CONTENTS

OF THE

Se Ee OVO Tea ME

BY JOHN G. ANTHONY.

PAGE

DESCRIPTIONS of new Fluviatile Shells of the Genus Mrenanra Lam., from

the Western States of North America : 80

DESCRIPTIONS of new species of ANCYLUS and ANouosa, oon the ieeten

States of America . : ‘ 4 : , 2 3 : Eel bO

BY THOMAS BLAND.

Nove on the Geographical distribution of the TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSKS which

inhabit the Island of St. THomas, W. I. . 2 ° 74

On the absorption of parts of the internal structure of their Shells, iy the

animals of SroastoMa, LUCIDELLA, Peieiiareaie uae and

PROSERPINA . ‘ ; z : 75

ON PROSERPINA OPALINA, C. B. ania und Eee PROSERPINULA Pf. F te

Nores on certain TERRESTRIAL MOLLUSKS which inhabit the West INDIES . 147

DESCRIPTIONS of two new species of North American HELICIDS . 5 Ae RELY

REMARKS on certain species of North American HELICIDE . : : 280,336

BY J. CARSON BREVOORT,

Nore to the description of SELENE ARGENTEA of Lacépéde, in Vol. V., Annals

Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. : : : 5 é : 5 - 3 30

BY THE HON. E. CHITTY.

DESCRIPTION of two new species of CYLINDRELLA, from JAmaica, W. I. -/ | 105

BY JAMES D. DANA.

On the HomwoEOMORPHISM of Mineral Species of the Trimetric System : 37

BY THE REY. §, C. FAIRBANK.

OBSERVATIONS on the animal of ROTELLA Lam. . f s s ; 35

BY THEODORE GILL.

DESCRIPTION of a new species of the Genus Cypraka, L. . . 255

Synopsis of the FREsH-WATER FisuHeEs of the western portion of the Tiaad

of TrinmpaD, W.I. . = , : - : : » 363

vi CONTENTS.

BY J, T. GULICK.

Descriptions of new species of ACHATINELLA, from the Hawaltran Islands .

BY JOHN GUNDLACH, PH. D.

DeEscrIprion of a new species of Bird of the Genus SyrvIcoLa Swainson .

Nores on some CuBAN Birps, with descriptions of three new Species .

BY WM. A. HAINES.

Descriptioss of four new species of TERRESTRIAL SHELLS, from SIAM . :

BY GEO. N. LAWRENCE.

Descriptions of new species of Birds of the Genera OrTYX, STERNA, and

IcTERIA . : 5 : 3 : ‘ ‘ J ,

Appit10xs to North American OnwirnoLoay, ING SLE os : “ oid

OrniTHOLOGICAL Notes, No. 2. . ‘ 5 : . A

Description of a new species of Bird of the Genus LARUS 1g : :

DEscRIPTION of a new species of Humming Bird of the Genus MELLISUGA

Brisson, with a note on TROCHILUS AQUILA Bourcier . ‘

Desoriprions of new species of Birds of the Genera CHORDEILES Swainson;

and Ponoprina Selater. 2 : : 3 : ; :

Descriptions of seven new species of HumainG Birps~. 2 . :

Descriptions of two new species of GuLLS in the Museum of the Smithsonian

Institution, at Washington 5 : : : z : . ;

BY PROF. 0. W. MORRIS.

REMARKS on the quantity of Rat at different heights . 2 : - :

BY W. NEWCOMB, M.D.

Descriptions of new species of ACHATINELLA, from the SANDWICH ISLANDS.

Descrrerions of new species of ACHATINELLA . - - : “

Synopsis of the Genus ACHATINELLA . . . : ‘ 5 . -

BY FELIPE POEY,

OBSERVATIONS on different points of the ny Beh History of the Island of

Cuna, with reference to the Ichthyology of the United States . :

BY TEMPLE PRIME,

Descriptions of three new species of Pismpium . * . . :

On the identity of CycLas ELEGANS O, B, Adams, with Cotas RHOMBOIDEA

Say . “ . ¢ . : , . : : ‘| ; .

BY JOHN H, REDFIELD.

Descriptions of new species of HELICIDE . R A . 4 i -

‘Descriptions of new species of SHELLS ws ro. ee,

Descriptions of two new species of North American Heticwx *

BY R. J. SHUTTLEWORTH.

‘CATALOGUE of the Terresttial and Fluviatile SHetts of Sr. Tuomas, W. I.

PARG

1738

161

267

157

160

142

303

133

130

170

ANNALS

OF THE

LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.

I.—Descriptions of New Species of Birds of the Genera ORTYX

Stephens, Sterna Linn., and Icrerta Vieillot.

By Gro. N. Lawrence. Read Feb. 14, 1853.

Ortyx Texanus.

TEXAN PARTRIDGE OR QUAIL.

Adult Male. Front and lores white; the feathers of the

crown are brownish black, bordered with pale rufous; a yel-

lowish-white line extends over the eye and down the side of

the neck; auriculars pale rufous; feathers of the hind part and

sides of the neck black, marked with rufous in their centres,

and with white on their margins; upper part of the back pale

rufous, each feather crossed with curving bars of black; middle

of the back and rump finely mottled with brownish-black, pale

rufous, and yellowish-ash in different shades; upper tail coverts

dull rufous, brown along their shafts, and crossed with irregu-

lar whitish bands, they extend nearly to the end of the tail;

primaries brownish-ash, with the edges of the outer webs grey-

ish-white; secondaries also brownish-ash, margined with very

pale rufous; tertiaries and scapulars mottled with brownish-

black, rufous, and greyish-ash, and margined with pale rufous

white; smaller wing coverts ash; the others light rufous, barred

with black; tail bluish-ash, lightly mottled with greyish-white

APRIL, 1853. t Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. VoL, VI.

2 Descriptions of New Species of Birds.

and pale rufous, the two central feathers are darker and more

distinctly marked; throat white, bordered by a narrow line of

black, commencing under the eye and becoming broader on the

neck in front; below this the neck is pale dull rufous; breast

and abdomen greyish-white, tinged with pale rufous-yellow,

and crossed with rather broad curving bars of black; sides of

the breast and body rufous, with roundish white spots partially

encircled with broad markings of black; under tail coverts

rufous, paler at the ends, and marked with arrow heads of

black along the shafts; bill black; legs and feet yellowish

brown in the dried specimen.

Length of the skin, 8 inches; wing from flexure, 44 inches;

tarsus, 1§ inches; bill along the ridge, ,& inch; tail, 2 inches;

middle toe and claw, 12 inch.

This somewhat resembles O. Virginianus, but is smaller, and

differs also in having the lores white, in being without the con-

spicuous dark markings on the back and wings, and the bright

chestnut red so prevalent in the upper plumage of that species ;

the bill is proportionately longer and narrower, the legs more

slender, and the black markings on the abdomen and breast

are fully twice as broad.

Crest rather longer than that of O. Virginianus.

This Specimen was procured in Texas by Capt. J. P. McCown,

from. whom I received the following note, descriptive of its

habits :—- .

“T observed one day a covey of Partridges enter a chaparral

from a small prairie (above Ringgold Barracks). They seemed

so tame that I mjstook them for the Massena. I found it diff-

cult to flush them, but finally shot one upon the ground, and as

I did not recognise it, preserved the skin (the one now in your

possession). I was under the impression that I saw similar

birds further up the Rio Grande, when on my last trip through

that country, but was unable to attend to them until too late.”

I have been informed by J. W. Audubon, Hsq., that he

noticed it in considerable numbers in Western Texas; in

Descriptions of New Species of Birds. 3

appearance and habits it was somewhat like the Virginia Par-

tridge, but the note or call was quite distinct.

Sterna Pikei.

SLENDER BILLED TERN.

Hind part of the crown, occiput, and sides of the head includ-

ing the eyes, black; front and loral space white, minutely

speckled with blackish-grey ; dorsal plumage and wings bluish-

pearl color; the upper edge of the wing, white; smaller wing

coverts dark plumbeous; outer web of the first primary brown-

ish-black, a dusky line runs the whole length of the inner web

next the shaft, inner edge, white; the other primaries are dark

bluish-grey on the outer webs, at the end and on the inner

webs next the shaft, with the inner margins white; inner webs

and tips of secondaries, white; upper tail coverts white; outer

webs of the long lateral tail feathers, greyish-black, with their

ends white, inner webs white, with a dusky space near the

tips; the two central feathers, greyish, but white along the

shafts; all the other tail feathers white on the inner webs, and

greyish on the outer; throat, neck all round, and entire under

surface, white; the bill is probably deep crimson in the living

bird, in the specimen it appears dark brown, tinged with deep

red, at the edges and on the inside; tarsi and feet appear to

have been orange; the tibia feathered nearly to the joint.

Total length of skin, 13 inches; alar extent, 232 inches; wing

from flexure, 9 inches ; tail to end of longest feather, 53 inches;

tail to centre of fork, 3 inches; bill along the ridge, 1$ inch;

tarsus, 2 inch ; middle toe and claw, 13 inch; hind toe and

claw, 4 inch. — ;

Bill slender, tarsi remarkably short, feet small.

It was obtained near the coast of California, in the vicinity of

Monterey.

From the cabinet of Nicolas Pike, Esq., of Brooklyn, L. I, a

4 Additions to North American Ornithology.

gentleman who has for some years devoted much time to the

study of different branches of our Natural History ; to whom

I take pleasure in dedicating this species.

Icteria Longicauda.

LonG-TAILED CHAT.

Upper plumage dull olive green, inclining to brown on the

head; wings and tail light brown, edged with olive green; a

line from the nostrils over the eye, eyelids, and a line from the

lower mandible down the side of the neck, nearly three fourths

of an inch in extent, white; lores, black; throat and breast,

orange yellow; under wing coverts yellow; sides, dark ash;

abdomen and under tail coverts ashy white; bill, black; edges

of both mandibles and an oblong spot on the lower, near the

base, greyish-white ; legs and feet in the dried specimen, dusky

brown.

Length of skin, 7? inches; wing from flexure, 34 inches ; bill,

; inch; tarsus, 1 inch; tail, 33 inches. ;

One other specimen has the upper plumage olive brown, and

the bill entirely black; in other respects precisely the same.

Habitat.—California ; obtained by HE. S. Holden, Esq.

It is readily distinguished from J. viridis by its much longer

tail.

Il.— Additions to North American Ornithology.—No. 8.

By Gro. N. Lawrence. Read March 28, 1853.

1. EPHIALTES CHOLIBA Vieill. (Strix crucigera Spix.) Entire

upper plumage brownish-ash, finely mottled and barred with

Additions to North American Ornithology. 5

blackish-brown, and longitudinally striped with the same color;

tail, dark ash, crossed with eight bars of very pale rufous-

white; under surface lighter, but more distinctly striped and

barred than the back; wings, brown, with bars of pale rufous

and grey ; legs, greyish-white, with pale rufous bars; bill, dark

horn color at the base, and white at the end; an orange-colored

spot on the under part of the lower mandible near the tip ; ruff,

whitish, with dark brown tips; under tail coverts greyish-white,

striped and barred with pale brown; claws, horn color, lighter

at the base.

Total length of skin, 9 inches ; wing from flexure, 64 inches;

tarsus, 14 inch; tail, 34 inches.

Habitat.—California; procured near Sacramento by KE. §.

Holden, Esq.

2. PUFFINUS

of Austr. vii. pl. 47.

The specimen of Puffinus herein described is precisely like one

in the collection of the Acad. of Nat. Science, Phil., which is

said to be the original bird described and figured by Gould in

his Birds of Australia, referred to at the head of this article.

In the Zoologist for Dec., 1852, an account is given of the

? Procellaria hesitata Kuhl. Gould B.

capture of a Petrel in England, which, upon investigation, was

decided to be the Proc. hesitata of Kuhl, and different from

the bird so named by Temminck, of which a figure is given in

the Planches coloriées, pl. 416.

It is stated in the Zoologist, that four different species of

Petrels have been named Proc. hesitata by different authors,

for a full explanation of which, see the article alluded to.

My specimen does not resemble the Proc. hesitata Kuhl, as

established in the Zoologist, nor the one figured by Temm.

under the same name; besides, it is generically different, being

a Puffinus.

Mr. Gould states in his description, that it is very similar to

P. cinereus Gmelin, to which species Mr. Gould’s bird is also

6 Additions to North American Ornithology.

referred by the writer in the Zoologist ; it may possibly be so,

but Gmelin’s description applies better to our Common Shear-

water, which has generally been considered the same as his

species, but is now acknowledged to be Pujjinus major Faber.

Until further opportunities for investigation offer, I think its

identification with Gould’s bird is sufficient for its introduction

into our Fauna. ;

Upper plumage bluish-ash or pale plumbeous, with a silvery

gloss, darker on the head, where the feathers are short and

satiny ; sides of the head, of the same color, which also extends

on the neck in front, where it becomes paler ; wing coverts dark

bluish-ash, broadly margined with chocolate brown; primaries,

greyish black on the outer webs and ends of the inner, rest of

the inner webs, light brownish-ash, becoming whitish at the

base ; secondaries, chocolate-brown ; tertiaries, brownish-ash ;

inner lining of wings and axillars, brown; tail, brownish-black

and graduated, the two central feathers, obtusely pointed ;

under plumage, white; upper and under tail coverts, ashy-

brown ; upper mandible, black along the ridge; the sides and

hooked tip, yellowish white; under mandible, dusky yellow,

with the lateral grooves black, and the cutting edges white;

tarsus in front, the middle and inner toes, and the webs, yel-

low, outer toe and hind part of tarsus, brown; claws, yellow

at base and dusky at tip; spur, short and strong.

Total length of skin, 19 inches; wing from flexure, 184

inches; bill along the ridge, 24. inches; tarsus, 22 inches;

outer toe and claw, 8 inches; middle, 8 inches; inner, 23

inches; spur, 4 inch; tail, 4% inches.

In form, rather robust, with the bill quite broad at the base,

nearly inch.

Killed off the coast of California near Monterey.

From the collection of N. Pike, Esq.

8. ProceLLARIA CapENnsis Linn. Head and hind neck,

black; back, rump, and upper tail coverts white, spotted with

Ornithological Notes. a

black, most conspicuous on the upper part of the back; smaller

wing coverts black, tipped with brown; larger wing coverts

white, margined and tipped with black; primaries, black on

the outer webs, and white on the inner to near the end, where

they are brown; secondaries white, lightly tipped with black;

tail, white, with a terminal band of black; under tail coverts

white, sparingly marked with blackish-grey; under plumage,

white; bill, black; legs and feet, brown, with some orange-

colored markings on the toes.

Most of the black markings in the plumage have a plumbe-

ous hue.

Length of skin, 15 inches; wing from flexure, 102 inches;

bill, 18 inch; tarsus, 12 inch; tail, 43 inches.

From the coast of California, opposite Monterey. Cabinet of

N. Pike, Esq.

III.— Ornithological Notes. No. 2.

By Guo. N. Lawrence. Read March 28, 1853.

1. STERCORARIUS CATARRACTES (Linn.). Entire upper plu-

mage, dark umber-brown, with the shafts and tips of many of

the feathers greyish-white; wings, deep chocolate-brown, darker

on the outer webs of the primaries; these have the basal half

white, most extensive on the inner webs; the shafts are white ;

the tail is dark chocolate-brown, with the shafts white at the

base; under plumage dull ferruginous-brown, lighter than the

back; feathers of the neck, yellowish-white along the shafts;

bill, black; legs and feet, black.

The tail is rounded, and consists of twelve feathers, the two

central somewhat lengthened.

In form very strong and heavy.

8 Ornithological Notes.

Length of skin, 22 inches; wing from flexure, 15 inches;

bill along ridge, 23 inches; tarsus, 2% inches; middle toe and

nail, 84 inches; outer, 2% inches; inner, 23 inches; tail, 5%

inches.

Obtained near the coast of California, in the latitude of Mon-

terey.

From the cabinet of Nicolas Pike, Esq.

Some writers have considered this species North American,

but I can find no account of its having been heretofore either

observed or obtained within our limits.

2. SYLVICOLA PENSILIS (Gmel.). A fine male of this South-

ern species was obtained on Long Island last summer—others

were seen in company with it.

It has seldom been noticed further north than Carolina.

3. BUTEO PENNSYLVANICUS (Wilson). As I can find no

correct description given of this Hawk in its fully adult state,

and differing, as it does, so materially from the young, in which

plumage it is usually obtained, I have thought best to describe

it —

Adult Male. Upper plumage, brownish-ash, sparingly inter-

mixed with pale rufous; the larger wing coverts and scapulars,

lighter, with greyish margins; the upper part of the back,

darker, inclining to purple; under plumage, white, marked

with ferruginous spots of a broad, irregular sagittate form, and

arranged in transverse rows, having the appearance of bars; on

the breast, the spots are more numerous and confused; throat,

white, with a few longitudinal dusky stripes; tail, black at the

base, crossed alternately by two bars, each of light ash and

black, with a terminal bar of darker ash, tipped with white;

the inner webs of the feathers, where the light colored bars

cross, are pure white; upper tail coverts brown, with conspicu-

ous white spots; lower, white, and unspotted.

An adult female has the upper plumage darker, and the

Ornithological Notes. 9

under surface very closely covered with dark ferruginous spots,

much more abundant than in the male specimen.

In the young, the upper plumage is dark umber-brown,

edged with ferruginous; the under yellowish-white, marked

with longitudinal brown spots.

I have received from Capt. J. P. McCown the subjoined

notes, made by him while in Texas, giving the habits of some

of the birds found there. As they possess much interest in

serving to elucidate the histories of many species of which we

possess little knowledge, I have offered them for publication in

connexion with the above.

Facts and Observations from Notes taken when in Texas.

By Capt. J. P. McCown, U.S. A.

CoNIROSTRUM ORNATUM Lawrence. In my wandering in

Texas, I observed this little bird several times, and always in

the thick chaparral and cane-brakes in the vicinity of water.

Allowed me to approach near it; seemed silent and restless.

EMBERNAGRA RUFIVIRGATA Lawrence. Uncommon. I

am uncertain whether I saw other than the specimen pro-

cured.

IcTERUS CUCULLATUS (Swain). Common on the Rio Grande.

Shy in the woods, yet they seemed familiar when in our camp,

where we often saw them.

CALLIPEPLA SQUAMATA (Vigors). I often saw this beautiful

Partridge in Texas, and always in the chaparral. I don’t think

it often, if ever, ventures into open fields or prairies.

They are exctedingly difficult to shoot, as they are apt to

10 Ornithological Notes.

run from a dog, and once flushed, are seldom found a second

time the same day. Their call or whistle is quite different

from the common quail, resembling more the cackling of a

very young pullet, and yet something that of a guinea-hen.

This call I have heard in the courting-season, when I have seen

the cock strutting upon the tops of cactus clusters, after the

manner of a turkey, only I have never seen it elevate its tail.

Whether this call is the usual one of the bird, or merely some

courting-calls, Iam unable to say. I never met with this bird

below where the gravel ridges are found, nor much above Ring-

gold. I judged from what I saw and did not see, that they were

pretty much confined to that particular locality.

Cyrronyx Massena (Less.). I first saw this gaudy bird on

the mountains, near Saltillo, during the Mexican war. I pro-

cured some live specimens, and put them in a cage. In the

mountains they are exceedingly gentle—almost simple—but

when caged, are very wild, and generally injured themselves in

their endeavors to escape. When flushed, they only go a few

yards and drop, and I believe they hide under rocks and in

holes.

CHIAC-KA-LACA, ORTALIDA VETULA (Wagler). In the Rio

Grande region, this bird is abundant. I saw them as far in the

interior of Mexico as the battle-field of Cerro Gordo, but never

higher up the river than the vicinity of Ringgold Barracks.

They are exceedingly noisy, both in the morning and evening.

T always found them upon trees when uttering their shrill cry,

though I have often seen them on the ground. They build

upon bushes near the ground (seldom over six feet), selecting

places that require little skill to effect their purpose. They are

easily domesticated, and run at large with the domestic fowls—

crossing with them. The cross is believed by the Mexicans to

be the best for game-chickens.

The trachea of this bird is very peculiar, being very long—

Ornithological Notes. 11

passing between the skin and the neck down to the breast and

back again, and then down to the lungs.

There is found under the feathers of the Chiac-ka-laca a fly,

about the size of a common house fly, but very flat. This fly

is exceedingly annoying, for as soon as you commence handling

the bird they leave it, and are just as likely to get into the hair

of your head or down your neck as to return to the bird

or seek a new abode with some living individual of the chiac-

ka-laka tribe. This fly is so hard that I could with difficulty

kill it between my thumb and forefinger.

CHAPARRAL COCK, the Mexican Paisano, Greococcyx viaticus

of Wagler. Often in my wanderings through the chaparrals on

the Rio Grande, I observed piles of broken snail shells, and

always near some hard substance, such as a bone or hard piece

of wood, which had evidently been used in breaking the shells.

I made many conjectures as to the probable animal. I never

suspected a bird, that had left these evidences of their peculiar

habits. I heard at times—generally in the morning or evening

—a sound very similar to that made by some woodpeckers by

a rapid beating of their bill upon an old dry tree. This was

also a mystery, as I could find no woodpeckers near the place

the sound came from. Upon inquiry of a Mexican, I was told

that it was the Paisano breaking the snail shells to get at the

snail, which explained at once to me both the noise, as well as

the shells. I was afterwards so fortunate as to see a bird so

occupied. It took the snail in its bill, and beat it upon the

hard substance, striking faster and faster, until the shell broke.

This also explains the use of their large and strong bill.

A few of these birds are to be found on the Rio Nueces.

They run with great speed, seldom taking to wing. I have

seen them on trees, apparently observing their vicinity. I had

a young one, about half grown. It refused to eat, and died. I

have seen some in coops, but never saw them feed, and doubt

if they do in confinement, though I have been informed that

12 Ornithological Notes.

they have been tamed (caged). When approached, they run

with great speed, until near cover, when they stop and recon-

noitre the intruder, gives its tail a flirt, and away it goes again.

I saw in 1846, on the mountains between Monterey and Sal-

tillo, a pair of birds much like these, but much smaller. I

observed them for some time, and feel satisfied that they were

another bird. The snail, that seems to form their principal

food, is found sticking to almost every bush, and often literally

covered with them. Their stomach is made for digesting only

soft substances (I had a drawing of one—I believe I gave it to

you).

PYROCEPHALUS CORONATUS (Gmel.) This beautiful little

fly-catcher is seldom seen. I did not see over a dozen of

them while in Western Texas. I always found them near the

ponds along the Rio Grande, and generally on a tree or stake

over the water. The only nest I ever found was built upon a

retama (a variety of the acacia) over the water. J was not

able to get at the nest. The female is quite a plain bird.

QUISCALUS MACROURUS (Swain). This magnificent speci-

men of the blackbird built in large communities at Fort

Brown. Upon an ebony that stood near the centre of the

parade-ground at that fort, ‘a pair of these birds placed their

nest. Just before their young was able to fly, one of them—

probably making his first essay upon wing—fell to the ground.

A boy about ten years old discovered the unfortunate fellow,

and seized upon it. Though so young, it used its bill, and

uttering loud calls, soon brought to its rescue a legion of old

birds, and so vigorously did they attack the boy, that he drop-

ped his prize and fled. I went and picked up the young bird,

when they turned their fury upon me, passing so close to my

head that I caught at them, but without success—all the time

uttering their sharp “caw.” I placed the young one upon the

tree, and left it, to the evident satisfaction of the army of rescue.

Ornithological Notes. 13

They have a peculiar cry, something like tearing the dry husk

from an ear of corn. From this, the soldiers called them ‘ corn

huskers.”

IT often saw other and smaller birds building on the same tree

with them. They are quite familiar. I have had them come

within ten feet of me.

TURDUS SOLITARIUS (Wilson). Abundant on the San Anto-

nio river—uncommon further south. I saw none on the Rio

Grande.

ATHENE HYPUGGA (Bon.) Burrowing Owl. Abundant on

the Rio Grande.

MILVULUS FORFICATUS (Gm.) Swallow-tailed Fly-catcher.

Abundant in South Western Texas; seemed to prefer the high

dry hills, though seen often among the timber. JI found them

on the prairies, at least twenty miles from water, perched upon

some tall weed or dead bush.

CYANOCORAX LUXUOSUS (Lesson.) Abundant on the Lower

Rio Grande—uncommon above Ringgold Barracks. I saw

several of their nests; all high, and difficult to get at. Very

courageous.

CoLUMBA FLAVIROSTRIS Wagler. Not uncommon on the

Rio Grande. In 1846 I saw many of them on the Alamo (in

Mexico). Seem to prefer thick wooded country, and near

streams of running water. Often to be seen perched upon high

dead trees, giving forth their mournful notes.

CoLUMBA LEUCOPTERA Linn., White-winged Dove. Abun-

dant on the Rio Grande. Finds abundant food from the mus-

quite and ebony bean. Its habits are much like the Turtle

Dove.

14 , Descriptions of New Species of Helicidee.

MAcRORAMPHUS SCOLOPACEUS (Say) Lawrence. Uncommon

—saw but few of them. Those seen were at a salt pond, called

Aqua Nueva, in South Western Texas, at least one hundred

miles from the coast.

PLECTROPHANES McCownir Lawrence. Procured two spe-

cimens on the Texas prairies. I fired at a flock of Shore Larks,

and found this bird among the killed. The Shore Larks rose

several times, and settled again before I fired.

TYRANNULA CINERASCENS Lawrence, Ash-colored Fly-

catcher. ‘The only specimen procured was killed between San

Antonio and the Rio Grande, near a small water course.

IV.—Descriptions of New Species of HELICID®.

By Joun H. Reprrerp, Read March 21, 1853.

1. Bulimus lentiginosus.

Testa perforata, ovato-conica, tenui, subtilissimé transversé striata,

luteola, maculis rufis irregulariter aspersa, epidermide tenuissima, luteolo-

fuscescente induta; spira conica, obtusiusculé ; anfractibus 5, convexius-

culis, ultimo ? longitudinis subzequante ; columella valdé obliqué uni-

plicata, plica superné guttula distincta ; apertura ovali-oblongé ; peri-

stomate reflexiusculo, roseo-purpureo.

Shell perforated, ovate-conic, very thin, with transverse

microscopic strie; color yellowish, irregularly freckled with

spots of deep reddish brown, which are less abundant on the

Descriptions of New Species of Helicidee. 15

lower half of the last whorl; covered with a thin yellowish or

brownish epidermis; spire conical, rather obtuse ; whorls five,

somewhat convex, the last equalling 2 of the total length;

columella with a strong oblique fold, which is so sharply defined

on its upper side as to form a distinct canal; aperture oval-

oblong ; peristome reflected, reddish purple.

Length, 1.55 inch (40 millim.). Breadth, 0.82 inch (22

millim.).

Length of aperture within, 0.90 inch (23 millim.). Breadth

of do. 0.45 inch (12 millim.).

A smaller variety occurs more rarely, in which the epider-

mis is of darker color, and the spots are sometimes entirely

wanting.

Habitat.—District of San Fernando, in the island of Trinidad,

400 feet above the sea, where it was found by Mr. MacMurray:

on the ground in woods among moist vegetation, on rich yellow

spongy soil, not rocky. One example was also found in the

neighborhood of the penal settlement, situate at the junction of

the Massaroony and Essequibo rivers, Demerara, during Mr.

MacMurray’s visit to that place.

Remarks.—Belongs to the group of which B. pudicus, B.

auris-silent, B. malleatus, B. fulguratus are representatives, and

for which Guilding proposed Plekocheilus as a subgeneric title.

It also somewhat resembles B. pulcartus Gray, in form and

coloration, but differs in sculpture and in the character of the

columellar plait, and cannot easily be confounded with that or

any other known species.

2. Bulimus Siamensis.

Testa sinistrorsd, rimato-perforata, ventricoso-conicé ; tenui, obliqué

minuté striata, corned; spira conici, subacuta ; anfractibus 7, convex-

16 Descriptions of New Species of Helicide.

jusculis, ultimo spiré breviori, subearinato; apertura quadrata ; peristo-

mate simplici, revoluto-expanso, albo; marginibus approximatis, colu-

mellari dilatato.

Shell sinistral, perforate, ventricose-conic, with fine oblique

incremental striz, horn-colored ; spire conical, somewhat acute ;

whorls seven, rather convex, the last shorter than the spire and

obtusely keeled ; aperture subquadrate ; peristome simple, revo-

lutely expanded, white; margins approximated; columellar

margin dilated.

Length, 0.75 inch (19 millim.). Breadth, 0.40 inch (10

millim.).

Aperture within, 0.24 inch (6 millim.) long, and 0.18 inch

(44 millim.) broad.

Habitat.—Siam.

Remarks.—I am indebted to Dr. T. R. Ingalls of Greenwich,

N. Y., for this interesting species. It is allied to B. veneradilis

Parreyss, from Transylvania, but is much more ventricose, and

differs in having the last whorl keeled, a little after the manner

of the genus Cylindrella. Bulimus Chersonesicus Sow., and B.

arcuatus Pfr. are also related to it, but differ both in form and

coloring.

3. Helix circumfirmata.

Testi umbilicaté, conoideo-depressd, oblique leviter striata, fusco-

cornea, maculis strigisque rufis obscure radiata ; spira obtusd ; anfracti-

bus 71, subplanis, ultimo subcarinato, non descendente, subtus convexo ;

umbilico mediocri; apertur& lunari, intus lamella alba, acuta, subtis

peripheriam revolvente externé conspicua, munita ; columella obliqua,

eallo interno revolvente instructa ; peristomate simplici, acuto.

Shell umbilicated, depressed-conoidal, with faint oblique

incremental strize, brownish horn-colored, obscurely rayed with

. Descriptions of New Species of Helicidce. 17

yellowish brown spots above and lines beneath; spire obtuse;

whorls 74; very slightly convex, last one obtusely carinated,

not deflected, convex beneath; umbilicus moderate; aperture

lunar, strengthened within by a sharp but strong white lamella

which revolves beneath the periphery, and is plainly visible

through the substance of the shell, throughout the last whorl;

columella very oblique, thickened into a callus which extends

inwardly around the umbilical portion of the shell; lip simple,

acute.

Greater diameter 0.42 inch (11 millim.). Lesser do. 0.89 inch

(10 millim.).

Height 0.24 inch (6 millim.).

Haintat— Bermuda, where it is rarely found under stones in

plantations on the hill near St. George’s, in company with Helix

maicrodonta Desh., Bulimus ventrosus Fer.,* Helicina ———, and

Succinea ———. It has been collected by our associates, Mr.

T. Bland and Mr. T. Prime, by Mr. Robert Swift of St. Thomas

—and also by the late Prof. Adams.

* The occurrence of Bulimus ventrosus Fer. at Bermuda, has, we believe, not

been before noticed, and is an interesting fact as exhibiting an area of habitat

very unusual in a terrestrial species. Its occurrence is now authenticated

at the following points :—Southern France, Draparnaud, Lamarck, and others ;

Italy, Lamarck; Southern Greece, Deshayes; Portugal, Morelet; Barbary,

Terver ; Madeira, Lowe; Canary Islands and Azores, Orbigny, Webb and Berthe-

dot ; Bermudas, Swift, Bland, Prime, and Adams. This general insular distribu-

tion is peculiarly remarkable, and it seems difficult to account for this exception

to a well known law, except by bringing in the aid of human agency. The early

eolonization of the Madeiras and Canary Islands by the Portuguese, could easily

occasion the accidental introduction of small European species of terrestrial shells

—and we accordingly find other instances of a similar kind in the fauna of those

islands. This might also happen in the Azores, distant as they are; but in the

ease of the Bermudas, this probability is much lessened by the fact of their colo-

nization, trade, and communication having been mostly confined to Great Britain,

where this species does not exist.

MAY, 1853, 2 Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. Vou. VI.

18 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

Remarks.—In form, this species approaches Helix cinctella

Drap. from Europe, and H. Rawsonis Pfr. from Mauritius, but

its other characteristics refer it to the lamellated group of which

H, pila Ad. is a representative, and which Beck in 1887

proposed to elevate to a subgenus under the name of SAgpA.

V.—Descriptions of New Species of ACHATINELLA from Sandwich

Islands.

By Dr. W. Newcoms, of Honolulu, Corresponding Member.

lead February 12, 1853.

1. Achatinellia violacea.

Testa dextrorsa, ovato-oblonga, solida, longitudinaliter valde striata,

violacea, striis pallidis varia; anfractibus septem, convexis ; sutura sim-

plici et valdé impressa ; apertura ovata; columella brevi, in plicam

albam, contortam desinente ; labio simplici.

Shell dextral, ovate-oblong, solid; whorls seven, convex,

strongly striate longitudinally ; suture plain and deeply im-

pressed; aperture ovate; columella short, terminating in a

twisted plait; lip simple. Color violaceous with light colored

strize.

Length 1.1 inch. Breadth 0.55 inch.

Habitat.—Molokai.

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 19

2. Achatinella tessellata.

Testa sinistrorsé, ovato-oblonga, solidé, minutissimé decussata, albido-

flavescente, plerumque vittis transversis nigris vel castaneis diversé

picta ; anfractibus convexis, ultimo paulum inflato, superioribus nigro et

albido semper tessellatis; apertura alba vel rose4, ovata, infra effusa ;

columella brevi et late callos&; labio columellari lato, subreflexo.

Shell sinistral, ovate-oblong, solid, with minute decussating

strize, color white or fawn-colored, variously striped or not with

. black or chestnut bands, upper whorls always tessellated with

black and white; whorls convex, the last somewhat inflated ;

aperture white or roseate, ovate, effuse below; columella short

and broadly callous; columellar lip broad and slightly reflected.

