CONTENTS

OF -

PART THE FIRST.

By Joun J. AupuBon.

Note on the Hirundo fulva, ti - - - -

Facts and Observations on the permanent residence of the

Swallow in the United States, - - - -

By Dantet H. Barnes,

Notice of several species of Shells, - - : -

By De Wirt Crinton.

Description of a new species of Fish from the Hudson River,

On the Hirundo fulva of Vieillot, with some general remarks

on the birds of this genus, - - - - -

By Wirir1Am Cooper,

On the remains of the Megatherium recently discovered in

Georgia, - - - - - - = -

Account of the discovery of a skeleton of the Mastodon

giganteum, - - - = = S 4 s

By Issacnar Cozzens.

Examination of the acid of the Rhus glabrum; with observa-

tious on the juice of the Sambucus Canadensis as a deli-

cate test, - - - - - = ~ a

By Freperick 8. Cozzens.

Observations on the manners of the Hystrix dorsata, or Por-

cupine of North America, : - - -

By James E. Dexay.

Note on the organic remains termed Bilobites, from the

Kaatskill Mountains, = - - - - - ss

An account of the Phoca cristata recently taken in the vici-

nity of this city, = - - - - - - -

Observations on the structure of Trilobites, and description

of an apparently new genus, - - - - -

By Josie DELAFIELD.

Notice of new localities of simple Minerals along the north

coast of Lake Superior, &c. - - - - -

By AsrauAm Hatsny.

Synoptical view of the Lichens growing in the vicinity of the

city of New-York, - - - - - -

Remarks on certain Entozoical Fungi, - - - .

By Epwin JAmes.

On the identity of the supposed Pumice of the Missouri, with

a variety of pryecaipid found near Eyane meery Moun-

tains, = = = -

114

143

190

iy CONTENTS.

By Frep, G. Kine and Epwarp G. Lupiow.

Appearances on dissection of the Phoca cristata, - -

By Joun Le Conte.

Description of a new species of Siren; with some observa-

tions on animals of a similar nature, - - -

Observations on the North American species of the genus

Utricularia, - - - - - - - -

Observations on the North American species of the genus

Gratiola, - - - - - - - -

Observations on the North American species of the genus

Ruellia, - - - = - = - -

Description of some new species of North American Insects,

By J. B. Rrconp MApIANNA.

Observations and Experiments on the Seeds of the Cerbera

Thevetia, - ~ - - - - -

Researches and Experiments on the medical briperses of

some species of the genus Passiflora, - -

By Samuer L. Mircnivu.

Description of a new and gigantic epreics of the genus Ce-

phalopterus of Dumeril, - - - -

Observations on the Teeth of the Megatherium recently dis-

covered in the United States, - . - -

Description of an extraordinary Fish resembling the Style-

phorus of Shaw, - - - - - - -

By James RENnwIck.

Examination of a Mineral from Andover Furnace, Sussex

county, New-Jersey, - - - + a 4

On the geological position of the Trilobites found at Trenton

Falls, - - - = 2 = = -

By Lewis D. Dre Scnuwerntrz.

An Analytical Table to facilitate the determination of the

hitherto observed North American species of the genus

Carex, - - - - - - - -

By Jonn Torrey.

Description of some new or rare Plants from the Rocky

Mountains, coliected in July 1820, by Dr. E. James,

Notice of a locality of Yenite in the United States, -

An account of the Columbite of Haddam, Connecticut; and

notice of several other North American Minerals, -

Description of some new Grasses, collected by Dr. E. James,

during the expedition of Major one to ne Rocky

Mountains, in 1819-20, - - =

By Josern G. TortTen.

Notes on some new supports for Minerals subjected to the

action of the common Blow-pipe, - - - -

Page

103

140

185

148

108

ANNALS

OF THE

LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

OF NEW-YORK.

SEPTEMBER, 1823.

OFFICERS OF THE LYCEUM,

FOR THE YEAR 1823. ;

President.

SAMUEL L. MITCHILL.

Vice-Presidents.

JOHN TORREY, DANIEL H. BARNES.

Corresponding Secretary.

JAMES E. DE KAY.

Recording Secretary.

ABRAHAM HALSEY.

Treasurer.

LUCIUS BULL.

Curators.

Messrs. BARNES, DE KAY, HALSEY, COZZENS.

VAN RENSSELAER

ADVERTISEMENT.

Tue object of the Lyceum, in publishing its Annals, is to

record new and valuable facts in Natural History ; and to ad-

vance the public good by the diffusion of useful knowledge.

The importance of this science is, at present, every where ac-

knowledged ; and the attention bestowed on it, in our own

country, has already been amply repaid. A great variety of

new, useful, and elegant productions have been discovered ;

and important facts, connected with the agricultural, com-

mercial, and manufacturing interests, have been elucidated.

In our attempts to bring to light the hidden riches of our

country, we solicit the assistance of the public. We ask no

emolument, we expect no gain. We cherish the hope that

our exertions will be encouraged ; that we shall be enabled to

proceed in the course which we have now commenced.

In conformity with the usages of similar institutions, we shall

not hold ourselves responsible for the facts or opinions of those

who favour us with their communications. The proof of the

one, and the defence of the other, will rest with the authors,

whose proper signatures will in all cases be prefixed.

Synopticat View of the Licuens growing in the vicinity of

the City of New-York. By Apranam Hausey. Read be-

fore the Lyceum, June 16, 1823,

NotwitHSTANDING the great progress which the science of

botany has made in this country, the cryptogamic branch of

it still suffers under the most unmerited neglect. Of the se-

veral tribes which compose this interesting department, the

Ferns and Mosses have received some share of attention ; and

the Fangi have lately been ably illustrated by Mr. De

Schweinitz, in his valuable work on the Fungi of North

Carolina ; but the Algee and Lichens appear to have been but

little regarded ; the Catalogue of Muhlenberg comprising such

as were observed chiefly in his immediate neighbourhood, and

the brief enumeration in the New-York Catalogue, being the

only sources of information from whence the little we have on

these subjects is derived. ‘The difficulty with which the stu-

dent of cryptogamy has to contend, is greatly enhanced by the

scarcity of books with enlarged descriptions and figures, and the

rarity of well-authenticated specimens ; a very few of which

are occasionally to be found in private collections. The Synop-

sis of Acharius is almost the only work on the Lichens to which

access can be had in this place ; and the extreme difficulty of

determining, with his definitions, our native species, diversified

as they are by difference of soil and climate, is very apt to deter

botanists from the study of Lichenology. We look, therefore,

with eagerness, to our own cryptogamists, who describe from

indigenous specimens; and in particular the long-promised

work of Mr. De Schweinitz, would constitute an important era

in the history of this science, in rendering the treasures of our

cryptogamy as accessible as those of the elder and more fa-

voured branch of botany.

In the mean time, under the persuasion that the smallest

contribution will be acceptable, I offer, for the consideration

4 On the Lichens near New-York.

of the Lyceum, a catalogue of the Lichens, which I have col-

lected in the neighbourhood of this city, and within a

circuit of fifty miles; a few are added, of which specimens

were received from correspondents in the northern part of

this State and in Massachusetts. To supply, in some mea-

sure, the barrenness of a bare enumeration, I have added the

leading characteristics of the different species; not with the

hope, however, of having always succeeded in defining them

with precision. The difficulty of seizing a single prominent

feature, which shall be invariable in all cases, will be acknow-

ledged by those who have studied this microscopic and po-

lymorphous family. Specimens of a number of species, of

which I could find no descriptions, were sent to Mr. De

Schweinitz, the highest authority on this subject in this country,

for his opinion; and I have retained the names which were re-

turned by that gentleman: I should add, however, that for the

imperfect descriptions attempted of them, I alone am respon-

sible. I have only to express the hope, that this sketch may

call the attention of our botanists to this interesting family of

plants, so remarkable for their beauty and variety, and the im-

portant part they perform in the vegetable economy.

I. Class) IDIOTHALAMI.

1. Order. HOMOGENEI. Apothecia simple, wholly formed

from a uniform pulverulent or cartilaginous substance.

+ Apothecia without a raised margin,

1. Sprtoma.

i. melaleucum. Ach. Syn. p. 2. Common on rough bark

of trees.

2, roseum. Nov. spec. nobis. Rare. On bark of Juglans.

S. crusta tenui, granulosa, rosea; apotheciis solitariis,

punctiformibus, pulveraceis, saturate roseis. Fig. 1.

This pretty little Lichen, found on the rough bark of Hicko-

ry, for the present I refer to this genus, with which it appears

to have greater affinity than with any other. It is readily dis-

On the Lichens near New-York. 5

tinguishable by its light lake or rose-coloured crust, which is

very thin and rough. The apothecia are oval, minute, scat-

tered, and of a deeper colour than the crust.

2, ARTHONIA.

1. punctiforms. Ach.p.4. Onsmoothbark. Crust white ;

apothecia small, subimmersed.

2. Swartziana. Id. p. 5. Onold trunks of trees. Crust

white ; apothecia broad and confluent.

3. astroidea. Id. p.6. On smooth bark. Crust ashy and

glaucous ; apothecia flat, stellate, and shapeless.

4. obscura. Id. p.6. Ibid. Crust olivaceous; apothecia

small, oval, uniform, subimmersed.

tft Apothecia with a raised margin.

3. Lecipea.

\ Frond crustaceous, uniform.

* Apothecia constantly black.

1. atro alba, Id. p.11. Common on rocks. Areolz of the

crust black and white.

2. fumosa. Id. p. 12. Ibid. Crust dull smoky colour ; apo-

thecia sunk into the crust, grayish within.

3. pantosticta. Id. p.13. Ibid. Apothecia minute; im-

mersed in the crust upon the areolz.

4. lapicida. Id. p. 13. Ibid. Apothecia mostly between

the areolz.

9. petrea. Id. p. 15. Ibid. Distinguishable by the con-

centric tendency of the apothecia.

6. conflluens. Id. p. 16. Ibid. To the naked eye like No. 1

and 4; crust dirty white; apothecia irregular and ag-

gregated.

7. premnea. Id. p.17. Trees and fences. Apothecia with

a whitish stratum under the disk.

8. parasema. Id. p. 17. Bark. Crust generally bordered

by a black line ; apothecia blackish within.

9. enteroleuca, Id. p.19. Trunks. Apothecia internally

white,

10.

bY:

18.

19.

On the Lichens near New-York.

dolosa. Ach. Syn. p.19. Trunks and fences. Crust

pulverulent; rusty gray ; apothecia convex.

sanguinaria. Id. p.19. Ibid. Rare. Apothecia in-.

ternally blood-red.

. sabuletorum 8. geochroa. Id. p. 20. Encrusting

mosses in woods. Crust efluse, granulated, ashy.

citrinella? Id. p. 25. Old stone fences. Rare. Crust

green; apothecia small, black.

** Apothecia black ; when moistened, brownish.

ammersa. Id. p. 27. Common on hard rocks. Apo-

thecia sunk into the surface of the stone upon which the

crust resides,

*%* Apothecia black, with a gray bloom.

albo cwrulescens. Id. p. 29. Onrocks. Rare. Crust

tartareous and cracked, whitish; apothecia flat.

. corticola. Id. p.32. Trunks and fences. Crust granu-

lated, very white; apothecia small and subglobose.

*x** Anothecia with a fuscous or brownish colour.

versicolor. Schwz. mss. Very common on smooth

bark. Crust greenish, and bounded by a broad waving

black line; apothecia small, greenish and other dark

colours, clustered and stellate to the naked eye.

luteola, Ach. p. 41. Trunks and rocks. Crust thin,

grayish, with globular pale granules ; apothecia dirty

yellow.

carneola. Ib..p.42. Trunks. Crust thin, gray ; apo-

thecia sessile, thick, fleshy brown.

*#xx* nothecia of various colours.

coccinea. Schwz. mss. Common on trunks. Crust

cinereous, and bordered by a black line; apothecia

shining, convex, beautiful scarlet, whitish within.

marmorea (8. cupularis. Jlch., Syn. p. 46. On the

earth in woods, among moss. “Crust very thin, scarce-

ly distinguishable; apothecia urceolate, flesh-coloured.

A strongly marked, though minute species.

On the Lichens near New-York. Gn

22. Ehrhartiana. Id. p.47. Common on rocks. Crust car-

tilaginous, greenish yellow, rough, granulated; apo-

thecia pale yellowish.

var. 2. polytropa. Ibid. Crust subtartareous, tesse-

lated, pale; apothecia crowded.

23. aurantiaca. Id. p. 50. Trunks and rotten wood. Crust

smooth, whitish; apothecia orange, convex, margin

lighter.

§§ Crust foliaceous.

24. demissa. Id.p. 50. On earth on rocks. Crust warty,

subimbricated, lobed at the margin; apothecia red-

dish, depressed.

25. globifera. Id. p. 51. In the clefts and depressions on

the surface of rocks. Crust imbricated, lobes detach-

ed, round, whitish underneath; apothecia subglobose,

dark red.

4. Cavicium.

* Anpothecia sessile.

1. tigillare. Id. p. 55. Common on fences and old posts.

This beautiful Lichen in habit nearly resembles a Le-

cidea, and is remarkable from the frond’s first ap-

pearing in small yellow spots, upon which the black

apothecia are seated. The intervals between these af-

terwards fill up, and the whole crust becomes conti-

nuous.

2. turbinatum. Id. p. 59. On bark, and parasitic on Par-

meliz, &c. Crust whitish ; apothecia turbinate.

3. stigonellum. Id. p.66. Crust none; apothecia subglo-

bose.

** Apothecia stipitate.

4. claviculare. Id. p. 57. Old fences and posts. Apothe-

cia subglobose ; pedicles cylindric, thick.

trachelinum 8. quercinum. Id. p. 58. Ibid. Crust

ashy or none; apothecia turbinate; pedicles filiform.

short.

8 On the Lichens near New-York.

5. GyRopHORAa.

1. pustulata. Id. p.66. On rocks, Rare. Frond under-

neath deeply pitted, smooth; apothecia rare, disk

smooth.

2. papulosa. Id. p.67. Ibid. Apothecia small, very nu-

merous, and aggregated, urceolate and rarely gyrose.

3. Pennsylvanica. Id. p.67. Frond subolivaceous, rough

granular underneath ; apcothecia margined.

4. Muhlenberg. Id. p. 67. Ibid. Frond wrinkled and

scaly underneath ; apothecia sunk in the pits.

5. vellea. Ad. p. 67. Ibid. Rare in fruit. Frond large,

coriaceous, sooty; apothecia generally towards the

circuuference of the frond.

6. OpraraPHa.

I. macularis. Id. p.72. On smooth bark. Apothecia clus-

tered, and forming black spots.

2. herpetica (. disparata. Id. p. 73. Ibid. Apothecia

short, broad ; crust of a reddish olive hue.

3. vulgata. Ad. p. 73. Trunks. Apothecia turgid, cylin-

dric.

4, notha. Id. p.76. Ibid. Disk of the apothecia without

the cleft.

var. 8. gregaria. Ibid. Apothecia crowded ; disk flex-

uous and plicate.

y- cesta. Ibid. Apothecia with a grayish prui-

nose disk.

5. vulvella. Id. p. 77. Ibid, Apothecia elliptic, gaping in

the middle.

2. Order. HETEROGENEI. Apothecia with a solitary pe-

rithecium, including the nucleus.

+ Apothecia margined.

7. GRapuHuis.

1. scripta. Id. p. 81. On smooth bark. Crust somewhat

shining, white, black bordered ; apothecia semi-im-

mersed,

On the Lichens near New-York. )

var. 8, pulverulenta. Smooth bark. Apothecia flexu-

ous; disk gray pruinose.

y.cerast. On Beech. Crust shining; apothecia

straight and parallel,

. betuhgna. Id. p. 83. On Betula. Scarcely more than

a variety of the last.

serpentina. Id. p. 83. Smooth bark. Crust very white ;

apothecia elongated, crowded, and waved.

Tt Apothecia without a margin.

8. VERRUCARIA.

. punctiformis. Id. p. $7. Old bark. Apothecia small, he-

mispheric, seldom papillated; nucleus subglobose.

. analepta. Id.p.87. Ibid. Apothecia conoid, papillated ;

nucleus compressed. Larger than the preceding.

. epidermidis. Id. p. 89. Smooth bark of limbs. Apo-

thecia very minute, flattened, roughish.

var. 8. cerast. On Betula. Crust shining, of a silvery hue.

. stigmatella, Id. p. 89. Bark. Apothecia convex, not

papillated.

var. (.lactea. Ibid. Crust milky white, sublucid.

. gemmata. Id.p.90. Onbark. Apothecia shining, pa-

pillated.

- composita. Schwz. mss. On Carpinus and Betula. Crust

yellowish brown, very smooth, shining, and border-

ed bya black line; apothecia small, immersed, and

clustering in long irregular dark spots. Fig. 4.

9. EnpocarPpon.

smaragdulum. Ach. p.98. Onrocks. Frond composed

of very small, detached, scale-like lobes, of a light

greenish or olive colour, _

. tephrovdes 3. polythecium. Id. p.99. Onrocks. Frond

adnate like a Verrucarta, cracked, of a light liver

colour.

» Hedurgu. Id. p. 99. On rocks. Fronds detached like

No. 1, but larger.

10 On the Lichens near New-York.

4, miniatum. Id. p. 101. Common on rocks. Frond co-

riaceous and leafy, underneath of a reddish hue.

5. complicatum. Id. p. 102. Like the preceding, but of a

dark colour underneath.

6. Webert. Id. p. 102. Onrocks near waterfalls. Like the

two last, but the frond is of a thicker consistence, and

changes to a greenish colour when moistened.

II. Class) COZNOTHALAMI.

Order. I. PHYMATOIDEI. Apothecia included in wart-lhke

processes formed from the frond.

10. Porta.

1. pertusa. Id. p.109. Rocks and old trunks. Common.

Apothecia with several orifices.

2. leucostoma. Id. p. 109. On trunks. Apothecia with white

orifices; crustdark. Resembles a Varronarta.

3. lejoplaca. Ad. p. 109. Rocks and trunks. Apothecia with

a single and irregular orifice.

4, failax. Id. p.110. Rough bark. Apothecia with an

open expanded orifice, like a Lecanora.

11. THEeLotTrema.

lepadinum? Id. p.115. Onbark. Very common. Pro-

bably a new species. Crust yellowish green.

12. Pyrenu.a.

1. enteroleuca. Sprengel mss. Thelotremacinereum. Schwz.

Very common on trunks. Crust membranaceous, ve-

ry white, sublucid, and to the microscope cracked and

rugged. Apothecia above the crust, though surround-

ed by it at the base, cupuliform, open at the top like a

Lecipea; margin black, with a gray bloom ; nucleus

hemispheric, whitish with a black pruinose disk. Fig. 3.

Specimens of this common Lichen were sent by Dr.

Torrey to Professor Sprengel of Halle, and by him de-

termined to be a new species of Pyrenuua, under the

name here adopted. Jt has much the habit of a Lrci-

On the Lichens near New-York. 11

pea, and possibly may be the LecieEa urceolata of

Acharius.

2. nigrescens. Ach. p. 126. Commononrocks. Crust tes-

selated, blackish; apothecia on the areolz, black,

shining, scarcely distinguishable to the naked eye.

3. margacea, Id. p.127. Ibid. Crust ashy, rugged, and

warty; apothecia globose, in appearance like a Pori-

NA with several orifices.

13. VaRIOLARIA.

1. velata. Id. p. 129. On bark. Crust white; disk of the

apothecia covered with a white lamina.

. communis. Id, p. 130. Ibid. Crust commonly darker

than the apothecia.

3. amara, Id. p. 131. Ibid. Crust bitter to the taste.

corallina. Id. p. 133. Encrusting decayed mosses,

Crust with coralline papillz.

Order II. DISCOIDEI. Apothecia scutelliform, subsessile ; disk

different from the margin, which ts formed from the frond.

14. Urcrouaria.

1. cinerea 8. notata. Id. p. 40. Onhard rocks. Crust ashy,

smooth, and cracked; apothecia black, pruinose, im-

mersed in the areolz.

2. calcarea. Id. p.143, On calcareous rocks. Crust very

white; apothecia smaller than in the preceding.

15. Lecanora.

§ Crust adnate, uniform.

* Apothecia with a black and naked disk.

1. atra. Id. p. 146. On trunks and rotten wood. Crust very

white ; apothecia crowded, angular, margin flexuous,

var. y. cailiginosa. (bid. Crust dark.

2. commutata. Id.p.149. Fencesand rotten wood. Crust

thin, with greenish white dust ; apothecia concave.

3. periclea 8, exigua Id. p.151. Ibid. Crust dirty white,

and blackish; apothecia small and crowded,

12 On the Lichens near New-York.

A. sophodes. Id. p. 153. Ibid. Crust verrucose, subdeter-

mined, ashy greenish; apothecia crowded, black,

brownish when moistened, margin tumid, very entire.

** Anothecia with a brown coloured disk.

5. subfusca. Id. p.157. Bark. Crust smooth, cartilagin-

ous, granulated ; apothecia dark, margin thick.

6. ventosa. Id. p. 159. Bark and rocks. Crust tesselated

with tumid warts, yellowish or gray; apothecia red-

dish, brown, convex.

7. varia, Id. p. 161. Common on old posts and fences.

Crust light yellow; apothecia generally dirty green,

yellowish, and brown.

*** Apothecra with a black or coloured disk,

always pruinose.

8. Vaillarsii? Id. p.163. QOnrocks. Crust tartareous, gy-

rose, granulated, whitish; apothecia black, sessile,

disk concave.

9. glaucoma. Id.p.165. Ibid. Crust grayish; apothecia

black, immersed, disk at length convex, margin oblite-

rated.

10. angulosa. Id. p. 166. Onsmooth bark. Crust smooth

and subrimose ; apothecia crowded and angular.

11. casio rubella. Id. p.167. Trunks. Crust membrana-

ceous and white ; apothecia large, light red.

12. albella. Id.p.168. Bark. Crust cartilaginous, smooth,

milk white ; apothecia light flesh-coloured.

#x#** Anothecia with disks of various colours.

13. perella. Id. p. 169. On trunks. Crust thin, warty,

white; apothecia light flesh-coloured.

14, tartarea. Id. p.172. Rocks. Common. Crust white,

tartareous, with clustered coral-like granules ; apothe-

cia light flesh-coloured. This is the Cudbear of the

English, and used in dying purple on woollen.

15. salicina. Id. p.175. Trunks. Crust granulated, dirty

yellowish, hardly distinguishable; apothecia orange.

On the Lachens near New-York. 13

16. fulva. Schwz. mss. Common on rough bark. Crust

papillated, verrucose, of a pale sulphur yellow ; apo-

thecia with an orange disk, when young immersed in

the verruce of the crust, at length enlarging with a

thin inflected margin. Fig. 2.

§§ Crust adnate, radiating, and lobed at

the curcumference.

17. elegans. Ach. p. 182. On rocks. (Massachusetts.) Crust

orange, radiating, lobes linear and convex.

18. galactina. Id. p. 187. Rotten trunks and rocks. Crust

subimbricated, dirty white ; apothecia crowded, angu-

lar, disk livid flesh-coloured, subpruinose.

19, juglandina. Schwz. mss. Common on smooth bark.

Crust flat, orbicular, sublucid, olivaceous, towards the

circumference light glaucous green, minutely laciniated —

through its whole surface, central segments scaly im-

bricated, marginal ones flat and broader towards the

apex ; apothecia central, small, disk fuscous, concave,

margin very thick.

§$§ Crust folraceous, scaly, imbricated.

20. Smithit. Ach.p.189 Common on trunks. Crust scaly,

lobes thick, roundish, waved, yellow orange, deepen-

ing in colour towards the apex ; apothecia orange, like

Parme ia rutilans.

21,-arregularis. Schwz. mss. Common ontrunks., Crust

scaly, lobes ascending, very minutely fringed, whitish

gray, greenish when moistened ; apothecia gray prui-

nose, dark brown when moistened, margin thick and

entire.

22. candelaria. Ach. p. 192. Onsmooth bark. Crust scaly,

bright yellow, margin of lobes granular; apothecia

bright yellow.

23, brunnea. Id.p. 193. Trunks. Crust imbricated, ashy

liver colour ; apothecia reddish brown, margin crenn-

lated.

14 On the Lachens near New-York.

16. ParME.ia.

§ Frond with segments of equal thickness at the apex.

1. placorodia. Id. p. 196. Trunks, stones, &c. Frond livid

pale, underneath smooth and whitish, with black fibres.

2. crinita. Id.p.196. Ibid. Frond grayish green, bearing

branching coralline papillze, underneath smooth, black,

margin ciliated.

3. caperata. Id. p. 196. Ibid. Frond pale greenish yel-

low, underneath black hispid. ,

4, Borrerit. Id.p.197. Bark and on mosses. Frond gray,

with whitish soredia ; apothecia with a crenate, sub-

lobed margin.

5. scortea. Id. p. 197. On trunks. Frond subcoriaceous,

whitish gray, black dotted, sublucid. -

6. perlata. Id. p. 197. Ibid. and stones. Frond grayish

green, villose underneath.

7. perforata. Id. p. 198. Bark, and stones. Disk of the

apothecia perforated.

8. herbacea. Id. p. 198. Trunks, and on the earth. Frond

smooth, coriaceous, suborbicular; apothecia small,

central. Has been removed to Sticta by Acharius.

9. tiliacea. Id. p.199. ‘Trunks. Frond grayish green, sub-

pruinose, not dotted asin No. 5.

10. olwacea. Id. p. 200. Trunks and rotten wood. Frond

dark olive, shining.

11. plumbea. Id. p. 202. Earth on mosses. Frond dark

lead, and blackish when old.

12. saxatilis. Id. p. 203. Rocks and trunks. Segments

generally reticulately lacunose on the upper surface,

truncated at the apex. .

13. aleurites. Id. p. 208. Bark. Frond generally covered

with granular dust, much laciniated at the margin ;

apothecia light, margin crenulated.

14. centrifuga. Id. p. 209. Ibid. Frond greenish, divided

through its whole surface into radiating segments.

15. conspersa. Id. p. 209. Ibid. Frond greenish, dotted

black.

On the Lichens near New-York. 15

i6. rutilans. Id. p. 210. Ibid. Frond deep yellow, whitish

underneath ; apothecia orange.

. venusta. Id. p. 214. Bark, and among mosses. Frond

deeply laciniated, segments narrow; margin of the

apothecia leafy.

18. stellaris. Id. p. 216. Trunks. Frond stellate, segments

convex, with whitish fibres beneath; apothecia black,

pruinose.

19. cesta. Id. p. 216. Trunks and rocks. Segments nar-

row, and more distant than the last.

var. .dubia. Rocks. A very minute variety, resem-

bling frost work.

20. cycloselis. Id p. 216 ‘Trunks. Frond stellate; seg-

ments short, broad, subconnate ; apothecia blackish.

. ulothrix, Id. p. 217. Ibid. Like the preceding ; apothe-

cia, externally at the base. covered with black bristles.

§§ Frond with segments thickened at the apex.

22. physodes. Id. p. 218. Rocks, trunks, and on earth.

Frond naked and shining beneath.

23. colpodes. Id. p. 219. Ibid. Frond spongy, and rag-

ged beneath.

—

17. Borrera.

1. tenella. Id. p. 221. Bark and on the earth. Like a Par-

MELaA. Frond white; segments narrow, pinnatifid,

convex and ciliated at the apex.

2, furfuracea. Id. p. 222. Bark. Much like Evernia pru-

nastri. Segments of the frond channeled beneath, and

bluish black.

3. chrysophthalma. Id. p. 223. Very common on trunks.

Frond yellow, with orange apothecia.

4, exilis? Id. p 225. Ibid. Frond minute, white, segments

attenuated and capillary. Perhaps only a variety of

the preceding.

18. Cerraria.

1. ciliaris, Id. p. 227 Fences and stones. Frond with

segments fringed, and ciliated with strong rigid fibres.

16 On the Lichens near New-York.

2, lacunosa. Id. p. 227. Earth in moist woods. Frond

more deeply pitted and reticulated than the last, seg-

ments not so much divided, whitish underneath; apo-

thecia large.

3. glauca. Id. p. 227. Stones and fences. Frond glaucous,

tawny, brown underneath.

4. viridis. Schwz. mss. Small limbs in cedar swamps, New-

Jersey. Frond glaucous green, lacunose reticulated,

underneath pale yellow, margin complicately waved

and beset with black soredia; apothecia chesnut

brown, margin inflected, lobed, and dentated.

19. Sricra.

1. crocata. Ach. p. 232. Trunks and earth. _(Massachu-

setts.) Frond of a liver colour, margin bordered with

yellow.

2. anthraspis. Id. p.233. Among mosses on earth. Frond

smooth coriaceous, lobes roundish ; apothecia with a

blackish disk.

3. pulmonacea. Id. p. 233. About roots of trees. Much

‘reticulated and sinuated.

4, scrobiculata. Id. p. 234. Ibid. Frond orbicular, light

greenish, surface roughened by minute soredia.

5, sylvatica. Id. p. 236. On the earth with mosses. Frond

with large segments, concave.

20. PELTIDEA.

1. venosa. Id. p. 237. Earth in woods. Frond with ashy-

brown tomentose veins beneath.

2, scutata. Id. p. 237. Trunks and limbs. Smooth and

veinless beneath, segments short.

3. horizontalis. Id. p. 238. Ibid. and on earth. Lobes

elongated ; shields flat and transversely oblong.

aphthosa. Id. p. 238. Earth on mosses. Frond light

greenish, with small brown warts.

. canina. Id. p. 239. Ibid. Lobes ascending, colour deep-

er than in the preceding.

On the Lachens near New- York. ee

21. NerHroma.

1. resupinata. Id. p. 241. Earth among moss. Frond

brownish; distinguished by the apothecia being seated

on the under side of the frond, the lobes of which turn

over.

- var. 8. papyracea. Ibid. Frond greenish.

22. Evernia.

1. prunastri. Id. p. 245. Branches of trees. Rare. Frond

granulated glaucous above, underneath whitish, reticu-

lated.

2. vulpina? Id. p. 245. Massachusetts. Frond yellowish

green, branching, segments attenuated, lacunose, com-

pressed. In appearance like Cenomyce uncialis, but

easily distinguished by its central cotton-like medulla.

Perhaps a new species.

Order III. CEPHALOIDEI. Apothecia subglobose, termi-

nating the frond.

> 935. CEeNomMYCE.

Frond folvaceous, podetia fistulous, attenuated, or dilated

P ,

above.

* Apothecia pale.

1. cespiticia. Id. p. 249. Onearth. Frond minutely cleft;

podetia very short, marginal.

2. alevcornis. Id. p. 250. On earth, in dry rocky situations.

Frond with pale greenish, palmated, ascending seg-

ments, lighter underneath ; podetia hardly perceptible.

3. endwiefolia. Id.p. 250. Ibid. Frond large, leafy, yel-

lowish green, white beneath, segments multifid ; pode-

tia also very minute.

4, verticillata. Id. p.251. Onearthamong moss. Podetia

cylindric, glabrous, livid greenish, the margin dilating

horizontally, proliferous from the centre.

. pyxidata. Ad. p. 252. Ibid. Podetia turbinate.

1S On the Lichens near New-York.

6. fimbriata. Id. p. 254. Ibid. Podetia elongate, turbinate,

cups proliferous from the margin.

7. gonorega var. pleolepis. Id. p. 259. Podetia cylin-

dric, open, scaly, and leafy.

** Apothecia scarlet, or dark red.

8. bacillaris. Id. p. 266. On rotten wood, fences, &c. Po-

detia cylindric, granulated, rarely cupbearing.

var. 6. clavata. Id. p.267. Podetia thick, ventricose,

and sterile,

9. coecifera. Id. p. 269. Fences, &c. Podetia elongate-

turbinated, pale yellowish green, cups with spreading

margins.

§§ Frond leafy, podetia subfistulous, cylindric,

rayed at the apex; radu all fertile.

10. carvosa. Id. p. 273. Onearth. Podetia whitish, chan-

neled, and verrucose, divided at the apex ; acer

crowded, dark.

11. botrytes. Id. p. 274. Rotten wood and earth. Podetia

slender, fastigiately branching, rough; apothecia pel-

tate, pale crowded.

§§§ Frond evanescent, podetia cartilaginous, straight,

subulate, branching, axils perforated.

12. acicularis, Id.p.275. Rotten wood and earth. Pode-

tia straight, terete ; apothecia capitate, subglobose, soli-

tary, shining, dark-coloured.

13. furcata. Id. p. 276. Ibid. Podetia smooth, livid, axils

not perforated, branches acicular, forked and diverg-

ing at the apex; apothecia generally very small.

14. uncialis. Id. p. 276. Earth among moss. Podetia di-

chotomous, extremities of branches short and rigid.

15. rangifermna. Id. p. 277. Ibid. Podetia elongated, cy-

lindric, branches scattered, and much divided, the ulti-

mate ones subradiate or drooping ; apothecia globose.

var. &. sylvatica. Podetia thick and turgid, branches

short and sparse.

On the Lichens near New-York. 19

var. y. a@lpestris. Podetia very branching, branches

implex, terminal ones forming a thick panicle or

thyrse.

24. Bxomyces.

1. roseus. Id. p. 280. On argillaceous earth. Pedicles

' white; apothecia pale rose.

2. rufus. Id. p.280. Onrocks. Crust rough, ashy green-

ish ; apothecia chesnut, pedicles short.

25. Istprum.

1. corallinum. Id. p. 281. On rocks. Crust white, verru-

cose ; apothecia only visible to the microscope.

2. phymatodes. Id. p. 252. Rotten wood in moist places.

Crust green.

26. STEREOCAULON..

paschale. Id. p.284. Frond grayish, branching, and rough

with granular excrescences; apothecia terminal

blackish.

(a)

III. Class) HOMOTHALAMI.

Order I. SCUTELLATI. Apothecia scutelliform, subsessile,

bordered.

27, ALECTORAA,

1. jubata. Id. p. 291. Pendent on branches chiefly of Coni-

fere. Frond black, capillary.

28. Ramauina.

1. polymorpha, Id. p. 295. Trunks and rocks, Frond

compressed, terete, with terminal soredia; apothecia

submarginal.

2. fravinea. Id. p. 296. Ibid. Frond broad, attenuated

above; apothecia marginal, pale flesh colour.

(2) The genus Rhizomorpha has, by the best cryptogamists of the

present day, been removed to the Fungi.

20 On the Tiehens near New- York.

3. fastigiata Id. p. 297. Trunks. | Apothecia terminal.

Frond thickening and fastigiate above.

29. CoLLeMmaA.

§ Frond leafy, lobes submembranaceous, loose, naked,

dark green.

1. nigrescens. Id. p. 321. Trunks. Frond submonophyl-

lous ; apothecia central, reddish brown.

2. furvum. Id. p. 323. bid. Frond granulated on both

sides ; apothecia scattered.

§§ Frond leafy, very thin, subdiaphanous ;

apothecia subpedicellate.

3. tremelloides. Id. p. 326. Earth on moss and on rocks,

Frond lead-colour, dotted; apothecia scattered, of a

reddish brown, margin pale.

4. lacerum. Id. p. 327. Trunks. Rare. Frond with small

imbricated, laciniated, and fringed lobes.

Order If. PELTATI. Apothecia peltate, without a border,

fringed.

30. CornicuLaRiA.

1. pubescens. Id. p. 302. On rocks and rotten wood near

waterfalls. Rare. Frond short, blackish.

2. fibrillosa. Id. p. 302. (sub var. pubescens.) Common on

fences. Certainly a distinct species.

31. Usnea.

, florida. Id. p. 304. Common on trunks and rocks.

Frond erect, rigid, greenish gray, with horizontal fi-

bres; apothecia broad, with radiating ciliz.

. plecata. Id. p. 305. Branches of trees. Frond pendent,

smooth, branches lax, much divided. and capillary.

var, (. hirta. bid. Frond erect, somewhat rigid,

subpulverulent, and roughish, branches much divided,

attenuated, and subfibrillgse.

| ed

On the Pumice of the Missouri. ai

3. barbata. . Id. p. 306. Ibid. Frond pendulous, smooth,

terete, thick, branches diverging and fibrillose, articu-

lated below the apex.

4. angulata. Id. p. 307. Ibid. Frond pendulous, quadran-

gular, angles sharp and scabrous. 'This species grows

in Massachusetts to the length of four feet.

IV. Class. ATHALAMI.

32. LEpRARIA.

1. flava. Id. p. 330. Old bark of trunks. Rare. Crust

beautiful yellow.

2 latebrarum. Id p. 331. On the earth, and stones in

shady moist places. Crust greenish gray, pulveru-

lent.

On the identity of the supposed Pumice of the Missouri, and

a variety of AMyGDALo1p found near the Rocky Mountains.

By Epwin James, M. D., Surgeon U. S. Army. Read

before the Lyceum, April 14, 1823.

Tue light and porous stones, brought down the Missouri

by the annual floods, and which have been spoken of as Pumice

by Bradbury and others, differ from the ordinary varieties of

Pumice, in being less easily if at all fusible by the blow-pipe ;

in the absence of the fibrous structure ; and in many instances,

of the semi-vitrified aspect of that mineral. From the accom-

panying specimens, it will be perceived, that the Pumice of

the Missouri is, in all respects, similar to a substance collected

about the beds of Amygdaloid in the Trap formation, near the

sources of the Canadian river of the Arkansa. It occur: there

in detached masses, of various.dimensions. from which it would

be easy to select specimens, exhibiting every intermediate

stage of gradation in specific gravity and colour, from the

22. On the Pumice of the Missourt.

light, red, and porous masses, like those found floating on the

Missouri, to the compact and dark-coloured greenstone, which

is the prevailing rock in that formation.

It was suggested by Mr. Bradbury, and the opinion has

been very generally adopted. that the origin of the supposed

Puwice of the Missouri is to be ascribed to the agency of ex-

tensive subterranean fires, believed to exist in the coal-beds

about the upper branches of that river; but it is well known

that the long continued burning of many coal mines in places

open to frequent examination, has not been found to give ori-

gin to substances of this sort. The obstinacy with which the

mineral, in its present form, withstands the operation of heat,

seems also to afford an argument unfavourable to this opi-

nion.

Reports are frequent among hunters and travellers, who

have visited the country about the Falls of the Missouri, the

Yellow Stone. and the Eastern Ranges of the Rocky Moun-

tains north of the Platte, which have been thought to justify |

the opinion that subterranean fires are now in existence in

that quarter. We are told of natural chimneys. lined with

soot, and which are sometimes seen to smoke, rising out of

the summits of hills, about which are found large quantities of

slag and cinder, like those of a blacksmith’s furnace; and of

other appearances confidently supposed to indicate the ex-

istence and the present activity of volcanic or pseudo-volcanic

fires. Some have gone so far as to give a circumstantial de-

scription of a deep and wide chasm in the side of a mountain,

called Coulter’s Hill, out of which flames and smoke have of-

ten been seen to issue.

Those who have had frequent occasion to trace to their

origin, popular traditions and the highly fanciful hypotheses

of men little accustomed to the attentive examination of ordi-

nary phenomena, will readily believe that the accounts above

mentioned, may have had no other foundation than the occa-

‘sional discovery about the upper branches of the Missouri, of

some varieties of Amygdaloid, or some other black and porous

On a new species of the genus Cephalopterus. 23

rock. It has been ascertained that the country along the base

of the Rocky Mountains, a few degrees to the southward of

the Missouri, contains extensive beds of Amygdaloid,* in con-

nexion with which is found a substance similar in aspect and

character to the mineral under consideration, and light enough

to float on water, it will not perhaps be thought an extrava-

gant conjecture to suppose that the reputed Pumice stone of

the Missouri, is not a product of volcanic or pseudo-volcanic

fires, at present ina state of activity ; but a variety of Amyg-

daloid brought down by the rains and the currents of water,

from an extensive formation of Trap rocks in that quarter.

Description of a new and gigantic species of the genus Cepha-

lopterus, of Dumeril. By 8. Li. Mircuitt, M. D. Read

September 15, 1823.

CEPHALOPTERUS.

Bopy much depressed, with five or six branchial openings

on each side beneath, rostrum with two elongated fins, sustain-

ed by articulated rays. Tail long, slender, much narrower

than the body.

Sprecirs.—-C. Vampyrus, Oceanic Vampyre. Breadth of

the body exceeding its length; mouth nearly terminal, with-

out teeth; a vertical fin on each side of the mouth projecting

forwards ; tail unarmed.—PI. 2.

On the 9th day of September, 1823, a fish considerably dif-

ferent from any I had seen before, and unlike all the descrip-

tions that icould find in the books, was brought to New-

York. It had been taken in the Atlantic ocean, near the en-

trance of Delaware bay, by the crew of a smack. They had

* For a particular description of the amygdaloid of this Trap forma-

tion, see the Account of the Exploring Expedition commanded by Major

Long, vol. 11. p. 80.

24 On a new species of the genus Cephalopterus.

heard that creatures of extraordinary form and size, were fre-

quent in the tract situated off Capes May and Henlopen, during

the warm season; and accordingly equipped themselves for

the purpose of catching one or more of them. After an ab-

sence of about three weeks, the adventurers returned with an

animal of singular figure and large magnitude, which they had_

killed after a long and hazardous encounter. The weight was

so considerable after it had been towed to the shore, that

three pair of oxen aided by a horse and twenty-two men,

could not drag it, by their united strength, to the dry land. By

estimation, it was supposed to be somewhere between four and

five tons,

feet. inches.

The length from the fore margin of the 10 9

head to the root of the tail,

Length of the tail, : ki : ‘ 4 0

Length of the fins projecting forward from

2 6

the corners of the mouth,

17 3

Making the whole length, from the tip of the head fins to

the tip of the tail, seventeen feet, and three inches.

The breadth from the extremity of one pectoral fin or wing

to the other, measuring along the line of the belly, 16 feet.

When measured over the convexity of theback, —_18 feet.

The skin of the back was brown approaching to black ; of

the belly, black callicoed with milk-white. The whole sur-

face during life was slimy. There were neither scales nor spi-

nous processes, nor proper prickles, on any partof it ; but the

whole exterior was roughened by asperities resembling, in most

parts, the sharpest grit adhering to the skin of a shark, and in

others, the form not quite so sharp, of shagreen. The skin

was remarkably strong and tough.

The mouth nearly terminal, and not situated on the under

side. Its breadth from corner to corner was two feetand nine

inches. There were two upper lips, an outer and an inner,

and both destitute of teeth. There was a single lower lip, be-

On anew species of the genus Cephalopterus. 25

set with small rough processes, resembling those of a rasp, in-

stead of teeth. There was in this huge mouth no appearance

of a tongue.

There were five branchial openings on each side beneath ;

and these were protected by as many gill-covers. These open-

ings and their covers were of different lengths, from twelve

to twenty-four inches. ‘Ihe breadth of the opercula, varied

from seven to ten inches. The arches supporting the gills

were attached within, the divisions of both extensively ramifi-

ed, and the organization of the branchize more exquisite and

elegant than I had ever seen. The distance from gill to gill

across the roof of the mouth, varied from one foot and eight

inches to three feet and nine inches.

The greatest breadth of the scull or osseous part of the head

was five feet. The distance between the eyes, 4 feet 2 inch.

Distance between the nostrils, . . . - 2 31

Distance between theeye andear . . . O 11

Bae ees eyeand nostril . . 1 1

- « + + corner of the mouth and eye, 1 14

On each side of the mouth there was a vertical fin two feet

and six inches long, twelve inches deep, and two inches and a

half thick in the middle, whence it tapered toward the edges,

which were fringed before with a radiated margin. Each

contains twenty-seven parallel rows (not radiations) of gristle

or cartilage. The natural flexibility and elasticity of these

were greatly increased by articulations alternating with each

other through every gristle and every part of the texture.

Motion was communicated to these cartilages by muscles situ-

ated between them and the common integuments which enve-

loped them with admirable effect. The fin or organ so con-

stituted could, from its flexibility, bend in all directions, and

be made in many respects to perform the function of a hand ;

so, as by twisting round, to seize an object and hold it fast.

The phalanges of this fin were attached, by strong liga-

ments to the upper jaw and to the point of articulation with

the lower. These two organs, situated one near each angle of

26 On a new species of the genus Cephalopterus.

the mouth, perform, no doubt, important functions in the

animal, They were five feet nine inches apart, and could

almost be made to meet in front of the mouth, or could be bent

into it.

There was no proper bone in the skeleton, except in one

spot, a hump or knob, about the size of a hen’s egg. at the

root of the tail behind the dorsal fin. -Even the vertebrze ma-

nifested nothing more than specks of osseous matter, distribut-

ed irregularly through the gristle. Every part could be easily

cut with a knife; for its constitution very much resembled

the substance of a sturgeon’s nose.

The case or cavity that contained the brain was a sort of

ellipsis, measuring twelve inches and a half by eighteen ; and

its upper side was destitute of cartilages; and like the fontinella

of infants, covered by the common integuments only for the

space of five inches and a half by seven. The heart consist-

ed ofa single auricle and a single ventricle, as in other fishes,

The eyes were situated near the projecting angles of the

head; and the humours contained in a cartilaginous receptacle

resembling an egg-cup, or an eye-glass, with the optic nerve

entering one side of the base.

The nostrils were just within the upper lip, covered by a

membrane, which membrane more than covered the whole lip,

for it extended inwards towards the palate four inches near the

corner of the mouth, and was two inches broad about midway

There was one dorsal fin, somewhat forward of the root of

the tail. It was of a triangular form and consisted of thirty-

six rays. In lieu of a second dorsal fin, there was a lump,

bunch, or callous knob, a few inches behind it. The tail was

covered with rather a coarser set of eminences, like a file or

rasp, than the other parts, and they were not so keenly scab-

rous. There was no caudal fin at the end, nor any aculeus or

sting on the upper side, near the junction with the body.

The wings, flaps, or pectoral fins, were of a very curious

organization. There was a scapula, humerus, ulna, carpus,

and an uncommon number of phalanges, of the before-men-

tioned cartilaginous structure. All these limbs, or joints, were

On a new species of the genus Cephalopierus. 27

articulated with each other ; but the articulations, like those of

the human sternum, had very little motion. This series of

stiff joints was fixed in the flesh, and proceeded somewhat ob-

liquely backward. Instead of moving like the leg of a beast,

the arm of a man, the fin of a fish, or the wing of a bird, it

seemed to serve the purpose of a basis for other organs of mo-

tion; at least as far the scapula, humerus, and ulna were con-

cerned. It had more analogy to the wing of a bird than to

any thing else; and yet so different from it, as to manifest a

remarkable variety of mechanism, in organs intended substan-

tially for the same use.

Fish of the kind now under consideration, may be aptly de-

nominated submarine birds ; for they really fly through the wa-

ter as birds fly through theair. 1 have seen fishes of this or-

ganization perform their flights by flapping their wings after

the manner of crows, hawks, and eagles, in their progress.

From this articulated but fixed anterior extremity, as it may

be termed, proceeded obliquely backward seventy-seven rows

of cartilage of different lengths, but of almost same parallelism,

and not at all radiated. ‘They were all articulated, and the

joints were very numerous. In the longest row they amount-

ed to twenty-seven, and in the shorter ones, they were propor-

tionally few; the cartilages and their articulations were so al-

ternated and diversified, that they, with the yielding and bend-

ing quality of the cartilage, were susceptible of all manner of

flexion, and enabled the fish to assume all the attitudes requi-

site for its life and habits.

The contrast between the wing of a bird and of such a fish

is curious :

In a Bird, In this sort of Fish,

The anterior extremity is || The anterior extremity is

free or loose. fast or confined.

There are few or no pha-|| ‘The phalanges are numerous

langes. and answer the purpose of

ventral fins.

28 On a new species of the genus Cephalopterus.

The motory organs grow-|| The motory organs growing

ing out of them are quills.|| out of them are cartilages.

These quills are rigid and] Those cartilages are flemthle e

jointless. and articulated.

They are hollow at oneend || They are solid throughout

and are furnished with a ra- || and furnished with muscles.

phis.

They are exposed to the at- They are covered by the

mosphere. common integuments.

In one of these wings, or pectoral fins, the number of joints

amounted to six hundred and twenty-three; from which some

judgment may be formed of the vast variety of motions these

organs are capable of performing, and how admirably they

are adapted to connect strength with speed.

We can hence understand the reason, why they fly swiftly

and powerfully through the water ; why they can raise a spray

or foam around them when they flap their wings on the sur-

face; and why they are able, huge as they are, to gambol with

agility, and even to leap entirely out of water, for a consider-

able distance.

There were two openings on the upper side, as is usual in

fishes of this genus; conjectured to be ears, or appendages to

the organ of hearing.

It was remarked that this creature and others of the species

are attended by small fishes, as sharks are by their pilots, duc-

tores or satellites. One of them was seen to enter the mouth

and pass out familiarly and easily through the ears and gill-

openings. But, all efforts to catch them were ineffectual. It

is hoped the next expedition will be successful.

The individual brought here this time was a female. There

was a uterus large and distinct. The species is viviparous,

for another female that was struggling after having been wound-

ed, brought forth in her agony, a living young one, as Capt.

Potter related ; and Mr. Patchen, while he showed me the ori-

fices through which sucking is probably performed, declared

On a new species of the genus Cephalopterus. 29

‘that on dissection, mammary organs were found, which dis-

charged as much as a pailful of milk. Captain Bebee was al-

so a witness of these particulars.

As these animals are said during the summer and autumn

to visit our southern coast, it may be expected we shall obtain

further and more particular information concerning them. On

this occasion I have seized the opportunity that presented to

make a memorandum by which the vampyre of the ocean, or

this sort of submarine bird, may henceforward be known by

naturalists.

After the description given it will be rationally expected I

should name the fish.

I am averse to the unnecessary multiplication of genera: the

indulgence of an inclination to minute divisions and subdivi-

sions, | consider one of the misfortunes of modern science.

This enormous individual belongs to the order Selacian, of

thegreat section comprehending the cartilaginous fishes. Its

configuration and structure place it in the numerous family of

Raa; but it is incapable of holding a place in any of the divi-

sions that now exist in the genus; for it cannot be ranked among

Rays, which have sharp noses, nor those whose heads are round-

ed, or horned ; nor with such as have mouths furnished with

hexagonal, or pointed teeth, or tails armed with stings, or

supplied with fins.

I find the generic name Cephalopterus in the books, which

denotes the existence of fins upon the head. 1am willing to

adopt this term, as sufficiently significant. It remains to find

a specific denomination. This fish being perhaps the largest

of the rays, as the vampyre is of the bats, or vespertilios, the

name vampyrus may be attached. So the creature may be

distinguished as the Cephalopterus vampyrus.

30 New or rare Plants from the Rocky Mountains.

Descriptions of some new or rare Puants from the Rocky

Mountains, collected in July, 1820, by Dr. Edwin James.

By Joun Torrey, M. D. Read before the Lyceum,

Sept. 22, 1823.

Amone the many valuable discoveries in Natural History,

made by the scientific gentlemen attached to the late expedi-

tion to the Rocky Mountains, commanded by Major Long,

those relating to the department of Botany are not the least

interesting. Dr, Edwia James, who was the botanist in this

hazardous journey, and whose zeal in prosecuting his favour-

ite science is so well known, having been called to accompany

another expedition, from which it is uncertain when he will

return, has kindly permitted me to commence the publication

of the discoveries he made; particularly of the plants from

the summit of the Rocky Mountains, as well as the whole of

the Gramina. Owing to my having but part of Dr. James’s

collection in my possession, it is impossible to preserve much

order in the arrangement of the plants I shall describe ; they

will therefore be published in occasional Decanes, as I find

leisure to determine them.

1. Anprosace carinata.* Tab. Ill. f. 1.

A. foliis congestis ovato-lanceolatis acutis integerimis ca-

rinatis, margine ciliatis, umbella pauciflora, foliolis involu-

cri lineari-oblongis, corolla calycem ovatum excedente, laci-

niis obovatis integerimis.

Description.

Root perennial. Leaves crowded into a roundish bulb about

the root, somewhat spreading, thick and rather coriaceous,

scabrous, carinate beneath by the prominent midrib ; mar-

gin fringed with hairs. Scape from one half to three quarters

of an inch in height, villose, slender, five-flowered. Calyx

short-ovate villous; segments oblong, obtuse, very entire.

Corolla white, as large as in A. villosa ; tube about as long

as the calyx, ovate ; segments obovate, entire; throat nearly

New or rare Plants from the Rocky Mountains. 31

closed with minute glands. Stamens very short; filaments

inserted into the ture of the corolla, naked; anthers, ob-

long, yellow. Germen globose; style shorter than the sta-

mens; stigma simple. Seeds not seen.

Has. On James’ Peak, one of the highest of the Rocky

Mountains, 10,000 feet above the level of the ocean, near

the region of perpetual snow. Flowers in July.

Oxss. This species resembles A. villosa in some respects, but

is easily distinguished by its nearly naked, acute, and ca-

rinate leaves.

2. Oxyria reniformis R. Brown.

Gen. Cu. Perianth. simplex 4-phyllum, foliolis 2 interio-

ribus majoribus, Nua triqueter, margine lato-membranaceo.

Embryo erectus invertus. R. Brownin App. Ross’s Voyage,

ed. 2.v. II, p. 192. Hill Syst. Veg. X. p. 24. Hook, Fl. Scot.

p- 99. Decand. Syn. Fl. Gall. p. 194 (subgenus). Downaa.

R. Br. in App. to Ross’s Voy. ed. 1. p. 142. Ruer sp.

Wahl, Rumtrets, sp. L. Hexanpria Digynia.

O. reniformis R. Br. 1.c. Hook Fl. Scot. 1. c. p. 111.

Romex digynus L. Willd. Spec. Il. p. 258, Rueum digynum

Wahl. Fl. Lapp. p.

Root perennial. Stem 2-3 inches high, with one small leaf.

Radical leaves few, on long petioles, reniform, (not emar-

ginate,) with ovate, truncated stzpules at the base. Raceme

somewhat panicled ; branches all stipulate at the base,

Pedicels incrassated upwards. Flowers very minute. Ex-

terior leaves of the calyx oblong; the interior ones obovate,

nearly as long again as the others. Corolla o. Stamens

2; filaments as long as the calyx ; anthers oblong. Germen

orbicular, notched ; styles 2, very short; stigmas large,

plumose, purple. Nut not seen.

Has. With the preceding.

Ozs. The only locality of this plant in North America, hi-

therto recorded, is Labrador, where it was found by Col-

master. It is a native of the high mountains and most north-

32 New or Rare Plants from the Rocky Mountains.

ern parts of Europe. ‘Though possessing many of. the

characters of Rumex, it appears to differ sufficiently to be

considered as a distinct genus. Wahlenberg supposes it to be

a Ruevm with a third part of the fructification suppressed.

The American plant may yet prove a different species from

the European ; being much smaller, the flowers uniformly

diandrous, and the leaves not emarginate; in which case it

may be called O. diandra.

3. Avoxa Moschatellina L.

Pedunsle about 4-flowered. Stamens 8; filaments united in

pairs at the base ; anthers subrotund, 1-celled, (or, rather,

as Hooker is disposed to consider them—stamens 4, forked ;

each ramification bearing a single-celled anther). Calya_

3-cleft. Corolla 4-cleft; segments ovate. Styles 5.

Has. With the preceding.

Oszs. This plant, the only species of the genus, is now for the

first time introduced as a native of the continent of Ameri-

ca. The specimens presented to me by Dr. James, resem-

ble in almost every respect those in my herbarium from

various parts of Europe.

4, Porentisua nivalis.* Tab. IID. f 2.

P. caule erecto herbaceo apice unifloro, foliis pinnatis,

foliolis 2-3-lobis confluentibus, lobis acutis, margine piloso-

ciliatis, petalis subrotundis calyce longioribus.

Description.

Root perennial, creeping, thick, and fuscous. Séems few,

simple, about 3 inches high, minutely pubescent, 1-flowered

at the summit; base covered with the withered leaves of

preceding years. Radical leaves numerous, equally pinnate,

many-paired ; petiole winged by the decurrent stzpules ;

leaflets crowded and a little overlapping each other, so as

to appear imbricate, puncticulate, the lower ones ovate,

often entire; upper ones broader, 2-, and often equally

3-lobed ; lobes somewhat spreading, acute, entire, naked,

New or Rare Plants from the Rocky Mountains. = 38

except on the margin, which is somewhat ciliate with hairs.

Flower terminal, erect, about half an inch in diameter.

Calyx 10-cleft, hairy; exterior segments a little shorter,

lanceolate, acute; interior segments ovate-lanceolate. Co-

rolla 5-petalled, yellow ;. petals nearly round, very entire,

about one-third longer than the calyx. Stamens very nu-

merous ; filaments smooth; anthers round. Receptacle

hairy.

Has. With the preceding.

This species appears to be quite distinct from any described

in the learned and accurate “ Monographia generis PoTENTIL-

LARUM” of Lehmann, published in 1820 ; or in any subsequent

work with which I am acquainted.

5. Myosortts nana. Villars 2

M. scriceo-villosissima, foliis ovatis oblongisque obtusis

integerrimis congestis, racemo paucifloro, seminibus levius-

culis, margine integerrimis.

Plant cespitose, perennial, less than an inch in height. Stem

erect, nearly simple. Leaves densely covered with a long

silky villus; those about the root crowded into a roundish

tuft, ovate ; stem-leaves few, oblong. Raceme 4—5-flower-

ed; flowers alternate, on pedicels shorter than the bracts at

their base. Calyx deeply 5-cleft ; segments linear-lanceo-

late, obtuse. Corolla one-third longer than the calyx;

tube ovate, yellow; segments blue, ovate, rather acute,

erect? throat closed with glands. Stamens opposite to

the segments of the corolla; filaments very short, naked ;

anthers didymous, oblong. Style short, straight; stigma

capitate. Seeds ovate-oblong, nearly smooth, but not

shining, entire on the margin.

Has. With the preceding.

Perhaps distinct from the M. nana

of Villars,+ a native of

+ M. nana : foliis oblongo-lanceolatis villosis, racemis paucifloris inferne

foliosis, nucibus margine crennlato-dentatis Lehm. Asperif. p. 103. Willd.

Spec. I. p. 747.

34 New or Rare Plants from the Rocky Mountains.

some of the high mountains of Europe. I have no opportu-

nity of consulting the figure of that species quoted by Willde-

now, nor have I seen specimens of it; so that I am not con-

fident respecting its identity with the plant discovered by Dr.

JAMES.

6. Primvia angustifolia.* Tab. Il. f. 3.

P. foliis elliptico-lanceolatis integerrimis glabris, scapo 1-

floro, corolle laciniis ovatis integerrimis.

Root long, thick, imbricated with the vestiges of leaves.

Leaves elliptico-lanceolate or oblong, sometimes spathulate,

petiolate, about an inch long, obtuse, membranaceous,

veinless ; margin very entire. Scape solitary, shorter than

the leaves, with a subulate bract a little below the flower.

Calyx cylindrical-oblong, 5—6-cleft, smooth ; segments

subulate, erect. Corolla purple, sub-campanulate ; tube one-

third longer than the calyx; border erect-spreading, with

ovate, obtuse, very entire segments. Stamens, in the tube

of the corolla; filaments very short ; anthers oblong, 2-cell-

ed. Style 1, straight, persistent ; stigma globose. Capsule

ovate.

Has. With the preceding.

Resembles P. integrifolia in many respects, but the leaves are

narrower, the segments of the calyx acute, &c. In the

capsule and in the entire segments of the corolla, it is allied

to ArETIA, but the orifice of the tube is not glandular.

7. Potyeonum viviparum 8. capitatum.*

P. caule simplici monostachyo, foliis linearibus glabris

margine revolutis, spica brevi-ovata crassa, bracteis ovatis

acuminatis.

Stem simple, slender, about 8 inches high. Leaves few, a

little pubescent beneath; margin conspicuously revolute.

Stipules oblong, obtuse, entire. Spike terminal, about

New or Rare Plants from the Rocky Mountains. = 35

three-fourths of an inch long. Flowers on short slender

pedicels. Bracts fuscous, broad-ovate, shorter than the

flowers. Perianth 5-parted, segments oblong, obtuse,

Stamens 8, as long as the perianth ; filaments compressed ;

anthers oblong. Germen triangular ; style deeply 3-parted ;

stigmas simple, very minute.

Has. With the preceding.

The European variety of this plant differs in having a cylin-

drical spike, which generally bears small viviparous bulbs.

The P. viviparwm has hitherto been observed in North

America only in the localities mentioned by Pursh, and on

the White Hills of New-Hampshire, where it was discovered

in 1816, by Francis Boott, Esq.

8. TriroLiuom nanum.* Tab. Il. f. 4.

T. capitulis paucifloris umbellaribus, leguminibus 4—5-

spermis, cal. glabris dentibus subzequalibus, foliolis obovato-

oblongis acuminatis, caule cespitoso erecto.

Perennial, about an inch and a half high. Leaves ternate,

very smooth; leaflets with prominent veins beneath, acu-

minate, or rather cuspidate, dentate-serrate. Flowers about

3, very large, purple, each on a short pedicel. Calyx sub-

campanulate; teeth nearly equal, lanceolate, acute. Vea-

illum three times as long as the calyx, oblong, persistent ?

Legume sometimes 6-seeded.

Has. With the preceding.

Flowers remarkably large in proportion to the plant.

9, Penrstemon alpina.*

P. glaberrima, corolla subcampanulata limbo subzequaliter

5-lobato, foliis oblongo-lanceolatis margine crenulato-denti-

culatis, calycis segmentis lanceolatis acutis, antheris hirsutis,

filamento sterili staminibus 2 superioribus breviore sub apicem

retusum barbato.

Sk ie oe

36 New or Rare Plants from the Rocky Mountains.

Root coarsely fibrous. Stem 6 inches high, very smooth,

terete. Leaves opposite, sessile acute, slightly glaucous ;

the lower ones narrow at the base. Peduncles many-flow-

ered. Calyx very smooth. Corolla an inch in length,

blue, tubular-campanulate. Anthers large, hairy. Sterile

filament longer than the inferior stamens, but shorter than

the superior ones, smooth, slender, dilated at the apex, with

a retuse point, which is bearded beneath.

Hae. With the preceding.

An intermediate species between P. erianthera ne c@rulea of

Noutraty. From the former it differs in the form of the

leaves and segments of the calyx ; and from the latter m the

hairy anthers, Nc.

10. Capraria pusilla.*

C. pubescens, foliis oppositis cordatis repando-dentatis pe-

tiolatis, pedunculis axillaribus petiolo longioribus.

Annual. Stem very slender, branched, about two inches high.

Leaves about one-third of an inch long, broad-cordate ;

petioles shorter than the leaves. Peduneles filiform, 1-flow-

ered. Calyx tubular-campanulate, with 5 acute, erect

teeth. Corolla campanulate, white, more than twice as long

as the calyx; border with 5 obtuse lobes. Stamens didy-

namous, much shorter than the corolla; anthers roundish.

Germen oblong ; style filiform; stigma 2-lobed.

Has. With the preceding, and on the sides of the Rocky

Mountains, in crevices of rocks. ,

Allied to C. humilis of the East Indies.

New Mineral from Sussex County, New-Jersey. 37

Examination of a Minerar from Andover Furnace, Sussex

County, New-Jersey. By James Renwicx, Professor of

Natural and Experimental Philosophy and Chemistry in

Columbia College. Read Oct. 20th, 1823.

Tue substance in question was found by Charles Kinsey,

Esq. of Essex, while engaged in collecting the minerals adja-

cent to the route of the Morris canal. J have also been lately

informed, that it was brought from the same place several

years since by Col. Gibbs, to whom the merit of an earlier

discovery is in consequence due. It exists intimately con-

nected with, and disseminated through the ore of the Andover

mine ; an ore that was at one period famous for producing the

best iron in North America, and the only kind from which steel

has been successfully manufactured.

This ore appears, at the first glance, to be composed of three

very distinct substances. The first is intermediate in appear-

ance between the granular Franklinite and the large-grained

magnetic iron ore of Goy. Dickerson’s mine at Succasinny :

on a cursory examination, it seems to be a protoxide of iron,

with a slight trace of zmc. The second is an amorphous

quartz, tinged with a colour varying from a pale rose-colour

to a deep vermilion. ‘The third is of a dull vermilion red,

and of a granular fracture ; in some specimens fine, in others

coarse grained. ‘This last was chosen as the subject of exa-

mination; it is hard enough to scratch glass; its powder is

rose red; it slightly affects the magnet; and it effervesces

with acids. It had been supposed by Judge Kinsey, who

found large quantities of the cadmia among the scoria of the

Andover furnace, that it might be a red oxide of zinc. My

first experiments showed that it had no analogy with that sub-

stance, and it having been subjected to the action of the blow-

pipe by Dr. Torrey, he inferred that it might contain Cerium,

as it formed with borax a glass that was green while hot, but

intl .

“gia

Mey y

Vow s

38 New Mineral from Sussex County, New-Jersey.

lost its colour on cooling. Exposed alone to the blow-pipe, it

is infusible. :

To ascertain its nature, it was subjected to the following

preliminary process :

(1) A small portion was separated, and reduced to fine pow-

der in a steel dish. In this state it was acted upon with vio-

lent effervescence by nitro-muriatic and muriatic acids; giving

with the latter the peculiar smell of hydrogen. The action

ceased in about half an hour, leaving a considerable part of

the mass undissolved, and but little altered in appearance.

The muriatic solution being acted upon by tests, showed,

among others, the following phenomena :

(2) With ferrocyanate of potassa a copious blue precipitate.

(3) With ammonia a precipitate of a rich vermilion red.

(4) With carbonate of ammonia a reddish white precipi-

tate.

(5) With hydrosulphuret of potassa, a milky appearance,

that, subsiding, left a scanty brown precipitate.

(6) The compounds of cerium being soluble in excess of

acid, the nitro-muriatic solution was concentrated until the

greater part of the free acid had evaporated, and was then

neutralized to the point of nascent precipitation hy carbonate

of soda.

(7) A part of the liquor in No. 6 being diluted, crystals

of sulphate of soda were thrown in; these after some hours

were dissolved, causing a white precipitate.

(8) To another portion of the concentrated and neutralized

nitro-muriatic solution (6) tartrate of potassa was added, on

which a copious white precipitate ensued.

The suspicion that the substance contained cerium being

thus confirmed, it was subjected to a more strict examination,

as follows ;

New Mineral from Sussex County, New-Jersey. 39

(1) A mass weighing nearly an ounce, and containing a

very few small grains of the oxide of iron, was broken from

the corner of one of the specimens. Weighed by means of a

very accurate hydrostatic balance, it appeared to have a spe-

cific gravity of 3.25.

(2) This mass being first crushed into fragments in a steel

mortar, all the extraneous matter was carefully picked out

with a forceps; it was then reduced to impalpable powder, by

long grinding in an agate dish.

(3) Fifty grains of the powder were boiled for half an hour

in nitromuriatic acid, the solution assumed a rich yellow co-

Jour, and a considerable residuum was left, which, separated,

washed, and dried, had lost in weight exactly 27 grains.

(4) The insoluble portion (3) was then put into a silver

crucible, with 70 grains caustic potassa ; water being thrown

on, the mixture was boiled, evaporated to dryness, and final-

ly fused. The fused mass was softened by water, and sepa-

rated from the crucible; muriatic acid being then added, the

solid matter swelled up into a gelatinous mass. This was

evaporated to dryness, being constantly stirred throughout the

process, and afterwards boiled for two hours in very dilute

muriatic acid. The whole was then thrown upon a filter, and

carefully washed; the insoluble portion, when dry, was found

to weigh 16.3 grains, was white, with a faint and hardly per-

ceptible tinge of rose colour.

(5) The nitro-muriatic solution and washings, (3) and the

muriatic solution and washings,(4) having been mixed, liquid

ammonia was added in excess, which threw down a red pre-

cipitate; the supernatant clear liquor was poured off, the

residue thrown on a filter and washed, and the liquor with the

washings set by, for further experiment. See (12).

(6) The precipitate (5) was redissolved in a small quantity

of muriatic acid, and the solution concentrated ; tartrate of

40 New Mineral from Sussex County, New-Jersey.

potassa was added until effervescence ceased, when crystals

of tartaric acid were thrown in, by which a copious white

precipitate was produced.

(7) This precipitate (6) was decomposed by heat, which

being pushed too hastily, a portion of charcoal was left; lest

any carbonate of potassa should be present, in consequence of

a portion of the precipitate (6) being the difficultly soluble

bitartrate of potassa, the mass was washed with very weak

vinegar. ‘To separate the carbon, the mass was again acted

upon by a small quantity of muriatic acid, and the solution

filtered.

(8) The new muriatic solution was decomposed by ammo-

hia, which threw down a red precipitate, that when washed and

dried, weighed 6.16 grains.

(9) Lest the acetic acid (7) had carried off any part of the

mineral, it was tested with ammonia, but no precipitate en-

sued.

(10) Into the liquor remaining after precipitation by tar-

trate of potassa and tartaric acid (6), ferrocyanate of potassa

was dropped ; a milky appearance first took place, and finally

a copious precipitate of a pale blue colour. This precipitate, ©

when dried, weighed 28.9 grains; which, supposing it to be a

ferrocyanate of the protoxide of iron, and its equivalent

number 99, gives on reduction 10.5 grains protoxide of iron.

(11) To the liquor yet remaining, (10) carbonate of am-

monia was added : a white powder was thrown down, weighing

1.84 grains.

(12) The ammoniacal liquor, and washings after the first

precipitation (5) were boiled for an hour, but no precipitate

ensued ; being then acted upon by carbonate of soda, a gray-

ish precipitate fell, weighing when dried 20.92, and manifest-

ing the presence of 12.04 grains caustic lime.

New Mineral from Sussex County, New-Jersey. 41

(1) Another portion of the powdered mineral was exposed

for an hour to a red heat, in a platina crucible ; its weight

was reduced from 50 to 48.25 grains.

(2) It was then treated as before, (B..3) with nitromuriatic

acid, the msoluble portion fused with caustic potassa, &c. as

in (B. 4), and the whole of the liquors united, as in (B. 5).

The mixture was then concentrated to separate the excess of

acid, and again diluted with water. Crystals of Sulphate of

Soda thrown in, were after a few hours dissolved ; a precipi-

tate ensued, which, washed and dried, weighed 8.62 grains.

If the representative number of Cerium be 92, this, when re-

duced, will give 6.06 grains of peroxide of Cerium.

(3) The liquor whence the Cerium had been precipitated, (2)

being tested by the Oxalate and Benzoate of Ammonia, showed

the presence of Lime and Protoxide of Iron.

The more important results of the analysis B being thus

confirmed, it was not considered necessary to extend the pro-

cess farther. The results may be, it is believed, depended

upon, except so far as the equivalent numbers of Ferrocyanic

Acid and Cerium enter into the calculations of (B. 11), and

(C. 2), and the doubt whether a small proportion of some

other metal may not have been thrown down in (B. 11).

This analysis shows the following to be the constitution of

the substance.

iter. Ea? oe Be (41 16.30) evans:

Peroxide of Cerium . B. (8) 6.16

Protoxide of Iron . B.(10) 10.50

Alamine ois} whe) ABH(dd):\> B84

Mime hs Cohen Bi (2) tee

Water. bieit.c) rnin gen (bal oats

Loss ay AITO OHI 71 tse Saeki

50.00 grains.

42 = New Mineral from Sussex County, New-Jersey.

As this mineral neither agrees in external characters nor

chemical constitution with any other compound of Cerium,

that has been hitherto described, I have little hesitation in

announcing it as a new ore of that metal. It appears to pos-

sess the nearest analogy in its composition with the ALLANITE.

This last, by the analysis of Thompson, quoted in Macneven’s

edition of Brande’s Chemistry, has, in 50 parts,

Sileenss hea es es PESO

Oxide of Certum . . . 15.138

Ahn |). oes ae He aS

Protoxide of Iron. . . 11.34

Tattiesths \ Sr cin tieay aa

Wien! ths See Miata Hie irc eG

50.00 _

if my surmise in this respect be true, I should propose to

name it the Torrelite, in honour of my friend, Dr. John

Torrey, to whom mineralogical science is under many im-

portant obligations, and to whom this tribute is fairly due,

as it is to his nice tact in the management of the blow-

pipe that the discovery of Cerium in the substance is to be at-

tributed.

Examination of the Acip of the Ruus Guasrum, with Ob-

servations on the Juice of the Sampucus CaNnaDENsISs, as

a delicate test. By Issacuar Cozzens, Manufacturing

Chemist. Read October 6, 1823.

Tue berries of the swmach (Rhus Glabrum) ripen in the

month of November, forming large clusters of a bright red

colour. These have been long known to yield a powerful acid,

which is sometimes used by the country people for medicinal

purposes, or as a substitute for lemons to make a pleasant beve-

rage. Itis also extensively used to convert cider into vinegar.

On the Rhus Glabrum and Sambucus Canadensis. 43

‘To determine the nature of this acid, I made the following ex-

amination :

1. A strong infusion of the ripe berries was made by pour-

ing warm distilled water on them, and using a fresh portion of

berries, until a very acid liquor was obtained.

2. This liquor was filtered, and a solution of potassa added

to it, till it became neutral. ‘To ascertain whether the acid

was the tartaric, another portion of the acid liquor was added ;

but no crystals of supertartrate of potassa were formed.

3. Another portion of the acid was saturated with carbonate

of lime ; this was filtered and concentrated, a salt of lime was

formed, which was insoluble in cold water, but dissolved rea-

dily in water boiling hot. To the solution in boiling water,

alcohol was added, which gave a beautiful coagulated white

precipitate. This, when dried, was readily dissolved in hot

water.

4. The acid solution was then treated with subnitrate of

mercury ; it formed a dirty white precipitate.

5. With acetate of lead, it produced the same result.

6. With sulphate of iron, a small portion of gallic acid was

detected.

From these experiments I conclude that the acid of the su-

mach is the Matic, and that it is nearly pure, being only con-

taminated with a small portion of gallic acid, which probably

proceeds from the pulp of the berries.

On carefully inspecting the sumach berries, they are seen to

be clothed with a down or pubescence, and the acid principally

resides in this substance ; for after it is washed off by warm

water, the berries are entirely free from any acid taste.

I shall conclude this part of the paper with a process for

preparing, with very little trouble, a pure malic acid from these

berries, which may be used for some of the purposes of the

citric acid.

Process. Rub the berries in boiling rain or distilled wa

ter; filter the liquor, and evaporate it in a well tinned vessel,

44 On the hia Glabrum and Sambucus Canadensis.

to the consistence of a syrup, taking care not to burn it. Then

add to it an equal quantity of alcohol ; this will unite with the

acid, leaving the mucilage and other impurities behind. An

equal quantity of water is now to be added, and the whole dis-

tilled to obtain the alcohol. The malic acid will be left im

the retort, which may be poured out when cold.

I have also examined the juice of the elder-berries, which

seems to possess important properties as a delicate reagent.

The following process was employed :

Take any quantity of the ripe berries, picked clean from the

stalks, and after having | br ed them, press the juice into a

clean well tinned vessel. ah a | fourth part of its weight of

alcohol, and evaporate the mixture to about one-half. Re-

move it from the fire for ten or twelve minutes, and add as

much alcohol as you have of concentrated juice. A copious

precipitation of the parenchymatous and gummy parts will

take place, which will permit the liquor to be strained with

ease through a fine cotton cloth.

The filtered liquor is now fit for use. It consists of the sac-

charine and colouring principles of the berries, in solution with

alcohol and water. It is of a beautiful violet colour. In or-

der to ascertain its utility as a test of acids and alkalies, the

following experiments were made:

To one pint of rain-water a single drop of the tincture of

elder-berries was added. The blue colour was too pale to be

perceived ; but the addition of a single drop of sulphuric acid

produced a decided red colour.

To the liquor employed in the last experiment, a minute

quantity of alkali was added, when it immediately changed to

a bright lively green. If a quantity barely sufficient to neutral-

ize the acid be employed, the original blue or violet colour is

restored ; hence this test possesses all] the delicacy of the tinc-

ture of litmus, or blue cabbage, and has this additional va-

luable property of keeping unaltered, during the hottest season

of the year.

On the Rhus Glabrum and Sambucus Canadensis. 45

I have examined in a similar manner the juice of the poke-

berry, (Phytolacca decandra,) but without the same interesting

result. I hope, however, soon to be able to exhibit a method

of employing it with advantage in the manufacture of the pig-

ment termed lake.

Nore on the Organic Remains, termed Bivosires, from the

Catskill Mountains. By J. E. Dexay, M.D. Read Oc-

tober 13, 1823.

e :: iy

: a a

THE science of Oryctology, which formerly was confined to

a bare indication of such fossils, as, from the singularity of

their form, attracted the attention of the curious, has now be-

come an interesting branch of knowledge. The importance

of these medals of nature in aiding the geological inquirer, is

obvious. The recent observations of Humboldt* have given

additional interest to this subject. He has endeavoured to de-

termine, with more precision, the proofs afforded by the pre-

sence or absence of certain remains, and by establishing in a

more positive manner the value of zoological characters in iden-

tifying particular strata, has exhibited in a clearer point of

view their utility, as connected with the science of geology. It

is not the object of the present communication to examine these

interesting connexions, but simply to indicate the existence of

several apparently new and undescribed organic relics.

Among the numerous fossils in the cabinet of the Lyceum,

several are labelled under the name of Bilobite. They were

collected and presented by our corresponding member, Mr.

Pierce, and are said to be found in the Totoway mountain in

New-Jersey, and at Cairo in the Catskills.

* Essai Geognostique sur le Gissement des Roches dans les deux hemis-

pheres. Paris, 1623.

46 On the Bilohite.

The name of Bilobite is not to be found in any modert

work on Oryctology ; and it is probable that its application

in this instance has been suggested by its peculiar appearance.

With a view of calling the attention of naturalists to this sub-

ject, the following account is laid before the Society.

They are imbedded im a loose friable sandstone which seems

to be almost wholly composed of organic remains, such as

productus, terebratula, &c. The region 1s secondary, and

is described by Mr. Pierce, in vol. II. of Silliman’s Journal, to

which we refer the reader. The explanatory figures, (see

Plate V.) would seem to indicate at least two distinct species ;

but the following description may be considered as applicable

io all the specimens hitherto.examined.

The general outline may be considered as elliptical, one ex-

tremity being much narrower than the other. ‘This small ex-

tremity, for the convenience of description, will be termed the

anterior extremity. The length varies from one and two-

tenths, to one and a half inches. The average thickness about

five lines.

The superior or dorsal surface is divided into two unequal

lobes by a longitudinal furrow, in the course of which a raised

zigzag line is observed. In fig. 1. this line is most obvious at

the anterior extremity ; in figs. 2. and 3. it is entirely wanting.

The lobes, with respect to each other, are unequal in extent

and thickness. They gradually become thinner towards the

circumference, and more particularly towards the posterior ex-

tremity. The lobes are marked transversely by 18—30 dis-

tinct elevated lines or costae, which become more elevated as

they approach the: raised zigzag line. These costz do not ter-

minate at the edges, but are continued at the anterior extremi->

ty on the under surface. Faint longitudinal impressions are

observed, at unequal distance crossing the transverse cost

nearly at right angles. The inequality of the lobes is not always

constant: thus, at figs. 1. and 3. the left lobe is the largest ;

at fig. 2. the largest lobe is on the right. ‘The other lobe of

On the Bilobite. 47

this figure is compressed in such a manner as to produce 2

crest, and approximating it nearly to the figure of a Tri-

lobite.

The under surface is extremely irregular. The edges, as

before mentioned, are very thin, and are elevated about two

lines above the inferior surface ; this, however, is not uniform

throughout its whole circumference; the anterior extremity,

comprising one-third of the whole fossil, is without such a

raised border. In this part, the costz of the dorsal surface

are continued beneath, and meet each other at angles of about

45°. The line of junction has not yet been made visible by

the most careful dissection. 'The remaining two-thirds, or

posterior part of the under surface, presents a series of concen-

tric lines, interrupted as at fig. 4. by a carina directly beneath,

and in the direction of the superior or dorsal furrow.

Various conjectures have been hazarded respecting the origin

and nature of these organic relics.

A perusal of the learned work of Brongniart* on the Trilobites

connected with their peculiar appearance, led to an investigation

whether they might not be analogous productions belonging

to the order of Crustacea, but without any satifactory result.

Neither eyes, nor antennz, nor feet, could be detected, after a

careful investigation, and dissection of several specimens.

They have been by many supposed to be the leaves of plants,

such as Ferns, &c.; but their thickness, and perhaps their as-

sociation, with decided animal remains, would weaken this

conjecture.

Another opinion, which is advanced with diffidence, is, that

these remains may be moulds or casts of an extinct species of

Cardium. This belief has been strengthened by an examina-

tion of the Cardium hibernicum, as figured in Sowerby’s Mi-

neral Conchology, vol. I. p. 187. pl. 82. With these views, the

* Histoire Naturelle des Crustacés fossiles, &c. par Alexandre Brongni

art. Paris, 1822.

48 On the Bilobite.

lower part of fig. 3. must be considered as corresponding to

the posterior slope or areola of the cardium, the upper portion

as corresponding to the anterior slope or area, and the dorsal

furrow, figs. 1.2. 3. to the base. ‘The transverse costee may

be supposed to correspond with the longitudinal furrows on the

surface of the cardium, and continued to what has been

described as the anterior part of the inferior surface of the

Bilobite. The raised zigzag line may be considered as

formed by the terminations of the costz of the shell not being

exactly applied to each other, and thus leaving an intermediate

substance between them. Perhaps a clearer idea may be con-

veyed, by supposing a cardium to be compressed in the direc-

tion of a line drawn from the beaks to the base, so as to bring

these parts nearly into contact. A question then arises, whe-

ther this apparent compression is accidental, or characteristic

of aspecies? It has been urged, that shells, from their usually

delicate and brittle texture, cannot be distorted without in-

jury; but it is well known, that Echini, &c. which are

equally delicate, are often found in this state. That this com-

pression is not accidental, is, it is supposed, evident from the

fact, that all these Bilobites have the appearance of bemg com-

pressed in a similar direction, a character which is too con-

stant to have been occasioned by accidental causes. From these

observations, it is evidently a futile attempt, in the present state

of our knowledge respecting these fossils, to distinguish them

into separate species. The term Bilobite may be retained as

a distinctive appellation, comprehending casts of several ex-

tinct species of cardium, from the above mentioned localities.

The specimen figured 3. 4. was submitted to the inspection

of our distinguished zoologist, Mr. Say, who has politely fa-

voured us with his opinion: ‘I have no doubt that it is a bi-

valve shell, of the genus Productus of Sowerby. It has lost

its original form, in consequence of great pressure of the su-

perincumbent strata, applied in the direction of the height of

the shell. That the original form of organic remains is often

On the Bilobite. 49

very much altered, I have had ample proof by specimens from

several parts of our country. In the rocks of the Missouri, ma-

ny specimens of a species of Terebratulite, common there, may

be found in some instances depressed, and in others compressed

to various degrees of flatness; they occur, indeed, in almost

every irregular shape. The zigzag line is evidently the line

of junction of the valve. This line may be traced round the

ends of the specimen, to the termination of the elongated hinge

margin, the separating line of which is, as it ought to be, rectili-

near; the concentric and other lines on the under surface may

with some difficulty be traced to their proper situation in this

genus ; the umbones, or rather the apex of the shell is concealed

by the remains of the matrix.”

Among so many conflicting opinions, it is hoped that zoolo-

gists will turn their attention to this interesting subject. A

farther investigation of these organic remains, aided by more

complete specimens, will, itis hoped, enable naturalists to de-

velope more completely their structure, and assign their proper

place in the kingdom of nature.

Description of a new species of Fisu, from the Hudson River.

By De Wirt Curnton, LL. D. Read Sept. 29th, 1823.

Sub genus Cuurea. Cuvier.

Tue makxillaries arcuated anteriorly, divided longitudi-

nally into many pieces ; opening of the mouth moderate, not

wholly furnished with teeth, often toothless ; the dorsal above

the ventrals.

Ciurea Audsonia.*

Pl. Il. fig. 2.

With a broad satin stripe extending from the gill covers ta

the tail, and a dark rounded spot at the hase of the tail.

50 Vew species of Fish.

Frequent at Albany, and other places on the Hudson River.

Cabinet of the Lyceum.

Head rather small; mouth moderate ; lower jaw shorter,

and shuts into the upper; rostrum obtuse ; nostrils double,

nearly approximated, and nearer the eyes than to the rostrum ;

eyes moderately large, the pupils black, and the iris silvery ;

teeth none ; gill-covers silvery, with a narrow membrane on

the edges, and furnished at their superior part with a minute

flat spine ; gill openings ample ; body four times the length of

the head, cylindrical; back slightly arched, dark brown;

lateral line straight, nearly obsolete ; pectorals low, pointed ;

dorsal above the ventrals, trapezoidal, nearly straight on its

margin; caudal furcated, lobes equal, with accessory rays ;

scales radiate, and very deciduous ; air bladder divided into

two cylindrical portions placed lengthwise, and connected by

a small tube.

Length—Three to six inches.

Br. 4. P. 11. D. 8. V. 8..A.8.'C. 202.

This delicate and beautiful fish is familiarly known under

the name of Spawn-eater, in allusion to its supposed food.

