the main

crapping ‘areas ol southern Australi Ib tite Been

recorded inscother Australian Stites in fist patil

urcits Ud) Maustly i dssechition willl perennials

(McLeod efat. 1994). With the carked increase in

donualevopping wasoelied with the relative deeline

in returns fron gray ie enterprises Th such arccis ios

possible thal PB crenares. along with others

Pratvlencliy species. Will emerge ds (NypORnAE pests.

The cullection of A, audiviny (rom nitive vomekation

in BA ds alse cote worthy This species. hi been

recowised ise poleniea agrivulriral pest in WA and,

PRATYLENCHUS AND RADQPHOLUS IN SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA 153

although less common than some Pratylenchus spp..

it is found widely distributed (Riley & Kelly 2001).

If particular factors, such as high frequency of lupin

cropping, are contirmed to contribute to the

dominance of Ro nativuy over Pratvlenchus under

certain circumstance in WA, a search based on this

information may also find R. natives in agricultural

soils in SA.

Acknowledgments

A Grains Research and Development Corporation

(GRDC) Visiting Fellowship for W, Wouts, with

additional funding provided by Agriculture Western

Australia (AgWA) and SARDI, enabled this work to

be undertaken. R. Loughman (AgWA) and S, Taylor

(SARDI) are thanked for their support and provision

of laboratory facilities and S$. Kelly is thanked for

assistance with field work in WA. GRDC salary

support for the senior author is also acknowledged. P.

A. A. Loof (Agricultural University Wageningen.

The Netherlands) is thanked for examining a

representative range of specimens. Samples from

native vegetation in WA were collected with the

permission of the Department of Conservation and

Land Management. M. Hodda and V. Vanstone are

thanked for their critical review the manuscript.

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Decker, H. & Dow, A. (1974) Uber das Auftreten von

Arten der Gatlungen Pratvlenchus, Pratylenchoides und

Hirschmanniella (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) in der

DDR. Helminthologia 15, 829-834.

bE O, ABRANTHS, T. M., bb FARIA, C. A. T. & DE A. SANTOS,

M. 8S. N. (1987) Root-lesion nematode (Praivlenchius

spp.) in Portugal. Nematologia Mediterranea 15, 375-

378.

Farsi. M.. VANSTONE, V. A, FISHER J. M. & Ravin, A. J.

(1995) Genetic variation in resistance to Praryleachus

nevlectus in wheat and triticales. Aust. exp. Agric. 35,

§97-602.

Hoiiaway. G, J. Taytor, S. P.. EAstwoop, R.F. & Hunt,

C. HL. (2000) Effect of field crops on density of

Pratylenehus in south-eastern Australia; Part 2: P.

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JORDAAN, E. M.. VAN DEN Bera, E. & De WaAnLE, D, (1992)

Plant-parasilig nematodes on field crops in South Africa.

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KHAN, FE. & Sinai, D. B. (1975) Five new species of

Pratylenchus (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) from India.

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Kimpinski, J.. ANDERSON, Ro V.. Jounston, H. W. &

Martin, R. A. (1989) Nematodes and fungal diseases in

barley und wheat on Prince Edward Island. Crop

Pratection 8, 412-416

McLrop, R.. Reay, F & Smyrn. J. (1994) "Plant

nematodes of Australia listed by plant and by genus”

(NSW Agricuture, Sydney).

Nicon, J. M.. Davirs. K. A. Hancock, 'T. W. & FIsHEr, J.

M. (1999) Yield loss caused by Pratylenchus thornet on

wheat in South Australia, J. Nematol. 31, 367-376.

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[Plant parasitic nematodes associated with durum wheat

in central and southern Italy]. Redia 75, SOL-S15.

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Suppressive impact of glucosinolates in) Brassica

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Ruuany, LT. & Keniy S. I. (2001) Radopholus nativus

(Nematoda: Pratylenchidae), a potential economic pest of

wheat in Western Australia. Nernilology 3, 25-30.

