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ANNALS

OF THE

Lyceum or Natural History.

ANNALS

OF THE

Lyceum or Natura. History

NEW YORK.

VOLUME XI.

Rew Fork:

1876.

GREGORY BROS.,

Printers, 34 Carmine Street,

NEW YORK.

OFFICERS OF THE LYCEUM.

1876,

President.

JOHN S. NEWBERRY.

Vice-Pryesidents.

T. EGLESTON. BENJ. N.

Gorresponding Secretary.

H. CARRINGTON BOLTON.

Recording Secretary.

OLIVER P. HUBBARD.

@reasurey

JOHN H. HINTON.

Toibrarian.

LOUIS ELSBERG.

Committee of Publication

MARTIN.

DANIEL 8. MARTIN, JOHN S. NEWBERRY.

GEO. N. LAWRENCE. HENRY MORTON.

H. CARRINGTON BOLTON.

CONTENTS

OF THE

ELEVENTH VOLUME.

BY 8. T. BARRETT.

PAGE.

Notes on the Lower Helderberg Rocks of Port Jervis, N. Y., with descrip-

tion of a new Species of Pteropod, (Art. XXVII). ........... os

BY W. G. BINNEY.

On the Genitalia and Lingual Dentition of Pulmonata, (Art, IV).......

BY W. G. BINNEY AND THOMAS BLAND.

On the Genitalia, Jaw and Lingual Dentition of certain species of Pul-

monata, with a note on the Classification of the Achatinelle,

(PATE mE NONC ere musi cies oy susnah oinevens oladytorccheiol IT STIS aC OE OO ey Carn

BY THOMAS BLAND.

Notes on Certain Terrestrial Mollusks, with Descriptions of New

SPECLEs CATs WILDL). rer vatete cancie arouse here OOR oe oe Site atenreeseieed 2 2

Notes on the Sub-Generie character ot Helix Jamaicensis, Chemn., and

on Certain Terrestrial Mollusks from Haiti; with Description of

a New Species of Helix from Colorado, (Art. XVI)...............

Notes on Certain Terrestrial Mollusks, with Description of a New Spe-

GIES ON the Genus eA p Louden Gay (AMiAPNONEL\sevenceatepeleuetete stare pe eee eters

BY H. CARRINGTON BOLTON.

Index to the Literature of Manganese, (Art. XXIII)..........- alesse

BY WILLIAM BREWSTER.

Some Observations on the Birds of Ritchie County, West Virginia,

ESTE MENGV) ee hrereee, osetarorhstoveut ats cle ialecst thea xetomaacnmrckcietesber ors Mersestel evens

Some Additional Light on the so-called Sterna Portlandica, Ridgway,

Petes mR 2 sae rats. c: are arahiak: jouw see’ Hx gucwicsintn sanicea atoll qgdor Ae

BY M. C. COOKE.

The Myxomycetes of the United States, (Art. XXX) ...............005

BY AUGUSTUS R. GROTE.

Oa a New Species of Anarta, and on an Allied Genus, with a Note on

eeteengeS AC» (CATE OUD) os: 'ie Meln-n/S es noes «nie terhoela Dee Ghew een

Note on a Name in Entomology proposed by the late Coleman Townsend

ERO IGMTESD He CAD UMD) pee cc ovchd. cisloas Seated stalcadsge, custehen: ory dena oe

Descriptions of New Noctuz, with remarks on the Variation of Larval

HOM MS Auman Oni DL (ATI NO VLDL YS casera, a cle ci cletetsieueinete reacts =

290

166

“1

146

197

208

129

201

378

107

128

X Contents.

BY CH. FRED. HARTT AND RICHARD RATHBUN.

Morgan Expeditions, 1870-71. On the Devonian Trilobites and Mol-

lusks of Ereré, Province of Para, Brazil, (Art. XTII)...........-

BY H. W. HENSHAW.

An Annotated List of the Birds of Utah. (Att, TD)... 2.25. 1. 2s. ae oe ee

BY DAVID 8. JORDAN.

A Partial Synopsis of the Fishes of Upper Georgia, (Art. XXIX)...... oe

BY GEORGE N. LAWRENCE.

Descriptions of Two New Species of Birds of the Families Tanagride

and: Dyrannide:, (Amt. WiLL) Sts. cect te ae eiais einekeadets ote aie c

Descriptions of Four New Species of Birds from Costa Rica, (Art. IX)..

Description of a New Species of Jay of the Genus Cyanocilla; also of a

supposed New Species of the Genus Cyanocoraw, (Art. XIX)......

Description of a New Species of Bird of the Genus Pitangus, (Art. XX VI)

BY ALBERT R. LEEDS.

On an Asphaltie Coal from the Shale of the Huron River, Ohio, contain-

ing Seams of Sulphate of Baryta,—with a Geological Note by Dr.

J.S. Newberry, (Art. XT)) 0a ses ebe26 ade Be caine eee

Recent Progress in Sanitary Science, (Art. XXV) ..........-...-.see6

BY H. K. MORRISON.

Notes on North American Lepidoptera, (Art. X)...........00...00009+

BY FELIPE POEY.

Poissons de I’ Ile de Cuba: Espéces Nouvelles décrites, (Art. VI)......

BY RICHARD RATHBUN.

(see Hartt and Rathbun) }-.4)04r))5 scl ae tates ce bot e- e e e

BY ISRAEL C. RUSSELL.

Notes on the Ancient Glaciers of New Zealand, (Art, XXIV)............

BY RICHARD P. STEVENS.

Observations on Some Irregularities of the Floor of the Coal Measures

of Hastern Kentuelky, (Artylll. 7 aeeaee semester Seppe 53-

BY CHARLES D. WALCOTT.

Notes on Cerawrus pleurevanthemus, Green, (Art. XVII) ........... sees

Description of the Interior Surface of the Dorsal Shell of Cerawrus pleur-

enanihemus, (Arty XVELD Sc: cca. ccaceee nine was sis fo es een

BY I. C. WHITE.

Notes on the Coal Measures of Beaver County, Pennsylvania, (Art. II).

Notes on the Upper Coal Measures of Western Virginia and Penn-

pylyania,; (Arb Wijccms cries a! el Vie sale eieheaaeele ove Sega

110

307

163

288

105

266

110

251

155

159

Fig.

Ill

VI:

Vil

VUl.

rT.

Il.

LIST OF PLATES, VOL. XI.

Pras 1.

Bulimulus Lobbi, Reeve.

Dentition.

Alloperuvianus, Reeve. Genitalia.

. Bulimus foveolatus, Reeve. Dentition.

. Dentition of IT.

. Bulimulus rhodolarynx, Reeve.

Jaw of I.

. Bulimulus primularis, Reeve.

Peruvianus, Brug.

Dentition.

Genitalia.

For details, see page 44 of text.

Hise lr

Tak:

VIL.

NORE.

IX.

PLATE II.

Pallifera Wetherbyi, Binney. Jaw.

Same. Dentition.

Cylindrella brevis, Pfr. Genitalia.

Zonites sculptilis, Bland. Dentition.

Bulimus auris-sileni, Born. Genitalia.

Helix nucleola, Rang. 5

Cylindrella sanguinea, Pfr.

Strophia iostoma, Pfr.

Helix discolor, Fér.

Dentition.

Genitalia.

For details, see page 44 of text.

Figs. A to

For details

PuatTe IIT.

G, Liguus Virgineus, Linn. Dentition.

, see page 44 of text.

Figs. A to D. Orthalicus gallina-sultana, Chemn.

G. Liguus Virgineus, Linn. Genitalia.

For details, see page 45 of text.

PLATE V.

Fig. I. Zonites inornatus, Say. Genitalia.

Il. <‘* | friabiis, Binney, +

Ill. Lelix Troostiana, Lea. oe

IV. ‘* clausa, Say. +.

V. ‘ rufo-apicata, Poey. Dentition.

VI. <‘ Troostiana, Lea.

VIL ‘ Pennsylvanica, Green. Genitalia.

VIIL. ‘* nawv-denticulata, Chemn. Hg

IX. <‘“ Josephine, Feér, os

X. Geomalacus maculosus, Allm. at

PLATE Vi.

Fig. J. Jlelix Ciarvki, Lea. Dentition.

Il ‘“ Slearnsiana, Gabb. Genitalia.

Hl. Orthalicus obductus, Shuttl. Dentition.

IV. Helix Traski, Lea. Genitalia, in part.

V. ‘ Clarki, Lea. Dentition. a

VI. The same. Genitalia.

Vil‘ Wetherbyi, Bland. Dentition.

List of Plates.

PratEe LV.

E. The same. Jaw.

F. The same, Genitalia.

For details, see page 45 of text.

Figs. 1 to

4 to 8.

PLATE VII.

Mugil Brasiliensis, Agassiz.

PLatTeE VIII.

Muyil Gaimardianus, Desmarest.

Muyil trichodon, Poey.

PuatE IX.

Gymnothorax wnbrosus, Poey.

Neoconger perlongus, Poey.

PuATE, X.

Gymnothorax polygonius, Poey.

Dentition.

List of Plates.

PLATE XI.

Ceraurus pleurecanthemus, Green.

Xlli

(enlarged),

A. Transverse section of thorax at 4th segment.

B. Interior of dorsal shell.

C. Longitudinal section at median line.

D. Longitudinal section of single segment.

For details, see page 162 of text.

Jey Aaay UL

Fig. 1. Bulimulus pailidior, Sowb. Genitalia.

2. Helix aspera, Fér.

3. ‘* spinosa, Lea.

4. Limax montanus, Ing.

). Helix arrosa, Gould.

6. ‘* septemvolva, Say.

7. Ariolimax Hemphilli, Binney.

8. Helix crispata, Fér.

9. Ariolimax Andersoni, Cooper.

PratrE XIII.

Fig. A. Helix rufleincta, Newc. Genitalia.

B. Zonites cerinoideus, Anth. Dentition.

C. Amphibulima Rawsonis, Bland. Genitalia.

D. Cecilianella Gundlachi, Pfr. Jaw.

E. Orthalicus undatus, Brug. (var.) Dentition.

F. Helix Jamaicensis, Chemn. Genitalia.

G. Same as D, enlarged.

H. Same, dentition, in part.

af “e ce “6

J. Strophia incana, Binn. Dentition.

K. Helix Carpenteriana, Bland. ‘‘

PLATE XIV.

Fig. A. Helix fringilia, Pfr. * Dentition.

B. ‘ Jamaicensis, Chemn. sis

D. Achatinella venusta, Mighels. x

KE. Amphibulima Rawsonis, Bland. ‘‘

F. Glandina truncata, Say. a

G. Achatinella textilis, Fér. ue

“ee

Tat. ae obesa, Newe.

*See Plate XV, fig. A.

in part.

Xlv

Fig.

E. Palula Cumbertandiana, Lea. es

F. Cylindrelia Poeyana, Orb. +

G. Helix Diabloensis, Cooper.

*See Plate XIV, fig. A.

PLATE XVI.

Fig. A. Bulimulus limneoides, Fér. Jaw.

B. The same. Dentition.

C. Helix cereolus, Muhlt. 2

D. ‘* ewoleta, Binney. sg

E. The same,—see page 178.

F. ‘‘ rufescens, Penn. ye

+. ‘* dentiens, Fér. a

H. Trochomorpha Cressida, Gould. We

J. Nanina radians, Pfr. He

PuatTe XVIL.

Fig. I. Cylindrella ornata, Gundl. Dentition.

Il. Binneya notabilis, Cooper. Jaw.

Ill. The same. Dentition.

IV. The same. Animal.

V. Helix Tryoni, Newe. Dentition.

VI.- Succinea papillata, Pfr. ss

ae e cs pallida, Pfr. ie

VIII. Helix Van Nostrandi, Bland. ‘‘

IX. ‘ facta, Newe. Genitalia.

X. ‘ Tryoni, Newc. es

KI. .* follare Say: ne

XII. ‘* Van Nostrandi, Bland. Mo

XIII. ‘ facta, Newc. Dentition.

XIV. ‘‘ Hopetonensis, Shuttl. Genitalia.

XV. ‘ alternata, Say (var.) Uh

XVI. Endodonta incerta, Mouss. Dentition.

XVII. Patula Huahinensis, Pfr. ie

XVIII. Helix Rugeli, Shuttl. Genitalia.

XIX. ‘* tridentata, Say. BS

List of Plates.

PLATE XY.

. Helix fringilla, Pfr. * Dentition.

Carpenteri, Newe. ‘‘

pubescens, Pfr. Jaw.

. The same. Dentition.

“ec

List of Plates. XV

PLATE XVIII.

Fig. A. Helix Harfordiana, Cooper. Dentition.

B. ‘ leporina, Gould. se

C. ‘ Ingersolli, Bland. Ut

D. Limax montanus, Ing. “¢

E. Helix auriculata, Say. ¥

F. Var. castaneus of D. a

G. Ariolimax Andersoni. Cooper. s

H. a Hemphilli, Binney.

I. Anadenus, uh

For details of Plates XII to XVIII, see pages 195 and 196 of text.

PLATE XIX.

Map of Lake Wakatipu, New Zealand.

Present lake area in blue.

Ancient extension in yellow.

T. Outcrop of Tertiary limestone.

M. Old terminal moraine.

ANNALS

OF THE

LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.

I.— An Annotated List of the Birds of Utah.

Br H. W. HENSHAW.

Read April 6, 1874.

THE following list is based largely upon material collected

during the field season of 1872, while with the exploring

and surveying party, in charge of Lieut. G. M. Wheeler,

of the U. S. Engineers. In it are enumerated all the birds

thus far known to have been taken or observed within the

limits of the territory. To give it additional value as a

formal list, those known to breed, whether from actual obser-

vations in the field, or from their known breeding range, are

indicated.* Notes are also given respecting their relative

abundance or scarcity. Of the 214 species given, 160 were

either actually taken or noted by Dr. Yarrow and myself

during the season. Of the remaining species, 25 not met

with by us are contained in Mr. Allen’s list of birds, col-

lected in vicinity of Ogden, from September 1st to October

8th. Iam also indebted to Mr. Ridgway for a list of the

birds noted by him during his collecting trip in this locality,

including many not contained in either Mr. Allen’s paper or

our own report, and also for assistance in the preparation of

the list. It may be here stated that no collections have ever

been made in Utah during the spring months, and thus many

* A star is prefixed to the names of those known to breed.

JUNE, 1874. 1 Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., VoL. xr.

2 An Annotated List of the Birds of Utah.

of the spring migrants have entirely escaped notice. This

will account for the comparatively small number of species

mentioned. An entire season’s connected observations would

doubtless add many to the number.

TURDIDZ. The Thrushes.

*1. Turdus fuscescens Steph. Tawny Thrush. Summer resident.

- Common on Provo River in summer of 1869. (Ridgway.)

*2, Turdus Swainsonti Cab. Olive-backed Thrush. Very common.

Inhabits the thickets of the mountain streams. (Ridgway.)

*3. Turdus Pallasti Cab., var. Auduboniti Baird. Rocky Mountain Her-

mit Thrush. Less common than the preceding. Inhabits the pine region

(Ridgway.) Ogden, September. (Allen.)

*4,. Turdus migratorius L. Robin. Very common. Permanent resi-

dent.

*5. Oreoscoptes montanus (Towns.). Mountain Mocking Bird. An in-

habitant of the valleys and plains. Most abundant in the neighborhood

of settlements. ;

*6. Harporhynchus crissalis Henry. Red vented Thrush. Resident?

Found breeding, and nest and eggs obtained by Dr. Palmer at St. George.

Seen by me in same locality.

*7, Galeoscoptes Carolinensis (L.). Cat Bird. Very abundant. In-

habits the thickets.

CINCLIDZ. The Water Ouzels.

*8. Cinelus Mexicanus Swains. Water Ouzel; Dipper. Very abun-

dant. Inhabiting the rapid mountain streams. Permanent resident.

SAXICOLIDZ®. The Stone Chats.

*9, Sialia Arctica Swains. Rocky Mountain Blue Bird. Resident.

Very abundant. ‘‘ Found breeding at Salt Lake City and Antelope Island

in May and June.” (Ridgway.)

SYLVIIDA. The Sylvias.

*10. Regulus calendula (L.). Ruby-crowned Kinglet. Common

resident. Found breeding high up in the mountains by Mr. Ridgway.

Winters in the valleys.

PARIDZA. The Titmice.

*11. Lophophanes inornatus (Gamb.). Very abundant. Resident.

Breeds in mountains. Wintering in the cedars of the valleys. —

*12.° Parus montanus Gamb. Mountain Chickadee. Abundant. Res-

ident in the mountains.

*13. Parus atricapillus (L.), var. septentrionalis Harris. Long-tailed -

Chickadee. Abundant and resident in vicinity of Provo. Apparently not

very generally distributed. Not found in mountains.

An Annotated List of the Birds of Utah. 3

*14, Psaltriparus plumbeus Baird. Lead-colored Tit. Abundant,

moving in large companies. Breeds in the mountains, and winters in the

valleys.

SITTIDZA. The Nuthatches.

*15. Sitta Carolinensis (Gm.), var. aculeata Cassin. Slender billed

Nuthatch. Apparently not common in thesmountains. Met with on but

one ‘occasion by us. Resident.

*16. Sitta pygmea Vig. Pigmy Nuthatch. Same as preceding.

CERTHIIDA. The Creepers.

*17. Certhia familiaris L., var. Americana Bonap. Brown Creeper.

Rare in the pines of mountains in June. Probably’breeds. (Ridgway.)

TROGLODYTIDZA. The Wrens.

*18. Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus (Lafr.). Cactus Wrén. Rare

in southern parts of state. Several individuals seen in vicinity of St.

George, Oct. 27. Possibly breeds.

*19. Salpinctes obsoletus (Say). Rock Wreh. Exceedingly abundant

in rocky localities.

*20. Catherpes Mexicanus (Sw.), var. conspersus Ridgway. White-

throated Rock Wren. Rather rare, but generally distributed. Permanent

resident.

*21. Thryothorus Bewickii (Aud.), var. leucogaster (Gould). Bewick’s

Wren. Not uncommon in southern part of territory in fall. Probably

breeds.

*22. Troglodytes edon Vieill., var. Parkmanii (Aud.). | Parkman’s

Wren. Abundant inthe mountains. Permanent resident.

* 23. Cistothorus stellaris (Licht.). Short-billed Marsh Wren. Prob-

ably rare. Not taken, but evidence obtained of its breeding on borders

of Utah Lake.

*24. Cistothorus palustris (Wils.), var. paludicola Baird. Long-billed

Marsh Wren. Exceedingly abundant in the marshes everywhere. Per-

manent resident.

MOTACILLIDA. The Wagtails.

25. Anthus Ludovicianus (Gmel.). Tit Lark. Abundant in the

marshes. Winter resident.

SYLVICOLIDZX. The Warblers.

26. Helminthophaga ruficapilla (Wils.). Nashville Warbler. Appar-

ently common. Ogden, September. (Allen.)

*27. Helminthophaga Virginie Baird. Virginia’s Warbler. Frequent

among the scrub oaks of foot-hills, breeding. (Ridgway.)

*28. Helminthophaga celata (Say). Orange-crowned Warbler. Breeds

in mountains from 7,000 to 9,000 feet high. (Ridgway.) Common in Sep-

tember. Ogden. (Allen.)

4 An Annotated List of the Birds of Utah.

*29. Dendroica estiva (Gm.). Yellow Warbler. Very common in

neighborhood of settlements.

*30. Dendroica Audubonii (Towns.). Audubon’s Warbler. Abundant,

especially in fall. ‘‘ Breeds in the pine region of the Wahsatch.” (Ridg-

way.)

31. Dendroica blackburnie (Gm.). Blackburnian Warbler. ‘‘ Not

common. Ogden. September.” (Allen.)

32 (?). Dendroica nigrescens (Towns.). Black-throated Gray Warb-

ler. Ogden. September. (Allen.)

* 33. Geothlypis Philadelphia (Wils.), var. Macgillivrayi (Aud.). Mac-—

gillivray’s Warbler. Common in the mountains.

*34. Geothlypis trichas (L.). Maryland Yellow-throat. Common.

Distributed generally through the valleys of the territory, in the neigh-

hood of water.

* 35. Icteria virens (L.), var. longicauda (Lawr.). Long-tailed Chat.

Common. Inhabiting indifferently the thickets of foot-hills and valleys.

36. Mytodioctes pusillus (Wils.). Wilson’s Black Cap. Common as

a spring and autumn migrant.

*37. Setophaga ruticilla (L.). Redstart. Rather common as an inhabi-

tant of the mountains and valleys.

HIRUNDINIDZ. The Swallows.

* 38. Progne subis (L.). Purple Martin. Quite abundant in the moun-

tains, frequenting aspen groves. ,

*39. Petrochelidon lunifrons (Say). Cliff Swallow. Very abundant in

the mountains. Breeds in large colonies on the clifis.

*40. Hirundo horreorum Bart. Barn Swallow. Common. Builds

in barns, deserted shanties and caves.

*41. Tachycineta bicolor (Vieill.). White-bellied Swallow. Abundant.

Generally distributed. Breeds in the aspen groves in company with the

Martins.

* 42. Tachycineta thalassina (Swains.). Violet-green Swallow. Some-

what rare. Breeds in limestone cliffs, with the White-throated Swift (P.

melanoleuca) and the Cliff Swallow. (Ridgway. )

*43. Cotyle riparia (L.). Bank Swallow. Quite common at Provo.

Breeds in the river banks, in company with the rough winged (8. serri-

pennis).

44. Stelgidopteryx serripennis (Aud.). Rough-winged Swallow. Far

more numerous than the preceding, with which it is associated.

VIREONIDZE. The Greenlets.

45. Vireo olivaceus (L.). Red-eyed Vireo. Quite common at Ogden

in September. (Allen.)

*46. Vireo gilvus (Vieill.), var. Swainsonit Baird. Warbling Vireo.

Very abundant. Generally distributed. Found breeding, by Mr. Ridg-

way, from lowest valleys to altitude of 8,000 feet.

VK a

An Annotated List of the Birds of Utah. 5

*47. Vireo solitarius Wils., var. plumbeus Coues. Solitary Vireo.

Rather rare.

AMPELIDZ. The Waxwings.

48. Ampelis cedrorum (Vieill.). The Cedar Bird. Rather common.

Ogden, September. (Allen.)

_MYIADESTINA. The Solitaires.

*49,. Mytadestes Townsendii (Aud.). Townsend’s Solitaire. Rather

rare. Breeds on the mountains and winters in the cedar groves of

valleys.

LANIIDZ. The Shrikes, or Butcher Birds.

50. Collurio borealis (Vieill.). Great Northern Shrike. Of frequent

occurrence in fall. Winter resident.

*51. Collurio Ludovicianus (L.), var. excubitorides (Swains.). White-

rumped Shrike.* Quite common. Permanent resident.

TANAGRID/E. The Tanagers.

*52. Pyranga Ludoviciana (Wils.). Louisiana Tanager. Common.

FRINGILLID®. The Finches, Sparrows, Buntings, etc.

*53. Carpodacus frontalis (Say). House Finch. Very abundant.

Breeds in the valleys. ,

*54. Carpodacus Cassinii Baird. Cassin’s Purple Finch. Abundant.

Breeds on the mountains. (Ridgway.)

*55. Chrysomitris pinus (Wils.). Pine Finch. Breeds abundantly in

pine regions of mountains. Resident. (Ridgway.)

*56. Chrysomitris tristis (L.) Yellow Bird. Common. Permanent

resident.

*57. Chrysomitris psaltria (Say). Arkansas Finch. Quite common in

southern part of territory late in fall. ‘‘ Breeds sparingly near Salt Lake

City and to the eastward.” (Ridgway.)

58. Leucosticte tephrocotis Swains. Gray-crowned Finch. Obtained

near Salt Lake City in winter. (Stansbury. )

*59. Passerculus savanna (Wils.), var. alaudinus Bon. Lark Spar-

row. Abundant in marshy localities.

*60. Poocaétes gramineus (Gm.) var. conjinis Baird. Bay-winged Spar-

row. Very abundant. Frequenting the plains.

*61. Coturniculus passerinus (Wils.), var. perpallidus Ridgway. Yel-

low-winged Sparrow. Rare.

* 62. Chondestes grammaca (Say). Lark Bunting. Abundant every-

where on plains and benches. ;

*63. Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forst.). White-crowned Sparrow. Breeds

abundantly in the mountains.

6 An Annotated List of the Birds of Utah.

64. Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forst.), var. intermedia Ridgway. Ex-

ceedingly abundant in fall, and also a winter resident.

65. Junco hyemalis (L.). Black Snow Bird. Rare in fall. One speci-

men only taken in flock of Z. intermedia.

66. Junco Oregonus (Towns.). Oregon Snow Bird. Common in fall.

Winters at least in southern part of territory.

*67. Junco caniceps (Woodh.). Red-backed Snow Bird. Tolerably

common in the’pines of Wahsatch mountains in the breeding season.

(Ridg way.)

*68. Poospiza bilineata (Cass.).- Black-throated Sparrow. Breeds

abundantly in the vicinity of Salt Lake City. (Ridgway.)

*69. Poospiza belli (Cass.), var. Nevadensis Ridgway. Bell’s Finch.

Very common, especially as a winter resident, frequenting the sage brush

plains.

*70. Spizella socialis (Wils.), var. Arizone Coues. Chipping Sparrow.

Not common. ‘Breeds near Salt Lake City.” (Ridgway.)

*71. Spizella pallida (Sw.), var. Brewert (Cass.). Brewer’s Sparrow.

Abundant. Permanent resident. Frequents the sage brush of the

benches.

*72. Melospiza melodia (Wils.), var. fallax Baird. Western Song

Sparrow. Abundant. Permanent resident. ;

*73. Melospiza Lincolnit (Aud.). Lincoln’s Finch. Rather uncom-

mon. Found breeding in Parley’s Park, by Mr. Ridgway.

74. Melospiza palustris (Wils.). Swamp Sparrow. Very rare. A

single specimen taken in extreme southern part of Utah, Oct. 23.

*75. Passerella Townsendii (Aud.), var. schistacea Baird. Slate-colored

Sparrow. Abundant in the mountains. Breeds. (Ridgway.)

76. Calamospiza bicolor (Towns.). White-winged Blackbird. A

single specimen obtained in Parley’s Park in July, by Mr. Ridgway. A

few seen by Dr. Yarrow in Snake Valley on the borders of Utah.

*77. Hedymeles melanocephala (Swains.). Black-headed Grosbeak.

Very common. 2

*78. Cyanospiza amena (Say). Lazuli Finch. Numerous in the

valleys.

*79. Pipilo maculatus Sw., var. megalonyx Baird. Long-spurred

Towhee. Common in the valleys and in chaparral of foot-hills.

*80. Pipilo clorurus (Towns.). Green-tailed Bunting. Common. Con-

fined exclusively to the mountains.

81. Pipilo Aberti Baird.’ Abert’s Towhee. Not rare in extreme

southern portion of Utah. Probably breeds.

ALAUDIDZ. The True Larks.

* 82. Hremophila alpestris (Forst.). Shore Lark. Abundant. Perma-

nent resident. Var. chrysolema Wagler. Breeding and found sparingly

in winter. var. occidentalis, McCall. Predominating in winter. (Ridg-

way.)

An Annotated List of the Birds of Utah. | 7

ICTERIDZ. The Orioles and Blackbirds.

*83. Molothrus pecoris (Gm.). Cow Bunting. Not very common.

*84. Dolichonyx oryzivorus (L.). Bobolink. Rather commen through

the meadows.

*85. Xanthocephalus icterocephalus (Bonap.). Yellow-headed Black-

bird. Very numerous. Breeding in large companies. Winters in

small numbers.

*86. Ageleus pheniceus (L.). Redwinged Blackbird. Common resi-

dent.

*87. Sturnella magna (L.), var. neglecta (Aud.). Western Meadow

Lark. Very abundant. Permanent resident.

*88. Icterus Bullockii (Swains.). Bullock’s Oriole. Abundant. Fre-

quenting the vicinity of the settlements.

*89. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus (Wagl.). Brewer’s Blackbird.

Most abundant of the Blackbirds. Permanent resident.

CORVIDZ. The Crows and Jays.

*90. Corvus corax L., var. carnivorus Bartr. Raven. Very abund-

ant. Permanent resident.

*91. Corvus Americanus Aud. Common Crow. Apparently not com-

mon. Seen in vicinity of Provo, in July. Of recent occurrence.

*92. Picicorvus columbianus (Wils.). Nutcracker. Very common in

fall. Inhabits exclusively the mountains. Permanent resident.

*93. Gymnokitta cyanocephala Pr. Maximilian’s Jay. Abundant in

the cedars. Permanent resident.

*94. Pica caudata Flem., var. Hudsonica (Sabine). Magpie. Numer-

ous and generally distributed. Resident.

*95, Cyanura Stelleri (Gmel.), var. macrolophus Baird. Long-crested

Jay. Common. Found only in the mountains. Resident.

*96. Cyanocitta Floridana (Bartr.), var. Woodhousei Baird. Wood-

house’s Jay. Numerous. Resident. Not found in the mountains.

97. Perisoreus Canadensis (L.), var. capitalis Baird. Gray Jay. Wah-

satch mountains. (Allen.)

TYRANNIDZ. The Tyrant Flycatchers.

*98. Tyrannus Carolinensis (L.). The King Bird. Quite common

near the settlements.

*99. Tyrannus verticalis Say. Arkansas Flycatcher. Common.

*100. Myiarchus cineruscens Lawr. Rare in Parley’s Park. (Ridgway.)

*101. Sayornis Sayus (Bon.). Say’s Flycatcher. Rather common.

Found in the valleys and rocky cations. (Ridgway.)

*102. Contopus borealis (Swains.). Olive-sided Flycatcher. Rare in the

mountains.

* 103. . Contopus virens (L.), var. Richardsonti (Swains.). Short-legged

Pewee.

8 An Annotated List of the Birds of Utah.

*104. Empidonax flaviventris Bd., var. dificilis Baird. Western Yellow-

bellied Flycatcher. Rare in pine woods of the mountains in July.

(Ridgway. )

* 105. Empidonax obscurus (Swains.) Wright’s Flycatcher. Common.

Chiefly confined to the mountains.

*106. Empidonax Hammondii Baird. Hammond’s Flycatcher. Less

common than the preceding. Occurring in the fall.

*107. Empidonax Trailii (Aud.), var. pusillus Swains. Little Fly-

catcher. Especially abundant in the valleys, frequenting the willow

thickets along the streams. ‘‘ Breeds on the mountains up to 7,000 feet.”

(Ridgway.).

ALCIDINIDZ. The Kingfishers.

*108. Ceryle alcyon (L.). Kingfisher. Commen on all the streams.

Found by Mr. Ridgway in the mountains up to 7,000 feet.

CAPRIMULGIDZA. The Goatsuckers.

*109. Chordeiles popetue (Vieill.), var. Henryi Cass. Western Night

Hawk. Very abundant in the valleys, and breeding in mountains up to

7.000 feet. :

*110. Antrostomus Nuttalli (Aud.).° Nuttall’s Whippoorwill. Same

range as preceding, though much less numerous. °

CYPSELIDZA. The Swifts.

*111. Panyptila saxatilis (Woodh.). White-throated Swift. Not un-

common. Builds its nest in holes in limestone cliffs.

TROCHILIDA. The Humming Birds.*

*112. Trochilus Alexandri Bourc. and Muls. Alexander’s Humming

Bird. Numerous in the valleys. ‘‘ Breeds up to 8,000 feet.” (Ridgway.)

*113. Selasphorus platycercus (Swains.). Broad-tailed Humming Bird.

Common at Ogden in September. (Allen.) Exceedingly abundant in

Wahsatch mountains, from May to August. (Ridgway.)

CUCULIDZ. The Cuckoos.

114. Coccyzus Americanus (L.). Yellow-billed Cuckoo. Heard in

July at Provo. As the species breeds abundantly in Arizona (Tucson,

Bendire), as well as in Nevada and Sacramento Valley (Ridgway), it

doubtless nests in portions of Utah also. The season at which it was

noted renders this supposition most probable.

* Stellula calliope Gould. The Star-throated Hummer doubtless occurs in the moun-

tains of Utah, since it was observed plentifully by Mr. Ridgway in the East Hum-

boldt mountains, in the eastern portion of Nevada, in August and September.

An Annotated List of the Birds of Utah. 9

PICID. The Woodpeckers.

*115. Picus villosus (lu.), var. Harrisii (Aud.). Harris’ Woodpecker.

Common. Confined generally to the mountains. Permanent resident.

*116. Picus pubescens (L.), var. Gairdnert Aud. Gairdner’s Wood-

pecker. Rare. Our specimen noted at Provo in November. A few in-

dividuals seen by Mr. Ridgway in Wahsatch mountains in July.

*117. Sphyrapicus thyroideus (Cass.). Brown-headed Woodpecker ;

Black-breasted Woodpecker; Williamson’s Woodpecker. Rare in the

pine region. (Ridgway.)

118. Melanerpes erythrocephalus (.). Red-headed Woodpecker. A

single individual observed at Salt Lake City in June. (Ridgway.)

*119. Melanerpes torquatus (Wils.). Lewis’ Woodpecker. Not very

common, but generally distributed. Resident.

*120. Colaptes Mexicanus Swains. Red-shafted Flicker. Very com-

mon everywhere. Resident.

STRIGIDZA. The Owls.

*121. Speotyto hypogea Bonap. Prairie Owl. Not very common.

Resident.

*122. Bubo Virginianus (Gmel.), var. Arcticus (Swains). Great horned

Owl. Common in the wooded portions. Resident.

*123. Otus vulgaris Flem., var. Wilsonianus (Less.). Long-eared Owl.

Exceedingly abundant in the thick brush along the streams. Resident.

FALCONIDH. The Hawks, Eagles, etc.

*124, Falco communis Gmel., var. anatum Bonap. Duck Hawk.

Rather common. Resident.

*125. Falco polyagrus Cassin. Prairie Falcon. Somewhat common

on the plains. Resident. (Ridgway.)

*126. Hypotriorchis columbarius L. Pigeon Hawk. Rather frequent.

Generally distributed. Resident.

*127. Tinnunculus sparverius (L.). Sparrow Hawk. Very common

everywhere. Resident.

*128. Pandion haliaétus (L.), var. Carolinensis Gm. Fish Hawk.

Rather rare. Resident.

*129. Haliaétus leucocephalus (Briss.). White-headed Eagle. Rather

common. Resident.

*130. Aquila chrysaétos L., var. Canadensis (L.). Golden. Eagle.

Rather common in the mountains. Resident.

*131. Archibuteo lagopus (Brunn.), var. sancti-johannis Penn. Black

Hawk. Exceedingly abundant in the vicinity of Provo Lake in winter.

* 132. Archibuteo ferrugineus (Licht.). California Squirrel Hawk. The

eggs of this species, together with the parent birds, collected in the

vicinity of Ogden, are in the Smithsonian collection.

10 An Annotated List of the Birds of Utah.

* 133. Buteo borealis (Gmel.), var. calurus (Cass). Common. Resident.

*134. Buteo Swainsonii Bonap. Swainson’s Buzzard. Very abundant

in the mountains. (Ridgway.)

* 135. Accipiter Cooperti Bonap. Cooper’s Hawk. Rare. Generally

distributed, but chiefly seen in the mountains. * Resident. (Ridgway.)

*136. <Accipiter fuscus (Gm.). Sharp-shinned Hawk. Common. Resi-

dent.

*137. Circus cyaneus (L.), var. Hudsonicus (L.). Marsh Hawk. Ex-

ceedingly abundant in the low lands. Resident.

CATHARTIDZ. The American Vultures.

?138. Cathartes Californianus Cuv. Californian Vulture. Very rare.

Two individuals seen near Beaver, Nov. 25.

*139. Cathartes aura (L.). Red-headed Vulture; Turkey Buzzard.

Common. Resident.

COLUMBIDZ&. The Doves or Pigeons.

*140. Zenaidura Carolinensis (L.). Carolina Dove. Abundant in the

valleys. Breeds up to 8,000 feet. (Ridgway.)

TETRAONIDZ. The Grouse.

*141. Tetrao obscurus Say. Dusky Grouse. Abundant. Resident.

Confined exclusively to the mountains.

142. Centrocercus urophasianus (Bonap.). Sage Hen. Very abund-

ant, principally upon the plains, but found in the valleys of the moun-

tains up to 7,000 feet.

*143. Pediocetes phasianellus (L.), var. columbianus (Ord.). Sharp-

tailed Grouse. A single company seen about the middle of September in

grassy foot-hills near Meadow Creek. (Yarrow.) Resident.

*144. Bonasa umbellus (L.), var. umbelloides (Dougias). Ruffed

Grouse. Occurs sparingly in the mountains near Ogden. (Allen.) Also

near Salt Lake City. (Ridgway.) Resident.

PERDICIDZ. The American Quails.

*145. Ortyx”Virginianus (L.). Quail; Bob White. Introduced near

Ogden and Provo. (Allen.) :

*146. Lophortyx Californianus (Shaw). Californian Quail. Intro-

duced near Ogden. (Allen.)

*147. Lophortyx Gambelii Nutt. Gambel’s Quail. Very abundant in

southern part of territory. Resident.

CHARADRIID®. The Plovers.

*148. Agialitis vociferus (L.). Kildeer Plover. Very numerous.

Resident.

An Annotated List of the Birds of Utah. 11

*149, igialitis nivosus Cassin. Snowy Plover. Very abundant on

shores of Salt Lake in May. (Ridgway. )

SCOLOPACIDZ. The Snipes, Sandpipers, etc.

150. Gallinago Wilsonii (Temm.). English Snipe. Abundant. Found

in Parley’s Park during the entire summer. Probably breeds. (Ridgway.)

151. Macrorhamphus griseus (Gm.). Red-breasted Snipe. Abundant

during the fall. Probably breeds, as it was obtained at Provo in July, in

full summer dress.

152. Tringa alpina L., var. Americana Cass. Red-backed Sandpiper.

Common at Ogden in September. (Allen.)

153. Actodromas minutilla (Vieill.). Least Sandpiper. A few seen

about July 26, at Provo. Not common at Ogden. (Allen.)

154. Evreunetes pusillus L. Semipalmated Sandpiper. Abundant dur-

ing the fall migrations.

155. Symphemia semipalmata (Gmel.). Numerous on south shore of

Salt Lake. Breeding. (Ridgway. )

156. Totanus melanoleuca (Gmel.). Greater Yellow Legs. Abundant

during the fall migration.

157. Totanus flavipes (Gmel.). Summer Yellow Legs. Not common.

Ogden, September. (Allen.)

158. Rhyacophilus solitarius Bonap. Not common. Ogden, Septem-

ber. (Allen.)

*159. Tringoides macularius (L.). Spotted Sandpiper. Common along ©

the streams and lakes.

*160. Actiturus Bartramius (Wils.). Bartram’s Field Plover. Rather

common on Kamas prairies in July. (Ridgway.)

*161. Numenius longirostris Wils. Long-billed Curlew. Breeding

abundantly on shore and islands of Salt Lake, in May and June. (Ridg-

way.) Abundant during the fall migration.

RALLIDZ. The Rails, Gallinules and Coots.

162. Rallus elegans Aud. King Rail. Said tobeuncommon. Ogden.

(Allen.)

*163. Rallus Virginianus L. Virginia Rail. Common in the marshes.

Resident.

*164..Porzana Carolina (L.). Carolina Rail. Not so common as

preceding. Winters? .

*165. Porzana Jamaicensis (Gm.). Little Black Rail. Occasional in

summer. Parley’s Park, June, July and August. (Ridgway.)

*166. Fulica Americana Gm. Coot.: Very abundant. Resident.

PHALAROPIDA. The Phalaropes.

*167. Phalaropus Wilsonii Sab. Wilson’s Phalarope. Common at

Salt Lake.

12 An Annotated List of the Birds of Utah.

RECURVIROSTRIDA. The Avocets and Stilts.

* 168. Recurvirostra Americana Gm. American Avocet. Abundant.

Breeding at'Salt Lake in June. (Ridgway.)

*169. Himantopus pera conae Vieill. Black-necked Stilt. Same as

preceding.

GRUIDZ. The Cranes.

*170. Grus Canadensis (L.). Sand Hill Crane. Not uncommon.

TANTALID. The Ibises.

171. Tantalus loculator L. Wood Ibis. Rather common visitant.

*172. Ibis Ordii Bonap. Glossy Ibis. Common. -

*173. Ibis alba (L.).. White Ibis. A few seen at Ogden, Sept.

(Allen.) Probably breeds in considerable numbers.

ARDEIDA. The Herons.

*174. Ardea herodias L. Great Blue Heron. Common. Resident.

175. Herodias egretia (Gmel.). White Heron. Not uncommon in

the fall.

*176. Botaurus lentiginosus Steph. Bithenm: Common in all parts of

the territory. Resident.

*177. Nyctiardea grisea (L.), var. nevia (Bodd.). Night Heron.

Very common. Resident.

ANATIDA. The Swans, Geese and Ducks.

178. Cygnus Americanus Sharpl. Whistling Swan. Jordan River,

March. (Stansbury.) ‘

179. Anser hyperboreus Pal. Snow Goose. Common winter resident.

*180. Branta Canadensis (L.). Canada Goose. Immense flocks

pass through the territory in fall, and large numbers winter.

*181. Anas boschas L. Mallard. One of the most common ducks.

Breeding abundantly, and wintering in large numbers.

182. Anas obscurus Gm. Black Duck. A few seen at Rush Lake in

Nov. (Yarrow.)

183. Dajila acuta (L.). Pin-tail. Common in fall.

*184. Nettion Carolinensis (Gm.). Green-winged Teal. . Very abun-

dant. é

185. Querquedula discors (l.). Blue-winged Teal. Not nearly as

abundant as preceding. Perhaps breeds. :

*186. Querquedula cyanoptera (Vieill.). Red-breasted Teal. Com-

mon summer resident. Breeding abundantly in the marshes.

187. Spatula clypeata (L.). Shoveller. Very common in the fall.

*188. Chaulelasmus streperus (L.). Gadwall. Very abundant. But

few winter.

*189. Mareca Americana (Gm.). American Widgeon. Abundant.

An Annotated List of the Birds of Utah. 13

190. Aix sponsa (L.). Summer Duck. Common. Ogden, Sept.

(Allen.)

191. Fulix marila (L.). Big Black Head. Common in fall.

192. Fulix affints (Eyton). Little Black Head. Autumn migrant.

Utah Lake. (Captain J. H. Simpson.)

*193. Fulix collaris Donovan. Ring-necked Duck. Common.

194. Aythya ferina (L.), var. Americana (Kyton). Numerous in fall.

195. Bucephala Americana Bon. Golden Eye. Abundant in fall

and winter.

196. Bucephala islandica (Bd.). Barrow’s Golden Eye. Perhaps

not uncommon in fall and winter. A pair were taken in Provo River,

December 1. ;

197. Bucephala albeola (L.). Butter Ball. Very common in fall

and winter.

*198. Erismatura rubida (Wils.). Ruddy Duck. Common.

199. Mergus merganser L., Cass. Sheldrake.

* 200. Mergus serrator L. Red-breasted Merganser. Abundant.

201. Lophodytes cucullatus (L.). Hooded Merganser. Common in

fall.

PELECANIDE. The Pelicans.

*202. Pelecanus erythrorhynchus Gm. American Pelican. Common

upon the lakes. Although no longer breeding upon Great Salt Lake, it

undoubtedly does so within the limits of the territory.

PHALACROCORACIDA. The Cormorants.

*203. Graculus dilophus (Sw.). Double Crested Cormorant; Black

Shag. Common at Salt Lake.

LARIDZ. The Gulls and Terns.

*204. Larus Californicus (Lawr.). California Herring Gull. Common

summer resident. (Ridgway.)

205. Larus Delawarensis Ord. Ring-billed Gull. Rather common

Winter resident.

206. Chrecocephalus Philadelphia (Ord). Ogden, Oct. 1. (Allen.)

207. Xema Sabinet (Sab.). Fork-tailed Gull. One taken at Ogden,

Sept. 28. (Allen.)

*208. Sterna regia Gambel. Royal Tern. Not uncommon in summer,

(Ridgway. )

*209. Sterna Forstert Nutt. Forster’s Tern. Abundant. ‘*‘ Breeds in

marshes of Salt Lake.” (Ridgway.)

*210. Hydrochelidon jissipes (.). Short-tailed Tern. Rather uncom-

mon. ‘‘ Breeds in marshes of Salt Lake.” (Ridgway.)

COLYMBIDZ. The Loons.

211. Colymbus torquatus Brunn. Great Northern Diver. Probably

not of infrequent occurrence.

14 Notes on the Coal Measures of

PODICIPIDZ. The Grebes.

212. Podiceps occidentalis Lawr. Western Grebe. Common. Prob-

ably breeds.

213. Podiceps cornutus (Gm.). Horned Grebe. Rather common in

fall.

214. Podilymbus podiceps (L.). Carolina Grebe. Common in fall.

II.—Wotes on the Coal Measures of Beaver County, Penn-

sylvania.

By J. C. WHITE.

Read March 16th, 1874.

Tue observations on which this paper is based have been

confined almost entirely to the northern half of Beaver

county, and that portion which lies along the Beaver River.

This river flows along a nearly central line through this part

of the county, and empties into the Ohio at Rochester. Its

banks are frequently precipitous and afford excellent expo-

sures of the strata.*

The city of New Brighton is on the left bank of the river,

about three miles from its mouth, and almost directly oppo-

site is the town of Beaver Falls, Seven miles above New

Brighton, at the junction of the Pittsburg and Erie railroad

with the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago railroad, we

find the village of Homewood. The line of section begins

at Homewood and follows the Beaver River to Rochester.

The strata here exposed extend from the Mahoning sand-

stone to the base of the Tionesta sandstone, and dip south-

* Beaver county occupies a nearly central position in the tier of counties which

form the western border of Pennsylvania. The Ohio River, flowing nearly due west

through the greater part of the county, divides it into two subequal portions, a north-

ern and a southern; the former of these abuts against the Ohio state line, the latter

against that of West Virginia, at the narrow end of the “ Pan Handle.” The Beaver

River flows into the Ohio in a nearly southerly course, and thus divides the northern

half of the county into an eastern and a western portion.

Beaver County, Pennsylvania. 15

eastwardly at the rate of little more than twenty-five feet

per mile.

The section as obtained along this line is as follows:

21. Sandstone, * Mahoning ”’.......cccescesccscccevcvs 30-75 feet.

20. Shale....... ntatele|stuiatdldleis,stn aietsiara stein’ etate nip elnidtere statd’pie (= ala/e 0-8 =“

19,5 Cowl, TU pper HLeepOrh” .waieels csi <inicicei'sicla\clslciisleinia\= 2-4 %

PSs HITCO AY iccicsscce cele as cece nreleraiate eta eieisiars eyeleisisicicle # starere 3-4 } Interval

17. Limestone “Freeport 7.....ccccccecccvccsccececece 24 «6 e 25-68

AG re SHAG ANGUS ANGSCONCs ic x:ola s\clsisie'siacla(n/elu vivinieieisi=inieloisi ela 20-60 ‘* J feet.

WD. “COA. occ ccacidecccuiensscceccvcsccesseccecsveeecisiewess 13-13. “

14. Shale....... Sstetalalelele(e,eslelelofajeie’alelafe/aisin sig olelsisiaiaivisse aiuisie\s 15-20

13. Coal, “ Lower Freeport ”.....ssseeseccccceseceeee 1j-4+

12. Shale and Sandstone. ... ..cccece seccccceccccccce 25-30 °*

11. Coal, ‘* Kittamning’....ccccccccccsccccccsccncccccce 2-3. «Ss

TU): SUMO neeeonodtcsedesdoud comacono sUupdEiasodosesacncded 25-30 ‘

ASSN ALG i eiwtalvinistetoreloraiale/aivlalstelstateiaiaia’a'vicjers\emiubieisielslnisiniel='s/a'a's 15-25 * Interval

Se limestone, “Ss WerritenOus cele aelqcie's sisieie)s's sieiaisle = Seg, TE RS eee)

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The Mahoning Sandstone is usually a massive rock, and is

seen capping the hills in the vicinity of New Brighton,

where it rests directly upon the Upper Freeport coal. The

decomposing pyrites of the coal, acting upon the base of

this stratum, forms alum, so that in some portions of the

county the mass is known as the “Alum Rocks.” This

sandstone shows the fantastic forms of weathering so charac-

teristic of it. It presents marked irregularities in thickness,

and its composition is not persistent. At some localities it

occurs in sandstone bluffs seventy-five feet high, while in

others it is simply a mass of shale. ?

The Upper Freeport Ooal, owing to its impurity, as well

as to its abrupt variations in thickness, is of little impor-

tance. It contains a very large proportion of pyrites, and

within a few hundred feet will vary from one to three feet in

thickness. It is occasionally mined for domestic use by

those living on the hills near its outcrop, and it is the source

16 Notes on the Coal Measures of

of supply for some distance along the Darlington road. It

is rarely used where other coals are accessible.

The Freeport Limestone is here a pure white limestone,

and very persistent. It would burn into lime of excellent

quality, but is not employed for that purpose, or indeed for

any other. The original settlers discovered the impure

Ferriferous limestone and burned that. Their descendants

have continued to use that rock in preference to the Free-

port ; for what reason, it is difficult to say.

The lower portion of No. 16 is fossiliferous, and yielded

large numbers of individuals belonging to the following

species: Productus semi-reticulatus, P. Nebrascensis, P. cos-

tatus (?), P. Prattenianus, Spirifer plano-convexus, Athy-

ris subtilita, and spines of Zeacrinus mucrospinus.

The thin coal, No. 15, is a persistent member of the

group, but is not mentioned in Rogers’ report. It is of fair

quality.

The shale No. 14 is quite rich in vegetable remains, prin-

cipally of the genera Pecopteris, Sphenophyllum, Neurop-

teris, Hymenophyllites, Calamites, and Sigillaria.