It may be remarked, however, that several fish of different

species have the same appellation. We owe our knowledge of

this species to Mr. I. Cozzens, who presented an individual to

the cabinet of the Lyceum several months ago. It is there

labelled Stolephor is hudsonius. N. Sp. As the genus Stole-

phorus of Lacepede has been suppressed by Cuvier, and incor-

porated with his sub-genus Clupea, we have arranged the

Spawn-eater under that genus, not however without some

doubts arismg from the indistinct serrature of the abdomen.

‘

Discovery of Yenite. 5]

Notice of a locality of Yenrre in the United States. By

Joun Torrey, M.D. Read Nov. 24, 1823.

A rew days since, the Hon. Samuel Eddy, of Providence,

Rhode Island, presented me an uncommon mineral for exami-

nation, with permission to publish my remarks, should the

substance prove to be interesting.

It was found at Cumberland, in Rhode Island, in small crys-

tals, imbedded in an aggregate of quartz and epidote. ‘The

erystals vary in size. The largest found by Mr. Eddy was an

inch and a quarter in length, one quarter of an inch broad,

and about two lines in thickness. ‘The terminations are want-

ing. Its form is nearly rectangular ; the surface striated and

shining, with a semi-metallic lustre. Cross fracture somewhat

resinous. It is imperfectly foliated im the direction of the

longer diagonal of the prism. It scratches glass slightly. It

is opaque, and of a blackish brown colour. ‘The powder has

the colour of the mass. Specific gravity 3.6.

Before the blow-pipe it melted with great ease into a black

opaque glass, which was strongly attracted by the magnet.

Some crystals were found almost acicular, traversing the

quartz in every direction.

From all these characters, I have no doubt the mineral is

Yenivre; a species which has not hitherto been known to

exist in America. In justice, however, to my friend Pro-

fessor Dewey, of Williams College, I must here state, that ina

letter I lately received from him, he mentions having just ex-

amined a mineral frem Connecticut, which he believes to be

Yenire. A detailed account and analysis of this, will soon be

forwarded to the Lyceum.

ae \ x Ws

52 A new species of Siren.

Description of a new species of StrEN, with some observations

on animals of a simlar nature. By Captain Joun Le

Contr, of the U.S. Army. F.L.S. &c. Read Dec. 1,

1823.

Amongst those animals whose mode of life removes them

from our immediate view, it is natural to expect that more

discoveries may be made, than amongst those which are more

frequently and more-openly subjected to our examination. The

class of amphibia, or reptiles, on this account, will in every

country where nature has not been investigated by her admi-

rers, offer more to our study and enterprise than any other.

Such of them as inhabit on the surface of the earth are perse-

cuted by the hand of prejudice with a severity that soon extir-

pates them, and those whose retiring habits lead them to the

water as their proper habitation, are either so constantly im-

mersed in the fluid that affords them support and protection,

or so deeply buried in the earth which it covers, as in a great

measure to elude the researches. of even the most skilful natu-

ralists. It is not therefore surprising that the animal to which

I wish this evening to call the attention of the society, should

have hitherto been undescribed. Its small size, its obscure

colour, and the place of its residence, have all combined to

render it unknown to former naturalists. If genera do exist in

nature, we night reasonably calculate that they always consist

of more than one species: therefore, in the country that pro-

duces the Siren lacertina, it was to be expected that other

species might be found. It has been my fortune to determine

this to be so, and it will be seen from the remarks which fol-

low, that not the least good resulting from this discovery will

be the elucidation of facts relative to the history of the Siren

lacertina, hitherto so little understood, and the correction of

some maierial errors in its physiology. A proper rank in the

chain of organized beings may be given to various animals of a

similar habit and nature, if the relation existing between them

Al new species of Stren. 53

be pointed out. Many that are now anomalous will no longer

stand alone, but be collected into a group, as natural as any

of the artificial divisions at present received by all.

I call our new animal the Siren striata.* (PI. IV.)

Cabinet of the Lyceum.

Its length varies from seven to nine inches, of which from three

to four inches are occupied by the tail ; legs two anterior, feet

three-toed, without claws ; colour dusky, with a broad brown

stripe on each side, and another rather paler one on each side of

the belly ; beneath speckled with brownish white ; tail compress-

ed, ancipital scarcely furnished with a fin, sides marked with

transverse furrows imitating ribs; spiracula three on each side,

furnished with a fleshy trilobate covering ; the lobes entire and

naked; teeth none. The body is covered witha thick mucus like

the Siren dacertina, but unlike that animal, it has no disagree-

able smell. It inhabits in the mud of overflowed places in

swamps, and does not burrow in the ground. It is but rarely

met with, is perfectly mute, swims with tolerable agility in the

water, but can make little if any progress on the ground ;

and when once dried by exposure to the air, loses its life. An

examination of the stomach has never aflorded me any satisfac-

tion with regard to its food; and indeed in the Siren lacer-

tina I have never found that organ to contain any thing but

mud. ‘The internal anatomy, as far as examined, presents no-

thing different from the other species.

It will be observed that the coverings of the spiracula in this

are not fringed as in the dacertina ; they therefore cannot be

used for the same purpose as those are said to be, that is to

say, they do not perform the office of gills. In those animals

that are furnished with spiracula as well as nostrils, we always

find the former furnished on the edge with a contractile skin,

by means of which those orifices are diminished or enlarged at

will, whenever they are made use of. It is reasonable to con-

clude, that both species of Siren make use of these appendages

for the same purpose. Under what circumstances, however,

they are used, | am not prepared to say, as in the many

54 JI new species of Siren.

that have been under my observation, I never saw them in any

position whilst in the water, where it could be imagined that

they were used in breathing. They were generally extended

and undulatory, as if to direct or accelerate the animal’s pro-

gress through the water. When the Siren lacertina wishes

to inspire, he rises to the surface ; this is however scarcely

three times in the course of twelve hours, and he expires under

the water about once in two hours. I never saw the Siren

striata expire any air: although they rise ‘occasionally to

the surface, it is impossible to observe whether they then

inhale.

How apt are we to suffer ourselves, in our researches, to

be drawn aside from certainty and truth by a foolish desire of

accounting for every thing! Nature is covered with a thick

veil, which cannot be penetrated: a proud spirit and an am-

bitious presumption may lead us to suppose that we have been

enabled to remove the covering which she throws over her

operations, but every day’s experience shows us the absurdity

of publishing our vague hypotheses for established truth, and

ihe still greater absurdity of attempting to defend them. ‘The

Siren lacertina is not an inhabitant of the water, but rarely

and only accidentally found in it, when it leaves its subterra-

nean abode in the firm and moist clay. It would be difficult

to say, therefore, of what use gills would be toit. The Am-

phiuma, (Chrysodon-of others,) which im so many respects re-

sembles it, and which inhabits the water, has naked spiracula ;

an animal that could use frmged coverings to them, if they

were to be employed as gills, has them not ; whilst another, to

which they could be of little or no use for a similar purpose, is

abundantly furnished with them.

The desire of grouping together animals in classes and or-

ders, as if they were positively so placed by nature, rendered

it necessary, in the minds of the older naturalists, to find

something common to the genus Siren, and the cartilaginous

fishes, which were then arranged among the amphibia. Hence

the contradictory descriptions of this animal, and the assertion

that it is furnished with external or internal gills.

A new species of Siren. 55

In Pennant’s Arctic Zoology I find the following description

of the Siren. ‘ Head and body anguilliform ; eyes minute ;

nostrils placed in the side of the nose; teeth sharp, ranged in

transverse rows; three openings to the gills, with three pin-

nated appendages on each side of the covers ; legs in the form

of arms, placed high on the breast and not remote from the

head; each foot with four divided toes with a claw to each;

body covered with small scales sunk in a gelatinous matter ;

colour dusky, sides dotted in lines with white ; tail compressed

and like that of an eel, furnished above and below with a ray-

less fin.”

Linnzeus’s description of the same animal is as follows :

“A double series of teeth in each jaw; head like that of a

lizard; body without scales, naked ; four branchie are situated

on each side, within a fleshy and trilobate operculum, that

opens with a narrow aperture ; the two lateral branchiz con-

nate with the aperture, the two intermediate ones free ; two

orders of acute cartilaginous tubercles surround the internal

side of the branchial arches ; toes, four on each foot, furnished

with claws ; tail compressed on each side, ancipital.”

A comparison of these two descriptions with one made by

myself from numerous specimens, all of which by examination

were proven to be adult animals, and those of the female sex

constantly full of spawn, will show that neither of these could

be the Siren dacertina ; so that the gentlemen who wrote them

were strangely blinded and misled. S. legs before, four-

toed, with small claws; body above black, beneath dusky

speckled with yellowish; or above dusky, beneath paler,

speckled every where with yellowish ;\ eyes small, blueish ;

nostrils small, distant, placed as it were in the upper lip ; jaws

toothless, but furnished with a hard black skin extending in

the lower jaw the whole width of the mouth, in the upper, but

a short distance in front; roof of the mouth, with two large

clusters of small teeth; spiracula three on each side, near

the neck, linear, the interior edee serrate, with a fringed tri-

56 1 new species of Siren.

lobate covering ; tail compressed, with a narrow rayless fin

above and below.

In the description quoted from Pennant, the teeth are said

to be in transverse rows, by which may be meant the clusters

of teeth in the roof of the mouth; but then he says the body

is covered with scales. Linnzeus says there is a double row

of teeth in each jaw, and the apparatus about the spiracula is

so different from any thing in the Siren, that we must suppose

he examined an animal now unknown to us; from the teeth,

it might be thought that he had the Amphiuma before him ;

but this last, besides having four feet and wanting the fringed

appendages to the neck, could, to one examining it anatomi-

cally, have presented this striking difference from the Siren :

it has a bony and solid skull like that of a lizard, while the

Siren (both species) has it composed of separate bones like a

fish or a frog, herein approaching the Proteus more nearly

than any other of the anomalous reptiles that have lately begun

to engage the attention of naturalists. It is to be hoped that

the question concerning the Siren, whether it be a perfect ani-

mal or not, will now be at a rest; in both species there could

be no doubt of the perfect state of the individuals which I had;

the single circumstance of many of them containing spawn

precisely similar to that of the frog, showed that they were

perfect, and if no external difference between them and such

as had no spawn was to be observed, the conclusion that these

likewise were perfect, is equally as sound; besides, they may

be seen of all sizes.

A few observations on two other animals of a similar na-

ture to those already alluded to in this paper, | hope will not

be considered inappropriate, and will, I trust, be received by

the Society as an appendix to remarks somewhat crude, which

a variety of other avocations has prevented me from making

what it were to be wished they were, more perfect.

In the last number of Silliman’s Journal, Professor Mitchill

has described an animal, which he calls a Proteus, the vulgar

name of which is Hell-bender. The name is nothing ; it is

A new species of Suren. 57

the reality and the knowledge of the animal at which we aim.

The Hell-Bender of the Ohio (sit venia verbo) is a very differ-

ent animal from the Professor’s Proteus ; it is every way larger,

and more bulky in its appearance; has no branchial appen-

dages to its spiracula, and has consequently without much

violence been arranged with the Salamanders: it might more

properly come next to the Amphiuma, or indeed it another

species of that genus. It was called by the late Dr. Barton,

who probably examined it before any one else, Protonopsis ;

it was afterwards carried to France by M. Michaux, and has

been described by Sonini and Lattreille as a Salamander—(Sa-

lamandre des Monts Alleghaniens.) The Proteus of the lakes

may possibly be the larva of this animal; for most of the ani-

mals that inhabit the lakes are found in the western rivers. It

seems much to resemble the Axolotl of Mexico, and the dis-

tance between the abode of these two does not prevent them

from being the same, there being a great similarity between

the natural productions of Mexico and the western states. But

a very accurate description of the animal under consideration

was published by Schneider, in the year 1799, in his Historia

Amphibiorum fasc. 1. pag. 50. He observes that the speci-

men which he examined was said to have come from Lake

Champlain, where it is caught along with fish, and reckoned

poisonous by the fishermen. Body more than eight inches

long, and nearly one inch in thickness, soft, spongy, pervious

with many pores, with three rows of round spots on each side,

varied with rows of black ones ; tail compressed and ancipital,

spotted on both sides, the inferior edge straight, the superior

curved, terminating in a rather cylindrical end. Head broad

and flat, eyes small, nostrils anterior, in the margin of the up-

per lip, a double row of teeth in the upper jaw, a single in the

lower, conic, obtuse, longish; tongue broad, entire, free at

the fore part, aperture of the mouth opening even to the ver-

tical line of the eyes; lips like those of a fish; feet four cleft,

four-toed, clawless ; fissure of the anus opening longitudinal-

ly. Three branchiz on each side externally propendent, op-

5$ /1 new species of Siren.

posed to as many cartilaginous arches, the internal side of

which is rough, and furnished with cartilaginous tubercles, as

in fish. There is only a double branchial aperture on each

side, for the upper and the lower arch of the branchiz is ad-

nate to the skin.

These animals, the two species of siren, the Amphiuma,

the Hell-Bender, the Axolotl, the Proteus, with one or two

others, perhaps obscurely and imperfectly described, will

form a family of reptiles distinct from all others, by being

furnished with nostrils and spiracula; they will naturally be

divided into such as have a bony and solid skull, as the Am-

phiuma and Hell-Bender, and such as are composed of

many separate bones, as the Siren and Proteus, for after all it

is only anatomical examination that can point out the true con-

nexion and difference between animals.

Osservations on the teeth of the MecatHerium recently disco-

vered in the United States. By Samuen L. Mrrcuizt, M.D.

Read Nov. 17, 1823.

Turoveu the politeness of Mr. A. Taylor, I have received

some fossil teeth from Skidaway Island, (Georgia.) Many

bones were found with these teeth, but from the carelessness of

the persons who discovered them, they are dispersed or de-

stroyed. I can obtain no information as to their situation

when discovered. n

These teeth are very remarkable, and differ much from any

hitherto discovered in North America. In my investigations

I was assisted by my friend Dr. Dekay, and there can be no

doubt that the teeth in question belong to that extinct species,

denominated by Cuvier the Megatherium.

From the interesting nature of the subject, (no specimen

having heretofore been discovered of the Megatherium north

of the Equator,) it is presumed that a concise account of this

On the Teeth of the Megatheriun. 59

singular animal, accompanied with a description of the teeth,

recently found at Skidaway Island, will not be unaccepta-

ble to our society.

The Megatherium, though in size larger than the Rhinoce-

ros or the Elephant, has, until of late years, been entirely un-

known. Spain has, however, in her cabinets, the greater part

of three skeletons. In the year 1789, the Marquis of Loretto,

Viceroy of Buenos Ayres, sent to Spain the first and most

perfect skeleton of the Megatherium, (the one now in the cabi-

net of Madrid,) stating that it was found in making some exca-

vations on the banks of the Luxam, a league SE. of a city of

the same name, being about three leagues WSW. of Buenos

Ayres. In 1795, another specimen was received from Lenia,

and a third is known as having been found in Paraguay.

These are all the known specimens that have been discover-

ed; and it appears, that although found in different parts of

South America, they have hitherto been confined to that

country. |

There is however an animal whose bones are described by

Mr. Jefferson, in the Philosophical Transactions for 1797,

under the name of Megalonix, with characters somewhat simi-

lar. Cuvier considers it as a distinct species belonging to the

same genus. It is much smaller, and is distinguished by other

peculiarities, which serve to corroborate the correctness of

the division. In nothing, perhaps, are the differences more

remarkable, than in the form and structure of the teeth, which,

in the Megalonix, are simple, cylindrical, superior or grinding

surface depressed in the centre, with rising edges; in the Me-

gatherium, they are square, and offer a peculiar conformation

of their superior surface, presently to be described.

For a particular anatomical description of the Megathe-

rium, none better can be found than that by Cuvier, in his

elaborate work on fossil bones, Vol. IV., from which we have

drawn the foregoing history. It is sufficient to observe, that

there are sixteen molar teeth, four on either side of each jaw,

and that the animal has no canine or incisor tooth.

60 On the Teeth of the Megatherium.

The form of the teeth, and the structure of the claw, lead to

a belief that they subsisted on vegetables, and principally on

roots, their claws appearing well adapted to this purpose.

They are placed by Cuvier among the Edentés, as occupy-

ing a place between the Sloth, (Bradypus Lin.) and the Ant

Eater, (Myrmecophagus Lin.) though much nearer to the

former than the latter.

St. Fond, without attempting to invalidate the arguments

of Cuvier, which led him to place the Megathertum in this

family, conceives its great size to be incompatible with the

habits of a Sloth or an Ant Eater ; he proposes that it shall be

laid aside until further investigations shall arrange it in its

place, as he supposes that it is not sufficiently known to justify

any present classification.

It has already been remarked, that these species have been

found only in South America, where alone are found in living

animals, the nearest resemblance to this extinct race.

“The teeth of the Megatherium are sixteen in number,

each about two inches square, presenting rounded angles

with a groove between, on the external and internal sur-

face, and terminating where the fangs commence their se-

paration; the root or fang gradually diminishing in size

as it descends. Each tooth has four angles, two external and

two internal ; the upper surface has a depression separated by

four points; the form or depression of the cavity being pyra-

midal, finishing a little the deepest in front. ‘The exact weight

of the four first teeth, is twenty ounces, that of the others,

twenty-six ounces.” Such is the description given by Mr.

Bru, curator of the royal cabinet of Madrid, who arranged

the first skeleton, and published an account of it in 1756.

Having thus given as concise a history of this animal as is

consistent with the importance of the subject, I proceed to treat

of the collection of teeth recently presented to me from Skida-

way Island. It consists of one tooth entire, with the exception

of the fang which is broken transversely off, and the half of

another, with the fang separated in a similar manner.

On the Teeth of the Megatherium. 61

‘The figure, Pl. VI. fig. 1. represents the former, and fig. 2.

the latter. The tooth of the Megalonix is introduced at fig.

3. to exhibit the strong contrast between this animal and the

Megatherium.

The figure of the entire tooth, fig. 1. is nearly square, the

angles are rounded, and have a longitudinal groove between

them on the external and internal surfaces; this groove is more

strongly marked on the latter surface. The teeth are some-

what broader from side to side than in the direction of their

anterior and posterior surfaces. The posterior or grinding

surface will be better understood by a reference to the figure,

than by the most elaborate description; the length of this

tooth being five and a half inches, presents a singular and strik-

ing coincidence with what is stated above on this point by M.

Bru.

The half tooth, fig. 2. corresponds in every particular with

the anterior process of the entire one. The accidental frac-

ture enables us to have an excellent view of the arborescent

arrangement of the fibres, and exhibits, at the same time, the

thickness and structure of the enamel; this is exhibited in the

figure. The colour of the teeth is black ; their cutting sur-

faces much worn, indicative of age.

Although, from the circumstances previously mentioned, it

is hardly possible that a complete skeleton will be found, yet

enough has been discovered to satisfy us, that the United

States, which contains so many relics of huge animals, may

add to her “ giant brood,” the Megatherium.

62 Analytical Table of Carices.

An Anatyticat Tasxe to facilitate the determination of the

hitherto observed North American Species of the Genus Ca-

REX. By the Rev. Lewis D. pe Scuweinitz. Read

Dec. 8, 1823.

Tue object of the annexed table is to enable botanists te

ascertain readily if any American species of Carex, which

they wish to determine, has been described or not. A promi-

nent particular in each is selected for contrast, though it is

scarcely necessary to state that other characters, of equal im-

portance, are often omitted whenever a short antithesis was

sufficient. In this table I have rejected those European spe-

cies cited by Pursh as American, which stand as such upon

his authority alone ; it being evident that he did not critically

compare the species of this genus. [refer to Pursh, however,

as often as a species of my table is mentioned in his Flora, be-

cause further references are there found. I submit the follow-

ing directions for its use.

In order to determine the specific name of any Carex ac-

cording to this table, take a good complete specimen, or, if

possible, a number of specimens, in order to prevent being

misled by individual particularities, and compare them with

Number 1. of the series of dichotomous antithetical positions,

of which the table consists; it will not be difficult to ascertain

to which of the two positions it answers. ‘The number sub-

joined to this directs to the number of the continued series, to

which it is then necessary to recur. Next examine again

which of the antithetical positions in that number embraces the

Carex under investigation, and the number annexed to that,

again directs to some other pair of positions; and so on, until

you arrive at that one to which the specific name is attached. _

It is always necessary to compare both positions in each num-

ber, because one serves to explain the other. Occasionally

the final positions, which indicate the specific name, are made

trichotomous for the sake of brevity, as it can never be diffi-

Analytical Table of Carices. 3

cult to compare three exclusive positions ; and wherever there

is ambiguity, care has been taken to indicate several coincid-

ing distinctions. Ina few instances, the table is so contrived as

to lead to the same final result, by directing backwards, on ac-

count of an apprehended ambiguity, which ever way may

have been chosen.

In case neither one nor the other of any two positions arriv-

ed at, embraces the specimens under examination, that circum-

stance proves, provided the examination has been correctly

proceeded in, which a repetition will ascertain, that that Ca-

rex is not contained in the table. It must then be compared

with the not American species of authors, and if not found to

belong to one of them, can be considered a new one. It is

scarcely necessary to remark that the effect of the table can

only be to enable the examiner to be next to certain, whether

the Carex in question is in the table, and by what name the

author designates it. ‘The validity of the species can be as-

certained only by comparison with full and detailed descrip-

tions. On this account, references to Pursh’s Flora, which

again refers to more detailed descriptions, are subjoined to

each specific name, if to be found in Pursh: if not, to the au-

thor that describes the species. The numbers annexed in this

manner, “LS. No. 1.” &c. refer to the descriptions of some

new species proposed by the author of this table. A little

practice will render the satisfactory result of the examination

of any Carex almost necessary. Two or three subjoined ex-

-amples will elucidate the manner of using the present table.

Suppose youare examining a specimen of Carex Squarrosa, you

will be necessarily directed one after the other to the follow-

ing numbers.

Numbers 3.4.5.6. - - - - - = Carex Squarrosa.

On examining Carex tentaculata, to the following :

Numbers 3.48.49.50.53.54.56.57.58.59.60. C. centaculata.

On examining a specimen of Carex acuta, to the following:

Numbers’ 3:48787.98:90: °--"°- 5 + = =. acuta.

Analytical Table of Carices.

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“601

“96

72 ie “i On the North American Utricularia.

es.

ae.

Wo les

Osservations on the North American Species of the Genus

Urricutarta. By Capt. Joun Le Conte, of the U. S.

Army, F.L.S.,&c. Read January 5, 1824.

From an attentive examination and comparison of the dif-

ferent individuals forming any particular genus, many facts of

importance may be educed, that we would not otherwise ar-

rive at. This minute and patient investigation alone can

disantangle the infinitely diversified forms of nature, that are

so closely interlaced, and that run so imperceptibly into each

other ; while the want of it introduces confusion and disorder

into all our attempts at their enumeration.

The genus Utricularia, although far from being numerous

in species, yet from the want of proper attention, has been hi-

therto but imperfectly known. I have collected into this sum-

mary sketch all that at present can be found respecting it, as

far as relates to the species of this country. My chief aim has

been, to point out the real and proper differences between these

species ; to separate what is certain from what is doubtful ; and

above all, to correct the errors of our botanists with regard to

some, which have been confounded with plants but little re-

sembling them, i in other parts of the world. I am conscious

of differing in many things from even our latest writers ; but

that method of close and accurate reasoning which should be

resorted to in all our pursuits after truth, has led me to the

conclusions which I have drawn.

All the species of Utricularia in this country are empha-

tically water plants; that is to say, they all inhabit either

water, or places that are generally inundated. With the ex-

ception of two or three, their roots (or leaves, as they have

been called by some) are long, branching, and capillary, more

or less furnished with utriculi or air bladders, by means of

which they float on or near the surface of the water. They

may be divided into three sections: Ist, such as only can ex-

On the North American Utricularia. te 73

ist in a floating position; 2d, such to which this ‘position is

equally as natural, but which, when the water recedes from

them, lose their long, branching, and bladder-bearing roots,

and become attached to the earth by shorter and naked ones,

that penetrate the surface in the manner usual to other plants ;

and 3d, such as are always rooted in the earth. ‘The stems of

these last are furnished with a few remote scales, and if we

find these scales attached to the stem of any floating species,

we may be certain that it can flourish equally as well in the

wet ground as in the water, whilst those with naked stems

cannot exist except in water of some depth.

The generic characters | omit; they may be found in any

botanical work : and proceed to the enumeration of the differ-

ent species that have fallen under my observation.

1. Utricularia ceratophylla. ‘Leaves inflated, 6-verticil-

led, floating, furnished on the sides with branching capillary

filaments ; flowers large, yellow, subcorymbose ; the upper

lip of the corolla rather trilobate, the lower deeply trilobate ;

spur short, conoidal flattened (conowdeo-complanatum) obtuse,

deeply emarginate, appressed to the lower lip of the corolla ;

fruit cernuous; root very long, branching, with numerous

capillary radicles furnished with utriculi; stem eight inches in

height. Plate VI. fig. 1.

A variety is found, in all its parts smaller, the stem scarcely

an inch in height. Inhabits from New-York to Mexico. ¢

Of this species there is no doubt; it has been called inflata,

but there being no reason for changing a name already adopt-

ed, I have retained that given to it by Michaux. It is the

only species in North America, that has real leaves; the next

has something that may be so called, but they differ materially

in their form and position from what are found in this, and are

really roots.

2. U. macrorhiza. Leafless, floating; scape about ten

inches high, many flowered, furnished with large scales; flow-

ers large, racemed, yellow; upper lip of the corolla subtrilo-

74 On the North American Utricularia.

bate, lower lip entire, with the sides deflected ; palate large,

striped with brown; spur long, stretched out (porrectum),

approaching the lower lip of the corolla, obtuse, emarginate,

conic at the base, linear at the tip, fruit cernuous; root re-

pent, very long, very branching, decompound, the first radicles

naked, the rest furnished with utriculi. At the base of the

stem, and shooting out in an opposite direction to the branches

of the root, there is observed an imbricate ovate bud (turio),

which contains the embryo of the next year’s growth; and

this circumstance would go far in proving that the radicles

should be rather called leaves, did we not find that the utri-

culi are placed on them in the same manner as they are in

other species, upon what are undeniably roots; and it would

not be very reasonable to suppose that the plant had no root

at all. Inhabits from Canada to Carolina. 4 Plate VI.

fic.'2.

This is the species that in all the books is called U. vulgaris,

and positively stated to be the same withthe European. But

a comparison of the two will show, that no stretch of the ima-

gination can find any resemblance between them, farther than

what is seen running through the whole genus. Roemer and

Schultes describe the U. vulgaris as follows : peduncle scapi-

form, 4 to 8-flowered, racemed, furnished with scales; upper

lip of the corolla ovate-rounded, subtrilobate, subundulate,

with an erect margin; lower lip roundish, reflected at the

sides, subplicate; palate bilobate, with orange-coloured

strize ; spur conic, reflected from the lower lip. Plate VI.

fig. 3.

It appears from this description, in the first place, that the

U. vulgaris has not the fruit cernuous ; and secondly, that the

spur is short, conic, bent down, and not approaching the

lower lip of the corolla, and entire at the tip, precisely simi-

lar to what our species would have, were the upper part

cut off, and the lower and inflected part bent down; _be-

sides, in the representations given in botanical works, the root

On the North American Utricularia. ri)

does not resemble that of the U. macrorhiza; but is branching,

the branches short, and furnished every where with utriculi.

I may perhaps be told, that specimens have been sent to Eu-

rope, and pronounced identical with what they have there ,

but how impossible is it to compare accurately a tender and

delicate plant, that has been pressed and dried for months or

years, with another, and then to speak with certainty of differ-

ences which at best we must expect to find minute? This de-

pendence upon dried specimens, and the neglect of living

plants are the fruitful sources of all the errors with which our

botany abounds.

I have little doubt, but that the U. macrorhiza will in time

be found to be the same with the U. foliosa of South America.

A figure of this last is found in Plumier Spec. fasc. 6. Icon.

165. fig. 2.; but no certain conclusions can be drawn from an

inspection of it, as the author himself observes, “ the parts of

the flowers and of the fructification are rudely and imperfect-

ly delineated.” The description of this species, as far as can

be collected is this: root repent, radicles without utriculi ;

scape many-flowered ; spur conic acute, (represented in the

plate as linear,) as long as the lower lip of the corolla, and

appressed to it; fruit cernuous; said to be very like the U.

vulgaris.

3. U. striata. Leafless floating, scape about ten inches

high, furnished with one or two scales, 5 or 6-flowered ; flow-

ers large, yellow, upper lip of the corolla ample, expanded,

trilobate, the intermediate lobe striate; lower lip subtrilo-

bate, the sides reflected; palate dotted with brown; spur

nearly linear, stretched out (porrectum) obtuse, emarginate,

appressed to the lip of the corolla, and nearly equalling it in

length; root very branching, furnished with utriculi. Inha-

bits from New-York to Florida. © Plate VI. fig. 4.

This is the species that Pursh considered the cornuta of Mi-

chaux, for I was with him when he first saw it; the description

in his book, however, does not suit, it being entirely copied

76 On the North American Utricularia.

from Michaux; the U. cornuta he never saw. It is undoubt-

edly the U. fibrosa of Elliott, but probably not of Walter, as he

could not have overlooked the length of the spur; it may

likewise be the U. biflora of Vahl.

4. U. gibba. Leafless, floating, scape naked, 4 to 7-flow-

ered; flowers small, yellow; upper lip of the corolla emar-

ginate, lower subtrilobate, the intermediate lobe subrevolute,

crenate ; spur gibbous, incurved, obtuse, most entire ; root re-

pent, furnished with utriculi, and producing buds (turiones)

like No. 2. Inhabits New-Jersey. #4 Plate VI. fig. 5.

5. U. fornicata. Leafless, floating ; scape naked, 1 to 2-

flowered; flowers yellow, upper lip of the corolla trilobate,

the intermediate lobe arched over the palate, the lateral ones

appressed, lower lip entire ; spur incurved, conoidal, obtuse,

most entire, appressed to the lower lip of the corolla; root

furnished with utriculi. Inhabits from New-York to Georgia.

This is the U. minor of our American botanists, but it has

no resemblance to the European plant, except in the smallness

of the flowers. The U. minor has either no palate, or a very

small one, the corolla is said to have “ faux aperta ;” whilst

the U. fornicata has a rather large palate: it is likewise the

U. gibba of Elliott, as appears from his description, and the

particular locality assigned by him; it may be what Walter

intended by the U. pumila.

6. U. longirosiris. Leafless, floating, scape furnished with

scales, 1 or 2-flowered ; flowers yellow ; upper lip of the co-

rolla subtrilobate, the lateral lobes appressed, lower lip rather

entire, spur linearly subulate, ascénding, subincurved, emar-

ginate, longer than the lower lip of the corolla; root furnish-

ed with utriculi. Inhabits Georgia. © Plate VI. fig. 7.

This species agrees in some respects with Lamarck’s U. bi-

flora, but that must have been altogether a larger plant.

7. U. integra. Leafless, floating, scape furnished with

seales, } or 2-flowered ; flowers yellow; upper lip of the co-

On the North American Utricularia. vir)

rolla subtrilobate, the lateral lobes subinvolute ; lower lip en-

tire; spur conoidal flattened (conoideo-complanatum) obtuse,

most entire, nearly equalling the lower lip; root furnished

with utriculi. Inhabits Georgia, particularly on Ogeechee

river. © Plate VI. fig. 8.

Mr. Elliott’s U. bipartita is no way different from this spe-

cies: he described from a dried specimen, and therefore could

not be correct. It would be difficult, amongst any considera-

ble number of the U. integra, to find them all with the lower

lip of the calyx undivided. A too rapid evolution, or a luxu-

riant growth of the corolla above the calyx, will in many in-

stances irregularly rupture this last, especially where it hap-

pens to be thin and delicate in its structure; and there is no

doubt that to one of these causes we must attribute the exist-

ence of the so called U. bipartita.

8. U. purpurea. Leafless, floating, scape naked, 2 to 3-

flowered ; flowers purple; upper lip of the corolla, truncate

emarginate, lower lip three-lobed, the lateral lobes saccate ;

palate small; spur conoidal flattened (conoideo-complanatum)

entire, appressed to the lower lip of the corolla; root repent,

branching, branches 4 or 5-verticillate, radicles furnished

with utriculi. Inhabits from New-Jersey to Florida. 2/ Plate

VI. fig. 9,

This species has been quoted as having been called by me

U. saccata. Iam the last man in the world to give into the

fashionable foppery of changing the names already bestowed

upon plants, and deny ever authorizing any one to say that

this was different from the U. purpurea of authors.

9. U. personata. Leafless, radicant, scape furnished with

small seales, many-flowered ; flowers racemed, yellow ; upper

lip of the corolla emarginate, reclinate; lower small, entire,

obtuse with a point; palate very large, very prominent; spur

linear-subulate, rather acute, as it were depending ; root small,

naked. Inhabits in bogs from New-England to Florida, very

much resembles an Antirrhinum. © Plate VI. fig. 10,

78 On the North American Utricularia.

10. U. setacea. Leafless, radicant; scape setaceous, fur-

nished with scales, distantly many-flowered; flowers small

yellow ; upper lip of the corolla short, entire, the sides revo-

lute at the tip, the lower lip deeply trilobate ; spur subulate,

entire, as long as the lower lip; root small, naked. Inhabits

in wet pine lands from New-York to Florida. © Plate VI.

fig. 11.

This may be the U. subulata of Gronovius, but cannot be

the U. pumila of Walter ; his species must have been a float-

ing plant, as he describes it, as he does all that are so, “¢ folus

radiciformibus fibrosis.” What Roemer and Schultes mean

by saying that the stem is leafless, with a round serrate leaf, I

cannot imagine.

11. U. cornuta of Michaux I have never seen. His de-

scription is, nectary subulate, stretched out (porrectum) ; lower

lip of the corolla very broad ; scape rather sessilely 2-flower-

ed; rather rootless, leafless, scape rigid; corolla large, spur

longish, very sharp, horn-shaped. Nutall, who appears to

have examined the plant, adds to this, lower lip three-lobed,

spur longer than the corolla, nearly vertical, subulate and

acute. Inhabits Canada.

I suspect that most of the specimens which are taken for

the U. cornuta, are U. personata; but the two can never be

confounded: the first has a very large and broad, trilobate,

lower lip to the corolla, and the other, a small, entire, and

narrow one, while the palate is so large and prominent, as to

form the most striking feature in its appearance.

The following species have been admitted into all the books,

but from the imperfect descriptions given of them, cannot be

made to agree with any of those described above :

U. fibrosa. Walter: scape two-flowered; flowers large,

yellow; spur obtuse ; leaves root-shaped, fibrous.

I have some suspicion that this is the same with the U. inte-

cra, but he says the flowers are large ; this is, however, so

On the North American Utricularia. 79

much a relative term, that it may only mean, they are large in

comparison with those of his next species, which he describes

with small flowers.

U. biflora of Lamarck, not of Vahl. These two authors

must have described different plants; of Lamarck’s, the spur

was uncinate—of Vahl’s, straight.

U. subulata of Gronovius. Of this, nothing worthy the

name of a description exists.

—EEEE——E———————

Notice of new Locaxities of simpLe Minerats, along the

north coast of Lake Superior, and in the Indian Territory

NW. from Lake Superior to the river Winnepec. By

JoserH DewarieLp, Esq. Agent of the United States for

Boundaries, &c. Read January 19, 1824.

Ar the entrance of Lake Superior on its north side, is a

spur of mountains, that extend themselves northward and west-

ward as far as the eye can reach, which is known as the Gros

Cap. It consists of sienitic granite, with a base of red feld

spar, and rises about four hundred feet. The red sand stone

of the St. Marys river rests upon its eastern declivity, and en-

tering the Lake westward, it passes into green stone. As it is

not intended by this notice to particularize the geological cha-

racter of the country, it is sufficient to remark, that, although

the Gros Cap is considered one of its most prominent features,

by the traveller who limits his journey there, that it is in fact

but the commencement of a similar chain of mountains, that

skirt the whole northern coast of Lake Superior. Granite,

(sienitic,) gneiss, and green stone, constantly alternate. The

green stone very frequently appears in perfectly well defined

and irregular dikes, showing their terminations on the Lake,

and it is frequently amygdaloidal. The highest cliffs are of

green stone. The two promontories, called the Paté and

80 On Minerals near Lake Superior.

Point Tonnerre, are about fifteen hundred feet high; and

with these exceptions, the north coast may be said to be

bounded by mural green stone cliffs, and rounded granite

mountains, varying in height from two to six hundred feet.

Feldspar porphyries, silicious conglomerates, gray wacke,

green stone, green stone slate, and sand stone, are seen at the

bases of the cliffs, as there resting upon, or underlying the se-

veral formations to which they appertain.

The mineral substances that I observed were,

Mlcicular crystals of epidote, lining cavities of the green

stone amydaloid, adjommg the Gros Cap.

Compact amorphous yellowish epidote, in veins in green

stone near Gros Cap.

Calcareous spar, brown and white, filling cavities of a dark

brown amygdaloid, twenty miles from Gros Cap.

Satin spar, with straight and curved fibres, white and pale

pink, filling narrow vertical fissures, in basaltiform green

stone, fifty miles from Gros Cap.

Fibrous hornblende, calcareous spar, and quartz asso-

ciated, in the green stone cliff, SE. cape of Michipicoten

Bay.

Earthy Chlorite, same place.

Fluate of lime, purple and green and massive, in nodules of

calcareous spar in the brown trap amygdaloid, six miles east

of Michipicoten Bay.

Zeolite, fibrous and radiated, white and pink, in green

stone amygdaloid. Gorgontoit, Lake Superior.

Stilbite, red and massive, same locality.

Calcedonies, agates, and carnelians, in green stone por-

phyry, same locality.

Green stone porphyry, having crystals of yellow feldspar in

groupes or stairs, same locality.

Sulphuret of iron, in cubic crystals, in the granite (sienitic}

of the Petits écrits. Lake Superior.

On the Minerals near Lake Superior. 81

Prehnite, in green stone, from islands in the Pays plat,

The place called Pays plat, in Lake Superior, is a very ex-

tensive bay, filled with islands. ‘The islands are of green

stone, and green stone porphyries, granite, and various gra-

nitic aggregates, neither differing essentially in composition,

nor in their height, from other parts of the surrounding ¢oun-

try. The Mamelles of Lake Superior are on the Pays plat.

The Mamelles are two conical mountains, of such exact and

uniform proportions, as to illustrate the propriety of the one

name, in the same remarkable manner that they denote the

impropriety of the other. I cannot conjecture why this neigh-

bourhood has been called a flat country, (and it is so describ-

ed upon the maps,) unless it relates to the bottom of the Lake,

which is here more flat, and the water more shallow, than in

any other place.

Crystalized red feldspar, and quartz crystals associated, form

an extensive bed, at Point aux tourtres, Lake Superior.

Satin spar, ina green stone cliff, at Portage des Outard, In-

dian Territory, west from Lake Superior.

Jasper and chalcedony, at Height of land portage, beyond

Lake Superior.

Staurotide, in well defined crystals, in mica-slate of Lac a

la Croix, and river Malign. N. W. Indian Territory.

Pitchstone, from the chasm of the mountain, at the Falls

of the river Kamanistiguia. N. W. Ter.

Jasper, flint, and calcareous spar, same place.

Red jasper with specular tron. River Kamanistiguia.

Black flint, in beds at the Rapide paresseux of the river Ka-

manistiguia.

82 Description of a Fish resembling the Stylephorus.

Description of an extraordinary Fish, resembling the Stry-

LePHoRus of Shaw. By S. L. Mircuity, M.D. Read

February 3, 1824.

Tuts individual was presented to me by Captain Hector

Coffin. It was taken during a voyage from Londonderry to

New-York, in latitude 52° N. and longitude 30° W. It was

discovered afloat about twenty yards from the vessel. A boat

was hoisted out for the purpose of raising it. The creature

was raised from the water without any resistance, and died in

filteen minutes after being brought on board.

When first seen, the belly was distended, as if blown up to

the size of a quart decanter, or the crown of a hat. The sto-

mach contained a fish ten inches long, which, from its sound

state, appeared to have been recently swallowed. That fish

was not preserved.

The length was six feet; of which fourteen inches belonged

to the body, or the space between the extremity of the up-

per lip beneath to the vent. The tail was flagelliform, or like

the lash of a whip, and gradually tapered away in the course

of fifty-eight inches to a point. Toward the end it was flexible

enough to be tied into knots, after the manner of a string or a

cord.

The specimen was a female ; and the colour a dusky brown,

resembling that of a dark eel. :

Its aspect, when raised from the jar of alcoholic spirit, in

which it had been well preserved, was so strange and ambigu-

ous, that, until I discovered gills, I could not satisfactorily de-

cide that it was a fish. The roes were very distinct, the ova-

ries being large and full of eggs.

The pisciform character being settled, lendeavoured to de-

termine the order to which it systematically belonged. Though

the absence of ventral fins led to its classification among the

Apodes, yet the want of opercles and branchial apertures, to-

Description of a Fish resembling the Stylephorus, 83

gether with the presence of one slit on each side of the neck

below for respiration, and a universal softness of the parts, fix

its place among the Cartilaginous.

I proceed to a more particular description of its figure and

dimensions. ay

The mouth had an enormous gape ; and the throat, for the

space of six inches, was but a membranous bag. It was capa-

cious enough to receive my hand without difficulty. ‘The in-

ternal surface was. black. There was no appearance of a

tongue.

From the upper part of the mouth, or the spot where the

upper maxillary bones unite, to the angle of the jaw, was three

inches ; and from, that angle to the tip of the lower jaw, three

inches.

The symphysis of the ehin had a very flexible joint, that was

capable of opening or expanding from a most acute angle to a

right line, or as nearly so as the curvature of the bones per-

mitted. This construction, with a corresponding laxity of the

jaws gave the mouth an extraordinary power of expansion.

Yet, when the angles of the jaws are approximated, and the

bones of the lower jaw brought to their parallelism, the mouth

closes with exactness, and in that state gives no indication of

the size to which it spreads when open.

The lower jaw was toothless ; but the upper jaw, for about

an inch and a half, was furnished with a row of teeth, bony

and hooked. :

The eyes were situated about half an inch from the point of

the upper jaw, one on each side, and looking forward. They

were small, and did not exceed in diameter the sixteenth of an

inch.

The head was smaller than is usual in fish. Tt would seem

that its principal use was to give origin and insertion to the

bones and muscles of the jaws. At its foremost point is a

small knob or projection forward of the eyes; and from it

proceeded a sort of freenum sustaining the upper lip. From

84 Description of a Fish resembling the Stylepkorus.

this inconsiderable head proceeded the vertebral column, which

in its progress to the tail gradually tapered away, and seem-

ed to lose its bones and joints, and to be converted into a sort

of tough and grisly appendage.

There was no appearance of ribs.

There were two gill-openings, one on each side of the neck

below, resembling slits, about an inch and a half long. The

gills themselves are situated within the duplicatures of the

openings in three bundles or divisions, suspended by mem-

branes and skin. |

The skin was smooth and scaleless, and susceptible of be-

ing easily moved and pinched up, like that of some species of

Lophius.

From the head a whitish line extended on each side of the

back, as far as its bony constitution could be traced. Two

similar stripes, one on each side, proceed from the vent back-

ward to the tail, but they are less distinct, and disappeared

sooner. Between the former is situated the dorsal fin; be-

tween the latter, the anal fin.

The dorsal fin begins about eleven inches from the tip of

the upper jaw, ‘and reaches like a fillet or narrow riband,

quite to the tail, and at its extremity joined the anal.

The anal fin commenced just behind the vent, and was con-

tinued also quite to the tail, and there joined the dorsal.

The caudal fin was so faint or indistinct, that I have hardly

thought it worthy of notice. I ought to remark, however,

that several hair-like rays may be distinguished. The rays of

these were very numerous, but it was impossible to count

them.

Thus the dorsal and anal fins are united with each other, or

are connected with the caudal.

The pectoral fins are situated immediately behind the gill

openings. They are very small and feeble, of a squarish

shape, and from one half to ene quarter of an inch_long.

Description of a Fish resembling the Stylephorus. 85

They were of a fleshy consistence, and contained about thirty

slender rays.

The distance from the mouth to the vent was fourteen

inches. All the rest of the length, amounting to fifty-eight

inches, tapered away gradually from an inch in depth almost

to a point.

The stomach was ample and capacious ; the intestine di-

rect and short ; the liver distinct and well-formed.

Filiform processes, or excrescences, about an inch in length,

depended on each side of the whitish stripe all the way from

the head down the back to the tail. The space between them

is nearly an inch, so that they probably amounted to fifty

pairs. These cirrhi, or threads, have no expansion or enlarge-

ment at their extremities.

The points of resemblance between this animal and the Sty-

lephorus described by Shaw, may be easily gathered even from

his bad description and worse figure. They are both furnished

with the same curiously organized mouth, the same fins and

elongated caudal process. The lateral line described above

corresponds with the ‘double fibre” of Shaw, and they are

both scaleless. In the Stylephorus the dorsal is described as

not being continuous. He says, however, “I am not without

my doubts whether it might not in the living animal have

run quite to the tail, and whether the specimen might not have

received injury in that part.”

The colour of Shaw’s fish is described as silvery, but those.

who are acquainted with the fugacious nature of metallic co-

lours in this class of animals, are aware that nothing positive

can be deduced from this accidental circumstance. The fact

of their being captured in different latitudes, and the ae

ence in their size, is of little importance.

The eyes of the Stylephorus are described as being large

and pedunculated ; in the animal noticed above, they are small

and sessile. Shaw examines carefully to find marks of a re-

ticulated structure, but without success. The circumstance of

86 Description of a Fish resembling the Stylephorus.

their standing on peduncles or footstalks is so much-at vari-

ance with what occurs in other animals, that I should hesitate

little in declaring their unusual form to have been the result

of accident or disease.

» As the generic name proposed by Shaw is probably derived

from an accidental character, I venture to substitute for it the

name of Saccopharynx, in allusion to the pouch-like form of

its throat.

Genus. SACCOPHARYNX.

Jaws capable of great dilatation.

Throat wide like a bag.

Tail flagelliform, tapering away to a point, and beset with

many pairs of cirrhi.

Dorsal, caudal, and anal fins united:

Cabinet of Dr. Mitchill.

Osservations and Experiments on the Seeds of the Crr-

BeRA TueveTra. By I. B. Ricorp Mapianna, M.D.

Read March 1, 1824.

Prrsoon, in his Synopsis Plantarum, enumerates se-

ven species of the genus Cerbera; and the only one which,

until the present time, has been suspected of having deleteri-

ous properties, is the Cerbera Ahovai. Orfila, in his Toxicolo--

gia, mentions that the kernel of the fruit of C. Ahovai is very

poisonous, and that the wood thrown into a pond stupifies the

fish. He adds, that the fruit of C. Munghas has a sharp and

bitter taste, and that its qualities are emetic. But this learned

toxicologist makes no observations on the other species of

Cerbera.

In October 1823, being at Guadaloupe, in the parish of

Capes terre, ] discovered the C. Thevetia. This shrub was

> e #5

On the Seeds of the Cerbera Thevetia. 87

then’ (as is common in those climates) in full bearing, loaded

with blossoms and fruits, both ripe and unripe. I gave some

of the milky juice to a lizard, and being frequently in the habit

of examining poisonous plants, immediately discovered that it

was not deleterious.

I gathered about an ounce of the milky juice, and gave it

to a young dog, which did not appear to be much incommoded

by it. I gave the pulp of three of the fruits to another dog, which

experienced no bad effect from it. Being much occupied at

this time, in making experiments with other noxious plants, I

determined to try the seeds of the C. Thevetia on some future

occasion.

I re-commenced these experiments a few days ago in this

city. Having pounded in a mortar the kernels found in one

of the C. Thevetia, weighing 14 grains, I made an emulsion

with distilled water. This emulsion had a bitter and soapy

taste. At twenty-five minutes past ten o’clock in the morning, I

gave this dose to a robust young dog, fasting. For about a

minute, he made considerable exertions to vomit, having a dry

cough, as if he had swallowed some substance, which was car-

ried directly to the lungs. . This continued until eleven o’clock,

when the animal vomited at several different times, a whitish

frothy matter; he foamed at the mouth in a manner similar

to what I have observed when I have exhibited the seeds of

the Mammea americana. He was much agitated, and ran about

in different directions ; his brain was aflected, his mouth was

covered with foam, and his posterior extremities stiff, accompa-

nied by a staggering motion. At twenty minutes after eleven,

there was great irritation of the stomach, and frequent incli-

nation to vomit. At twelve o’clock, these symptoms were

much abated. His respiration was agitated; but I judged,

from previous experience in these cases, that the animal would

recover. At three o’clock he was out of danger, as the dose

had been too small to produce fatal consequences.

88 On the Seeds of the Cerbera Thevetia

At thirty-eight minutes past five o’clock, in the afternoon of

the same day, I gave a dog of similar size twenty-eight grains

of the seeds of C. Thevetia, with an ounce and a half of dis-

tilled water. One minute after having swallowed this poison,

the animal had the hiccough with vertigo. He attempted to

walk but was unable to stand. At forty-six minutes past five,

he vomited a viscous matter; he appeared nearly insensible,

and his breathing was very slow. At five minutes before six

o’clock, all his members were completely paralyzed ; he groan-

ed mournfully, and lay entirely motionless. The pupil of the

eye was much dilated, and insensible to light ; respiration was

extremely laborious, the extremities cold, and the pulse feeble

and trembling. At six o’clock he died.

Appearances on Dissection.

All the blood-vessels leading to the brain over-distended

with blood.

The arachnoid membrane very much injected.

Some water at the basis of the brain.

The auricles and ventricles distended with clots of black

‘blood.

The stomach much contracted ; its blood-vessels slightly in-

jected; the mucous membrane towards the great arch, and the

pilorus, of a dark red colour.

The mucous membrane of the duodenum much inflamed,

and containing a mucous fluid, of a spongy yellow colour.

From this dissection, it may be concluded that the animal

had suffered a violent gastro-enteritis, which brought on death

more rapidly, by making a strong impression on the nervous

system.

This poison then belongs to the class of acrid-nervous; and.

1 am induced to believe that the peculiarly active poisonous

principle is prussic acid.

ee n

’ ie i,

On Columbite and other North American Minerals. 89

An Account of the Cotumsrrte of Haddam, ( Connecticut,) with

Notices of several other NortH American Minerars. By

Joun Torrey, M.D. Read March 1, 1824.

Tue history of Columbium is recorded in almost every

work on Chemistry and Mineralogy, and is familiar to all who

have made these sciences their study. Though it is now twen-

ty years since Mr. Hatchett made his interesting discovery,

the only North American specimen of Columbite known until

lately, was the original one in the British Museum, and even

the precise locality of that is not known. It is said to have

been sent many years since by the late Governor Winthrop, of

Connecticut, to Sir Hans Sloane, then President of the Royal

Society ; after whose death it was deposited in the Museum

where it still remains. According to a notice in the 8th vo-

lume of the New-York Medical Repository, the locality is said

to be near a spring not far from the house of Gov. Winthrop,

near New-London. It has, however, been many years sought

for without success; and some mineralogists have doubted

whether the specimen in the British Museum was found in

Connecticut, or in any part of this country ; but that it was a

Swedish specimen of Tantalite, which had by mistake been la-

belled as North American.

In a collection of minerals which I sent many years since

to Count Trolle Wachtmeister, this distinguished savant in~

formed me, that in one of the specimens from Haddam,

containing cymophane, beryl, &c. Professor Berzelius had

detected the Tantalite, and that it exactly resembled that of

Finbo in Sweden. A notice of this discovery I published

in the 4th volume of Silliman’s Journal, but it has been over-

looked by Cleaveland in the second edition of his excellent

work, and also by Phillips in the last edition of his Mineralo-

gy. As soon as I received this interesting information, I care-

fully examined the one or two specimens of the Haddam rock

90 On Columbite and other North American Minerals.

remaining in my possession, but without finding the substance

which I supposed Berzelius alluded to; and since that time,

until lately, I had made no other search for it. A few weeks

- since, however, in examining some splendid specimens of the

above-mentioned remarkable rock, presented to me by Col.

Gibbs, I observed disseminated through one of them, several

small masses of a blackish substance, having the appearance

of an ore of Manganese. On a more attentive examination, it

presented some unusual characters, and at length I discovered

a considerable number of minute crystals, which were evident-

ly of the same mineral with the masses. It occurred to me

that this was the Tantalite of Berzelius, and a chemical exa-

mination of the small portion of the mineral which I could sa-

crifice for this purpose, left little doubt on the subject. ‘The

following is a more particular description of the mineral.

It occurs in small amorphous masses, and in minute crys-

tals, disseminated in a granitic aggregate, consisting of quartz,

albite,* talc, friable manganesian garnet, beryl, cymophane,

&c. The amorphous masses, which are probably very imper-

fect crystals, are from one-fourth to half an inch in diameter,

of a grayish-black colour, with the surface always more or less

irised. Itis opaque. Its structure is imperfectly foliated. Its

fracture is somewhat conchoidal. It is not magnetic, either

before or after being heated with charcoal. It is sufficiently

hard to scratch glass, but not to strike fire with steel. ‘The

powder of the mineral is very dark brown. Specific gravity

5.90. Before the blow-pipe it is nearly infusible, the smallest

fragment being slightly rounded on the edges. Borax dis-

solves it very slowly, forming a pale yellowish glass.

* CLEAVELANDITE of H. I. Brooke, Esq. as proposed in the last edition

of Phillips’s Mineralogy. It is a subject of regret, that this name must be

given up for that of ALBrre, the latter having been several years since pro-

posed by Hisinger and Berzelius for those varieties of Feldspar having a

base of soda. ;

On Columbite and other North American Minerals. 91

The crystals are very minute, being seldom greater in dia-

meter than a common pin, and often much less ; yet many are

extremely perfect. The greater number of these crystals is

imbedded in the singular friable garnet, which Mr. Seybert

has ascertained to contain 30 per cent. of manganese. In one

instance, I found them long, very slender, and disposed in a

radiatng manner. They are often grouped or intersecting,

and are very brittle. The form of the crystal is that of a

compressed rectangular prism, usually truncated on the late-

ral edges, or a four-sided pyramid, two sides of which are, in

most instances, unduly extended. According to Phillips, the

primary form of the Columbite is a right rectangular prism.

The annexed figures represent two of the crystals with the mea-

surement of the angles taken with the reflecting goniometer.

No. 1 is the most common. This, it will be seen, much re-

sembles a figure of Columbite in the 3d edition of Phillips’s

Mineralogy, except in some of the minor truncations.

Kig.1.

P on-Miyor T) = = v-.4'-) =- 90.00

Mon T -- -'--=-'----- 90.00

T ond1 or M on’d3 - - 157.00

TT MM

,|| ——- 2 or —— = 2 = - 129.50

1/213 Y

——-3--------- 102.50

A small quantity of the powdered mineral was fused with

six parts of potash and one of borax. A mass of a deep green

colour was obtained. Muriatic acid, poured on this, left a

white powder, which, from the small quantity of the ore ope-

rated upon, could not be particularly examined, but it appear-

ed to be oxyd of Columbium. The muriatic solution was

found to contain iron and manganese. I regret exceedingly

92 On Columbite and other North American Minerals.

not having a suflicient quantity of the mineral to make a com-

plete analysis ; but its external characters, crystalline form, and

the few chemical experiments I have made, together with the

great probability of the substance I examined being the same

alluded to by Berzelius, leave little doubt that it is Columbite.

Still I hope, by examining a considerable number of speci-

mens, to find a sufficient quantity of the ore to undertake a de-

tailed analysis.

If I am correct in my determination of the Haddam mineral,

we have a clue, perhaps, to the discovery of the long-lost Co-

lumbite. The original specimen is said to have been found in

New-London, which place is not more than 25 miles from

Haddam. It is true, that the largest piece of ore yet seen from

the latter locality, does not much exceed half an inch in dia-

meter, while that in the British Museum is said to weigh seve-

ral ounces; but it is reasonable to expect, that, when the new

locality is thoroughly explored, masses of considerable size

will be discovered. There is another circumstance which fa-

vours the opinion that the mineral analyzed by Mr. Hatchett is

of the same variety, and from the same locality, as that of

Haddam, which is, the specific gravity of the latter. The

North American Columbite was found by Dr. Wollaston to

be much lighter than that of Sweden, the cause of which was

supposed to be small cavities in the former, and in confirma-

tion of this opinion, | would mention that the Haddam Colum-

bite, when immersed in water, continued to give out minuté

bubbles of air for a considerable time, after which the specific

gravity was much increased. ’

Phosphate of Manganese. There is but a single North

American locality of this rare mineral given by Cleave-

land, who remarks, that “ it is said to occur in Pennsylvania.”

f have not been able to ascertain either in what part of that

state it is to be found, or upon whose authority the locality is

given. About a year since, Mr. Nuttall placed in my hands

On Columbite and other North American Minerals. 92.

for examination a mineral, which he discovered in the vicinity

of Philadelphia, which I have ascertained to be a Phosphate of

Manganese. It occurs in small imperfectly laminated masses,

imbedded in granite, near the New Water Works. It is of a

brownish black colour, with a chatoyant lustre. Its streak

is rather light brown. _ It is soft enough to be cut with a knife.

Alone before the blow-pipe, it is easily fusible, with ebullition,

into a black glass. With borax it forms a violet glass.

Sulphuret of Antimony. My friend Mr. Oliver Bronson, an

active mineralogist of this Society, has put it in my power to

add this and the following mineral to the already extensive

catalogue found at Mr. Lane’s mine, Huntington, Connecti-

cut. It is found incrusting and partly filling up cavities in

quartz, and is associated with sulphuret of iron. It is of

lead-gray colour, easily scraped by a knife, and is almost en-

tirely volatilized before the blow-pipe, exhaling the odour of

sulphur, but without any arsenical smell.

Carbonate of Iron. This, like the preceding mineral, oc-

curs in cavernous quartz, in small drusy crystals, of a yellow-

ish-brown colour, and is associated with the sulphuret and mi-

eaceous oxyd of iron. It dissolves very slowly, with efferves-

cence, in muriatic acid. Before the blow-pipe it becomes

black and magnetic, and when urged by the most intense heat

throws out brilliant scintillations.

94 An account of the Phoca cristata.

An Account of the Paoca cristata, recently taken in the

vicinity of this city. By James E. Dexay, M.D. Read

March 1, 1824.

Aw animal of the genus Phoca is now exhibiting in this

place, under the absurd name of Sea Elephant. As every

thing connected with the history of this obscure genus is in-

teresting to the naturalist, I have examined the animal, and

drawn up the following description :

Length of the (whole) animal, from the symphysis of the

lower jaw to the root of the tail, seven feet. Body cylindri-

cal, tapering gradually to the tail, and covered with flattened

hairs about an inch in length. Colour gray and dark brown,

distributed in irregular patches. ‘The grayish appearance is

produced by very short hairs beneath the white. On the ab-

domen the gray predominates. ‘The extremities are of an

uniform blackish brown. Head small in proportion to the

body, but furnished with a peculiar appendage, which, when

dilated to its full extent, more than equals the head itself in

size. This appendage, which is termed a hood, is a movea-

ble muscular bag, capable of great dilatation, extending from

the rostrum to about five inches behind the eyes, and in cer-

tain positions, nearly covering the internal canthi. _ It is twelve

inches in extent from the nostrils to its posterior part, and nine

inches in height. Externally it is of a bright brown, covered

with short hairs, and exhibits many slight transverse ruge.

At its juncture with the integuments behind, a few strong hairs

are observed, which may be considered as appertaining to the

eyes, similar to other animals of this genus. The nostrils are

round, each two inches in diameter, and placed in the ante-

rior part of the hood. Through these the foreign substances

employed in distending the hood for exhibition were intro-

duced. When the hood is not distended, the cartilagmous

An account of the Phoca cristata. 95

septum nasi is distinctly felt from the outside, rising forwards,

and at its greatest: elevation about: six inches high.

Eyes large, six inches and a half from the extremity of the

upper jaw, of a dull greenish hue, the cornea very flat. Ear

openings distinct, situated two inches and a half behind and

beneath the eyes; no concha, nor even its rudiment, could be

observed. Cheeks and hood furnished with twenty-five to

thirty strong mastaces (Illig.) on each side, arranged in rows

converging forwards. The mastaces of the upper rows black

and small; of the inferior rows whitish, very stout, flatten-

ed, and about five inches in length; all directed downwards.

When examined minutely, they seem to have a series of short

alternate bevels on each edge, but no spiral turns. The tongue

large and fleshy, and divided at its tip to the depth of half an

inch,

Teeth thirty in number; above, four incisors, two canine

and ten jaw teeth; below, two incisors, two canine and ten

jaw teeth. The incisors above are cylindrical and approxi-

mated ; the two inner are small; the exterior much larger,

and nearly half the size of the neighbouring canine. The ca-

nine are considerably larger than those of the lower jaw, and

more incurved. The incisors of the lower jaw are very small

and cylindrical; the:jaw teeth above and below are small, dis-

tant, and have each a cutting edge; on the posterior part of

this edge, a notch or transverse indentation is visible. The

first is placed at some distance from the canine, and is much

smaller than the others.

The anterior swimming paws are small in proportion to the

size of the animal, of a uniform dark brown, except near their

_ junction with the body, when they assume the mottled appear-

ance of that part. ‘They are furnished each with five strong,

compressed, channelled claws, dark at their base, and of a

light horn colour at the tips; the exterior largest. The dis-

tance from the origin of the anterior part of the swimming

paws to the end of the jaw, is twenty inches. The length of

96 An account of the Phoca cristata.

these members is fifteen inches. The posterior suimming paws

are lunated at their extremities, and are fifteen imches in

length. They are furnished with five depressed claws, or ra-

ther horny lamin, of which the external are largest. ‘They

are all placed at some distance within the webbed extremities.

When expanded, the posterior extremities are fifteen inches in

breadth. The tail is six and a half inches in length, and at its

base is three broad. It is flattened, furnished with hair similar

to that covering the body, and tapers gradually to the tip.

Weight estimated at between five and six hundred pounds. It

is a full grown male.

It was taken in a small creek emptying into Long-Island

Sound at East Chester, about fourteen miles from this city.

The animal made considerable resistance, but exhibited no

symptoms of fear. ‘The captor succeeded in diverting his at-

tention by means of a dog, and was thus enabled to destroy

him by repeated discharges of his musket.

In the foregoing description, the remarkable peculiarities

presented by the teeth cannot escape notice. The incisors re-

semble the canine so much in form, that their actual position

alone can serve to point out their nature. Pennant, in the Arctic

Zoology, describes four above and four. below, being led into

this error by confounding the laniary teeth with the incisors.

The molares, or what with more propriety may be designated

as jaw teeth, are very small in proportion to the size of the

animal, hardly exceeding those of a child of five years old.

The whole number of teeth in this tribe, varies from thirty to

thirty-six. It is a curious coincidence that the different spe-

cies distinguished by a great developement of the hood, or ap-

pendage to the head, are equally remarkable for the same num-

ber of teeth. Thus the Ph. leonina, Gm. (proboscidea, Peron.)

and the Ph. cristata, Gm. have but two incisors below, indi-

cating a very natural division in this partially known family.

The uses of the hood are obscure. The captor of this ani-

mal relates, that when he first commenced his attack, he

An account of the Phoca cristata. 97

inflated this part, and made a bellowing noise, and that it con-

tinued inflated until he expired. Its use in defending the head

and eyes from hail, sand, &c. as related by Egede, and impli-

citly followed by all subsequent writers, is, to say the least,

problematical. The fishermen believe, that it is a sort of re-

servoir for air, which the animal uses when under water. _ Its

great bulk, when distended, would however prevent the animal

from descending freely, or moving with facility beneath the

surface of the water. It is said by most writers to be a sexual

distinction ; and there can be little doubt but that it is more

strongly developed in the males. The connexion of the nos-

trils with the hood, the configuration of this part, and the nu-

merous mastaces with which it is furnished, indicate its impor-

tance as subsidiary to the sense of smell. The weak arms of

offence and defence allotted to this animal render it necessary

that this faculty should be exercised in the greatest possible

degree.

With respect to the place it should occupy in the systems,

1 have little hesitation in considering it as the Phoca cristata

of Gmelin, Phoque a capuchon Cuvier, the Hooded Seal of

Pennant.* In the “ Histoire des Peches des Hollandois,” vol. I.

p- 216, it is stated that the usual residence of this seal is at the

entrance of Davis’ Straits. Pennant mentions, that it is some-

times seen in Newfoundland. This is the first individual, as

far as I can learn, that has been found within the limits of the

United States.

* As Pennant’s Arctic Zoology is a work to which few have access, I

have added an abstract of his description of the hooded seal. ‘P. with

four cutting teeth above and below; fore-feet like the human; thumb

long; membrane on the hind feet extends beyond the claws. On the fore-

head of the male is a thick folded skin, ridged halfway up, which it can in-

flate, and draw down like a cap, to defend its eyes against storms, &c. The

females and young have only the rudiments of this guard. It has two spe-

cies of hair, the longest white, the shortest thick, black, and woolly, which

gives it a beautiful gray colour; grows to the length of eight feet. The

Germans call it Klapmutz, from its covering its face as if with a cap,” &.

95 An account of the Phoca cristata.

As it does not seem sufficiently distinguished from the others

in the systems, I propose the following specific character :

P. cristata. P.capite inauriculato ; alis nasalibus (maris)

permagnis, utrem simulantibus ; dentibus primoribus maxillz

superioris quatuor, maxille inferioris duobus; molaribus

utriusque maxillz decem.

My thanks are due to the draughtsman of the Lyceum,

Mr. H. Inman, for the very faithful delineation which he has

made of this animal.

Plate VII.

In a work now publishing in a series of numbers at Paris,

by Frederick Cuvier, under the title of ‘“‘ Des dents des Mam-

miferes considérés comme caractéres zoologiques,” a work re-

markable for the accuracy, minuteness, and extent of its

observations, I find a species of Phoca mentioned, which, as

far as the teeth are concerned, corresponds almost exactly

with the Phoca cristata just described. It is there said to _

have been sent from New-York* by our associate Mr. Milbert,

under the name of Phoca mitrata, Phoque a mitre. It is pos-

sible that this may have been brought here from the north by

* The localities of American animals, as given in European works, are

often erroneous. Pennant has described many animals as from New-York,

whose natural abodes are often far in the interior of the continent. The

eause is obvious. New-York, independent of her intercourse with foreign

nations, is the great mart for furs, peltries, &c. from the north-west regions.

Cuvier, in his great work “ Sur les Ossemens Fossiles,” ed. 2. t. 1V. p. 43.

mentions having received the horns of the Cervus hippelaphus, an Asiatic

animal, from New-York. He states that they were brought from the

Northwest coast, by the expedition under Lewis & Clarke. It is possible

that these horns may have been carried thither by some of the numerous

vessels navigating between the Northwest coast and Asia, or were brought to

this port directly from the latter country. In the cabinet of the Lyceum

are several incisors and canine teeth of the Hippopotamus. These were

taken from a sealing vessel in this harbour, which had just arrived from the

South Sea, and what is worthy of remark, they are said to have been found

on the shores of the Falkland Islands.

An account of the Phoca cristata. 99

a Whaling vessel; should this prove to be the case, I should

be inclined to believe that it is absolutely identical with the

Phoca cristata described above. In the most recent works

that I have been enabled to consult, I find no description of

the Phoca mtrata ; but from the details given by M. F. Cu-

vier of its osteology, the following are the most striking dif-

ferences: the head, to judge by the plate, No. 38. B., is less

than one-half the size of the Phoca cristata ; the jaw-teeth are

more closely approximated, the furrows in them deeper, and

the last two are doubly furrowed.

APPEARANCES on Dissection of the Puoca cristata. By E.

G. Luptow, M. D. and F. G. Kine, M.D. Read March

15, 1824.

Arter the minute account of this animal already read by

Dr. Dekay, in which so precise a description of the head and

teeth is to be found, we have little left to offer.

The head in general, although strongly resembling that

of the dog, has nevertheless a striking peculiarity on its

upper surface.

About two inches from the extremity of the upper jaw

on its superior surface, rises a cartilaginous crest, rapidly

increasing in height as it passes backwards, being about seven

inches in height at its posterior or vertical edge, which is sepa-

rated into two planes, by an intervening depression of an inch

in depth.

Its superior edge is slightly convex, and the whole structure

is clearly an elongation of the septum of the nose, the true nos-

trils opening on each side of it by an oblong fissure.

This crest rises into the hood, or sac-like appendage of the

head.

100 Dissection of the Phoca cristata.

This hood is strongly muscular, with an aggregation of

circular fibres around its external orifices, which are two,

situated at the lower anterior part of the hood: these proba-

bly served the purpose of sphincters, so as perfectly to close the

sac.

The length of the upper jaw beyond this crest, is chiefly

attributable to the ossa imtermaxillaria, which are long and

broad.

The entire number of teeth is thirty; for an accurate ac-

count of which we refer to the preceding paper.

The spine consists of twenty-nine pieces, viz. : five cervical,

fifteen dorsal, two sacral, and seven caudal vertebrze, which

were not complete, as a part of the tail had been cut off;

from report, however, there must have been as many as ten

caudal pieces.

The ribs were fifteen in number, flat and slender. The

pelvis was long and narrow, having a direct diameter of only

three and a quarter inches, and resembling that of the otter.

Its cotyloid cavity inclined a little upwards, to which a strong

short femur is attached. Thyroid foramen small, and filled

with a dense ligament.

The anterior and posterior swimming paws were exactly

similar in structure to the extremities of man; having how-

ever a less number of metacarpal and metatarsal bones.

In the anterior swimming paw, the phalanges decrease regu-

larly from the thumb to the little finger, whilst in the posterior,

the first and last fingers are longer than the intermediate ones-

apparently, but not in reality, as this seeming increase is

dependent on an increased length of nail. The fingers are

not separate, but connected by a very thick web, the claws

appearing on its upper side and reaching to, but not over-

lapping the margin of the web.

The diaphragm very strong and thick.

The eye is very peculiar, perfectly spherical, with the nerve

entering directly in the axis of the ball. The selerotica di-

Dissection of the Phoca cristata. 1034

vided at its middle entirely around, its two edges connected

by an elastic membrane thickly covered by muscles. The

posterior half is subdivided into four longitudinal segments,

extending from its edge to within a quarter of an inch of the

entrance of the optic nerve.

This structure, by elongating the axis of vision, may enable

the animal more clearly to discern distant objects, and also

by the reverse to draw the eye deep within the socket during

repose, especially as there are no moveable lids, but only

the membrana nictitans.

The lens is spherical, the iris broad and evidently muscular.

The penis strongly resembling that of the dolphin and

porpoise, but containing a cylindrical bone seven inches long,

with a small groove on its under side. |

Testicles very large, and strongly exhibiting the corpus

pampiniforme. They were without the pelvis, and the size

of the abdominal ring compared with that of the testis, forbade

all belief that they could ever repass mto the abdomen, unless

very much lessened in size.

The os hyoides has a delicate body, slightly semilunate, with-

out tuberosity or apophysis. ‘The posterior cornua complete

the arch, these are flattened, and gradually increasing in

width, as they approach the thyroid cartilage, they terminate

in a rounded obtuse extremity.

The anterior cornu is composed of three bones, the first of

which is short and thick, the middle one has a large base,

gradually tapering towards its junction with the third, which

in length and delicacy exceeds the others, being cylindrical

in its body, and condyloid in its termination.

The aretenoid cartilages were unusually large and long,

and from the nature of their joint, admit of motion in all

directions ; and it will be well here to remark, that the closing

of the rima glottidis is effected by a peculiar cartilaginous

structure. There was also a peculiarity in the muscular

structure of this part worthy of note, for the aretenoidei

102 Dissection of the Phoca cristata.

transversales, instead of running directly across, met in a

tendinous centre line, and there was but one aretenoidceus

obliquus. The trachea in length from its bifurcation to the

os hyoides was twenty-four inches, and composed of flat

cartilaginous rings, with undulating edges. At the junction

of the extremities of each ring, the ends overlap each other

about half an inch, and as nothing but a leose cellular

structure intervenes, they may, by this means, be enabled to

admit of much distention if necessary.

The cesophagus, particularly near the pharynx, was com-

pletely studded with large mucous glands, gradually disap-

pearing as they approached the

Stomach, which was simple, though large and strongly

muscular, exhibited a velvety coat, internally for about two-

thirds its length from the pylorus, its larger end being more

like the lining membrane of the cesophagus. Its length is

three feet, curved one foot upon itself.

The intestinal tube exhibited no peculiarities, being nearly

invariable in size both in the large and small intestines.

Coecum very short.

On the mesentery, near the duodenum, a long spongy

glandular body was observed; from its situation, probably

the pancreas, although no ducts were visible.

The bladder, as in the human body, but more muscular,

exhibiting a beautiful arrangement of circular, spiral, and

longitudinal fibres. ‘The prostate gland obcordate, very

large, and had a portion of the urethra imbedded in it. The

kidney large and lobulated, exhibiting a sort of reticulated

surface, with hexagonal compartments.

Liver of the same colour and consistence as in man, but com-

posed of six distinct lobes, three large, and the same number

small, all with acute terminations, with numerous lobuli,

irregularly scattered through them. The transverse fissure

was very indistinct, although the vena porte was dispro-

portionately large.

Dissection of the Phoca cristata. 103

The heart, like that of all the mammalia, was very large,

and by inflation and injection, we satisfied ourselves that

the foramen ovale was closed ; so that the opinion of Cuvier,

that the foramen ovale is not open, but that the size of the

vena portz answers the same purpose, by enabling the animal

to remain long under water without breathing, is confirmed by

our observations on this animal.

Ozservations on. the North American species of the genus

Gratiota. By Capt. Joun Le Conre of the U. S.

Army, F. L. S. &c. Read March 22, 1824.

Is certainty unattainable in human pursuits, when they are

not connected with mathematical science? This question,

which has been so frequently asked, must have presented itself

with peculiar force to the mind of every naturalist. He sees

every where around him systems adopted and laid aside ;

facts at one time admitted, and almost immediately afterwards

controverted ; what but a few years ago was considered as

fixed beyond the reach of doubt, now entirely overthrown ;

new names, new distributions are for ever appearing: while

nature, from whom all these things are pretended to be de-

rived, is unchangeable. Can what is so variable have pro-

ceeded from her? or do we only flatter ourselves, when we

call the suggestions of our fancy, the arrangements of nature f

Nature is constant, but our own prejudices, our vanity,

and our blind presumption mislead us. Few, however willing

they may be, see with their own eyes. The authority of

personal experience, weighs nothing against the whims of a

favourite author, and we,willingly choose to fetter our reason,

and to entangle our faculties in the mazes of others’ imagi-

nations.

104 Observations on the North American Gratiola.

In the present state of botanical knowledge, these remarks

will apply to almost every genus which contains species not

commonly met with, or extensively diffused. The impertect

descriptions of the elder investigators of our natural pro-

ductions, who considered brevity as the very essence of

correctness, have left to us and to our successors a fruitful

source of contention and doubt. Who can say, that a species

designated in Gronovius, only by a solitary characteristic, is

identical with any now produced, although that character-

istic belongs to it; when the very mark upon which so much

stress is laid, is found not to be peculiar to one species, but

common to many? Shall we appeal to Herbaria? Age and

the distortion produced by preserving these delicate objects.

entirely alter their appearance. Besides, the variations oc-

casioned by climate and seasons, and difference of soil can only

be known to him who examines them in their native situations.

A thousand accidents may occasion apparent differences,

where none in reality exist. Colour is fugitive and variable ;

magnitude inconstant, pubescence frequently the effect of a

juxuriant growth, and the want of it, of the reverse; all of

which except in living plants, are apt to deceive. I add to

all this, one more fruitful source of confusion, the insatiable

desire of discovering new species: but were we able to

check this desire, and to come to our investigations with a

cool judgment, and a well-regulated disposition to correct the

errors of others, rather than to advance our own celebrity ;

this would be our first rule of conduct, that to diminish the

number of species, is of more benefit to science, than to in-

crease them.

I take up the small genus of Gratiola, almost at random,

and find extreme difficulty in clearing it of confusion. Modern

errors are heaped upon ancient, and our latest writers instead

of throwing aside as useless, the indeterminate species of

former botanists, seem to delight in preserving them in the

enumeration of what they please to term known plants. The

Observations on the North American Gratiole. 105

half of our botanical books consists of synonyms, and

references to different authors, no matter how obscure, or how

little known, and he who collects the most of this rubbish, con-

eludes that he has laboured most in the cause of science.

Before proceeding to investigate this genus, it may be well

to observe, that the shape of the capsule is variable, some-

times even in individuals of the same species ; that the bracteal

leaves or appendages to the calyx are found in all; and that

there never are four fertile stamina.

1. Caroliniensis. Stem smooth, little branched, pro-

cumbent at the base, the upper part tetragonal, the lower

terete: leaves sessile, oblong, lanceolate, rather obtuse,

dentate, three-nerved: peduncles pubescent, short; calyx-

leaves linear-lanceolate, equal, entire; bracts broader, ex-

panding; corolla white, internally pubescent; sterile fila-

ments none; capsule globose. Inhabits in wet grounds from

Carolina to Florida. 2. Is sometimes found with part of the

stem and some of the leaves pubescent.

This species, which is the largest in America, has a very

striking resemblance to the G. officinalis of Europe, but the

description points out the differences. It is remarkable what

confusion reigns among all writers with regard to it. Mi-

chaux saw its resemblance to the European species, and con-

sidered it the same. Persoon, struck by the circumstance of

its wanting the sterile filaments, makes a subspecies of it.

Mr. Elliott, who persuaded himself that the G. awrea was the

officinalis of Michaux, makes a new species of it under the name

of G. spherocarpa ; and Pursh, who never saw the plant but in

dried specimens, which he obtained from me, without hesitation

pronounces it the G. acuminata of Walter, and thus it becomes

again the G. megalocarpa of Elliott. It is doubtless the G.

virgimana of Walter: and may be the G. peruviana of Feuillé,

for it would not be strange that a plant found in the lower

parts of our southern states, should extend into Mexico and

South America.

106 Observations on the North American Gratiole.

2. Virginica. Stem more or less pubescent, branching at

the base, assurgent, terete ; leaves smooth, sessile, lanceolate,

rather obtuse, dentate on the upper part, attenuated at the

base: peduncles long, setaceous, pubescent: calyx-leaves

equal, lanceolate, obtuse; bracts broader: corolla white,

internally pubescent, tube yellow; capsule ovate, rather

acute: sterile filaments none. Inhabits from Canada to

Mississippi, but is never found in the low country of the

southern states. 2.

3. Viscosa. Stem assurgent, viscously pubescent, subterete ;

leaves smooth, sessile, ovate-lanceolate, rather acute, dentate,

three-nerved: peduncles long; calyx-leaves equal, linear-

lanceolate; bracts broader, expanding, shorter than the calyx;

corolla internally pubescent, whitish striped with purple, tube

yellow with two sterile filaments, capsule ovate, as long as the

calyx. Inhabits Virginia, and the upper parts of North

Carolina. 2.

This species was first discovered and named by Mr.

Schweinitz : it is the G. virginica of Elliott, although in his

description, he omits to mention the viscosity of the stem,

probably because he described from a dry specimen.

4. Aurea. Smooth, stem tetragonal, repent at the base,

branching: leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, punctate, dentate

or very entire, acute, or sometimes rather obtuse ; peduncles

long, pubescent, setaceous; calyx-leaves equal, linear; bracts

linear expanding : corolla yellow, internally pubescent, cap-

sule ovate, rather acute: sterile filaments two, minute. In-

habits from New-York to Florida. 2.

This species was first distinguished by Muhlenberg. It has,

by all our late writers, been considered as the G. officinalis

of Michaux, and even by some, said to resemble the G. off-

cinalis of Europe very much. But if any reliance is to be

placed upon the representations which have been published of

that plant, it must have required a peculiar obtuseness of

sight to trace any resemblance between them. This has

Observations on the North American Gratiola. 107

flowers of aremarkably brilliant yellow, those of the European

plant are white.

5. Quadridentata. Rather smooth; stem terete, procum-

bent, sometimes viscous: leaves sessile, lanceolate, acute,

subpunctate, four-toothed, the two anterior teeth longer :

calyx-leaves unequal, linear; bracts small, only on the

flowers which first appear, the later ones being deprived of

them: corolla white, internally pubescent, tube yellowish ;

sterile filaments two, small; capsule ovate, acute, shorter than

the calyx. Inhabits from Carolina to Florida. ©.

Nature is constant in preserving either entire, or by rudi-

ments, those characteristic marks which serve to connect

together any class of her productions, and to distinguish it

from others. In those species of the present genus where the

sterile filaments are wanting, the places which they ought

to have occupied, are marked by small points, and it is

not difficult in those that want the bracteal appendages to

the calyx, to point out their rudiments. It has been

suggested, that the simple calyx of this species, ought to

constitute it a distinct genus: but the discovery that it really

has bracts upon the flowers which first appear, should render

innovators more cautious of proposing alterations in our

present arrangements, and more circumspect in what they

advance concerning facts, that others may examine with more

attention than they themselves have thought necessary to

bestow upon them.

6. Pilosa. Erect, branching, very hairy; stem tetragonal ;

leaves sessile, ovate, dentate ; flowers sub-peduncled : calyx

leaves unequal, the two intermediate ones small, setaceous ;

corolla white, internally smocth, sterile filaments two, very

small, scarcely visible. Inhabits in the dry pine forests from

Carolina to Florida. ©.

Called by Walter, G. Peruviana. At first sight it scarcely

resembles a Gratiola.

108 Observations on the North American Gratiole.

7. Anagallidea of Michaux. Of this species I can say but

little, having only once casually seen it, without particularly

examining it. The description we have in the Flora Boreali-

Americana is as follows: ‘‘ Erect, very smooth; stem tetrago-

nal: leaves oblong-oval, sparingly denticulate, shorter than

the flowers: calyx without bracts, subulate, pubescent :

corolla internally smooth: leaves most commonly obtuse :

corolla pale bluish.” The plant which I saw had very small

whitish flowers with violet veins.

Mr. Elliott’s G. tetragona, if it be a Gratiola, may be this

species of Michaux. He describes his plant as being ‘‘ smooth,

with a procumbent tetragonal stem rooting at the joints :

leaves sessile, lanceolate, acute, from four to six-toothed, ob-

scurely three-nerved: peduncles two or three lines long,

tetragonal : calyx leaves equal, linear, finely serrate, corolla

white with coloured streaks, (what colour?) capsule oblong,

acute, somewhat compressed and oblique, as long as the calyx.

I am aware that all our American botanists have been in

the habit of considering the G. anagallidea, the same as the

Lindernia attenuata. But neither Michaux, nor the dis-

tinguished gentleman who assisted him in the publication of

his work, could have confounded two genera so unlike in every

respect. Mr. Elliott’s G. tetragona may be something differ-

ent from what I have supposed it to be; for he has confounded

our present genus with Herpestis, in a very remarkable

manner ; nor has he left that genus in a much better state.

The G. acuminata of Mr. Elliott is the Herpestis cunetfolia ;

his H. cuneifolia the H. Brownei; his H. rotundifolia the

H. amplezicaulis and his H. micrantha the Hemianthus

micranthemordes of Nuttall.

On the use of the Blow-pipe. 109

NotEs on some new Supports for Minerals subjected to the

action of the common Blow-pipe. By Lieut. Col. J. G.

Torren. Read April 26, 1824.

James Smiruson, Esq., in a letter to the editor of the

Annals of Philosophy, on the subject of securing small parti-

cles for examination by the blow-pipe ;* communicates several

mgenious modifications of Saussure’s process with splinters of

sappare, which process he observes, “ has been scarcely at all

employed ; owing partly to the excessive difficulty, in general,

of making the particles adhere, and in consequence of the

almost unpossessed degree of patience required, and of the

time consumed by nearly interminable failures.” Mr. Smith-

son’s processes are three. Ist. Small plates of clay “ave

formed by extending a white refractory clay, by blows with

the hammer, between the folds of a piece of paper, like gold

between skins. The clay and paper are then cut together

with scissors,” ‘‘into very acute triangles,” affording a sub-

stitute for Saussure’s sappare. 2d. Or a very little of the

moist clay may be taken up on the end of a pointed platina,

or other wire; and the object to be tried, being touched with

it, will adhere. 3d. Or a paste may be made of some of the

body itself, reduced to fine powder. With a paste of the

powder of flint and water, “ pieces of flint were successively

connected to flint; and some of this paste taken up on the

end of a wire, served, if not quite as well as elay, yet very

sufficiently.”

Pursuing the advantage gained by these improvements,

Mr. Smithson made several interesting experiments ; and,

among the rest, found, ‘with much surprise, that flint can

* Reference is made to this letter for many interesting details. See

No. 36 of the new series of those Annals: or No, 25 of the Technical

Repository.

110 On the use of the Blow-pipe.

be melted without difficulty, and even when of considerable

bulk.”

Having, in common, I presume with all who have had

occasion to refer to the blow-pipe for determining certain

characteristic differences of minerals, been much dissatisfied

with the limited power of the instrument when acting upon

the usual supports of charcoal, platina forceps, &c.; I was

not less convinced, on reading the paper of this gentleman,

that his improvements would greatly extend its utility, than

gratified by the facility of their application, and the results

he had already obtained by their use. With these im-

pressions I have recently made a few trials; which, as they

indicate a greater power in the blow-pipe, at least as to one

substance, than even Mr. Smithson attributed to it at the date

of his letter, this society may not consider wholly uninteresting.