& —— (2002)

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Phytoparasitic nematode surveys of Arkansas wheat

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SoutHey, J. F. (1986) “Laboratory methods for work with

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M. (1994) Interaction between root lesion nematode,

Pratylenchus neglectus (Rensch 1924) Chitwood and

Oteifa 1952, and root rotting fungi of wheat. N.Z. J. Crop

Hort. Sci, 22, 181-185.

TAYLOR. S. P., HOLLAWAY. G1. & Hur, C,H. (2000) Effect

of field crops on density of Prarvlenchuy in south-eastern

Australia: Part I: Po neglectus. Suppl. J. Nematol. 32.

591-599,

_, VANSTONE, V. A., WARE, A. AL, McKay, A.C.

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neglectus and P. thorne’) with and without nematicide,

Aust. J. Agric. Res. 50, 617-622.

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Ranges of distribution of species of Pratylenchis in

Northeastern North America. Can. Pl. Dis. Surv. 58,

80-82.

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Hirshmanniella caribbeana sp. n. and new records of

Pratylenchus spp. (Pratylenchidae: Nematoda) from

Guadeloupe, French West Indies. Nematology 2, 179-

190,

VANSTONE. V. A. RATIUEN. A.J... WARE. A.A, & WHEELER,

R, D. (1998) Relationship between root lesion nematodes

(Pratvlenchus neglectus and P. thornei) and performance of

wheat varieties. Aust. J. exp. Agric. 38, 181-188.

& Russ, M. H. (2001a) Host suitability of

weeds to root lesion nematodes (Pratvlenchus neglectus

and P. thornet) Part One. Grass weeds. Australas. Pl.

Path. (in press).

& (2001b) Host suitability of

weeds to root leston nematodes (Pratylenchuy neglectus

and Po thorne’) Part Two, Broad-leaf weeds. Ibid, (in

press).

Wours, W. M. & SHER, S. A. (1971) The genera of the

subfamily Heteroderinae (Nematoda: Tylenchoidea) with

a description of two new genera. J, Nematol, 3, 129-144.

THE USE OF DIPROTODON AS A BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC

MARKER OF THE PLEISTOCENE

BRIEF COMMUNICATION

Summary

Diprotodons are the largest marsupials ever to have lived with individual masses of

some animals estimated to have reached up to two tonnes'. They are amongst the most

common animals identified in palaeontological literature with more than 240

citations’. Although seven different species have been described in the genus

Diprotodon, most workers contend that there are probably only two or three valid

taxa’. All Diprotodon species have been assumed to be Pleistocene-Recent in age’. As

a result they have been used as biostratigraphic markers for various fossil sites that

lack firm dates**. There are several reports in the literature however, that suggest the

presence of Diprotodon in Pliocene deposits®”*. This note reassesses two Diprotodon

specimens recorded from the Pliocene Chinchilla Sand in light of their preservation

and historical collection data. It also examines other Pliocene records for the genus

and concludes that Diprotodon is still a valid marker of the Pleistocene.

Hraretions of Mie Raval Seedy af Seat Austen M00. 2500), 155-15.

BRIEF COMMUNICATION

THE USE. OF DIPROTODON AS A BLOSTRATIGRAPHIC MARKER

OF THE PLEISTOCENE

Dipeatodons tite the Rintest marsupialsever to have tived

Wilh indivicliil isses of some sutimals estimated ty have

Fouche tip to two tonnes! They are aongst the led

vommnor aninuls dentfied in palidantalowiea! llepiture

with more than 240 ehanous Athoueh seven difleren

species tive heen deseribed tithe genus Ofpraiodon, iost

Works CONGATL That there vite probably onty two ce three

Valid desu AIL Dinaivdon species lave been ossiied i

be Pleistoeene-Reeent in aige As a resull they hive been

Hecdom Prostate phic Hiuirkers Fat wcious Missi bilo. nu

Jack firm dates’, There une several reports iy the literituee

however That suggest (he presence wh Diyravdin i

Phidcane deposits TAD Hole neuasesses Iwo DD ippitaeiony

speciniens recorded front the Phocene Chinehilla Sand in

Hah al their preseraition and bistaneal callverton cate Tt

aso examines wther Miocene records for the genus ard

camehides (hil Oifuworodet is stilla Walid: marke ah the

Pietsreene.