The Lower Freeport Coal nowhere attains workable thick-

ness along the line of section, excepting at one locality on

Trough Run, where it suddenly expands to four feet, and be-

comes an impure cannel of little value.

The Kittanning Coal is the important bed in this portion of

the county, and is mined somewhat extensively, not only to

supply the home demand, but also for shipping. It is quite

‘pure, is an excellent gas coal, and cokes readily. It is rarely

more than thirty-two inches thick, and never more than three

feet, in this region, yet owing to its quality it is profitably

mined for shipment on a large scale. At Clinton, ten miles

above New Brighton, the Crawford mine yields two hundred

tons daily, and there are others almost as productive. In

the vicinity of New Brighton and Beaver Falls, the seam

shows the same thickness and is of equally good quality,

but is mined neither extensively nor intelligently. _No more

‘ Beaver County, Pennsylvania. 17

is taken out than suffices to supply the needs of those min-

ing; and when from any cause it becomes inconvenient to

work at an opening any longer, it is deserted and allowed

to fall down, to the great detriment of the property.

The Ferriferous Limestone is of interest, both because of

its fossils and of the variations in its thickness and quality.

On Trough Run it is only eight inches thick; two miles

below, on Rippling Run, it is eight feet; while on the other

side of the river, and directly opposite the latter locality, it is

only one foot. Traced northward, fifteen miles from New

Brighton, it is found to be twenty-five feet thick at Wam-

pum. Opposite the bridge over Block House Run, near

New Brighton, it is seven feet thick. From it, at this

locality, a very good hydraulic cement was manufactured by

the Pittsburg and Erie Canal Co., which was used by them

in building their locks. At Wampum it is extensively

quarried to supply the iron-furnaces at Pittsburg, Alleghany,

and other cities in the vicinity. Everywhere it is richly

fossiliferous, and from various localities the following species

have been obtained: Productus Nebrascensis, P. seni-retic-

ulatus, P. longispinus, Spirifer lineatus, Spirifer sp. (?),

Athyris subtilita, several species of Platyceras, Pleurotomaria

turbinella, P. Grayvilliensis, P. perhumerosa, Polyphemop-

sis peracuta, Polyphemopsis sp. (?), Huomphalus rugosus,

Lophophyllum proliferum.

The Clarion Coal is finely exposed in the vertical cliffs

above New Brighton and below Trough Run, presenting a

black band, which is conspicuous for some distance along

the river. It never exceeds eighteen inches in thickness,

but is said to be of remarkably fine quality.

The Brookville Coal is traceable with some difficulty. In

a small gully, emptying into the Beaver River, opposite New

Brighton, this seam is double, the two parts separated by

four feet of shale. The bed is of no economic value.

The Shale, No. 7, is fossiliferous. On Trough Run I ob-

tained from this stratum the following species: Productus

JULY, 1874. 2 ANN. Lyc. NAT. HIST., VOL. XI.

18 Irregularities of the Floor of the.

Nebrascensis, Chonetes mesoloba, Hemipronites crassus,

Spirifer plano-convexus, Athyris subtilita, -Aviculopecten

Whitei (?), Nucula ventricosa, Nucula (?) anodontoides,

Nuculana bellistriata, Bellerophon Montfortianus, Bellero-

phon Stevensanus, Bellerophon percarinatus, Plewrotomaria

Grayvilliensis, Pleurotomaria carbonaria, and Nautilus occi-

dentalis, together with many fragments of crinoidal stems.

On a small run entering the Beaver, about three miles above

New Brighton, the lower portion of this stratum is made up

almost entirely of Aviculopecten Whitei, and attached to

these shells are Spirorbis carbonarius in countless numbers.

The latter fossil occurs at this locality only. This shale

‘seems to disappear entirely where the overlying limestone

attains considerable thickness.

In the Shale No. 3 are vast numbers of vegetable remains,

for the most part so imperfect that anything beyond; mere

generic determination is impossible.

The Tionesta Sandstone is a very hard, coarse, white

rock. It is quarried extensively at Homewood, by the

Pennsylvania Railroad Co. It is there fifty feet above the

river, but passes under the river opposite New Brighton.

III.— Observations on some Irregularities of the Floor of the

Coal Measures of Eastern Kentucky.

By R. P. STEVENS.

Read October 27, 1873.

Durine a late trip to the Cumberland Mountains, I ap-

proached them via the Knoxville Branch of the Kentucky

Southern Railroad.

At Mount Vernon, Rockcastle Co., and in that vicinity, the’

sub-carboniferous limestone is 300 feet thick (by estimate).

Thence:the railroad: runs eastward to Rockeastle River, and

Coal Measures of Eastern Kentucky. 19

after reaching the summit at the head of Rough Rock Creek

(a tributary of the former) has a descending grade eastward

of fifty feet to the mile.

In the first five miles, the limestone, which at Mount Ver-

non is 250 feet above the grade, has at Pine Hill descended

to the grade, and even below it.

At Pine Hill is the first workable coal. The coal measures

here rest upon the sub-carboniferous limestone without the

intervention of the conglomerate.

Immediately across the first intervening valley the lime-

stone rises above the grade of the railroad 30 feet ; and piled

upon it are some eighty or ninety feet of coarse siliceous

conglomerate, reaching to the tops of the high hills bordering

the railroad. Here, at the 136th mile post, is an anticlinal.

The eastward dip of the limestone is 24°, and the westward

dip 50°; and through it are cut two tunnels.

Passing on eastward to the 137th mile post, the limestone

has sunk beneath the railroad, and the conglomerate is at the

grade. Halfa mile farther, the conglomerate is replaced in

part by sandstone.

At the 138th mile-post, and at the first crossing of Rough

Rock Creek, the limestone is in the bed of the creek; over

it are ten to twelve feet of sandstone, then thirty to forty

feet of black and purple shale, with a few feet of sandstone ;

and over these, coal measures. The lower vein of coal

appears a little farther on, in the left bank of the stream.

At the 139th mile post, sandstone replaces the colored

shales ; but in the distance of a few rods they come in again

and continue to Livingstone, where sandstone appears with

thin conglomerate bands, in place of the large volume of

conglomerate.

At the termination of the railroad, a few rods beyond the

depot, sands and pebbles begin to be cemented with lime;

and at Goodin’s Mine, limestone for ninety feet replaces the

conglomerate. |

20 Genitalia and Lingual

Across Pond’s Hollow, the limestone rests upon a sand-

stone, in its normal condition.

All these changes take place in the distance of five miles.

We have here the evidence of the following series of con-

ditions ;—first, two miles of strong currents, bringing in

coarse gravel; next, gentler currents for one mile, bringing

in fine sand; then a quiet bayou, a mile broad, receiving

deposits of carbonaceous mud; then for another mile,

stronger currents again, carrying sands and pebbles; and

finally at the Rockcastle River, tearing up the limestone and

giving instead of it a mixed deposit of lime, sands and peb-

bles. All these changes, looking at them with reference to

the coal above, are in one common horizon.

IV.—On the Genitalia and Lingual Dentition of Pulmonata.

By W. G. BINNEY.

With Plates I-VI.

Read May 25th, 1874.

Ir will be noticed that in the following descriptions of the

genital system, I have followed Dr. Leidy (Terr. Moll. U.

S., I) in applying the terms ovary and oviduct. I am aware

of other names being applied to the organs by other authors.

I take this opportunity of strongly urging upon concholo-

gists the study of the genital system as a most reliable spe-

cific character, in the terrestrial Pulmonata. :

_ For the species extralimital to the United States, I am

indebted to my friend, Mr. Thomas Bland, as well as for their

identification. The most interesting of them were collected

by Prof. Orton, in his late journey in northern Peru.

Limax flavus, Linn.

A few days since a colony of this species was discovered

by a friend in the cellar of his house in Burlington, N. J.

Dentition of Pulmonata. 21

The specimens agree perfectly with the description and fig-

ures in the “Terrestrial Mollusks of the United States.”

The genital system is also the same as figured by Leidy in

the same work, and by Moquin-Tandon (Moll. Terr. et Fluv.

de France). There can be no doubt, therefore, of the iden-

tity of the species.

The figure of the dentition of this species given by me in

L. and F. W. Shells N. A., I, p. 63, f. 105, is drawn from

some other species.

The true Z. flavus now examined by me has central teeth with subobso-

lete side cusps, bearing no cutting points, central cusp short, with a

short, bluntly pointed cutting point. Laterals like the centrals, but un-

symmetrical. Marginals aculeate, the extreme ones bifurcated. Teeth

in the lingual examined over 60-1-60.

The figure by Dr. Leidy published by Mr. Bland and

myself (Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. of N. Y., EX, 285) though

unsatisfactory, was, no doubt, drawn from this species.

The lingual membrane examined by me agrees with the

figures given by Heynemann* of the dentition of L. flavus.

Limax agrestis, Linn.

Specimens from Burlington, N. J., of this species, of un-

doubted identity, agreeing externally and anatomically with

the figures in the “Terrestrial Mollusks of the United States,”

furnished the lingual membrane here described.

Teeth 50-1-50, with 14 perfect laterals. Centrals long, narrow, with a

middle long cusp, extending to the lower edge of base of attachment, and

bearing a long, acute cutting point, extending far below the lower:

edge; side cusps subobsolete, but bearing well-developed, triangular

cutting points. Laterals like centrals, but unsymmetrical by the changed

form of the inner cutting point. Marginal teeth aculeate, the extreme

ones do not appear to be bifurcate.

Jaw wide, low, slightly arcuate, with broad median projection.

*See Mal. Blatt, X.

22 Genitalia and Lingual

Limax Hewstoni, I. G. Cooper.

The specimens examined are from the state collection of

California, presented by Dr. J. G. Cooper.

These specimens are not in good condition for anatomical examination,

but I am able to state that both testicle and ovary are large. The ovi-

duct is long and greatly convoluted. The prostate is well developed.

The vagina is very short, the very short duct of the genital bladder enters

at about its middle. The last named organ is large, globular. The penis

is small, short, cylindrical, expanded and bulbous at its apex, where the

vas deferens enters. I could detect no accessory organs in the single

specimen imperfectly examined. :

The genitalia are somewhat of the same type as those of L. flavus (see

Terr. Moll. U. S., I), Linn., but the dentition of the latter is quite dis-

tinct (see above). There is a still. stronger resemblance to the genitalia

of Amalia gagates as figured by Semper (Phil. Archip., pl. xi, fig. 9), so

far as the penis and genital bladder are concerned.

The species certainly belongs to the section Amalia, as

understood by Semper (I. ¢. p. 84) and Heynemann (Mal.

Blatt., X, 200) as shown by the dentition of the lingual

membrane. I have already, in connection with Mr. Bland

(Ann. N. Y. Lye. N. H., X, 349), described the dentition.

It is necessary, however, to be more explicit in the descrip-

tion, as several types are found in the genus Zimax (in the

broad sense usually adopted).

Dr. Cooper’s type now before me has the lingual membrane long and

narrow. There are about 50-1-50 teeth. The centrals are tricuspid, the

middle cusp is stout and reaches to the lower edge of the base of attach-

ment, the side cusps are not well developed; all three cusps bear a cutting

point. The base of attachment is almost as broad as high. The lateral

teeth, about 22 or 25 in number, are of the same type as the centrals,

equally tricuspid, and so symmetrical as to be with great difficulty distin-

guished from the central tooth, excepting the outer ones, which lose the

inner cusp. The marginal teeth are aculeate, not bifid, and are generally

short and stout, but in some specimens are long and slender.

So far as outward appearance goes, the species somewhat

resembles Amalia marginata, Drap., as figured by Lehmann

(Lebenden Schnecken, etc., pl. v, fig. B). It is, however,

by no means certain that it was introduced into San Fran-

cisco, as Mr. H. Hemphill has sent me specimens of an

Dentition of Pulmonata. 23

Amalia from Los Angeles. His species had about 48 teeth

in each row, 16 being laterals, the balance marginals, a dif-

ference of arrangement which may fairly be considered to

show a specific difference between his specimens and the San

Francisco form, though his discovery leads us to consider

Amalia as native to California.

Limax maximus, Linn.

I have also reéxamined the lingual of this species from

specimens collected in Newport, R. I. (see my edition of

Gould’s Invertebrata of Mass., p. 407, fig. 669) and find it

to agree with the descriptions and figures of Lehmann and

Heynemann. I am preparing an exhaustive paper on the

dentition-of our land shells, in which more particular de-

scriptions of the dentition of all our species will be given.

I will here say, however, that in the specimen examined by

me the bifurcation of the marginals commences nearer the

median line than is described by Heynemann. There are

but twelve marginals without bifurcation in my specimen,

that is, the bifurcation commences at about the thirtieth tooth

from the central line. Heynemann gives the commencement

of the bifurcation at the sixty-fifth tooth. There are 76-1-76

teeth.

Limax campestris, Binney.

d To complete the series of North American Limaces, I

subjoin a summary of the characters of this species, the only

one now known to be native to eastern North America.

There are 36-1-36 teeth, 11 being perfect laterals, and 25

being marginals. Of the latter about one-half are bifid.

The centrals and laterals are of the same type as in LZ.

agrestis.

Judging from dentition alone, ZL. maximus and flavus

would be placed in Heynemannia, a subgenus of Limax;

agrestis in s. g. Agriolimax; campestris in s. g. Malacoli-

max; While Hewstoni would be in the genus Amalia. (See

Heynemann, Nachr. Mal. Gesell., I, 163.)

24 Genitalia and Lingual

Limax Weinlandi, Heynemann (Mall. Blatt., X, 212), I

do not know. The figure given by Heynemann (I. ec. pl. ii,

fig. 1) of its dentition does not agree with that of LZ. cam-

pestris.

Limazx campestris differs widely in its genitalia from Limax

agrestis, as will be seen by Leidy’s figures in Terr. Moll. U.

pes ty plat, fice. 6.

Zonites capnodes,* W. G. Binney.

Tennessce.

Jaw as usual in the genus.

Lingual membrane broad, with numerous rows of about 66-1-66 teeth.

Centrals long, with a long, slender, median cusp, reaching the base of

attachment and bearing a long, slender point projecting beyond it. Side

cusps subobsolete, but represented by the cutting points, which are

greatly developed, triangular, stretching beyond the sides of the base of

attachment. Lateral teeth of same type as centrals, but bicuspid; there

are about nine perfect laterals. Marginals aculeate, as usual in the

genus.

Ihave not been able to observe the complete genital sys-

tem of the species. The penis has the same arrangement as

in Z. levigatus. The external orifice is quite under the

edge of the mantle.

In the Land Mollusken of the “Archip. der Philippinen”

(p. 78, pl. iii, fig. 27; pl. v, fig. 21), Semper describes and

figures the genital system, jaw and lingual dentition, which

he refers to Z. lucubratus, Say. The specimen examined by-

him was from Tennessee. ‘It is difficult to decide from what

species Semper drew his description. It certainly was not

the true lucubratus, which is a Mexican species. A com-

parison of my descriptions and figures of Javigatus, tnor-

natus, fuliginosus and friabilis shows that neither of those

species could have been before Semper. His description of

the lingual membrane would better apply to capnodes. I

have not been able to examine the whole of the genital

system to sce how nearly that also agrees with his figures.

* Formerly erroneously spelt Kopnodes.

Dentition of Pulmonata. 25

Zonites friabilis, W. G. Binney.

Mr. A. G. Wetherby.

Jaw as usual in the genus.

Lingual membrane similar to that above described of Z. capnodes.

Teeth about 57-1-57, with six perfect laterals.

The genital system is figured on pl. V, fig. m1. The ovary (11) is stout,

light-brown, and blunt. The oviduct (8) is short. The vagina is long

and narrow, with a yellow prepuce-like expansion at the entrance of the

duct of the genital bladder, which is near the base. The genital bladder

(9) is large, oval, on a duct of about equal length and size as the vagina:

The penis sac (5) is long and slender, and peculiarly characterized by a

lateral bulbous expansion near its base, bearing the retractor muscle (6).

Beyond this bulb the sac is narrow, but gradually expands, and towards its

end again very gradually tapers towards the apex, where the vas deferens

(7) enters. [ts orifice is side by side with that of the vagina.

I found no dart in the bulb-like organ attached to the penis. It prob-

ably is a form of prostate. The external orifice is under the mantle.

Zonites inornatus, Say.

The genitalia (pl. V, fig. 1) have the same general arrangement as in

Z. friabilis, herewith described. The ovary (11), however, is very much

more developed, being in this species the most conspicuous organ in the

system; the cpididymis (2) is less convoluted, the oviduct (8) is longer,

the vagina shorter, the genital bladder (9) more clavate, with a shorter

duct (16), and there is a small globular vaginal prostate (13).

Zonites sculptilis, Bland.

Tennessee. Miss Annie E. Law.

» Jaw as usual in the genus.

Lingual membrane long and narrow. Teeth about 40-1-40, with four

perfect laterals. Centrals tricuspid, laterals bicuspid, the side cusps of

each being almost obsolete, but surmounted by a triangular sharp point.

Marginals aculeate. The dentition is of the same type as in Z. capnodes,

see above. (PI. Il, fig. IV.) Fig. b represents the two extreme marginal

teeth.

Zonites Elliotti, Redfield.

Hayesville, N.C. Miss Annie E. Law.

Lingual membrane as usual in the genus. It will be noticed that there

are not any well developed side cusps to the centrals and laterals, though

there are well developed cutting points. Teeth about 32-1-32, with six

perfect laterals.

26 Genitalia and Lingual

The character of the dentition, as well as the caudal mucus pore, proves

the species to be a true Zonites, and not a Macrocyelis, in which genus it

is placed by Tryon, Am. Journ. Conch., II, 246.

The existence of the dart sac and dart has already been published.

Zonites internus, Say.

An examination of the animal by Mr. Bland shows the existence of a

dart.

Helix rufo-apicata, Poey. (Hemitrochus.)*

Cuba. Mr. Arango.

Jaw slightly arcuate, ends but little attenuated, blunt; anterior surface

without ribs; cutting edge with a broad, blunt, median projection.

Lingual membrane (pl. V, fig. v) long and narrow. Centrals long and

narrow with one median stout cusp, bearing a short, bluntly pointed

cutting point, the side cusps subobsolete. Laterals like the centrals, but

unsymmetrical. Marginals subquadrate, with one very broad, oblique,

acutely trifid cutting point, the central division the largest.

The figure @ gives one central tooth with two adjacent laterals, b gives

two extreme marginals.

The dentition has the same general character as the other species of

Hemitrochus, examined by me, viz., gallopavonis, graminicola, varians and

Troscheli.

Helix badia, Fér. (Dentellaria.)

Martinique.

For jaw and dentition see Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc., Phila., 1874, p. 52.

Genital system resembling that of H. Josephinw, herewith described.

Helix nuxdenticulata, Chemn. (Dentellaria.)

Martinique.

For description of jaw and lingual dentition see Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc.

Phila., 1874, p. 52.

The genital.system is figured on pl. V. fig. vnr. The ovary (11) is

short, stout. The oviduct (8) is wide, sac-like. The vagina is short,

small, with a bulbous expansion near its top; the duct of the genital

bladder enters at about the middle of its length, the sac of the penis near

its base. The penis sac (5) is very prominent. It is as long as the

*Mr. Rland and I have elsewhere (Ann. of Lyc. of Nat. Hist. of N. Y., X, 341)

pointed out the great difference in the lingual dentition of Helix muscarum, Lea, the

type of the subgenus Polymita, and the other species referred to the subgenus by

von Martens. We have suggested using for the latter the name Hemifrochus. We

have also shown that H. pista belongs to the true Polymita, sharing the peculiar den-

tition of muscarum.

Dentition of Pulmonata. 27

oviduct, narrowed at its base, along the remainder of its course quite

stout, but with a subcentral contraction, and a blunt apex, where the re-

tractor muscle (G6) is attached, and where the vas deferens (7) enters, the

latter swollen at this point. The genital bladder (9) is small, oval; its

duct (16) is long, irregular, narrowed above and below, but very much

swollen along the middle three-fifths of its length. As with the penis, the

duct of the genital bladder forms a conspicuous feature of the system.

Helix nucleola, Rang. (Dentellaria.)

Martinique.

Lingual membrane and jaw already described by me (Proc. Ac. Nat.

Sc., Phila., 1874, p. 52).

Genital system figured on pl. II, fig. vr. The ovary (11) is long and

narrow. The oviduct (8) is long, rather stout, but little convoluted.

The vagina is narrow, about one-third the length of the oviduct; just

below the middle of its length it has a bulbous expansion, which receives

the long, slender duct (16) of the small. oval genital bladder (9). The

penis sac (5) enters the vagina near its base; it is very long, cylindrical,

slender, with the vas deferens (7) and retractor muscle entering at its

apex.

Helix Josephine, Fér. (Denteliaria.)

Guadeloupe.

For description of jaw and lingual membrane, see Ann. Lyc. N. H. of

ING Yer, Xi, G00.

Genital system figured on pl. V, fig. rx. The testicle (1) is composed

of white ceca tipped with brown. The epididymis is greatly convoluted

near the ovary. The latter organ (11) is broad. The oviduct (8) is long.

The vagina is long and narrow; it receives the long slender duct (16) of

the small globose genital bladder (9) near its top. The penis sac (5) is

long and slender, its opening being by the side of that of the vagina,

rather than actually into the latter organ, its apex rapidly narrowing to

an acute point, near which enters the vas deferens (7).

Helix discolor, Fér. (Thelidomus.)

Martinique.

Jaw and lingual membrane already described by me (Proc. Ac. Nat.

Sc. Phila., 1874, p. 51).

Genital system short and stout in its various parts, excepting the ovary.

(11) which is long, slender, acutely pointed. The epididymis (2) is long,

convoluted at the end near the oviduct. The oviduct (8) is stout, sac-like.

The genital bladder (9) is as long as the oviduct, clavate, stout, with no

distinct duct, but gradually tapering to-its entrance into the vagina,,

which is at the upper end of the latter. The penis sac (5), is the most

28 Genitalia and Lingual

prominent organ. It enters the vagina at its base. It is as long as

the whole system, stout, especially in its lower half, abruptly terminating

in an acute point above, where it receives the vas deferens. The latter

organ (7) is enlarged for some distance after leaving the penis sac. The

retractor muscle (6) of the penis is inserted on the side of the sac, at the

lower third of its length. Pl. II, fig. IX.

Helix Troostiana, Lea. (Polygyra.)

Kentucky, Mr. A. G. Wetherby.

Jaw as usual in the sub-genus Polygyra, with about ten, broad, crowded

ribs, denticulating either margin.

Lingual membrane (pl. V, fig. VI) long and narrow. Teeth about 25-

1-25. Centrals and laterals quadrate, the former tricuspid, the latter

bicuspid, the cusps stout: all the cusps with cutting points. Marginals

low, wide, with one inner, oblique, stout, short, bluntly bifid cusp, and

one outer, shorter, bluntly bifid cusp.

Genital system (pl. V, fig. III) long and slender, especially the ovary

(11), and oviduct (8); vagina long, recciving the duct of the genital

bladder below its middle, and the sac of the penis still lower down; penis

long, tubular, of about same width as the vagina, with a prominent bulb

at its apex, into the end of which is inserted the vas deferens (7) and at

the side of which the retractor muscle (6) is attached; genital bladder (9)

moderate, oyal, on a duct (16) of about equal length and size as the vagina.

Helix obstricta, Say. (Triodopsis.)

Ohio, Mr. A. G. Wetherby.

The genital system resembles exactly that of H. palliata, Say, as figured

by Dr. Leidy in Terr. Moll. U. S., I, pl. vii, fig. 8.

Helix Clarki, Lea. (Triodopsis? Mesodon?)

Hayesville, N. C., Miss Annie E. Law.

Jaw as usual, arcuate, ends attenuated, blunt; anterior surface with

about fourteen stout, separated ribs. denticulating either margin.

Lingual membrane long and narrow. Teeth about 35-1-35. Centrals

with a stout, short, median cusp, bearing a very short, blunt, cutting

point, the outer cusps subobsolete. Laterals like the centrals, but un-

symmetrical. Marginals wide, low, with one, inner, short, broad, sharply

bifurcated cutting point, and one shorter, outer, bifurcated cutting point.

Pl. VI, fig. I.

The genital system (pl. VI, fig VI) is peculiar in several respects. The

ovary (11) is very slender, and equals about one-half the length of the

oviduct. The epididymis (2) is highly developed, greatly convoluted,

stout, four times the length of the ovary. The oviduct (8) is convoluted.

Dentition of Pulmonata. 29

The prostate (4) is greatly developed. The penis sac (5) is short, cylin-

drical, entering the vagina near its base, and receiving both vas deferens

(7) and retractor muscle (6) at its apex. The genital bladder (9) is

small, oval, with a short duct (16) entering the vagina about the middle

of itslength. The vas deferens (7) is swollen on leaving the prostate.

Testicle not observed.

The marginal teeth of the lingual membrane are more of the type of

Triodopsis than Mesodon, as known to us at present. I am in doubt,

therefore, of the subgeneric position of the species.

Helix Wheatleyi, Bland. (Mesodon.)

Hayesville, N. C., Miss Annie E. Law.

Jaw as usual in the subgenus, with about twelve ribs.

Lingual membrane long. Teeth about 67-1-67. Centrals and laterals

as described under H. Clarki. Marginals high, narrow, with one very

long cutting point to the single cusp. Outer marginals about as high as

wide, with one long inner, obtusely pointed, cutting point, and one

shorter, outer cutting point.

The first marginal teeth resemble those of H. thyroides in the single,

greatly produced cutting point. The extreme marginals, however, are

bifid.

The genital system in the specimens received was too decayed to allow

of complete examination. The penis, however, was in perfect condition.

It forms the peculiar feature of the system on account of its enormous

development. It is short, cylindrical, with blunt ends, very stout, three

or four times as large as the oviduct, with retractor muscle, and vas

deferens at its apex.

Helix Pennsylvanica, Green. (Mesvdon.)

The upper portions of the genital system (pl. V, fig. VII) not observed.

The penis sac (5) is long and slender, with the vas deferens (7) and retractor

muscle (6) entering its apex, and its orifice entering the vagina near its

base. The genital bladder (9) is long, stout, cylindrical, with a median

contraction; its duct (16) is hardly distinct from it, with an entrance

opposite that of the penis sac. The prostate (4) is very large.

Helix clausa, Say. (Mesodon.)

Ohio.

Pl. V, fig. rv. The penis sac (5) is the conspicuous feature of the system :

it is longer than the oviduct, and almost as stout, of about equal size

throughout; it has the entrance of the vas deferens (7) and retractor

muscle (6) at its blunt apex. The genital bladder (9) is small, length-

ened oval, with a long, slender duct (16). The prostate (4) is narrow,

stout, prominent, cord like. The vas deferens (7) is large. The other

organs present no peculiar features.

30 Genitalia and Lingual

Helix Traski, Newc. (Arionta.)

Specimens from the mouth of San Tomas River, Lower

California, collected by Mr. Henry Hemphill.

The genital system resembles very nearly that which I have figured

of Helix Nickliniana, Lea (Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1874, 41, pl. iv.

fig. m1). The duct of the genital bladder in this species is, however, very

much longer, its accessory duct shorter in proportion, the flagellum of

the penis'sac longer. There is also a peculiar feature in the genitalia of

H. Traski, a globular organ of about equal diameter with the vaginal

prostate, attached laterally to the flagellum of the Jatter, before it becomes

bifurcated. The bulbous expansions on the two branches of the flagellum

are also much larger in H. Traski. It is figured in pl. VI, fig. IV.

Helix Stearnsiana, Gabb. (Arionta?)

To the kindness of Mr. Henry Hemphill I am indebted

for living specimens of this species from Todos Santos Island

and the mouth of the San Tomas River, Lower California.

The result of the examination of the genitalia and lingual

dentition establishes its specific distinction from the Cata-

lina Island form (4. Jvelletti, Forbes) to which it is nearly

related by the. characters of its shell. (See L. and F. W.

Shiels oN SAC TY L76. 177).

The genitalia (pl. VI, fig. 11) resemble very nearly those of H. Kelletti

(Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1874, pl. iii, fig. 4, p. 39).

A comparison of the figures, however, will show considerable difference,

especially in the dart sac (14). In the species before me there is a long

thread like duct (14") leading from the base of the dart sac (14) to a large

globular organ, whose character is unknown to me. Opposite the en-

trance of this duct a corresponding duct (14°) branches out, but instead

of ending in a globular organ it becomes much enlarged in size and ends

in enveloping the prepuce (12). The dart sac (14) contained a small

dart of the form figured by Leidy (Terr. Moll. U. S., I) for Tebenno-

phorus Caroliniensis.

The oviduct was closely and spirally wound around the duct of the

genital bladder. Thie testicle (1) and ovary (11) are yellow.

The jaw is thick, arched, ends blunt, but little attenuated; anterior

surface with six stout, separated ribs denticulating Son margin, and

several less developed, interstitial ribs.

The lingual membrane is long and narrow with about 50-1-50 teeth.

The centrals are of the form of those of H. Californiensis (L. and F. W.

Shells N. A., I. fig. 297). The cusp with its cutting point, however, is

Dentition of Pulmonata. 31

very much shorter, reaching only about half way to the lower edge of the

base of attachment. Laterals of same type. Marginals low, wide, very

variable in the denticles, but usually with one long, broad, sharply bifid

inner denticle (the inner point much the smaller), and one short sharp,

rarely bifid outer denticle.

The Catalina Island H. Kelletti has same type of dentition. The mar-

ginals, however, seem much more broadly denticulated.

Strophia iostoma, Pfr.

Inagua, Bahamas.

-Jaw strongly arched, ends but little attenuated, bluntly rounded. An-

terior surface without ribs. Cutting edge with a decided, blunt, median

projection.

Lingual membrane (pl. II, fig. vn) long and narrow. Teeth about

29-1-29. Centrals but little longer than broad, tricuspid, the middle cusp

short and stout, with a short, bluntly rounded cutting point; side cusps

slightly produced, with a short, sharp point. Lateral teeth like the cen-

trals but bicuspid. Marginal teeth a simple modification of the laterals,

with one short, bluntly pointed inner cusp, and one still shorter, bluntly

pointed outer cusp. Fig. q@ represents the central and lateral teeth, ba

marginal tooth, c an extreme marginal.

Geomalacus maculosus, Allm.

England. Mr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys.

The genital system is figured on pl. V, fig. x. Fora description of it

and of the jaw and dentition, see Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., X, 308. As

there stated, the vas deferens is conspicuous by its great length, and the

penis sac has attached to its apex a singular globular organ, which is a

conspicuous feature of the system.

Pallifera Wetherbyi, n. sp.

From near the mouth of Laurel River, Whitley Co.,

Kentucky, Mr. A. G. Wetherby collected many specimens

of what appeared to be a small species of Tebennophorus.

It was readily distinguished from the numerous young of

T. Caroliniensis found in the vicinity by the arrangement

of the blotches of color, they being in irregular, interrupted,

transverse bands, instead of running longitudinally as in

that species. The anterior portion of the body seemed also

to be more swollen, and the posterior extremity to taper

more rapidly than in Caroliniensis. On examining the jaw

32 Genitalia and Lingual

I found it to be ribbed, a character placing the slug in the

genus Pallifera. The presence of ribs was verified in four

individuals. Small specimens of 7. Caroliniensis from the

same locality had the usual ribless jaw of Tebennophorus.

It appears, therefore, that the slug must be considered a new

species of Pallifera.* It may be called after its discoverer.

It is difficult to draw more satisfactory specific characters

from specimens preserved in alcohol. One of them in its

contracted state measures 12 millimetres in length.

Jaw (pl. Il, fig. 1) arcuate, ends blunt, but little attenuated; anterior

surface with decided, separated, unequal ribs, denticulating either margin,

about 15 on one Specimen, those at the ends being less developed than on

the balance of the jaw; cutting edge with a decided, short, blunt, median

projection.

Lingual membrane (pl. II, fig. 1r) long and narrow. Teeth about 35-

1-35. Centrals long, expanding towards the base, cusp stout, with a

stout blunt cutting point not reaching the lower margin of the base of

attachment, side cusps obsolete. Laterals same as centrals, but unsym-

metrical. Marginals (b) low, wide, with one inner, long, oblique, blunt

cusp, and one outer, short, usually bluntly bifid cusp.

Bulimus foveolatus, Rve. (Orphnus.)

Northern Peru. Prof. Orton.

This and the other species collected by Prof. Orton were

determined by Mr. Bland.

Jaw slightly arched, wide, low. thin, with over 50 delicate ribs of the

kind herewith described under, Bulimulus Lobbi: ends but slightly at-

tenuated, blunt.

Lingual membrane (pl. I, fig. mr) long and narrow, composed of very

numerous rows of about 34-1-34 teeth each. Teeth as usual in the Heli-

cide. The centrals (2) with one short cusp, the side cusps being obso-

lete, cutting point short, bluntly pointed. Laterals like the centrals, but

unsymmetrical, and with a more developed outer side cusp. Marginals

b, a simple modification of the laterals, smaller, higher than wide, with

the cutting point longer. The plate.gives one central with its adjacent

lateral, a, and three’extreme marginals, b.

The membrane is very thick and strong, and of equal width throughout

its length, the ends being bluntly truncated.

*lts dentition is more related to Tebennophorus than to Pallifera by the absence of

side cusps and cutting points to the central and lateral teeth.

Dentition of Pulmonata. 33

The genus Bulimus seems to be characterized by marginal

teeth to its lingual membrane of the same type as the laterals,

being simply a modification of the latter. Thus far we know

the dentition of the following species: B. porphyrostomus,

scarabus, odontostomus, glaber, auris-sileni, multicolor, egre-

gius, oblongus, ovatus, magnificus, Hanleyi, marmoratus,

and aulacostylus. B. auris-sciurt (which appears to be a var.

of B. glaber), figured by Guppy and Hogg, may not agree

toto!

with these, but the figure is too bad to judge from.

Bulimus auris-sileni, Born. (Pelecychilus.)

St. Vincent.

For description of jaw and lingual dentition, see Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist.

N. Y., X, 222. For figure of latter, see Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1874,

pl. vi, fig. 4.

The genitalia are figured at natural size as they appear suspended in

water. The whole system is very long and slender. The testicle (1) is

embedded in the upper lobe of the liver; it is composed of lung ceca.

The epididymis (2) is convoluted along the half nearer the oviduct. The

accessory gland (3) is composed of prominent aciniform ceca. The

ovary (11) is short and stout, much broader than the oviduct, lobulated.

The oviduct (8) is long, narrow, greatly convoluted. The vagina is long,

very narrow. The external orifice is behind the right eyepeduncle. The

penis sac (5) is the most prominent organ. It is extremely long, exceed-

ing the length of the whole system. It is tubular, of about equal length

along three-fourths of its course, where it receives the vas deferens (6)

and commences to taper gradually towards the apex, merging into a

long, delicate flagellum or lengthened retractor muscle, said muscle being

attached to the end. The penis sac does not appear actually to enter the

vagina; the two organs terminating side by side.

The genital bladder (9) is small, globular, its duct (16) is almost as

long as the oviduct, of very unequal breadth. For two-fifths of its length

beyond the bladder it is delicate, then rapidly expands into a tube as

wide as the ovary, then, tapering, becomes again narrow at the com-

mencement of the last fifth of its course, but again widely expands before

entering the vagina at the upper third of the length of the latter organ.

PIL LVG tz. V-

Bulimus glaber;Gmel. (Pelecychilus.)

Island of Grenada.

Jaw as in Bulimulus, Cylindrella, etc.

Lingual membrane long and narrow. Teeth as usual in the Helicine,

long and narrow, ceutrals tricuspid, laterals bicuspid, marginals a simple

JULY, 1874. 3 ANN. Lyc. NAT. HistT., VOL. XI.

34 Genitalia and Lingual

modification of the laterals, with one large, long, inner, pointed cusp, and

two outer, small points. See Proc. Phil. Acad. Nat. Sc., 1874, pl. vi, fig. 6...

Cylindrella sanguinea, Pfr.

Jamaica.

The genital system (pl. II, fig. vir), as would be inferred from the shape

of the shell, is very much lengthened in all its organs. The testicle (1)

isin a globular mass lying close to the oviduct. ‘The epididymis (2) is

short. The oviduct (8) is very long and narrow. The vagina is two- .

thirds the length of the oviduct, it. is narrow, with a bulbous expansion

at the insertion of the duct of the genital bladder, above its centre. The

genital bladder (9) is very small, globular, on a very narrow, long duct

(16), which expands at its entrance into the vagina. The penis sac (5) is

short, thick as the oviduct, bluntly terminating above, where the vas

deferens (7) and retractor muscle (6) are inserted. The ovary (11) is

short and stout.

Cylindrella brevis, Pfr.

Jamaica.

The genitalia have the same arrangement as in C. sanguinea, herewith’

described. The duct of the genital bladder (16) in this species is much ”

more expanded before it enters the vagina, ‘and the latter organ below the

junction is expanded to a greater size than the oviduct. The penis sac °

(5) is shorter and stouter in brevis than in sanguinea, Pl. II, fig. 11.

Bulimulus Altoperuvianus, Rve. '(Drymeus.)’

Between Balsas and Cajamarca, Peru, Prof. Orton..

Genitalia (pl. I, fig. 11) of the same general form as I have herewith de-

scribed for those of Bulimulus Lobbi. The ovary (11) is smaller in pro-

portion, the oviduct (8) more developed. The duct of the genital bladder

(16) enters lower down upon the vagina. The testicle (1) is farther

removed from the ovary, lying in the apex of the shell. It is composed

of short, stout, blunt ceca. The ovary is of a dark slate color, the rest of

the genital system is white. The external orifice is behind the right eye ©

peduncle. The edges of the ovary are very deeply scalloped.

The jaw has thirty-one ribs. It is of same type as that herewith de-

scribed of Bul. Lobbi. Lingual membrane (pl. I, fig. Iv) of same type as

herewith described and figured for Bul. Lobbi as far as centrals and lat- ~

erals (a) are concerned. The marginal teeth, however, are quite different

from those of that species. They are quite like the laterals, excepting

that the cutting point is very much more produced, and somewhat curved

towards the central line of the membrane.

These peculiar marginal teeth remind one of those of Helix Ghiesbreghti

as figured by Messrs. Fischer and Crosse.’ In that species, however, the

notch is on the outer, not the inner, ‘side of the cutting point. ~~

Dentition of Pulmonata. 35

It will be noticed that the cutting point on the central tooth of B.

Altoperuvianus is more produced ‘than in B. Lobbi, to which I have com-

pared the dentition.

Bulimulus Peruvianus, Brug. (Plectostylus.)

Talcahuana,, Peru... Museum..of Comparative Zoology,

Cambridge.

Jaw and lingual dentition already described by me. (Proc. Ac. Nat.

Sc. Phila., 1874, 53, pl. -V, fig. 2.)

The genital.system is figured on pl.,I, fig. vimt.. The testicle (1) is

extremely large, apparently composed of aciniform ceca. . The epidid-

ymis (2) is long, very thick, and greatly convoluted in its whole course.

The ovary (11) is long and slender... The oviduct (8) is long and narrow.

The vagina is short. .The short duct (16). of the genital bladder (9)

enters at its upper end. The genital bladder is very stout,.almost as

thick as the oviduct, tapering above gradually to along flagellate point.

The penis sac (5) enters the vagina near its lowerend. It is smaller than

the genital bladder, cylindrical, tapering gradually towards the apex, -

where it has a flagellate appendix, into the end of, which, perhaps, is

inserted the retractor muscle. The vas deferens enters the penis sac at its

upper end. The external orifice of. the generative organs. is. behind the

right eyepeduncle.

Bulimulus Lobbi, Rve. (Drymeus.)

Between Balsas and Cajamarca. Prof. Orton.

_ The genital system is. quite similar to that which Ihave figured of B. -

Altoperuvianus (ph. I, fig. 1), the ovary (11), however, is much larger:

than in that species. The testicle (1) is composed of short, blunt cxca;

it lies near the ovary. The epididymis (2) is short. The accessory

gland (3) is composed of several long, threadlike ca#ca...The ovary is

long, equalling one-third of the oviduct, and twice as broad. The oviduct

(8) is long, convoluted, narrow, with deeply scalloped edges. ‘The vagina

is short, tubular, receiving the duct of the genital bladder near its top,

and the opening of the penis ‘sae just above its base; between the two

there is a short decided expansion of the vagina. The penis sac (5) is

long and slender, with a long, flagellate extension, on-the end of which

the retractor muscle (6) is attached. The vas deferens (7) enters the

penis sac at:about'the middle of its length. The genital’ bladder (9) is

small, globular, on a delicate duct (16): equalling in length the vagina and

oviduct combined. The external orifice of generation is behind the right

eyepeduncle. I

The jaw (pl. I, fig. v1) is‘ arcuate, with attenuated, blunt ends, thin,

transparent, of the same type’as is common to Bulimulus,’ Cylindrelta,:

Amphibulima, Geotis, etc., i. e., with narrow, distant ribs, running ‘ob-

36 _ Genitalia and Lingual

liquely towards the median line, so that those of the centre converge

before reaching the bottom of the plate. These ribs serrate the upper

and lower margins. They increase in thickness gradually on their outer

edge. There are twenty-one ribs on the specimen examined. The ma-

terial of the jaw is so thin on the outer edge of the ribs that it separates

into distinct plates at these points, when macerated. In some specimens

examined the ribs appear to be formed by an actual overlapping of distinct

plates. I have no doubt, however, of the jaw being in one single piece.

divided by these delicate ribs into numerous plate-like compartments. It

is not composite as formerly believed by most authors.

The lingual membrane (pl. I, fig. 1) is broad, very delicate in texture and

difficult to handle. There are numerous rows of about 90-1-90 teeth each.

The centrals have a base of attachment longer than wide, with lower lat-

eral expansions. The reflection has one stout median cusp, the side cusps

being obsolete; this cusp bears a short, rapidly attenuated, sharp cutting

point, not reaching the lower margin of the base of attachment. The lat-

erals are of same type as centrals, but unsymmetrical, the cutting point,

however, is very different from that of the centrals, being very broad,

bluntly rounded at its end, oblique, extending far below the base of at-

‘tachment, and having on its inner margin, near the blunt end, a promi-

nent blunt notch. The marginals are a modification of the laterals, but

lower, with a much more oblique cusp, bearing a much broader trifid

cutting point, the middle division very much more produced than the outer

ones.

The figures represent @ one central with its adjacent lateral teeth, and

b, two marginal teeth. “

The lateral teeth are a modification of the usual Helicide type not before

observed by me. The marginal teeth are somewhat like those seen in

many species of Bulimulus, such as laticinctus, Bahamensis, auris-leporis,

papyraceus, Jonasi, membranaceus. They only approach, however, the

teeth of those species in form.

Bulimulus rhodolarynx, Rve. (Scutalus.)

Northern Peru. Prof. Orton.

. The genital organs were so reduced as to be only threadlike, and not

sufficiently developed to. be described as perfect.

The jaw was not examined, being of so delicate texture as to be quite ©

destroyed by the action of potash.

The lingual membrane is long, narrow. Teeth about 40-1-40, of the.

usual type of Helicine (see pl. I, fig. v). The central teeth, a, have one

median cusp, the outer cusps being obsolete, the cutting point is shor .

and bluntly pointed. Lateral teeth same as centrals, unsymmetrical, the

‘inner subobsolete cusp more developed. The marginals (b) are simple

modifications of the laterals, subquadrate, bicuspid, each cusp with a

ong, oblique, stout cutting point...

Dentition of Pulmonata. 37

From this description it will be seen that Bulimulus rho-

dolarynx has the type of dentition which appears normal to

the Helicine, in this respect agreeing with B. cinnamomeo-

lineatus, pallidior, chrysalis, Guadalupensis, alternatus, spo-

radicus, dealbatus, solutus, sepulcralis, durus and Peruvianus.

For the species differing from the common type of Helicine

dentition, see remarks under B. Lobbi.

Bulimulus Proteus, Brod. (Scutalus.)

Northern Peru. Prof. Orton.

Genitalia quite like those described and figured of Bul. Altoperuvianus

(pl. I, fig. 1). All the organs were delicate, almost threadlike, and not

so well developed as in the species to which I have compared them.

Orifice behind right eyepeduncle.

Jaw, with 28 ribs, of same type as herewith described for B. Lobbi.

Lingual membrane of same type as Bul. Altoperuvianus, herewith des-

cribed.

Bulimulus primularis, Rve. (Mesembrinus.)

Northern Peru. Prof. Orton.

The genitalia are like those of Bul. Proteus herein described, but the

ovary is orange colored.

The jaw was imperfect and thus the number of ribs cannot be given.

It is of the same type, however, as herewith described of Bul. Lobbt.

The lingual membrane (pl. I, fig. vii) is broad. Central teeth of same

type also as in Bul. Lobbi, but much shorter and stouter. The lateral

teeth of Bul. Lobbi and B. Altoperuvianus are wanting in this species,

their place being entirely filled by marginal teeth of the form known in

Bul. laticinctus (see Ann. Lyc. N. H. of N. Y. x, pl. i). The teeth are

subquadrate, with a very large, curved, obliquely trifid cutting point,

extending far below the lower margin of the base of attachment.

Fig. a gives one central tooth with the two adjacent mar-

ginals ; fig. 6 an extreme marginal. The latter will be seen

to be rather narrower than those nearer the median line of

the membrane.

Orthalicus obductus, Shuttl.

Islands in Bay of Panama, Mr. MeNiel.

Jaw as usual in the genus. Lingual membrane (pl. VI, fig. mr) as usual

in the genus. Teeth about 96-1-96. The side spurs to the cusps (rep-

38 Genitalia and Lingual

resenting the side cusps of the usual Helicine type) are not present on

the first laterals, but are conspicuous on those farther removed, as shown

in figure 6 of the seventh lateral tooth.

Orthalicus gallina-sultana, Chemn.

Marafion, Peru. » Prof. Orton.

An opportunity having been given me by the kindness of

my friend, Mr. Thomas Bland, of examining the animal of

Orthalicus gallina-sultana, Chemn., I here give descriptions

of its genital system and lingual dentition. It will be seen

that my figures of the latter do not agree with those published

by»Troschel .(Arch. fiir Nat:, 1849, pl. iv, fig. 3), at least

so far as centrals and laterals are concerned, these teeth not

being represented in Troschel’s plate. It must be borne in

mind, however, that at that early date, the membranes were

not so carefully studied as at present, and consequently the

peculiarity of these teeth may have been overlooked by

Troschel. » Of: the identity of, the specimen examined by me,

there can be no doubt.

The jaw (pl..IV, fig. E) is of the type usual in Orthalicus and Liguus, but

up to the present time never observed in any other genus. It is com-

posite, its separate plates being apparently soldered firmly at their upper

portions, where, indeed, they seem collectively to form a jaw in a single

piece as in Helix, etc., but at their lower portion positively detached and

free, imbricated one upon another.. The jaw may in one sense be said to

be ina single piece,.as argued recently by Messrs. Fischer and Crosse,

(Moll. Mex..et Guat.), but with equal correctness it may surely be said

to be composite, as the amalgamation of the upper portion is produced

by the joining of absolutely separate pieces. There are fifteen of these

plates, the three upper central ones apparently lying upon the fourth,

which is very broad and extends from the upper to the lower margin of

the jaw. The jawis strongly arched, with attenuated, blunt ends. There

are well marked perpendicular grooves upon the anterior surface of many

of the plates.

The lingual membrane (pl. IV, tig. A-C) is very broad (13 mill.), for its

length (16 mill.). The rows of teeth are arranged in a backward curve

from the median line fora short: distance, and then run obliquely to the

outer margin of the membrane. The central teeth have a long and rather

narrow base of attachment, squarely truncated at the top, incurved with

slight lateral expansions at the base. The reflected portion bears one

stout, median cusp, the side cusps being subobsolete. This cusp bears a

Dentition of Pulmonata. 39

long, stout, lance-like cutting point, extending below the base of attach-

ment to a sharp point, and bearing at the centre of its length on each side

a prominent, subobsolete, blunt spur. There are three lateral teeth of

the same type as the centrals, but made unsymmetrical by the suppres-

sion.of the inner lower lateral expansion to the base of attachment, and

the inner subobsolete lateral spur to the cutting point. The fourth tooth

from the central tooth changes suddenly into a marginal tooth of the form

common in Orthalicus; ise.,'a long, stout, subquadrate base of attachment

with fringed lower margin, bearing at its lower. portion, a broad, bluntly

rounded subobsolete cusp, from which springs a short, widely expanded,

broad, bluntly rounded, gouge shaped cutting point, which has a small,

outer, lateral spur of the same bluntly rounded form. This form of mar-

ginal teeth runs quite to the edge of the membrane, those nearer the

outer edge being smaller, more widely separated, and in more oblique and

more widely separated rows.

Fig. A gives a central tooth with adjacent teeth to the fifth tooth on

one side, and only one lateral on the other side; fig. C gives the eighth

tooth; fig. D two extreme marginals; fig. B an extreme marginal in

profile.

The count of the teeth in one transverse row is over 108-1-108.

Peculiar as this form of dentition seems, it has already been noticed in

Liguus virgineus. (See Am. Journ. Conch., VI, 209, fig. 3,4, and below

-pl. III). That species differs widely, however, in the lesser size of its

membrane (10 X 44 mill.), the smaller count of the teeth, 40-1-40, and

in having but two well marked laterals. That species also has several

teeth intermediate between the laterals and marginals which vary greatly

on different parts of the membrane.

This form of dentition is very instructive in showing the

modification of the type usual to the Helicinw. The central

teeth may be said to be obsoletely tricuspid, and the side

spurs, to the greatly produced cutting point are but a modifi-

~eation of the usual cutting points on the side cusps of the

Helicine. The lateral teeth are in the same way but a modi-

fication of the usual bicuspid laterals of the Helicinew. The

marginal teeth are more abnormal in form, but they still are

but modified from the laterals by the expansion, bluntly

rounding and shortening of the cusps, and by the still greater

expansion, shortening and bluntly rounding of the cutting

points. In) Orthalicus iostomus, melanochilus, undatus and

Liguus fasciatus, this process of suppressing the usually

decided cusps:and cutting points is extended equally to the

central and lateral teeth... Other species show the same aber-

40 Genitalia and Lingual

rant form of centrals and laterals, as Bulimulus aurisleporis,

(Mal. Blatt., XV, pl. v, fig. 8). In less degree are the

laterals modified from the usual Helicine type in Simpulopsis

sulculosa (ib. fig. 10) as to the cutting points, and in the

same particular in Bulimus Peruvianus (Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc.