Not being able to obtain any clay sufficiently refractory

for my purpose, though I tried the German, and the English

(Stourbridge) clay, used for crucibles by glass-blowers, and

two or three specimens called pipe-clay; I had recourse to

the minerals which I designed to expose to the action of the

flame ; this is Mr. Smithson’s third process. Instead, how-

ever, of taking upon the point of the wire a very minute

portion of the paste made of the powdered mineral, according

to Mr. Smithson’s method ; I formed a paste by mixing the

powder with very thick gum water ; and, rolling a little of it

under the finger, formed a very acute cone, sometimes nearly

an inch in length, and generally about a twentieth of an inch

in diameter at the base. ‘These cones, being held by the

forceps, or attached to the end of a wire, or even of a splinter

of wood, may be directed accurately upon the minutest visible

particle ; and being a little moistened at the point with saliva,

the particle will adhere to the very apex, under the strongest

blast of the blow-pipe.

I conceived, that when a very small quantity of paste was

used, the extremity of the wire or forceps must necessarily

On the use of the Blow-pipe. lil

abstract much heat from the fragment under examination,

because it must itself be*often within the limits of the blue

flame ; and my object was, as much as possible, to insulate

the fragment. ‘These cones need not in fact be more than

one quarter, or one fifth of an inch in length ; for so effectually

is the conducting property of the mineral substance destroyed,

by destroying the continuity of its particles, that one of these

cones, of the length of half an inch, may be held at the base

by the fingers with impunity, while the apex is in the focus of

heat.

One great advantage of this method over the others is, that

if fusion ensues, it is owing entirely to the nature of the sub-

stance experimented upon, and not in any degree to the

agency of foreign substance acting as fluxes.

No. 1. Precious Serpenttne—(From Phillips-town, N. Y.)

melts instantly into a brownish yellow, blebby enamel :

by continuing the heat, ebullition is observed, the colour

‘is nearly or quite dissipated, and numerous wart-like ele-

vations appear on the surface.

No. 2. Precious Serpentine—(From Easton, Pa.) a very lus-

trous and beautiful specimen; same result as No. 1.

No. 3. Precious Serpentine—(Believed to be from Massachu-

setts) a dark green specimen; melts with great ease at

first into a dark green blebby enamel ; subsequent effects

the same as Nos. 1 and 2.

Having recently seen the paper of Mr. Keating on the

specific identity of Precious serpentine and Marmolite, I

was most naturally led to examine this latter substance ;

and if a corroboration of that gentleman’s opinion were

necessary, we might find it in my results.

No. 4. Marmolite of Nuttall—(Hoboken, N.J.) The effects

precisely the same, in all respects, as in Nos. 1 and 2.

No. 5. Com. Serpentine—(Hoboken, N. J.) somewhat diffi-

cult of fusion; the point of the cone alone, or a very

112

No.

On the use of the Blow-pipe.

small particle attached to it, melts into a white blebby

enamel.

6. Black Flint—(found in chalk) melts with more ease

than No. 5, into a white enamel.

7. Hornstone, black—(found on the shore of the Dela-

ware, out of place.) Result the same as with the flint.

.8. Hornstone, black—(Black Rock, N. Y, imbedded in

limestone.) Result the same.

.9. Chalcedony—(shore of the Mississippi, out of place)

melts without difficulty into a colourless vesicular glass.

10. Carnelian, deep red—(shore of the Mississippi, out of

place) loses colour instantly, and fuses like chalcedony.

-11. Ferruginous Quartz, deep red—(Brooklyn, N.Y. out

of place) melts with about the same ease as flint, into a

white glass globule, full of air bubbles.

12. Fer. Quartz, yellowish brown: called by some Horn-

stone—(Suffolk county, N. Y.) melts like No. 2.

.13, Common Quartz—(shore of the Delaware, out of

place.) This specimen is highly crystalline and trans-

parent, but not rock crystal. The results of the experi-

ments were, however, precisely similar to those with rock

crystal, which are next detailed.

14. Rock Crystal—(West Canada Creek, N. Y.) For tri-

al with this substance, a small crystal, having both termi-

nations complete, and of the finest water, was selected.

The extremity of the cone is converted into a globule

without difficulty ; but it is next to impossible to in-

crease the globule first formed. ‘The cone must be very

acute, and, after being burned in the flame of a candle,

is perceived to be rough and uneven with microscopical

particles of the crystal; the blow-pipe converts the

roughness into a smooth and shining surface, and the

particle at the very apex into a globule of colourless

glass, more or less vesicular.

J conceive this effect to be most easily produced after

On the use of the Blow-pipe. 113

the paste had been repeatedly dried, (without burning,)

and as often restored to a suitable consistence by fresh

addition of gum water ; and if so, it must be owing to

these additions separating the particles more and more,

and thereby lessening the communication of heat from

particle to particle down the cone. The minutest frag-

ment I could obtain by the hammer, or by rubbing toge-

ther two sharp edges of large fragments—although at-

tached to the extremity of a cone nearly as acute as a

needle’s point—was affected, by the greatest heat I could

produce, if at all, in no other way than the rounding of

its points and edges. We may therefore consider this

substance as fusible only in a state of powder.

No. 15. Sappare—(Litchfield, Conn.) From a single experi-

ment, which J have not had leisure to repeat, I infer that

this substance is infusible before the common blowpipe.

The apex of a very acute cone was not perceptibly al-

tered.

From the experiments of Mr. Smithson, and from those

stated above, it is obvious that the power of the common

blow-pipe is greatly extended ; but it remains to be ascertain-

ed whether its field of usefulness, as a means of discriminating

between substances of various composition, has been equally

or at all enlarged. ‘There are now, as respects the blow-pipe,

two well-defined boundaries in the mineral kingdom; and

what do we gain by merely approximating these boundaries

a little? This approximation, however, is not all we are able

to accomplish: we may, I conceive, erect a new wall of parti-

tion quite as prominent as those which now exist. Hitherto

minerals were divided, in relation to this instrument, into

three classes, namely—

Ist, such as are fusible per se.

2d, such as are fusible only with addition; and

3d, such as are infusible even with fluxes.

114 On the use of the Blow-pipe.

We may now subdivide and form classes equally distinct,

to wit—

Ist, such as are fusible per se, with ordinary supports. |

2d, such as are fusible per se, un microscopical particles.

3d, such as are fusible only with addition ; and,

4th, such as are infusible even with fluxes.

This subject requires yet much attention; and] hope some

of the details given above may save from trouble and disap-

pointment such as may be disposed to diminish the list of infu-

sible minerals, or to simplify and extend the use of an instru-

ment, so indispensable to the mineralogist.’

Ln cn er nee a}

On the Remains of the Mecaruerium recently discovered in

Georgia. By Witu1am Coorer. Read April 19, 1824.

Ir has been already announced that remains of the great

fossil animal of Paraguay exist within the limits of the United

States; and under a latitude nearly as far north, as they have

hitherto been found south, of the Equator. We are indebted

for the first intelligence of this discovery, which possesses so

much interest for the lovers of natural science, to our learned

associate professor Mitchill, distinguished by his previous

contributions to the knowledge of the fossil productions of

this country. In a paper contained in the present volume of

these Annals, that gentleman has given an account of two frag-

ments of teeth brought to him from an island on the seacoast

of Georgia, which, at the same time that they differed totally

from those of any quadruped now known to exist, presented

the most striking resemblance to those of the Megatherium.

To an animal of this very extraordinary, and now extinct spe-

cies, he accordingly does not hesitate to refer them.

The information thus given, however, was calculated rather

to stimulate than to satisfy the curiosity of naturalists. Al-

though the fact of these remains existing in North America

Megatherium of Georgia. 116

might perhaps be considered as thereby established, yet its

connexion with the most difficult problems in zoology and ge-

ology rendered it highly desirable to obtain other and more

entire parts of the skeleton, and with them to institute a more

extensive comparison. By means of this we might expect

to discover any diflerence possibly existing between them,

or else to determine, in the most unquestionable manner,

the specific identity of the animal of Georgia with that of Pa-

raguay.

These considerations induced me to address a letter to my

friend, Dr. Wm. R. Waring of Savannah, begging him to

make inquiry whether any more of these relics had been found,

and if possible, to procure me some of them. His answer in-

formed me that his friend, Dr. Joseph C. Habersham of the

same place, had, with much trouble, and at some expense, as-

sembled a collection of the benes found in the marshes of Skid-

away Island, and at his request consented to allow them to be

sent to this city, under the condition that they should be pla-

ced where they might be publicly viewed. They were trans-

mitted to me in the month of March last, and in compliance

with the wishes of the owner, are now deposited in the cabinet

of this Society.

The collection was found to consist of parts of several mem-

bers of the skeleton, which, as nearly as their very mutilated

and disconnected state would enable me determine, were as

follows:

A portion of the posterior part of the right side of the low-

er jaw.

Another portion which had been continuous with the pre-

ceding.

A considerable portion of the anterior part of the same jaw.

A fragment of the left side of the same jaw, about three

inches square.

Five fragments belonging to three different teeth.

The vertebra dentata, with nearly one half broken off.

Three other vertebrae, two of which appear to be dorsal, and

116 Megatherium of Georgia.

the third either the last dorsal or the first lumbar. None of

these are entire.

A fragment undetermined, but supposed to be of the ilium.

Eight pieces belonging to three or four different ribs.

Three of these pieces have the heads attached to them, and

two seem to have belonged to the left side, and the remainder

to the right. :

The head of the lower extremity of the humerus, with “both

condyles nearly entire. |

Two pieces with a concavity at one end, perhaps the superi-

or parts of a radius and ulna.

A bone supposed to be a tarsal, much broken.

Two carpal bones adapted to each other.

The heads of both femora; and a fragment, apparently the

lower condyle of a femur.

Part of a bone about seven inches long, supposed to be part

of a fibula.

Besides these were four or five other small pieces of bone,

but so imperfect as not to be easily referred to their proper

places in the skeleton.

In addition to the foregoing should be enumerated the two

fragments of teeth from which professor Mitchill drew up his

description. On being compared with Dr. Habersham’s col-

lection, one of them was found to correspond with a fragment

supposed to be of a fourth molar, of which it formed the poste-

rior process. The other, as it fitted with great exactness into

what remained of the socket of the third molar, appeared to

have occupied that place in the jaw. ‘Thus it is rendered ex-

tremely probable, that all the relics of the Megatherium yet

discovered, as far as we know, in North America, have belong-

ed toa single individual.

I shall first endeavour to bring together some of these frag-

ments so as to show what has been their original state; after

which they may be compared with the figure and description

of the animal of Paraguay, as given by M. Cuvier in the

Megatherium of Georgia. ae

Annales du Museum, vol. V., and in the Recherches sur les

Ossemens Fossiles, vol. IV. first. ed. The original plates and

description of M. Bru are not, with the exception of PI. L, to

be procured in this city, and that part of the second edition of

the Ossemens Fossiles, which relates to the fossil Edentia, if

published, has not yet reached us.

Restoration of part of the lower jaw.

A and B (see Pl. VIII.) formed one continuous piece. Of

this there can be no doubt, as the edges of the fracture,

though very irregular, correspond perfectly with each other.

These two portions compose the greater part of the right side

of the lower jaw, and contain parts of the sockets of all the

four molar teeth.

The plate represents two views of the jaw as partly restored,

reduced to one fifth their natural size. Fig. 1. is an oblique

view of the inside of the jaw. Fig. 2. a profile of the outside.

The dotted line represents the part supposed to be broken off.

For accurate drawings of these, I have to return my thanks

to Mr. Inman, Draughtsman to the Lyceum.

C also belongs to the lower jaw. It consists of the anterior

part, comprising the symphysis, with part of the elongation,

and parts of the sockets of the two first molars. It has been

continuous with B. ‘This will be made more apparent when

we come to the comparison with the skeleton of Madrid.

D (not in the plate,) is a fragment of the left side of the

same jaw. ‘This is evident from its containing parts of the

sockets of the two last molars, part of the opening for the pas-

sage of the maxillary vessels, and the origin of the ascending

branch of the jaw.

The teeth had fallen out of all the sockets except one,

which contained the body of the second molar with the crown

and fangs broken off, apparently by recent violence. 1

attempted therefore to find the places of the four remaining

teeth. ‘Two of them I perceived to be alike in all respects.

118 Megatherium of Georgid.

and therefore concluded that they had occupied correspond-

ing situations in opposite sides of the jaw. Both are broken

in two across, and consist of the crown and part of the body

as far down as below the commencement of the internal

pyramidal cavity. The longer of the two is about four

inches, the other. somewhat less. On trying the first of these,

it was found to fit with great exactness into the socket of

which part remains in B, and part in C, that is, the socket of

the first ’molar. This, it may be observed, corroborates the

approximation of these two fragments. Its form also showed

this to have been its place; its diameter in the direction of its

cutting edges being less than the contrary diameter, and its

being narrowed anteriorly, proved its situation to have been

in the thinner and more tapering part of the maxillary bone.

The second molar of the same, that is, the right side re-

mained in its socket as already mentioned. It is remarkable

for its rhomboidal form, the diagonal through its left anterior

internal, and right posterior external angle, being the greatest.

The remaining two teeth appeared to belong to the left

side of the same jaw. One of them I conjectured to be the

third ; Ast, from its fitting into a part of this socket re-

maining in D; and 2dly, from its form, which shows the

passage between the rhomboidal figure of the second molar,

and the flattened shape of that which I suppose to be the

fourth. 'This last is more flattened, that is, broader in the

direction of its cutting edges than any of the others; and from

this, as well as from its agreeing with the form of the fourth

socket partly remaining in D, I have referred it hither. This

tooth may however have belonged to the upper jaw.

Comparison with the Megatherium.

Skeleton of Madrid. Bones from Georgia.

The lower jaw is of a A considerable part of this

tolerably regular figure, if we remarkable elongation re-

Megathervum of Georgia.

except the elongation of its

anterior part.

At the anterior extremity is

remarked a smallnotch, which

indicates probably the separa-

tion of these bones in the

young subject.

At the origin of this elon-

gation is found a protube-

rance considerably elevated,

which, increasing in volume

downwards, forms with the

neighbouring one, two large

eminences, between which is

a canal corresponding to what

anatomists call the symphysis

in man.

It continues increasing suc-

cessively in volume as far as

(S*), where begins the inferior

border called base, which is

at least a foot long.

The two apophyses, viz. :

the coronoid and the con-

dyle are to be observed, with

the angle of the jaw.

The superior border of this

jaw is very thick in front of

the coronoid apophysis; where

r19

mains in our specimen, as

represented in the plate at (a)

Fig. 1. and 2.

The anterior extremity be-

ing destroyed in the specimen

from, Georgia, _ this

could not be observed.

notch

Part of this protuberance

may be observed at (6) cor-

responding in ‘situation with

those represented in the figure

of M. Bru. The canal of the

symphysis is well preserved,

and very apparent in our

specimen.

This part is broken off in

our specimen; but from the

depth and direction of the

sockets, it is very evident

however, that something simi-

lar to this must have existed.

Part of the base remains at

These parts are entirely

broken off in the specimen

from Georgia.

Our specimen agrees with

this description in all points,

except the inclination of the

loaned

* Appears to he J in the figure,

120

are incased four teeth in as

Megatherium of Georgia

teeth, which differs somewhat.

many particular sockets, which The fourth molar does indeed

incline slightly backwards.

From the first molar to the

point P, this border continues

diminishing in thickness, and

with that of the opposite side,

forms a canal very well adapt-

ed for receiving the tongue.

Finally, may be observed

in this bone three openings,

two of which are external,

(Q&R.) The third being

on the interior side could not

be represented in the figure.

incline a little backwards, and

perhaps also the third, al-

though very slightly. The

first and second rather incline

forwards at the top, and as

they descend, present a strong

curvature backwards, as is

seen in the socket restored by

the approximation of B and

C, as well as in the tooth

itself.

All this coincides perfectly

with what is observed in our

fragment, C. The canal (d)

is well preserved, and its com-

mencement may be traced in

This is the only part of M.

Bru’s description in which it

is difficult to find an agree-

ment with the Georgia relics.

There are indeed three open-

ings, but they do not corres-

pond in situation with those

in M. Bru’s figure, and are all

external and on one side. This

may be partly owing to some

want of exactness in the refe-

rences, or more probably to

the injured state of our speci-

men, which at this place has

a considerabie portion broken

off.

Megatherium of Georgia. 121

The fragments of teeth in Dr. Habersham’s collection, for

there is not one entire, agree with Bru’s description of those

in the skeleton of Madrid, so far, at least, as it is given in the

French abridgment. There are the sockets of four in the’

right lower side, and consequently eight teeth in all, in the

lower jaw, the six posterior being the greatest. They are

square with rounded angles, and a groove between on the in-

ner and outer sides, and are longitudinally striated. The infe-

rior pyramidal cavity may be observed with advantage in the

right second molar, which remains in the socket : but the ter-

minating points are broken off from this as well as from all

the others. Consequently, we are not enabled to ascertain

their precise length, but it appears to have been at least seven

inches, and probably more.

The heaviest of our teeth, which is the first of the right

side, weighs nine and a quarter ounces. The fourth of the

left side weighs nine ounces. To make them agree with the

weights of the corresponding teeth as stated by Bou, we must

suppose that more than half has been broken off the former,

and from the latter nearly two thirds. This, froma compari-

son with the sockets, I should hardly suppose to be the case, at

least with the latter.

The peculiar form of the crown of these teeth is not well

represented in any figure I have seen, excepting that given by

Professor Mitchill, to which the reader is referred. Their

posterior crest is higher than the anterior. The posterior

crest is known by the curvature of the tooth corresponding

with that of the socket. This peculiarity does not appear in

the figure in the “‘ Ossemens Fossiles,” but rather the contrary.

Their remarkable structure, so much unlike any before ob-

served, is still more deserving of a particular description. The

tooth is covered externally with a coating of enamel, extreme-

ly thin, and uniformly so on all sides, and which does not

extend over any part of the crown. Within is a coating of

bone or ivory, which at the sides of the tooth is as thin as the

122 Megatherium of Georgia.

enamel ; but where it is parallel to the cutting edges is nearly

a quarter the thickness of the whole tooth. Enclosed within

this is a second coating of enamel, which, like the first two,

has two sides very thin. The other two sides are more than

a line thick, and terminate in the cutting processes, which by

this means are kept constantly sharp and prominent by the

wearing away of the softer ivory on each side of them. Where

these laminz of enamel terminate, on the anterior side of the

higher process, may be observed a semilunated truncation,

which is not seen on the lower process, although terminated in

a similar manner.

The whole solid part of the tooth thus represents a prism of

bone, enveloped in three cases, two of enamel, and the third of

a substance similar to itself. There is therefore much analo-

gy between this structure and that of the teeth in the genus

Bradypus ; which, says M. Cuvier, are simply ‘ un cylindre

d’os enveloppé d’émail.” In another passage he speaks of

this enamel as an “ étui tubuleux.” We have thus an addi-

tional circumstance to show the affinity of the Megatherium to

the Sloths.

Fig. 3 represents a transverse section, natural size, of one of

the first molars, showing the arrangement and relative thick-

ness of the coats.

Fig. 4, a longitudinal section of part ofa larger tooth,

showing the manner in which the interior enamel terminates

the cutting processes.

Of the four vertebrz, three have little remaining besides

the body, the processes being almost all entirely broken off.

The other, which appears to be one of the dorsal, perhaps the

third, is tolerably entire. It agrees with Bru’s description of

those of the Megatherium, excepting that I am not able to find

the two holes which he describes in the atlas, and which, he

says, are common to all the other vertebre. As, however,

this bone is much incrusted with various shells, they mav

possibly be covered or filled up.

Megatherium of Georgia. 123

The ribs, also, are too much injured to afford any very dis-

tinctive characters. Neither can I observe any thing peculiar

in the condyles of the humerus, as we have supposed them to

be, for nothing more of this bone remains besides the inferior

articulating extremity. The remarkable enlargement de-

scribed in the Madrid skeleton is entirely wanting. The two

fragments conjectured to be the superior extremities of the ra-

dius and ulna, are in the same state, and present nothing but

smooth and even concavities, with their edges partly broken.

That supposed to be the radius exhibits on one side a smooth

facet, where it may have played upon the ulna. One of these

pieces is six, the other four inches long ; the diameter of their

eavities about four inches.

Of the two supposed to be carpal bones, the first, which is

of a triangular figure, is the smaller. One side is convex and

the other concave, with a slight elevation crossing it about

the middle, which adapts itself to a corresponding depression

in the other bone. It measures nearly five inches in length,

and nearly three and a half in breadth, and is about an inch

thick. The second is of a singular figure: one side is convex,

as in the first; the other side has one half concave, while the

other half swells out into a hemispherical knob. Its outline

is quadrangular, and it isa little longer and broader than the

first, with its concave end about as thick, and the other nearly

three times that thickness, measuring through the knob.

The heads of the two femora are both nearly entire, and

would perhaps be sufficient of themselves to prove the identi-

ty of our animal withthe South American species. They are, as

observed by M. Bru, “ perfectly spherical, and witha superficies

very smooth,” and measure full twenty-three inches in circum-

ference. ‘The dimensions of the skeleton of Madrid are not

given in detail in the French abridged description. Even if

we had not the evidence afforded by the teeth, these huge

condyles would indicate an animal of much superior bulk to

the Megalonyx ; for we can hardly imagine that a creature not

124 Megatherium of Georgia.

larger than an ox, which is conjectured to have been the size

of this quadruped of Virginia, could be furnished with thigh

bones of such disproportionate bigness. Indeed, they would

seem calculated to encumber rather than support even the Me-

gatherium, whose size is supposed by M. Cuvier to have

equalled that of the Rhinoceros.

The other fragments being small and much broken, nothing

satisfactory could be determined with respect to them.

My inquiries have not, as yet, enabled me to give any very

precise information respecting the locality of these bones, or the

character of the formation in which they were found. Their

appearance, however, indicates that they have been overflowed

by the sea; and they seem to have had one side imbedded in

the earth or mud, while the other was washed by the salt wa-

ter. They are thinly incrusted in some places with Flustre and

other zoophytes, and have recent shells of the genera Balanus,

Ostrea and others, adhering to them. All are remarkably

hard and heavy, and of adeep black colour. They do not re-

tain any part of their animal matter.

Drs. Waring and Habersham state that these bones are

still to be procured in great quantity, by some labour and ex-

pense atthesame place. They add, thatbones of the same kind

may be obtained at two other places, one called Whitebluff,

is said tobe also ontheseacoast ; the other at some distance up

the Savannah river. We may hope, through the zeal and ex-

ertions of the same gentlemen, to whom the scientific public

generally is so much indebted for the preservation of the re-

mains which have formed the subject of these remarks, to have

these interesting deposites further explored ; and in a manner

worthy of the great questions, which a proper examination of

their contents would contribute so much to elucidate.

On Entozoical Fung. 126

Remarks on certain Enrozotcan Funer. By Asranam

Hausey. Read April 19, 1824.

In the warm climate of South America, a fungus is frequent-

ly met with, growing from dead insects of the Vespz and Grylli

tribes. Specimens of one of these insects, with a fungus pro-

truding from its sternum, were lately presented to the Ly-

ceum by Dr. Madianna, from Guadeloupe, where it is known

among the inhabitants by the mame of la guépe vegetale, or

vegetable wasp. Dickson first detected this species of fungus in

England, and described it under the appropriate name of Spheria

entomorhiza. It is found there, and may occasionally be

met with in this country, but always on the dead larve of in-

sects. Our specimens do not coincide exactly with the de-

scription and figure of Dickson, though perhaps the discre-

pance is not sufficient to constitute any specific difference, the

Spherie of the section to which the present species belongs

(clavate) being liable to considerable variation. The clavula

rises somewhat flexuously or spirally, and the capitulum in-

stead of being globose, according to Dickson, is ovate. The

most remarkable particular, however, respecting this fungus is

the fact communicated by Dr. Madianna, that he has noticed

the wasp still living with its incumbrance attached to it, though

apparently in the last stage of existence, and seeming about to

perish from the influence of its destructive parasite. Although

nothing of a similar nature has been observed in the phanero-

gamous plants, our knowledge of the physiology of the fun-

gi is still too imperfect to permit us to deny the probability

that it sometimes occurs with these. It may be doubted whe-

ther the vegetable ever predominates over the animal life,

while the vital principle of the latter is in full energy ; but that

the larvee, in a feeble state, may have afforded a fit recipient

for the seed of the fungus, while their complete evolution was

retarded by some cause, until the final transformation of the

126 On Entozéical Fungi.

insect, is certainly not improbable. In this respect they may

offer some analogy with the entozdical vermes, such as tania,

ascarides, tetragule, hydatides, &c. which are most commonly

observed to prey upon animals of debilitated or languishing

health.

A congener of this fungus, and nearly allied to it, the Sphe-

ria militaris of Pers. is also remarkable for selecting for its

nisus the larve of insects. I am not aware that it has been

found in circumstances to support the inference that it was the

cause of the death of the larve.

Besides these Spheria, there is another class of entozéical

fungi, of the genus Jsaria of Pers. whose matrix is invariably

dead insects in different stages, and which derive their pecu-

liar characteristics from the various species upon which they

have fixed their habitation. A species discovered by Mr.

De Schweinitz, and described under the name of Isaria sphin-

gum*, is remarkable as being always found proceeding in all

directions from the abdomen, nerves of the wings, &c. of a

sphinx resting upon a branch with expanded wings, (with the

curious additional circumstance that the leaves of the branch

dry up, and preserve their green colour as in a Herbarium.)

Although the animal was dead when thus discovered, yet

the position in which it is usually detected, and the other at-

tending circumstances, afford a strong presumption that the

fungus was evolved while the sphinx was yet in a state of ex-

istence.

* Synop. Fung. Carol. Sup. p. 100.

Medical Properties of the Passiflore. 127

Researcues and Experiments on some Species of the genus

Passirtora. By J. B. Ricorp Mapiannsa, M.D. Read

March 8, 1824.

M. Decanpoute has perhaps been led into errors respect-

ing the medical properties of the plants composing the genus

Passiflora, from not having been placed in situations where

he could properly investigate the subject. He asserts that

“no species of the family of the Passifloree is employed in me-

dicine ; and that the stalk and leaves do not appear to possess

any remarkable properties.* The fruit is pulpy, gelati-

nous, sweet, and edible, in almost every species ;” and he adds,

‘that in America the fruits of the P. coccinea, P. maliformis,

and particularly the P. quadrangularis, are thus known.”

The researches, however, which I have been enabled to

make on these plants in their native situations, will satisfy the

medical botanist that this celebrated Professor, so distinguish-

ed for his accuracy in other respects, has in this instance de-

cided without proper examination. The P. coccinea L. bears

@ fruit which is certainly not edible; neither is that of the red

grenadilla P. rubra L., which the negroes of Guadeloupe call

Pomme zombi. The P. maltformis L. the fruit of which is vul-

garly known by the name of Pomme de la Dominique, is also

inedible, contrary to the assertion of that admirable botanist ;

and its pulp, which is difficult to be got at for its hard enve-

lope, is inferior to that of the P. fetida L. (mari gouja) al-

though the latter is in but little estimation. The flowers of

this plant are considered pectoral, and are used by the negroes

in infusion for colds, &c. Pere Nicholson, in his work on

St. Domingo, attributes to it anti-hysterical properties. The

ashes of the plant are used by the planters in the composition

of a ley for purifying the juice of the cane. M. Decandolle

* Essai sur les Propriétés Médicales des Plantes, par A. P. Decandolle.

128 Medical Properties of the Passiflore.

likewise states that ‘no species of the family of thePassifloree is

employed in medicine.” The P. laurtfolia L. however, is

noted for being commonly used, among all the inhabitants of

the West Indies, as a most powerful vermifuge ; and several

physicians have spoken of its good effects in the highest terms.

The root only is considered efficacious. The blue Grenadil-

la, P. cerulea L. is possessed of stomachic, antiscorbutic qua-

lities, according to the observations of M. Descourtils in his

Flore médicale des Antilles; and the experiments on the P.

quadrangularis L. or Barbadine, which I shall presently re-

late, will sufficiently prove the inaccuracy of the distinguished

Professor of Geneva, when he asserts, “ that the whole genus

Passiflora appears not to be endowed with any remarkable

properties.”

The Barbadine is cultivated without difficulty every where

on the island of Guadeloupe ; it is used to form delightful ar-

bours; and nothing is more beautiful than this plant in full

bloom, bearing its golden fruit of the form and size of melons,

often weighing more than six pounds, and intermingled with

large flowers, whose brilliant colours are finely contrasted by

the deep and glossy green of its thick foliage. The leaves are

large, soft, and of great use in calming the irritation produced

by the application of cantharides. The root, upon which my

experiments were made, does not penetrate far beneath the

soil, but rather extends itself on the surface; its epidermis is

blackish and easily peels off, leaving a bark of a vinous co-

lour, thick, and detached without difficulty from the ligneous

part, which is of a yellowish white, easily cut, and blackens the

blade of a knife. Its smell is somewhat like that of a beet,

and its taste sharp and astringent. The chemical analysis

furnished me with a substance resembling Morphine, to which

I have given the name of Passiflorine, and believe it to be as

active as that of the new principle extracted from opium, or

even more so.

There is a variety of the P. quadrangularis, the fruit and

Medical properties of the Passiflore. 129

feaves of which are one fourth the size of that just mention+

ed. ‘This is preferred on account of the smallness of its seeds,

and is not so common in the island as the other.

k:xperiments upon the root of the P. quadrangularis.

Six oz. of boiling water were poured on 4 oz. of the fresh

root cut into small pieces, and suffered to remain twenty-four

hours. The color of the infusion was dark reddish, with a

strong herbaceous odor, of an acrid styptic taste ; upon hold-

ing some of it in the mouth for a minute, it became of a thick

and mucilaginous consistence, leaving an unpleasant taste.

I. Being in the habit of making use of small lizards, the

Anolis bullaris, Daudin, as tests of the venomous qualities of

plants, I took three of these animals, and gave to each a large

dose of this infusion. In five minutes they all exhibited con-

vulsive motions, having their mouths open, as if breathing with

difficulty. Their posterior extremities were paralyzed, and

they died in the space of fifteen minutes. I repeated this

experiment on several other lizards, with the same result.

The symptom which most struck me was the extreme difficulty

these animals experienced in en i during the operation

of the poison.

If. I tried a very small dose on lizards of the same kind.

They became stupid for the space of three quarters of an

hour, and then recovered, as if they had taken nothing inju-

rious ; after frequent experiments on these lizards, and always

varying the doses, I discovered that a certain quantity ren-

dered them cataleptic. The little animals would quietly

remain in the attitude in which they had been placed, until

(the poison ceasing to operate on the nervous system,) they

would take to flight. I then tried the following amusing ex-

periment: stretching a silk thread on two small sticks placed

perpendicularly on the table, and having four lizards, I gave

to each a dose at intervals of five minutes. I then suspended

each to the silk thread by one of its toe nails. They all re-

130 Medical properties of the Passiflore.

mained thus hanging without the slightest motion. Exactly

an hour after the dose had been given, each lizard took to

flight, one after the other with intervals of five minutes, pre-

cisely in the order they had taken their doses.

III. The infusion was then exhibited to birds of different

species, and to frogs. In the latter, catalepsy was more easily

induced than in any other instance. The effects were similar

to those detailed in the preceding experiments : a very small

dose producing a slight convulsion, a larger dose causing ca-

talepsy, and death ensuing when it was still increased. It may

likewise be remarked, that when these animals recovered from

the cataleptic stage, the use of all their functions was com-

pletely restored. When death ensued, the following were gene-

rally the appearances on dissection.

The arachnoid membrane was slightly injected. All the

blood-vessels of the lungs filled with blood. A great dilata-

tion of the auricles and ventricles of the heart, which were

filled with black blood nearly fluid. ‘These were the only de-

viations which had taken place from the natural state of the

parts aflected.

IV. I gave toa middle-sized dog two table-spoonfuls of the

infusion, which instantaneously rendered him cataleptic. He

remained standing with the legs wider apart than natural, the

neck also a little stiffened, the eyes fixed and vacant, the pupil

much dilated, respiration nearly stopped, the pulse very feeble.

Tat first placed him upright with the two fore feet against the

wall. In this situation, I turned his head at pleasure, and it

always remained as I placed it. I next laid him on his belly,

stretching his limbs as far as possible, then upon his back, and

in short in almost every variety of position, however constrained

or unnatural, and in all these attitudes he made not the least

motion, although his limbs preserved the suppleness of the

living animal. This state continued one hour, when the dog,

after a slight chill, perfectly recovered.

Medical properties of the Passiflore. 131

One more phenomenon remains to be observed before 1

close, which is that I made several experiments with the roots

of this Passiflora, whose stalks had been cut close to the ground,

and thus kept during five months without allowing the growth

of any sprouts. The infusion of these roots produced scarcely

any deleterious effects. I would also add, that the leaves and

buds of the Cecropra peltata Pers. are frequently used, when

boiled, to counteract the poison of the P. quadrangularis.

Notice of several species. of Suruus. By D. H. Barnes.

Read 5th April 1824.

1. Genus. CYPRAA.

OBSERVATIONS.

Tue natural family of the Cypree is numerous and beau-

tiful. The generic character of Linné is so accurate thai

none of the moderns has thought it necessary essentially to

alter it, or to distribute its constituents into new genera. The

perfect shells are, every where, instantly recognised, and the

number of species, determined by the best observations, ex-

ceeds sixty. The imperfect shells give the student, occasion-

ally, alittle trouble. Even Linné described more than one

species, under several different names. This mistake is to be

attributed to the singular changes of form, size, and color,

which the shells undergo, in the different stages of their growth.

At first, they very much resemble a Volute, rolled up cylin-

drically, with an exserted spire and ecaudate base. They next

assume the form of a Bulla, with no appearance of teeth on

the inner lip, and very little on the outer. Lastly the aper-

ture is contracted, toothed on both sides, and extended the full

length of the shell; the colors deepen, the polish becomes

brilhant, the size is diminished, and the- weight increased.

Another cause of mistake, which seems hitherto to have been

overlooked, in_part at least, is the decortication of specimens.

132 Notice of several species of Shelis.

1 laid before the Lyceum, or a former occasion, a suite of Spe-

cimens, showing that the Cypraa lota and C. spurca were the

same species ; the former, which are white, being the decorti-

cated specimens of the latter, which are yellow and spotted.

When this species arrives at maturity it is less than in its

younger state, but more thick, solid, and extended at the base.

In this state the outer coat, which contains the color, is very

thin, and can easily be detached, leaving the polish nearly or

quite as brilliant as before, and the shell perfectly white, ex-

cept a row of impressed hollow dots round the margin, in

which the original yellow remains. We have this species in

every stage of the alteration, from the cracking of the yellow

enamel, to the completely white specimens. It is probable

that several other species, as they now stand in the books, will

prove to be merely varieties of their congeners. But so long

as form, color, and surface are made the distinguishing charac-

teristics of shells, we must continue to describe separately each

of those that are, in these respects, materially different. For

this reason, I have determined on a new description of the two

following beautiful shells. They are either undescribed, or

imperfectly described in the books, and therefore require a

new description, to render them intelligible. They are both

oriental, and might long since have been submitted to the Ly-

ceum, but for a desire to examine with all due care the seventh

volume of the great work of Lamarck, entitled Histoire Na-

turelle des Animaux sans Vertcbres.

SPECIES.

1, Cyprma macutata. Spotted Cowry. Pl. IX. Fig. 1.

Shell ovate, gibbous; back chesnut with white

spots; base dilated; margins thickened and spotted

with dark brewn.

Notice of several species of Shells. 133

C. testa ovata, gibbos’; dorso castaneo, maculis albis ir-

regularibus notato ; infima facie dilatata ; lateribus incrassa-

tis, atro-fusco notatis.

Length 2-2—3. Breadth 1-8—2. Height 1-25—1-5 inches.

C. Arabica. Burrow’s Elements, pl. 14, fig. 1 ?

Lamarck’s An. 8. V. vol. 7, page 378 ?

*‘(b) Var. laterum angulo eminentiore, dorso maculis ir-

regularibus notato.”

4nhabits the East Indies.

My collection. Presented by Mr. G. C. Dekay.

Cabinet of the Lyceum.

DESCRIPTION.

The general outline of this shell resembles that of the Cy-

prea Mauritiana, or Cyprea caput serpentis, being triangu-

larly gibbous, ovate, with the margins thickened, dilated, and

angular ; base somewhat flattened and slightly convex. The

color on the back much resembles that of the Cyprea Mau-

rituana ; the spots are less and of a lighter color. The thick-

ened sides are marked with dark brown spots, and there is alse

a large one on the center of the pillar lip. Teeth dark brown.

REMARKS.

Burrow says that the variety described by him might, with-

out impropriety, form a distinct species ; and indeed the pre-

sent shell, though larger, much more resembles Cypraa caput

serpentis, than it does the common specimens of Cyprea

“Arabica.

2, Cyprza epurnea.* Ivory Cowry. Pl. 1X. Fig. 2.

Shell smooth, white, globular ; extremities beaked ;

canter lip erenulated above; within brown.

ad oe

134 Notice of several species of Shells.

C. testa levi, nitidé alba, globosa ; utrinque rostrati ; labriv

superne crenulato ; intus fusca.

Length 1-8. Breadth 1:13. Height 1 inch.

Inhabits the Coast of China.

Cabinet of the Lyceum.

My collection.

DESCRIPTION AND REMARKS.

Color pure snow white, on the back, sides and base ; 2-

side brown ; surface smooth and highly polished. The body

of the shell is ventricose, and the extremities somewhat pro-

duced. The outline resembles the Bulla ovum of Linne,

and the genus Ovula of Lamarck. 1 therefore conjecture

that the Cyprea ovulata of Lamarck, is the young of this

species ; for, although his description is very short, it contains

three characters.of a young shell, viz. “‘ Aperture very wide,

teeth of the columella very small, and shell thin (mince). These

three characters are not found in the present shell, and they

may serve to distinguish it from the Cyprea ovulata, should

these prove to be different species. Lamarck does not

mention the beaked extremities, nor the brown inside ; charac-

ters probably not apparentin the young shell. He gives the length

8:5 French lines, (12 to the French inch,) by which it ap-

pears that the present shell is more than four times as large as

his Cyprea ovulata. ‘This is a very beautiful shell, of which

a perfect specimen is rare, though water-worn ones are not

uncommon. They are of a brownish cast, and so altered in

appearance, as to be known only by their size and generat

outline.

Notice of several species of Shells. 158

2. Genus. DOLIUM. D’Argenville, Lamarck.

Shell thin, ventricose, inflated, often sub-globose, rarely ob-

long, transversely ribbed; outer lip through its whole length

dentate or crenate. Aperture longitudinal, base emarginate.

Buccinum. Linné Systema Nature, p. 1196.

““$Ampullacea inflata, rotundata, tenui-subdiaphana, fra-

gilis.”

Buccinum. Dillwyn’s Recent Shells, p. 582.

“Inflated, rounded, thin, slightly transparent, and brittle.”

SPECIES.

Dottum pventatum.* TToothed Tun. PI. IX. Fig. 3.

Shell ovate-globose, ventricose, imperforate, whit-

ish flesh colored; with seventeen obtuse ribs; colu-

mella armed with a solitary and somewhat double tooth

above, and furnished with two or three oblique plaits

below; outer lip reflected, making an angle with the

body.

D. testa ovato-globosa, ventricosd, imperforata, albido-

carneola ; costis septemdecimis obtusis; columella superné

dente solitario subgeminoque armati, inferne plicis duabus ve!

tribus obliquis instructé ; labro angulato-reflexo.

Length 2°7. Breadth 2:2. Height 1-8.

Inhabits the coast of Peru. Capt. Skiddy.

Cabinet of the Lyceum.

Presented by Captain Wm: Skiddy, of the ship General

Brown.

136 Notice of several species of Shells.

DESCRIPTION.

Shell without colored markings, glabrous, with seventeeu

ribs, of which the upper ones are more prominent and distant,

with a small elevated line between them; spire channeled by

the projection of the highest rib ; inner lip expanded over the

columella and thin; outer lip bent suddenly outward, and

forming an acute angle with the body whirl, not thickened,

with all the ribs passing over it to the extreme edge, which is

acute and slightly bent inward ; with fifteen sharp teeth on the

inner angle, of which the uppermost three are double ; Colu-

mella with a large obtuse solitary tooth on the upper part, a

deep hollow in the middle, and two or three prominent oblique

plaits below ; base not umbilicated ; spire pervious to the sum-

mit, as though it had been rolled round a small straight wire.

A pretty shell, which may be added as an eighth species to

the seven described by Lamarck.

N. B. The figure of this shell is half, the others full size.

3. Genus. NATICA. Brugweres, Lamarck.

Shell sub-globose, umbilicated. Aperture entire, semi-circular.

Enner lip oblique, toothless, callous: the callosity contracting

and sometimes covering the umbilicus. Outer lip acute, within

smooth. An operculum.

Nerita. Lanne Sys. Nat. p. 1251. “ § Umbilicate.”

Nerira. Dillwyn Rec. Sh. p. 975. “4 Umbilicated.”

SPECIES.

Natica patuta. Sowerby.

Shell sub-orbicular, depressed, thin, wrinkled,

brown, with a white margin; umbilicus broad, patu-

Jous and spiral, with a pillar in the center capped by

Notiee of several species of Shells. 197

a flattened callus; lips joined by a very thin callos-

ity; mouth emarginate by the penultimate whirl!

Natica patuna. Sowerby Zool. Jour. Vol. 1, p. 60.

Vide ejus descriptionem 1. c. et figuram pulcherrimam.

Pl. 5. Fig. 4.

Axis °8. Conjugate diameter 1-7. ‘Transverse. 2°1 inth.

Inhabits the coast of Peru. Capt. Skiddy.

Cabinet of the Lyceum.

‘REMARKS.

The beautiful and rare shell here indicated was described,

and the description ready for the press, when my friend, Dr.

Dekay, put into my hands the London Zoological Journal,

of which the first number has been lately received, in which 1

find an excellent figure and full description of the same. J

therefore erase the specific name Helicoides, which I had cho-

sen, and insert Sowerby’s Patula, though, in my judgment,

dess expressive of the form of the shell than the other, which

describes a conformation of the mouth so peculiar to this shell,

so unusual in a Vatica, and so much resembling the aperture

of the Helices, that the friend above named strongly advised

the constitution of a new genus to receive this specimen, as

the genus Helix is, by modern naturalists, confined exclusively

to land shells. JI have a shell, from the East Indies, which

bears a strong resemhlance to the JVatiew patula above de-

scribed. It is perhaps that species in its full-grown and perfect

state ; for the thinness and fragility of the V. patula strongly

indicate a youthful and imperfect state 5; especially when it is

observed that the general habit of the genus Natica, is thick

and strong. ‘The shell to which I have alluded is of a mid-

dling thickness, between the JNVatica patula of Sowerby and

the Natica duplicata of Say. It has the colors and general

aspect of the former, and measures

Axis 1°56. Conjugate 1:9. Transverse 2°3 inches.

138 Notice of several species of Shells.

The mouth would also be emarginate, was it not for the large

callus which covers the body whirl, and unites the two lips.

I take it to be the shell indicated by Mr. Say, as the second

variety of his Natica duplicata, although it is without the

black line he mentions ; which, I believe, is often the case with

that species in its perfect state. Should the Natica patula

prove to be immature, Mr. Say will be entitled to the prior-

ity ; and however different the thin, fragil, and depressed shell

may, at first sight, appear from our thick, solid, and elevated

one, if intermediate links are found to connect them, they

ought all to be denominated Nattca duplicata of Say ; as

we have already too many species enumerated in the’ sys-

tems ; species in the animal organization of which the nicest

scrutiny cannot detect a difference ; and it is, doubtless, upou

the animal organization that all true distinctions must ulti-

mately depend.

4. Genus. VOLUTA. Lamarck.

Shell ovate, more or less ventricose ; apex papillary ; base

emarginate, without channel. Pillar plaited; lower plaits

larger and more oblique. Without a pillar hp.

OBSERVATIONS.

The Lamarckian genera Auricula, Tornatella, ‘Turbineila,

Cancellaria, Colombella, Mitra, Marginella, Volvaria, Ancil-

laria and Oliva, having been separated from the Linnzean ge-

nus Voluta, leave us but acomparatively small space in which

to search for a new species of this genus. ‘This space is sub-

divided into four sections :

1. Cymbiole: Ventricose, as Voluta melo.

2. Muricine : Oval and spinous or-tuberculous, as Vol ta

tmperialis.

3. Musicales : Oval and sub-tuberculous, as Voluta musica.

Notice of several species of Shells. 139

4. Fusoidee: Elongated and:spindle shaped, as Voluta

rupestris.

Linné assumed the plaited pillar as the generic distinction

of the Volutes, and this included, under the same genus, land

and sea shells, and yet the Lamarckian genus Fasciolaria,

(Murex tulipa,) having a plaited pillar, was included under

. the genus Murex. The shell under consideration might be

arranged with the Marginella, on account of its having a va-

rix on the outer lip, but then it so much resembles the third

division of the Volutes, the Musicales, that I have assigned it a

place among them ; and as it is ribbed longitudinally, in the

manner of the Harp Shells, 1 have denominated this

SPECIES,

Votuta Harpa.* PI. 1X. Fig. 4.

Shell oval, smooth, whitish flesh-color with darker

bands, formed by the union of chesnut and yellow

spots; longitudinally ribbed; columella with the lower

three folds larger; outer lip furnished with an obtuse

varix on the outside, and a solitary tooth within.

V. testa ovali, levi, albido-carneola, castaneis rufisque ma-

culis seriatim transversé picta, longitudinaliter costata ; apice

acutd ; labro extus varice obtusa instructo; intus unidentato,

columella plicis tribus inferioribus, majoribus.

Length 1:2. Breadth -67. Diameter °55.

inhabits the coast of Peru. Capt. Skiddy.

Cabinet of the Lyceum.

REMARKS.

A beautiful shell, and as far as I can find, unknown. It is

thick and strong, has a permanent varix on the outer lip; and

140 Notice of several species of Shells.

the aperture, at the base, emarginate and even truncate. [have

| °

seen but two specimens.

( To be continued.)

OssERvATions, on the North American species of the Genus

Rvewira. By Captain Joun Le Conte, of the United

States’ Army, F. L. S. &c, Read May 3d 1824.

Tue genus Ruellia, of which so many species are enumer-

ated in the books, appears to be chiefly confined to tropical

regions. Our own country can, however, boast of a few. It

is my design at present to examine these ; to determine and to

distinguish the true species from varicties ; and to correct the

errors which a want of proper attention has introduced among

them.

In doing this, the number of species will be diminished. In-

stead of reckoning five, the number allowed by our latest

writers, I shall admit but three species already known, and

propose one as new, whose characters are strikingly distinct

from any hitherto described. I have paid much attention to

these plants, and do not hesitate to speak with confidence about

them, as my observations were all made on living speci-

mens.

I. R. strepens: erect; leaves ovate, lanceolate-ovate, or

cuneate (that is, oval attenuated at the base), shortly petioled,

entire or repand, undulate, more or less ciliate at the base,

sometimes smooth, but generally with a few scattering hairs

on either surface ; peduncles axillary, very short, for the most

part three-flowered ; divisions of the calyx linear, rather shorter

than the tube of the corolla, scarcely hairy ; corolla subequal,

lilac or white; stamina equal. %. Variesexceedingly: the

stem is sometimes hairy; the shape of the leaves is very in-

On the North American Ruellia. 141

constant, as is likewise their degree of smoothness ; the pedun-

cles are sometimes one-flowered.

In a rich and open soil this plant attains the height of

two feet, all its properties are developed, and a hairiness which

in other cases would not be visible becomes conspicuous ; on

the other hand, in a hard and compact clay, it seldom exceeds

six inches in height, is frequently perfectly smooth, and the

stem weak and declining : in this state it is the R. humstrata

of Michaux. Ido not hesitate to refer to this species, Mr.

Elliott’s R. hirsuta. Some of the varieties I have seen exactly

suit his description; but it is very remarkable that he appears

never to have seen the smooth variety, which in the southern

parts of Georgia, is much more common than any other.

2. R. ciliosa of Pursh: erect, branching, more or lesé

hirsute ; leaves petioled, oval, oblong, or oblong-lanceolate,

acute, or rather obtuse, sometimes cuneate, or (as may be said)

attenuated into a petiole, undulate, entire or repand, more or

less ciliate ; peduncles axillary, very short or none, from one

to three-flowered ; divisions of the calyx for the most part twice

as short as the tube of the corolla, linear, hispid, ciliate with

whitish hairs; corolla lilac or white, subequal; stamina

equal. ¥.

When this species is found in rich and shady situations, it

excecds in height the preceding, but in a dry and steril soil

it scarcely grows more than three inches high, and is even

sometimes pressed to the ground ; in this situation it is more

hairy, and the tube of corolla (a variable character with re-

spect to the length of the calyx) becomes much shortened. It is

thus found very common im the neighbourhood of Savannah,

and is the R. hybrida of Pursh, who obtained from me the

specimens from which he made his description. The tall va-

riety or R. ciliosa of the same, to my knowledge, occurs only

in the savannas of the Alatamaha; it very much resembles

the first, and after all, may not be distinct from it. Culti-

vation may determine the point. [tis only found in sandy

142 On the North American Rueilia.

soils, while the A. strepens is confined to those in which clay

predominates.

3. R. tubiflora:* erect, rather branching, smoothish or hir-

sute ; leaves for the most part sessile, oblong, repand or entire,

undulate ; peduncles axillary, short, one-flowered ; divisions

of the calyx linear-lanceolate (an inch in length) three times

shorter than the tube of the corolla ; corolla subequal, pubes-

cent, white ; stamina equal. %. Inhabits in the savannas of the

Alatamaha; is readily distinguished by the broader divisions

of the calyx, and by the remarkably long tube of the corolla.

4. R. oblongifolia: erect, pubescent; leaves most entire,

obovate and oval, nearly sessile, somewhat undulate ; pedun-

cles axillary, very short, from one to three-flowered ; divisions

of the calyx linear-subulate, longer than the tube of the co-

rolla, united at the base into a short tube ; corolla unequal,

subringent, bluish, the intermediate lobe of the upper lip

marked with a few purple streaks; stigma simple; stamina

didynamous.

This species very little resembles the others. It might be

separated from Ruellia, and constitute a distinct genus with

more propriety than is perceptible in the many separations

that have latterly been made in several other genera. The only

wonder is how it has escaped our new genera manufacturers.

The R. bifflora, of the elder botanists, is referred to this

species, upon what grounds I know not. It ought to be ex-

punged from our books, as no real description of it exists.

Skeleton of the Mastodon. i43

Account of the discovery of a Skeleton of the Mastopon Gr-

GaNTeUM. Extracted from a Report made to the Lyceum

of Natural History, by Messrs. Dexay, Van RenssEvaer,

and Coorer. Read May 10th, 1824.

Mr. Wm. Moore having presented to the Society a molar

tooth of a Mastodon, accompanied with the information that

the skeleton, to which it belonged, lay buried near the place

where the tooth was found, we were induced to proceed to the

spot, in order to verify the truth of this statement, and to at-

tempt the recovery of the bones.

We found it situated three miles S. W. from Long Branch,

in the county of Monmouth, state of New-Jersey, and about

forty miles in a southerly direction from the city of New-York,

on a farm called “ Poplar,” belonging to Jacob Croxson, Esq.

of Eaton-town. Here we were hospitably received by Mr. W.H.

Croxson, son of the proprietor. Having informed him of the ob-

ject of our visit, he stated to us the manner in which he had

himself made the discovery of the bones in the month of

March 1823, fourteen months previous. Walking over a

reclaimed marsh on his farm, about that time, his attention

was caught by something sticking out of the turf. He struck

it loose with his foot, and, picking it up, found it be a large

grinder. He afterwards dug up two other teeth, with some

fragments of. the skull, the spine, the humeri and other bones.

Most of these were still in his possession, and he accordingly

showed them to us. The sight of these increased our impa-

tience to examine the spot where they were found. Mr. Crox-

son therefore immediately conducted us thither.

Poplar Farm ** about two miles from the sea-beach. The

face of the country in the vicinity is generally level ; but be-

tween this farm and the sea it swells gently into a low and

broad ridge, running for some distance parallel with the sea-

eoast. At Poplar this elevated tract slopes down very gradu-

144 _ Skeleton of the Mastodon.

ally on its western side into a marsh, now cleared of its forests

and intersected by ditches, so that it is at certain seasons nearly

dry. Formerly it is said to have been very watery, and to have

abounded with a species of poplar, whence the farm derived

its name. Not far from the border of this marsh, we found a

shallow excavation with a little water standing in the pit where

the left fore-leg had been taken, and perceived several broken

vertebree and fragments of other bones lying scattered and

bleaching on the surrounding turf. Here, with the permission

of the owner of the land, we immediately began to explore,

and, in the course of that and the following day, succeeded in

procuring, with the assistance of some gentlemen who had ac-

companied us, all the remainder of the bones that were still

undecomposed. ‘These we have now the pleasure to present

to the Society. Together with those first taken up by Mr.

Croxson, and of which he has recently, with great liberality.

made a donation to our cabinet, they comprise nearly one en-

tire skeleton. Possessing already, through the enterprise of

two of our associates, part of another skeleton from Chester,

in this State, in which are several important bones wanting in

that from New-Jersey, particularly the lower jaw, the col-

lection of the Lyceum now affords unusual facilities for study-

ing the osteology of this great quadruped..

The researches of Cuvier, in collecting all that was known

relative to the great Mastodon, and in digesting these materials

into one connected history, enriched as it is with his own in-

valuable remarks, have left little for future observers to add.

The only important part of the skeleton which has never been

described, is the upper part of the cranium. All attempts to

procure this entire have hitherto proved fruitless, nor did we

experience better fortune in this respect than former adyentu-

rers. It would, therefore, be unnecessary on the present occa-

sion to enter into anatomical details ; but it will not be con-

sidered useless or unimportant to note the posture in which

Skeleton of the Mastodon. 145

the animal seemed to have been placed at the moment of the

catastrophe which overwhelmed all his race. A careful ob-

servation of such circumstances, in a number of instances, may

lead to important inductions, and greatly tend to elucidate the

history of those convulsions which have destroyed entire spe-

cies of numerous and formidable animals. For this purpose,

we shall describe the appearance of the bones as they

were laid bare by the removal of the surrounding soil.

This was a stratum of what is, by the German geologists,

called geest, that is, a black, soft, shining earth, abounding near

the surface in vegetable roots and fibres. Before the time of

our visit, the skull, broken into many fragments, as well as

the greater part of the spine, most of the ribs, both scapule,

the left radius, ulna, and the humerus of the right arm, had been

removed. Of the situation of these, therefore, we cannot speak

_ from our own observation ; but Mr. Croxson informed us,

that, as before mentioned, part of the head had protruded

itself through the surface of the ground. In consequence

probably of this, it was so much decayed that he could find

but three of the teeth, and no trace whatever of the tusks, nor

was the search, which we afterwards made, for these latter, more

effectual. ‘The vertebral column, with all its joints and the

ribs attached to them in their natural position, lay about eight

or ten inches below the surface. The scapule rested upon

the heads of the humeri, and these in a vertical position upon

the bones of the fore-arm as in life. We found the right fore-

arm still buried. It inclined a little backwards, and the foot,

which was immediately below it, was placed a little in advance

of the other, as it would be if the animal had been walking.

At the depth of about ten inches, and immediately below

the matting of turf which forms the surface of the meadow,

we came to the sacrum, with the pelvis remaining united to it,

though in a very decayed state. The femora lay adjoining,

but, unlike the bones of the fore-legs, in a position nearly hori-

zontal, the right less so than the left, and both at right angles

146 Skeleton of the Mastodon.

with the spine. These were also, from their proximity to the

surface, much decayed, so that the left fell to pieces on being

pafted from its bed. Both tibize, each with its fibula, stood

nearly erect under the extremities of the femora, and under

them the’bones of both hind-feet in their proper relative posi-

tion. We found no caudal vertebree.

The marsh had been cleared and drained about three years,

and during that period, as the proprietor informed us, the level

of its surface had lowered about two feet. 'To this may have,

perhaps, been owing the horizontal position of the thigh

bones, which would naturally be forced out of their originally

erect position by the pressure of the heavy superincumbent

bed of turf. The bones of the fore-legs do not, however, ap-

pear to have been thus acted upon.

Cuvier states,* on the authority of General Collaud,

that the bones of Mastodons, formerly discovered in boggy

ground near the Great Osage river, were almost all in a ver-

tical position, as if the animals had merely sunk in the mud.

The same idea suggested itself to us on beholding the appear-

ance presented by our skeleton, after the earth was removed

from around it.

The deeper we penetrated, the sounder we found the bones,

so that those of the foot, lying lowest, were obtained in a state

of perfect preservation.

The greater part of the bones had, adhering to their sur-

face, and in their cavities, the phosphats of iron and lime,

and the sulphat of lime in very small quantities, the last in

minute crystals. There were also considerable masses of

oxyd of iron or bog ore, which, however, abounded in various

places in the marsh.

Immediately underlying the stratum of black earth we came

to another of sand, having a ferruginous tinge, and containing

numerous rolled quartz pebbles. Upon this sandy stratum

* Ossemens Fossiles. Ed, 2. tom. 1. pp. 217 & 222,

Skeleton of the Mastodon. 147

the skeleton seemed to stand, so that though the upper side of

the foot was covered by the black earth, the sole rested imme-

diately upon the sand. We found all the feet placed thus, the

surface of the sandy stratum being apparently quite level.

This sand formation resembled, in all respects, that which

we had before observed lying next above the marly strata ;

into which, in numerous places in the adjacent county, deep

excavations have been made, in order to obtain the marl for

agricultural purposes. If this conjecture be right, we should

have the following succession of strata.

1. The black earth, containing the remains of the great

Mastodon. About eight feet thick.

2. Silicious sand with rolled pebbles. ‘Thickness unequal,

but generally greater than that of the black earth.

3. Marl formation, almost exclusively composed of the de-

bris of testaceous animals. ‘These appear to have been prin-

cipally bivalve shells, though a few univalves are sometimes

found. This formation appears to vary in thickness at dif-

ferent places from ten to thirty feet. Perhaps it should be

considered as composed of several strata, characterized by differ-

ent species or genera of shells. ‘Thus we observed one stratum

wholly composed of a species of ostrea, which was constantly

elevated several feet higher than another which contained only

the shells of a different species A fossil elephant’s tooth is

likewise stated to have been found in a marl pit in this

county.*

We were not able to determine the character of the stra-

tum underlying the marl.

* Appendix to Cuvier’s Theory of the Earth. N. Y. Ed.

2 Sie

148 Descriptions of some new Grasses.

Descriptions of some new Grasses collected by Dr. E.

James, in the expedition of Major Lone to the Rocky

Mountains, in 1519—1820. By Joun Torrey. Read

May 17th, 1824.

In a former part of this volume, I commenced an account

of the alpine plants collected in this expedition, by Dr. James,

which I promised to continue, in occasional decades. Having

been obliged, for the present, to defer the examination of the

remaining specimens, I beg leave to offer to the Lyceum descrip-

tions of some new grasses, collected by Dr. James in the same

expedition. ‘Their number might have been considerably in-

creased had not many of them been discovered a short time

previous, by Mr. Nuttall, in his Travels into the Arkansas Ter-

ritory. One species, of which there were very perfect speci-

mens, in the herbarium of Dr. James, is so peculiar that I

have proposed it as the type of a new genus, under the name

of Pleuraphis.

PLEURAPHIS.*

Gen. cu. Flowers spiked, heterogamous. Spikelets three

at each joint of the rachis, all sessile, surrounded at the base

by. a villous wnvolucrum. CrnTRAL sPIKELEY perfect. Calyx

two-glumed, one-flowered ; glumes obcuneate, two-cleft, five-

bristled. Corolla two-valved, hyaline ; inferior valve with a

short bristle. Lateran sPIKeLETs antheriferous. Calyx two-

glumed, two-flowered ; inferior glume with a bristle on one

side near the base. Corolla two-valved, unarmed.

1..P. Jamesu.* Pl. X.

DESCRIPTION.

Root perennial, creeping.

Culm cespitose at the base, about a foot high, terete, smooth,

slender.

Descriptions of some new Grasses. 149

Leaves narrow, convolutely setaceous, rigid, glaucous, deeply

striate, scabrous ; those on the culm short and pungent.

Sheaths shorter than the joints, closely embracing the culm,

hairy at the throat, striate, glaucous and a little scabrous.

Stipule finely laciniated and bearded.

Spike terminal, about three inches long, erect.

Rachis articulated, filiform, angular, flexuous, naked.

Sprkelets sessile, in an ovate cangeries at each joint of the ra-

chis, polygamous, surrounded at the base by a white woolly

anvolucrum one-third the length of the flowers.

Central spikelet perfect.

Calyx two-glumed, one-flowered ; g/wmes obcuneate, her-

baceo-coriaceous, equal, deeply two-cleft, carinate, ciliate

on the margin, armed between the divisions with five sca-

brous bristles, the middle ones of which are nearly as long

as the glumes, the others shorter.

Corolla two-valved ; valves membranaceous, lanceolate ;

the inferior a little longer, somewhat hairy on the upper part

of the sides and margin, with three indistinct nerves, the

middle one of which is produced into a short cusp ; superior

valve reverse, a little bifid at the apex, two-nerved.

Stamens three ; filaments very short ; anthers large, linear,

yellow.

Pistil: Germen ovate ; styles two, distinct, approximated,

filiform ; stigmas elongated, simply plumose, yellow.

IVectaries collateral, lmear, entire.

Lateral spikelets antheriferous.

Calyx unequal, two-glumed; inferior glume a little shorter,

lanceolate, acute, entire ; one of the margins involute and

armed with a straight scabrous bristle about half way down ;

the other margin ciliate ; superior glume mucronate, ciliate

on the upper part, three-nerved ; one of the lateral nerves

strong and continued beyond the valve into a short point,

ciliate.

150 Descriptions of some new Grasses.

Corolla two-valved; inferior valve ovate-lanceolate,

toothed at the apex, three-nerved ; superior valve sub-bicari-

nate, two-nerved, 2—4-toothed at the tip.

Stamens three ; anthers linear, yellow.

Has. On the high plains of the Trap Formation at the sources

of the Canadian River. July.

This genus resembles, in many respects, the AX.corocon of

Humboldt and Bonpland, but is still very distinct. In the

latter, the spikelets are pedicellate and similar in structure ;

the only difference being that of sex : while in the PLeurapuis

they are sessile, and the central spikelet different from the rest.

The Acoproeon is also destitute of a villous involucrum, which

is very conspicuous in the PLEuRaPHIs. Oneofthe most remark-

able characters of our new genus (from which the name is de-

rived) is to be found in the calyx of the lateral spikelets, one

of the glumes of which is armed with a pretty long bristle

proceeding from its side, a circumstance which I have not ob-

served in any other grass. In the elaborate Agrostographia of

P. de Beauvois there is no genus to which I can refer this grass,

nor is it to be found in the more recent work of Trinius, on

the Gramina.

Explanation of the plate.

Fig. 1. A plant of the natural (Fig. 11. Central spikelet.

size. 12. The same magnified.

2. Acongeries of spikelets. 13-14. Glumes ofthe same

3. The same separated. 15. Corolla.

4. A lateral spikelet. 16. Inferior valve of the

5. The same magnified. same.

6-7. Glumes of the same. 17. Superior valve.

8. Corolla. 18. Stamens.

§. Inferior valve of the 19. Germen, styles, and

same. stigmas.

10. Stamens. 20. Nectaries.

Descriptions of some new Grasses. 151

2. AGROSTIS CRYPTANDRA.*

Panicle pyramidal, with spreading subalternate branches,

hairy at the axils ; flowers racemose, unarmed ; inferior valve

of the calyx very short ; superior as long as the sub-equal co-

rolla; sheaths bearded at the throat.

DESCRIPTION.

Culm 3 feet high, simple, smooth, leafy, with distant joints.

Leaves linear, 2—3 lines broad, smooth on both sides. Sheaths

smooth, closed, longer than the joints, a little swollen with

concealed abortive panicles, hairy on the margin, densely

bearded at the throat. Stpule a mere bearded ring.

Panicle large, pyramidal, bursting from the upper sheath, which

partly conceals its base ; branches spreading, mostly alter-

nate, nearly simple, bearded at the base, which is a little

thickened. Flowers disposed in a dense racemose mauner,

purplish.

Calyx two-glumed, smooth ; inferior glume scarcely one-third

as long as the superior, very acute ; superior linear-lanceo-

late, acute, one-nerved.

_ Corolla two-valved, nearly equal, about as long as the supe-

rior glume, slightly scabrous ; valves one-nerved.

Stamens three ; anthers yellowish, exserted.

Styles two ; stigmas white, plumose.

Seed ovate, brown, smooth.

Nectaries collateral, lanceolate, entire.

Has. On the Canadian river.

3. AGROSTIS AIROIDES.*

Panicle pyramidal, with the branches spreading and some-

what in pairs, naked at the axils ; flowers solitary, unarmed ;

152 Descriptions of some new Grasses.

glumes unequal, mostly shorter than the sub-equal corolla ;

sheaths bearded at the throat.

DESCRIPTION.

Root perennial, creeping ?

Culm 2—3 feet high, with a few short branches at the base,

leafy.

Leaves linear, 2—3 lines broad, smooth on both sides. Sheaths

smooth, without included flowers, slightly bearded at the

throat. Stipule an obsolete ring.

Panicle large, pyramidal, free at the base ; lower branches in

pairs, or ternate ; the upper ones alternate. Flowers all on

distinct pedicels, purplish, oblong.

Calyx two-glumed ; glumes unequal, mostly shorter than the

corolla ; inferior lanceolate acute ; superior oblong, rather

obtuse, one-nerved, smooth.

Corolla two-valved, smooth, awnless; valves sub-equal, acute.

Stamens three ; anthers purplish, exserted.

Seed roundish, brown.

Haz. On the branches of the Arkansas, near the Rocky

Mountains.

4. AGROSTIS CAESPITOSA.*

Cespitose ; culm branched, somewhat incurved ; leaves in-

volute, sub-distichous, pungent ; panicle contracted ; flowers

awned.

DESCRIPTION.

Root perennial, creeping °

Culm densely cespitose, 3—4 inches high, branched from the

base, incurved, very leafy, smooth.

Leaves three-fourths of an inch long, subulate-involute, dis-

posed in a distichous manner, spreading, rigid and pungent,

Descriptions of some new Grasses. 153

smooth. Sheaths imbricate-carinate, smooth, deeply striate.

Stipule scarious, elongated and bifid.

Panicle about an inch long, partly sheathed at the base, con-

tracted ; branches alternate, sub-simple, flexuous ; pedicels

incrassated upward ; flowers purplish, linear-lanceolate.

Calyx two-glumed ; glumes sub-equal, a little longer than the

corolla, linear-lanceolate, attenuated into short pease or

cuspidate, smooth.

Corolla two-valved, naked at the base, a little scabrous; the

inferior valve terminating in an awn longer than the

flower.

Stamens three.

Has. On the prairies of the Missouri and Platt rivers.

Plant whitish. It resembles 4. pungens and maritima, but

differs entirely in its awned flowers.

5. ANDROPOGON GLAUCUM.*

Smooth, glaucous ; culm sub-simple ; nodes smooth ;_pani-

cle terminal, much exsert, oblong ; spikes alternate, crowded ;

awns long, twisted; abortive floret neuter, unarmed, one-

valved.

DESCRIPTION.

Culm two feet and more in height, nearly simple, very smooth.

Leaves broad-linear ; those on the culm about six inches long,

very smooth on both sides, and of a glaucous hue. Sheaths

nerved, shorter than the joints. Stzpule obsolete.

Panicle on a long peduncle proceeding from the uppermost

sheath, 4—5 inches long, rather compact ; spikes simple or

branched, alternate ; rachis very villous.

Perrect ru. Cal. two-glumed, somewhat hairy; glumes

acute, entire ; the inferior hairy towards the base ; superior

naked.

154 Descriptions of some new Grasses.

Cor. two-valved, shorter than the calyx; inferior valve

terminating in a slightly contorted awn three times its length.

Stamens

Styles two; stigmas plumose, purple.

ABORTIVE FL. on a distichously bearded pedicel, minute, one-

valved, awnless ; sometimes with the rudiment of a superior

valve.

Has. On the Canadian river.

This species is allied to Ertanruus, and is remarkable for

its whitish and very villous flowers. It much resembles an

anonymous species figured by P. de Beauvois, Agrostograph.

to 23. Sy

6. Triserum airoipes. P. de Beauvois.

Panicula subspicata, arista demum reflexi, calycem exce-

dente. Roem. and Schult. Syst. Veg. Il. p. 666. Arra sub-

spicata L. Willd. spec. pl. I. p. 337. Fl. dan. t. 228.

Has. On the Rocky Mountains.

I have compared this with European specimens from Swe-

den and Germany, and find them to agree in every respect.

It has not been hitherto recorded as an American plant, though

I have received specimens of it from Dr. Bigelow, collected

on the White Hills of New-Hampshire.

7. ARISTIDA FASCICULATA.*

Culm filiform, erect, branched ; leaves narrow, flat, smooth ;

panicle elongated, sub-spiked ; flowers fasciculate; calyx

shorter than the corolla ; awns nearly equal, spreading, longer

than the flower..

DESCRIPTION.

Culm two feet and more in height, smooth, terete, with short

branches, slightly geniculate.

Descriptions of some new Grasses. 155

Leaves long, very narrow, almost filiform at the extremity.

Sheaths smooth. Stipule a bearded ring.

Panicle 6—S inches long, erect, many-flowered ; flowers pur- |

plish, closely approximate on the extremity of the branches.

Calyx two-glumed ; glumes very unequal, linear-lanceolate,

acute, carinate ; the inferior much shorter than the corolla ;

superior about as long as the corolla.

Corolla on a short bearded stipe, two-valved, sub-cylindric,

scabrous ; inferior valve involute, half an inch long; awns

longer than the flower, spreading, filiform, scabrous.

Stamens three ; anthers purplish.

Germen linear, elongated ; stzgmas plumose.

Has. In forests of the Canadian river.

This species is nearly allied to 2. purpurascens of Poiret,

but is distinguished by its branched culm, its short calyx, and

by its shorter awns.

8. Uniota? stTricta.*

Very smooth; leaves narrow, erect; panicle erect, con-

tracted ; spikelets linear-oblong, many-flowered ; flowers

straight, awnless.

DESCRIPTION.

Root perennial, creeping °

Culm a foot or more high, erect, rather slender, terete, with

short branches at the base, smooth and shining, leafy.

Leaves 3—6 inches long, linear, flat, attenuated at the extremity,

very smooth near the base, except a slight hairiness on the

upper surface, somewhat glaucous, finely striate. Sheaths

about as long as the joints. Stzpule nearly obsolete.

Panicle nearly simple, contracted, consisting of 6—10 large

spikelets. Spikelets three-fourths of an inch long, lanceo-

late, compressed and sub-ancipital, 10—18-flowered.

156 Descriptions of some new Grasses.

Calyx two-glumed, much shorter than the spikelets ; glumes

unequal, lanceolate, acute.

Corolla two-valved, nearly equal, smooth and naked at the

base, deciduous, awnless ; inferior valve lanceolate, acute,

not mucronate, nerveless, somewhat carinate towards the

extremity ; superior valve bi-carinate, acute.

Stamens three ; anthers yellowish.

Has. On the shores of the Canadian river.

This species belongs, perhaps, to the genus CeraTocHLOA

of P. de Beauvois, but the corolla is not mucronate. It

appears to be intermediate between Festuca and Unio.a.

I could find no traces of pistils in the specimen I examined, so

that the plant appears to be dioecious or polygamous.

On the Hirunvo Futva of Vemuort, with some general re-

marks on the birds of this genus. By Dewitt Cuinton.

Read August 9th 1824.

Tue hirundine race, though not generally used for food,

nor distinguished for melody of song or beauty of plumage,

have ever held a high rank in the estimation of mankind.

Swallows are considered among the swiftest of the winged tribe.

* True hope,” says Shakespear, ‘is swift, and flies with swal-

lows’ wings.” These birds generally delight im associating

with man. They erect their nests in his buildings or in his vicini-

ty; they defend his poultry against the depredations of birds

of prey ; and they destroy noxious insects that infest his plan-

tations. ‘They are, in all respects, innocent, and the accusa-

tion of Virgil,* that they destroy bees, is known to be un-

founded, both in this country and in Europe.

* Georgic IV.

Hirundo fulva of Veillot. 157

In Greece and Italy, they generally make their appearance

about the vernal Equinox ; and being the harbingers and com-

panions of spring, are identified with its beauties and delights.

Horace, in an Epistle to Mzecenas, promises to leave his winter

retirement in due season.

—— Te dulcis amice, reviset

Cum Zephyris, si concedes, et hirundine prima.

The time of its coming regulated the important operations of

husbandry. Hesiod, in his “ Works and Days,” inculcates an

early attention to the pruning of the vine, and says

*Tis dangerous to delay,

Till with complaints the swallow breaks the day.

The intimate connexion between the vegetation of plants

and the arrival of certain birds, has long been observed. Dr.

Barton says that the woodcock visits Philadelphia when the

elm is in blossom. Linne observed that the Anemone ne-

morosa blows in Sweden on the arrival of the common swallow;

and the appearance of the Pewe, Pewit, or Phebe, Muscicapa |

nunciola, with us is the signal of the cessation of severe

frosts. The arrival of the swallow was considered an indica-

tion of spring; and the subsequent evolutions of this bird

were noticed as prognostics of the weather. Virgil says,

Nunquam imprudentibus imber

Obsint

Aut arguta lacus circumvolitavit Hirundo.

In almost all countries, whatever may be the climate, the

swallow is a migratory bird. Herodotus, indeed, excepts

Egypt, and says that swallows and kites never emigrate from

the country through which the Nile passes, and the same has

been said of Japan. Being an insectivorous animal, its mi-

grations do not depend on climate, but have generally been con-

156 Erundo fulva of Verllot.

nected with its food. The periodical appearance of this bird,

at the most propitious season of the year, has greatly enhanced

its importance. The Rhodians hada solemn song to welcome

its arrival; and A¢lian declares that it was consecrated to the

Penates or household gods of the ancients, and protected

from molestation.

The mystery, which has surrounded the brumal retreat of

this bird, has also added to its celebrity. Some have assigned

to it winter quarters in the moon; others have designated its

hybernaculum in invisible satellites closer to the earth. Aris-

totle and Pliny have placed it in warm and sequestered places.

Olaus Magnus and Kircher have sent it to the bottom of lakes

and rivers ; and even in our own times, reputable men, labor-

ing under optical delusion, have declared that they have wit-

nessed its descent into the Hudson and the pond on Manhattan

island, called the Collect. All these speculations and conjec-

tures have yielded to the doctrine of emigration. Like all

other migrating birds, the swallow congregates in flocks at the

time of its departure, and probably asvends out of sight on its

_ transit.

In Turton’s edition of Linné, thirty-eight species of Hirun-

do are enumerated. Thirty-four with three toes before and one

behind, and four with the toes all placed forward. .

Of those 8 are assigned to different parts of Europe, Fs

8 to Asia,

12 to South America,

4 to Africa,

4 to North America, and

2 to the West Indies.

Two of the above that are allotted to Europe are also repre-

sented as belonging to North America. Two also to Asia,

and one to both Americas. i

_ In England, there are but four species of Hirundo. In

this State, there are six or seven. Five are described in Wil-

son’s Ornithology.

Hirando fulva of Veillot. 159

1. H. americana: Barn swallow, seven inches long.

This is the H. rufa of Veillot, and perhaps of Latham and

Gmelin. The H. Americana of Gm. is a different bird.

2. H. viridis : Green, blue, or white-bellied swallow, five

and three-quarters inches long. It is the H. bicolor of Veillot.

In addition to these two names, Mr. Stevens (in Shaw’s Zoo-

logy) has given a third, H. leucogaster, to the same bird, at

the same time quoting by mistake Wilson’s name as bicolor.

As this name was pre-occupied, he thought it necessary to

change it, although a slight comparison of the figures and de-

scriptions would have convinced him that they belong to one

and the same species.

. H. riparia: The bank swallow, or sand martin, five

inches long. This is, perhaps, the only swallow that can be

claimed by the Old World, and even about this, there are con-

flicting opinions.

4. H. pelasgia: Chimney swallow, four and a half inches

Jong. his bird differs remarkably from its congeners in the

feet and tail, and has been removed by Temminck to the genus

Cypselus of Illiger. It, however, does not strictly agree witl

either this genus, or Hirundo.

5. H. purpurea: Purple martin, eight inches long. The

name purpurea was given by Linné to the male of this

bird; the female he describes as a separate species under the

name of H. subis. The Canada swallow of Latham, the great

American martin of Edwards, and the H. violacea of Gmelin,

are in reality the same bird as the purple martin. Veillot,

who quotes all these synonyms, has increased the confusion,

by bestowing still another name on this bird; it is his H. ce-

rulea. Dr. Barton has erroneously taken it for the Tapera of

Brazil, or the H. tapera of Gmelin.

Besides these, Veillot assures us that the H. rustica, or

chimney swallow, of Europe, inhabits also the United States.

He states that he has several times met with them, and that at

New-York they are confounded with the H. rufa (Americana,

160 Hirundo fulva of Veillot.

Wils.), under the name of barn swallow. I am told that a strange

swallow has made its appearance in Easton, at Pennsylvania,

and makes its nest in chimnies. If this statement is correct,

this bird may prove to be the H. rustica, which is said in the

Sys. Nat. to inhabit ‘per omnem orbem terrarum.”

The tails of these birds are all furcated, except the chimney

swallow’s, H. pelasgia, which is pointed with shafts. The H.

viridis has not been observed in many places. When noticed

as a distinct bird, it has been called the tree swallow, and it is

said to build its nest in trees, or in martins’ cages. Mr. Tho-

mas Browne, an intelligent gentlemen of Chenango county,

informs me that it is supposed to make its nest in the holes

formed in banks by king-fishers.

It is not improbable, however, that Hirundines may exist

with us, which have never been particularly observed as dis-

tinct species. The rapid flight of the swallow eludes minute

observation; and I have sometimes thought that I have seen

strange swallows, particularly flying about the Mohawk river,

east of Utica.

The swallow which forms more especially the subject of this

communication, first made its appearance at Winchell’s tavern,

on the high road about five miles south of White-Hall, near

Lake Champlain, and erected its nest under the eaves of an

out-house, where it was covered by the projection of the roof.

This was in 1817, and in this year there was but one nest ; the

second year, seven ; the third, twenty-eight; the fourth, forty ;

and in 1822, there were seventy, and the number has since con-

tinued to increase. It has exiended itself to Fort Miller, Balls-

ton, Franklin in Delaware county, Newport in Kentucky, Red

‘Bank in Ohio, and perhaps still further, for a species nearly

allied to this, possibly the same, was seen on the 18th of July,

1820, by Major Long’s party, near the Rocky Mountains,

where it abounds. Itis described by Mr. Say, in the account

of that expedition, under the name of H. lunifrons. It ap-

Hirundo fulva of Vierllor. 161

peared in 1822 at Winchells on the 5th of June, and depart-

ed on the 25th of July; and these are the usual times of its

arrival and disappearance.

This is an active lively bird, continually flying, and fre-

quently sailing like the martin, H. purpurea, without any

visible exertion of the wing. Its twittering is different from

that of any other swallow, and it seeks its food in the same

places without any apparent collision.

On account of the size, form, dimensions, and rapid con-

struction of its nest, I had supposed it to be a new species,

and had named it the Artificer, Hirundo opifex. I have since,

however, found it figured and accurately described under the

name of Mirundo fulva, by M. Vieillot, in his splendid work,

entitled, Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux d’Amerique Septen-

trtonale, published at Paris in 1807.

M. Vieillot’s account of it, however, is very imperfect. He

saw it but once at St. Domingo, in the middle of May, in a

flock of about sixty. He likewise saw specimens brought by

Maugé from Porto Rico, where the latter had also met with

it in the spring. He conjectures from its having been thus

observed at the same season in two different years, that it is

a bird of passage in the West Indies, and passes on to the

north to build. He adds, that he had never seen it in the

United States, but that being once in the month of August, near

the latitude of Halifax, Nova Scotia, several of these swal-

lows came and alighted on the yards of the vessel in which

he was. Having never met with them when ashore, he pre-

sumes that they had set out from the south, and came from a

country still farther north.

This conjecture respecting their breeding place, now proves

from what has been related above, to be correct. His figure

is inaccurate ; the tail being there represented very acutely

forked, and the colour of the head and back a clear blue.

His description is, however, much more exact, and though

he does not mention whether the tail is even or forked, there

162 Hirundo fulva of Vierllot.

can be no doubt of his bird being identical with the species

which I shall proceed to describe.

Length from 5 to 54 inches; bill brownish black ;* upper

part of the head purplish blue ; upper part of the neck has a

streak of yellowish brown; back light purplish blue, inter~

mixed with white ; tail coverts a little lighter ; frontlet and

rump yellowish brown; upper-wing coverts the same colour

as the tail coverts ; chin ferruginous ; belly, vent, and lining of

the wings, wood brown; wings and tail hair brown ; tazl very

slightly forked ; tips of the wings extending, when folded, about

a line beyond the tail; legs of a hair brown colour; eyes

black ; toes three before and one behind. Lays generally

four eggs.

Cabinet of the Lyceum.

The nest is hemispherical: six inches long and five broad ;

constructed with mud or clay, and sand combined : no hair or

sticks to make the materials cohesive ; the inside is softened

by grass broken fine and deposited on the clay. The exter-

nal surface of the nest is somewhat of a botryoidal aspect, ex-

hibiting small pieces of clay in rounded masses, and the aper-

ture turns down like the neck of a chemical retort. It was

placed under the eaves of a building where it was protected

from the weather. ‘This fabric has been erected in three days.

This bird, as well as the H. lunifrons, has some resemblance

in its mode of nidification, to the Crag swallow (H. montana)

of Savoy and France. It differs from the H. lunifrons, in

having the tubular entrance at the bottom, instead of the top

of the nest, a difference which, however, may be owing to cir-

cumstances, and not characteristic of the species. It is very

much like the H. Davurica or Davurian swallow, of the

Alpine parts of Siberia. The hemispherical nest in the cliffs

is similar, and also the general outlines of the birds, but the

_ * Thave followed, “ Werner’s Nomenclature of Colours,” by P. Syme,

Fadin. 1814.

Hirundo fulva of Vieillot. 163

latter is well distinguished by having the outer tail feather on

each side twice as long as the rest.

There are numerous mountains in the vicinity of the place

where these birds first appeared, and from which they may

have migrated to the habitations of man. They have cer-

tainly not been long known as residents in this region. The

yellowish brown rump distinguishes them very obviously

when on the wing from other Hirundines, and the construction

of their nests exhibit a difference palpable to the most com-

mon observation.

The history of this swallow is certainly curious, and its

appearance at different places and at different periods, goes to

show that it is a stranger which has taken up its residence

among us, increasing in numbers and extending its columns.

I cannot close without observing that all our swallows, ex-

cept the sand martin, have selected our houses and out-houses

for nidification and temporary habitation, and the benefit we

derive from the consequent destruction of annoying and per-

nicious insects, must be very extensive.

Note. Since the preceding was in type, Mr. Audubon,*

has favoured the Lyceum with the following additional infor-

mation respecting this remarkable spectes.

In the spring of 1815, I saw a few of these birds for the

first time at Henderson, 120 miles below the falls of the Ohio,

on the banks of that river. It was an excessively cold morn-

ing in the month of March, and nearly all were killed by the

* This gentleman, with an enthusiasm only equalled by that of our

lamented Wilson, has devoted nearly twenty years to the study of Ameri-

can Ornithology. He has followed the birds into their most secret haunts,

aud traversed the United States in almost every direction. To the learn-

ing of a naturalist, he unites the skill of an artist, and his magnificent col-

lection of drawings, representing four hundred species, excels any thing

of the kind in this country, and has probably never been surpassed in

Evrope.—Com. Pub.

164 Mirundo fulva of Vierllot.

5 pie

| _ severity of the weather. I drew up at the time a description

under the name of H. Republicana, Republican swallow, in

ion to their mode of association for the purposes of build-

again rearing their young. Unfortunately, the specimens,

through the carelessness of my assistant, were lost, and I des-

paired for years of meeting with them again. :

In the year 1819, my hopes were revived by Mr. Robert

Best, curator of the Western Cincinnati Museum, who inform-

ed me that a strange species of bird had appeared, building

nests in clusters affixed to walls, which I immediately recog-

nised as the Republican swallow.

In consequence of this information, I immediately crossed

the Ohio, to Newport in Kentucky, where he had seen those

nests the preceding season, and no sooner were we landed,

than the chirrups of my long-lost little strangers saluted my

ear. Numbers of them were busily engaged in repairing the

damages done to their nests by the storms of the preceding —

winter.