The Chinchilli Sim is at sequence of aweakly

Comsolidkittsl utey to Vellowost ond fall Rirgwi sures,

Ferrligifised heterogeiiatis: GouglOniaries. gris. suns

eloy Wid chiys. These auteraps rane Trane shallow bes to

sevlions several metres deep’, A wide minee ob cactusively

Plindenhe fda has heen recovercu Hout these sedinicnis anu

ure bio aa the Chinehilla Sand) Loew) Gana Two

Diprotedto mandibles COME SSS0, OME 10293) hayes alby

heen recorded os corning fron the deposit beat have: te

stratigraphic dats assehued with then, The leculity

‘Chinchille on the teaistration abel and the presen val ron ot

The Haindibles hive been dsed da (he basis to jistily Chiat the

tssils from Plioeene borivenisy tt

Chaehithes Tthis were the case. then the salidity: of vane

Oprofoden isu biostatyraphic oeker of (he Pleistocene

Wot be Called Hite Question,

Contry Geassertivgs that the Chinehilhe Sand contains

wily Pliveene horizons however, is evidence of

WUPETUDpOSTOn OF Queleriiry allie on the Chinchilht

Sed, Titerpretitian af the proverince Ob diy specnicns

eolleerel from the Chinchilla loeality, should) therefore

PLOLeCC AT GatliOnn Wiles: Can Fired by Strateraphie 4

hiosturaphit evidenue. The situation is firther

vomplicuted by less (han perfecteallect ny di! wilrseme

speeiiens that une listed Hom Chinehilhy hiving been

cullected From orher gies onthe During Dowrs . The

Jarve “iondibles are midced specimens of Oiprdvdan The

label dssboted with one af the specimens simply lists

Chinehitlie as the collecting loeality, the cufleerur as

Ko Browdbent ane collechon date of 2 Behruury (S87.

Rrogdbent's Held notes for the tonih or bebruary reveul

Hat his fossil colleen aclividies were tit bhiek soil oir the

binkoot the Condamnine, sone disniice Gone Chinchitha ~

were calhieted

Haypiih j

“HIOARHE MLO CTSRT EPP iiies hele ih Glideristatid Museu)

Jabiiy euniyiibe

The deseripuigi af the colleeting Tocligy is iiore Consestenit

With Pleistocene sites such ais Warrin just edtst of Chinehithi,

bossits Collected by Broudhent (orn Guthyiie sites were

brawght inte Chinelitli dnd shipped bachte the Queenshand

Musetin. This may be how Chinebitli beeame listedias the

collecting loculily lorthe specious,

Th April ol the sure veo, Broodbent calleehed the type

speamriens OF Avewene grave from the Chinehilla Samal.

The preservation ofthese specimens does rob mareli that ol

ciher ofthe Dipaiodon cuondibles Cavern the ialorniniian

from Browdhene’s field diaries and the fet that bath

Dipratvden specimens do not nudteh “traditional? Ciineh ba

Sand preservalton, iis reusable to sugeest (hal

Diprotodol does not lori part ot the Plrogene Chineh it

Toco! Paani und thatthe (vo mandibles die fram oy diflerent

Joculily on the Darling Downs, Furthermore the presence ql

TDUNdUM ospeciinets OF the structurtithy ureestul

Frvovgenter dancise im she Chinchilla Sand work also

sugaest (hal the Aipreredon miwndibles dil pot come tron

these Pliocene horizons! | |

There are (wo other supposed records al Aipraredon

from Pliocene loculides. A recard baseil gaily waa leah

Trugment from Pishermiain’s CHI Loch Paynah is nowy

remurded as doubiul Phe presence of Dipratadian i ie

second. (he Ramuaka Coca) Paani is based on three wien

incisors Gitip of a lower ineisor a lett band avivhe ty

Given the variability of these (eth in diprotodontines ibis

reasonable to question their identfiedtion and suggest (hal

They may to fue represen) the fennins ul Alnvseyene.