Length 1 to1.linch. Breadth 0.6 inch.

Animal.—Body light grey, mantle slate color.

Habitat.—Molokai.

Remarks.—This shell in form and general appearance ap-

proaches A. virgulata Mighels, but may be readily distin-

guished at any period of its growth by the tessellations on the

upper whorls, by its more robust form, and by differences in

the animal.

3. Achatinella Adamasi. -

Testa dextrors4, conicd, acuminata, transversim exilé et longitudinali-

ter rugulosé striata, fusco-castanea irregulariter albido punctata et

strigaté; sutura valdé impressa; anfractibus sex, ultimo infra medium

fascia alba interrupta; apertura plumbed ; columella in plicam solidam,

abrupté tortam desinente; labio simplici.

Shell dextral, conically acuminate, finely striated transversely,

20 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. —

roughly striate longitudinally ; whorls six; suture deeply im-

pressed; columella terminating in a strong abruptly twisted

plait; lip simple, interior of shell of a leaden blue color; exte-

rior dark chestnut, irregularly mottled and striped with white,

with an interrupted white band encircling the lower half of the

body whirl.

Length 0.9 inch. Breadth 0.5 inch.

Habitat—Makawao, Maui.

Remarks.—-Allied to A. perdiz Reeve, but differs in mark-

ing.

4. Achatinella splendida.

Testé sinistrorsi, ovato-acuminata, solid, striis exilibus decussata,

alba, lineis multis vittisque transversalibus castaneis ornata ; linearum et

vittarum margine superiore integro, inferiori irregulariter serrato; sutura

modicé impress4, marginata ; anfractibus sex, duobus superioribus albido

et castaneo tessellatis, ultimo sub-inflato; apertura ovata; columella

brevi, laté et contorta; labio expanso.

Shell sinistral, solid, ovate-acuminate, finely decussately

striated; suture moderately impressed, margined; whorls six ;

body whorl somewhat inflated; aperture ovate, lip expanded,

columella short, broad and twisted; the two upper whorls tes-

sellated with chestnut and white, lower whorl with numerous

chestnut-colored transverse lines and fillets traced on a polished

white ground; markings correctly lined superiorly and irregu-

larly serrated inferiorly.

Length 1 inch. Breadth 0.55 inch.

Variety «—Bright chestnut, banded with white.

Habitat.—W aialuku, Maui.

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 21

5. Achatinella Gouldi.

Testa dextrorsé, ovato-conica, longitudinaliter striata, albido-luteola ;

sutura subimpressé, haud vel levissimé marginaté; anfractibus sex,

plano-convexis, tertio lineis brevibus fuscis, forme zic-zac notato, inferio-

ribus tribus lineolis variis fuscis cinetis; apertura rotundo-ovato, flaves-

cente ; columella subcallosa ; labio expanso et inferné reflexo.

Shell dextral, conically ovate, longitudinally striate; suture

moderate, not margined, or but slightly so; whorls six, flatly

convex. Color yellowish-white, with zig-zag lines of brown on

the third whorl, and brown lineations more or less numerous

encircling the three lower whorls; aperture rounded-ovate,

yellowish ; columella lightly callous; lip expanded and below

reflected.

Length 0.85. Breadth 0.45 inch.

Habitat.—On Tutui trees, Wailuku valley, Maui.

6. Achatinella rufa.

Testa sinistrors4, conico-ovata, solida, striis decussata, fusco-rubra, epi-

dermide fusco, albo-permixto induté; sutura simplici, subimpressa ;

anfractibus sex, plano-convexis; anfr. superioribus epidermidis lineolis

albis in zic-zac dispositis, que in ultimo anfr. in fusco-cinereo concolore

evanescunt; anfr. ultimo, infra medium albo-zonata; aperturé fusco-

rubra ; columella valdé callosa; umbilico exiguo aperto; labio expanso,

inferné reflexo.

Shell sinistral, conically ovate, solid, with decussating striz ;

ground color externally and internally brownish red, covered

with an epidermis of a mottled brown and white, the latter

arranged on the central whorls in fine zig-zag markings, which

are lost on the last whorl in a uniform greyish umber;

lower half of this whorl encircled by a broad white band;

22 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. °

whorls six, flatly convex; suture plain, moderately impressed ;

columella strongly callous; umbilicus open, small; lip ex-

panded, reflected below.

Length 0.9 inch. Breadth 0.5 inch.

Habitat.—Molokai.

7, Achatinella Redfieldi.

Test& sinistrorsd, elongata, conica, longitudinaliter striata; colore

albido-flavo, inferné in castaneum fuscum transiente, fascia alba suturalt,

interdum fasciis fuscis, obscuré undulatis in tertio solim anfractu ;

anfractibus sex ; suturd impressi, marginata; apertura subovata; colu-

mellA fusca, plana et contorta ; labio subreflexo, fusco.

Shell sinistral, elongate, conical, striated longitudinally. Color

light fawn passing into deep chestnut, paler above, plain or with

transverse chestnut bands with obscure undulations upon the

third whorl only; a white band also traverses the suture.

Whorls six ; suture well impressed, slightly margined: aperture

subovate; columella brown, flat, and twisted: lip slightly

reflected, color of the columella.

Length 1 inch. Breadth 0.45 inch.

Habitat.—W ailuku, Maui.

8. Achatinella ovata.

Testé dextrorsi, ovata, nitid&; longitudinaliter exilissimé striata,

superné pallido-carnea, anfr. duobus ultimis albis, pallido fuseo obscuré

vittatis; anfractibus sex, convexis; sutura subimpressi, marginata ;

apertura subovata; columella in plicam contorta, subeallosa ; labio sub-

reflexo, nigro-fusco,

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 23

Shell dextral, elongate ovate, polished, finely striated longi-

tudinally. Color light flesh-colored above, two last whirls white

obscurely banded with light brown: whorls six, convex;

suture slightly impressed, margined: aperture subovate ; colu-

mella twisted into a plait, slightly callous: lip slightly reflected,

dark brown.

Length 0.9 inch. Breadth 0.45 inch.

Variety «, Shell white, bluish white above, without coloring

or bands,

Habitat.—W aiauai, Oahu.

9. Achatinella dubia.

Testé dextrorsé, conico-elongata, tenui, minuté decussatim striata,

pallido-cornea, lineis zic-zac et maculis pallidis notat&; anfractibus sex;

suturé simplici; apertura ovata; columella alba, in testis junioribus

bulimoidea, in adultis callo conspicuo preedité ; umbilico pervio, parvo;

labio incrassato, subflexo.

Shell dextral, conically elongate, thin, finely decussately

striated, light corneous with radiating zig-zag lines and blotches

of a light color; whorls six; suture simple: aperture ovate ;

columella white and bulimoid except in strongly developed

adults, where it is callous and obtusely dentated: umbilicus

small but pervious; lip thickened, slightly reflected.

Length 0.8 inch. Breadth 0.55 inch.

Habitat—Oahu, among stones.

Remarks.—This shell may perhaps be identical with A. radi-

ata Gould, which from its ambiguous generic character, Pfeiffer

transferred to Bulimus, changing its specific name to Gouldi—

to avoid confusion with B. radiatus Brug. Our shell here

occupies its true generic position, unless we call it a Bulimus in

24 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinelila.-

its immature state and Achatinella only when fully developed.

If retained in genus Achatinella and if its identity with Gould’s

shell should be established, Gould’s name will take precedence,

notwithstanding its use by Pfeiffer for a different shell. Pfeiffer’s

A. radiata was published six months after Gould’s, and more-

over it proved to be identical with A. viridans Mighels (not

Reeve.)

10. Achatinella polita.

Testa dextrorsi, conico-ovata, nitida, luteola, superne fusco obscuré

notata, fascia suturali lata, nigra in ultimo anfr. protracta ; anfractibus

quinque, convexis ; sutura distincta, marginata ; apertura oblongo-ovata,

purpurea; columella valdé tuberculata, extremitate purpurea; labio

simplici.

Shell dextral, conic-ovate, polished, light yellow, a portion

of the upper whorls faintly marked with umber, suture with a

broad black band, and a narrow line of the same color con-

jtinued around the body whorl: whorls five, convex: suture

well defined, margined: aperture oblong-ovate, dark purple;

columella with a large tubercle tipped with purple ; lip simple.

Length 0.55 inch. Breadth 0.45 inch.

Habitat.—Molokai.

Remarks.—This has the aspect of a young shell, but from the

size of the tubercle, and an examination of a large number (some

containing young) may be considered as having acquired its

ordinary size.

11. Achatimella obesa.

Teat& dextrorsi, depresso-conicd, inflata, solida, striata, epidermide

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinelig. 25

castaneo-fuscé indut&; anfractibus quinque, ventricosis; apice acuta;

sutura simplici, distinctaé ; apertura ovata, alba; columella in plica forti

alba desinente ; labio intus incrassato, simplici.

Shell dextral, depressed-conical, inflated, solid, striated,

covered with an epidermis of dark umber color; whorls five,

rounded; apex acute; suture simple, well marked; aperture

ovate, white; columella with a strong white plait; lip thick-

ened within, simple.

Length 0.4 inch. Breadth 0.35 inch.

Habitat.—Hale-a-ka-la, Maui, among decaying leaves.

12. Achatinella Cumingi.

Testa sinistrorsé, acuminata, turriformi, striis numerosis fortibus

obliquis et longitudinalibus exilioribus decussata; fusca, superné albo-

undulata ; anfractibus quinque, plano-convexis; sutura subimpress4,

marginata; apertura oblongo-ovata; columella sub-callosa ; labio tenui,

elliptico.

Shell sinistral, acuminate, turreted, with strongly marked

_ transversely oblique striz, and with longitudinal ineremental

strix more or less developed; color brown with undulations

of white on the upper whorls; whorls five, flatly convex ; suture

moderately impressed, margined ; aperture oblong-ovate; colu-

mella slightly callous; outer lip thin, elliptical.

Length 0.7 inch. Breadth 0.2 inch.

Habitat.— Hale-a-ka-la, Maui.

13. Achatinella Pfeifferi.

Testa sinistrorsa, acuminata, turriformi, longitudinaliter profundé sul-

cata, striis transversis distinctis decussata, tuberculata, et in areis irregu-

26 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella:

laribus dissect, fuscd, superné lineis albis longitudinalibus notaté ;

anfractibus sex, plano-convexis; sutura profunda; apertura oblongo-

ovata: columella simplici, plana; labio simplici.

Shell sinistral, acuminate, turreted, with the surface irregu-

larly cut up into furrows, ridges, and tubercles by deep longi-

tudinal suleations crossed by strongly developed transverse

strise ; color brown, with white longitudinal lines on the upper

whorls; whorls six, flatly convex; suture deep; aperture

oblong-ovate; columella plain and smooth ; outer lip simple.

Length 0.65 inch. Breadth 0.25 inch.

Habitat.—Molokai. *

Remarks.—The last two species, together with the A. plicata

Mighels, form a group peculiarly interesting; deviating from

the typical forms sufficiently to warrant a separation from

the genus Achatinella. Should the number of species be multi-

plied they may with propriety be erected into a distinct genus.

14. Achatinella elongata.

Testa sinistrorsa, acuto-turriformi, longitudinaliter distincté striata,

epidermide fusca ; anfractibus septem ventricosis ; sutura profunda, sim-

plici; apertura ovata; columella plicata ; labio simplici.

Shell sinistral, acutely turreted, with numerous well defined

longitudinal stris, covered with a brown epidermis; whirls

seven, rounded ; suture deep, simple ; aperture ovate ; columella

plicate ; lip simple.

Length 0.5 inch. Breadth 0.22 inch.

Habitat.—Oahu.

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 27

15. Achatinella Helena.

Testa sinistrorsa, ovato-conica, striis exilé decussata, rufa, lineis zic-

zac albis, latis, longitudinalibus alternante, interdum anfractu ultimo

albo-fasciato; anfractibus quinque, ventricosis; suturé profunda, sim-

plici; apertura ovata ; columella sub-callosa.

Shell sinistral, ovate-conical, with finely decussating striz,

rufous, alternating with broad longitudinal zig-zag white lines

covering the entire shell; the last whirl often encircled by a

white band; whorls five, rounded; suture deep, simple: aper-

ture ovate, columella slightly callous.

Length 0.5 inch. Breadth 0.22 inch.

Habitat.—Molokai.

Remarks.—This beautiful shell is dedicated to the lady who

delineated the species herein described, and prepared them for

publication.

16. Achatinella labiata.

Testa dextrorsa, elongata, subovata, plumbed; anfractibus septem,

planis, tertio angustiori, pallidiori, ultimo fascié alba suturali; sutura

submarginata; apertura elongato-ovata; columella brevi, in dentem

prominentem, plicatum desinente ; labio incrassato, albido, callo interno

centrali munito.

Shell dextral, elongate-ovoid, plumbeous except the third

whorl, the margin of the outer lip, and along the suture of the

last whorl, which are white; whorls seven, flattened; the third

narrower than the second: suture slightly margined below;

aperture elongate-ovate: columella short, with a strong, plaited

projecting tooth ; lip thickened, white, with a central internal

callosity.

Length 0.5 inch. Breadth 0.21 inch.

Habitat.—Oahu.

28 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella:

17. Achatinella mucronata.

Testa dextrorsa, elongato-ovata, albida, signis mucronatis numerosis

fuscis ornaté; anfractibus sex, ventricosis ; ultimo contracto, epidermide

denso fusco-nigro induto ; sutura superne subimpressa, inferné profunda ;

apertura paiva, ovata; columella contorta, plicata ; labio simplici.

Shell dextral, elongate-ovate, white with numerous trans-

verse arrow-headed brown markings, except last whorl which

is covered with a dense brownish-black epidermis; whorls six,

rounded, the last contracted; suture slightly impressed in the

upper portion, becoming deep at the junction of the last whorl ;

aperture small, ovate; columella with a twisted plait; lip

simple.

Length 0.7 inch. Breadth 0.32 inch.

Habitat.—Molokai.

femarks.—The A. rubens Gould is the nearest allied species.

18. Achatinella fusca.

Testa dextrorsd, cylindraceo-elongata, tenui, longitudinaliter distincte

striata, fusca, fasciola corned suturali cireumdata; anfractibus quinque,

subplanis ; sutura lineari, subimpressa ; apertura ovata ; columella interne

dentata ; labio acuto.

Shell dextral, cylindrically elongate, thin, with strongly

developed longitudinal striz, brown with a narrow corneous

band revolving beneath the suture and occupying the inferior

third of the last whorl; whorls five, nearly flat; suture linear,

slightly impressed: aperture ovate, columella dentated within ;

lip acute.

Length 0.85 inch. Breadth 0.2 inch.

Habitat—Oahu.

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 29

19. Achatinella lLineolata.

Testa dextrors, elongata, turriformi, nitida, epidermide luteola ; anfrac-

tibus sex, ventricosis, ultimo lineolis longitudinalibus zic-zac brevibus

castaneo-fuscis conferté signato ; sutura simplici; apertura ovata ; colu-

mella dente obliquo, plicato instructa.

Shell dextral, elongate-turreted, shining, covered with a

yellowish epidermis; whorls six, ventricose, last one thickly

marked with longitudinal umber-colored zig-zag lines; suture

simple; aperture ovate; columella with an oblique, plaited

tooth.

Length 0.5 inch. Breadth 0.22 inch.

Habitat.—Maui.

: 20. Achatinella nitida.

Testa dextrorsa, ovato-conica, tenui, pellucida, nitidé subcornea ; fas-

ciola rufa lineari suturali obscuré cireumdata ; anfractibus sex, ventricosis ;

sutura marginata; apertura ovata; columella in pliculam contortam,

albidam desinente ; labio tenui.

Shell dextral, ovately conical, thin, pellucid, shining, light

corneous, with a faint linear band of red beneath the suture;

whorls six, ventricose; suture margined; aperture ovate;

columella terminating in a twisted oblique white plait ; lip thin.

Length 0.4 inch. Breadth 0.11 inch.

Habitat.—K. Maui.

21. Achatinella grana.

Testa dextrorsd, ovato-conicd, solid4, cornea; anfractibus sex, sub-

marginatis ; apertura ovata; columella dente plicata albida instructa ;

labio subincrassato, albo ; labio interiori expanso et arcté appresso.

30 Additions to the Description

Shell dextral, ovate-conic, solid, corneous; whorls six, faintly

margined; aperture ovate; columella with a strong plaited

tooth ; outer lip slightly thickened, white; columellar lip ex-

panded and applied to the body whorl.

Length 0.3 inch. Breadth 0.1 inch.

Habitat.—K. Maui.

Vi.—WNote to the ‘‘ Description of the SELENE ARGENTEA of

Lacépede ;” at Vol. V. p. 68 of these Annals.

By T Carson Brevoorr.

Read May 23d, 1853.

Since the above paper was published I have met with two

highly interesting notices of this once doubtful species of fish.

The first is a description only, but taken from nature, by Dr.

Johann David Schipf, a military physician who accompanied

the German auxiliaries to this country during the American

Revolutionary war. He was a man of a high order of intelli-

gence, and besides the memoir here to be quoted from, published

two other works relating to the United States: viz. his “ Jour-

ney through some of the Middle and Southern States, Florida and

the Bahamas, in 1783-84,” two vols. 8vo., Hrlangen, 1788 ; and his

Contributions to the Mineralogy of the Eastern Portion of North

America and of its Mountain Districts,” Erlangen, 1787, pp. 194.

These works have never been translated, and are almost un-

known in this country, though abounding with valuable infor-

mation on many subjects. His paper on American fish is

entitled “ Beschreibungen einiger Nord Amerikanischer Fische,

vorziiglich aus den Neu- Yorkischen Glewiissern.” It was published in

the eighth vol. of the “ Schriften der Gesellschaft naturforschender

of the Selene Argentea of Lacépéde. 81

Freunde zu Berlin ;” (being the same as the second volume of

that portion of the series which is entitled Beobachtungen, &c.,)

third part, Berlin, 1788; pages 188-194. This memoir was

unknown to Dr. Samuel Mitchill, but is alluded to by Dr.

Dekay. ;

At page 146, after the name Cottus grunniens, L., follows an

article which might be supposed to refer to that fish, but which

in fact is a description of the Selene argentea, then unknown to

naturalists, and which received no specific name from the modest

Schopf, who however was aware that he was describing a new

species. A note is appended to the article by the ichthyolo-

gist Bloch, to whom the memoir appears to have been referred,

as he has also added notes to several other descriptions. Bloch

says, ‘I take at to be the Vomer of Linneeus,” &¢. Schipf, how-

ever, never describes fish which had been noticed by the great

Swede, but merely quotes their names. I have carefully trans-

lated his description.

‘Head and body compressed laterally, and nearly all over

of a brilliant silvery colour. No spines at the vent. The for-

ward portion of the lateral line describes a half circle, the rest

runs out straight. The spine on the back is straight. The first

dorsal has 6, the second 9.23 rays; of this one the second ray is

prolonged beyond the others, and equals the length (from mouth

to tail) of the whole body. The pectorals have 17 or 18; the

ventrals 5; the anal-1.20 (the second is the longest); the

candal 24 rays.”

“The numbers of all the fin rays agree nearly with those

given by Linneeus for the Zeus Vomer; but the absence of

spines near the vent and the LONG RAYS OF THE SECOND

DORSAL AND ANAL FINS DISTINGUISH IT FROM THAT SPE-

ciEs.* It also differs from the Zeus Gallus as described by

* “T take it to be the Vomer of Linneus; in my ‘Natural History of Foreign

Fish,’ 4to. 3d part, page 5145, I have remarked, that I could not find the spines

mentioned by Linnzus.—Btocu.”

32 Additions to the Description

Linneus in that the 8th, and not the 10th, is the longest ray

(counting from the first) of the dorsals. The fish, with a

length of from half a foot to a foot, is hardly an inch in

thickness, and is easily dried. It is found only during the

summer in the waters of New York; is not eaten, and has not

yet received any distinctive name.”

There can be no doubt here as to the species which was

examined and described by Schépf. His particular mention

of the long rays of the second dorsal and anai, as distinguishing

it from the Zeus or argyreiosus Vomer, which has them in the

first dorsal, is alone enough to prove that he was not examining

this last species. Indeed he does not appear to have met with

the A. Vomer in our waters. As for the anal spines they are so

hidden as easily to escape observation, though Zinneus had

noticed them. They are present in all the allied genera. The

numbers of the fin rays are almost precisely alike in Selene and

Argyreiosus. Schipf also gives but 6 rays to the first dorsal

and 5 to the ventrals, whereas the first of these fins has 8 and

the last 1.5 rays. His description is therefore the first one

published of the Selene.

Lacépéde was the second to notice and the first to figure it.

His plate, however, is taken from Aubriet’s copy of Plumier’s

drawing, and his meagre description is made from the figure

only. He for once nevertheless was in the right, and though

he named this species, which he had never seen, his name, un-

meaning as it is, must be retained.

The next account of the Selene is to be found in the great

work entitled “ Selecta Genera et Species Piscium Braziliensiwm.”

The figures in this work are all or in part from drawings by

Spix and the descriptions are by Agassiz. At page 109 there

is a description under the head of Argyreiosus Vomer, with a

figure on plate 58 to illustrate it. This is curiously enough a .

very correct description and figure of the unlucky Selene, which

about the same time was made a doubtful species by Cuvier,

who, from want of specimens, had been led to deny its existence.

of the Selene Argentea of Lacépede. 33

Agassiz says of Spix’s specimens that “several, of various sizes,”

are preserved at Miinich. This would seem to indicate that the

Selene and A. vomer are there confounded under this latter

name. The little A. vomer, I believe, is never found over three

inches long, while the Selene is usually double that length.

The following extract from Agassiz’s description at page 109

of the work in question, will prove that he was describing the

Selene. Among the generic characters of the species, he says:

“ Pinne dorsales duce ; anterior radiis aculeatis gracilibus breviort-

bus paucioribus ; posterior mollis longa, RADIO TERTIO SIMPLICI

MAXIME PRODUCTO. . . . PINN# VENTRALES MINIMA, ACUTIS-

stmM#;” &. Among the specific characters are the following:

“ Pinne dorsales duce ; anterior minima aculeata, radio primo et

posterioribus brevissimis ; posterior mollis radiis pluribus ejusdem fere

longitudinis PRATER TERTIUM SIMPLICEM LONGISSIMUM, gud recli-

natus ultra pinnam caudalem extenditur, quartus et quintus sequen-

tibus etiam longiores.. . . PINNH VENTRALES RADIIS TENUISSI-

MIS, ACUMINATH;” &c. None of these characters are applicable

to Argyreiosus vomer as described by previous authors and by

Cuvier, but correspond accurately with Schdp/’s description and

Plumier’s figure. As for the figure in this work, it appears to

have been taken from a preserved specimen, for the body is not

as high as it ought to be, the dorsal spines are too short, and

the anal spines are wanting. The ventrals are represented

as tapering to a fine point, which is not the case in the speci-

mens which I have examined. Otherwise the figure is very

accurate.

Now let the following comparison be instituted, and the dif-

ferences between Selene argentea and A. vomer will be evident.

Compare Lacépéde’s figure in Tom. iv. pl. 9, fig. 2, Spzm’s in the

Selecta Genera, plate 58, and mine at plate 4, Vol. v. of these

Annals, all representing the Selene, with those of various au-

thors who have represented the Argyreiosus vomer, such as

Linneus in the Musewm Adolphi Friderici, &c., tab. 31, fig. 9;

MAY, 1853. 3 Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. Vou. VI.

34 The Selene Argentea of Lacépéde.

Cuvier and Valenciennes, Hist. des Poissons, Vol. ix. fig. 255;

Mitchill, Trans. of the Int. and Phil. Soc. of N. Y., pl. 2, figs. 1

and 2; Dekay, Fish of N. Y., pl. 27, fig. 82, and pl. 75, fig. 238.

These two last authors, under the names of Zeus or Argyreiosus

rostratus, capillaris, and vomer, were probably describing one

species, but I will not be positive that it isso. Our Argyreiosus

appears to differ from the one found in Brazil and the West

Indies, but a comparison of specimens can alone decide that

question.

Schdépf, therefore, must have the credit of first describing the

Selene as a new fish, and Plumer first figured it.

The list of synonyms will then stand as follows:

(s. n.) Schépf: Beob. der Ges. Nat. Forsch. Freunde;

Tom. 2, pt. 3, p. 146.

Selene argeniea Lacépéde: Hist. Nat. des Poissons; 4to., Tom. 4, p. 562,

pl. 9, fig. 2, (Plumier.)

Argyreiosus vomer Agassiz; Selecta Genera, &c.; p. 109, pl. 58. (Spix.)

Dutertre and Labat both speak of fish called Lunes et Assiettes,

and give rough figures, which show that they were referring

to the Argyreiosus vomer and Vomer Brownii, but neither of

them indicates the Selene as distinguished from them. No refer-

ence in Artedi, Linnzeus, Klein, Gmelin, Bloch, Walbaum,

Gronovius, and others, can be construed as applying to Selene.

Bloch, in Part 6, p. 27 of his great work (in folio, French

edition), speaks of a Zeus described in the 11th vol. of the De-

scription des Arts et Metiers, page 562, called Poisson lune de

YAmerique. This reference I have not been able to consult.

I have been thus minute in sifting and comparing authorities

in order to establish the species on a sure basis. The family of

the Scombride is still in some confusion, and it would be no

Observations on the Animal of Rore~tia Lam. 35

light undertaking, though a very valuable one in its results,

were it to be carefully studied and the species accurately

defined.

VIL— Observations on the Animal of RorELLA Lam.

Communicated to the late Prof. C. B. Adams, by the Rev. S. B. Farrsang, of Bom-

bay, and read before the Lyceum, by T. Bland. February, 1853.

Since I wrote to you I have found Rotellz alive in great

numbers, and have had them displaying their curious bodies in

plates of salt water. The structure of the animal is so curious

that I have drawn a rough outline for you, much larger than

life, for distinctness sake.

The animal is opakish white. The foot large and flexible,

the edge often playing up against the shell. A lobe of the

mantle (?) marked w, partly clings to the shell, but does not at all

envelop it. The siphon mouth isvery curious. This is a tube,

the side being slit next the outer lip of the shell, and filled with

cilia! The cilia are tipped with black. Sometimes they gather

against the sides, so that you see a tube with a black rim, but

usually they are disposed much as I have dotted them in the

figure. One tentacle supporting an eye forms an edge of the slit

of the siphon, and there is a filament-like tentacle near it, which

roots inside the siphon. The other eye-bearing tentacle and

its attendant filament are free their whole length.

I found these Rotella: where the water would leave them dry

36 Observations on the Animal of Roretua Lam.

at least two hours each tide,—just buried in the sand, and very

abundant. There were several to a square inch, for several

rods in extent. When I put them in water, they did not move

about much,—only raised up their siphons. So I conclude

that they feed on the minute living things brought to them by

the water,

VIII—On the Homeomorphism of Mineral Species of the Tri-

metric System.

By James D. Dana, of New-Haven, Conn. Honorary Member.

Read March 13, 1854.

Although many cases of homceomorphism among minerals of

the Trimetric System have been pointed out by different inves-

tigators, no general review of the species in this respect has yet

been made. We propose, therefore, to consider the relations in

form among all the species, believing that in this way, and in this

way alone, we may arrive at the true system among the homo-

logies, and the principles upon which they rest.

In the outset, it is important to ascertain what may be con-

sidered true criterions of homology in the comparison of forms.

In a trimetric crystal there are often several occurring prisms in

the three axial directions, the vertical, macrodiagonal, and bra-

chydiagonal, and as either axis might be assumed to be the ver-

tical axis, and either prism in each direction the fundamental

prism,* there are wide limits as to the possible cases of homeo-

morphism that might be made out. So among rhombohedral

forms, in Calcite for example, rhombohedrons occur of a great va-

riety of angles, and homeomorphism may be deduced between

it and almost any rhombohedral species, provided any one of

these rhombohedrons may for the time be taken as funda-

mental.

There is obviously one right position for the comparison of

two species, and the others are wrong. Hence it is essential to

have some basis for deciding upon this point, and especially for

ascertaining which is the true vertical axis, in order that we

may compare like axes and their planes with one another.

* A fundamental vertical prism is one which has for its axes }, ¢, the ratio

16: 1c. The fundamental maerodome and brachydome have the analogous ratios

la: 16, and la: le. These are the wnit prisms.

MARCH, 1854. 4 Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist, Vou. VI.

38 On the Homeomorphism of Mineral Species

It must be admitted that there are no tests of homology which

are of invariable application. As elsewhere in science, the

relations of species are to be ascertained rather by the general

range of characters, than by the severe application of one single

law. But there are important aids, and their exact value should

be ascertained.

1. Cleavage.—Cleavage is one of the most important means.

In the trimetrie system, it may take place parallel, (1) to the

axial sections, one or all; (2) to the lateral planes of different

rhombic prisms; (8) to octahedral planes.

a. When cleavage is parallel to one or more rhombic prisms,

it is generally true that, (1) the vertical axis of the prism of

most perfect cleavage is the proper vertical axis of the species,

and also that (2) these cleavage prisms for different species are

homologous prisms.

Hornblende and Augite correspond to the jirst of the two

principles just stated, but are well known exceptions to the

second: the cleavage prism of one has twice the breadth of that.

of the other. These species, nevertheless, are closely homceo-

raorphous, and hence there may still be an intimate relation when

the cleavage forms have a simple axial ratio, as 1: 2. Diaspore

and Gothite exemplify the same fact; the former has an im-

perfect cleavage parallel to the prism 72( oc Pz). Staurotide

and Andalusite may be viewed as another example. The oc-

curring forms of these species have the same relation as those

of Hornblende and Augite, or a ratio of 1: 2, in the longer late-

ral axis, and traces of cleavage correspond; while in Topaz, a

third hom@omorphous species, both forms are common, and

indistinct cleavages are described as occurring parallel to each.

In some cases, when there are two cleavage prisms at right

angles with one another, we are required by the analogies of

the species to take as the vertical axis that parallel to the prism

of least perfect cleavage; but such examples are rare.

b. It is common to find a prismatic and a diagonal cleavage

existing together. In a single natural group of species, the for-

of the Trimetric System. 39

mer may become obsolete, while the latter is highly developed,

or the reverse ; and therefore the presence or absence of a diago-

nal or basal cleavage is no test of identity. The anhydrous sul-

phates are a prominent example. In Célestine and Heavy Spar

a basal and prismatic cleavage exist, and the two diagonal

cleavages are imperfect; while in Anhydrite, of the same group,

the basal and diagonal are highly perfect, and no prismatic

cleavage has been detected. In rhombohedral forms, a basal

cleavage often occurs along with a rhombohedral, and in spe-

cies actually homceomorphous, it may become the only cleay-

age, or be wholly obsolete. It is, however, often true, that a

particular direction of cleavage characterizes a group of species.

In the Heulandite group there is a perfect clinodiagonal cleay-

age; the Meldspars have a basal and clinodiagonal; the species

of the Calcite series have a perfect rhombohedral cleavage, and

no distinct basal, while the Corwndum series have generally a

basal cleavage, more distinct than the rhombohedral.

2. Twin-composition.—In compound crystals composition takes

place in general, parallel to planes or sections of fundamental

value. This is well seen in monometric forms, in which the

only planes of composition are, (1) the faces of the cube ; (2) the

faces of the regular octahedron, or planes truncating the solid

angles; (3) the faces of the dodecahedron, or planes truncating

the edges of a cube. It will be observed that the composition

is either at the extremities of the axes (1), or at points exactly

intermediate between three axes (2), or between every two (8).

This narrow limit to the possible directions of twin-composition

gives importance to its indications, and therefore similarity in

modes of composition suggests identical or homologous relations be-

tween the planes of composition in different species, and vice versd.

Thus when we observe different species, as Arugonite, Cerusite,

etc., affording stellate twins and hexagonal forms by composi-

tion, parallel to the faces of a prism nearly 120° in angle, we infer

that the prisms are homologous; and when similar prisms occur

in Chrysoberyl or Copper Glance, we conclude that the prism

40 On the Homeomorphism of Mineral Species

of 119° in these species, parallel to faces of which the composi-

tion takes place, is the true vertical prism, asin Aragonite. The

fact that 120° x 3 or 60° x 6 equals 860°, is evidently the fun-

damental reason for the occurrence of such twins; and hence

in other species a like angle for the vertical prism, especially if

the prisms are alike in their other dimensions, would be likely

to produce the same result.

Hence we conclude that the sulphates (RO, SO*), although

affording in one direction a prism near 120° in angle, have not

this prism as the fundamental vertical prism, for stellate com-

position does not occur parallel to it; the true vertical prism is

the one usually so assumed—that of 101° to 104°.

Bournonite affords another illustration of this subject. G.

Rose has assumed its homceomorphism with Aragonite, on the

ground that it has a vertical prism of 115° 58’. But this spe-

cies, instead of forming twins parallel to the faces of this prism,

actually affords cruciform twins parallel to a prism of 98° 40’,

the one usually taken as the fundamental prism. The prism of

115° 58’ is 7 $ (© P 8), and there is no reason for regarding it

as other than a secondary prism.

Chrysoberyl has been placed near Chrysolite by the author,

and also by M. Scacchi, of Naples. In a certain position the

resemblance in angle exists. But still the species are rather

widely remote, inasmuch as the twins, like those of Aragonite,

parallel to faces of the prism of 119° 46’, show that this is the

fundamental prism. Chrysolite affords no such twins; the angle

of its vertical prism is 94° 3’, and it belongs to a different zone.