Major Oldham, of the United States Army, then command-

ant of the garrison, politely afforded us the means of examin-

ing the settlement of these birds, attached to the walls of the

buildings under bis charge. He informed us, that in 1815 he

first saw a few of these birds working against the wall of the

house, immediately under the eaves and cornice; that their

work was carried on rapidly and peaceably, and that as soon

as the young were able to travel, they all departed. Since

that period, every spring has brought them and their increase,

amounting now to several hundreds. ‘They usually appear

about the tenth of April, and immediately begin their work,

which was at that moment, April twentieth, progressing in a

workmanlike manner, against the walls of the arsenal.

They had about fifty nests quite finished, and others in course

of construction.

About daylight they fly down to the river shore, one hundred

yards distant, for the muddy sand, of which their nest is com-

Hirundo fulva of Vierlliot. 165

posed, and work with great perseverance until near the mid-

dle of the day, as if aware that the heat of the sun was neces-

sary to dry and harden their moist tenements; they then cease

from labour for a few hours; amuse themselves by performing —

aerial evolutions, court and caress their mates with much afiec-

tion, and snap flies and insects on the wing. They often ex-

amine their nests to determine whether they are sufficiently

dry, and as soon as they appear of the requisite firmness, their

labours are immediately renewed. Until the females began

sitting, they all roosted in the hollow limbs of the sycamore,

Platanus occidentalis, growing on the banks of the Licking

river, and when incubation commenced, the males alone oc-

cupied the trees. A second party arrived, and were so hard

pressed for time, that they betook themselves to the holes in

the wall, where bricks had been left out for the scaffolding ;

these they closed with projecting necks similar to the com-

plete nests of the others. Their eggs are deposited on a few

bits of straw, and great caution was necessary to obtain them,

as the slightest touch would crumble their frai] tenement into

dust. By means of a table-spoon, I was enabled to examine

and procure many. Each nest contained four eggs, white,

with dusky brown spots. Only one brood is raised in a

season.

The energy with which they defended their nests was truly

astonishing. Although I had taken the precaution to visit

their nests at sunset, when I had supposed they would all

have been on the sycamores, yet a single female happened to

be sitting, and she gave the alarm which immediately called

out the whole tribe. They snapped at my hat, my body, and

my legs, passed between me and the nests within an inch of

my face, twittering their rage and sorrow. ‘They continued

their attacks as I descended, and accompanied me some dis-

tance. Their note may be perfectly imitated by rubbing a

cork dampened with spirit, around in the neck of a bottle.

On the permanent residence of

old birds. On the Ist of August they all assembled near

their nests, mounted about three hundred feet in the air, and

at 10’oclock in the morning they vanished, flying in a loose

general body, in a due north direction. ‘They returned the

same evening about dusk, and continued these excursions, no

doubt to exercise their powers, until the 3d, when uttering a

farewell cry, they shaped the same course at the same hour,

and finally disappeared.

Shortly after their departure, I was informed that several

hundreds of their nests were attached to the court-house, at

the mouth of the Kentucky river. They had commenced

building them in 1815. A person likewise informed me, that

along the cliffs of the Kentucky, he had seen many bunches

as he termed them, of these nests, attached to the naked

shelving rocks overhanging that river.

Facts and Observations connected with the permanent resi-

dence of Swatuows in the United States. By Joun I.

Aupuson. Read August 11th 1824.

Brine extremely desirous of settling the long agitated

question, respecting the emigration or supposed torpidity

of the swallow, I embraced every opportunity of examining

their habits, of carefully noting their arrival and disappear-

ance, and of recording every fact connected with their

the Swallow in the United States. gape

history. After some years of reflection and consi aeeis,

tion, I remarked that among all the species of migratory birds, —

those that remove farthest from us, depart sooner than thos +

which retire only to the confines of the United States, 4 and by Wate

a parity of reasoning, those that remain later, return eu rlier in a

in the spring. te 1 nO, ue

These remarks were confirmed, as I advanced ee the He

south-west on the approach of winter, as I there found great

numbers of Warblers, Thrushes, &c. in full feather and song.

It was also remarked, that the Mirundo wiridis of Wilson,

(called by the French of lower Louisiana le petit martinet a

ventre blanc) remained about the city of New-Orleans later

than any other swallow. As immense numbers of them were

seen during the month of November, I kept a diary of the

temperature from the third of that month, until the arrival of

the Hirundo purpurea.

The following notes are taken from my journal, and as f

had fair opportunities during a residence of three years in

that country, of visiting the lakes to which these swallows re-

sort during the transient frosts, I present them with confidence

to the Lyceum.

November 11th, weather extremely sharp, with a heavy

white frost ; swallows in abundance during the whole day.

On inquiry of the inhabitants if this was a usual occurrence,

{ was answered in the affirmative by all the French and

Spaniards. From this date to the 22nd, the thermometer

averaged 65°, the weather generally a drizzly fog. Swallows

playing over the city in thousands.

November 25th. Thermometer this morning at 30°: Ice

in New-Orleans a quarter of an inch thick. The swallows

resorted to the lee of the cypress swamp in the rear of the

city. Thousands were flying in different flocks. Fourteen

were killed at a single shot, all im perfect plumage and very

fat. ‘The markets were abundantly supplied with these tender,

juicy, and delicious birds. Saw swallows every day, but re-

168 On the permanent residence, &c.

marked them more plentiful, the stronger the breeze blew from

the sea.

December 20th. The weather continued much the same.

Foggy and drizzly mist. Thermometer averaging 63° .

January 14th. Thermometer at 42°, weather continues

_ the same; my little favourites constantly in view.

January 28th. Thermometer at 40. Having seen the H.

viridis continually, and the H. purpurea, or purple martin,

beginning to appear, I discontinued my observations.

During the whole winter many of them retired to the holes

about the houses, but the greater number resorted to the lakes,

and spent the night among the branches of the myrica cerifera

L. or cirier, as it is termed by the French settlers. About

sunset they began to flock together, calling to each other for

that purpose, and in a short time presented the appearance of

clouds moving towards the lakes or the mouths of the Mis-

Sissippi, as the weather and wind suited. Their aerial evolu-

tions before they alight are truly beautiful. ‘They appear at

first as if reconnoitring the place, when suddenly throwing

themselves into a vortex of apparent confusion, they descend

spirally with astonishing quickness, and resemble very much

a trombe or water-spout. When within a few feet of the ground,

they disperse in all directions, and settle in a few moments.

Their twittering, and the motion of their wings, is, however,

heard during the whole night. As soon as the day begins to

dawn, they rise, flying low over the lakes, almost touching the

water for some time, then rising, they gradually move off in

search of food, separating in different directions. ‘The hun-

ters who resort to these places, destroy great numbers of them

by knocking them down with light paddles used in propel-

ling their canoes.

New Coleopterous Insects of North America. 169

Description of some new Species of Norrn American

Ivseors. By Captain Jorn Le Conte of the United

States army. Read Noy. 8th.

Owine to the difficulty of determining, in this country,

what insects are known to naturalists in Europe, the science

of entomology has as yet made but small progress amongst

us: even if all the books which have been published on this

Subject were commonly available, we still should not be in

a much better situation.

The collections which have been brought together in Eu-

rope from every part of the world, contain many more species

than have been published, but which there are probably as

well known to the learned, as those contained in the books.

In offering these few American species to the Lyceum as

new, I have not acted without due caution and hesitation, and

a proper regard to the character of our society. Being dif-

fident of considering any thing as new, because it was not

found in authors who wrote many years ago; I have taken

the precaution to ask the opinion and advice of the Baron

Dejean of Paris, too well known as the profoundest entomo-

logist and the most accomplished soldier of the age, for my

feeble testimony to add any thing to his reputation.

They are most of them small, some minute : indeed, among

these we are to search for what is new with a more confident

hope of success. The numerous naturalists who at different

times have traversed our continent, have long left little to be

discovered except what is not very apparent to the transient

observer. 'The true student of nature, however, will not des-

pise any of her works because they are small, but find as

much to observe and to admire in them as in the most bulky.

As few are acquainted with any others than the Linnean ge-

nera, it has been thought advisable to add to the descriptions

170 New Coleopterous Insects of North America.

of the species a few remarks on some that have been establish-

ed since his time.

Bruchus livi’us, reddish brown, beneath cinereous: elytra

and sides of the thorax varied with cinereous ; elytra striate.

Length two lines. Inhabits Georgia in the seeds of dif-

ferent species of Hibiscus, which it perforates and partly

consumes, without destroying the vegetative principle, in

the same manner as the Br. Pisz is nourished in its imper-

fect state, and arrives to maturity in the common garden

pea. Plate XI. fig. 1.

Mycetophila rufipes. Dusky: antenne and legs ferruginous :

elytra punctato-striate. Length three lines. Plate XI.

fig. 2.

This genus is the same as the Cistela of Fabricius ; and

the present species, along with all the others, which

amount to seven or eight in number, is found in the latter

end of summer on different kinds of fungi. It appears to

be found in every part of the continent.

Anthicus murinipennis. ‘Thorax porrected into a horn and

projecting over the head: antenna, head, thorax and legs

ferruginous; eyes black; elytra dusky with a cinereous

pubescence. Length two lines. Inhabits Georgia on flow-

ers. Plate XI. fig. 3.

This genus is the same with the Votowus of Fabricius ; but

those species with the cornuted and projecting thorax,

which are as many as four, may hereafter constitute a sepa-

rate genus from the remaining species, which they but little

resemble in habit.

Anthrenus hemorrhoidalis black, shining, polished; tips of

the elytra red, with a darker or dusty spot on each ;

legs dark brown; length one line and a half. Inhabits

Georgia on putrid fungi. Plate XI. fig. 4.

Hister dimidiatipennis. Black; beneath shining: elytra

much shorter than the abdomen, red at the tip, striate, the

striz curved. Length three lines and a half. Inhabits

New Coleopterous Insects of North America. 17i

Georgia in the same situations with other species. Plate

XI. fig. 5.

Aitelabus nigripes. Red; head except at the base, antenne,

eyes, legs and breast, black ; elytra punctato-striate ; thighs

toothed. Length three lines. Inhabits Georgia. Plate XI.

fig. 6.

This species very much resembles the Attelabus analis, but

this last has the snout, eyes, antenne, legs and tail black,

not the breast; the elytra, moreover, are but faintly punc-

tato striate. They both inhabit on the rose.

Cryptorhynchus moestus. Punctate; above dusky, beneath

and legs cinereous brown, the latter barred with darker;

elytra punctato-siriate, with three raised and polished lines

on each, sometimes varied with cinereous near the tip; an-

tennz brown; snout longer than the thorax. Lengththree

lines and ahalf. Inhabits Georgia. Plate XI. fig. 7.

The Linnean genus Curculio, was found to contain so many

species, that it became perfectly unmanageable ; it there-

fore has been separated into many, which perhaps may not

be essentially distinct, but which the convenience of refer-

ence rendered necessary. ‘This and the three next are all

of this character.

Eccoptus minutus. Punctate: head and thorax black, the

last varied with white: snout, antennze, legs and elytra red-

ish brown: the last punctato-striate, and varied with

whitish: body beneath hoary: snout shorter than the tho-

rax. Length little more than one line. Inhabits Georgia.

Plate XI. fig. 8.

Anthonomus suturalis. Dusky, shining: upper half of the

elytra red: thorax punctate: elytra striate: snout as long

as the thorax. Length about one line and ahalf. Inhabits

Georgia. Plate XI. fig. 9.

Pissodes squamosus. Black, punctate: sides of the thorax

and of the elytra irregularly marked, and varied with

white: fore and hind thighs toothed: snout as long as the

172 New Coleopterous Insects of North America

thorax. Length one inch. Inhabits Georgia—rare. Plate

XI. fig. 10.

The white marks on this appear to be minute scales, which

may be rubbed off, and hence their irregularity.

Obrium dentatum. Punctate, pale brown: thorax with short

streaks of darker: elytra entire, with four or five dentate

waving bars of darker: two pair of hinder thighs thickened

spinous. Length three lines. Inhabits Georgia. Plate XI.

fig, Sick,

This genus has been formed from some of the species of

Saperda and Callidium of Fabricius.

Molorchus affinis. Black: elytra pale brown, with the tips

and a spot at the base of each, black: legs dark brown.

Length three lines anda half. Inhabits Georgia. Plate XI.

fig. 12.

The Molorchus has been separated from the Linnean

genus JVecydalis from which it appears to differ chiefly in

habit ; it has the elytra shorter than the abdomen, and cut

off square, whereas the ecydalis has them subulate at the

tip.

Anthribus moestus. Dusky: elytra spotted in lines with

black: forepart of the thorax with a small white spot: scu-

tell with another of the same colour: legs dusky, barred

with gray: antennz long. Length three lines and a half.

Inhabits Georgia. Plate XI. fig. 13.

Lycoperdina ferruginea. Smooth, polished, reddish brown:

eyes and tips of the antennz dusky. Length two lines.

Inhabits Georgia in fungi. Plate XI. fig. 14.

The Lycoperdina has been separated from the genus Silpha

of Linné; it has the antennz moniliform, increasing

gradually in thickness towards the tip: mandible with a

very acute undivided tip: maxillary palpi filiform, labial

subclavate ; thorax a little dilated on the forepart, and a

little narrowed behind: thighs abruptly pedunculato-

clavate.

New Coleopterous Insects of North America. 173

Coccinella marginipennis. Black: spot on the fore part of

the thorax, and margin of the elytra red: elytra with three

red spots; the hinder one common: legs red. Little

more than one line in length. Inhabits Georgia. Plate X1.

fig. 15 ba

Galleruca janthina. Smooth, polished, shining blue: eyes

black ; thorax with an impressed transverse line: sometimes

found inclining to greenish. About two lines in length.

Inhabits from New-York to Georgia. Plate XI. fig. 16.

Colaspis infuscata. Pale brown: body beneath dusky: head

antennze, thorax, and three spots on the elytra, brownish

dusky ; the fore one lunate on the hinder side ; the hinder

one curved on each side in a contrary manner: the middle

one rounded. Length two lines. Inhabits Georgia. Plate

XI. fig. 17.

Chrysomela scalaris. Greenishblue: antennz and legs brown:

elytra punctate, yellow, spotted with greenish blue: the ex-

terior spot at the base, lunate ; suture with a broad greenish

blue denticulate lime. Lengthhalfaninch. Inhabits from

New-York to Florida. Plate XI. fig. 18.

Mltica oblonga. Above pale brown, beneath darker: eyes

black: lateral margin of the thorax dark brown: thorax

and elytra punctate. Length two lines. Inhabits Georgia.

Plate XI. fig. i9.

Cryptocephalus subfasciatus. ‘Thorax punctate: elytra punc-

tato-striate. Black: lateral margin of the thorax and two

spots on each of the elytra red, the one nearest the tip late-

ral, the other nearly forming a band. Length two lines.

Inhabits Georgia. Plate XI. fig. 20.

174 Observations on Trilobites.

OBsERvatTions on the structure of Triopites, and descrip-

tion of an apparently new genus. By J. E. Dexay. With

Nores on the Geology of Trenton Falls. By Professor

James Renwick. Read Nov. 22nd.

One of our associates on his return from the celebrated

Falls of ‘Trenton, in this State, brought with hima Trilobite,

whose peculiar form and great size excited much curiosity.

By referring to the descriptions of authors, it was satisfactori-

ly ascertained to be different from any thing in the books.

As the specimen, was however, much weathered, imperfect in

some important parts, and had been accidently distorted, it

was deemed advisable to suspend further investigation until

more perfect specimens could be procured.

At this juncture, Mr. John Sherman of Olden Barneveld,

arrived in this city, and exhibited to the Lyceum a collection

of Trilobites and other organic remains from Trenton Falls,

such as perhaps were seldom before assembled together. He

very generously enriched the cabinet of the Lyceum with a

beautiful series of these relics, and kindly permitted drawings

and casts to be made of those that he could not conveniently

spare.

From these specimens we have been enabled to draw up

the following characters of a new genus of Trilobites, under

the name of

IsoTELUs.*

Bopy, oval-oblong; often contracted, not unfrequently ex-

tended.

Heap or buckler, large and rounded, equalling the tail in

size, with but two oculiform tubercles.

ABDOMEN, with eight articulations.

Frontal process beneath with two semi-lunar terminations.

* From igog equal and rsAo¢ end, extremity.

Observations on T'rilobites. 175

Post-aBDomEN or tail, broad, expanded with indistinct divi-

sions, as large as the buckler.

Longitudinal lobes very distinct.

This genus will be sufficiently distinguished from the five

genera, proposed by JM. Alexandre Brongniart, in his valua-

ble and truly philosophical work on the Trilobites, by the fol-

lowing particulars.

From Calymene. By the presence of but two tubercles on

the buckler, not reticulated; by the abdomen with but eight

articulations.

From Asaphus. By the middle lobe which is double the size

of the lateral ones ; by the absence of a membranous expan-

sion on the sides; by the non-reticulation. of the eyes, &c.

From Ogygia. By the rolled form; the rounded posterior

angles of the buckler, and the distinct articulation of the lon-

gitudinal lobes.

From Paradowide and Agnoste, by characters too obvious

to be enumerated.*

* Notre. As the work of M. Brongniart is expensive and rare, and has

never been translated, we have annexed an abstract of his genera of

Trilobites.

GeENus CALYMENE.

Body contracted into nearly a semi-cylindrical sphere.

Buckler with many tubercles or folds. Two reticulated eye-shaped

tubercles.

Abdomen and post abdomen with entire edges; abdomen divided inte

twelve or fourteen articulations.

No elongated tail.

4 species.

Genus ASAPHUS.

Body broad and rather flat ; middle lobe prominent and very distinct.

Flanks or lateral lobes, each double the size of the middle lobe.

Submembranous expansions extending beyond the lateral lobes.

Buckler semicircular, furnished with two reticulated eye-shaped

tubercles.

Abdomen divided into 8 or 12 articulations.

5 species.

176 Observations on Trilobites.

Isore.us gigas.* Plate XII. fig 1. Pl. XII. fig. 1.

Head representing a spherica! triangle, surface punctate,

convex descending from between the eyes to the anterior bor-

der, which has a narrow raised rim: posterior extremity con-

cave and corresponding to the articulation of the abdomen’

Eyes elevated, prominent, sub-pedunculated ; cornea eblong,

lunated, highly polished. » 4ddomen with eight distinct articu-

lations, the middle lobe double the size of the lateral one;

these latter are continuous with the middle lobe, have a deep

furrow impressed on their upper surfaces, which becomes

gradually efiaced towards their narrow free extremities. These

Genus OGyGtA.

Body much depressed into an oblong ellipsis, not contractile into a

sphere.

Buckler bordered, a slight longitudinal furrow arising from its anterior

extremity. Posterior angles elongated into points.

Longitudinal lobes not very prominent.

Abdomen with 8 articulations.

Eyes not prominent nor reticujated; no other protuberances on the

buckler.

2 species.

Genus PARADOXIDES.

Body depressed, not contractile.

Flanks larger than the middle lobe.

Buckler nearly semi-circular ; three transverse furrows on the middle

lobe ; noeye-shaped tubercles.

Abdomen with 12 articulations.

Articulations of the lateral lobes extended more or less beyond the

membrane which sustains them.

5 species.

Genus AGNosTUS.

Body elipsoid, semi-cylindrical.

Buckler and flanks bordered, with the edges raised.

Middle lobe with two transverse divisions each composed of a single

piece,

Two glanduiar tubercles on the anterior part of the body.

1 species.

Observations on Trilobites. 177

iateral lobes are rounded at their extremities, and flattened in

such a manner as to allow each lobe to slide easily under the

lobe immediately preceding. Tail* subwiangular, convex,

equaliing the head in size, with the posterior termination round-

ed. On the centre of its surface, when accidentally decorti-

cated, a slight elevation may be traced, if the specimen be

held in a certain light, which appears to be a continuation of

the middle lobe ; this extends to within a short distance of

the posterior angle of the tail, when it is either entirely effaced,

or terminates in an abrupt truncation. Another elevation

runs parallel to, and at a short distance from the edge of the

tail. These elevations are connected by obscure parallel

lines, imitating the spaces between the lateral lobes. When

the tail is fractured on the borders, a semi-lunar depression is

visible, exhibiting concentric striae. The whole surface of the

animal has a jet black polish.

Total length, 6—12 English inches.

Cabinet of the Lyceum.

This animal, it will be seen, varies much in size ; but the

following dimensions are taken from the individual represented

in the plate, where it is of course much diminished.

‘Fotal length Gat |

of the head 2-2

of the abdomen Pi?)

of the tail oF

Breadth of the head 3:5

of the abdomen ord

of the tail 35

** The word fail, is used in the common acceptation of the term, although

as it often contains a portion of the alimentary canal, or the branchia, or

both, it might be termed the post-abdomen. The analogy between the parts

of crustacea and the vertebrated animals, is, however, very remote; still we

should avoid coining a new word, unless it becomes necessary to express a

new idea,

178 Observations on Trilobites.

Breadth of the middle lobes 1-6

of the lateral lobes 8

Depth of the buckler 9

of the lateral lobes at

their free extremities 6

These dimensions exhibit an animal of large size, but the

Cabinet of the Lyceum possesses a very considerable portion

of an individual of this species, which, when extended, must

have been at least seventeen inches long. M. Alexandre

Brongniart, speaks of an Ogygia 39 centimetres, or about

fifteen and a half English inches in,length. The thickness of the

animal may be determined by those specimens, Pl. XII. fig. 1.

in which the head and tail are closely applied to each other.

The form and position of this latter organ, it may be cursori-

ly remarked, bears a striking resemblance to that of the Hippe

emerita.

IsoreLus planus.* Plate XIII. fig. 2.

Head more rounded than the preceding, less elevated. Tai!

flat, rounded.

‘Total length oa

Breadth Pt

Length of head 6

of abdomen “8

of tail ad

Cabinet of the Lyceum.

This may possibly prove the young of the preceding species.

The relative proportions of its buckler and tail vary considera-

bly from those of the I. gigas, as may be seen by the dimen-

sions given above. ‘The depth of the lateral lobes, which ex-

ceeds three tenths of an inch, would almost of itself determine

it to be a new species. Should it, however, be considered

identical with I. gigas, it furnishes additional proof of the

very rapid growth of these animals.

Hitherto these are the only species of the genus yet discov-

ered. The Asaphus corngerus (Schlottheim) may perhaps be

Observations on. Trilobites. 179

arranged with it, as some of its characters would seem to

vender it inadmissible into the genus Asaphus, unless its

present characters should be modified or altered. It is im-

possible, however, to speak positively without an examination

of the specimen itself.

Of the nature of Trilobdites.

Various conjectures have been hazarded respecting the

nature of these extinct animals, and its affinities with recent

species. It has been described as a shell with three lobes:

as the larva of an insect, as a perfect insect, as analogous to

the genera Chiton and Patella of shells, and more recently to

the class of crustaceous animals.

M. Latreille, in a paper entitled, “‘ Affinites des Trilobites,”

published 1821, maintains that they bear the nearest affinity

to the genus Chiton. He supposes their articulated bodies,

the membranous border evident in some of them, and _ their

supposed habitations, to corroborate this opinion. On the other

hand, he asserts that the absence of antenne and of feet, are

fatal objections to their being classed with crustaceous animals.

He also alludes to the fact of Trilobites having prominent

eyes ; and according to him, those crustacea which have been

considered most analogous to Trilobites, are not furnished

with equally prominent organs of vision.

M. Alexandre Brongniart, on the other hand, argues that

Trilobites are crustaceous animals, from the following consid-

erations. The general form of Trilobites; their constant

division into a head which is confounded with the buckler, an

abdomen, and a post-abdomen or tail; the sessile position

of the eyes; the rough and tubercular teguments ; the great

number of transversal articulations, and finally, even the man-

ner of contracting itself into a ball, present an assemblage of

characters which belong only to the crustacea of the order

Gymnobranchia. The trilobate division of these animals, led

180 Observations on Trilobites,

him to endeavour to find something parallel among the crus-

tacea. “He has traced the rudiments of this division in the

Palinurus, Gammarus, Talitrus, Cymothoa, Ligia, and it

might doubtless be traced in many others.

The objection to their being crustacea, derived from the

fact that they have neither antennz nor locomotive organs, is

more serious. Ifthey had ever been provided with these parts

they would surely have been discovered ere this: but neither

the researches of naturalists in Europe, nor our own ob-

servations, have exhibited the slightest indication of their

presence ; but in the order Gymnobranchia, the antennz are

either very small or disappear; and the feet changed into

natatory organs or gills, lose their solidity. If the Trilobites

then are supposed to have belonged to this order, we may

look in vain for feet or true antennz.

It is probable that the lateral lobes are the true organs of

locomotion ; and this opinion receives considerable support

from the following considerations. We shall afterwards en-

deavour to show that they also may hold the branchial appa-

ratus.

In those specimens of the Jsotedus in the Cabinet, which are.

contorted or doubled up upon themselves, the extremities of

the lateral lobes are found to be diminished in size, as if they

were folded under each other, while the parts near the middle

Jobe retain more or less their natural position. This would

seem to indicate that the extremities were free, and of course

served as organs of locomotion. They may also have served

to seized their prey; in this they were possibly assisted by the

tail. In other specimens, however, we have undoubted evi-

dence of this structure. In these, which appear as if a strong

power had been impinged upon the middle lobe, the lateral

ones are forced so widely apart that they can be examined and

even measured. A reference to the figure of the Alpheus

aculeatus and others, as given in the appendix to Parry’s

Observations on Trilobites. 18)

voyage, will show the structure and mechanism of these lateraj

lobes, better than the most detailed description.

Admitting then this opinion, there would be little occasion

for feet, or they might be merely rudimentary. This is in

conformity to the law of organization, by which the loss of

certain parts is supplied by an extra development of others to

perform the same functions. Thus, not to go out of the class

of the crustacea, Hippa and its allied genera have minute

and almost abortive claws, and no pincers at their extremities.

To compensate for this, the mouth with its large horny jaws,

is so much enlarged, as to serve as an organ of prehension.

The question, however, still recurs, to what genus of the

crustaceous animals, are the Trilobites nearest allied? In

other words, what living animal most resembles this extinct

being ? Our observations have led us to adopt the opinion,

that the Jsotelus, and by analogy other trilobites, bear a strik-

ing affinity to the Limulus polyphemus, or common “ Horse-

foot” of our shores.*

1. The Limulus itself has been found, though rarely, in a

fossil state. By comparing these with the living Limulus, M..

Desmarest, remarked that the inferior (posterior?) angle of the

buckler was more obtuse in the fossil. The Isotelus also has

these angles more obtuse. The same distinguished observer

states, that the tail of the fossil species, is divided by longitudi-

* This large and common species has been much neglected by ou:

anatomists.

The following are the species as near as they can be determined froin the

confused accounts in the different systems.

Limulus polyphemus. Latreille, Bosc. ? ‘ q

: ; Polyphemus occidentalis. Lamarck. § pics eke

2, L. mollucanus. Latr. P. gigas Lam. Molluca Islands,

3. L. heterodactylus, Lat. China.

L. cyclops. Bose. doubtful. L. albus. Bose. The cast-off shell of a

young Limulus ?

L. Sowerbii. Leach. probably the polyphemus not fully grown.

is2 Observations on Trilobites.

nal furrows into three parts; we have indicated rudiments of

a similar division in the specific description of the I. gigas.

2. The description and figure of a fossil Trilobite, as given

by Parkinson in the third volume of his Organic Remains,

represents an animal intermediate between the recent Limulus

and our Trilobite. The head is imperfect. ‘‘ The body (ab-

domen) has five transversal plates; its sides go off directly

from the head, and meet speedily at an obtuse angle, &c.”

A direct comparison of the recent Limulus with the Isotelus,

will furnish us with additional arguments in favour of their

near resemblance. The former animal is often taken in great

abundance along our shores, and when thus taken, is im-

mediately turned over on its back to prevent its escape;

in this position they are well-known to inflect their abdomen

upon the buckler. And this seems to be an approximation

towards similar habits of the Trilobite.

4. The lunated transparent cornea, which may be seen in

many of the Trilobites in the Cabinet, bears a very strong re-

semblance to that of the Limulus. In young individuals of the

LL. polyphemus, the eyes are partly raised on the exterior

spines of the first row, these, together with the other spines,

are effaced by age, and the eyes then become nearly continu-

ous with the surface of the buckler. This fact may stand as

an answer to one of M. Latreille’s objections.

On the anterior edge of the buckler, a raised rim or bor-

der is equally observed in the Isotelus and Limulus, and the

rudiments of two longitudinal depressions on the buckler of

the Limulus, are very apparent.

6. The upper surface of the abdomen of this latter animal,

exhibits seven foramina, connected beneath with as many thin

membranous gills. We have only to suppose these foramina

extended transversely across the abdomen, and we have at

once the lateral lobes of the Trilobite.

Finally, the analogy between the Trilobite and Limulus,

derives additional support from the following circumstances.

~ Observations on Trilobites. 183

One of the specimens of I. gigas was accidentally fractured

in such a manner, as to exhibit the under side of the animal.

Pl. XII. fig. 2. The appearances presented by this fortunate

fracture, induced many to believe that they were true teeth :

upon the supposition that these Trilobites resemble most the

Limulus, we endeavoured to discover something analogous to

them in the latter animal. Our inquiries were crowned with

success. It may be necessary to premise, that in the Limulus

the anterior part of the buckler is'reflected beneath the animal, >

and forms a flat horizontal surface. This surface is bounded

by two lines, which are the terminations of curved planes

arising from the superior internal part of the buckler. ‘These

three planes meet and form at their point of junction, an acute

hollow spine nearly over the mouth, and directed backwards.

This spine is more evident in young than in old individuals,

and its posterior angle, as we look towards the inferior side of

the animal, is beset with bristles, resembling in arrangement

and direction those on the first articulations of the feet. In

the Isotelus, this spine becomes double; they are broader

and curved towards each other. They are six lines in length,

ihe terminations sharp and translucent. The angles in front

of the observer, will of course be recognised as the junction of

the descending planes of the internal crust of the buckler.

Pl. XII. Fig. 2 represents these processes, and fig. 3. analo-

gous parts of the Limulus. It will be understood, that in the

latter figure we look at the under surface of the buckler, while

fig. 2. exhibits the upper side of this surface, the buckler

being removed. This last was selected in order to show their

triangular structure, and it would seem that the specimen from

which it was taken, was probably the cast-off shell of a Trilo-

bite; at least the Limulus creeps out of its shell through a

similar separation of the whole anterior part of the buckler.

It is not to be considered at all, as the mouth of the animal,

which is probably placed between these lunated processes.

$84 Observations on T'rilobiies.

So little is known respecting the habits of the Limulus, that

the use of its spine is undetermined. In this state of absolute

ignorance, it may be permitted to conjecture that it is in

some measure an arm by which they seize or secure their

prey. In the Jsotelus this part is double. Hence we might

infer that it had greater facilities for furnishing itself with food,

and this would in a degree render unnecessary, feet armed

with pincers, and partaking of the calcareous nature of the

body; or, from the existence of setze on corresponding parts of

the Limulus, they may possibly have been accessory organs of

locomotion themselves, analogous to the setiferous pro-

minences in the class Annelides, which are described as feet

by the acute Savigny: or, possibly these frontal processes are

organs of defence. When attacked, this animal may roll itself

up into a ball, asindeed it is often found, (see Pl. XII. fig. 1.)

and {by some mechanism these processes may be inserted into

corresponding cavities in the tail, and thus retain permanently a

rolled position, presenting nothing but its calcareous covering to

the enemy: or, lastly, they may supply the place of antenne,

for which their form and contiguity to the mouth and brain,

would seem to render them peculiarly applicable.

Whatever may have been their uses, there is no doubt that

we have at length discovered a large and not unimportant part

of the under side of the Trilobite. A more extended and minute

investigation of the anatomy and habits of the Limulus, will

hardly fail to throw much light on the present obscure history

of 'Trilobites, and we hope will confirm the positions we have

endeavoured to establish.

Since the preceding was in type, we have had an opportuni-

ty of examining in the “ Nova Acta Regi ‘Societatis Upsa-

liensis” for 1821, a paper by Professor Wahlenberg, entitled,

‘‘ Petrificata telluris Suecanze examinata.” In this memoir,

the author has arrived at the same conclusion with ourselves,

as regards the analogy between the Trilobite and Limulus,

although from different considerations.

Observations on Trilobites. 185

_ Professor Wahlenberg supposes that the branchial appara-

tus was most probably placed under the middle lobes of the

abdomen, and the feet to have been situated beneath be head

or buckler.

Trilobites, according to Professor Wablenberg, were fur-

nished with short feet, which served at the same time, as ac-

cessary organs of mastication. He assigns as a reason why

they have never yet been discovered, that most of the remains

now found, are the exuvia of Trilobites, in which these parts

of course, would not easily be discovered. Those only he

considers as perfect animals, which are found rolled up on

themselves ; and in these alone can we expect to find the feet

of Trilobites. ©

{n a supplement to this paper, he has described and figured

two species, Entomostracites crassicauda, and E. extenuatus,

which appear to belong to the Genus Isotelus.

Geology of Trenton Falls.

Sttuation. Upon West Canada Creek, near the village of

Olden Barneveld, and about 13 miles north of Utica. West

Canada Creek is one of the principal branches of the Mohawk

river, it rises on the confines of Hamilton and Herkimer

Counties, and falls into that river near the village of Herkimer.

Depth and extent of formation. The river has worn itself a

passage through the rock for the distance of nearly two miles,

forming a series of water-falls, and has thus laid open to

view the strata to a depth of probably 300 feet. The layers

thus disclosed, are nearly horizontal, and of various thick-

nesses ; they are composed of limestone, with the exception

of numerous thin veins of argillaceous matter. The scenery

in the glen, worn by the stream, is of the most picturesque and

romantic character. From the high land, seven miles north

of Utica, this rock appears to form an unbroken ridge of

nearly equal height for many miles, extending from the valley .

DA.

oe 8

# eit

186 Observations on T'rilobites.

of the Mohawk ina north-western direction, as far as the eye

canreach. At the Little Falls, the same formation was found

constituting the western side of the Falls Mountain, but

whether superincumbent or subjacent, was not determined.

Eaton inclines to the former opinion, and states that this for-

mation extends to Lake Ontario.

Chemical and external character. The higher strata are

composed of carbonate of lime nearly pure, of a light gray

colour, and crystalline structure, easily separable into rhombic

crystals ; they may be readily burned into lime, and are much

used for that purpose. At greater depths the substance be-

comes more compact, of a darker gray colour, and finally

quite black. It is then highly fetid, and unfit for the purpose

of burning into lime in the usual manner ; it still, however,

effervesces violently with acids. No nodules of horn-stone

were perceived in any part of the rock. ‘The lower strata

are susceptible of a high polish, and might probably be ad-

vantageously worked as quarries of black marble, being fully

equal in beauty to the Lucullite of Derbyshire.

Mineral contents. No mineral contents of any value were

observed ; in some few cases, the contained petrifactions were

found to consist of sulphuret of iron.

Organic remains. The animal remains contained in every

part of the rock, are extremely abundant, in some cases mak-

ing up nearly the whole mass. No remains of vertebral ani-

mals have been observed in any of the specimens brought

from this locality, or in the rock itself.

Encrinites and Fungites (of Knorr) are found in great

quantities, some of the strata contain no other petrifaction

than the former, and they are copiously disseminated through

them all.

Trilobites frequently occur; the Dudley fossil (Calymene

Blumenbachit of Brongniart) was at once readily distinguish-

ed; another unknown to the observer was found, which it ap-

pears has not hitherto been described; this, after attentive

examination, was determined to belong to a new genus, and

Observations on Trilobites. 187

iS described as such in the former part of this paper ; a single

individual differing sufficiently from this to entitle it to be

considered as a separate species, was afterwards brought to

New-York by Mr. Sherman, by whom this interesting locality

was first explored. Of Chambered Univalves, one species of

Nautilus occurs, and three of Orthocera. One of the latter

is peculiar in its figure, and will probably, on examination,

prove a species that has not been fully described ; this pecu-

larity consists in its being composed of two conical frus-

trums of very unequal dimensions, contracting suddenly at the

place of junction. A specimen of this kind in the collection

of Mr. Sherman of Trenton, is nearly 3 feet in length ; by the

continual action of the water it has been worn down to

the axis, and exhibits, in a striking manner, the position and

formation of the Septz and Siphunculus ; from its shape it is

vulgarly supposed to be the petrifaction of a large animal of

the Lizard species; a similar mistake is said to have been

made by Whitehurst, in relation to an Orthocera from Derby-

shire, probably an analogous specimen.

No univalves without chambers have hitherto been found.

Of bivalves, the specimens exhibit several species of T'ere-

bratule and Products.

Nature of the formation. Organic remains furnish the most

decisive evidence of the identity or difference of formations,

Judging from those which occur at Trenton, we should

consider the rock to belong to the transition class, the

submedial of Coneybeare and Philips. This deduction is

founded on the presence of the Calymene Blumenbachit, which

the united testimony of Buckland, Coneybeare and Philips,

and Brongniart ascribe to that order of rock. Were it not for

this, the small inclination of the strata might have been con-

sidered as entitling it to be arranged as a part of the first

floetz formation of Werner, or it might have appeared from

the number of Entrochi or Encrimitic vertebrze, to belong ta

the mountain limestone of English authors. Eaton is there-

188 Observation on Trilobites

fore, probably correct in classing this formation as transition,

although he enumerates fossils that never occur in rocks of

that class, and among others, the Belemnite and Gryphite.

In all our specimens we do not find any of these species; we

must therefore conceive that he has been under some error

in this statement, having probably mistaken a small kind of

Orihocera for the former, and the /Vautilus for the latter of

these petrifactions.

American Localities of Trilobites.

Ir is an interesting subject of inquiry, how far the. fossil

species of our continent agree with, or differ from those of

Europe. It is a fact well known, that the living animals

which inhabited America at the time of its discovery, were

entirely different from those of the old world. Analogy

would lead us to infer, that a similar law might hold good in

relation to extinct species and genera. ‘This, however,

does not appear to be the case, for, in comparing the

American rocks -that have hitherto been examined, and their

fossil contents, with those of Europe, it would seem to be

probable, that the remains they contain are identical, there

being no variation of any great importance in the contents of

similar rocks. A few instances do indeed occur: of extinct

animals found in one continent, and not in the other, but

they are not sufficiently numerous to constitute more than an

exception to this general rule, and they are always accom-

panied by species that are common in both hemispheres.

Trilobites have been found in many different localities of

North America, and the industry of several indefatigable

collectors is hourly adding to the number.

The Calymene of Blumenbach occurs at Trenton Falls, at

Black Rock on the Niagara, and on the Miami river; the

Calymene macropthalma, on the Helderberg Mountain near

Albany, and at Coshung Creek near the Seneca Lake, in the

Observations on Trilobites. 189

State of New-York. In the cabinet of Major Delafield, is a

Calymene, from Paterson, N. J. of a species that has not

hitherto been described; and in the collection of the Lyceum

is another, probably also new, and brought by Mr. Cooper

from Leroy, in our State.

Species of the Asaphus are to be met with at Glens Falls

on the Hudson River, at Kingston on the Wallkill, on the

Banks of Lake Cayuga, and of the Seneca Lake, on the

south shore of Lake Erie near Sandusky, on the Kaatskill

Mountains, and at Greenville Falls on the Ottowa river in

Upper Canada. The five last localities are furnished us by

Major Delafield, who has good specimens from the several

places.

Specimens of the genus Ogygia, are said by Brongniart

to have been brought from the Genesee river, and from the

Banks of the Mohawk river near Schenectady.

Besides the Trenton locality of the Isotelus, we have seen

in the cabinet of Major Delafield, a portion of limestone

nearly similar in appearance, and containing numerous im-

pressions of the tails of animals of the first species of that

genus; at was found at Canajoharie.

In the British Geological Transactions for the year 1523,

a new Trilobite is described by Dr. Bigsby, to whom the

geology of our country is under so many obligations. Not

having that work before us, we are unable to say to which of

the genera of Brongniart it belongs, or whether like the

Isoletus, it may not be considered as the type of a new genus.

It thus appears that the genera and species of this interest-

ing family are numerous in our country. Opportunities will

therefore not be wanting to future inquiries to examine more

particularly its relations with the organized beings at present

existing. Could any positive light be thrown upon their

habits and mode of life, it would probably add much to our

knowledge of the previous state of the earth, and thus extend

the boundaries of geological science.

190 North American Porcupine.

Fy * A

OssERvATIONS on the manners of the Hystr1x porsata, or

Porcupine of North America. By Frepericx S. Cozzens.

Read Nov. 22d. 1824.

Turis animal, which was first made known to naturalists by

Edwards as a distinct species, has been but imperfectly de-

scribed, and its singular manners and history but slightly

noticed. Having obtained one in my excursion last summer,

I have conceived I might possibly add some few facts to natu-

ral history by publishing the observations I have made on it.

On the first view of this animal, the analogy between it and

the sloths of South America is clearly and satisfactorily exhi-

bited ; and J am somewhat surprised that this fact has not be-

fore been noticed by authors. The slowness of its motions,

and its remarkably long claws, are not the only peculiarities

which prove its affinity to those animals. Even in its spiny

covering, some likeness may be traced to the thick bushy hair

of the 47, and it seems to hold a place between the genera

Erinaceus and Bradypus.

The porcupine, when full grown, weighs between twenty

and thirty pounds, and is about two feet in length including

the tail, which is nearly one-third the length of the body.

‘The general outline somewhat resembles that of the beaver,

with the exception of the snout, which is abruptly truncated,

broad, and with the upper lip divided. The back part of the

head and neck are thickly beset with a cluster of small spines.

The legs are uncommonly short, the joints not more than one

inch and a half in length, bending inwards, and covered down

to the claws with long bushy hair. On the fore feet he has

four, and on the hind feet five, toes; which are furnished with

remarkable long and curved claws, well adapted for climbing

the highest trees. In walking, the tibia, as well as the tarsus,

rest upon the ground, after the manner of the tortoise, which

gives him an uncouth gait, or awkward hobble. His cover-

North American Porcupine. 19%

ing consists of long coarse hair, and a coat of shorter fur, in-

termixed with scattered spines. But the great cluster of spines,

(or quills, as they have been termed,) and which he uses as a

means of defence, are attached to a loose skin on the extreme

part of the back near the tail, and when at rest can barely be

seen projecting through the hair around that part. But on

the animal’s being irritated, he has the power (by means of

strong muscles attached to the neck) of spreading them over

the back with their points in every direction. Nor is this the

only means of defence he makes use of. The tail, which is

also armed with smaller spines, is held close to the body, or

elevated insuch a manner, that on the approach of an enemy

-he can strike suddenly, leaving his barbed spines, which ad-

here very loosely, to find their way to the very heart of those

who molest him; for it is a fact, that they have the extraor-

dinary and peculiar property of penetrating further into the

flesh after being once lodged: and it often happens that dogs

have been penetrated by them in every direction, so as

frequently to cause their death. This arises from the struc-

ture of the points, which are very sharp, and covered with a

great number of small barbs, scarcely perceptible to the naked

eye, lying imbricated over each other, and pointing back-

wards, so that on the least motion they are propelled forwards,

in the same manner that an ear of rye will move up the arm

when placed on the wrist. The tail which is large, and of a

fleshy substance, is linguiform, depressed and about the thick-

ness of a man’s hand. Above, it is studded over with numbers

of smaller spines; beneath it is thickly matted with a sort of

bristles. On the upper surface there exudes a strong and

fetid oil from a number of small pustules, which gives the

quills a greasy appearance, and probably may be another

means of keeping his enemies at bay. In walking this mem-

ber is dragged along the ground.

The quills are white, tipt with black, and are from half an

inch to three in length. They are loosely attached to the

192 JVorth American , P

skin, and come off very eas The ears are entirely hid

under the spines and hated he eyes are small, shining, and

black, and the expression of the countenance gentle and inno-

cent.

They vary very much in colour; the most common is a

devk brown intermixed with white, giving them a gray ap-

pearance. ‘T'he white is generally a kind of coarse hair, con-

siderably longer than the other. Their voice is feeble and

whining, from an octave descending to a sixth. Their food

is the bark and leaves of the hemlock (pinus canadensis) and

basswood (tilia glabra;) and they have been known to strip

trees of their foilage in the same manner as the sloths of South

America. They are, however, fond of sweet apples, corn, &c.

which they eat holding in their fore claws in a sitting posture.

The Indians say they are most excellent food, and esteem

them highly. When they are discovered on the ground,

which seldom happens, they do not strive to get out of the

way, but on being approached, immediately spread the spines

situated near the tail over the whole of the back.

Of late years they have multiplied greatly, and are become

numerous near the Oneida Lake, and in the north-western part

of the State of New-York. Their quills are dyed of different

colours by the Indians, and used as ornaments in giving a

border to moccasins, wampum, leggins, and other parts of the

Indian costume.

Die “t Me

CATALOGUE OF BOOKS

IN THE

LIBRARY

OF THE

LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY,

DEcEMBER 1824.

1 Anrya Argentina di Buenos Ayres. 14 Numbers.

2 Abrégé de Botanique, par M. F. L. 8yvo. Paris, 1802.

3 Accum’s Practical Essay on the Analysis of Minerals. 8vo. Phi-

ladelphia, 1809.

Accum’s Manual.

5 Acharius. Synopsis Methodica Lichenum. 8vo. Lund, 1804.

6 Acta. Societatis Regie Upsaliensis, 4 vols. 4to. Stockholm, 1764.

7 Agardh. Aphorismi Botanica. Fascic. 5. Lund. 1817.

3 -

De rolithis ex Luna dejectis. Lund. 1808.

———-. Species Algarum. Lund. 1820.

10 ———~. Novitie Flore Suecie. Lund. 1814.

11 ———~-. Synopsis Algarum Scandinavie. Lund, 1817.

12 ————. Conspectus Specierum Nicotiane. 12mo. Lund. 1819.

13 —. Icones Algarum inedite. Fascic. 3. Lund. 1820.

14 Akerly. Essay on the Geology of the Hudson River. 8vo. New-

York, 1820.

15 Akerly. Some account of the Weather in New-York, during the

year 1808. MS.

16 Aikin’s Mineralogy, 1 vol. 12mo. Philadelphia, 1815.

17 Anales de la Academia de Medecina. No.1. 1823.

18 Analyse des Travaux de l'Institut de France. Pendant lannee

1817, par Cuvier et Delambre.

19 Annales du Museum, 1 vol. 4to.

20 Bauhin. Pinax Theatri Botanici. 4to. Basil, 1671.

21 Bakewell. Introduction to Geology, &c. 8vo. London, 1815.

)

22 Barton, (b. S.) Fragments of the Natural History of Peunsyi-

vania. PartI. Philadelphia, 1799.

23 Barton, (W. P.C.) Compendium Flore Philadelphia, 2 vols-

Philadelphia, 1818.

24 Bayard. Voyage dans l’Interieur des Etats Unis, 1803.

25 Baker. Natural History of the Polype; in a letter to Martin

Folks, Esq. Svo. London, 1743.

26 Bay. Danish and English Dictionary, 2 vols.

27 Beck. Gazetteer of the State of Illinois and Missouri. 8ve.

Albany, 1823.

28 Belknap. History of New-Hampshire, 3 vols. 8vo. Dover, N. Hi.

1812.

29 Berzelius. Essai sur la Theorie des proportions Chymiques. 8vo.

Paris, 1819.

30 Berzelius. Nouveau Systeme de Mineralogie. 8vo. Paris, 1819.

31 ————. Sur ’Emploi du Chalumeau. $8yo. Paris, 1821.

32 Bernéaud. Compte Rendu des Travaux de la Societe Linneeme.

33 ————. Eloge Historique de Palissot de Beauvois. Paris, 1821.

34 —————. Exposition de_la doctrine Botanique de Theophraste.

35 ————. Coup @’eil Historique sur le monte Circello. 1814.

. Recherches sur les Plantes connues des Anciens sous le

nom @Ulva. 1822.

37 Bigelow, H. American Monthly Magazine, 4 vols. 8vo, N. York.

38 Bigelow, J. Florula Bostoniensis. 8vo. Boston, 13814.

39 Blair. Botanic Essays; in two parts. London, 1720.

40 Boyle. Experiments and Considerations on Colours. 8yo. Lon-

don, 1664.

41 Bolton. Filices Britannice. 4to. Leeds.

42 Boyer. French and English Dictionary, 1 vol. 8vyo.

43 Brisson. Regnum Animale. Lug. Bat. 8vo. 1762.

Ornithologia sine Synopsis methodica Avium, 2 vols.

8vo. Lug. Bat.

45 Bruce. American Mineralogical Journal. 8vo. N. York, 1814.

46 Brongniart, (Al.) Traite Elementaire de Mineralogie, 2 vols.

8vo. Paris, 1807.

47 Brongniart, (Ad.) Observations sur les Fucoides. Paris. 4to.

Ag —————_-————. Memoire sur le Limnadia. Paris. 4to.

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50 Burk. History of Virginia from its first settlement till the Revo-

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51 Buffon. Histoire Naturelle des Oiseaux, 4 vols. 12mo. Paris,

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52 Buck. Description des Environs de Landeck. Paris, 1805.

53 Bywater. Physiological Fragments. 8vo. London, 1824,

54 Bichat. Anatomie Generale, 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1812.

55 Catalogue of the Salem Museum. 8yvo. 1823.

des Objets rares dans le Musée, de M. de Dree. 8vo.

Paris, 1814,

57 ———— of Paintings, collected in the Philadelphia Museum.

58 ————— of Books belonging to the New-York Hospital.

59 of different specimens of Cloth, collected in the different

voyages of Capt. Cook, by Sir Jos. Banks. 4to. Lond. 1793.

60 of the Library of Alleghany College. Meadville, 1823.

61 ————— of Plants in the Royal Botanic Garden, Madrid. 1816.

_ 62 ————— of Coleopterous Insects in the collection of the Baron

Dejean.

63 — of the Library of the American Philosophical Society.

1824, *

64 Cavallo. History and Practice of Aerostation. 8vo. London.

65 Carver. Travels in North America. 8vo. Philadelpbia, 1784.

66 Carver. Farrier’s Magazine. 8vo. Philadelphia, 1818.

67 Caventou. Nouvelle Nomenclature Chymique. 8vo. Paris, 1816.

88 Charleton. Onomasticon Zoicon. 4to. London, 1668.

59 Chomel. Plantes usuelles Indigénes et Exotiques. $8vo. Paris,

1809.

70 Clark. On the Foot of the Horse. PartsI. & 11. 4to. Lon-

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71 Clark. Stereoplea, or Artificial Defence of the Horse’s Foot

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72 Clark. On casting Horses.

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75 Cleaveland. Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy and Geology.

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76 Cleaveland. Elementary Treatise on Mineralogy and Geology.

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77 Clinton. Introductory Discourse before the Literary and Philoso-

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78 Cloquet. Sur la Membrane Pupillaire. Paris, 1818.

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80 Cloquet. Dela Squeletopée. 4to. Paris, 1819.

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33 Cooper,(Th.) FEEmporium of Arts and Sciences. New series.

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84 Coxe. View of the Cultivation of Fruit Trees. 8vo. Phila. 1817.

85 Cuvier. Régne Animal, 4 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1817.

. Anatomie des Mollusques. 4to. Paris, 1817.

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1789. 8vo. Paris, 1810.

88 Cuvier. Theory of the Earth; with Notes, by Saml. L. Mitchill.

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89 Cuvier. Rapport sur un ouvrage de M. Audoin. 4to. Paris, 1823.

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90 } prae ieaea Geographie Mineralogique des Environs de

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91 Chamisso. De Animalibus e Classe Vermium Linneana, &c. 4to.

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92 Dana. Outlines of the Mineralogy and Geology of Boston and its

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93 Darwin. Principia Botanica. 8yvo. Newark, 1810.

94 Dearborn. Treatise on the Culture, &c. of Pastel, or Woad;

translated from the French of De Laysterie. 12mo. Boston,

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95 De Boot. Histoire des Pierreries. Wyons, 1644.

96 De Kay. De Scaturigine Erroris in Experimentis Physiologicis.

8vo. Edinburgh, 1819.

97 De la Motta. On the Causes of the Mortality among Strangers

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98 De Luc, Abregé de Geologie. 8vo. Paris, 1815.

99 De Leuze. Histoire et Description du Museum Royal d’Histoire

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100 De Montfort. Conchyliologie Systematique, 2 vols. 8vo. Paris,

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101 Demonstrations Elementaires de la Botanique, 2 vols. Lyons, 1773.

102 De la Metherie. Legons de Geologie, 3 vols. 8yo.

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4104 Decandolle. Flore Francaise, 6 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1809.

105 Dillwyn. Descriptive Catalogue of recent Shells, 2 vols. 8yo,

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106 Donn. Hortus Cantabrigiensis. 8vo. London, 1819.

107 Eaton. Manualof Botany. 8vo, Albany, 1818.

108 ———~. Index to the Geology of the Northern States. 8yo. Troy,

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109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

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120

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122

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126

127

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140 Hooker. Travels in Iceland.

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142 Holandre. Histoire Naturelle des Quadrupedes Vivipares et des

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147 Hutton. Voyage to Africa. 8vo. London, 1821.

148 Humphreys. Account of the Serpent of the Ocean. 12mo. New-

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149 Huzard. Observations sur la Maréchallerie Veterinaire. 4to-

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150 James. Account of an Expedition to the Rocky Mountains, under

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151 Jameson. Description of the Island of Arran. 8vo. Edinburgh.

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157 Instructions pour les Voyageurs du Museum Royale d’Histoire

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458 Itineraire de Chamounix. 12mo. Lausanne. 1790.

159 Keating. Considerations on the Art of Mining. 8yvo. Philadei-

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160 Keferstein. Beitrage zur Geschichte und Kenntnitz des Basaltes.

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195 Memoirs of the Royal Society, abridged ; by Baddam. 10 vls. Sve.

196 — of the Wernerian Society. Vol. I., & Part 1st of Vol. IT.

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197 Messager des Sciences et des Arts. Nos. I.—X. 8vo. Gand,

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289

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290 Annales Generales des Sciences Physiques. Bruxelles, 8 yols, Svo»

DONORS TO THE LIBRARY.

Acapnemy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 156.

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Professor Agardh Lund, Sweden, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13:

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Rey. D. H. Barnes, 144, 227, 16, 42, 187.

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Dr. L. C. Beck, Albany, 27.

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Mr. J. Cozzens, 229, 249, 288, 94.

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Mr.

S. B. Collins, 105, 184.

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Mr. J. Griscom, 124, 216.

Colonel George Gibbs, 52, 56, 90, 158, 155, 222, 258, 259.

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David Hosack, M. D. 137, 138, 139, 209, 243, 287.

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Dr. F. G. King, 20, 173, 146, 265.

Captain J. Le Conte, U. S. Army, 62.

Linnean Society of Paris, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36.

T. W. Ludlow, Esq. 276.

Professor Macneven, 191.

Professor S. L. Mitchill, 60, 63.

Bartolomi Munos, Buenos Aires, 1, 17, 226, 260, 174..

Mr. E. W. Morse, 224.

M. J. Milbert, 81.

Thomas Nuttall, Esq. 207.

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Thomas Say, Esq. Philadelphia, 241, 242.

H. R. Schoolcraft, Esq. 247.

Prince of Salm Dyck, 239.

Professor Sommé, Antwerp, 202, 253, 290, 197.

Dr. Wm. Swift, U. 8. Navy, 46.

J. Stewart, Edinburgh, 256.

Dr. John Torrey, 22, 91, 119, 262, 268, 269, 6.

Dr. P. S. Townsend, 248, 272.

General S. Van Rensselaer, 25, 84, 110, 133, 250.

Mr. Alfred Wagstaff, 54.

Dr. J. W. Webster, Boston, 281.

Mr. M. H. Webster, Albany, 282.

k= The Lyceum is indebted to Witi14m Cooper, for Plate VUL.,

and to James E. Dexay, for Plates V. VII. XIL and XIII.

ANNALS

THE LYCEUM

NATURAL HISTORY

NEW-YORK.

VOL. L.

PART THE SECOND.

NEW-YORK :

PRINTED FOR THE LYCEUM, BY J. SEYMOUR,

AND SOLD BY G. & C. CARVILL, No. 108 BROADWAY.

1825.

; hte WT

.* Ph

’

4 :

Bakisaitt tates:

2 neat 7

CONTENTS

PART THE SECOND.

By D. H. Barnes.

Notes on Shells. No. II. - u Ss A = E yi i"

By J. J. Biaspy.

Sketches of the Geology of the Island of Montreal, - : iy

By Witiram Cooper.

Description of a new North American species of the genus Frin-

gilla, - - - - - - - - - -

By Issacnar Cozzens.

Examination of some Iron Ores from the Northern parts of the

State of New-York, - - - - - - - -

By J. E, De Kay.

Observations on a fossil crustaceous animal from Westmoreland,

Oneida county, New-York, - - - - - :

By R. K. Grevinte.

Descriptions of some new Plants belonging to the orders Musci

and Hepatice, - - - - - - = - -

By Ricwarp Haran.

Observations on the genus Salamandra, - - - ‘ a

Supplement to this Paper, - - - - ~ 2 Z

Further Observations on the Amphiuma Means, - - -

Description of a new genus of Mammiferous Quadrupeds of the

order Edentata, - - - = = : i ts

198

iv CONTENTS.

By J. Le Conte.

\emarks on the American species of the genera Hyla and Rana, -

By THomAs Sax.

Descriptions of new American species of the genera Buprestis

Trachys and Elater, - - - - - - - =

By H. R. Scuootcrarr.

Remarks on native Silver from Michigan, - - - -— -

By J. Van RENssELAER.

Notice of Fossil Crustacea from New-Jersey, - - - — =

Supplement to this Notice, - - - - - - -

By L. D. De Scuwernirz and J. Torrey.

Monograph of the North American species of Carex, - -

278

249

ANNALS

OF THE

LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

OF NEW-YORK.

JANUARY 1825.

OFFICERS OF THE LYCEUM,

FOR THE YEAR ENDING FEBRUARY, 1825.

President.

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Librarian.

FREDERICK S. COZZENS.

Curators.

Messrs. BARNES, J. COZZEN S, DELAFIELD.

F. COZZENS, COOPER.

Committee of Publication.

J. E. DEKAY,

A. HALSEY,

_ JOHN TORREY,

D. H. BARNES,

WM. COOPER.

Notice of Foss Crustacea, from New-Jersey. By Jen.

Van Renssenarr, M.D. Read Nov. 15, 1824.

New-Jersey presents to us the richest localities of fossils

with which we are acquainted in this hemisphere. Situated

between the two great schools of natural history, it is surpris-

ing that it has never been made the scene of more extensive

research. The cursory examinations it has received from

both cities have proved so gratifying, that we may hope some

leisured brother will be induced to investigate more minutely

the depository of these medals of nature, so abundant in our

tertiary region,* and more particularly in the triangular

peninsula comprised between the ocean and the Delaware

and Raritan rivers. }

During an excursion made to this interesting region, some

months ago, in company with Messrs. Dekay and Cooper,

we had the satisfaction of increasing the cabinet of the Lyceum

by the addition of the fossil remains of the Mastodon.t 1

have now the pleasure of noticing some specimens of fos-

sil crustacea found during that excursion, and which are

the first of the kind found in this country, so far as my know-

ledge extends : certainly the first that have been described.

There are portions of a crab in the cabinet of the Academy

of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia, said to have been found

below the surface of the soil on the banks of the Potomac:

but I am informed they bear no other evidence of being fossil.{

* Which I have partially described in a paper read before the New-York

Literary and Philosophical Society in March last, and which has been or-

dered to appear in the next volume of their Transactions.

{ Vide page 143 of this volume.

t Immediately after this paper was read, Major Delafield informed me

that he had part of 'a fossil crab from York river; but he has never been

able to find it since.

It is much to be regretted that no scientific work has pointed out the dis-

tinctive characters of fossil and merely preserved shells,

196 On Fossil Crustacea from New-Jersey.

The remains in our cabinet consist of fragments only : that

is to say, we have parts of eight hands, more or less perfect,

(four of the right side, three of the left, and one doubtful,)

and the third joint of one of the legs. The great dissimilarity

of these several parts evinces to me four very distinct varie-

ties, which I shall endeavour to describe, in reference to

Plate XIV.

Fig. t. The right hand of a crab viewed internally, where

it is flat and smooth; externally, protuberant. The finger

moveable. ‘Thumb and finger of equal length, smooth,

slightly compressed internally, and rounded externally.

We have the corresponding left hand in a more perfect

state as to outline, but with small parts of the finger

wanting.

Fig. 2. This specimen is unfortunately much fractured. I

have presented an external view of the left hand, which has

suffered great violence, and has the finger and thumb bro-

ken and out of place, but still slightly adhering. The

Jower margin of the hand is smooth, as is the outer margin

of the finger ; the thumb, on the contrary, has a double

row of small spines accompanying its lower margin.

fig. 3. Represents the interior of another left hand, on

which only small parts of the thumb and finger are visible.

The exterior is beautifully circular, the interior ovate and

emarginate. In the central line are several small spines or

tubercles, which are again observed more thickly surround-

ing the root of the thumb, and extending along its upper

margin. Part of this thumb has been accidentally broken

off since we found it. We possess also a right hand, abeut

as perfect as this, which, from its position when found, and

the strong resemblance, I take to be its fellow ; it certainly

belonged to an animal of the same species.

Fig. 4. Part of a claw, with the greater part of the thumb

and finger. ‘The claw is compressed and emarginate.

The smaller finger is an irregular triangle, bearing spines

On Fossil Crustacea from New-Jersey. 197

on the angles. The thumb or longer finger has five rows

of spines extending its whole length, and approximating

towards the smaller extremity.

It is exceedingly difficult to trace analogies between fossil

and recent species, especially where only parts of the animals

are offered for observation. Moreover, the old Linnean genus

Cancer has undergone so many alterations and modifications

by the labours and observations of Fabricius, Bosc, Latreille,

and Leach, that it is not easy to arrange recent, much less

fossil specimens. 1 must be allowed to remark, however, that

fig. 4. presents many points of resemblance with the Pagurus

Fauwjasuw of Desmarest, as exhibited in Pl. XI. fig. 2.

of his work on Crustacea, in conjunction with M. Brongniart

on Trilobites. It strongly resembles the smaller claw on that

plate, the original of which was from Maestricht, and describ-

ed by Faujas St. Fond as the Pagure hermite: and which

Latreille notices as approximating very nearly to the Pagurus

Bernhardus. ‘The analogy between the recent and fossil is so

great, that they might easily be mistaken: the only difference,

perhaps, being the length of the claw. A circumstance tend-

ing to confirm the supposition of M. Latreille, that it was the

hermit crab, is the fact that only claws are found at Maestricht,

and never the body, which he accounts for naturally from the

durability of the claw, and the liability of the body to de-

composition. Although at Tinton Falls we saw many claws,

neither of us could discover any other part of the animal.

Messrs. Cuvier and Latreille place all the fossil crustacea

hitherto found (with the exception of two specimens) in the

first order, viz. decapode: so that we are probably correct in

the place assigned to our new varieties of fossil.

The crabs of Maestricht are found in a formation analogous

to, perhaps equivalent with, the chalk of England, in which

Mantell first noticed them. They are found in the plastic

198 On Fossil Crustacea from New-Jersey.

clay of the isle of Sheppey—in the calcaire grossier of Paris—

in the limestone of Pappenheim—and in the tertiary of New-

Jersey ; the precise spot seems to be a conglomerate sand

strongly tinged with iron.

It has been remarked by Desmarest, that in geological po-

sition the trilobite is older than the crustacea—but with no

great difference of age; and that the trilobites end, where the

crustacea begin : a remark that will probably be confirmed by

the relative position of our own trilobites and crustacea, if

indeed they are to be considered separately.

A Sxetcu of the Grotocy of the Istanp or MontrEAt.

By J. J. Biessy, M.D. Read Dec. 13, 1824.

Tue picturesque and fertile island of Montreal, having

close on its north the smaller “ Isle Jesus,” is situated seventy-

six miles above tide-water, in the St. Lawrence, at the con-

fluence of that river with the Ottawa. It is chiefly embraced

by the waters of the latter stream; on the north by its small

fork, called the “‘ Riviere des Prairies,” flowing through low

grounds, and occasionally checked by ledges of limestone ;

on the west, by its large and irregular expansion, the Lake of

the Two Mountains; on the south by Lake St. Louis,* (in

which the two rivers join without mingling) and the rapids

forming its outlet, which turn round the great south angle of

the island, and pass, with intervals of tranquillity, for eleven

miles over reefs and stony shallows ; finally, it is contained

* Tts length passes nearly east and west, and is eighteen miles, by eight:

miles in greatest breadth. The purplish brown water of the Ottawa occu-

pies the half nearest Montreal Island, the line of separation being abrupt

and pretty straight.

On the Geology of the Island of Montreal. 199

on the east by the St. Lawrence under its own proper name,

moving with a steady current between regular banks, two and

three miles apart, and sprinkled here and there with grassy

isles, of which the Boucherville group is the most numerous.

This island, in shape, resembles an isosceles triangle. It ts

thirty-two miles long in a northeast direction, and ten miles

in its greatest breadth, from the apex to the base. With the

exception of Montreal Hill, its subordinate alluvial ridge, and

one or two others of no great elevation, it exhibits a level sur-

face, watered by several rivulets, but none of note. It pos-

sesses a plentiful and well-tempered soil, vegetable and loamy ;

but in the centre of the island there are occasional patches of

ferruginous sand; and near Lachine, the ground is much in-

cumbered with bowlders. At St. Anne’s, in the west, and

along the Rivizre des Prairies, the rocks are sometimes thinly

clad, and show themselves in small platforms. The island is

traversed longitudinally by five roads, at regular distances

from each other, and with cross-cuts : another skirts its cir-

cumference. ‘The relative situation of its villages will be best

learned by recourse to the accompanying map. PI. XV.

Montreal Hill, overlooking on the southeast the rugged

Isle of St. Helen and the town to which it gives name, is

placed on the south side of the island, fourteen miles from its

lower end, and about a mile from the St. Lawrence. It stands

alone, in an extensive and highly cultivated plain, intersected

by large bodies of water, and terminated on the north and

south by mountains of fine features, but in other directions

stretching unobstructed into Upper Canada, and into the

eastern townships of Lower Canada. The aspect of this hill

is rendered striking by its massiveness, as well as by its posi-

tion. It dips on the east and southeast precipitously from a

rounded summit of scantily wooded reck, and elsewhere pre-

sents rugged hummocks, or steep declivities, clothed with

birch, poplar, and maple. Its base, and part of its sides, are

occupied by orchards, farms, and gentle men’s seats : excepting

200 On the Geology of the Island of Montreal.

the level space immediately on the northeast, employed as a

race-course. It isa long oval, extending from northeast to

southwest for nearly three miles, and having a comparatively

small breadth; now and then, however, increased by lateral

projections on the north, enclosing little vallies. It is sepa-

rated into two unequal portions by a broad fissure, now used

as the west road to the interesting village of St. Catharine.

The western of these. divisions is frequently called Mount

Trafalgar. I am not certain which is highest. The surveyor-

general of Lower Canada states the greatest elevation of the

hill to be five hundred and fifty feet above the contiguous

river ;* the measurement having been directed, I believe, to

the flagstaff on the northeast end of the hill; on the southeast

declivity, below which flagstaff, it may be mentioned for

the sake of reference hereafter, there is an elegant monument

in memory of Mr. McTavish, one of the founders of the

Northwest Company of Fur Traders.

A ridge, or bank, of sand and other rolled materials, rests

on the base of the hill on the south and east : somewhat closely

near the village of St. Henry: but in general there intervenes

a varying breadth of flat, marshy, or stony ground. Its height.

is greatest at the above-mentioned village, where it is aseended

by the Lachine turnpike. It is scarped there, and may be

one hundred and forty feet high. Near Montreal it is called

«“ Coteau St. Pierre,” and slopes to a lower level, about

twelve feet above the St. Lawrence, from an elevation of

less than one hundred feet. This bank is scarcely apparent

on the north side of the hill, but extends from it, east and

west, to the ends of the island, at a small interval from its

shore. It is every where smooth and rounded, furrowed by

streamlets, and somewhat lowered, except at Chateau Brillant,

on the Lake of the Two Mountains. The vicinity of the

* New measurements will be taken this winter.

On the Geology of the Island of Montreal. 201

Riviere des Prairies is sandy in spots, and undulating ; but

on the whole, low.

From the town of Montreal, eastward, the immediate bank

of the St. Lawrence is naked, and from twelve to thirty feet

high, with a gradual descent towards the end of the island.

In the opposite direction (toward Lachine) it is very low, the

land between the ridge just described and the river (a large

triangular space) being marshy, but still with small embank-

ments, indicative of water courses, which have once insulated

the southern angle of the island. This flat has been chosen

as the route of the canal between Montreal and Lachine, now

in operation, to within half a mile cf the former place.

This topographic notice may suflice for the geological de-

tails now to follow. A tolerable idea of the population, agri-

culture, and scenery of the island, may be collected from the

writings of the meritorious Bouchette, and those of Lambert

and Hall.

The environs of Montreal abound in geological facts of

great value. The lowest rock is a trap, of a kind unique in

the Canadas. By its peculiar composition, (which includes

all the ingredients of granite,) and by its associations, it illus-

trates in a beautiful manner the aflinity existing between the

formation of which it is a member and the primitive class in

general. The mountain of Chambly, sixteen miles east by

south, affords the nearest of the older rocks in place. The

extended trappose ramifications which it has projected into

the superincumbent horizontal layers of limestone, without

injury or displacement accruing to them, are very remark-

able appearances, and to me inexplicable, except by supposing

parity of age, an opinion making this rock, junior to the other

inclined strata of the St. Lawrence, which are evidently of a

date long anterior to this limestone. An opportunity is here

furnished of examining the line of union of rocks extremely

dissimilar in their materials, and in their origin also, according

to prevailing theories. We shall find the limestone and its

202 On the Geology of the Island of Montreal.

organic remains (numerous and sometimes new and rare) un-

changed, although in contact with, imbedded in, and even

impregnating the trap.*

The deposits which T have called alluvial, but which were

rather thrown down during the existence of vast inland seas,

after the last deluge, may lead to useful inferences from their

form and connexions, aud from the nature and variety of their

contents.

The fixed rocks of this district may be enumerated as fol-

lows :—A very compound trap constitutes the largest part of

Montreal Hill, and appears in great quantity in the plains on

its south. Besides emerging in the route of the Lachine Ca-

nal, a rapid visit enabled me to detect it in unstratified rock

masses, which just escape above the herbage, in the common

of La Prairie, a quarter of a mile west of the village, (six miles

from Montreal) a mile south of the parish church of Longueil,

{three miles east of Montreal) and on the banks of the St.

Lawrence, west of, and near the same church. It occurs na

similar manner on the. river Richelieu, (twelve miles south-

east of Montreal) for one or two miles about Col. de Sala-

berry’s Mills. Rolled fragments of this rock abound every

‘where in the large area included by the towns of Montreal,

Chambly, and St. John’s, and extend southward at least

twenty miles above the foot of Lake Champlain, even to the

Genesee country, in a southwest direction, and up the St.

Lawrence, nearly as far as Prescott, in Upper Canada. At

the lower end of the Vaudreuil ferry, on the Lake of the Two

Mountains, the fragments of trap are so plentiful and angular,

(1819) that I suspect it occurs in place not far from thence.

Near Montreal, the trap supports, and traverses in direct

contact, a conchiferous limestone, which floors nearly the

whole island, as well as can be ascertained, through its

* Chambly Mountain, sixteen miles east by south, affords the nearest

primitive rock in place.

On the Geology of the Isiand of Montreal. 203

plentiful soil; and is best brought into view about that town,

and at the rapids of the Recolet, and other portions of the

Riviére des Prairies. At a distance from the hill, it probably

rests on quartzose conglomerate, or sandstone; as on the

former, are based some of the islets in the Lake of the Two

Mountains, and the isle of St. Helen. Quartzy sandstone

discovers itself at the Cascades, St. Anne’s, and in the bed of

the Lachine Canal.

The trap may be said to consist chiefly of crystalline

hornblende, largely mixed with quartz, feldspar, mica, and

angite. The accidental minerals are those characterising

this order of rocks, as zeolite, &c. Except where it assumes

the form of dykes or veins, as is common in the plain about

the hill, it is massive, and usually much weathered. On the

summit of the hill, and sometimes elsewhere, it rises above

the vegetation in naked flattish mounds, closely compacted,

and seldom exceeding five yards in diameter. In the small

ruinous ledges and cliffs, it is fissured perpendicularly, and

rent by cold, into large cuboid blocks. When quartz enters

into the composition of the trap in quantity, it becomes schis-

tose, but I have never observed real stratification.

The varieties are very numerous, but may all be derived

from four principal forms, running into each other without

apparent order, and occupying indiscriminately all levels.

They do not only furnish a convenient mode of classification,

but also represent the kinds predominating. Of the four, the

two forms placed first in the following sketch are perhaps the

most plentiful. The magnet is not affected by any, except

when iron is visibly present.

The first form consists of promiscuously aggregated, shin-

ing, black prisms, of hornblende, from half an inch to three

inches long, sometimes pure ; and so mutually compressed as

almost to disappear; but more frequently white or ferruginous

masses of glassy feldspar-and quartz, mixed im various pro-

portions, are interposed, so as to give the whole a strong re-

204 On the Geology of the Island of Montreal.

semblance to sienite. ‘This white compound, disintegrating

by the weather, falls out, and renders the crust of the rock

vesicular. Copper-coloured mica, in single scales, or in

nests, is common in this variety, and now and then, though

rarely, in great quantity. Small druses often form in the in-

terstices of the hornblende crystals, lined with small crystals

of feldspar, (white or colourless, transparent, hexahedral, ta-

bles) quartz, pale green epidote, (granular or in stellular, ra-

diating, acicular crystals) white zeolite, (in divergent, coarse,

acicular crystals, terminally superimposed,) and rarely a small

weathered rhomb of chabasite. Cubic iron pyrites is common,

and spicular iron ore in confused crystallization, as a coating.

This form is met with on the summit of the east division of

the hill, above Mc'T'avish’s Tomb, on the middle of its north

and west flanks, and the greater part of Mount Trafalgar, es-

pecially the lower. On the northeast declivity of Mount Tra-

falgar, and on a cleared hummock on the east division, near

the west road to St. Catharine, the crystals of hornblende ar-

range themselves in continuous lines or bands, from a sixth to

half an inch thick, and semetimes several feet long; with oc-

casional cross rents. They are parted by the mixture of

quartz and feldspar above-mentioned: forming, of course,

similar bands, but white. I have seen this curious structure

in short spaces only, and am thence unable to state its extent

or direction. It is the more remarkable, as occurring among

rocks in which any thing like order seems studiously avoided.

it would appear to indicate that the mass has consolidated

during motion. ‘This kind affects the magnet.

The second form exists in most parts of the hill, and in the

route of the Lachine Canal, and is well marked in the low

eliff above McTavish’s Tomb. Itis black, or brownish black,

opaque, homogeneous, rather fine-grained, with blunt edges.

it yields a gray streak readily to steel. Its specific gravity is

that of trap rocks generally. ‘The specimens taken from near

the west road to St. Catharine, and in other places near

On the Geology of the Island of Montreal. 205

calcareous strata, effervesce slightly, though distinctly, on

exposure to acids. It is sometimes dotted with crystals of

white glassy feldspar, which, having increased to a good size,

in one case converted the mass into a porphyry.

The third kind prevails as well on the hill, as in the veins

of the vicinity soon to be noticed. It is on some occasions

scarcely to be distinguished from the black trap of the Sabine

country, near Rome, containing solitary crystals of augite,

which I have seen in the collection of Mr. Greenhough of

London. It is the last described form crowded, (but some-

times only studded) like a porphyry, with crystals of greenish

black augite, alone, or interspersed with basaltic hornblende ;

both of large size, and well characterized ;* and in weathered

masses, often showing their termmations. Among other lo-

calities, this form occurs on the declivity overlooking the

race-course, where it is chequered with spots of granular epi-

dote and white quartz. On La Prairie common, these augitic

crystals are almost acicular, in a brownish trap; and also on

the Lachine Canal, where the rock assumes a peculiar, and

very handsome appearance. It is found in great quantity

near the country-seat of Edward Gregory, Esq. but cannot

now be examined, in situ, as it is covered by water. The

large fragments strewed around, however, show it to be

amorphous. It may be described as a confused assemblage

of short needle-shaped black crystals, cemented together, te

use a convenient phrase, by a fine mixture of pink feldspar

and white quartz. It is in parts, interspersed with numerous

round druses, averaging half an inch in diameter, lined with

octohedral iron pyrites, rhombic and pyramidal calespar, and

green epidote in many but very small crystals. Mingling

with these druses, without regularity of situation, and in con-

* The augite belonging to the A. triunitaire, of Hauy, as I learn from

Dr. Troost, whose skill in practical chemistry and crystallography has latd

me under frequent and pleasing obligations.

206 On the Geology of the Island of Montreal.

siderable numbers, (though commonly distinct) are spherical

knots of pink feldspar, nearly pure, minutely crystallized, and

filled with the acicular hornblende or augite of the general

mass. The feldspar, it will be observed, is here pink. I met

with a detached mass on the north side of the homogeneous

trap, traversed by a vein two inches thick, of red feldspar.

Judging of the quantity of the trap met with, in the exca-

vation of the Lachine Canal, by what is thrown out, it is very

considerable. It is principally of the second, or compact

kind, and is massive; rarely in veins, when it might be visi-

ble in the sides of the canal, as in fact it is, not far from the

bridge at the west end, and at about three miles from the

same end. The third form, when penetrating the limestone

in veins, effervesces slightly with acids, and even contains

well preserved terebratule, covered with a ferruginous crust,

and surrounded by crystals of basaltic hornblende.

The fourth form abounds most near the limestone, at the

sides of the eastern division of the hill, and on the higher parts

of the very rough northeast flank of Mount Trafalgar; where

it graduates, in passing downwards, through the homogeneous

into the crystalline black form. It can, indeed, scarcely be

called a trap; although forming part of the same deposition

with the other portions of the hill. _ It cannot be distinguished,

in carefully selected hand specimens, from the sienite of the

summit of Peek Island, in Lake Superior; and with some

difficulty from an amphibolic granite, from near Rice River,

in the Lake of the Woods. It is a mixture, occasionally fine,

of white or transparent feldspar, white crystalline quartz, and

a little copper-coloured mica, often in nests. In this granite-

like rock, prisms of hornblende are scattered at random,

sometimes mere dots, or acicular; but at others, one or more

inches long, and of corresponding breadth. As has been

mentioned above, this form, by an augmentation of its horn-

blende, passes into perfect trap, and, on the other hand, as

frequently, wholly loses the imhedded crystals in question.

On the Geology of the Island of Montreal. 207

The white cement often contains carbonate of lime. When

the black and white ingredients are distributed with some uni-

formity, and in equal quantity, their strongly contrasting

shades give great beauty. It often traverses the other forms

of trap, in broad and straight, tapering bands, which issue

from large irregular masses, whose precise relation to the

surrounding rocks happens to be hid by vegetation or debris.

The four forms of trap now sketched, together with their

numerous gradations, occur in the veins or dykes which form

so singular a feature in the geology of the environs of Mon-

treal. ‘The second, or homogeneous kind, is most abundant ;

but it is here protected from the elements by a ferruginous

crust, and breaks into thick oblong slabs, with sharp, rhom-

boidal edges. Ido not recollect the fourth form to exist as

a dyke. Near the north end of a limestone quarry, a few

hundred yards north of the race-course, there is a dyke of a

composition I have not observed on the hill. It consists of a

soft, passing into powdery, cement, white and. green, (each

colour predominating in patches) which contains numerous

finely marked crystals of basaltic hornblende, distributed con-

fusedly, but equally, and not often confluent. The cement is

principally calcareous; the remainder being green earth,

which frequently coats the crystals.

These dykes are derived from the hill. The presence of

vegetation and of soil, prevents our tracing them throughout

to their source ; but their origin is betrayed by the identity

of their materials with those of the rock of the hill, by the

course of the majority, and by their being detected in several

instances issuing thence, and from its immediate neighbour-

hood.

Dr. Macculloch, in his account of the group of trap islands

off the west coast of Scotland, describes several large accu-

mulations, dépots, as it were, of amphibolic rocks, from

whence veins proceed in all directions for several miles into

the adjacent strata. The form and position of the ramifica-

208 On the Geology of the Island of Montreal.

tions now under consideration, may be understood from the

following observations. .

Horizontal shell limestone, floors, as has been already stat-

ed, the plain surrounding the hill; and without the least de-

rangement* invests its trap masses, to a variable distance,

from the summit of from one hundred and fifty to three hun-

dred and fifty feet, the lowest of these elevations being on the

north, and the highest on the south flank of the east division.

From the hill, as from a centre, there pass in all directions

into the limestone, with a remarkably straight, unchanging

course, a great number of dykes, arms, or veins, of the com-

position stated above; and perpendicularly, or nearly so.

They have been traced northeastwardly, for a mile and a

half. Those at Lachine may originate in the trap contiguous

tothem. In the race-course, which is a level piece of ground,

full of old and new quarries of limestone, no less than fourteen

of these veins have been counted. They are best seen about

the middle, and near the hill, from whence they advance just

above the grass, like the base of long, ruined, walls. The

most common direction on the race-course is east ; the devia-

tions being usually trifling. They dip north at a very high

angle. At the northeast corner of the course, two veins cross,

but the place of intersection is hid by soil. A little to the

south of the stand a vein runs north north east. In the quarry

north of the course, two contiguous dykest also run north

north east, that direction leading to the hill. The same is

the case with another vein, in a pine wood, two thirds of a

mile north of the course ; and a second vein, close at hand in

the same wood, passes north by east. Of three in Williams’s

limestone quarry, (about one and a half mile north east of the

hill) that at the back of the house runs north, and another in

* Except near a deserted house on the west road to St. Catharine.

where it is turned up edgeways in places: but perhaps not by the trap.

¢ The composition of one of these dykes has been given.

On the Geology of the Island of Montreal. 209

front, north east. They are compact, highly ferruginous, but

occasionally in their route, (as is common) assume the por-

phyritic form described third. In one case the hornblende

prisms are low and oblique, four sided, and at the same time

few and small. The paste here is brown; the whole mass

strongly resembling the trap on parts of the river Richelieu.

These veins have parallel sides, and are from one to three

feet in thickness ; but near Lachine, there is one fourteen feet

thick; it is visible, however, for so short a distance, that its

dimensions cannot be given precisely. They do not thin off,

at least very sensibly. In fact, we cannot at present trace the

same individual further than four hundred yards. Sometimes,

as at the south east angle of the race-course, they seem to

meet with an obstacle, and collect into an irregular knot, from

ten to thirty feet broad, which again projects a number of tor-

tuous ramifications : the straight course having been abandon-

ed. These veins frequently subdivide, and again unite, en-

closing lenticular masses of conchiferous limestone, and some-

times of large size ; in all cases adhering to the trap, with the

utmost firmness, and although the division is marked by a fine

clear line, the carbonate of lime is detected in the vein by ap-

plication of acids. These insulated fragments suffer no change

except being a little harder ; and contain terebratule, encri-

nites, &c. whose state of preservation does not differ from that

of the shells imbedded at a distance from the trap: even the

nacre remains in some cases. These divisions are sometimes

quite minute, and separate the limestone for short distances

into thin ribbon-like laminz, parallel to each other and per-

pendicular. Sometimes the trap has insinuated itself,

horizontally in sheets, between the layers of limestone.

This is beautifully exemplified in an abraded bank on

the south side of the race-course, at the base of the

hill. Here the upper stratum is horizontal trap of paral-

lel sides, nearly two feet thick, and covered with earth. It

rests on the limestone in its usual pesition, pushing through it

210 On the Geology of the Island of Montreal.

a vertical and very thin sheet of trap. A drawing, made very

soon after meeting with this appearance, does not represent

any displacement of the calcareous strata ; and I well remem-

ber, that the union between the two layers or veins of trap is

perfect.

In the quarry five hundred yards north of the race-course,

there is a vein eighteen inches thick, which is nearly horizon-

tal. Jt is only seen for a few feet. Dr. Lyons, Surgeon to the

British forces, an acute observer, to whom] am much indebted,

met with a horizontal vein, on the south flank of Mount Tra-

falgar, overlooking the priests’ house. The west and north-

west parts of the base and sides of Montreal Hill, have not

yet been sufficiently examined ; but I do not look for much

information from thence, as they are employed in tillage, and,

as far as I know, have not been excavated for quarries, &c.

I shall now proceed to give some account of the limestone

overlying this trap, and receiving its ramifications. It is a

portion of the great basin of secondary rocks of North Ame-

rica, whose outlines have been ably traced by Dr. James, in

his account of the expedition to the Rocky Mountains, under

Major Long. A more detailed description of its line of junc-

tion with the elder and inclined rocks of the dividing ridge of

the vallies of Hudson’s Bay, and the St. Lawrence, may be

found in Volume VUI. p. 77. of the American Journal of

Science. The particular form occurring im Montreal Island,

and overspreading nearly the whole of it, extends into Lake

Champlain and on the Richelieu on the south ; and northeast-

wards, down the St. Lawrence, as far as Cape Tourment,

thirty miles below Quebec. Its south east boundaries have

not been at allexamined. We only know of the country south

of the St. Lawrence, below Montreal, that it abounds in

greywacke and clayslate, superincumbent on granite and

gneiss. Westerly and southwesterly, it unites with the lime-

stones of the Lakes, with which, if we are to judge by imbed-

ded minerals, organic remains, and geological position, it is

On the Geology of the Island of Montreal. 21

cotemporaneous. The compact form is not to be distinguish-

ed from that of the north east end of Lake Ontario ; serving

as the substratum for the adjacent parts of the State of New-

York and Upper Canada.