Pending more conclusive evidence ol siralinraphically

controlled specimens of Diprivdei trom, Pliseene depostts

His reenable Ga assume that the genus is restrivted: tu

Quaternary deposits, As suely il is a aselal biostraliraphie

marker fo assess We uge af certain deposits. AO better

Uniderstinding ef the biaehronalowy af different

diprotodontid species bas the potential to resolve the q2e pl

wirigts PhiosPlepstoagene stem (hat Gall oatsice: (raditonal

dating Webnmiques or where datable material is natavaihible,

The aithors wish te thank S. Hucknell J. Wilkinson ane

A. Cook, Queenshind Museunt who assisted in the location

Of the specimens. Po Bich cine bh. Blick pravided helptul

comments om the manuseripe Phe study of Lute Cumoseie

diprotedontids Was suppor! ie part by ai ARC Peogeun

(iru to Me Archer a grant from the Depuiriment of Arts.

Spork dhe Eavironenent, Louristn ail berriarios ta Me

Archer, S. Plane and 1b Godthelp. a erat fom the Nacional

Maiie Progean Grants Scheme te My Archer and A,

Bonholooiin saul grants to uid the Riversicith Researeh

Projeet from the Linrversigy of Sew Sooth Wales. War

Avsteatin My Pte 1b Austin and: rhe Australian

Geosmaphic Sociely,

156

' Murray, P. (1991) The Pleistocene Megatauna of

Australia pp. 1071-1164 /v Vickers Rich, P.. Baird. R. F,

Monaghan, J. & Rich, T. H. (Eds) “Vertebrate

Palaeontology of Australasia” (Pioneer Design Studio and

Monash University Publications),

- Rich, T. H. (1991) Appendix II: Literature References to

the Fossil Terrestrial Mammals of Australia pp. 1058-1069

Ihid.

* Stirton, R. A., Woodburne, M. O, & Plane, M, D.

(1967) Bull. Bur. Min. Resour. 85, 149-160.

' Archer, M, (1982) Review of the dasyurid (Marsuptilia)

fossil record, integration of data bearing on phylogenetic

interpretation, und suprageneric classification pp. 397-443

Mm Archer. M. (Ed.) “Carnivorous miuarsupials” (Surrey

Beally & Sons Pty Ltd and Royal Zoological Society of

New South Wales).

> Mackness, B. (1999), Trans. R. Soe. S. Aust. 123, 153-

154.

" Woods, ,f. T. (1960) J. Geol. Soc. Aust. 7, 393-403.

‘ Stirton, R. A., Tedford, R. H. & Miller, A. H. (196%)

Univ. Calif. Pub. Geol, Sci. 77, 1-30,

“Tedford, R. H., Wells, R.'T. & Barghoorn, 8S. E. (1992)

The Beagle, Ree, N-T. Mus, Arts Sei, 9, 173-194.

" Hand, S. J., Mackness, B. S., Wilkinson, C. BE. &

Wilkinson, D. M. (1999). Rec. West. Aust. Mus, 57, 291-

298.

'” Bartholomai, A. & Woods, J.T. (1976). Bull. Bur, Min.

Res. Geol. Geophy. 166, 151-152.

' Molnar, R. BE. & Kurz, C, (1997) Proc, Linn. Soe.

N.S.W. 117, 107-134.

2 De Vis, C. W. (1887) Proce. R. Soc. Qld 4, 99-106.

| Black, K. & Mackness, B.S. (1999) Diversity and

relationships of diprotodontid marsupials J Archer, M,,

Arena, R., Bassarova, M.. Black, K.. Brammall. J., Cook,

B.. Creaser. P.. Crosby, K., Gillespie, A.. Godthelp, H.