Phila., 1874, pl. v, fig. 2). No doubt future research will

bring to light a complete series of teeth in land shells, show-

ing a gradual modification in different directions of the nor-

mal tricuspid and bicuspid type.

There seem no peculiar characters to the respiratory, digestive and

nervous system of the animal. The genitalia are figuied on plate IV, fig.

F. The external orifice is behind the right eyepeduncle. The testicle (1)

is as usual in the Helicine embedded in the lobe of the liver occupying

the extreme apex of the spire of the shell; it is composed of fasciculi of

short, stout, blunt ceca. The epididymis (2) is short, convoluted as

usual. The accessory gland (3) is ona short threadlike peduncle. The

‘ovary (11) is very large, tongue shaped, lobulated above and decidedly

spongelike in its division on its concave side. The oviduct (8) is long,

narrow, convoluted. The genital bladder (9) is large and oval, on a long

duct (16) which in its natural position is adherent to the oviduct in its

entire length: it is much larger in its lower third, equalling the stout |

vagina, near whose middle it enters; below this point the vagina becomes

very stout. The penis is cylindrical, about as long as the vagina, tapering

rather abruptly to its apex, where is inserted a long, delicate, retractor

muscle (6), which resembles a flagellum. The vas deferens (7) enters

the penis on its side, near its summit. There are no accessory organs.

The penis (5) does not appear to enteracommon duct of male and female

organs, but to have a separate opening of its own.

The general arrangement of the genitalia is like that of O. undatus,

(see this paper), O. longus and iostomus (Fischer and Crosse), Liguus

fasciatus (Leidy), and L. virgineus, see below. The last four, however,

have a single multifid vesicle, which I failed to detect in O. gallina-sul-

tana; and from them all there is ample specific difference in the size of the

ovary, the shape and size of the penis sac, and the size of the duct of the

genital bladder, near its base. :

It may fairly be assumed that no generic difference exists between the

genitalia of Orthalicus and Liguus.

These remarks are suggested by the treatment of Liguus

fasciatus by Messrs. Fischer and Crosse (Moll. Mex. et

Guat.). On account of the resemblance in dentition to

the species of Orthalicus known to them rather than to the

Dentition of Pulmonata. Al

allied Liguus virgineus, these authors place Liguus fasciatus

in Orthalicus, under the subgeneric name of Orthalicinus.

The same reasoning will now oblige them to place Oriha-

licus gallina-sultana in the genus Liguus, for its dentition

resembles that of Z. virgineus and not that of the other

known species of Orthalicus. It appears to me much better

to wait till more is known of the dentition of Orthalicus,

before we consider the teeth as reliable generic characters.

Orthalicus undatus, Brug.

It will be interesting in connection with my comparison

of Orthalicus and Liguus to state that having had an oppor-

tunity of dissecting six specimens of this species, from

Jamaica, I found the genitalia constantly agreeing with

Lehmann’s fig. in Malak., Blatt., 1864, pl. i, fig. 4. There is

no multifid vesicle on the penis as in the species of Orthal-

tcus figured by Fischer and Crosse (Moll. Mex.). With this

exception, the genitalia are quite like those figured by Leidy

for Liguus fasciatus (Terr. Moll. U.S. I. pl. v).

It will be seen above that Orthalicus gallina-sultana is also

characterized by the want of the multifid vesicle.

Liguus virgineus, Lin.

Aux Cayes, Haiti. Mr. Robert Swift.

In connection with my friend, Mr. Thomas Bland, I have

already described the jaw (L. and F. W. Shells N. A., I, p.

312, fig. 364) and lingual membrane (Am. Journ. Conch.VI,

209, figs. 3,4) of this species. The membrane having become

still more interesting from its resemblance in some respects

to that of Orthalicus gallina-sultana, Chemn., lately examined,

I have given the accompanying more detailed illustrations

(ple TITY.

There is, it appears, considerable variation in the development of the

cutting points of the central and lateral teeth, and the cusps of the first

marginals, on different parts of the membrane. Fig. D is taken from the

most perfect portion of the membrane, the most anterior portion. Fig.

42 Genitalia and Lingual

A is taken from the least developed, or posterior. end of the membrane.

Figs. B and C are drawn from intermediate points, the former from near

the centre.

Marginal teeth from various .points,of the: membrane are figured in E

aud G, each tooth being numbered from the median line. .Fig. F shows

an extreme marginal in profile.

Near the outer edges of the membrane the teeth are not only much

smaller, and arranged more obliquely, but they are more separated from

each other on the same transverse row,.and the rows themselves are not

so crowded together as in the portions of the membrane nearer the

centre.

On dissecting the animal I found nothing of peculiar interest in the

digestive, respiratory or nervous systems. There appeared to be the

same general arrangement as figured by Dr. Leidy (Terr. Moll. U. S., I,

pl. v) for the allied species, LZ. fasciatus.. The same may be said of the

generative organs, which, however, I have figured (pt. IV, fig. G) to com-

pare with the figure I have given of the same organs in Orthalicus gallina-

sultana. The external orifice of generation is close behind the right

eyepeduncle. ‘The testicle, epididymis and ovary were separated from

the specimen examined.:: The oviduct (8) is long, narrow; greatly convo-

luted. ,The genital bladder (9) is small.and globose; its duct (16) is. long

and narrow; in its natural position it lies close against the oviduct: as

the duct joins the vagina it becomes enlarged to the size of the latter

which it.enters at its upper third. The vagina is very wide below this

junction. The vas deferens (7) runs,as usual along the side of the vagina

to its base, and thence to the summit of the penis where it enters. The

penis sac (5) is long, slender, ‘tylindrical, narrowing at its apex, into

which is inserted a long delicate retractor muscle (6) which might be con-

sidered a flagellum: the penis does not seem to enter the vagina, but to

have an independent opening of.its own.. Near its base it bears upon a

short pedicle, a single prostate gland, a multifid vesicle of the same type

as figured by Dr. Leidy in Z. Sameera, composed of about six short, =

detached lobes.

Thus it will be seen that Liguus virgineus agrees in its

genitalia with the allied species, Z. fasciatus, but differs in

its shell, and in its lingual dentition., No generic value can

be placed upon this last character, however, for while Z.

fasciatus resembles in its dentition Orthalicus undatus, me-

lanochilus, and. iostomus, its allied species ZL. virgineus is

characterized by a widely different dentition, which is shared

on the other hand in a great ‘measure by Orthalicus gallina-

sultana. From our present knowledge we are forced to be-

lieve that lingual dentition will furnish no guide to the

generic distinction between Orthalicus and Liguus.

Dentition of .Pulmonata. © 43

The tail of the animal is very long and pointed. There

is no distinct locomotive disk to the foot.

Succinea obliqua, Say.

A specimen from New York, received from Dr. James

Lewis, furnished the jaw and lingual membrane here de-

scribed.

Jaw of shape usual in the genus, with the quadrate accessory plate.

Cutting edge with a prominent median projection. Anterior surface with

decided stout ribs. denticulating the cutting edge; one specimen had

three broad.and two intervening narrow ribs: another specimen has

seven ribs.

Lingual membrane long and narrow. Teeth about 43-1-43. Centrals

subquadrate, tricuspid, the middle cusp long and stout. Laterals longer

than wide, bicuspid, the third, inner cusp being only rudimentary.

Marginals a modification of the laterals, with one long, slender inner

cusp, and two short, slender outer cusps. The cusps of all the teeth

bear sharp cutting points.

In Terrestrial. Mollusks of United: States, vol. I, pl. xiii,

fig. 3, a jaw is figured as that of Succinea ovalis. It no

doubt represents rather that of the true obliqua, Say, than of

Succ. ovalis, Gld. not Say. The jaw of the latter is figured

in L. and F. W. Shells of N..A., I, p. 258. The figure of

genitalia given by Dr. Leidy on the plate referred to cor-

rectly represents that of S. obliqua.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

The figures of genitalia all have the same references :

The testicle.

The epididymis.

The accessory gland of the last.

The prostate.

The sac of the penis.

The retractor muscle of the penis.

The vas deferens.

The oviduct.

The genital bladder.

The external orifice of the organs.

The ovary.

The prepuce.

—s

—y

PESOS PASAT P wwe

Genitalia and Lingual

13. The vaginal prostate.

13a. flagellum to same.

13b. accessory gland to same.

13c. accessory duct to same.

13d. same as last with globular organ,

14. The dart sac.

15. The flagellum.

16. The duct of the genital bladder.

the figures of dentition it will be understood that the general inten-

tion is to give (a) one central tooth with its adjoining lateral, and (b) one

or two marginal teeth. The numbers of the teeth refer to their position in

counting from the median line of the membrane. This arrangement gives

as good an idea of the characters of the dentition as my space will allow.

Fic.

PLATE I.

. Bulimulus Lobbi, Rve. Dentition; a. lateral teeth: b, extreme marginal teeth.

. Bulimulus Altoperuvianus, Rve. Genitalia.

. Bulimus foveolatus, Rve. a, central and lateral teeth: 6, extreme marginals.

. Dentition of II. 6b, extreme marginals.

Bulimulus rhodolarynx, Rye. 6, marginals—first and extreme.

. Jaw orl.

- Bulimulus primularis, Rve. 6, extreme marginal tooth.

- Bulimulus Peruvianus, Brug.

PLATE II.

Pallifera Wetherbyi. Jaw.

- Same; dentition. a, central and lateral teeth: 6, marginal teeth.

. Cylindrella brevis, Pfr. Genitalia.

Zonites sculptilis, Bland. Dentition; b, extreme marginals.

. Bulimus auris-sileni, Born. Genitalia.

Helix nucleola, Rang. Genitalia.

. Cylindrella sanguinea, Pfr. Genitalia.

Strophia iostoma, Pfr. Dentition; a, central and lateral teeth: 6, marginal tooth:

c, extreme marginal tooth.

. Helix discolor, Fér. Genitalia.

PLATE III.

Lingual dentition of Liguus virgineus, Lin.

QAanoy On >

. From the least developed end of the membrane. The central tooth with the two

lateral teeth and three marginal teeth.

. From near the centre of the membrane.

From near the anterior end of the membrane; portions of two adjacent rows of

teeth.

. From still nearer the anterior end of the membrane.

. Marginals from the same end of the membrane as the last.

Extreme marginal in profile.

. Extreme marginals.

Dentition of Pulmonata. 45

PLATE IV.

A. Lingual dentition of Orthalicus gallina-sultana, Chemn.

B. A marginal tooth of the same in profile.

C. Thesame. The eighth from the median line.

D. The same. Extreme marginal teeth.

E. The same. Jaw.

F. Thesame. Genitalia.

G. Liguus yirgineus, Lin. The genitalia.

PLATE V.

Fic. Genitalia and Dentition of

I. Zonites inornatus, Say.

If. Zonites friabilis.

Ill. Helix Troostiana, Lea.

IV. Helix clausa, Say.

V. Helix rufo-apicata, Poey. *

VI. Dentition of III.

VII. Helix Pennsylvanica, Green.

VIII. Helix nuxdenticulata, Chemn.

IX. Helix Josephine, Fer.

X. Geomalacus maculosus, Allm.

PLATE VI.

I. Helix Clarki Lea. Lingual dentition, a, central and lateral tooth; 6, marginal

tooth. See also fig. y for extreme marginals.

Il. Helix Stearnsiana, Gabb. Genitalia.

Ill. Orthalicus obductus, Shuttl. Lingual dentition; a, central and lateral teeth; b,

the seventh tooth: c, extreme marginal teeth.

IV. Helix Traski, Lea. A portion of the genital system, showing vaginal prostate.

V. See I. :

VI. SameasJ. Genitalia.

VU. Helix Wetherbyi; Bland. Lingual dentition; a, central and lateral teeth 3, first

marginal teeth: c, extreme marginal teeth.

Note on the Jaw of Partua.

Having lately received through the kindness of Dr. W.

D, Hartmann a number of Partula preserved in alcohol, I

am preparing a description of their lingual dentition, geni-

talia and jaw. The latter is the most important point to be

studied, this organ never having been described, I now,

therefore, give the following particulars :

In P. fusca, Pease, umbilicata, Pease and virginea, Pease, it is very thin

and transparent; arcuate with attenuated ends; cutting margin with a

broad very slight median prominence; anterior surface with numerous

(over 60 in virginea) very delicate, separated ribs, slightly. denticulating

46 Upper Coal Measures of

either margin, those of the centre converging and meeting before reach-

ing the lower margin, as in Cylindrella, &c. The jaw appears therefore

to be of the same type as in Bulimulus, Geotis, Amphibulima, Cylindrella,

Macroceramus and Pineria. The ribs, however, are in Partula exceed-

ingly fine.

The lingual dentition of the species mentioned above is the same as

figured by Heynemann (Mall. Blatt. 1867, pl. i, fig. 1,) excepting that I

detect distinct cutting points to the side cusps of the central teeth, not

figured by him.

V.—Notes on the Upper Coal Measures of West Virginia

and Pennsylvania.

By I.C. WHITE.

Read May 25th, 1874.

In this paper I propose to describe that part of the coal

measures known as the Upper Barren Group, and also to

make such remarks on the Upper Coal Group proper, as

may be deemed of interest.

The district under consideration includes portions of Mo-

nongalia, Marion, Marshall, and Ohio counties, W. Va., and

Green Co., Penn.; and the section extends from the Pitts-

burgh coal on the Monongahela River.near Morgantown, W.

Va., across the basin to the same coal near the Ohio at

Wheeling.

Almost midway between Morgantown and Wheeling,

there rises in Pennsylvania, and extends south into West

Virginia, what is locally known as the “Dividing Ridge,”

since it forms the watershed between the tributaries of the

Monongahela, and those of the Ohio.

This seems tu occupy the median line of a gentle uplift,

or anticlinal axis, which passes across the coal measures from

north to south. As a consequence of this anticlinal, about

fifteen miles west of Laurel Hill, we find the dip changing,

and thenceforward the strata rise gently westward until the

“Dividing Ridge” is crossed, beyond which, ‘the dip is again

West Virginia and Pennsylvania. 47

northwestward, to within ten miles of Wheeling, when

the strata again rise and soon bring the Pittsburg coal to

the surface.

On the eastern flank of the “Dividing Ridge,” Dunkard

creek rises, and flows a little north of east, reaching the Mo-

nongahela two miles above Greensboro, Penn. ‘The eastern

section was made along this stream.

On the opposite side of the ridge and a few miles north,

Wheeling creek rises, and, following a southwesterly direc-

tion, enters the Ohio at Wheeling. The western section,

commencing on the south fork, was taken on this stream.

For the sake of a ready comparison we give both sections

together, but will confine our remarks chiefly to the eastern

one.

No. I is the eastern or Dunkard creek section.

No. IL is the western or Wheeling creek section.

I. Il.

1. Sandstone and shales...... eosce +300! pets} fel Getiaaereannoconcceavocde soses 100!

SEMIS IINERUONE siniuyainiale\e)sialeisieie.cieisissialc’s » LR: Dep OSLONC sesi<inicleinisisia's/n/nleleielaiciie © Li

3. Shaly sandstone......+.sesvseees 190' 3. Shales and Sandstones.......... 200

AOL OltE cainiots alcleinisiciale e'eleieie aise civiein ss « 1-1} ASH COM entaistsisisisisiaiviaisisieiacietsieldiaeicteiaca nie 1'

5. Sandstone............ aaiuleininlsiaiorsin's 95" GB. SHAS... ccccccncccscccvescccsvess 35'

FO Oba cetain cletele icin slaisiatslefsis's's'ciaiatalciale sta 1}-2' (Oy TOTNES Os naGosaonassdenodcon cen 3’

7. Shale and sandstone............ 85' Po RCU ST stlClewels siecclecie cisistaneisivcielsla als 18’

8. Limestone... .cscccccccccenence 3' 8. Sandstone and shales........... 40'

SU ANG saslatclalelalsleislajelaloie sis stsiela/cisisielsiofe 40' Die COU Umeletas alniaie's Weralardlal sie seiclciere eeiee nes

Lh Gin tesa Semoopoosooc Ss imjalniatnieleleinicicia 1-1}"..| 10. Sandstone............. Souinanoodne 30°

DTS SRA Crcccnc conaciccccccescccucitvses LO Man dil ela CSUGNEs seine sinc aisivieleicte’sleslelelsie’a 6'

12. Limestone... ....cccccsccevessiene 2' .| 12. Shaly sandstone.........ssseee. oe 25!

13. Shale........0.. Secceececcccenes 40' DS (SHALE vies aeisewsiniseccccuvieseiccses «Lar

14. Coal, ‘‘ Brownsville”........ ‘see 2-35 | 14. Black slate... secccecceee veces = if!

16. Shales costs. .scics ene eocccccc 120° 15. Shale..... Cr eeceseceeendsesececes 2

164 Coulertetcn ca. cscscsseasesans as 1’ | 16. Coal, Brownsyille”.......... ng?

17. Shale..... eeesiee Socconbangdsbusne 15’ | 17. Shale....ccccccecccccccce edacccee 10’

18. Sandstone 2%. ccceiccedessceceicdee 45-50' | 18. Coal........« sebereccewereesesecs 1}!

19. Coal, “Waynesburg”..... aacthide . 4-9'.| 19. Shale..... Socccccccvcceesccesdan 12°

MOS) SANG SUOMO: cc lrietes'v’ele cielalalciacicivin'clere 15' QO: Limestone: stecgcedvceddcoceckes 6'-

48 Upper Coal Measures of

I. : II.

21° Shale .......5. Sa hntanelsbis Aodog 3c 8 Dk SHALES sms du siesta Warelsis ws a's ~ ce enleto gem enpL OY

22. Limestone......... Soseseccesecne ) (0 | 22) SANASCONE seccciericiinsis cintesiesiawugyauON

23. Shale.......ssee- oso s a easiscisie eee AMs || (23. TMCSEONE esc uesieislee sin einicis.s sles seen

24. SandstOne....cececccccrcocccccee 15’ | 24. SAmAStone .cceescerescccsnvece + 6 25-30"

25. Limestone ....-.-sceeeeeeeeeeee+ 30’ | 25. Coal, ‘‘ Waynesburg”........... 25-4’

26. Sandstone ........... cscccccecss 20’ | 26. Wire Clay.eccecccccciccscece werielpts 3’

27. Limestone..... qoeronasonasaqeana 6’ | 27. Sandstone......... “dohiae slesieoiisiett mune

28. Sandstone..... ccccccccccecceeees 15’ | 28. Shale with iron nodules..... ecce 3'

29, LIMESCONE.....ccesccececcsccecee Ff | 29s Timestonereee Was tases se wenaees 1}'

SOM SANGSUONE cele cierere sala sl ieisiatsla ston. Jkt BOs SMA te: alsin aniors\ole einlelelaletwiole’alaietnjalelers pid

Set Tinestone teeter ee erento ne RB. PS. MeLIMEBUONE : piclele sees viele selesieatsinetate W

32. Shale...... ede Sikes ABP INSR ST Shale tloc)se os sce Neus eens ae eemmnen ae

Bo. SAMARLOME: ve sie sie cisis'sissie'e's closeted) ale $3. VIUIMESUONE sie <iveicic'e'e ale/alote w wikictatel ste 6'

34. Sewickly Coal...... pla nersieisiatereinietsls 5’ | 34. Shales with limestone.. ........ 35!

3375 SHE LeSs5 Gosecnrocongc: Boieiacteletetste 8" (| 535. Limestone... svcoccccccwcccnend | od”

36. Limestone...... sloletarsiejetaiarsrereie Bites 7' | 36. Shale +. sceevesseesvccensecceene 2"

87. SaNGStONerecccoescescesces oes 10 | 37. Liméstone..:.. Aptonacondoonpade. 8!

B8. LimestOne.......cceeceseeceseere 22! | 38. Shale ...ceeecececeecsecsceeceeece 30'

39. Redstone Coal....... cecccccccecse = Ao | 89. LIMOSCONE. sc. ccccesancevccsesece Oy

40. Limestone.........sseees soccccs 12" | 40. Shale ic. cccccccecceccocecccseve 8

AL. Shale... cecccccsccsccvccscccese 8’ | 41. Limestone.....ccecccecescccceces 13!

42. Pittsburg Codl.ccccccccccccecceee VA! | 42. Shal€ ...eccccccccecccccecceveeeee 10!

AS, TiMeStONne....cccccscccccucsocsce GD

44. Sandstone..........+-0- ceeccsese 30°

45. Sewickly Coal...ccccccccccseceres Gi

AG. Limestone... .ccececersrereonns «. 30°

ATe SWAG ciawaisicieie ole ele wiciere -)s/ oie) ele steer ema

48. Redstone Codl....ccccccecsececeee 4in

49, Fire Clay..cccccsssccscereecerees = 2!

50. Limestone..........- Sisiecccesecce LOr

51. Pittsburg Codl....ccccrcecseseses 7-8

“ Il.

Total thickness of Upper Barren Group in Sec. I, 800 feet; in Sec. IT, 544 feet.

ee “ee “ “ Coal “cc “cc “ce “ 340 “e “cc “cc “ 278 “

Total 1,140 feet Total 822 feet.

The measurements in No. 1, from the Waynesburg coal to

the Pittsburg, are taken from a paper on the Upper Coal

Measures, by Prof. Jno. J. Stevenson. maar

West Virginia and Pennsylvania. 49

It should be remarked that great difficulty was experienced

in making these sections, owing to the fact that good ex-

posures are rare, since the. sandstones and shales of the

Upper Barren Group disintegrate so readily as soon to con-

ceal themselves and all other strata in their own débris.

The sections speak for themselves in showing the well

known fact, that the coals and sandstones thin out toward

the west, while the limestones thicken up. Their contrast

in this respect is remarkable. In the description which fol-

lows, section No. I is always meant where no reference is

made to No. IL.

Prof. H. D. Rogers in his Pennsylvania Report intimates

that possibly somewhere in the highest hills of the series in

Greene Co., Pa., Permian types of fossils may yet be dis-

covered. Without desiring to discourage future observers

in searching for such forms, I can only say that I made a

diligent search, not only in the highest hills found by me in

Greene Co., Pa., but also in those of West Virginia, and as

a result failed to discover a fossil animal or plant of any

type above No. 5 of Sec. I. These upper sandstones and

shales are very coarse, giving evidence of having been de-

posited by pretty strong currents.

No. 2 is the highest limestone found by me; it is rather

impure, but has been burned for lime in a few instances. On

account of its elevation, it is frequently found strewn over

the ground on some of the summits of hills, and is locally

known as the “Ridge” limestone. It is seen near the top of

the hill on the road from Tom’s Run to Wheeling creek, and

also 300 feet below Hunsucker’s Knob, four miles northeast

of Burton, B. & O. R. R., where Sec. I begins.

No. 4 is the first coal that we meet with. Though a small

vein, it is remarkably pure, and has frequently been used by

the blacksmiths in the vicinity. Jno. Taylor, near the head

of Dunkard, has procured his fuel from it for some time, and

says it is an excellent coal. It is the same as No. 4 of Sec.

II, which appears near Perry Moore’s on Wheeling creek.

JULY, 1874. 4 ANN. LYC. NAT. HIST., VOL. XI.

50 Upper Coal: Measures of

No. 6 is the highest coal that has been mined, the one

above it having been worked by stripping. This bed was

mined some years ago on Mr. Grim’s property, on Pumpkin

Run, Monongalia Co., W. Va., to supply fuel for Mr. Jno.

Lautz’s steam mill, one-half mile below. At this opening

the dip is southeast. Mr. Franklin Taylor, one mile and

one-half above Jollytown, Greene Co., Penn., has procured

his fuel from it for several years. One mile above this point

it is seen on land of Mr. Thos. White. It is doubtless iden-

tical with No. 9 of Sec. II, which has been worked by Mr.

Leals, on Wheeling creek. It is quite sulphurous, and too

impure to be used for smithing.

The shale above this coal is interesting, as it is the highest

horizon at which fossil plants have yet been discovered. On

land now owned by Mr. Shriver, two miles from West War-

ren, Monongalia Co., W. Va., I found some impressions of

what seems to be a Pecopteris, but they are not well enough

preserved for specific determination. This is the only local-

ity found by me, though doubtless others exist.

No. 8 is the purest limestone found in the Upper Barren

Group on the eastern side. It first appears above the sur-

face one mile above Kent’s Mills on Dunkard creek; from

this point it is easily traced down the stream to near Mt.

Morris, Greene Co., Penn.

Coal No. 10 is very impure, consisting merely of bitumi-

nous slate in many places. Mr. Jacob Minor has opened

this ‘coal near the creek bank, one mile above Blacksville,

Monongalia Co. ; it is here sixteen inches thick. The smut

of this coal is seen all along the road from Mr. Minor’s to

New Brownsville, a distance of five miles. It seems to have

no representative in the western section. In the shale above

it were found some very good impressions of Meuropteris

Loschii.

No. 12 is a very impure limestone, and is constantly asso-

ciated with coal No. 10.

Coal No. 14. This coal, the most important one in the

West Virginia and Pennsylvania. 51

Group, has its greatest development about one mile below

Brownsville, Monongalia Co., W. Va., and from this fact I

have given it the name of “Brownsville coal.” The first

opening in this coal, as we travel down Dunkard, is Mr.

Abraham Tenant’s, nearly a mile below Brownsville. Mr.

Alpheus Brown, the proprietor of Brown’s Mills on the

other side of the creek, has also an opening in this vein.

Hon. Wm. Price has opened the same bed two miles below.

The following section from Price’s bank is typical of the

openings in this locality :—bituminous shale, 2 ft.; coal, 1

ft., 9 in. 3; slate, 4—6 in.’; coal, 2 {t., 4 in.

As is seen from the preceding section, this coal, like the

Waynesburg, is double, and this characteristic it retains

wherever I have examined it, thus rendering its identifica-

tion easy and certain, since it is the only one in the Group

possessing this peculiarity. The upper division is not

good, as it is very slaty, and contains much pyrites, but the

lower part is an excellent coal and in high repute for smiths’

use, selling for ten cents per bushel at the bank.

This coal thins out towards the east. Mr. Adam Browne,

at Dunkard ford, near the mouth of Doll’s run, opened it on

his farm, but the entire thickness of coal in both parts was

only twenty inches, and the opening was abandoned. At

this point it is eighty-five feet above the Waynesburg coal,

-as proved by a boring made for oil. Four miles east of this,

near Mr. Samuel Lemley’s, where the road leaves the creck

and crosses a small bluff, it is seen as a mere bituminous

shale, only eighteen inches thick, and just about as far above

the surface of Dunkard as it is at Brown’s Mills, eight miles

west of this point. I cannot be mistaken in this identifica-

tion, since I traced it all the way between the two points,

and to confirm the same, coal No. 16 of Sect. I appears at

Lemley’s in its proper place twenty feet below.

I also traced this coal to the south through Monongalia

and Marion counties, W. Va., to Mannington on the B. & O.

R. R. It maintains an almost constant relation to the

52 Upper Coal Measures of

Waynesburg coal, as wherever we find the “Brownsville”

coal, the Waynesburg is always from eighty to one hundred

feet below. There isa perceptible thinning out to the south,

as at Monnington, Marion Co., it is barely three feet. It is

here nearly on a level with the railroad track. On Little

Paw-paw, near Phelix Michael’s, it shows the following sec-

tion :—coal, 1 ft., 6 in. ; slate, 2-4 in. ; coal, 2 ft. Through-

out the entire country from Brownsville to Monnington, it is

everywhere known as the “three foot vein,” and every farmer

that has the Waynesburg coal opened, knows that a certain

distance above is a “three foot vein.”

No. 16 of the western section is doubtless identical with

the “Brownsville” coal. It is worked in only one locality

that I could discover. Mr. George Woodruff, near Ryerson

station, Wheeling creek, Greene Co., Pa., has an opening in

it. Here it is only two feet thick, with a parting of three

inches of slate. At this point, being twenty-five miles from

Wheeling, it is eighty feet above the Waynesburg coal. I

should also say that wherever it thins out from its normal

thickness (three to three and one-half feet) it also deterio-

rates in quality. Impressions of WNeuropteris hirsuta are fre-

quently found in the shales and slates above this coal. At

Brown’s Mills they are very plentiful.

Coal No. 16, Sect. I, is probably the one referred to by

Dr. Stevenson, in “Notes on the Geology of West Virginia,” .

as having been struck at the head of Romp’s Hollow, by Mr.

Lumly. It is easily traced to the east, but I could not find

it to the south in Marion Co. It may be identical with No.

18 of Sect. II.

No. 19 is the heavy sandstone that everywhere overlies

the Waynesburg coal where it is of workable thickness. It

is a very coarse, hard rock, being almost a conglomerate in

some places, and its heavy massive outliers are seen pro- —

jecting from the hills along its entire outcrop from Waynes-

burg to the B. & O. R. R., at Farmington, Marion Co., W.

Va., which is as far south as I traced it. By means of these

West Virginia and Pennsylvania. 53

I was enabled to trace the underlying coal to the south

through Monongalia and Marion counties, to the B. & O.

RiaR:

In the eastern section it is seldom less than forty-five feet

thick, but in the western section it has dwindled down to

twenty-five feet, where we first strike it at Ryerson Station,

Wheeling Creek, Greene Co., Pa., and as we follow it still

farther to the west, it thins out, until near Wheeling it has

entirely disappeared and limestone takes its place.

Waynesburg Coal. On Dunkard creek we first come to

this coal a short distance below Mt. Morris, which is about

nine miles west from the Monongahela river. At this point

the dip is northwest. The development of this coal in the

neighborhood of Mt. Morris, is similar to the same coal on

Scott’s Run, as described by Dr. Stevenson. At Mr. Thornt.

Boidston’s opening, one mile east of town, the “horseback”

or slate has thinned away entirely, and he has eight and one-

half feet of solid coal. On Morris’s run, one mile south of

the town, the following section was made:— shale 10 ft. ;

coal, 3 ft.; shale, 6in.; coal, 4 ft.8 in. Nothing can exceed

the suddenness with which this coal changes its character in

some localities ; and of this an excellent example is seen at

South’s distillery near Newburg, Greene Co., Pa. One

opening there shows the following section : — coal, 23 ft. ;

shale, 2 ft.; coal, 4 ft. About forty feet from this, the sand-

stone is seen resting directly upon four feet of coal, the “horse-

back” and upper coal having been torn away by the violence

of the current which deposited the overlying sandstones.

I traced this coal south to the B. & O. R. R., and as it has

never been described in Marion Co., some sections of it from

that county, and the southern part of Monongalia may prove

of interest.

Passing south from Scott’s run to Big Indian ereek, and

travelling down it, we come to the first opening in this coal

at Mr. John Musgrove’s, seven miles from Arnettsville ;

here it shows the following section: — sandstone, 40 ft. ;

54 Upper Coal Measures of

coal, 1 ft.; shale, 1 ft. 7 in. ; coal, 6 in.; highly bituminous

slate 2 ft.; coal, 4 ft. 4 in.

One mile south of this, at Mr. Isaac Rigg’s bank, the fol-

lowing section was taken :— shale, 10 ft.; coal, 9 in. ; shale

1. ft. 4. in. ';. coal,.4 ft.

At the mouth of Little Paw-paw creek in Marion Co., Mr.

Fluhearty’s opening shows the following:—shale, 6 ft. ;

coal, 6 in.; shale, 3 in.; coal, 1 ft. 7in.; shale, 6 in. ; coal,

1 ft.02 inazvshale; lL ft44 in. scoal; 44:

Five miles northwest of this, at Bassettsville, on Big

Paw-paw, it shows the following :—shale, 4 ft. ; coal, 1 ft. 5

shale, 1 ft. 2 in.; coal, 3 ft.

Farther south, at Mr. Hawkins’ on Dunkard Mill run,

about three miles from the B. & O. R. R., it shows the fol-

lowing : — sandstone, 35 ft.; coal, 2 ft.; shale, 1 ft.; coal,

4 ft. At the mouth of the Dunkard Mill run on the B. & O.

R. R., it is worked high up on the hill, and exhibits a section

similar to the preceding one.

At Farmington on the B. O. R. R. it has been opened by

Mr. Hamilton and others, only within the last two years.

Previous to this, the people in the vicinity had been getting

their coal from the Pittsburg seam at Fairmount, not knowing

that the Waynesburg coal was at their very doors, until a

land-slide exposed it to them.

From Farmington it can readily be traced up Buffalo creek

along the B. and O. R. R. to where it disappears under it

two miles below Mannington.

On the western side of the “Dividing Ridge,” and fifteen

miles from it, we come to this coal two miles below Ryerson

station, where Crab Apple creek enters Wheeling creek.

Here the section is as follows :—Heavy sandstone, 25 ft. ;

coal, 4ft. This is a typical section of this coal throughout

the country where it is opened here.

As will be seen from the section, the double character of

this coal, universal in the eastern section, does not appear

here. But it is very probable that it once did exist, and has

West Virginia and Pennsylvania. 55

been torn away by the deposition of the coarse sandstone

which rests directly upon it. What seems to sustain this

conclusion is, that ten miles west of “Crab Apple,” where

the sandstone has disappeared and is replaced by a few feet

of shale, the coal presents its normal character, but it has

diminished in thickness, being, near Mr. Gardner’s, only

three feet thick, slate and all. ;

As Mr. Gardner expressed it “The horseback is almost

as hard as steel,” thus preventing the mining of the coal. It

is ten miles from this point to Wheeling, and as there are no

openings on the line of section, I can tell nothing concerning

it in the intervening distance ; but it is exposed at Wheeling

in a ravine not far from the B. and O. R. R. Co’s Steel Rail

manufactory. It is here only 24 feet thick, and single.

Nothing answering to the Uniontown coal of H. D. Rogers

could be found in either section.

Sewickly coal. This coal is very well developed in the

Dunkard creek section, attaining in some instances to 54 feet

in thickness. It is known everywhere as the “five foot

vein.” It is first seen on Dunkard creek about four miles

below Mt. Morris, where the road crosses the creek oppo-

site Newburg. At Bobtown, two miles from the Monon-

gahela river, it is seen on the steep bluffs of Dunkard,

eighty-five feet above the Pitsburg coal, and is here five feet

thick. This point is ten miles north of the Scott’s Run

country. On Wheeling creek this coal is only six inches

thick.

Redstone coal. This coal seems to thin out to the north,

as no openings have ever been made in it throughout the

entire district of country between Robinson’s run and Dun-

kard creek.

The inhabitants of this district are not aware that there is

such a coal; but it has a representative of some kind here,

as the smut of a coal, occupying its place, can be seen very

frequently. I do not think it can be more than eighteen feet

thick, if anything can be judged from its smut. One

56 Upper Coal Measures of

noticeable: thing concerning it on Dunkard, is the entire

absence of the twelve feet of limestones found below it on

Robinson’s run, Monongalia Co., eight miles south of this

locality. Its place is filled here by the Pittsburg sandstone,

which is twenty-five feet thick, and generally rests directly

upon the underlying coals. The Redstone coal is only four

inches thick in the Wheeling creek section.

Pittsburg coal. This coal first appears on Dunkard creek

at Taylortown, Greene Co., Pa. It is here eight feet thick,

and single-bedded, the heavy Pittsburgh sandstone resting

immediately upon it. One mile below, the following section

is seen :—sandstone 30 ft.; coal, 14 ft.;. shale 1 ft. 3 in.;

coal 7 ft.

The following section of this coal was taken on the top

of the hill opposite the mouth of Cheat river, and 350 feet

above the surface of the same :—sandstones 35 ft.; shale

6 {t.; coal 54 feet.

For the sake of contrast with the foregoing, I give another

from Robinson’s run, at Mr. Hunt’s opening, five miles

southwest of Cheat. It is as follows:—Limestones 11 ft. ;

shale 2 ft.; coal 14 ft.; shale 1 ft. 3 in.; coal 4 in.; shale

1 ft. 7 in.; coal 11 in.; shale 8 in.; coal 1 ft.; shale 3 in. ;

coal 8 ft. Here in the first section we have only one seam

of coal, while in the next we have five /

On land of Mr. James Lazzell, Dog’s run, Monongalia Co.,

W. Va.. some fine impressions of Weuwropteris hirsuta, Cala-

mites, Sigillaria, etc., were found in the roof-shales of this

coal.

In the roof-shales of the Waynesburg coal at Mr. Layton’s

bank near Cassville, Monongalia Co., W. Va. and also at

Mr. Morris’s just above, the following coal plants were

found, together with several others undetermined :—Ale-

thopteris Pennsylvanica, Pecopteris arborescens, Spheno-

phyllum filiculinus.

Borings. During the “Oil fever” which raged here some

years ago, several borings were commenced high up in the

West Virginia and Pennsylvania. 57

upper Barren Group, and put down from six to seven hun-

dred feet. It is a matter of great regret that the records of

these wells were not preserved. I was able to procure the

records of one boring that was made near Bellton, Marshall

Co., W. Va., B. and O. R. R., on land now owned by Hon.

H. S. White. It runs as follows :-—

ils) S08 GS eagesceccoudc 10 ft. 15. Sandstones......... 4ff. | 29. Shale... succor. 18 ft.

2; Sandstone........ 6 ¢ 16S Shale wc. scsssasivare 19 “ 30. Sandstone......... Bpire

De COM cecacscscssses gy 17. Sandstone......... GES Sle SHAS A. cicesclele'ssielee 4 °°

4. Sandstone.........17 “ Ib iN esconcocnnogor Ace 32. Limestone........ 10 ft.

BH. Shale....cccceveee ih 19. Sandstone........ 30 ** 33- Fireclay..........» Bye

6. Sandstone. ....... Ss DOR SUMO aiaatesmarciaiaaicia’s ae 34. Limestone........ 4366

ema Oeteleicicsisicisi ciclo LANES 21. Sandstone......... 35 °* 35. Sandstone.........16 “

Babine Cl ayes. cis in ose SEL) Cuntels\alsioinieiinte ce DTS 36. Limestone........ Ges

9. Sandstone........ 25 * 23. Soft sandstone....45 “ Bye File Geconooccaoods ois

1S SPECS AS Soopeosege 1b] Wil (Olio occobooce oobd Gis 38. Limestone........ sce

11. Sandstone........ sie <8 25. Sandstone......... 24) ee Osmo Mal ewelstclalctaretelatalel= art

1B, (Cle Characcannegoondo (3) 26. Limestone........ 8“ 40. Sandstone.........33 “

13. Sandstone......... 9 ° Plo SIG kon concoccnnec 19 ** Total “bud ft.

ii, SUN @aGanossesoncao ls 28. Sandstone......... 11 2

Interval between coal No. 3 and coal No. 12, 108 feet.

Heese 68) 6) egal No. 12 and.coal: No. 24, £96 feet:

It is very probable that coal No. 3 is the “Brownsville,”

No. 12 the Waynesburg, and No. 24 the Pittsburgh.

If this record is correct, it is a very anomalous one, as no

limestone at all appears above coal No. 24. It is easier,

however, to doubt the record than to believe it, as the first

foreman employed by the company knew very little about

the character of rocks.

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West Virginia and Pennsylvania. 57

upper Barren Group, and put down from six to seven hun-

dred feet. It is a matter of great regret that the records of

these wells were not preserved. I was able to procure the

records of one boring that was made near Bellton, Marshall

Co., W. Va., B. and O. R. R., on land now owned by Hon.

H. S. White. It runs as follows :-—

iL SEND apAccnahoouac 10 ft. } 15. Sandstones....... 4 ft. | 29. Shale......sesseee 18 ft.

2. Sandstone....... Girse DG Shae seerelctsiele sieterots ie 30. Sandstone........ 25 *

3h (ClahheccAnmoecdonae 3 “4 17. Sandstone........ Gwe Slit al Cvmtsisretstalela tes 4 6

4, Sandstone........ ef: BSE SIA] Geer ieetclet=icisi='= 4,, 6 32. Limestone ....... LON <6

RoE Ae etetayataleteletetate« (eh 19. Sandstone........ 30 “ 33. Fireclay......... Byte

6. Sandstone........ a ZONA esisiescta clele's ile PANCE 34. Limestone ....... Ace

aS AIC iaclatnisielclels’atarete Ze. 21. Sandstone........ Baye 35. Sandstone........ GUESS

$. Fireclay.......... Farts oes Shall Gxcenecrcicce ce Br 36. Limestone....... Gut

9. Sandstone........ 25 % 23. Soft sandstone...45 “ Bite SIRE Ba coceoocccet Uk

Io TST en oeeeaes Soe 1p Pr COO lemrislaciasiniea ate Gy 38. Limestone....... Abs

11. Sandstone........ Lie 25. Sandstone........20 “ Oona Garsterciclelellstetatale oes

Vas (Obi pAgenaccaoencd Eye 26. Limestone........ 8S 40. Sandstone........ 33.

18, Sandstone........ 9 * Pilin slits apocescadede HOMES aE Total L ft.

Ma SMALE) escecceenios By 28. Sandstone........ 1D) st

Interval between coal No. 3 and coal No. 12, 108 feet.

so sé 666 666 egal No. 12 and coal No. 24, 196 feet.

It is very probable that coal No. 3 is the “ Brownsville,”

No. 12 the Waynesburg, and No. 24 the Pittsburg.

If this record is correct, it is a very anomalous one, as no

limestone at all appears above coal No. 24. It is easier,

however, to doubt the record than to believe it, as the first

foreman employed. by the company knew very little about

the character of rocks.

FEBRUARY, 1875.

ANN. Lye: Nat. .HistT., VOL. XI.

58 Poissons de Vile de Cuba.

VI.— Poissons de Vile de Cuba. Espéces nouvelles decrites

PAR FELIPE POEY.

Membre correspondant du Lycée d? Hist. Nat. de New York.

Présenté le 5 Octobre, 1874.

Chilodipterus affinis.

Le genre Chilodipterus appartient a la famille des Amide,

dont le type est le genre Amia de Gronovius (Apogon Lacé-

péde). Ilse distingue des autres genres de cette famille par

de longs crochets pointus qui se mélent au fin velours de

leurs machoires. Le Dr. Giinther n’en décrit que cing

espéces, toutes des Indes Orientales, de la Mer Rouge ou de

VYOcéan Pacifique.

L’espéce que je décris a été trouvée par moi une seule fois 4la Havane,

en trois exemplaires, dont le plus grand est long de quatre-vingt milli-

métres. Sahauteur entre quatre fois et deux tiers dans la longueur totale ;

Veil est trois fois dans lalongueur de latéte. La bouche est trés fendue

et oblique; le maxillaire échancré postérieurement, finit 4 ’aplomb du

centre de la pupille. L’opercule a deux épines plates, et une strie qui

aboutit 4 l’épine inférieure, au-del& de laquelle se prolonge le lobe sous-

operculaire; le préopercule est dentelé, et porte un rebord ayant 4 son

angle deux petites pointes 4 peine discernibles. On sent une épine sur la

region mastoidienne du crane. Les machoires ont les dents en velours,

et portent sur le devant quelques canines: la machoire inférieure a de plus

sur les cétés quatre longues canines.

D.6+1,9; A. 2,9. La seconde dorsale et l’anale sont opposées; le

deuxiéme rayon de la premiére et le troisiéme de la seconde, sont de dou-

ble hauteur que le dernier; lépine ventrale est forte. La caudale est

échancrée. Les écailles du dos sont cycloides; celles des flanes ont

Véventail et des cils trés-fins: ily ena aux joues. La couleur est rouge:

il parait que le péritoine est argenté. La base de la caudale est noiratre.

L’opercule est lisse et brillant.

Num. 601 de mon Ichthyologie MS. de Cuba.

Corvina subaequalis.

Longueur totale 245 millimetres.

La hauteur du corps, égale 4 la longueur de la téte; est contenue trois

fois et cing sixiémes dans la longueur totale. La téte est grosse, ayant

Poissons de Vile de Cuba. 59

l’ceil contenu trois fois et un tiers dans sa longueur; le museau est court

et arrondi. La bouche est mediocre, le maxillaire atteignant l’aplomb du

bord antérieur de la pupille. Les deux machoires sont 4-peu-prés d’égale

longueur, comme j’ai voulu le témoigner par le nom spécifique. Les dents

sont en fin velours, sauf un rang externe de dents plus longues, égales,

écartées, plus remarquables 4 la machoire supérieure qu’a Vinférieure. Le

museau montre en dessous deux pores de chaque cété. Le préopercule est

finement dentelé; l’opercule, entier.

D. 10 + 1, 25; A. 2,7. Les deux nageoires dorsales sont séparées par

un espace d’environ cing millimétres. Le premier rayon de la premiére

dorsale est trés court; le second est robuste. Le bord postérieur de la

caudale forme un angle saillant. Les écailles sont assez grandes, méme

celles des joues et de Vopercule: il y en a sur la base de l’anale.

La couleur parait avoir été plus ou moins argentée, ayant jauni dans

l’eau de vie. Comparaison.— Le Diapterus Lefroyi des Bermudes, que M.

G. Brown Goode a décrit dans le Amer. Journ. of Sc. and Arts, viii, Aug.

1874, ressemble 4 mon espéce sous plusieurs rapports, notamment par la

forme allongée du corps et les rayons épineux de l’anale, qui sont au

nombre de deux, le premier trés-court, le second long et gréle. La com-

paraison qui suit montre cependant que l’espéce est différente. Je mets

entre parenthéses les caractéres de celle de Cuba.

L’origine de la dorsale est eloignée de l’extrémité du museau, deux fois

la longueur de sa base, ce qui doit s’entendre de la partie épineuse (une

fois et deux tiers), l’échancrure est profonde, ne laissant voir que la mem-

brane connective, celle-ci a disparu, l’échancrure étant plus profonde;

l’étendue de la partie molle de la dorsale est plus grande que celle de la

partie épineuse (les deux sont égales); l’anale commence en arriére du

milieu du corps (trés en arriére) ; l’extrémité de la pectorale est A’aplomb

de la derniére épine dorsale (de avant derniére) ; Vaxille de la pectorale

et ’extrémité du museau sont brunatres (le trone brachial est amplement

noir, et le museau n’a pas de brun; il y a du noir 4 la pointe de la dorsale

épineuse, ce qui n’est pas indiqué par Mr. Goode).

J’ai trouve ce poisson dans un de mes bocaux, conservé

dans la liqueur, ne sachant pas précisément d’ot il m’est

venu, mais soupconnant qu'il m’a été remis de Cienfuegos,

cote du Sud. Je Vai envoyé & Mr. Peters, Directeur du

Musée de Berlin, et je n’en ai pas revu depuis un autre exem-

plaire.

Num. 443, de mon Ichthyologie MS. de Cuba.

Eucinostomus productus.

Le Professeur Gill dans les Proceed. of the Acad. of

Phila., 1862, p. 238, a consideré le genre Hucinostomus de

60 Poissons de Vile de Cuba.

Baird et Girard, comme synonyme du Diapterus de Ranzani,

qui a la priorité ; mais il parait qu’ila plus tard abandonné ce

dernier genre, 4 cause probablement de quelques erreurs dans

lesquelles est tombé lauteur italien; puisque dans son cata-

logue de 1873 ilaccepte la dénomination de Baird et Girard :

je ne crains pas de m’égarer sur les pas de ce savant ichthy-

ologiste. Cependant, lespéce que je decris a la dorsale telle-

ment échancrée, que l’on pourrait tout aussi bien dire qu’il

y a deux dorsales ; car la membrane du dernier rayon épineux

touche, sans monter le premier rayon mou. Le nom de

Diapterus lui viendrait bien; nom proposé en 1841 dans les

Novi Commentarii Academie Bononiensis, que ‘je wai pas

eu Voccasion de consulter.

Individu décrit : 225 millimétres; c’est une femelle. Le corps est oblong

élégammant attenué vers les deux bouts; la ligne de la gorge et celle du

front ont une égale courbure. La hauteur du poisson entre quatre fois

dans la longueur totale, ainsi que la téte, qui contient l’ceil trois fois, sans

compter l’intermaxillaire. Un des caractéres les plus distinctifs de cette

espéce, c’est le diamétre transversal du corps, qui est grand, surtout vers

les deux tiers de sa hauteur, ou il mesure trente millimétres, sur cinquante-

cing de haut. Les ouvertures nasales sont petites et rapprochées, sans

ressaut, la partie visible du maxillaire est triangulaire, ayant la hauteur

deux fois aussi étendue que la base. Le préopercule et le sous-orbitaire

sont entiers, comme l’exige le genre auquel le poisson appartient. Les

dents sont en fin velours, plus visibles 4 la loupe sur la machoire inférieure.

D. 9,10; A. 2,8. La dorsale est échancrée jusqu’a la ligne du dos; la

portion épineuse est aussi étendue que la portion molle, dont le dernier

rayon répond au dernier de l’anale, pas tout a fait cependant, car il est en

arriére environ deux millimétres. Les rayons épineux sont faibles, le pre-

mier de la dorsale est tres-court, le deuxiéme égale en longueur la moitié

de la hauteur du corps, égalant la distance qu’il y a entre Je centre de la

pupille et ’extrémité postérieure de ’opercule. Jene vois que deux rayons

épineux 4lanale: le premier est tres petit; le deuxiéme est trés gréle, et

n’est en longueur que la moitié du second de ladorsale. La dorsdle molle

et ’anale ont sur le devant 4-peu-prés le double de hauteur qu’en arriére.

Caudale bifurquée, pectorale pointue, ventrale médiocre, un peu en arriére

de Ja base des pectorales, et surmontée d’un lobule écailleux.

Les écailles des flancs, marquées au centre d’un petit trait, sont plutét

grandes que médiocres; celles de la région caudale sont de moitié plus pe-

tites. Je ne vois pas d’écailles sur l’opercule, mais il yen a sur les piéces

inférieures et sur les joues, ainsi que sur l’espace interorbitaire ; le museau

Poissons de Vile de Cuba. 61

n’en a pas, et le maxillaire brille comme de Vargent poli. Les nageoires

verticales n’ont pas d’écailles, mais leur base se loge dans un repli écailleux.