Chrysoberyl is actually near Aragonite in angle; it has a bra-

chydome of 108° 26’, and Aragonite one of 109° 39’.

Monoclinic prisms near 120° in angle, never present stellate

twins like trimetric prisms. Such twins in oblique forms ap-

pear to be impossible, since they require a regular symmetrical

character in the molecule above and below the middle section.

This remark appears to apply also to hemihedral forms of the

trimetric system, like those of Datholite.

of the Trimetric System. 41

3. General Habit of Crystals—A. resemblance in general habit

is often to be detected between species related in crystallization.

Thus Brookite, as figured in the American Journal of Science,

vol. xvil., p. 86, resembles Columbite in the general arrangement

of its planes; and we cannot mistake, in comparing them, as to

the homologous prisms of the two. Again, it requires but a

glance at the forms of Feldspar and Pyroxene to see that the

habit here is wholly opposed to any homceomorphism between

the species, while the family resemblance among the feldspars

themselves is very striking.

4, Frequency of Occurrence of Planes, or Zones of Planes.—

This criterion is sometimes of importance, and still it is very

likely to lead astray. It is the common principle on which

crystals are mathematically described, for that is usually assum-

ed as the fundamental form which will give the simplest mathe-

matical view of the crystallization. But it is well known that

in many species secondary forms are most common. In Quartz,

the fundamental form is rarely seen; in Calcite, the rhombohe-

dron —$R and scalenohedron R*, are of far more frequent occur-

rence than R; in Fluor, cubes are more common than octahe-

drons, the cleavage form; and octahedrons, when they occur,

often have their surfaces made up of the angles of minute cubes;

and the same is true of many species. It is consequently no

certain evidence, when a prism terminates in a pyramidal sum-

mit (as in Mesotype), that it is the unit pyramid, or even that

the occurring prism in a species is one of the three unit prisms.

It is natural to assume that an occurring zone of planes is one

having the simplest ratios, and that among them exists one

having the axial ratio of unity, la: 1b: 1c. But this may be

far otherwise. Anhydrite is a familiar example. The occur-

ring prisms, according to the view of the author,* are 37 (2P @ )

and #7 (? P ©), which bring out well the homceomorphism of

* Amer. Jour. Science (2), xvii. 88.

42 On the Homceomorphism of Mineral Species

the species with the other allied sulphates; but the three octa-

hedral planes are then 3 9,613 and 227; and in any other

view that recognises the homa@omorphism, the expressions for

the planes are scarcely less complex. ;

We cannot be too guarded, therefore, when deducing the

form for comparison with another species, in relying on the

prevalence of certain planes. Valuable hints are often thus

given, but they may lead to error.

The lustre or smoothness of planes is a better guide, though

far from certain. The fundamental vertical prism in Barytes is

generally less highly polished than many other faces; and as we

have above remarked, the octahedrons of Fluor have often rough

surfaces.

The prevailing direction of the more extended zones of planes,

especially the octahedral, often suggests rightly which is pro-

perly the terminal plane of the prism, these zones rising towards

that plane ; and they thereby afford a hint as to which is the ver-

tical axis. In dimetric and hexagonal species, this criterion is

a sure guide (except sometimes in hemihedral forms); but here

it is not needed, as the basal plane is fixed from the nature of

the prism. The principle holds true for Topaz and many trime-

trie species. In the rhombic octahedron of Sulphur, in which

either axis might be made the vertical, the apical angles, in

which the true vertical axis terminates, are at once distinguished

in modified erystals, by the cluster of planes about them. But

the ambiguous cases are numerous, and this criterion, like

others, is not an unfailing reliance.

When we may succeed in fixing upon the vertical axis in a

species, and also the unit vertical prism, it is often difficult to

determine which planes about the base should be taken as the

unit domes or octahedron; and often there is a choice between

two or three planes equal in lustre and size; and consequently

it may be altogether doubtful whether the vertical axis equals

la, or 4a, or a. Crystallographers may take whichever is most

convenient without any important objection, But when look-

of the Trimetric System. 43

ing to homceomorphous comparisons, it is important that the

special claims of each should be duly considered, instead of

blindly adopting those which authors have found best to serve

them in their mathematics.

5. Analogies derived from Relations in Composition and Form.

—Similarity in chemical composition has long been known to

suggest similarity in crystallization; and among species thus

related it is usually safe to assume that prisms approximate in

angle are homologous. Other more indirect analogies are often

of weight, as illustrated in the case of Leadhillite, in a paper

by the writer, on page 210, vol. xvii, of the American Journal

of Science. We there see that the sulphates and sulphato-carbo-

nates are parallel throughout in their homeomorphisms, and we

ascertain with much probability which is the fundamental ver-

tical prism in Leadhillite.

6. Values and Relations of the Angles of Forms.—In the series

of prisms in each axial direction, the vertical, macrodiagonal,

and brachydiagonal, the planes, as is well known, have simple

axial ratios, and the more common ratios are 1: 1,1: 2,2: 38.

If but a single prism occur in either direction, it is easy to cal-

culate the values of the angles of other prisms having the above

mentioned relations. This gives a series of angles. If, then,

two species correspond with one another nearly in one element

of such a Series, they are also related in others, and they are

evidently related in form. From the exceptions to the several

criterions mentioned, it is evident that the absolute relation of

the axes may not in many cases be ascertainable. The vertical

axis, for example, may be doubled in length without violating

any principle that can be laid down; or it may be halved in the

same way. But we may with certainty determine whether

forms are related in the series of angles, and when so related,

the species are in a correct sense homm@omorphous. Augite and

Hornblende may be regarded as differing in this way, as we can

by no eriterion decide that the lateral molecular axes of Horn-

blende and Augite are identical ; we know that they are so relat-

44 On the Homeomorphism of Mineral Species

ed that one form might be a secondary to the other, that the

prism of Hornblende has its orthodiagonal twice that of Augite

in length, and that the serial relation of the forms is such that

they may be said to belong to one type. This point will be

abundantly illustrated beyond. We observe that in all the

comparisons made in the following tables, the only changes from

the forms assumed by authors made on the above principles to

exhibit the homeomorphism of species, are such as depend on

the simple ratios, 1:2, 2:8, 3:2,2:1. No torturing of the

forms has been required by employing unusual or complex

ratios, notwithstanding the hypothetical manner in which the

received fundamental forms have been in many cases assumed.

The preceding are some of the methods that are of import-

ance in determining the crystallographic homologies of species.

It appears that the first point to be determined, is the true ver-

tical axis of species under comparison ; and this being ascertained,

the second is to fix upon the fundamental or unit vertical prism,

or that which shall give the relative values of the lateral axes;

and third, we have to determine upon a unit dome, either a ma-

crodome or brachydome in a trimetric species, or else the unit

octahedron, in order thereby to ascertain the true value of the

vertical axis; and fvurth, to make out the serial relations of

forms, for a full comparison where the actual relations of the

axes may be doubtful.

While studying forms by the above methods, it is also of in-

terest to compare them as a whole without reference to which

is the vertical prism; and only by viewing them thus in every

different light can we fully understand their actual dimensional

relations. In this point of view, the results of Hausmann re-

specting the anhydrous sulphates and carbonates, are highly

interesting, although secondary in importance to comparisons

between the forms when placed in homologous positions.

The position of the vertical axis derives special importance

from the crystallogenic nature of molecules. In a trimetric

molecule, if we suppose three crystallogenic axes, a vertical and

of the Trimetric System. 45

two lateral, while the vertical is at right angles to the lateral,

from the nature of the form, these last may either intersect at

right angles, corresponding to the form of a rectangular prism,

or at oblique angles, corresponding to the angle of a rhombic

prism; that is, in other words, they may connect the centres of

the lateral faces of a rectangular prism or of a rhombic prism.

Either condition will express the forces as indicated by the form,

and result in the solids of the trimetric system. And when the

cleavage prism is rhombic, there is better reason for regarding

the lateral axes as oblique in their intersections, than rectangu-

lar, The subject of twin crystals affords evidence that this is

not mere hypothesis ;* and additional proof is shown beyond in

the relations of the domes to the angles of the regular octahe-

dron. And still another argument may be derived from the

relations of the domes in angle to the vertical prism. If such

views may be adopted, it must obviously be essential to correct

comparisons of form between species, that the vertical axis should

be determined on the best possible data.

The preceding remarks are offered as introductory to the fol-

lowing tables of the values of the axes and principal prisms in

trimetric mineral species. I have endeavored to apply with

fidelity the principles that have been briefly reviewed. The

unit prisms, as has been stated, are not in all instances those as-

sumed as such by other authors; and although they are in gene-

ral well entitled to be so regarded, they are not all supposed to

be the unit prisms, as has been explained by referring to Horn-

blende and Augite as examples. An exhibition of the mathe-

matical relations of the forms is the main point in view. When-

ever we have placed in the columns of unit prisms, angles

usually regarded as those of other prisms, it is stated by a men-

tion of the form to which they have been commonly referred.

Thus, under Chrysolite, the prism taken as lz is 42 of most writers,

¥ See the author's Treatise on Mineralogy, 4th edit., now in press.

46 On the Homeomorphism of Mineral Species

as mentioned. These forms, as observed, differ from the unit

prisms, either by the ratio 1: 2 or 2:38, ratios of the simplest kind.

The trimetric species are naturally divided into four grand

groups, differing in the angle of the unit vertical prism (angle

I: I of the tables, © P: © P of Naumann), as follows:—

1. Angle 7: J from 903° to 95°.

2. Angle I: J near 102°, or from 98° to 105°.

3. Angle J: J near 110°.

4, Angle J: I near 120°.

It will be shown that these specific values of the angle 7: [

are dependent on a principle of the most fundamental cha-

racter. The third Group may, however, belong with the second,

as remarked upon beyond.

The angles mentioned in the table are the obtuse angle of the

prism 7: J (column 1), and the summit angle of the unit ma-

crodome and brachydome (17 and 17 or P © and P @).*

* To avoid any ambiguity in the angles referred to in the following pages, and

render the subject intelligible to those who may not be familiar with erystallo-

graphic language, a few explanations are here given. The annexed figure repre-

sents a rectangular prism with replaced edges and

angles, and the three axes a, 6,c. O is the basal

plane of the prism; é the larger lateral plane, pa-

rallel to the longer lateral axis, or macrodiagonal, ¢ ;

it the smaller lateral plane parallel to the shorter

lateral axis, or brachydiagonal, 6. J are planes on

the vertical edges of the rectangular prism, which

when extended so as to meet one another, would

form a vertical rhombic prism, having its axes , ¢,

in the ratio of 14: 1c. It is therefore the wnit or

fundamental vertical prism. 1? are planes parallel

to the longer lateral axis, c, having for the axes a, 6,

the ratio la: 1b; extended upward they form a

dome, called the maerodome. The planes 1%, in a

similar manner, constitute a brachydome, or dome

parallel to the shorter lateral axis, and having the ratio la: le. These two

of the Trimetric System. 47

TABLE I. ;

Angle of Vertical Prism near 90°.

Vertical Macrodome. Brachydome. Axes.

Prism. 5

1 MBIA Iz 3 12 12:12 RO To OT

Thomsonite, - - 90° 40’ 108° 18/ 108° 56’|0.72253 : 1.0117

Mesotype, - - - 91° (27) 108° 46’|(2z) 109° 42’ 0.71644 :

Harmotome, - - 91° 46/ 108° 48’ 110° 26'|0.71626 : 1 : 1.0312

Wohlerite, = - - 90° 54’ 108° 2/ 108° 56'\0.7261 1.01583

Pyrolusite, - - - |. 93° 40'| . . 104° 22°/(47). 107% 54'10.77601 + 1.0661

Andalusite, - - - 90° 44’ 109° 6’ 109° 50’\0.71198 : 1.0129

Lievrite, - - - - |) 91° 32’ 111° 14’ 112° 40’|0.68429 :

Staurotide, - - - |(4) 93° 8%) 108° 12’ 111° 10/\0.72388 :

Wavellite, - - - |(4) 90° 34’|(27) 106° 14’ 106° 46'|0.75047 :

Por ea cll el le

_—

(=)

lop)

Olivenite, - - - ° 0) oR! San é

Taeihionite, - ig 92° 30! 108° 28 110° 50’\0.72034 : 1.0446

Caledonite, - - - 95° (42) 105° 8’ |(4%) 109° 54'|0.76568 : 1.0913

Chondrodite, - - 94° 26'\(47) 106° 52'|(47) 111° 4’ 0.74176 : 1.0805

Antimony Glance,| 90° 45//(32) 109° 26’|(3%) 110° 8’ |0.6901 1.0132

Do. do. « |(z) 88° |(1z) 88° 471.0352 1.0132

Polyerase, - - - 95° |(1)_- 88° 30'\(1%) 93° 53’|1.02655 : 1.0913

Il.

Epsomite, - - - 90° 34’ 120° 4’ 120° 33'|0.57657 : 1: 1.01

Diaspore, - - - - 93° 52! Ita” PO" 118° 42//0.63398 : 1: 1.0699

Gothite, ---- 94° 52! fis 6! 117° 30'|\0.66063 : 1 1.0888

Polianite, - - - - 92° 52’ 115° 26’ 118° 0.6317 :1: 1.0513

Euchroite, - - - 92° 8’ 117° 20’ 119° 13'|0.6088 :1: 1.038

Topaz, ----- (4) 93° 8’ |($%) 115° 22’) (42) 118° 10'|0.63258 : 1: 1.05617

Chrysolite, --- | 94° 3’ |(42) 115° 36//(4%) 119° 12//0.6297 = 1 1.0733

Triphyline, - - - 94° |(42) 118° 27')(4i) 121° 55'/0.59549 : 1 1.0724

Bournonite, - - 93° 40'|(37) 115° (32) 118° 14’/0.63745 : 1 1.0662

Do. --- ye (i) 92° 34’ (17) 96° 12'10.95618 : 1: 1.0662

2 Warwickite, - - 93°-94°

?Lanthanite, - 93° 45’

PLanthanite, = h #9 22 dual eb fevtiek doves ieee

domes are therefore the wnit domes. The planes 1 on the eight angles are planes

of an octahedron, having for the axes a, 6, ¢, the ratio la: 16: le; it is therefore

the unit octahedron.

Taking axis b = 1, ¢ = tangent of half the angle 7: J; and a = cotangent of

half the summit angle 17: 17. These two angles alone are a correct exhibition of

the degree of homeomorphism between species; all other angles are dependent

upon these, and therefore a long series, for the sake of comparison, although often

given, is not necessary or even desirable.

As 12 is the unit macrodome, so 22 will be a macrodome with the vertical axis

twice as long; 3%, one two thirds as long ; 44, one half as long; and so on. The

first figure or letter in a symbol refers always to the vertical axis a, and the other

to the longer or shorter lateral axis, according as it has over it the long or short —

mark, or’,

48 On the Homeeomorphism of Mineral Species.

The preceding table is naturally subdivided into two sec-

tions :—

I. Species having the summit angles of the domes, near 109°.

II. Species having the summit angles of the domes, near 120°.

In the first of these groups there is a remarkable closeness of

coincidence to the angle mentioned; and in the second, the va-

riation from 120° in the brachydome is but small. The verti-

cal axis typical of the groups differs therefore theoretically as

V3: V2, which is nearly as 6 to 5.

In section I. the axes a, b, c, have nearly or typically the ra-

tio 1: V2: V2. In Andalusite, the ratio is almost identical with

this, and 109° 28/ is exactly a mean between 109° 6’ and 109°

50’, the angles given for the two domes.

In section II. the ratio of the axes approaches 1: V3: V3,

which it is very closely in Epsomite, the domes of which are

nearly 120°.

109° is approximately the angle of the regular octahedron,

the faces of which solid incline to one another 109° 28’. More-

over the angle of the vertical prism J varies but little from that

of a cube, or 90°. Here is an obvious relation to monometric

forms not to be overlooked. Moreover, the angle 120°, in sec-

tion IL., is the angle of the dodecahedron.

In the change, therefore, in a case of dimorphism, from the

monometric to these trimetric forms, the characteristics of the

monometric molecule, or form, are to a considerable degree re-

tained.

It is to be observed that the domes 27 and 27 for the same spe-

cies afford nearly the angle 71°, the supplement of 109°; in fact,

109° 28’ for 17 would give precisely the supplement 70° 32’ for

the summit angle of 27. In several of the species the occurring

dome is that of 70°-71°, instead of that of 109°; so that either

might be taken as characteristic of the first section in Table I.

70° 32’ is the summit angle of the regular octahedron.

of the Trimetric System. 49

If, therefore, we compare the regular octahedron with the

rectangular octahedron that would result from the united domes

27 and 27 in the species of section I., we find them nearly iden-

tical. We observe, further, the important fact, that the axes of

the regular octahedron correspond to diagonals between the apices of

the basal angles of the rectangular octahedron. But these axes in

the latter solid cross at oblique angles equal to the angle of the

rhombic prism J, instead of right angles; and they correspond

to lines between the centres of opposite lateral faces of the

rhombic prism, J, and not to those between the centres of its

opposite lateral edges. In other words, these lines are not the

crystallographic axes of the Trimetric system, but what the au-

thor has called the crystallogenic axes. This is one reason allud-

ed to on a preceding page for believing that the crystallogenic

axes are not necessarily the same lines with the crystallographic.

The latter are lines assumed for the convenience of calculation.

If instead of the domes 17 in section IL. the species had af:

forded 37 as common and dominant forms, and these were taken

as the unit domes, then the unit octahedron, in place of the domes,

would have the pyramidal angles near 109°, approaching those

of the regular octahedron. Could we therefore assume this as

the fundamental octahedron for the species, the derivation of the

octahedron from the regular octahedron would be a change in

the lengths only of the axes, and not in their angles of intersec-

tion. But this assumption would do violence to the facts. Still

in Antimony Glance, we have an example probably of this

form and mode of derivation; the dominant form is an octahe-

dron, with the pyramidal angles 109° 16’ and 108° 10’, and ba-

sal 110° 58’. Bournonite and Polycrase may be other exam-

ples of a similar nature, though diverging more in their angles.

Although the two sections are strongly marked in the above

table, still the species of one may be regarded as homceomor-

phous with those of the other. Thus Chrysolite of Group IL,

and Chondrodite of Group I., have been recognised by Scacchi

as homceomorphous. So also Andalusite and Topaz are essen-

50 On the Homeomorphism of Mineral Species

tially homceomorphous, as well as similar in chemical formulas.

In both of these cases, one of the species contains fluorine, and

this is evidently the occasion of the wide divergence. Yet in

one instance the fluorine species (chondrodite) belongs to section

I., and in the other (topaz) to section IT.

The table affords examples, also, of the principle stated in a

preceding page, that homceomorphous species, while identical in

the particular axis which is the vertical, may vary by a simple

ratio (1: 2 or 2: 8) in the axes, and that they are to be recog-

nised as species that belong to a specific system of ratios, rather

than to definite and identical dimensions.

Andalusite, Staurotide, and Topaz, have this relation. The

forms of these species may be referred to a similar type; yet

we cannot affirm that the axes have the near identity presented

in the table, rather than a multiple ratio of 1: 2 in some of the

axes; we only know that they pertain to a common series.

Staurotide alone offers a choice between three uncertainties.

The occurring form is a prism of 129° 20’; and this is usually

taken as the unit vertical prism. A prism with the longer

lateral axis half as long, has the angle 98° 8’, and this approaches

the prism of Andalusite; and as the frequency of occurrence

of a plane is no sure proof that the plane is necessarily of the

fundamental series, we may with some reason assume the prism

of 93° 8’ for the fundamental one. But Staurotide forms twins

in two directions, or parallel to two planes, and neither of these

planes, referred to the above fundamental forms, has a simple

ratio or expression, and this, notwithstanding the general fact

that the faces of composition are of the highest value in ascer-

taining the directions of axial sections; moreover, one of the

planes has the unusual symbol 3 2 if referred to the prism of

129° 20’, and 2 3 if referred to that of 93° 8’. Now, if instead of

halving the longer lateral axis, we take two thirds for the new

axis c, then the expression is of the simplest kind in every re-

spect. The following are the angles and symbols of the planes

according to these three methods :—

of the Trimetric System. 51

1.4478 2.11233

A.—Prism I= 129° 20'; 12=69° 16; 3% (one face of ] a : bi ¢

composition) = 88° 24’; 33 other face of composition.

B.—Prism J = 93° 8’; 22 = 69° 16’; 37 (one face of com

position) = 88° 24’; 3 2 other face of composition; 17 + 0.7239 : 1 : 1.05617

SNOW peat Tye

C.—Prism J = 109° 14’; 12 = 69° 16’; 1% (one face of

composition) = 88° 24’; 1, other composition face.

—

1.4478 1.40822

In the last, the planes, and the faces of composition have all

a unit ratio, and it affords the simplest possible view of the

crystallization. Whether regarded as the fundamental form or

not, the relation to Andalusite is shown by the fact of the two

belonging to one and the same series or system of ratios.

Topaz has IT: [= 124° 19’ and 55° 41’, and 22 : 72 = 86° 52’

and 93° 8’. The two prisms might either be taken as the fun-

damental, with nearly equal propriety. If the first be so taken,

and the macrodome of 58° 31’ be the unit one, the axes are a:

b:¢ = 1.89774 : 1.05625: 2 (= 1.7587 : 1 : 1.8936), a being

treble what it is in Table I, and d double, the 6 also becoming

c or the longer lateral axis. If the unit macrodome is that of

96° 2’, the axes are the same, except that a is half as long.

Jnevrite is usually considered as having for its fundamental

vertical prism, a prism of 111° 12’. Now this angle is near

109° 14’ for Staurotide (type C); and taking 22 as the vertical

prism J, the angle is near that of Audalusite. Moreover the

species has near relations in its domes to the species of Table L.,

and none to those of Table III. Besides, in composition it

resembles Andalusite and the allied species, in having less

oxygen in its Silica than in its bases. These facts afford some

reason for placing the species where it stands in Table I.

The following are notices of other species in Table I. :

Chondrodite has for the summit angle of 17 in its three types

68° 82’, 64° 54’, 70° 29’, giving as the mean 67° 58’, from which

the mean for 42 (taken as 17 in the table) is 106° 52’, and the

extremes 103° 28’ and 109° 26’. The angle for 17 in the New

52 On the Homeomorphism of Mineral Species

Jersey chondrodite is 68°. The great difference of angle for

these varieties of a single species should be considered, when

judging upon the differences among the several species in the

table. Taking 17 above as the unit dome, the vertical axis is

twice that given in the table, or 1.483852. In Chrysolite, also,

we have as good reason for doubling the vertical axis, in which

case it becomes 1.2584. In Caledonite, the occurring brachy-

dome has the angle 70° 57’, and taking this as a unit dome,

axis 4 = 1.53136.

The relations of Polianite to Gothite and Diaspore appear to

sustain the conclusion of Volger, cited in the American Journal

of Science, vol. xvii., p. 213.

Euchroite is generally placed in a different position, and the

prism 117° 20’ (form 17) is made the fundamental vertical prism.

But it forms no stellate or hexagonal twins like species of that

angle, and nothing appears to sustain that view in preference to

the one above taken.

Bournonite has the same relation to the species of section II.

that Antimony Glance has to those of section I. It has very

nearly the angles of Topaz.

Wohlerite has quite recently been studied by the able crystal-

lographer of Paris, M. Descloizeaux.* He gives for the verti-

cal prism, the angle 108° 56’... But

by comparing the range of angles

with those of the above species, it

appears that its true relations are

exhibited by the position in the an-

nexed figure, which is altered from

Descloizeaux. This gives for the

vertical prism, the angle 90° 54’,

and for the unit domes, the angles

108° 2' and 108° 56’, very near Andalusite. It appears to be

generally true that when a species affords for the prisms of two

* Ann, de Chim. et de Phys., vol. xl. 3d series.

of the Trimetric System. 53

axes, angles (measured over the extremity of the other axis)

nearly alike, this other axis is the true vertical, and the vertical

prism is near 90° in angle.

Polymignite is near Wohlerite in its crystallization. . With

the fundamental form adopted, the known octahedron is 22

(2P2), and the occurring prisms are 17 = 109° 46’, 27 — 70° 50%,

47 = 39° 9”.

Polycrase affords angles in three directions near 90°, which-

ever position be taken. In the figure annexed,

the position and lettering correspond to the

dimensions given in the table. Should we

change it, and make the brachydiagonal the

vertical axis, then :

1 == 93°52") 12 = 91° 297,12 = 95° 2",

And, again, if we make the macrodiagonal

the vertical axis:

J = 912.29", 1ri='842 58!) 12 =1862.8".

The symbols of these planes in these three positions (which

we may call A, B, C,) are as follows:

A(figure) 1 13 22% 3 ti

B 1 3 a2 O (base) 3% 0

a) 1°18 wade bee 47 ~——-O (base)

The form is near to Bournonite. It is also related dis-

tantly to the Columbite species, the prominent difference being,

five degrees in the angle of the vertical prism.

The species of Table II. fall into four sections, depending on

the angles of the unit domes.

MARCH, 1854. 5 Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. Vot. VI.

TABLE II.

On the Homeeomorphism of Mineral Species

Angle of Vertical Prism I near 102°.

Valentinite,....

Heavy Spar, ...

Anglesite,.....

Leadhillite,... .

Celestine,.....

Anhydrite,....

TPantalite.icteus.:

Mascagnine, . .

Atacamite, ....

Bulpeur,..°.. . =

Ct ee

II.

Orpiment,.....

Dimorphine (I.), .

4 (diay

Epistilbite, ....

Childrenite,....

Ill.

Prehnite,

Columbite,....

Wolfram,

Mengite,

Brookite; . . 1.) -

Scorodite,.....

PRP IA

ewe

» ‘hig, 21 ®&

Manganite, .. .

Calamine,.....-

Haidingerite, .. -

Brochantite, ...

(Cotunnlte, 1 <<

? Mendipite,. .. -

2 Jamesonite, . ..

Prism Dome

Nee

(4) 102° 36’ 59° 4’

101° 40’ 63° 40’

103° 38’ 62° 42’

103° 16’ 60° 20’

104° 2’ 62° 39’

102° 56’ 61° 25’

101° 32'|(2%) 64° 7’

107° 40’ 65° 52’

Ty 67° 40’

101° 58'\(#7) 65° 18

“ {(1z) 46° 18’

100° 40’ Moe

98° 6’ 75° 40°

100° 32” (ile OM

(4) 100° 58'|\(4z) 70° 50’

104° 14’ Ie

99° 56'|(23) 89° 45’

100° 40’ 86° 45’

101° 5’ 88° 6’

100° 28’ 87° 24!

100° 83° 14’

98° 2’ 84° 40’

101° 86° 38’

99° 40’ 114° 19’

103° 54’ 116° 39’

100° S232:

104° 10’ (2%) 114° 29'

99° 46’ 118° 28’

102° 36’

101° 20’

(22)

(34)

(1%)

(2%)

Dome

1i. a

70° 32’

74° 36’

75° 29’

72° 34’

15° 52!

72° 38’

1.7651 :

1.6107 :

1.6415:

1.7205 :

1.6432 :

1.6836 :

74° 58'|1.5967 :

83° 6’

1.5437 :

74° 20'|1.4919 :

76° 40'|1.5606 :

55° 36'|2.3443 :

83° 30/11.3511 :

83° 40'|1.2876 :

84° 241.3262 :

81° 30'|1.4063 :

87° 14'|1.3514:

99° 41/|1.0044 :

97° 28'|1.0584 :

99° 13//1.0337 :

97° 54’|1.0463 :

93° 16'|1.1260 :

92° 43'|1.0977 :

97° 40'|1.0607 :

122° 50'|0.6455 :

128° 26'|0.6170 :

126° 58'|0.5945 :

126° 41'|0.6434 :

126° 44'10.5953 :

eet et et et

Cee el ll el

fat ett et

el ell cell ell eel eae

: 1.248 1

21.2276

: 1.2715

: 1.2632

: 1.2807

: 1.2557

72247

: 1.3680

Se Swit)

: 1.2342

: 1.2059

: 1.1526

: 1.203

aaa

: 1.2853

: 1.1904

: 1.2059

: 1.2149

: 1.2071

: 1.1918

er Fea a |

312131

: 1.1847

: 1.2776

: 1.1918

: 1.2838

: 1.1868

: 1.2482

: 1.2203

I. Angle of macrodome near 60°, and brachydome near

(oa

II. Angle of macrodome 70° to 75°, or near the brachydome

of section I.

III. Angle of macrodome 88° to 90°, or near the brachydome

of section II.

IV. Angle of macrodome 114° to 120°.

of the Trimetric System. 55

In section I. the angles of the domes oscillate from or about

the monometric angles 60° and 70° 82’. In section III., 90° is

nearly a mean between the angles of the domes. In section

IV., 120° is a similar mean for the domes. Section II. is inter-

mediate between I. and III., the macrodome corresponding with

the brachydome of section I., and the brachydome with the

macrodome of section III. The vertical axis in section III. is

two thirds that of section I.; and by taking 3% as 17, the two

groups would coalesce. The vertical axis of section IV. is about

two fifths of that of I.

In section I. a macrodome of 60° and a brachydome of 70°

32’, both Menometric angles, necessarily imply a vertical prism of

101° 84’. Hence the important fact, that prasms approximating

to 101° 84’ are of common occurrence, and a necessary result of the

relations pointed out to Monometric forms. This affords a suff-

cient reason for the occurrence of so many species near 102° in

angle, just as there are many near 90°, and gives special im-

portance to this value of £: /, Such prisms have approxi-

mately

a:b:c=1: v3: V3.

Valentinite affords an interesting exemplification of the gene-

ral principle. Oxyd of antimony is a known example of, di-

morphism, occurring in regular octahedrons as Senarmontite, and

in rhombic prisms as Valentinite. It might hardly be expected

that the latter should retain closely any of the angles of the

former; and yet there is a brachydome having exactly the

angle 70° 82’. The cleavage vertical prism has the angle 136°

20’, which gives for the prism with half the macrodiagonal,

102° 86’,—a relation like that between Hornblende and Augite.

The three unit prisms, 102° 36’, 59° 4’, 70° 82’, very nearly

correspond to the typical value of the axes 1: $: 7/2.

It is of interest in this connexion to compare Hpistilbite with

Valentinite. It presents the vertical prism 135°, corresponding

to 186° 20’ of Valentinite; and there is a macrodome of 109°

56 On the Homeomorphism of Mineral Species

46’, whence another macrodome 27 = 70° 50’, or very nearly

the angle of the brachydome of Valentinite. It gives for

the angle 100° 58’, as mentioned in the table. The occurrence

of these Monometric angles has, beyond doubt, a profound sig-

nificance. We hereby perceive in what respect section II. is

related to sections I. and III. The oscillations from the typical

angles of the group amount to about 5°.

Other species in Table II. require special remarks.

In Sulphur, the unit macrodome of authors has the summit

angle 46° 18’. But taking 37 as the unit dome, the angle is

near that of Barytes and the other sulphates, as in the table;

47 in Sulphur is near 47 in Barytes. Zhe homeomorphism of

Sulphur and the sulphates (RO, SO®) zs hence evident.

Orpiment (sulphuret of arsenic) differs from Sulphur in_per-

taining to section II. The Sulphur and other arsenic compounds

present a like amount of difference; and, further, they show

that the fundamental vertical prism of Orpiment is that of 100°

40', instead of that of 117° 49’, adopted by some authors. The

difference in the unit domes of Sulphur and Orpiment is about

74 degrees, and the difference in the sulphurets and arseniurets

or arsenio-sulphurets is nearly as large, or 5 to 6 degrees.

The arseniuret of iron (Leucopyrite or Lolingite) has been

hitherto described as having a vertical prism of 122°, and the

arsenio-sulphuret (mispickel) an angle of 112°, and the sul-

phuret (mareasite) of 106°. But the writer has been informed

by R. P. Greg, Jr., that he has measured crystals of the arse-

niuret, and found the angle the same as for the arsenio-sulphuret.

The difference of 6 degrees is, therefore, the full difference due

to the arsenic; and where arsenic is present with sulphur in

these compounds, the sulphur is wholly overpowered by the

arsenic ; just as in the sulphato-carbonates, the sulphuric acid

dominates completely over the carbonic acid, the angle agree-

ing closely with that of the sulphates (anglesite), instead of

being half way between those of the carbonates and sulphates.

Dimorphine, a sulphuret of arsenic of undetermined compo-

of the Trimetric System. 57

sition, falls into the same group with Orpiment, and is near it in

angle. Professor Scacchi, in describing Dimorphine,* recog-

nises the fact that it affords two angles approaching those of

Orpiment, viz. 83° 40’ and 117° 48’; and he adds correctly, that

they do not, however, correspond in position in the two species.

But on examining further his type I., and viewing the form in

a different position, we find that there are two prisms, which taken

as domes give the an-

gles at summit 838°

40’ and 75° 40’ (an-

gles o: 0 and e: ein

Scacchi, pl. 12, fi 4,

or 1? and 17 in the

annexed figure 1);

and these angles are

so near two domes in Orpiment that we can hardly hesitate as

to regarding this the right position for the figures. We here

make B of Scacchi the terminal plane O; A, the plane 7; C,

the plane 27; also o’ is 3%, and m is 1, or the unit octahedron

In Scacchi’s type II. (figure 2, above), the planes referred to

the same fundamental form, are £7 (e of Scacchi, fig. 18, pl. 4),

is (2), £ & (m), 27 (0°). In this type, the angles, as given in the

table, are almost identical with those of Orpiment. The axes

become for

b= 1 a=l

Type Ia: b:¢=1.2876:1: 1.1526 =1: 0.77661 : 0.89526,

Type I, a:b: ¢ =1.8262: 1: 1.2030 = 1: 0.75405 : 0.90707.