Gott, M,, Hand, S.J., Kear, B., Kirkman, A., Muckness. B..

Muirhead, J., Musser, A., Myers, T., Pledge. N.. Wang. ¥. &

Wroe, 8. (Rds) The evolutionary history and diversity of

Australian mammals. Aust. Mammal. 21, 1-45.

! Archer, M. (1977) Mem, Qd Mus, 18, 37-39,

'" Marshall, L. G. (1973) Mem. Nat. Mus. Viet, 34.

151-172.

BRIAN MACKNESS" & HENK GODTHELP, School of Biological Sciences, University of New South

Wales. Kensington NSW 2052, "Present address: PO Box 560 Beerwah Old 4519.

OBITUARY

JOAN BURTON PATON AM, BSc (Hons), MSc

1.1x.1916 — 28.iv.2000

Summary

Joan Burton Paton died in Adelaide on 28 April, 2000, after an outstanding career as

scientist and teacher. She was the fifth and youngest child of John and Dora Cleland.

When her father was appointed to the Chair in Pathology at the University of

Adelaide in 1920, the family moved to Adelaide and after a number of years took up

residence in what is now regarded as the family home — 1 Dashwood Road,

Beaumont, where Joan spent the rest of her life. Her schooling began at Miss Dutton’s

Kindergarten, Fullarton and than at Presbyterian Girls’ College (now Seymour

College). Joan began her science degree at the University of Adelaide in 1934

graduating BSc in 1937 followed by an Honours degree in Biochemistry in 1939 and

an MSc in 1947. Her career as a Biochemist commenced at the Institute of Medical

and Veterinary Science in 1940, where she worked for 12 years. She published the

first of her many papers in the South Australian Ornithologist in 1939 and this was

followed by contributions to the South Australian Naturalist.

JOAN BURTON PATON

AM, BSe( Hons). MSe

At Coolgubbin Camp, Connie Sue Highway, Great Victoria Desert, June 1974.

Photograph courtesy of Mrs A. Hardy

OBITUARY

JOAN BURTON PATON AM, BSe(Hons), MSe

haixlale

Jou Burton Paton died in Adehiide on 28 April,

2000. after un outsrnding career us Scientist ena

leveher She was the (lth und youngest childlot John

and Dora Cleland. When her father was appointed to

the Chait in Pathology atthe University af Adelaide

by 1920, the family moved te Adelaide and alter a

number of years taok up residence iheawhat is naw

resumed as the family honme-b Bushwood Rowe,

Beaumont, where Joa spent the rest ol her tile Mer

sehooling hegin al Miss Dution’s Kindergurten.