Le dos est bleudtreet brillant, le ventre est d’un bleu trés pale ; les flancs

sont verdatres, ainsi que les nageoires impaires; les autres nageoires sont

jaunatres. Il y asur la base des pectorales, un caractére important; c’est

une tache noire qui fait reconnditre l’espéce au premier coup d’ceil; de plus

la pointe antérieure de la dorsale est noiratre, comme chez quelques autres

espéces qu’on ne saurait confondre avec la présente.

L’espéce est rare: quelques-uns la nomment Moharra de

ley, nom qui appartient plutdt a une autre espece plus com-

mune. J’ai envoyé le type ici décrit au Smithsonian Institu-

tion.

Num. 382 de mon Ichthyologie MS. de Cuba.

Mugil brasiliénsis. PL. vi.

vuxLGo Plateado.

? Curema Marcgravus, Hist. Bras., p. 181, 1648.

Mugil brasiliensis Agassiz, in Spix, Pisce. Bras., p. 234,

tibei2, Lo2d.

? Mugil incilis Hancock, in Lond. Quart. Journal Sc.,

1830 (fide Gthr.).

? Mugil Gaimardianus Desmarest, Dict. class., tab. 109,

1824-1830.

? Mugil Curema Valenciennes, in Cuv. et Val. Poiss., XI,

p- 87, 1836.

? Mugil petrosus Valenciennes, loco citato, p. 89.

? M. Curema Gay, Hist. Chil. Zool., Il, p. 259, 1848.

? M. petrosus Gay, loco citato, p. 260.

M. brasiliensis Giinther, Catal., III, p. 431, 1861.

M. Gaimardinus Poey, Synopsis, p. 388, 1868.

Les espices de ce genre sont trés difficiles & distinguer ;

parceque les auteurs ont ordinairement omis les caracteres

essentiels que le Dr. Giinther signale dans son catalogue

des poissons du Musée Britannique, tome 2, p. 412, & laide

desquels il a pu rendre compte de soixante-six espéces dé-

crites dans ce grand ouvrage.

Nous avons & Cuba deux espéces bien communes: la plus

62 Poissons de Vile de Cuba.

grande, nommée par moi Mugil Lebranchus, ayant la seconde

dorsale et l’anale dépourvues d’écailles, ’autre, que je rap-

porte au WZ. brasiliensis, nommé 4 la Havane Plateado, pour

le distinguer de la Liza commune. Les pécheurs ne connais-

sent que ces deux espéeces; mais parmi les individus 4 na-

geoires écailleuses, il y a des différences qu’un ceil attentif

peut découvrir, et qui suffisent pour ajouter deux autres

espéces & celles que l’on connait déja; et c’est ce que je vais

faire, en commencant par donner les caracteres essentiels du

brasiliensis, que je prends pour chef de file, comme point de

comparaison, ayant soin d’omettre quelques détails communs

aux espéces du genre Mugil.

Individu décrit, 325 millimétres. Ilse distingue au premier coup d’ceil par

un aplatissement sur les flancs; car sa coupe verticale, sur une hauteur de

soixante-et-huit mill. donne en longueur trente-deux mill. au premier tiers,

et quarante-et-un au deuxiéme. La hauteur du corps est contenue prés de

cing fois dans la longueur totale; la téte y est cing fois et un quart, et con-

tient l’ceil trois fois et trois quarts, séparé du bout du museau un peu moins

de son diamétre. Le profil du museau est médiocrement pointu. Le

dessus de la téte et les tempes montrent plusieurs écailles percées d’un

trait longitudinal. Les narines sont éloignées l’une de l’autre; la posté-

rieure 4 égale distance de l’antérieure et du bord de Vorbite; l’antérieure

peu eloignée de Ja lévre supérieure. Il y a sur l’eil un voile adipeux

ouvert sur la pupille. Le préopercule forme un angle qui se rejette en

arriére, ou il devient membraneux et transparent.

La bouche n’est pas fendue jusqu’aux yeux : la lévre supérieure est grosse,

le maxillaire entiérement caché sous le premier sous-orbitaire. La m4-

choire inférieure, moins avancée que l’autre, porte une lévre étroite.

Les dents sont comme des fils, trés courtes et rapprochées, et presque

imperceptibles 4 la simple vue, environ soixante-et-cing en haut, cent en

bas, de chaque cote.

Le palais est lisse, ainsi que la langue, qui est arriérée, attachée 4 un

frein élevé en toit, prolongé en avant et également lisse. Les branches

de la machoire inférieure, vues en dessous, forment un angle de quatre-

vingts dégrés. :

La ventrale s’attache sous les trois cinquiémes de la longueur de la’pec-

torale, qui entre prés de sept fois dans la longueur totale, et s’éléve au-

dessous de la moitié du corps: la premiére dorsale commence au milieu

du corps, sans compter tout le bord supérieur de la caudale; sa ligne

d’aplomb est séparée de la pointe de la pectorale un espace égal au tiers

de cette derniére nageoire, et séparée de la seconde dorsale autant que de

Poissons de Vile de OQuba. 63

la base supérieure de la pectorale. La premiére épine dorsale égale en

longueur la moitié de la hauteur du corps au-dessous delle; ce qui fait

plus de la moitié de la longueur de la téte. La seconde dorsale commence

au dessus du premier tiers de l’anale, dont les rayons sont 3,9. L’espace

libre entre les deux nageoires du dos, dépasse d’un cinquiéme l’étendue

de la premiére.

Les écailles du tronc sont grandes, environ quarante sur une ligne longi-

tudinale; marquées sur leur milieu d’un petit trait, sans distinction de la

ligne latérale. La seconde dorsale et l’anale sont couvertes de petites

écailles, trés serrées.

Couleur argentée, écailles miroitantes, dos verdatre; il y a des reflets

rougedtres sur l’opercule: une bande pale de reflet parcourt les séries

longitudinales des écailles. Les nageoires participent de la couleur du

corps: la pointe de la seconde dorsale et le devant de l’anale, ainsi que le

bord postérieur de la caudale, sont noiratres.. La tache bleuftre de la

base des pectorales est peu prononcée et variable. Iris orangé.

Observations sur la Synonymie.

Valenciennes est le premier qui ait rapporté le Curema de

Marcgrave au MW. brasiliensis d’ Agassiz, auquel ila enlevé in-

justement la priorité scientifique, rétablie par le Dr. Giinther.

Il n’y a rien dans Marcgrave qui fasse croire que son Curema

appartienne au brasiliensis, plutdt qu’au WZ. Liza, car le car-

actére des nageoires écailleuses n’y est pas: la taille quwil

donne, de deux pieds, le jette, au contraire, dans lasynonymie

du M. Liza.

Le Mugil brasiliensis, figuré par Spix, ne peut avoir qu'une

médiocre exactitude d’aprés le jugement que l’on peut former

sur louvrage entier: c’est cependant celle qui se rapproche

le plus de ’espece de Cuba, ayant comme elle les nageoires

écailleuses, et a-peu-pres la méme position des nageoires

paires; lceil est trop petit. Reste 4 voir la langue.

Le Mugil Gaimardianus de Desmarest est peut-étre antérieur

au brasiliensis, mais on n’en est pas certain, car la date du

Dictionnaire Classique est renfermée entre 1824 et 1830. Il

a été regu de Cuba; et comme il se conserve au Jardin des

Plantes, il est probable que Valenciennes, qui le cite a son

Curema, ait observé les écailles des nageoires verticales ;

mais je ne crois pas qu’il ait observé lalangue. Dvailleurs, la

64 Poissons de Tile de Cuba.

figure de Desmarest est plus inexacte que cclle de Spix, car

la pointe de la pectorale est sous le premier tiers de la pre-

miére dorsale ; et les nageoires sont d’une couleur uniforme ;

ce qui doit nuire a la priorité. Voyez Vespéce qui suit.

Le Mugil Curema de Valenciennes n’est pas le méme, par

le seul fait d’avoir la langue plieé en toit, & aréte aigué, toute

couverte de fortes 4pretés. Eiit-il pris le frein pour la langue,

encore est-il vrai qu’il se distingue de l’espece de Cuba par les

apretés. Je l’ai laissé avec doute dans la Synonymie, parce-

quwil cite Agassiz et Desmarest, parcequil en a recu un

exemplaire de Cuba, et parcequ’il peut avoir mal observé,

ou confondu quelque autre individu.

Le Mugil petrosus de Valenciennes, me semble, comme

au Dr. Giinther, n’étre qu’une variété du Curema du méme

auteur. Il en a regu de Cuba, du Brésil, de Surinam, et

nous en voyons, dit-il, l’espéce s’avancer vers le nord jusqu’&

New York. Ce serait le méme que celui de Cuba, s’il eut

différé du Curema par la langue; mais il n’en dit rien, tout

en le comparant au Curema, et il laisse croire qu’il ena les

apretés. Il est douteux que les Muges du Chili nommés

Curema et petrosus par Gay, soient bien déterminés : auteur

copie assez visiblement les données de Valenciennes.

Dans la déseription du Mugil brasiliensis, le Dr. Giinther

dit que la ventrale s’insére au milieu de la distance qwil y a

entre la pectorale et la dorsale $pineuse: c’est ce qui se voit

quelquefois.

Histoire. Les plus grands que jai vus n’arrivent pas 4 400

millimétres de long. No. 52 de mon Ichthyologie MS. de

Cuba.

Mugil Gaimardianus. pu. vin, Figs. 1-3.

Mugil Gaimardianus, Desmarest, Dict. Classique (1824—

1830).

En suivant la déscription de Vesp®ce qui précéde je m/’at-

tacherai ici 4 donner principalement les caractéres différen-

tiels.

Poissons de Vile de Cuba. 65

Longueur totale, 225 millimétres; contenant la hauteur cing fois et un

cinquiéme, et la téte qwatre et quatre cinquiémes. L7’ceil est contenu trois

fois et deux tiers dans la longueur de Ja téte, 4 trois quarts de son diamétre

du bout dumuseau, quiestarrondi. Labouche est fendue jusqu’al’aplomb

du bord orbitaire antérieure; la lévre inférieure renflée 4 son extrémité,

qui se cache entre trois tubercules du palais. Les dents de la machoire

supérieure sont ecartées, petites, un peu fortes; celles de la machoire

inférieure sont trés fiens, 4 peine discernibles.

Veentrale attachée sous le milieu de la pectorale, qui entre six fois et un

quart dans la longueur totale: sa ligne d’aplomb n’est separée de la pointe

de la pectorale, qu’un espace égal 4 un dixiéme de cette derniére nageoire.

La premiére épine dorsale entre une fois et trois cinquiémes dans la hau-

teur du corps au-dessous delle. L’espace libre qui sépare les deux na-

geoires du dos, égale l’étendue de la premiére. Je ne vois pas de trait en-

foncé sur les écailles des flancs.

Couleur argentée, dos gris de plomb; une bandelette brune parcourt les

séries longitudinales des écailles. a base de la dorsale porte une tache

noiratre bien prononcée: les autres nageoires n’ont pas dunoir. Ilya

des reflets dorés sur l’opercule.

Observations.—Le reproche que j’ai fait 4 Desmarest sur

la position avancée de la premiére dorsale, lorsque j’ai comparé

sa figure 4 celle du AZ. brasiliensis, disparait ici et devient un

caractére essentiel, confirmé par la ligne brune qui parcourt

les écailles des flancs. J’ai donc lieu de croire qwil est bien

cité par moi, comme auteur de cette espece, qui est peut-étre

celle du Dr. Giinther, décrite sous le nom de AV. brasiliensis

quoigwil y rapporte la figure de Spix, qu'il dit toutefois n’étre

pas bonne.

Comparaison.— On peut voir par la déscription qui précede,

que le AZ. Gaimardianus différe principalement du brasiliensis,

par un corps plus allongé, un museau plus court, la levre

supérieure moins grosse, l’inférieure moins ¢troite, les dents

plus fortes et écartées; la premiére dorsale presque sur la

pointe de la pectorale et moins séparée de la seconde. Il y

a encore quelques différences sur les couleurs. Je regrette de

n’avoir pas observé la langue, l’angle de la machoire inférieure,

les rayons de lanale. Les écailles des nageoires verticales

sont les mémes.

Histoire.—L’espéce est trés rare, si l’on considére que je

66 Poissons de Vile de Cuba.

ne lai vue qu’ une fois; mais il est probable que je l’aie con-

fondue au marché avec le M. brasiliensis. C’est le No. 529

de mon Ichthyologie MS. de Cuba.

Mugil trichodon. pL. vim, rics. 4-8.

C’est toujours en suivant la déscription de mon chef de file,

et en m/arrétant sur les différences, que je vais décrire cette

nouvelle espece 4 langue lisse et & nageoires verticales écail-

leuses.

Longueur totale, 275 millimétres, contenant la hauteur du corps un

peu plus de cing fois et la téte un peu moins. L’ceil est contenu quatre

fois et un cinquiéme dans la longueur de la téte, eloigné plus d’un diamétre

du bout du museau, qui est pointu. La lévre supérieure est médiocrement

grosse; le maxillaire est caché sous un sous-orbitaire dentelé, ou du moins

bien strié sur son bord: Ja lévre inférieure est aplatie et étroite.

Les dents sont longues de deux millimétres, comparativement écartées,

flexibles, courbées, environ quarante sur chaque mfchoire de chaque cété :

elles paraissent filiformes; mais, 4 la loupe, elles se montrent comprimeés

et élargies 4 leur extrémité (fig. 7). Les branches de la machoire infé-

rieure forment un angle de soixante-et-dix degrés.

La ventrale s’attache sur les cing septiémes de la longueur de la pecto-

rale. La premiére dorsale a sa ligne d’aplomb séparée de la pointe de

la pectorale, un espace égal aux trois cinquiémes de cette nageoire,

et plus prés de sa base que du commencement de la seconde dorsale.

La premiére épine du dos n’est que la moitié de la longueur de la téte,

quoique elle soit la moitié du corps au-dessous d’elle. Les rayons de l’a-

nale sontcertainement 3,8. lL’espace libre entre les deux nageoires du dos

dépasse de moitié ’étendue de la premiére. Les écailles sont grandes,

trent-cing sur une ligne longitudinale, marquées sur la base d’un petit

trait.

Couleur gris de plomb brillant, ventre argenté, nageoires d’un brun pale,

sans autre tache noiratre: la tache des pectorales est presque nulle. Il y

a des reflets sur les cétés de la téte.

Comparaison.—Il resemble plus au MM. brasiliensis qu’au

Gaimardianus. Il est plus allongé, la région caudale bien

comprimée, la téte plus longue, le museau plus pointu ; l’eil

est plus petit; langle de la machoire plus aigu; la premiere

dorsale est plus séparée de la pointe de la pectorale, et sur-

tout du commencement de la seconde ; les stigmates secréteurs

Poissons de Vile de Cuba. 67

de la téte sont plus petits, mais ce qui les distingue le

mieux, ce sont les dents.

Histoire.—Il est rare: Je l’ai vu plus Vune fois. Num.

611 de mon Ichthyologie MS. de Cuba.

Weoconger perlongus. pL. 9, rigs. 3-4.

Ce poisson se rapproche compléetement des Congres par la

position des narines, ayant l’ouverture postérieure haute et

pres de l’eil ; et il se rapproche des Ophisures par lextrémité

de la queue: ses nageoires tres basses le rangent dans le

genre Weoconger de Girard.

Longueur totale 320 millimétres (140+180). La téte est contenue un

peu plus de cing fois dans la premiére partie du corps, qui termine 4 anus.

Le museau est pointu, la gorge renfliée; la bouche est fendue jusqu’é la

quatriéme partie de la téte. L’ceil est grand, et finit un peu en avant de la

commissure buccale, séparé du bout du museau un diamétre et trois quarts.

La machoire inférieure est arriérée. Il y a de chaque cété trois pores

entre les deux ouvertures nasales, une autre plus bas, trois derriére l’eil,

deux 4lamachoireinférieure. Les nombreux et fins rayons branchiostéges

se laissent voir sur la peau, 4 la partie postérieure de la téte.

On reconnait 4 la loupe que les dents sont trés courtes mais robustes,

un peu crochues et pointues, toutes de méme grandeur, et sur un rang;

quelques-unes placées sur le devant des machoires, sont plus longues.

Je ne puis pas bien distinguer les vomériennes, mais sur le milieu du pla-

teau nasal il y a un rang de dents courtes et robustes.

Ce poisson est remarquable par le peu de hauteur du corps, laquelle, prise

entre la pectorale et l’anus, entre soixante-et-douze fois dans la longueur

totale. La dorsale et l’anale sont basses, environ le quart ou le cinquieme

de la hauteur du corps. La premiére commence un peu en arriére de la

pointe de la pectorale, et finit sur la pointe méme de la queue, ainsi que

Yanale. Couleur brun-violet, plus pale sous le ventre. La peau, vue sous

la loupe, est pointillée de noir.

Histoire.—Je ne Vai eu qu'une seule fois & Matanzas.

Cest le num. 639, de mon Ichthyologie MS. de Cuba.

Gymnothorax umbrosus. PL. IX, Frias. 1-2.

Longueur totale 660 millimétres, savoir 340-320, ce qui fait la queue

plus courte que le reste du corps, dont la téte occupe le quart: celle-ci

nest pas grosse et n’a pas la nuque relevée. La hauteur du poisson est

68 Poissons de Vile de Cuba.

contenue seize fois dans la longueur totale. La bouche est fendue jusqu’a

la moitié de la téte. L’oeil est petit, fait un sixitme de la bouche, et se

trouve placé un peu plus prés du bout du museau que de la commissure.

L’ouverture postérieure nasale est haute, devant leeil, fendue longitudinale-

ment; lautre est tubuleuse et terminale. Le long des machoires, ily a

quatre pores en haut, trois en bas et deux entre les ouvertures des narines.

La machoire supérieure présente & V’extrémité une rangée de petites

dents, suivies en dedans d’autres plus longues et gréles, tant au palais

comme au plateau nasal: ces derniéres sont les plus longues. Les dents

de la machoire inférieure sont sur un seul rang, plus nombreuses, plus

serrées, tournées un peu en arriére, environ trente de chaque coté; les six

premiéres plus longues et écartées, faisant jeu avec celles d’en haut. Les

dents vomériennes sont sur un seulrang. Les deux machoires sont d’égale

longueur.

La nageoire dorsale commence au-dessous de ouverture des ouies, elle

augmente insensiblement de hauteur jusqu’a l’anus, ot elle aun peu moins

du tiers de la hauteur du corps au-dessous d’elle; de 14 elle va en diminu-

ant jusqu’a l’extrémité de la queue, ou elle se réduit 4 presque rien, pour

s’unir 4 l’anale; celle-ci est d’un tiers moins haute que la dorsale, entrant

prés de douze fois dans la hauteur du tronc. Deux lignes longitudinales,

comme un pli, parcourent la longueur de la dorsale. Plusieurs plis se

rendent de l’ouverture branchiale aux cétés de la bouche.

Couleur brune, tirant un peu sur le rouge. Cette couleur forme de

nombreuses marbrures sur un fond plus pale, et de la couleur uniforme

rougeatre du ventre; ces marbrures sont peu prononcées. Les nageoires

sont aussi d’un fond rougeatre.

C’est une femelle: les ceufs, tombés dans V’abdomen, sont ronds, d’un

millimétre de diamétre et trés blancs. Je l’ai envoyé au Smithsonian In-

stitution. No. 403 de mon Ichthyologie MS. de Cuba.

Gymnothorax polygonius. PL. x.

Longueur totale, 722 millimétres (344-+378).

La téte est contenue plus de trois fois et demie dans la longueur du

tronc, la téte incluse: elle parait grosse 4 cause du renflement de la

gorge; l’occiput est relevé, le profil fait une ligne rentrante sur lil.

La miachoire inférieure est un peu arriérée. -La fente buccale est contenue

deux fois et demie dans la longueur de la téte. L’ceil fait la cinquiéme

partie de cette ouverture, placé plus prés de la commissure que de l’ex-

trémité du museau. L’ouverture postérieure des narines est arrondie,

Vantérieure porte un tube qui dépasse le bout du museau. Le long des

machoires on compte trois pores en haut, et trois en bas: entre les deux

ouvertures antéricures, il y a deux pores. Les joues sont parcourues,

depuis Vouverture branchiale jusqu’é la bouche par sept lignes, ou plis

paralléles: plus ces lignes sont inférieures, plus elles avancent.

La machoire supérieure est pourvue d’une série externe de dents, envi-

Poissons de Vile de Cuba. 69

ron guinze, courtes, écartées, tournées en arriére, presque égaies au nasal

et aux palatins: le plateau nasal a sur la ligne médiane deux dents plus

longues. Les dents du vomer paraissent étre sur un seul rang. La ma-

choire inféricure porte une autre série de dents toutes semblables, un

peu plus courtes que celles de la m&choire supérieure: ces dents sont

comprimées et aigués, assez rapprochécs, au nombre de seize a vingt.

La hauteur du trone est contenue quinze fois et demie dans la longueur

totale. La nageoire du dos commence aux deux tiers de la téte, d’abord

basse, et peu aprés haute, de maniére a entrer trois fois et demie dans la

hauteur du corps: elle s’étend trés peu 4 l’extrémité de la queue, ou elle

se continue avec l’anale, qui est extrémement basse, comme un relief, dont

la hauteur n’est que la douziéme partie de celle de la dorsale, vers le milieu

de la queue, ou un trente sixiéme de la hauteur du tronc.

La couleur est blanchatre, ou jaunatre pale; le tronc et la queue par-

courus par des bandelettes d’un brun jaundtre, qui décrivent des polygones

incomplets, ordinairement des carrés irréguliers dont les cotés ont deux 4

quatre fois le diamétre de l’ceil. Outre cela, toute la peau est couverte

@une marbrure fine, qui forme sur la téte des traits arrondis, comme j’en

ai représenté une partie sur la figure. Ces bandelettes s’étendent sur la

nageoire supérieure, qui est de la couleurdu trope. La peau est si grosse,

qu’elle ne permet pas de compter les rayons. La nageoire anale a le bord

tout blanc. Iris jaune. "

L’espece n’est pas commune. Je l’ai envoyeé au Smithso-

nian Institution. C’est le No. 602 de mon Ichthyologie MS.

de Cuba.

Chilomycterus orbitosus.

Famille des Diodontidi. Longueur totale, 345 millimetres.

Brun clair en dessus et sur les flanes, ot il se montre tout couvert de

taches rondes, tracées par des lignes brunes circulaires qui se touchent

sans se croiser, aussi grandes que la pupille, rehaussées souvent par le

fond plus foncé des interstices. Le ventre a ses taches plus grandes et

ovales, d’un orangé trés vif tirant sur le vermillon, sur un fond bien noir

des interstices. De plus il y a deux grandes taches paires, noires, bor-

dées de clair, savoir: une au-dessus de la nageoire pectorale, une autre en

arriére de cette méme nageoire. La base de la dorsale porte une bande

noire. Nageoires orangées; lévres rougeatres, ainsi que le tube des narines.

Iris jaunatre, avec un cercle rouge.

Les épines sont fortes, courtes, affermies sur trois racines, au nombre

A-peu-prés de quatre-vingt sur tout le corps, sans compter les petites du

ventre. Le dessus de la téte présente en avant une de ces épines, deux

plus en arriére; deux au-dessus de l’cil, une au-dessous, une en arriére.

Il y a trois tentacles pendants de la michoire inférieure, de chaque coté.

70 Descriptions of Two New Species of Birds.

D. 12; P. 23; C. 8. La vessie natatoire est comme celle du Paradiodon

hystriz ; la rate est arrondie, de méme que la vésicule du fie], laquelle est

jaunatre.

Variété :— On trouve de plus quelguefois une tache grande, noire, ano

die, en arriére de la machoire inférieure.

L’espéce est assez commune. C’est le No. 109 de mon

Ichthyologie MS. de Cuba.

VII.— Descriptions of Two New Species of Birds of the

Families Tanagride and Tyrannide.

BY GEO. N. LAWRENCE.

Read November 16, 1874.

Pheenicothraupis cristata.

Maur. Upper plumage of a deep dull vinous color; the front, sides of

the head, breast, and under tail coverts of a rather dull crimson; the

throat bright scarlet; sides and lower part of abdomen dusky; the crest,

which is much elongated and recurved, is bright scarlet; quills smoky-

black with their outer margins the color of the back; tail feathers deep

vinous red, the central ones and outer webs of the others brighter in

color; bill black; tarsi and toes dark brown.

Length about 8 in.; wing 4; tail 33; tarsi 1; bill $; from base of bill

to end of crest 1 9-16 inches.

Habitat. New Granada, Bogota.

Remarks. I found the single specimen described above,

in a collection of birds from Bogota.

It differs from all others of the genus in having a conspic-

uous and well developed crest ; in its allies the crest is partly

concealed. In general appearance otherwise, it is most like,

and is of about the same size as P. fuscicauda, but differs in

the throat being of a deeper color than in that species, and

Descriptions of Two New Species of Birds. 71

in having the sides of the head, the tail feathers and the outer

margins of the quills dark red; in P. fuscicauda these parts

are dusky.

Myiarchus flammulatus.

Entire upper plumage of a light greenish-olive, the crown just per-

ceptibly of adarker shade; tail feathers of a rather light brown, the outer

‘margins light rufous and the inner webs just edged with very pale salmon

color; loral space and eyelids grayish-white; chin, throat, and upper

part of breast grayish-white, the centres of the feathers on the upper part

of the throat are very pale ash, but the lower part of the throat and the

breast are marked with distinct light colored ashy flammulations, lower

part of breast, abdomen and under tail coverts pale yellow; thighs of a

light rusty-brown, quill feathers of a darker brown than the tail, the pri-

maries edged with very pale rufous, the secondaries margined with gray-

ish white, and the tertiaries broadly edged with grayish-white; the wing

coverts end rather broadly with very pale rufous, forming three distinct

bars across the wings; under wing coverts pale yellow, inner margins of

quills pale salmon color; bill dark brownish-black, with a whitish spot on

the angle of the lower mandible; tarsi and toes brownish-black.

Length 6 in.; wing 2%; tail 2g; tarsi 3; bill §, width at base 7-16.

Habitat.. Mexico, “Tehuantepec, Cacoprieto.” Type in

the National Museum at Washington. Procured by Prof.

F. Sumichrast in June, 1872; original number 1555.

Remarks. Prof. Sumichrast thought it would prove to be

a new species, and forwarded it to me for examination, but

I did not receive the specimen until the summer of this year,

the box containing it having been lost sight of for several

months.

Its dimensions are less than those of MW. lawrencii, and

the colors throughout are paler; it also differs in having a

whitish throat and flammulated markings on the breast ; these

parts in MW. lawrencti being of a clear bluish cinereous ; the

lores and eyelids are grayish-white, in J. lawrencti they are

brown like the crown; the bill in the new species is much

broader.

In reply to my inquiry for other facts concerning it, and

its relationship to M. lawrencii, Prof. Sumichrast wrote as

ib Notes on Certain Terrestrial Mollusks.

follows: “I have two more specimens of the Mytarchus

(No. 1555) in my possession (which I hope soon to send

you), and consider them distinct from 47. lawrencit, These

two specimens, like the one you have seen, have a grayi$h-

white throat, and on the breast deeper longitudinal spots,

although slightly marked, and the bill also broad. The

physiognomy of these birds in life is sufficiently distinct

from M. lawrencit, to enable me to distinguish them even at

a distance ; the body of No. 1554 is in fact thicker and more

robust. I have had occasion to kill a great many of the J/.

lawrencii, and I have always been able at first sight to re-

cognize them-as such, although perched at a great height.

My immediate impression on seeing No. 1555 for the first

time was that I had before me a new form. I have never

seen in the M. lawrencit dark flammulations on the breast,

which the three specimens of No. 1555 show, although but

lightly marked.” :

VIII. — Notes on Certain Terrestrial Mollusks, with Descrip-

tions of New Species.

BY THOMAS BLAND.

Read Oct. 5, 1874.

Oleacina flexuosa, Pfr.

Tuts was described in 1854 (Zool. Proc.), from a speci-

men in Cuming’s cabinet, and subsequently figured in Nov.

Conch., I, t. 2, f. 16-17, but the habitat was unknown.

There is in the Swift cabinet * a very fine example, with

*I have recently had the opportunity of examining the collection of my late

esteemed friend, Mr. Robert Swift, before its delivery to the Philadelphia Academy, to

which it has been presented by his daughter,

Notes on Certain Terrestrial Mollusks. 73

note that it was received from Aux Cayes, in November,

1856, from Mr. Ross. Mr. Swift communicated this, and

probably sent to Dr. Pfeiffer the imperfect shell referred to

in Mon. VI, 278.

The specimen in the Swift cabinet is long. 65, diam. 24

mill., apert. 37 mill. long., infra medium 10 mill. lata.

This is the only species in the West Indies nearly allied to

the large Mexican forms.

Macrocyclis euspira, Pfr.

In the Swift cabinet I lately found young specimens, as

well as adults, of this Venezuelean species, and from one of

the former obtained the animal. W. G. Binney favors me

with the following report on its dentition : —

‘The lingual membrane is indeed like that of Macrocyclis in its general

type. It differs from our North American species only in having all the

teeth purely aculeate, the usual form of marginals in the Vitrinine. It

has no laterals, but the first teeth are of a transitional character, between

laterals and marginals. This cannot be,considered a generic difference.

Zonites levigatus has no true laterals, ant several species have not more

than two.

M. euspira has a true Glandina-like lingual, especially in the form of

the central tooth, which is of a somewhat different character in the North

American species of Macrocyclis.

The presence of a jaw with smooth anterior surface and decided median

projection to the cutting margin, in connection with the form and

arrangement of the teeth and the absence of true laterals, warrant our

placing euspira in Macrocyclis.”

v. Martens has this species in Ammonoceras, subgenus of

Hyalina, with, among others, H. caduca, Pfr. of Mexico,

which is doubtless a Zonttes.

Macrocyclis Baudoni, Petit.

The jaw and dentition of this species were described

(Amer. Jour. Conch., VII, 1871, and Annals, X, 1873), by

W. G. Binney and myself, and we found it to be a Macro-

cyclis.

FEBRUARY, 1875. 6 Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., Voi. XT

74 Notes on Certain Terrestrial Mollusks.

Macrocyclis concolor, Fer.

This species, judging from its great similarity, if not

identity, with MZ. Baudoni, is doubtless a Macrocyclis.

Shuttleworth (Diag. n. Moll. 1854) mentions, on the

authority of Blauner, that JZ. concolor is viviparous. In the

Swift cabinet a specimen is preserved, which he had alive,

and from which he took five embryo shells. What the habit

is in that respect of the North American species of Macro-

cyclis has not been noticed. ,

M. concolor and Baudoni are placed by v. Martens in

Morchia (subgenus of Hyalina), which must now, however,

be treated as a synonyme of Macrocyclis.

M. laxata, Fer., is the type of that genus, but its denti-

tion is, I believe, unknown.

The geographical distribution of the species shows that

Macrocyclis is essentially an American genus.

In the Pacific Province of the Northern Continent, four

species are found; JZ. Vancouverensis, sportella, Voyana and

Duranti. In eastern North America, MW. concava. H. pau-

cispira, Poey, of Cuba, will, I think, prove to be a Macro-

cyclis. M. concolor belongs to Puerto Rico, and Baudoni to

Guadaloupe and Dominica; MM. euspira to Venezuela.

Zonites Lansingi, nov. sp.

T. imperforata, orbiculato-depressa, fusco-cornea, superne levigata,

basi substriatula; sutura impressa; anfr. 54 convexiusculi, ultimus non

descendens, ad peripheriam obsolete angulatus, subtus convexior, circa

regionem umbilicarem excavatus; apertura anguste lunaris; peristo-

mate acuto, margine dextro-lamella obsolete serrata intus incrassato, colu-

mellari vix reflexiusculo.

Shell imperforate, orbicular-depressed, shining, dark horn-colored,

smooth above, at the base substriate; suture impressed; whorls 54

rather convex, the last not descending, obsoletely angular at the periph-

ery, more convex at the base, excavated around the umbilical region;

aperture narrow, lunate; peristome acute, the right margin thickened

within by an obsoletely denticulated lamella, columellar margin scarcely

reflected.

Diam. maj. vix 3, min. 24-mill., alt. 1} mill.

Notes on Certain Terrestrial Mollusks. 75

Habitat. In damp moist places, among leaves. Astoria,

Oregon.

Remarks. Two figures of the species are annexed. The

aspect of the upper surface of the shell is very like that of

Z. multidentatus, Binney.

Fig.1. Zonites Lansingi.

I am indebted to Mr. Henry Hemphill for this interesting

little species, and dedicate it to my young friend, Mr. A.

Ten Eyck Lansing of Burlington, New Jersey, a very prom-

ising student, to whom Mr. W. G. Binney and myself. are

much indebted for assistance in our examination of the den-

tition of terrestrial mollusks.

One specimen of Z. Lansing?, appearing to have the ani-

mal within it, was crushed between two glass slides, enabling

Mr. Binney, without the use of potash, satisfactorily to ob-

serve the jaw and teeth remaining uninjured in the tissues of

the animal. Iam indebted to him for the subjoined particulars.

Fig. 2.

Jaw (fig. 2, A) low, wide, slightly arcuate; ends scarcely attenuated,

blunt; cutting margin without median projection; anterior surface with

fourteen, broad, unequal, crowded, flat ribs, slightly denticulating either

margin.

76 Notes on Certain Terrestrial Mollusks.

The first impression given by the jaw is that it bears narrow, separated

ribs, as in Bulimulus, Cylindrella, etc. A more careful study of it, however,

shows the ribs to be very broad, crowded, flat, with narrow interstices

between them.

Lingual membrane with 17-1-17 teeth; six laterals. Centrals (fig. 2, B)

with the base of attachment longer than wide, the lower lateral angles

expanded; upper margin broadly reflected; reflection very short, tricus-

pid, side cusps decidedly developed, short, bearing distinct cutting

points, median cusp long, slender, bulging at sides, reaching nearly to

the lower edge of the base of attachment, beyond which projects slightly

the distinct, long cutting point. Laterals like the centrals, but unsymmet-

rical by the suppression of the inner, lower angle of the base of attach-

ment, and inner side cusp and cutting point. Marginals (fig. 2, C) acyle-

ate, their base of attachment less sole-like than usual in Zonites, but more

circular in outline. Fig. C shows these bases of attachment. Fig. D

gives one marginal tooth in profile.

This is the first known instance of a species with ribs on

its jaw having aculeate marginal teeth; or of a species fur-

nished with a Zonites-like shell having decided ribs on its

jaw. It will be difficult to find a place for the species under

any description of genus or subfamily. The shell is that of

Zonites, but that genus has a ribless jaw with median pro-

jection.

Zonites Stearnsii, nov. sp.?

With land shells from the west coast, kindly sent to me

for examination by my friend Mr. Stearns, I lately noticed a

single specimen of a form from Astoria, Oregon, allied to

Z. Lansingi. Itis larger, more elevated and more distinctly

striated than that species, has seven whorls, with rather wider

and more rounded aperture, but without the lamella within

the outer margin of the peristome.

The measurements are diam. maj., 4, min. 33 mill., alt.

24 mill.

Having before mea single specimen I am unwilling for-

mally to describe the species, which for the present I desig-

nate as Zonites Stearnsit.

Notes on Certain Terrestrial Mollusks. 77

The accompanying figures of this and the preceding species

were kindly drawn for me, on wood, by Mr. W. G. Binney.

Fig. 8. Zonites Stearnsii.

Zonites indentatus, Say.

Pfeiffer, on the authority of Hjalmarson, mentions the

occurrence of this species in St. Domingo.

I have specimens collected by Dr. Cleve in Puerto Rico

which are scarcely distinguishable from Z. indentatus, but

the color is very much darker than of American shells.

Hyalina Bermudensis, Pfr.

This has been shown (Bland and Binney, Annals, X, 221)

from the character of the lingual dentition, to belong to the

Vitrinea, not to the Helicacea of v. Marten’s arrangement.

I am indebted to Mr. J. Matthew Jones for an opportunity

of examining a remarkable sub-fossil form found in stalag-

mitic conglomerate, in caverns at Tucker’s Town, Bermuda.

The living H. Bermudensis, as described by Pfeiffer (Zool.

Proc., 1845), has seven whorls and in size is diam. maj. 23,

min. 21 mill., alt. 12 mill.

The extinct form differs from it in having nine whorls, the

last more convex above, a less acute carina, umbilicus smaller,

but especially in size. The measurements are diam. maj.

37, min. 34 mill., alt. 19 mill.

I propose the name of Hyalina -Nelsoni for the sub-fossil

species, in honor of Lieut. Nelson, the author of valuable

geological memoirs on the Bermuda and Bahama Islands.

78 Notes on Certain Terrestrial Mollusks.

Although its contemporary and survivor, H. Bermudensis, is

nearly allied to it, I cannot refer to them as being identical.

The occurrence of this large extinct form in Bermuda is

very interesting. It may surely be inferred that the species

lived at a period when the area of the land was more exten-

sive and elevated. The existing form, it should be mentioned,

is also found sub-fossil.

Wollaston (Variation of Species, 1856) remarks, with

respect to some large extinct Madeira Helices, that they may

have been but forms of the smaller living species,—“coex-

istent with them, though more sensitive to the great diminu-

tion of altitude and area which were consequent on the break-

ing-up of a once continuous land.”

Sub-fossil are not unfrequently larger than living allied or

identical forms. Ihave noticed that the sub-fossil Chond-

ropoma? basicarinatum and chordiferum of St. Croix are

larger than their very near ally C. Santacruzense, now living

on that Island. The extinct H. Josephine, found in St.

Kitts, is considerably larger than the living forms of the

neighboring Islands. St. Croix and St. Kitts, geologically

speaking, are but fragments of larger areas.

Some living species, however, vary very much in size: I

may instance 7. Luquillensis Shuttl. of Puerto Rico. The

measurements given by Shuttleworth are diam. maj., 40;

min. 32 mill.; alt. 30 ad 33 mill. In the Swift cabinet

there is a remarkably small specimen, diam. maj., 29; min.

25 mill.; alt. 18 mill.

M. concolor, Fer., of the same Island is another instance.

In the Swift Cabinet there is one, 54 whorls, diam. maj. 25;

min. 23 mill.; alt. 9 mill. Adult specimens collected by

Dr. Cleve, having 44 whorls, are not more than half that

size. Unfortunately, I have no note as to the stations of the

different sized forms.

Guesteria Powisiana, Pfr.

M. Crosse (Jour. de Conch., 1872) described and figured

Helix Powisiana, Pfr., placing it in the new genus Guesteria,

Notes on Certain Terrestrial Mollusks. 79

of which it is the only known species. He remarks on its

rarity and the absence of mention of it in my Catalogue of

shells collected in New Grenada (Cont. to Conch., 1852).

On a recent examination of shells, which my late valued

friend Mr. Robert Swift had from me in 1852, still preserved

in his Cabinet, I identified a young specimen of Guesteria

Powisiana, which I found in 1851 near Marmato, at an ele-

vation of about 5,000 feet, on the Western Cordillera of the

Andes. The shell had not been previously determined.

Simpulopsis dominicensis, Pfr.

In the Swift Cabinet are two specimens, marked “ Vitrina,”

found by Hjalmarson near Puerto Plata (Haiti), but which

are I believe young shells of Simpulopsis dominicensis.

In Mal. Blatt. 1858, p. 146, Pfeiffer mentions a Vitrina from

Haiti, on the authority of Hjalmarson, which was subse-

quently found probably, to be what I have suggested.

Helix bracteola, Fer. (Microphysa).

M. Mazé enumerates this in his Catalogue of Martinique

species (Jour. Conch. April, 1874) and I am indebted to M.

Crosse for a specimen of it. Looking at the description and

figure by Deshayes (in Fer. Hist. I, p. 84, t. 86, f. 2), Ido

not doubt the determination, but believe that the species is

the same as /7. vortex, Pfr.

Helix Sargenti, nov. sp.

T. sub-perforata, globoso-depressa, oblique striata, tenuis, pallide cor-

nea?; spira brevis, apice obtusa; anfr. 5, convexiusculi, ultimus antice

-descendens, ad peripheriam obsolete angulatus, basi subplanulatus ; aper-

tura obliqua, lunato-rotundata; perist. marginibus approximatis, dextro

expansiusculo, columellari superne perdilatato, reflexo, perforationem

fere tegente, basali introrsum lamellato-calloso.

Shell subperforate, globose-depressed; obliquely striated, thin, pale

horn-colored?; spire short, apex obtuse; whorls 5, rather convex, the last

descending at the aperture, obsoletely angular at the periphery, base sub-

planulate; aperture oblique, lunate-rounded; peristome with the margins

80 Notes on Certain Terrestrial Mollusks.

approximating, right margin somewhat .expanded, columellar margin

much dilated above, reflected, nearly covering the perforation, basal mar-

gin with a lamelliform callus within. Diam. maj. 15; min. 13 mill.; alt.

8 mill.

Habitat. Little Inagua, Bahamas.

Remarks. This in general form is much like H. Duclosi-

ana, Fer., but the interior projecting tooth is wanting and the

callus on the basa] margin is more developed.

The species belongs to the subgenus Plagioptycha, which

is peculiarly characteristic of the Haitian fauna. I have else-

where remarked (Annals X, 318) on the evidences of the

former more intimate connection of Inagua and Turks Islands

with Haiti. I name the species after Mr. Daniel Sargent of

Inagua, to whom I am indebted for many interesting shells

from the Bahamas.

Helix marginella, Gmel. (Caracolus).

In the Swift Cabinet there are specimens from Mayaguez,

Puerto Rico, in which the dark band almost covers the upper

whorls, leaving simply a narrow lighter colored margin next

the sutures ; the dark band equally wide at the base. There

is also an albino specimen, which was found in 1864, by the

late Mr. Haigenson in a wood, on San Isidio Estate, near

the city of San Juan.

This species occurs in Viéque and Culabre as well as in

Puerto Rico.

Helix Gaskoini, Pfr. (Caracolus).

M. Sallé first collected this in St. Domingo. He noticed, I

learn from him, many specimens, but all appearing dead and

white, collected two only, one of which remains in his Cab-

inet, the other in Cuming’s. ;

Professor Gabb found specimens during his explorations

in St. Domingo, and one of them was given to me by Dr.

Notes on Certain Terrestrial Mollusks. 81

Newcomb. It agrees entirely with Pfeiffer’s description

(Zool. Proc., 1851) and with Reeve’s figure.

Helix bizonalis, Desh.

Several years ago Mr. Ferguson found on logwood brought

to the Port of New York, two specimens of a shell allied in

form to H. marginella, Gmel. of Puerto Rico ; with them were

examples of H. crispata Fer., an indication that the logwood

was from Haiti. One of the specimens is still in my posses-

sion, the other in the Swift Cabinet.

Dr. Newcomb collected one fresh example when crossing

the eastern end of the Island; the shell was sent to me for

examination and found to be similar to that had from Mr.

Ferguson.

In 1872 I received another (dead) specimen from Mrs.

Wm. Klatte, found near Port au Prince, with H. crispata.

The Ferguson shell was compared in 1871, by Mr. Sow-

erby, in the British Museum, and agreed with specimens

there labelled H. btzonalis, Desh.

In 1873 my specimens were examined by Sallé with the

type of HH. bizonalis in the collection of Deshayes, and pro-

nounced identical with it.

Deshayes (Fer. Hist. I, 68, N. 90) has, in the synonymy

of the species, H. marginata, Var. Fer. Hist., t. 63, f. 11-

12, which figures certainly agree with bizonalis.

Deshayes does not give the habitat of bizonalis; in Chem.

ed. 2, N. 956, the species is attributed, apparently on the

authority of specimens in Cuming’s Cabinet, to Manila, but

undoubtedly it belongs to Haiti. Looking at the variability

of H. Sagemon of Cuba, I am much inclined to consider

that H. Gaskoini is a var. of bizonalis.

The occurrence of the nearly allied forms of. Sagemon in

Cuba, dizonalis in Haiti, and marginella in Puerto Rico, is an

interesting fact. The connection of the faunas of the two

latter Islands is strikingly shown by the prevalence of forms

82 Notes on Certain Terrestrial Mollusks.

closely related to HZ. caracolla*, and H. Audebardi of Haiti

has a near ally in H. Luquillensis of Puerto Rico.

HI. bizonalis is placed by v. Martens (Albers ed. 2) in the

sub-genus Obba, probably with reference to the supposed

habitat, “Luzon,” while Sagemon and marginella are in

Caracolus.

Helix platystyla, Pfr. (Leptoloma).

Pfeiffer described this species in the Zool. Proc., 1849,

froma specimen, “expallescens,” in Cuming’s Cabinet. In

Mon. Hel. II, 175, the habitat doubtfully given is Moluccas ;

it is placed next before H. conspersula, Pfr. and H. fusco-

cincta, C. B. Ad. of Jamaica, to which it is very closely allied.

An example from Jamaica in my Cabinet agrees closely

with Pfeiffer’s description and Reeve’s figure (Conch. Icon.

N. 487, t. 90). Similar specimens in the Chitty Collection,

British Museum, are labelled H. fusco-cincta, var. H. con-

spersula was described by Pfeiffer in 1845, the habitat un-

known. In 1871 Mr. Sowerby informed me that a specimen

in the British Museum is ascribed to India.

Hl. platystyla belongs, I believe, to Jamaica as well as

Hf. conspersula and fusco-cincta.

Cylindrella gracilicollis, Fer.

I am indebted to Mrs. Wm. Klatte for several specimens

of this species, found in the vicinity of Port au Prince, Haiti.

It has been erroneously attributed to St. Thomas. Judging

from a very young individual it appears that the number of

whorls in a perfect shell must be from twenty to twenty-two.

The four upper whorls are smooth.

On the axis there are two revolving lamine. I have not

had an opportunity of examining the internal structure of

many species from the Island of Haiti, but find two lamelle

* H. caracolla is found semi-fossil only in St. Croix, but Mr. Swift assured me that I

erroneously referred to H. marginella as occurring there in a similar condition (Annals

VII, 357).

Notes on Certain Terrestrial Mollusks. 83

on the axis of C. Salleana and Hjalmarsoni. It is curious

that no species peculiar to Jamaica has a similar character of

axis.

Macroceramus Swifti, nov. sp.

T. imperforata, cylindraceo-turrita, confertim striata, punctis numero-

sis et strigis obliquis fusco-corneis variegata; spira ovato-conica, apice

obtusula, pallide cornea; anf. 114 vix convexiusculi, ultimus rotundatus,

infra medium obsolete filo-carinatus; apertura diagonalis, rotundato-luna-

rio, perist. albido, expansiusculo, incrassato, margine dextro arcuato,

columellari dilatato.

Shell imperforate, cylindrically turreted, crowdedly striated, variegated

with oblique dark horn colored stripes and numerous spots; spire ovate-

conic, apex rather obtuse, pale horn-colored; whorls 114 scarcely convex,

the last rounded, obsoletely carinated below the middle; aperture diag-

onal, roundly lunate; peristome whitish, rather expanded, thickened, the

right margin arcuate, columellar margin dilated.

Long. 11, lat. 4 mill.; ap. 3 mill. long, 2 lat.

Habitat. Turks Island, also Inagua, Bahamas.

Remarks. This species is allied to WM. Hermanni, Pfr., of

Haiti, but is less distinctly costulated, the suture not crenu-

lated and has thicker peristome.

I dedicate the species to the late Mr. Robert Swift, from

whom I originally received specimens.

Macroceramus Klatteanus, nov. sp.

T. rimata, oblongo-turrita, solidula, oblique costulata, albida, strigis

interruptis et maculis castaneis ornata; spira elongata, apice albido;

sutura subcrenulata; anfr. 10 convexiusculi, ultimus rotundatus, basi ad

aperturam compressus, infra peripheriam fascia 1 nigricante, interrupta,

notatus; apertura diagonalis, subcircularis; perist. albo, obtuso, margin-

ibus approximatis, dextro subarcuato, columellari subdilatato.

Shell rimate, oblong-turreted, rather solid, obliquely ribbed, whitish

with chestnut colored interrupted stripes and spots; spire elongate, apex

whitish ; suture subcrenulated ; whorls ten, rather convex, the last rounded,

compressed at the base near the aperture, one interrupted dark band

below the periphery; aperture diagonal, subcircular; perist. white, ob-

tuse, with approximating margins, right margin subarcuate, columellar

margin scarcely dilated.

Long. 11, lat. 4 mill.; ap. 3 mill. longa.

84 Notes on Cer‘ain Terrestrial Mollusks.

Habitat. Near Port au Prince, ‘Haiti.

Remarks. This is allied in form and ornamentation to

M. tenuiplicatus, Pfr., but is much smaller, is costate, and

differs from it in form of aperture. I received specimens of

this and other interesting Haitian shells from Mrs. Wm.

Klatte after whom I name this species.

Bulimulus stramineus, Guilding (Drymaeus).

Several years ago I sent to Dr. Pfeiffer a specimen from

St. Vincent, which he described (Mon. VI, p. 44) under this

name as an authentic example of Guilding’s species, of which

however it is probably a variety. I have since received from

Governor Rawson extremely fine specimens more closely

agreeing with Guilding’s description.

Pfeiffer (Mon. II, 203) gives the following description,

“T. subdiaphana, straminea, transverse densissime striatula ;

anfr. 6-7, apicalis ferrugineus (G.). On referring, however,

to the Linn. Trans. XIV, p. 340, I find the description to be

“Testa tenera, tota straminea, transverse obscuro-dense stri-

ata; anfr. sex.”

~ The most common form is of uniform bright yellow, some

specimens have a purple apex and others several narrow red-

dish-brown bands. One of my specimens measures: long.

34, lat. 14; ap. 16 mill. long., 103 lata. B. stramineus oc-

curs also in the Island of Mustique one of the Grenadines.