The limestone of Montreal Hill is bluish black or bluish

brown, without lustre, fine-grained passing into compact,

easily scratched by steel, and of conchoidal fracture when free

from shells. When exposed to the weather, it is divided inte

horizontal layers, from six to twenty-four inches thick, some

of them containing silica in chemical combination (with in-

creased hardness) ; and others chertz in horizontal bands.

How thick the strata are, at some depth beneath the surface,

is very doubtful. This form of the limestone is well seen at

McTavish’s Tomb, on the west road to St. Catharine’s, and

on the north of the hill at the base: every where full of the

organic remains of the level country. The limestone of the

race-course, so traversed by dykes, is in all respects similar to

that of the hill.

The small quarries scattered over a field north east of the

race-course, and often alluded to already, are nearly on the

same level with those of the latter spot ; but are perhaps two

feet lower. They are only opened to the depth of nine feet of

rock. Of this, the upper third is a brown, knotty, disinte-

grated, calcareous shale, greatly charged with iron in the

brown carburet and pyritic forms. The lower two thirds, by

rapid, but not abrupt transition, consist of layers of bluish

gray and grayish brown limestone, from eight to thirty inches

thick. These are highly crystalline, in shining rhomboidal

facettes, which average one-sixth of an inch in diameter, and

display no trace of organization. Williams’s Quarries pre-

sent the same appearances as these.

The limestone on the north of the island, in the quarries and

broken platforms along the Riviére des Prairies, is nearly the

same as the crystalline species of the quarry adjacent to the

race-course. ‘The organic remains are the same, but where I

212 On the Geology of the Island of Montreal.

observed it there was a tendency to tbe granular form. Some

of itis shaly. The difference in level must be very small.

The calcareous rock, which has been cut through in ferm-

ing the canal between Montreal and Lachine, is only seen in

the three and a half or four miles nearest the west end. It is

about on the same plane with the St. Lawrence. The ragged

edges of the upper and northern strata, above described, are

concealed by the large alluvial bank girding the hill. The

limestone of this lecality varies in its external appearance.

In the eastern part of the above distance, it is pale, gritty, and

deficient in shells. I suspect the presence of quartz, but an

accident has deprived me of the opportunity of testing it.

Proceeding westward, the limestone becomes bluish black,

and softer; a pale brown granular variety then intermixing with

it, by a sort of alternation; both containing large druses of

very splendid crystals of dog-tooth, nail-head, lenticular, and

curved rhomboidal calespar. Their organic remains are the

same. ‘These pale and dark layers are in firm union, by a

wavy, but still horizontal line, the black one being usually on

the surface, and often azoophytic, while the inner brown parts

are full of shells, and approach to the crystalline state. The

Jimestone at the west end of the canal is all dark and shaly,

but is unchanged in other respects. Very fine fibrous arrago-

nite has been brought from hence, but I suspect from the trap.

It is in veins an inch thick, consisting of two closely connected

tables of equal size, one of which is white, with some degree of

translucency: the other is hyaline, and almost transparent.

These limestones cannot now be examined, in situ, as they

are covered by the water of the canal, and by the earth forming

its sides ; but the fragments lying around, may be sufficient

for obtaining a pretty correct idea of their nature. These

materials also indicate, that in certain parts at least, it here

rests upon an indurated quartz rock, of very fine grain, black

and brown in alternate stripes, (the former shade being derived

from carbon) and sprinkled with dots of iren pyrites. - The

On the Geology of the Island of Montreal. 213

dark variety predominates and runs into shale; but of what

kind I have not yet ascertained. This rock occurs near St.

Henry’s, and seems to be supported by the porphyritic trap

with the handsome druses of calcspar and epidote. ‘The island

of St. Helen, which bears about north north east from the

place where this quartz rock occurs, is based on a modification

of greywacke, an extremely compact and hard conglomerate

of granular quartz masses, both angular and rounded, green,

gray, brown and black ; and varying in size from two inches

in diameter to microscopic. ‘The cement is green, and in

sparing quantity. It contains, disseminated, iron pyrites, and

some copper-coloured mica, the latter being plentiful in some

of the fragments. I observed in it, one mass of colourless feld-

spar. This rock shows itself in a naked bluff, a few feet above

the St. Lawrence, on the north east of the Barracks of the Artil-

lery. Iam informed, that it is either massive or divided into

very thick strata.

I may place here the facts which have come to my know-

ledge respecting the sandstone of St. Anne. It presents itself

on the shore of Lake St. Louis for two miles below that vil-

lage, and at the rapids of the same name, on the north east of

Isle Perrault, in thick horizontal slabs of light brown quartzy

sandstone, with ferruginous clouds and spots. It is-hard,

fine-grained for the most part, and seems to have little or no

cement. It appears in large quantity at the Cascades, on the

opposite side of this body of water; but as far as I am aware,

it is not seen in ascending the St. Lawrence, until we reach

the neighbourhood of St. Regis, (fifty miles south west) as we

learn from a printed report of Mr. Raymond, a surveyor, who

found it underlying much of the St. Lawrence county, in the

State of New-York. I have seen it, in the Thousand Islands,

resting on gneiss, directly and unconformably. From these

and other circumstances, I deduce a probability, that the

sandstone of St. Anne is below the limestone of Montreal

Island—a rock whose organic remains and accidental minerals

214 On the Geology of the Island of Montreal.

are yet tobe stated. All its varieties furnish the same animal

remains ; but no fossil vegetables have yet been found. They

are chiefly sparry or granular casts of the common limestone.

Lingule, however, and terebratulae, frequently preserve their

nacre. Of trilobites, the asaph genus is the most abundant,

excepting perhaps the debris of very large trilobites, usually

too comminuted to allow of the determination of the species ;

but in the crystalline limestone of the quarries, they are larger,

and are evidently caudal portions of the genus Jsotelus, lately

instituted by Dr. Dekay. Some of them, although represent-

ing at least one third of the animal, are only a quarter of an

inch long. The asaphs approach nearest the species cau-

datus of Brongniart. Ihave found no entire Calymene: but

many bucklers or heads of the Blumenbach species ; and some

of them an inch and an half in diameter. They are found

whole, in considerable numbers, in the vicinity of Quebec.

The fragments of trilobites, from Germany, and Llandillo in

Wales, represented in fig. No. 6. &c. of Brongniart, occur

plentifully here, and do not differ much from those of the above

distinguished naturalist, in general outline and dimensions.*

The front of the buckler is much more convex, remarkably so ;

and has on each side, near the base, three very small trans-

verse lines, (scarcely to be called depressions) corresponding

to the sulci so strongly marked in the genus Calymene. ‘There

is frequently, but not universally, a very minute pisiform pro-

cess on the centre of the front. ‘The whole upper edge of the

buckler is always surrounded by a very ornamental semicir-

cular border (sometimes semi-elliptical) of punctures, placed

in the meshes of a net-work in high relief, and arranged close

together, in rays, passing perpendicularly from the buckler,

and forming at the same time, when observed transversely,

* At Montmorenci, near Quebec, they occur much larger: rather ex-

ceeding one and a half inch in diameter.

On the Geology of the Island of Montreal. 215

curved lines, parallel to its upper rim or edge, excepting at the

sides, where they diverge, leaving a space occupied by other

lines of dottings, parallel to the former, but speedily terminat-

ing on the cheeks of the buckler. The lines which are com-

plete from side to side, are four in number. ‘The imperfect

additional ones vary from two to four ; the smallest and inner

consisting of only two or three punctures. A plain edging

includes the semicircle of punctures. (Vide Pl. XV. fig. 1.) In

the beds of these casts, the places of the punctures are shown,

by small conical elevations, and those of the ridges of the

network by corresponding depressions.

Orthoceratites are met with, in all the kinds of limestone :

those in the dark granular form, are sometimes almost as large

as the celebrated specimens from Lake Huron, and vary from

them in no respect. Small cylindrical casts of calespar, which

taper considerably, are common. Having no peculiarities of

structure, they are only thought to belong to this family, on

account of their being provided with a siphuncle.

Conularia quadrisulcata are rare, but have been found.

They are described by Sowerby. Casts of trocht, turbones,

terebratula, producti, turbinolie, cellular madrepores, co-

rallines, retipores, flustre, are every where in great plenty.

There is a beautiful variety of the tubtpore, which occupies a

knot in the calcareous strata; not confusedly, as is common,

but in concentric circles, and placed perpendicularly in the

rock, at some distance from each other. Ido not know if the

tubes communicate with eachother. Lingule exceeding an

inch in length are frequent at the west end of the Lachine

canal, having the brown matter of the shell in fine preserva-

tion. The encrinital family is in astonishing numbers and

variety ; but they have not as yet been carefully studied. In

May 1823, 1 met with a beautiful specimen of the column and

stomach of the E. moniliformis ; a variety of the stag’s horn

encrinite isnot uncommon. The remains, which I last summer

considered, (with others,) to be a fragment of the stomach of

216 On the Geology of the Island of Montreal

a pear encrinite, from a specimen from Montreal, found by

Mr. Lee, (37th infantry,) and from Lake Simcoe, found by

myself, I have since met with, in a more perfect form, at the

natural steps above the Falls of Montmorenci, near Quebec.

It most probably does not belong to this family at all; but is

a multilocular shell, resembling the orthoceratite. I am not

now prepared to add further respecting it, than that it is

straight or curved cylindrical, large in what we may pro tem-

pore call the middle, and tapering gradually towards the ex-

tremities: which, by the by, have not been seen. Its septa

are straight, (not sinuous,) transverse; and average six to

the inch. In ten individuals no siphuncle has been discovered.

My largest fragment is four inches long, by nearly two in

greatest breadth.

The accidental minerals occurring in the limestone of

Montreal, are in very small quantity, and few in number.

They are confined to purple fluor, in plates, lining fissures,

and as small cubes superimposed: yellow blende, in imbedded

crystalline masses: and iron and copper pyrites, in druses and

as coatings.

The alluvial ridge, which surrounds two thirds of this island,

and is so distinct on the southern and eastern aspects of the

hill, may be considered as an ancient embankment, in one of

those vast bodies of water which were left by the last deluge ;

and which in the lapse of ages have undergone repeated sub-

sidences, until they have assumed their present shapes and

number. From whatsoever source this bank may have deriv-

ed its materials, its course and form have becn imparted to it

by waters flowing nearly in the same direction as the Ottawa

and St. Lawrence of the present day: but at an elevation

which would give them an infinitely greater extent than they

now possess. I have traced it for one hundred and sixty-five

miles up the former stream, when I met with a barrier of sterile

hills, through which it forces its way, leaving behind it the

vast and sometimes fertile deposits in which Lakes des Allur

Bi _

On the Geology of the Island of Montreal. 217

mettes, Tamatsaming, &c. are placed. Up the St. Law-

rence, and on its lakes, it is universal; but broken even into

seven successive terraces, which is the greatest number I have

seen. It is continuous, downwards, from Montreal towards

the Atlantic Ocean, in one or more of these platforms, for

three hundred and fifty miles to my own knowledge, and

most probably, the whole distance of five hundred and eighty

miles ; frequently, however, interrupted by districts of rock,

as I need scarcely add.

This alluvial deposite, in the immediate vicinity of Montreal,

including the ridge and the marshy flat at its base, is com-

posed of different ingredients in different places. On the

banks of the river, and in the rear of the town, it is, at all

levels, a coarse mixture of ferruginous sand, reddish clay,

and gravel; full of large bowlders of primitive rocks,* and

particularly abounding in large nodules of rusted black and

brown limestone. Here and there, without regularity, there

are very thin and partial beds of pure sand and gravel, in a

horizontal position. 'The former, however, I have learnt,

exists, as a very large and deep accumulation, at the east end

of the canal, close by, unfortunately for its cheap and per-

manent construction. ‘The masses of limestone found among

these rolled substances, are always without shells : a remark-

able circumstance in a district of conchiferous limestone. It

is very shaly, but still not only weathers in its ordinary direc-

tion, but in concentric spherical layers, like the coats of an

onion, a mode of division not to be-discovered in sound rock

of this nature ; but I have observed, upon an extensive scale,

* Among the rolled masses of the fields and river banks, I have met with

pale green coccolite in tabular spar, with yellow mica; dark green cocco-

lite; fine granular, forming one third of a compound; together with black

mica, and pink rhomboidal calespar; a bowlder of tabular spar, white, and

unmixed, weighing six hundred pounds. Dr. Lyons has met with well-

marked rolled Labrador feldspar in the island of St. Helen, opposite the

town of Montreal.

218 On the Geology of the Island of Montreal.

that all rocks, on the application of strong heat, as on expo-

sure to the cooking fire of a Canadian voyageur, including

trap, and its conglomerates amygdaloid, granite, gneiss, quartz

rock, &c. &c. shale superficially, tu slaty, lenticular, and often

large fragments, without attention to natural cleavages. 1

do not intend to make any deductions from this fact at pre-

sent. ‘These calcareous nodules are frequent at the east end

of the Lachine Canal, with the gravelly earth spoken of

above ; but in a mile or so west, on its route, (the exact dis-

tance my notes do not give) it is succeeded by a deep blue

viscous clay, containing among other pebbles, small masses of

the black limestone without shells. This blue clay (still con-

tinuing along the canal) is succeeded, at two and a half miles

from Montreal, by a bed, cut through for one hundred yards,

of very soft and flaky white marl, full of fresh water shells.

It is covered for three feet by decayed vegetables, and has

itself been penetrated for the same distance without reaching

its under surface. This bed has limestone, in situ, close on

its west. Its shells are in great numbers, and precisely those

inhabiting the contiguous waters and great lakes. ‘They are

decomposed ; that is, are soft, brittle, and white, but not at all

impregnated with carbon, flint, or calcareous matters. Plan-

orbis bicarinatus, deflectus, and trivolvis, Melania wrginica,

and Physa heterostropha, are about in equal quantities,

The Unio is rare, and always in fragments. I met with a very

delicate and small Lymneus elongatus, similar, except in size,

to the living shell in the Little La Croix river, leading to

Lake Vermilion, on the north and west of Lake Superior.

Lymneus emarginatus, Valvata sincera, and Cyclas similis, are

also present. There are some pits on the north of Montreal

Hill, from whence Dr. Lyons has brought fresh water shells,

of the genus Saxicava, which I have found likewise in a

streamlet on the Ottawa, one hundred and twenty miles west

north west of Montreal, and five miles into the woods from

On the Geology of the Island of Montreal. 219

the river. The mar] and shells just noticed occur at Gren-

ville, on the Ottawa, fifty-five miles west from Montreal.

To return to the ridge :—As it leaves Montreal to the west,

its bowlders gradually disappear ; and at St. Henry, we find

it to consist of beds of sand, resting upon clay. The flat be-

low it, east of St. Henry, on the road to Lachine, is composed

of coarse gravel from primitive rocks; while the neighbour-

hood of the latter village is buried under foreign masses, to

the depth of thirty feet in some places.

Description of a new species of Grospeak, inhabiting the

Northwestern Territory of the United States. By Wiuuias

Coorer. Read January 10, 1825.

Tue genus Loria being restricted by the most eminent

modern ornithologists to the Crossbills, the remaining species

of granivorous birds having a conical, straight, and pointed

bill, and which were arranged by Linnzeus and the authors

who have followed him as species of Loxia, are now all com-

prehended under the genus Fringilla. The number of spe-

cies thus brought together is consequently very great; but

they present such a gradual passage from one character to

another, that it is found impracticable to separate them into

well defined and natural genera. In order to avoid, however,

the inconvenience which would result from so many species

being comprehended under one head, Temminck proposes to

subdivide them into three sections, characterised by the forms

of their bills, viz. laticones, brevicones, and longicones. This

simple arrangement appears preferable to the multitude of ar-

tificial genera which some nomenclators have attempted to

establish ; or it would perhaps be more convenient to consider

220 New American species of Fringilla.

these sections as subgenera, under the names of Coccothraustes,

Fringilla, and Carduelis, as suggested by Mr. Charles Bona-

parte, in his judicious Observations on the Nomenclature of

Wilson’s Ornithology.* The first of these comprises nearly

all the Lovie of authors which are not Crossbills, and to it

must be referred the species which is the subject of this notice.

FRINGILLA VESPERTINA, (nobis.)

F. fronte flavo; vertice alis caudique nigris ; macula alarum

alba.

Description. Length eight and a half inches: bill yel-

low; strong, conical, swelling, pointed, depressed above at

the base where it forms an angle in the feathers of the front ;

ithe upper mandible turning a little downwards at the point,

and slightly notched, edges of both sharp and cutting: nares

roundish, partly concealed by the black vibrissze : a narrow

black line surrounds the base of the upper mandible: front

and a band passing over and behind the eyes yellow; crown

of the head black: cheeks brown: throat and neck olive-brown

passing downwards into yellow, which is the colour of the

back and all the under parts of the body, flanks and tail coverts:

lesser wing coverts, primaries and first secondaries black ;

greater wing coverts and winner secondaries white on their

lower half, forming a large white spot on the wing ; the first

three primaries of equal length and longer than the rest: tail

of twelve feathers, slightly forked, entirely black : feet light

brown. j

Cabinet of the Lyceum.

Osservation. In the natural series of American species,

this bird should be arranged as the first of the series ; being

* Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Vol. IV. p. 39.

New American species of Fringilla. 221

intermediate between the F’. coccothraustes of Europe and the

F. cardinalis. To the former of these, which is the type of

the subgenus, it is nearly allied, but is considerably larger,

besides other differences, as the description given will show.

The specimen from which this description is taken, was

sent to the Lyceum from Sault Ste. Marie, near Lake Supe-

rior, by Mr. H. R. Schooleraft, and is labelled Paushkundamo,

the name given it by the Chippewa Indians. Mr. Schoolcraft

has since favoured me with the following account. It isa

little singular that the meaning of the Chippewa name should

so nearly coincide with that of the subgenus in the language of

the system.

“* Paushkundamo.” ‘This word is derived from the Chip-

pewa verb paushka-un, to break. The termination indicates

the object acted on, and is in accordance with one of the rules

of their language, which permits the formation of compound

words from a verb and substantive, dropping one or more

syllables of each for the sake of euphony. The word paush-

kaun is the animate form of the verb, and is used only in par-

ticular reference to soft, fleshy, or vegetable substances, as a

fly, a berry, &c. The word will therefore admit of being

rendered fly-breaker, berry-breaker, &c.

“This bird appeared about Sault Ste. Marie, M. T.

during the first week in April 1823. The individual under

examination was shot on the 7th April, in the evening. An

Indian boy was attracted into the woods by its peculiar, and

to him strange note. There were a few birds in company :

they were seen for a short time about the place; but none

have since appeared. The species is said to be common about

the head of Lake Superior, at Fond du Lac, &c.”

Major Delafield, in the execution of his duties as agent of

the United States for boundaries, met with the same bird in

the month of August 1823, near the Savannah river, north-

222 New American speeies of Fringilla.

west from Lake Superior, and has obligingly communicated

the following extract from his notes made at the time.

«« At twilight, the bird which I had before heard to cry in

a singular strain, and only at this hour, made its appearance

close by my tent, and a flock of about half a dozen perched

on the bushes in my encampment. ‘They approached so near,

and were so fearless, that my canoe-men attempted to catch

them, but in vain. I recognised this bird as similar to one

in possession of Mr. Schoolcraft, at the Sault Ste. Marie.

“ Its mournful cry about the hour of my encamping, (which

was at sunset) had before attracted my attention, but I could

never get sight of the bird but on this occasion. There is an

extensive plain and swamp through which flows the Savannah

river, cov ed wit!) a thick growth of sapin trees. My infer-

ence was then, and is now, that this bird dwells in such dark

retreats, and leaves them at the approach of night.”

Orsrrvations on the Genus SaLAMANDRA, with the anatomy

of the Saramanpra Gigante (Barton) or 8S. ALLEGHANI-

ensis (Michaux) and two new genera proposed. By R.

Haran, M.D. Read Dec. 27, 1824.

Durine my researches into the Linnean Lacerta, I found

myself very much embarrassed by the confusion which exists

in the present classification and arrangement of this depart-

ment of zoology; the Salamandra have not unfrequently been

confounded with the Proteus and Siren, and these latter de-

scribed as the former; and in a few instances including indi-

viduals generically distinct from either. This confusion has

been not a little increased by the late discovery of several in-

dividuals of this family, which cannot without violence be

referred to any existing genera.

Observations on the Genus Salamandra. 235

it will be readily presumed, that it was only after consider-

able attention, and minute anatomical investigation extended

to a variety of these animals, that I have ventured to give

publicity to the following observations.

The Siren, the Proteus, the Amphiuma, the Triton lateralis

(Say) the Salamandra gigantea (Barton) or Alleghaniensis

(Michaux) must form a family of reptiles distinct from all

others, and these will again be naturally separated into such

as have branchiz, and such as have none; all being furnish-

ed with nostrils and spiracula. ‘Those which are provided

with persistent branchiz having the skull composed of many

separate bones, as the Proteus and S/ren—those which have

spiracula, without branchiz or gills, having the skull compos-

ed of a solid piece, as the Amphiuma and Salamandra gigantea.

The Triton lateralis must not be confounded with the Tri-

tons* of Laurenti, or water-newts, (the Salamandra aquatica

of Cuvier) as, in the first place, these animals are furnished

with five toes to the posterior extremities and four to the ante-

rior : the T'riton lateralis having only four toes to each extre-

mity. 2d. The T’. lateralis is furnished with persistent gills—

in the Salamandre these organs are deciduous. 3d. The

T. lateralis has one rib less than the Tritons of Laurenti, and

the Salamandre proper.

This difficulty could not escape the minute observation of

Mr. Say, who in his paper on the T'riton lateralis (in the first

Vol. Major Long’s Expedition) expressly states : “ These four

or five species [viz. the Axolotl or Siren pisciformis (Shaw)

the tetradacty!a (Lacepede) the S:réne operculée (Beauvois)

and the Proteus Neo-Cesariensis (Green)] might with pro-

priety be separated from the genus to which they are referrible

* Triton, as ageneric term should be discarded, it having been originally

established by Laurenti, who mistook the larve of Salamandree for perfect

animals, as was remarked by Cuvier, in his essay ‘‘ Sur le Protée.” (Voyage

de MM, Humboldt et Bonpland.)

224 Observations on the Genus Salamandra.

in the present state of the system, and placed in a separate

genus, the external characters of which will be the same

as those of Triton, with the exception of the persistent

branchiz.* Its proper station will doubtless be intermediate

between Triton and Proteus, but far more closely allied to the

former.” +

The animal described as the Siréne operculée by M. P.

de Beauvois, (in the 4th Vol. of the American Philosophical

Transactions,) is furnished with four legs, and five toes to the

posterior feet—it is merely the larva of a Salamandra, similar

to that described by Professor Green, in Vol. I. of the Journal

of the Acad. Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia, as the Proteus

Neo-Cesariensis.

But the animal described by Lacepede, (in the 10th Vol. of

the Ann. du Mus.) is worthy of particular notice. He named

it “Un Protée, ou Salamandre tetradactyle ;” and _ states

that the place of its habitation is unknown, and the internal

structure was not examined. It is furnished with four legs

and four toes to each foot, with persistent branchiz ; the form

of the tail, and general external appearance, to judge from

the plate, resembles the Triton lateralis ; but both jaws pos-

sessed a double row of teeth, and a collar formed by a fold

of the skin partially surrounds the superior portion of the

neck, immediately anterior to the branchiz. I have little

* To this exception he should have added, that all the species he has

mentioned, excepting the second, have jive toes to the posterior extremi-

ties.

7 Iam happy in having it in my power thus early to correct an error I

have made in detailing the anatomy of the 7. lateralis, in the paper above

alluded to, wherein I have stated that ‘* the olfactory apparatus is similar to

that of fishes, having no posterior nares, &c.” This is incorrect. In ex-

amining lately a specimen of this animal, I observed these openings, which

are situated in the space between the two rows of teeth at their posterior

termination; they are covered over by a valvular production or duplicature

of the lining membrane of the mouth, which circumstance misled me.

Observations on the Genus Salamandra. 325

doubt of its being a distinct species of the same genus describ-

ed by Mr. Say as the 7’. lateralis.

The Salamundra tridactyla (Lacepede) is furnished with

scales, and possesses other characteristics of the lacerta (Vid.

Dict. d’Hist. Nat. Art. Sal.) The animal from the North

American Lakes, which Dr. Mitchill has described (in the

4th Vol. of Silliman’s Journal, and more at large in the 7th

Vol. of the same) as a Proteus, and which he has strangely

confounded with the Salamandra Alleghaniensis (Michaux) or

that vulgarly termed “ Hell-bender,” and ‘“ Tweeg,” in Dr.

Barton’s description of the same, (Vid. Barton’s Tracts, Vol.

iI.) has in reality no affinity either to the Proteus or “ Hell-

bender,” but is simply a variety of the 7’. lateralis, with which

also the animal from Lake Champlain, described by Schneider

(in his Historia Amphibiorum, Fasc. Ist, p. 50.) as early as

1799, specifically corresponds,* notwithstanding Daudin er-

roneously supposed it to be the larva of the Triton Alleghant~

ensis, and Mr. Say has since supposed it to be the larva of the

Salamandra Alleghamensis. (Latreille, Vid. Vol. I. Acad.

Nat. Sciences, notes on Professor Green’s paper on the Am-

phibiz by Mr. Say.)

The Salamandra Allleghantensis is, 1 think, improperly

placed among the Salamandre. It differs in general form and

proportion; it wants that remarkable characteristic of the

Salamandra, viz. ** Anum habent vulvee muliebri simillimum.”

Cuvier, after describing the Mexican Avolotl, remarks, “ from

all of which I conclude, that the Jrolotl of the Mexicans, or

Siren pisciformis of Shaw, is nothing more than the larva of

some gigantic Salamandra, probably precisely the same as the

Salamandra Alleghaniensis of Michaux.” But in this he was

mistaken ; the Axolotl possesses every characteristic of ‘the

larva of a Salamandra, though probably of a different species

* See page 517 of this Volume.

226 Observations on the Genus Salamandra.

from any existing in our waters, as it differs in the number of

its vertebrze and ribs; and notwithstanding it has not yet been

observed in a perfect state, or without branchie, (both speci-

mens examined by Cuvier were young animals.*) Whereas,

the Salamandra Alleghaniensis has never been observed pos-

sessing gills, although examined when quite young ; they exist

in great numbers in the Alleghany river; and I possess a

specimen, a few months old, in which there does not exist the

least remnant of branchiz, and as the Salamandre are sup-

posed to carry their branchiz at least for the term of one year,

it is certainly fair to conclude that these appendages do not

constitute a part of the organization of this animal; which

alone is sufficient to separate it from the genus Salamandra.

But a comparison of the anatomical structure of these ani-

mals, places the subject beyond a doubt; and as no history of

the internal fabric of the Salamandra Alleghaniensis lias ever

appeared, the following detail cannot be devoid of interest.

I received, through the politeness of Mr. Poe of Pittsburgh,

whiose zeal has in more thau one instance advanced the cause

of science, two specimens of this animal: one very young,

the other of a middle size, which was brought alive as far as

Baltimore, when it was killed by placing it in slightly brack-

ish river water. They are sometimes observed to have at-

tained two feet in length. ?

Total length of the present specimen, twelve inches. From

the vent to the end of the tail four inches ; vent, a small longi-

tudinal rima, rather depressed ; girth, four and a half inches ;

width of the head, one and a half inches.

* In a late notice of the Azolotl, by Sir E. Home, it is stated that this

animal is proved to be a perfect animal, and no larva, as the organs of gene-

ration are developed. The same argument would prove the tadpoles tebe

perfect animals, the organs of generation being equally developed in them

all—as was demonstrated by Cuvier, in the year 1800. (Vid. Obs. sur les

Tetards, in Humb. Voy.)

Observations on the Genus Salamandra. 227

Organs of Sense. 'The eye is smaller proportionally than

in the common Salamanders, in which respect it resembles the

Axolotl ; the ear, like that organ in the Salamanders, does not

appear externally.

Organs of Digestion. Lower jaw furnished with a single

row of teeth ; upper, with two concentric rows, the interior

semicircular, at the posterior terminations of which are the

patulous openings of the posterior nares. ‘Tongue free at the

anterior portion; the operculum half way between the fore-

leg and the posterior termination of the rictus of the mouth ;

opercular cartilages, three in number, the opening between

the two inferior ;* their posterior extremities, unlike the Sala-

manders, are free, or not united to the vertebrz ; anteriorly

they are united by synchondrosis to the inferior cornua of the

os hyoides; the bones of the tongue differ widely from the

same in the Salamandre and Proteus, which will be compre-

hended by reference to the plate, and comparing them with

the figures in the elaborate works of the Italian naturalists :

‘* Descrizione Anatomica delle Salamandra aquatiche,” by

Dr. Rusconi, and “ Del Proteo anguino, monografia da

Configliachi,” much better than from description ; the parts

were sketched, in situ, immediately after dissection, by Mr.

T. R. Peale, to whom I am also indebted for two spirited

drawings taken from life: one of this animal, the other of the

Triton lateralis.

The csophagus is short, and folded longitudinally ; the

stomach is large, and for the most part membranous, but be-

comes muscular near the pylorus; it contained two pebbles

about the size of the finger-end, and two others much smaller,

also the claw of a fresh-water lobster, which the animal had

* In this respect the Salamandra Alleghaniensis agrees with the Amphi-

uma—in both, the operculi exist through life. In the Salamandre, and

other batracians, on the contrary, these openings do not exist in the adult

state.

5 Aa,

228 Observations on the Genus Salamandra.

swallowed without comminuting. The intestinal canal is large,

and thrown into numerous folds, and terminates finally in an

unusually large cloaca. The liver is oblong, and divided into

two lobes, between which is situated the gall-bladder, of a

large size, whose duct opens into the intestine two inches from

the stomach. The spleen is of a reddish yellow colour, and

situated in the centre of the mesentery.

Organs of Respiration. Glottis opens one inch and a half

from the extremity of the snout, (itis a mere rima.) Trachea

membranous, one inch in length, dividing beneath the clavi-

cles to form two lungs, three inches in length. Lungs vesicu-

lar, elastic, vascular: in structure resembling those of the

Testudo; they lay posterior to the other viscera.

Organs of Circulation. The vena cava inferior, traverses

the liver, and enlarges previous to emptying into the auricle,

which is single, and very large; this empties immediately into

the ventricle, which is also single, and whence a large fleshy

artery goes off, as in fish and the larvae of Salamanders, but

the distribution of this artery differs from the above-mentioned

animals; after running three tenths of an inch, it forms a

sac, which gives off three branches, viz. one to each lung, and

a larger one which continues down the spine to nourish the

whole body.

Remaining viscera. The urinary bladder, testicles, and

kidneys, resemble very much those organs in the Amphiuma.

Osteology. Skull composed of a solid piece of bone, arti-

culated by two condyles to the atlas. From the head to the

pelvis there are nineteen vertebrze, and eighteen ribs on either

side, (cr rather moveable rudiments of ribs, similar to the

other individuals of this family,) the atlas only, as in the Sala-

manders, being deprived of this appendage. Having com-

pared this part of the osseous structure with the analogous

genera, I shall give the result in a tabular form.

Observations on the Genus Salamandra. 229

from the head to the pelvis there exists in the |Vertebre. achatte

Salamandra Se sar md a ae a

gantea (Barton) - - 19 18

Salamandra rubra (Daudin)* - - = -| 19 18

Triton lateralis (Say) - - - - -}| 19 17

Axolotl or Siren aes (Shaw) minions aia fee 13

Proteus anguinus - See es) 7

irene Mecdrtvad 3): -ratertnlomon anita aot 7

The rudiments of ribs in the skeleton of the Proteus anguinus

figured by Cuvier, (in Humboldt’s Voyage) are represented

as immoveable, or continuous with the transverse process,

whereas they are represented as moveable rudiments in the

figures of the skeletons given in the works of Configliachi and

* The skeleton of the Salamandre terrestre, figured in Sonnini’s edition

of Buffon, and which is said to have been taken from Latreille, (Histoire

Nat. des Salamandres de France,) is represented with only fifteen vertebrae

from the head to the pelvis, and fourteen ribs on each side. In a large

aquatic Salamandra, (Lacert. lacustris of Lin.) whose skeleton I possess,

there are sixteen vertebre from the head to the pelvis, and fifteen ribs. In

this animal there are thirty-two vertebre to the tail, including the sacral,

making in all forty-eight; though the extreme end of the tail appeared to be

lost.

+ The figure of the skeleton of the Avolot/ (in Humboldt’s Voyage, &c.)

is represented with sixteen vertebrze from the head to the pelvis, and fifteen

ribs‘on each side; thus making the figure to disagree with his description,

which is, as expressed in the table—“‘ The Siren,” according to the same

author, ‘‘ has ninety vertebre from the head to the pelvis, the anus being

opposite to the forty-fifth. The Salamandre terrestre has thirty-eight, the

aquatic nearly forty vertebrz in all; the pelvis is supported sometimes at

the sixteenth, sometimes at the fifteenth, in the ferrestre; and at the four-

teenth or fifteenth in the aquatic. In the Siren, eight vertebra (from the

second to the ninth) are furnished with false ribs. In the Salamandra ter-

restris there are twelve or thirteen ribs; in the Salamandra aquatica only

eleven. Inthe Proteus, there are fifty-six vertebrz in all, the pelvis is at-

tached to the thirty-first; only six vertebra, counting from the second,

have ribs.” The number of vertebre and ribs in the aquatic Salamandrar

appears to differ in different species.

330 Observations on the Genus Salamandra.

Rusconi ; the latter author reckons seven ribs from the third

to the ninth vertebree—tke former, six, counting from the

second to the seventh vertebree. Iam disposed to think Con-

figliachi is correct, and that the errors noted above in Cuvier’s

figure of the Protean skeleton, arose from its having been

badly cleaned, as in the view he has given of a separate verte-

bra enlarged, he has represented the rib as distinct from the

transverse process, and bifid at its articular extremity, nearly

similar to that of the Salamandre.

The pelvis of the Salamandra Alleghaniensis is somewhat

or nearly similar to the Salamandre ; a small process is given

off laterally from the transverse process of the twentieth ver-

tebra, which may represent the os ilium; from which another

process (the ischium) descends to unite with the pubis ; at the

junction of the two last, the os femoris is articulated.

There are twenty-four vertebra to the tail, including the

pelvic or sacral, which makes in all forty-three for the Sala-

mandra Alleghanensis ; both surfaces of the bodies of the

vertebrze are remarkably concave, which in the recent animal

are filled with a ligamento-cartilaginous ball. ‘The articulat-

ing surface of the transverse process is very oblong vertically,

the head or articulating surface of the rib is consequently very

broad; this structure differs from those Salamandre with

which I have compared it, (viz. Salamandra rubra and aqua-

tica) in them the head of the rib is bifid and articulated by

two separate surfaces to the transverse process, which is alse

bifid, but approaches the manner in which the ribs are articu-

lated in the Siren. Nothing remarkable or characteristic was

observed in the remaining portions of the skeleton.

It follows from the above detail that the Salamandra Alle-

ghamensis differs widely from the Salamandre in the respira-

tory organs—in the circulating system—in the digestive appa-

ratus—and, finally, in its osteological construction. I may

here remark, that 1 was not surprised to observe the internal

fabric of the Alleghaniensis so characteristically distinct from

Observations on the Genus Salamandra. 93y

all the other animals of this family—it only confirms us in the

Opinion that anatomy alone can teach us the true affinities and

relations of organized beings.

Naturalists are familiar with the dispute between the French

and Italian zootomists concerning the Siren lacertina: the

latter declaring it as their full conviction that this animal is

the larva of some reptile, the genus of which is as yet un-

known, and which will differ from its larva in not possessing

gills, &c. Whilst Cuvier maintains that the Siren is a per-

fect animal, permanently amphibious.

I must refer to the works of these respective naturalists,

as above quoted, where this subject is treated of in detail ;

and shall briefly remark, that the arguments of the Italian

naturalists tending to prove the Siren a larva, from its ana-

tomical structure, are shown to be groundless by a compari-

son of the internal fabric of that animal with the anatomy of

the Salamandra Alleghaniensis, as above detailed.

With all due deference and respect for those very able ana-

tomists above quoted, I may be permitted to correct an im-

portant error into which they have both fallen in the anatomi-

cal descriptions of the larvee of the Salamandra and of the

Stren.

IT quote the words of the Italian naturalists :—** All zoolo-

gists, including Mr. Cuvier, now admit that frogs first receive

air into the mouth through the nostrils only, and from thence

force it into the lungs by an action resembling deglutition.

But neither the Proteus nor the Siren are able to respire in

this manner ; for the nostrils in the former do not open into

the mouth, but beneath the upper lip; and in the Siren, M.

Cuvier observes, ‘les narines, simplement. creusées sur les

cdtés du museau, ne pénétrent point dans la bouche.’ Neither

do these animals respire in the manner of serpents, as they are

destitute of (true) ribs.” And further on, the authors conti-

nue—‘ Between the Siren and these larvee (Salamandra) there

is the greatest resemblance, not only in regard to the branchial

232 Observations on the Genus Salamandra.

arches, but also to the nostrils; for in the Siren, as well as in

these larvze, the nostrils do not communicate with the mouth.”

I present to the Society a specimen of the larva of the

Salamandra rubra, (Daud.) in which I have passed a slender

probe through the nose into the mouth by the posterior nares,

on one side, and have allowed the opposite side to remain un-

touched, in order that the committee who are to examine this

essay, May at once convince themselves of the accuracy of

this statement, which I hope they will look into with more than

usual scrutiny. It was indeed with some difficulty I found the

posterior nares in this larva, as they open in the form of a small

slit, which was closed by the lining membrane of the mouth ;

they are situate rather external to the posterior termination of

the interior row of teeth.

I next proceeded to examine this structure in the Siren, two

specimens of which are in the Philadelphia Museum ; the

smaller of the two being very young, it was not easy to pass

a probe through the nostrils, though the posterior nares are

visible ; but in the other, which is about one foot in length,

I passed a probe of considerable size through the nostril, into

the mouth, down the throat, where J allowed it to remain, for

the convenience of those who may wish to examine the same.

I experience the less hesitation in making these strictures,

and corrections, as the error is one into which I was myself

betrayed, in my description of the anatomy of the Triton late-

ralis. ‘These openings in the Siren are situate on the outer

side of the teeth.*

The Amphiuma, the Siren, the Proteus, and the Salamandra,

will be acknowledged by all to constitute separate genera.

* In the Dict. @Histoire Nat. Article Siren, by Professor Bosc, it is

stated that “the Siren is clothed with scales, and furnished with claws.”

It is only necessary to notice these errors, inasmuch as they may confuse

the student.

Observations on the Genus Sualamandra. 233

The lateralis and Alleghaniensis not belonging to any of these,

will require appropriate generic names, in order to introduce

them to that independent station in the systems, to which they

possess every claim. As the most prominent feature distin-

guishing the 7’. lateralis from the Salamandra is its persistent

branchiz, we have preferred a name significative of the same.

The Alleghaniensis, on the contrary, being characterized by

the negation of branchize, the most appropriate name will be

one expressive of that circumstance ; the specific appellations

being sufficiently discriminative, must remain.

Genus [. Menoprancuvs.

Generic characters.—Persistent branchize ; two rows of teeth

in the upper, and one row in the lower jaw ; four-footed,

four toes to each foot ; clawless.

Menobranchus lateralis. —A black vitta from the nostrils pass-

ing through the eyes, and dilated on the sides, becoming

obsolete on the tail.

Menobranchus tetradactylus.—T wo rows of teeth in each jaw ;

duplicature of skin, forming a collar on the superior part

of the neck, immediately anterior to the branchiz.

Genus II. Aprancuus.

Generic characters.—Destitute of branchiz at all periods of

its existence ; four strong legs; five toes to the posterior,

four to the anterior extremities ; the outer edge of the feet

fimbriated ; two outer toes of the hind feet palmated ; claw-

less.

Abranchus Alleghaniensis.

234

Explanation of the Plates.

Menoprancuus lateralis - ie - Plate XVI.

Aprancuus Alleghaniensis - - - Plate XVII.

Details of organization of 4. Alleghamensis - Plate XVIII.

Os hyoides and spiracular cartilages, Fig. 1.

Vertebree, Fig. 2.

Upper and side views of the head, Fig. 3, 4.

Hind foot, Fig. 4.

235

Description of a new Genus of Mammiferous Quadrupeds,

of the Order Eventata. By Ricuarp Haran, M. D.

Professor of Comparative Anatomy to the Philadelphia

Museum, Member of the Am. Phil. Soc. &c. &c.

Read January 24, 1825.

On the 18th December, 1824, Mr. William Colesberry of

Philadelphia, presented to the Philadelphia Museum of Natu-

ral History the interesting animal which forms the subject of

the following pages. Mr. C. gave the following statement to

Mr. Franklin Peale :—‘* The animal is a native of Mendoza,

and in the Indian language is named ‘ Pichiciago.’ Men-

doza is situate in the interior of Chili, on the east of the Cor-

dilleras, in lat. 33° 25’ and long. 69° 47’, in the province of

Cuyo. It had been obtained on the spot, in a living state,

but it continued to live in confinement only a few days. Its

habits resemble those of the mole, living for the most part

under ground ; and is reputed to carry its young beneath the

scaly cloak with which it is covered ; and that the tail possess-

ed little or no motion.”

It is to be regretted that the viscera and the greater portion

of the skeleton of this animal had been removed before it

came into my possession; and the gentleman who presented

the same, having left the city, precludes the possibility of re-

ceiving, at present, any further particulars relative to its ha-

bits ; but the observations which I have been able to make

from the examination of its exterior, together with the skull

and teeth, all of which are in nearly a perfect state of preser-

vation, establish the characters of the animal on the most solid

foundation.

Cuvier, that justly celebrated naturalist, remarks: “ In

zoology, when the teeth and jaws of an animal are given, the

remaining structure may be readily determined ; at least as

far as relates to essential characters.” The form of the tooth.

236 Description of the Chlamyphorus truncatus.

determines that of the condyle; the form of the scapula,

that of the nails; just as the equation of a curve indicates

all its properties; as in taking each property separately,

for the basis of a particular equation, we might arrive, not

only at the ordinary equation, but at all the other properties .

so the nail, the scapula, the maxillary condyle, the femur, and

and all the other bones, taken separately, would indicate each

other reciprocally ; and beginning with either separately, we

might, according to the rational laws of the organic economy,

construct the whole animal.”

It is thus, by a perfect knowledge of the laws of co-exis-

tence, to which the combinations of animals are subjected,

the skull alone of the animal under consideration would have

enabled us to determine that it belonged to a new, and non-

descript genus.

The varied, magnificent, and multiplied collection of natu-

ral objects, in the Philadelphia Museum, drawn from every

department of nature, displays in the strongest light the won-

derful results to be obtained by the talent, industry, perseve-

rance, and zeal, of anindividual. The venerable octogenarian

founder still lives, to contemplate with sentiments of pride and

delight the colossal monument which has risen at his com-

mand ; which will perpetuate the fame, and hand down the

name of Charles Wilson Peale to the latest posterity.

On the present occasion, as on many others, I have been in-

debted to the Philadelphia Museum for the opportunity of

making the clearest illustration of the subject of investigation.

I have also to congratulate myself in the acquaintance of Mr.

William W. Wood, a young but zealous naturalist, whose ta-

lents as a faithful delineator of nature, have only to be known,

to be duly estimated.

The order Epenrata includes quadrupeds destitute of in-

cisor teeth, forming the last order of Cuvier’s clawed animals,

Although united only by a negative character, there exists

some positive relations between them, particularly the large

Description of the Chlamyphorus truncatus. 237

nails which embrace the extremity of the fingers, and resem-

ble more or less the nature of hoofs.

CHLAMYPHORUS TRUNCATUS.

Corpore, supra testi coriacea, postice truncata, squamis

rhomboiders, lineis transversis dispositis, conflata, subtus

capullis albis, sericeis, obtecto; capite supra squamis testa.

dorsali continuis, adoperto ; palmis, plantisque pentadactylis ;

unguibus anterioribus longissimis, compressis; marginibus

externis, mucronibusque acutis; cauda rigida, sub abdomine

inflexa.

DIMENSIONS.

Inch

Total length = - - - - - - - 5:2

Length of the head - - - - - - 16

Breadth between the eyes - . - - <8

Depth of the posterior truncated portion of the shell - 1:3

Greatest breadth of the same - : - - 1:8

Girth posterior to the shoulders = - - - - 4

Length of the sole of the foot, including the nails - 1:2

Breadth of the foot - - - - - Sie

Length of the nails - - - - - - 2

Length of the hand - - - - - - 1:4

Breadth of ditto - - - - - - “4

Length of the longest nail - - - - spe!

Length of that portion of the tail which is free, and

curved beneath the body - - - - - 1:2

The shell which covers the body, is of a consistence some-

what more dense and inflexible than sole leather of equal

thickness. It is composed of a series of plates of a square,

rhomboidal, or cubical form; each row separated by an epi-

dermal or membranous production, which is reflected above

and beneath, over the plates ; the rows include from fifteen to

twenty-two plates ; the shell being broadest at its posterior

238 Description of the Chlamyphorus truncatus.

half, extending about one half round the body ; this covering

is loose throughout, excepting along the spine of the back and

top of the head; being attached to the back immediately

above the spine, by a loose cuticular production, and by two

remarkable bony processes (to be described hereafter) on the

top of the os frontis, by means of two large plates, which are

nearly incorporated with the bone beneath; but for this at-

tachment, and the tail being firmly curved beneath the belly,

the covering would be very easily detached. The number of

rows of plates on the back, counting from the vertex, (where

they commence) is twenty-four ; at the twenty-fourth the shell

curves suddenly downwards, so as to form a right angle with

the body ; this truncated surface is composed of plates nearly

similar to those of the back ; they are disposed in semicircular

rows, five in number: the lower margin, somewhat elliptical,

presents a notch in its centre, in which is attached the free

portion of tail, which makes an abrupt curvature, and runs

beneath the belly parallel to the axis of the body; the free

portion of tail consists of fourteen caudal vertebrae, surround-

ed by as many plates, similar to those of the body; the ex-

tremity of the tail being depressed, so as to form a paddle ;

the rest of the tail compressed. The caudal vertebrz extend

up to the top of the back, beneath the truncated surface, where

the sacrum is bent to meet the tail. ‘The superior semicircular

margin of the truncated surface, together with the lateral

margins of the shell, are beautifully fringed with silky hair.

Head: posterior half, broad, anterior half, before the eyes,

tapering ; the occiput is covered by the five first rows of the

back plates, with which they are continuous; the occiput not

distinguishable externally. ‘The anterior half of the top of

the head, is covered, first, by a row of large plates, five in

number, which are firmly attached to the bone beneath ; par-

ticularly the two outer ;—secondly, by a smaller row, six in

number, anterior to which, that is to say, the top of the snout,

is covered with smaller plates irregularly disposed.

Description of the Chlamyphorus truncatus. 239

External ear, consists of a circular, somewhat patulous

opening, directly posterior to the eye, surrounded with an

elevated margin; and communicating with a bony canal, to

be more fully described hereafter. Eye, minute, totally

black ; and, like the ear, nearly hidden by long silky hair.

Mouth, the rictus small. Nose, the extremity of the snout is

furnished with an enlarged cartilage, as in the hog ; the ante-

rior nares opening downwards, at the inferior border.

The whole surface of the body covered with fine silk-like

hair, longer and finer than that of the mole, but not so

thick set. The anterior of the chest is large, full, and strong;

the anterior extremities, short, clumsy, and powerful ; the hair

is continued for some distance on the palm—-the phalanges of

the hand united ; five powerful nails rising gradually one

above the other; the external shortest and broadest; the

whole so arranged as to form a sharp cutting instrument,

somewhat scooped; very convenient for progression under

ground ; and such as must very much impede motion on the

surface. Hind legs weak and short—feet, long and narrow ;

the sole resembles considerably the human foot, having a well

defined heel, which rests flat upon the ground, and being arch-

ed in the middle ; toes separate, nails flattened horizontally.

Skull. At first view, the bones of the cranium and face

would appear to constitute one solid case, the remnants of

sutures are indistinctly visible in some parts only. ‘The cavity

of the cranium is capacious ; the greatest breadth, which is

from ear to ear, is one inch; greatest depth five tenths ; length

of the cavity, seven tenths. One of the most remarkable pe-

culiarities of this skull, consists in the two processes of bone,

above alluded to, which project obliquely, forward, upward,

and outward ; from the os frontis, anterior to the cavity of the

cranium, and directly above the malar bone; giving to the

front of the skull an aspect totally unique ; these prominences

are hollow, communicating with the frontal sinuses, and must

contribute in a great measure to enlarge the organ of smell ;

240 Description of the Chlamyphorus truneatus.

there exists a considerable concavity between them, which, in

the recent state, was filled with an adipose, gristly mass,

which served to unite the skull to the plates above. The

shout commences anteriorly to these processes, and is rapidly

attenuated and depressed. ‘The ossa nasi are broad and

strong, slightly arched transversely, extending anteriorly be-

yond the os incisivum, as does likewise the osseous septum

narium. The zygomatic processes are laterally arched; a

small pointed process, descending near the malar bone, (some-

what like that in the sloth); the zygomatic fosse are large.

The labyrinth is protuberant, and occupies the usual situa-

tion at the base of the skull; joined to which is the tympa-

num ;—to the last is attached a bony cylinder, stretching first

upwards behind the zygomatic process of the temporal bone,

around which it makes a sudden curve, and runs forward and

upwards to terminate at the external ear. ‘This structure, which

I believe is peculiar to the animal before us, will be better un-

derstood by referring to the plate.

Lower jaw. Anterior portion shaped like that of the ele-

phant, much elongated ; the general form and proportion re-

sembles very closely the lower jaw of the sheep, the base being

considerably arched, and the curve at the posterior part, form-

ing with the base nearly a right angle, projecting obliquely

outwards: the base is marked by eight slightly elevated pro-

tuberances, occasioned by the roots of the teeth ; the condyloid

process is longer than the coronoid ; in the sheep, this is re-

versed: the articulation at the glenoid cavity is such as to—

admit of great freedom of motion. Length of the base of the

lower jaw one inch; length of the angle five tenths ; greatest

width two and a half tenths; width of the angle three tenths.

Teeth. Incisors, none in either jaw; molars, eight in num-

ber, on either side of the upper and lower jaws, all approxi-

mate ; disposed in separate alveoli; the crowns of the two first

only, approach to a point, and thus much resemble canine

teeth ; the six remaining are all nearly flat on the crowns ;

Description of the Chiamyphorus truncatus. 241

their structure is simple; a cylinder of enamel, of equal thick-

ness throughout, surrounds a central pillar of bone, there

being no division into body and root; the lower half is hol-

low, the cavity representing an elongated cone. In the lower

Jaw, the teeth penetrate its whole depth ;—length of the teeth,

about three tenths of an inch: two tenths of which are buried

in the sockets—diameter, about one tenth. They are some-

what flattened on the sides, and in a slight degree curved ex-

ternally, to be adapted to the shape of the jaw. The teeth of

the inferior maxilla are directed forwards and upwards ; those

of the superior maxilla are directly reversed in their direction,

so that the crowns meet each other obliquely ; and the poste-

rior margin of the lower teeth, and the anterior margin of the

upper, present their angles to the object of mastication.

(This structure is exemplified in Plate XXI. fig. 7.)

The remainder of the skeleton, with the viscera, having been

removed previous to my obtaining a view of the animal,

Tam unable to give any further detail of the internal organi-

zation. It is fortunate that I have “been enabled to make so

complete a preparation of the skull; this, with the external

organization, which is well preserved, will enable me to esta-

blish its generic characters on the firmest foundation. To

such as have made comparative anatomy the subject of their

investigation, the above minute detail of this very extraordi-

nary individual will enable them in some measure to antici-

pate the observations which follow ; they will perceive, at first

view, that the animal before us unites in its external configura-

tion traits peculiar to the genera Dasypus, Talpa, and Bradypus;

yet a very superficial observation will unfold characters gene-

rically distinct from either. It will be observed, that though

this singular being is clothed with a coat (or rather cloak) of

mail, in a slight degree resembling the armadillo, yet it differs

remarkably in its texture, form, situation, arrangement, and

“mode of attachment to the body. In the armadillo, the body

is covered with a hard, scaly shell, and consists,—Ist. Ina

242 Description of the Chlamyphorus truncatus.

ip yp

plate upon the forehead. 2d. A vast shield, situate upon the

shoulders, and formed of small rectangular compartments, dis-

posed in transverse bands. 3d. In bands of similar plates,

but moveable, and varying in number, from three to twelve

more or less, according to the species. 4th. Ina shield upon

the rump, very similar to that on the shoulders. 5th. In rings

more or less numerous on the tail ; five toes behind ; before

sometimes five, at others four ; hairs sparse. The whole shell

is covered by a thin, transparent epidermis, which is joined to

the skin of the belly, which gives to the shell a shining as-

pect, as if it were varnished ; the extremities are entirely

covered with strong scales. ‘The armadillo burrows in the

earth 3 is sufficiently quick in its motions ; is capable of roll-

ing its body into the form of a ball; and is omnivorous.

The external ear is sometimes large, and always very appa-

rent.

From this statement, we are convinced that there exists

only the most distant analogy in the external covering of the

Dasypus with that of the new genus ; other analogies, which

are found in the comparison of the skulls, will be referred to

hereafter.

The lower portions of our animal, as well as that beneath

the scales, will bear a pretty close comparison with the same

parts of the mole, (Talpa Europea, (Lin.) white variety.)

‘The hair is finer and longer than in the mole, and at a distance

resembles long staple cotton in appearance. ‘The eye is small;

the neck, breast, and shoulders, are very powerful ; the poste-

rior extremities are short and weak; the anterior, short and

strong, and furnished with large claws, as in the mole; but

in the form of the head, in the structure and form of the

claws, in the external ear, which is apparent when the hair is

separated, our animal is totally dissimilar to the mole. The

claws bear some analogy to the sloth, (Bradypus, Lin.) but

are articulated to the last phalanx, as in the mole. Like the

Jast named animal, the organs of generation must have open-

Description of the Chlamyphorus truncatus. 248

ed anterior to the pubis, and at a great distance from the sa-

crum, viz. before the inferior margin of the truncated portion

of the shell, near the middle of the caudal vertebrae, which, as

I have remarked above, are continued, within the truncated

plate, to near the top of the back. Thus far, like the mole,

our animal is eminently constructed for subterranean progres-

sion; and here, in all probability, any strict analogy with that

animal ceases.

In the examination of the skull, we are struck with its

many peculiarities, and great dissimilarity to that of the mole,

to which it is so nearly allied in its subterranean habits.

The skull of the latter animal is long and narrow, flattened

vertically ; the jaws are furnished with four large canine

teeth, separated from each other; having between them six

incisors above and eight below, seven molars on each side of

the upper jaw, six on each side below, the crowns of which

are furnished with sharp points; in all of which our animal

differs entirely. Like the mole, the extremity of the snout is

furnished with a sort of button, but of much firmer consistence ;

in the form of the snout, and posterior part of the skull, as

well as in the effaced appearance of the sutures, some slight

resemblance is visible. The palm of the hand is directed

rather inwards, in our new genus; whereas in the mole

it is directed outwards, and the nails are destitute of the

cutting edge, so remarkable in the former. On comparing

the skull of our animal with that of the armadillo, (Dasypus

sexcinctus, Lin.) a few traits of similarity of typification are

visible: both these animals being equally destitute of incisor

and canine teeth in either jaw ; in both, a considerable space

intervenes between the anterior margin of the os intermaxillare

and the commencement of the teeth ; and in both the number

of molar teeth is the same, viz. eight on each side of both

jaws—thirty-two in all, Here all further analogy with the

Dasypus is at an end.

244 Description of the Chlamyphorus truncatus.

In the last named animal, the crowns of the teeth terminate

in two points, and, together with the bodies, are completely

enveloped in enamel; they are so far separated from each

other, that when the jaws are closed, those of the lower jaw

pass between those of the upper; furthermore, the teeth are

proportionally much shorter, neither sinking so deep into the

jaw, nor rising so high above the alveoli. The whole form

of the head, and of the jaws, particularly the inferior, will ad-

mit of no comparison in the two animals ; lateral motion being

almost entirely forbidden in the armadillo, and the greatest

freedom in this respect existing in the new genus: in which,

the condyloid extends above: the coronord process.

The teeth in structure are most nearly allied to those of the

sloth, (Bradypus tridactylus, Lin.) that is to say, they consist

of a simple cylinder of bone, surrounded with enamel, except

the crowns, which are destitute of enamel in the centre; the

roots, (or rather that portion buried in the jaw) of both these

animals, are hollow. In these particulars, together with the

short process descending from the zygomatic arch, which has

been alluded to before, as well as in the form of the fore-claws,

there is considerable analogy ; but in all other points of orga-

nization, these two genera are most widely separated.

As far as the nature of the subject will admit, I have now

gone through with the detail of the organization of this most

singular quadruped. During the investigation, I have had

frequent occasion to admire those laws of co-existence which

regulate the structure of organized beings; Nature, true to

herself in this as in all other instances, has pursued an unde-

viating course. We have been presented in the subject before

us with a new form: an animal combining in its external con-

figuration a mechanical arrangement of parts which charac-

terises, respectively, the armadillo, the sloth, and the mole ;

constituting in themselves, individually and separately, of all

other quadrupeds, those which offer the most remarkable ang-

tomical characters. Pursuing the investigation step by step,

Description of the Chlamyphorus truncatus. 245

with the skeletons of the above-named animals before me, it

was not until after I had completely finished every point of

observation, that I perceived in the skull alone, of the new

animal, areunion, more or less complete, of all those remark-

able traits that an external view of the animal had offered for

contemplation ; which, taken collectively, furnishes us with an

example of organic structure, if not unparalleled, at least not

surpassed in the history of animals.

The most peculiar and unique characters consist—First, In

the general contour of the animal. Second,—In the form,

texture, and disposition of its scaly cloak, which would very

much confine the power of flexion and extension of the body,

and nearly altogether impede lateral motion; the greatest

freedom of motion would consist in the extension of the head

on the body. Thirdly,—in the position of the organs of

generation. Fourthly,—In the form, structure, position,

and use of the tail. Fifthly,—In the peculiar and complicat-

ed structure of the feet and claws. Sixthly,—In the structure

of the organ of hearing. Seventh,—In the bony protube-

rances on the os frontis. Eighth,—In the disposition of the

teeth ; and Ninth,—In the form of the lower jaw, which sepa-

rates the animal, in this respect, from the order Edentata,

and approximates it to the Ruminantia and Pachydermata.

246

Explanation of the Plates.

Plate XIX. Profile view of the Chlamyphorus, of the size of

Plate XX.

Plate XX1.

fig.

ap ON eS Ob

nature.

. A view of the back of the head.

. Posterior truncated portion.

. Anterior view of the inferior portion of the

body.

. Anterior and posterior view of the fore foot.

Do. do. of the hind foot.

. Profile view of the cranium, magnified.

Posterior view of the cranium, magnified.

. Anterior do. do. magnified.

. Several views of a tooth, magnified.

. Enlarged view of the organ of hearing,

magnified.

. Anterior and inferior view of the end of

the snout, magnified.

. Relative position of the teeth.

. Lower jaw, natural size.

247

Remarks on Native Sinver from Michigan. By H. R.

Scuootcrarr. Read January 3, 1825.

Mineralogical and Chemical characters. By examining

this mineral, it will be perceived to possess the colour, lustre,

malleability, and other obvious characters of native silver.

It is so soft, as to be easily cut by the knife ; and in a state of

purity which permits it to spread under the hammer. These

characters serve to distinguish it from antimonial silver, which

is not malleable; from native antimony, which tarnishes on

exposure, &c. The metal occurs in thin, massive veins in the

rock. ‘These veins sometimes intersect, but never cross each

other. It is also disseminated in small particles through the

stone, or spread in flattened masses over its surface. Some of

these masses were detached by the discoverer, but have been

preserved, and are presented to the Lyceum with the more

solid and undisturbed portions.

By submitting a small portion of the metal to the action of

nitric acid, I obtained an imperfect solution. On repeating

the experiment, and adding a little sulphuric acid, the action

was more brisk, and a clear, and apparently perfect solution

efiected. By standing, however, a pulpy, white precipitate

appeared at the bottom of the glass. ‘This was collected, and

submitted to the action of the blowpipe, on a basis of char-

coal. The result gave a number of minute, metallic globules,

possessing greater lustre, malleability, and ductility, than the

original mass. I repeated the latter experiment, adding to

the nitro-sulphuric solution muriate of soda. A more perfect

precipitation of the white powder was effected ; but the results

with the blowpipe remained the same.

Geognostic position. It is arolled mass. An opinion o,

ithe specific character of the rock, may be dubious, from the

smallness of the specimen. It appears to have been detached

from a stratum of gneiss, and is essentially composed of quartz.

248 Remarks on Native Silver from Michigan.

The blackish colour of some parts of this latter mineral, would,

at a first glance, lead us to attribute this colour to the presence

of hornblende ; but on a closer examination, it will be perceiv-

ed to be owing to a dark coloured steatite, which, in certain

parts of the rock, is well developed, soft, and easily cut. A

little calespar is intermingled with the steatite.

Locality. 1am indebted to the politeness of Lieut. Lewis S.

Johnston, of the British Indian Department, at Malden, (U.C.)

for the opportunity of adding this specimen to the mineralogi-

cal cabinet of the Lyceum. This gentleman, as he informed

me, obtained it from the south-eastern shores of Lake Huron,

near Point aux Barques, in Michigan Territory. That part

of Lake Huron was cursorily examined by me, in the year

1820, inthe course of the expedition conducted by Gov. Cass,

through the upper lakes, &c. We considered it remarkable,

even in a region abounding in rolled rocks, for the great num-

ber and variety of granite, gneiss, hornblende, and trap bowl-

ders, scattered along the shores of the lake. The water here

is generally shallow, and dangerous to approach in vessels ;

these bowlder stones sometimes extending and presenting

themselves above water for a mile or more from land. But

we could not satisfy ourselves, by an examination necessarily

partial, that either of the primitive species mentioned, existed

there in any other condition than as rolled masses, or displace-

ments of rock strata, contiguous, perhaps, but not observed.

Dr. Bigsby has informed me, that he observed the gneiss,

in situ, on the north-western shores of this lake. The nearest

rock in place, and that which in fact constitutes the abraded

and caverned promontory of Point aux Barques, is gray

sandstone.

249

Supptement to a Novice of Foss. Crustacea. By JER.

Van Renssenarr, M.D. Read January 24, 1825.

In a short notice which I had the honour to read to the

Lyceum a few weeks ago, mention was made, in a note, of

part of a fossil crab in the possession of Major Delafield, that

could not be found. I have now the satisfaction to mention,

that it has been for more than eight months, in the Cabinet of

the Lyceum.

It is the thumb of a large crab, much larger than any simi-

lar part of this animal that I remember to have seen fossil. Its

shape is an incurvated cone, having on the inner margin a row

of tubercles. This specimen differs from any that I have seen

described, and was found in the vicinity of Yorktown, Virginia,

imbedded in a conglomerate, similar to the matrix of the va-

luable fossil shells lately presented to our Cabinet. Among

these we find many of the beautiful varieties characterising

the tertiary formations of Europe.

Descrivtions of new American species of the Genera

Burrestis, Tracuys, and Exater. By Tuomas Say.

Read January 17, 1825.

BupreEstTIs.

1. B. transversa. Cupreous or blackish ; elytra with striz

of punctures ; a glabrous line between the eyes.

Descrietion. Body varying in colour, from a dull cupreous

to brownish black: head with large, confluent punctures,

and a distinct elevated line extending transversely between

the eyes: eyes distant: thorax with large confluent punc-

250 New American Species of the Genera

tures, two elevated glabrous lines forming a groove between

them ; an elevated line on each side originating on the an-

terior edge, and becoming obsolete at the middle of its

length ; a somewhat elevated, oblique line at the posterior

angles: elytra entire, rounded at tip, with regular striz of

punctures : beneath much punctured.

Length half an inch.

it is about the size of B. longipes, Nob. ‘The sexes, of a

very dark colour, were sent me by Dr. J. F. Melsheimer, and

Ihave a female, taken several years since, which is of a de-

cided coppery tint, though somewhat dull ; the colour, there-

fore, cannot be relied upon ; but the lines of punctures on the

elytra, the form of the thoracic lines, and the transverse frontal

line, in conjunction with the entire elytra, are sufficiently cha-

racteristic.

2. B. bilineata. ‘Thorax each side, and line on each elytrum,

fulvous.

Buprestis bilineata, Melsh. Catal.

Description. Body slender; above, black : head dull brassy,

longitudinally indented, and with an oblique indentation

each side, on the front: thorax with a dull fulvous lateral

margin: elytra rounded at tip, and minutely serrated ; in-

dented at base; on each is a slender, dull, fulvous line ori-

ginating near the humerus, and extended towards the tip,

where it gradually approaches the scutel : scutel transverse

and transversely carinated: beneath dark green, polished

on the venter; edge of the postpectus and venter with a

dull fulvous line.

Length seven-twentieths of an inch.

‘The quercata Fabr. is described to be green, with a fuscous

vitta on the elytra, and a spot on the thorax ; it therefore differs

Buprestis, Trachys, and Elater. Z5t

from the present insect. The surface of the elyira appears

covered with minute imbricated points, which are more acute

and obvious towards the tip.

3. B. arcuata. Dark bronze ; elytra black ; thorax with an

elevated line at the posterior angles.

Description. Body slender : head punctured, with a longi-

tudinal indented line, and obsolete indentation each side on

the front: thorax inequal, transversely confluently punc-

tured ; an elevated, arcuated line, extends from the poste-

rior angle almost to the middle of the lateral margin:

scutel transverse and transversely carinated : elytra indent-

ed at base ; at tip rounded and denticulated : beneath dark

greenish, polished, particularly on the venter.

Length three-tenths of an inch.

Of a similar form to the preceding species; but it is alto-

gether destitute of the marginal coloured line of the thorax,

and those of the elytra; the elevated line of the thoracic an-

gles also distinguishes it. ‘The imbrication of the elytra is

similar to the preceding species.

4. B. polita. Cupreous, polished ; thorax with an elevated

line at the posterior angles.

Description. Body slender, highly polished, cupreous :

head tinged with green, punctured ; longitudinal indented

line obsolete : antenne blackish: thorax a little inequal ;

transversely confluently punctured ; an elevated, arcuated

line extends from the posterior angle almost to the middle

of the lateral margin: scutel transverse and transversely

carinated : elytra indented at base; at tip rounded and

denticulated.

Length rather more than one-fifth of an inch.

252 New American Species of the Genera

Found by Mr. Thomas Nuttall on the bank of the Missis-

sippi river. In many of its characters it resembles the arcuata,

but is much smaller, and the colour is altogether different ;

the indentation of the head also is hardly perceptible. It is

rather larger than geminata Nob. which, as I have ascertained,

on close examination, has the elytra denticulated at tip.

5. B. pusilla. Blackish-green 5 front without any obvious

impressed line.

Description. Body slender : head tinged with bluish, with

obsolete, rather distant, punctures ; excepting on the ver-

tex, where they are rather large and confluent; frontal

impressed line obsolete : antenne black : thoraz somewhat

inequal ; transversely confluently punctured; two slight,

dilated indentations placed longitudinally on the disk, and

a larger and more profound one on the lateral margin ; an

elevated, arcuated line extends from the posterior angle

almost to the middle of the lateral margin: elytra indented

at base, at tip rounded and minutely denticulated, the den-

ticulations not extending on the sutural or lateral edge.

Length less than three-twentieths of an inch.

This is so much smaller than either of the above species, as

to be distinguished readily by that character, without resorting

to any other. I detected it at the cantonment of Major Long’s

party, on the Missouri.

Tracuys.

1. T. ovata. Ovate, black; head without an indented line;

elytra without regular punctures.

Description. Body very short, ovate, black: head without

the usual dilated indentation, but a very slight indentation

may be observed on close inspection, particularly on the

Buprestis, Trachys, and Elater. 253

lower part of the front; slightly punctured : thorax equal,

- with the exception of a dilated indentation on each side,

with distant punctures in which is a raised centre: scutel

large, flat, impunctured, polished : elytra with wide, irregu-

lar, not deeply impressed punctures, without any appear-

ance of a regular series ; no appearance of elevated lines ;

a profound excavation behind the humerus, without any

sinus of the edge ; humerus prominent.

Length rather more than one-tenth of an inch.

This is the smallest species I have met with, and of a shorter

form.

2. T. gracilis. Oblong, blackish ; elytra with regular series

of punctures.

Description. Body rather slender, oblong, blackish-brassy :

head a little concave, but not profoundly so: thorax inequal,

with a slight impressed line before, and a wide indented

space occupying half the thorax behind ; on each side is 2

raised, arcuated, obtuse line, extending nearly from one

angle to the other: scutel moderate : elytra with regular

series of rather large, profoundly impressed punctures,

which are obsolete at tip.

Length less than three-twentieths of an inch.

A comparatively slender species. I found it on a myrtle

bush at Senipuxten island, in September. It exhibits an un-

usual regularity in its series of punctures.

Eater.

1. E. abruptus. Black, covered with minute hairs ; junction

of the thorax and elytra deeply excavated.

Descrirtion. Body black, polished, covered with minute

punctures, which give rise to very short brown hairs, which

254 New American Species of the Geneva

in a particular light have a somewhat sericeous appearanice :

serratures of the antenne and palpi dull rufous: thorax

considerably convex, at the base abruptly curved down-

wards, the lateral spines are, however, horizontal: scutel

convex, oval, making a considerable angle with the longi-

tudinal diameter of the body: elytra with obsolete impunc-

tured striz, more distinct towards the margin and tip ;

base rather abruptly, very much decurved, so that, in con-

junction with the form of the thoracic base, it exhibits a

wide and deep excavation between the two parts of the

body.

Length four-fifths of an inch.

Next in size to the morio and levigatus, Fabr. of all the

North American species | have yet seen. ‘The latter species

I believe to be only a variety of the former; it is equal in size,

with the same form, impressed front, &c. the only difference

is, that one has the elytra obviously striated, and the other has

these strize so far obsolete, that the elytra appear smooth to

the eye. .

2. E. hemipodus. Black; thorax convex, rather gibbous ;

thighs rufous.

Elater fuscipes, Melsh. Catal.

Description. Body black, with short hairs: head with an

obsolete, impressed, arcuated line on the front: antenne

not serrated, black ; basal joints dark piceous: thorax very

convex, rather broadest in the middle, equally narrowed

before and behind ; lateral edge regularly arcuated, a little

contracted near the posterior angles; no appearance of an

impressed line ; the interval between the thorax and elytra

deeply indented: scutel oval, truncated at base: elytra

striated, minutely punctured, slightly tinged with brassy :

thighs dark rufous.

Buprestis, Trachys, and Elater. 255

Length eleven-twentieths of an inch.

This is a very different insect from the fuscipes, fabr.

3. E. unicolor. Blackish-brown; antenne simple; thorax

short, narrowed before, and with an impressed line behind.

Elater unicolor, Melsh. Catal.

Description. Body blackish-brown, with short cinereous

hair: head a little concave just above the interval between

the antennz and a longitudinal slightly impressed line:

antenneé not serrated, third joint considerably longer than

the fourth: palpi pale rufous: thorax somewhat convex,

narrowed anteriorly by an arcuated line, at the posterior

angles very slightly excurved; posterior declivity with an

abbreviated impressed line, which does not reach the mid-

dle: scutel oval orbicular: elytra striate, strize without very

distinct punctures, but on each side of them a row of minute

punctures may be traced on the interstitial lines which are

a little rounded : thighs dull rufous.

Length rather more than half an inch.

4. E. viridis. Blackish-cupreous ; venter in the middle, and

feet rufous.

Elater viridis, Melsh. Catal.

Description. Body dark coppery, with short hairs : head

with rather large, confluent punctures: antenn@ rufous,

robust, much serrated: palpi rufous: thorax distinctly

punctured; a very obvious, obtusely indented line extends

from the base to the anterior margin, where it is obsolete ;

posterior angles prominent, extending a little outwards :

scutel orbicular: elytra striate, the striz distinctly punc-

tured : epipleura rufous: feet rufous: venter on the disk

rufous.

256 New American Species of the Genera ak

Length rather less than three-fifths of an inch.

Very distinct, and readily recognised.

5. E. parallelus. Brown; thorax with the anterior angles

dilated, and as wide as at the posterior angles.

Elater angulatus, Melsh. Catal.

Description. Body reddish-brown, minutely punctured :

antenne rufous, serrated: thorax longer than broad, rather

widest at the anterior angles, which are much wider than

the head; an impressed longitudinal line obsolete on the

anterior margin ; lateral edge subrectilinear : scutel orbicu-

lar : elytra with impressed, punctured striae.

Length three-fifths of an inch.

The name angulatus is pre-occupied.

6. E. muscidus. Pale brown; thorax very short; antennz

rather robust, simple.

Elater muscidus, Melsh. Catal.

Description. Body pale brown, a little tinged with reddish,

somewhat densely covered with cinereous, short hair: head

transverse line between the antennz, not elevated in its

middle: antenne very hairy, robust, and rather long, with-

out any appearance of serrature: mouth ciliated above :

thorax very short, a little transverse, and convex, narrowed

before to the width of the head, somewhat widest in the

middle, a little contracted before the posterior spines, which

are not elongated ; a longitudinal slightly impressed line

from the base to the middle: scwtel orbicular : elytra with

impunctured striz.

Length more than three-fifths of an inch.

Buprestis, Trachys, and Elater. 257

This species is more thickly covered with hair than usual.

T am unacquainted with the griseus, Beauv. : but if his figure

is even a tolerable representation, our insect is very distinct,

his description is too short and unessential to give any as-

. »

sistance.

7. E. attenuatus. Reddish ; elytra lanceolate, black at tip.

Elater attenuatus, Melsh. Catal.

Description. Body brownish, sanguineous, with short hairs:

head blackish, without any transverse elevated line: antenna

deeply serrated, blackish rufous; third joint very short,

not longer than the second ; thorax with an impressed ab-

breviated longitudinal line on the posterior margin ; ante-

rior margin not wider than the head; posterior spines

rather long and acute: scutel oval: elytra with the stric

obsolete, gradually attenuated to the tip, which is lanceo-

late, acute ; region of the scutel deeply indented; tip black,

occupying nearly one-third of the surface, and terminating

anteriorly obliquely.

Length nearly four-fifths of an inch.

This species seems to be rare.

8. E. viridipilis. Depressed, black, covered with short

blackish-green hair.

Description. Body dilated, somewhat depressed, black,

with a greenish tinge occasioned by short hair of that

colour : head concave, the transverse line between the an-

tennz obtuse: antenne deeply serrated ; third joint very

short, equal to the second: thorax depressed, longer than

broad ; sides rectilinear and parallel; anterior angles

acute, wider than the head ; posterior angles not spiniform :

seutel subtriangular: elytra with impressed, punctured

strim.

258 New American Species of the Genere

Length three-quarters of an inch.

Fhe thorax is more than half the length of the elytra.

Rare.

9. EB. inflatus. Dark cupreous, short, robust ; feet rufous.

Elater metallicus, Melsh. Catal.

Descrirtion. Body short, very robust, dark cypreous, with

short cinereous hair : head with the transverse line between,

the antennz obtuse, not prominent: antenne dark piceous,

a little serrate, radix rufous : thorax elevated convex,

breadth equal to the length; a longitudinal impressed line

obsolete on the anterior margin; posterior spines moderate :

scutel orbicular : elytra with impressed striz, which have

smail punctures : postpectus blackish: feet pale rufous.

Length nine-twentieths of an inch.

Unusually short andthick. It is very different from obesus,

nob. by its much more robust form, by having an impressed

thoracic line, and by its general colour.

10. E. erosus. Brownish-rufoys ; thorax with five indenta-

tions,

Descrierion. Body entirely rufous, tinged with brownish,

slightly hairy : head with an impressed longitudinal line :

antenne not serrate, the joints short, terminal joint pro-

duced at tip and acute: thorax short, decidedly broader

than long, lateral edge much arcuated, posterior angles

short ; base with an impressed line extending to the middle

with an abbreviated impressed line on each side of it, not

reaching the base, on each side of the middle is a slight

indentation: scutel small, orbicular, convex : elytra rather

deeply striated, strize with small punctures : beneath a litile

paler

Buprestis, Trachys, and Elater. 239

Leéngth two-fifths of an incli.

Differs from lacunosus, Fab. in magnitude and colour, as

well as in the disposition of the thoracic indentations, which,

in that species are placed 2. 1. 2., whereas in the present

species théy ire 2.3: { obtained fi near the Rocky Moun-

tains, whilst exploring that country with Major Long’s party:

11 E. viridanus. Dull reddish brown ; thorax with tw

indentations:

Elater viridanus, Melsh. Catal:

Descerrerion: Head with an obsolete indentation on thé

vertex : antenna serrate, second joint thicker but shorter

than the third: thorax longer than broad, slightly and

gradually narrowed before; two very distinct deeply in-

dented punctures before the middle each side; a longis

tudinal slightly indented line extends from the base to the

middle ; posterior angles prominent, acute, scutel oval :

elytra with punctured, impressed strie: beneath palay

rufous.

Length seven-twentieths of an inch.

The anterior indentations of the thorax are situated mucti

farther forward than those of the erosus, nob:

12: E. hotundiegtlis: Thorax rufous, sub-quadrate, rounded,

Elater ruficollis, Melsh: Catal.

Description. Head blackish piceous, irregularly punctured;

transverse frontal line obtuse: thorax rufous; convex;

quadrate ; anterior and posterior diameters equal; and

equal to the longitudinal diameter ; anterior angles ob=

tusely rounded, much wider than the head ; edge a little

contracted before the posterior angles, whieh are 3 little

260 New American Species of the Genera

excurved and very acute: scutel blackish piceous, sub-

triangular : elytra dusky brownish, with acute hardly

punctured strize and convex interstitial lines: beneath rufo-

piceous : tarst pale.

Length rather more than seven-twentieths of an inch.

The thorax has a remarkably rounded appearance to the

unassisted eye. It is different from the ruficollis Fabr.

13. E. impressicollis. Dullrufous; thorax with an impressed

line and two indentations.

Elater fuscus, Melsh. Catal.

Description. Body rather slender, dull rufous, punctured,

with short curved hairs: head with a prominent, subacute,

transverse, frontal line: antenne deeply serrated, the serra-

‘tures paler: thorax longitudinal, rather slender, gradually

a little narrowed before ; anterior angles not broader than

the head ; edge contracted before the posterior angles

which are oblique and not much elongated ; a longitudinal

impressed line obsolete on the anterior margin, and two

rounded indentations on the posterior submargin: scutel

oblong: elytra with regular close set series of rather large

profound punctures.

Length more than seven-twentieths of an inch.

Readily recognisable by the two indentations of the thorax.

The name fuscus is pre-occupied.

14. E. stlaceus. Slender, pale ochreous; head and thorax

tinged with the rufous.

Elater silaceus,

Elater umbraticus,

t Melsh. Catal.

Buprestis, L'rachys, and Elater. 261

Description. Body pale yellowish ochreous, with short

hairs ; slender: head without any promiment transverse

line: antenne not serrated, second and third joints equal

and shorter than the succeeding ones, terminal joint not

truncated, nor very acute: thorax slightly tinged with

rufous ; longer than broad ; not decidedly narrowed be-

fore ; anterior angles not broader than the head ;_ posterior

angles a little excurved, rather long ; a longitudinal obso-

lete, impressed line: scutel oblong, convex: elytra with

punctured striz not very deeply impressed : venter yellow.

Length nearly three-twentieths of an inch.

A very common species. I have a variety of which the

thorax and venter are almost black.

15. E. rubricus. Thorax bright rufous with a large black

spot; elytra paler.

Elater rubricus, Melsh. Catal.

Description. Body oblong oval: head black, transverse

line acute, but not very prominent: antenne piceous, ro-

bust, deeply serrated, second and third joints equal, much

smaller than the following ones, which are triangular, ex-

cepting the terminal ones ; ultimate joint slightly truncated

at tip: thorax as broad as long, regularly arcuated, and

with the head forming a semi-oval ; highly polished,

bright rufous with a very large black orbicular spot be-

fore, reaching beyond the middle: scutel oval, truncate at

base: elytra pale brownish-rufous, with regularly punctur-

ed, impressed strize: postpectus and middle of the pectus,

black: feet piceous.

Length nearly three-tenths of an inch.

i6. E. dilectus. Brownish black =: thorax rufous, bilineate

with black.

262 New American Species of the Genera b

Elater trilineatus, Melsh. Catal.

Description. Body short, robust: head piceous-black,

transverse line prominent, regularly rounded, acute: an-

tenne hardly serrated, piceous, second and third joints

sub-equal, the second joint rather longer: thorax large,

convex, rufous, with two longitudinal, dilated blackish lines,

which do not reach the base ; posterior angles prominent,

acute: scutel suborbicular: elytra brownish-black, with

regularly punctured, impressed strize: venter piceous at

tip : feet pale.

Length rather more than a quarter of an inch.

Var. a. <A rufous dilated vitta extends from the humerus

towards the tip of the elytra.

Var. b. Vitta on the elytra, and beneath rufous ; feet white.

Var. c. Thoracic vitta confluent and reaching the base.

The specific name trilineatus is pre-occupied.

19. SE: quercinus. Black ; front concave ; feet pale.

Elater quercinus, Melsh. Catal.

Drscription. Body slender, black, with rather long hairs :

head with the transverse line much elevated and emarginate

in the middle: antenne rather robust, serrated, three basal

joints rufous, second and third joints nearly equal: thoraz

longer than broad, hardly narrowed before ; avery slightly

impressed longitudinal line ; anterior angles not wider than

the head; posterior angles depressed, obtuse, piceous :

scutel orbicular: elytra with slightly impressed, deeply

punctured striz : feet pale yellowish, tinged with rufons.

Length one-fifth of an inch.

A common species

Buprests, Trachys, and Elater. 268

¥3. E. plebejus. Black; front concave; feet pale; elytra

dark brown.

Elater plebejus, Melsh. Catal.

Pescription. Body rather slender, black, with rather short

hair: head with the transverse line much elevated and

emarginate in the middle: antenne hardly serrated, dark

brown, three basal joints dull rufous, second and third

subequal hardly shorter, but more slender than the suc-

ceeding ones: thorax convex, widest in the middle; an-

terior angles not wider than the head; an obsolete obtuse

indented line, obvious at base ; posterior. angles rather ob-

tuse, piceous ; anterior and lateral margins obscure pice-

ous: scutel oval, truncated: elytra dark brown, obscure

piceous at base ; striz slightly impressed, acute, punctured :

beneath piceous : pospectus and middle of the pectus black-.

ish: feet pale.

Length seven-twentieths of an inch.

This species is very similar to the preceding, but its greatly

superior magnitude puts their specific difference beyond a

doubt. .

19. E. rectangularis. Fuscous ; robust ; posterior angles

of the thorax rectangular.

Description. Body robust, very dark brown, almost black-

ish, with numerous, short, very robust whitish bristles :

head with the hairs incurved; transverse line acute: an-

tenne not reaching more than half the length of the thorax,

serrated, pale rufous, first joint fuscous, second and third

joints subequal, terminal joint oval: palpi pale rufous :

thorax subquadrate, rapidly narrowing before the middle ;

posterior angles not produced, but rectangular: elytra

with regular series of large profound punctures : feet dul}

rufons.

204 New American Species of the Genera

Length two-fifths of an inch.

This remarkable species I found near the Rocky Moun-

tains during the journey of Major Long’s exploring party.

It differs widely from any other species I have seen, by its

general aspect, as well as by its short antenne, (which were

completely concealed in the lateral fissures of the pectus,) and

the rectangular posterior thoracic angles.

20. E. eucullatus. Thorax rather long ; frontal line re-

markably elevated, and concave above.

Description. Body reddish-brown, with very short hairs:

head with the frontal transverse line very much elevated

and prominent, lanciform, obtusely rounded and concave

on its superior surface: antenna rather long, slender, not

serrated, second joint much shorter than the third : thorax

longer than broad, rather slender, with a longitudinal im-

pressed line ; a little narrowed behind the anterior angles,

and before the posterior ones, the latter not very prominent,

obtuse: elytra indented at the base of each, with impressed

punctured strize, the punctures of the interstitial lines rather

large.

Length nine-twentieths of an inch.

The peculiar form of the transverse line of the front,

renders this species easy of recognition. I found it on an

oak tree in June. In form it has considerable resemblance

to E. pyrros, Herbst, but is very different, by many other

characters.

21. E. geminatus. Black ; elytra with an oval rufous spot

before the middle of each.

Elater bimaculatus, Melsh. Catal.