Hullarton and then at Preshytertan Girls’ College

fnow Seymour College). Joan hepa her science

degree at the University of Adekude jn 1934

eraduading BSe jy 1937 lollowed by an Honours

deeree tn Biochemisiry in 1939 and an MSe in O47

ler career us ab Bioehemist commenced at the

Tnstiiie of Medical amd Veterinary Setenee i L940,

Where she worked for f2 yours. She published the

linst OF fer many papers in the Seattle Nuserelion

Qrntihelogise in 1939 and vhs wits Follawwed by

conmibutions 10 the Sewth Anviealion Natwalixt

1 1951) Joan mirried Pat Paton angel with him was

(director of an engineering firm making seientitic

equipment The demunds of marriage. children. an

cari foram elderly father were all taken in her

stride. She inspired iiany people ta study yatural

sence us hobby dnd tiaeht (hed to understand the

complexities of the cnyironment und — iis

conservation, particularly through the Workers

Education Assoeition and the Department ol

Continuing Ndueation at the University of Adchiide,

Ie was during the [990s that TP became better

wequiimled with Joan. She would frequently visit Pat

Thomas in the South Australian Museum at lunelr

(ime and sometimes the three of us would cut

together in Pat's luhoratory where a plentiful supply

ol sweet vermouth was kept This Patserved to us it

heakers ahd, even thoueh we kraew (hat the sare

beakers lid contained @ kangaroo’s liver or salmen’s

ul only minutes before, we uppreciated the

generosily and the purifying effects ol aleahol! te

wits here that we heard Jown describe how to nianige

Wildlife sensibly, She was dreat conservationist and

accepted the gun as a malawennent lool, Joan was a

Worker, (helper and a born leader,

After tulkiog with Joan's friends, Peompiled a fine

about her personal tite. This Tollaws,

Dean Cordes. Department lor Environment ine

Jv, 2000

Hentage: Joan contributed ¢ long period of voluntary

service fo National Parks and Wildlife, SA, She was

uppornted aeoinenmber of the National Parks

Commission front (60 ta 972. With the winding

up OF the Commission, she was appointed to

Nadionil Fuvles and: Wildlile Advisory Committee

ron) 1972 to 1979, In 1980. ihe Minister for the

Rnavironmen) appointed Joa asa founding member

of the Sturt Consultative Committe on which she

served until her death,

Russell Thomas, |eubrook: Her love of things

ornithological was paramount As a teacher she

disphiyed great patience to students of all ages. She

was a trie lender - she had knowledge and drive,

Barbara Hardy AO) Seactifl: Joa was quiet and

humble bur dots of fun te be with in the Australian

Bush, On our first camping trip, Rex Ells lad in his

vehicle. a sinall refrigentor stacked with heer bul

when Jou collected a rare bird speeies, Gul wert the

heer and in went the bird careasses—no questions.

Joan hid a great understanding of niitire and: its

conservulion needs and she was ah effective lobbyist

for better management ol the natural environment

Hans Minehao: (served as Information Offer at

ihe South Australi Museum for twelve years thom

1964. During that time, Doan Paton was iny souree of

Information Tor answering questions on

Ornithological matters fran the public. She fought

Strongly tose native Habitat,

Anne Dow, Medindics My lianily uid |

wecompunied Joan on several expeditions. Jou was

brilliint, Gilented. dedicued to Ornithnlagy with a

eroul sense of humour.

Enid) Robertson, Blackwood: “The birds are

Where the platits aie” so said Joawn on the fest of our

inany shared cakiping trips. We shared sleeping

quarters to opniny unorthodox places: Kaka a

schoolroonm in Meningie and we shared miuny

stranve hedfollows dike cane towds near Mount tsa

and mosquitoes, whieh lad not leaned the rules

about being pul oll by iiseet repelling at hose Dain,

Margaret Ker, Colouel Light Gardens: First met

Jou a her bird chisses in 1968. Tnpressed upan me

tod

wus Whenever Leame aeross (freshly killed brid

hy the roudside, i) was to he picked up, frozen and

hounded on to loan. bantended many Consultative

Committee Meetings in ihe country with Jown ind

she wis wacheht to be with,

Lee Parkin AQ, Leahrook: Jou leaves a logagy of

dedicated bird-wulehers whose lives are enriebed by

Joun’s infectious fave of these beatihul creatures, 1a

all her omny involvements she was always

conscientious. hind working and contident in her

approvel lo Conservanion mutters, She oflen

presented Wie Wi gigantic pears. erusdhen

anichokes amd /or deck eges fron her raring

istatie garden, She was much loved ang sanired by

alhavho Knew her.