Bulimus stramineus, Richard.

In the Swift Cabinet there are shells under this name, re-

ceived from M. Sallé and said to be from St. Domingo. I

can find no mention of, or reference to, such a species in the.

books.

The largest specimen, which is scarcely adult, has 54 whorls;

the two upper whorls have a pale yellowish tinge, the apex

rather darker in color. It is very like and may be a variety

of B. liliaceus, Fer. which occurs in Puerto Rico.

Notes on Certain Terrestrial Mollusks. 85

Stenogyra Dominicensis, Pfr. (Pseudobalea).

This was described in 1850 by Pfeiffer as a Balea, but in

1854 Shuttleworth (Diag. n. Moll. No. 6) referred it to Sten-

ogyra.

Pfeiffer described it as Bulimus hasta in Malak. Bl. 1856.

From a Cuban specimen, in the Cabinet of R. Swift, I ob-

tained the animal and found it to be viviparous. From one

I took five embryonic shells, of from two to three whorls.

The jaw and lingual membrane were examined by W. G.

Binney, who informs me that they exhibit the characters pre-

vailing in Stenogyra, the jaw striate, without median projec-

tion; central lingual tooth small, laterals large, subquadrate,

perfectly symmetrical in base of attachment and tricuspid.

The jaw of S. decollata has the same fine strie.

Strophia calcarea, Pfr.

Several dead specimens of this rather rare shell were col-

lected by Mr. D. Sargent on Little Inagua. The habitat of

the species has not hitherto been known.

Ina young shell (4 whorls), the umbilicus is 14 mill. in

diameter. The parietal tooth is shown in the figure in Chem.

ed. 2, t. 19, fig. 4, but not referred to in Pfeiffer’s descrip-

tion.

Strophia iostoma, Pfr.

From Mr. Sargent I have remarkably fine specimens of this

species, from Turtle Cove, Great Inagua. The following

are measurements of extreme forms :

13 whorls, Long. 46 lat. in med. 14 mill.

114 66 66 35 Te 15 «6

11 66 66 31 66 10 «s

Choanopoma occidentale, Pfr.

Pfeiffer refers this species (Malak. Bl. 1860, p. 216) to

Martinique, but as M. Mazé (1. c.) mentions, it does not,

occur in that Island.

86 Notes on Certain Terrestrial Mollusks.

Dr. V. Rijgersma collected it several years since in the

Island of St. Martin, and very kindly supplied me with

specimens.

Helix ammonoceras, Pfeiffer. (Ammonoceras, Pfr.)

I discovered this species in 1851, in New Grenada, and it

was described, from a specimen in the Cumingian Collec-

tion, by Pfeiffer in 1854 (Zool. Proc.).

During last year Governor Rawson sent to me, for deter-

mination, a single shell from the Island of Grenada, W. I.,

which I found on comparison with a specimen of H. ammo-

noceras, preserved in the Robt.. Swift Cabinet, to be identical

with it.

Helix Hubbardi, A. D. Brown. (Strobila.)

This was first found near Indianola, Calhoun Co., Texas,

by Mr. E. W. Hubbard, and described by Brown in the

Phila Proc. (Oct., 1861). It was subsequently discovered

at Bellevue, in the Parish of St. Andrew, Island of Jamaica,

and described (Jour. de Conch., Oct., 1871) by Mr. C. P.

Gloyne, as H. Vendryesiana.

In November, 1872, Dr. W. Newcomb found a few speci-

mens on the trees in Bonaventure Cemetery, near Savannah,

Georgia, and kindly sent to me a couple.

I have no doubt as to the identity of the Texas, Jamaica

and Georgia shells.

Gloyne mentions the parietal lamella only, but there are

others as described by Brown. The species is in fact allied

to H. labyrinthica, Say, and not to H. paludosa, to which

group it is referred by Gloyne.

The distribution of H. Hubbardi is certainly curious, but

it may be observed that H. Strebeli, Pfr., which is extremely

like, if not identical with, abyrinthica, belongs to the Mexi-

can fauna.

Notes on Certain Terrestrial Mollusks. 87

Helicina nemoralis, Guppy.

This Trinidad species can scarcely be considered distinct

from H. Columbiana, Philippi of Venezuela.

Auricula pellucens, Menke.

In 1871 I received several dead specimens of this species

of Auricula from Mr. Henry Prime. He informed me that

he “found about a dozen, none with the animal, on Punta

Rasa, a small island on the west coast of Florida, at the

mouth of Calvasahachee River ; they were in one place only,

at the edge of a mangrove swamp, in company with Melam-

pus bidentatus and M. coniformis; the latter were in great

abundance.” )

Auricula pellucens is referred to Demerara and Ellobium

Ceylanicum, H. & A. A., placed in its synonymy by Pfeif-

fer, to Ceylon. I have one specimen from each of those

localities, given to me by the late Mr. Swift, and they are

certainly very like those from Florida.

Pfeiffer gives the Antilles also, with doubt on the author-

ity of Férussac, as one of the habitats.

I never heard of the collection of the species on the Flor-

ida Coast by any one excepting Mr. Prime. Stimpson (Am.

Naturalist, IV, 587) refers to the present tropical character

of the shells of the west coast of Florida as being plainly

due to the influence of the Gulf Stream. A. pellucens,

whether now living or not on that coast, doubtless originally

owed its introduction there to the agency mentioned by

Stimpson.

88 Four New Species of Birds from Costa Rica.

IX.— Descriptions of Four New Species of Birds from

Costa Rica.

By GEO. N. LAWRENCE.

Read December 21, 1874.

A third instalment of about six hundred specimens of

birds was received quite recently at the Smithsonian Insti-

tution, from Prof. W. M. Gabb, in charge of the Talamanca

Exploring Expedition, Costa Rica, and forwarded to me for

examination. This collection was made by Mr. Juan Cooper,

acting zoologist, Mr. Zeledon having retired from that posi-

tion on account of failing health.

The species described below I consider new to science ;

they all seem to be rare, as the collection contains but a

single example of each.

1. Cyanocitta argentigula.

Female The feathers of the front, lores, with those above and below

the eye and of the chin are rigid, and of an intense black; crown, hind

neck, upper part of back, sides of the neck and the breast black, lower

part of back and rump of a dull deep blackish-blue; the abdomen, sides

and under tail coverts are also dull deep blue, but brighter than the back,

especially on the sides and under tail coverts; on the front part of the

crown is a crescentic mark of bluish-white, which becomes narrower

along each side of the crown, and extends over the ear coverts as far as

the occiput; the feathers of the crown are elongated forming a short

crest; the throat is marked with a sharply defined patch of silvery gray-

ish-white, with just a tinge of blue, and is in strong contrast with the

black that surrounds it; this patch widens out a little at its lower extrem-

ity, which is on the upper part of the breast; the wings and exposed por-

tions of the quill feathers, are of a rich dark cobalt-blue, the inner webs.

and under surface of the quill feathers are glossy black; the tail above is:

colored like the wings, underneath it is glossy black; bill and feet black.

Length 10% in.; wing 44%; tail 54; bill 1; tarsus 1 5-16.

Habitat. Costa Rica, Talamanca. Type in National

Museum.

Remarks. This does not much resemble any other species ;

in general coloring it is somewhat like C. ornata, but the

Four New Species of Birds from Costa Rica. 89

black in the new species is more prevalent and the blue

darker and brighter. C. nana and C. pumilo each have a

narrow whitish band on the forepart of the crown, and ex-

tending over the eyes, but uniformly narrow; the former is

described as having the throat bluish-white; but in these

species the black is confined to the front, sides of the head

and throat, the blue color is much lighter and they are rather

smaller.

The new species is very handsome,.and the peculiar mark-

ings on the head and throat will at once distinguish it from

all others.

2. Stenopsis albicauda.

Male. Crown and sides of the head. blackish-brown finely freckled

with bright rufous and gray, a: grayish-white line extends from the bill

over the eye; throat and sides.of the neck white, tinged with pale rufous;

there is a narrow band of pale rufous on the hind neck; upper plumage

dark brown, the feathers crossed with narrow markings of light rufous;

two central tail feathers grayish-ash, marked with narrow waving lines of

brown, and crossed with eight irregular blackish-brown bars; the outer

lateral feather is white, its outer web tinged with dull rufous almost to

the end of the feather, and about midway of the web is a narrow brown

stripe along the shaft half an inch in extent, the remaining feathers are

white on their inner webs, except at their ends, where with their outer

webs they are blackish-brown; the smaller wing coverts, secondaries and

tertiaries are handsomely freckled with gray and rufous, and blotched

with black and lighter rufous, the larger wing coverts are blackish-brown

ending with pale rufous; the feathers of the breast are fuliginous at base,

and crossed on the exposed portions with narrow bars of black and light

rufous, the ends of the feathers whitish; the abdomen is very pale rufous,

sparingly barred on the sides with blackish, the marks on the middle of

the abdomen are nearly obsolete;.the under tail coverts are clear light

rufous and immaculate; the quills are dark brown, the outer four prima-

ries have a conspicuous white bar at about one-third their length from the

end, on the first primary is a white. spot on the inner web towards the

base, the other quill feathers have their inner webs more or less marked

with pale rufous spots; under wing coverts dark brown mottled with ru-

fous; bill black; tarsi and toes pale brownish-yellow.

Length 9 in.; wing 54; tail 4%; tarsus .

Habitat. Costa Rica, Talamanca. Type in National

Museum.

FEBRUARY; 1875, {f Awn:. Lyc. Nat. Hist., VOL. . XI.

90 Four New Species of Birds from Costa Rica.

femarks. In appearance this species resembles S. cayenn-

ensis, but the tail is longer with narrower feathers; it wants

the transverse black bar midway on the tail feathers as in S.

cayennensis, and has the abdomen and under tail coverts

more rufous than in that species.

This appears to be the first occurrence of a’ member of

this genus north of the Isthmus.

8. Geotrygon rufiventris.

Front and a line under the eye extending as far as the occiput, light

salmon color; crown, hind neck, upper part of back, throat and upper

part of breast, of a rather dull violet-purple, on the lower part of the

breast merging into brownish-ash; lower part of back, rump, and upper

tail coverts of a dull bronzy olive-green; tail feathers brownish-black,

the ends lighter or ashy-brown; abdomen, vent and sides dull brownish-

rufous, on the middle of the abdomen is a patch of white feathers just

tinged with rufous; under tail coverts dark brown largely ending with

rufous; wing coverts, secondaries and tertiaries olive-brown, primaries

brownish black, the shafts of a reddish or hazel-brown; under wing

coverts and axillars deep cinnamon-red; inner webs of primaries at base

dull pale cinnamon; bill black; feet in the dried specimen of yellowish-

flesh color.

The sex is not given.

Length about 9 in.; wing 54; tail 34; bill from front %, from rictus 1;

tarsus 1%.

Habitat. Costa Rica, Talamanca. Type in National

Museum.

Remarks. The number of handsome species of this genus

discovered in Central America within the last few years is

quite remarkable, this making the sixth; it is however much

more sombre looking than most of its allies, the colors being

darker and more subdued. It is so unlike all others ot the

genus that no comparisons are required.

4. Porzana cinereiceps.

‘Female. Upper part of head and cheeks bluish-cinereous, darker on the

crown, but clearer and lighter on the cheeks; neck before and behind,

upper part of back and breast bright reddish-chestnut, paler on the throat

and grayish near the chin; back olivaceous-brown, on the rump and upper

Notes on North American Lepidoptera. 91

tail coverts dark brown; quill feathers brown; abdomen and under tail

coverts crossed with alternate bars of black and white; upper mandible

brown, brighter on the culmen, under mandible yellowish; tarsi and toes

hazel brown.

Length about 54 in.; wing 2; bill 3; tarsus 1}.

Habitat. Costa Rica, Talamanca. Type in National

Museum.

Remarks. Compared with P. albigularis this species dif-

fers in its ash colored head, more deeply colored chestnut

breast and in not having a white throat; above it resembles

P. rubra but the head in that species is darker, below they

are quite unlike, as the entire under plumage of P. rubra is

chestnut-red.

X.—WNotes on North American Lepidoptera.

By H. K. MORRISON.

Read Jan. 7, 1875.

Family BOMBYCID A.

EDEMA, Walk.

Ocelli absent. Eyes naked, unlashed. The antenne of the female sim-

ple. The palpi stout, finely clothed, exceeding the front; the first joint

of the usual form; the second long, flat, rectangular, and truncate at the

extremity; the third, in the Texan species hidden in the villosity of the

second, in albifrons short and slight, but perceptible.

The front rounded, but the frontal hairs converge forming an obtuse

projection; the villosity above the antenne elevated, forming a triangular

projecting hood over the vertex. The collar circular, nearly flat, sur-

rounded and limited above by the pterygodes, which are well defined, tri-

angular, closely scaled and separated by the depressed dorsal portion of

the thorax.

The prothoracic tuft absent, the metathoracic tuft present although

low and rounded. The abdomen smooth, heavy, cylindrical, truncate and

-untufted.

All the tibie unarmed and clothed with long thin hair.

The anterior wings comparatively broad, with rectangular apices; the

posteriors rounded.

92 Notes on North American Lepidoptera.

M. Guenée notices in the first volume of the “Species

Général” the great resemblance of #. albifrons to the higher

generaof the Noctuide, and the discovery of the species de-

scribed below gives fresh force to his remarks.

We would not be surprised if the genus should be ulti-

mately referred to the neighborhood of Demas and Diloba.

Edema albifrons, Sm. Abb.

As this species is not uncommon in the Northern States it

is known to almost every collector, and a specific description

is unnecessary.

Edema Packardii, nov. sp.

Expanse 31™™, Length of body 16™™. The ground color of the an-

terior wings gray, sprinkled with black atoms and with white, and faint

brownish and ochreous stains; the half-line and the interior line absent ;

the orbicular spot present as a geminate blackish upright lunulate mark,

preceded by a white stain; the reniform a similar, but simple and more

distinct mark, surrounded by a faint ochreous annulus; the median

shade passes between the spots, it is thickened below the reniform form-

ing a black spot, but is afterward lost; the exterior line is only present

in the central part of the wings, it is "“geminate, dentate and forms a

particularly prominent indentation opposite the reniform spot; a con-

trasting apical white shade, below which appears a diffuse blackish shade

clearly cut above, and the black distinct subterminal line formed of ob-

liqgue marks between the nervules; fringes long. Posterior wings uni-

form dark fuscous, with lighter fringes.

Beneath gray, with numerous black atoms; the lines and discal dots are

obsolete.

Habitat. Waco, Texas. March 9. (Belfrage.)

We dedicate this interesting species to Dr. A. S. Packard,

Jr.,.as an acknowledgment of the value of his exhaustive

“Synopsis of the Bombycide” as well as of his kindness to

a younger naturalist.

Fanily NOCTUIDA.

Acronycta brumosa, Guen.

Acronycta Verrilli, G. & R. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Vol. III, p. 178,

Pl. 2, fig. 82.

Notes on North American Lepidoptera. 93

We are satisfied that Grote and Robinson’s species is iden-

tical with A. brumosa.

The depth of the color on the hind wings has been men-

tioned as a sufficient character in separating the species ; but

it is variable, as a large series in our collection will show.

We have specimens from Canada (Prof. F. X. Belanger

and Mr. George Norman), from Wisconsin (Prof. S. H.

Peabody), from New York (Messrs. Fred. Tepper and E. L.

Graef), from the Adirondack Mts. (Mr. F. C. Bowditch),

from Mt. Washington, N. H., near the Half Way House (H.

K. Morrison) and many from various localities in Massachu-

setts.

The variation in marking and particularly in size is con-

siderable.

Acronycta pudorata, nov. sp.

Expanse 34™™, Length of body 16™™. We have had a single speci-

men of this species in our collection for a long time, but have hesitated

to describe it, fearing that it was but a variety of A. tritona, Hubn.

The discovery of other specimens of both sexes convinces us that

it is distinct. Anterior wings above, bluish gray, with the lines and

dashes as in A. tritona, the ordinary spots are distinct, concolorous and

black encircled, in this respect differing from tritona. The posterior wings

instead of yellow are pure white with a faint discal dot and median line,

followed by a vague suffused terminal band. Beneath white, with conspic-

uous discal dots and an angulate median line; in ¢ritona the ground color

is yellowish with scarcely traces of the usual discal dots.

Habitat. New York; Canada.

Specimens received from Messrs. Fred. Tepper and F. X.

Belanger.

M. Guenée’s description of A. tritona does not agree alto-

gether with Hibner’s figure, and perhaps another species is

described by him.

Agrotis acclivis, nov. sp.

Expanse 35™™, Length of body 17™™. Eyes naked. All the tibiz

spinose. The antennz of the male with fine short hairy clothing, black

above, testaceous beneath. The thorax black above, having a low pro-

thoracic tuft tipped with cinereous; the pterygodes light, and concolor-

94 Notes on North American Lepidoptera.

ous with the costal shade. Abdomen gray, conspicuously banded with

ochreous.

The anterior wings with a broad costal carneous-gray shade extending

over the middle and upper part of the basal space, filling the ordinary

spots, narrowing and becoming extinct before the exterior line; the re-

mainder of the wings blackish gray, becoming lighter in the neighbor-

hood of the irregular, jagged and diffuse subterminal line, which is close

to the external margin thus narrowing the terminal space; the interior

line is lost above in the costal shade and below on the inner margin, it

only appears in the middle of the wings and there has attached to it the

small concolorous black edged claviform spot; the ordinary spots small,

the space between them blackish, the orbicular elongate, nearly lost in the

costal shade, the reniform followed by a distinct black streak which ex-

tends to the exterior line; the latter is black, simple, denticulate and not

very distinct; a series of black dots before the fringe, the latter is yel-

lowish at the base, outwardly gray. Posterior wings whitish with a

slight yellow tinge, having an indistinct discal dot and an indefinite subter-

minal shade; the costa and inner margin are gray; the fringe ochreous,

Beneath the anterior wings are blackish, the posteriors white with a

gray costal border; the fringes of both wings more or less yellow.

Habitat. New York.

(From the collection of Mr. Fred. Tepper).

The distinctive characters of this Agrotis are found in the

carneous-gray costal shade, the small spots, the distinct black

dash following the reniform and the ochreous fringes. It

is allied to A. annexa, Treits, but differs by the non-serrate

antenne, the absence of the basal black dash, and the whitish

posterior wings with ochreous fringes; it also approaches

more remotely A. venerabilis, Walk. and A. volubilis, Harvey.

Agrotis montana, nov. sp.

Expanse 30™™, Length of body,12™™. Eyes naked. | All the tibie

spinose. The villosity of the palpi, front, collar and thorax coarse and

thick; the collar black, edged broadly with white; the thorax and abdo-

men blackish, the latter having the anal tufts yellowish. The ground

color of the anterior wings dark gray, as in Anarta algida, Lef.; the

whole insect closely simulates Anarta. The anterior wings elongate,

with the inner angle rounded; the half-line thick, black and twice undu-

late ; the basal space is more or less suffused with bluish gray, and contains

a black orbicular basal dash; the interior line very distinct, black, thick

and perpendicular, preceded by a conspicuous bluish gray shade line; to

Notes on North American Lepidoptera. 95

it is attached the long blackish claviform; orbicular spot round, whit-

ish and contrasting; the reniform whitish, upright, elliptical and closely

approaching the exterior line; the latter is black, distinct, non-dentate

and but slightly bent beneath the cell; beyond, the ground color becomes

lighter; the subterminal line is irregular, preceded by cuneiform mark-

ings and by a blackish costal shade; the fringe concolorous. The poste-

rior wings are dark fuscous with white fringes and faint discal dots.

Beneath whitish, without markings, except faint discal dots and suf-

fused gray costal shades.

Habitat. Mountains of Colorado, above 12,000 feet, July

22 to Aug. 12.

One specimen in the possession of Dr. A. S. Packard,

Jr., and another in our own collection.

This abnormal species is extremely interesting on account

of its resemblance to the boreal genus Anaria, three species

of which are found in the same localities. Messrs. Bates

and Wallace have discovered numerous cases of mimicry

between the species of Heliconide and Pieride inhabiting

the tropical regions of South America; and now we have in

the alpine fauna of these mountains a parallel instance of

close outward resemblance between species of two widely

differing genera of moths.

None of the northern Agrotids known to us, as scropulana,

opipara, hyperborea, islandica, okakensis, approach in the

least to Anarta.

Adita chionanthi, Sm. Abb.

We have received from our friend Mr. George Frazer, a

female specimen of this rare and interesting species ; which

has remained unknown since 1797. The antenne of the fe-

male are simple with fine hairy clothing, and the ovipositor

projects slightly beyond the abdomen.

In his generic description Mr. Grote states that the tibie

are spinose; this is apparently an error as the only spines

present are the pair before the spurs on the middle tibiz:

and a single spine (there possibly may have been two) be-

96 Notes on North American Lepidoptera.

tween the two pair of spurs on the hind tibie; isolated

spines sometimes occur in these positions in genera which

do not have spinose tibie, as has been noticed by European

entomologists.

Mamestra adjuncta, Boisd. (Miselia).

Hadena adjuncta, Grote, Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sc., Vol. I, p. 108 (1873).

This species, considering its strong generic characters, has

suffered many changes of position; described by Dr. Bois-

duval under Miselia and thought by him to be a European

species, it was shortly afterwards correctly referred by M.

Guenée, in the “Species Général,” Vol. 5, p. 199, to the

side of the well known Mamestra brassice, Linn. Mr.

Grote places it in Hadena; why, we do not know, as the

eyes are distinctly hairy.

Mamestra curta, nov. sp.

Expanse 30™™, Length of body 15™™. Eyes hairy. Anterior tibie

unarmed. Collar, front and palpi as usual in this genus. A low protho-

racic tuft. Abdomen smooth, yellowish and untufted, slightly exceeding

the posterior wings. Anterior wings gray, with all the markings distinct

and well defined; interior line simple, removed further than usual from

the base, strongly lobed between the nervules; to the largest lobe the

distinct, short and truncate claviform spot is attached; orbicular spot large,

black-ringed and concolorous, reniform spot narrow and upright, crossed

by the diffuse blackish median shade, below the spot the latter is lost in

the ground color; exterior line of the normal form, black, distinct and

dentate, followed by a narrow pale shade line; subterminal line very

prominent, preceded by black shades which partially fill the subterminal

space, becoming diffuse as they recede from the line, but near it are very

intense and contrast with the light terminal space; a series of black dots

at the base of the fringe. Posterior wings yellow, with a discal dot, a

narrow median line, and a broad blackish terminal border; the fringe is

yellow and contrasting. Beneath, both wings are yellow, with discal dots

and traces of median and terminal lines.

Habitat. Colorado, July 20 and 22.

This species can at once be separated from the other

Mamestre by the yellow posterior wings. It was collected

by Mr. T. L. Mead.

Notes on North American Lepidoptera. 97

Mamestra promulsa, nov. sp.

Expanse 35™™, Length of body 15™™, Eyes hairy. Palpi ochreous.

Villosity of the front, thorax and collar coarse and rough. Abdomen

smooth and untufted, covered with mixed gray and yellow scales; in the

female with a short, thick, projecting ovipositor.

The wings are thinly scaled, nearly unicolorous, the ground color being

olivaceous gray, overspread with numerous yellowish scales; the median

lines are blackish, diffuse, irregular and dentate; the subterminal line

forming a series of blackish blotches, interrupted, and some times barely

perceptible; the orbicular spot obsolete, the reniform reduced to a blackish

stain; thé median shade is seen at the costa and inner margin in diffuse

spots; a yellow line at the base of the concolorous fringe. Posterior

wings colored like the primaries, with a more or less distinct discal dot.

Beneath, yellowish gray, with black discal dots and a diffuse, thick, but

angulate median line.

Habitat. Colorado (Mr. T. L. Mead), July 20.

We refer this interesting species to MJamestra provision-

ally ; the two specimens we have were placed in papers, so

that the thoracic tufts are much defaced; we think that on

the discovery of fresh specimens it will probably become the

type of a new genus.

Scopelosoma devia, Grote.

Expanse 36™™, Length of body 17™™. The thorax is concolorous

and provided with a sharp edged longitudinal crest behind the collar.

The anterior wings have their apices rectangular; half-line present,

whitish; the basal space brown, closely and evenly sprinkled with white

atoms; the interior line white, even, oblique, and concave, contrasting

strongly with the deep brown of the central and outer portion of the

wings; the reniform spot is reduced to a fine white concave line, the or-

bicular absent; the exterior line is very fine, whitish, and broadly undu-

lating, subparallel with the subterminal line which is also fine and clear;

between these two ordinary lines there is another very distinct white

concave line, parallel with the interior line and most distinct at the apex;

outwardly this line contrasts with the brown subterminal space, inwardly

it is suffused, but finally lost in the brown ground color before the exte-

rior line; there is a sprinkling of whitish atoms towards the end of the

terminal space; at the base of the brown fringe there is a bicolorous un-

dulate brown and white line, outwardly the fringe is narrowly edged with

white. The posterior wings are uniform dark fuscous, the fringes light.

Beneath, the anterior wings are gray, with an indistinct double exterior

98 Notes on North American Lepidoptera.

line; the terminal space is brown having the apical portion suffused with

whitish; the posterior wings are brown, thickly sprinkled with black

atoms; the usual discal dot is present as well as a broad undulate median

line.

Habitat. Brookline, Mass., Oct. 10.

From the collection of the late Dr. C. A. Shurtleff, now

in the possession of the Boston Society of Natural History.

The style of marking in this species is very unique; it

can at once be distinguished by the brown ground color and

the two distinct, concave, white parallel cross lines inwardly

suffused, outwardly clear and contrasting.

Plusia laticlavia, nov. sp.

Expanse 32™™, Length of body 16™™, Habitus and markings of P.

precationis, Guen., to which it is closely related. Ground color lighter

than in the allied species, aurichalceous shaded with delicate pink as in P.

purpurigera, Walk.

The reniform spot, the usual metallic spots and the general pattern of

the markings as in precationis; it differs in the course and distinctness

of the median lines, the interior line being oblique, perfectly straight,

broad, and golden from the inner margin to the median nervure, and the

exterior line even, simple undulate and strongly contrasting; above pur-

ple, near the inner margin becoming golden. Posterior wings dark gray.

Beneath suffused with yellow, lighter than in precationis.

Habitat. New York. July 10, 1872.

Described from a single specimen in good condition re-

ceived from Mr. Fred. Tepper.

Plusia formosa, Grote.

(Leptina formosa, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. Vol. IV, p. 323).

The description of “Leptina formosa” has always been of

great interest to us, for evidently the species intended was

not a true Leptina; but its rarity has prevented us from de-

ciding its proper place. A careful examination of the single

specimen in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural

History convinces us that it is a Plusia, rather remotely al-

lied to P. ampla, Walk.

Notes on North American Lepidoptera. 99

It may seem a wide leap from Leptina to Plusia, but nev-

ertheless it appears to be a necessary one; the naked lashed

eyes, the form of the palpi, the unition at the base of the

costal and subcostal nervures of the posterior wings, the con-

spicuous saddle shaped metathoracic tuft, and particularly

the style of ornamentation, admit of no doubt.

The wings are rounded at the apices, thus differing from

our American species, but we do not consider this character

of more than specific value, particularly as the European

concha and dlustris show an approach to this form.

Plusia Hochenwarthi, Hoch.

P. alticola, Walk. Cat. Brit. Mus. Noct., p. 912.

P. ignea, Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., Vol. II, p. 274.

P. alticola, Grote, Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. Sc., Vol. II, p. 31.

After comparing numerous specimens of the above species

from Europe, Labrador, the White Mountains, N. H., and

the mountains of Colorado (Dr. Carpenter), we agree with

Mr. Strecker in uniting under one specific name the forms

from these localities.

The specimens from Colorado are larger and better marked

than the others; we do not see any other differences.

Mr. Herman Strecker has kindly sent us a specimen of

Plusia parilis, Hiibn., so that we are able to verify Més-

chler’s record of the species from Labrador.

CaLOcamMpa, Steph.

C. nupera, Lintn.

C. curvimacula, Morr.

C. cineritia, Grote.

C. germana, Morr.

In two recent papers Mr. Grote has made some remarks

on this genus, which, as they do not seem to be founded on

a careful study of its characters, require correction.

100 Notes on North American Lepidoptera.

In the first of these papers from the Bulletin of the Buf-

falo Society of Natural Sciences, Vol. II, pp. 193-200, soli-

daginis and germana are separated under Hibner’s genus

Lithomia; we prefer to follow Lederer and all succeeding

European Lepidopterists, and place these species in Calo-

campa; they resemble strongly in ornamentation the typical

species, and their only material structural difference is in the

less arched, more rounded collar.

In the second paper from the Proceedings of the Philadel-

phia Academy of Natural Sciences, p. 210, 1874, Mr. Grote

takes exception to our statement that nupera is the repre-

sentative of the European vetusta, and considers it rather to

resemble the allied species exoleta.

After a reéxamination of our material, consisting of six-

teen specimens of exoleta and eight of vetusta from various

parts of Europe, and five specimens of nupera and fifteen of

curvimacula from different localities in the Eastern and Mid-

dle states, we not only feel prepared to state again that nu-

pera is our representative of vetusta, but further that it is

still a matter of doubt whether the forms are specifically

distinct.

If aseries be examined it will be seen that every spot and

line of vetusta is reproduced in nupera in exactly the same

relative position; the black basal dashes, the strongest dis-

tinctive character, are found in the same place in both spe-

cies, in the former brownish and nearly concolorous, in the

latter accentuated and marked by black scales ; we now know

of no other constant distinguishing character than this;

which is, as we have shown, merely a difference in intensity,

not one of position.

In regard to the statement that nupera is more closely al-

lied to exoleta we remark in addition to what is said above,

that the former differs mainly from the latter in the obsoles-

cence of the orbicular spot, and the presence of a single in-

tense black dash beyond the reniform, or in other words pre-

Notes on North American Lepidoptera. 101

cisely the same characters in which vetusta differs from the

same species.

Anarta membrosa, nov. sp.

Expanse 33 ™™, Length of body 15™™, Eyes hairy. The antenne of

the female simple. The hairy clothing of the palpi and front coarse and

uneven. The collar is gray with a black terminal border, tipped with

white. The thorax is clothed with mixed black and gray hair. The ab-

domen smooth, except a slight low tuft on the first segment. The ground

color of the anterior wings is dark gray; all the markings are black, and

the lines are followed and the spots filled with clear bluish gray; the half-

line thick, black and uneven, followed by a bluish gray shade which ex-

tends to the apex, only interrupted by the black diffuse starting points of

the lines; interior line black and distinct, strongly outwardly lobed be-

tween the nervules; at the usual place of the claviform spot a diffuse black-

ish shade extends to the exterior line; the median shade is strongly

marked on the costa, below much diffused, filling with black the space be-

tween the ordinary spots, on the inferior portion of the wings it is nearly

obsolete; the usual spots are of nearly equal size, enclosed within black-

ish interrupted annuli; the exterior line is fine, distinctly dentate be-

* tween the nervules and drawn in below the cell; on the submedian fold it

is thickened forming a blackish spot; the subterminal space is more

clearly bluish, but there is a blackish blotch in its upper portion with

which the usual three bluish ante-apical dots contrast; the subterminal

line light and undulate forming two blunted Hadena-like teeth on the sec-

ond and third median branches, it is followed and set off by black shades

the most prominent of which are above the teeth; the fringe distinctly

chequered with black and white.

Posterior wings dark gray with a faint discal dot and median line; the

fringes are black and white, but the colors are more mixed and not so

well defined as on the anterior wings.

Beneath dark gray, with discal dots and a very conspicuous watennete

median line; the fringe is also chequered.

Habitat. White Mountains, N. H.

From the collection of the Boston Society of Natural

History.

This species can be distinguished from others of the ge-

nus by its large size and stout form, as well as the distinct

spots filled with bluish gray, and the uniform dark gray pos-

terior wings ; it is slightly larger than A. amissa from Green-

land and quite different in appearance.

102 Notes on North American Lepidoptera.

Anarta melanopa, Thunb., is also found on Mt. Washington,

and appears to be of common occurrence ; it is interesting to

observe its successive broods; it first emerges on the Ledge

from June 15 to July 1, according to the season; as the

summer gradually advances it comes out higher up, and from

July 4 to 10 is found in perfect condition near the Summit,

while below at this time none but worn and ragged females

are to be seen.

EUTRICOPIS, nov. genus.

Eyes naked. Ocelli present. Palpi comparatively stout, the joints

hidden by long, coarse, uneven hair. Front very full, rounded; without

a projecting knob or horizontal plate. Antenne of the male simple; by

the aid of an ordinary Jens the segments are seen to be well separated

from each other, and each provided with a short tooth. Thorax rounded,

moderately stout. Abdomen reaching to the anal angle of the posterior

wings, untufted. All the tibie non-spinose, the anterior tibiz without

the claws found in allied genera. The anterior wings short and trian-

gular, with the angles well marked; the nervures are very strong at their

commencement, particularly the median and submedian; the posterior

wings short and broad, having all the angles rounded. The thorax and

head are clothed above and beneath with long, coarse hair.

This well-marked little genus differs from others of the

group, by the non-spinose tibie; we consider it distantly

allied to Omia and Heliolonche; to these genera it is related

by the very hirsute head and body parts.

Eutricopis nexilis, nov. sp.

Expanse 18 ™™, Length of body 8™™. Ground color of the anterior

wings dull olivaceous gray, with mingled pink scales, resembling that of

H. modicella, Grote; the median space is occupied by three white spots,

the largest is quadrate, situated between the median and submedian nery-

ules, above and attached to this spot, another large spot occupying the

place of the reniform; in the ordinary place of the orbicular spot appears

another small, partially obscured spot; beyond, smooth and unspotted,

overlaid with pink scales, through which passes a broad, even, olivaceous,

subterminal band; fringe tipped with white. Posterior wings black, with

white fringes, and two large, united, subquadrate discal white spots.

Beneath, on the anterior wings, the white markings above are reproduced,

Notes on North American Lepidoptera. 103

the ground color is black, but the entire costa is beautifully and broadly

banded with pink; on the posterior wings the ground color is also black,

but the white markings are larger than the above, the entire anterior half

of the wings are pink, excepting the central white band.

Habitat.. Colorado, June 18.

This beautiful species will at once be recognized by its

vivid colors beneath. From the numerous species of Heli-

othis described by Mr. Grote from the same locality, it

differs at once by the unarmed tibie.

Telesilla vesca, nov. sp.

Expanse 23™m, Length of body 10™™. Eyes naked. The palpi and

frontas in 7. cinereola. Thorax untufted, concolorous. Abdomen smooth,

dark gray. The middle and posterior tibie are terminated by a pencil

like tuft in addition to the ordinary spurs.

Different shades of brown prevail over the anterior wings, melting

gradually into one another; the basal space is chestnut-brown deepening

into black-brown on the first part of the median space, the outer and up-

per portions of the median space are cinereous-brown, beyond, the ter-

minal and subterminal spaces are dull gray-brown; the ordinary lines are

cinereous and the spots are encircled by annuli of the same color; the

half-line and the interior line indistinct; the exterior line distinct, even

and preceded by a darker shade line; it is followed by a series of black

spots on the nervules; subterminal line whitish, preceded by lighter brown

shades; orbicular and reniform spots distinct, concolorous, the former

rounded, the latter upright having the lower inner corner drawn in on the

median nervure.

The posterior wings are blackish gray. Beneath uniform dark gray;

both wings flecked with white atoms; the posteriors with a discal dot

and median line.

Habitat. Texas; Wisconsin.

Smaller than cinereola, with the markings much the same

but on a deeper and more diversified ground color.

EUCALYPTRA, nov. genus.

Eyes naked. The antenne in the male are clothed with fine, isolated,

comparatively long hair.

The first joint of the palpus is normally formed, the second and third

are united together to form a long (3™.), thin, distinctly triangular

104 Notes on North American Lepidoptera.

piece, united to the first joint at its smallest angle, the side opposite this

angle being about one millimetre in length. The front is rounded; above

and beyond the vertex the frontal villosity projects as a triangular tuft,

directed’ towards and almost reaching the obtuse angle of the palpal

piece. The thorax is weak, rounded and untufted; its clothing entirely

scaly. The abdomen is slight and closely scaled, exceeding the margin

of the posterior wings.

The legs are long, closely scaled, having the tibie non-spinose. The

wings are elongate with all the angles rounded.

This is a peculiar, slender-bodied genus allied to Amolita and Thauma-

topsis, the characters drawn from the palpi, antenne and frontal villosity

are very distinctive, and separate it at once from the genera mentioned

above, as well as all others known to us.

Eucalyptra bipuncta, nov. sp.

Expanse 31™™, Length of body 14™™, Palpi black. The front and

thorax whitish. The anterior wings are white, sprinkled with black at-

oms, outwardly they are gray and the atoms are more numerous. The

ornamentation is extremely simple, the two ordinary spots are reduced

to black dots; the median nervure is shaded with dark gray to the exte-

rior line; the latter is distinct, even, grayish-ochreous, regularly arcu-

ate beyond the cell and then extending obliquely to the inner margin;

all other markings are obsolete. The abdomen and posterior wings are

uniform light grayish fuscous, with an ochreous tinge.

Beneath, the anterior wings are dark gray, with a distinct ochreous

costal border; the posteriors are lighter, grayish ochreous with a dark

costal border.

Habitat. Massachusetts.

Taken at Belmont, Aug. 17, 1874.

The slight form, the obsolete markings, and the triangular

black palpi will serve to identify this species.

Asphaitic Coal. 105

XT.— On an Asphaltic Coal from the shale of the Huron

River, Ohio, containing seams of Sulphate of Baryta.

By PROF. ALBERT R. LEEDS.

[With a Geological Note by Dr. J. S. Newberry. ]

Read January 11, 1875.

I HAVE received from Chas. N. Smith, Esq., of Norwalk,

Ohio, a specimen of coal found on the Huron River, below

the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern R. R. crossing. It oc-

curs in a bank of shale, about seven feet below the surface of

the ground, and a few feet above the bed of the river. The

specimens forwarded to me for examination were three and a

half centimetres in thickness. According to my informant,

the thickness of the seam at its outcrop, and for a distance

back of three feet, averages about two inches. It then

divides into two seams, which are separated by a thin stra-

tum of. shale. The remarkable and, as we believe, novel

fact concerning these seams of coal, is that they are traversed

by innumerable sheets of sulphate of baryta, which divide

the coal into small irregular fragments. The coal itself has

a brilliant lustre, resembling asphalt. The white mineral

traversing it, consisted, in the specimen examined, of 88.61

per cent. of sulphate of baryta, the remainder consisting of

silica, alumina, and oxide of iron. By weathering, the sur-

fuce of the sheets of white spar becomes stained yellow with

ferric oxide. The causes which have operated to produce

this deposition of barytes in the coal, whether by infiltration

of meteoric waters percolating through overlying strata, or

by some other agency, must be determined by an examina-

tion of the local stratigraphy.

Note by Dr. J. S. Newberry.

The mineral in question occurs in numerous localities in

Ohio and Kentucky, filling narrow fissures in the Huron

shale. This formation, which is the equivalent of the Por-

May, 1875. 8 ANN. Lyc. Nat. Hist., Vou. xi.

106 Asphaltic Coal.

tage group of the New York geologists, contains throughout

from 10 to 25 per cent. of carbonaceous matter, and is the

source whence most of the oil is derived, both in Pennsyl-

vania and Ohio. These rocks are lower than any in which

true coal has ever been found; and this material, moreover,

occurs not in beds like true coal, but in fissures and crevices

intersecting the layers of the rock. The mineral examined

by Prof. Leeds should therefore be regarded as an asphaltic

coal, originally derived from the spontaneous distillation of

petroleum, like the Albertite of New Brunswick and the

Grahamite of West Virginia.

The white scales which fill the cracks of this coal, as found

in Huron and Lorain counties, in Ohio, have probably been

derived from deep-seated sources, coming up, perhaps as

chloride of barium, through the fissures which contain the

asphaltic coal.

The region where this mineral occurs is occupied exclu-

sively by unchanged sedimentary rocks, Devonian and Upper

Silurian. These contain, so far as known, no disseminated

sulphate of baryta; butthe Water Lime group of the Upper

Silurian, which lies some distance below the Huron shale,

and comes to the surface a few miles west, on the Islands of

Lake Erie, is much shattered, probably in connection with

an uplift along the line of the Ohio anticlinal: and the cav-

ities and crevices, once existing in this rock, are frequently

filled with sulphate of strontia and sulphate of baryta, or

with native sulphur. These minerals, occurring thus, should

probably be regarded as deposits from thermal waters ; and

it is quite possible that the fissures in the Huron shale, con-

taining this asphaltic coal, have derived their sulphate of

baryta from a similar source.

On a New Species of Anarta, etc. 107

XII.— On a New Species of Anarta and on an allied Genus,

with a note on the Genus Adita.

By AUG. R. GROTE, A. M.

Read March 8, 1875.

Amone acollection of Lepidoptera made by Mr. Theo. L.

Mead in Colorado Territory, are specimens of an undescribed

species of Anarta, which differs from all the American species

known to me in its more lengthy villosity, in its colors and

the greater proximity of the median lines on the primary

wing. I describe it as follows:

Anarta nivaria, n. s.

&. The eyes are hairy. Fore wings, thorax and head purple gray.

Median lines approximate, scalloped or dentate, blackish, obsoletely gem-

inate, accompanied by light gray shades. The narrow median space is

darkened by the passage of the broad diffuse blackish median shade.

Ordinary spots inconspicuous, the orbicular pale ringed, a little oblique,

ovate; the reniform upright, narrowed. somewhat Scroll-shaped, pale

ringed with a darker centre. The sub-basal space more blackish than the

basal and terminal spaces, the darker tint evenly spread and deepening to

the subterminal line, which is continuously indicated by the contrast of

color and of the usual irregular shape. Fringes not checkered, darker

than the wing. Hind wings yellowish fuscous, with discal lunule and

vague darker outer borders; an indistinct sub-continuous dark terminal

line; fringes pale, not checkered. Abdomen of the Same hue, but a little

darker’ than hind wings. Body short, villose. Beneath, both wings,

light yellowish, with distinct lunules and traces of a common fuscous

line.

Expanse 28mm. Two specimens varying in the distinctness of the

markings on the primaries and numbered 21 and 22.

There is also in Mr. Mead’s collection an interesting spec-

imen which I have considered as belonging to the Heliothide,

and as constituting the type of a distinct genus allied to

Anarta. The legs are spinose, and thus it has a strong fea-

ture in common with Agrotis. The naked eyes are, however,

encroached upon by the caputal tegument, somewhat sensi-

bly narrowed, ovate, lashed. The shape and vestiture of

108 On a New Species of Anarta, etc.

the abdomen are as in Anarta. Its spinose legs are its only

analogy with Agrotis. But it must be remembered that the

spinose tibize are a prevalent feature in the group of genera

allied to Heliothis, and to which Anarta belongs. The spe-

cies seems to have been recently described as a species of

Agrotis, by Mr. Morrison, who has regarded its characters

as mimetic with Anarta, and its true relationship to be de-

cided by the single character of its spinose tibie. The

majority of the characters, however, ally the moth to Anarta,

in my opinion, and we must also consider that genera with

spinose tibize are scattered throughout the family, and that

hitherto no attempt has been made to associate them on this

single character. Mr. Morrison himself fails to remark any

resemblances to Anarta in other species of Agrotis inhabit-

ing the same regions with Anarta.* Mr. Morrison com-

pares the cases of mimicry between the Heliconide and

Pieride discovered by Bates and Wallace, with the present

instance. I think there is no parallel to be sustained. The

cases of mimicry reported among the butterflies from South

America affected their coloration. In the present case there

are structural differences which make the parallel untenable.

I think that Mr. Morrison has merely mistaken the essential

characters of his Agrotis montana, and that in consequence

his remarks will not well bear criticism.

AGROTIPHILA, 0. &.

All the tibiz are spinose. The shape of the abdomen and habitus is as

in Anarta. The eyes are naked, encroached upon by the caputal tegu-

ment, ovate, narrowed, fringed with lashes. The thorax is thickly and

coarsely haired, without tufts. The maxille are stout. The antenne are

simple, thickly ciliate beneath in the male.

Agrotiphila montana.

Agrotis montana Morr., Ann. Lyc. N. H., Vol. XI, 94.

My specimen, numbered 28, agrees very well with Mr.

*Mr. Morrison applies the term ‘‘northern” to the species of Agrotis hitherto only

found in the White Mountains, such as scropulana, opipara, perhaps incorrectly.

On a New Species of Anarta, etc. 109

Morrison’s description, except that the whitish orbicular is

open superiorly, somewhat triangulate, and that the discal —

marks beneath and on the hind wings above are illegible.

The ornamentation is like Anarta, with coarse lines above

on the primaries, while beneath, both wings are pale, and

here the concolorousness of both wings as to their ground

color is characteristic of the group to which I conceive the

insect belongs.

Adita Grote (1874).

I founded this genus upon the Phalena Chionanthi of

Abbot and Smith, having rediscovered the species in a col-

lection of Noctuide sent me from Ithaca, N. Y., by Professor

Comstock of Cornell University. It had not been men-

tioned previously, and since its first description in 1797, by

any other author, to my knowledge. In my generic diag-

nosis, I gave as a character the spinose tibiz. Mr. Morrison

recently speaks of my generic description in the present vol-

ume of the Annals, p. 95, and says: “In his generic de-

scription Mr. Grote states that the tibiz are spinose ; this is

apparently an error, as the only spines present are the pair

before the spines on the middle tibiz and a single spine

(there possibly may have been two) between the two pairs

of spurs on the hind tibie.” I have again examined my

specimen of Adita chionanthi. 'The middle tibiz have ecght

spines arranged in irregular pairs, besides several other finer

spinules massed on the joint. The hind tibiz have three

spines, and in perfectly fresh specimens will probably show

at least four. It has been noticed by European entomolo-

gists that the spines on the legs in the Woctuid@ are, on occa-

sion, accidentally absent. The fore tibiz appear to me now

to show merely the terminal claw which I have compared to

that of Oncocnemis. I conclude, therefore, that my original

statement, as applied to the middle and hind tibiz of Adzita,

is correct.

110 Morgan Expeditions.

* XIII.— Morgan Expeditions, 1870-71: On the Devonian

Trilobites and Mollushs of Ereré, Province

of Parad, Brazil.

By CH. FRED. HARTT,

Prof. of Geology in Cornell University,

AND

RICHARD RATHBUN,

Assistant in the Museum of the Boston Society of Natural History.

Read March 9, 1875.

We have given in this paper descriptions of the trilobites

and of all the species of mollusks, not including the brachio-

pods, collected by the parties of the Morgan Expeditions, in

1870 and ’71, from the Devonian rocks of the plain around

the little village of Ereré. In the Bulletin of the Buffalo

Society of Natural Science, for January, 1874, Vol. I, No.

4, Prof. Hartt has described at length the geography and

geology of the Ereré-Monte-Alegre district, in which occur

the fossiliferous Devonian beds forming the plain of Ereré.

These beds consist of thin horizontal layers of white and

reddish sandstones, interstratified more or less with shales.

Both the sandstones and the shales contain at a few points an

abundance of fossils, closely related to, and in some cases

identical with, forms characteristic of the middle Devonian

rocks of North America. The brachiopods, the most abund-

ant fossils in the Ereré Devonian, were described by Mr.

Rathbun in the work above cited, in a paper immediately

following that of Prof. Hartt. There then remained for de-

scription the mollusks, including six forms of gasteropods

and eight of lamellibranchs, with a single form of Tentacu-

lites, two forms of trilobites of the genera Dalmania and

Homalonotus, both probably new, and a number of obscure

forms, many of which are entirely unrecognizable.

The mollusks and trilobites in the Devonian at Ereré are

confined entirely to the sandstone, no traces of either having

Morgan Expeditions. nL

been found in the shale, in which the only recognizable forms

are the very abundant Discina and two species of Lingula,

already described.

By reference to the paper on the Brachiopoda of Ereré,

mentioned above, it will be seen that many of the forms

there described are identical with species of the Devonian

age, more especially the Hamilton group, of New York

state, and that most of the remaining forms have closely

related ones in these same deposits of North America. The

close relation in horizon of the middle Devonian of New

York and the formations of the plain of Ereré was thus

demonstrated. The study of the mollusks has greatly

strengthened the proof of this relationship, for several of

the forms of mollusks from Ereré have proved identical with

forms recently described from the Hamilton group of New

York by Prof. Hall, and possibly others, now apparently

distinct, may also turn out identical with more extended col-

lections. All the genera represented, with a single excep-

tion, are common to the Devonian elsewhere. We are under

very many obligations to Prof. James Hallof Albany, N. Y.,

for identifying for us many of the following genera, some

of which have been recently proposed by him. He also

made a comparison of the species with the New York forms

contained in his collection, and it was with his aid that we

were enabled to unite the three forms, as hereinafter indi-

eated. To Mr. R. P. Whitfield, of Albany, we are also

much indebted for assistance in our work.

TRILOBITES.

Genus DALMANIA, Emmrich.

Dalmania Paituna, sp. nov.