Buprestis, Trachys, and Elater. 205

Descrivtion. Body deep black, polished, with numerous

hairs; oblong-oval: head with the transverse line acute,

but not prominent: antenne, basal joints pale rufous :

thorax widest at base, gradually narrowed by an arcuated

line to the anterior angles which are not wider than the

head; no impressed line ; posterior angles not prominent :

elytra with irregular punctures, destitute of impressed

strie ; a large, oblique, oval, bright rufous spot a little

before the middle of each, hardly reaching the suture or

the exterior edge: feet piceous.

Length less than three-twentieths of an inch.

This pretty little species seems to be allied to the bumacu-

latus of Europe, but the elytra are not striated, as those of

that species are.

22. E. nimbatus. Pale brownish ochreous; elytra striate ;

venter dusky.

Elater nimbatus, Melsh. Catal.

Description. Body rather slender, of a pale colour, with

somewhat long hairs: head with the transverse line ele-

vated, acute: antenne somewhat slender, not serrated ;

second and third joints short, equal: thorax tinged with

dull rufous, not longer than broad, with an impressed

longitudinal line ; posterior angles acute, a little excurved

at tip: scutel orbicular: elytra paler than the thorax,

without any rufous tinge ; with impressed punctured stria ;

beneath pale rufous: venter dusky.

Length more than three-twentieths of an inch.

23. E. brevicornis. Antenne very short; thorax blackish,

anterior and posterior margins piceous.

266 New American Species of the Genera

Description. Head hairy: vertex obtusely indented ;

transverse line of the front slightly elevated: antenne not

reaching beyond two-thirds the length of the thorax ; pice-

ous ; joint subcordate, serrated second joint much

shorter than the third: thorax rather convex, blackish,

slightly tinged with very dark purple-coppery, anterior

and posterior margins obsoletely piceous ; lateral edges

parallel, curving inwards before the middle ; posterior an-

gles excurved ; a longitudinal, obtuse, slightly impressed

line obsolete before the middle: scutel ovate orbicular,

hairy : elytra dark brownish, very slightly metallic, lateral

margin and suture paler ; with impressed, punctured striz :

beneath blackish : feet dull rufous: pectus dull rufous on

the anterior margin: venter with the margin, and edges of

the segments dull rufous.

Length three-fifths of an inch.

The antennz are shorter than those of any other species [

have seen, with the exception of the rectangularis nob., for

which, however, it cannot be mistaken.

24. E. clypeatus. Black; antennz and feet rufous; clypeus

extending down to the mouth.

Description. Body slender, deep black, punctured: head

with a shallow rounded indentation on the front: clypeus

narrowed between the antenna, thence dilated and extend-

ing down to the mouth: antenne serrate, bright rufous,

joints short, second about one-third as long as the third

joint: thorax widest at the base, posterior angles excurved,

and towards their tips incurved: scuéel rather large :

elytra with impressed, punctured striz ; second, third, and

fourth striz confluent behind the middle: feet dull rufous.

Tength less than one-fifth of an inch.

Buprestis, Trachys, and Elaier. 207

‘Chis may be mistaken for the quercinus nob. ; but an in-

spection of the form of the head and its parts will show that it

is very distinct. ‘The form of the clypeus is somewhat un-

usual; instead of terminating in an elevated line between the

antennze, or but little before them, it is very much narrowed

in that part, and as it descends towards the mouth, it dilates

very much.

25. E. insipiens. Bright reddish-brown ; transverse frontal

line much elevated, rounded.

Description. Body rather slender, bright reddish-brown,

polished : head with the transverse line prominent, regularly

rounded, the edge acute: antenne a little serrate, second

and third joints subequal : thorax with an obsolete impressed

line at base: elytra with impressed punctured striz.

Length more than one-fifth of an inch.

26. E. appressifrons. Obsoletely metallic; transverse frontal

line not prominent.

Descrirtion. Body rather slender, dark brownish, with a

slight brassy tinge; hairs recurved, not prominent: head

with the frontal line or tip of the clypeus not elevated, but

decurved between the antennze: antenne rather robust,

serrate ; second joint much shorter than the third, which is

of the same form, and nearly of the same size as the fourth ;

terminal joint abruptly contracted near the tip: thorax with

an impressed longitudinal line obsolete before : elytra with

acute, punctured striz, suture exterior margin somewhat

paler : feet piceous : abdomen margined with dull rufous.

Length two-fifths of an inch.

Rather common. It closely resembles cylindriformis nob. :

but that insect is somewhat larger, with a prominent, emar-

268 _ New American Species, &c.

ginated frontal line, the third joint of the antenne is cylindri-

cal, altogether different in form from the fourth, and the

ultimate joint is not abruptly contracted near the tip; in

these and many other characters it obviously differs from the

present species. In some specimens the anterior margin of

the thorax is obscurely piceous.

27. E. collaris. Black ; thorax rufous ; frontal line not re-

flected ; second and third joints of the antennz subequal.

Elater collaris, Melsh. Catal.

Description. Head black, the frontal transverse line or tip

of the clypeus not in the slightest degree reflected, but con-

siderably elevated above the surface of the nasus: antenne

serrate, second and third joints subequal and nearly alike

in form; thorax bright rufous, posterior spines acute :

seutel black, orbicular: elytra black, with impressed,

punctured striz : pectus each side bright rufous.

Length rather less than seven-twentieths of an inch.

Herbst considers this as a variety of the thoracicus Fabr.,

to which indeed it is very similar, but that species differs in

having the tip of the clypeus, or the transverse frontal line,

reflected, and the third joint of the antennz much longer and

more dilated than the second. Our species is also very simi-

lar to the verticinus, Beauvois, but the latter is greatly larger,

the head is either partially or entirely rufous, and the third

joint of the antennz is much longer than the second; it has

been called rubricollis by Herbst, but Beauvois’ name has

the priority.

Officers of the Byceum,

For the year ending February 1826.

President.

JOHN TORREY.

Vice-Presidents.,

ABRAHAM HALSEY, JOSEPH DELAFIELD.

Corresponding Secretary.

JEREMIAH VAN RENSSELAER.

Recording Secretary.

D. H. BARNES.

Treasurer.

W. COOPER.

Librarian.

JAMES E. DE KAY.

Curators.

Messrs. J. COZZENS, DELAFIELD, COOPER, F. COZZENS,

CUMBERLAND.

Conmittee of BWublication.

J. E. DE KAY,

W. COOPER,

D. H. BARNES,

JOS. DELAFIELD,

A. HALSEY.

Observations on the Amphiuma Means. 269

Further Observations on the AMpntuma Means. By Ricu-

aRD Haxtan, M.D. Read December 6, 1824.

In the third volume of the journal of the Academy of

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, I published an accouut of

this animal. Since that period, I have examined three other

individuals, and have thus been enabled to correct some

misstatements in that paper.

It was stated that in the Amphiuma “ there are no ribs,

only motionless rudiments, resembling in this respect the

Proteus anguinus.” There are in fact no ribs in this animal,

but in this it does not resemble the proteus, which is furnished

with moveable rudiments, as in the siren. This is an error

into which I was led by comparing it with the engravings of

the skeleton of the Proteus which accompanies Cuviers’ Essay

on the doubtful reptiles, (im Humboldt’s Voyage, part II.

livraison 3,) where the ribs are thus represented. It was also

omitted to be mentioned that the anterior and_ posterior

surfaces of the vertebrae are deeply concave, as in fishes.

Externally there is no appearance of tympanum. Found

in ponds and ditches about New-Orleans, in Florida,

Georgia, and South Carolina. They are capable of living

on dry land, but how long, has not been accurately ascer-

tained. The individual in the possession of Dr. Mease,

escaped from the vessel infwhich it was confined, and when

found several days after, was brisk and lively; and I am

informed by Major Ware, that they are sometimes discovered

two or three feet under mud, of the consistence of mortar, in

which they burrow like worms, as was instanced in digging

near a street in Pensacola, when great numbers were thrown

up during the winter season. It is called in Florida, “Congo

Snake” by the negroes, who believe them poisonous, but

without foundation.

270 Observations on the Amphiuma Means.

{ have lately received through the politeness of Mr. N. A.

Ware, which were sent to him from Florida by Mr. La Rue

(of Pensacola.) The smallest was very interesting, as it was

but three inches in length, and yet did not exhibit the least

appearance of branchiz. Total length of the largest was

two feet two inches; breadth of the head across the eyes

eleven-tenths of an inch: distance between the eyes seven-

tenths ; between the nostrils three-tenths ; from the eyes to

the tip of the snout seven-tenths ; distance between the anterior

and posterior extremities twelve inches and three-tenths.

Vent, a distinct longitudinal rima situated immediately behind

the posterior extremities. From the vent to the extremity of

the tail six inches and three-tenths ; tail tapering and com-

pressed at the lower half. Girth four inches two-tenths ;

length of the posterior extremity six-tenths : of the anterior

four-tenths, perhaps somewhat contracted by spirits.

I am indebted for the accompanying drawing, Plate XXII.

to Mr. Titian Peale.

Nore to a paper entitled Oxsservations on the Genus

SALAMANDRA at p. 222 of this volume.

In the October number of the ‘ Bulletin des Sciences

Naturelles,” for 1824, Dr. J. C. Wan Hasselt has proposed

the name of Abranchus for a genus of mollusca inhabiting the

{sland of Java. As this name has the priority over mine, £

have determined to propose the following in its stead.

Genus Menopoma.

Generic Cuaracrer. Persistent operculi; destitute of bran-

chice at all times, these organs being replaced by operculi ;

five toes to the posterior, four to the anterior extremities ;

the outer edge of the feet fimbriated ; two outer toes of the

hind feet palmated ; clawless.

Observations on the Genus Salamandra. 277

Sp. Menoroma Alleghaniensis, (nobis.)

Albranchus Alleghaniensis, Ejusdem, Annals of the Ly-

ceum of Nat. Hist. N. Y. p. 233.

Salamandra Allezhaniensis, Michaux.

Sal. Gigantea, Barton.

Vulgo. Hell-bender. Ground-puppy. Tweeg. Mud-devil,

Ye.

Essentia, Cuaracter. Head broad: nasal openings pro-

Jjecting : mouth wide ; a dark lateral line passing through

the eyes: body slate colour, mottled above with dark

Spots: ¢ail compressed.

Haprr. Carnivorous : exceedingly voracious : living in the

water: feeding on worms, fish, crabs, &c.

Ynhabits the Alleghany and Ohio rivers.

Descriptions of some new Piants belonging to the Orders

Musecx and Heratice. By Roserr Kave GREVILLE,

LL. D. F.R.S.E., Hon. Member of the Lyceum of Nat.

Hist., &c. Read May 30th, 1825.

MUSCI.

CALYMPERES.

i. Catymperes Hobsoni; caule elongato (unciali 3) foliis

linearibus, serratis, acutiusculis, linea incrassata infra mar-

ginem notatis, subpatentibus, siccitate crispatulis ; calyptra

levi; theca ovato-oblonga. TAB. XXIII.

Has. In Guyana lectum, communicavit D. Hobson.

Root fibrous. Stems (tufted ?) about an inch in length, erect,

or decumbent at the base, simple or very slightly branched.

Leaves bright green, long, linear, somewhat attenuated to-

272 New Plants of the Orders Muscr and Hepatica.

wards the apex, subacute, serrated, almost spreading when

moist, somewhat carinate, twisted when dry, the margin

furnished with an incrassated line of a darker colour than

the rest of the leaf, at a short distance from the serratures.

Nerve percurrent. The structure of the leaf is dense,

except at the base, which embraces the stem with its dilated

portion, and is reticulated and of a paler colour. Seta

terminal, about one-quarter of an inch long. Capsule

erect, ovate-oblong, shining bright yellowish brown, or

reddish. Lid nearly as long as the capsule, straight,

exactly subulate. Calyptra smooth, not twisted, pale,

with a brown apex, entire enveloping the capsule, at length

splitting on one side, and becoming dimidiate. Peristome

a spongy white membrane, nearly closing the mouth of the

capsule, without any trace of teeth in any specimens.

The genus Calymperes was originally defined by the

orifice of the capsule being closed by a spongy membrane ;

and two species were described by my friend, Professor

Schwaegrichen. A third species was added by Dr. Hooker,

in his Musci Exotici, but as some difference of structure was

evident in this plant, which he named C. Gardneri, he found

it necessary to modify the generic character, in order to re-

ceive it, and his definition in the above-mentioned inimitable

work stands thus: ‘‘ Setaterminalis. Peristomium simplex,

e membrana spongiosa horizontali totum os tegente demum

medio in dentibus 16 brevibus fissa. Calyptra magna,

mitriformis, capsulam involvens, demum lateraliter fissa.”’

To the correctness of this character, as affecting C. Gardneri,

{ cannot refrain from adding my own testimony, as I ex-

amined the plant along with my excellent and acute friend,

whose figure and description are in every respect faithful.

Schwaegrichen, however, not acquiescing in this arrange-

ment, has proposed a new genus in the second part of the

second supplement to Hedwig’s species Muscorum : this new

genus he has named Syrrhopodon, and founded upon no fewer

New Planis of the Orders Musci and Hepatwe. 273

than six species. His character rests mainly upon a short

simple peristome of 16 nearly horizontal connivent teeth,

** intus adnatis,” and a smooth calyptra. The true Calym-

peres has, according to him, a furrowed calyptra. It is very

doubtful in my opinion, whether Calymperes and Syrrhopodon

will not be found to pass so much into each other, as to render

it impossible to keep them distinct. The peristome of Ca-

lymperes Gardnert (Hook.) is exactly intermediate, con-

sisting of a spongy membrane at the base, while the centre

only splits into short teeth. In Calymperes Hobsoni, of the

present paper, the calyptra is smooth, and consequently we

should expect from Schwaegrichen’s observations, that the

capsule would be furnished with a peristome. There is, how-

ever, nothing to be seen but a very white spongy membrane,

with such a cavity in the centre, as we: might suppose to be

produced by the destruction of such short teeth as C. Gard-

nert possesses. In some species of Syrrhopodon, the teeth

are figured as distinct, to the base, while in others, (S. Taylori,

and involutus,) they are united towards the base.

Catymperes Hobsoni, bears a considerable resemblance to

Syrrhopodon albovaginatus, but the calyptra is much larger,

and the leaves more rigid, not so exactly linear, and differing

in the kind of margination. ‘The spongy membrane shrinks

very much in drying, so that it resembles only a white ring

within the mouth of the capsule, but swells out instantaneously

on the application of moisture.

TAB. XXIII. Fig. t. Plants nat. size. 2. A leaf magn.

3. A small portion of the margin of aleaf. 4. Calyptra. 5.

Capsule with the operculum. 6. Appearance of the peris-

tome in every specimen I examined. All except fig. 1.

more or less magnified.

Bryon.

2. Bryum ciliare; caule elongato, foliis oblongo-obovatis,

acutiusculis, minute reticulatis, marginatis, serrato-ciliatis,

274 New Plants of the Orders Muse: and Hepatice.

serraturis articulatis, nervo excurrente ; theca oblonga

pendula, pallida, operculo pallido, conico-hemispherico

apice minute mammilloso rubro. TAB. XXIII.

Has. In Canada, circa Montreal, lectum, communicavit

amiciss. A. F. Holmes, M. D.

Foot tomentose. Stem 1-2 inches in height, erect, or

frequently decumbent for the greater part of its length,

simple, occasionally slightly branched by innovation,

covered with reddish down. Leaves mostly expanding at

the summit of the stem, as in B. rostratum, but there are

also a few of a smaller size scattered remotely on the stem.

Yn form they are oblong-obovate, attenuated considerably

at the base previous to insertion, more or less acute, some-

times even obtuse, undulated, marginated, furnished with

serratures, or rather ciliz, which are spreading, cylindri-

cal, and articulated; nerve shortly excurrent, and so strong

as to give the leaves an arched form when dry. Seta near

two inches long, pale yellow above, shining, deep red-

brown below. Capsule oblong, ventricose, pendulous,

pale yellowish, sometimes reddish at the base, the orifice

surrounded by a cartilaginous orange line. Lid between

conical and hemispherical, pale yellow, or tinged with

orange, the apex minutely mammillose and fine red.

Peristome ; outer one composed of yellow teeth subulate at

their apex; ¢nner one of 32 segments rounded towards the

points, and becoming abruptly subulate, with alternating

ciliz.

This fine new species of Bryum, which I have lately re-

ceived from my friend and correspondent Dr. Holmes, of

Montreal, is nearly allied to B. cuspdatum, and Mnium

affine, of Blandon. ‘To the latter moss it approaches so near

in some points, that I at first regarded them as identical.

They do, however, differ in several remarkable features, and

upon consulting the specimen published as B. affine by

Funck, in his beautiful ‘‘ Deutschlands Moose,” I became

New Plants of the Orders Musci and Hepatice. 278

sensible that our Canadian plant is really distinct. The

leaves are much longer in proportion to their breadth, and

their margins so much more decidedly serrato-ciliate, that

this character is visible even to the naked eye. The fruit-

stalk ‘is almost invariably solitary; whereas in B. affine

there are usually five. The capsule is larger and more ob-

long. Both species are remarkable for their tomentose

stems.

TAB. XXII. Fig. 1. Plant nat. size. 2. Leaf magn. 3.

Portion of do. 4. Capsule with the operculum. 5. Part

of the outer peristome. 6. Part of the inner do. All except

fig. 1. more or less magnified.

Hypnum.

3» Hypnum Haldamanum; caule elongato, repente, vage

ramoso, ramis subpinnatis ; foliis imbricatis, lutescentibus,

ovato-lanceolatis, integerrimis, enervibus vel obscure basi

binervibus ; theca cylindrica, arcuata, erecto-cernua, oper-

culo conico, oblique rostrato, arcte adherenti. TAB.

XXIII.

Has. In Canada, apud Moose Factory lectum, benevole

communicavit D. Haldane. j

Stems creeping, tomentose on the under side, here and there

with little tufts of radical fibres, 2-9 inches in length,

irregularly divided, the branches unequally pinnate with

ramuli of half an inch, or one inch long. Leaves: Cau-

line ones imbricated, bright yellowish green, shining,

nearly erect, ovate-lanceolate, quite entire, somewhat con-

cave, nerveless, or with two short extremely faint nerves at

the base: Perichetal ones much attenuated, diverging or

somewhat spreading at their upper portion. Fruzt-stalk

an inch or an inch and a half in length, red, slender,

smooth. Capsule long, cylindrical, arched, erecto-cernu-

ous, pale buffish red. Lid conical, with a very sharp

acute beak as long as the conical portion, of the same

New Plants of the Orders Muse and Hepatice.

colour as the capsule, adhering to the mouth of the capsule

with such singular tenacity, that out of many mature ones,

T have never seen it wanting, and it is separated with difii-

culty by artificial means.

I have every reason to conjecture that this very handsome

Hypnum must be of frequent occurrence in Canada, and very

probably throughout the northern division of the United

States 5 it was collected by my friend, John Haldane, Esq.,

in two localities, and, judging from the luxuriance of the

Jarge masses he kindly preserved for me, it must exist in

great abundance. In both instances it appears to have grown

upon the trunks of (probably fallen) trees ; and in the centre

of the masses to have in part lost the creeping character,

from the stems and branches having been much crowded and

drawn up.

I am not aware of any species with which H. Haldanianum

can be confounded.

TAB. XXIII. Fig. 1. Plant nat. size. 2. Leaves. 3. Peri-

chetium. 4. Capsule with the operculum. 5. Two of the

teeth of the outer peristome. 6. Part of the inner do.

All except fig. 1. more or less magnified.

HEPATIC.

JUNGERMANNIA.

4, JUNGERMANNIA carinata ; exstipulata ; caule prostrato,

(semiunciali) simplici; foliis patentibus, distichis, ovatis,

acutis, profunde concavis dimidiato naviculeformibus

dorso processu foliaceo versus apicem precipue carinatis.

TAB. XXIII.

Haz. In Insula Guadaloupe lecta, I. Ricord Madianna,

M.D. Benevole misit Cl. Torrey.

Plant of a dull fulvous yellow colour. Stem prostrate, half

an inch in length or more, simple, entangled among other

mosses. Leaves small, distant at the base, becoming

‘Vew Plants of the Orders Musci und Hepatice. 277

gradually larger and closer towards the summit; disti-

chous, spreading, of an ovate outline, entire, acute, the

apex somewhat incurved ; the body of the leaf may be

either considered as formed of two equal lobes, or as a

single leaf deeply concave, and carinate in a remarkable

manner at the back, with a foliaceous process, especially

towards the apex, and disappearing towards the base. It

appears to me more natural to view the leaf in this light,

and it may be said to bear a striking resemblance to a

boat divided transversely in the middle. Fructification

unknown.

The varieties of form in the leaves of the Jungermannice

seem to be really endless. The leaf of the present indi-

vidual resembles that of no other species I am acquainted

with ; but J. Thouarsii, of Hooker, forms the nearest ap-~

proach towards it, though widely different in every other

respect.

TAB. XXIN. Fig. 1. Plant nat. size. 2. A small portion

magn. 3. Leaves. 4. Segment of a leaf in the dry

state. All except fig. 1. more or less magnified.

5. JUNGERMANNIA tenax; exstipulata; czespitosa; caule erecto,

(vix unciali) coriaceo, basi nudo, bipinnato, apice curvato,

ramis ramulisque brevibus, obtusis, secundis incurvatis ;

foliis minutissimis, undique imbricata, erectis, brevibus,

multipartitis, areolis minutis, segmentis setaceis. TAB.

XXIII.

Has. In Nova Hollandia lecta, communicavit, D. Fraser.

Plant densely tufted, scarcely an inch high, of a dull green

colour. Stems erect, very pale, thick for the size of the

plant, remarkably tough; naked for one-half of its length,

set towards the summit with a few branches in an alter-

nately pinnate manner, the lower ones about two-eighths of

an inch in length, and bearing at most three or four minute

ramuli. ‘The whole of the upper half of the stem is much

278 New Plants of the Orders Muscei and Hepatice.

curved, and towards the apex even rolled in, while the

branches and ramuli are all directed to one side, and in-

curved in the same manner. Leaves imbricated on all

sides, remote below, more numerous above, short, erect,

divided into 5-8 setaceous, articulated segments, the

central ones of which are three or four times as long as

the body of the leaf; the lateral segments are much

shorter. The reticulation of the body of the leaf minute ;

that of the segments large. ‘Towards their apex the seg-

ments appear to be cylindrical, are simply articulated, and

in the dry state, have the joints often collapsed in alternate

directions, as in many conferve. Fructificateon unknown.

This most singular species I extricated from some other

mosses communicated to Dr. Hooker and myself, by our

excellent correspondent, Mr. Charles Fraser. The stems are

flexible and exceedingly coriaceous, and the ends of the

branches and ramuli, rigidly incurved.

TAB. XXIII. Fig. 1. Plant nat. size. 2. A portion magn.

3. Leaves. 2 and 3 magnified.

Remarks on the American species of the Genera Hyua and

Rana. By Captain Joun Le Conte of the United States

army. Read 16th May, 1825.

Davpw in his excellent history of the genera Hyla, Rana,

and Bufo, has enumerated six species of the first genus, as

inhabiting North America. Two of these, H. venulosa, and

H. palmata, have certainly never been found in our country,

and are probably natives of South America. The H. ocularis

I consider a variety of H. squirella ; there will then remain

only three that were known to European naturalists, and to

New Species of Hyla and Rana. 370

these I shall add two new species. Before proceeding to the

description of them, it will be well to make some remarks

upon those already known; as the descriptions are in some

degree faulty, not having been made from living specimens.

I shall adhere to the same order that M. Daudin has ob-

served.

1. Hyla lateralis. The description of this animal should

be corrected, by saying, that the lateral line, from which its

name is derived, is most commonly silvery, in some few instan-

ces yellow. Inhabits in great numbers in Carolina and

Georgia, particularly on water plants, such as the Pontederia

cordata, the Nymphea, and others, that generally grow in

ditches, and on the margin of rice fields. They are very

noisy, particularly at night, their voice somewhat resembles

the sound of a bell.

2. H. squirella. Generally of a brown or cinereous colour

above ; in some irregularly varied or speckled with paler

or darker: a black, or dusky, or bark brown band ex~

tends from the nostrils to the eyes, and a narrow white

stripe from near the nostrils, along the upper lip reaches

‘almost to the insertion of the fore legs: beneath whitish,

granulate on the abdomen and under side of the thighs :

Head rather obtuse; iris golden: thighs longer than the

shanks, yellow on the exterior part: legs more or less

distinctly barred with darker ; hind toes semi-palmate.

Length one inch and a quarter.

Inhabits under logs, and the bark of decaying trees; 1

have never seen it in, or near the water.

The figure of this species in Daudin is very different from

any specimen that I have ever seen, both in colour and in marks ;

1 do not deny but that it may have been found of a green colour,

as he represents it, and marked in the same manner ; but the

same error occurring in his delineation of the next species, |

am inclined to think that it has been coloured from report

and description, rather than from the animal itself; indeed,

280 New Species of Hyla and Rana.

whatever the colour may be, it can scarcely remain wo-

changed for six months in a preserved specimen ; all that I

have ever attempted to preserve, lost their colour in less than

two months. There are three principal varieties of this

species. |

a, Above cinereous, with a straight, or curved, or angular bar

between the eyes ; back with a few spots of dusky, some-

times confluent, and forming different figures of irregular

shapes ; and sometimes uniting into a line on each side of

the body, of greater or less length.

&. Above cinereous, irregularly spotted with darker; the

line between the eyes broken into two or more spots.

y. Above entirely brown, without spots, exterior part of the

thighs not yellow. ;

In all these, the dark band on the head, and the white line

on the lips, are the only marks which remain constant ; in

one variety, even the yellow colour on the thighs vanishes ;

there are hardly any two individuals alike, and so different

are they from one another, that a person who had not ob-

served them accurately for a length of time, would be led to

think, that there were almost as many species as individuals.

3. H. femoralis. Above dark cinereous, or pale brown, ir-

regularly marked with a few confluent spots of darker or

dusky, the one between the eyes the largest, triangular,

truncate behind at the apex, the others oblong, a black,

somewhat crenulate and interrupted line extends from the

eyes, to the insertion of the hind legs, and another shorter

one of the same colour, from the same place to the inser-

tion of the fore legs, forming an angle; the first being

bounded above on the fore part with pale cinereous or

brown; beneath whitish, granulate on the abdomen, and

underside of the thighs: Head somewhat obtuse, irides

golden, thighs longer than the shanks, darker on the ex-

terior part, and spotted with yellow, the spots roundish,

irregularly placed, and unequal in number : fore and hind

New Species of Hyla and Rana. 261

lees bordered with dusky, the latter on the fore part, the

former on the hind, and very obscurely barred with darker 5

hind toes semi-palmate.

Length one and a half to one and three quarters of an inch.

8. Above brown, the greater part of the back occupied by a

large irregular blotch of darker, containing two or three

roundish spots of paler, legs strongly barred with darker.

Inhabits with the last.

4. H.* delitescens. Above cinereous, irregularly spotted and

speckled with darker ; beneath whitish, granulate on the

abdomen, and under side of the thighs: head somewhat

obtuse, irides golden, lips whitish, chin speckled with brown,

exterior part of the thighs, and the whole of the under side

of both the fore and hind legs yellow; region of the anus

varied with cinereous; legs not barred, but varied and

speckled with darker, hind toes semi-palmate : somewhat

jarger than the last.

Inhabits Georgia, under the bark of decayiug trees.

H.* versicolor. Broader, and not so tapering in form as the

others ; above covered with small warts, colour varying at

the will of the animal, from pale brown to ash and green,

with a few black spots ; at times when they are brown, the

back is more or less marked with an acute angled cross,

which, however, vanishes with a change of colour; beneath

white, granulate on the abdomen, and under side of the

thighs : head and auricles small, irides golden, hind part of

the abdomen and hind legs beneath yellow, hind legs of

moderate length ; toes semi-palmate.

Length two inches.

Inhabits on trees in the Northern States. Has a moister or

more viscid look than either of the other species, and more

resembles a toad in form. is considered by the vulgar as

poisonous. During damp weather, or on the approach of

vain, croaks continually.

282 New Species of Hyla and Rane.

It is surprising that this species, so common in the part of

America that has been most visited by foreign naturalists,

has as yet been noticed by no one. It may have been con-

founded with the H. viridis of Europe, which, however, it

but little resembles.

The animals comprised in the division of reptiles called

Batracian, have long claimed a considerable degree of atten-

tion from me, and I present indications of six new species,

which on a future occasion I shall more fully describe, and

accompany with the necessary figures.

1. Rana* fontinalis, or common spring frog; colour above

varying from yellow green to dark olive, sometimes irregu-

_ larly spotted with dusky, particularly on the sides, with a

raised interrupted line extending from the eye towards

the hind part of the body.

2. Rana* palustris, or marsh frog ; colour above pale brown,

with two longitudinal rows of dark brown spots on the

back, and the same number on the sides, hind part of the

thighs yellow, spotted with black.

3. Rana* sylvatica, or wood frog; colour above varying

from light to dark brown, with two interrupted longitudinal

lines of black, a dark brown stripe extending from the tip

of the nose through the eyes, and covering the auricles.

4, Rana* pumila; pale green ; back with a decurved line on

each side, bounded with dusky, head with a triangular

spot between the eyes, legs barred with dusky.

5. Rana* gryllus, (Savanna cricket ;) above warty, colour

various, with a triangular spot of darker on the top of the

head between the eyes, aud a paler line extending from the

apex of this spot to the vent, hind part of the thighs yellow-

ish or whitish, with one or two lines of dusky or brown.

6. Rana* mgrita; above black, speckled with small white

warts; middle of the back cinereous. with an interrupted

stripe of black, upper lips with a white line; beneath

granulate whitish ; irides golden; legs barred with whitish,

hind part of the thighs brown: hind legs very long.

Monograph of North American Carices. 283

A Mownocraru of the North American Species of Carex.

By the Rev. Lewis D. pe Scuwernirz. Edited by Jon

Torrey. Read December 13, 1824.

Tue principal part of the following monograph has been

written several years. About two years ago, the author,

with whom I have long enjoyed an active correspondence,

sent me a copy of the work for my private use, with permis-

sion to communicate it to the New-York Lyceum of Natural

History ; and I accordingly submitted it to that Society, who

directed that it should be published in their Annals. Various

causes, the chief of which has been a desire to make it more

complete by additions and corrections, have delayed its ap-

pearance until the present time. Mr. Schweinitz lately left

this country for Europe, with the expectation of being absent

for a considerable period. Previous to his departure, he

placed in my possession his rich collection of Carices, giving

me full permission to make any additions or alterations in his

manuscript, which my own observations or the recent dis-

coveries of others might render necessary. This privilege I

have thought proper to exercise to a considerable extent, the

author himself having made no changes in the monograph

since it was first put into myhands. Within the last year, that

part of Mr. Elliott’s work which includes the Carices, has been

published, and Professor Dewey’s Caricography of the

Northern States has appeared in Silliman’s Journal. Several

foreign botanical publications have also been received, which

have furnished important materials. Among them are

Brown’s Appendix to Parry’s Voyage, and Richardson’s

Appendix to Franklin’s Narrative ; the latter particularly,

has enabled me to make some valuable additions to the

monograph. A copy of a new edition of this work, together

with specimens of some of the rare Carices there described,

were kindly presented to me by the author. 1 am also under

234 Monograph of North American Carices.

many obligations to my friends Professor Dewey of Williams

College, E. Davis, Esq. of Westfield, Mass., and Dr. J. Bar-

ratt of Middletown, Conn., for numerous specimens of northern

Carices, as well as for many valuable notes and observations.

Joun Torrey.

West-Point Military Academy, May 28th, 1825.

Genus CAREX Lin. Sedge.

Carex Lin. gen. pl. 1046. Schreb. gen. pl.1407. Gaert. i.p. 12.

Lam. ill. gen. t. 752. Juss. gen. p. 26. Vent. fam. pl. ii.

p- 91. Nutt. gen. ii.p. 203. Nat.Ord. Cavamarrez Lin.

Cyeeracey (Cyperoide olim) Juss. R. Brown, Agardh,

&c. Insys. sex. MONOECIA TRIANDRIA.

Cu. Gen. Flowers glumaceous, generally monoicous,

(never perfect,) disposed in one or more imbricated aments.

Sram. Fu. in the same spike with the pistilliferous, or ina

separate spike. Glumes one-valved, one-flowered, (the in-

ferior ones often empty,) lanceolate, concave, permanent.

Corolla 0. Stamens 3, hypogynous ; filaments capillary,

longer than the glume ; anthers erect, long-linear, cleft at the

base, entire at the apex.” Pistim. ri. Glumes as in the

staminiferous. Corolla (nectarium Lin. ; capsule Pers, &c. ;

nux coriacea Gart.; urceole Lam.; arillus Gooden. Smith.

perianthium R. Brown. ; glumella Rich. ; glum. infer. Turpin.

/lgardh,) one glumed (formed of 2-3 coalesced valves ?)

urceolate, surrounding and concealing the germen, opening

at the summit by an entire or bidentate orifice, permanent.

Pistil : germen superior, triangular or compressed, enclosed

in the ventricose corolla; style simple, persistent ; stigmas

2-3, exserted, subulate-linear, simple, incurved, pubescent.

Caryopsis (nux Pers. &c.; achenium R. Br.) crustaceous,

triquetrous (when there are three stigmas,) or subtriangular-

compressed (when there are two stigmas.) . Zmbryo enclosed

at the base of the albumen.

Monograph of North American Carices. 285

Cuar. essen. Monoica (rariss. dioic ;) amentum (spica)

imbricatum ; gluma uniflora ; corolla ventricosa, 1-valvis

persistens caryopsidem includens.

The genus Carex is the most numerous in species of the

Cyreracez. According to Agardh,* there are 328 species

known to botanists. With very few exceptions they are ex-

clusively found im the northern hemisphere, and they dimin-

ish in number towards the equator. Europe and Nerth

America contain about an equal number, and a few are com-

mon to both continents. Asia and Africa contribute but a

small number of species. They are mostly natives of boggy

and marshy places.

The general habit of the Carices,is a creeping root, simple

triquetrous culm, without joints ; coarse carinate leaves, and

a spiked inflorescence. The sheaths of the leaves are entire,

not longitudinally cleft as in the Gramyez, except when

old. At the base of the spike and spikelets there is usually

a bractea which is sometimes foliaceous, at other times merely

an enlargement of the lower glume.

On account of the great number of species in this genus, it

is necessary to arrange them under analytical subdivisions.

The objection, that the diagnostic characters of these are not

sufficiently constant, does not appear to be well founded. It

is true, doubts may arise concerning such characteristics, as

in their nature and terms, are relative, and therefore more or

less ambiguous. But a very little practice will obviate this

difficulty, and render the judgment of the examiner sufficiently

correct to prevent serious mistakes. It is proper, in all cases,

to observe a considerable number of specimens, in order to

* Aphorismi Botanici, p. 141. This is a much greater number than is

described in the works to which I have access. The Mem. sur les Gre-

mineés of Turpin and the Monos. Cyperac. of Lestibud. [ have never

seen.

286 Monograph of North American Carices.

prevent individual peculiarities from misleading ; and if this

be done, the inconstancy complained of will be found by no

means so great as is frequently imagined.

The North American species of Carex have been much

neglected by botanists until within the last few years. Lin-

neeus scarcely describes any other as peculiar to this country

than C. squarrosa and folliculata. Walter in his Flora Caro-

lintana, published in 1788, gave short and imperfect descrip-

tions of eleven species. Lamarck described five new North

American species in his Encyclopédie methodique, published in

1789. In 1803, Wahlenberg published in the Acta Holm.

(Kong. svenska vetenskaps academiens Handlingar,) for 1803

a monography of the genus Carex, in which he described

twelve new species from this country. About the same time

appeared the Flora Borealt-Americana of Michaux, containing

twenty-two species, of which seventeen were considered by

that botanist as new, but his descriptions are so incomplete,

that it is impossible, in many cases, to ascertain with certainty

the species he intended to designate. The author does not

appear to have been acquainted with the excellent Beschret-

bung der Reidgraser of Schkuhr, the first part of which was

published at Leipsic in 1802. As regards the North Ameri-

can species, although Schkuhr did not enjoy an opportunity

of examining living specimens, he has, with few exceptions,

been very happy in a just description of the species, and his

accurate figures are an almost infallible guide in recognising

what he describes. ‘The first part of his work, however, is

very deficient in American species. In 1805, vol. IV. part

t. of Willdenow’s Species Plantarum was published. ‘This con-

tained descriptions of forty-two North American Carices,

most of which were sent to the author by the late Dr. Muhlen-

berg of Lancaster in Pennsylvania. Many of these species

were previously determined and named by Muhlenberg him-

self, but others were left to be settled by his friend and corres-

pondent. In 1806 appeared the second part or volume of

JMonograph of North American Carices. 287

Schkuhr’s monograph, which contained remarkably accurate

coloured figures of nearly all the species described by Will-

denow, to which he added several new ones sent from Penn-

sylvania by Muhlenberg. In 1804, several North American

Carices were described by Rudge, in the Transactions of the

Linnean Society, accompanied by very correct figures. The

Flora Americe Septentrionalis of Pursh, which contains de-

scriptions of sixty-four species of Carex, was published in

London in 1814. [t is very evident that this author has not

bestowed much care upon the genus. He has introduced a

number of European species, which have never been found

by our most assiduous botanists, even when he asserts them

to be very common. The greater part of these have been

omitted in the following monograph.

Muhlenberg’s posthumous work, entitled ‘Descriptio uberior

graminum et plant. calamariarum Americe Septentrionalis,”

was published in 1817. In this work fifty-nine species of

Carex are described. The descriptions of this author are

very accurate as far as they go, being all taken from speci-

mens which he had examined himself, but his work appears

to be a mere sketch of what he intended to have made it.

Still it is particularly valuable ; all his species being identical

with those of Willdenow and Schkuhr.*

The Genera of North American plants by Nuttall, pub-

lished in 1818, enumerates sixty-eight species of Carex.

Three of these are new and very accurately described. The

author would doubtless have much increased their number,

had not his labours been more directed to investigating the

plants of the southern and western parts of our country,

where the species of this genus are comparatively rare.

Though the number of North American Carices is now so

* Thad the good fortune to receive from Muhlenberg specimens of the

ereater part of his specie

288 Monograph of North American Carices.

great, there can be little doubt that many species still remain

to be discovered. Very few have yet become known from

the swamps and mountains of the southern states, merely, we

have reason to believe, from want of attention at the proper

season. ‘The botany of the northern mountains of New-

Hampshire and Vermont, is only beginning to be examined.

Very large acquisitions may be expected when the cold

regions of North America shall be carefully explored ; for

they doubtless contain as many species of this genus as the

similar regions of Europe, which are found to be so remarka-

bly fertile in them. ; It is, however, probable that most of

them, and of the alpine species generally, will be found

identical with the European ones of a similar climate.

] shall now proceed to give a conspectus of the whole ge-

nus and its analytical subdivisions, enumerating under each,

all the species of which I have any knowledge, either from the

books to which I could obtain access, or from actual speci-

mens, and then give the history of such species as have fallen

under my observation, at length, with shorter ones of such as

{ have not examined, but which appear to be sufficiently

authentic. At the end of the work a list of the doubtful

species will be given. As regards synonymy, it is hoped the

monograph will be full enough for all useful purposes.

Consrectus of the known species of Carex under their proper

ANALYTICAL SUBDIVISIONS.

NB. The species printed in roman letters are North American. Those

with an asterisk prefixed are common to Europe and North America.

A. Inflorescence dioieaus.

* €. dioica, L. C. Wormskioldiana, Horizem-

— Davalliana, Smith. — pichinchensis, Kunth.

B. Inflorescence monoicous.

+ All the spikes androgynous.

* — Spike solitary.

a. Summit staminiferaus.

ju Two stigmas.

Monograph of North American Carices. 289

©. capiiata. L C. pulicaris. L.

(No American species in this section.)

2. Three stigmas.

C. Fraseri, Sims. C. compacta, R. Br.

-- Willdenovii, Schk. — Brownit (Uncin. ripar. R. Br.}

~~ polytrichoides, Muhi. — tenella, R. Br.

— affinis, R. Br. — microgilochin, Wahl.

~~ attenuata, R. Br. * — pauciflora, Lightf.

— filifolia, Nuit. — obtusata, Liljeb.

— uncinata, L. — spicata, Sch.

— hamata, Schwartz: — petrea, Wahl.

=~ erinacea, Cavan. — rupestris, Allion.

b. Summit pistilliferous.

C. squarrosa, L.

** Spikes several, aggregated into a head.

a. Summit staminiferous

C. cephalophora, Wahl.

b. Summit pistilliferous.

C. cyperoides, L.

**E Spikes distinct.

a. Summit staminiferous.

1. Two stigmas,

C. Villarsi, Schk. C, disperma, Dewey,

— Bertolini, Schk. — riwularis, Willd.

— simpliciuscula, Wahl. —— stenophylla, Wahl.

— chordorrhiza, L. -—— chlorantha, R. Br.

~ tuberosa, Deg. — Hostii, Schk.

— splendens, Pers, — meurva, Lightf.

— fetida, Allion. — stipata, Muhl.

— arenaria, L. — vulpina, L.

— repens, Bellard. — nemorosa, Lumn.

— bromoides, Sch. — Mubhlenbergii, Schz.

~— intermedia, Good. — glomerata, Thunb.

— ammophila, Willd. — floridana, nob.

— schenoides, Host. — sparganioides, Mui.

—- divisa, Good. — divulsa, Good.

~~ austriaca, Schk. — multiflora, Muhi.

= inversa, R. Br. — setacea, Dewey.

-—~ lobata, Vill. * — paniculata L.

* — teretiuscula, Good. — appressa, R. Br.

= retroflexa, Muh. — brunnea, Thunb.

— rosea, Schk. — paradoxa, Willd.

290 Monograph of North American Caries.

2. Three stigmas.

C. baldensis, Li. C. spartea, Wahl.

C. curvula, Allion. C. indica, L.

— distachya, Willd. — polystachya, Swartz.

=— pedunculata, Muhl. — cladostachya, Wahl.

— ovata, Rudge. — scabrella, Wahl.

— Lincku, Schk. — cruciata, Wahl.

—— capensis, Thunb.

b.. Summit pistilliferous.

1. Two stigmas.

™

C. bicolor, Allion. C. Deweyana, nob.

— tenuiflora, Wahl. — arida, nob.

— leporina, Good. — lagopodioides, Schic.

— Heleonastes, L. — scoparia, Schk.

— WNorwegica, Wahl. — tenera, Dewey.

— Grypus. Schk. — brizoides, L.

* .— Ioliacea, E. — straminea, Willd.

* — stellulata, Good. — fenea, Muhl.

—- trisperma, Dewey. —— cristata, nob.

= Schreberi, Willd. — festucacea, Schi.

— scirpoides, Schk. — elongata, L.

— remotiuscula, Wahl. — axillaris, Good.

* — curta, Good. ** = remota, L.

— gibba, Wahl. — lusitanica, Schix.

=< Gebhardi, Schk.

2. Three stigmas.

* C. atrata, LZ. C. media, R. Br.

— magellanica, Willd.

tt Only some spikes androgynous.

* Terminal spike staminiferous, the rest androgynous.

C. Boryana, Schk. C. longifolia, R. Br.

— thuringiaca, Willd. — Fosteri, Wahl.

=—— fasciculata, Linck.

— ambigua, Linck.

— gracilis, R, Brown.

— depressa, Linck.

(No North American species in this section.)

** Terminal spike androgynous, the rest pistilliferous.

a Two stigmas.

C. glareosa, Wahl.

b. Three stigmas.

C. microstachya, Ebrh.

©. viridula, Mich.

—= virescens, JMuhi,

— hirsuta, Willd.

C. Caroliniana.

— misandra, R. Br.

~~ formosa, Dewer

—

*C.

Monograph of North American Carices. 29%

Buxbaumii, Wahi.

digitalis, Muh.

fuliginosa, Schk.

— parviflora, Host.

— Vahlii, Schk.

— Davisii, Torrey.

ttt Staminiferous and pistilliferous spikes distinct.

* | Staminiferous spike solitary,

. saxatilis, L.

compacta, R. Br.

rigida, Good.

pulla, Good.

concolor, R. Br.

Two stigmas.

©. fusca, Schk.

—~ cuspidata, Wahi.

-— mutica, R. Br.

-- Nove Angliz, nob.

— aurea, WVutt.

b. Three stigmas.

. tristachya, Thunb.

varia, Muhl.

Richardsonii, R. Br.

concinna, R. Br.

ericetorum, Poll.

montana, 1.

precox, Jacq.

emarginata, Sch.

tomentosa, Li.

vestita, Willd.

dasycarpa, Muhi.

mucronata, Allion.

Schkuhrii, Willd.

supina, Willd.

spherocarpa, Willd.

globuiaris, Willd.

ethostachya, Schk.

pubescens, Juhl.

flava, ZL.

Qcderi, Ehrh.

tentaculata, Muhi.

alba, Henke.

binervis, Smith,

refracta, Schk.

plantaginea, Lam.

anceps, Muhi.

Pistiiliferous spike sessile, or with the

peduncle enclosed.

C. nigra, Allion.

— pilulifera, L.

—— marginata, Muhi.

— lupulina, Muhl.

— folliculata, Z.

~— xanthophysa, Wahl.

—~ subulata, Mich.

— clavata, Thunb.

— borbonica, Lam.

-= extensa, Good.

— pedata, L.

—— ornithopoda, Willd.

— digitata, L.

-— clandestina, Good.

~- livida, Wahl.

— firma, Host.

— approximata, Allion.

— umbrosa, Host.

— fimbriata, Schk.

* — alpestris, Allion. -

2. Pistilliferous spikes on exsert peduncles

partly sheathed at the base.

C. breviculmis, R. Br,

—- cataracta, R. Br.

—- oligocarpa, Schk:.

—— scabrata, nob.

= panicea, L.

292 Monograph of North American Carices.

— ferruginea, Schk. —- conglobata, Kitaib.

— levis, Kitaib. — chinensis, Retz.

— frigida, Allion. — verna, Schk.

— Micheli, Host. — pendula, Good.

— Meilichoferi, Schk. — psylostachya, Kitaib.

=~ striata, R. Br. — strigosa, Good.

-—— lacistoma, R. Br. — fulva, Good.

-- depauperata, Good. * — distans, L.

— pilosa, Scop. * — capillaris, Z.

— conoidea, Schk. * —. ustulata, Wahi.

— tetanica, Schk. — levigata, Smith.

=-- subspathacea, Wormsk. * — sylvatica, Huds.

=- laxiflora, Lam. — flexuosa, Schk.

-—— granularis, Muhl. — podocarpa, R. B.

3. Pistilliferous spikes on long peduncies,

nearly destitute of sheaths.

C. umbellata, Schk. * —- pseudo-cyperus, L.

— japonica, Thunb. C. glaucescens, Elliott.

— rotundata, Wahl. —- castanea, Wahl.

— Grioleti, Roem. —— Elhottii, Torrey.

— brachystachya, Schrank. -- Scopoliana, Willd.

— compressa, Kitaib. * — limosa, LZ.

-— miliacea, Muhl. —- laza, Wahl.

* — pallescens, L. —- chlorostachys, Steven.

— hystericina, Willd.

*& Several staminiferous spikes.

a. TZ'wo stigmas.

* C. cespitosa, Z. * C. acuta, Z.

* — stricta, Good. — salina, Wahi.

-—— trinervis, Loise}. ~— hispida, Willd.

~~ geminata, Schk. = maritima, Vahl.

— crinita, Lam. — aquatilis, Wahl.

b. Three stigmas.

C. glauca, Scop. C. aristata, R. Br.

— Barrattii, Torrey. — serrulata, Bernard.

— ampleocarpa, Willd. — vesicaria, Z.

— trichocarpa, Muhl. — plumbea, Wahl.

-— verrucosa, Muhi. % — ampullacea, Willd.

== Schraderi, Schk. — retrorsa, nobis.

* o= filiformis, DB. —~- Schweinitzii, Dewey.

— pumila, Thumb. — bullata, Schk.

== nutans, Host. == secalina, Willd.

Monograph of North American Carvces. 29

cs]

=~ acuminata, Willd. — hordeifornis, Wahl.

~— pellita, Muhl. —- hitorea, Labillard.

— paludosa, Good. —— hirta, Wahl.

-~ riparia, Good. — cherokeensis, nobis.

— lacustris, Willd, — trifida, Cavan.

~— melanostachya. — longirostris, Torrey.

A. Inflorescence dioicous.

1. Carex dioica, Linn.

C. spica simplici; fructibus erectiusculis, ovatis, nervosis,

superne margine hispidis; foliis culmisque glabris.

C. dioica, Lin. Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 207. Richardson, app.

Frank. nar. ed. 2. p. 34. No, 364.

C. Linnzana, Schk. car. ii. p. 3. t. A. f. 1.

Root creeping. Culm 6—8 inches high, slender, triquetrous. Leaves

shorter than the culm. Spike oblong; glumes brownish, with a red keel.

Stigmas 2.

Has. In the woody country of Arctic America, from lati-

tude 54° to 64° north. Collected by Dr. Richardson.

2. Carex sterilis, Willdenow.

C. spicis dioicis, staminif. 3—5, pistillif. subsenis (interdum

androgynis); fructibus ovatis, compresso-triquetris, mar-

gine ciliato-serratis, apice recurvis, bicuspidatis.

C. sterilis, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 208. Schk. car. t. mmm.

f. 146. bona. Pursh fl. Amer. Sept. i. p. 34. Muhl. gram.

p- 217 Elliott. sk. ii. p. 525,

Root strong, fibrous. Culm a span high, obtusely triquetrous, striate, (and

thence appearing hexangular) scabrous toward the summit, brownish and

sheathed by the leaves at the base. Leaves as long as the culm; the

Jower ones shortened, linear, narrow, triquetrous toward the extremity ;

margin scabrous. Spikes occasionally (according to Muhlenberg) an-

drogynous; sterile* spikes 3—5, alternate, approximate, oblong, acute,

* YT shall use the terms sterile or staminiferous, and fertile or pistilliferous

spikes, indiscriminately.

294 Monograph of North American Carices.

sessile; glumes light brown or yellowish: fertile spikes 5—6, situate as

the sterile, but shorter and more obtuse; glumes greenish-yellow, almost

of the size of the fruit; at the base of the lowest spike is a short brac-

éea, which is often wanting. Fruit triquetrous and compressed, acu-

minate, and with the summit bicuspidate, smooth. Stigmas 2.

Has. In marshes, Pennsylvania. Flowers in May. JMuh-

lenberg. In the Cherokee country.

I have never met with this species either in Pennsylvania or

in North Carolina, and am inclined to suspect that par-

ticular states of C. varia, in which the fertile spikes are

occasionally very inconspicuous, have sometimes been

mistaken for it; but the plural number of the sterile spikes

will always distinguish it. .

8. Carex Wormskioldiana, Hornemann.

C. spica solitaria, imbricato-cylindrica; fructibus ovalibus,

subrostratis, dense pubescentibus; foliis planis, culmo

superneque scabris.

C. Wormskioldiana, Hornemann, fl. dan. t. 1528.

Sept. i. p. 34. Richard. app. Frank. nar. ed. 2. p. 34.

No. 365.

C. Michauxii, Schw. an. tab. car. in Annals of Lyceum, i. p.

Root creeping. Culm 3—6 inches high, clothed at the base with dark

brown sheaths, nearly terete, smooth. eaves linear, flat, about a line

broad, longer or shorter than the culm, smooth, apex triquetrous. Spikes

oblong-cylindrical, acute, half an inch or more in length; glumes dark _

brown, acute, minutely ciliate. Fertile spices not seen.

Has. In the woody country of Arctic America. Dr. Richard-

son.

Ozs. This species is nearly allied to C. dioica. Dr. Torrey

possesses specimens presented him by Dr. Richardson, col-

lected by that enterprising naturalist during his arduous

journey with Capt. Franklin. There are no fertile spikes

among them. The name given to this species by Michaux,

was changed to C. Michaurit in the Analytical Table

Monograph of North American Carices. 294

above quoted, as it was too similar to C. scurpordes, a spe-

cies established many years ago by Schkuhr; but accord-

ing to R. Brown, Michaux’s plant is identical with the C.

Wormskioldiana of Hornemann, and as the name C. scvrpot-

dea must be changed, we have substituted for it, (although

so very barbarous) that of the Danish botanist.

B. Inflorescence monoicous.

* All the spikes androgynous.

+ Sprke solitary.

a. Summit staminiferous.

1. With two stigmas.

There are no North American species of this section known.

2. With three stigmas.

4. Carex Fraseri, Sims.

C. spica simplici, ovata; fructibus ovato-subglobosis, ore

integris, gluma oblonga longioribus ; foliis lanceolatis,

undulatis, crenulatis ; scapo basi vaginato.

C. Fraseri, Sims bot. mag. 1391. Bot. rep. 639. Pursh fl.

Amer. Sept. il. p. 39.

C. Lagopus, Muhl. gram. p. 265. No. 59.

Has. On mountains of North Carolina. Fraser. In Tiger

Valley, Pennsylvania. Muhlenberg. Flowers in gardens

in April. ;

Oxs. This plant, to my knowledge, has not been collected

by any American botanist. IT have never seen a specimen

of it, but am informed that it is cultivated in Mr. Prince’s

garden at Flushing. Dr. Torrey found no specimen of it

in the herbarium of Muhlenberg, and there are reasons for

believing this botanist was misinformed respecting the

habitat of his plant, though there can be little doubt that

it is identical with C. Frasert.

5. Carex Willdenovit, Schkuhr.

subsenis; fructibus ovato-sabglobosis, rostratis; glumis

296 Monograph of North American Carices.

ovatis acuminatis, infimis longissimis, foliaceis, spica multe

longioribus.

C. Willdenovii, Schk. car. ii. p. 33. t. Mmm. f. 145. Willd.

sp. pl. iv. p. 211. Pursh fl. Amer. Sept. i. p. 29. MuAl.

gram. p. 230. Elliott sk. ii. p. 527.

Culm from a span to a foot in height, very slender, shorter than the leaves,

acutely triquetrous, leafy below, brownish at the base. Leaves long,

linear, slightly scabrous, flat, 1—2lines broad. Spike about three fourths

of an inch long, simple: staminiferous flowers mostly 6, closely approxi-

mate, forming a very short summit to the spike; glumes oblong, obtuse:

pistilliferous flowers 3—6; glumes ovate, acuminate, in the lowest flowers

foliaceous and much longer than the spike. Fruit comparatively large ;

when immature ovate, acuminate, at length subglobose with an abrupt

somewhat scabrous beak, straight; base smoothish.

Has. In dry rocky woods; rarely in swamps. Flowers in

the latter part of May and beginning of June; rare. Penn-

sylvania to North Carolina.

Oss. 1. Culm cespitose, usually about three from each radi-

cal sheath. ‘The two inferior glumes 1—2! inches long.

2. This species, when young, has much the habit of Scirpus

planifolius, Muhl.

6. Carex polytrichoides, Muhlenberg.

C. spica simplici; fructibus oblongo-lanceolatis, compresso-

triquetris, obtusis, emarginatis; glumis oblongis, obtusis,

mucronatis, |

C. polytrichoides, Muhl. in Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 213. Schk.

ear. t. lii. f..138. Pursh fl. Am. i. p. 29. Muhl. gram. p.

230. Dewey carrcog. in Sill. jeur. ix. p. 258.

C. leptalea, Wahl. Act. holm. 1803. p. 139.

C. microstachya, Mich. fl. bor. Amer. ii. p. 169.

Root fibrous. Culm a span or more high, longer than the leaves, and almost

naked, triquetrous and retrorsely scabrous on the margin, very slender.

eves mostly subradical and annotinous, very narrow, grooved, becom-

Monograph of North American Carices, 297

ing convolute when dry, somewhat scabrous. Spike solitary, oblong-

linear, with 4--8 sterile florets at the summit: staminiferous glumes

oblong, obtuse, or rather acute, greenish, with a broad margin, some-

what carinate : JSertile florets about 5; glumes ovate, carinate, mucro-

nate, the lowest one often elongated, but scarcely foliaceous. Fruit

obtusely triquetrous, oblong, slightly nerved and smooth; stigmas brown.

Haz. On dry hill sides and in bogs. Flowers in May;

rather common. Canada to Pennsylvania. Not hitherto

found in the Southern States.

Oss. C. Willdenovii, Dewey, 1. ¢. ix. p- 258. is a variety

of this plant.

7. Carex affinis, R. Brown.

C. spica simplici, pauciflora, laxa; glumis lanceolatis, acutis,

muticis, infima aristata ; foliis planis.

C. affinis, R. Brown in Rich. app. Frank. nar. ed. 2. p.

35. No. 367.

Culm 6 inches high, triquetrous, leafy at the base, somewhat scabrous.

Leaves one line broad, filiform at the apex, shorter than the culm. Spike

half an inch long, oblong; summit sterile, obtuse, as broad as the in-

ferior fertile part: glumes loosely imbricated, fuscous, with a scabrous

discoloured margin: fertile flowers about 5; glumes resembling those of

the sterile florets, the lowest one produced into a cusp or short bristle.

Fruit—

Haz. In the woody region of Arctic America. Dr. Rich-

ardson.

Oss. This species is allied to C. polytrichoides, but differs

in its obtuse loose-flowered spike and fuscous glumes. The

fruit is immature in Dr. Torrey’s specimen, which was re-

ceived from Dr. Richardson.

8. Carex attenuata, R. Brown.

C. spica simplici; superne staminifera densa ; pistilliferis

paucioribus alternis; glumis omnibus obtusis.

C. attenuata, R. Brown in Rich. app. Frank. nar. ed. 2,

p. 35. No. 368.

298 Monograph of North American Carices.

Has. In the woody country of Artic America. Dr. Rich-

ardson.

Ozs. Of this species we have no specimens.

9. Carex filifolha, Nuttall.

C. spica simplici, subcylindrica, acuta; fructibus subglobo-

Sis, ore integris ; glumis retusis ; foliis involuto-filiformibus,

subulatis, recurvis ; arista stricta (exserta vel inclusa.)

C. filifolia, Nutt. gen. ii, p. 204. Richardson, |. c. p. 35. No.

366.

Cespitose. Culm about 6 inches high, clothed at the base with scarious

brown sheaths, the lowest of which are finely lacerate, triangular and

grooved, leafy at the base. Leaves radical, longer than the culm, filiform,

recurved or spreading, slightly scabrous. Spike three fourths of an inch

long: superior steri/e part consisting of densely imbricated florets;

glumes very broad, retuse and somewhat eroded at the summit, brown,

with a scarious margin; fertile florets 6—8, loose; glumes roundish with

broad scarious margins. Fruit subpubescent without nerves, shorter

than the glume, (not seen in a mature state); orifice a little oblique,

scarious. Seed with a short straight awn at the base which is scarcely

exserted. Séigmas 2.

Haz. On the dry plains and gravelly hills of the Missouri.

Nuttall. In the woody country of Arctic America. Dr.

Richardson.

Ozs. Nearly allied to C. peiraea, Wahl.

10. Carex pauciflora, Lightfoot.

C. spica subquadriflora; flora staminifera terminali subsoli-

taria; fructibus lanceolatis, teretibus, reflexis ; glumis pis-

tilliferis caducis.

C. paucifiora, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 211. Schk. car. t. A. f. 4.

Root fibrous. Culm triangular, a span high, leafy at the base, very smooth.

Leaves shorter than the stem, convolute-triangular, the lower ones abbre-

viated, with brown sheaths. Spike of about 4 fertile flowers, and 1--3

sterile ones at the summit; sterile glumes linear-lanceolate, brown;

sertile florets alternate on a jointed rachis. Fruit large compared with

Monograph of North American Carices. 299

the size of the spilke, acute, smooth, pale yellow and striate, reflexed

when mature ; orifice entire. Seed long, cylindrical; stigmas 3.

Has. In a sphagnous bog, Ashfield, Massachusetts. Sent to

Dr. Torrey by Dr. Porter of Plainfield. Flowers in June.

Ozs. The Massachusetts specimens agree in all respects with

the European C. pauciflora.

C. Summit pistiliferous. :

11. Carex squarrosa, L. t. xxiv. f. 2.

C. spica simplici, crassissima, oblongo-cylindrica ; fructibus

imbricatis, horizontalibus, glabris, subsquarrosis, apice

bidentatis, glumis lanceolatis longioribus.

C. squarrosa, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 215. Muhl. gram. p. 231.

Elliott sk. ii. p. 526. Dewey caricog. in Sill. Jour. vii.

p. 270. No. 2..

C. typhina, Mich. fl. il. p. 169.

Root fibrous. Culm about two feet high, rather slender, sharply trique-

trous, nearly smooth, deeply furrowed, leafy. Leaves always longer than

the culm, with a short abrupt sheath, furrowed, scabrous; the upper

ones very narrow and long; all are more or less spreading, and not erect. .

Spike usually solitary and terminal; frequently, however, there are two

and even three spikes, from one inch to two inches in length, and more

than half an inch in diameter, rounded above and below; sterile florets at

the base of the spike, dry and decurrent on the peduncle; glumes

oblong, distant, brown, with a greenish midrib not produced at the apex ;

fertile glumes similar. Fruit horizontal, (erect when young) turbinate

and inflated below, strongly nerved and produced into a long conical

rostrum, which is bifid and recurved at the apex. Seed much smaller

than the envelope, obtusely triangular, punctate.

Has. In bog meadows; rather rare; June. Canada to

Georgia, but not in the low country of the southern States.

Oss. This is the most beautiful aud singular of all the North

American Carices. It appears to have been overlooked

by Pursh, or he has strangely confounded it with C. cepha-

lophora, a species which it is totally unlike. It has not been

300 Monograph of North American Carices.

figured either by Schkuhr or any other author to whom

we have had access.

** Spikes several, aggregated into a head.

a. Summit staminiferous.

12. Carex cephhalophora, Muhlenberg.

C. spiculis in formam ellipticam aggregatis ; fructibus ovatis,

margine superne scabris, glumis ovatis mucronato-arista-

tis subzequalibus.

C. cephalophora, Willd. sp. pl.iv. p. 220. Schk. car. t. Hhh,

f. 133. Pursh fl. i. p. 35. excl. syn. Mich. Muhl. gram.

p- 118. Elliote sk. ii. p. 516. Dewey |. c. vii. p. 269. No. 1.

Root fibrous. Culm 1—2 feet high, almost naked, or only leafy at the

bottom, tough and wiry, erect or decumbent, acutely triangular, and

retrorsely scabrous on the margin, striate, sheathed below. Leaves long-

linear, furrowed; midrib rounded and prominent. Spikes 3—4—6 of a

more or less cylindric shape, growing in contact at the base so as to

form a distinct head, which appears to be trifid below, obtuse. Sterile

florets at the summit of each spikelet. Glumes shorter than the fruit,

ovate, carinate, cuspidate, and minutely ciliate on the margin, of a green-

ish colour. ‘Two subulate bracts at the base of the compound spike,

about equal to it in length, generally spreading or recurved. Fruit

ovate, compressed, nerved or nerveless, with an acuminate, recurved,

bifid apex, serrulate on the margin. Seed ovate.

Has. On grassy hill sides and shady riverbanks, often in

very dry situations ; Canada to Carolina: common. May.

Ozs. ‘This species which usually grows in tufts in dry soils,

is seldom above twenty inches high; but on river banks

I have often found it growing 4 or 5 feet in length, de-

cumbent among the bushes.

*%* Spikes distinct (not aggregated into a head.)

a. Summit staminiferous.

12. Carex bromoides, Schkuhr.

C. spiculis pluribus (4—6) alternis, oblongis, erectis, supre-

ma superne staminifera, czeteris pistilliferis, vel androgynis

Monograph of North American Carices. 301

inferne superneve staminiferis ; fructibus erectis, lanceola-

tis, acuminatis, scabris, nervosis, bifidis, gluma ovato-lan-

ceolata longioribus.

C. bromoides, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 258. Schk. car. t. Xxx. f.

176. bona. Pursh fl. i. p. 35. Muhl. gram. p. 219. Elli-

ott sk. ii. p. 528. Dewey 1. c. viii. p. 264.

Culm a foot or more in height, when tall, generally decumbent, a little

leafy below, (the annotinous shoots bearing the chief parts‘ of the leaves

in the loose tuft) slender, triquetrous and scabrous. Leaves narrow,

scabrous on the margin, at first longer, but at length shorter than the

culm; sheaths smooth, whitish, membranaceous. Spikelets sometimes

only 2—3, the lower ones at some distance from one another, upper ones

crowded, few-flowered; sometimes the uppermost one is sterile below,

the others being androgynous, with sterile florets both above and below ;

generally there are but about two sterile florets on the summit of each

spike; occasionally an entire sterile spike occurs; at the base of the

lowest spike is a small deciduous lanceolate scabrous bractea. Sterile

glumes oblong-lanceolate, mucronate, shorter than the fruit, chaffy,

brown, with a green midrib. Fruit obscurely triangular, attenuated

into a short bifid neck, scabrous on the distinct margin. Seed com-

pressed.

Has. In wet boggy places: common. Flowers in May.

Orns. ‘There is some contradiction in the description of this

plant by Willdenow, Schkuhr and Muhlenberg, principal-

ly owing to the ease with which, both in a living state and

in dried specimens, certain parts of the fructification are

lost. Still it is a species easily recognised when once

known.

14. Carex retrofleca, Muhlenberg.

C. spiculis subquaternis, subapproximatis, ovatis, infima bre-

vi-bracteata ; fructibus ovato-lanceolatis, bidentatis, mar-

gine glabris, reflexo-patentibus, glumis ovatis acutis

subzequalibus.

C. retroflexa, Schk. car. ii. p. 11. t. Kkk. f. 140. bona.

Willd. spec. iv. p. 235. Pursh fl. i. p. 35. Mull. gram.

p- 219. Dewey 1. c. viit p. 271. Elliott sk. ii. p. 528,

302 Monograph of North American Carices.

€ulm 6 inches to a foot or more in height, nearly hexangular, (i. €. trian-

gular, with an elevation on each side) smooth and leafy below, scabrous

above. Leaves mostly radical, shorter than the culm, linear, narrow,

pale green, the exterior ones abbreviate and brownish; sheaths marces-

cent, mucronate. Spikes 3—4—5 (sometimes 9 Muhl.) the upper ones

crowded and subconfluent, the lowest rather distant, few-flowered : sterile

florets about 2,deciduous. Glumes ovate, sometimes oblong-lanceolate,

mucronate, usually a very little shorter than the fruit, brownish, with a

green midrib. At the base of the lowest spikelet the glume is produced

into a setaceous bractea, which is often half an inch or more in length,

but very deciduous. Fruit obscurely triangular with a short bifid neck,

margin rounded and quite smooth, when mature retroflexed or very di-

vergent. Seed smooth, compressed, brown.

Hac. In grassy woods and meadow margins; rather com-

mon in the northern States.

Oss. Allied to C. rosea, of which it has been suspected to

be a small variety. It is distinguished, however, by the

scale of the fruit, which is ovate, obtuse, and about half

the length of the C. rosea. In that species the spikes are

much larger and more distant, and the margin of the fruit

is scabrous.

15. Carex rosea, Schkuhr,

C. spiculis 4-6, remotis, subnovemfloris ; bractea setacea

sub infima spicam superante; fructibus ovatis, acuminatis,

divergento-radiatis; margine scabris, distinctis; glumis

ovatis, obtusis, fructu duplo-brevioribus.

C. rosea, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 238. Schk. car. il. p. 15. t.

Zi. f. 179. opt. Pursh fl. i. p. 36. Muhl. gram. p. 233.

Elliott sk. i. p. 531. |

Culm usually about a foot high, sometimes much lower, and occasionally

two feet long when it is decumbent, triquetrous, with two of the sides

elevated into ridges, naked, or only leafy below. eaves" linear,

very narrow, equalling the culm except when the plant is unusually

tall; the lower marcescent sheaths leafless. Spikelets 3—4—5—6, the

lower ones nearly an inch remote from each other, the two upper closely

Monograph of North American Carices. 303

approximate, each containing at least 9, and frequently 12 florets, of

which but one or two at the summit are sterile and deciduous. At the

base of the lowest spike is a setaceous bractea overtopping the culm.

Also another shorter beneath the next spike. Glumes generally only

about half the length of the fruit, obtuse. Fruit ovate or oblong-lanceo-

Jate, flat, and a little concave on the inner side, with a very distinct

acute margin, which is ciliate-scabrous under a lens,

Haz. In moist woods and along the margin of wet meadows ;

rather common. Flowers in May. Grows in dense tufts.

Oxzs. Sterile florets rarely seen, except in the flowering state.

Spikes yellowish green.

16. Carex disperma, Dewey.

C. spiculis subternis, remotiusculis subbifloris, erectiusculis,

infima bracteata; fructibus ovatis, obtusiusculis, nervosis,

plano-convexis, glabris, scabro-marginatis, ore integro

gluma ovata obtusa submucronata duplo longioribus.

C. disperma, Dewey |. c. viii. p. 266. t. 1. f. 3.

Culm 6—12, slender, triquetrous, scabrous above, leafy below. Leaves

chiefly proceeding from numerous annotinous shoots, rather shorter than

theculm. Spikes rarely more than 3, sometimes 2 or 4, rather distant,

mostly with 2 fertile flowers, (sometimes one or three flowered) and a

sterile floret between and above them; the lowest, sometimes the two

lower, supported by an ovate bractea often ending in a long slender point.

Staminiferous glume lanceolate, white; pistilliferous ovate, acute or

cuspidate. Fruit ovate, slightly acuminate, but not acute when mature,

much longer than the glume, with a distinct acute scabrous margin,

spreading a little, but not divaricate.

Has. In wet mountain woods; Massachusetts, particularly

in Williamstown. Dewey. Flowers in May and June.

Ozs. 1. When the spikelets are one-flowered, the barren floret

is lateral. 2. This species is nearly allied to C. loliacea,

L. (Schk. car. t. Pp. f. 104.) but differs in having the

sterile flowers superior. It still more resembles C. gracilis,

Schk. car. t. E. f. 24. which Schkuhr considers but a

variety of the preceding.

304 Monograph of North American Carices.

17. Carex Muhlenbergu, Schkuhr.

C. spiculis alternis subquinis, ovatis, conferto-approximatis,

basi bracteatis ; fructibus lato-ovatis, compressis, nervosis,

bifidis, subdivergentibus, margine scabris, gluma ovata

mucronata paulo brevioribus.

C. Mublenbergii, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 231. Schk. car. t. Yyy-

f.178. (opt.) Pursh fl. i. p. 36. Muhl. gram. p. 221.

Dewey 1. c. viii. p. 265. Elhott sk. i. p. 529.

‘ulm 1—2 feet high, firm and thicker than is usual in this genus, triangu-

lar with the sides a little convex, scabrous on the angles above, smooth

and leafy below. Leaves broad-linear, about as long as the culm, smooth,

with the exception of a slight roughness on the margin. Spikes 5—7,

the uppermost one often almost entirely composed of sterile florets,

sometimes so closely approximate as to form a kind of head. At the

base of each (except of the uppermost) is an ovate bractea, terminating

in a scabrous awn longer than the spike. Sterile glumes lanceolate, acu-

minate; fertile ovate, long-mucronate, subciliate. Fruit much com-

pressed, somewhat concavo-convex, minutely ciliate on the distinct mar-

gin, bidentate, nerved, at length diverging.

Has. Along borders of rocky woods, generally in moun-

tainous districts; abundant in the highlands of New-York,

growing in company with C. cephalophora. It has not

occurred to me at Salem, but Mr. Elliott has recorded it

as a southern species. Flowers in the middle of May.

Ozs. Allied to C. cephalophora, but the spikes never form

so distinct a head, and it differs essentially in the fruit and

glumes. ‘The whole plant is dark green.

18. Carex stipata, Muhlenberg.

>. spica composita, oblonga; spiculis plurimis (10—15) ob-

longis aggregatis, bracteatis ; bracteis spiculz paulo lon-

gioribus ; fructibus lanceolatis, inferne subteretibus, gla-

brisve, patentibus, apice bidentatis, scabris, glumis duplo

longioribus.

Monograph of North American Carices. 305

€. stipata, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 233. Schk. car. t. Hbh. f.

132. Pursh fl. i. p. 35. Muhl. gram. p. 220. Dewey car.

1. c. vii. p. 271. Elliott sk. ii. p. 529.

C. vulpinoidea, Mich. fl. ii. p. 169.

Culm 1—3 feet high, rather thick and succulent, triquetrous, smooth,

except on the edges which are scabrous, leafy aboye. Leaves usually

shorter than the culm, (longer when young) broad-linear ; sheaths trans-

versely veined. Spike formed of numerous crowded and aggregated

spikelets, the lower ones diverging. At the base of each is usually a

subulate bractea, shorter than the spikelet. Glumes lanceolate, acumi-

nate, carinate, scabrous, shorter than the fruit. Fruit oblong-lanceo-

late, ending in a long bifid apex, which is scabrous and marked by pretty

strong nerves.

Has. In wet meadows and swamps; common throughout

the United States. Flowers in the end of April.

Oss. Nearly allied to C. vulpina of Europe, but differs in

its less compound spike, &c.

19. Carex sparganoides, Muhlenberg.

€. spiculis suboctonis, multifloris, supremis approximatis,

infimis subdistantibus, bracteatis; fructibus ovatis, com-

pressis, acuminatis, bifidis, divergentibus, margine scabris,

gluma ovata mucronata duplo longioribus.

C. sparganioides, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 237. Schk. car. Lil. t.

140. (opt.) Pursh fl. ii. p. 36. Muhl. gram. p. 233. Dewey

ear. |. c. viii. p. 265. Elliott sk. ii. p. 531.

Culm about 2 feet high, triquetrous, scabrous, leafy below, fistulous.

Leaves broad-linear, generally exceeding the culm; sheaths white.

Spikes numerous, (S—10) clustered above, 2—4 of the lowest rathe:

remote, with ovate scabrous bractea at the base. Sterile florets few.

Glumes ovate, mucronate, yellowish green. Frwt much compressed

above, horizontal, and often a little reflexed, not nerved, yellowish when

mature, distinctly bidentate, minutely ciliate on the margin.

Has. In marshy meadows; not common, but found in most

parts of the United States. Flowers about the end of

May.

3 06 Monograph of North American Carices.

Oss. In Schkuhr’s figure, the bracteze at the base of thie

spikelets are altogether omitted.

20. Carex floridana.*

C. spiculis (3—~4), aggregatis, confertis, bracteatis ; fructibus

subtriquetro-compressis, longe-acuminatis, suberectis, ob-

solete marginatis, antrorsum undique ciliato-pilosis.

Culm cespitose, triquetrous, subfiliform, about six inches high, shorter than

the leaves, scabrous, deeply striate. Leaves very long, rigid, canalicu-

late, mostly recurved, scabrous on the margin. Spikelets aggregated

into an ovate head, the lowest one sometimes a little remote, and furnish-

ed with a long rigid bractea, all androgynous, but the uppermost one

consisting mostly of sterile florets. Glumes lanceolate or ovate,

obtuse or mucronate, whitish, with a green keel. Fruit obscurely tri-

angular, almost rostrate, hairy towards the summit, Stigmas always

two.

Has. In the sands of East Florida. Communicated by

Capt. Le Conte of the U. S. Army. :

Oss. This appears to be a very distinct species, but is evi-

dently allied to C. Muhlenbergu and C. sparganiordes.

21. Carex multiflora, Muhlenberg.

lis conglomeratis, ovato-oblongis, obtusis ; fructibus ovatis,

acuminatis, compressis, confertis, bifidis, trinervosis, mar-

gine ciliato-serrulatis, divergentibus, gluma ovato-cuspi-

data paulo minoribus.

C. multiflora, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 243. Schk. car. Lil. f.

144. (pl. jun.) Pursh fl. i, p. 36. Muhl. gram. p. 222.

Dewey car. |. c. ix. p. 60. Elliott sk. ii. p. 530.

C. microsperma, Wahl. act. Holm. 1803. No. 30. Rees’s

Cyclop. No. 54.

C. bracteosa, Schw. anal. tab. car. 1. c.

Culm about two feet high, leafy at the base, where it is obtusely triangular

and scabrous above. Leaves broad-linear, canaliculate, longer than the

culm, narrowing very gradually; sheaths truncate, and striped trans-

Monograph of North American Carices. 307

versely. Spike decompound and somewhat paniculate, formed of nu-

merous small spikelets, which are clustered into 8—10—12 longer spike-

lets a little separate from each other, either appressed to the rachis, or

somewhat diverging. At the base of each is a long filiform foliaceous

bractea rigidly diverging at first, but at length contorted. Sterile glumes

lanceolate, with a short point; fertile ovate, with a longer serrulate

point, both carinate. Fruit diverging considerably, distinctly 3 nerved,

yellowish when mature.

Has. In wet meadows; common. Flowers in May.

Oss. A variable species as to size and appearance. When

very tall, with flexuous filiform foliaceous bractez, it is

C. bracteosa of the Analytical Table. According to Dr.

Torrey, C. polymorpha of the same table is also a variety

or diseased state of the plant, in which the culm is simple,

or divided into several filiform branches, each bearing~

spikes mixed with numerous long infertile scales.

22. Carex setacea, Dewey.

C. spica oblong, decomposita, bracteata ; spiculis glomeratis,

ovatis, obtusis, fructibus ovatis, acuminatis, compressis,

bifidis, subdivergentibus, gluma ovato-lanceolata aristata,

subzequalibus.

C. setacea, Dewey car. 1. c. ix. p. 61. t. 2. f. 5. mala.

Culm 18—30 inches high, acutely triangular, very scabrous above, furrow -

ed and striate on the sides, leafy. Leaves linear, 3 lines broad, canal-

iculate, striate, nearly as long as the culm; exterior ones shorter;

sheaths smooth, striate, white and membranaceous on the side of the sti-

pule; stipule ovate, acute. Spike decompound, 2 inches long; often

diecious or polygamous) spikelets numerous, aggregated into several

approximate spikes, ovate-cylindric, obtuse, becoming tawny, all brac-

teate. Bractew rather long and narrow, scabrous under the spikelets,

and giving to the whole spike a bristly appearance. Glumes tawny,

green on the keel, with the awn about the length of the fruit. Fruit

slightly plano-convex, often indistinctly 3—5 nerved, scabrous on the

margin, growing yellow, rather loose and somewhat diverging.

808 Monograph of North American Carices.

Has. In wet upland pastures, with C. multiflora and C.

stypata; Massachusetts. Dewey. Flowers in June and

July, ripens its fruit in August.

Oss. This species is adopted from Professor Dewey’s Cari-

cography, it not having come under our observation. It is

said to be intermediate between the two species just men-

tioned ; its culm and leaves much resembling the latter, as

well as its fruit, except that it is much more compressed; and

approaching the former in its decompound spike and ag-

gregation of spikelets. Its fruit, moreover, is described as

less ovate, longer and more compressed than in C. multi-

flora.

23. Carex paniculata, Lin.

C. spica decomposita, paniculata, interrupta; ramis alternis,

remotiusculis; fructibus ovatis, acuminatis, patentibus,

superne marginatis, serrulatis, bifidis.

C. paniculata, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 244. Pursh fl.i. p. 36.

Muhl. gram. p. 224.

Has. In wet meadows, Sussex county, New-Jersey. Mas-

sachusetts. Dewey.

Oss. This bemg an European species, no detailed descrip-

tion is given. Our specimens agree with those in our her-

barium from Sweden, Germany, and England, except that

the panicle is not so decompound in the North American

plant.

C. decomposita of Muhlenberg, (gram. p. 264.) seems to be

(by a specimen received from him, and by his herbarium)

very near C. paniculata of Europe.

14. Carex teretiuscula, Goodenough.

C. spica decomposita, vel paniculata, densa, subacuta (saepe

dioica, demum brunnea); spiculis brevi-bracteatis; fructibus

ovatis, acuminatis, basi subgibbosis, bidentatis, margini-

bus ciliato-serrulatis.

Monograph of North American Carices. 309

C. teretiuscula, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 244. Schk. ear. t. D. f,

19. & t. f. 69. Dewey car. 1. c. vii. p. 225

C. paniculata 8., Wahlenberg.

Has. In marshes and bog meadows; common in New-Eng-

land. Flowers in the end of May.

Oxzs. This species is also a native of Europe, and is con-

sidered by Wahlenberg as a variety of C. paniculata. The

spike, however, is far less compound, and the fruit and

scales become brownish black in age.

2. Three Stigmas.

25. Canex pedunculata, Muhlenberg.

C. spicis subquaternis, longe-pedunculatis, remotissimis;

fructibus obovatis, triquetris, obtusis, glabris, ore integris ;

glumis ovatis, mucronatis (purpureo-viridibus).

C. pedunculata, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 222. Schk. car. t. Ggg.

f. 131. opt. Pursh fl. i. p. 39. MuAl. gram. p. 232.

Culm triquetrous, filiform, purplish at the base, about six inches high, pro-

ducing one longer and one shorter peduncle, at the base of which there

is a lacerate elongated sheath or bractea; each peduncle terminated by

a single spikelet. Besides these there are a number of radical pedun-

cles or scapes proceeding from the root, rather shorter than the others.

Leaves all radical, much longer than the culm, spreading and usually

resting on the ground, flattened, but with the midrib prominent below,

abruptly acute, nerved, very dark green, scabrous on the margin,

tinged with purple at the base. Spikes subtriangular, 3—5 on one

plant. Glumes ovate or lanceolate, obtuse, mucronate, purplish and

green. Fruit subpedicellate, smooth, and without a rostrum; orifice

entire. Stigmas rarely 2.

Has. On rocky hill sides ; Canada to Pennsylvania. Flow-

ers about the beginning of May.

26. Carex ovata, Rudge.

C. spicis subquinis, pedunculatis, ovatis, pendulis; fructibus

obovatis, utrinque acutis, glumis ovatis, acutis, fructu

zequantibus.

310 Monograph of North American Carices.

C. ovata, Rudge Lin. Trans. viii. p. 96. t. g. f. i. Pursh fl.

i. p. 39. Rees’s Cyclop. No. 69.

Culm acute, triangular, angles acute, scabrous. Leaves erect, slender,

scabrous on the margin. Spikes 4—5, pedunculate; florets densely

imbricated. Glumes brown, as long as the fruit. Bractea at the base

of the peduncles subamplexicaul. Fruit ovate, compressed, acuminate,

cleft at the tip. Rudge.

Has. In Newfoundland. Rudge.

Oss. Of this species we have seen no specimens.

C. Summit pistilliferous.

1. Two stigmas.

27. Carex bicolor, Allioni.

C. spicis subquaternis, pedunculatis, terminalibus, erectis;

fructibus obovatis, obtusis; glumis ovatis, obtusis, (nigres-

centibus.) }

C. bicolor, All. fl. pedem. No. 2311. Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 222.

Schk. car. t. Aaaa. f. 181.

Has. In Labrador. About 6 inches high.

Ozs. My specimens which were collected by a Moravian

missionary, agree perfectly with Schkuhr’s figure and de-

scription, except that they are rather taller than the Euro-

pean plant is represented.

28. Carex Deweyana.*

C. spiculis subternis, sessilibus, laxis, duabus approximatis,

tertia distante, longe-bracteatis (excepta suprema) ; fructi-

bus oblongo-lanceolatis, subcompressis, longiuscule rostra-

tis, bifidis, glabris, rostro serrato-ciliato ; culmo flaccido.

C. Deweyana, Schw. an. tab. car. 1. c. Dewey 1. c. ix. p. 62.

te Site,

Culm 1—4 feet high, weak, slender and subprocumbent, triquetrous, with

the angles almost winged above and scabrous, leafy below. Small sepa-

rate filiform culms, not exceeding 2—3 inches in length, are intermixed

among the tuft of leaves with the rest, and otherwise resemble them.

Monograph of North American Carices. 311

Leaves mostly radical, narrow, flat, thin and smooth, shorter than

the culm; sheaths smooth, white on the side of the stipule. Spikelets

usually 3, sometimes 2 or 4, loose, 3—5-flowered; the two upper ones

approximate, the lowest distant about an inch from these, the culm be-

tween them somewhat flexuous, all bracteate except the highest ; bractece

subulate, the lowest longer than the culm, broad at the base. Glwmes

oblong-lanceolate, white and scarious, with a green keel, awned a little,

shorter than thé fruit. Fruit acuminate, beaked, subterete at the base.

Has. In moist rocky woods. Williamstown and elsewhere.

Dewey. Plainfield, Massachusetts Dr. Porter. Nor-

wich, Vermont. Barratt. Flowers in June.

Ozs. Fertile glumes a little variable in length and breadth.

The whole plant is of a yellowish green color.

29. Carex loliacea, Lin.

C. spiculis subquaternis, subdistantibus paucifloris; fructibus

ellipticis, obtusis, nervosis, compressis, erectis.

C. loliacea, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 237. Schk. car. t. Pp. f. 204.

(C. tenella) Wahl. act. hoim. 1803. p. 147. Richardson

app. Frank. nar. ed. 2. p. 35. No. 372.

Has. In the woody country of Arctic America. Dr. Rich-

ardson.

Ozs. It is very probable that this species will be found in

the mountainous parts of New-England. We have speci-

mens from the cedar swamp in New-Durham, N ew-Jersey,

which exactly resemble Schkuhr’s figure.