Barry Hutchins OAM. Noruficld: Joan wits past

Hresiden) and Lite Member of the Adelaide

Ornithologists Clab foc. and she mainbkuned a stroug

interest in club activities until ter deal. She was

always keen to debule conservation issites andl

published her opinions. Conservation a Soauth

Austrahu benefited areatly trom her help,

Muriel Reid, Hackney: | first encountered Jew

onthe hoekey field when we pliyed for University

Tosents ind fater us a students Jouns WEA class for

hewinners i Oroiibology, loan aad | were members

of the Tatler’s Clah, Here her papers and short willy

poems wete well recived. Her memory fat reeding

poet, learned wea child. wails legendary,

Ross Reid. Hackney: My memories ol ths

wonderfil womiin bess at the Tistinie of Medical

and Velermury Seience where she wis a chintval

hiowhemist und Lavi a sdeard year medioal student

hel it wats her leetures-on Ornitholoey whielr kineled

Iny CONLIN Interest in hird-watehing. On our

expeditions. she alivays bad her students upp and

vboul atl first fight sab the best part ool the day,

ivrespeetive of the weather “Reeord those

observalions” she would say, She was ui accurate

observer unit teader in biolowicn! conservatlon,

Joan attended meetings af the South Austin

Ornithological Assocation with her father wher she

wis a stidedt at Presbyterian Girls’ College. Glen

Osmond (now Seymour College) She helped her

furher by skinning birds and even disphiyed some al

tlese Specimens ul i meeting of the Association ip

1932. 1h was thar yeur loo, that she-was presented

With wopai al canines aad a sum OF money lor

WIDTH J essay COmpelitign on bus she had seen

duiriag ber holidys, Tewas daring this perina that her

lite lone interest in bitds was kindled,

Joon was alse at Keen sportsivoman, guniinat a

University Blue for Dickey and playing in the State

Hockey team. dN Teain pute deserihed her as “yrilly

and determined’, qialities thae prevailed i every

endeavour throweheul her te

Throughout her child-rearing years Jou did pot

pive up work and fe 1OS3 with twee babies sini al

breast she coutinved touching ut the Universiy ar

Adelaide, [owas commonly gecepted Liat she

maimed to feed the Iwins. Kail ahd read allan te

sume Hiroe. She was park time tutor and demonstrator

i) Bloehemistey and then th Bialugy and did) ron

retire until 1YS7, d+ years later, She jugeled hee like

marvelously during (hese periods and when

reyuired. as punter would have it locked the

children in the tennis court, rushed uff to the

Uniwersity and asked Pat, her hather or the: dag. to

keep ameye on them, Wher challenged ubout thts she

replied sternly with weritted teen = redid them ne

har’.

Prony (O44. Joan was a parttine leoruirer wilh the

WIA giving courses on nutrition. M1967 she started

whit becwme fer erealest passion peace hinys

uinithalugy — sonrething (hat she continued wat

(999,

Sir Johu Cleland, her father, used to (tithe banily

House with plant specimens aid flint. Foun. on the

other hand, woul Hiller he vermuidiths aid atte with

skeletons und wings of birds careliully prined out te

show dianostie feattires, Useful remains such as the

Slomuachs aiid ditestines were suved unl dispiatelive

i” Pu Thomas to be eaunined for parasites, And,

Haiitaining the family tradition, several pariesites

Wore subsequently named after Joan — iin honaiir sic

shared with her futher,

Joan Paton beeaine increasingly involved in the

hird clubs of the State and Nation, servings asa Vice

President anil then as President from 197% 1982 af

the South Austulian Ornithological Assaeiiion, She

was the Regional Representative oF the Royal

Australasian Ornithologists” Gyton fom (97% ler?

hefore joining (he Couneibof tie RAOUL tony lh2-

1UX7 uml also served ws Vice Present dit then

President a the Adelaide Ornitholosists’ Clib trom

JOOT-)993. And. ontup ofthis. she spent 7 yours an

(he School Counei) of the Presbyterian Girly College

(now Seymour College), reyulurly attended meennps

of the Royal Suctety of South Australi. Reyes

Geographical Society olf South Austrafia jind

Medical Sciences Club, wrate chapters for books on

the Birds oF the Heysen Trail the Flinders Ranges,

the eurly histary al Bncouier Bay and many

scientific papers on South Austratian birds, She was

also Honorary Researeh oVasoehe ab the Sourh

Australi Museu bor 25 years

These collective conmibutions to ornithology,

education aod conservation were recognised when

Joan beeame a Member of the Order et Australia