Animal of medium size, sometimes quite large: test very tumid, and

with the different lobes and segments sharply defined. :

Buckler crescent-shaped; greatest breadth about one and one-fourth

the greatest length, and nearly twice the length of the glabella; in front

sub-acuminate or bluntly sub-angular, the margins on either side diverg-

112 Morgan Expeditions.

ing at first at an angle of about 120°, and curving moderately and regularly ;

posterior lateral angle on either side produced backward in an acute

Spine. On each side of the frontal lobe the margins sometimes form

nearly straight lines. The entire margin forms a curve, nearly equal to

half an ellipse, in which the relation between the two diameters is

about as 2 to 8. A specimen rather below the medium size measures:

greatest length, 14°5™™; greatest width, about 20™™, A larger specimen

has a length of about 21™™,

Glabella very prominent, slightly flattened on top, bounded by deep

axal furrows, sub-pentagonal in outline, and rounded or sub-angular in

front; widest just back of the middle of the frontal lobe, or at about

one-third the length of the glabella from the front. Thence backward

the glabella narrows regularly, the width at occipital furrow being a

little more than half the length of the glabella. Frontal lobe rounded

or sub-angular at front and sides and very convex, curving strongly

downward toward the margins of the head, and sometimes obliquely

flattened on either side in front. Its length equals about the united

length of the four succeeding pairs of lobes, and a little more than two-

thirds its own width. Frontal furrows wider than middle and basal

furrows. Originating at a distance from the front equal to about one-

third the length of the entire glabella, they run inward and backward

at a strong angle, terminating near the middle of axis. They reach a

little more than one-third across the glabella. Upper and middle lobes

wider and more prominent than the basal lobe. Middle furrows situated

at a distince from the front equal to about 3-5 the length of glabella,

deep and rather narrow, perpendicular to axis, and extending inward

quite as far as the frontal furrows. Basal furrows deep, curving a little

forward, and reaching to about one-third the distance across glabella,

or slightly farther than do the middle furrows. Basal lobes narrow

and much less prominent than the other lobes. Occipital furrow deep,

broad and rounded. Occipital ring broad, strongly arched vertically

and sub-angular behind. The highest part of the glabella is situated

at a point about between the middle furrows. On the median line,

and slightly in advance of frontal furrows, is a minute, more or less

distinct depression, usually more marked in the internal cast.

Limb forming a blunt, rounded or sub-angular projection in front of

glabella, but narrowing down to a mere line before reaching the axal

furrows. Cheeks very convex, with a strong convex slope toward the

margins; slope toward neck and axal furrows abrupt. The limb increases

rather rapidly in size going backward from the axal furrows, being sep-

arated from cheek lobe by a well defined, broad furrow. The occipital

furrow is inclined slightly backward, and is deep and well defined, not

being .extended into the nuchal spine, which last is short, acuminate

and not differentiated from cheek. Length of spine, measuring from

angle formed by lateral and occipital furrows, equal to about half the

length of glabella. Spines directed slightly outward. Posterior mar-

Morgan Expeditions. 113

ginal fold strongly convex and of moderate width. Eyes large and

very prominent, situated exactly opposite outer extremities of anterior

and median lobes. In none of the specimens in the collection are they

sufficiently well preserved to allow of detailed description.

A Hypostome, probably of this species, is sub-quadrate in form and

strongly convex. The front margin is strongly arched and slightly sub-

angular. On each side it is produced in a short acuminate spine, ex-

tending directly outward. The sides are nearly straight and incline

slightly toward one another in going backward. The body of the hy-

postome is very convex and abruptly separated from a flattened margin.

The outline of the convex portion forms a very regular curve as follows:

beginning at the anterior lateral angles it runs obliquely backward and

inward, the flattened margin widening gradually; posteriorly with a

regular arch it extends apparently nearly to the margin. The whole

hypostome is strongly arched, transversely and vertically. The abrupt

margin of central portion increases in height going backward. This

specimen measures 7™™ in length and about 10™™ in greatest width. A

fragment of a larger specimen of hypostome, having a length of 21™™,

was also obtained from the same bed as the above, and, although dif-

fering from it somewhat in appearance, may belong to an older specimen

of the same species.

Pygidium triangular, with curved sides, and very convex. Axis nar-

row, prominent, regularly rounded from side to side, and extending

about 3-4 length of shield; width in front apparently equal to 1-3 width of

shield. It decreases slightly in width and gradually in height posteriorly,

where it ends abruptly, the extremity being rounded and convex; width

in front about one and one-half to two times the width behind. In one

large specimen the axis shows 14 rings, the anterior of which, in the

internal mould, are prominent, rounded, and separated by furrows of

rather greater width; but they become very small and indistinct pos-

teriorly, the last three or four being crowded together. In none of the

specimens collected is the articular ring preserved, but several of these

show 11 to 13 rings. Lateral lobes convex, but generally of much less

elevation than the axis; margin slightly flattened. Furrows deep and

extending to the margin in all but the last four or five rings. The segments

are rounded near. the axis, but are flattened and much broader toward

the margin. The anterior one is nearly at right angles with the axis,

but they become more strongly inclined posteriorly. On the first seg-

ments the sutures are faint and on the posterior ones not observable.

The margin is denticulate, the terminations of each segment being ap-

parently blunt and obliquely rounded or angular. Posterior part of

pygidium, behind axis, highly inclined, rounded and smooth; posterior

margin concave, arched and slightly turned up along the edge. A spec-

imen of medium size measures in length, about 15™™, in width, 14™™. A

very large specimen has a length of 32™™.

A few detached segments, that may belong to the thorax, were found,

but they are unsatisfactory for determination.

114 Morgan Hzxpeditions.

The first distinguishing feature of this species lies in the

great prominence of the test, none of the forms, with which

we have compared it, approaching it at all in convexity.

This difference of character is supplemented by many others.

From Dalmania Boothii, of the Hamilton group of New

York, the only abundant form known in beds corresponding

most nearly in age to the Ereré Devonian, it differs, among

other features, in the greater proportionate length of the

middle of the head, in the more gradual backward nar-

rowing of the glabella, and in the greater length of the

frontal lobe, which is generally more angular in front in

the latter form.

This beautiful species occurs somewhat abundantly in the

Devonian sandstone at Ereré, associated with Spirifera Ped-

roana, etc. The specific name is given in allusion to a

mythical personage, after whom the Serra of Paittina in

the vicinity received its name.

Genus HOMALONOTUS, Keenig.

Homalonotus Oiara, sp. nov.

There was obtained from the Devonian sandstone at Ereré,

a single fragment of the head of a large trilobite, which be-

longs to this genus. It is very distinct from any other form

yet known, but too imperfect to admit of proper descrip-

tion. It differs from Homalonotus Dekayi, Van., appar-

ently, in the fact that the margins of the glabella are more

concave than in the latter form, and the eyes are placed

farther forward. We have ventured to rank it as a new

species, naming it after the Tupi water maiden. Associated

with the last species above described, Dalmania Pattina.

GASTEROPODA.

Genus PLEUROTOMARIA, Defrance.

Pleurotomaria Rochana, sp. nov.

Shell quite small; outline, as seen in front and hind view, a rhomboid,

of which two opposing sides are about twice the length of the other two

Morgan Hxpeditions. 115

sides. Height less than the breadth; spire very depressed-conical; api-

cal angle somewhat greater than a right angle. Volutions about three

in number, the last angular and carinate along the middle, with the upper

surface flattened, or curving very slightly from the suture to the median

carina. The upper surfaces of all the volutions, from the apex to the

carina of last volution, lie in nearly the same plane and are separated by

a shallow suture; lower side of the body volution slightly more convex

than the upper. Aperture and surface markings not preserved. This is

a very small species of Pleurotomaria, one specimen measuring about

8.5 ™™ in length, and 11 ™™ in breadth.

Only a few specimens of this species have been obtained,

and none of these are in a very perfect condition. Asso-

ciated with Nuculites Nyssa, Streptorhynchus Agassizii, etc., -

in the Devonian sandstone of Ereré, Prov. of Para, Brazil.

Named in honor of Tenente Rocha, commandant of the

Marine Arsenal at Para, to whom the expedition of 1870

was indebted for the fitting out of the steamer Jurupensem.

Genus HOLOPEA, Hall.

Holopea Furmaniana, sp. nov.

Shell rather above the medium size, obliquely sub-conical in front view,

with the length and breadth nearly equal. Volutions about three or four

in number, very prominent and wellrounded. They increase quite rapidly

in size from the very small apex, the last one being ventricose and some-

times slightly flattened on the top near the suture, which is rather deep

and acute-angular. Aperture slightly oblique, oval in outline and a little

reflected on the lower side. Surface, as determined by external moulds,

smooth. One specimen of average size measures: length and breadth

each, about 17 ™™; but many specimens are larger than this.

All the specimens of this form, so far obtained, are in the

condition of moulds of the interior and exterior. In the in-

ternal mould there is a small umbilicus, probably due entirely

to the removal of the columella. This form is easily recog-

nized by its regular and well rounded volutions and low

spire, the volutions commencing of very small size and in-

creasing rapidly and regularly to the aperture. So far as we

are aware the genus Holopea has not been recognized from

the Devonian before; but the smooth exterior of this form

116 Morgan Expeditions.

precludes its being placed in the genus Pleurotomaria, to

which it might seem to be related from the shape and appear-

ance of the internal mould alone.

Very abundant in the Devonian sandstone of Ereré, Prov.

of Para, Brazil; associated with Spirifera Pedroana, Nucu-

lites Nyssa, ete.

Dedicated to Mr. Furman of Para, a gentleman to whom

both expeditions are deeply indebted.

Genus PLATYCERAS, Conrad.

Platyceras symmetricum.

Platyceras symmetricum, Hall. 15th. Ann. Rep. St. Cab., N. Y., 1862, p.

34.

Description of the Ereré form:— Shell small, argonautiform in side

view, very slightly elongated and somewhat laterally compressed. From

the apex, which is minute and twisted very slightly to the right of the

median line, the shell increases very rapidly in size, the ventral side of

the body volution passing tangentically for a short distance beyond the

last preceding volution. Volutions about one and one-half in number,

the outer one, small and much compressed where it commences, but be-

coming gradually less compressed and more fully rounded toward the

aperture, enlarging rapidly at the same time. The aperture is oval in out-

line, with the sinistro-dextral diameter a little less than the dorso-ventral.

The margin is apparently sinuous, but is defective in the specimen. Exte-

rior surface of shell not preserved. Surface of internal mould of body

volution not very irregular, somewhat rugose and traversed near the front

by numerous, rather indistinct growth lines, which bear on each side a few

deep, rounded flexures. To these ftexures a few short, irregular, longitu-

dinal undulations near the aperture appear to correspond. ‘There is a

slight prominence, probably the impression of the base of a spine, just on

the left of the dorsal line, midway between the aperture and the beginning

of the outer volution. Dimensions: greatest length from anterior mar-

gin of aperture, 19™™; dorso-ventral diameter of aperture, 13.5 ™™;

sinistro-dextral diameter of same, 12 ™™,

Only one specimen of Platyceras, the one described above,

was obtained from Ereré. It agrees with P. symmetricum

of Hall, Hamilton group, N. Y., in being symmetrical and

in having the same number and character of volutions; but

it is much smaller than any specimen of P. symmetricum

from the Hamilton group which we have seen, and more per-

Morgan Expeditions. 117

fect specimens, preserving the shell, may show it to be dis-

tinct from that species.

From the Devonian sandstone of Ereré, Prov. of Para,

Brazil; associated with Spzrifera Pedroana, ete.

Genus BELLEROPHON, Montfort.

Bellerophon Morganianus, sp. nov.

Shell of small to medium size. subglobose, with the umbilical openings

small but rather deep. Body volution generally somewhat broadly flat-

tened along the back, sometimes moderately rounded and curving abruptly

to the umbilicus. It increases rapidly in size toward the aperture, where

it expands quite abruptly, making the aperture lirge and apparently

transversely sub-elliptical in outline. Surface covered with minute,

rounded. transverse, parallel, raised lines, which first curve slightly for-

ward from an indistinct, median dorsal band, and then extend nearly

directly to the edge of the umbilical openings. Of a nearly perfect speci-

men of medium size, the greatest length from the outer edge of the aperture

is about 17™™; sinistro-dextral diameter of aperture of same specimen,

about 19 ™™,

This Brazilian species of Gellerophon appears to be closely

related to B. leda of Hall, Hamilton group, New York, and

is of about the same size as that species. The body volu-

tion of B. Morganianus is, however, generally larger where

it commences than is the case in B. /eda, and the revolving

raised lines are entirely wanting in the former species.

Obtained in great abundance from the Devonian sandstone

of Ereré, Prov. of Para, Brazil; associated with Spirifera

Pedroana, ete.

Dedicated respectfully to Mr. Edwin B. Morgan, of

Aurora, N. Y.

‘Bellerophon Coutinhoanus, sp. nov.

Shell rather small, subglobose, trilobed. The outer volution increases

rapidly toward the aperture, and is divided into three longitudinal lobes,

of which the middle or dorsal lobe is about two-thirds the width of the

whorl itself, and is prominent, sharply defined at its margins and very

regularly rounded. The lateral lobes curve regularly and quite abruptly

from the dorsal lobe to the umbilical openings. Size of the most perfect

specimen, which is not, however, the largest one obtained: greatest

length from near the outer edge of the aperture, about 15™™; width of

the outer volution near the aperture, nearly 15 ™™,

118 Morgan Expeditions.

Although a number of specimens of this species of Bellero-

phon were obtained from Ereré, the aperture is not preserved

in any of them, and the umbilical openings, if such existed,

are covered up by the rock in every case. The specimens

are all of internal moulds and the surface markings are not

retained. B. Coutinhoanus is very closely allied to B.

trilobatus of Sow., Devonian of Europe, more especially to

the variety ¢wmidus, from which, however, it differs in hav-

ing the dorsal lobe broader, less prominent, and more flat-

tened along the top, with its margins more distinctly defined.

From the Devonian sandstone of Ereré, Proy. of Para,

Brazil; associated with Wuculites Nyssa, etc.

Respectfully dedicated to Dr. Silva de Coutinho, Rio de

Janeiro, Brazil.

Bellerophon Gilletianus, sp. nov.

Shell very small, laterally compressed, somewhat lenticular in form and

sub-circular ih outline; umbilical openings of medium size, deep. The

outer yolution commences very small, somewhat compressed and more or

less angular on the median dorsal line, and increases rapidly in prominence

but quite gradually in width, becoming more and more strongly angular

toward the aperture, where it is but slightly expanded. The summit of

the mesial prominence is often well rounded, but sometimes acute, while

on each side is generally a very shallow accompanying groove, growing

more pronounced toward the aperture, and which gives to the shell near

the mouth a somewhat trilobed appearance.

The surface of the shell is marked by numerous, very fine, rounded,

thread-like, concentric raised lines, which arch very strongly backward

from the umbilici to the median dorsal line, where the corresponding

ones on each side unite in a curve. Of the largest specimen obtained,

the greatest diameter, which is from the outer margin of the aperture to

the opposite side of the shell, is about 10 ™"; width of the body volution

near the aperture, about 5™™. Most of the specimens, however, are

much smaller than this.

B. rotiformis of De Kon., Europe, resembles the species

just described in size and general appearance, but it is more

lenticular in shape and the whorls increase more rapidly in

size. The umbilical openings are also smaller and the slope

toward them is much less abrupt.

Morgan Expeditions. 119

Moderately abundant in the Devonian sandstone of Ereré,

Prov. of Para, Brazil; associated with Nuculites Nyssa,

Spirifera Pedroana, ete.

Named after M. Léon Gillet, Prof. Hartt’s able and oblig-

ing agent at Para.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

Genus NUCULITES, Conrad.

Nuculites Nyssa.

Nuculites Nyssa, Hall. Lamell. Shells of the U. Held., Ham. and Chem.

Groups, etc., 1869. (Preparatory for the Paleontology of N. Y.)

Description of Ereré specimens :— Shell of medium size, longitudinally

sub-ovate or sub-triangular in outline, and of moderate convexity. Ante-

rior margin well rounded and narrower than the posterior. The dorsal

margin, curving slightly, extends obliquely backwards from the beak to

the posterior extremity of the shell, a short distance above the termina-

tion of the median antero-posterior diameter. The ventral margin is mod-

erately rounded and, together with the anterior and posterior margins,

forms an elliptical curve. Beaks about one-fourth the length from the

anterior extremity, with the apices acute and strongly incurved to the

hinge line. Valves most convex at a point just above and anterior to the

middle. The surface arches rapidly and more or less regularly from

the ventral margin to the beak, but is generally a little more strongly

curved in the umbonal region, and is broadly flattened, rounding suddenly

to the dorsal margin. The slope toward the posterior margin is convex

and more abrupt than toward the ventral margin; toward the anterior

margin it is still more abrupt, becoming gradually concave near the beaks.

The septum, curving very slightly, and with its concave side forward,

extends down nearly two-thirds the shell height, cutting the antero-poste-

rior diameter at about one-fourth its length from the front. Surface

smooth or marked with a few indistinct lines of growth. Length, 24 ™m™,

height, 17™™; depth of single valve,5™™, Specimens of larger size are

numerous.

This species of Nuculites, which is the most common.

lamellibranch at Ereré, proves to be identical with V. Nyssa

of Hall, found in the Hamilton group, New York.

We are indebted to Prof. Hall for the identification of the

forms from the two places.

120 Morgan Expeditions.

Abundant in the Devonian sandstone of Ereré, Prov. of

Para, Brazil, with Spirifera Pedroana, Streptorhynchus

Agassizii, ete.

Nuculites Ererensis, sp. nov.

Shell small, elongate, nearly twice as long as high, sub-elliptical in

outline, the margins forming quite a regular elliptical curve, broken by

the slight upward extension of the beaks. Dorsal margin oblique and

nearly straight. Beaks situated about one-third the length from the

anterior margin, smali, only slightly incurved, and apparently not reach-

ing to the hinge line. The convexity of the valves is moderate, being

greatest just below the umbonal region. The septum extends downwards

for about three-fifths the height of the valves, and intersects the antero-

posterior diameter at a little less than one-third its length from the front.

Length, 1387; height, 8™™; depth of single valve, nearly 3™™,

This species of MNuculites is readily distinguished from

the last one above described, WV. Nyssa of Hall, by its

elongate form and nearly elliptical outline, and by the

absence of any flattening along the middle. Only two

specimens have yet been obtained. These are both inter-

nal moulds of the left valve, and the surface markings are

not preserved upon them.

Found, with Spirifera Pedroana, etc., in the Devonian

sandstone of Ereré, Prov. of Para, Brazil.

Genus GRAMMYSIA, De Verneuil.

Grammysia (Pholadella?) parallela.

Grammysia parallela, Hall. Lamell. Shells of the U. Held., Ham. and

Chem. Groups, etc., 1869. (Preparatory for the Paleontology of N. Y.)

Shell small, elongate, about two-thirds as high as long, with the greatest

height at the beaks. Valves moderately convex, the surface arching

strongly from the beaks to the ventral margin, but being rather more ab-

ruptly curved in the upper portion. The beaks are situated at about one-

fourth or one-fifth the length of the shell from the anterior extremity, and

project but little above the hinge margin; they are small, rather strongly

arcuate and turned somewhat abruptly forward, with the apices acute and

contiguous. Dorsal margin straight and extending directly backward.

The anterior margin extends obliquely forward in its upper half, forming

at the beaks an angle of about 135° with the dorsal margin, and is slightly

Morgan Expeditions. 121

concave; it rounds somewhat abruptly to the ventral margin below, which

is moderately curved anteriorly, but becomes nearly straight and subpar-

allel with the dorsal margin along the middle of the shell. Posteriorly

the ventral margin appears to round up more or less strongly toward the

dorsal margin, but in none of the specimens obtained, is the posterior ex-

tremity of the shell perfectly preserved. From a line, extending obliquely

across the valves, from just behind the beaks to the lower posterior ex-

tremity of the shell, and forming an angle of about 30° with the dorsal

margin, the surface curves moderately and quite regularly to the anterior

margin, and is traversed by about 10 or 12 low, wide, rounded, concentric

undulations, which decrease in size from the ventral margin toward the

beaks, where they are quite small. The lower ones round up quite ab-

ruptly in front, but are more gently curved along the middle. Posterior

to the oblique line, above mentioned, the surface descends abruptly, and

with a concave slope, to the hinge line and the posterior extremity, and is

smooth in the moulds. Length, about 16™™ ; height, 10.6 ™™ ; depth of

each valve, 3 ™™,

Prof. Hall has identified this Brazilian form with his Gram-

mysia parallela of the Hamilton group, New York, loc. cit. ;

but he expresses a doubt as to whether the species is a true

Grammysia, or belongs to his new genus Pholadella, pub-

lished in 1869.

Only a few specimens of this pretty form were obtained

from the Devonian sandstone of Ereré, Prov. of Para, Bra-

zil, associated with Spirifera Pedroana, ete.

Genus EDMONDIA, De Koninck.

Edmondia Pondiana, sp. nov.

Shell below the medium size, elongate, nearly two-thirds as high as

long, sub-elliptical in outline and moderately ventricose, with the great-

est convexity in the lower posterior part of the umbonal region. An-

terior end much narrower than the posterior, well rounded and prominent,

the margin uniting by a moderate curve with the ventral margin, which,

along the middle one-half of the shell, is quite straight and nearly par-

allel with the dorsal margin; posterior end strongly rounded, and appar-

ently slightly truncate in its lower portion; dorsal margin straight

and about one-half the length of the shell. Beaks situated at a little

less than one-third the length from the front, broad, very prominent,

and strongly incurved toward the hinge margin and the front, nearly or

quite contiguous, and projecting a moderate distance above the hinge.

The umbonal region is obliquely flattened, the flattened surface inclining

anteriorly. This flattening, which commences on the beak, appears to

May, 1875. 9 ANN. Lyc. Nat. Hist., Vou. x1.

122 Morgan Hxpeditions.

extend downward, and somewhat obliquely backward, across the valve;

but it becomes less and less perceptible toward the ventral margin,

toward which the slope, for nearly the whole height of the valve, near

the middle, is only slightly curved; toward the front, the slope is much

stronger and it becomes concave in front of, and beneath, the beaks.

Commencing at the anterior margin, the surface rises at a moderately

strong angle for one-fifth the shell length, more or less, when, the’

angle of ascent becoming gradually less, it continues to rise with very

little curvature toward an oblique line, extending across the valve from

the posterior side of the beak to the lower posterior extremity of the

shell. Along this line the valve rounds over toward the dorsal and

posterior margins, quite gradually in the lower part, but more and more

abruptly near the beak, the curve, from the point of greatest convexity

of the valve toward the posterior end of the hinge margin, being abrupt

and slightly sigmoidal. Exterior surface unknown. Length, 22™™;

height, 14™™; convexity of single valve, 5.5™™.

This species is founded on a single specimen, a very per-

fect internal mould of the left valve; but one or two much

smaller specimens, probably referable to the same species,

were also obtained from Ereré. From the Devonian sand-

stone of Ereré, Prov. of Parad, Brazil; associated with

Spirifera Pedroana, ete.

(Named after my friends, Mr. Fred. Pond, American

Consul at Parad, and his brother, Mr. Thos. Pond, to whom

I am indebted for a thousand favors. C. F. H.)

Edmondia Sylvana, sp. nov.

Shell small; length a little more than one and one-half times the height;

outline apparently sub-elliptical. Valves moderately convex and nearly

symmetrical, most prominent in the umbonal region. Beaks small, sub-

central and obtuse in the moulds, incurving very little and hardly pro-

jecting above the plane of the hinge, between which and the apices of

the beak is quite a space. The dorsal margin is regularly curved, and

rounds down on each side of the beak to the anterior and posterior

margins, of which the former seems to be the narrower, and is more

regularly rounded than the latter; ventral margin nearly straight along

the middle. The surface of the valves arches very strongly and quite

regularly from the beaks to the ventral margin, while the curvature along

the antero-posterior diameter is moderate and nearly regular. Length,

17™™;, height, 10™™; convexity of single valve, 4™™.

Morgan Expeditions. 123

Although only a single specimen of this species, which

has been referred with some doubt to Hdmondia, has been

obtained, and that is not a very perfect one, it has been pos-

sible from it to make out the principal characters of the

species quite accurately. It is readily distinguished from

all the other species of lamellibranchs yet found at Ereré,

by the nearly symmetrical valves and sub-central beaks.

From the Devonian sandstone, Ereré, Prov. of Para,

Brazil, with Spzrifera Pedroana, ete.

[Named in honor of my friend, Senhor José Gualdino da

Silva, of Pard, to whom I am under many obligations. C.

Genus MODIOMORPHA, Hall.

Modiomorpha Pimentana, sp. nov.

Shell of moderate size, elongate, sub-quadrilateral in outline. From

the beaks, which are placed at less than one-fourth the length from the

front, the height increases very gradually to the posterior end of the

hinge margin, which last equals about three-fifths the length of the shell

and is straight; height of shell at beak about five-sixths that at end of

hinge margin. Anterior margin straight and oblique for about one-half

its length, forming at the beak an angle of about 135° With the dorsal

margin. It rounds abruptly to the ventral margin, which, in its posterior

three-fourths, is nearly straight. The posterior margin is slightly con-

vex, and extends obliquely backward from the dorsal margin, with which

it forms an angle equal to about that at the beaks, and curves abruptly to

the ventral margin. Beaks very small, obtuse and not produced above

the hinge line. The valves are quite convex, the surface rising rapidly

from the ventral and anterior margins on the one side, and from the

dorsal and posterior margins on the other, toward a line running obliquely

across the valves from the beaks to the lower posterior extremity. Along

this line the valves are sometimes angular, at others they are regularly

and strongly rounded; generally, however, they are angular near the

beaks and become gradually rounded and flattened posteriorly. Above,

the surface slopes to the dorsal margin very abruptly and is concave just

behind the beaks, but the slope becomes more and more gradual toward

the posterior extremity, and, from very slightly concave at first, it changes

to very slightly convex posteriorly. The lower and anterior portion of

the valves’ is sometimes broadly flattened. Surface marked with numer-

ous concentric lines of growth. Length, 30™™; height, 16™™; depth of

single valve, 5™". These dimensions are of the largest specimen found;

most of the specimens are much smaller.

124 Morgan Expeditions.

This form of Modiomorpha, which is quite abundant at

Ereré, although very constant in its outline, varies consid-

erably in its surface characters, as described above. The

specimens obtained are all moulds of the interior and ex-

terior. Associated with Muculites Nyssa, Spirifera Pedro-

ana, etc., in the Devonian sandstone of Ereré, Prov. of

Para, Brazil.

Named in honor of Senhor Pimenta Buend of Para, to

whom the expeditions are under obligations.

Genus PALHANEILA, Hall.

Paleaneilo sulcata, sp. nov.

Shell of moderate size, elongate, slightly gibbous, and apparently sub-

elliptical in outline, with the height less than two-thirds the length.

Dorsal margin inclining slightly downward in extending backward from the

beaks. The anterior margin appears to be slightly concave, for about one-

third its length from the beaks, and forms an angle of nearly 120° with

the dorsal margin; in its lower two-thirds it is well and regularly

rounded. Ventral margin nearly straight and suddenly indented toward

the posterior extremity of the shell, which is imperfect in all the speci-

mens of this species yet obtained. Beaks situated at a distance from the

front, equal to a,little less than half the height of the shell, quite prom-

inent and incurved to the hinge line. The valves are most convex just

above and anterior to the middle, with the surface arching quite strongly

and regularly, the curvature, however, increasing somewhat in strength,

from the ventral margin to the beaks. A rather deep and well marked

sinus commences in each valve on the posterior side of the beak, where

it is very small, and extends obliquely across the valve to the ventral

margin, near the posterior extremity of the shell, increasing gradually in

size at the same time, the margin being deeply indented by it. The an-

terior edge of the sinus is quite abrupt and forms a slight fold on the

surface of the valve; it makes an angle of about 30° with the dorsal

margin of the shell; the posterior edge rounds over gradually. From

the anterior margin of the valve the surface rounds up gradually for a

short distance, and then extends. with very little curvature to the sinus.

Surface of mould smooth. Length, about 17™™; height, 11°5™™; depth

of each valve, 3°5 ™™,

This species of lamellibranch has the external characters

of the genus Paleaneilo, but the specimens representing it

are not in a condition to show the character of the hinge,

eat

Morgan Expeditions. 125

which is crenulated in that genus. Only a few specimens

have been obtained.

From the Devonian sandstone of Ereré, Proy. of Para,

Brazil; associated with Streptorhynchus Agassizii, etc.

Paleaneilo? simplex, sp. nov.

Shell of medium size, elongate, quite regularly sub-elliptical in outline

and of moderate convexity; height about two-thirds the length. Anterior

margin not quite as high as the posterior; both anterior and posterior

margins regularly and quite strongly rounded, and passing gradually into

the ventral margin, which is regularly and moderately rounded. The

dorsal margin is nearly straight and extends directly backwards from the

beak; its length is less than one-half that of the shell. Beaks situated

at about one-third the length of the shell from the anterior end, quite

small, rather strongly incurved to the plane of the hinge, and slightly

elevated above the hinge margin, with the apices acute. The point of

greatest convexity of the valves is just above the middle. The curvature

of the surface from the ventral margin to the beaks is moderate and

nearly regular, growing gradually stronger, however, toward the beaks.

The curvature along the antero-posterior diameter is quite moderate and

regular, the slopes toward the anterior and posterior margins from the

middle being sub-equal. Toward the dorsal margin the slope is moderate

posteriorly, but grows gradually stronger as the beaks are approached,

just behind which it is very abrupt. Immediately in front of the beaks

the surface is slightly concave. Surface markings unknown; the surface

of the internal moulds is quite smooth. Length, 16™™; height, 12™™;

depth of single valve, 3 ™™.

The above description of this form was made from a

single, very perfect specimen, an internal mould of the

left valve, in which, however, the characters of the hinge

are not preserved. The generic relations of the species

are thus rendered doubtful; but it agrees externally with

Prof. Hall’s genus Palwanetlo in which we place it pro-

visionally. Besides the single specimen just mentioned,

there are four or five other specimens of lamellibranchs

from Ereré, which apparently belong to this same species.

In them the beak is sometimes more acute, and the curva-

ture of the surface varies slightly. In all the other char-

acters they agree quite perfectly. This form of Paleaneilo

126 Morgan Expeditions.

is readily distinguished from P. sulcata, by the regular

curvature of the surface from the anterior to the posterior

end, and by the absence of a sinus.

From the Devonian sandstone of Ereré, Prov. of Para,

Brazil; associated with Spirifera Pedroana, etc.

Genus TENTACULITES, Schlotheim.

Tentaculites Eldredgianus, sp. nov.

Shell small, rather long, straight, circular in cross-section, at least 1™™

in diameter at the larger end, and tapering very gradually to an acute

point. Length of the most perfect specimen, a fragment, about 16™™.

Annulations narrow, quite prominent, and angular or slightly rounded

on the summit; the interspaces are generally about twice as wide as

the annulations, though they vary somewhat in width, and are flattened

or a little rounded in the bottom; they are ornamented by fine annular

raised lines, of which there are about four or five in each interspace,

near the larger end of the specimen. The annulations decrease in size,

but become more numerous toward the apex. There are about 5 to 7

in the space of 3™™ near the large end.

The specimens of this species, so far obtained, are from

the sandstone, in which they exist as moulds of the exterior

surface, generally filled up with clay or sandy material.

The moulds usually preserve the impression of the annu-

lations very sharply; the annular raised lines, however,

are seldom preserved. The casts formed by the filling up

of the moulds are never exact copies, but in them the an-

nulations are almost always low and rounded. The full

length is not preserved in any of the specimens obtained,

but it was probably not much greater than 16"". Although

the distance between the annulations varies, the variation

is never very great, and is generally regular through the

same specimen, the interspaces becoming gradually narrower

toward the apex.

From the sandstone of the Devonian age, Ereré, Prov.

of Pard, Brazil; associated with Spirifera Pedroana, ete.

Morgan Hexpeditions. 127

Dedicated to Mr. Rolfe Eldredge, one of Prof. Hartt’s

companions at Ereré, on his expedition of 1870.

Among the more obscure remains obtained from the De-

vonian sandstone beds at Ereré, and which it is impossible

from their imperfect condition to properly identify, are frag-

ments of crinoidal columns, the valves of a form which

appears to be related to Beyrichia, M’Coy, fragments of

wood, etc. They are all, however, in such a poor state of

preservation, that it would be unwise to attempt anything

beyond a mere notice of their appearance. The crinoidal

remains occur as impressions of the detached disks of the

columns, which are small and thin, and it is seldom that more

than two or three of the disks are found together. The

central canal is generally replaced by sandy material, but

none of the surface markings are retained. Diameter of

disks, about 2°5 to 8™"; thickness of each, about :5™". The

test of Beyrichia (?) is small, sub-ovate in outline, with a

slight depression near one end. The surface, though imper-

fect in all the specimens obtained, seems to have been granu-

lose. Diameter of a medium specimen, 2™. The remains

that have been referred to with doubt as plants have no

definite or describable shapes and are probably fucoidal.

Many of the other fragments obtained will undoubtedly be

explained with the aid of new collections from the same

locality.

128 Note on a name in Entomology.

XIV.—WNote on a name in Entomology proposed by the late

Coleman Townsend Robinson.

By AUG. R. GROTE, A. M.

Read April 19, 1875.

Ir was my good fortune to have known somewhat intimately

the late Mr. Coleman T. Robinson, latterly of New York

city, who contributed to the Annals of the Lyceum of Nat-

ural History (vol. IX.) two short papers on North American

Moths, and previously, in conjunction with myself, a longer

communication, in the Eighth Volume of the Annals, on the

same subject. I was personally associated with Mr. Robin-

son from 1864 to 1868, and met him again for a few days

in 1870. This was the last time that I had the pleasure

before his premature death in 1872.*

Although Mr. Robinson had pursued his studies in Nat-

ural History somewhat fitfully, I know that he has performed

some good work on the smaller moths, and especially on the

Tortricide. The first part of his projected Revision of the

North American species of that difficult group appeared in

the Transactions of the American Entomological Society,

Vol. II, 1869, and I have been anxious to discover his un-

finished manuscripts for the second part, which I know were

in existence. His and my own joint collections passed into

the Central Park Museum after Mr. Robinson’s death. At

this moment I can only find a brief record of his study of

the following species, belonging to the Pyralides.

Siparocerat nobilis, Robinson.

@. The type of this new genus and species is in the Central Park

Museum. It is allied in size to Fabatana oviplagalis, as well as in orna-

* A list of the scientific papers published by my late esteemed friend, under his sole

signature, was given by me in the fourth volume of the Canadian Entomologist, pp.

109-111, June, 1872.

{ This seems to have been the original writing of the generic term; in the collection

at the Central Park the name is written ‘‘ Callocera.”

On the Birds of Ritchie County. 129

mentation. The genus is characterized by a large hollow expansion on

the fore wings opening outwardly at basal third. This extraordinary

feature is not shared by the Brazilian Amblyura corusca Led., apparently

its nearest ally. The basal and terminal fields of the primaries are rich

purply brown, separated by paler median lines as in corusca. The me-

dian space is paler. The abdomen is tufted at the anus. The hind wings

are dark, with paler indications of transverse lines on internal margin.

The specimen is from New York.

I have searched the few papers left by Mr. C. T. Robinson

which have come into my possession, without finding a de-

tailed description of this species. Mr. Robinson’s MSS.

which I have yet seen consist almost entirely of enlarged

drawings of the venation of small species of moths with brief

notes. In 1870 Mr. Robinson exhibited to me prepared

specimens and a drawing of the abdominal appendage of the

male Leucarctia acrea, recently described by Mr. H. K.

Morrison, in the pages of “Psyche.” It had been acci-

dentally observed by him during its voluntary extrusion.

He had prepared a paper on the subject which I yet hope

to discover.

XV.— Some Observations on the Birds of Ritchie County,

West Virginia.

By WILLIAM BREWSTER.

Read March 22, 1875.

In preparing the following paper, I have adopted the

systematic arrangement of a faunal list, more for the sake

of convenience than with any idea that it is deserving to

take rank as such, for the time spent in the locality was by

far too brief, for the acquirement of a very perfect knowl-

edge of its avian inhabitants. However, the results, em-

130 On the Birds of Ritchie County.

bracing as they do the joint labors of Messrs. R. Deane and

Ernest Ingersoll, in addition to those of the author, be-

tween the dates of April 25th and May 9, 1874, must, I

think, give a large proportion of the birds which occur at

that season, and as many little known species were found in

abundance and under very favorable conditions for observa-

tion, I have been induced to present a few notes on their

habits, etc., trusting that they may prove acceptable contri-

butions to science. The locality explored was the neighbor-

hood of the little village of Petroleum, a rude hamlet of

some hundred inhabitants, situated on Goose creek, a tribu-

tary of the Huse River. The characteristics of the country

are essentially like those of all the region lying in that lati-

tude, within the foot hills of the great Alleghanian range of

mountains ; wild rugged valleys walled in by steep ridges,

of a nearly uniform elevation of perhaps 500 feet, which,

in their turn, are here and there cleft by rocky ravines,

the beds of the mountain torrents.

With the exception of the creek bottoms, where are a

few imperfectly cultivated clearings, the whole face of the

country is covered with a dense and apparently for the most

part primeval forest, abounding in deer, bears and other

large game. Consequent upon the small extent of open

cultivated country, is the scarcity, and in some cases total

absence of many species of birds, which might otherwise

be confidently expected to occur here, although a careful

examination at other seasons would undoubtedly increase

largely the present list. In this connection, a comparison

with Mr. Scott’s “Partial list of the summer birds of Ka-

nawha County” (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. 15, p.

219) would prove interesting, for as the locality which he

investigated lies but little more than fifty miles to the south,

and possesses the same general features, his catalogue may

be relied upon to furnish the data of several summer species

not detected at the time of our visit in the region about to

be considered.

On the Birds of Ritchie County. 131

Several interesting notes made by Mr. Ingersoll, during

a previous visit in Sept., 1873, have been generously placed

at my disposal by that gentleman, and I would also express

my thanks to my friends Messrs. Ruthven Deane and H. A.

Purdie, to the former of whom 1 am indebted for many

valuable field notes, and to the latter for much kind assist-

ance in the preparation of the present paper. It may be

well for me to state that all differences in voice or habits,

which I shall describe, are such as compared with the

normal voice or habits of the same bird in the New England

States. I shall also, for the sake of uniformity, use the

terms song and note in their restricted sense, that is, song,

as descriptive of the vocal performances of the male during

the breeding season; notes, the calls of recognition, alarm,

pleasure, etc., which are used indifferently by both sexes at

all seasons. At the same time I am fully aware that some

few’ exceptions may be found which will mar the uniformity

of this system, as in the case of the cardinal grosbeak, both

sexes of which sing equally well. In classification and no-

menclature I have followed Dr. Coues’ Key to North Ameri-

can Birds.

Family TURDIDZ. The Thrushes.

1. Turdus mustelinus Gm. Excessively abundant, and one of the most

characteristic birds of these woods, affecting alike the hillsides and

tangled thickets of the ravines.

By May Ist all had arrived and were paired for the season. In the early

morning and evening twilight, as many as six or eight males might fre-

quently be heard singing at once. Their song, as compared with that of

the Massachusetts bird, was hardly recognizable, being less loud, much

abbreviated, and lacking all that variety and depth of intonation that

makes our bird so preéminent among its companion songsters. They

were also less shy than I have been accustomed to find them.

2. Turdus migratorius L. Rather common but restricted to the belt

of cultivated country in the valley. Onthe 30th of April three nests were

found, all containing eggs but slightly incubated.

3. Turdus fuscescens Steph. Apparently rare, a single pair noted by

Mr. Deane, May 2d.

4. Turdus Swainsoniti Cab. Arrived May 5th and for three or four

132 On the Birds of Ritchie County.

days were quite numerous. Found them in small companies in the deep-

est recesses of the woods, where they flitted on ahead in their characteris-

tically silent and phantom-like way. All the specimens taken were quite

typical.

5. Turdus Pallasti Cab. Frequent in the elevated woods during the

latter part of April and first three or four days of May, when they all dis-

appeared.

6. Mimus Carolinensis (L.) Gr. Very common. Found everywhere

in the open country, but especially in the briery thickets along the margin

of the creeks. The only peculiarity of song noticed was the occasional

interpolation of notes foreign to the ear of a New England collector, but

common enough here; such as the call of the tufted titmouse, the chirrup

of the Carolina wren, and the sharp tchip of the red bird.

7. Harporhynchus rufus (L.) Cab. Not common. A few were seen

daily up to about the 1st of May, when they all disappeared.

Family SAXICOLIDZ. The Saxicolas.

8. Sialia sialis (L.) Haldeman. Not abundant, but very generally

distributed, breeding in the dead stubs along the wood edges and creek

bottoms. \

Family SYLVIIDZ. The Sylvias.

9. Regulus calendula (L.) Licht. More abundant than I have ever

seen them elsewhere. Found frequently in companies of a dozen or more.

Associated as they often were, with many of the rarer warblers, they

proved a great nuisance, for although the characteristic and almost con-

stant tremulous motion of the wings, together with the small size, never

failed to identify the little bunch of animated feathers upon a good view,

yet when dim!y seen among the thick branches, they frequently fell un-

wished-for victims, in place of some more desirable bird that we had been

pursuing. None of the males were heard to sing, and by May 9th all had

disappeared.

10. Polioptila cerulea (L.) Scl. Common from the time of our arrival,

and very generally distributed throughout the woods, although showing

a rather decided preference for the heavy timber, where they kept high up

in the trees. When seen one hundred feet or more above the earth they

remind one more of insects than birds, so active and so very frail and

slender do they seem. In motions they bear perhaps a greater resem-

blance to the redstart (Setophaga ruticilla) than to any other bird, like

him launching out frequently after insects and alighting with spread tail

and drooping wings, but they have withal an impertinent, quizzical air,

savoring strongly of cat bird ways; the song is indeed quite that of the

latter bird, but in miniature (if I may apply such an expression to sound)

a quaint mocking little strain, continued half a minute or more at a time

and full of mewings and harsh chatters, with an occasional full round

note, but altogether so feeble as scarcely to be audible at twenty yards’

On the Birds of Ritchie County. 133

distance. The note used by both sexes is a harsh but rather faint lisp.

A nest, upon which the parent birds were still at work, was discovered by

Mr. Ingersoll, May 10th, on a horizontal oak branch fifty feet above the

ground.

Family PARIDA. The Titmice.

11. Lophophanes bicolor (L.) Pr. A very common bird here, seeming

to prefer high oak woodlands, though we also sometimes found them in

the scrub or second growth. By April 25 they were commencing to lay,

as we dissected several females which contained eggs nearly ready for

the shell; no nests were, however, found. In habits and general appear-

ance they strongly suggest the jays, the only Paridine attributes being

some of the notes, and the flight, which is undulating, heavy and accom-

panied by a loud rustling sound.

They spend much of their time on the ground, hopping about slowly

among the leaves until a nut or acorn is discovered, when it is taken up

to some low branch and then hammered vigorously with the bill until

broken open.

The crest is nearly always erect and looks much longer than it actually

is. They are at all times very tame and unsuspicious.

The song of the male is sure to be one of the first sounds that one

hears upon entering the woods, for it is very loud, and repeated almost

incessantly. It is a rolling whistle uttered six or seven times in succes-

sion; something like qguee dle-t-or, quee dle-t-or, etc. Other notes used by

both sexes are a faint lisping chirp, a chee de de (almost undistinguishable

from that of Parus Carolinensis) and a tse-tsip, which latter is, however,

but seldom heard.

12. Parus Carolinensis Aud. Common and generally distributed. In

habits and appearance it much resembles P. atricapillus, though its smaller

size is at once noticeable. The notes are, however, all quite different.

The song of the male is quite a pretty one and consists of four measures,

whistled rather slowly, audible at a considerable distance; the first syl-

lable is rather high, the second several octaves higher, the third and

fourth lower than the first. Altogether, it bears quite a resemblance to

the song of Dendroica virens, though lacking its peculiar, albeit rather

pleasing, harshness. The chirp used by both sexes is very faint and par-

takes somewhat of a Fringilline character. They have also a scolding

chee de de somewhat similar to that of our Northern species, but much

feebler. Females of this species were dissected, which contained eggs

nearly ready to be laid, as early as April 25.

Family SITTIDA. The Nuthatches.

13. Sitta Carolinensis Gm. Found sparingly in the woods. Its hank

sounded a trifle harsher and less loud than at the north. A nest discov-

ered May 9th, in a natural cavity near the top of a tall beech, must have

134 On the Birds of Ritchie County.

contained young, as the parent birds passed in at frequent intervals with

food in their bills.

Family TROGLODYTIDA. The Wrens.

14. Thryothorus Ludovicianus (Gm:.) Bp. Rather common. Most par-

tial to the thickets along fences, brush piles on the edges of the woods,

and dark rocky ravines. Found them very unsuspicious and easy of cap-

ture, even when in the most tangled thicket. If shot at and missed they

seemed at once to become very angry, hopping nimbly from twig to twig

with tail erect and uttering almost incessantly a shrill chirr ree, chirrr,

chir rv, chirr ree, and occasionally a harsh chatter precisely like that of

T. edon, which bird, indeed, they closely resemble in every look and

action. The song of the male is a beautifully clear and pure one, but it

is so always and invariably the same that one soon tires of it. Heard in

some deep, silent glen or ravine its loudness is positively startling, the

rocks taking up and flinging back the sound till the air is fairly filled with

the ringing melody. By May Ist several broods of young were seen fully

fledged and on wing, and the females were laying again.

15. Troglodytes wdon V. Two specimens only taken: the first a male,

April 80th; the second a female; both in deep woods, and silent.

Family SYLVICOLIDZA. The American Warblers.

16. Mniotilla varia (L.) V. Perhaps the most abundant of the family

here, being found everywhere throughout the woods.

17. Parula Americana (L.) Bp. Frequent from the time of our arri-

val, but less abundant than the preceding. As their numbers showed no

sensible diminution with the advance of the season, they probably breed

here.

18. Helmitherus vermivorus (Gm.) Bp. First specimen taken April

30th. Soon became common. Most partial to the retired thickets in the

woods along water courses, and seldom or never found in the high open

groves. They keep much on the ground, where they walk about rather

slowly, searching for their food among the dried leaves. In general ap-

pearance they are quite unique, and I rarely failed to identify one with an

instant’s glance, so very peculiar are all their attitudes and motions.

The tail is habitually carried at an elevation considerably above the line

of the back, which gives them quite a smart, jaunty air, and if the dorsal

aspect be exposed, in a clear light, the peculiar marking of the crown is

quite conspicuous. Seen as they usually are, however, dimly flitting

ahead through the gloom and shadow of the thickets, the impression re-

ceived is that of a dark little bird. which vanishes unaccountably before

your very eyes, leaving you quite uncertain where to look for it next;

indeed, I hardly know a more difficult bird to procure, for the slightest

noise sends it darting off through the woods at once. Occasionally you

will come upon one winding around the trunk of some small tree exactly

On the Birds of Ritchie County. 135

in the manner of Mniotilta varia, moving out along the branches with

nimble motion, peering alternately under the bark on either side, and anon

returning to the main stem, perhaps in the next instant to hop back to

the ground again. On such occasions they rarely ascend to the height of

more than eight or ten feet. The males are very quarrelsome, chasing

one another through the woods with loud, sharp chirpings, careering

witb almost inconceivable velocity up among the tops of the highest

oaks, or darting among the thickets with interminable doublings until

the pursuer, growing tired of the chase, alights on some low twig or old

mossy log, and in token of his victory, utters a warble so feeble that you

must be very near to catch it at all, a sound like that produced by strik-

ing two pebbles very quickly and gently together, or the song of Spizella

socialis heard at a distance, and altogether a very indifferent performance.

19. Helminthophaga ruficapilla (Wils.) Bd. One or two specimens

seen every day, but by no means common. For the most part silent,

though I heard the song of the male on a few occasions.

20. Dendroica estiva (Gm.) Bd. Restricted entirely to the belt of

willows, etc., along the margin of the creek, where it was not uncommon.

First specimen noted April 29th.

21. Dendroica virens (Gm.) Bd. A general arrival May 2d, when the

males were in full song; comparatively speaking however, they were not

common. Found them mostly among the taller oak and beech growths.

22. Dendroica cerulescens (L.) Bd. Less common than the preced-

ing, not more than half a dozen specimens being noted. The first (a fe-

male) was shot May 5th. Apparently most partial to the thickly wooded

ravines.

23. Dendroica cerulea (Wils.) Bd. Decidedly the most abundant of

the genus here. The first specimen taken May 5th. They inhabit exclus-

ively the tops of the highest forest trees, in this respect showing an

affinity with D. Blackburnie. In actions they most resemble D. Pensyl-

vanica, carrying the tail rather high and having the same ‘“‘ smart bantam-

like appearance.” Were it not for these prominent characteristics, they

would be very difficult to distinguish, in the tree tops, from Parula Ameri-

cana, the songs are so precisely alike. That of the latter bird has how-

ever at least two regular variations ; in one, beginning low down, he rolls

his guttural little trill quickly and evenly up the scale, ending apparently,

only when he can get no higher; in the other, the commencement of this

trill is broken or divided into syllables, like zee, zee, zee, ze-ee-ee-eep.

This latter variation is the one used by D. cerulea and I could detect little

or no difference in the songs of dozens of individuals. At best, it is a

modest little strain, and far from deserving the encomium bestowed upon

it by Audubon, who describes it as ‘‘ extremely sweet and mellow;” de-

cidedly it is neither of these, and he must have confounded with it some

other species. In addition to the song, they utter the almost universal

Dendroicine lisp, and also, the characteristic tchep of D. coronata, which

I had previously supposed entirely peculiar to that bird.

136 On the Birds of Ritchie County.

24. Dendroica coronata (L.) Gr. Not very numerous, but saw more

or less of them every day up to the date of our departure. Associated

with the other warblers, in the woods.

25. Dendroica Blackburnie (Gm.) Bd. First specimen May Ist, after-

wards quite abundant, frequenting the tops of the highest forest trees in

company with D. cerulea and Parula Americana. The males were in full

song.

26. Dendroica castanea (Wils.) Bd. Two specimens observed: and

one taken, by Mr. Ingersoll, May 14th.

27. Dendroica maculosa (Gm.) Bd. A male was seen by Mr. Inger-

soll, May 14th.

28. Dendroica pinus (Wils.) Bd. On the 7th of May I shot a pair ina

high oak grove. They were evidently mated, the male warbling at inter-

vals his simple strain, and the female following him closely through the

branches. No other individuals were observed during our stay. The

almost entire absence of coniferous trees, would perhaps explain the

scarcity here of this and other pine loving species.

29. Seiurus aurocapillus (L.) Sw. These woods being well suited to

their habits, they were abundant everywhere, and as usual a great nuis-

ance, their songs continually repeated from all sides, frequently drowning

every other sound. Arrived April 29th.