The ratio £ in Type II. loses its improbability, if any there

be, when it is observed that the domes of this ratio have approat-

mately the angles of the unit domes of sulphur or of the section to

which sulphur belongs, they being 47 = 62° 12’ (e: e, f. 18, of

aes

* Memorie Geologiche sulla Campania per A. Scacchi, Napoli, 1849, p. 120

58 On the Homeomorphism of Mineral Speeies

Scacchi), and §% (not observed) = 71° 56’. They approach most

nearly the unit domes of Anhydrite.

Tantalite (FeO, TaO*) has very nearly the dimensions of

Barytes (BaO, SO*), as seen in the table; and the fact is im-

portant, as it sustains the homeomorphism of tantalie and sul-

phurie acids,

Brookite was first observed to be homeeomorphous with

Columbite by Hermann. It differs by four degrees in its domes

from that species, and has its vertical axis about one twelfth

longer.

In Columitie, it is of importance to note, that the face of

twin composition is a plane of the brachydome 2%, in which

the dasal angle is about 120°; and in Wolfram, it is the brachy-

dome 32, in which the summit angle is about 120°.

Leadhithite has been shown by the writer to have close rela-

tions in angle to Anglesite, in the American Journal of Science,

vol. xvii., p. 210. Its dimensions, as given in the table, exhibit

still further this similarity of form. We reserve remarks on

the forms of Leadhillite for another occasion.

Mascagnine diverges widely from the other sulphates in its

vertical prism, and therefore also in its brachydome, while it

agrees with them nearly in its macrodome.

We add a word on the unit-octahedrons of the species of

Table II. The following are the angles for a species or two

in sections I,, III., and IV.:

Pyramidal Angles. Basal Angle.

Section I—Barytes, . . . 111° 38’ 91° 29’ 128° 36’

as Anglesite,. . . 212° 13’ 89° 41’ 128° 54’

Section III—Columbite, . . 117° 53’ = 102° 58’ 107° 56’

* Brookite;: <frey 2A T6* 49%. © 107° 34 117° 26°

Section IV.—Manganite, . . 230° 49’ 220° 54’ 80° 29°

& Cotunnite, . . 133°22’ 123° 58’ 75° 48’

Tt will be observed that there is an approximation to the

angle of a regular octahedrgn only in one of the pyramidal

angles of section I., and in the basal angle of section ITI.

of the Trimetrie System. 59

TABLE III.

Angle of Vertical Prism, near 109° 28’.

Prism Dome Dome Axes

s 17. Mz; GVO eahyes

Mareasite, . . . | 106° 5’ 64° 52! 80° 20’) 1.5737 : 1: 1.3287

Il.

Mispickel, . . . | 111° 53’ 59° 14’ 80° 8’ | 1,7588 : 1 : 1.4793

Leueopyrite, . . | 111° 30’

Aurotellurite,. . | 110° 48/\(2%) 58° 52’\(2%) 78° 34) 1.7723 : 1: 1.4496

ee ee ee ee eee

The angle of the vertical prism in Table IL. is near the

angle of a regular octahedron (109° 28’). As this prism 1s a

cleavage prism, and the only distinct one in the species, it ap-

pears to be the true vertical prism.

But if we give the species another position, we may exhibit

a relation to sections II. and III. of Table II.; and as they are

all related to the species of those sections in composition, this

relation is of fundamental interest. Making the brachydome 1%

the vertical prism, then the angle given above for the vertical

prism is the new macrodome, and the supplement of that for

the macrodome is the new brachydome. This gives for Mis-

pickel the angles J: [ = 99° ay Mm APO DEO AE a eee (See ce

120° 46’. If we now double the length of the vertical axis, the

dome 111° 53’ becomes 37, and 120° 46’ 47; and the three angles

will be

T: T= 99° 52’; 17:.1% = 72° 58"; 17: 17 = 82° 40’,

which are almost identical with the angles in Orpiment. The

following table presents the angles and axes of the species thus

changed in position, and also those referred to on Table IT.

It appears from the table that Marcasite, Fe S*, is very near Sul-

phur in itsangles and axes ; while Aurotellurite (Ag, Au), Te’, and

Mispickel, Fe (S, As)’, to which Leucopyrite, Fe As’, should be

added, have the form nearly of Orpiment. It is a question,

therefore, whether Table IIL. should not be suppressed, and the

60 On the Homeomorphism of Mineral Species

TABLE III. A.

Prism Dome Dome Axes

Les li. Gis GC;

Sniphor, . .. | 1018 | \Gb2 18! 76° 40’ | 1.5606 : 1: 1.2342

Mareasite, . . . 99° 40’ C1s.12) 76° 24’ 1.5049 : 1: 1.1847

IL. ;

Orpiment,*. . >. | 100°40" | '73°° e 83°°30"" {1.3511 SF 1.2059

Dimorphine, (I) . | 98° 6’ 75° 40’ 83° 40’ | 1.2876: 1: 1.1526

Do. (ITD) . | 100° 32’ Te Oy 84° 24’ 1.3262 :.1 ; 1.2030

Mispickel, ~~. ~. °° c99° 52’ } "72°=58! 82° 40’ 1.3520 : 1 : 1.1890

Aurotellurite,. . | 101° 26’ {Alea 83° 6’ 1.3797 : 1: 1.2225

species annexed to sections IJ. and III. of Table II. The

cleavage constitutes the main reason for regarding the species

as a separate Group. But notwithstanding the peculiarity in

this respect, the affiliation with Sulphur and Orpiment is un-

doubted.

TABLE IV.

Angle of Vertical Prism, near 120° (1153°-120°).

Prism Dome Dome Axes

lz 12. a c

Sternbergite, ... 119° 30’ 69° 38’ 100° 2’ |1.4379; 1: 1.7147

Aragonite, .... Ge 10; 81° 40’ 108° 261.1571 : 1: 1.6055

Cerusite, ..... V1 13" 80° 19’ 108° 161.1852 : 1: 1.6388

Witherite, .... 118° 30’ 77° 30’ 106° 54/\1.2460 : 1: 1.6808

Hrombte, .:. .. . 118° 50’ agitate} 107° 5’ |1.2504: 1: 1.6920

Stephanite,.... 115° 39’ 85° 5’ 111° 8’ |1.0897: 1: 1.5844

NIETO epee ae 118° 50’ 80° 16’ 109° 57’1/1.1861 : 1: 1.692

Chrysoberyl, . . . 119° 46’| (37) 78° 54’|(3z) 109° 38'/1.2152 : 1: 1.7239

Diserasite, .... 119° 59’ 81° 22’ 112° 12'1.1633 : 1: 1.7315

Copper Glance, . 219K] (as) R90 KA! ° 10! ;

Stromeyerite, mK 119° 35’| (37) 83° 56 114° 10/}1.1117: 1: 1.7176

IU.

Herderite,..... 115° 53’ DAD! 133° 58/10.6783 : 1: 1.5971

IV.

UG 4 oe 1192: 10/ 94° 121° 380.9325 : 1: 1.7033

VC rea iGl sts. fe 119°-120°

In Table IV. we recognise four sections :

I, Angle of macrodome near 70° 82’.

of the Trimetric System. 61

II. Angle of brachydome near 109° 28’.

III. Angle of macrodome near 109° 28’.

IV. Angle of brachydome near 120°.

The vertical axis in section II. is about one fourth shorter

than in section I.; in the latter 27 = 85° 40’, which approaches

17 in the former, being very nearly the angle of Stephanite.

Chrysoberyl is very near Aragonite in angle, if the plane in

the former usually regarded as 37 be taken as 17, as adopted in

the table: otherwise the relation for the vertical axes of the

two species is that of 8:2. So also Copper Glance approaches

Aragonite, if what has been taken by authors as 32 be regarded

as 17; otherwise the relation between them is that of 2: 3.

Such ratios, as we have elsewhere remarked, and the tables

everywhere illustrate, are consistent apparently with homeeo-

morphism in species. We have not sufficient data, at present,

to decide whether the relation between Aragonite and Copper

Glance is actually that of 1: 1 or of 2: 38, yet are inclined to

believe the latter the fact; and if so, 17 in Copper Glance has

61° 54! for the summit angle, and 118° 6’ for the basal; the

latter angle is near that of the vertical prism.

Many of the species in Tables I. to III. afford a horizontal

prism or unit dome of 115° to 120°; and consequently, if this

dome were taken as the fundamental vertical prism, the species

would pertain to Table IV. Although we have not good rea-

son for making the change, it is of some importance to view the

species in this way, in order to apprehend more fully all the

affiliations and relations of the forms. The author has alluded

to Hausmann’s comparisons by this method, of the anhydrous

sulphates and carbonates; and he would here observe that the

general review of Trimetric forms which he has made since

his former paper was printed, and which has been here pre-

sented, has led him to give more importance to such com-

parisons than was implied in his paper in the American

Journal of Science, vol. xvii., p. 210.

62 On the Homeomorphism of Mineral Species

In the annexed table the first column contains a statement

of the particular dome in the preceding Tables which is here

made the vertical prism; in some cases the angle of this prism

is the supplement of that which is given for the dome in those

Tables.

TABLE IV. A.

Prism Dome Dome

li li.

From Table I.

Chrysolite,. . . shies ca tle ike 115° 36’ | 60° 48’ 85° 57!

Do. SORT Mes SN lz 119° 12! 64° 24’ 94° 3/

Triphyline, Se at ty ee ee 118° 27’ | 58° 5’ 86°

Do. ON ek ey Loherew RNa! 17 121° 55’ 61° 33’ 94°

Epsomite, hie ek OE BOTY ale 120° 4’ 59° 27’ 89° 26’

Do. Ere ec ae 1% 1202 33¢ 59° 56’ 90° 34’

Baepore ser ae ts 115° 16’ | ''61° 18’ 86° 8’

Do. oph asses X¥ bE tapenade lz 118° 492’ 64° 44’ 93° 52!

SROUAUG, wis esis Le teas 113° 6 62° 30’ 85° 8’

Do. ath hav criti Bho we cannes li 117° 30’ 66° 54’ 94° 52’

UC ae a aloes 1z 115° 26’ 62° 87° 8’

Do. aE lie | aga een eae 1% 118° 64° 34’ 92° 52’

Buchwoite,!(i): 86 6 2 Rohe lz 117° 20’ } 60°/47' 87° 52!

Do. re se: resésn ks RIOR la li 119° 13’ 62° 40’ 92° 8’

OPAL . Ode rel ee feds, ae) Pioeroaray OE ae 86° 52’

Do fsa. 2. OR Geheoanp ili CR uIRS BODE 64°-88'e 4, NOzPrS’

IBPULNOTUG «carves. pe. a Wi li (#) 115° 61° 46’ 86° 20’

Do “yb, USA ase ditayi pT emia’ ap) SepP 93° 40!

From Table II.

Valentinite, . . iat lv 120° 56’ 17° 24! 109° 28’

Bargies, «.iauicusscttd tes dual ae 116° 20’ | ‘78° 20’. | 105° 24’

PMAOSAID;, 5 | ak ee Me i ae lr sili fetes! Oe aon 104° 31’

Leadhilitey So. by (Pom & lz 119° 40’ 76° 44’ 107° 26’

Colesting, oor. wis, eg 12 117° 21’ | "75° 58’ 104° 8/

Rahydrite, 7°", OU PAPTOSON Pens 118° 35’ | 77° 4' | 107° 29"

Eantaliten dion A. Jak 286 1% 115° 53’ 78° 28’ 103%24

Mascagnine, ry Pee ha 114° 8’ 72° 20’ 96° 52’

aiphors 29 See Oe ape pla 4a) ayer oF 103° 20°

Mancanite. > 5.14 kde dye 12 134° 49! oh B72 10! 80° 20’

Calamine, ci ot SoMa. Levande li 116° 39’ 51° 34/ WOr.0s

Haidingerite, . 2. 2... | 118° 32’ | 53° 2’ 80°

Mrochantite. |... «16 vepesiie lt 414° 29’ vis 3% 19’ 75° 50’

eNO, . < e e e li 118° 28’ | 53° 16’ 80° 14’

From Table II.

Marcasite, . . . eh 17% 115° 8’ 73° 55! 99° 40’

Migpigkelis. ayo. oe). | ok 120° 46’ | 68° 7/ 99° 2!

WEBLO. kt 1Z ele esy 69° 12/ 101° 26’

of the Trimetric System. 63

Comparing the species in Table IV. A, with those of Table

IV., we observe the following affiliations :—

Marcasite and Aurotellurite are near section I. (Sternbergite).

From Valentinite to Sulphur (from Table II.) are near sec-

tion II. (Aragonite section).

From Chrysolite to Bournonite (from Table I.), with also

Manganite, are not coincident with either section of Table IV.,

but they have approximately the ratio to the Aragonite section

of 4:3. This is the ratio between Chrysolite and Chrysoberyl.

If 119° 12’ in Chrysolite be considered as corresponding to 119°

46’ in Chrysobery], then the macrodome of 64° 24’ in Chrysolite,

+¢ referred to the form of Chrysoberyl, would be v5. .

From Calamine to Cotunnite, the vertical axis is to that of the

Barytes series nearly as 5: 3.

In reviewing the Groups of Trimetric forms, the most promi-

nent fact observed is the prevalent approximation in the values

of the angles of the unit prisms, to the three monometric angles,

90°, 109° 28’, and 120°, or their supplements, 70° 32’, and 60° ;

above all, the angles approaching 109° 28’ and 70° 32’ much

predominate. When the vertical prism is near 90°, domes near

109° 28’ and 70° 32’, characterize very many of the species ;

while domes near 120° belong to the rest of the species. And

in the second great group, macrodomes near 70° $2’, and 109°

98’, and brachydomes near 60° and 120°, determine the vertical

angle of the prism, which approaches 101° 86’. Another large

group has 120° and 60° as approximately the angles of the ver-

tical prism.

The fact that the axial ratios 1: V 9 and1: v3 are typical of

certain groups has been mentioned. It is easy to make out, in

many cases, simple ratios between the axes, or the sum of two

of the axes and the third; but the importance that should be

attached to such ratios is questionable. The following are a few

examples :— q

64 Description of New Species of Pisidium.

Aves: @) s1:bi pte.

Kpistilbite (7=100° 58’), 1.4068 : 1 : 1.2121 a+b=2c.

Walamine, i. WS) O60 sa = aaa 2o—C;

Brochantite, ...... «. 0.6484.: 1: 1.2888 2a—=c.

Cotunnite, . |. oi). «059538: + 1°: 1.1868 2a=c.

Haidingerite,. 0) suis weieanOVaD (az sy. Lal One 2a=c.

Gothite, 2.9. 4. .+. 0.6606: 1: 1.0888 38a=b+e.

Polyertise::. «lity vical 0265. fl: 1.09138 2a=b c.

Valentinite, yA) 00) .isa fk. POOL ale 1.948 2a=b+2e.

In Valentinite this relation is evidently dependent on the

more authoritative and equally exact ratio a: b: c=1:/3: Vi.

Many conclusions bearing on chemical formulas, and the che-

mical relation of species, flow from the facts in the preceding

tables. But we leave, for the present, that branch of the sub-

ject without further remarks.

IX.—Deseriptions of Three New Species of PistpruM.

By Tempre Prime. Read September 5, 1853.

1. Pisidium cicer.

CABINET OF THE DESORIBER,

Plate I Fig. 1, a, }, ¢.

Shell medium sized, much inflated, rather short, thick and

heavy ; beaks not large but prominent; posterior margin some-

what abrupt. Striz light. Epidermis glossy. Anterior mar-

gin abrupt from the beaks downwards. olor brownish green.

Interior blue. - Length 0.25, Breadth 0.28, Diam. 0.12 inches,

Habitat.—W ashington County, N. Y. (Ingalls.)

Description of New Species of Pisidium. 65

Remarks.—A rare shell; more inflated and heavier than either

P. compressum or P. altile.

2, Pisidium contortum.

CABINET OF THE NEW YORK LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.

Plate I. Fig. 2, a, 4, ¢.

Shell small, elongated; beaks large and prominent ; anterior

margin very abrupt, posterior one less so; slight ridges from the

beak towards the inferior part of the anterior margin. Sulea-

tions slight. Length 0.13, Breadth 0.07, Diam. 05 inches.

Habitat—Found subfossil at Pittsfield, Mass, in company

with P. ventricosum. (Shurtleff.)

Remarks.—This is a singular species, unlike any other of this

country. Its foreign analogue is the P. sinuatum of Bourgui-

gnat. See Petit’s Jour. for 1852, page 49.

3. Pisidium Noveboracense.

CABINET OF THE NEW YORK LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY.

Plate I. Fig. 3, a, 6. ¢.

Shell large, high, not much elongated, full; beaks prominent

and large; anterior margin elongated, posterior one curved.

Sulcations not very light. Color varying from greenish-yellow

to brown. Interior light blue. Length 0.89, Breadth 0.18.

Diam. 0.13 inches.

Habitat——Washington County, N. Y. (Ingalls), and Herki-

mer County, N. Y. (Lewis).

Remarks.—'This is one of our largest American species. Com-

66 On the Identity of Cyclas elegans, &e.

pared to the P. dubium, it is less elongated, less robust, less

heavily marked, and differently colored. Found in plenty.

X.—On the Identity of CYCLAS ELEGANS Adams, with CYCLAs

RHOMBOIDEA Say.

By 'Tempre Prime. Read September 5, 1853.

In 1822, Say published as follows, in the Jour. of the Acad.

of Nat. Sci., vol. i1., page 380 :—

“ Cyclas rkomboidea.—Shell transversely orbicular, rhombiform, sub-

equilateral, pale with elevated somewhat transverse lines, umbo not promi-

nent.

“ Zong. more than one quarter of an inch. It inhabits Lake Cham-

plain. It is probable this species attains a larger size than the two spe-

cimens from which the above description was taken, and which were

found by Mr. Augustus Jessup ; it is distinguishable from the s¢mzlis by

its more rhomboidal form.”

Like many other of Mr. Say’s species, that are not accompa:

nied by figures, this species has never been properly identified.

The young of the shell figured in Gould’s Report as C. similis,

has frequently been mistaken, owing to its more or less qua:

drangular form, for the C. rhomboidea ; but nearly every cabinet

seems to have had this species represented by something dif:

ferent.

In 1851, Adams sent me a COyclas from Lake Champlain,

which he had always looked upon as C. rhomboidea ; on com-

paring it with the original description, I found it necessary to

differ from him.

On the Identity of Cyclas elegans, &c. 67

It was not until the summer of 1852, that having collected

some C. elegans in the waters of the same lake, I was impressed

with the idea that this might be Say’s shell.

On comparing figure 4 on plate I. (which is a true repre-

sentation of both the adult and young of C. elegans), with Say’s

description, it will be found to tally in every respect, especially

if we take into consideration that the specimens from which

Say described, were not adults.

Say’s and Adams’s descriptions are not quite similar; Say’s is

shorter, but it is concise, and contains all that is requisite; it ap-

proaches nearer to Gould’s. Say and Adams, however, both

make the shells out to be rhomboidal, to have beaks that are not

prominent, and to be the same in coloring.

Little as I like changing a well established name, I think

it, nevertheless, obligatory in this case; and I have hopes that

naturalists, taking the three following very forcible reasons, first,

that the C. elegans answers the description of Say’s C. rhom-

boidea ; secondly, that it is found in the same locality; and

thirdly, that no other Cyclas, coming at all under the scope of

Say’s description, has ever been obtained from Lake Champlain ;

will see the necessity of the change, and will side with me for

the future, in considering Adams’s C. elegans as Say’s C. rhom-

boidea, and in labelling it as such.

Dekay, in his Report, has described and figured the adult

of this species under its true name; the young, however, he calls

C. elegans.

68 Catalogue of Terrestrial and Fluviatile Shells.

X1.— Catalogue of the Terrestrial and Fluviatile Shells of &t.

Thomas, West Indies, by R. J. SHUTTLEWORTH, of Berne, Swit-

zerland, Corresponding Member.

Communicated by T, Branp.* Read Feb. 6, 1854.

J. (21.) HeLrx vortex Pfr. Habitat etiam in Portorico.

2. (28.) HeLrx suBAQuILAt Shuttl. n. sp. Differt ab H.

Boothiana Pfr. et H. perafjinis C.B.Ad., umbilico angustiore,

spira depressiore, et colore seepe pallide corneo vel infumato.

An forsan H. spreta C.B. Ad. species mihi ignota. Habitat

copiosissime in Portorico.

3, (22.) Henix EucLasTa Shuttl. n. sp. Differt ab HZ fragi-

lis Pfr., cai maxime affinis, costulis confertioribus, minus pro-

* In October, 1852, with the assistance of the late Professor C. B. Adams, I

prepared a “ Catalogue of the Terrestrial Shells of St. Thomas, W. 1,” which was

published in Part XI. of his “ Contributions to Conchology.” At the same period

I learned from Professor Adams that Mr. Shuttleworth contemplated a publica-

tion on the Terrestrial and Fluviatile Shells of the West Indies, and was engaged

on those of St. Thomas, in which island his collector, the late Mr. Blauner, had

been lately employed. I accordingly sent to Mr. S. specimens of all the species

which I had myself collected in that island, in the spring of 1852, and requested

him, after examination of Mr. Blauner’s shells, to favor me with his observations,

as I much desired to have a correct catalogue of the species,

Mr. S. has very kindly complied with my wish, by transmitting the accompany

ing notes ;—at the date of them (20th December, 1853), he had not published his

diagnoses of the new species, as he waited to ascertain the result of the labors of

Dr. Pfeiffer, who had received at least some of them through Mr. H. Cuming.

The numbers within brackets correspond with the numbers of the species in my

catalogue in the “Contributions to Conchology.” T. B,

+ Poey believes this to be H. Boothiana Pfr. He remarks that the narrower

umbilicus, and more depressed spire, are noticeable in some individuals only, and

that the color depends on the degree of freshness of the shells. I have compared

this shell with H. spreta C. B. Ad., and also with H. Boothiana Pfr., sent to me

by Poey from Cuba, and am of opinion that it is distinct from each. T. B

of the Island of St. Thomas, W. I. 69

minentibus et statura majori;—altera species affinis (1. musicola

mihi), habitat in Portorico, spira acute elevata maxime distincta.

4. (24.) HELIx GuNDLACHI Pfr. Copiosissime habitat etiam

in Portorico.

5. (19.) Henix IncERTA- Fer. Vera species Ferussaciana,—

et distincta ab exemplaribus sub hoc nomine semper distributis,

qualia tantum ex insula St. Johannis accepi. Hee species est

Hi. notabilis (miht).=H. lima, var. notabilis Fer. = H. alutacea Ziegl.

ined. HZ incerta Fer. est autem subfossilis.

6. (20.) HELIX NEMORALINA Petit. Specimina majora habi-

tant in insula St. Johannis.

7. 11.) Bunimus vireuLatus (Fer.). Etiam in Portorico.

8. (12 and 18.) BuLIMUS FRATERCULUS (Fer.). Ut mihi vi-

detur, ex lineis spiralibus evidentibus epidermidis quasi fimbri-

atis. Conf. Potiez et Mich. in Cat. de Douai; Species quoad for-

mam, staturam, marginesque peristomatis magis vel minus con-

niventes, valde variabilis, in Portorico copiosissime occurrens.

B. sepuleralis* Poey, vix etiam distinctus. B. Dysoni, fide specim.

differt characteribus plurimis, In B&B. fraterculo character exi-

- mium semper adest, nempe nucleus (anfr. primordiales 13) pul-

cherrime granulosus, granulis rhombiformibus ; anfr. sequentes’

autem lineis spiralibus eximie ciliati.

9. (10.) BuLimus GuADALUPENSIS Brug. Nomen Brug.

retinendum. /. extlis Gmel. ad figuras tantum conferta, pluri-

mas species continet (B. virgulaius Fer., &c.) Etiam in Porto-

Tico.

* Pfeiffer (fide Poey) considers this a good species, and Poey thinks it distinct

from B. fraterculus, in which I coincide, T. B.

MARCH, 1854, 6 Ann. Lyo, Nat. Hist., Vol. VI.

70 Catalogue of Terrestrial and Fluviatile Shells,

10. (14.) Srenocyra* suBULA (Pfr.). Etiam in Portorico.

11. SrenoGyRa ocronorpEs (C. B. Ad.). “ «

12. STENOGYRA GOODALLI (Miill.). 6 ao mania et

13. (15.) Srenocyra SwIFTIANA (Pfr.). ae aby

copiosissime.

14, (7.) STENOGYRA OCTONA (Chem.). Sieh s be

"15. (8.) Acwatrna suBTILIs Shuttl. n. sp. Ab A. pellucens

0. B. Ad. certe distinctisstme, et ut videtur indescripta. Colu-

mella valde involuta et arcuata basique truncata.

16. (9.) ACHATINA GUNDLACHI Pfr.t+ Specimina Pfeifferiana

non vidi,—certe distincta ab A. iota C. B. Ad.,—spira aciculari

magis acuminata, et statura majore. Habitat etiam in Ja-

maica.

17. (16.) Sprraxts? (sectionova ‘“ Geomelaniformes”’) EJUN-

cipA Shuttl. n. sp. differt a Spiraxis (Bulimus) gracillima Pfr.

costis minus validis, magis approximatis, interstitiis vix incon-

spicue striatulis, et anfr, infer. gracilioribus, minus inflatis.{

* I propose Srenogyra for the acicular Bulimi, and Achatine,—B. subula, octo-

noides,—A, octona,—B. terebraster, and their respective allies, which I am enabled

to characterize by the habits of the animal, &e. The geographical distribution is

perfectly beautiful, occupying a belt all round the globe, comprised between 30°

N. and §., only one or two species going beyond. The genus will contain some 60

species at least. The animals are carnivorous, and the genus is to Bulimus, as

Zonites is to Helix, and Glandina to Achatina. Bidet

+ Professor C. B. Adams erroneously distributed this shell with his A. éofa,

+ I sent specimens of this shell to Mr. Poey and Dr. A. A. Gould. The former

believes it to be the same as the Cuba shell. Dr, Gould has compared it with

- of the Island of St. Thoms, W. I. 71

18. (17.) PupA SERVILIS* Gould. Specimina authentica cl.

auctoris nondum vidi. P. pellucida et marginalba Pfr. mihi etiam

ignote. P. Riset Pfr. mihi hucusque nec ex St. Thomas, nec

ex Portorico obvia. P. servilis Gould habitat etiam in Porto-

rico.

19. (6.) MACROCERAMUS MICRODON (Pfr.). Varietas major,

anfr. planioribus, &c., habitat in Portorico, sed rarior, =

20. (5.) CYLINDRELLA PALLIDA (Guild.). Forma major, ha-

bitat etiam in Portorico.

21. (18.) SuccINEA APPROXIMANS Shuttl. n. sp.? Habitat

etiam in Portorico. Differt ab S. Sagra Orb. spira multo magis

elevata,—sed etiam distincta a S. fulgens Lea.

22. (1.) Cycntosroma (MEGALOMASTOMA) ANTILLARUM

Sowb.—etiam in Portorico. Bere

238. (2.) CYCLOSTOMA (CuonpRopoma) Newcompranum C.

B. Ad.

24, (3.) HeLicinA suBpruscA Mke. Annon species 7mma-

tura t+

individuals from Florida, and sent to me magnified outlines of both, taken with

a camera lucida. He remarks: “The number of ribs is the same, though this

number varies in different specimens, as does the size of the ribs.” “TB

* T lately submitted specimens from St. Thomas to Dr. A. A. Gould, who found

them “to correspond in all respects” with his shell. T. B

+I cannot distinguish young unfinished specimens of H. striata Lam. from

these. May it not be the H. striata transported from Portorico, and never at-

taining full size and perfect state, as is the case with B. decollatus in the Canaries ?

Eads, 8

The physical circumstances under which the animals liye in the two nearly

adjacent islands are, I must think, the same, and I cannot, therefore, adopt the

suggestion of Mr. Shuttleworth. Be

72 Catalogue of Terrestrial and Fluviatile Shells,

25. (4 a.) HELICINA FOVEATA® Pfr, fide Bland in litt. Species

distinctissima, cujus varietas minor (plerumque immatura) est—

(4.) H. Foveata var. 8. rubella. H. rubella Pfr. fide Bland.

in litt. Occurrit var. etiam in Portorico.

26. TRUNCATELLA SUBCYLINDRICA Gray. Tr. Caribeensis

Sowb. eadem species quam 7’ succinea CB. Ad., est species dis-

tincta, quem tantum ex Jamaica accepi,—differt species Jamai-

censis ab specie St. Thomasi, statura multo majori, anfractibus

valde planatis, et preesertim carina basali dealbata conspicua.

27. TRUNCATELLA PULCHELLA Pfr.

28. TRUNCATELLA CLATHRUS Lowe—a Blaunero tantum lecta.

Truncatelle omnes etiam a Portorico accepi.

29, PLANORBIS DECIPIENS C. B. Ad? Specimina juniora

pulcherrime crystallina.

30. PLANORBIS CIRCUMLINEATUS Shuttl. n. sp. (Specimina

tua majora et valde erosa, forsan a sp. Blaunerianis distincta?)

Habitat etiam in Portorico.

31. PuysA SOWERBYANA Orb. (Omnino cum icone Orbign-

yana convenit, sed seepius ut P. Sowerbyana speciem sequentem

accepi.) Habitat etiam in Portorico.

32. PHYSA STRIATA Orb. Linez spirales microscopice sem-

per adsunt.

33. ANCYLUS OBSCURUS Hald. fide C. B. Ad. Species St.

Un. Americ nondum vidi.

*In 1852, I sent these Helicine to Mr. Cuming, who forwarded them to Dr.

Pfeiffer. Under date of April, 1858, Mr. C. informed me that Dr. P, had thus named

them, but I have not met with the descriptions, T, B,

» ee

of the Island of St. Thomas, W. I. 73

34, AMNICOLA CRYSTALLINA® (Pfr.).

A He var. @. coronata (Paludestrina

coronata Pfr.). Etiam in Portorico.

30. NERITINA VIRGINEA (Linn.). Habitat etiam in Portorico.

36. NERITINA MELEAGRIs Lam. BG 66 “

37. NERITINA VIRIDIS Lam. 6 «“ &

38. MELAMPUS CONIFORMIS (Brug.). “ ce oT

39. MELAMPUS MONILIS (Lam.). i “ ‘

40. MELAMPUS NITENS (Lam.). U ‘“ tc

41, PEDIPES QUADRIDENS Pfr. ee 6 &

42. OpDOSTOMIA (TORNATELLINA) CUBENSISt (Pfr.). Habitat

etiam in Portorico.

* IT cannot distinguish these as more than forms of the same species, as I find

every passage from the smooth to the aculeated shell. As the smooth form is

most abundant, I take it as the type of the species. Paludestrina Candeana Orb.

appears to be different—it is from Guadaloupe, and is probably the same as

Melania spinifera C. B. Ad., which differs from the Cuba and St. Thomas species

not only in greater breadth, but by scarcely any appearance of perforation or

rima. From Portorico I think I have one or two other species, but am not yet

clear how far differences in size, and greater or less acumination of the spire, are

characteristic in this difficult genus. The name Ammnicola must be retained in

preference to Hydrobia Hartm., Paludinella Pfr., and Paludestrina Orb. k. J. 8.

+ This is a litoral (marine) shell—it was collected by Blauner with species of

Rissoa, Scutella, &e., and sent with them marked marine. It will rank with

Truncatella, Auricula, and Pedipes, in its claim to being land or freshwater. It is

decidedly no Tornatellina, and I have no doubt of my supposition that it is an

Odostomia. The solidity of the shell, its glossy appearance, &c, are quite differ-

ent from the true Tornatelline. Rw. &

74 Geographical Distribution of Terrestrial Mollusks.

XII.— Note on the Geographical Distribution of the Terrestrial Mol-

lusks which inhabit the Island of St. Thomas, W. I.

By T. Branp. Read March 6, 1854.

The land shells which are common to St. Thomas and Por-

torico are indicated in Mr. Shuttleworth’s Catalogue of the

species of the former island. H. vortex Pfr. is widely dis-

tributed in the West Indies. HA. Gundlachi Pfr. is found in

Cuba, and H. nemoralina Pet.in St. John. H. euclasta Shutil.,

so far as our knowledge at. present extends, and perhaps also

H. incerta Fer., are peculiar to St. Thomas,—the latter only sub-

fossil. ZZ. notabilis Shuttl. occurs in St. John, Anegada, and St.

Bartholomew. Pfeiffer attributes it (AZ. lima Fer. var. notabilis)

to Curagoa, on the authority of Beck. Bulimus virgulatus (Fer.), -

and B. Guadalupensis Brug. inhabit St. John, and have other-

wise a wide distribution. B..fraterculus (Fer.) occurs in several of

the West India Islands. The Stenogyre of St. Thomas are, I

believe, widely distributed,—none are peculiar to that island.