30. Carex trisperma, Dewey.

C. spiculis ternis, remotis, alternis, sessilibus, ovatis, suprema

ebracteata; fructibus oblongis, acutis, (vel brevi-rostratis)

ore integerrimis, multinervosis, apice subscabris, subdiver-

gentibus, gluma oblonga acuta hyalina longioribus.

C. trisperma, Dewey car. |. c. ix. p. 63. t. 3. f. 12.

Culm 18 inches to 2 feet high, slender, prostrate, filiform, triquetrous, re-

markably smooth, leafy below. Leaves very narrow, linear, shorter than

the culm; sheaths striate, smooth. Spikelets 3, with about two sterile

312 Monograph of North American Carices.

florets in the inferior part of each, ovate, remote, (often an inch apart)

mostly 3-flowered, but sometimes with 2 or 4 fertile florets; the 2 lower

spikelets supported by filiform scabrous bractez surpassing the culm in

length. Glumes (of the fruit) ovate or oblong, acute, white and hyaline,

with a green keel, about two-thirds as long as the fruit. Fruit oblong,

convex above, plane below, with numerous indistinct nerves, and a small

abrupt acumination, entire at the orifice.

Has. In sphagnous bogs, usually on mountains. Williams-

town and Deerfield, Massachusetts. Dewey. In wet

places on the summit of the White Mountains, New Hamp

shire. Dr. Barratt. Flowers in June.

Oss. 1. The color of the whole plant is pale green. 2. This

species is nearly allied to the preceding, but differs essen-

tially in the glume and fruit. From C, disperma it differs

in the position of the sterile florets, &c.

81. Carex arida*. t. xxiv. f. 2.

C. spiculis (magnis) octonis, subapproximatis, terminalibus,

siccis ; fructibus ellipticis compressis, alatis, medio teretibus,

utrinque acuminatis, apice apertis, bifidis; culmo foliato.

C. muskingumensis, Schw. an. tab. car. 1. c.

Culm 2—3 feet high, triquetous, furrowed, scabrous above, smoother below,

clothed with leaves at remarkably regular intervals, to about half its

height; the inferior sheaths purplish at the base. Leaves 4 lines or more

broad, very long, carinate, but flattened, attenuate to a point, dark green,

extremely rough on the margin; sheaths white and membranaceous

on the inner side. Spikelets very large, terminal, 8—9 in number, long-

elliptical and acuminate both ways, of a peculiarly dry and chaffy appear-

ance, each almost halfan inch long, approximate but not crowded, a little

diverging from the common rachis. G/umes ovate-lanceolate, dry and

cartilaginous, shorter and narrower than the fruit, closely imbricate, and

lacerately ciliate. The lowest sterile glume in each spikelet more or

less mucronate and sheathing at the base; in the lowest spikelet it is

elongated and appressed. Fruit proportionably small and thin, com-

pressed, compactly imbricate, elliptical, attenuate at each end, closely

rounded about the contained seed, very broadly winged; the winged

margin finely serrate towards the summit, which is divergingly bifid.

Monograph of North American Carices. 313

Has. In wet meadow margins, in Tuscarora county, Ohio,

near Muskingum river, in very censiderable quantity.

Flowers in June. |

Oxss. This species probably inhabits the western States ge-

nerally The dry scabrous whitish gray appearance of the

spikes forms a contrast with its dark green leaves and

culm. The name given in the Analytical Table (1. c.) has

been changed at the suggestion of a botanical friend.

Carex lagopodivides, Schkuhr.

C. spiculis subduodenis, (10—16) ellipticis, confertis bractea

sub-infima culmo superante ; fructibus lanceolatis, acumi-

natis, erectis, bicuspidatis, angusto-marginatis, margine

ciliato-serrulatis, gluma ovato-lanceolata duplo longiori-

bus.

C. lagopodioides, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 230. Schk. car. t. Yyy.

f. 177. (opt.) Pursh fl. i. p. 37. Muhl. gram. p. 226.

Dewey car. 1. c. viii. p. 95. Elliott sk. ii. p. 523.

C. tribuloides, Wahl. (secund MuAl.)

C. Richardi, Mich. fl. ii. p. 170.

Culm erect 1—2 feet (sometimes more) in height, triangular, scabrous

above, leafy to half its height, much furrowed. Leaves longer than the

culm, erect, pale green, 2—3 lines broad. Spikelets usually about 12,

sometimes fewer and occasionally as many as 20, sessile, ovate, of an

elongated form when young, and appearing subcylindrical; under the

lowest is usually a very long foliaceous bractea. Glumes lanceolate, -

earinate, not mucronate, a little more than half the length of the fruit.

Fruit long-lanceolate, erect, bifid nerved, slightly margined.

Haz. In the borders of ponds; not common. Flowers in

May.

Oss. The whole plant is of a pale green color.

33. Carex scoparia, Schkuhr.

C. spiculis subquinis (5—7) ovatis, sessilibus, approximatis

ageregatis, infima bracteata, bractea decidua; fructibus

314 Monograph of North American Carices.

ovato-lanceolatis, marginatis, nervosis, glabris, bicuspida-

tis, glumis Janceolatis, acuminatis, longioribus.

C. scoparia, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 230. Schk. car. t. Xxx. f.

175. (opt.) Pursh fl. i. p. 37. excl. syn. Muhl. gram. p.

227. Dewey car. 1. ¢. viii. p. 94. Elliott sk. ii, p. 535.

C. leporina, Mich. fl. ii. 170.

Culm 1—2 feet high, triquetrous, scabrous above, leafy only below, longer

than the leaves. Leaves long and narrow. Spikelets 5—8 (sometimes

10) ovate, when mature obtuse, approximate at the extremity of the

culm, which is usually a little nodding, the two lowest are furnished with

short deciduous bracts at the base. Glumes lanceolate, acuminate,

carinate, brownish, with a green midrib. Fruit tawny when mature,

ovate-lanceolate, with a long acumination, distinctly margined but not

winged, about 9 nerved.

Has. In wet meadows and swamps: common. Flowers in

May.

Ozs. Allied to C. straminea, but differs in its fruit, being

much narrower and not winged. It is remarkable for the

pale reddish brown appearance of its spikes when in fruit.

It is very distinct from C. ovalis or C. leporina.

34. Carex straminea, Willdenow.

C. spiculis subquinis (4—7) subrotundis, approximatis, brevi-

bracteatis ; fructibus subrotundo-ovatis, rostratis, compres-

sis, lato-alatis, bidentatis, ciliato-serratis, gluma lanceolata

longioribus.

C. straminea, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p.. 242. Wahl. act. holm. 1803.

p- 145. Schk. car. t. Xxx. f. 147. Muhl. gram. p. 229.

Dewey car. 1. c. vii. p. 276.

Culm about 8—12 inches or more in height, straight and erect, leafy, tri-

quetrous, slightly scabrous. Leaves linear, erect, shorter than the culm;

inferior ones abbreviate. Spikelets usually about 5, sometimes 4 and

even 3, closely approximate at the summit of the culm, the base of each

furnished with a broad ovate bractea, which is brownish green, ribbed,

and in the lowest about the length of the spikelet. Glumes slightly mu-

eronate. Frwit very broad, ovate, abruptly acuminate, the margin

Monograph of North American Carvces. 315

dilated into wings ou each side, considerably divergent whenripe. Seed

suborbicular, compressed punctate, much smaller than its envelope.

Has. In wet meadows and swamps, not so common as the

preceding species. Flowers in May.

Ozs. This species, which has been so often confounded with

the preceding, is easily distinguished from it, by attending

to the diagnostic character we have given ; particularly its

broad-winged fruit. The spikelets are nearly globose, and

of a yellowish color when mature.

35. Carex fenea, Muhlenberg.

C. spiculis pluribus (8—10,) compositis, inferioribus distinctis,

superioribus confluentibus ; fructibus ovatis, acuminatis,

alatis, bidentatis, glumis ovatis paulo longioribus.

C. foenea, Muhl. gram. p. 227. Elliott sk. ii. p. 533.

Culm about 2 feet high, obtusely triangular, scabrous near the summit, un-

usually thick, furrowed, leafy to the middle. Leaves 3-4 lines broad,

scabrous on the margin, shorter than the culm. Spikes numerous sub-

globose ; the lower always (and sometimes the others,) disposed in fasci-

cles of 3-4-5 spikelets; upper ones alternate and approximate; at the

base of the lowest fascicle, which is somewhat remote from the rest, is a

long foliaceous bractea, diverging almost horizontally. Glumes lanceo-

late, not pointed, ribbed, membranaceous, lacerately ciliate on the

margin, shorter than the fruit. F'ruit oyate-lanceolate, distinctly winged,

strongly ciliate on the margin; apex bifid, but not opening.

Has. Marshy grounds near Germanton, Stokes County,

North-Carolina. in Pennsylvania, Muhlenberg. Flowers

late in the season.

Oxs. This species is nearly related to C. lagopodioides.

36. Carex cristata* t. xxv. fig. 1.

C. spiculis pluribus, (8-15) in pseudo-capitulum aggregatis ;

fructibus ovato-lanceolatis, alatis, divergentibus, margine

grosse serratis,

316 Monograph of North American Carices.

Culm 2 feet or more in height, triquetrous and very scabrous above, leafy

chiefly below the middle, much furrowed. Leaves several lines in

breadth, scabrous on the margin, shorter than the culm. Spikes 8 to

12, (sometimes more) crowded into an ovate head, so that the form of

each cannot be distinguished when ripe ; the pseudo-capitulum exhibiting

acristate appearance. At the dase of the spikelets are short subulate

bractz. G/umes ovate-lanceolate, brown, shorter than the fruit. Fruit

acuminate, distinctly winged, strongly serrato-ciliate, divergingly bifid,

regularly and distantly striate, diverging; but not horizontal.

Has. In wet bushy places, Massachusetts to Pennsylvania ;

not uncommon.. Flowers in the beginning of June.

Oss. This species is nearly related to C. st-aminea, with

which it is confounded in Muhlenberg’s herbarium. It is

easily distinguished by its compact head of spikelets and

diverging fruit. Sometimes it occurs four feet in height.

37. Carex festucacea, Schkuhr.

C. spiculis obovatis, (5-8) sub-approximatis, bracteatis ;

fructibus subrotundo-ovatis, rostratis, bidentatis, alatis,

margine ciliato-serratis, gluma ovato-lanceolata longi-

oribus.

C. festucacea, Willd. sp. pl. iv. 242. Schk. car. t. Mmm. f.

173. Pursh fl. i. p. 38. Mul. gram. p. 249. Dewey

car. |. c. vill. p. 96. Elliott sk. ii. p. 537.

Culm about two and a half feet high, triangular, leafy, sometimes decum-

bent, curved at the summit when the fruit is ripe. eaves narrow, °

spreading, shorter than the culm. Spikelets usually about 6, but occa-

sionally 9 or even 12, sometimes rather distant, at first cylindrical-

oblong, but at length obovate, or somewhat clavate, the base being con-

tracted and composed of closely appressed sterile glumes: when fully

ripe they are nearly globose. Glumes whitish, acute, shorter than the

fruit, with a narrow green keel. Fruit broadly ovate, plano-convex,

acuminated into a short beak; margin distinctly, but not broadly winged,

ciliato-serrulate.

Has. In meadows and in dry rocky woods, common through-

out the United States. Flowers in May.

Monograph of North American Carices. 317

Oss. This species is nearly allied to C. scoparia, and to C.

straminea, especially to the latter. From the former it is

distinguished by its less acute and more distant spikes, and

its broader fruit, which, moreover, never becomes tawny,

as in C. scoparia.

C. straminea differs strikingly in its very broad-winged fruit.

When growing in woods the spikes are silvery white, but

in meadows of a pale greenish color.

38. Carex stellulata, Goodenough.

C. spiculis 3-4, remotiusculis, superiori basi attenuata,

ceteris ovatis ; fructibus plano-convexis, patentibus, dein

reflexis, ovatis breviacuminatis, margine scabris.

C. stellulata, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 236. Schk. car. t.C. f. 14.

Culm 8-18 inches high, slender. Leaves longer than the culm, chiefly

radical. Spikelets mostly 4, the lowest sometimes furnished with a long

foliaceous bractea, the upper one much attenuated by the sterile glumes :

the rest cylindrical-oblong when young, but at length ovate or roundish.

Gilumes ovate, rather obtuse, two-thirds the length of the fruit, green.

Fruit broad-ovate, when fully ripe almost cordate at the base, with a

short abrupt acumination ; margin distinct, but net winged; apex nearly

entire.

Has. Wet places, especially along woods. New-York to

Carolina. Flowers in May.

Oss. The North American plant appears to be altogether

identical with the European.

39. Carex scirpoides, Schkuhr.

C. spiculis quaternis, ovatis, obtusis, approximatis, suprema

clavata; fructibus ovatis, bidentatis, plano-convexis, erecto-

patulis (nec reflexis,) bidentatis, basi subcordatis, margine

ciliato-serrulatis, gluma ovata obtusa longioribus.

C. scirpoides, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 237. Schk. car. t. Zaz.

f. 180. Pursh fl.i.p. 37. Aluhl. gram. p. 225. Dewey

car. |. c. viii. p. 96. Elhott sk. ii. p. 532.

C. triceps, Mich. fl. ii. p. 170.

318 Monograph of North American Carices.

Culm 6-12 inches high, triquetrous and subscabrous above, rather terete

below, strictly erect, leafy only at the base. Leaves very narrow, erect,

shorter than the culm, pale green. Spikes mostly 4, sometimes 3 or 5;

at first cylindrical-oblong, but ovate when mature, the uppermost one

furnished with numerous sterile scales at the base, which eive it a club-

shaped appearance ; the lower often with a long bractea at the base.

Glumes lanceolate, rather obtuse. Fruit broad-ovate, erect or spreading

horizontally, subcordate, nerved, slightly bifid, scabrous on the margin.

Has. In wet meadows and woods; common. Flowers in

May.

Oss. This species is nearly allied to the preceding, and per-

haps is scarcely distinct. It is usually smaller in all its

parts, and the fruit only spreading ; not reflexed. But it

must be confessed, that these characters are by no means

constant.

40. Carex curta, Goodenough.

C. spiculis subsenis, subremotis, subcylindrico-ovatis ; tumi-

dis, sessilibus ; fructibus brevi-ovatis, plano-convexis, acu-

tiusculis, ore integris, erectis.

C. curta, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 241. Schk. car. t. C. f. 18.

Pursh fl. i. p. 37. Muhl. gram. p. 232. Dewey car. 1. c.

vill. p. 93.

C. canescens, LE. Wahl. act. holm. 1803. p. 148.

Culm about 2 feet high, nodding at the summit when the spikes are ma-

ture, leafy, triquetrous. Leaves narrow, about as long as the culm.

Spikelets 5-6, the two or three uppermost ones closely approximate, the

rest half an inch or more distant, when young sub-cylindric, but at length

obovate, the lowest furnished at the base with a short setaceous bractea.

Glumes ovate, whitish, acute, with a green keel, rather shorter than the

fruit. Fruit ovate, with a very short point, very convex on the exterior

side, slightly margined ; orifice appearing minutely’ bidentate under the

lens.

Has. In wet grassy places; common. Canada to New-

York. Flowers in the middle of May.

Monograph of North American Carices. 319

Oss. The spikes, when mature, are usually of a greenish

colour ; sometimes they are silvery white, in which state

the plant appears to be C. canescens of Linnzeus and Smith.

41. Carex tenera, Dewey.

C. spicis subquinis, obovatis, remotiusculis, sessilibus, inferne

attenuatis, infima bracteata; fructibus ovatis, compressis,

rostratis, subulatis, nervosis, ciliato-serratis, gluma oblongo-

lanceolata majoribus.

C. tenera, Dewey car. 1. c. viii. p. 97. & ix. t. 3. f. 9. mala.

Culm 15-30 inches high, slender, somewhat five-sided, leafy towards the

base, with a slender flexuous rachis. eaves much shorter than the

culm. Spikelets 3-5, somewhat clavate and lengthened below, of a

brownish colour, distant from each other about their length; the whole

nodding. Fertile glumes about two-thirds the length of the fruit, and

tawney. Dewey.

Has. In moist meadows ; Massachusetts. Flowers in May.

Ozs. This species is adopted from Professor Dewey’s Cari-

cography. We have no specimens of it from its discoverer,

but a Carex agreeing in almost every respect with the

above description, is rather common in the Highlands of

New-York. According to Professor Dewey, it resembles

C. scoparia, but differs essentially in the form of its fruit.

42. Carex remota, Lin.

C. spiculis alternis, remotis ; bracteis foliaceis, longissimis,

suffultis ; fructibus ovatis, acuminatis, bifidis, compressius-

culis.

C. remota, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 239. Schk. car. t. E. f. 23.

Richard. app. Frank. nar. ed. 2. p. 35.

Has. In the woody region of Arctic America. Dr. Richard-

son.

Ors. We have seen no American specimens of this Carex.

320 Monograph of North American Carices.

2. Three stigmas.

43. Carex atrata, Lin.

C. spicis androgynis, ternis, pedunculatis, confertis, fructiferis

subpendulis, (nigris ;) fructibus subrotundo-ovatis, breviter

rostratis, bidentatis.

C. atrata, L. Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 221. Schk. car. X. f. 77.

Haz. On the Rocky Mountains, near the snowy region. Dr.

James. On the White Hills of New-Hampshire. Nuttall.

Oss. This species is also a native of the north of Europe.

Our American specimens, which were collected by Dr.

James, in Long’s Expedition, agree exactly with C. atrata

from Sweden.

44. Carex media, R. Brown.

C. spicis androgynis, ternis, brevissime pedunculatis, sessili-

busve, approximatis ; fructibus ovatis, rostellatis, glaberri-

mis, gluma ovata obtusiuscula longioribus.

C. media, R. Brown in Richard. app. Frank. nar. ed. 2. p.

35.

Has. In the woody region of Arctic America. Dr. Richard-

son.

Oss. Allied to C. bicolor. R. Brown.

tt. Terminal spike androgynous, the rest pistilliferous ; stig-

mas 3.

45. Carex viridula, Michaux.

C. spicula terminali, androgyna, inferne mascula, ovata,

-brevi, crassa, ceteris (2) fructiferis, arctes essilibus, brevibus,

crassiusculis ; fructibus glabris, ovato-triquetris, valde ner-

vosis, muticis ; glumis lanceolatis, mucronatis, fructu lon-

gioribus.

C. viridula, Mich. fl. ii. p. 170.

C. triceps, Elliott sk. ii. p. 538.

Monograph of North American Carices. 321

Culm about 8 inches high, erect, of a rigid habit, triquetrous, scabrous

above, leafy and tinged with purple below. Leaves erect, canaliculate,

longer than the culm, scabrous, much furrowed, hispid below; outer

ones abbreviate. Spikes 3, clustered; terminal one androgynous, sterile

at the base, which is abruptly attenuate downward; upper part thick ;

lowest spike with a long leafy bractea at the base. Glumes projecting

beyond the fruit, lanceolate, mucronate. Fruit subovate, obtusely

triangular, not pubescent, with prominent whitish veins, green, rather

obtuse.

Has. Along the roads, in the pine forests of North Carolina,

near Greensborough, Guildford County. June.

Oss. Grows in patches. This species is intermediate be-

tween C. hirsuta and virescens. Perhaps it is but a variety

of the former.

46. Carex virescens, Muhlenberg.

C. spiculis ternis, oblongis, erectis ; suprema pedunculata,

inferne staminifera ; ceteris fructiferis, subsessilibus, bracte-

atis ; fructibus ovatis, obtusis, costatis, pubescentibus.

C. virescens, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 251. Schk. car. t- Mmm.

f.147. Pursh fl.i.p.39. Muhl. gram. p. 233. Dewey

car, |. c. ix. p. 259.

Culm 12-24 inches high, erect, slender, triangular, leafy. Leaves narrow,

erect, longer than the culm, scabrous on the margin, striate and con-

siderably pubescent: sheaths villous, the exterior ones often purplish at

the base. Spikes very generally 3, all approximate; the terminal one

androgynous; the rest fertile, nearly sessile, bracteate at the base.

The androgynous spike is linear below, cylindrical above. Sterile

glumes ovate, acuminate, white and pale brown, subciliate at the apex ;

Jertile glumes ovate, mucronate, whitish, the carina scabrous and pro-

jecting, shorter than the fruit. Fruié ovate, when fully ripe obtuse, or

with an obscure point, compressed on the inner side, turgid on the outer,

distinctly nerved, strigosely pubescent, generally longer, but sometimes

a little shorter than the glume.

Has. In dry woods and on hill sides; rarely in wet situa-

tions. Canada to North Carolina. Flowers about the

end of May.

322 Monograph of North American Carices.

Ozs. The leaves are sometimes almost smooth. Color of

the whole plant dull green.

B. costata: spiculis majoribus, fructibus valde costatis, va-

ginis exterioribus atropurpureis.

C. virescens 8. costata, Dewey car. 1. c.

C. ecostata, Schw. anal. tab. car. 1. c.

Has. On rocky hills. Flowers in the beginning of June.

Oss. This variety is pretty constantly much taller, and larger

in all its parts than the ordinary C. virescens ; it does not,

however, on re-examination, appear to be a distinct species.

47. Carex hirsuta, Willdenow.

C. spicis ternis, ovato-cblongis, erectis, suprema brevi-pe-

dunculata, ceteris ovatis, subsessilibus, bracteatis, omnibus

approximatis, densifloris; fructibus subrotundo-ovatis,

nervosis, obtusis, ore integris, glabris, gluma ovata acumi-

nata longioribus ; foliis vaginisque pubescentibus.

C. hirsuta, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 252. Schk. car. t. Www. f.

172 Pursh fl. i. p. 40. Dewey car. 1. c. ix. p. 260. Elliot

sk. i. p. 538.

Culm 12—18 inches high, erect, triquetrous, scabrous, leafy. Leaves about

a line and a half broad, longer than the culm, generally as well as the

sheaths, strigosely pubescent, but sometimes nearly smooth; exterior

ones purplish at the base. Spikes 3, very rarely 4; terminal one attenu-

ate at the base by the decurrent sterile glumes, thus giving it a peduncu-

late appearance; the others on very short peduncles, each with a folia-

ceous bractea at the base. Glumes acuminate, mucronate. Fruit

obscurely triangular, prominently veined, pubescent when young, but

perfectly smooth when mature.

Has. On moist rocky hill sides and in meadows. Canada to

Georgia. Flowers about the end of May. :

Oss. This species strongly resembles C. virescens, but it dif-

fers in its shorter and thicker spikes, and in the fruit being

quite smooth when mature.

Monograph of North American Carices. $23

8. pedunculata: spiculis oblongo-cylindricis, pedunculatis ;

foliis vix pubescentibus.

Has. In meadows, growing with C. digitalis and the ordinary

variety of C. hirsuta. Philipstown, Highlands of New-

York; rare. Dr. Barratt.

Oss. This plant might be taken for a distinct species, were it

not carefully examined in a living state... Its spikelets are

three fourths of an inch long, slender, and supported by

peduncles half an inch in length. The leaves are only

slightly pubescent under a high magnifier.

48. Carex Buxbaumi, Wahlenberg.

C. spiculis subquaternis, obovatis, subremotis, suprema an-

drogyna, pedunculata, czeteris fertilibus, sessilibus, longissi-

me bracteatis ; fructibus ovatis, obtusis, compressiusculis,

ore subintegris, gluma ovata acuminata (fusca) breviori-

bus.

C. Buxbaumii, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 252. Pursh fl. i. p. 40.

Muhl. gram. p. 325. Elliott sk. i. p. 539.

C. polygama, Schk. car. t. X. & Gg. f. 76.

Culm about two feet high, triquetrous, smoothish, leafy below. Leaves

shorter than the culm, smooth. Spikes usually 4, rather remote, espe-

cially the lowest one, which is furnished with a foliaceous bractea over-

topping the culm; the other spikes with shorter bractee, the uppermost

androgynous, sterile at the base, rarely entirely sterile. Glumes ovate,

cuspidate, dark brown, as well as the base of the bractex ; keel green,

longer than the fruit. Fruit smooth, pale green, obscurely nerved.

Has. In sphagnous swamps. Litchfield, Connecticut. Mr.

Brace. Near New-Haven. Mr. Leavenworth. Plainfield,

Massachusetts. Dr. Porter. In Pennsylvania. Muhlen-

berg. Flowers in June.

Oss. Our plant appears to differ in no respect from the

European C. Buxbaumit, of which we have good Swedish

and German specimens.

324 Monograph of North American Carices.

49. Carex digitalis, Muhlenberg. t. xxvi. f. 1.

C. spicis subquaternis, distantibus, gracilis, pedunculatis,

sublaxifloris, cernuis, suprema androgyna apice fructifera,

ceteris omnibus fertilibus; fructibus oblongis, subtrique-

tris, obtusis, glabris, gluma oblonga mucronata longiori-

bus.

C. digitalis, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 298. Pursh fl. i. p. 44.

Muhl. gram. p. 255. Elliott sk. ii. p. 551.

C. gracillima, Schw. an. tab. car. |. c. Dewey car. viii. p. 98.

Culm a foot and a half high, slender, but erect, (rarely declining) growing

separately or in clusters, subtriangular, leafy below, scabrous above,

deeply striate. Leaves about two lines broad, shorter than the culm;

lower ones abbreviate, with the sheaths purplish at the base. Spikes

very generally 4, linear and filiform, an inch and a half or more in

length; terminal one on a filiform peduncle, the upper fourth part

fertile, or sometimes entirely sterile: fertile spikes 15—20-flowered ;

florets rather distinctly imbricate. Glumes of the sterile florets closely

imbricate, ovate-lanceolate, acute, white with the keel green; of the

fertile florets ovate, ending in an abrupt point or short bristle, about

half as long as the fruit. Fruit when mature subovate, very obtuse,

with a minute oblique orifice, slightly nerved.

Has. In wet meadows, particularly in mountainous districts ;

New-England to Pennsylvania; common. Flowers in

May.

Oss. The whole plant is smooth and pale green. The ter-

minal spike very commonly bears a few fertile florets at the

extremity, which is a circumstance not noticed by Willde-

now or Muhlenberg, and induced us to consider this plant

a distinct species, especially as we have a Carex from

Cherokee, which more exactly agrees with Willdenow’s

description ; but as his plant was a native of Pennsylva-

nia, and does not differ essentially, by the description, from

ours, we suppose they are identical.

Monograph of North American Carices. 326

50. Carex fuliginosa, Schkuhr.

C. spicis exsertis, subquaternis, distantibus, terminali an-

_drogyna, cernuis; fructibus oblongis, mucronatis, apice

bifidis, gluma longioribus.

C. fuliginosa, Schk. car. pars. i. p. 91. & ii. Patek we. f.

47. Rich. app. Frank. nar. ed. 2. p- 35.

Has. In the woody region of Arctic America. Dr. Richard-

son.

51. Carex misandra, R. Brown.

C. spicis (3—4) ovalibus, pedunculatis, pendulis, alternis,

vel raro subumbellatis, terminali basi sterili (rarius tota

sterili) ; fructibus lanceolatis, acuminatis, bidentatis, mar-

gine denticulatis, eluma ovali longioribus.

C. misandra, R. Brown app. Parry’s 1st Voyage. p. clxxxiii.

Culm 6—9 inches high. Leaves linear, attenuate at the apex, scabrous on

the margin. Spikes 3—4; the terminal one sterile at the base, rarely

entirely sterile; the rest oval or oblong, pendulous. Glwmes oval,

rather obtuse, smooth, dark brown. Fruit nearly black, except the

orifice, which is white, the upper part of the margin denticulate, the rest

smooth. Stigmas 2—3 (very often 3.)

Has. Melville Island. R. Brown.

Oss. Nearly allied to C. fuliginosa, Stern. and Hoppe, in

Act. Soc. bot. Ratisb. i. p. 159. t. 3. and perhaps not dis-

tinct from that plant. R. Brown.

52. Carex formosa, Dewey.

C. spicis quaternis, oblongis, crassis, distantibus, exserte pe-

dunculatis, nutantibus, suprema inferne sterili; fructibus

oblongis, triquetris, subinflatis, utrinque acutiusculis, ore

subintegro vel bilobo, obsolete nervosis, gluma ovata acuta

duplo longioribus.

C. formosa, Dewey car. 1. c. viii. p. 98, & ix t. 2. f. 6.

326 Monograph of North American Carices.

Culm 12—18 inches high, triangular, leafy. Leaves about as long as the

culm, smooth or slightly pubescent, 2 lines broad, the exterior sheaths.

purple at the base. Spikes 4, oblong, supported by filiform peduncles

an inch or more in length; terminal one androgynous, the inferior two

thirds sterile and slender. Giuwmes ovate, acute, mucronate, green

with a white margin, about half as long as the fruit. Fruit distinctly

triquetrous, acute, a little tapering at the base, smooth, obscurely

nerved, yellowish wien mature, orifice minute, entire or slightly biden-

tate.

Has. In wet upland meadows. Stockbridge, Massachu-

setts, &c. Prof. Dewey.

Oss. Colour of the whole plant yellowish green. This spe-

cies is allied to C digitalis, but differs in its acute fruit,

shorter and ovate spikes, &c.

53. Carex Davisti.*

C. spicis quaternis, filiformibus, pedunculatis, subcernuis,

suprema inferne sterili; fructibus oblongis, triquetris,

utrinque acutis, subbilobis, gluma oblonga aristata brevi-

oribus ; foliis vaginisque pubescentibus.

C. aristata, Dewey |. c. vii. p. 277. & ix. t. 1. f. i.

C. (anon.) No: 45. Mull. gram. p. 254.

Culm about a foot and a half high, leafy. Leaves longer than the culm,

slightly pubescent ; sheaths pubescent. Spikes 4, filiform, with the rachis

flexuous, on filiform peduncles, which are only slightly sheathed at the

base, varying from an inch to an inch and a half in length; florets

rather loosely imbricate. Glumes of the sterile florets lanceolate,

hyaline, with a green keel: of the fertile oblong-lanceolate, hyaline,

acuminate and terminating in‘an awn which projects beyond the fruit;

keel green. Frwit smooth, with a membranaceous orifice which is

obscurely 2-lobed.

Has. Williamstown, Massachusetts. Prof. Dewey. In New-

Jersey and Cherokee. Muhlenberg. .

Oss. The specimens in Muhlenberg’s herbarium, labelled

No. 373, were examined by Dr. Torrey, and found to be

precisely the same with the C. aristata of Prof. Dewey.

Monograph of North American Carices. 327

‘The uppermost spike is occasionally found entirely sterile.

The name of this species has been changed, as there is a

C. aristata previously established by R. Brown.

ttt Stamineferous and pistilliferous spikes distinct.

* Staminiferous spike solitary.

a. T'wo stigmas.

54. Carex compacta, R. Brown’

C. compacta, R. Brown’s app. Ross’s voyage, p. Richard.

P pp yage, p

app. Frank. nar. ed. 2. p. 35.

Has. Barren grounds of Arctic America. Dr. Richardson.

Oss. Resembles C. savatilis. R. Brown. We have seen no

specimens of this Carex.

55. Carex concolor, R. Brown.

C. spicis fertilibus 2—3, erectis, subsessilibus ; glumis omni-

bus obtusis, subconcoloribus, bracteis auriculatis ; fructi-

bus leevibus, ovalibus, mucronatis, integerrimis, culmis

leevibus.

€. concolor, R. Brown. in App. Parry’s st voyage.

p- elxxxiii. &. cceviil.

Has. In Melville Island.

Ozs. Very near C. cespitosa, R. Brown.

55. Carex mutica, R. Brown.

- C. spica sterili glumis obtusis, fertilibus tribus, distantibus,

subexserte pedunculatis, erectis, raris; fructibus ovalibus,

muticis, levibus, gluma ovata mucronata longioribus.

C. mutica R. Brown, in Richard. app. Frank. nar. ed. 2.

p- 35.

Oss. Leaves and bractee flat.

Haz. In the woody region of Arctic America. Dr. Richard-

son.

328 Monograph of North American Carices.

57. Carex nove anglia.*

C. spica sterili brevi-pedunculata ; fructiferis 2—3, sessilibus,

ovatis, paucifloris, subremotis; fructibus ovali-subtrique-

tis, rostratis, minute pubescentibus, gluma ovata mucrona-

ta paulo-longioribus ; culmo gracili, subdecumbente.

C. nove angliz, Dewey car. 1. c. ix. p. 64. t. 2. f. 7.

Culm 6—8 inches high, slender, leafy below, scabrous. Leaves very nar-

row, soft, smooth; sheaths purplish at the base. Sterile spike erect, a

little obliquely pedunculate, from the same base with the upper fertile ;

glumes lanceolate, acuminate, carinate, brownish : fertile spikes usually

about 3, closely sessile, mostly 4-flowered, the lowest considerably dis-

tant, and supported by a long foliaceous bractea; glumes ovate reddish

brown, with a green keel. Fruit a little shorter than the glume, some-

what inflated, small, with a pretty long straight rostrum, subpubescent

when young, nearly smooth when mature.

Has. On Saddle mountain, Williamstown, Massachusetts,

about 3000 feet above the sea.

Ozs. This species somewhat resembles a depauperate varie-

ty of C. varia, or marginata, but it differs in having but

two stigmas, subpubescent fruit, &c. Flowers in June.

Dewey.

58. Carex aurea, Nuttall. t. xxv. f. 2.

C. spicis fructiferis subternis, oblongis, laxifloris, subpendulis,

subapproximatis, inferioribus pedunculatis ; fructibus obo-

vatis vel pyriformibus, obtusis, nervosis, ore integris,

gluma ovata acuta longioribus.

C. aurea, Nutt. gen. ii. p. 205.

C. pyriformis, Schw. anal. tab. |. c. Dewey car. ix. p. 69.

Culm 4—10 inches high, triangular, subprocumbent, leafy below, slender>

scabrous above. Leaves mostly radical, about as long as the culm, flat,

smooth, a line and a half broad. Sterile spike ona short peduncle, often

with a few fertile florets at the summit: glumes oblong, obtuse, brown,

with a whitish margin. Fertile spike usually 3, florets loose and at

length rather distant with the rachis, flexuous; upper one sessile, the

others on exsert peduncles half an inch or more in length; g/wmes ovate,

Monograph of North American Carices. 329

acute, or obtuse, reddish brown. Fruit pyriform or obovate, a little

ventricose, strongly nerved, glaucous when young, orange-coloured when

mature, orifice a little prominent.

Has. In wet rocky situations. On the shores of Lake Mi-

chigan. Nuttall. Niagara Falls. Mr. Cooper and Profes-

sor Dewey. In various parts of Berkshire county, Massa-

chusetts. Dewey. In the vicinity of Montreal, Lower Cana-

da. Dr. Holmes. Flowers in May and June.

b. Three Stigmas.

1. Pustilliferous spikes sessile, or with the peduncles inclosed.

59. Carex varia, Muhlenberg.

C. spicis fertilibus (2—3) subapproximatis, paucifloris, ova-

tis, subsessilibus, sterili sessili (vel brevi-pedunculata),

fructibus subglobosis, acuminatis, bifidis, triquetris, hispido -

pubescentibus, glumis ovatis acuminatis aequalibus.

C. varia, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 259. Schk. car. t. Uuu. f. 167.

Pursh fl. i. p. 40. Muhl. gram. p. 236. Elliott sk. ii.

p. 541.

Culm usually about a span high, sometimes a foot or more, erect, filiform,

scabrous on the angles above. Leaves mostly radical, and shorter than

the culm, narrow, smooth except on the margin; exterior sheaths pur-

ple at the base. Sterile spike usually either sessile, or on a very short

peduncle, from the base of the uppermost fertile; glumes clasping, ovate,

acuminate, brown, with a whitish margin, green on the keel; Fertile

spikes mostly 3, erect, bracteate, ovate or oblong, few-flowered; bractea

beneath the lowest one ovate, and brown; glumes ovate, acuminate,

brown with a white keel. Fruit ovate and ventricose, so as to appear

almost globose, acuminate, obtusely triangular, covered with a rough

pubescence.

Has. In dry rocky woods ; Hudson’s Bay to Georgia ; com-

mon. Flowers early in April.

Ozs. This species is allied to C. pilulifera of Europe. It

also strongly resembles C. marginata.

330 Monograph of North American Carices.

60. Carex Richardsonu, R. Brown.

C. spica sterili pedunculata ; fertilibus binis, alternis, subses-

silibus, approximatis, exsertis, multifloris ; fructibus obtu-

sis, pubescentibus ; culmo scaberrimo ; foliis rigidis.

C. Richardsonii, R. Brown, in Richard. app. Frank. ed. 2.

‘p. 35. ay

Culm about 6 inches high, subterete, clothed with purplish-brown sheaths

above the middle, deeply channelled and very scabrous to the base.

Leaves growing in a dense tuft about the root, rigid, and apparently re-

curved, smooth; those of the culm very short, with purple sheaths.

Sterile spikes on a peduncle half an inch long, glumes ovate, rather ob-

tuse, brown, with a white border. Fertile spike on short peduncles,

which are included in large oblong brown bractew, with broad membra-

naceous borders; glumes ovate, acute, brown. Fruit ovate, pubescent,

with the orifice apparently entire.

Has. In the woody region of Arctic America. Dr. Rich-

ardson. :

Ozs. Our specimens of this Carex, which we received from

its discoverer, are not sufficiently mature for examining

satisfactorily its fruit: it appears, however, to be a very

distinct species.

61. Carex concinna, R. Brown.

C. spica sterili sessili, cylindracea ; fertilibus ternis, subsessili-

bus, approximatis ; bracteis semimembranaceis ; fructibus

trigono-obovatis, brevissime rostellatis, pubescentibus,

glumis obovatis duplo fere longioribus.

‘€. concinna, R. Brown, |.-c. p. 35.

Culm about 4 inches high, filiform, leafy at the base, triquetrous, smooth.

Leaves rigid, subradical, nuinerous, smooth, spreading. Sterile spike ob-

long, on a very short peduncle; glumes broad-ovate, obtuse; the lower

ones slightly ciliateon the margin. Fertile spikes subsessile, 3—4-flow-

ered, approximate ; glumes roundish-ovate, brown, about half the length

of the fruit, obtuse. Fruit hispidly pubescent; orifice bidentate.

Has. In the woody region and barren grounds of Arctic

America. Dr Richardson.

Oss. Mr. Brown observes that this species is allied to C.

marginata. In our specimens the spikes are much smaller,

. and the fruit almost hispidly pubescent. It has avery dif-

ferent appearance from the C. marginata as it generally

occurs.

62. Carex vestita, Willdenow.

C. spica sterili solitaria (vel geminatis, suprema elongata),

pedunculata, cylindraceo-oblonga; fertilibus binis, ovato-

oblongis, sessilibus, subapproximatis, apice interdum sta-

miniferis; fructibus ovatis, subtriquetris, nervosis, brevi-

rostratis, pubescentibus, gluma ovata submucronata paulo

longioribus.

C. vestita, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 263. Schk. car. t. Bbbb. f.

182. Pursh fl. i. p. 41. Muhl. gram. p. 238. Dewey

car. 1. c. ix. p. 261. Elliott sk. ii. p. 542.

Culm about two feet high, triquetrous, scabrous on the margin, leafy below.

Leaves shorter than the culm, 2 lines or more in breadth, scabrou s, the

lower ones abbreviate. Sterile spike solitary, but frequently geminate ;

the upper one on an elongated rigid peduncle, the lower closely sessile

and shorter; glumes oblong, brown, white and membranaceous on the

margin, Fertile spikes 2, (rarely 3) rather large, occasionally bearing

@ few sterile florets at the summit, with long foliaceous rigid bractez at

the base; glumes ovate, mucronate, carinate, brown, with the keel

green. Fruit somewhat triangular, pubescent; rostrum very short and

bifid,

Has. In wet sandy ground; Massachusetts to Georgia ;

rather rare. Flowers in the latter part of May and the

beginning of June. .

Oss. This species grows in tufts; according to Muhlenberg,

it sometimes occurs with two stigmas.

63. Carex dasycarpa, Muhlenberg.

C. spica sterili subsessili, parva: fertilibus subternis, subap-

proximatis, inferioribus brevi-pedunculatis ; fructibus ova-

to-triquetris, villoso-hispidis, gluma acuminata longioribus.

332 Monograph of North American Carices.

C. dasycarpa, Muhl. gram. p. 236. Elliott sk. ii. p- 541. t.

xii. f. 4.

Culm 12—18 inches high, triquetrous, glabrous. Leaves very narrow,

linear, smooth, shorter than the culm; sheaths ciliate and lacerate on

the margin. Sterile spike very small; glumes lanceolate. Fertile spikes

generally 3, approximate, the upper Beatle the lower on short pedun-

cles, supported by foliaceous bractew overtopping the culm; glumes

ovate, the inferior ones submucronate. Fruit obtusely triquetrous, sub-

ovate, nerved, very villous, and somewhat hoary ; orifice entire.

Has. In old fields; Salem, North Carolina. In the upper

country of South Carolina. Elliott. Flowers in April and

May.

Oxss. The specimens in Muhlenberg’s herbarium, (No. 354.)

resemble exactly the species represented by Elliott.

64. Carex marginata, Muhlenberg.

Cc. spica sterili pedunculata ; fertilibus subgeminis, approxi-

matis, subglobosis, subsessilibus; fructibus globosis tomen-

tosis, bidentatis, gluma oblongo-ovata longioribus.

C. marginata, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 261. Schk. car. t. Lil. f.

143. Pursh fl. i. p. 40. Muhl. gram. p. 237. Elliott sk.

ii. p. 542.

Culm 8—12 inches high, erect, slender, triquetrous, subscabrous, leafy

below. Leaves principally radical and annotinous, very long, except

those on the culm, which are abbreviate, and tinged with purple at the

base. Sterile spike somewhat trigonous, narrow, on a_ peduncle

about an inch in length, at the foot of which the upper fertile spike is

situated; glumes oblong-ovate, brown, with a white margin and green

keel. Fertile spikes 2, (sometimes 3), few-flowered, the inferior one

sheathed with a long foliaceous bractea; glwmes acuminate. Fruit

ovate-globose, subpedicellate, 3-nerved, very pubescent; rostrum bifid,

and at length diverging.

Hap. In dry woods, among rocks; Canada to Carolina ;

common. Flowers in April.

Oss. This species is by some botanists consideréd as scarce-

ly distinct from C. varia. It appears to differ chiefly in

Monograph of North American Carices. 333

its pedunculate sterile spike, less slender culm, and larger

fertile spikes.

65. Carex pubescens, Muhlenberg.

C. spica sterili subsessili; fructiferis ternis, oblongis, erectis,

sublaxifloris, infima brevi-pedunculata; fructibus ovato-

triquetris, rostratis, pubescentibus, ore subintegro, gluma

ovata mucronata subzqualibus ; foliis culmoque pubes-

centibus.

C. pubescens, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 281. Schk. car. t. Eee.

f. 126. Pursh fl.i.p. 40. Muhl. gram. p. 244. Dewey

car. 4. ¢..ix: p.'73.

Culm 12—18 inches high, rather slender, erect or subdecumbent, leafy

below, pubescent above. Leaves linear, 2 lines broad, very pubescent,

shorter than the culm. Sterile spike subtriquetrous, short; glumes

whitish, green on the keel, which is a little protruded into a point. Fer-

tile spikes rather approximate, 4—8-flowered, supported at the base by

long foliaceous bractez:; glume ovate-oblong, mucronate. Fruit ob-

scurely triangular, rather longer than the glume; rostrum short, with

the orifice minutely bifid.

Has. In woods, rarely in wet situations ; Canada to Penn-

sylvania; not uncommon. Flowers in May.

Oss. ‘This species has not hitherto been found in the South-

ern States.

66. Carex flava, Lin.

C. spica sterili brevi-pedunculata ; fertilibus subternis, ova-

tis, subapproximatis (infima remotiuscula), breviter incluse

pedunculatis ; fructibus ovatis, dense imbricatis, bidentatis,

cum rostro curvato reflexis, gluma ovato-lanceolata bre-

vioribus.

C. flava, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 268. Schk. car. t. H. f. 36.

Mh fi. ii. p. 171. Pursh fl. i. p. 41. Dewey car. 1. c. ix.

p- 65.

Culm about 14 inches high, erect, rather firm, leafy. eaves flat, narrow,

smooth. Sterile spilce sessile, or on a short peduncle, often androgynous,

334 Monograph of North American Carices.

bearing fertile florets either at the summit or at the base: glumes red-

dish-brown, oblong-lanceolate. Fertile spikes usually 3, sometimes 27

rarely 4, approximate, ovate, densely fruited, about half an inch long,

on very short inclosed peduncles, the lowest one occasionally an inch or

more distant from the rest; bractee foliaceous, exceeding the culm ‘

glumes ovate-lanceolate, brownish-red, shorter than the fruit. Fruit

ovate, a little inflated at the base, strongly nerved, reflexed, attenuated

into a curved beak.

Has. In meadows, particularly in mountainous districts ;

Canada to New-York; rare. The most southern station

for this plant with which we are acquainted, is Philipstown,

in the Highlands of New-York.

Oss. This species, which resembles the European plant in

every respect, except in the terminal spike being occasion-

ally androgynous, is not described by Muhlenberg, in his

Descripti. graminum, though specimens of it, from New-

England, exist in his herbarium, and it is enumerated in

the second edition of his catalogue. It appears to be a

Northern species. In a mature state, every part of the |

plant is of a greenish yellow colour. It sometimes occurs

but 3 or 4 inches high.

67. Carex deri, Lin.

C. spica sterili brevi-pedunculata ; fertilibus subternis, oyatis,

approximatis, subpedunculatis, densifloris ; fructibus ovato-

globosis, horisontalibus, restro recto terminatis.

C. Gideri, Lin. Mich. fl. i. p. 171. Eng. bot. t. 1773. Dewey

car. l.c. x. p. 38.

C. flava, @ patula, Host. gram. p. 48. t. 64. Schk. car. ii. p.

56. 4. I. £..26.

Culm 8—12 inches high, straight and erect, leafy below, obtusely triangu-

lar, smooth. Leaves narrow, smooth, shorter than the culm. Sterile

spike nearly sessile, lanceolate, subtrigonous, often androgynous, bear-

ing fertile florets both at the base and summit; glumes brown, lanceo-

late. Fertile spikes usually 3, densely fruited, thick, sometimes with a

ew sterile florets at the summit, closely approximate, or with the lowest

spike more or less distant: bractec long, flat, foliaceous; glumes ovate-

Monograph of North American Carices. 335

lanceolate, shorter than the fruit, of a brownishcolor. Fruit ventricose,

strongly nerved, spreading almost horizontally, but not reflexed ; rostrum

rather short and straight; orifice entire.

Has. On the gravelly borders of a small lake in Sussex

county, New-Jersey. On rocks about the Falls of Niaga-

ra; on the Canada side. Prof. Dewey. Near Hudson’s

Bay. Michaux. Flowers in June.

Ozs. This species is by many botanists considered as a

variety of C. flava, but the numerous specimens of it which

we have examined, uniformly differed from that plant, in

having the fruit horizontal, not reflexed. The spikes in

C. Cderi are also much more densely flowered, and the

fruit but half as large as in C. flava; still it is possible they

may not be distinct species. In both the whole plant is of

a yellowish-green color.

68. Carex tentaculata, Muhlenberg.

C. spicis fertilibus, sessilibus, ovatis vel ovato-cylindraceis,

conferte fructiferis approximatis horizontalibus; bracteis

longissimis ; fructibus ovatis, ventricosis, nervosis, lon-

gissime rostratis, ore bidentatis, gluma lanceolata mucro-

nata longioribus.

C. tentaculata, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 266. Schk. car. t. Geg. f.

130. Pursh fl. i. p. 41. Muhl. gram. p. 239. Elliott sk:

ii. p. 543. Dewey car. 1. c. x. p. 34.

C. rostrata, Mich. fl. ii. 173. Wilid. sp. pl. iv. p. 282.

Schk. car. t. Hhh. f 134.

Culm about a foot and a half high, triquetrous, leafy, scabrous on the

angles. Leaves longer than the culm, flat, 2 lines or more in breadth,

scabrous. Sterile spike sessile, or on a very short peduncle, about an inch

in length, with a filiform setaceous bractea at the base; glumes reddish-

brown, linear-lanceolate, terminated by a long scabrous seta. Fertile

spikes 2—3, rarely 4, large and thick, from three fourths of an inch to

an inch and a half in length, approximate, and spreading almost horizon-

tally ; the upper ones sessile, the lowest on a peduncle which is scarce-

ly perceptible ; bractee resembling the leaves, aud very long; glumes

subulate, about half the length of the fruit, green. Fruit ovate, inflated;

336 Monograph of North American Carices.

spreading, smooth, about 5 nerved, attenuated into a long straight ros-

trum, which is slightly bifid at the orifice. Caryopsis exactly trique-

trous, puncticulate, scabrous or crenulate on the margin.

Has. In wet meadows; Canada to Georgia; common.

Flowers in May and June. Plant, yellowish-green.

Oss. This species varies considerably in the length of its

fertile spikes; sometimes they are ovate, but more fre-

quently nearly cylindrical. They are about the thickness

of the little finger, and with the long projecting beaks of

the fruit, exhibit a remarkably squarrose appearance. It

strongly resembles C. hystericina, but differs in its sessile

spikes, 5 nerved fruit, &c.

69. Carex nigra, Allioni.

C. spica sterili pedunculata ; fertilibus, binis vel tribus, (inter-

dum quaternis) subremotis, oblongis (atris) brevi-bracteatis,

sessilibus, erectis ; fructibus obovatis, compresso-triquetris,

subacutis, ore integris, gluma ovata obtusiuscula sube-

quantibus.

€. nigra, Schk. car.t. Aaa. f. 115. Alliont fl. Pedem. Ah

2310. De Cand. syn. fl. Gall. p.

C. saxatilis, Pursh fl. i. p. 33?

Culm 8—12 inches high, erect, triquetrous, very smooth. Leaves fiat,

smooth, rather rigid, shorter than the culm, carinate. Sterile spike on

a short rigid peduncle, lanceolate; glumes oblong, obtuse, with white

membranaceous margins. Ferlile spikes 2—4, (usually 3) rather re-

mote, oblong, or ovate-oblong ; bractee at the base short; glumes ovate,

blackish-brown, more or less obtuse, generally about as long as the fruit,

but sometimes a little longer; keel prominent and often white, border

yellowish. Fruit obovate, compressed, a little spreading, smooth, with-

out nerves; orifice very minute, entire. Stigmas often 2.

Has. Jn Labrador. In wet places around the peak of Mount

Washington, one of the highest summits of the White Hills,

New-Hampshire. Dr. Barratt. Dr. Bigelow. Flowers in

Jnly,

Monograph of North American Carices. 337

Oxs. Our specimens from the White Hills, agree in most

respects with Schuhkr’s description and figure, but there is

some doubt whether the plant be identical with the Euro-

pean C. nigra with which we cannot compare it, for want of

proper specimens.

70. Carex lupulina, Muhlenberg.

rilibus tribus, subsessilibus, ovato-oblongis, erectis, approx-

imatis ; bracteis longissimis, foliaceis ; fructibus ovatis, in-

flatis, nervosis, longissime-rostratis, bicuspidatis, gluma

ovata multoties longioribus.

C. lupulina, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 266. Schk. car. t. Ddd.. f.

123. & t. iii. f. 194. Pursh fl. i. p. 41. Mull. gram. p.

241. Elliott sk. ii. p. 544.

C. lurida, Wahl. Rees’s Cyclop. 145.

Culm 2—3 feet high, very thick, triquetrous, leafy to the top, smooth.

Leaves longer than the culm, fiat, one quarter of an inch broad. Sterile

spike usually solitary, rarely with a smaller sessile one at the base, ob-

scurely triangular, 2—3 inches long, bracteate; glumes lanceolate, at-

tenuate into a long hispid very acute point. Fertile spikes usually 3

rarely 2, an inch and a half or two inches in length, and as thick as a__

man’s thumb, on short and included peduncles, crowded together in 2

more or less erect position, each supported by a bractea, resembling in

appearance and length, the leaves; glumes ovate, mucronate, less than

half the length of the fruit. Fruit ovate, remarkably ventricose or in-

flated, distictly nerved, with a very long acuminate rostrum, which is

bifid at the orifice. .

Haz. In wet meadows and swamps. Hudson’s Bay to Geor-

gia; common. Flowers in June.

Oss. The fertile spikes in this Carex, are thicker than in

any other known species, and afford a very striking cha-

racter.

8? polystachia: spicis fertilibus quinis, oblongo-cylindricis,

infima remota, longe-pedunculata.

338 Monograph of North American Carices.

Culm 2 feet high. Leaves bractew, and sterile spike as in the preceding.

Fertile spikes generally 5, sometimes but 4, nearly cylindrical, 2—3 in-

ches long; the three upper ones approximate and sterile, the fourth a

little distant on a short peduncle, the lowest rather remote, on a pedun-

cle 1—3 inches long, Fruit and glumes not perceptibly different from

those of C. lupulina.

Has. In wet meadows and swamps. Philipstown, Highlands

of New-York. Flowers in the beginning of June. Dr.

Barratt.

Ozs. This variety is very constant in its appearance. It

grows in the station mentioned, in great abundance, often

in company with the common C. lupulina. The spikes

are much longer, more numerous, and not so thick as in

that plant, but in other respects they do do not differ. It

resembles C. retrorsa, but the fruit is never reflexed.

71. Carex folliculata, Lin.

C. spica sterili pedunculata ; fertilibus binis (seepe solitaria)

subrotundis, approximatis paucifloris, suprema_ sessili,

inferiora brevi-pedunculata ; bracteis foliaceis; fructibus

ovatis, acuminato-rostratis, inflatis, reflexo-divergentibus,

bicuspidatis.

C. folliculata, Lin. Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 281. Schk. car. t. N.

f. 52. Mich. fi. ii. p. 172. Pursh fl. i. p. 42. Mull. gram.

p- 43. Elliott sk. ii. p. 545. Dewey car. |. c. x. p. 32.

C. intumescens, Rudge, Lin. trans. v. p. t. 9. f. 3.

Culm a foot and a half high, leafy, triquetrous, smooth, slender. Leaves flat,

rather broad, smoothish. Sterile spike usually on a long slender pedun-

cle, cylindrical; g/umes lanceolate. Fertile spikes commonly 2, (some-

times 3, Muhl,) but in many cases, and in particular localities, but one is

found, from 6 to 10-flowered, nearly globose, and about three fourths of

an inch in diameter ; upper spike closely sessile, lower one on a short

or included peduncle; on the summit of each there are a few small

sterile florets ; bractew foliaceous, very long; glumes ovate, acuminate,

ending in a filiform point, much shorter than the fruit. #rwit ovate, re-

markably inflated or ventricose, very large, acuminate into a pretty lone

beak, smooth and nerved, the upper ones spreading almost horizontally,

the lowest a little reflexed.

Monograph of North American Carices. 309

Haz. In wet meadows and swamps; Canada to Georgia ;

not uncommon. Flowers in June. Plant dark green.

Ogs. According to Muhlenberg, this species sometimes oc-

curs with three fertile spikes. It is most commonly, in

the Northern States, found with two, and very often with

one. In Schkuhr’s figure, which is excellent, it is repre-

sented with but one. The C. intumescens of Rudge, we

think, decidedly belongs to this species; at least to the

C. folliculata of Schkuhr, Muhlenberg, Willdenow, and

most modern botanists. Rudge, however, who considered

his plant as a distinct species, has given a figure of C. fol-

liculata, taken from an American specimen, and the same

as one thus named in the Banksian Herbarium, that a com-

parison may be made between the two species. The latter

is quite different from our C. folliculata, and resembles C.

vanthophysa.

72. Carex xanthophysa, Wahlenberg.

C. spicis fertilibus ternis quarternisve, ovatis, remotissimis

pedunculatis, paucifloris; fructibus oblongo-conoideis,

subinflatis, striatis, adultis horizontalibus, acutis, bifidis,

gluma ovata acuminata longioribus.

C. xanthophysa, Wahl. car. No. 73. Rees’s Cyclop. No. 143.

Dewey, |. c. vii. p. 274.

C. folliculata, 8. xanthophysa, Muhl. gram. p. 244.

Culm 2—4 feet high, erect, slender, obtusely triangular, smooth, leafy.

Leaves 3—4 lines broad, long, flat, very smooth. Sterile spike lanceo-

late, nearly an inch long, subsessile, or with a peduncle about its own

length; glumes ovate, acuminate, carinate. Fertile spikes generally 4,

but often only 3, ovate, 8—10-flowered, when mature usually very re-

mote (the distance between each being from three to eight inches), ap-

pearing as if axillary; the uppermost one subsessile, the rest on pedun-

cles, which are longest in the lowest spikes; bractee resembling the

leaves, the upper ones much exceeding the culm; glumes ovate, or

ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, the apex terminating in a long filiform sca-

brous point, which is commonly shorter, but sometimes as long as the

340 Monograph of North American Carices.

fruit. Fruit about half an inch long, oblong, nerved, gradually taper-

ing into a long very acute point, at first nearly erect, but at length

spreading horizontally, and sometimes the lower ones even reflexed ;

orifice bifid. Caryopsis triangular, with the angles obtuse.

Has. In swamps; Massachusetts to Carolina. Not uncom-

mon in the cedar swamps of New-Jersey. Flowers in

June.

Oxzs. The whole plant is at first of a bright green colour,

but it becomes yellowish in age. It varies somewhat in

the number and degree of remoteness of the spikes, and in

the length of their peduncles, but still it is a species easily

recognised, and to all appearances quite distinct from C.

folliculata. Sometimes there are but two fertile spikes.

73. Carex subulata, Michaux. t. xxvii. f. 1.

C. spica sterili brevi-pedunculata ; fertilibus subquaternis,

sessilibus vel incluse pedunculatis, remotissimis, paucifloris,

apice sterilibus ; fructibus subulatis, reflexis, gluma lan-

ceolata multi-longioribus, culmo gracillimo.

C. subulata, Mich. fl.i. p. 173. Pursh fl. i. p.

C. Collinsii, Nutt. gen. ii. p. 205.

Culm two feet or more in height, very slender, inclining on other plants,

or decumbent, smooth, obtusely triquetrous, leafy. Leaves flat, about a

line and a half broad, smooth, shorter than the culm. Sterile spike small

and slender, on a short peduncle; glumes lanceolate, acute. Fertile

spikes usually 4, but sometimes 3 or 5, seldom more than 4-flowered,

the upper ones sessile, the lower on peduncles, which are scarcely ex-

serted, all of them bearing a few sterile florets at the summits; the dis-

tance between the two lowest is often 6 inches or more; glumes lanceo-

late, acute, about one third the length of the fruit, spreading. Fruit

subulate, slightly ventricose, smooth, indistinctly nerved, attenuate into a

long slender rostrum, loosely arranged on the rachis, in a somewhat dis-

tichous manner ; orifice oblique, and remarkably bicuspidate, the points

reflexed abruptly so as to become tenacious. Caryopsis oblong, ob-

tusely triangular.

Has. In the deep cedar swamps of New-Jersey. Flowers

in July.

Monograph of North American Carices. 341

Oss. This remarkable and distinct species has been found

exclusively in the deep New-Jersey swamps, where it is not

uncommon, though, growing in such secluded situations, it

has seldom been observed. It has much aflinity with C.

xanthophysa, but it is much more slender, and smaller in all

its parts ; the form of the fruit is different, and is always

completely in maturity. We have never observed it to be-

come yellow in old age.

74. Carex alpestris, Allioni.

_C. spicis fertilibus tribus, quinquefloris, binis approximatis

sessilibus, infima radicali, longissime pedunculata; fructi~

bus obovato-oblongis, triquetris, brevissime rostellatis, sub-

pubescentibus, ore obliquo, gluma oblonga zquantibus.

C. alpestris, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 284. Schk. car. t. G. f. 35.

Allion pedem. No 2329. Dewey car. 1. c. vii. p. 268.

C. gynobasis, Schk. car. i. p. 71. Pers. syn. ii. p. N. 141,

Culm about 6 inches high.

Has. On woody hills, Massachusetts. Dewey.

Oxss. The specimens of this plant which we have received

from Prof. Dewey, agree exactly with C. alpestris of Eu-

rope. :

2. Prstilliferous spikes on exsert peduncles, partly sheathed

at the base.

75. Carex alba, Heenke.

C. spica sterili pedunculata; fertilibus geminis” ternisque,

pedunculatis, subquinquefloris ; fructibus obovatis, rostel-

latis, oblique truncatis; bracteis vaginantibus hyalinis

aphyllis.

', alba, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 253. Schk. car. t. O. f. 55.)

Vahl. car. No. 104. Dewey car. vii. p. 266.

342 Monograph of North American Carices.

Culm 4—10 inches high, subterete, sulcate, filiform, smooth. Leaves grow=

ing in a thick tuft at the root, subulate, much shorter than the culm,

pale green; sheath at the base of the culm, bearing a short ovate hya-

line bractea. Sterile spike on a short peduncle, or almost sessile, pro-

ceeding from the same sheath with the uppermost fertile spike, and often

lower than this, lanceolate, straw-coloured; glumes ovate, obtuse. Fer-

tile spikes 2 or 3, ovate, scarcely an eighth of an inch long, the upper

two rising to nearly the same level; the third spike when present, 2

half an inch or more distant, on a slender peduncle enclosed by the hya-

line sheath; glumes broad-ovate, obtuse, or slightly mucronate, one

third shorter than the fruit. Fruié ovate and obovate, with a very short

rostrum, smooth, obliquely truncate, black when mature.

Has. Atthe foot of limestone hills, Pownal, Vermont.

Prof. Dewey and Mr. Davis. On rocks about the Falls of

Niagara. Prof. Dewey. In Watertown, New-York. Dr.

Crawe. Flowers in June.

Oss. This delicate and handsome plant appears to differ

from the European C. alba, only in being smaller in all its

parts. The white hyaline sheaths are avery striking cha-

racter.

76. Carex plantaginea, Lamarck.

C. spicis fructiferis subquaternis, vix exserte vel incluse pe-

dunculatis, laxifloris ; fructibus oblongo-cuneiformibus, tri-

quetris, apice recurvatis ; culmo basi vaginato; vaginis

omnibus subaphyllis, (coloratis) ; foliis latissimis.

C. plantaginea, Lam. ene. iii. p. 398 Mich. fi. ii. p. 173.

Ree’s cyclop. No. 135. Pursh fl. i. p. 42. Dewey 1. c. vii.

p. 273.

C. latifolia, Wahl. act. Holm. 1800. p. 156.

Culm 8—-12 inches high, almost perfectly leafless,” triquetrous, smooth,

somewhat flexuous at the joints, slender, subdecumbent when old; the

lower part clothed with imbricated purple aphyllous sheaths. Leaves

all radical, shorter than the culm, spreading from half an inch to an inch

in breadth, with usually 3 strong longitudinal nerves, smooth and flat,

somewhat glaucous. Sterile spike on a peduncle an inch or more in

length, oblong: glumes dark brown ovate, acuminate. Fertile spikes

Monograph of North American Carices. 343

4, sometimes 5, when young almost included in the sheaths, but at length

appearing with somewhat exserted peduncles ; sheaths dark purplish

brown, in young plants completely concealing the culm, the summit ter-

minating in an ovate cuspidate point, which is usually alittle curved, very

rarely bearing a short leaf; Slumes ovate, cuspidate, greenish, spread-

ing, rather shorter than the fruit. Fruit oblong, or elliptically trique-

trous, attenuate at the base, loosely arranged on the straight rachis

rostrum short, oblique, and entire.

Haz. On shady parts of the Alleghany mountains, general-

ly in the west side; plentiful. In woods on the moun-

tainous parts of Massachusetts, particularly in Williams-

town. Dewey. Flowers in April and May.

Oxzs. Much confusion has prevailed respecting this Carex,

and the following. The original C. plantaginea of La-

marck, which to us appears to be a very distinct species, is

comparatively rare, and has been seen by few botanists,

The C. anceps in a particular state, when it has very broad

leaves, is by most persons confounded with that plant.

There is no specimen of C. plantaginea in the Herbarium

of Dr. Muhlenberg, the species thus named by him being

decidedly C. anceps, as Dr. Torrey has ascertained. It

would appear that neither Schkuhr nor Willdenow, were

acquainted with Lamarck’s plant. The latter botanist re-

ceived from Muhlenberg, all the North American Carices,

of which he has given descriptions, and the identical spe-

cimens were by him communicated to Schkuhr, who had

no others from this country. This fact was told us by Pro-

fessor Willdenow himself, a short time before his death.

Still, his description of C. plantaginea, agrees pretty well

with our plant, and leads us to suspect that part of it was

copied from that of Lamarck, especially as he could

hardly have received the genuine C. plantaginea from

Muhlenberg.

77. Canex anceps, Muhlenberg.

C. spicis fertilibus, subtribus, remotis, subcylindricis, laxiflo-

vis, inferioribus pedunculatis ; fructibus ovatis, obtuse tri-

344 Monograph of North American Carices.

quetris, acutis striatis, basi elongatis ore obscure bidentata,

gluma ovata cuspidata longioribus vel subzequalibus.

C. anceps, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 278. Schk. car. t. Fff. f 128.

Pursh fl. i. p. 42. Dewey car. |. c. x: p. 35.

C, plantaginea, Muhl. gram. p. 235. Elliott sk. ii. p. 547.

C. heterosperma, Wahlenberg.

Culm high, (sometimes taller) triquetrous, with two of the sides much

broader than the other, smooth. Leaves variable in breadth, the radi-

eal ones often an inch or more broad, especially after the plant has done

flowering, smooth, striate or reticulate, and considerably glaucous ;

culm leaves much narrower, very long; sheaths white and membrana-

ceous. Slerile spike pedunculate, the peduncle compressed ; glumes

generally 3, sometimes 4, and according to Muhlenberg, cven 5,

ovate, obtuse or acute; margin white; keel green. Fertile spikes

about an inch long, 10—12-flowered ; inferior peduncles subancipitous,

and exserted; glumes ovate, cuspidate, or subemarginate, with a short

bristle at the apex, at first shorter, but in the mature plant a little longer

than the fruit, whitish. Fruit ovate, conspicuously striate, smooth, al-

ternately distant on the somewhat flexuous rachis, witha short ros-

trum.

Has. In woods ; Canada to Carolina ; very common. Flow-

ers in April and May.

Oss The hyemal and radical leaves, after the plant has

done flowering, are very broad and resemble those of

Plantago lanceolata ; hence many botanists have confound-

ed it with the C. plantaginea of Lamarck, but it is easily

distinguished from the plant by comparing it with our de-

scription. Sometimes radical leaves are quite narrow, but

still it is a species easily recognised when once known.

78. Carex oligocarpa, Schkuhr.

C. spicis fertilibus tribus, pedunculatis, paucifloris ; peduncu-

lis inferioribus elongatis ; fructibus brevi-ovatis, acute tri-

quetris, rostellatis, ore integris, gluma ovata longioribus.

C. oligocarpa, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 279. Schk. car. t. Vvv-

170. Pursh fl. i. p. 44. Muhl. gram. p. 242.

Monograph of North American Carices. 345

Culm about 6 inches high, triquetrous, with the angles very prominent,

striate, smooth, filiform, leafy, at length subdecumbent. Leaves a little

glaucous, rather thin and delicate; the inferior ones abbreviate. Sterile

spike on a curved peduncle, about three fourths of an inch long; glumes

lanceolate, acuminate, carinate, pale yellowish-brown. Fertile spikes

2—3, oblong, 5—8-flowered, the upper one often subsessile, the others on

filiform peduncles, which are frequently two inches or more in length ;

glumes ovate, broad at the base, acute, two thirds the length of the fruit,

pale brown, with the carina green. Fruit remarkably triquetrous,

short-ovate, striate, very loosely arranged on the rachis, with a short ob-

tuse and oblique, or slightly curved rostrum; orifice entire, submem-

branaceous.

Has. In dry rocky woods, and on hill sides ; Hudson Bay

to Pennsylvania; not uncommon in mountainous districts.

Flowers in May. It grows in tufts. |

Ozs. This plant, especially when young, has the appear-

ance of C. anceps in a depauperate state, but when mature

it is easily distinguished by its narrower and delicate leaves,

few-flowered spikes, small and remarkably triquetrous fruit.

79. Carex scabrata.*

C. spicis fertilibus subquinis, subremotis, cylindraceis, ple-

rumque erectis, inferioribus longe-pedunculatis ; fructibus

ovatis, acuminato-rostratis, subventricosis, scabris, ore ob-

liquo subbifido, gluma ovato-lanceolata ciliata longioribus.

C. scabrata, Schw. an. tab. car. 1. c. Dewey car. |. c. ix.

p- 66.

Culm about a foot and a half high, remarkably triquetrous above, some-

what ancipitous below, leafy. Leaves long, very scabrous, 2—3 inches

long, very scabrous, 3 lines broad, the lowest one considerably broader, of

a coarse and rank appearance. Sterile spike on a moderately long

rigid peduncle ; glumes lanceolate, brown with a green keel. Fertile

spikes 3—5, subcylindrical, densely fruited; the upper ones rather ap-

proximate and subsessile, the others distant from one to three inches,

pedunculate; the lowest sometimes a little nodding ; bractee resembling

the leaves, overtopping the culm; glumes ovate-lanceolate, subciliate on

the margin, scabrous at the apex, about two thirds as long as the fruit,

brownish. Fruit ovate, triquetrous, sides subcarinate, very scabrous,

540 Monograph of North American Carices.

spreading almost horizontally when mature, giving the spikes a squar-

rose appearance; rostrum long and pyramidal, subbifid at the apex.

Has. In wet boggy places and along creeks, from New-

Hampshire to New-York ; common along the Connecticut

river. In various parts of Berkshire county, Massachu-

setts. Dewey. Dr. Barratt found it at the foot of the

White Hills, and in the Highlands of New-York. Flowers

in May.

Oss. This species has a remarkably rough appearance.

The whole plant is dark green.

80. Carex conotdea, Schkuhr.

C. spicis fertilibus binis vel tribus, oblongis remotis, laxiuscu-

lis, suprema subsessili, inferioribus longe-pedunculatis ;

fructibus oblongo-conicis, obtusis, apice recurvis gluma

aristata aquantibus.

C. conoidea, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 280. Schk. car. t. Vvv.

Pursh fl. i. p. 43. Muhl. gram. p. 48. Elliott sk. ii. p. 247

C. blanda, Dewey car. |. c. x. p. 45.

Culm 6—12 inches high, triquetrous, leafy, erect, scabrous on the angles.

Leaves thin and delicate, flat, somewhat glaucous, shorter than the culm.

Sterile spike on a short rigid peduncle; glumes lanceolate subobtuse,

or mucronate. Fertile spikes 2 or 3, sometimes even 4, oblong, rather

loose-flowered ; the upper one almost sessile, the rest on filiform pedun-

cles, which increase in length downward; the peduncles sometimes so

long that the spikes are subpendulous; bractee resembling the leaves ;

sheaths white and membranaceous; glumes ovate, with a subulate mu-

cro, white except on the carina, which is green, rather shorter than the

fruit. Fruit obovate or oblong, narrowed at the base, subtriquetrous,

striate, apex recurved and gibbous; orifice entire.

Has. In woods, and on the margin of meadows; Canada

to Carolina; common. Flowers in May.

Ozs. There is some diversity in the appearance of this

plant. Schkuhr’s figure (which was taken from a speci-

men sent to Willdenow by Muhlenberg) does not represent

well the common variety. When it grows in rather dry

woods the culm is tall, the spikes looser flowered, and the

Monograph of North American Carices. 347

lower peduncles very long. In more exposed situations the

plant is dwarfish, the spikes shorter and more approximate.

This species bears a considerable resemblance to C. laxi-

flora. Our specimens agree with those in Muhlenberg’s

herbarium.

81. Carex tetanica, Schkuhr.

C. spica sterili longius pedunculata; fertilibus subbinis,

remotis, subdensifloris, suprema subsessili, infima longe-

pedunculata; fructibus ovato-oblongis, utrinque acu-

tis, nervosis, apice subgibbosis, obliquis, ore integris, glu-

ma ovata mucronata longioribus.

C. tetanica, Schk. car. ii. p. 68. t. Ooo. f. 207. & t. Gge. f.

100. Pursh fl. i. p. 43. Muhl. gram. p. 250. Elliott sk. ii.

p- 549

C. granularioides, Schw. an. tab. car. \. c. Dewey 1. c. ix. p.

262... 1. £.'4.

C. striatula, Mich. fl. ii. p.

Culm nearly a foot high, erect, triquetrous, slender. Leaves smooth, flat,

subglaucous, rather longer than the culm. Sterile spike on a peduncle

from half an inch to an inch in length; glumes oblong, obtuse, light

brown, with the keel green. Fertile spikes 2 or 3, very remote, except

when there are 3, when the two upper ones are rather approximate,

oblong, many-fiowered, the florets rather densely imbricate; inferior

spike on a peduncle half an inch or an inch long; glumes ovate, acumi-

nate, ending in a subulate scabrous point, rather shorter than the fruit,

pale brown, with the keel green. F'rwit oblong, attenuate at each end,

but still appearing somewhat obtuse, nerved, smooth; sometimes a little

oblique.

Has. In moist meadows ; Canada to Carolina; common.

Flowers in May.

Oss. This species as it grows in the Northern States, has

a different aspect from the Southern plant, and was former-

ly supposed by us to be distinct from it. Our specimens,

however, collected in New-York and Massachusetts, agree

with the C. tetanica in Muhlenberg’s herbarium, but they

348 Monograph of North American Carices.

differ from the description of both this botanist and

Schkuhr, in the form of the pistillate glume.

82. Carex laxiflora, Lamarck.

C. spica sterili subsessili, fertilibus subtribus, sublaxifloris,

remotis, pedunculatis, erectis; fructibus ovato-oblongis>

ventricosis, obtusis, subnitidis, gluma ovata cuspidata lon-

gioribus.

C. laxiflora, Lam. enc. iii. p. 378. Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 281.

Schk. car. t. Kkk. f. 141. Mich. fl. it. p. Pursh fl. i. p.

43. Muhl. gram. p. 251. Elliott sk. i. p. 549.

C. grisea, Wahlenberg secund. Muhlenberg.

Culm a foot or eighteen inches high, (sometimes much lower) erect and

firm, triquetrous, smooth. eaves longer than the culm, flat, scabrous

on the margin; sheaths white on the inside. Sterzle spike short, sub-

pedunculate, scarcely overtopping the uppermost fertile, very narrow

and inconspicuous; glumes lanceolate, acute and mucronate, pale

brown; the lower ones ciliate. Fertile spikes usually 3, the two upper

ones generally rather approximate, the lowest from one to four inches

distant, on a pretty long peduncle ; all of them oblong, often few-flower-

ed; glumes ovate, whitish or pale green, acuminate, and lengthened

out intoa long scabrous rostrum, which, sometimes, especially in the

lower part of the spike, projects beyond the fruit. Fruit obscurely tri-

angular, a little shining, appearing distinctly inflated when mature, not

contracted at the base; orifice minute, obscurely and minutely biden-

tate.

Hias. In woods and wet meadows; Canada to Georgia;

common. Flowers in May.

Oxss. This is the species which is generally considered as

the C. laxifora of Lamark, but whether correctly or not,

cannot certainly be determined by his imperfect description.

It resembles the preceding plant, but differs in having

always at least three fertile spikes, its considerably larger

fruit, sessile sterile spike, &c. Our specimens agree ex-

actly with those of C. laxiflora in Muhlenberg’s herbarium.

The southern plant is seldom above 6 inches high.

Monograph of North American Carices. 349

$3. Carex granularis, Muhlenberg.

C. spica sterili sessili vel brevi-pedunculata ; fertilibus subtri-

bus, remotis, cylindricis, densifloris, superioribus, subses-

silibus, infima longe-pedunculata; fructibus globoso-ova-

tis, nervosis, ore integris, brevissime rostellatis; rostro

recurvo.

C. granularis, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 279. Schk. car. t. Vvv. f.

169. Pursh fl. i. p. 42. Dewey car. 1. c. vii. p. 272.

Culm generally about a foot high, erect, slender, triquetrous, leafy, smooth.

Leaves erect, rather glaucous, the upper ones longer than the culm;

lower ones abbreviate ; sheaths white and membranaceous on the inside.

Sterile spike about three fourths of an inch long, usually closely sessile

at the base of the upper fertile spike, which it scarcely exceeds in length,

fructiferous at the summit: glumes ovate, acute or obtuse. Fertile

spikes 3 or 4, about an inch long, cylindrical and densely fruited; the

uppermost one sessile, the next on an exsert peduncle, the lowest long-

pedunculate ; glumes broad-ovate, membranaceous, acuminate, shorter

than the fruit, carinate. Fruit roundish-ovate, somewhat ventricose,

strongly nerved, with avery short somewhat gibbous aud recurved

rostrum.

Has. In wet meadows ; Canada to Pennsylvania; common.

Flowers in May.

Ozs. Whole plant at first glaucous; in maturity the spikes

are dull orange-yellow. It is usually about a foot high,

but in favorable situations it is often much taller. We

have specimens from Dr. Holmes of Montreal, collected by

that gentleman in Lower Canada, in which the terminal

spike is androgynous.

84. Carex ustulata, Wahlenberg.

C. spicis fertilibus binis, ovatis, pedunculatis, nutantibus ;

fructibus ovatis, acuminatis, bidentatis, compressis, gluma

elliptica longioribus.

C. ustulata, Wahl. act. holm. 1803. p- 150. Willd. sp. pl.

iv. p. 295. Schk. car. t. Y. f. 82.

350 Monograph of North American Carices.

Culm about 8 inches high, very leafy below; stoloniferous at the base.

Leaves narrow, smooth; the lower ones very short. Fertile spikes

2—3, ovate, black, all of them pedunculate and nodding.

Has. In Labrador.

Ozs. Our specimens of this Carex, exactly agree with the

European one figured by Schkuhr. ;

85. Carex capillaris, Lin.

C. spicis fertilibus subternis, longe-pedunculatis, cernuis, sub-

sexfloris; fructibus ellipticis, rostratris, distantibus, ore

obliquo, gluma ovata longioribus.

C. capillaris, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 290. Schk. car. t. O. f. 56.

Richard. app. Frank. nar. ed. 2. p. 36.

Culm 4—6 inches.

Has. In the woody region of Arctic America. Dr. Rich-

ardson.

Oss. Our specimens were presented by Dr. Richardson, and

exactly agree with the European plant.

86. Carex sylvatica, Hudson.

C. spicis fertilibus subquaternis, remotis, filifornibus, sub-

densifloris, pedunculis cernuis; fructibus ovatis, rostratis

bifidis, gluma ovato mucronata duplo longioribus.

C. sylvatica, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 296 Schk. car. t. Lil. f. 101.

Hudson fl. Ang. p. 353. Dewey car. 1. c. x. p. 40.

C. Drimeja, Lin. supp. 414. Wahl. No. 79.

Culm 12—18 inches high, erect, slender, compresso-triquetrous, scabrous

on the angles, leafy. Zeaves shorter than the culm, 2 lines broad, flat,

erect. Sterile spike on a peduncle about a quarter of an inch long, slen-

der, scarcely extending beyond the uppermost spike ; ¢/wmes lanceolate,

acute, white, witha green carina. Fertile spikes usually 4, sometimes 5,

about an inch and a half long, on exserted filiform peduncles, at length

more or less cernuous, but occasionally nearly erect ; the uppermost

Monograph of North American Carices. ' 351

ones nearly destitute of bractex ; glumes obovate, mucrenate, white

and membranaceous, carinate, shorter than fruit. Fruit ovate, broad

at the base, erect, imbricate, so as generally to conceal the rachis, with,

3 prominent nerves ; rostrum pyramidal, orifice slightly bifid.

Haz. Jn Williamstown, Massachusetts. Prof. Dewey. Plain-

field in the same state. Dr. Porter. In the vicinity ,of

Montreal, Lower Canada. Dr. Holmes. Flowers in the

latter part of May.

Ozs. This plant is probably not uncommon in New Eng-

land. Compared with European specimens of C. sylvatica,

it was scarcely found to differ in any respect. Color of

the plant light green.

87. Carex flevuosa, Muhlenberg.

C. spicis fertilibus subquaternis, remotis, filiformibus, pedun-

eulis cernuis; fructibus distantibus, alternis, oblongis,

utrinque acutis, rostratis ; bifidis, gluma ovata mucronata

duplo longioribus.

C. flexuosa, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 297. Schk. car. t. Ddd. et

Aaaa. f. 124. Pursh fl. i. p. 43. MuAl. gram. p. 253.

Elliott sk. ii. p. 550. Dewey car. x. p. 40.

C. debilis, Mich. fl. ii. p. 172.

C. tenuis, Rudge Lin. trans. vol. 7. p. 96. t. 9. f. 2. Rees

Cyclop. No. 154.

Culm a foot and a half or two feet high, frequently procumbent in age,

slender, leafy, somewhat scabrous, Leaves narrow, about as long as the

culm. Sterile spike very narrow, on a filiform peduncle half an inch in

length, sometimes bearing one or two fertile florets at the summit ;

glumes lanceolate, rather obtuse, carinate, white and green. Ferti/e

spikes 3—4, an inch and a half or two inches long, 12—18-flowered, on

exsert filiform peduncles, an inch or more in length; rachis at length

flexuous, and not entirely concealed by the fruit; glumes ovate-lanceo-

late, acuminate, half the length of the fruit, at length brown. Fruit

oblong-lanceolate, nerved, triquetrous, smocth, acuminate, at first

green, but becoming chesnut brown.

_ 47

352 Monograph of North American Carices.

Has. In meadows and wet woods; Canada to Georgia;

common. Flowers in June.

Oxzs. Sometimes this species occurs scarcely a foot in height.

Muhlenberg does not describe the fertile spikes correctly,

but the specimens in his herbarium exactly resemble our

»plant.

88. Carex podocarpa, R. Brown.

C. spicis fertilibus binis, pendulis, oblongis; fructibus ellip-

ticis, brevissime rostellatis, integris, levibus, acheniisque

pedicellatis ; foliis inferioribus abbreviatis.

C. podocarpa, R. Brown, in Rich. app. Frank. nar. ed. 2.

p- 30.

Has. On the barren grounds of Arctic America. Dr. Rich-

ardson.

3. Pistilliferous spikes on long peduncles, nearly destitute

of sheaths.

89. Carex wnbellata, Schkuhr.

C. cespitosa ; spicis fertilibus subquaternis, ovatis, pauciflo-

ris; una sessili, in summo culmo, ceteris pedunculatis ;

pedunculis subradicalibus, quasi umbellatis; fructibus

ovatis, acuminato-rostratis, suhpanee ena gluma ovata

acuminata zqualibus.

C. umbellata, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 290. Schk. car. t. Www.

f. 170. Pursh fl.i. p. 44. Muhl. gram. p. 256. Dewey car.

Lc. x. p. 31.

Culm frequently not more than half an inch high, but late in the season,

and in favourable situations, growing to a spaninheight. Leaves radi-

eal, longer than the culm, erect, narrow, scabrous. Sterile spike soli-

tary, oblong, on a short oblique peduncle, at the foot of which there is a

nearly sessile fertile spike; glumes ovate, acute, pale brown. Fertile

sptkes about 4, sometimes 5, or only 3, ovate, 6—8-flowered; one of

them, (sometimes 2) situated at the summit of the culm, ebracteate;

the rest on peduncles of nearly equal length, which issue from the ap-

ia)

Monograph of North American Carices. 353

proximate subradical sheaths; sometimes the peduncles are so short

that the spikes are nearly concealed by the dense tuft of leaves, but

more frequently they are from half an inch to an inch or more in length ;

glumes ovate, cuspidate, green. Fruit ovate, a little contracted at the

base, triquetrous, pubescent under a lens, but nearly smooth when old ;

rostrum acuminate, bidentate at the orifice.

Has. On rocky hill sides, particularly in mountainous dis-

tricts. In Williamstown, Massachusetts. Prof. Dewey.

Abundant along the Connecticut river. Common in the

Highlands of New-York. In Pennsylvania. Muhlenberg.

Flowers in the latter end of April, and in the beginning of

May. Grows in dense clusters.

Ozs. 1. Schkuhr’s figure of this species is very good, but it

does not represent the upper sessile spike, which is a

very constant character, except in the dwarf state of the

plant. 2. The fertile spikes appear to be subumbellate,

on account of the radical peduncles being of nearly equal

length. Sometimes they are crowded in clusters and

almost sessile among the leaves.

90. Carex miliacea, Muhlenberg.

C. spicis fertilibus tribus, graciliter cylindraceis, cernuis, pe-

dunculis filiformibus ; fructibus ovatis, triquetris, enerviis,

breve rostratis, ore integris, gluma ovato-lanceolata sube-

qualibus.

C. miliacea, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 290. Schk. car. t. Ooo. f.

151. Pursh fl.i. p. 41. Mull. gram. p. 257. Elliott sk. i.

p- 552. Dewey car. 1. c. x. p. 30.

Culn about 15 inches high, slender, erect, compressed-triquetrous, leafy,

nearly smooth. eaves rather narrow, as long as the culm, scabrous on

the margin. Steri/e spike slender, an inch or more in length, thickening

towards the summit, which frequently bears some fertile florets; pedun-

cle filiform, three fourths of an inch long; glumes oblong, loosely im-

bricate, mucronate and carinate; the sides pale brown; keel green.