30. Seiurus Noveboracensis (Gm.) Nutt. Common during our stay.

Found exclusively along the margin of Goose creek, where, in the early

morning, I several times heard the beautiful song of the male. Three

specimens taken vary quite appreciably from all of a large series collected

in Massachusetts, Maine and New Hampshire. The superciliary line is, in

each, dirty white, with a yellowish tinge where it intersects the eye, while

in the northern specimens it is at its lightest, decidedly yellowish, inten-

sifying at the anterior end to a brownish orange. The smallest bill

among the West Virginia examples also shows an excess in length of -03

over that of any of the northern birds, and the largest fully °05. As Mr.

Scott, in his ‘‘ Partial list of Kanawha County,” mentions an individual of

this species taken there in August, it may very possibly breed here.

31. Seturus Ludovicianus (V.) Bp. Not common, only seven speci-

mens were secured in all.

While the Northern water thrush was confined to’ the muddy banks of

the creek —and I will remark en passant, that I never saw one other than

in a muddy locality —this species seemed to delight in the pebbly streams

of the hills; just such streams as in the New England mountains would be

called good trout brooks, overshadowed by mighty forest trees, frequently

choked up by fallen logs, and abounding in beautiful cascades, still, deep

pools, and wild rocky ravines.

In the deepest, darkest retreats you were most likely to find him and

here on several occasions I was fortunate enough to hear his song. It is

somewhat like that of S. Noveboracensis, being quite as loud, almost as

rapid, and commencing, in nearly the same way but lacking the beautiful

crescendo termination, and altogether, a less fine performance.

On the Birds of Ritchie County. 137

Represented by words it would be nearly as follows: pseu, pseur, per

see ser.

This is usually uttered several times in succession from some shelving

rock, or fallen log overhanging the stream, the bird in the intervals be-

tween each repetition tilting his body incessantly, and looking nervously

about as if he didn’t half like your presence and hada good mind to be off,

and this expression in the majority of cases soon finds vent in action, for

he is a very shy little fellow the moment he begins to suspect that he is

wanted to grace your cabinet. Come upon him suddenly however, as he

is running nimbly along the margin of some quiet pool or rippling eddy,

and at times he will seem to pay little regard to your presence and you

may have a fine chance to observe his motions and sandpiper-like ways,

as he wades knee deep into the water, or splashes through it in hot pur-

suit of some aquatic insect.

I could distinguish not the slightest difference in general appearance

and actions at such times, between him and his Northern analogue, and

the sharp chirp of alarm is precisely the same. The larger size and gen-

eral lighter color of the under parts will, however, usually serve to dis- -

tinguish the Southern bird if you get a good viewof him. The first speci-

men was taken April 29th.

32. Oporonis formosus (Wils.) Bd. First specimen May 4th. Soon

became rather common frequenting nearly the same localities as Helmi-

therus vermivorus. Almost exclusively terrestrial in habits it reminded

me much of O. agilis, though it was not so shy. You would find it most

frequently in the vicinity of brush piles, fallen logs, etc., but if suddenly

startled, instead of seeking refuge in them, it usually flew up to some low

limb where it sat silent and thrush-like, awaiting further developments.

On the ground it walked in somewhat the manner of Seiurus aurocapillus,

though not quite so nimbly. The song of the male, usually delivered

from some low limb or old stump, is a most beautiful one and very loud,

but almost impossible of description. It most resembles that of Geo-

thlypis Philadelphia with the first two notes omitted, is extremely rich and

full, and altogether one of the best Sylvicolidine performances with which

Tam acquainted.

The only other note that I heard was a chuck so extremely like that of

the ground squirrel ( 7amias striatus) that I often found it very difficult to

separate them. f

33. Geothlypis trichas (L.) Cab. Rare. Only three specimens were

observed.

34, Icteria virens (L.) Bd. Not very common and found only in cer-

tain localities, usually thickets of blackberry bushes and bull briers in

retired portions of the woods. Arrived May Ist, and for a few days were

silent. but soon became very noisy, especially when their retreats were

invaded. Their notes are so varied as almost to defy description.

What I took to be the song of the male was a series of about eight very

loud bell-like whistles, commencing quickly, and becoming slower and

May, 1875. 10 ANN. vcr NA Hiss, VOL xn:

138 On the Birds of Ritchie County.

more emphatic toward the end, then after an interval of a few seconds

would follow a scolding chatter, to be immediately succeeded by a single

very clear note, then the series of whistles again, but all these notes were

varied to an almost infinite extent. All this time the bird would be dodg-

ing through the bushes ahead, keeping always in the thickest places, and

perhaps after a moment of silence would suddenly strike up directly be-

hind you. In this way I have frequently pursued one for fifteen or twenty

minutes without so much as getting a glimpse at him.

Several times when I came upon him suddenly however, he would put

on a very innocent and injured air and vociferate his notes directly a/ me

as if to dispel any possible suspicion on my part that he had been running,

or, to speak more literally, flying away.

When alive they look much smaller than they really are, and in general

markings, but especially those about the head, bear a resemblance to

Oporornis formosus ; their peculiar actions however, readily serve to dis- °

tinguish them.

The tail is usually carried rather high and frequently flirted in an odd

independent sort of way. I did not witness their performance so often

described of singing on wing with dangling legs, ete.

35. Myiodioctes mitratus (Gm.) Aud. Very common. First specimen

tuken May Ist. Found generally throughout the woods, usually on the

hillsides, where they sought their food low down among the undergrowth.

As the day advanced the males would frequently ascend to the tops of the

forest trees, and sing many times in succession sitting perfectly motion-

less in one place, then with expanded wings and tail would sail to the next

tree and sing again. The chirp of alarm is a sharp chuck not unlike that

of M. Canadensis; the song more resembles that of Dendroica maculosa,

being short, clear and quite loud, with a decided emphasis on the last

syllable! like whee, whee, see sér.

When among the low thickets they are restless and shy, keeping a con-

siderable distance ahead however fast you may walk, and were it not for

the loud song they would be most difficult to procure. At such times

they have a habit, observable in others of the genus, of flirting up six or

eight feet after an insect and dropping almost perpendicularly again with

closed wings.

I rarely observed one on the ground. Although during the last week

of our stay the males were abundant and numbers shot, only one female

was seen. }

36. Setophaga ruticilla (L.) In. Arrived April 29 and soon became

common. Found both in the woods and along the banks of the creek.

Family TANAGRIDZA. The Tanagers.

37. Pyranga rubra (L.) V. Quite common. Arrived May Ist. Found

generally throughout the woods.

38. Pyranga estiva (L.) V. A male in fine plumage shot May Sth,

On the Birds of Ritchie County. 139

was the only specimen noted. It closely resembled the preceding species

in all its motions, occasionally launching out after an insect, and was

silent and very shy. The uniformity of its coloring, together with its

large size, served, however, to identify it at a glance.

Family HIRUNDINIDA. The Swallows.

39. Hirundo horreorum Barton. Abundant everywhere in the clear-

ings.

40. Tachycineta bicolor (V.) Cs. Rare. A single specimen observed

April 29th, by Mr. Ingersoll, in a flock of Progne purpurea around a mar-

tin box.

41. Petrochelidon lunifrons (Say.) Cab. Abundant, arriving May 8rd.

Nested under the low eaves of a log hut in the village.

42. Stelyidopteryx serripennis (Aud.) Bd. Arrived May Ist, and sey-

eral colonies of six or eight individuals each were soon established in the

rocky ‘‘cuts” along the line of the railroad. Here they were evidently

preparing to build, as each pair had already selected some little projec-

tion of the rocky cliff, where they would sit together for many minutes at

a time. Another small company also haunted the vicinage of a bridge

over the creek. and had probably selected the stone abutments for a nest-

ing place, as they frequently passed in and out underneath.

This bird is readily distinguishable on wing from C. riparia, by its

greater size and slower flight; indeed, in this latter attribute it much

more closely resembles 7’. bicolor, like it sailing much of the time, and

proceeding in a very leisurely manner; its note is, however, more nearly

that of the former species, but rather louder and harsher. Like the

other members of the family they were very fond of lighting along the

telegraph wires to rest and plume themselves.

43. Progne purpurca (L.) Boie. Common, breeding in the martin

boxes put up for their occupancy. No instances of the aboriginal habit

of nesting in hollow trees came under our observation.

Family AMPELID A.

44. Ampelis cedrorum (V.) Bd. Not common. A few specimens

were noted by Mr. Ingersoll in September, 1873.

Family VIREONIDZK. Vireos, or Greenlets.

45. Vireo olivaceus (L.) V. Rather common in the woods. Arrived

May Ist.

46. Vireo gilvuus (V.) Bp. Not very common and apparently re-

stricted to the belt of willows, etc., along the creek. Arrived May Ist.

47. Vireo flavifrons V. Decidedly the most abundant of the family

here, being found everywhere throughout the woods.

140 On the Birds of Ritchie County.

48. Vireo solitarius (Wils. ) V. Rather uncommon. May possibly

breed, as we saw them up to the date of our departure.

49. Vireo Noveboracensis (Gm.) Bp. Several individuals were pro-

cured by Mr. Ingersoll in September, 1873. Singularly enough it was

not detected by any of our party, this spring.

Family FRINGILLID/ZE. Finches, etc.

50. Carpodacus purpureus (Gm.) Gr. Rare. A single male seen by

Mr. Ingersoll, April 29. :

51. Chrysomitris tristis (L.) Bp. Common. On the 8th of May took

a male in full summer plumage, which is I think rather earlier than the

change is usually perfected at the north.

52. Melospiza palustris (Wils.) Bd. Not common. A few individuals

were observed in the thickets along the creek.

53. Melospiza melodia (Wils.) Bd. Common. Specimens taken aver-

age a little smaller than Massachusetts examples, and are very much

darker, the entire under parts being a strong ashy color, instead of white.

Although this peculiarity seemed constant in all the individuals observed,

I suspect that it is due at least in part, to the stain received from the

charred and blackened logs in the burnt clearings.

Several other birds, especially the woodpeckers and nuthatches were

unmistakably disfigured in this way, and I took a Thryothorus I.udovicia-

nus that was almost entirely black, with the markings but faintly discern-

ible beneath.

54. Junco hyemalis (L.) Scl. Three or four specimens were observed

during the last days of April.

55. Spizella socialis (Wils.) Bp. Very common. Found everywhere,

penetrating even quite deep into the woods.

56. Spizella pusilla (Wils.) Bp. Not uncommon on the clearings on

the hillsides.

57. Zonotrichia albicollis (Gm.) Bp. Extremely abundant during our

entire stay, in flocks, and evidently migrating. The males frequently

sang, but not so finely as when on their breeding grounds at the north.

58. Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forst.) Sw. A single specimen was ob-

served by Mr. Ingersoll, May 10th.

59. Goniaphea ludoviciana (L.) Bowditch. Arrived May lst, after

which date a few individuals were observed daily. Frequented the

woods.

60. Cyanospiza cyanea (L.) Bd. Not uncommon. Arrived May 8th.

61. Cardinalis Virginianus (Brisson.) Bp. Very abundant. ‘Their

most characteristic haunts seemed the thickets along fences and on the

edges of the woods and the more open ravines. The males usually sang

from some tree top overlooking their bushy retreat, which they were

always ready to dive into upon any alarm. The ordinary position of the

bird is a very erect one, with the tail lowered and the crest nearly always

On the Birds of Ritchie County. 141

raised. The flight is jerking and labored, and they rarely proceed far at a

time on wing. The ordinary note of alarm and recognition, is a sharp

tchip, kept up almost incessantly. The song, though loud, clear and full,

strikes one as too bold and lacking of sentiment. The bird is nearly

always in full view at the time, and seems to vaunt his powers to the

utmost, and his performance, though pleasing at first, soon becomes tire-

some, although varied to an almost infinite extent; it has two principal

changes, of which some idea may be given by words, as follows: quoit ;

queo, queo, queeo, quoit ; or whittu ; whittu; whittu ; tu, tu, tu, tu, tu. Occa-

sionally he begins in a low undertone, then gradually raises his strain to its

full volume, producing thereby quite a beautiful effect. The female sings

nearly as much as the male and quite as well, going through all his vari-

ations. Though not so shy as I have found them in the vicinity of Wash-

ington, D. C., they were not at all easy to procure here. A whistled

imitation of the song, would, however, usually bring up the male in full

response, and I procured many in that way. Although we saw the females

building as early as the lst of May, no nests were discovered.

62. Pipilo erythropthalmus (L.) V. Very abundant everywhere but

especially so in the scrub on the hillsides. Thesong of the male was not

unlike that of the Massachusetts bird, but the ordinary note, a harsh gut-

tural tow geesh, was very different. A comparison with Northern examples

reveals a slightly darker shade in the brown of the throat of the Virginia

female.

Family ICTERIDZ. American Starlings.

63. Dolichonyx oryzivorus (L.) Sw. A few individuals of this species

were seen May 14th, by Mr. Ingersoll, in the grassy meadows along the

creek.

64. Molothrus pecoris (Gm.) Sw. Abundant from the time of our

arrival and generally distributed. Although all its habits were quite

familiar, some of its notes differed very much from any that I have heard

at thenorth. One in particular a hissing z-z-zeep was quite unique, though

apparently universal here.

65. Ageleus pheniceus (L.) V. Common but restricted to the belt of

swampy land along the creek. Notes very different from those of our

Massachusetts bird and as a rule decidedly harsher.

66. Sturnella magna (L.) Sw. Apparently not common, owing prob-

ably to the almost total absence of its favorite meadow land in this sec-

tion.

67. Icterus spurius (L.) Bp. Arrived May 8th and on the succeeding

day several individuals were observed in the trees along the banks of the

creek. On the evening of our departure I heard a male in full song at

Laurel Junction, a station some two miles from Petroleum, where we were

awaiting the arrival of the eastward bound express train. The slanting

rays of the setting sun streaming through the gaps in the Western divide,

in places tinged the floating mists with a beautiful rosy hue, in others

142 On the Birds of Ritchie County.

where the beams fell more directly, threw so strong a light that the small-

est insect floating in the still clear air was discernible at hundreds of

paces, and as the chorus of bird voices swelled to the utmost, we heard

many of our newly acquired feathered friends to the best possible ad-

vantage. The cardinals as usual were most prominent and their bold

ringing notes quite drowned the efforts of some of the more modest per-

formers though the lofty reverie of the wood thrush stole up occasionally

from the valley below, and the bell like calls of the chat came almost in-

cessantly from the thickets on the opposite mountain side. Above all,

however, rose at intervals a clear loud warble resembling the spring song

of Passerella iliaca, but possessing withal a wild abandon, that to my ear

rendered it even more beautiful. Suspecting the author we approached

the spot and soon caught a glimpse of his fine chestnut and black plum-

age among the branches of atall sycamore. After singing for some time

longer he dove down into a low thicket where we had a good chance to

observe his motions. His relatively longer tail and more slender shape

gave him quite a different aspect from his cousin the Baltimore, though

his ways were very similar.

When closely approached he glanced at us suspiciously, jerking his tail

and uttering a note closely resembling that usually given by Ageleus phe-

niceus When on wing. Mr. Ingersoll informs me that their numbers did

not materially increase after our departure, and the species must be con-

sidered rather a rare one in this section.

68. Icterus Baltimore (L.) Daudin. Arrived April 29th and soon be-

came common. Noticed many old nests in the cottonwoods along the

creek. The song differed slightly from that of Northern individuals.

69. Quiscalus purpureus (Bartr.) Licht., var. eneus Ridg. Common,

nesting in small colonies in the holes of the decayed cottonwood trees.

All the specimens taken were quite typical of this variety.

Family CORVIDZA. Crows, Jays, etc.

70. Corvus Americanus Aud. Quite common everywhere.

71. Cyanurus cristatus (L.) Sw. Common everywhere in the woods.

A nest found by Mr. Deane contained four fresh eggs.

Family TYRANNIDA. Flycatchers.

72. Tyrannus Carolinensis (L.) Bd. Arrived April 28th and soon

became rathercommon. Frequented for the most part, the belt of timber

along the creek.

73. Myiarchus crinitus (L.) Cab. Abundant, affecting alike the open

oak woods and the heavy undergrowth of the ravines. Their ordinary

note is a single whistle, extremely loud, and possessed of something of a

weird character, making it peculiarly noticeable in the gloomy depths of

the forest where it is usually heard. In addition to this they utter a loud

On the Birds of [Ritchie County. 143

and rather harsh rattle. Their habitual attitude is an erect one, and they

have a peculiar habit of sailing from tree to tree with spread wings and

tail, somewhat in the manner of Perisoreus Canadensis.

74. Sayornis fuscus (Gm.) Bd. Extremely common. A few were

breeding under the railroad bridges along the creek, but by far the greater

number clung to their aboriginal proclivities, and nested in the rocky ra-

vines of the mountain brooks.

A nest found by Mr. Ingersoll, April 26th, contained six eggs, every one

of which was spotted, and some of them as much so as average specimens

of Contopus virens. This nest was attached to the stone abutments of a

bridge and differed not appreciably from northern examples in either ma-

terial or architecture.

75. Contopus virens (L.) Cab. The first specimen, taken May 9th,

afterwards became rather numerous. Found exclusively in the woods.

76. Empidonax minimus Bd. A single individual taken May 7th was

the only specimen noted. (#. Acadicus undoubtedly occurs as Mr. Inger-

soll who is well acquainted with the species observed several old nests in

the woods).

Family CAPRIMULGIDZE. Goatsuckers.

77. Antrostomus vociferus (Wils.) Bp. Very common, as many as five

or six individuals being frequently within hearing at one time. A male,

which I heard ou the evening of May 9th, after commencing in the usual

way, regularly finished his song by omitting the first syllable on the last

eight or ten repetitions thus: poor-will, poor-will, poor-will, etc.

78. Chordeiles Virginianus (Briss.) Bp. Rare. A single specimen

noted at Laurel Junction, May 9th.

Family CYPSELIDA. Swifts.

79. Chetura pelasgia (L.) Steph. Arrived April 29th and soon became

abundant. Whether or not they resorted to hollow trees in this section,

for breeding, I was unable to ascertain, but if they breed here at all, I

think such must be the case, as the small, narrow chimneys of the log

houses in the village, are but ill adapted to their wants.

Family TROCHILIDA. Humming birds.

80. Trochilus colubris L. Rather numerous in the woods. Arrived

May 2d.

Family ALCEDINIDZ. Kingfishers.

81. Ceryle alcyon (L.) Boie. Very common. Several nests were dis-

covered in the banks along the creek, but none of them explored.

144 On the Birds of Ritchie County.

Fanily CUCULIDA. Cuckoos.

82. Coccyzus erythrophthalmus (Wils.) Bd. Rare. One specimen seen

by Mr. Deane, May 5th.

Family PICIDAS. Woodpeckers.

88. Hylotomus pileatus (L.) Bd. Only a few individuals noted,

most of which were observed well up on the mountain sides, though I

shot a fine male on one occasion, in the very outskirts of the village,

coming upon him suddenly as he was hammering away at an old pros-

trate log.

84. Picus villosus L. Not rare. Found usually in the woods. Spec-

imens average considerably smaller than those taken in New England

but differ not appreciably in other respects.

85. Picus pubescens L. Rather more common than the preceding but

still hardly abundant. Confined principally to the woods.

86. Centurus Carolinus (L.) Bp. Not common, about half a dozen

individuals noted in all. In habits, it seemed to me to resemble most

closely Melanerpus erythrocephalus, like that bird showing great skill in

winding about the tree trunks and keeping always on the side farthest

from the observer.

The only note heard was a raucous cr-ruk very like the croak of a frog.

Its tapping roll was also peculiar and rather more feeble than in most

of the family. This tapping is so far as I have observed, a regular

spring note or call and never (in its restricted sense) heard at any other

season. It is likewise specifically characteristic, and in Maine where

the Picidz are very largely represented, I have always been accustomed

to rely quite as much upon the tapping as a means of identification as

upon any of the vocal notes. Thus, P. pubescens has-a long unbroken

roll, P. villosus a shorter and louder one with a greater interval between

each stroke: while S. vartws commencing with a short roll ends very

emphatically with five or six distinct disconnected taps. In this latter

species I am convinced it is literally a call of recognition, as I have

repeatedly seen the bird after producing it, listen a moment when it

would be answered from a distance and its mate would shortly appear

and join it.

87. Melanerpes erythrocephalus (L.) Sw. Rather common, but appar-

ently restricted almost altogether to the forest.

88. Colaptus auratus (L.) Sw. Very common. Found everywhere.

Family STRIGIDZ. Owls.

89. Scops asio (L.) Bp. A single specimen in the red plumage was

noted by Mr. Deane, April 27th. It was surrounded by a mob of small

birds and was too shy to admit of its capture.

—— :

On the Birds of Ritchie County. 145

Family FALCONIDA. Diurnal Birds of Prey.

90. Accipiter Coopert Bp. Saw a female of this species May 2d. This

(with one of the larger Buteos which could not be satisfactorily identi-

fied) was the only member of the family observed here.

Family CATHARTIDZ. American Vultures.

91. Cathartes aura (L.) Iliger. Was informed by the inhabitants

that in former years it was very abundant, but for some unknown reason

had almost totally disappeared. A single specimen which I saw sailing

high over the valley was the only one noted during our stay.

Family COLUMBIDZ. Pigeons.

92. Zenaidura Carolinensis (L.) Bp. Very abundant and one of the

characteristic birds of this region. Though never molested by the in-

habitants who regard them very much as the English do the robin red-

breast, they were very shy and difficult to obtain. Although females

containing eggs ready to be laid were dissected as early as May Ist,

they almost invariably flew and fed in flocks, but on the latter occasion

I noticed that the paired birds usually kept together. Early in the

morning and again at sunset the deep resonant cooing of the males

might be heard from all sides. Ata distance this sound resembles the

syllables whoo, whoo, whoo; or sometimes with only two repetitions whoo,

whoo, but ashort preliminary note with a rising inflection which always

precedes this cooing is lost, unless the listener is very near. The bird

when thus employed usually sits on the top of some lofty tree in the

forest and, with his superlatively graceful attitudes and fine plumage

glistening in the sunlight, presents a very beautiful appearance. In

common with other members of the family they have the peculiar habit

of oscillating the head and neck when approached and upon the slightest,

suspicious movement on your part they are off giving three or four pow-

erful raps of the tips of the wings under the body, as they start, which

warning is usually acted upon immediately by all the others within

hearing.

Family TETRAONIDA. Grouse, etc.

93. Bortasa umbellus (L.) Steph. Abundant everywhere in the woods

where we started more or less of them every day and frequently heard

the drumming of the males.

94. Oriyx Virginianus (L.) Bp. Apparently not very numerous. The

males were first heard whistling bob-white on the 8th of May.

146 Felix Jamaicensis, etc.

Family SCOLOPACID. Snipe, ete.

95. Philohela minor (Gm.) Gr. Probably not very common, an indi-

vidual flushed by Mr. Deane, being the only specimen noted.

96. Totanus flavipes Gm. Noted a single bird of this species April

29th, in a wet meadow near the creek.

97. Totanus solitarius Wils. Quite numerous along the creek during

our stay, but undoubtedly was on its way north.

98, Tringoides macularius (L.) Gr. Common along the creek.

Family ARDEIDZE. Herons.

99. Ardea cerulea L. On the 30th of April I saw a fine adult bird of

this species on the banks of the creek and identified it to my complete

satisfaction, but owing to an unfortunate accident failed to obtain it.

100. Ardea virescens L. Not common; a few specimens only, observed.

XVI.—Wotes on the Sub-generie Character of Helix Jamai-

censis, Chemn., and on certain Terrestrial Mcllusks

Jrom Haiti; with Description of a New

Species of Helix from Colorado.

BY THOMAS BLAND.

Read March 8, 1875.

Helix Jamaicensis, Chemn. (Thelidomus).

Tuis well known Jamaica species is given by v. Martens

(Albers, 2nd. ed., 147) as the type of the subgenus Liochila,

in which he also places 7. picta, Born. and H. sulphurosa,

Morelet, of Cuba. y

W. G. Binney and myself have shown (Annals, X, 341,

pl. xvi, figs. 1, 2, 1873) that H. picta has the same form of

jaw and dentition as the Cuban H. muscarum, Lea (Amer.

Jour. of Conch., VI, 204, pl. 9, figs. 4 and 16), which v.

Helix Jamaicensis, etc. 147

Martens (1. c., 146) has as the type of Polymita. We as-

signed both muscarum and picta to Polymita, proposing that

other species, the dentition of which we had examined, em-

braced in that subgenus by v. Martens, should form a dis-

tinct group under the name of Hemitrochus, Swainson.

We expressed the opinion that the curious lingual denti-

tion of H. picta might be found in H. sulphurosa, but not

in H. Jamaicensis, adding “the latter, which is the type of

Liochila, will therefore remain undisturbed in its systematic

position, unless indeed, it belongs to Thelidomus, in which

ease the name Liochila will be placed in the synonymy of

the last named subgenus.”

Through the kindness of Mr. V. P. Parkhurst, who lately

visited Jamaica, I am enabled to solve the doubt as to the

subgeneric position of H. Jamaicensis. He brought from

that Island, and placed at my disposal, one living and two

dead specimens (in alcohol) of the species in question. I

am indebted to W. G. Binney for the following description

of the jaw and dentition :—

H. Jamaicensis has a jaw high, slightly arcuate, ends attenuated; no

median projection to cutting edge; anterior surface with 13 decided ribs,

varying in size and irregularly disposed, but denticulating either margin.

Lingual nlembrane long and narrow; teeth about 41-1-41, of the usual

Helicine type. Centrals with the base of attachment longer than wide,

and lower lateral angles greatly developed; side cusps subobsolete, side

cutting points absent, median cusp stout, reaching only half way to the

lower edge of the base of attachment, beyond which projects slightly the

cutting point, whose outer lower sides are somewhat bulging. Laterals

same as centrals, but unsymmetrical as usual, and very gradually changing

into the marginals. The latter are a simple modification of the laterals,

with a very short, blunt, broad, bluntly bifid cutting point.

Comparing the forms of jaw and lingual teeth with those,

especially of H. aspera (Amer. Jour. of Conch., VI, 204,

1870) and H. discolor (Proc. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci., 51, pl.

x, fig. 1, 1874), belonging to Thelidomus, there can be no

doubt as to the correctness of placing H. Jamaicensis in that

subgenus.

148 Flelix Jamaicensis, etc.

There is a variety of H/. Jamaicensis, notice of which I

have not:seen mentioned. The aperture is remarkably pro-

duced laterally, the columellar margin is oblique, having a

very broad callus, with denticles across its edge; in one of

my specimens there are two, and in another three, denticles.

In this respect the species shows an alliance with HZ. aspera.

This variety has moreover, usually, a small tooth on the

parietal wall. Férussac’s figure (Hist., t. 9 B, fig. 10)

shows the form of aperture above mentioned.

The other form of the species, which is generally smaller,

has a much less oblique columella, without the broad callus,

and the aperture is more oval than lunate.

Helix obliterata, Fér. (Hurycratera).

In the description of this species (Fér. Hist., 342, N.

406, pl. 61, figs. 8-4) the habitat quoted is Porto Rico, on

the authority of Maugé. In Chemn., ed. 2, and by Pfeiffer

(Mon. Hel.), the same habitat is given.

The late Mr. R. J. Shuttleworth (Diag. n. Moll., 45),

referring to the species, says, “ex affinitate maxima cum /7.

angulata, Fér. verisimiliter Portoricensis, sed nuperrime non

inventa.”

Shuttleworth, in his correspondence with me in 1854-5,

expressed surprise that Blauner had not found ZH. oblit-

erata, and some doubt as to its specific distinctness from H.

angulata.

v. Martens (Die Heliceen, ed. 2d, 147) assigns, but I do

not know on what authority, H. angustata to Haiti and Ja-

maica, 7. obliterata to Haiti, and H. angulata to Porto Rico

and Jamaica, but most certainly neither the first nor the last

occurs in Jamaica.

Mr. V. P. Parkhurst lately spent a few days in Haiti, at

Port au Prince and its immediate northern vicinity, where

he found not only specimens (dead) of HH. bizonalis (see

ante p. 81), but one dead specimen of /Z. obliterata, which

Felix Jamaicensis, ete. 149

he has kindly presented to me. The shell is destitute of

epidermis, and white, without any trace of browh bands.

Deshayes (in Fér. Hist., 1. c.) mentions that the bands are

on the epidermis only, on removal of which the shell is

white.

The dimensions of my specimen are as follows: Diam.

maj., 49; min. 35 mill. ; Alt. 20 mill.

The surface of H. obliterata is described as covered with

course granulations, of H. angulata, with numerous strie,

but the nuclear whorls of the latter and the striz are finely

granulated; this character, at least of the three upper

whorls, is distinctly seen in young specimens.

I am disposed, from Mr. Parkhurst’s discovery, to con-

sider that Haiti may be the true habitat of ZZ. obliterata,

presenting another illustration of the remarkable connection

of the land shell fauna of Haiti with that of Porto Rico (see

ante-p. 81-2). With respect to the doubt of Shuttleworth

as to the specific difference of obliterata and angulata, |

would remark that the latter may be fairly treated as a geo-

graphical variety of the former, as may 7. Luquillensis of

H. Audebard?.

Helicina intusplicata, Pfr.

SYNONYMY.

Flelicina intusplicata, Pfr., Zool. Proc., p. 98, 1850.

Flelicina intusplicata, Sow., Thes., ILI, N. 37, figs. 60-61,

1866.

Helicina intusplicata, Reeve, Conch. Icon. N. 25, pl. iv,

fig. 25, 1873.

Hlelicina Smithiana, Pfr., Malak. Blat., p. 90, 1866.

Ihave no doubt of the identity of H. Smithiana and in-

tusplicata; of the latter the habitat is not given by the

authors who refer to it.

H. Smithiana was discovered by Mr. Smith (brother of

my friend Mr. Sanderson Smith) on Mount Platon, about

150 Flelix Jamaicensis, etc.

thirty miles northeast from Aux Cayes, and I sent specimens

to Dr. Pfeiffer, who described it in 1866.

Mr. V. P. Parkhurst, during his late visit to Haiti, collected

a considerable number of specimens near Port au Prince.

The aperture of JZ. intusplicata is described as “parum

obliqua, semiovali-subtriangularis, altior quam lata, ad colu-

mellam angulata et plica intus fere ad marginem decurrente

munita,” of AZ. Smithiana as “obliqua, late semiovalis, juxta

columellam plica approximata, parallela canaliculata.”

Specimens received from Messrs. Smith and Parkhurst

agree with each other, slightly varying in size only, and with

the figures of Sowerby and Reeve.

Helicina Cumingiana, Pfr.

SYNONYMY.

Helicina Cumingiana, Pfr., Proc. Zool. Soe., p. 121,

1848.

Helicina Cumingiana, Chemn., ed. II, No. 35, taf. 6,

figs. 13-14.

Helicina Cumingiana, Pfr., Mon. Pneu., I, 359, 1852.

Helicina Cumingti, Sow., Thes., III, N. 165, figs.

282-3, 1866.

Helicina Cumingii, Reeve, Conch. Icon., N. 62, pl. viii,

1873.

Iam indebted to Mr. Parkhurst for one dead specimen,

found near Port au Prince, Haiti.

Pfeiffer was ignorant of the habitat, but by Sowerby and

Reeve this species is assigned’ to St. Domingo under the

name of Cumingii, the latter erroneously referring to the

Zool. Proc. of 1845.

The species is readily identified by its well developed

strie, subangular periphery, etc.

Among other species, also collected by Mr. Parkhurst

near Port au Prince and in its vicinity, were Cyclotus flucco-

Helix Jamaicensis, etc. Lod

sus, Shuttl., Cyclostomus Aminensis, Pfr., Chondropoma

serraticosta, Wein., Helicina rugosa, Pfr., and Paivana, Pfr.,

Helic pubescens? Pfr., crispata and indistincta, Feér., cepa,

Muall., Cylindrella gracilicollis, Feér., and sacroceramus

Allatteanus, Bland.

Species not yet determined, among them an Oleacina,

believed to be new, will be described on another occasion.

Helix Ingersollii, nov. sp. ( Microphysa).

T. umbilicata, discoidea, tenuis, translucida, sublevis, alba; spira plana,

vertice, subimmersa; sutura impressa; anfr. 54 convexiusculi, lente ac-

rescentes, ultimus non descendens, infra peripheriam convexior; umbili-

cus fere 1 mill. latus; apertura subverticalis, altior quam lata, lunavis;

perist. simplex, acutum, marginibus remotis, columellari brevissime pa-

tente, basali subsinuato.

Shell umbilicated, discoidal, thin, translucid, nearly smooth, white;

spire flat, summit subimmersed; suture impressed; whorls 5 rather con-

vex, slowly increasing, the last not descending, more convex below the

periphery; breadth of umbilicus nearly 1 mill.; aperture subvertical,

higher than broad, lunate; perist. simple, acute, margins remote, columel-

lar margin slightly reflexed, basal margin subsinuate.

Diam. maj. 4; min. 33; alt. 24 mill.

Station and Habitat. Howardsville, Baker’s Park, 9300

ft. above the sea, abundant in wet places on the mountains ;

not uncommon at Cunningham Gulch, near the former local-

ity, clinging to the almost vertical face of a trachyte cliff, at

an elevation of about 11,000 feet; the finest specimens came

from this spot; found also on the southern slope of the Sa-

guache Mountains, in the Las Animas and La Plata valleys,

in the same stations as affected by Succinea.

152 Felix Jumaicensis, etc.

All the localities mentioned are in the southwestern corner

of Colorado (Ingersoll !).

Remarks. This species was discovered by Mr. Ernest

Ingersoll, Naturalist of the United States Geological Survey

of the Territories, under Professor Hayden. It can searcely

be compared with any known North American species.

The magnitied figures herewith given, from drawings made

by my triend Mr. A. Ten Eyck Lansing, faithfully represent

the shell.

At first sight I was disposed to consider the species a

Zonites, but examination of the animal by Mr. W. G. Binney

proved it to belong to the fHelcine; Iam indebted to him

for the following particulars : —

Jaw low, wide, slightly arcuate, ends slightly attenuated; whole anter-

ior surface with about 22, broad, flat, slightly separated ribs, whose ends

denticulate either margin. This form of jaw is unusual amoung the Heli-

cine. It is of same type as in H. Lansingi (Aun. Lyc. N. H. of N.Y.

XI, 74, fig. 2.)

Lingual membrane long and narrow. Teeth about 16-1-16. Centrals

as usual in the Helicinw: the side cusps and cutting points are well de-

veloped, the base of attachment longer than wide. Laterals of same

type, but unsymmetrical and consequently only bicuspid. The change

from laterals to marginals is very gradual, there being no splitting of the

inner cutting point. Marginals low, wide, with one inner, long, blunt

cutting point, and one outer small blunt cutting point.

Geostilbia Gundlachi, Pfeiffer.

Through the kindness of Dr. H. E. van Rygersma, I

have lately received specimens of this species, with the ani-

mal (in alcohol), collected by him in the Island of St. Mar-

tin. The species was described as Achatina Gundlachi by

Pfeiffer in 1850.

In 1867, M. Crosse established the genus Greostilbia

(Jour. de Conch., p. 184), for a species from New Cale-

donia, and referred Achatina Gundlachi to the same genus

in 1874 (1. ¢. p.*66):

Flelix Jamaicensis, etc. 153

Dr. van Rygersma informs me that he had an opportu-

nity of examining the animal and could discover no eyes.

He says it has “four tentacles, of which the lower ones are

very small, scarcely perceptible, the upper thick, cone elon-

gated, without any black spot, indicating eyes. The animal

citron yellow in color; the foot long and narrow.”

v. Martens (Die Heliceen, ed. 2) has A. Gundlachi, Pfr.

in Acicula, subgenus of Otonella; he mentions that Acicula

is without eyes, but gives no other particulars of the animal.

Arango (Repertorio, I, 128) assigns the species under con-

sideration to the genus Coeciliunella, Bourguignat. While

for the purposes of the present note, I have adopted Geosti-

bia, I have much doubt as the necessity for its establishment.

Mr. W. G. Binney, to whom I sent the specimens received

from St. Martins, has obliged me with the following particu-

lars :

Jaw low, wide, slightly arcuate, ends attenuated ; whole surface covered

with about 22 crowded, broad, flat ribs, denticulating either margin.

Lingual membrane long and narrow. Teeth 18-1-18, with 4 perfect

laterals. Centrals with their base of attachment long, narrow, their re-

flected portion about one-half the length of the base of attachment, tricus-

pid; the middle cusp stout, with a short blunt cutting point, side cusps

subobsolete, but with small, distinct cutting points. Lateral teeth with

their base of attachment subquadrate, much longer, and very much

broader than that of the centrals, the reflected portion short, stout, tri-

cuspid, the middle cusp very stout and long, reaching the lower edge of

the base of attachment, beyond which projects the short, stout cutting

point; side cusps subobsolete, but bearing distinct, though small cutting

points. There are four perfect laterals, the fifth tooth being a transition

to the marginals, by the base of attachment being lower, wider, not ex-

ceeding the reflected portion, with one inner large cusp bearing one outer

large cutting point representing the outer cutting point of the first four

lateral teeth and one inner, still larger, cutting point, representing the

middle cutting point of the first four laterals, and one smaller, outer cusp

bearing one small, sharp, bifid, cutting point, representing the outer side

cutting point of the first four laterals. The sixth tooth has the largest

cutting point bifid. The balance of the teeth are true marginals. They

are very low, wide, with two low, wide cusps, bearing each several irreg-

ular, blunt cutting points.

May, 1875. ilar ar Ann: Live) Nit: Hist; (VOL. xr.

154 Helix Jamaicensis, ete.

The dentition of this species is, as would be anticipated, of the same

type as the allied Cecilianella acicula as figured by Lehmann (Lebenden

Schnecken Stettins, p. 128, pl. xiii, fig. 48, and Sordelli, 1. c., fig. 26).

The jaw, however, has no appearance of the ‘‘brace” like ribs described

in that species by Sordelli (Atti Soc. Ital. Sc. Nat., xiii, 1870, 49, pl. i,

fig. 25). The ribs are quite like those figured of Helix Lansingi (Ann.

Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., XI, p. 75, fig. 2 A) although they are narrower.

For a figure of a similar type of dentition, see that of Stenogyra hasta,

Pfr., in Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila., 1875, pl. xx, fig. 3.

G. Gundlachi is widely distributed; it oceurs in Cuba,

Jamaica, Haiti, St. Thomas, St. Martin and Barbados. A

closely allied, if not identical, species, has recently been

collected by M. Marie in Guadeloupe.

Notes on Ceraurus pleurexanthemus. 155

XVI.— Notes on Ceraurus pleurexanthemus, Green.*

By C. D. WALCOTT.

Read June 7th, 1875.

THE writer has had the opportunity, by his residence at

the type-locality of the Trenton Limestone, to make some

investigations upon the structure and habits of the trilobites

of that interesting horizon. The results of these observa-

tions and studies, he hopes to present from time to time, as

they shall become sufficiently definite to call for permanent

record.

In the present article, it is proposed to consider certain

facts of occurrence, which seem to bear upon the habits and

mode of life of one of the principal species of the Trenton

rocks, Ceraurus pleurexanthemus. -Asaphus and other gen-

era are referred to here, only as giving additional evidence

on the points involved.

Ceraurus pleurecanthemus is one of the most character-

istic trilobites of the Trenton Limestone, in numbers and

distribution exceeded only by Asaphus gigas, A. megistos,

and Calymene senaria. It has a wide geographical, as well

as vertical, range. Entire specimens, however, are rare in

most localities, the head and the hypostoma being the parts

usually found. At Trenton Falls, N. Y., in the upper third

of the limestone, the separated heads are found in immense

numbers; in many places, the surface of the rock is nearly

covered with them, while only an occasional pygidium or

portion of the thorax is seen.

About twenty-seven feet below the coarse crystalline lime-

* The genus Ceraurus (Green, 1832, Monograph, p. 84) was founded upon specimens

not clearly showimg all the characteristics of the genus, as subsequently known. The

description, however, was sufficiently accurate for, the ready identification of the

genus, and of the species, C. plewrexanthemus. The name should therefore stand; and

Chetrurus of Beyrich (1845), must be regarded as a synonym; since the objection raised

to Green’s figure, on the ground of its indistinctness, is not tenable. The use of Chei-

rurus by authors is not allowable, under the rule as to priority of date adopted by the

British Association for the Advancement of Science, twelfth meeting, 1812.

NOVEMBER, 1875. 12 ANN; love; Nar. HistT:,) Viol, Xi:

156 Notes on Ceraurus pleurexanthemus.

stone that caps the upper portion of the ravine at Trenton

Falls, there is a thick layer of uneven gray limestone; upon

this rests a thin layer of shale and clay, varying from a

quarter of an inch ta an inch in thickness. This was the

sea-bed where the remains of trilobites, crinoids, and other

forms of animal life lay when buried by the overlying de-

posit, which now is a thin layer of bluish-gray limestone,

one to two inches thick. Attached to the under surface of

this layer, the following species of fossils have been found :

Stenopora fibrosa, S. lycoperdon, Ptilodictya acuta, P.

recta, Aulopora arachnoidea, Stellipora antheloidea, Stictopora

elegantula, Alecto inflata, Intricaria reticulata, three species

of Heterocrinus, two of Gilyptocrinus, one each of Anomalo-

cystites and Gilyptocystites, one of Stenaster, Lingula quad-

rata, Trematis filosa, Trematis n. s., Leptoena sericea, Stro-

phomena alternata, Orthis testudinaria, O. lynx, Rhynchonella

recurvirostra, Crania Trentonensis, Conularia Trentonensis,

Asaphus gigas, Calymene senaria, Ceraurus pleurexanthemus,

Acidaspis Trentonensis, Acidaspis n. s., Proetus parvius-

culus, Phacops callicephalus, Dalmanites.

These fossils are generally found in groups of associated

species, but often commingled, so that trilobites, crinoids,

cystids, brachiopods, and bryozoans occur on the same slab of

stone. The prevailing and characteristic fossil is Ceraurus

pleurecanthemus. Individuals from three-sixteenths of an

inch to two inches in length, are scattered over the surface,

often to the exclusion of all other fossils. Ina space thirty

by forty feet, 326 entire specimens were seen. Of this

number, and of many seen before, a record was kept; eight

lay with the dorsal surface up; the remainder were on their

backs, attached by the ventral surface of the dorsal shell to

the under side of the layer. The view that this was the

natural position of the trilobite is sustained by the following

considerations:—_ - :

1. Individuals of all stages of growth are preserved en-

tire; which would not have been the case, had they been

Notes on Ceraurus pleurexanthemus. 157

subjected to the action of the water in drifting them into the

position found. The thorax is easily dismembered and

broken, and could not have withstood such transportation.

2. Very few fragments are found, and when consisting of

the head or pygidium, they have the dorsal surface down.

3. Upon all uneven layers, and those showing the action

of strong currents, and holding coarser fossils, the trilobites

are distorted and broken up.

4. When found upon smooth layers above the Ceraurus

layer, they are invariably back-down. Fine specimens show-

ing the interior of the shell, are obtained from the upper

surface of several layers.

5. The drifting of the shell into the position found, would

not probably have taken place, as the shell is nearly flat.

Asaphus might, from its boat-like shape, assume such a posi-

tion; but a force sufficient to place a trilobite like Ceraurus

upon its back, if the natural position when living was the

reverse, would not have left the bryozoans and crinoids as

they grew, without breaking the more delicate portions,

which are often like fine hairs of stone, lying loosely in the

imbedding clay, and breaking at the slightest touch.

6. The trilobites never have shells or corals drifted into

them, or lying on them, when upon the upper surface of the

layers. Occasionally a coral encrusts the upper surface, and

frequently a coral (Stenopora lycoperdon) has taken the

interior or ventral surface as a base for its growth, showing

clearly that the shell had assumed the inverted position prior

to the growth of the coral.

Forty specimens of Acidaspis Trentonensis were associ-

ated with the Ceraurus,— every individual upon its back.

Calymene senaria, when not coiled (numerous), Proetus par-

viusculus, Asaphus gigas (one only), and Dalmanites, were

uniformly back down.

Upon the upper surface of the Ceraurus layer, a layer of

clayey shale was deposited, giving the same conditions as

below the Ceraurus layer. Attached to the under surface of

158 Notes on Ceraurus pleurexanthemus.

the succeeding layer, or imbedded in the clayey shale, were

bryozoans, cystids, crinoids, brachiopods, and trilobites of

the following genera:— Ceraurus, Acidaspis, Calymene,

Phacops, and Spherocoryphe. The trilobites, without excep-

tion, were back-down. In the succeeding layer, which is six

inches thick, many of Asaphus gigas and A. megistos have

been found, scattered through the lower three inches of its

thickness. Of seventy-five noted, thirty were back-down,

twenty-nine presented the dorsal surface up, sixteen were in

various positions, coiled, perpendicular to the layer, and

edgeways. The succeeding five feet of the stratum is of the

same nature as that below. Fossils are rare, especially

trilobites. Above this, the coarse earthy limestone extends

to the thick crystalline strata.

Prof. Burmeister, in his “Organization of Trilobites,”*

gives the following among other conclusions, as the result ©

of comparison of the trilobites with the recent crustacea.

1. That these animals moved only by swimming; that

they remained close beneath the surface of the water; and

that they certainly did not creep about at the bottom.

2. That they swam in an inverted position, the belly up-

wards, the back downwards, and that they made use of their

power of rolling themselves into a ball, as a defence against

attacks from above.

4, That they most probably did not inhabit the open seas,

but the vicinities of coasts, in shallow water; and that they

here lived gregariously in vast numbers, chiefly of one spe-

cies.

If the first and second conclusions are correct, we should

look in a quiet, undisturbed deposit for evidence as to the

position of the trilobites while living, by their position when

buried in the sediment after death. As before stated, the

conditions are such in the species mentioned, as to preclude

the idea of their. arrangement by other causes than the nat-

* Page 52, conclusions 1, 2, 4.

Ceraurus pleurexanthemus. 159

ural position of the living animal, which must, therefore, have

been with the back downward.

The Asaphus is more frequently broken; but the finest and

most perfectly preserved specimens, with but few exceptions,

are found on their backs.

That portion of the fourth conclusion in reference to trilo-

bites living gregariously in vast numbers, is true of Ceraurus

pleurexanthemus, Asaphus gigas, and A. megistos, as found

in the stratum mentioned.

Note. To October 16th, 1875, 1160 specimens of Ceraurus

pleurexanthemus have been noted on the under surface of the

thin layer (“Ceraurus layer”). Of these 1110 lay on their

backs; while but fifty presented the dorsal surface up.

Forty-five of these fifty were very small, the remaining

five of medium size.

XVIII.— Description of the Interior Surface of the Dorsal

Shell of Ceraurus pleurexanthemus, Green.

By C. D. WALCOTT.

Read June 7, 1875.

Tuis interesting species, which has been referred to in the

preceding pages, has already been described by earlier writ-

ers,* as regards the general features of its structure and the

outer surface of its shell. In this article, therefore, I shall —

omit all detailed reference to any of these points, and con-

fine the description, as closely as may be, to the inner, or

ventral, surface of the dorsal shell. This description is de-

*Green, Monograph of Trilobites, 1832, page 84, fig. X. Hall, Paleontology N. Y.,

vol. I, page 242.

160 Ceraurus pleurexanthemus.

signed to be compared with the several figures in Plate XI,

which have been drawn from the combined evidence obtained

by the examination of numerous specimens.

It should be borne in mind, that as the shell, in the fol-

lowing description, is supposed to be placed back-downward,

as shown in figure B, Plate XI, the words upper and under,

etc., when used in this article, are to be taken in their strict

sense, as compared with figure B, and not in the sense that

they usually have, when a trilobite is placed with its back

uppermost.

Heap. Anterior, lateral, and free posterior margins bordered by a

‘¢doublure.” Glabellar depression, concave, longer than broad, narrowed

posteriorly ; anterior margin a semi-lunate curve, to which the hypostoma

is attached by a suture (hypostomatic suture); from the extremities of

this suture, lateral ridges extend to the posterior lateral margins of the

central neck depression. Four short processes project obliquely back-

ward from each ridge into the glabellar depression. The four anterior

processes are rudimentary and concealed by the hypostoma. The four

posterior processes have rounded knob-like tubercles upon their upper

extremities; the posterior pair attached opposite the inner posterior

angles of the occipital depressions. A low arching ridge separates the

glabellar and neck depressions.

The occipital depressions include the spaces within the ‘ doublure,”

glabellar ridges, and neck depression. Occipital cavity in the anterior

lateral third: Glabellar and occipital depressions finely punctate.

The neck depression extends laterally as shallow grooves under the

‘¢ doublure,” deepest towards the central depression. Central depression

a concave groove, the posterior margin reflected upward and forward,

terminating in a thin edge, which articulates with the articular fold of the

first thoracic segment.

The facial sutures arise a little on each side of the centre of the posterior

margin of the frontal ‘‘doublure, pass forward crossing the ‘‘ doublure,”

and curve under its anterior margin, thence obliquely backward to the

anterior margin of the occipital cavities, then into those, describing a

curve around their anterior lateral bases, and passing out at their pos-

terior lateral margins; thence they extend obliquely outward and back-

ward to the lateral margins of the cephalic shield at their posterior third,

obliquely cut the ‘‘doublure,” and terminate at its inner margin, at the

posterior lateral angles of the occipital depressions.

Hypostoma subovate, with wing-like extensions of the anterior lateral

margins; central convex portion surrounded by a sinus, and an elevated

margin; this margin, at the anterior half, widens, and forms a slightly ele-

Ceraurus pleurexanthemus. 161

vated projecting surface; outer surface granulated. Interior concave, the

margin a reflected edge or “‘doublure.” Anterior margin a semi-lunate

curve, attached to the anterior margin of the glabellar depression by the

hypostomatic suture.