Achatina Gundlachi Pfr. is found in Cuba and Jamaica. Spi-

raxis? ejuncida Shutil., if really distinct from the Cuba and Flo-

rida shells, is at present only known from St. Thomas. Pupa

servilis Gould inhabits Cuba, and I believe St. Croix and Ber-

muda. Macroceramus microdon (Pfr.) and Cylindrella pallida

(Guild.) occur in St. John, and also Cyclostoma Antillarum Sowb.

The latter species is likewise attributed to Tortola and St. Vin-

cent. ,

y possess C, Newcombianum Ad. from St. John and Tortola,

and have received from Portorico a shell which seems scarcely

distinguishable from that species. Helicina subfusca Menk. and

H. foveata Pfr., occur in St. Jobn.

It appears, then, that of the twenty-five species of Terrestrial

Mollusks, now, known on original testimony to inhabit St.

Thomas (assuming all enumerated in Mr. Shuttleworth’s Cata-

On the Absorption of the Internal Structure of Shells.” 75

logue to be good species), only four, viz. Helix euclasta Shuttl.,

H. incerta Fer., Spirawis? ejuncida Shuttl., and Achatina subtihs

Shuttl., are peculiar to the island, while no less than seventeen

of the species are known, on the like testimony, to occur in

Portorico, having been collected there by the late Mr. Blauner

for Mr. Shuttleworth. On the other hand, at least nine of the

species inhabit St. John,—a number very likely to be increased.

by further researches in that island. It may be remarked that

H. euclasta Shuttl. is closely represented in Portorico by H. mu-

sicola Shuttl,—H. incerta Fer. by H. notabilis Shutil. in St.

John, &e., and S.? ejuncida Shuttl. by B. gracillimus Pfr. in Cu-

ba, &c., so that the peculiarities of the fauna of St. Thomas, as

regards land shells, are trifling. In the larger islands, especially

Cuba, Hayti, and Jamaica, the proportion of species found ex-

clusively in each is very considerable. The species which have

the widest distribution in the West Indies, seem to be those

which from their habits are most liable to removal by human

agency ; but the opinion now gaining ground, that many indi-

viduals of a species were originally created in different parts

of its geographical area, must not be overlooked.

XUIL.—On the Absorption of Parts of the Internal Structure of

their Shells, by the Animals of SroAstoMA, LUCIDELLA, TRO-

CHATELLA, HELICINA, and PROSERPINA.

By T. Buanp. Read February 27, 1854.

The power which mollusks possess of dissolving portions of

their own shells has been long known. This power is exerted

by some with a view to remove impediments to their growth,—

76 On the Absorption of the Internal Structure of Shells.

the Murices, for instance, destroy external spines, and the Pur-

pure wear away the walls of their apertures. Cones and Olives

reduce the thickness of the septa between the whorls of their

shells. A species of Harpa (£7. articulata) is said to absorb only

the central part of the septa, so as to leave a slit between the

cavities of the different whorls. Other Mollusks carry this ab-

sorption of parts of their shells to a still greater extent. The

Neritidze and Auriculidee dissolve all the internal spiral column,

as shown in the accompanying specimens.

I was not, however, aware until within the last few days,

that this alteration of internal structure prevailed in Stoastoma,

LIncidella, Trochatella, Helicina, and Proserpina,—the latter

genus non-operculated ; possibly the fact has been observed by —

others.

While examining a broken young shell of H. maxima Sowb.

from Jamaica, I noticed the absence of the internal spiral

column and septa. The smoothness of the interior of the shell

beneath the apex, and particularly along the line of the sutures

of the upper whorls, precluded the idea of accidental injury to

the shell. On opening more individuals of the same and other

species of Helicina, and of Lucidella, Trochatella, and Stoastoma,

I found the same reduction of the interior of the shells,—the

outer wall of the last whorl (continued to a small extent be-

yond and in the rear of the operculum) only remaining. A

similar alteration was also observed in Proserpina.

I exhibit specimens of H. maxima Sowb., albolabris C. B. Ad.,

palliata C.B,Ad., Hollandi C.B.Ad., and neritella Lam., LZ. aureola

Gray, T. Tankervillii Gray, and pulchella Gray, and also of 8.

pisum C.B. Ad., P. pulchra C. B. Ad. (said to be var. of P. lin-

guifera Jonas), nitida Sowb., pisum C. B, Ad., globulosa (Orb ), de-

pressa (Orb.), and bidentata C. B. Ad., in which this alteration of

structure can be seen. It will be noticed that the edge of the

septa, where the absorption was discontinued, is rounded off, as

if to protect the animal from the injury which a sharp or un-

even edge would be likely to produce. That this absorption

On Proserpina opalina and Helix Proserpinula. 17

takes place before the thickening of the lip, is shown in the

young shell of H. maxima.

What object the animals gain by this operation, | am ata

loss to conjecture, unless it be that they require more space for

the development of some organs at a certain stage of growth,

‘than the continued existence of the spiral column and septa

would permit. But I would ask whether any, and if so, what

structural peculiarity exists in the Terrestrial and other Mol-

lusks, in whose shells the spiral column and septa are removed,

which renders it necessary for them to effect such an alteration

of their habitations?

XIV.—On ProseRPINA OPALINA (. B. Ad., and HELIX PRo-

SERPINULA P/r.

By T. Brann. Read March 6, 1854.

Having noticed (as explained in a paper lately read before

this Society) the removal of the spiral column and septa in

shells of six species of Proserpina (Pfeiffer enumerates eight

species in the third volume of his Monographia), I examined

the shells of P. opalina C.B. Ad., and Helix Proserpinula Pfr.

The former shell was originally called Heli hyalina by

Adams (fide Pfeiffer in Monog.), in some schedule, of the date

of which I am ignorant, but was first described by Adams in

January, 1845, in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of

Natural History, as Helix opalina. In June of the same year,

Pfeiffer described it in the Zeitschrift as H. margarita. It was

included by Adams in his Catalogue of Jamaica Helicidee, pub-

lished in the Annals of the Lyceum, vol. v., and in the Contri-

78 On Proserpina opalina and Helix Proserpinula.

butions to Conchology, in 1849, as a Proserpina, probably be-

cause Pfeiffer had referred it in 1848 to Odontostoma,* in the

first volume of his Monographia.

Helix Proserpinula Pfr., was first described as P. discotdea in

1850, by Adams, in the Contributions. He there remarks,—

“This species is nearly allied to P. opalina. Being a genuine

Proserpina without teeth, it suggests the propriety of omitting

the phrase ‘apertura intus dentata,’ from the description of the

genus.” In 1850 Pfeiffer described it as H. Proserpinula in the

Zeitschrift.

It turns out, curiously enough, that Adams was right in re-

garding Proserpina opalina as a Helix, and that it was trans-

ferred in error by Pfeiffer to Proserpina ; and on the other

hand, that Pfeiffer was correct in referrimg Adams’s P. discoidea

to Helix. This is, I think, satisfactorily proved by the fact,

that in both the spiral column and septa remain intact, as ap-

pears always to be the case in Helix. I exhibit specimens of

both species, opened so as to show the alteration of internal

structure.

The return of this species to the genus Helix renders a new

specific name necessary, Inasmuch as those of hyalina, opalina,

and margarita, are pre-occupied, and I accordingly suggest that

of infortunata.

The synonymy will then stand as follows:

Helix infortunata Bland, 1854

— hyalina C.B. Ad. olim in Sched.

—— opalina ©. B. Ad. in Proe, Bost. Soe. p. 16, Jan. 1845

—— margarita Pfr. in Zeit. f. Mal. p. 98, June 1845

— Chemn. Ed. II. Helix t. 100, f. 24-27.

Odontostoma opalinum Pfr. in Monog. Hel. Viv. I. 12, 1848

Proserpina opalina Pfr. 1. ¢. III. p. 292, 1853

Chemn, 1. ¢. p. 13.

* Pfeiffer in his third volume adopts the genus Proserpina,

Description of a New Species of the Genus Larus. 79

XV.—Description of a New Species of Bird of the Genus Larus

Linn.

By Gzorer N. Lawrence. Read March 7, 1854.

Larus Californicus.

THE CALIFORNIAN GULL.

Bill rather slender, and much curved; wings extending a

little beyond the end of the tail; legs and fect small; tail

even.

Adult.—Bill yellow, upper mandible pale, except from the

base, as far as, and on a line with, the nostrils, where it is of a

dull green, just beyond the nostrils is a transverse blackish

mark, which reaches nearly to the ridge, under mandible bright

yellow, dusky on the sides, at the angle it is crossed by a black

spot or bar, bordered with reddish orange; the mark on the

upper mandible is opposite to this; head white, except the

crown and occiput, which are light ash, the feathers of the

hind part and sides of the neck have their centres blackish

ash; neck, entire under plumage, rump and tail white; mantle

and wings pearl-blue; the six outer primaries are crossed by a

band of deep black, the first is almost entirely of this color,

but it gradually becomes less to the sixth, on which it is Te-

duced to a narrow subterminal bar; all the primaries are tipped

with white, on the exterior one the white is about two inches

in extent, and has a black bar dividing it near the tip, there is

a small white spot on the outer web of the second, next the

shaft, and about one inch and a half from the end; the second-

aries terminate with white; legs and feet (in the dried speci-

men) dull greenish yellow; claws black.

Total length of skin, 23 inches; wing, from flexure, 154;

tail, 6%; bill, along ridge from front base to point, 2, from

80 Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells.

rictus to point of lower mandible, 2%; heicht of bill at the

angle, +}; bare space on tibia, 2; tarsus, 2; middle toe and

nail, 24; inner toe and nail, 12; hind toe and nail, 4 inch.

Habitat.—California.

The specimen described was presented to me by E. 8S. Hol-

den, Esq., who shot it on the San Joachin River, near Stockton.

It belongs to the group of Gulls which includes ZL. argentatus

Linn. and L. occidentalis Aud. The bill is weaker and more

slender than in either of these, that of L. occidentalis being rela-

tively large, and having great depth at the angle, the tarsi and

toes are comparatively much shorter than in either of the above

allied species. The mantle is many shades darker than that of

L. argentatus, but not so dark as that of L. occidentalis (which is

slate blue), being about intermediate in color,

The dark feathers on the neck probably denote its winter

plumage; in summer the entire head and neck is, no doubt,

white.

LAP biaes of New Fluviatile Shells of the Genus Muua-

NIA Lam., from the Western States of North America.

By Joun G. Anruony, Bsq., of Cincinnati, Ohio, Corresponding Member.

Lead January 80 and February 247, 1854.

In June, 1853, the writer entered upon a pedestrian tour

through the States of Kentucky, Tennessee, and part of Georgia,

with the double purpose of renovating health, and of collecting

the numerous and varied species of fluviatile shells with which

Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells. 81

our Western streams and rivers abound. The journey was

extended as far as Macon, in Georgia, when heavy and con-

tinuous rains arrested further progress, by swelling the streams

so high as effectually to debar all collecting. From the unusual

fulness of most of the other streams visited during the journey,

the number of Nadades obtained was restricted, but large quan-

tities of Melanide were collected. Some of these were of old

and well known species; others represented species which,

though already named and described, are as yet little known

in collections, or have been described from solitary or imperfect

examples. ‘The species named and characterized in the follow-

ing pages, with others to appear hereafter, consist, for the most

part, of the new acquisitions made during this journey.

The author regrets his inability to give a more precise state-

ment of habitat than that here assigned to most of his species ;

but the precautions he had taken for keeping his collections

distinct proved insufficient, and he, therefore, prefers to merely

name the State in which they were taken,—viz. Kentucky,

Tennessee, &c.,—rather than misstate the stream where found.

The waters from which the specimens were collected were so

various, and often so obscure, as to increase this difficulty.

Many of them, in fact, are unhonored with a name, being mere

springs, sometimes scarcely a foot wide, and a few inches deep.

The abundance of this form of animal life in this part of the

world, not only in species, but also in individuals, is inconceiy-

able to those accustomed to its paucity in the Eastern States.

In Kentucky, Tennessee, and Georgia, no running water is too

insignificant to be altogether devoid of shells. Among these,

Melanie are strikingly abundant; and, indeed, so far as noticed,

they were almost the sole denizens of the small streams. I can-

not recollect having seen a single specimen of Limnea or

Physa in all the route. Only two or three species of Paludina,

no Planorbis, perhaps two species of Cyclas, and only one Ancy-

lus (A. elatior nobis), a new species from Green River, Ken-

tucky.

82 Descriptions of New Hluviatile Shells. ,

The most prominent streams examined were Green River,

Barren River, Beaver Creek (a branch of Barren), Nolen River

(a branch, I believe, of Salt River), all in Kentucky ; and in

Tennessee, the Cumberland River, Cany fork of Cumberland,

Collins River, Rock River, Defeated Creek, Battle Creek,

Chattanooga Creek, Holston, French Broad, Tennessee River,

Mine-lick Creek, and Sequatchee River; while in Georgia,

the Ochmulgee, Chattahoochie, Etowah, Coosa, . Oostanulla,

Connesauga, Sumac Creek, and Rock Creek, were examined,—

and in all these States, hundreds of smaller streams, of every

gerade, tributary to those I have mentioned. |

My means of carriage being limited, but little time was

devoted to any one stream, as a few minutes only sufficed to

gather two hundred specimens of each species. Generally

not more than three species were found in these small

streams at any one point, and to gather four or five hundred

specimens, twenty minutes was ample time. Every stone in

these streams, every piece of floating wood, and, where both

were absent, even the muddy bottom, was covered by Melaniz,

and I only had to strip them off with my hands, and select

the full grown ones. In Cany fork, I collected twelve hundred

specimens of Melania pernodosa Lea., one hundred of J. alveare

Conrad, one hundred JL robulina Anthony, and some three or

four hundred of mixed species, in about one hour’s search. I

found the specimens everywhere very much coated, generally

with ferruginous matter; but on one occasion, I found every

specimen in a small run, enveloped with a thick deposit of

calcareous matter, so that they looked like slender hazel nuts—

the deposit being probably three or four times the weight of the

nucleus, the inclosed Melania. Nota particle of the shell was

visible, yet the animal within was alive, and apparently as well

circumstanced as a Melania ought to be. I found but few

Anculose. Out of the Tennessee, Cumberland, Cany fork, Se-

quatchee, Holston, and other large streams visited, a few were

taken. ‘They were particularly abundant in the Green River

Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells. 83

and the Sequatchee, two rapid, noisy, rocky streams, favorable

to that genus, which cannot bear a sluggish, muddy river at all.

I never found Anculose, even when abundant, save in the

most rapid current of a stream, where they cling to the stones

or rocks, generally in quite deep water. ‘They cling to

these stones with no ordinary tenacity, and it requires some

exertion often to dislodge them. As one might suppose, their

peculiar fondness for the most rapid parts of the most rapid

rivers is not favorable to perfection of specimens; and hence,

in this genus, the erosion of the apex forms, in most cases, a

conspicuous character. The Jo seems to be closely allied to

the Anculosa in this respect, and inhabits deeper water. Geese

are said to devour the Melanie in great quantities, and often

to suffer from the abundance of such a diet.

Should his life and strength be continued, the author hopes,

in due season, to furnish a complete monograph of the Me-

lanide of the United States, in which an attempt will be

made to establish the trwe species, to rectify the nomenclature

of those regarded as erroneous, and to perfect such previous

descriptions as were founded on insufficient material.

1. Melania athieta.

Plate II. Fig. 1.

T. conicd, subglabra, fusco-corned, juxta suturas pallidiore; spira

elevata; anfractibus 10, subplanis, obscure plicatis, plicis deorsum obso-

lescentibus; suturis impressis; apertura ovata, intus albido-rubescente ;

columella incurva, in sinum tenuem producta.

Shell conical, nearly smooth, dark horn color; spire much

elevated; whorls 10, nearly flat, with faint longitudinal ribs,

most distinct on the upper part of the whorls; sutures well

marked; aperture small, ovate, within whitish, tinged near the

base with rose; columella rounded, and forming a slight sinus

at base.

84 Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells. .

Length 1.25 inches (82 millimetres). Diam. 0.40 inch (10

millim.).

Length of aperture 0.40 inch (10 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.23 inch (6 millim.).

Habitat.—Tennessee.

My cabinet. Cab. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y. B. W. Budd.

Obs.—A_ stout species, and one of the most beautiful with

which I am acquainted. The ribs are not strongly expressed,

and on the lower whorls are nearly obsolete, having there the

appearance of strize of growth merely. Body whorl a little

angulated at base.

2. Melamnia viridula.

Plate I. Fig. 2.

T. conicd, glabra, suberassa, prasina ; spira elevatd ; anfr. subconvexis }

suturis impressis ; apertura ovata, parva, intus albida; labro sinuato;

columella incurva, in sinum profundum producta.

Shell conical, smooth, rather thick; olive green; spire much

elevated; whorls 8-9, slightly convex; sutures impressed ;

aperture elliptical, small, within whitish, outer lip much waved

or auger shaped, extending forward at base, and forming a

broad sinus in that region.

Length 1 inch (26 millim.). Diam. 0.85 inch (9 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.82 inch (8 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.16 inch (4 millim.).

Hatitat.—Tennessee.

My cabinet. Cab. N. Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist. B. W. Budd, M. D.

Obs.—Somewhat like M. Saffordi Lea, but is clearly distin-

guishable by its more elongated form, its greater number

Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells. 85

of whorls, and size and color of aperture. Differs from J.

regularis Lea by its less number of whorls, and their convexity,

as well as by its peculiar green color.

3. Melania hastata.

Plate II. Fig. 3.

T. conica, glabra, subcrass4, nigro-castanea; spira elevata; anfr. 8-9,

vix convexis, striis spiralibus exilibus raris cinctis, ultimo vix angulato;

linea flava prope basim obscure cincto ; suturis leviter impressis, albo-

lineatis; apertura parva, elongato-ovata, intus purpurea; labro sinuato;

columella torta, incurva, purpurea, in sinum latum producta.

Shell conical, smooth, rather solid, dark chestnut; spire rather

obtusely elevated; whorls 8-9 in number, slightly convex, with

occasional delicate spiral striae, the upper ones subcarinate ;

body whorl subcarinate, with a narrow yellowish band beneath

the angle; sutures moderately impressed, yellowish; aperture

small, pyriform, purple within; columella and outer lip much

twisted together, forming a broad, rather deep, reflexed sinus

at base.

Length 0.90 inch (28 millim.). Diam. 0.30 inch (74 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.30 inch (74 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.16 inch (4 millim.).

Habitat. Alabama.

My cabinet.

Obs.—A. fine symmetrical species, which seems to have no

affinities so close as to be easily confounded with any other.

Its most prominent characters, perhaps, are the nearly uniform

diameter of the two or three lower whorls, while above these

the spire curves more rapidly to the rather acute apex, and the

dark purple aperture. These two points will readily serve to

distinguish it.

’ MARCH, 1854, 7 Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., Vou. VI.

86 Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells.

4. Welania iota.

Plate II. Fig. 4.

T. conica, glabra, corneo-virente ; spira acuta, elevataé; anfr. 10, supe-

rioribus carinatis, inferioribus convexis; suturis impressis; apertura

elongato-ovata, intls albidé ; columella rosea, incurva, in sinum angus-

tum producta.

Shell conical, smooth, greenish horn-colored; spire acutely

elevated; whorls about 10, lower ones. convex, upper whorls

with a strong carina below the middle; sutures impressed ;

aperture pyriform, small, within whitish; columella but little

rounded, not indented, sinus very small.

Length 0.78 inch (20 millim.). Diam. 0.25 (6 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.26 inch (7 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.15 inch (4 millim.).

Habitat.

My cabinet. Cab. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y.

Obs.—A. beautiful, slender, graceful species, in form not

unlike MZ. percarinata Con. and perangulata Con., but differs

from both in coloring, in the want of a crenulated or beaded

line on the volutions, and in other respects. The upper whorls

are often obscurely folded down to the carina on each, where

they are arrested; below the carina the whorls shelve towards

the suture, which thus becomes situated in a deep furrow.

It cannot be confounded with JM. elevata Say, which has flat

whorls, a dark epidermis, and a totally different aperture.

The columella of the present species is faintly tinged with

purple. Iam not quite sure as to the habitat of this species, but

think it an Ohio shell.

Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells. 87

5. Melania altipeta.

Plate II. Fig. 5, a, 0.

T. conicd, glabra, subcrass, corned; spira elevata; anfr. 10, con-

vexis, superioribus carinatis, vel modo striatis, ultimo 1—2-fasciato ;

suturis distincté impressis ; apertura parva, ovata, intus fasciata ; colu-

mella incurva, in sinum effusui producta.

Shell conical, smooth, horn-colored, thick; spire elevated ;

whorls about 10, small, convex, the upper ones carinate, or

only striate; sutures distinctly impressed; aperture small,

elliptical, banded within; a small but distinct sinus, with an

acute termination at base.

Length 0.62 inch (16 millim.), Diam. 0.24 inch (6 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.21 inch (65 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.10 inch (2$ millim.).

Habitat.—Racoon Creek, Vinton county, Ohio.

My cabinet.

Obs.—A very graceful, rather slender species, with somewhat

of a club-shaped form by its bulbous body whorl. ‘Two speci-

mens only are before me; one has a narrow band at the base

of the body whorl, the other has an additional band on the

penultimate, faintly indicated also on the upper whorls of the

spire.

It may be compared with J. conica Say, but is much more

elevated, the whorls are more narrow and crowded, as well as

more numerous than in that species, and the aperture much

smaller, being only about one-fourth the length of the shell.

From WM. neglecta it differs by its more slender form, smaller

and more condensed whorls, and by its entirely different aper-

ture, The apicial whorls seem to be slightly folded.

88 Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells.

6. Welania latitans.

Plate II. Fig. 6.

T. conica, tenui, fulvo-virente ; spira elevata ; anfr. 8-9, convexis, vel

subangulatis, transvers¢ rudé striatis, striis spiralibus impressis, inferne

obsoletioribus, fasciisque obscuris cinctis; apertura rotundo-ovata, intus

rubescente et purpureo fasciata; labro LID columella incurva, pur-

purea, in sinum latum producta.

Shell conical, obscurely striate, greenish brown, rather thin;

spire elevated; whorls 8-9, convex or subangulated, with three

or four obscure transverse striz above the-angle, which become

obsolete below it, and one or two brown bands at and above the

middle of each turn; sutures distinct; lines of growth coarse,

amounting almost to ribs on the lower whorls; aperture not

large, sub-rotund or very broad ovate, reddish within, and

banded; columella very much curved and twisted, with a small

sinus at base.

Length 1 inch (26 millim.). Diam. 0.89 inch (10 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.34 inch (9 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.21 inch (5 millim.).

Habitat—Mammoth Cave, Kentucky.

My cabinet.

Obs.—Bears no very strong resemblance to any known

species; but is perhaps more nearly allied to JZ rufa Lea and

M. teres Lea in its elevated spire and convex whorls. It wants,

however, the smooth whorls of the former, its dark red color,

and elliptical aperture. From the latter it may be distinguished

by its striated whorls, its less slender proportions, the absence

of folds, its obscure bands, and white aperture. This species is

unusually interesting, from the fact that it is the first species in

Conchology known to have been procured from the subterra-

nean river flowing through the Mammoth Cave.

Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells. 89

+, Welania vittata.

Plate II. Fig. 7.

T. conica, subglabrd, fusco-virente; spira elevata; anfr. 9, planis,

lineis duabus fuscis ornatis, quarum inferior in angulum prope suturam

revolvit, lineis in anfr. supremis obsoletis, in ultimo 4 vel 5 conspicuis ;

suturis valdé impressis; apertura ovata, intls albida, fusco quadriline-

ata; columella incurva, in sinum tenuem producta.

Shell conic, nearly smooth; spire elevated; whorls about 9,

flat, with two fine, distant, brown lines on each, the lower one

revolving upon an angle near the suture; lines obsolete on the

extreme upper whorls, and increased to four or five on the body

whorl, visible also within the aperture; sutures deeply im-

pressed; aperture ovate, within whitish, but exhibiting also

the brown lines of the epidermis ; columella curved, sinus incon-

spicuous.

Length 0.86 inch (22 millim.). Diam. 0.32 inch (8 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.38 inch (8 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.16 inch (4 millim.).

Hahitat.— Alabama.

My cabinet. Cab. Lye. Nat. Hist., N.Y. B.W. Budd, M.D.

Obs.—May be compared with M. Taitana Lea, but may be

distinguished by its flat, subangulated whorls. It also exhibits

somewhat coarse striz (amounting nearly, if not quite, to ribs

in some specimens) upon all the whorls, even the body whorl

is no exception. The sutures are also deeply impressed, the

contiguous whorls shelving towards each other to form quite a

furrow there. Upper whorls carinate.

It is a very beautiful species, the distinct, reddish brown,

hair-like bands contrasting finely with the yellowish brown

color of the general shell.

90 Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells.

8. Melania nigrocincta.

Plate II. Fig. 8.

T. conicd, glabra, tenui, fusc& ; spira modicé elevata: anfr. 6, supe-

rioribus bifasciatis et supra suturam subangulatis, ultimo convexo, nigro-

4-fasciata ; suturis impressis; apertura ovata, intus fasciataé ; columella

lineari, pariim incurva, purpurea, in sinum parvum producta.

Shell conical, smooth, not much or acutely elevated; thin,

brown, whorls about 6, sub-convex, often slightly angulated

near the suture below: sutures impressed; body whorl not

large, a little angulated, ornamented with four very dark bands,

the upper and lower of which are distant, and the central ones

approximate or confluent: aperture somewhat large, elliptical, -

banded within; columella regularly, but not remarkably curved

or indented, with a small sinus.

Length 0.58 inch (15 millim.). Diam. 0.27 inch (7 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.27 inch (7 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.15 inch (4 millim.).

Habitat.—Tennessee.

My cabinet. Cab. Lyc. Nat. Hist, N.Y. B. W. Budd, M.D.

Obs.—A. rather small species, which, when once seen, will

readily be recognised afterwards. Compares with JM. suban-

gulata nobis; it is less robust, more acute, and the bands are

of a totally different character; the texture is quite thin, and

the dark bands are distinctly seen in the aperture, through the

substance of the shell. It has somewhat of the club-shaped

form of that group of shells of which J/. claveformis Lea and

M. castanea Lea, are members, but is more angular, and its

dark bands and thin texture are prominent differences.

Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells. 91

9. Melania subangulata.

Plate II. Fig. 9.

Testa conicd, glabra, subcrassa, fusco-virente ; spira obtusé elevata ;

anfr. 6, convexis, superioribus bifasciatis, infra sub-angulatis, ultimo

6-fasciato, fasciis mediis sepe confluentibus; suturis valde impressis ;

apertura oblongo-ovata, intus rubente, fasciata; columella incurva, pur-

purascente sinum vix formante.

Shell .conical, smooth, rather thick ; spire obtusely elevated ;

whorls about 6, convex, sub-angulated below the middle, brown

banded; sutures deeply impressed, and situated in a deep fur-

row formed by the inclination of two whorls towards each other

at that part; lower band below the angulation, upper one mid-

way between it and the suture above; body less angulated,

with about six reddish-brown bands, the upper and lower of

which are distinct and distant, the central ones confluent, more

distinct in the interior ; aperture small, long-ovate, within red-

dish and banded; columella regularly curved, purplish, no

sinus at base.

Length 0.62 inch (17 millim.), Diam. 0.80 inch (73 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.30 inch (7% millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.17 inch (4 millim.).

Habitat.— Alabama.

My cab. Cab. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. B. W. Budd, M.D.

Obs.—Somewhat allied to M. rufescens Lea, in general form,

but that species has regularly convex whorls and no bands,

and has at least two more whorls. The number of whorls

in this species cannot, however, with certainty be determined,

since in all my specimens, seventy or eighty in number, every

one is decollate, but the form does not indicate the loss of more

than two whorls at most, and only four are present. I. ru

92 Descriptions of New Hluviatile Shells.

fescens is described as having eight. A few of the specimens

are irregularly and strongly striate on the body whorl.

10. Welania brunnea.

Plate II. Fig. 10.

T. conico-ovata, glabra, tenui, fusco-virente; spira obtusé elevata ;

anfr. 6, superioribus, subplanis, ultimo convexo, interdum trifasciato ;

suturis impressis; apertura magna, ovata, intus albido-rubescente ;

columella incurva, sinum vix formante.

Shell elongate-ovate, smooth, thin, brown; spire obtusely

elevated; whorls six, nearly flat; body whorl convex, some-

times three-banded; sutures irregularly but decidedly im-

pressed; aperture large, broad-elliptical, within whitish, or

tinted with reddish; columella somewhat indented below the

middle, and forming a very small sinus at base.

Length 0,76 inch (20 millim.). Diam. 0.382 inch (8 millim.)

Length of aperture 0.37 inch (9 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.28 inch (6 millim.).

Habitat. Alabama.

My cab. Cab. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. B. W. Budd, M.D...

Obs.—A smooth, fine species with no very prominent cha-

racters. May be compared with M. perfusca Lea, but is less

cylindrical, and much less ponderous; the whorls are also more

convex, and the sutures more distinctly impressed ; it is alto-

gether a broader and thinner shell. Some specimens are finely

banded, the lower band being often concealed partially by the

revolutions of the succeeding whorl. The body whorl has

three bands in the variety, and these also appear within the

aperture. All the specimens before me, some fifty in number,

are more or less decollate, and only two or three are banded.

Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells. 93

11. Melamia virems.

Plate II. Fig. 11.

T. ovato-conicd, glabra, suberassa, virente ; spira obtuse elevata, de-

collati; anfr. superstitibus 5, convexis, ultimo amplo; suturis valde

impressis; apertura ovata, magna, albido-ccerulescente ; columella in-

curva, subreflexd, in sinum inconspicuum producta.

Shell ovate-conic, smooth, rather thick, spire rather obtusely

elevated, with a somewhat convex outline, and with sutures

decidedly impressed; color light uniform green, paler towards

the summit; whorls, five only remaining, and indications of

one lost by truncation, convex; aperture rather large, ellipti-

cal, bluish within; columella well rounded, not perceptibly in-

dented, and with a small recurved sinus at base.

Length 0.87 inch (22 millim.). Diam. 0.40 inch (10 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.42 inch (10 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.21 inch (6 millim.).

Habitat— Alabama.

My cabinet.

Obs.—A broad species with an outline and proportions not

unlike a Paludina, to which genus its pale uniform green color

also seems to ally it. I am not sure that it should not be re-

ferred to that genus. It cannot be compared with any known

species.

12. Melania ampla.

Plate II. Fig. 12.

T. ovato-conica, glabra, tenui, fulvo-virente; spira obtuse elevata ;

anfr, 5-6, subconvexis, superioribus viridi unifasciatis, ultimo amplo,

94 Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells.

convexo, viridi 4-fasciato; suturis irregulariter profundé impressis ;

apertura magna, ovata, intus rubescente, purpureo-fasciata; columella

pariim incurva, subfoveata, inferné subeffusa.

Shell ovate-conic, smooth, thin; spire obtusely elevated ;

whorls 5-6, sub-convex; body whorl ample, surrounded with

four dark greenish bands; sutures irregularly and deeply im-

pressed; aperture large, ovate, within roseate and banded;

columella rounded, slightly indented, and a little effuse at base.

Length 1.25 inch (82 millim.). Diam. 0.58 inch (10 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.58 inch (15 millim.),

Breadth of do. 0.80 inch (8 millim.)

Habitat.— Alabama.

My cabinet.

Obs.—Compared with IZ olivula Con., it is a larger, much less

solid species, the epidermis is thinner, less polished, and has

not the finely contrasting colors which render JZ. olivula so

lively and pleasing; differs from JZ. fuliginosa Lea in being far

less ponderous, with fewer and less distinct bands, by the dis-

tinct angle passing round the shell near the top of the mouth,

and by its capacious aperture; which two last points apply

with equal force to “olivula.” Although in some points, and

particularly in its ample mouth, it resembles I. florentina Lea,

it has not the shouldered whorls and tubercular armature which

distinguish that beautiful species.

The bands within the aperture do not reach its outer edge,

but a broad, plain area is left between.

13. Melania ambusta.

Plate II. Fig. 13.

T. ovata, glabra, subtenui, castaned; spira obtuse elevata, anfr. 6

subconvexis, ultimo magno, substriato; suturis impressis; apertura

A te

Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells. 95

magna, elongato-ovata, intus rubescente ; columella subfoveata, sinum

vix formante.

Shell ovate, rather thin; smooth, chocolate-colored; spire

obtusely elevated; whorls about 6, sub-convex ; body whorl

large, substriate; sutures moderately impressed; aperture large,

narrow ovate, reddish within; columella indented, with a -

broad, not very remarkable sinus at base.

Length 1 inch (26 millim.). Diam. 0.48 inch (12 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.48 inch (12 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.28 inch (6 millim.).

Habitat.— Alabama.

My cab. Cab. Lye. Nat. Hist., Nay. (5. W., Budd) M.D.

Obs.—In form not unlike Jf olivula Con., but its very pecu-

liar plain, dark, chocolate-colored epidermis and sombre interior

will at once distinguish it from all other species. A few irre-

gular striz are visible on the body whorl, and a very obscure

narrow band may be observed near the sutures ; in all of the

three specimens before me the columella is slightly reflected

over a narrow umbilical opening near the base, which appears

almost disconnected from the outer lip as in Achatina. The

burnt appearance of the shell has suggested its specific name.

14. Welania arachnoidea.

Plate Il. Fig. 14.

T. conica, tenui, fusco-cornea ; spira gracili, elevata; anfr. 12, plicis

transversis et liris spiralibus decussatis, lira centrali in carinam elevata,

subter quam plice evanescunt; suturis valdé impressis; apertura parva,

ovata, intiis purpurascente; columella incurva, in sinum angustum

producta.