Fertsle spikes very constantly 3, subapproximate, filiformly cylindiical,

354 Monograph of North American Carices.

an inch and a half or two inches in length, rather densely fruited except

towards the base, nodding; peduncles filiform, the lower ones longest,

supported at the base by a narrow foliaceous bractea; glumes acuminate,

about as long as the fruit in the middle part of the spike; longer in the

lower part, shorter in the upper: sides pale brown, keel green. Fruit

ovate, rather broad at the base, very green, distinctly triquetrous, with-

out nerves on the sides; orifice membranaceous, entire or emarginate.

Caryopsis subcordate-triquetrous,

Has. In moist meadows; Canada to Georgia; common.

Flowers in May.

Oss. This is a delicate and beautiful species. It can scarce-

ly be confounded with any other Carex.

91. Carex pallescens, Lin.

C. spicis fertilibus binis aut subternis, ovato-cylindricis, den-

sifloris, demum subcernuis; fructibus obovato-oblongis,

obtusis ; vaginis culmoque pubescentibus.

C. pallescens, Willd sp. pl. iv. p. 291. Schk. car.t Kk. f.

90. Fl. Dan. t. 1050. Dewey car. 1. c. vii. p. 267.

Culm about a foot high, sometimes considerably less, erect, slender, tri-

quetrous, sulcate, leafy below, pubescent. eaves shorter than the

culm, more or less pubescent; sheaths retrorsely pubescent. Sterile

spike lanceolate, trigonous, on a short straight peduncle; glumes broad

ovate, brown, with the keel green, ciliate towards the extremity. Fer-

tile spikes usually 2, sometimes 3, at first erect, when old more or less

cernuous, elliptic, and oblong-cylindrical, thick ; peduncles half an inch

long in the lower spike, less in the upper; glumes ovate, acuminate,

reddish-brown, with a green keel about as long as the fruit, not ciliate.

Fruit very obtuse, pale green when ripe ; orifice minute and entire.

Has. Inwet meadows. In Berkshire county, and in other

parts of Massachusetts. Prof. Dewey, Mr. Davis, and Mr.

Hitchcock. In the Highlands of New-York. Dr. Barratt.

Flowers in May.

Oss. This plant agrees perfectly with our European speci-

mens of C. pallescens. It much resembles C. granularis,

but the spikes are shorter, the fruit more obtuse, leaves

pubescent, &c.

Monograph of North American Carices. 355

92. Carex hystericina, Willdenow.

C. spica sterili pedunculata; fructiferis subternis, oblongo-

cylindraceis, crassis, demum cernuis, suprema incluse pe-

dunculata, czteris exserte pedunculatis ; fructibus ovatis,

inflatis, subhorizontalibus, multinerviis, rostratis, ore bifido,

gluma oblonga aristata duplo longioribus.

C. hystericina, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 282. Schk. car. t. Ff. f.

127. Pursh fl. i. p. 43. Mul. gram. p. 252. Elliott sk. ii.

p- 550.? Dewey car. 1. c. x. p. 25.

Culmabout a foot and a half high, acutely triquetrous, leafy, scabrous above.

Leaves longer than the culm, 2 lines broad, scabrous. Sterile spike on

a peduncle 1—3 inches long, cylindrical, triangular, bracteate, often

bearing a few fertile florets at the summit, or at the base ; glwmes ovate-

lanceolate, mucronate, pale brown, with the keel green. Fertile spilces

2—4, generally 3, about an inch in length, densely fruited, at length

nodding, an inch or more distant ; upper one on a very short included

peduncle, the others on filiform peduucles, trom three fourths of an inch

to two inches in length; glumes oblong, emarginate, ending in a sca-

brous awn, not half the length of the fruit. Fruit oblong, marked with

numerous distinct strize, smooth, terminated by a long rostrum, which is

bifid at the extremity, at length spreading almost horizontally. Cary-

opsis ovate-triquetrous, angles smooth.

Has. In wet meadows; Canada to Georgia; rather common.

Flowers in the end of May.

Ozs. This species strongly resembles C. tentaculata, but

may be distinguished from it by its pedunculate spikes,

many-nerved fruit, and more delicate habit. Sometimes

the upper fertile spike is sterile at the summit, and the

lowest one very remote, on a peduncle three or four inches

long. The whole plant is of a yellowish-green color.

93. Carex Pseudo-cyperus, Lin.

C. spicis fertilibus quaternis, cylindricis, pedunculatis pendu-

lis crassis, superioribus subgeminatis; fructibus oblongo-

lanceolatis, rostratis, reflexis, multinerviis, apice divaricato

hifidis.

356 Monograph of North American Carvces.

C. Pseudo-cyperus, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 295. Schk. car. t.

Mm. f. 102. Pursh fl. i. p. 44. Muhl. gram. p. 253.

Dewey car. 1. ¢. viii. p. 71.

C. furcata, Elliott sk. ii. p. 552.

Culm 2—3 feet high, acutely triquetrous, thick, very scabrous on the an-

gles. Leaves longer than the culm, 3 lines broad, rough and coarse.

Sterile spike on a short peduncle, about an inch and a half in length,

thick; glumes loosely imbricate, long-lanceolate, mucronate, pale

_ brown. Fertile spikes usually 4, often two inches or more in length,

densely fruited, the 2 uppermost closely approximate, and appearing

geminate ; peduncles recurved, scabrous, the lowest exserted about an

inch, all of them supported by very long foliaceous bractez, resembling

the leaves ; glumes lanceolate, cuspidate, about two thirds as long as the

fruit. Fruit retrorsely imbricate, prominently striate, deeply bifid at

the summit, the divisions forked, and almost reflexed.

Has. In deep swamps; Canada to Georgia; not uncom-

mon. Flowers in June.

Ors. Our plant resembles in all respects the European

C. Pseudo-cyperus.

94, Carex glaucescens, Elliott. ?

C. spicis fertilibus 3—4, cylindricis, pedunculatis, demum

pendulis ; fructibus brevi-ovatis, basi ventricosis, trique-

tris, glaucis brevi-rostratis, ore bifido, gluma emarginata

mucronata subzequantibus ; foliis glaucis.

C. glaucescens, Elliott sk. ii. p. 553. ?

C. sempervirens, Schw. an. tab. 1. c.

Culm leafy below, with numerous annotinous shoots, forming large dense

tufts three feet high, triquetrous, angles sharp and scabrous. Leaves a

little shorter than the culm, canaliculate, narrow in proportion, glaucous.

Sterile spike on a rigid, but very long peduncle, of a remarkably trigo-

nous form; glumes oblong-ovate, brown, with a long scabrous ciliate

midrib produced into a point. Fertile spikes 3—4, appearing axillary

in the foliaceous bractem, but not sheathed by them, on filiform but

vather rigid peduncles, an inch or more in length, cylindrical and pretty

thick; rachis straight ; glumes ovate, emarginate, with a scabrous point,

about as long. as the fruit. Fruit short-ovate, ventricose at the base,

Monograph of North American Carices. Sut

but not inflated, glabrous, of a brown color when ripe, with a short

conical rostrum, bifid, and diverging at the orifice. Caryopsis trique-

trous, smooth on the margin.

Has. In woody swamps between Hillsborough and Chapel

Hill, North Carolina, forming very large evergreen tufts.

About pine-barren ponds, Georgia. Elliott. Fruit ripe in

July.

Oszs. The plant which we formerly considered as a new species,

and called C. sempervirens in the Analytical Table of Ca-

rices, appears to be the C. glaucescens of Mr. Elliott, whose

description was published only the last year. The latter

differs in some respects, but it is probably not distinct.

95. Canex Elliottii, *

C. spicis fertilibus tribus, subrotundis, infima longissime pe-

dunculata, cernua, superioribus sessilibus ; fructibus ovatis,

triquetris, glabris, puncticulatis, gluma ovata obtusa multo

longioribus.

C. castanea, Elliot sk. ii. p. 546. (nec. Wahl.)

C. fulva, Muhl. gram. p. 246. Herb. No. 365.

Culm about two feet high, triquetrous, slender, purple at the base. Leaves

linear, nerved, scabrous on the margin, shorter than the culm. Sterile

spike about an inch long, much shorter than its three-nerved bracteal

leaf; glumes oblong, obtuse, brown, with a white margin. Fertile spikes

3, 9—16-flowered, the upper bearing at the summit a few sterile florets,

sessile, as well as the middle spike; the lowest on a long peduncle ;

glumes ovate, obtuse, not emarginate nor mucronate. Fruit inflated,

ovate, obtusely triquetrous, distinctly nerved, terminating in a long

beak, 2 cleft at the summit, somewhat coriaceous, lucid and transverse-

ly striate, resembling under a lens, the surface of fine morocco leather.

Caryopsis triquetrous. Muhlenberg.

Has. In wet pine barrens. Chatham County, Georgia.

Flowers in April. Elliott.

Ozs. Mr. Elliott remarks that this Carex has a strong

affinity to C. folliculata, but differs from it, in its fruit and

glumes. Its habit is also coarser.

358 Monograph of North American Carices.

Abt

86. Carex limosa, Lin.

C. spicis fertilibus subbinis, ovatis, vel oblongo-ovatis, pe-

dunculatis subdistantibus, pendulis ; fructibus suborbicula-

to-ellipticis, compressis, brevissime rostellatis (viridibus)

ore integris, gluma ovata mucronata subzequantibus.

C. limosa, Willd. sp. pl iv. p. 293. Wahl. act. Holm. 1803.

p- 161. Schk. car. t. X. f. 78. Rich. app. Frank. nar. ed.

2. p. 36. Dewey car.1. c. x. p. 41.

C. lenticularis, Mich. fl. ii. p. 172. Dewey car. 1. c. vii. *

p. 273.

Culm usually about 9 inches high, but occasionally attaining the height of

two feet, erect, triquetrous, verysmooth. Leaves mostly radical, narrow

in proportion, much shorter than the culm, smooth and subglaucous;

inferior sheaths brown at the base. Sterile spike about three fourths of

an inch long, on a straight filiform peduncle; sheaths of the bractez

very short; glumes ovate, carinate, mucronate, brown, the keel green.

Fertile spikes generally two, but often solitary, rarely 3, situated near

the summit of the culm, on filiform peduncles about three fourths of an

inch long, more or less ovate, rather loosely flowered, at first horizontal,

but at length pendulous, thick; glumes variable in length, generally

about the length of the fruit, ovate or oblong, acuminate or cuspidate,

sometimes obtuse, brown, (rarely green). Fruit roundish elliptical,

compressed and appearing lenticular, minutely rostrate, smooth, and

distinctly 3-nerved on each side, glaucous, green, puncticulate.

Haz. In sphagnous swamps and on the borders of mountain

lakes. Flowers in June. Ina swamp at Greenbush near

Albany, New-York. Dr. E. James. In various parts of

Massachusetts, as Ashfield, Dr. Porter; Stockbridge and

Becket, Dr. Emmons ; Ipswich, Mr. Oakes. On the mar-

gin of Blue-pond, summit of Mt. Washington, New-Hamp-

shire, Dr. Barratt. In the woody region of Arctic Ameri-

ica. Dr. Richardson. About Swan Lake. Michauc.

Oss. Several varieties of this species are described by Wah-

lenberg, in his Flora Lapponica; his 8. irrigua occurs

among our specimens from the White Hills. and from one

Monograph of North American Carices. 359

or two Massachusetts localities, and Prof. Dewey has found

his y. rariflora (which is considered as a distinct species

by Smith) and 4. livida. He adds also a new variety

&. oblonga: spikes rather long-cylindric. Our plant dif-

fers in no respect from the European C. limosa, except in

the nerves of the fruit being more distinct. It agrees with

Michaux’s description of his C. lenticularis, but whether it

certainly be that species or not, can only be determined hy

# comparison with his specimens.

* Staminiferous spikes two or more.

a. With two stigmas.

97. Carex cespitosa, Lin.

C. spica sterili subsolitaria (vel geminata) ; fertilibus subtri-

bus, cylindraceis, obtusis, distantibus, infima brevissime

exserte pedunculata; bracteis strictis; fructibus ovatis,

acutiusculis, dense suboctofariam imbricatis, ore pertusis,

gluma ovata (nigra albomarginata) majoribus; foliis

patulis.

C. cespitosa, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 287. Schk. car. t. Aa. et

Bb. f. 85. Pursh fl. i. p. 38. Muhl. gram. p. 264.

Elliott sk. ii. p. 536. ,

Culm a foot and a half high, smooth, triquetrous, Leaves dark green, 2

lines broad, flat, smooth except on the margin. Sterile spike solitary or

geminate, on a rigid peduncle, large; glumes oblong, very obtuse, red-

dish brown, witha green keel. Fertile spikes 3—4, (occasionally 5,)

siender, erect, the lowest two inches or more in length, the upper ones

gradually shorter and subsessile, sometimes staminiferous at the summit ;

glumes blackish brown, with a white border, the keel green, obtuse, two

thirds the length of the fruit. Fruit ovate, rather acute, compressed-

triquetrous, without nerves, green; orifice minutely bidentate.

Has. In mountain bogs; rarely in lowlands; Canada to

Pennsylvania; not common. Flowers in May.

Oss. The North American C. cespitosa is taller than the

European plants is said to be; in other respects there is no

apparent difference.

98. Carex criniia, Lamarck.

C. spicis sterilibus geminis, (interdum androgynis) ; fertilibus

Statens, distantibus, pendulis, cylindraceis, densifloris ;

_ fructibus subrotundo-ovatis, ventricosis, brevissime rostel-

‘ Tatis, ore integris, gluma lineari duplo vel triplo breviori-

bus.

C. crinita, Lam. enc. iii. p. 379. Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 300.

—Schk. car. t. Eee. f. 125. et Ttt. f. 164. Rees’ Cylop. No.

171. Pursh fl. i. p.38. Muhl. gram. p. 229. Elliott sk. ii.

p. 536.

C. paleacea, Wahl. act. holm. 1803. p. 164. Rees’ ries:

141.

_ C. leonura, Wahl. (secund. Swartz, Muhl.)

Culm 2—4 feet high, erect, triquetrous on the angles. Leaves longer than

the culm, pale green, 3—4 lines broad. Sterile spikes 1—2, long and

slender, cernuous, one long-pedunculate, the other subsessile, frequent-

ly fertile at the summit; glumes linear subulate, hispid. Fertile

spikes generally 4, but sometimes 5, very densely fruited, often stami-

niferous at the summit, cylindrical, 2—3 inches long, on peduncles

which increase in length downward, and are supported by long leafy

bractez, all of them pendulous and incurved ; glumes lanceolate, ending’

in a very long hispid point, which is from two to three times as long as

the fruit, spreading, carinate. Fruit very short and dilated-ovate, some-

what ventricose, nerved, smooth; rostrum short, with the orifice minute

and entire.

Haz. Inswamps; Canada to Georgia; common. Flowers

in June.

8. gynandra: spicis foneteria subternis, oblongo-cylindricis,

fructibus brevi-ovatis, gluma aristata paulo longioribus.

Cul 12—18 inches high. Leaves 2—3 lines broad, mostly radical. Ster-

ile spikes 1-2, very often with fertile florets either at the summit or the

base; glumes lanceolate, acute. Fertile spies 3—4, about two inches

jong, thicker, but not as densely fruited as in the preceding species,

nodding ; glumes ovate, mucronate; the scabrous points projecting a

little beyond the fruit, yellowish, with the keel and point green. Frit

broad-ovate, smooth, and of a yellow color when young.

rth American Carices. 30 1k

Monograph of Vo

Has. In wet meadows; Canada to North Carolina; rather

rare.

Oss. The variety 8. may proveto be a distinct species. Its”

characters are pretty constant, but sometimes it appears to

pass into the ordinary C. crinita. It has much the appear-

ance of C. miliacea, but it is easily distinguished. Occa-

sionally all the spikes are fertile. We have another variety

of C. crinita, collected in New-Hampshire by Capt. Le |

Conte. This has three sterile and as many fertile spikes ;

the latter are oblong-cylindrical: the glumes subulate, and

five or six times exceeding the fruit in length.

99. Carex acuta, Lin.

C. spicis sterilibus 1—3 ; fertilibus subternis, subpeduncula-

tis, subnutantibus, cylindraceis, remotis; fructibus oblongis,

ore integro, pertuso, gluma oblonga acuta subzequantibus.

C. acuta, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 304. Schk. car. t. Ee. & Ff,

f.92. Pursh fl.i. p.98. Muhl. gram. p. 263. Elliott sk. ii.

p. 537.

Culm 2 feet high, remarkably triquetrous, very scabrous on the angles,

leafy at the base. Leaves erect, subglaucous. Sterile spikes 1—3, often

solitary, straight and erect, cylindrical; glumes oblong-lanceolate,

mostly obtuse, light brown, with the keel green. Fertile spikes gene-

rally 3, (sometimes 2), the lowest on a short peduncle ; upper ones often

sterile at the summit; glumes oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse, dark

brown, with a green keel, little longer than the fruit. Fruit obtusely

triquetrous, without nerves; rostrum very short, orifice minute.

Yas. In wet meadows; Canada to Georgia; common.

Flowers in May.

Oss. This common species appears to differ in no essential

respect from the European C. acuta.

b. With three stigmas.

100. Carex Barrattii, *

cylindraceis, apice staminiferis, cernuis, distantibus : frr

Exo

362 Monograph of North American Carices.

tibous blongis, subtriquetris, scabriusculis, ore subintegro,

gluma ovato-lanceolata paulo brevioribus ; foliis glaucis.

C. littoralis, Schw. an. tab. 1. c.

Culm about a foot high, leafy, rather rigid, triquetrous. Leaves erect,

very glaucous, remarkably smooth, even on the margin, shorter than

the culm. Sterile spikes 2 ; upper one oblong, densely flowered ; glumes

ovate, obtuse, dark brown, not carinate. Fertile spikes about 3, an

inch or more in length, rather loose-flowered, the two lowest on pretty

Jong filiform peduncles, which appear to be cernuous; sheaths and up-

per bractez nearly obliterated; glumes ovate-lanceolate, rather obtuse,

dark brown, not carinate, a little longer than the fruit, concave. Fruit

oblong, with a short rostrum.

Has. On the sea coast of New-Jersey near Cape May.

Ozs. This appears to be quite a distinct species, not hither-

to described. For.our specimens we are indebted to our

excellent friend and learned botanist, Z. Collins, Esq. of

Philadelphia. It appears to be allied to C. panicea.

101. Carex trichocarpa, Muhlenberg.

C. spicis sterilibus 2—4, pedunculatis, (interdum apice sta-

miniferis) ; fertilibus tribus, distantibus, pedunculatis, erec-

tis, oblongo-cylindraceis ; fructibus ovato-lanceolatis, acu-

minatis, bicuspidatis, pilosis, gluma ovata. acuminata lon-

gioribus.

C. trichocarpa, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 302. Schk. car. t. Nnn.

f.. 148. Pursh fl. i. p.40. Muhl. gram. p. 257. Elliott sk.

ii. p. 540. Dewey car. |. c. vii. p. 274.

C, lanuginosa, Mich. fl. ii. p. 175.

Culm about three feet high, erect, triquetrous, smooth below, leafy. Leaves

taller than the culm, 3—5 lines broad, scabrous on the margin; sheaths

purple atthe orifice on the inside. Sterile spikes mostly 3, slender, one

ar two inches long, the terminal one pedunculate, all of them supported

on a common elongated peduncle, sometimes bearing a few fertile

florets at the summit; glumes obovate, obtuse or mucronate, carinate.

pale brown, slightly ciliate above. Fertile spikes 2—3, of a thick cy-

lindrical shape, increasingly distant downward, erect, on peduncles

Monograph of North American Carices. 363

which are appressed to the culm; glumes ovate, long-acuminate, nerved,

about two thirds as long as the fruit, reddish, with the keel green.

Fruit subinflated below, distinctly hairy, acuminate or rostrate, bicuspi-

date.

Has. Inswamps; Canada to Georgia; not rare. Flowers

in the end of May.

Oss. We have rarely found the sterile spikes _pistilliferous

at the summit, as they are represented by Schkuhr, but

we have seen the upper fertile spike occasionally sterile at

the apex.

102. Carex verrucosa, Muhlenberg.

C. spicis sterilibus subgeminis ; fertilibus 4—5, infertoribus

longe-pedunculatis, patulis, apice staminiferis; cylindricis ;

fructibus ovatis, subtriquetro-compressis, punctatis, ore

subbidentato, gluma ovata obtusa brevioribus.

C. verrucosa, Muhl. gram. p. 261. Elliott sk. ii. p. 555.?

Culm about 3 feet high, rather slender, sometimes decumbent, leafy, sca-

brous above. Leaves very long, glaucous, neryed, and conspicuously

cross-barred, scabrous on the margin, with very loose sheaths; the

outer ones abbreviate. Sterile spikes 2, or solitary ; terminal one ob-

tuse and pedunculate; glumes oblong, obtuse or retuse, brown, with the

keel green. Fertile spikes mostly 5, the lower ones distant, and on

considerably long peduncles; upper ones approximate and subsessile ;

all of them generally sterile at the summit; glumes ovate, obtuse, brown,

carinate. Fruit ovate, with one conspicuous nerve, punctate under a

lens, but not pubescent; rostrum minute, bifid.

Haz. On the banks of a meadow-brook, North Carolina.

In Georgia and South Carolina. Muhlenberg. : Flowers

in May.

Ozss. The C. verrucosa of Mr. Elliott, is probably the same

as the one we have described, though his description does

not apply in all respects. The name is by no means ap-

propriate.

564 Monograph of North American Carices.

103. Carex filiformis, Lin.

C. spicis sterilibus geminis ; fertilibus geminis, ovato-oblon-

gis, sessilibus, distantibus; fructibus ellipticis, villosis,

bifurcatis, gluma ovato-lanceolata, subaristata sequalibus ;

foliis convolutis.

C. filiformis, Willd. Sp. pl. iv. p. 303. Sehk. car. t. K. f. 54.

Dewey car. |. c. vil. p. 268.

Culm 2—3 feet high, slender, obscurely triangular, smooth. Leaves prin-

cipally forming a large tuft about the root, 2—3 feet long, channelled

or convolute, ending in a long filiform point. Sterile spikes 2, on a long

common peduncle, the upper one elongated, cylindrical and slender, the

other sessile; glumes oblong, acute, brown, with a green keel. Fertile

spikes usually 2, sometimes solitary, about two inches distant, oblong,

sessile, supported by filiform bractez, densely fruited; glumes dark

brown, with a green carina, acuminate. Fruit elliptical, densely vil-

lous, with a divergingly bifid short rostrum.

Haz. In overflowed bog meadows, and in the borders of

ponds near Hope, New-Jersey. Philipstown in the High-

lands of New-York. Dr. Barratt. Westfield. Massachu-

setts. Mr. Davis. Near Williams College. Prof. Dewey.

Oss. The North American plant agrees exactly with our

European specimens, and with Schkuhr’s fener and de-

scription.

104. Carex aristata, R. Brown.

_C. spicis fertilibus ternis quaternisve, cylindraceis, distanti-

bus, brevepedunculatis; fructibus glaberrimis, nervosis,

rostro longissimo altebifido levi, laciniis patentibus ; glu-

mis omnibus aristatis ; foliis subtus vaginisque villosis.

C. aristata, R. Brown, in Richard. app. Frank. nar. ed. 2.

p- 36.

Has. In the woody region of Arctic America. Dr. Rich-

ordson,

Monograph of North American Carices. 368

Oss. ‘This species is said to be between C. bullata and la-

custris. It is altogether different from C. aristata, Dewey.

(C. Davisii. nobis.)

105. Carex vesicaria, Lin.

C. spicis sterilibus subtribus ; fertilibus subgeminis, pedun-

culatis, cylindraceis ; fructibus oblongis, inflatis, acumina-

to-rostratis, bicuspidatis, gluma lanceolata majoribus ;

culmo acute triquetro.

C. vesicaria, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 307. Schk. car. t. Ss. f. 106.

Pursh fl. i. p. 45. Muhl. gram. p. 260.

Culm about two feet high, erect, scabrous on the angles above. Leaves

longer than the culm, bright green, 3—4 lines broad, smooth. Sterile

spikes usually 3, alternate, slender, sometimes androgynous, supported

on a common peduncle several inches above the fertile spikes; glumes

oblong-lanceolate, acute, pale brown. Fertile spikes 2—3, erect, two

or three inches in length, densely fruited, on short exserted peduncles ;

glumes ovate, cuspidate, shorter than the fruit, pale brown. Fruit

ovate-oblong, gradually acuminate, inflated, bicuspidate.

Has. In overflowed meadows; Pennsylvania to New-York ;

notcommon. Flowers in the end of May.

Oss. This handsome species is common in Europe. Spikes

yellowish when mature.

106. Canxex ampullacea, Willdenow.

C. spicis sterilibus tribus; fertilibus 2--3, cylindraceis,

breve pedunculatis, erectis; fructibus subglobosis, inflatis,

rostratis, bifurcatis, gluma lanceolata majoribus; culmo

obtuse triquetro.

C. ampullacea, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 308. Schk. car. t. Tt. f.

107. Dewey car. |. c. vil. p. 266. Richard. app. Frank.

nar. ed. 2. p. 36.

Has. Williamstown, Massachusetts. Prof. Dewey. In the

woody region of Arctic America. Dr. Richardson.

jee teeny

diherges ¢

Ae iets ae

366 Monograph of North American Carices.

Oxzs. The species which we consider as the C. vesicaria, is

perhaps what is called C. ampullacea by Professor Dewey.

We have specimens | of a Carex which differs in some re-

spects from C. vesicaria, but it hardly appears to be a dis-

tinct geciess a

i! 107. ‘Canzx retrorsa, *. Tab. 28. fig. 2.

C. spicis ie iibus subternis, inferioribus szepe basi fructife-

ris ; spicis fertilibus subquinis, approximatis (quasi corym-

bosis,) oblongo-cylindraceis, incluse pedunculatis, infima

seepe remota; fructibus ovatis, inflatis, reflexis, rostratis,

gluma lanceolata duplo brevioribus.

C. retrorsa, Schw. an. tab. car. 1. c. Dewey |. c. ix. p. 67.

Culm about two feet high, erect, thick, obtusely triangular, leafy. Leaves

longer than the culm, thick and rough, 3—4 lines broad. Sterile spikes

generally 3, sometimes 2, terminal one slender; common peduncle

elongated ; glumes oblong, rather obtuse, pale brown. Fertile spikes

4—6, clustered at the summit of the culm in a somewhat corymbose

manner, densely fruited, thick, retrorsely imbricate, especially below

the middle of the spikes, the upper ones nearly sessile, lowest one

often two or three inches distant from the rest; bractew large, and re-

sembling the leaves ; glumes lanceolate, brown, with a green keel half

as long as the fruit. Fruit large, ovate, inflated, smooth, nerved; ros-

trum bifid.

Has. Borders of Ponds. Waterton, New-York. Dr.

Crawe. In Massachusetts. Prof. Dewey. Norwich, Ver-

mont; abundant. Dr. Barratt. Flowers in May.

Oss. This species is nearly allied to C. folliculata, 8. poly-

stachya*, but differs in its numerous sterile spikes, reflexed

fruit, &c. It also resembles C. tentaculata in some re-

spects. ‘The inferior fertile spikes are often compound,

bearing one or two short branches at the base.

108. Carex Schweinitziu, Dewey.

G. spicis sterilibus binis, suprema elongata, pedunculata ;

fertilibus subtribus, oblongo-cylindraceis, subpendulis, re-

motiusculis. incluse pedunculatis ; fractibus oblongo-ova-

Monograph of North American Carices. 867)

lis, acuminato-rostratis, inflats, bitrcatis, eluma lanceo-

lata attenuata longioribus. aa r

C. Schweinitzii, Dewey car. 1. c. ix. “|p. 6S.

per

Culm about a foot high, acutely triquetrous , leaty, scabrous above, rather

slender. Leaves rather narrow, smooth, carinate. Slerile spikes 1\—2,

the inferior one mostly small, the other long an slender ; 4 glumes | Jan-

ceolate, acuminate, pale brown. Fertile spikes 3, _ sometimes 4, ‘some-

what curved, and rather pendulous, not very densely fruited, of a squar-

rose appearance, an inch and a half in length; upper one sessile, the

rest on included peduncles; glumes lanceolate, attenuate into a long

subulate point, about two thirds the length of the fruit, pale brown.

Fruit ovate, inflated, spreading, with a long conical rostrum, smcoth,

nerved, bidentate.

Has. In wet sandy soil; near Hope, Sussex County, New-

Jersey. Williamstown, Massachusetts, and Pownal, Ver-

mont. Prof. Dewey. Westfield, Massachusetts. Mr. E.

Davis. Flowers in June. '

Ops. Spikes becoming light straw color. A very distinct

species. s hit em ‘

» 109. Carex bullata, Schikub

€. spicis staminiferis subternis ; fructiferis binis, oblonge-

cylindraceis, laxiusculis, exserte pedunculatis subnutanti- |

bus, distantibus ; fructibus ovato-globosis, inflatis, erectis,

--giabris, costatis, rostrato-acuminatis, ore bifido, gluma

lanceolata duplo longioribus. ‘a

C. builata, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 309. Schk. car. t. Uuu. f.

166. Pursh fl. i. p. 45. Dewey car. ix. p. 71. Elliott sk.

ii, p. 556. ,

Culm a foot and a half or two feet high, erect, slender, triquetrous, smooth, ’

leafy. Leaves longer than the culm, rather narrow, smooth, shghtly

scabrous on the margin. Sterile spies 3--4, sometimes but 2, alter-

nate, slender, cylindrical, on an elongated common peduncle ; glumes 7

ovate-lanceolate, rather obtuse, pale brown, with a green keel. Fertile if

spikes 2—3, oblong-cylindrical, thick, but not densely fruited, | ‘two.

inches or more distant, sometimes very remote, uppermost one {when

‘

yrs

* aie

’

tips

\ eh —

\ : *

at F \ in ® the f “

oe ye ee va ‘

368° Monograph of North American Carices.

there are 3) sessile and few-flowered, the others on filiform exsert pe-

duncles 1—2 inches long, at first erect, but at length somewhat cernu-

ous; glumes lanceolate, dilated at the base, acute, brown, with the keel

green. Fruit short, ovate, much inflated, marked with distant elevated

nerves, rostrum long and acuminate; orifice bifid and scabrous.

Has. In bog and wet meadows. In various parts of Penn-

_ sylvania. Philipstown in the Highlands of NewYork ;

abundant. Dr. Barratt. Deerfield, Massachusetts. Mr.

Hitchcock and Dr. Cooley. Sheffield, Massachusetts. Prof.

Dewey.

Ozss. Spikes light green when mature. This species is not

described by Muhlenberg, although there are good speci-

mens of it in his Herbarium.

110. Carex pellita, Muhlenberg. . A, are.

’ eoae | ats)

Ae ae? > FA Bi we

C. spicis sterilibus binis, oblongis ; fructiferis binis, cylindra- ac.

pe remotis, erectis, superiore sessili; fructibus ovatis,

- subtriquetris, breve-rostratis, pilosis, bicuspidatis, gluma — tae

oblonga aristata subzequalibus. Ms. re iz

C, pellita, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 302. Schk. car. t. Nano. f. 149. Loe

et 150. Pursh fl. i. p. 44. Muhl. gram. p. 258. Elliott sk.

ii. p. 554. Dewey car. 1. c. ix. p. 70. + Re has ah

-C. striata, Mich. fi. ii. p. 174. ame, aa

Culm two and a half feet high, erect, subterete below? triquetrous and

scabrous above, leafy. Leaves rather narrow, erect, somewhat - rigid,

smooth, flat, longer than the culm. Sterile spikes 2—3, (sometimes 1) the

upper pedunculate, oblong, and oblong-cylindrical ; glumes ovate, dark

brownish, acute, the lower ones mucronate, ciliate. Fertile spikes gen-

erally b but 2, long-cylindrical, or ovate-oblong, densely fruited, on pedun-

cles shorter than the sheaths ; bractec surpassing the culm; glumes ovate

y gh «

or lanceolate, cuspidate, dark brown, with keel greenish, longer or

shorter than the fruit. Fruit ovate, striate with a short rostrum, sub-

erect, densely pubescent ; orifice bicuspidate. =

Has. In wet meadows; Canada to Pennsylvania; com-

mon near New-York and in the Highlands.

May.

Flowers in

eo oe ¢

erg é

si fee

Monograph of North American Carices. 369

Ozs. There is a variety of this species with short and

almost ovate fertile spikes. The flat leaves and geminate

sterile spikes distinguish it from C. filyformis.

111. Carex lacustris, Willdenow.

C. spicis sterilibus subquaternis; fertilibus binis vel ternis,

erectis, oblongo-cylindraceis, brevi-pedunculatis; fruc-_

tibus oblongis, multinerviis, subrostratris, glabris, bifur-

catis, gluma oblonga-mucronata paulo-longioribus.

C. lacustris, Willd. sp. pl. iv. p. 306. Schk. car. t. Ooo. f.

152. Pursh fl. i. p. 45. Dewey car. |. c. x. p. 43.

C. riparia, Mull. gram. p. 259. Elliott sk. ii. p. 554.

Culm 3--5 feet high, very thick and strong, sharply triquetrous, leafy,

_ scabrous above. Leaves erect, longer than the culm, 4—5 lines broad,

- carinate, of a thick and coarse texture, somewhat glaucous; sheath

- white above on the inside. Sterile spikes 3-—4, the terminal one cylin-

drical, the others shorter and thicker, of a bright brown color; glumes

oblong, obtuse or emarginate, mucronate. Fertile spikes 2—3, oblong-

cylindrical, thick, and densely fruited, somewhat attenuate at the base,

sometimes sterile at the apex; upper one nearly sessile; the lower

on short peduncles, erect; g/umes oblong, acuminate or cuspidate, with

a scabrous point, brown, rather shorter than the fruit. Fruit oblong,

with a conical and. somewhat rostrate summit; brown, smooth, dis-

tinetly nerved ; orifice bifurcate.

ean. a In deep swamps, and on the margin of lakes and pone ; :

ret to South Carolina; common. Flowers in the /

beginning of June. he

Oss. Muhlenberg, Elliott, and other botanists, consiliel the

C. lacustris as a variety of the C. riparia, a common Euro-

pean species, and indeed it does not appear to ne very

distinct.

112. Carex cherokeensis *. Tab. 25. fig. i

C. spicis sterilibus 2—4; fertilibus subquaternis, distanti-

bus, ovato-cylindraceis, pedunculatis, apice szpe stam-

‘ iniferis, subpatulis, fructibus ovatis, subtriquetris, longe-

’

370 Monograph of North American Carices.

rostratis, glabris, nervosis bidentatis, gluma ovata valde

acuminata brevioribus.

C. cherokeensis, Schw. an. tab. 1. c. C. anonymus, Herb.

Muhl. No. 382.

Culm a foot in height, triquetrous, suberect, slender, somewhat flexugus.

Leaves shorter than the culm, rather rigid, erect, glaucous, smooth,

subcanaliculate ; sheaths purple at the base. Sterile spikes 2,—4 sub-

cylindric, of a whitish appearance, terminalene much larger than the

rest, on a short peduncle ; glumes oblong, not mucronate, except the

lowest. Fertile spikes 4—5, rather loose-flowered, all on moderately

long filiform peduncles, often almost pendulous; glumes ovate, or ovate

lanceolate, ending in a long acuminate point, but not mucronate, whitish

with a green keel. Fruit ovate, with a long rostrum, slightly nerved,

bidentate, of a shining white color. i

Has. In the Cherokee country. Mrs. Gambold.

Ozs. Very fine specimens of this Carex we found in the

Muhlenbergian Herbarium, but without a name. It is

probably the C. recurva, of the Descrip. gram. p. 262. but

certainly not of Schkuhr. Its white spikes and squarrose

glumes give it a peculiar appearance.

113. Carex longirostris *.

C. spicis sterilibus ternis, brevibus ; fructiferis binis vel ter-

nis, cylindraceis, laxifloris, demum pendulis, longe-pedun-

culatis, subdistantibus ; fructibus ovatis, basi subglobosis,

—longissime rostratis, glabris bifidis, gluma lanceolata

paulo longioribus.

C. longirostris, Torrey in Schw. an. tab. 1.c. Dewey car. 1. c.

ix. p. 257.

Culm about two feet high, slender, triquetrous, scabrous above. Leaves

shorter than the culm, flat, scabrous on the margin, shining. Sterile

spikes 2—3, short, erect, the lowest often bearing a few capsules at the

base; glumes lanceolate, acuminate, hyaline; keel brown. Fertile

spikes 2—3, on filiform exsert peduncles, cylindric, about an inch and a

half long, spreading, and at length pendulous ; uppermost one often ster-

ile at the summit; peduncles 2—4 inches long; glumes lanceolate or

ovate, and cuspidate, white, with a broad green keel, mostly rather

shorter than the fruit, but sometimes a little exceeding it.

pat

| *

Monograph of North A

“?

merican Carices.

371

Fruit loosely

disposed on the rachis, ovate, with a subglobose base, abruptly produced

into a long slender rostrum, slightly bifid at ie Caryopsis ovate,

obtusely triangular, minute, striate and scabrous.

Has.

In wet meadows on river banks.

Near Boston. Dr.

Bigelow. Westfield, Massachusetts. Mr. E. Davis. Shef-

field, Massachusetts. Prof. Dewey.

places, Norwich, Vermont. Dr. Barratt.

_ (The names printed in italics are synonymes. )

CAREX.

Acuta, LZ.

affinis, R. Brown.

alba, Henke.

alpestris, Allion.

ampullacea, Good.

anceps, Muhl.

arida, *

aristata, R. Br.

aristata, Dewey.

atrata, LD.

attenuata, R. Br.

aurea, JVutt.

Barrattii, *

bicolor, Allion,

bracteosa, Schw.

bromoides, Schk.

bullata, Schk.

Buxbaumii, Wahl.

capillaris, L.

canescens, L.

cephalophora, Wahi.

cespitosa, L.

cherokeensis *.

Collinsii, Nutt.

compacta, R. Br.

concinna, R. Br.

concolor, R. Br.

Index to the Species.

No.

Carex.

conoidea, Schk.

crinita, Lam.

cristata, *

curta, Good.

dasycarpa, Muhl.

decomposita, Muhl.

Davisii, *

Deweyana, * —

debilis, Mx.

digitalis, Muhl.

dioica, L.

disperma, Dewey.

Drimeja, Li.

echinata, . Wahl.

Elliottii, *

festucacea, Schk.

filifolia, Vuté.

filiformis, Z.

flava, L.

flexuosa, Schk.

floridana, *

foenea, Muhl.

folliculata, LD.

formosa, Dewey.

Fraseri, Sims.

fuliginosa,

glaucescens, Ell.

Woods and rocky

372 Monograph of North American Carices.

CAREX No. Carex

granularis, Muhl. 83 remota, Z.

granularoides, Schw. , 81 retroflexa, Muhl.

gynandra, . 98 retrorsa, *

gynobasis, Vill. 74 Richardit, Mx.

hirsuta, Willd. 47 Richardsonii, R. Br.

hystericina, Willd. 92 riparia, Good.

intumescens, Rudge. 71 rosea, Schk.

lacustris, Willd, 111 rostrata, Schk.

lagopodioides, Schk. 32 saxatilis, Pursh.

Lagopus, Muhl. 4 scabrata, *

lanuginosa, Mx. & Schweinitzii, Dewey.

latifolia, W. 76 scirpoidea, Mx.

laxiflora, Lam. 82 scirpoides, Schk.

leptalea, Wahl. 6 scoparia, Schk.

lenticularis, Mx. 96 setacea, Dewey.

leonura, Wahl. 98 sparganioides, Muhl.

leporina, Mx. 33 squarrosa, L.

limosa, ZL. 96 stellulata, Good.

Linneana, Host. 1 sterilis, Willd.

littoralis, Schw. 100 stipata, Muhl.

loliacea, L. 29 strinta, Mx.

longirostris, * 113 straminea, Willd.

lupulina, Muhl. 70 subulata, Ma.

marginata, Muhl. 64 sylvatica, Hudson.

media. R. Br. 44 tenella, Schk.

Michaurcti, Schw. 3° tenera, Dewey.

microstachya, Mx. 7 tentaculata, Muhl.

microsperma, Wahl. 21 teretiuscula, Good.

miliacea, Muhl. 90 tetanica, Schk.

misandra, R. Br. 51 tribuloides, Wahl.

Muhlenbergii, Schk. 17 trichocarpa, Muhl.

multiflora, Muhl. 21 triceps, Mx.

mutica, R. Br. 56 trisperma, Dewey,

Muskingumensis, Schw. 31 typhina, Mx.

nigra, All. 69 umbellata, Schk.

nove angliz, * 57 ustulata, Wahl.

(E&deri, Ehrh. 67 varia, Muhl.

oligocarpa, Schk. 78 vesicaria, L.

ovata, Rudge. 26 paniculata, L.

paleacea, Wahl. 98 pauciflora, Light/.

pallescens, LD. 91 pedunculata, Muh.

101

% ott

Monograph of North American Carices.

CAREX.

pellita, Muhi.

plantaginea, Zam.

podocarpa, R. Br.

polytrichoides, Muhl.

Pseudo-cyperus, L.

pubescens, Muhl.

pyriformis, Schw.

vecurva, Muhl,

No.

110

CAREX.

verrucosa, Mate

vestita, Willd.

virescens, Muhl.

virudula, Mx.

vulpinoidea, Mx.

Willdenovii, Schk.

Wormskioldiana, Horn.

xanthophysa, Wahl.

NOTE BY THE COMMITTEE OF PUBLICATION.

Since the return of Mr. De Scuweinirz to his native

country, the Committee of Publication have been favoured

with the following note from that gentleman, which they deem

it proper should accompany the Monograph.

‘The Monograph of the Carices, in its present shape, differs so es-

sentially from the unfinished materials, which, on my departure for

Europe, I confided to my friend Dr. Torrey, with a request to make such

use of them as he deemed proper, that it would be an act of injustice to

that gentleman to consider him simply in the light of an editor. The judi-

cious and elaborate amendments he has proposed, and the mass of new and

valuable matter he has added, entitle him to a participation in the author-_

ship of the work. Iam anxious, therefore, that the Monograph should be

considered and quoted in all respects, as the joint production of Dr.

Torrey and myself.” mR

BeTHLEHEM, Penn. Dec. 20, 1825.

oat)

; oa! : !

On a fossil Crustaceous Animal. 3%

OxBsERVATIONS on a fossil Crustaceous Animal of the order

Brancuiopopa. By J. E. Dexay. Read Dec. 12. 1825.

Tue subject of this notice was presented a few years since,

by Professor Noyes of Hamilton College, to the Cabinet

of the Lyceum. A label attached to it, purports that it was

found in Westmoreland, Oneida County, New-York. It has

been described in vol. 3. p. 291. of the American Monthly

Magazine. The state of the specimen, at that time, not

admitting of close examination, Professor Mitchill was in-

duced to consider it as a fossil fish, and has described it as

belonging to the genus Silurus. This is not surprising, when

we recollect for how long a period the naturalists of Europe

mistook the fossil salamanders of Giningen for fishes of the

same genus, not to mention the still greater error of consider-

ing them as fossil remains of the antediluvial man.

The following description, with the accompanying plate,

will, it is hoped, remove all doubts on the subject, and

establish this very singular fossil in its proper place in the

system.

ORDER BRANCHIOPODA.

Genus EuryprTervs.

Caput a thorace non distinctum. Os ignotum. Oculj

duo, sessiles, distantes, lunati. Abdomen elongatum, posticam

versus extremitatem sensim gracilius, segmentis transversis

subimbricatis divisum. Pedes octo; duo utrinque antici

branchiferi, duo utrinque postici maximi, omnes lamellosi.

E. remapes.

Description. Head roundish, marked anteriorly by a deep

indented line formed by the junction of the superior and in-

ferior plates, similar to the appearance presented on the

r .

vag PR RA

376 On a fossil Crusiaceous Animal.

anterior part of some Trilobites. Eyes distinctly lunated,

much depressed, and marked by co: centric strize. Feet

four pair; the two anterior composed of four or more near-

ly equal articulations, of which the terminal one is the small-

est and bluntly pointed, furnished with filaments, which from

their size and situation, are supposed to be branchize. The

third pair is rather longer than the two proceeding, and

entirely destitute of filaments. The fourth or posterior pair

are placed near the junction of the head with the abdo-

men, and are larger in proportion to the body, than in any

living genus of crustacea with which we are acquainted.

{n the description above alluded to, these natatory feet

were mistaken for pectoral fins. As nearly as can be de-

termined from the faint and broken impressions of the up-

per part of these natatory feet, five articulations are

visible, of which the second is furnished on its anterior

edge, with two slight spines, and the last terminates in an

oval plate, as in the genus Portunus. The abdomen con-

sists of eleven distinct articulations tapering gradually

to the tail, a small part of which only remains. The abdo-

men presents no trace of a division into longitudinal lobes.

DIMENSIONS.

Total length - . - - . 3°6

Length of the head - - - - 1

Breadth of do. - - - - 1-4

Breadth of the body - - : - pars

Distance between the eyes = - > - 6

Cabinet of the Lyceum.

Plate XXIX.

‘The remarkable depression of the eyes, with other ap-

pearances, lead to the belief that this fossil is merely an im-

pression, and that this impression has been moulded from

the upper or dorsal surface of the animal.

On a fossil Crustaceous Animal. ott

From the preceding description and accompanying plate,

which is of the natural size, it is evident that this fossil must

be referred to the order of branchiopodal crustacea. In the

form and structure of the eyes, it resembles the Isotelus de-

scribed in the preceding volume of the Annals, which was

referred to the family of Trilobites, and yet the presence of

natatory feet, branchial filaments, and more especially the

absence of longitudinal lobes, would separate it decidedly

from that family. It would be very desirable to ascertain its

proper place in the natural series, and to determine whether it

might not form a connecting link between the groupe of Tri-

lobites, and some recent genera of the branchiopodal crustacea.

A cursory inspection of its external form would lead us at

first to place it among the decapodal order of the family Mac-

rourt. The character of that family however will not permit

this and a minute examination of the order Branchiopoda.

Lat. Eutomostraca of others has also failed to satisfy us in

this respect. We may be permitted to indicate Apus, Binocu-

dus, and Lepidurus, as the genera to which the present relic

seerns nearest allied.

We can offer little of interest respecting its geological

situation, as it is not known whether it was found in place,

or in a detached mass. From the weathered appearance

presented by one of its surfaces, we should be inclined to

adopt the latter opinion. The rock containing the impres-

sion is, as far as we are acquainted, peculiar to this country.

It is termed by the country people, bastard limestone, and

has had the usual fortune of most of our rocks, to have been

described under many different names. It is said to be clay

slate by Dr. Mitchill; grey wacke slate, calciferous sand

rock, transition sand rock. &e by others. It is of a bluish

color, with a conchoidal fracture, homogenous appearance

and earthy smell. It effervesces slightly with acids, con-.

tains a few siliceous particles, and gives fire with steel.

378 Examination of Gres of Iron.

Examination of Iron Orzs from the Northern Part of the

State of New-York. By Issacuar Cozzens.

Read December 19th, 1825.

Tue following examinations of some ores of iron, were

undertaken with a view of ascertaining the exact quantities

of iron, the presence of any other metallic oxide, and more

especially the nature of the gangue in which these ores occur,

whether siliceous, magnesian calcareous, or argillaceous.

It was desirable to introduce some improvement in the work-

ing of these ores, for experience had taught the proprietors,

that those which contained the greatest per centage of iron,

were not the most profitable to be worked, but on the con-

trary, as will be seen by the following analysis, many ores

which were mixed with a large proportion of earthy matter,

were more easily fluxed, and of course were more profitable

to the manufacturer.

It appeared, therefore, that in this case the earthy matter,

which was granite, acted as a flux, and consequently that

granite or sienite, if containing much felspar, may be ad-

vantageously used as a flux for very rich ores of iron, where

these rocks are not naturally associated with the ores.

The detection of a new mineral, or of new combinations

of minerals, does not seem to me to constitute the chief

value of an analysis. A more important end is attained, if

we can by analysis, throw out any hints which may improve

the manufacture of an article so essential to the wants of

mankind.

No. 1. Ore of iron from Peru, Clinton County, New-

York.

Character. Its powder is nearly black; magnetic; its

specific gravity 4,41 in the specimen examined; it gives

fire with steel.

/lnalysis. One hundred grains coarsely powdered, were

submitted to pure muriatic acid, which dissolved ninety

Examination of Ores of fron. 379

grains, and left ten grains of earthy matter like sand. This

earthy substance was examined with the microscope, and ap-

peared to be fragments of hornblende, coccolite, with a small

portion of the ingredients of granite.

Pure potash in solution was now added in excess to the

solution of muriate of iron, to precipitate the iron and retain

the alumine if any was present.

The precipitate of oxide of iron was washed, dried, and

heated to a low red; it then weighed eighty-nine grains.

In adding pure potash to the solution of muriate of iron,

there was an oxide of iron with muriate of potash, the oxide

of iron precipitating, and the muriate of potash holding in so-

jution alumine if any was present. In order to determine this

I added pure water of ammonia; it let fall a precipi-

tate, which was examined in the following manner after wash-

ing and drying it: it was then cooled and moistened with a

solution of nitrate of cobalt, which gave a slight blue color ;

the best test of the presence of alumine. The eighty-nine grains

of oxide were now dissolved again in muriatic acid; pure water

of ammonia was added to neutralize the solution, then benzo-

ate of ammonia to separate the iron, leaving the manganese

in the solution of muriate of ammonia. The compound mu-

riate was sublimed, and left the oxide of manganese at the

bottom of the subliming vessel in the form of a white powder,

which turned black on being exposed to the air. The pow-

der was then collected, washed, dried, and then weighed one

and a half grains. Fused with borax and a small quantity

of nitrate of potash, it gave a faint rose color.

Hence it will appear that this ore is composed of

Black oxide of iron, - - 87 00

Earthy admixture, - - 11 00

Manganese, - - - = 1 50

99 50 loss50=100

No. 2. Iron ore from West-port, Essex County, New-

York.

380 Examination of Ores of Iren.

Character. Its powder is nearly black when powdered

without its matrix, but with it, grey; slightly magnetic ; spe-

cific gravity 3,58.

Its gangue granite.

This ore was treated by the same process as No. 1, and

yielded of granitic rock sixty, black oxide of iron forty, and

a trace of manganese, or 24.88 of pure iron in the hundred ;

this ore is said to work very readily, probably owing to the

large quantity of felspar in its gangue.

No. 3. Iron ore from Crown Point, Essex County, New-

York.

Character. Not magnetic; specific gravity 3.96; pow-

der of a purple brown.

Analysis. (1.) A piece of this ore was coarsely powdered ;

in order to examine the earthy residuum with the microscope,

after it had been submitted to muriatic acid.

(2.) One hundred grains of the powder was boiled in muri-

atic acid for half an hour, the solution decanted and more

acid added until it ceased to act on the mineral; the solu-

tions were then put together, and the residuum washed; the

washings added to the solution, the residuum then weighed

17.50 grains. (See 6.)

(3.) To the muriatic acid solutions and washings) | pure

potassa was added in excess, to throw down the oxide of iron.

"The oxide was then dried and ignited with wax. It then

weighed about seventy-two grains ; when first precipitated it

weighed eighty-three, hence it will appear that this ore con-

tains more oxygen than ores No. 1. and 2.

(4.) The muriate of potassa, which was found in adding the

potassa to the muriatic solution of iron, was then examined

in the following manner : first, some pure water of ammonia

was dropt into a portion of it, to precipitate the alumine if any

was present; it had no effect on the liquid; next the solu-

tion of oxalic acid was thrown into another portion of it, to

determine if all the iron had been precipitated, this likewise

had no effect.

Examination of Ores of Lron. 381

5. The earthy residuum was now examined ; first, with the

microscope, but little of its character could be relied on; it

had, however, the appearance of fragments of felspar, and

was easily powdered and gritty to the teeth.

(6.) The earth was now reduced toa fine powder, and fused

with potassa in a silver cup. The fused mass was -uffer-

ed to cool, then dissolved in pure distilled water and filter-

ed; (the potassa had nearly dissolved, only leaving a small

trace of iron); then to the alkaline solution was added muri-

atic acid, it let fall a precipitate of silex, which weighed 15.75

grains, having lost 75, which appeared to be alumine.

(7.) The precipitate of oxide of iron (3) was then dissolved

in muriatic acid, and neutralized with pure water of ammonia,

then precipitated with benzoate of ammonia, forming a ben-

zoate of iron, and a compound solution of muriate of manga-

nese and ammonia, if any manganese was present. The ben-

zoate of iron was then separated from the solution by the

filter. The clear solution that was supposed to contain the

manganese, was then boiled to dryness, and the muriate of

ammonia sublimed, leaving the manganese, which when dried

weighed 2.4 grains ; it was then fused with borax and nitrate

of potash, giving its usual rose colour with a tint of violet.

Hence it will appear this ore contains of

Red oxide of iron ~ - - 79 60

Manganese, - - - - - 24

Silex, “ ~ “ ~ - 15 75

Alumine, - - - > - 175

99 50

loss 50.

No. 4. fron ore from Moriah, Essex County, New-York

Variety No. 1.

Character. Its powder is blackish, with a shade of purple;

magnetic ; specific gravity 4.92 ; has a greyish mineral im-

bedded in it in grains, the size of fine sand.

382 Examination of Ores of Fron.

(1.) One hundred grains lost in calcining one grain in

weight.

Analysis. (2.) The remaining ninety-nine grains were sub-

mitted to muriatic acid in the usual way, which dissolved the

oxide of iron, leaving seven grains not acted upon. The

seven grains appeared to be sand composed of fragments of

granite. Felspar, quartz, and mica, were easily distinguished

by the microscope after the oxide of iron had been removed.

(3.) The solution of (2,) containing the muriate of iron,

was. now precipitated with pure potash and filtered. The

oxide of iron caught on the filter, was washed, dried, and

then ignited with wax, it then weighed ninety-one grains.

(4.) Ten and a half grains of the oxide were dissolved in’

muriatic acid, and neutralized with water of ammonia, and

precipitated with benzoate of ammonia, and filtered ; the fil-

tered solution was then boiled to dryness; the dry mass was

then sublimed to get clear of the muriate of ammonia; there

remained in the subliming vessel, of manganese.25 of a grain.

Now if 10.50 gives 25, 91 will give 2.87.

(5.) The seven grains of earthy admixture was then powder-

ed and fused with pure potassa, which dissolved all but a

trace.

Hence this ore is composed ef

Black oxide of iron, - ~ é 89 13

Manganese, - - - - 2 87

Silicious admixture, ~ - y 7 00

99 00 loss 1.

Or of oxygen, - - - - 19 88

Jron, - - - - = ° 69 25

Manganese, - - - 2 87

Silicious admixture, ~ - - 7 00

Re oo

99 00 loss 1.

Notes on Shells. 383

No. 5. Iron ore from Moriah, Essex county, New-York.

Character. Somewhat irised, or pavonine; magnetic.

Sp. gr. 4.50; its powder black. This ore was treated in a

similar manner as No. 4 above, and proved to consist of

Black oxide of iron - 88 50 or oe - 20 28

Iron - - 68 22

Silex ~ = - » 6.00

Aljumine - - - $800 88 50

97 50 loss 2.50

With a trace of sulphur and a trace of manganese.

Notes on Suetus. By D. H. Baryes.

No. Il.

[Read December 26, 1825. Continued from page 140. ]

TE want of books is a great obstacle to the progress of

the student of natural history; for whatever new or curious

object he may discover, he cannot be sure that he will be safe

in publishing it, unless he has examined all the books in that

department. Many of these books in our country are not to

be obtained, and some that we have, are imperfect copies, de-

ficient in the important part of plates. Under these circum-

stances that we make any progress in natural science, is an

evidence of zeal and industry ; and these circumstances ought

to alleviate any censures which might otherwise be justly

charged upon us, when we publish as new, those things which

our more favored brethren abroad have previously discover-

ed, but of which discovery they have not communicated to us

the knowledge. Science is a republic in which every man

has a right to think and act for himself. If the decisions of

our foreign friends appear to us just and reasonable, we shall

384 Notes on Shelis..

receive them. If they appear unjust and unreasonable, we

shall reject them. We have the less hesitation in this course,

because our friends abroad often disagree with each other ;

and then, according to ancient rules, we are ‘‘ free.”

Do.iuM DENTATUM,

described in page 135, Plate IX. fig. 3. of this volume, has

been noticed both in France and England The Baron Fer-

rusac says, “‘ the description and fizure prove that Mr. Barnes

has mistaken the genus Douium for the Cassiparia.”’ This re-

mark shows that to him the specimen was new. Mr. Gray, in

the Zoological Journal, page 511, says, ‘‘ the Donium pEn~-

TaTuM is the Dotium rincens of Swainson.” Mr. Swain-

son’s work is not among us. I presume Mr. Gray is right.

Mr. Swainson then considers it a Dolium, and after careful

examination, has so described it. Ferrusac, without having

seen it, affirms it a Cassidaria. In this passing remark there

is a strangeness, not to say carelessness, which is unaccount-

able. There never was a better characterized Dolium than

this. It has all the characters of that genus. The outer lip

is expanded precisely in the manner of Doliuwm fasciatum of

Lamarck. The spire channeled in the same manner as Do-

hum galea, Dolium fasciatum, and Dolium perdiz. 'The base

is emarginate, quite as much so as any Dolium which we have

seen. ‘The slight extension of the inner lip is precisely what

is seen in nearly every species of the genus. The perdiz,

fascratum, maculatum, and galea, have the same. The ribs

are exactly similar, and the intermediate elevated line. It

more resembles Doliwn galea than any other ; and if a large

specimen of each was placed with the back towards the ob-

server, they would not readily be distinguished. Since the

former description was published, a specimen has been re-

ceived which adds full confirmation. The axis is nine inches,

and the diameter seven inches; and it so exactly agrees in its

Notes on Shells. 385

characters with the other, that the description needs very little,

if any correction. The epidimis were entire, and the protu-

berances on the pillar remarkably similar to those of the shell

described. It is preserved in Dr. Mitchill’s cabinet, and was

received from Don Pedro Abadea of Lima. Has. Quito

Island, near Guayaquil.

Natica Heuicoipngs.*

This shell, of which it appears, by the Zoological Journal,

volume I. page 60, that there was only one specimen in Eng-

land, and another in France, is rather common in our collec-

tions. I have reserved a specimen for the authors of the

Journal, who say that it must bear my designation rather than

theirs.

Cyprma Macuvata.*

1 had some doubts, as expressed, when [ announced this

shell; but I have none now. Myr. Gray says it is a variety

of the C. Arabica, as described by him. In this he is under

a mistake. I have fully traced its history. I have all the va-

rieties of C. Arabica mentioned by him, and several others ;

and the Maculata is constantly and essentially different from

any of them It never has brown lines or reticuiations on the

back, and has always a large dark brown or black spot on the

centre of the base. The first which I saw, is that from which

the figure was taken; but since that time, numerous speci-

mens have been brought from the Pacific. In its young state,

the inside is very pale violet, nearly white, and the outside

clouded with zig-zag bands, and light spots resembling the

young of C. Mauritiana. As it advances in age, the back

becomes a dark reddish brown, variegated with well-defined

round white spots, resembling Lamarck’s C. Cervina. The

teeth are nearly or quite black, and the basal spot is of the

same color. Mr. Gray does not mention a black spot on the

386 Votes on Shells.

base in any variety of Arabica, nor, so far as 1 can find, is it

ever found in that species. Indeed the two shells are totally

unlike, and the C. MMaculata is as distinct as any other species

whatever. It is never reticulated; but in its adult state the

back is gibbous, and the shell triangular, like C. Mauritiana,

or C. Caput serpentis. In this state the brown in part covers

the white spots, producing a mottled appearance like the C.

JMauritiana. In very old specimens, the enamel from the base

extends more than half-way up the sides, and covers two-thirds

of the back. It more resembles C. Mauritiana than any other

species, but differs from this in having the base and sides

somewhat flesh-colored, with numerous black or dark brown

spots. It cannot be confounded with any other species by

those who have once examined it, and observed it in the

various stages of its growth.

The small shells figured on plate rx. were described, but

the description withheld, for want of a reference to some of

the latter plates of the Encyc. Meth., to which Lamarck

makes constant reference, but which, on examination, were

not found in any of our copies.

AN ACT

TO INCORPORATE

THE LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

IN THE CITY OF NEW-YORK.

Passed April 20, 1818.

WHEREAS the members of the Lyceum of Natural His-

tory have petitioned for an act of incorporation, and the Le-

gislature impressed with the importance of the study of Natu-

ral History, as connected with the wants, the comforts, and

the happiness of mankind, and conceiving it their duty to en-

courage all laudable attempts to promote the progress of

science in this State—therefore,

~ Be it enacted, by the People of the State of New-York, re-

presented in Senate and Assembly, That Samuel L. Mitchill,

Caspar W. Eddy, Frederick C. Schaeffer, Nathaniel Paulding,

William Cooper, Benjamin P. Kissam, John Torrey, William

Cumberland, D. Jurco V. Knevels, James Clements, and

James Pierce, and such other persons as now are, and may

from time to time become members, shall be, and hereby are

constituted a body corporate and politic, by the name of the

Lyceum or Naturat History in THE City or New-York,

and that by that name they shall have perpetual succession,

and shall be persons capable of suing and being sued, plead-

ing and being impleaded, answering and being answered

unto, defending and being defended, in all courts and places

whatsoever, and may have a common seal, with power to

alter the same from time to time, and shall be capable of pur-

chasing, taking, holding, and enjoying to them and their suc-

388

cessors, any real estate in fee simple or otherwise, and any

goods, chattels, and personal estate, and of selling, leasing,

or otherwise disposing of the said real or personal estate, or

any part thereof, at their will and pleasure: Provided always,

that the clear annual value or income of such real or per-

sonal estate shall not exceed the sum of five thousand dol-

lars: Provided, however, that the funds of the said corporation

shall be used and appropriated to the promotion of the objects

stated in the preamble to this act, and those only.

And be it further enacted, That the said society shall from

time to time, for ever hereafter, have power to make, consti-

tute, ordain, and establish such by-laws and regulations as

they shall judge proper, for the election of their officers ; for

prescribing their respective functions, and the mode of dis-

charging the same ; for the admission of new members; for

the government of the officers and members thereof; for col-

lecting annual contributions from the members towards the—

funds thereof; for regulating the times and places of meeting

of the said society ; for suspending or expelling such members

as shall neglect or refuse to comply with the by-laws or regu-

lations, and for the managing or directing the affairs and con-

cerns of the said society: Provided, such by-laws and regu-

lations be not repugnant to the constitution and laws of this

State or of the United States.

And be it further enacted, 'That the officers of the said so-

ciety shall consist of a president and two vice-presidents, a

corresponding secretary, a recording secretary, a treasurer,

and five curators, and such other officers as the society may

judge necessary ; who shall be annually chosen, and who shall

continue in office for one year, or until others be elected in

their stead: that if the annual election shall not be held at

any of the days for that purpose appointed, it shall be lawful

_o make such election at any other day, and that five members

389

of the said society, assembling at the place and time desig-

nated for that purpose, by any by-law or regulation of the so-

ciety, shall constitute a legal meeting thereof.

And be wt further enacted, That Samuel L. Mitchill shall be

the president ; Caspar W. Eddy the first vice-president; Fre-

derick C. Schaeffer the second vice-president; Nathaniel

Paulding, corrésponding secretary ; William Cooper, record-

ing secretary; Benjamin P. Kissam, treasurer; and John

Torrey, William Cumberland, D. Jurco V. Knevels, James

Clements, and James Pierce, curators; severally to be the

first officers of the said corporation, who shall hold their re-

spective offices until the twenty-third day of February next,

and until others shall be chosen in their places.

And be it further enacted, That the present constitution of

the said association shall, after passing of this act, continue

to be the constitution thereof, and that no alteration shall be

made therein, unless by a vote to that effect, of three-fourths

of the resident members, and upon the request in writing of

one-third of such resident members, and submitted at least

one month before any vote shall be taken thereupon.

Staie of New-York, Secretary's Office.

I certiry the preceding to be a true copy of an original act of the

Legislature of this State, on file in this Office.

ARCH’D CAMPBELL,

Axzany, April 29th, 1818. Dep. Sec’ry.

CONSTITUTION.

———

ARTICLE I.

This society shall be styled ‘“‘ The Lyceum of Natural His-

* y

tory in the City of New-York.”

ARTICLE 1 :

nad

{t shall consist of three classes of members, viz. resident,

corresponding, and honorary: resident members, such as

dwell in the city of New-York and its immediate vicinity ;

corresponding members, such as reside at a distance from said

city, or in other states; and honorary members, such as may

be judged worthy, from their attainments in Natural History,

io be admitted into the society. The number of honorary

members shall never exceed forty.

ARTICLE IU.

All members shall be elected by ballot. Candidates for

admission shall be proposed in writing, at least two meetings

previous to being balloted for. The affirmative votes of three-

fourths of the members present shall be necessary to elect a

candidate; honorary or corresponding members, however,

may be elected without previous notice, provided that thé

ballot on such election be unanimous.

ARTICLE IV.

None but resident members shall he entitled to vote, or be

eligible to any office in the society.

ARTICLE V.

No member who shall be in arrears for one year, shall be

entitled to vote, or be eligible to any office in the society.

391

ARTICLE VI.

The officers of the society shall consist of a president, two

vice-presidents, a first and second; a corresponding secretary,

a recording secretary, a treasurer, five curators, and a libra-

rian, who shall be chosen annually on the fourth Monday of

February. There shall also be elected at every anniversary ~

meeeting of the said society, the following committees, viz. a

committee of nomination, consisting of five members; a com-

mittee of publication, of five members ; a finance committee, of

of three members; and a library committee, of three members:

also, an anniversary orator, and a draughtsman to the Lyceum.

ARTICLE VII.

The election of officers shall be by ballot, and the person

having the greatest number of votes, shall be declared duly

elected.

ARTICLE VIII.

Five members at a stated meeting shall form a quorum,

and ten at a special meeting.

ARTICLE IX.

By-laws for the further regulation of the society shall from

time to time be made.

ARTICLE X.

No alteration shall be made in this constitution, unless by a

vote to that effect, of three-fourths of the resident members,

and upon the request in writing of one-third of all the resident

members, submitted at least one month previous to any vote

being taken thereupon.

CATALOGUE OF BOOKS

IN THE

Labrary of the Lyceum of Natural History,

291

aps fe

293

294

DEcEMBER 1825.

IN CONTINUATION.

Acharius. Lichenographia Universalis.

Ampere. Description d’un appareil electro-dynamique. Paris, 1324.

-. Exposé methodique des phénoménes electro-dynamiques,

&c.

Audouin, V. Lettre sur la generation des Insectes. Paris, 1824.

295 Austin. Summary Description of the Lead Mines in Upper Louisi-

296

307

ana. 8vo. Washington, 1804.

Barton, W. P. C. Flora of North America. Illustrated by colour-

ed figures, drawn from nature. $ vols. 4to. Philad. 1821-3.

Berzelius, J. J. The use of the Blow-pipe in Chemical analysis, and

in the analysis of Minerals. Translated from the French of

Fresnel, by J. G. Children. London, 1822.

Beltrami, J. C. a decouverte des sources du Mississippi et de la

Riviere Sanglante, &c. New-Orleans, 1814.

-——-. (Another copy.)

-. Deux mots sur des promenades de Paris a Liverpool.

Philadelphia, 1823.

-. Tothe Public of New-York and of the United States; by

the author of the Discovery of the Sources of the Mississippi.

Beck, T. R. Elements of Medical Jurisprudence. 2 vols. vo. Al-

bany, 1823.

Berneaud, T. de. Relation de la quatriéme Féte champétre celeé-

bree a Meudon, par la Société Linneéne de Paris.

Rapport au Société Linneéne de Paris.

—. Eloge de Palisot de Beauvois.

Bigelow, Jacob. Florula Bostoniensis; a collection of Plants of

Boston and its vicinity. 8vo. Ed. 2d. Boston, 1824.

Bonaparte, C. L. American Ornithology, or the Natural History of

Birds inhabiting the United States, not given by Wilson. Vol, I.

folio. Philadelphia, 1825.

€ 2

DYS

368 Boon-mesch, H, C. Aanmerkingen emtrent den staat en de even

redigheid der bestauddeelen van de Damp Kringslucht, &c.

Amsterdam, 1825.

309 Brande, W.T. Journal of Science and the Arts. 5 vols. 8yo.

New-York, 1816-18.

310 Brewster, D. The Edinburgh Journal of Science. Nos. 1,2, 3, 4,5.

311 Brongniart, Ad. Observations sur les Vegetaux Fossiles renfermes

dans les grés de Hoer en Scanie.

Essai dune classification naturelle des Champig-

nons, 8vo. Paris, 1825.

313 Bigsby, J. J. Notes on the Geography and Geology of Lake Hu-

ron. (From the Geological Transactions, London.) 4to. 1824.

314 Brackenridge, H. M. Journal of a Voyage up the River Missouri.

Ed. 2d: Baltimore, 1816.

315 Bruun Neergaard. Traite sur la salaison des viandes et du beurre

en Irlande.

816 Cordier, L. Sur les substances Minerales dites en masse qui entrent

dans la composition des Roches Volcaniques. Ato. Paris, 1815.

(Duplicate. )

317 Chaptal, M.I. A. Elements of Chemistry. $§ vols, in one. Phi-

ladelphia, 1796.

318 Cutbush, J. The Philosophy of Experimental Chemistry. 2 vols.

~ 8vo. Philadelphia, 1813.

319 Cuvier, G. Sur les progres des Sciences Naturelles depuis la paix

Maritime. 4to. Paris, 1825.

321 Darby, W. Tour from the City of New-York to Detroit, in the

Michigan Territory. New-York, 1816.

322 D’Azara, F. Essais sur Histoire Naturelle des Quadrupeds de la

Paraguay, traduits par Moreau St. Mery. 2 vols. Paris, 1801.

323 Defrance, M. ‘Tableau des corps organisés Fossiles. Paris, 1824.

324 Dolomieu. Voyage aux Iles de Lipari. 8vo, Paris, 1783.

325 Drapiez. ‘Tableau Analytique des Mineraux. Oblong 4to. Lille.

326 Drummond, J. L. First Steps to Botany. London, 1823.

327 Du Petit Thouars, A. Histoire des Vegetaux recueillis sur les [es

de France, Bourbon, et Madagascar.

329 Eaton, 4. Botanical Exercises; including Directions, Rules, and

Descriptions, to aid Pupils, &c. 8vo. Albany, 1820.

330 Ehrharti, B. Dissertatio de Belemnitis Suevicis. 4to. Auguste

Vindelicorum, 1727.

331 Ellis, J. Natural History of the Corallines. (German.) With 46

plates. 4to. Nuremberg, 1767.

332 Ferussac, Baron de. Bulletin des Sciences Naturelles. For 1824-5:

6 vols, Sve,

312

333 Field, B. Geographical Memoir on New South Wales; containing

an Account of the Geology, Botany, &c. of New South Wales

and Van Diemen’s Land. 8vo. London, 1825.

334 Fotssac. Memoire sur la Magnetisme Animale. Paris, 1825.

3395 Forster, J. R. Catalogue of the Animals of North America; con-

taining an Enumeration of the known Quadrupeds, Birds, Rep-

tiles, Fish, &c. &c. 8vo. London, 1771.

336 Fries, E, M. Novitiz Flora Suecice.

337 Faujas St. Fond. Voyage Geologique depuis Mayence jusqu’a

Oberstein.

338 . Classification des produits Volcaniques.

340 Gass, P. Journal of the Voyages and Travels of a Corps of Disco-

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400

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plates, illustrative of.

TRANSACTIONS, &c.

465 Annales de la Société Linneéne de Paris, 1823-4.

466 Memoires de la Société Linneéne de Paris, 1824.

467 ———— Fascicule de quatorze planches faisant partie du premier

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470 Sociéte de Flore, cinquieme et sixieme exposition. Bruxelles.

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473 (The same.) Vol. If. Philadelphia, 1825.

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476 ——— of the Literary and Philosophical Society of New-York.

Vol. II. No. 1.

477 and Collections of the Royal Society, (abridged,) from

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478 Collections of the New-York Historical Society. 3 vols. 8vo.

479 Memoirs of the Wernerian Natural History Society, Edinburgh.

Vols. I. If. UT. 1819-20.

(*) Carta de Buenos Ayres, por Bartolomi de Munos.

401

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402

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Bartolomi de Munos, Buenos Ayres (*).

> The Lyceum is indebted to R. K. GREvini£, Esq. of Edinburgh, for

Plate XXII; to Jer. Van Renssexvaer, for Plate XIV.; and to

James E. De Kay, for Plate XXIX.

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES

Pre:

Pri.

Pu. II.

Pec:

Pa ¥:

Pr. Vi:

Of Vol. . Parts 1 § 2.

Lichens from the vicinity of New-York.

Fig. 1.

Fig.

m 02 9 = TO — DB OO WO

Spiloma roseum.

. Lecanora fulva.

. Pyrenula enteroleuca.

. Verrucaria composita.

. Cephalopterus Vampyrus.

. Clupea hudsonia.

. Androsace carinata.

- Potentilla nivalis.

- Primula angustifolia.

. Trifolium nanum.

Siren striata.

Bilobites.

Teeth of the Megatherium from Georgia.

Fig. 1.

OM FQ ot & 09 t9

10.

11.

Utricularia ceratophylla.

. U. macrorhiza.

. U. vulgaris.

. U. striata.

U. gibba.

. U. fornicata.

. U. longirostris

. U. integra.

. 'T. purpurea.

U. personata

U. setacea.

PL. Vil. Phoca cristata.

Pr. VIII. Megatherium.

Fig. 1.

(a)

Inner view of the lower jaw.

External view of do.

Horizontal section of one of the teeth.

Vertical section of do.

404

Pu, IX. ig. 1. Cypreea maculata.

2. C. eburnea.

3. Dolium dentatum.

4. Voluta harpa.

Pui. X. Pleuraphis Jamesii.

Fig. 1. A plant of the natural size.

2. A congeries of spikelets.

3. The same, separated.

4. A lateral spikelet.

5. The same magnified.

6—7. Glumes of the same.

8. Corolla.

9. Inferior valve of the same.

10. Stamens.

11. Central spikelet.

12. The same magnified.

13--14. Glumes of the same.

15. Corolla.

16. Inferior valve of the same.

17. Superior valve.

18. Stamens.

19. Germens, styles and stigmas.

20. Nectaries.

Pu. XI. Coleopterous Insects of North America.

Fig. 1. Bruchus lividus.

. Mycetophila rufipes.

. Anthicus murinipennis.

wm 09

. Anthrenus hzemorrhoidalis.

Hister dimidiatipennis.

. Attelabus nigripes.

. Cryptorynchus meestus.

. Eccoptus minutus.

OMNIA

. Anthonomus suturalis.

. Pissodes squamosus.

. Obrium dentatum.

— ©

408

Pu. XJ. Fig. 12. Molorchus afiinis.

13. Anthribus meestus.

14. Lycoperdina ferruginea.

15. Coccinella marginipennis.

16. Galeruca janthina.

17 Colaspis infuscata.

18. Chrysomela scalaris.

19. Altica oblonga.

20. Cryptocephalus subfaciatus.

Pu. XII. =Trilobites.

Fig. 1. Isotelus gigas.

2. Under side of do.

3. Under side of Limulus.

Pu. XII. Fig. 1. Isotelus gigas extended.

2. I. planus.

Pu. XIV. Fossil erustacea from New-Jersey.

Pui. XV. Map of the environs of Montreal.

1. Trilobite.

Pi. XVI. Menobranchus lateralis.

Pi. XVII. Abranchus Alleghaniensis.

Pi. XVIII. Details of organization of A. Alleghaniensis.

- 1. Os hyoides and spiracular cartilages.

2. Vertebre.

3——4. Upper and side views of the head.

5. Hind foot.

Pu. XIX, Profile view of the Chlamyphorus of the

size of nature

PL, XX. Fig. 1. View of the back of the head.

P 2. Posterior truncated portion.

3. Anterior view of the inferior portion

‘ of the body.

4. Anterior and posterior view of the

fore foot.

5. Anterior and posterior view of the

hinder foot.

406

Pu. XXI. Profile view of the cranium magnified.

2. Posterior view of the cranium magnified,

3. Anterior do, do. do.

4. Several views of a tooth magnified.

5. The organ of hearing magnified.

6. Anterior and inferior view of the end of

the snout magnified.

7. Relative position of the teeth.

8. Lower jaw, natural size.

Pu. XXIf. Amphiuma means.

Pu. XXIII. Musci and Hepatice.

1. Calymperes Hobsoni.

2. Bryum ciliare.

3. Hypnum Haldanianum.

4. Jungermannia carinata.

5. Jungermannia tenax.

Pi. XXIV. Carices of North America.

Fig. 1. C. cristata.

2. C. arida,

Pu. XXV._ Fig. 1. C. cherokeensis.

2. C. aurea

Pu. XXVI._ Fig. 1. C. subulata.

2. C. scabrata.

Pi. XXVIII. Fig. 1. C. digitalis.

2. C. squarrosa.

Pu, XXVIII. Fig. 1. C. floridana.

2. C. retrorsa,

Pi. XXIX. Eurypterus remipes.

Abranchus alleghaniensis

Acid of the Rhus glabrum

Adoxa Moschatellina

Agrostis airoides

cespitosa

cryptandra

Alectoria jubata

Altica oblonga

Ampbiuma means

Amygdaloid

Analytical Table of Carices

Andicpogon glaucum

Androsuce carinata

Anthicus murinipennis

Anthonomns suturalis

Anthrenus hemorrhoidalis

Anthribus meestus

Aristida fasciculata

Arthonia astroidea

Attelabus nigripes

Beomy: “* roseus

rufus

Bilobites

Borrera chrysopthalma

exilis

Bruchus lividus

Bryum ciliare

Buprestis arcuata

bilineata

polita

pusilla

transversa

Calicium clayiculare

stigonellum

Calymperes Hobsoni

Carex acuta

affinis

alba

alpestris

ampullacea

anceps

arida

aristata

atrata

alternata

aurea

Sarrattii

INDEX.

Carex bicolor

bullata

233 Buxbaumii

42 bromoides

32 capillaris

151 cespitosa

152 cephalophora

lol cherokeensis

19 compacta

173 concinna

269 concolor

21 conoidea

62 crinita

153 cristata

30 curta

170 “dasyearpa

171 Davisii

170 Deweyana

172 digitalis

174 dioica

5 disperma

171 Elliottii

festucacea

foenea

filifolia

19 filiformis

19 flava

45 flexuosa

5 folliculata

7 formosa

A7O:1 j 2. fuliginosa

273 floridana

271 Fraseri

250 glaucescens

251 granularis

252 hirsuta

249 hystericina

lacustris

lagopodioides

laxiflora

7 longirostris

? limosa

271 loliacea

361 lupulina

297 marginata

34) media

341 misandra

365 miliacea

343 Muhlenbergii

312 multiflora

364 mutica

3201 nigra

297 | nove-angliz

328 Cderi

361 oligocarpa

31d

367

327

346

360

315

318

326

324

293

315

325

327

344

405

Carex ovata

pallescens

paniculata

paucifiora

pedunculata

pellita

plantaginea

polytrichoides

podocarpa

Pseudo-cyperus

pubescens

remota

retroflexa

retrorsa

Richardsonii

rosea

scabrata

scirpoides

Schweinitzii

scoparia

Ssetacea

Sparganioides

squarrosa

stellulata

Sterilis

stipata

subulata

sylvatica

straminea

tenera

tentaculata

teretiuscula

tetanica

trisperma

trichocarpa

umbellata

ustulata

varia

vestita

verrucosa

vesicaria

virescens

viridula

Willdenovii

Wormskioldiana

xanthophysa

Calcareous spar

Capraria pusilla

Carbonate of Iron

Cenomyce_acicularis

alcicornis

vacillaris

botrytes

cariosa

cespiticia

coccifera

endivie folia

finbriata

furcata

szonorega

INDEX.

309 ) Cenomyce pyxidata

354 rangiferina

308 verticillata

298 uncialis

309 | Cephalopterus Vampyrus

368 | Cerbera Thevetia

342 | Cetraria ciliaris

296 glauca

352 : lacunosa

355 viridis

333 | Clupea hudsonia

$19 | Chlamyphorus truncatus

301} Chlorite

366 | Chrysomela scalaris

330} Coccinella marginipennis

302] Colaspis infuscata

345 | Colleiwna furvum

317 lacerum

366 nigrescens

313 tremelloides

307 | Columbite

305 | Cornicularia fibrillosa

299 pubescens

317 | Cryptocephalus subfasciatus

293 | Cryptochynchus meestus

304 | Cyprea eburnea

340 maculata

350

314 D

319

335 |- Dolium dentatum

308

347 E

311

362 Eccoptus minutus

352 Blater abruptus

49 | appressifrons

329 | attenuatus

331 brevicornis

363 | clypeatus

365 ; collaris

321 ! cucullatus

320 dilectus

it | erosus

H geminatus

339 | hemipodus

PA | impressicallis

6) inflatus

93 | insipiens

13) muscidus

17, nimbatus

1s, parallelus

1s | plebeius

18 | quercinus

17) rectangularis

13 | rotundicollis

17} rubricus

17 silaceus

18 viridanus

18 | viridipilis

135, 384

171

253

267

257

265

266

268

264

261

258

264

254

260

258

267

256

265

256

263

262

263

259

261

260

259

aod

957

' Elater viridis

unicolor

Endocarpon complicatum

Hedwigii

miniatum

smaragdulum

tephroides

Weberi

Epidote

Evernia prunastri

vulpina

Eurypterus remipes

Fluate of lime

Fossil crustacea

Fringilla vespertina

Galleruca janthina

Geology of Montreal

Graphis betuligna

scripta

serpentina

Gratiola anagallidea

aurea

carolinensis

pilosa

quadridentata

virginica

viscosa

Gyrophora Muhlenbergii

papulosas

pensylvanica

frustulata

vellea

Hirundo fulva

Hister dimidiatipennis

Hornblende

Hyla delitescens

femoralis

lateralis

squirella

versicolor

Hypnum Haldanianum

Hystrix dorsata

Tron ores

Isaria sphingum

Isidium corallinum

phymatodes

Tsotelus gigas

planus

INDEX. 409

255 J

255 ‘

10° Jasper $1

9 Juice of the Sambucus canadensis 44

10 Jungermannia carinata 276

9 tenax 277

10 E

7 Lecanora albida 12

17 angulosa 12

375 | atra 11

brunnea 13

candelaria 13

80 | cesio-rubella 3

168 249 | Saeeta e 11

920 | elegans 13

glaucoma 12

irregularis 13

juglandina 13

perella 12

17 periclea i

198 salicina 12

9 subfusca 12

8 tartarea 13

9 varia Pe

108 ventosa 12

106 Villarsii 12

105 | Lecidea albo-cerulescens 6

107 atro-alba 5

107 aurantiaca 7

106 carneola 6

106 coccinea 6

$ citrinella 6

8 confluens 5

8 corticola 6

& demissa 7

3 dolosa 6

Ehrhartiana 7

enteroleuca 5

fumosa 5

15 globifera 7

170 immersa 6

80 lapicida 5

281 luteola 6

280 marmorea 6

279 pantosticta 5

279 premnea 5

281 sabuletorum 6

275 sanguinaria 6

190 versicolor 6

Lepraria flava 21

latebrarum PRI

Lycoperdina ferruginea 172

378

129 » M

19} Mastodon giganteum 143

176 | Megatherium 58, 114

178 | Menobranchus lateralis 233

410

-Menobranchus tetradactylus

Menopoma Alleghaniensis +

Molorchus affinis

Mycetophila rufipes

Myosotis nana

Natica patula

Helicoides

Native silver

Nephroma resupinata

Obrium dentatum

Opegrapha herpetica

macularis

Oxyria reniformis

Parmelia aleurites

: Borreri

caperata

cesia

centrifuga

colpodes

conspersa

crinita —

Peltidea aphthosa

canina

Pentstemon alpina

Phoca cristata

Phosphate of Manganese

Pissodes sqnamosus

Pitchstone

Pleuraphis Jamesii

Polygonum viviparum

Porina fallax

leioplaca

leucostoma

pertusa

Potentilla nivalis

Prehnite

Primula angustifolia

Pyrenula enteroleuca

margacea

nigrescens

Pumice of Missouri

Ramalina fastigiata

fraxinea

polymorpha

Rana fontinalis

gryllus

Rheum digynum

INDEX.

233

271

172

170

Ruellia ciliosa

oblongifolia

strepens

tubiflora

ela

Saccopharynx

Siren striata

Spheria entomorhiza

Spiloma melaleucum

roseum

Staurotide

Stereocaulon paschale

Stilbite

Sticta anthraspis

crocata

Stylephorus

Supports for minerals under the

blowpipe

Torrelite

Trachys ovata

gracilis

Trifolium nanum

Trisetum airoides

rey

"? i, ie : U

Uniola stricta

Urceolaria calearea -

cinerea

Usnea angulata

florida

plicata

Utricularia ceratophylla

' eornuta

fornicata

macrorhiza

personata

striata

Variolaria amara

communis

Verrucaria analepta

composita

Voluta harpa

Yenite

| Zeolite

141

142

140

142

109