Tuorax. Each segment may be divided into three parts, viz.: 1,

Axial groove; 2, Thoracic pleure; 8, Free pleure. The axial groove

consists of the axial ring, anterior ‘‘ articular fold,” and a reflexed pos-

terior articular margin. ‘The “articular fold” rests upon the thin edge of

the reflected posterior articular margin of the next anterior segment.

The anterior margin of the “articular fold” describes a curve from the

anterior lateral extremities of the axial ring, forward into the axial

groove, nearly concealing the preceding axial ring. The anterior margin

of the axial ring is thickened, as a base for the articular fold, and also as

the base of a pair of processes extending from the lateral extremities

obliquely backward one-fourth the distance across the axial groove. Each

process is a plate-like projection, surmounted at its upper extremity by

a small knob-like elevation.

Thoracic pleure of each segment divided by diagonal ridges into two

triangular depressions upon each pleura, separated from the axial groove

and circular cavities, by short transverse ridges. Circular cavities situ-

ated between the triangular depressions and the free pleure; they are

deeper than the triangular depressions. Anterior and posterior margins

of the pleure parallel.

The free pleurze curve outward and backward, terminating in falcate

extremities. The hollow interior of each opens into the thoracic cavity

at the inner extremity. which has upon its upper margin a crescent-

shaped surface or slight sulcus. The whole thorax narrows posteriorly.

PyGIDIUM semicircular, concave, and surrounded by a strong ‘‘ doub-

lure,” which has a smooth subcrescentiform surface upon each anterior

lateral margin. Anterior lateral margins parallel to those of the posterior

segment of the thorax. The articular fold rests upon the axial ring of

the posterior segment. The pygidium is composed of four anchylosed

segments; the anterior one, penetrating the,‘‘ doublure” and lateral mar-

gins, is produced into long curved spines. Four pair of axial processes

project into the axial depression; the anterior pair well developed, the

posterior pair as rudimentary tubercles under the ‘‘ doublure.” Upon the

posterior surface of the anterior anchylosed segment, there are two

minute oval openings, one on each side of the median line, the longer

axis extending obliquely upward and backward.

Formation and locality, upper third of the Trenton Lime-

stone, Trenton Falls, Oneida Co., N. Y.

162

Ceraurus pleurexanthemus.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.

Figure A. Section of thorax at fourth segment; enlarged to two diame-

ers:

. Axial groove.

. Axial processes.

. Thoracic pleure and triangular depressions.

. Circular cavities.

. Free pleure.

gg.

Inner extremities of thoracic pleure.

Fane B. Interior of the dorsal shell; enlarged to two diameters.

il.

Beh

Om IN

Hypostomatic suture.

Hypostoma.

‘* Doublure.”

Occipital depression.

Occipital cavity.

Facial sutures cutting ‘‘ doublure.”

. Glabellar depressions and processes.

. Neck depression.

10. Spines of the head.

Axial groove.

. Axial processes.

. Triangular depressions.

dd. Circular cavities.

. Free pleure.

Crescent shaped surface on free pleure.

. Elevated margin of the hypostoma.

yr. Axial processes.

s. Smooth crescent-shaped Suriage on ‘‘ doublure.”

Pygidium.

Oval openings.

‘* Doublure.”

Figure C. Longitudinal section at median line; enlarged to two diame-

m oo tS

ters.

Hypostomatic suture.

Hypostoma.

** Doublure.”

Head.

Thorax.

6. Pygidium.

Figure D. Section of segment at median line; enlarged to five diameters.

]. Posterior reflected articular margin.

2. Outer surface of segment.

3. Union of articular fold and axial ring.

4, Articular fold.

A New Species of Jay, ete. 163

XIX.— Description of a New Species of Jay of the Genus

Cyanocitta; also of a supposed New Species of

the Genus Cyanocorax.

By GEORGE N. LAWRENCE.

Read October 11, 1875.

Cyanocitta pulchra.

A narrow band on the front next the bill, the lores, the sides of the

head and the chin are deep black; entire crown and occiput silvery bluish-

white; a band of bright ultramine blue crosses the hind neck, becoming

deeper in color and gradually merging into the smoky black of the upper

part of the back, where it inclines to brownish, the lower part of the back

and upper tail coverts are deep cobalt blue; wings and tail of a rich co-

balt blue, brighter than the color of the body; the under surface of the

wings and tail glossy black; throat cobalt blue, breast and sides of the

neck smoky black, abdomen and sides dark cobalt blue like the back,

under tail coverts smoky black ending with cobalt blue, thighs smoky

brown washed with blue; bill and feet black.

Length, 11 in.; wing, 54; tail, 54; bill, 1}; tarsus, 14.

Habitat. Ecuador, Quito. Type in my collection.

Remarks. Compared with QO. armillata it is shorter and

proportionally stouter, the bill very much stronger and the

tail not so long; it cannot be mistaken for that species as

they differ throughout in color and markings. In C. armil-

lata the vertex, occiput and nucha are of a light blue, which

merges into the fine dark ultramarine blue of the back ;

whereas in the new species, the silvery bluish-white of the

liead, is separated from the smoky black back, by a rather

narrow band of blue; the throat patch in C. armillata is of

a clear ultramarine blue, strongly defined and separated from

the darker blue of the under parts by a black collar; in the

new species the throat mark is rather dull in color and

without any collar below it. It is unlike any species which

I can find described, and I compare it with C. armillata that

its characteristics may be more clearly elucidated.

164 A New Species of Jay, ete.

Mater. Fore part of the head as far as upon a line with the middle of

the eye, sides of the head and of the neck, throat and upper part of the

breast, deep black; moustache, a spot over the hind part of the eye, the

central portion of the upper and lower eye lids, and a mark from the

lower eye lid to the moustache, white; occiput, nucha and under plumage,

pure white; back, wings and two central tail feathers dark cobalt blue,

all the other tail feathers and the ends of the two middle ones are pure

white, the under surface of the two middle tail feathers is deep black;

the outer webs of the primaries are of a dull rather light blue for about

half their length, the color of the terminal portion of the webs still paler

and of a greenish shade; inner webs of the quills black, op their under

surface the quill feathers are of a dark silvery-gray: the concealed parts

of the feathers of the back are largely pure white, on the rump the ends

of the feathers only are blue; ‘‘eyes yellow;” bill, tarsi and toes, black.

Length, 124 in.; wing, 53; tail, 6; bill, 14; tarsus, 1%.

Cyanocorax

Habitat. North Peru, Pacasmayo and Ticapa, Oct., 1874.

Remarks. This species belongs to the group represented

by C. cayanus, but differs in being smaller, with the back

very differently colored, and in having all the tail feathers

pure white except the two central ones, whereas in C. cay-

anus all the tail feathers are more or less blue on their basal

portions, the ends only white.

I find but two species of this genus described as having

the tail feathers white, with the exception of the two middle

ones; these are, Oyanocorax mystacalis, Geoff. Mag. de

Zool., 1835; and C. uroleucus, Heine Jour. fur Orn., 1860,

p. 115.

OC. mystacalis is admitted as a valid species by G. R. Gray,

Hand List 11, p. 5, and Sclater and Salvin, Nomenclator,

p- 39. It is referred to C. cayanus by Bonaparte, Cons.

Av..1, p. 8379; Cab. et Hein. Mus. Hein. 1, p. 224; Heine,

Jour. fur Orn. 1860, p. 116, and Schlegel Mus. des Pays

Bas, Liv. 9, p. 51. According to its description, the tail is

white with the exception of the two middle feathers; this

seems to debar it from being considered identical with C.

CaYANUs.

A New Species of Jay, etc. 165

From C. mystacalis the bird under examination appears

to differ, as follows: in having no tendency to bluish reflec-

tions on the top of the head, and the feathers of the back,

rump, smaller wing coverts and scapularies, being uniform

in color, and without grayish margins, as is stated to be the

case in C’. mystacalis. The upper plumage of C. mystacalis

is given as “bleu clair.” The shades of blue being so va-

rious it is sometimes difficult to understand satisfactorily the

color intended by the description, and among the Jays one of

the most distinguishing characters, is that of the different

shades of this color, especially in the group now under dis-

cussion, in which the pattern of coloration is much the same.

In my bird the back, wings and middle tail feathers are of a

uniform dark cobalt blue. The tail of C. mystacalis is stated

to be 44 inches long, and the two middle feathers to have

one-quarter their length at the end white, and at the extreme

end a small spot of bluish-black; in the present bird the

tail is 6 inches long, with the white ends of the central

feathers rather less than one-sixth their length in extent, and

immaculate. The inner webs of the quills are given as

brown in C. mystacalis, in the bird before me they are black.

These differences seem sufficient, I think, to show the two to

be possibly distinct species.

C. uroleucus Heine, I have not seen recognized by any

writer as a good species, it is noticed by Gray (Hand List,

11, p. 5) and referred to C. mystacalis, Geoff. ; to which

species he also refers C’. bellus Schlegel, Mus. des Pays Bas

Liv. 9, p. 50. This last Schlegel describes as having the

basal portions of all the tail feathers more or less blue, and

therefore it is unlike C. mystacalis.

Judging from the description of C. bellus, it seems to me

to be entitled to a distinct position, for with the cobalt blue

back in connection with the markings of the tail, it appears

to differ from all other species.

C’. uroleucus is described as having the quills and wing

coverts “fuscis” broadly margined with blue—this does not

166 Jaw and Lingual Dentition of Pulmonata.

apply well to the specimen before me, as the wing coverts

are blue, uniform in color with the back, the quills are black

on the inner webs and blue on the outer; the under surface

of the middle tail feathers is also given as “fuscis,” in my.

bird the color is deep black. The color given of the upper

plumage is “ceruleus.” In size it is stated to be larger than

C’. cayanus, my bird is smaller than that species. In neither

C. mystacalis nor C. uroleucus is there any allusion to the

feathers of the back having pure white bases as in my bird.

Mr. Gray may be correct in considering C. wroleucus the

same as C’. mystacalis, and the bird I have described may be

the same also, but the differences pointed out seem suflicient

for its separation, and should it prove to be distinct, I pro-

pose to name it after my friend Prof. James Orton, it would

then stand as Cyanocorax Ortoni.

There are two specimens of this handsome species, in a

small collection from Northern Peru; these were lately re-

ceived by Prof. Orton of Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, and

sent to me for determination.

It is much to be desired that the types of C. mystacalis,

C. uroleucus and C. bellus, may be carefully examined, and

their status more satisfactorily determined.

XX. On the Genitalia, Jaw and Lingual Dentition of cer-

tain species of Pulmonata.

By W. G. BINNEY.

[With a Note on the Classification of the Achatinelle, by Thomas Bland. ]

Read October 11, 1875.

In the following pages I have not considered it necessary

to offer a full description of the dentition in cases where a

figure is given. In the Proceedings of the Academy of

Jaw and Lingual Dentition of Pulmonata. 167

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1875, p. 145, full expla-

nation will be found of the terms I use. In the plates, I

have endeavored to give a perfect idea of the several forms

of teeth on each lingual membrane by figuring the central

with the first lateral tooth, the transition from lateral to mar-

ginal teeth, and a decided marginal, usually the last. The

position of each tooth from the median line is indicated on

the plates by numerals. The plates must, however, be

studied with the text. It will be seen that the cutting points

of the teeth are shaded. I have not, also, considered it

necessary fully to describe the genitalia in cases where I have

given a figure of the system. I have rather confined myself

to pointing out the characteristic feature of each. In the

lettering of the plates, I have not deemed it important to

indicate the testicle, epididymis, accessory gland, prostate,

vas deferens, ovary or oviduct, as those organs cannot fail to

be recognized. I have, however, indicated the penis sac,

retractor of same, genital bladder with its duct, and any

accessory organs that may occur. As in my former publica-

tions, I apply the terms ovary and testicle as does Dr. Leidy

in the first volume of “Terrestrial Mollusks of the United

States.”

Glandina truncata, Say.

On plate xiv, fig. F, I have given a figure of the central tooth of this

species which is more accurate than that given in Proc. Phila. A. N. S.,

1875, pl. i, fig. 1. It will be seen to agree with the figure of Morse (Ib.

p. 156, fig. 2) as regards the presence of a distinct cusp. The figure was

drawn from the lingual membrane of a large Florida specimen.

It will be of interest to note here that the largest speci-

mens of Glandina found by me near St. Augustine, were in

the centre of the clumps of large, coarse grass covering the

marshes at the edge of Matansas Rien Mr. Say also

speaks of finding the largest specimens in the marshes imme-

diately behind the sand hills of the coast.

168 Jaw and Lingual Dentition of Pulmonata.

Wanina radians, Pfr. (Microcystis).

Rarotonga Isl., Mr. A. Garrett.

Plate xvi, fig. 1, represents one central, lateral and marginal tooth.

There are 40-1-40 teeth, 8 being perfectly formed laterals. The mar-

ginals are sometimes trifid.

For the identification of this and of the following Society

Island species Iam indebted to Mr. Garrett. They form a

part of an extremely interesting collection of Society Island

land shells, preserved in spirits, just received from him,

through Dr. W. D. Hartman of West Chester, Pa.

Nanina conula, Pease.

Island of Huahine, Mr. A. Garrett.

Central and lateral teeth as in N. radians, Pfr. (see above). Lateral

teeth seven in number. Marginals aculeate, multifid, very numerous.

The species is viviparous.

Nanina calculosa, Gould.

Island of Huabine, Mr. A. Garrett.

Jaw as usual in the genus. Lingual membrane long and narrow.

Teeth 38-1-38. Centrals and (7) laterals as in NV. radians (see above), the

latter, however, have slightly developed, inner, side cutting points. First

15 marginals bifid, the balance multifid.

The species is viviparous.

Trochomorpha Cressida, Gould.

Island of Huahine, Mr. A. Garrett.

Jaw arched, high; ends blunt; cutting margin with a median beak-like

projection.

Lingual membrane (pl. xvi, fig. H.) with 55-1-55 teeth. The bifur-

cation of the cutting point of the marginals commences in the 11th tooth.

There are no side cusps to centrals and laterals, which have a long,

narrow base of attachment.

I figure one central, one lateral and one marginal tooth.

Von Martens puts the species in Discus, a subgenus of Nanina.

Jaw and Lingual Dentition of Pulmonata. 169

Zonites cerinoideus, Anthony.

Charleston, S. C., Mr. W. G. Mazyck.

The animal has the distinct locomotive disk and the parallel furrows

above the margin of the foot, meeting above a distinct, caudal mucus

pore, characteristic of the genus. It has also a dart and sac, as in Z. li-

gerus.

Jaw as usual in the genus. Lingual membrane (pl. xiii, fig. B),

as usual in the genus. (See Proc. Phila. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1875, 161). Teeth

34-1-34 with 9 perfect laterals.

Limax montanus, Ingersoll.

(Report on Nat Hist. of U. S. Geolog. and Geogr. Survey of the Territories,

1874, p. 130.)

This species was found by Mr. Ernest Ingersoll, in the

mountains of Colorado, at “camps 9-11, Blue River Val-

ley,” while attached to the Survey of the Territories, in 1874.

The animal is about 18-25 mill. long. It presents no peculiar external

characters. Its color is brown, with mantle, head, tentacles and eye-

peduncles black: bottom of foot white. On opening the animal I found

it does not agree in dentition with Z. campestris, the only native species

whose presence could be expected there.

The jaw is as usual in the genus. The lingual membrane is long and

narrow. Teeth 50-1-50 (pl. xviii, fig. D), arranged as usual in the

genus Limax. The central teeth have decided side cusps and cutting

points. The lateral teeth are like the centrals, but unsymmetrical and

consequently bicuspid; there are about 16 perfect laterals. The marginals

are purely aculeate in form, are arranged as usual in the genus (see Proc.

A. N. 8. Phila., 1875, 172), and all have a slightly developed side spur,

making the tooth bicuspid.

L. campestris has no side spur to its inner marginals, though it has such

on the outer ones. Otherwise the dentition is about the same.

In its genitalia also, this species is nearly allied to Z. campestris, as

will be seen in comparing my figure (pl. xii, fig. 4), with that of Dr.

Leidy (Terr. Moll. U. S. pl. ii, fig. 6). Limax Ingersolli, however, differs

in the shape of its genital bladder-and the shortness of the duct.

With Limax montanus were specimens whose dentition (pl. xviii,

fig. F), differs only in having a less number of teeth, 34-1-84, with 12

perfect laterals. The teeth are of the same type as in Z. montanus. The

animal is shorter, by about one-half. This form has been noticed as Z.

castaneus by Mr. Ingersoll, 1. c. p. 181.

In dentition and genitalia Z. montanus differs from all the other species,

native and introduced, thus far known to exist in North America,

170 Jaw and Lingual Dentition of Pulmonata.

Patula Cumberlandiana, Lea.

Sewance, Tenn. Dr. Jno. B. Elliott.

Jaw of the same type as in P. a’ternata (see Proc. Ac. Nat. Se. Phila.,

1875, 177, fig. 21). There are coarse vertical striz.

Lingual membrane (pl. xv, fig. E) long and narrow. Teeth of same

type as in P. solitaria, alternata, etc. (see same reference, 178). The

centrals and laterals have, however, a much shorter median cusp. Side

cusps subobsolete, and side cutting points wanting on the centrals and

first two laterals, the third lateral beginning to show them; the outer

laterals, as the seventh lateral ete. (see plate), have them well developed.

The transition to marginals is very gradual and is not formed by the bifur-

cation of the inner cutting point, which remains simple to the extreme

outer edge. The smaller, outer cutting point is sometimes bifid in the

outer marginals. These last are usually but a simple modification of the

laterals, as shown (see plate) in the 20th and 30th teeth.

There are 80-1-30 teeth, with hardly 18 laterals, and certainly not so

many absolutely perfect ones.

In P. alternata (see as above, p. 180, pl. vii, fig. 5) there are decided

prominent side cusps and cutting points to centrals and first laterals. The

shape of the centrals and first laterals also in alternata, is quite different

from those of this species.

The genitalia agree with those of P. alternata figured by Dr. Leidy, in

Terr. Moll. U. S., I. pl. vii, fig. 2, excepting, perhaps, that in Cumberland-

tana, the genital bladder is smaller, and its duct longer and narrower.

For the specimens examined I am indebted to Dr. Elliott,

a son of the late Bishop Elliott, who so generously contrib-

uted specimens from southern localities a number of years

ago, most materially assisting Mr. Bland and myself in our

studies.

This species was described by Dr. Lea, from Jasper, Mar-

ion Co., Tenn. Sewanee, the University Place of Bishop

Elliott, is in Franklin, the adjoining county. These are the

only localities of the species thus far known.

Patula mordax, Shuttl.

East Tennessee.

I have lately had an opportunity of examining its genitalia, and find

them to agree with those of the typical aléernata. The dentition is also

the same (see Proc. Phila. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1875, pl. VII, fig. 7).

Jaw and Lingual Dentition of Pulmonata. 171

Patula alternata, Say.

I have also examined and here figure (pl. xvii, fig. 15), the genitalia

of the heavily ribbed form of P. alcernata, from Eastern Tennessee (Mr.

A. G. Wetherby). It agrees with the typical P. alternata, and also in

dentition. In both forms I found the duct of the genital bladder much

longer than is figured by Leidy, in the Terrestrial Mollusks U. S. In P.

Cumberlandiana also it is long, thus agreeing with alternata.

Patula Huahinensis, Pfr.

Huahine Isl., Mr. A. Garrett.

Lingual membrane, with 18-1 -18 teeth, of which about six are later-

als. The type of dentition is about the same as in Endodonta incerta,

herewith described. The marginals are, however, different, the two cut-

ting points being bifid, the base of attachment low and wide. (Plate

XVii, fig. 17).

Endodonta incerta, Mousson.

Huahine Island, Mr. A. Garrett.

I am indebted to Mr. Garrett, for the identification of this

and all the Huahine species herewith described.

I regret not succeeding in obtaining the jaw of any species of this

group, the more because some doubt about its existence has been ex-

pressed. It is, however, probable that it will be found, as no agnathous

genus has yet been noticed with the quadrate marginal teeth, which charac-

terize E. incerta, and also £. tumulotides, Garrett (Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc.

Phila., 1875, p. 248, -pl. xxi, fig. 6).

Lingual membrane (pl. xvii, fig. 16) with 11-1-11 teeth, of which 4 are

perfect laterals. The marginals (of which the last is shown in the figure)

are but a simple modification of the laterals. They differ from those of

tumuloides, unless, indeed, I have, from their exceeding minuteness, failed

rightly to interpret them.

Helix Ingersolli, Bland (Microphysa).

Mr. Ernest Ingersoll: U. S. Survey of Territories, 1874.

Jaw low, wide, slightly arcuate, ends slightly attenuated: whole an-

terior surface with about 22 broad, flat, slightly separated ribs, whose

ends denticulate either margin.

This form of jaw is unusual among the Helicinw. It is somewhat like

that of H. Lansingi (see Phila. Pr., 1875, p. 169).

NOVEMBER, 1875. 13 Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., Vou. x1.

172 Jaw and Lingual Dentition of Pulmonata.

Lingual membrane long and narrow. Teeth about 16-1-16. Centrals

as usual in the Helicine (pl. xviii, fig. C). The side cusps and cutting

points are well developed, the base of attachment longer than wide.

Laterals of same type, but unsymmetrical, and consequently only bicus-

pid. The change from laterals to marginals (8th and 9th teeth of figure)

is very gradual, there being no splitting of the inner cutting points,at

least not as in most species (see pl. xii, fig. E). Marginals (16th tooth of

figure) very low, wide, with one inner, long, blunt cutting point, and one

outer, small, blunt.

The low, wide marginal teeth of this species are peculiar.

Helix rufescens, Pennant (fruticicola).

Extracted from a dry English shell furnished by Mr. A.

G. Wetherby. I include it here because the species has

been introduced at Quebec. I was not able to illustrate it

when treating of the Lingual Dentition of North American

Land Shells, in Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila., 1875, 214.

There are 26-1-26 teeth. The characters of all are shown in my fig-

ures. It will be seen that the transition from laterals to marginals (16 to

19), see also Lehmann, in Malak. Blatt. xvi, is gradual. The inner cut-

ting point is not bifid.

Helix pubescens, Pfr. (Fruticicola).

Haiti. Mr. V. P. Parkhurst to Mr. T. Bland.

Jaw (pl. xv, fig. C) thin, semitransparent, low, slightly arcuate,

ends scarcely attenuated, blunt; upper margin with a strong muscular

attachment: no median projection to cutting edge; anterior surface with

about 20 ribs denticulating either margin; these ribs appear in most cases

to be broad, flat, with narrow interstices, but in others there are appear-

ances such as I have described in Bulimulus limneoides (see below).

Lingual membrane long and narrow (pl. xv, fig. D). Teeth as usual

in the Helicine. The change from laterals to marginals is very gradual,

not formed by the splitting of the inner cutting point. The 12th tooth

(figured) shows the commencement of the transition. The 22d (figured)

is a marginal tooth. The inner cutting point of the marginals is rarely

bifid.

Teeth about 24-1-24.

Helix Studeriana, Fér. (Stylodon).

Seychelles, Consul Pike to Mr. T. Bland.

Jaw stout, strongly arched, ends but little attenuated, blunt; anterior

surface without ribs; there are, however, afew, coarse, broad, vertical

Jaw and Lingual Dentition of Pulmonata. 173

wrinkles. One jaw had a slightly developed median projection to its cut-

ting edge, another has no approach to a projection.

Plate xiv, fig. C, shows the lingual dentition. Teeth 69-1 -69,

with about 22 laterals. There is considerable resemblance to the denti-

tion of HZ. fringilla herewith described. The cutting points on centrals

and laterals are, however, more pointed.

This species is viviparous.

Helix dentiens, Fér. (Dentellaria).

See Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila., 1874, p. 57. I now offer fig. G of pl.

xvi, to give more full details of the changes of the teeth from centrals to

marginals, especially the side cusp and cutting point of the outer laterals,

and the transition from laterals to marginals. Tooth 38 is the last.

Helix aspera, Fér. ( Thelidomus).

Jamaica. Mr. V. P. Parkhurst to Mr. T. Bland.

For jaw and lingual membrane see Amer. Journ. Conch. VI, 204.

Pl. xii, fig. 2, represents the genital system. The genital bladder

(g. b.) is elongated oval, on a short, stout duct. The penis-sac (p. s.)

is stout, long, tapering bluntly'to its apex, someway below which is the

entrance of the vas deferens. The retractor muscle is inserted at about

the middle of the length of the penis-sac.

Helix Jamaicensis, Chemn. (Thelidomus).

Jamaica. Mr. V. P. Parkhurst to Mr. T. Bland.

Mr. Bland has already called attention (Ann. Lyc. N. H.

of N. Y. XI, 146, 1875) to the true subgeneric position

of this species. I propose here only to give a figure of the

dentition and genitalia.

There are 41-1-41 teeth on the long and narrow lingual membrane

(pl. xiv, fig. B).

Jaw thick, arcuate, ends attenuated: anterior surface with 14 decided

but unequal, irregularly disposed ribs, denticulating either margin.

Genitalia figured on pl. xiii, fig. F. The peculiarity of it is the ex-

tremely long epididymis (e), convoluted at either end. The penis-sac

has a contraction at its middle, below which it is black, above it, white.

174. = Jaw and Lingual Dentition of Pulmonata.

Helix crispata, Fér. (Zurycratera).

Port au Prince. Mr. V. P. Parkhurst to Mr. T. Bland.

Lingual membrane and jaw already described (see Proc. Acad. Nat.

Sc., 1874, 57, pl. x, fig. 9*).

Plate xii, fig. 8, represents the lower portions of the genital system.

The genital bladder (g. b.) is very small, globular, on a long duct, which

is very narrow in its upper half and gradually enlarges below until it be-

comes very stout. On the penis-sac (p. s.), above the junction of the re-

tractor muscle, is a small globular mass, of character unknown to me.

Helix spinosa, Lea (Stenotrema).

Tennessee. Mr. A. G. Wetherby.

Plate xii, fig. 8, represents the genital system of this species. The

penis-sac (p. s.) is very long, attenuated at either end, greatly swollen at

the median third of its length. The genital bladder is oval, on a short

duct.

Helix stenotrema, Fér. (Stenotrema).

Tennessee. Mr. A. G. Wetherby.

The genitalia are as figured for hirsuta by Dr. Leidy, in Terr. Moll. U. S.

There is, however, in this species, a much greater development of pros-

tate, testicle and epididymis. The last named organ is scarcely convo-

luted. The margins of the first named are scalloped.

Helix barbigera, Redf. (Stenotrema).

Genitalia as in the last species.

Helix tridentata, Say ( Triodopsis).

On pl. xvii, fig. 19, I have given the genitalia of this species. They

may be compared with those of the other species of Triodopsis given be-

low. ‘The genital bladder with its duct offer slight variations in all these

species; whether constant or not must be decided by future study. My

figures will draw attention to this point.

Helix fallax, Say (Triodopsis).

Genitalia (pl. xvii, fig. 11). See last species.

* There are decided side cutting points to centrals and laterals, though I failed to

see them in the lingual figured.

Jaw and Lingual Dentition of Pulmonata. 175

Helix Hopetonensis, Shuttl. ( Triodopsis).

City of Charleston, S. C.

Genitalia (pl. xvii, fig. 14). See above, H. tridentata.

Helix Van Nostrandi, Bland, MS. (Triodopsis).

Aiken, S. C. Miss Emma Van Nostrand.

Jaw as usual in Triodopsis: ribs 17.

Lingual membrane (pl. xvii, fig. 8) long and narrow. Teeth 24-

1-24, with 10 laterals. ‘The centrals have no distinct side cusps or cut-

ting points, but the latter are replaced by decided bulgings on the median

cutting point. The figure gives the central with the first, tenth, eleventh,

nineteenth and twenty-fourth teeth; the last two are marginals.

Genitalia (pl. xvii, fig. 12). See above under H. tridentata.

Helix Rugeli, Shuttl. ( Triodopsis).

East Tennessee. Mr. A. G. Wetherby.

Genitalia (pl. xvii, fig. 18). See above under H. tridentata.

Helix Harfordiana, J. G. Cooper (Triodopsis).

California. Mr. Henry Hemphill to Mr. T. Bland.

Lingual membrane (pl. xviii, fig. A) as usual in the subgenus (see

Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila., 1875, 206). Teeth 26-1-26, with 12 laterals.

The side cutting points to central and lateral teeth are well developed.

Jaw as usual in the subgenus (see same references as above), with

over 12 ribs.

Helix fringilla, Pfr. (Merope).

Admiralty Island. Mr. A. G. Wetherby.

The dried remains of the animal in the shell of a cabinet

specimen furnished the lingual membrane and jaw here de-

scribed. The shell is the variety with the pink peristome.

Jaw with numerous, crowded, stout ribs, denticulating either margin.

Lingual membrane (pl. xiv, fig. A, pl. xv, fig. A) long and narrow.

Teeth 28 - 1-28, with about 11 laterals. Centrals with base of attachment

longer than wide; side cusps obsolete, side cutting points wanting;

middle cusp broad, blunt, with a very short, broad, blunt cutting point.

176 —- Jaw and Lingual Dentition of Pulmonata.

Laterals like the centrals, but unsymmetrical: the cutting point becomes

longer as they pass off laterally, and at the 12th tooth it commences to be

bluntly trifid. The marginals are peculiar; their base of attachment is

subquadrate with a single broad cusp, bearing a very broad, oblique, ex-

panding, trifid cutting point; the outer division very small, pointed; the

median longer, very broad, squarely truncated; the inner one about half

the size of the median, recurved and sharply pointed.

In pl. xiv, fig. A, I have represented the dentition of that portion of

the lingual membrane where the cutting points are least developed. PI.

xv, fig. A, represents that portion where they are most so. It must

always be borne in mind that such differences of development exist in all

membranes.

The dentition of this species is peculiar, resembling that common in

Orthalicus rather than the type usual in Helix.

Helix leporina, Gould (Polygyra).

Texas. Mr. A. G. Wetherby.

Jaw as usual in the subgenus (see Phila. Proc. 1875, 201), with 12

ribs.

Lingual membrane as usual in the subgenus (see id.). Teeth 18-1-18,

with 8 laterals (pl. xviii, fig. B). The 15th tooth figured is from another

portion of the membrane from that furnishing the 13th. The extreme

right hand figure of my plate represents a deformed first lateral tooth.

Helix auriculata, Say (Polygyra).

St. Augustine, Florida, under the ruins of the sugar house

chimneys at Hanson’s deserted plantation.

Having collected specimens of undoubted identity at Mr. Say’s original

locality, I have compared the genitalia with those figured by Leidy (Terr.

Moll. U. S., I. pl. ix) and find them to agree. This is important, as the

name ‘ auriculata” was used in that work to cover several species.

I have also given (pl. xviii, fig. E) a better figure of the dentition

than in Proc. Phila. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1875, pl. viii, fig. 12. There are 26-1-26

teeth. The inner cutting point of the 13th tooth is bifid, so that there are

12 laterals.

Jaw with 10 ribs.

Helix uvulifera, Shuttl. (Polygyra).

Genitalia as in H. auriculata.

Helix septemvolva, Say (Polygyra).

St. Augustine, Florida.

Plate xii, fig. 6, represents the genital system of the large form of this

Jaw and Lingual Dentition of Pulmonata. 177

species. It is characterized by its extreme length, as would be expected

from the form of the shell. The vagina (v.) is extremely long and narrow.

The genital bladder (g. b.) is elongated oval, on a short, slender duct.

The penis-sac (p. s.) is very long, attenuated to a point above, where the

retractor muscle is inserted.

The digestive system is also very much elongated. The csophagus

especially is excessively long, as are also the ducts to the salivary glands.

This species is extremely common all over St. Augustine

and its vicinity. The large form I found almost restricted

to the moat of the old fort, especially at the foot of the main

western wall:

Helix Febigeri, Bland (Folygyra).

Near Mobile, Alabama. Dr. E. R. Showalter.

Genitalia as in HZ. septemvolva (see pl. xii, fig. 6).

Helix cereolus, Mublf. (Polygyra).

For this and many species of Key West I am indebted to

the kindness of Mr. W. W. Calkins.

Jaw as usual in the subgenus (1. c.), with over I4 ribs.

Lingual membrane as usual (pl. xvi, fig. C). Teeth 22-1-22, with 9

laterals, the inner cutting point of the 10th tooth being bifid. Marginals

with base of attachment low, wide, with one inner, long, oblique, bifid

cutting point, and one short, bluntly bifid, small, outer cutting point.

Genitalia as in last species.

Helix Carpenteriana, Bland (Polygyra).

Key West. Mr. W. W. Calkins.

Jaw as usual in the subgenus: (1. c.): ribs over 12.

Lingual membrane as usual (pl. xiii, fig. K). Teeth 22-1-22. The

character of the various teeth is shown in the figures. There are 9 laterals,

the 10th tooth having a bifid inner cutting point.

I can now state that H. cereolus, Carpenteriana, septenvolva, volvoxis,

and Febigeri have the same dentition. In all, the splitting of the inner

cutting point commences at the tenth tooth.

Genitalia as in H. septenivolva described herewith.

178 = Jaw and Lingual Dentition of Pulmonata.

Helix exoleta, Binn. (Mesodon).

I have already referred to the peculiarity of this species in sometimes

having, and sometimes wanting, side cutting points to outer lateral teeth,

and a bifurcation to the inner cutting point of the marginals (see Proc.

Phila. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1875, 243). I here figure teeth from a lingual mem-

brane differing in this respect from that figured by me before (I. c. pl. xi,

fig. 7). The cutting point of the central and first lateral teeth have a lat-

~ eral bulging which represents the side point.* This point appears about

the 11th tooth.

Plate xvi, fig. D. EK. The 60th tooth is the last.

Fig. E represents an inner marginal tooth from another membrane,

agreeing with my former figure in having a simple, not bifid, inner cutting

point.

I am sure of the identity of each individual examined, having verified

it by the peculiar genital bladder and penis-sac, figured by Leidy, 1. c.

Helix ruficincta, Newc. (Arionta).

Catalina Isl., California. Mr. Henry Hemphill.

Plate xiii, fig. A, shows the genitalia. There are no peculiar acces-

sory organs, as in ramentosa, Nickliniana, Kelletti, etc. (see Proc. Phila.

Acad. Nat. Sc., 1874, pl. iii, iv). A dart sac ? (d. s.) is, however, pres-

ent.

Helix Carpenteri, Newe. (Arionta).:

Coronado Islands, coast of Lower California. Mr. Henry

Hemphill.

Genitalia as in H.,Nickliniana (see Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila., 1874, pl.

iv, fig. 3). The flagellate ends of the vaginal prostate are shorter in

this species.

Jaw as usual in the subgenus (see Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila., 1875, 216),

with over seven ribs.

Lingual membrane long and narrow. Teeth 48-1 -48, with 20 laterals.

See pl. xv, fig. B. It will be seen that the central and first lateral teeth

have no side cusps or cutting points; it appears first on the 8th tooth.

The change from laterals to marginals is formed as usual, the inner cut-

ting point of the 21st tooth being bifid. A marginal is shown in the 34th

tooth.

* I fear that in my figure of the dentition of MZ. albolabris (1. c.) I have mistaken this

bulging for a distinct cutting point. The membranes of all our species should be

carefully restudied with the view of learning whether there is any difference other than

of degree between this bulging and a distinct cutting point. The figures of Semper

(Phil. Archip.) should be carefully studied, as they show best the two planes of the

cusp and cutting point.

Jaw and Lingual Dentition of Pulmonata. 179

Helix Ayresiana, Newe. (Arionta).

San Miguel Isl., California. Mr. H. Harford.

Genitalia as in H. Traski (see Ann. Lyc. N. H. of N. Y., XI, 30, pl.

. vi, fig. 4). The flagellate extensions of the vaginal prostate beyond

the bulbs in this species are, however, much shorter and stouter.

Helix exarata, Pfr. (Arionta).

Alameda Co., Calfornia. Dr. L. G. Yates.

Genitalia as in H. Nickliniana, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila., 1874, pl. iv,

fig. 3.

Helix Diabloensis, J. G. Cooper. (Arionia).

Alameda Co., California. Mr. L. G. Yates.

Jaw as usual in the genus, (see Proc. Phila. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1875, 216),

with 5 ribs.

Lingual membrane (pl. xv, fig. G), as usual in the subgenus. The

central and first lateral teeth have no side cusps or cutting points; these

appear on the 13th tooth.. The 18th tooth has its inner cusp bifid; there

may, therefore, be said to be 17 laterals. The marginals (see figure for

the last one), are low, wide, with one inner, long, oblique, bifid cutting

point, and one outer small cutting point. There are 37-1-87 teeth.

Genitalia as in H. exarata.

Helix arrosa, Gould (Arionta).

Plate xii, fig. 5, gives the genital system.

The penis-sac is extremely long and gradually tapers into a flagellum.

It receives the retractor muscle beyond the middle of its length, and the

vas deferens at three-quarters of its length from the vagina. The genital

bladder (g. b.) is very small, oval, on a very long duct, which has a very

long, stouter, accessory duct (a. d.).

From H. Nickliniana, H. arrosa differs greatly in the total want of the

peculiar accessory organ, probably a vaginal prostate, which characterizes

that species (see Phila. Proc. 1874, 41, pl. iii, fig. 4). From H. Town-

sendiana, it still more widely differs (see same, 1873, 254, pl. i, fig. 4), in the

character of the penis-sac and genital bladder.

Helix facta, Newc. (Arionia).

Sta. Barbara Island, California. Mr. H. Hemphill.

In my account of the dentition of North American Land Shells in Proc.

Phila. Ac. Nat. Sc., 1875, I was unable to include this species.

180) = Jaw and Lingual Dentition of Pulmonata.

Jaw already described.

Lingual membrane long and narrow (pl. xvii, fig. 13). Teeth 26-1- 26,

as usualin Arionta. The fourth has decided side cusp and cutting point,

which on the central and first three laterals are replaced by a prominent

bulging of the large cutting point. The thirteenth tooth has its inner

cutting point bifid. My figures give the central with the first, fourth,

twelfth, thirteenth, seventeenth and twenty-sixth teeth, the last two being

marginals.

Genitalia (pl. xvii, fig. 9) without the accessory duct of the genital

bladder, and with a dart sac (?). They resemble nearly those of H. ruji-

cincta (see above), differing chiefly in the length of the duct of the genital

bladder. At the base of the dart sac there appear two simple, thread-like

organs, reminding me of those of H. Stearnsiana, but without their ter-

minal complications. I have not figured them, being uncertain whether

they should be considered as a part of the genital system.

Helix Tryoni, Newc. (Zuparypha).

Sta. Barbara Island, California. Mr. H. Hemphill.

Jaw already described by me (L. & Fr. W. Shells, I. 179).

Lingual membrane (pl. xvii, fig. 5) long and narrow, quite as in

Arionta. Teeth 42-1-42. The eleventh lateral has a decided side cusp

and cutting point. The 14th has its inner cutting point bifid. The char-

acters of the individual teeth are shown in the figure, which gives the

central, the first, eleventh, fourteenth, thirty-seventh and forty-second

teeth. :

Genitalia (pl. xvii, fig. 10) as usual in Arionta, especially in H. Stearns-

tana, but with this important difference, that from the base of the dart

sac one thread-like organ alone proceeds, the other being replaced by a

sponge-like process, evidently a form of vaginal prostate.

Anadenus P

Himalaya Mts. Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cam-—

bridge, through Mr. Anthony.

On pl. xviii, fig. 1, I have figured the dentition of this slug, whose

specific name is unknown to me. There are 58-1-58 teeth.

The jaw is thick, low, wide, slightly arcuate; ends but little attenuated :

anterior surface with 14 stout, unequal, separated ribs, denticulating

either margin.

The dentition is of the same type as described in the genus by Heyne-

mann, Malak. Blatt. X, 18638, p. 138.

Jaw and Lingual Dentition of Pulmonata. 181

Orthalicus undatus, Brug. Var.

Key West. W. W. Calkins.

This is the form figured as O. zebra, Miill., in Terr.

MothkicWes-, LV; pl. Ixxvili, tg: 12, and T+) Br. W.

Sh. N. A., I. p. 216, fig. 370 (not fig. 371). It has also

been found on Indian Key, Sandy Key, Cape Sable and Key

Biscayne.

Mr. Calkins kindly sent me specimens preserved in spirits. The gen-

italia are like those of the typical O. undatus, from Jamaica (see Ann.

N. Y. Lyc., N. H., XI, 41). So also is the jaw.

The lingual dentition I have figured on pl. xiii, fig. E. giving one cen-

tral with its adjacent lateral, and one marginal tooth. There are 126-1

-126 teeth. The cutting points are somewhat more developed than in

the typical wndatus (see Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Phila., 1875, pl. vi, fig. D).

Ariolimax Hemphilli (n. sp).

From Mr. Henry Hemphill I have received specimens of an

undescribed species of Avriolimax, collected by him at

Niles Station, Alameda Co., California.

It is from 25-381 mill. long, of a transparent flesh color, much more

slender than the other known species, with a much more pointed tail.

The mantle is also longer. These characters, even in specimens pre-

served in alcohol, readily distinguish the species. On dissecting the

specimens, I also found distinguishing specific characters in the genitalia

(pl. xii, fig. 7). The testicle (t.) embedded in the liver, is brown, com-

posed of thickly packed fasciculi of long, blunt cceca, the mass formed

by them is cuneiform. The ovary (ov.) is narrow and pointed. The gen-

ital bladder (g. b.) is small, oval, with a short, narrow duct, which be-

comes much more swollen at its junction with the vagina. The penis

sac (p. s.) is extremely short, globular, receiving the vas deferens at its

upper posterior portion, and the retractor muscle at its fartherend. Oppo-

site the mouth of the penis sac the vagina is greatly swollen.

A comparison with my figures of the genitalia of A. Andersoni ? (pl.

xii, fig. 9), and A. Columbianus, Californicus and niger (Phila. Proc., 1874,

pl. ii and xi), will show how widely they differ from those of the present

species.

The jaw is thick, low, wide, slightly arcuate, ends scarcely attenuated ;

anterior surface with 8-12 decided ribs, denticulating either margin.

Lingual membrane (pl. xviii, fig. H) as usual in the genus (see Phila.

Proc., 1875, 193). Teeth 81-1-31.

182 = Jaw and Lingual Dentition of Pulmonata.

Ariolimax Andersoni, J. G. Coop.?

From Mr. L. G. Yates I have received specimens of an

Ariolimax found in the mountains of Alameda Co., Cali-

fornia. From the fact of the reticulations of the surface of

the animal having the foliated appearance noticed in Arion

Soliolatus, Gld., Prophysaon Hemphilli, Bl. & Binn., and

Arion Andersoni, J. G. C., Iam inclined to refer the spec-

imens to one of those species. I am entirely unacquainted

with the first (see Ann. N. Y. Lyc. N. H., X, 297), the

second is generically distinct, the latter may be identical.*

The specimens have all the characters of Ariolimax (see

Proc. Ac. Nat: Sc. of Phila., 1874, 33). They are about

35 mill. long.

The jaw is as usual in the genus, wide, low, with about 13 broad, sep-

arated ribs, denticulating either margin. The lingual membrane is as

usual. Teeth 48-1-48. The characters of the teeth are sufficiently

shown in my fig. G, of plate xii. The change from laterals to marginals is

very gradual (43), the latter being but a simple modification of the former.

The genitalia (pl. xii, fig. 9) are very much like those of A. niger (see

Phila. Proc. 1. ¢., pl. xi, fig. C), especially in the shape of the penis-sac,

and the peculiar accessory organ (v. p.), probably a vaginal prostate:

The genital bladder differs somewhat in shape, and also the testicle.

The rudimentary: shell has decided concentric layers. The caudal

mucus pore is as in A. Columbianus (Phila. Proc. 1. ¢., pl. ii, fig. B).

Should this not prove the species described as Arion

Andersoni by Dr. J. G. Cooper, it must receive a new name,

It isa true Ariolimax, most nearly related to A. niger. . The

latter species wants the foliated reticulations, and has its

posterior termination more blunt, with a decided lateral cleft

at the mucus pore.

*I have lately received from Dr. Cooper, under the name of Arion Andersoni, spec-

imens agreeing perfectly with the form of Prophysaon referred to as probably unde-

scribed on p. 296, and pl. xiii, fig. 5, of Ann. of Lyc. of N. H. of N. Y., vol. X. Should

Dr. Cooper’s Arion Andersoni prove, therefore, to be a Prophysaon, it will retain its

specific name, while the slug before us may also retain the specific name Andersoni. |

Jaw and Lingual Dentition of Pulmonata. 183

Binneya notabilis, J. G. Coop.

Sta. Barbara Island, California. Mr. Henry Hemphill.

Mr. Hemphill, who has contributed so largely to our

knowledge of the land shells of the Pacific coast, has lately

visited the Island of Sta. Barbara. Among the species found

by him is Binneya notabilis, which was originally described

from thence by Dr. J. G. Cooper. Mr. Hemphill has kindly

sent me living specimens, as well as others preserved in

spirits. Iam, therefore, able to give a full generic descrip-

tion, with a figure (pl. xvii, fig. 4) of the animal as it

appears when half extended. I did not succeed in inducing

it to protrude itself fully. The descriptions will supersede

those formerly given by Mr. Bland and myself in L. & Fr.

Piosns NAA. 1. GT.

When received, the living examples were furnished with the

peculiar epiphragm described by Dr. Cooper. On becoming

again active, this epiphragm was left entire, still adhering to

the surface on which the animal had formed it. In one indi-

vidual I observed a second, inner epiphragm, simple, without

the perpendicular walls.

The Mexican genus Xanthonyz, is no doubt nearly allied

to Binneya, but it does not appear from the figures of

alcoholic specimens given by Messrs. Fischer and Crosse

(Moll. Mex. et Guat.) that the mantle of Xanthonyx is ex-

tended anteriorly, and the position given by them of the

respiratory office is different. Should future study of the

living animal prove Xanthonyx identical with Binneya, the

former will be considered as a synonyme of the latter.

Dr. Pfeiffer (Mon. Hel. Viv. VII) suggests the identity

of Binneya with Daudebardia, ignoring entirely the distinc-

tion of the first divisions now recognized among the Geophila

of presence or absence of a jaw, or of aculeate or quadrate

teeth. By the modern arrangement these two genera are

most widely separated.

184 Jaw and Lingual Dentition of Pulmonata.

The surface of the animal is dirty white, with about seventeen vertical

rows, on each side, of dark blue or slate blotches, interrupted by the

longitudinal reticulations running parallel to the foot, but again com-

mencing and extending to the edge of the foot. These blotches diverge

in all directions from under the shell and mantle, running almost perpen-

dicularly on the side of the animal, but very obliquely in front and behind.

The tail is quite keeled with oblique blotches. These blotches also run

obliquely from a median line on the fore part of the extended animal.

Tentacles, eyepeduncles and front of head slate color. Lips developed

and kept constantly in motion as tentacles. The reticulations of the sur-

face are large and few.

In specimens preserved in alcohol there appears a locomotive disk.

There is no caudal pore. The respiratory and anal orifices are far behind

the centre of the mantle edge on the right of the animal. The genital

orifice appears somewhat behind the right eyepeduncle. The mantle is

scarcely reflected upon the shell, even in front. When the animal is fully

extended, Dr. Cooper says the mantle equals one-fourth of its length.

The mantle exudes mucus freely. It seems fixed to the shell, not chang-

ing its position with the movements of the animal.

One of the shells collected by Mr. Hemphill is twice as large as that

whose measurements are given by Mr. Bland and myself.

The jaw is thick, slightly arcuate, ends blunt: anterior surface with

Six well developed ribs denticulating either margin, situated on the central

third of the jaw, and as many subobsolete ribs on each outer third: no

median projection. Pl. xvii, fig. 2.

Lingual membrane (pl. xvii, fig. 3) long and narrow. Teeth 31-1-81,

with about fifteen laterals, but the change into marginals is very gradual,

the latter being a simple modification of the former. My figures give a

central with the first, sixteenth and thirty-first teeth.

The genitalia I did not succeed in extracting, they being but imperfectly

developed in the individuals received. The nervous ganglia and the di-

gestive system present no peculiar features.

The generic description will be as follows : —

Animal heliciforme, antice obtusum, postice rapide acuminatum. Palli-

um subcentrale, extra testam antrorsum prolongatum. Discus gressorius

distinctus. Porus mucosus caudalis nullus. Apertura respiratoria et

analis ad dextram sita, in parte posteriore marginis pallii. Apertura

genitalis post tentaculam dextram oculigeram.

Testa externa, paucispira, haliotoidea, animal non includens. Pars

exclusa in hibernis epiphragmate albido, duro, membraneo protecta..

Maxilla arcuata, costis validis exarata. Dentes linguales quadrate

centrales tricuspidate, laterales et marginales. bicuspidate. — ;

Jaw and Lingual Dentition of Pulmonata. 185

Coecilianella Gundlachi, Pfr.

St. Martin. Dr. H. E. Rygersma to Mr. T. Bland.

Mr. Bland has already noticed this species, in Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. of

N. Y., XI, 152, 1875, where a detailed description of the jaw and lingual

membrane will be found.

I add a figure of the jaw (pl. xiii, fig. D), with a still more enlarged

view of a portion of it (fig. G), to show the character of the ribs. As

stated in the article referred to, these ribs are quite different from those

described by Sordelli for C. acicula.

Pl. xiii, fig. H gives a camera lucida drawing of a central, lateral and

marginal tooth. Fig. 1 gives a still more magnified view of the transition

and marginal teeth, not drawn, however, by camera lucida.

Jaw low, wide, slightly arcuate, ends attenuated; whole surface coy-

ered with about 22 crowded, broad, flat ribs, denticulating either margin.

Lingual membrane long and narrow. Teeth 18-1-18, with 4 perfect

laterals. Centrals with their base of attachment long, narrow, their re-

flected portion about one-half the length of the base of attachment, tri-

cuspid; the middle cusp stout, with a short blunt cutting point, side cusps

subobsolete, but with small, distinct cutting points. Lateral teeth with

their base of attachment subqnadrate, much longer, and very much