Shell conic, rather thin, horn-colored; spire slender and

96 Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells.

much elevated; whorls 12, very strongly striated and ribbed,

particularly the upper ones; the ribs extend only to a promi-

nent, acute carina on each Shit situated below the middle,

between which and the suture below, one or two coarse strize

alone are visible; sutures deeply impressed ; aperture very

small, ovate, Barbie within; columella regularly curved,

siittictit indentation, and with be a small, very narrow sinus

at base.

Length 1 inch (26 millim.). Diam. 0.28 inch (7 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.22 inch (52 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.15 inch (4 millim.),

eid small stream emptying into the Tennessee river,

near Loudon, Tennessee.

Cab. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N.Y. J. G. Anthony. B. W. Budd.

Obs.—This is one of the slenderest and most elevated of the

genus; more than forty specimens are before me, and they are

very constant in all their characters; it comes nearest to MV.

striatula Lea by its folds and striae, but should not be confounded

with it, being different in every other particular ; the number

of whorls is greater by one half, the striatula having only eight;

its proportions are altogether more slender, the striatula stand-

ing as 21 to 49, while this is 28 to 100. The present species is

also much more folded and rough than the striatula, which is

essentially a striate shell. Upon the older specimens the folds

are nearly obsolete on the two lower whorls, being there coarsely

striate only. About twelve strize on the body whorl and six on

the penultimate; more elevated in the centre, which renders

these whorls sub-angulated ; lines of growth strong, by reason

of which the two last whorls have quite a varicose appear-

ance.

Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells. 97

15. Melania eliminata.

Plate II. Fig, 16.

T. elongato-conica, tenui, castanea; spira gracili, elevata; anfr. 8, :

convexis transverse plicatis et spiraliter striatis, plicis striisque in anfr.

inferioribus evanescentibus : suturis impressis; apertura parva, ovata,

purpurascente ; labro sinuoso; columella incurva, in sinum angustum

producta.

Shell conic, thin, brownish; spire slender, elevated ; whorls

about 8, convex, with transverse folds and spiral striz, both

of which, however, disappear towards the lower portion of each

whorl, and are hardly visible on the last whorl; sutures deeply

impressed ; aperture small, ovate, within translucent, exhibiting

the exterior coloring through its substance ; columella but little

rounded except near its base, where with the much curved lip

it forms a sharp, narrow sinus.

Length 0.80 inch (21 millim.). Diam. 0.24 inch (6 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.26 inch (7 millim.).

Breadth of - do. 0.15 inch (4 millim.).

Habitat.— Kentucky, near Owenboro’.

My cab. Cab. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y.

Obs.—This is a very slender and elevated species, resembling

in this respect JZ comma Con., from which it differs very ma-

terially by the character of its folds and striz, which are more

decided, being nearly as prominent, though less distant, than

in M. Curryana Lea ;,the striz revolve round the whorls and

over the ribs without being interrupted by them; differs from

M. Edgariana Lea, by its brown color, more slender form, less

convex whorls, and thinner texture; it is more slender than

M. decora or costulata, and less acute, the whorls tapering more

gradually to the apex ; on the upper whorls there are about

five stris, the lowest of which is much more elevated than the

98 Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells.

others, and the folds are arrested by it near the suture. The

penultimate whorl is often sub-angulated at its base.

16. WMelania baculum.

Plate II. Fig. 16.

T. elongato-conica, crassi, fulvo-castanea ; spira_perelevata, decollata ;

anfr. superst. 8, subplanis, plicis transversis striisque spiralibus decussatis,

que in anfr. inferioribus obsolescunt; suturis impressis, flavescentibus ;

apertura ovata, intis purpurascente ; columella incurva, foveata, in sinum

tenuem producta.

Shell conical, thick; of a dull, reddish-brown color, with a

lighter shade near the upper part of each whorl. Spire much

elevated, not diminishing rapidly as it ascends, and with nearly _

a rectilinear outline; whorls 8 remaining, and with an appear-

ance of having lost several by truncation; hardly convex and

with a deeply impressed suture ; aperture small, broadly ovate,

light red within; columella rounded, indented, with a small

sinus.

Length 1.28 inch (83 millim.). Diam. 0.48 inch (12 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.35 inch (9 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.20 inch (5 millim.).

Habitat.—Tennessee.

My cab. Cab. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N.Y. B..W. Budd, M.D.

Obs.—The most striking characteristic of this species is its

robust cylindrical form, combined with its.pale sutural region ;

compared with Jf teres Lea, it is much less slender and turret-

ed, much more plicate, and the whorls are less inflated. AZ.

ruja is not folded, and is a more acutely elevated species. The

curve in the columella resembles that of JZ. columella Lea, but

that shell is much less elongated, has only six whorls, and is

destitute of distinct folds.

Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells. 99

17. Welamia incrassata.

Plate II. Fig. 17.

T. conicd, glabra, crassa; spira clevati; anfr. 8-9, perconvexis, vix

biangulatis, ultimo spivaliter striato, in medio constricto; suturis valde

impressis ; apertura ovata, intiis rubescente; columella reflexa, in sinum

profundum producta.

Shell conical, smooth, thick; spire elevated; whorls 8-9,

very convex, somewhat bi-angulated ; sutures deeply impressed ;

body whorl striated, with a constriction about the middle, which

also extends to the penultimate whorl; aperture ovate, within

reddish; columella not indented, reflected, sinus deep.

Length 1.12 inch (29 millim.). Diam. 0.45 inch (12 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.37 inch (9 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.18 inch (4% millim.).

Habitat.

My cabinet.

Obs.—Only one specimen has come under my notice, which,

_ however, is so unlike any other that I cannot hesitate to con-

sider it new.

It is a thick, ponderous species, with narrow, convex or bi-

angulated whorls, faintly banded on the angulations.

18. Melania excavata.

Plate IL Fig. 18.

T. ovato-conica, glabra, crassa, castanea ; spira obtuse elevata, decol-

lata; anfr. superst. 3-4, planis vel subconeavis, ultimo in medio suban-

gulato, supra angulum subexcavato, striis incrementi rudibus; suturis

distinctis; apertura ovata, sursum subcanaliculata, intus rubescente ;

columella incurva, reflexi, sinum non formante.

100 Descriptions of New Fluviatile Sheils.

Shell ovate-conic, smooth, olivaceous, thick; spire obtusely

elevated, decollate; whorls 3-4, remaining flat or concave;

sutures distinct; penultimate and body whorl with a broad,

deep, concave excavation, their edges being elevated into an

obtuse carina, tipped with a lighter color; lines of growth very

strong; aperture not large, ovate, reddish within; columella

regularly curved, thickened by a deposit of calcareous matter,

purplish and white, indented near its base, without any sinus.

Length (of an eroded example) 0.84 inch (21 millim.).

Diam. ( do. do. +) 0.44 inch (11 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.40 inch (10 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.22 inch (54 millim.).

Habitat—— Alabama.

My cabinet.

Obs.—An unadorned species of a dull olive color, not easily

confounded with any of its congeners. Differs from J. fusi-

formis Lea by its broad, more elevated spire, its purple mouth,

unadorned with bands, but above all, by the peculiar excava-

tion on the lower whorls, which is so peculiar as to distinguish

this species from all others.

19. WMelania casta.

Plate IL Fig. 19.

T. conicd, plerumque glabra, crassa; spira obtuse elevaté; anfr. 6—7,

subplanis, ultimo subangulato superné glabro, inferne liris quinis exilibus

cincto ; suturis impressis; aperturé elongato-ovata, intts albida, sub-

margaritacea; columella subrecté, in sinum modicum producta.

Shell conical, nearly smooth, thick; spire obtusely elevated ;

whorls 6-7, nearly flat; sutures well impressed; upper whorls

smooth, or only modified by the lines of growth, which are

coarse and distinct; body whorl with five prominent striz

Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells. 101

below the middle, of which the lower three also revolve within

the aperture, on the columella; aperture small, elliptical, within

whitish, subnacreous; columella not indented, sinus small.

Length 0.75 inch (19 millim.), Diam. 0.80 inch (8 miliim.).

Length of aperture 0.33 inch (8 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.17 inch (4 millim.).

Habitat.— Alabama.

My cabinet.

Obs.—A_ singularly pale, greenish-white species, the distin-

guishing marks of which are, its regular, subcylindric form, and

the smooth spire, combined with the prominent strize at the base

of the shell. These are characters which I do not recognise on

any other species so combined. ‘There is also a distinct carina

on the penultimate whorl, near the top of the aperture, above

which may be observed a faint interrupted line.

20. Wielamia textilosa,

Plate IL Fig. 20.

T. conicd, crassa, stramined ; spird partim elevata; anfr. 7-8, obscure

liratis et subnodosis, superioribus subplanis, ultimo subconvexo, infra

medium glabro; suturis impressis; apertura ovata, roseo-albida; colu-

mella incurva, reflexd, in sinum tenuem producta.

Shell conical, thick; color uniform, pale greenish yellow ;

spire not acutely elevated; whorls 7-8, nearly flat, obscurely

striate and sub-nodulous; body whorl coarsely, but not thickly

striate on its upper half; sutures impressed; aperture rather

large, ovate, whitish, inclining to roseate.

Length 0.88 inch (23 millim.). Diam. 0.40 inch (10 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.39 inch (10 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.20 inch (5 millim.).

_ Halitat—Georgia.

My cabinet.

“ APRIL, 1854. 8 Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., Vou. VI. J

102 Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells.»

Obs.—In form, like Jf Duttoniana Lea, but without any of

the ornamental decorations of that species. The nodules are not

so distinct, appearing more like interrupted folds. The strix

on the body whorl are not uniformly distributed, but about the

middle there is a plain surface or ground, which becomes more

decidedly a furrow on the penultimate’ whorl.

21. Melania curvilabris.

Plate IIT. Fig. 1, a, 6.

T. conicd, subcrassé, corneo-virente; spira elevata; anfr. 7-8, convexis,

subangulatis, ultimo utringue angulato, in medio laté constricto; suturis

irregulariter valdé impressis; apertura irregulari, intus albida; labro

profundé retrorsim sinuato; columella valdé incurva, subfoveata, in

sinum profundum producta.

Shell conical, smooth, rather thick, greenish horn-color; spire

elevated; whorls 7-8, convex or subangulated; body whorl

angulated, with a depression broad but not deep; sutures

deeply and irregularly impressed; aperture very irregular, by

the twisted columella and the sinuous curving of the outer lip,

within whitish; outer lip deeply and singularly curved, so as

to give this part of the shell almost a plewrotomose character ;

columella very much curved and indented, leaving a small

umbilical indentation, and having a distinct sinus at base.

Length 0.72 inch (19 millim.). Diam. 0.80 inch (8 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.25 inch (6 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.15 inch (4 millim.).

Habitat— Tennessee.

My cabinet. Cab. Coleman Sellers, Cincinnati, O.

Obs.—May be compared with J. elegantula in general form,

but its peculiarly curved outer lip will at once distinguish it

from all others.

Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells. 108

22. Welania elegantula.

Plate Ill. Fig. 2.

T. ovato-conica, glabra, yiridula; spira brevi; anfr. 5-6, humerosis,

superioribus supra suturam nigro-unifasciatis, ultimo subcylindrico,

fasciis fuscis 2 vel 3 cineto; suturis inconspicuis; apertura elongato-

ovata, intus fasciata; labro subsinuato; columella incurva, in sinum

tenuem producta.

Shell obtusely conical, smooth ; whorls 5-6, irregularly shoul-

dered and angulated; body whorl dark olive-green color, with

two or three darker bands, which are visible also within the

aperture; upper whorls of a very light green color, with one

light brown sub-central band, and another so near the upper

part of the whorl as to be almost concealed by the suture;

sutures rather obscure; aperture rather large, irregularly ovate;

columella much indented near its base, outer lip sinuous.

Length 0.60 inch (15 millim.). Diam. 0.25 inch (6 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.28 inch (7 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.16 inch (4 millim.).

FHlabitat.—Kentucky.

My cabinet. Cab. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N.Y. B.W. Budd, M.D.

Obs.—A singularly ornamented species, of which only two

specimens are before me, and which cannot be compared with

any described species. The apex is eroded in the specimens

under observation, and only five whorls are visible, but it

evidently has one more when perfect. The whorls form a

shelving shoulder from the suture, and are then nearly flat,

the body whorl being, perhaps, slightly concave. Altogether

it presents a remarkable and beautiful appearance, and no one

need be at a loss to recognise it after once having seen a speci-

men. ‘Three bands are visible in the interior.

104 Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells. +

23. Welania pupoidea.

Plate III. Fig. 3.

T. ovato-conica, glabra, crassa, stramineo-virente; spira obtuse elevata ;

anfr.7, subconvexis, gradatis, superioribus fusco-unifasciatis; ultimo 4-

lineato; suturis valdé impressis; apertura elongato-ovata, intus albida,

fasciata; labro sinuoso, columella rotundata, in sinum tenuem pro-_

dueta.

Shell ovate-conic, smooth, rather thick; spire obtusely ele-

vated, with a decidedly convex outline, and a well impressed

suture; whorls 7, convex, nearly entire at the apex; color pale

green, with one linear band revolving on the spire, and four

broader and more distinct bands on the body whorl; aperture

small, narrow-ovate, diaphanous, with four distinct brown

bands within; columella rounded, not indented; outer lip

curved and extended forward; sinus small.

Length 0.87 inch (22 millim.). Diam. 0.35 inch (9 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.38 inch (10 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.17 inch (4 millim.).

Habitat Alabama.

My cabinet.

Obs.—This belongs to that group of which WM. olivula Conrad,

may be considered the type. From that shell it differs, how-

ever, in being more elongate, and less ornamented with bands,

as well as by its paler and less varnished epidermis. Compared

with If. proteus Lea it is even more elongate and less acute;

the aperture is entirely different, and it wants the tuberculous

shoulder which distinguishes that species. Its resemblance to

the pupz of some of the insect tribes has suggested its charac-

teristic specific name.

Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells. 108

24. Wdelamia tecta.

Plate III. Fig. 4.

T. conica, tenui, nigro-fusc&; spira elevati; anfr. 7-8, planis, supra

) 9 HIS ) 3 ’ ’

suturas carinatis; suturis valdé impressis; apertura ovata, intts pur-

purascente et obscuré fasciata; columella incurva, in sinum tenuem

producta.

Shell conical, thin, brown; spire elevated; whorls 7-8, flat,

‘with a distinct, but not elevated carina on each at its lower

cdge, near the suture; sutures very deeply impressed ; aper-

ture oval, within reddish and lightly banded ; columella curved,

sinus small.

Length 0.60 inch (15 millim.) Diam. 0.26 inch (63 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.28 inch (6 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.14 inch (84 millim.).

Habitat.—Ohio.

My cab. Cab. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y.. B. W. Budd, M.D.

Obs.—May be compared with JL pulchella Anth., but is

readily distinguishable by its more slender proportions, thinner

texture, lighter color, and above all by its peculiarly shaped

whorls, which, increasing regularly, and being carinate at their

bases, have somewhat the appearance of the roof of a house,

hence its name. lines of growth distinct; one or two indis-

tinct, narrow bands are often visible on the shell; a very neat

and graceful species.

25. Mielania imbricata.

Plate III. Fig. 5.

T. conica, glabra, subcrassa, cornea; spira elevata; anfr. 8-9, supe-

‘

106 Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells. °

rioribus planis, utrinque angulatis, ultimo subconvexo, indistincté bi-

angulato ; suturis valdé impressis ; apertura elongato-ovata, ints albida,

-columellé incurva, in sinum tenuem producta.

Shell conical, nearly smooth, rather thick, ight horn-colored ;

spire elevated, but not acutely so; whorls 8-9, flat; lines of

growth distinct, having almost the appearance of ribs; two

lines, distant, slightly visible, surround each whorl, and from

these the whorls incline towards each other to form a broad

groove between them; sutures well impressed; aperture small,

narrow ovate, within whitish; columella much indented and

curved, forming a slight sinus at base.

Length 0.88 inch (23 millim.). Diam. 0.30 inch (8 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.38 inch (8 millim.),

Breadth of do. 0.21 inch (5 millim.).

Habitat.— Alabama. .

My cab. Cab. Lyc. Nat. Hist, N. Y. B. W. Budd, M.D.

Obs.—A fine symmetrical shell, some of its varieties ap-

proaching JZ: sordida Lea in form, but differing in every other

respect. The whorls enlarge regularly, and the lower raised

line on the whorls being consequently more prominent, the

spire has somewhat an imbricated appearance, giving rise to its

specific name. ‘The specimens before me, twelve in number,

are all decollate.

The upper whorls are often rather prominently ribbed, and

the concentric lines thereby rendered crenulous.

26. Melamia pagodiformiis.

Plate III. Fig. 6.

T. conicd, tenui, fused; spira obtuse elevata; anfr. 7-8, carina ele-

vata, acuta, supra suturam cinctis, ultimo carinis duabus instructo; sutu-

ris valdé impressis; apertura ovata, infra subangulata, intus albida ;

columell& incurva, in sinum tenuem angustum producta.

Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells. 107

Shell conical, thin, brownish-olive; spire obtusely elevated ;

whorls 7-8, smooth ; the upper ones are surrounded by a sharp

elevated keel just above the suture; the body whorl is angu-

lated in the middle by two keels, of which the upper is the

more prominent; sutures deeply impressed; aperture ovate, _

ending in an acuté angle below, whitish within; columella

rounded, produced into a narrow but slight sinus.

Length 0.50 inch (18 millim.). Diam. 0.28 inch (7 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.26 inch (7 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.14 inch (83 millim.).

Habitat.—Battle creek, Tennessee.

My cab. Cab. Lye. Nat. Hist., N. Y.

Obs.—Bears some resemblance to Jf. acutd-carinata Lea, but

differs from it in many particulars. It is of a much lighter

color, has the carina on every whorl, the body whorl not ex-

cepted, its columella is not remarkably indented as in that

species, and it is altogether a thinner and broader shell. The

aperture is generally uncolored, but some specimens present a

faint tinge of violet there.

‘

°7. Melanin eximia.

Plate II. Fig. 7

; Testa conico-ovata, lirata, corneo-virente; spira pariim elevata ; anfr.

8-9; superioribus carinaé acut& angulatis et fascia nigra cinctis, ultimo

liris 4 et fasciis duabus cincto ; suturis inconspicuis ; apertura elongato-

ovata, intus cornea, bifasciataé; labro valdé sinuoso; columella recta, in

sinum profundum producta.

Shell deeply sulcate and carinate, ovate; of a beautiful light

apple-green color, ornamented with two dark-green bands, and

an elevated, prominent carina of a light color revolving be-

108 Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells. +

tween them; spire not remarkably elevated, but acute, of a

rather convex outline; whorls 8-9, somewhat convex, and

with sutures not prominent, but channelled ; body whorl with

about four carine, the lowest one being indistinct; aperture

small, sub-rhomboidal, with two bands in the interior, distant

from each other and from the edge of the outer lip; outer lip

much twisted, auger-like, causing the sinus, which is small, to

curve backwards.

Length 0.60 inch (15 millim.). Diam. 0.28 inch (7 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.25 inch (6 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.18 inch (8 millim.).

Habitat.—Tennessee.

My cabinet.

Obs.—A beautiful little shell, of a singularly bright, lively

appearance; the colors are well contrasted, very distinct, and .

the prominent carinze add to the general effect. On the upper

whorls, butyone band is visible, the lower one being concealed,

or nearly so, by the revolutions of the spire. It cannot well

be compared with any other species.

28. Melania cristata.

Plate ill. Fig. 8.

T. rhoimboidea, carinata, subcrassA, corned, obscure fasciata; spira

brevi; anfr. 5, superioribus subplanis, ultimo superneé humeroso et in

medio elevaté carinato; cost&é tenui sub carinam revolvente; apertura

rhomboided, inttis carina externa canaliculata, fusco-lineata; columella

recta, in sinum acutum producta.

Shell carinate on the body whorl, rhomboidal; thin, horn-

colored ; upper whorls not earinate, but somewhat shouldered ;

whorls 5, flat, slightly concave, rapidly diminishing to the apex ;

ee eee

Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells. 109

sutures not remarkable; body whorl with a strong, well deve-

loped carina extending from the upper part of the aperture,

and revolving round so as to be at its centre when it reaches

the mouth again. The carina, and a smaller one below it, are

indicated in the interior by a grooved channel with a dark band |

running through it. Aperture rhomboidal, banded within.

Columella straight, with an acute sinus at base.

Length 0.50 inch (18 millim.). Diam. 0.84 inch (9 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.80 inch (8 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.16 inch (4 millim.).

Hadbitat.— Alabama.

Obs.—Ouly one specimen of this remarkable species has

come under my notice, but it is so widely different from all

others that no one can for a moment doubt its distinctive

character. The upper whorls are obscurely banded near the

suture.

29. Mielania prosciss2.

Plate III. Fig. 9.

T. rotundo-ovata, subcrassA, fusci; spira brevi; anfr. 5? convexis,

superioribus bicarinatis, ultimo carinis acutis 4 vel 5 cincto; suturis

linearibus; apertura ovata, intts 5-lineaté; columella incurva, foveata,

purpureo tincia, in sinum tenuem producta.

Shell ovate, rather thick, brown; whorls supposed to be

about 5, rather convex; body whorl surrounded by about. 5

carinze, of which two central ones are more prominent; sutures

linear; aperture large, ovate, exhibiting the elevated ridges on

the body whorl, as linear, brown bands seen through the sub-

stance of the shell; columella rounded, deeply indented, having

a small purple spot below the middle, with a slight sinus at

base.

110 Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells.

Length 0.56 inch (14 millim.), Diam. 0.85 inch (9 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.28 inch (7 millim.).

Breadth of do.. 0.18 inch (44 millim.).

Halbitat.— Alabama.

My cabinet.

Obs.—The only specimen I have is somewhat mutilated, but

seems nevertheless perfectly distinct; the only known species

with which I can compare it is MZ. sulcosa Lea, which is a much

thinner and more elevated species. The aperture of the pre-

sent shell is also proportionally much larger, and the number

of whorls less, for, though injured in that part, the rapid dimi-

nution of the whorls does not indicate an elevated spire; the

number of raised lines on the body whorl is also less, and

they are rather very elevated coste than série as in Mr. Lea’s

species.

30. Mielamnia torulosa.

Plate III. Fig. 10.

T. conica, subcrassd, castanea; spira partum elevata, acuta; anfr. 7-8,

supra suturam valdé carinatis; suturis linearibus; apertura Jaté ovata,

ints purpurascente ; columella incurvaé, in sinum tenuem desinente.

Shell conic, chestnut’ colored, rather thick; spire little ele-

vated, acute; whorls 7-8, strongly carinated a little above the

suture; sutures linear; aperture not large, broad-ovate, pur-

plish within; columella regularly but not remarkably curved,

with a small sinus.

_ Length 0.58 inch (15 millim.). Diam. 0.28 inch (7 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.23 inch (6 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.15 inch (4 millim.).

Hatbitat.—Tennessee.

My cabinet.

- A mamaria Wai cs “lpi

Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells. ‘Diet

Obs.—But a single specimen of this species is before me, but

it differs so much from all others that I cannot hesitate to place

it among well established species. J. acuto-carinata Lea is the

only one with which it may be compared, but that species has

the carina obsolete on the body whorl, the very point where it

is most remarkably developed in this; the whorls also in the

JM. torulosa diminish much more rapidly to an acute apex,

which in WZ, acuto-carinata is said to be obtusely elevated; the

MM. torulosa is remarkable for its acute elevation from the

broad base of the carina on the body whorl]. In the columella

too of the present species there is no indentation, while in JZ.

acuto-carinata it is ‘remarkably indented.”

31. Mielamia planogyra.

Plate Ill. Fig. 11.

T. elongato-conica, subglabra, crass, fusco-virente; spiri valde

autem obtuse elevata; anfr. 10-11, subconcavis, cost supra suturam

decurrente marginatis, et fascia fusca’ juxta costam ornatis ; anfr. ultimo

fascia altera infra angulum decurrente; suturis impressis; apertura

parva, rhomboidea, intus bifasciata; labro valdé sinuoso; columella

‘

recta, In sinum latum producta.

Shell conical, rather smooth, thick; of a dull, dark, horn-

color, unrelieved by any other except a rather indistinct, brown

band, revolving near the base of each whorl, immediately be-

low which a raised, rounded, subcrenulated ridge revolves

between it and the suture below; spire much, but not acutely,

elevated, with a nearly rectilinear outline; whorls 10-11, flat

or concave, and with a well impressed, channelled suture;

aperture small, rhomboidal, diaphanous, exhibiting the dark

band of the exterior through its substance very faintly, far

within. Columella deeply curved, not indented, thickened at

112 Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells. '

base; outer lip angularly curved, extended forwards; sinus

rather broad, not deep.

- Length 1.87 inch (84 millim.). Diam. 0.46 inch (12 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.40 inch (10 millim.),

Breadth of do. 0.24 inch (6 millim.).

Flabitat.— Alabama.

My cabinet.

Obs.—A stout species, which most resembles JL. regularis Lea

in general appearance, from which, however, its concave whorls,

elevated carina, and dark band will readily distinguish it. It

has not the channelled body whorl of AL canaliculata Say, nor

the convex, subangulated upper whorls which distinguish that

species.

The lines of growth are very coarse and prominent, and ex-

tending over the raised line near the base of the whorls, give

the latter an interrupted or subcrenulated appearance.

32. Melamia gradata.

Plate III. Fig. 12.

T. conica, glabra, crassd, corneo-virente ; spird parim elevata; anfr,

7-8, gradatis, subconcayis, funiculo conspicuo suturas incumbente et in

angulum anfr, ultimi carinam elevante ; suturis valdé impressis ; apertura

subrhomboidea, ints albid&; labro prorsim valdé sinuato, columella

recta, in sinum angustum profundum producta.

Shell conical, smooth, solid, greenish horn-color; spire not

much elevated; whorls 7-8, slightly concave, with a distinct

elevated ridge, closely overlying the suture and the projecting

shoulder of the succeeding whorl so as to form a series of

steps to the sub-acute apex; body whorl large, generally an-

gulated or distinctly ribbed at base, which is not much rounded ;

sutures impressed; aperture subrhomboidal, whitish within ;

Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells. lite

outer lip much bent forward towards the base ; columella

straight, produced into a narrow deep sinus, which is slightly

recurved.

Length 0.85 inch (22 millim.). Diam. 0.42 inch (11 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.80 inch (8 millim ).

Breadth of do. 0.20 inch (6 millim.).

Habitat. Alabama.

My cab. Cab. Lye. Nat. Hist, N.Y. B. W. Budd, M.D.

Obs.—Belongs to the group of which M. canaliculata may be

considered the type. It is, however, much less elevated than

M. canaliculata, has not the conspicuous grooving on the body

whorl as in that species, and its spire has the whorls flat instead

of exhibiting an obtuse carina, as described by Mr. Say; a

sharp elevated carina at the base of the whorls closely overlies

the suture beneath; the extreme upper whorls having this

more distant from the suture become distinctly carinated. The

regular gradation of the whorls is its most distinctive cha-

racter.

33. Melamia fastigiata.

Plate III. Fig. 18.

T. conicd, glabra, crassa, virente ; spira. elevata, acuta ; anfr. 9-10,

primim subcarinatis, deindé planis, fusco-bifasciatis, ultimo trifasciato, in

medio carind angulato; suturis impressis, apertura’ rhomboidea, intus

albida, fasciata; labro valdé sinuato, columellA recté, in sinum pro-

fundum producta.

Shell conical, smooth, moderately thick; of a pale yellowish-

green color, ornamented with two distinct, distant, reddish-

brown bands en each whorl, except those near the apex, which

are carinate; spire elevated, rising from the broad body whorl

with regularly decreasing volume in a pyramidal form to the

114 Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells. ,

acute apex; whorls 10, not convex, with rather indistinct

sutures in a furrowed channel; lines of growth curved and

, strong, particularly on the penult and body whorl, where they

are almost folds; body whorl distinctly carinated, having one

earina at the middle, another a short distance below, with a

broad band immediately above the carinx, and another far

down, near the base. Aperture small, sub-rhomboidal, whitish

within, three bands visible in the interior; columella nearly

straight, a little thickened, outer lip very much curved, auger-

like; sinus narrow, recurved.

- Length 0.80 inch (20 millim.), Diam. 0.88 inch (10 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.82 inch (8 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.16 inch (4 millim.).

Habitat.—Tennessee.

Obs.—A. fine symmetrical species, which is, perhaps, most

nearly allied to J/. vestita Con.; from that shell it differs in

being less ponderous, more acute in its outline, and in its flat

whorls, the If. vestita being angulated below the middle; it

has also a double band, while “‘ vestita” has a single one. From

MM. elevata Say it differs by its less slender outline, its want of

“ thread-like carine ” on the whorls, and its lines of growth are

more curved, more elevated, and more distant; differs from J.

spinalis Lea by not having carinated whorls, by its more deli-

cate color, and it has not the superior part of the whorl darker

than below, as described in JZ. spinalis.

’

34, Wlelamia vicina.

Plate III. Fig. 14.

T. conica, glabra, suberassa, fulva ; spira brevi; anfr. 6, superioribus

subconvexis, unifasciatis, ultimo subhumeroso, in medio angulato, fasciis

fuscis, duabus ornato; suturis impressis ; apertura ovata, intts bifasciata ;

columella valdé incurya, sinum yix formante.

Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells. 115

Shell conical, smooth, rather thick, yellowish-brown ; spire

short; whorls 6, upper ones subconvex, with a brown band

immediately above the suture, body whorl a little shouldered

beneath the suture, and angulated in the middle, surrounded

by two narrow bands, one above and the other below the angle ;

sutures impressed; aperture ovate, banded within, columella

much curved, with hardly a perceptible sinus at base.

Length 0.45 inch (11 millim.). Diam. 0.21 inch (5 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.20 inch (6 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.12 inch (8 millim.).

Afabitat.— Alabama.

My cabinet.

Obs.—A. small, not inelegant species, which may be compared

with Jf, ovordea Lea and M. depygis Say, as its nearest con-

geners. The former species I have never seen, but judging

from the description this differs from it in many particulars ; its

form is proportionately broader, the bands are more distinct,

the body whorl has a distinct angle, which is also apparent on

the penultimate whorl, amounting there to a carination. The

aperture is also much smaller. The same particulars apply

with equal force to Melania depygis Say, the two being so

nearly alike in description that the J/. ovocdea may prove to be

only a variety of Mr. Say’s depygis.

35. Welania pallidula.

Plate III. Fig. 15.

T. ovato-conicd, glabra, subcrassa, straminea ; spira obtuse elevata,

decollaté; anfr. superstit. 4, superioribus subplanis, ultimo angulato,

obscuré fusco-bilineato ; suturis impressis; apertura ovata, intus albida,

bilineata ; columella incurva, sinum vix formante.

116 Descriptions of New Lluviatile Shells. +

Shell elongate-ovate, smooth, moderately thick; of a pale

horn-color, with a faint, brown, narrow band on the penult

whorl, increased to two on the body whorl, and obsolete on the

apicial ones; spire obtusely elevated, with a rather convex out-

line and a well defined suture; whorls, four remaining, with

indications of two more lost by truncation, body whorl angu-

late, and rather coarsely striate longitudinally ; aperture rather

large, ovate, pale within, ornamented with the two bands of

the body whorl, which do not reach the outer edge, a broad,

plain area intervening; columella curved, with a very slight

sinus at base.

Length 0.50 inch (12 millim.). Diam. 0.25 inch (6 millim.).

Leneth of aperture 0.27 inch (7 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.15 inch (4 millim.).

Habitat.— Tennessee.

My cabinet.

Obs.—This is a very neat, pretty species, whose affinity with

any other is not so strong as to endanger its being easily con-

founded ; from Jf. angulata nobis, it differs in being broader,

less angulated, paler in color, less elongated, and by its brown

bands, that species being entirely plain.

( 36. Melania rhombica.

Plate III. Fig. 16. 2

__ Testa ovato-conicd, fusco-virente ; spira partim elevata; anfr. 6, su-

perioribus planis, striis 3-4 cinctis, ultimo multistriato, in medio angu-

lato, infra angulum striis obsoletioribus ; suturis inconspicuis; apertura

ovata, inttis albid&; columella incurva, sinum vix formante.

Shell conic, rather thin, brown; spire regularly pyramidal,

not elevated; whorls about 6, flat, regularly and very dis-

Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells. 117

tinctly striate; body whorl angulated about the middle, nearly

smooth, except as modified by the lines of growth, which are

quite distinct, the concentric striz being nearly obsolete on the

body whorl; sutures inconspicuous; aperture rather large,

ovate, whitish within; columella very slightly rounded, with

little or no sinus.

Length 0.48 inch (11 millim.). Diam. 0.22 inch (53 mee

Length of aperture 0.20 inch (5 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.12 inch (8 millim.).

Habitat.— Alabama.

My cabinet.

Obs.—This cannot well be confounded with any known

Species; its short spire, flat striated whorls, regularly and

rapidly decreasing to the apex, the prominent, acute carina

which encircles it near the top of the aperture, beneath which

the striz, so prominent above, are hardly discernible, and its

rather broad form, will readily distinguish it from MZ. striatula

Lea, to which it might seem allied by form and color; it has

somewhat the form of JZ. wicina nobis, but that shell is more

slender, less distinctly carinated, and has not the striation of

the present species.

37. Melamia anguilata.

Plate III, Fig. 17.

T. conic, glabra, fulv’; spira acuta, modicé elevata, nigrescente ;

anfr. 8, superioribus subplanis, carinis duabus, in anfr. penultimo obso-

lescentibus, cinctis, anfr. ultimo in medio acuté angulato; suturis im-

pressis; apertura elongato-ovata, ints albido-rufescente; columella,

subincurva, in sinum tenuem producta.

Shell acutely conic, smooth, brown, rather thick; spire not

APRIL, 1854. 9 Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. Vou, VI.

118 Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells.

remarkably elevated, but tapering regularly with a rectilinear

outline to the apex, which is entire and acute; whorls 8, nearly

flat, upper ones carinate, and with a well defined suture; body

whorl with a distinct angle, more distinct where it revolves

near the top of the aperture; below this the base is rather con-

cave on the columella side; aperture moderate, narrow, ovate,

whitish or faintly tinged with red within; columella slightly

curved, not indented ; sinus slight, but well defined.

Length 0.56 inch (14 millim.). Diam. 0.25 inch (6 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.25 inch (6 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.13 inch (8 millim.).

Habitat.—Tennessee.

My cab. Cab. Lye. Nat. Hist., N. Y.

Obs—A singularly neat, precise looking shell. Its trim

appearance, its pale color, unornamented by any band, and its

sharp, well defined angle, amounting almost to a carina, will

serve to distinguish it from all others.

38. Welania tabulata.

Plate IIL Fig. 18.

T. ovato-conica, tenui, castaneo-nigré ; spird parm elevata; anf. 5,

superioribus, convexis, penultimo plano, superné angulato, ultimo in

planis pluribus tabulato; suturis impressis; apertura elongato-ovata,

ampla, intus purpurea ; columella vix incurva, in sinum inconspicuum

producta.

Shell ovate-conic, smooth, thin, of a dark-brown color ex-

ternally ; spire not remarkably elevated, with a rather concave

outline ; whorls about 5, upper ones convex, penult whorl flat,

body whorl sub-angulated into several planes, with a distinctly

mpressed suture; aperture rather large, ovate, within of a

Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells. 119

beautiful reddish-purple, columella slightly curved, indented,

and with a narrow, recurved sinus at base.

Length 0.62 inch (16 millim.). Diam. 0.84 inch (83 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.31 inch (8 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.17 inch (4 millim.).

Habitat.—Tennessee.

My cabinet.

Obs.—I know of no species with which this is liable to be

confounded; its ample body whorl, the broad, angular, and

shelving shoulder on the body and penult whorls, while the

upper ones are wanting in this character, and above all the

tabulation of the penult whorl, are its most striking character-

istics, and will at once distinguish it from all other species ;

the lines of growth are rather coarse, curved, and approximate.

39. Melania clara.

Plate III. Fig. 19.

T. ovato-conica, glabra, subcrass4, stramineo-virente; spira param

elevata; anfr. 7, superioribus planis, rapidé crescentibus, purpureo-uni-

fasciatis, ultimo magno, subangulato, quadrifasciato ; suturis valdé im-

pressis; apertura magna, ovata, intus fasciata; columella subrecta, in

sinum inconspicuum producta.

Shell ovate, smooth, thick; spire not elevated; whorls 7,

flat, nearly smooth ; upper ones rapidly enlarging to the body

whorl, which is very large, and ornamented with four conspi-

cuous brown bands, on a clear and well contrasting yellow

ground; the upper band is distant and alone, near the suture,

while the others are crowded and below the middle; sutures

impressed; aperture large, ovate, banded inside; columella

nearly straight, with no remarkable sinus at base.

120 Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells.

Length 0.70 inch (18 millim.). Diam. 0.38 inch (10 millim,).

Length of aperture 0.40 inch (10 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.20 inch (5 millim.).

Habitat.— Alabama.

My cabinet.

Obs.—Allied to M. olivula Con. in general form, but seems to

differ by its body whorl, which is sub-angulated at its upper

part, near the top of the aperture, and slightly so at the mid-

dle; the whorls of the spire have only one band, which is

above the middle; lines of growth distinct, giving the upper

whorls a slightly varicose character.

40. Welania fusco-cincta.

Plate III. Fig. 20.

T. ovata, glabra, subcrass4, stramineo-fusea ; spira brevi; anfr. 4-5,

superioribus nigro-unifasciatis, ultimo magno, angulato, fasciis nigris latis

duabus una supra et altera subter angulum revolventibus; suturis valdé

impressis; apertura magn4, laté ovata, ints fasciata; columella in-

curva, reflexa, foveatdé, sinum vix formante.

Shell ovate, smooth, moderately thick; spire very short,

consisting of 4-5 nearly flat whorls, with a broad, dark-brown

band revolving in the centre of each; body whorl large, with

one band above the middle, and another at base, subangulated ;

sutures irregularly impressed, distinct; columella well rounded,

indented and reflected at the middle so as partially to conceal

a small umbilical opening; aperture large, broad-ovate, within

banded.

Length 0.44 inch (11 millim.). Diam. 0.80 inch (74 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.25 inch (6 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.17 inch (4 millim.).

Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells. 121

Habitat.— Alabama.

My cabinet.

Obs.—A short shell, almost like an Anculosa ; a single speci-

men only is before me, but is too remarkable to be confounded

with any known species.

The uncommonly broad, dark band, surrounded by the

generally yellow epidermis, gives it a lively appearance.

41, Melania plena.

Plate Ill. Fig. 21.

T. oblongo-ovata, glabra, crassi, fusco-virescente; spira partum ele-

vata, decollata ; anfr. 4-5, convexis, ultimo magno, in medio subcon-

stricto, fasciis duabus obscuris; suturis irregulariter valdé impressis ;

apertura magn4, subrhomboidea, intiss livida et fasciata ; columella recta,

tort, foveata, in sinum profundum angustum producta.

Shell oblong ovate, smooth, thick, dark olive-green; spire

abruptly decollate, not elevated; whorls 4-5, convex; body

whorl large, a little constricted in the centre, having two very

faint, distant bands, more distinct in the interior; sutures irre-

gularly and distinctly impressed; aperture large, sub-rhom-

boidal, within livid and banded; columella strongly indented

and twisted, with a strong sinus at base.

Length 0.80 inch (21 millim.). Diam. 0.45 inch (11 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.42 inch (11 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.20 inch (5 millim.).

Habitat.— Alabama.

My cabinet.

Obs.—A strong, corpulent shell, of a dark, livid color, which

cannot well be confounded with any other; its most prominent

characters are, its full broad form, the paucity of its whorls,

and its strongly indented columella.

122 Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells.

42, Welania compacta.

Plate III Fig. 22.

T. ovato-conica, glabra, crass, stramineo-virente; spira obtuse ele-

vata ; anfr. 5, superioribus subplanis, fasciis nigris duabus cinctis quarum

inferior suturd feré occulta est, ultimo subangulato, trifasciato ; suturis

impressis; apertura ovata, ints albida et fasciata, columella foveata,

incurva, spe purpureo-tincta, sinum haud formante.

Shell ovate-conic, smooth, thick, yellowish-green ; spire ob-

tusely elevated; whorls about 5, nearly flat; body whorl

large, subangulated near the base, with three very dark bands,

two of which are below the angle; the penultimate whorl has

two bands only, and the lowest of these is nearly or quite con-

cealed by the suture, and on the upper whorl the same band

is indicated only by a dark, hair-like line; sutures well im-

pressed; aperture rather large, ovate, within whitish and

banded; columella strongly indented, base regularly rounded,

without any sinus.

Length 0.60 inch (15 millim.), Diam. 0.38 inch (10 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.30 inch (72 millim.),

Breadth of do. 0.18 inch (42 millim.).

Habitat.— Alabama.

My cab. Cab. Lyc. Nat. Hist, N.Y. B. W. Budd, M.D.

Obs.—A_ short, thick, compact species, with seldom more

than three perfect whorls remaining, other two whorls being

indicated on the abruptly decollate spire; the whorls are

slightly shouldered, and the lines of growth are curved and

prominent ; compared with J. fusiformis Lea, it is less fusiform,

more ponderous, has the spire less acute, and an aperture en-

tirely different; from J. proteus Con. it differs in its totally

different spire and aperture, and its want of the tuberculous

Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells, 123

shoulder of that species; the bands in the interior are very

dark and well defined. |

43. Melania glans.

Plate IIL Fig. 23,

T. yentricoso-conica, glabra, crassa, nigro-fusci; spira acuminata,

parum elevata; anfr. 8, convexis, rapidé crescentibus, ultimo magno,

perconvexo; suturis distinctis, albo-lineatis; apertura elongata, intis

purpurea ; columella foveata, recta, in sinum angustum profundum

producta.

Shell ventricose-conic, smooth, thick, dark-olive; spire acu-

minate, but not elevated ; whorls 8, convex, rapidly converging

to the apex; body whorl very large, rounded beneath ; sutures

well defined, white; aperture not large, elliptical, within dark

purple; columella indented near the base; sinus well deve-

loped.

Length 0.75 inch (19 millim.), Diam. 0.88 inch (10 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.34 inch (9 millim.),

Breadth of do. 0.16 inch (4 millim.).

Habitat.—Tennessee.

My cabinet.

Obs.—A plain, sombre-looking species, with no very remark-

able distinguishing characters, except its large, bulbous form,

and dark, purple mouth; it cannot well be compared with any

other species. ‘The whorls are slightly shouldered, with a very

narrow, whitish sutural region.

44. Welania planospira.

Plate III. Fig. 24.

T. rotundo-ovata, glabra, subcrassa, cornea; spird brevissima; anfr.

124 Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells.

4-5, gradatis, vix elevatis, ultimo permagno, fusco-bilineato; apertur&

magna, elongato-ovata ; columella incurva, in sinum tenuem producta.

Shell short-ovate, smooth, rather thick, light horn-colored ;

body whorl large, occupying nearly the entire volume of the

shell; spire nearly flat, consisting of 4-5 perfectly plane whorls,

scarcely elevated above the body whorl; aperture long, nar-

row ovate; columella rounded, ending in a slight sinus.

Length 0.50 inch (13 millim.). Diam. 0.32 inch (8 millim.),

Length of aperture 0.86 inch (9 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.18 inch (43 millim.).

Habitat.—Tennessee.

My cabinet. Cab. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y.

Obs.—Cannot be confounded with any other species; its

remarkably flat whorls rising like steps, but little above each

other, with a distinct and slightly raised rim around the peri-

phery, will alone be sufficient to characterize the species. It

seems more like an Ancw/osa in form, but is nevertheless a true

Melania. Two bands are visible on the body whorl and also

within the aperture.

45. Melania undosa.

Plate III. Fig. 25.

T. ovata, glabra, suberassa, stramineo-virente; spird brevi, conica ;

anfr. 6—7, conyexis, rapidé crescentibus; ultimo amplo, valdé humeroso,

interdiim obscuré fasciato; suturis impressis; apertura irregulariter

ovata, intiis albido-rubescente, sepe purpureo-fasciata ; labro subsinuoso ;

columella incurv4, in sinum Jatum producta.

Shell ovate, smooth, olivaceous, moderately thick; whorls

6-7, rapidly converging to the apex, convex; body whorl

ample, with a distinct, but somewhat rounded shoulder ; sutures

Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells. 125

impressed ; aperture irregularly ovate; outer lip waved ; inside

of the aperture whitish or brownish, often with obscure bands ;

columella rounded, extending into a broad, shallow sinus.

Length 0.66 inch (17 millim.). Diam. 0.88 (10 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.35 inch (9 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.19 inch (5 millim.).

Habitat.—Nolen river, Kentucky.

My cab. Cab. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y. Cab. B. W. Budd.

Obs.—A somewhat variable species; the remarkably shoul-

dered body whorl will, however, readily distinguish it; differs

from M. obovata Say by its more distinct spire, its greater pro-

portionate breadth, and by the form of the aperture; it is also

much less ponderous; many specimens are obscurely banded

on the body whorl, this is more distinctly visible in the young

shell.

46. Welania consanguinea.

Plate III. Fig. 26.

T. ovata, glabra, crassa, fuseo-virente ; spird brevi, acuminata; anfr.

8, superioribus subplanis, duobus ultimis humerosis, ultimo permagno,

in medio vix constricto; suturis impressis; aperturé magna, ovata,

intus livida ; columella incurva, purpureo-tincta, sinum vix formante.

Shell ovate, smooth, thick, brownish olive; spire short, acu-

minate; whorls 8, the upper ones nearly flat, the last two or

three much shouldered; body whorl very large, slightly con-

stricted in its upper portion, and very faintly banded; sutures

deeply impressed; aperture regularly ovate, within livid,

approaching to purple far within; columella rounded, with

scarcely a perceptible sinus, tinged with purple at base.

Length 0.75 inch (20 millim.). Diam. 0.40 inch (10 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.40 inch (10 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.20 inch (5 millim.).

126 Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells.,

Habitat.—Indiana.

My cab. Cab. Lye. Nat. Hist., N. Y. B. W. Budd, M.D.

Obs.—Allied to, but perfectly distinct from I wndosa ; its

greater solidity, more elongated spire, and greater number of

whorls will at once distinguish it ; the whorls of the spire are

much more convex, and there is no prominent angle formed

by the shoulder on the body whorl as in JL undosa.

47. Melania coronilla.

Plate IIL Fig, 27.

T. ovata, subcrassé, fusco-corneé; spira brevi; anfr. 5-6, convexis,

prope humerum irregulariter nodoso-plicatis, sepe fusco-unicinctis ;

suturis valdé impressis; apertura ovata, intus rubescente et fasciata ;

columella incurva, foveata, in sinum tenuem producta.

Shell ovate, moderately thick; of a dark, dull, horn color,

sometimes decorated with two or three linear revolving bands

at, and below, the upper part of the aperture; spire short, with

a rather convex outline to the truneated apex ; whorls 5-6,

convex, one of which seems to have been lost by truncation ;

obtusely shouldered and shelving, with about ten short, thick,

elevated, rather distant, longitudinal ribs on each, which on

the body whorl are nearly obsolete, rarely extending below the

shoulder; sutures distinctly impressed, but rendered irregular

by the interruptions of the longitudinal folds; aperture not

large, ovate, reddish or banded within ; columella much curved,

with an indentation below the middle, and thickened by a cal-

careous deposit along its whole length, more prominent near

the upper angle of the aperture. .

Length 0.50 inch (18 millim.). Diam. 0.22 inch (5$ millim.).

Length of aperture 0.24 inch (6 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.18 inch (8 millim.).

Habitat.—Tennessee.

My cab. Cab. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y. B. W. Budd, M.D.

Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells. 127

Obs.—I know no species with which the present one can

easily be confounded; its short, rather broad outline, with its

thick, prominent, longitudinal ribs on the short whorls of the

spire will readily distinguish it. Six specimens only are before

me, three of which are banded, and three are plain; the speci-

mens are otherwise very uniform in appearance.

48. Melania corpulenta.

Plate III. Fig. 28.

T. ovata, glabra, fulvo-virente; spir& brevi, convexo-conica; anfr. 6—

7, convexis, ultimo subcylindrico, inferné subangulato, fasciis nigris latis

duabus cinctis; suturis valdé impressis; apertura elongato-ovata, su-

perné angusta, intus fasciata; columell4 primum recta, deinde in sinum

profundum recurvata.

Shell ovate, smooth, yellowish, banded; whorls 6-7, convex ;

body whorl very full, with two distant dark-brown bands

quite broad, which are nearly concealed on the upper whorls

by the revolutions of the spire; sutures impressed ; aperture

narrow ovate, broadest at base, banded within; columella much

curved below the middle, white, and thickened at base, with a

broad and distinct sinus in that region.

Length 0.80 inch (20 millim:). Diam. 0.42 inch (10 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.40 inch (10 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.17 inch (4 millim.).

Habitat Alabama.

My cabinet.

‘ Qbs.—Its most prominent character is the corpulence of the

body whorl, and its regular oval form. May.be compared with

M. biteeniata Con., but its body whorl is much more rounded or

oval, it is less banded, and the bands are more distinct; the

spire is more elevated and less abrupt.

128 Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells,

49. Melania neglecta.

Plate III. Fig. 29.

T. conicd, glabra, tenui, straminea; spira elevata; anfr. 10, superio-

ribus subplanis spe unifasciatis, liré supra suturam decurrente, in anfr.

penultimo obsoletiore ; anfr. ultimo subangulato, obscure bisuleato, seepé

nigro-bifasciato ; suturis impressis ; apertura ovata, ints albido-rosacea ;

labro sinuoso; columell& subrecté, torta, rosacea, in sinum profundum

recurvata.

Shell conical, rather thin, light yellow; whorls 10, upper

ones nearly flat, with a slight ridge revolving just above the

suture. This ridge disappears as it approaches the penult

whorl, but two of them become visible on the last whorl, which

is subangulate. Sometimes the last whorl is encirled by two

dark brown bands, of which the uppermost is also visible

throughout the upper whorls, covering the ridge above men-

tioned; sutures impressed; aperture ovate, of a delicate rosy

hue within ; outer lip waved ; columella nearly straight, twisted,

roseate, recurved into a deep sinus.

Length 0.90 inch (28 millim.). Diam. 0.88 inch (10 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.38 inch (8 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.18 inch (43 millim.).

Habitat.—Great Miami river, near Dayton, Ohio.

My cab. Cab. Lyc. Nat. Hist, N. Y. B. W. Budd, M.D.

Obs.—A. fine large species, which seems to exhibit consider-

able variation, both in form and coloring. The banded varie-

ties are among our most beautiful species, while we also find

those which are of a plain, delicate horn color, or with bands

but faintly indicated by an almost imperceptible difference of

color in the interior of the mouth, which in those specimens is

generally, and in the banded specimens occasionally, tinged

with a delicate rosy hue.

Descriptions of New Fluviatile Shells. 129

50. Melania gracilior.

Plate I. Fig. 5.

Melania gracilis Anthony (not Lea), Haldeman’s Monog. Fresh-Water Shells of

North Ameriea, Cover of No. 4.

T. conica, glabra, fusco-nigrescente ; spira elevata; anfr. 8, superiori-

bus planis, ultimo infra suturam constricto, et fascia fulvo-virente cincto ;

suturis impressis, pallidioribus; apertura ovata, intls fasciat&é; labro

sinuato ; columell& fusca, incurva, in sinum distinctum producta.

Shell conical, smooth, and shining, color dark-brown, texture

light ; whorls about 8, upper ones nearly flat, the last is usually

slightly constricted beneath the suture, and beneath this stric-

ture, on the periphery of the last whorl, revolve one or two

broad bands of yellowish-green; sutures impressed, and of

paler color than the rest of the shell; aperture small, pyriform,

and inwardly ornamented with alternate bands of a dark ruby

color and translucent white, which render this part of the shell

peculiarly lively and beautiful; outer lip sinuate; columella

dark brown, arcuate, and produced into a distinct sinus.

Length 0.75 inch (19 millim.). Diam. 0.28 inch (7 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.25 inch (6 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.17 inch (4 millim.).

Habitat.—Congress and Springfield Lakes, Stark county,

Ohio.

My cab. Cab. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. B.-W. Budd, M.D.

Obs.—This is a very distinct and beautiful species, remark-

able for its long slender form, its polished surface, and for a

profound stricture on the body whorl of many of the specimens,

though this last character is not always present; when it is

present, it furnishes a mark by which this species ean be readily

distinguished from any other.

130 Descriptions of New Species of Shells. +

It is seldom that any of our Melanie are found inhabiting

waters so still as those of the small lakes so numerous in Stark

and the neighboring counties in Ohio; nearly all the family

are denizens of rapid streams abounding with rocks, to which

they adhere, often in great numbers. Occasionally, however,

they attach themselves to the dead bivalve shells which pave

many of the rivers in our Southern and Western States, or

cling to the long grass which grows in them.

This species was first published on the cover of Haldeman’s

Monograph of the Fresh-Water Shells of North America, No.

4, December 28, 1841. A short time previous Mr. Lea had

published a species from Tennessee under the same name,

which publication I had not then seen. It becomes expedient,

therefore, to change its name to one not preoccupied, and I

propose, in re-describing the species, to confer upon it that of

“gracilior,” which seems even more appropriate than the name

originally given to it.

XVII.—Deseriptuons of New Species of Shells.

By Joun H. Reprierp. Read April 8, 1854.

1. Amculosa Anthonyi.

Plate I. Fig. 6.

Anculosa Anthonyi Budd, M.S.

T. rhomboideo-ovata, epidermide stramineo-virente induta, sapé

purpureo-bifasciaté ; spird brevi; anfr. 4; superioribus erosis, ultimo

tuberculis 4-5 magnis, obtusis et irregularibus humeroso; apertura

ovata, infra supraque effusi; labro tenui; columella spe purpureo-

bimaculata, et foveam umbilicarem curvatam semitegente.

Descriptions of New Species of Shells. 131

Shell rhomboidly ovate, covered with an olivaceous-yellowish

epidermis, beneath which usually appear two purplish bands

encircling the body whorl; spire short; whorls about four, the

upper ones much eroded, the upper portion of the last whorl is

shouldered by a series of large, obtuse, and irregular tubercles,

about four or five in number, there is also a slight tendency

towards thickening in the ventral portion of the whorl; aper-

ture ovate, effuse above and below; right lip thin; columellar

lip usually stained with purple above and below, reflected so as

partially to cover a deep umbilical depression, which, however,

is continued towards the base, forming a channel much resem-

bling that of the umbilical region in Natzca.

Length 0.83 inch (21 millim.). Diam. 0.63 inch (16 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.61 inch (16 millim.).

Breadth of do. 0.81 inch (8 millim.).

Habitat.—Holstein river, near Knoxville, Tenn, where it was

collected by our associate, O. W. Morris, and also by Mr. An-

thony.

Obs.---Allied to A. salebrosa, but has the tubercles of its last —

whorl larger, more obtuse, and irregular, and fewer in number.

In adopting the above name for this species, proposed by Dr.

Budd, I pay a deserved compliment to one of the most indus-

trious and ardent naturalists in our Western States; though,

in so doing, I reluctantly depart from a wholesome recom-

mendation formally promulgated, first by the Scientific Congress

of Great Britain, and afterwards by that of America. It is to

be regretted that this recommendation has been so little heeded,

but where the recognised Jaws of nomenclature hardly restrain,

mere suggestions will be of little avail.

2. Cyclostoma inornatum.

Plate I. Fig. 7.

T. umbilicata, orbiculato-subdepressi, subtenui, striatula, stramineo-

132 Descriptions of New Species of Shells. ,

virente ; spird partum elevata, apice obtusiuscula ; anfr. 4, celeriter accre-

scentibus, convexis; sutura profunda; umbilico mediocri, profundo;

apertura subobliqua, circulari, perist. simplice, continuo, recto, marginibus

approximatis: operculo corneo, tenui, arctispiro, extus concaviusculo ;

anfr. 83.

Shell umbilicate, orbiculate, and somewhat conical, rather

thin, with oblique hardly perceptible strize of growth; color

of a light greenish-yellow, verging towards olive; spire not

much elevated, with the apex rather obtuse; whorls 4, rapidly

increasing, convex, suture deep, umbilicus moderate, deep ;

aperture somewhat oblique, circular, its outline hardly broken

by the penult whorl; peristome simple, continuous, straight,

its margins approximate: operculum horny, thin, a little con-

cave without, closely spiral, with 8$ whorls united by inconspi-

cuous sutures. .

Greater diam. 0.45 inch (11 millim.). Lesser diam. 0.40 inch

(10 millim.). Height 0.24 inch (6 millim.).

Length of aperture 0.21 inch (5 millim.),

Habitut.—Guadaloupe.

Obs.—In size and form this species approaches C. asperulum

Sow., but differs entirely in its surface. In color and general

habit it is related to C. translucidum Sow., but is more depressed.

Its operculum is also quite different from that of either of the

above species, and would bring it within the proposed artificial

subgenus Cyclophorus. Its natural affinities, however, would

bring it much nearer to species which have been placed in the

equally artificial subgenus Cyclotus. Mr. Bland has kindly

afforded me the opportunity of describing this shell, which was

communicated to him by Henry Krebs, Hsq., of St. Thomas,

- W.1., who gives M. Duchaissaing as authority for the above

habitat.

XVIII.— Observations on Different Points of the Natural History

of the Island of Cuba, with reference to the Ichthyology of the

United States. '

By Feure Pory, of Havana, Cuba, Corresponding Member.

Read Sept. 18, 1854.

I have described in my Memorvas sobre la Historia Natural

de la Isla de Cuba, Vol. i., page 374, several fish belonging to

the family of the Cyprinoids, of the division which M. Agassiz

has named Cyprinodonts, from their jaws being furnished with

teeth. These species are allied to the genera Pecilia, Mollinesia,

and Hydrargyra, but differ sufficiently to prevent their being

placed in any one of them. ‘This obliged me to establish the

genera Gambusia, Girardinus, and Limia, described in the above

** Memorias.” One remarkable peculiarity of all these Cypri-

noids of Cuba is to be found in the anal fin of the males, which

is always formed as shown by figures 31 and 382 of the work

above referred to, besides which the males are one-third smaller

than the females. This fin studied with care shows constantly

11 rays, of which the 3d, 4th, and 5th are always the stoutest.

In the classic work of Messrs. Cuvier & Valenciennes, the

genus Pecilia has seven species from equinoctial America; of

which 4 are from South, 2 from Central America, and 1 from

Hayti. The genus Mollinesia (Mollienisia) has but one single

species, the J. latipinna of the southern U. States. The

genus Hydrargyra is composed of three species from the U.

States, and one from Spain. M. Valenciennes does not dis-

tinguish the sexes of the Peecilias nor of the Hydrargyras,

which would lead me to believe that he has only seen females :

he has, on the contrary, only seen one male of Mollinesia in which

the anal fin greatly resembles the anal of my Cuban genera.

Dr. Storer does not allude to the sexual differences. I have not

OCTOBER, 1855. 10 Any. Lc. Nat. Hist, Vor. VL

1384 Observations on different points of the Natural History

had the advantage of being able to consult all the works of dif-

ferent American Ichthyologists who may have written on the

subject; but I invite these gentlemen, if they have not already

done so, to examine the males of the American species, and to

study the anal fin of this sex. Perhaps there might be some-

thing to rectify in the Jf latipinna: as to the Hydrargyras, I

know nothing of the male sex. It would be perhaps necessary

and useful to count again with the greatest care, and on many

individuals, the number of branchial rays.

I have also described in my ‘‘Memorias” a species of Lepidos-

teus (in English Gar-pike), to which I left the vulgar name of

Manjuart. The animals of this species, intermediate between

reptiles and fishes, have become celebrated from the point of

view under which M. Agassiz has considered them; and the

study of their swimming-bladder may throw some light on the

function of this organ, so little known; and particularly on the

mode of respiration of the Lepidosteus. As the fresh waters of

the United States contain different species of this genus, it

would be desirable to have the Ichthyologists of that country

examine this subject; because my studies do not enable me to

decide this important question. I here confine myself to the

exposition of different facts observed after the publication of

my ‘‘ Memorias,” and to inquiries addressed to scientific men on

the consequences which I should deduce from them.

The swimming-bladder of fish has been shown by different

authors (see the Precis d’Anat. Comp. of M. Hollard), to be a first

approach towards the abdominal appendices of the serpents, and

the aerian sacks of birds; but none of them, so far as I know,

have as yet proved it to be supplementary to the respiration of

fish. However, seeing that ordinarily the bladder presents,

besides the red bodies which secrete the gas, beautiful vascular

nets of sundry colors, displayed on the internal membranes,—

at times united to the surface of the organ, at others detached,—

one is almost tempted to believe that there is an absorption of

oxygen produced by the red body. However this may be, no

of the Island of Cuba. 135

fish, with the exception of the Lepidosteus, derives directly from

the atmosphere the gaseous element; for, though in different

species the bladder communicates with the esophagus, it is only

by a long and narrow duct, which at most might serve for the

expulsion of the gas. Matters are different in the Lepidosteus,

which receives the atmospheric air in a peculiar organ, opened

by means of a muscular glottis at the origin of the @sophagus.

But it must be acknowledged that this organ, which according

to different authors I had thought cellular, is really vascular,

and performs the office of a lung, as I am about to demonstrate.

I continue the description of the bladder. It is a thin and

transparent bag, which extends throughout the whole length of

the abdominal cavity, somewhat bilobed at the two extremities.

The longitudinal zone of the centre is simple, but both sides

are complicated with an innumerable multitude of tubercles or

vessels, which make them appear very much like the lungs of

the Crocodile, as also in color, which is sanguineous. ‘There is

a tendency to the double lung of the superior animals. The

bladder is joined on the superior part to the aorta, and yet more

intimately to two venz cave, which accompany the arte-

ry. On opening the bladder, numerous and large tubercles

are found on both sides, as well as some smaller ones, and finally

a net-work of thin vessels on the internal surface. These latter, ©

which we might call vesicular arteries, branch from the aorta,

and entering the bladder, carry the blood from each side to an

inferior longitudinal trank which acts as a common sinus, and

from which branch the vesicular veifs, which have the appear-

ance of tubercles on the interior of the organ, and which carry the

twice oxygenated blood into the vene cave. The injection

which I made into the aorta, assisted by Mr. Franeois Cotilla,

student of medicine, with a liquid charged with indigo, enabled

me to see all the superficial arterioles blue; the thicker ones,

which I have called veins, remaining white. I have seen with

a lens, and even with the naked eye, the numerous openings

with which the aorta is pierced, and I have injected it to that

186 Observations on different points of the Natural History, de.

effect after having separated the bladder. I have not injected

the longitudinal sinus; but I hope these experiments will be

repeated and completed in the United States, and also extended

to other species of fish.

Before demonstrating anatomically that some sort of pul-

monary respiration existed in the Lepidosteus, the following

facts might have led one to expect it. The animal, when placed

in a basin filled with water, maintained itself there all day with-

out movement. The branchial respiration was effected by a

constant motion of the lower jaw and the opercular bones; the

motion of the jaws being hardly visible, that of the opercula

more so. I have counted forty acts of respiration per minute.

Every five to eight minutes he would come to the surface to

swallow a mouthful of air, returning downwards immediately,

One second after, half a dozen air-bubbles, some quite large,

escaped by the opening of the branchiz. The air remains in

the bladder one second, sometimes one and a half, and this

time is probably sufficient for the absorption, digestion, and

expulsion of the inspired air. Besides, it is certain that the

animal not attempting to swim, the bladder was not used in

augmenting or in diminishing the density of the body, as most

fish do, in order to ascend and descend in water.

IT have spoken in my “ Memorias” of transverse filaments,

which I supposed to be muscular, and serving to compregs

the bladder in the act of expiration. I was mistaken, for I had

only examined parts of organs separated from the body of the

animal. These pretended filaments are merely canals which

connect two bodies (which I took for deposits of fat) with the

duct running along the vertebral column, and where the granu-

lation of the veins accumulates. These bodies are white, flat,

prolonged in the form of a half circle, and containing a milky

liquid. Are these the soft roe or ovaries, or are they part of

the urinary apparatus? The fact is, that these canals lose

themselves under the peritoneum. The kidneys are more

voluminous at their posterior termination, and the urine issues

Description of a New Species of Humming Bird, dc. 187

under the anus. J am not aware whether the inspiration is act-

lve or passive, nor where the motive power resides.

The color of the fish generally is of a greenish brown, the

lower parts of the body white, the fins are of a bluish brown,

and when dried they turn green. The eyes are black: the

scales are covered with a muscosity.

—_____.,

XIX.—Deseription of a New Species of Humming Bird of the

Genus Mellisuga Brisson, with a note on Trochilus aquila

Bourcier.

By Gxrorer N. Lawrence. Read April 2, 1855.

Mellisuga albo-coronata.

THE WHITE-CROWNED HUMMING BIRD.

Plate LV:

In form comparatively short and stout; bill straight and

slender, the nostrils hid by the frontal feathers; the wings

extend a little beyond the tail, which is slightly rounded ; out-

side of tarsi clothed for half their length with hair-like feathers ;

hind toe as long as the outer one.

Adult.—Front and crown silky and cream-white, forming a

flattened crest, projecting over the sides of the head, the feathers

of which (although not lustrous) have the scale-like form of

metallic ones; all the upper and under plumage is of a glossy

blue black, having on the neck and upper surface metallic

reflections of cupreous red, most conspicuous on the lower part

of the back; wing purplish black; wing coverts slightly

bronzed with green; on the chin isa small tuft of feathers,

diverging on each side, of a dull green, fringed with white;

the two central tail feathers are deep purple, the others are

188 Description of a New Species of Humming. Bird,

white at the base for two thirds of their length on the lateral

feathers, increasing to three-quarters on the others, with a ter-

minal band of bluish-black edged with white; the outer margins

of the outside tail feathers are black; upper tail coverts have

crimson purple reflections, lower white; in the dried specimen

the upper mandible is black, the lower brownish-yellow ; the

feathers on the tarsi are brown, terminating with white, tarsi

and upper surface of feet brown, underneath, the feet are

yellow.

Young.—Two specimens of young birds have the white crest

feathers appearing next the bill, and along the edges of the

crown, the centre of the crown being. dull metallic green; the

black of the under surface is intermixed with white, the upper

plumage is green, with crimson reflections on the rump; the

tail is marked the same as in the adult, except in being more

tipped with white.

Length, 24 inches; bill, 4; wing, 13; tail, $; the young do

not differ much in size from the adult.

HTabitat.—V eraguas, New Granada.

At first view the full-plumaged bird has the appearance of

being only black and white, as the metallic reflections are not

very observable except on examination.

It is a very small species, and as far as I have been able to

ascertain, is unique among its kindred in having the crown

entirely white.

The specimens were presented to me by Dr. J. K. Merritt, who

has furnished, in the note which is given below, a very interest=

ing account of their habits.

‘Tt was also in the Autumn of 1852, while stationed in the

district of Belen, Veraguas, New Granada, that I obtained se-

veral specimens of this diminutive variety of the Humming-

Bird family.

with a Note on Trochilus aquila Bourcier. 139

“The first one I saw, was perched on a twig pluming its fea-

thers. I was doubtful for a few moments whether so small an

object could be a bird, but upon close examination I convinced

myself of the fact and secured it. Another 1 encountered while

bathing, and for a time I watched its movements before shoot-

ing it,—the little creature would poise itself about three feet or

so above the surface of the water, and then as quick as thought

dart downwards, so as to dip its miniature head in the placid

pool, then up again to its original position, quite as quickly as

it had descended.

“These movements of darting up and down, it would repeat in

rapid succession, which produced not a moderate disturbance of

the surface of the water, for such a diminutive creature. After

a considerable number of dippings, it alighted on a twig near at

hand, and commenced pluming its feathers.

“There is a peculiarity in this variety, which characterizes it

somewhat, so far as my limited observation extends. It is, that

its flight is not so persistent as the other varieties of the Hum-

ming-Bird, although as swift.

“Tn watching its movements while feeding, and under other

circumstances, I have found that it would, at intervals, alight

for a brief period, and much more often, indeed, than I had ever

noticed in the other varieties. In fact, in the majority of instan-

ces that I have encountered this variety, it has either been at

rest, or has, after a short flight, alighted. .

“ Upon examination of its wings, there has appeared to me to

be a slight spread of them in proportion even for so small a bird,

which would seem to corroborate this observation.

tak, MA”

The plant represented in the plate is the two-colored Cantua

(Cantua bicolor) from the northern part of South America.

Trochilus aquila Bourcier—The Humming bird presented to

the Lyceum by our corresponding member, Dr. J. King Merritt,

140 Description of a New Species of Humming Bird,

and referred to me for examination, is of this species. Prince

C. L. Bonaparte, m his ‘“ Conspectus Trochilorum,” places it in

his genus Myiaetina. Dr. Merritt obtained his specimen in

Veraguas, N. G. The one described by Bourcier was in

the collection of M. Loddiges, and came from St. Fé de Bogota.

There is an accurate figure of it in Gray’s ‘‘ Genera of Birds ;”

it is easily distinguished from all other species by the remark-

able curvature of the bill, forming, as expressed by M. Bourcier,

the third part of a circle.

In the accompanying note some interesting facts are commu-

nicated by Dr. Merritt, which will be considered a valuable

addition to its history, as nothing is recorded of the habits of

this species that I have met with; in fact, as a general thing,

but little is known of the economy of this beautiful order of

birds, especially those from mountainous or little frequented

regions. The Trochilide are now attracting much attention in

Europe, and any information elucidating their habits, derived

from personal observation, is considered of importance.

‘‘Tt was, as near as I can recollect, during the month of Sep-

tember, 1852, that I saw for the first time, and obtained a

specimen of this (to me) curious and novel bird. I was at that

time stationed in the mountainous district of Belen, province of

Veraguas, New Granada.

‘My attention, at that particular period of time, was directed

towards the collection of specimens of the Humming Bird

family. One day while out hunting a short distance from the

camp for these chefs-d’euvre of nature in the feathered race, I

was startled by the swift approach of asmall object through the

close thicket, which darted like a rifle bullet past me, with a

loud hum and buzzing of wings. Indeed, it was this great

noise that accompanied its flight, which being so much greater

than I had ever heard before from any of these winged meteors

of the southern forests, that especially attracted my attention,

as something uncommon.

“The bird continued its flight but a short distance beyond

with a Note on Trochilus aquila Bourcier. 141

the spot where I stood, when it suddenly stopped in its

rapid course directly in front of a flower. There for a

moment poising itself in this position, it darted upon the

flower in a peculiar manner; in fact, the movements which

now followed of this little creature, were indeed exceed-

ingly curious to me. Instead of inserting its beak into the

calyx by advancing in a direct line towards the flower, as

customary with this class of birds according to my limited

observation, this one performed a curvilinear movement, at

first stooping forward while it introduced its beak into the

calyx, and then, when apparently the point of the beak had

reached the desired locality in the flower, its body suddenly

dropped downwards, so that it seemed as though it was

suspended from the flower by the beak. That this was not

actually the case, the continued rapid movement of its

wings demonstrated beyond a doubt. In this position it

remained the ordinary length of time, and then by performing

these movements in the reverse order and direction, it freed

itself from the flower, and afterwards proceeded to the adjoin-

ing one, when the same operation was repeated as already

described.

“The flower from which it fed, and of which I gave you a

rude and imperfect sketch, is somewhat peculiar also in its

form, &c., and I will proceed to give you a slight description of

it. The plant belongs to the Palm species, and grows in low,

marshy places, on or near the margins of rivers and mountain

streams. It consists of a dozen or more straight stems, each of

which terminates above in a broad expanded leaf, that some-

what resembles the plantain. ‘These stems all start from a

clump at the surface of the ground, but they immediately sepa-

rate, and slightly diverge from each other. The stems with the

leaf grow to the height of six to ten feet, more or less. From

one or two of the centre stems a flower-stalk puts forth, which

hangs pendent, and to this are attached alternately on either

side, the flowers, while the space between each corresponds

142 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.’

with the attachment of the one on the opposite side of the

stalk.

‘“‘The flower resembles somewhat in form the Roman helmet

inverted, and is attached, as it were, by the point of the crest to

the stalk. It is a fleshy mass, and the cavity of the calyx

extends in a tortuous manner downwards, towards the attach- ©

ment of the flower to the stalk. ,

‘The color of the flower is a deep crimson, and the stall has

the same, excepting that it is of a much darker shade. So

much for the description of the plant and flower.

“ With regard to the bird again, I may add, that I have

secured two specimens of it, which were the only ones I ever

saw feeding, and in both instances they were feeding from the

flower I have just described.

66 ey ees,

XX.—Descrintions of New Species of ACHATINELLA.

Uy: 9

By W. Newcoms, M. D., Corresponding Member.

Read September 17, 1855.

1. Achatinella zebra.

A. testé dextorsd, conico-elongaté, nitida, striis perpusillis decus-

santibus ; anfr. 54 rotundis; supra anguste marginatis; sutura bene im-

press& ; apertura ovata; labro tenui; columella brevi, in plicam Jatam pro-

minentem abrupté terminante; colore epidermidis flavo albido, lineis

longitudinalibus castaneis alternante, colore basali fused, linea ejusdem

supra revolvente.

Long. 33; lat. 2) poll.

Habitat—Fast Maui.

Shell dextral, conically elongate, shining with microscopic de-

cussating striz ; whorls 53 rounded, narrowly margined above;

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 148

suture well marked; aperture ovate; lip thin; columella short,

abruptly terminating in a large prominent plait; color of epi-

dermis yellowish white, alternating with longitudinal chestnut

lines; base of an umber color, with a revolving line of the

same colour above.

This species does not make a near approach to any previously

described, and is so strikingly characteristic that the description

is given from the only specimen ever obtained.

2. Achatinelia humilis.

A. testa elongata, conica, longitudinaliter rudé striata ; anfr. 7 superne

rotundatis, in medio sub-planis ; ultimo superne obscure carinato; sutura

profunda, simplici; apice acuto; apertura sub-rotunda ; labro acuto, in-

tus incrassato ; columell& complanata, plica crassa instructa ; colore test

rubro-flavido, epidermide densé nigra obtecto; columella et labri exte-

rioris margine profundo, intus nigro-fuscis; apertura intus cceruleo-

alba.

Long. 34; lat. 3; poll.

Habitat.—Kalai, Molokai. On the ground, under low bushes.

Shell elongately conical, longitudinally rudely striate ; whorls

7, rounded above, flattened centrally ; last one obscurely cari-

nated superiorly ; suture deep, simple; apex acute; aperture sub-

rotund; lip acute, slightly thickened within; columella flat-

tened with a thick plait; color of shell pale salmon, covered

with a densely black epidermis; columella and a deep margin

of the outer lip within dark brown; interior of aperture bluish

‘white.

3. Achatinella petricola.

A. test& dextrorsa, acuto-conic4, longitudinaliter rude striata; anfr. 6,

rotundis, ultimo seepe inflato; sutura simplici, impressa ; apertura rotun-

do-ovatai; labro acuto, intus sub-incrassato; columell& longiori, plica

revolvente sub-centrali instructi; sepe umbilicata; colore fusco cor-

144 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

neo; labro externo et columellari externe albo vel flavido evanide

marginatis.

Long. 12; lat. 4; poll.

Hatbitat.—Molokai, or the rocky sides of a Pali or precipice.

Shell dextral, acutely conical, longitudinally coarsely striate ;

whorls 6, rounded, sometimes the last one inflated ; suture simple,

well impressed ; aperture roundly ovate ; lip acute, slightly thick-

ened within; columella rather long, with a sub-central revolv-

ing plait; often with an umbilicus; color dark corneous, outer

and columellar lips margined externally with white or yellowish

white.

4, Achatinella fusoidea.

A. test& sinistrors4, sub-solida, elongate producta ; anfr. 6—7, vix rotun-

datis (ultimo excepto), superne marginatis; suturd impressi; aperturd

rotundo-ovata, parva; columella brevissima, robusta, plicata; labro

superne simplici, inferne sub-expanso ; colore stramineo.

15. 5

Long. 38; lat. 34 poll.

Habitat.—E. Maui.

Shell sinistral, rather solid, elongately produced ; whorls 6-7,

scarcely rounded (excepting the last), margined above; suture

well impressed; aperture roundly ovate, small; columella very

short, robust and twisted; lip simple above, slightly expanded

below, eolor straw yellow.

5. Achatinella pusilla.

A. testa dextrorsa, conico-ovata, apice acuto; anf. 6, plano-convexis ;

sutura supra leviter sub-impress4, infra per-impressé; labro simplici ;

columella brevi, plicd contorta instructé; epidermide sub-fuscd; seepe

vittis albis angustis circumcincta.

Long. 34; lat. x46 poll. var. major.

he ;

? 20} ” 20 ” _ minor,

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 145

Habitat. Ranai.

Shell dextral, conically ovate; apex acute; whorls 6, plano-

convex ; suture above but lightly impressed ; below, strongly

marked ; lip simple; columella short, with a twisted plait ;

epidermis light brown, often encircled by narrow white bands.

This shell has been looked upon by some of my European

correspondents as a small variety of A. cylindrica Nob., from

which it is widely separated in locality, coming from a distinct

conchological province, varying in the animal, and quite dis-

tinct in the shell. In the cylindrica the bands are impressed

into the substance of the shell, in this species they are laid upon

the epidermis.

In the first-named, the adult is more than double the size of

the present species as usually found.

6. Achatinella Dwightii.

A. testa oblonga conica, sinistrorsa, solida, striis oblique longitudinali-

bus, lineis transversis exiguis, subundulatis numerosissimis intersectis,

obtecta ; anfr. 6, plane convexis ; sutura simplici, impressd; apertura

ovata ; columella lata, brevi, et leviter plicata; labro exteriori expanso,

infra sub-reflexo ; sub-umbilicat&é; colore cinereo-albo maculis et signis

zigzag fuscis, in anfracto ultimo evanidis ; apertura et labro sub-albis.

Long. 33; lat. 24 poll.

Habitat. Molokai.

Shell oblong conical, sinistral, solid; surface covered with.

oblique longitudinal striz, cut across by very numerous fine,

slightly undulating, cross strize; whorls 6, flatly convex, crenu-

lated at the sutures; suture simple, well marked; aperture

ovate; columella broad, short, and slightly twisted; outer lip

expanded, sub-reflected below ; sub-umbilicated ; color a greyish

white, with numerous blotches, and zigzag markings of brown,

146 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

more obscure on the last whorl; aperture and lip of a dingy

white. .

I take pleasure in making my acknowledgments to the Rev.

S. C. Dwight, of Molokai, for his very valuable assistance ren-

dered to me in my researches on that island and Ranai.

7. Achatimella Remyi.

A. testé acuminato-oblonga, striis obliquo-longitudinalibus numero-

sis, distinctis; anfr. 7, rotundis, superne minute marginatis vel planis;

suturé sub-profundé ; apertura sub-ovataé ; columella sub-callosa, plicd

terminali lamellari; colore rubro-flavido lineis zigzag nigris numerosis

ab apice ad basin continuis ornato; labro interno purpureo margi-

nato.

Long. 14; lat. .§ poll.

Habitat. Ranai.

Shell acuminately elongate, strize numerous, well defined, ob-

liquely longitudinal; whorls 7, rounded, minutely margined

above or plain; suture rather deep ; aperture sub-ovate ; columella

slightly callous, with a terminal lamellar plait; color salmon,

painted with numerous zigzag black lines, continuous from the

summit to the base of the shell; lip margined within with red-

dish purple.

I take pleasure in dedicating this fine species to that distin-

guished naturalist, M. Jules Remy, to whom I am indebted for

this and many other fine shells of this genus. The affinities of

this species are A. picta, A. tetrao, and A. sanguinea, From a

careful measurement of adult specimens of each, the following

results were obtained.

‘A. picta. A. tetrao. A. 8

sangui

19 Bh 1 9 18

20 X20 aoXa0 20 *

m2 34X20

For the information of correspondents, I would state that

the following shells distributed under provisional names, to

ascertain if any of them had been previously described, have

Notes on certain Terrestrial Mollusks. 147

been anticipated in the January (1855) issue of Proceedings of

the London Zoological Society, and must yield to the names

there given by Dr. Pfeiffer.

A. Wheatleyi Nob. is A. vidua Pfeiffer.

A. oviformis Nob. is A. Sowerbyana Pf.

As the investigation of this genus is understood to be still in

progress by Dr. Pfeiffer, a delay in publishing a synopsis is

demanded, until he shall have completed his examination ;

when I propose to give as complete a work upon the subject,

as a five years’ study, and my voluminous notes upon the shells

and animals of this genus, will permit.

XXI.—WNotes on certain Terrestrial Mollusks which inhabit the

West Indies.

By T. Branp. Read June 4 and Oct. 22, 1855.

T. ON THE OCCURRENCE OF PUPA BICOLOR HUTTON IN THE

IsLAND OF St, THOMAS.

Shortly after communicating to the Society Mr. R. J. Shut-

tleworth’s Catalogue of the Terrestrial and Fluviatile Shells of

St. Thomas (Ann., Vol. iv.,.p. 68), I received another species,

which had just been discovered in that island, viz. Pupa bico-

lor Hutton,

A dead shell was found there in February, 1854, by one of

the family of Mr. A. H. Riise, and a considerable number of

‘live and dead specimens have since been collected in the same

locality, near the town, in “ Berg’s Garden” by the ‘Gut’

which runs behind the Protestant Episcopal Church.

148 Notes on certain Terrestrial Mollusks.

On receipt of some of the shells I submitted them to Mr. J.

H. Redfield, who determined the species.

Benson, in Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., Vol. iv., 2d series,

(1849), mentions that the beautiful vermilion and yellow tints

(seen through the shell, which is diaphanous and colorless), first

attracted his attention to the animal in Bundelkhund in 1825,

and that he subsequently took it at the foot of the Himalayas,

in Rohilkhund; in the Do-ab of the Ganges and Jumna; at

Jounpore and Mirzapore, in the Benares division, north and

south of the Ganges; and on the west bank of the Hooghly

river, near Calcutta. In 1847 he met with it at Point de Galle

in Ceylon, and Dr. Cantor found it, though rarely, in Pulo

Penang. Benson did not collect it at the Mauritius, though

Pfeiffer ascribes it (P. Largillierti Phil.), on the authority of

Largilliert, to the Isle of Bourbon.

Benson says that Pupa bicolor “ shelters itself in the ground

under the loose stones, bricks, or wood.” At Bhamoury, he got

it ‘by digging at the root of a tree.” The station of the species

is the same in St. Thomas.

Pupa bicolor belongs to Ennea, a subgenus of Pupa, propos-

ed by H. and A. Adams in their Genera of Mollusks. Pfeiffer,

in Malak. Blatt., 1855, enumerates 22 species, of which 14 in-—

habit Africa and adjacent islands, including Madagascar,—4

the Hast Indies and Ceylon,—the habitat of the remaining 4

being unknown.

The occurrence of this species in the Island of St. Thomas,

W. I, is extremely interesting. Hitherto it has only been

known as having the wide distribution in the Kast, described

by Benson, and it belongs to a subgenus (founded on the cha-

racters of the shell) not otherwise represented in the Western

Hemisphere.

Under these circumstances, and considering the recent dis-

covery of the species in a limited area near the town and har-

bor of St. Thomas, I can only look upon it as having been

accidentally introduced by the agency of man.

Notes on certain Terrestrial Mollusks. 149

II. On tHE ANIMAL OF PROSERPINA.

In a paper published in the Annals of the Lyceum (vol. iv.,

p. 75), I explained that the animals of the species embraced in

the Ham. Helicinacea, and also in the genus Proserpina, destroy

the spiral column and septa of their shells. In another paper

(Ann., i. c., p. 77), I showed that P. opalina C. B. Adams, hav-

ing the spiral column and septa entire, must be restored to He-

lix,'in which genus Adams originally placed it, and I proposed

for it the specific name, infortunata.

Examination of the animals of this species, and of species of

Proserpina, has proved the accuracy of the conclusion derived

from the shells alone.

The Hon. Edw. Chitty, on the receipt of copies of my papers,

informed me of his previous discovery that the animal of Pro-

serpina is nearly allied to that of Helicina, having one pair of

tentacles only, with eyes at their external bases, the head pro-

duced into a “snout,’”’ while the animal of P. opalina is the

same as of Helix.

Mr. Chitty has since verified his description of the animal,

and M. Poey confirms its correctness as to the number of ten-

tacles, having examined the animal of the Cuban species.

The characters of both animal and shell are such as to sug-

gest the possible existence of an operculum, but Chitty and

Poey have not been able to detect any such appendage.

D’Orbigny, in Moll. Cuba I. (1841), judging from the shell

alone (though he failed to find an operculum), and as Poey ex-

presses it, “por un feliz presentimiento,” included Proserpina

(under the generic name of Odontostoma)'with Helicina and Cy-

clostoma, in Cyclostomide, while Poey in his ‘‘ Memorias,” vol-

1, p. 892, having knowledge of the animal, establishes the fa-

mily Proserpinacea.

The discovery of the nature of the animal of Proserpina is of

great interest, with especial reference to the question of the

value of the operculum, in any natural arrangement of

OCTOBER, 1858. 11 Amr. Lro, Nar. Hier, Vou. VI.

150 Notes on certain Terrestrial Mollusks.

the Terrestrial Mollusks having two tentacles with basal

eyes.

Pfeiffer, in his Monographia, and Gray in the British Museum

Catalogue, place all such Mollusca in the Order Preumonopoma,

which they divide into the two sub-orders, Opisophthalma and

Kctophthalma (with reference to the position of the eyes behind

or in front of the tentacles), the former Order including the Fa-

mily Aczculacea, and the latter Cyclostomacea and Helicinacea ,

one of the characters of the Order, and of course of the sub-

orders and families, being an operculum. These authors, more-

over, in the further subdivisions into genera, rely greatly, and

in my opinion unduly, on the nature of the operculum.

The arrangement thus briefly described, must therefore be

remodelled, since it now improperly excludes Proserpinacea,

which family, though inoperculate, is from all its other charac-

ters, both of animal and shell, entitled to admission into the same

Order which contains the sister family Helicinacea.

II].—On THE STRUCTURE OF THE AXIS OF THE SHELL OF

CYLINDRELLA.

On a late examination of some of the Jamaica Cylindrelle,

I noticed the curious structure of the axis of C! elutior C. B.

Ad., and was led to compare it with other species. Looking at

these shells externally, it has probably been assumed that the

axis is perpendicular, supporting the revolving septa, in the

same manner as a column forms the central support of a spiral

stairway. This is not, however, universally the case. I was

surprised to find that the axis in C. elatior (Pl. v. fig. 19) is

spiral, the diameter of the volutions increasing gradually to-

wards the base of the shell, and to such an extent as to exhibit,

looking into the aperture, an open perforation, equal to about

one-third of the diameter of the shell; the lower whorls being

like a spiral stairway constructed with a conical well-hole,

instead of a column.

The formation of the axis in ©. tenera C. B. Ad., and

Notes on certain Terrestrial Mollusks. 151

C. tenella ©. B. Ad., is the same, and also, I imagine, in the

other Jamaica allied species, although the fact is not discoverable

on examination of their apertures.

The structure of C. Agnesiana C. B. Ad., is shown in Pl. v.

fig.16. In other species the axis has revolving lamellz,—there

are two in C. pruinosa Mor. (Pl. v. fig. 17), and from three to

six in C. Oviedotana Orb., within each of the whorls,—the num-

ber increasing towards the base of the shell.

TI directed the attention of Poey tothe formation of C. elatior,

and he sent me a specimen marked C. Oviedoiana, and opened

so as to exhibit the extraordinarily developed lamella shown in

Pl. v. fig. 18.. I have since detected the same in two other

specimens; in one it is on the outer side of the axis in the

second whorl, and in the other, it extends from the third to the

second whorl, counting upwards from the base.

On subsequent more careful examination, Poey found the

axis of C, Oviedoiana as I have above stated, and that the shell

forwarded to me, of which he had other specimens, is of a

different species,—the large lamella figured being constant, as

well as other characters sufficiently distinguishing it. He

has described it as C. strangulata.

Observations on the internal structure of shells are not

devoid of scientific value, aiding in the determination of the

genus, as in the case of Proserpina opalina, and of the species

in that of Cylindrella strangulata.

IV.—CoRRECTIONS AND ADDITIONAL FACTS, ESPECIALLY AS

To THE HABITAT OF SUNDRY SPECIES.

HELIX CassiQuiensis Newcomps, M. S.

Pfeiffer and Reeve erroneously attribute this species to

Cuba. Dr. Newcomb assures me that he collected it near

the Cassiquia Creek, in Demerara, from whence its specific

name.

152 Notes on certain Terrestrial Mollusks.

HELIX COGNATA FER.

No habitat is assigned by authors to this species. It is

from Jamaica, and I am indebted to the Hon. EH. Chitty for

several fine specimens.

HELIX CONSPERSULA PFR.

This is also a Jamaica species, from whence I have received

it,—it is by no means abundant.

HELIX CORNU-MILITARE L.

Pfeiffer refers this fine species, on the authority of Dr. Jay,

to the Sandwich Islands. Many individuals were collected in

18538 in that part of the Island of Haiti, which constitutes

the Dominican Republic, by Sallé, who favored me with a

specimen.

HELIX FORMOSA FER."

This species has been generally attributed to Guadaloupe.

I have received a considerable number, one with the animal

alive, from the Rey. A. Hamilton, who collected them in

Antigua.

HELIX ORBICULATA FER.

Pfeiffer gives Guayana and Cayenne as habitat ; numerous

specimens were presented to me by the late Mr. J. M’Murray,

collected by him in St. Lucia.

HELIX PALLASIANA PFr.

Bermuda is stated by Pfeiffer, erroneously I believe, to be

the habitat of this species; he refers to the shell as in

Mr. Cuming’s possession. In the cabinet of Mr. Lounsbury,

I lately detected a shell which agrees pretty closely with

Pfeiffer’s description, entirely so with Reeve’s figure, and

identical with two specimens unnamed in the collection of

Mr. J. H. Redfield, received from Dr. Newcomb, as from the

Bonin Islands. Mr. Shuttleworth informed me in 1854, that

Notes on certain Terrestrial Mollusks. 1538

he had an individual of this species from Mr. Cuming, who

gave as habitat, the Corean Archipelago. I found no trace

of it in Bermuda, nor did the late Professor C. B. Adams.

HELIX PENICILLATA GOULD.

Dr. Gould admits, in correspondence with M. Poey and

myself, that his shell is a variety of H. Cubensis Pfr. I do

not know 7. penicillata Pfr., Mon, i. No. 1287.

HELIX SAGRAIANA D’ORB.

This hitherto rare species has recently been rediscovered

by Dr. Gundlach, with others equally interesting, in the moun-

tains between Guajaibon and Rangel, from twenty to thirty

leagues west of Havana. Pfeiffer describes (Mon. i.) a shell

under this name, attributing it to California, on the authority

of Sowerby—he probably refers to Orbigny’s species, being

in error as to the habitat. Poey (Memorias i.) suppresses it

as a Cuban species, evidently misled by Pfeiffer.

I would here acknowledge my great obligation to Dr.

Gundlach for specimens of this and other rare Cuban shells,

contributed by him to my cabinet, in the most handsome and

liberal manner.

HELIX SIMILARIS FER.

Among shells lately received through me from Barbadoes,

Mr. Shuttleworth detected this widely distributed species.

Pfeiffer gives Cuba as one of its localities, on the authority

of Rang, but it has not been discovered or communicated to

Poey, who excludes it in his Cuban catalogue,

BULIMUS AULACOSTYLUS PFR.

This species was described in the Annals of the Lyceum,

Vol. iv. p. 14 (May, 1854), as B. lentiginosus, by Mr. J. H.

Redfield. Pfeiffer’s description was read before the Zoologi-

eal Society of London, in March, 1852, but first published, I

believe, in the third volume of his Monographia, the intro-

duction to which bears date May, 1853. The delay in the

154 Notes on certain Terrestrial Mollusks. °

publication of the Society’s Proceedings was certainly very

inconvenient, leading to doubt and uncertainty as to priority.

Pfeiffer, on the authority of the Rev. EK. Hartvig (not Hart-

wig), in Mus. Cuming, ascribes the species to St. Lucia.

It was collected by the late J. M’Murray, who gave specimens

to Mr. Hartvig, as he informs me, as from St. Lucia. Mr. H.

sent the shell to Mr. Cuming. I received several specimens

from-Mr. M’Murray, with a written note as to its station and

habitat for the information of Mr. Redfield. The note in

question fixes as habitat the district of San Fernando, in the

Tsland of Trinidad, and also a spot near the junction of the

Massaroony and Hssequibo rivers, in Demerara.

CYLINDRELLA TRICOLOR PFR.

Mr. Shuttleworth found this pretty species, to which no

habitat is assigned by Pfeiffer, among Jamaica shells received

by me from the Rev. F’. R. Holland. A number of specimens

collected in that island have since been sent to me by Mr.

Chitty, who has described it in his Contributions to Concho-

logy, No. i. p. 11, as C. Maugeri Wood var. raphinina,

CYCLOSTOMA VERSICOLOR PFr,

The habitat of this species is not given by authors. I

received three specimens from Mr. M’Murray, which were,

he assured me, collected by himself in Jamaica. Mr. Shuttle-

worth determined the species.

CYCLOSTOMA RUFILABRUM BECK. BILABRE MENKE.

Specimens have lately been collected in St. Croix, on

estates ‘‘ Rust op Twist,” and “Cane Bay,” by Mr. A. H.

Riise, of St. Thomas, from whom I have received a great num-

ber. Menke admits, I am informed, that it is his Lilabre,

which he ascribed erroneously to New Holland.

CycLostomMA BEAUIANUM PET.

This Guadaloupe species was described by Mr. J. H. Red-

Descriptions of Two New Species of Cylindreila. 155

field, in the Annals of the Lyceum, Vol. iv. p. 131, under

the name of C. inornatum. I have since received specimens

from M. Petit.

XXIT.— Descriptions of Two New Species of CYLINDRELLA,

from Jamaica, West Indies.

By the Hon. E. Currry, of Jamaica, Corresponding Member.

Read September 11, 1854.

Cylimdrelia megacheilz:

Plate V. Figs. 1, 2.

T. rimata, truncata, ovato-cylindricea, solida, sericina, rubro-fusea, infra

suturam purpureo-fasciata, striis confertissimis obliquis elegantissime

sculpta; suturd impressi; anfr. superst. 7-8, ultimis subequalibus,

ultimo adnato, basi obsoletissime carinata; apertura rotunda; peristo-

mate valde expanso.

Shell of the C. rosea group ; ovate cylindrical, very robust; the

upper remaining whorls tapering suddenly; deep plum color,

with a lighter tinge of the same extending over the lower half

of the whorls, especially the fourth and fifth; aperture of a

paler, dingy, plum color, with an elegant silky lustre, produced

by crowded, oblique, very fine striz, rather finer than in C

zonata ; carina on the last whorl almost obliterate ; spire with

convex outlines; narrower near the aperture, broadest about

the third or fourth whorl; apex truncate, with the loss of —

whorls; whorls remaining 7, rather flattened, very slightly

margined on the lower side, with a slightly impressed suture.

Aperture, as in most other species of the C. rosea group; lip

very much expanded, reflected, and thickened, especially in

the lower part; appressed to the last whorl, asin @. nobdilior, &e.

Length, 1.05 inch; diameter, .4 inch. at third whorl ; length

of aperture, .2 inch.; length of lip, .4 inch.

156 Descriptions of Two New Species of Cylindrella. }

Habitat.— Endeavour Moreland, in the parish of Hanover,

Jamaica.

Cylindrelia amethystina.

Plate V. Figs. 3, 4.

T. rimata, truncata, subcylindricé, elongata, sericina, amethystina,

infra suturam saturatiori, striis obliquis sculpta; suturaé impressd, margi-

nata; anfr. superst. 10, subequalibus, subplanis, ultimo adnato; apertura

subcirculari ; peristomate luteo-fulvo, expanso, breviter reflexo,

Shell of the C. rosea group, almost cylindrical, elongate ;

deep plum color, with a lighter band of the same on the lower

half of the whorls; with rather coarse oblique strie, yet giving

the shell a silky lustre; spire with outlines convex, but very

little so about the third, or fourth and fifth whorls; apex trun-

cate, with the loss of — whorls; whorls remaining 10, scarcely

convex, margined or shouldered on the lower side, with a

moderately impressed suture; lip appressed to the last whorl,

small, expanding more on the right than left side, on the upper

part oblique and angular; of a dingy light (almost white)

plum color; thickened and reflected as in other species of this

group. .

Length, about 0.52 inch; diameter, 0.23 inch.

Habitat—FEndeavour Moreland, Hanover, Jamaica.

Of this shell, a variety oceurs of a waxy color, which I de-

signate C. amethystina var. ceria.

Ovrprenta Baqumana.

This Jamaica species was described by me in my Cont. to

Conch., pt. L, 1853, as C. Adamsiana.

That specific name being pre-occupied, I substitute the above.

Norr.—I have recently discovered in Jamaica a species of Leptinaria, which

Mr. Shuttleworth pronounces to be new; it differs, he remarks, from his L. An<éil-

larum in size, and more prominent and distant stria.

Descriptions of Four New Species of Terrestrial Shells. 157

XXIIL.—Descriptions of Four New Species of Terrestrial Shells,

From Siam.

By Wo. A. Hanes. Lead October 22, 1855.

1. Cyclostoma Housei.

Plate V. Figs. 12-15.

T. latissime umbilicata, discoidea, solida, striatula, strigis crebris angu-

latis castaneis pict& ; spira parum elevata ; sutura canaliculata ; anfr. 4

convexiusculis, ultimo antice valde soluto, descendente ; apertura circu-

lari; perist. incrassato in tubulo retrorso extenso.

Opere. extus convexum, lamellis angustis 3-4 spiratis convolutum,

intus concavum, nitidum.

Diam. maj. 26, min. 21, Alt. 13 mill. Ap. 10 mill, diam.

Habitat.— Siam.

A very remarkable species, belonging to the subgenus

Pterocyclos. The last whorl ismuch separated from the others,

and is furnished with a‘remarkable tube close to the aperture.

I take great pleasure in dedicating this species to my friend,

Dr. Samuel R. House, to whom I am indebted for this, as well

as many other new and interesting Siamese shells.

2. Cyciostoma NMiversii.

Plate V. Figs. 9-11.

T. perforata, ovato-oblong& pupaeformi, latere aperturze compresso,

opposito inflato ; solida, sublevigata, castanea; spira oblongo-conica ;

apice obtusa; anfr. 6 convexis, ultimo attenuato, penultimo pone com-

presso; apertura subverticali, subcirculari, superne anguiat&;_perist.

continuo, incrassato, expanso, subreflexo, flavo.

Opere. ?

Long. 86, diam. 18 mill. Ap. intus 10 mill. longa.

Habitat.—Siam.

This species belongs to the subgenus Megalomastoma, and is

the largest of this division of the genus which I have yet

observed.

158 Descriptions of New Spectes of Ancylus and Anculosa.

3. Cyclostoma distortum.

Plate V. Figs. 5-8.

T. umbilicata, distorta, globosi, conic, longitudinaliter minutissime

striata, albA; spira conica; sutur& valde impressa, simplici; anfr. 5 con-

vexis, ultimo inflato, prope aperturam constricto; apertura circulari ;

perist. simplici, incrassato-expansiusculo,

Opere. ?

Diam. maj. 12, min. 10, alt. 11 mill. Ap. 5 mill. diam.

Habitat—Siam.

Closely allied to C. gibbum, but differs essentially; being

larger, the last whorl more inflated, lip more ioe reflected,

and the striz finer and more numerous.

4. Vitrima Siamensis.

T. depresso-globosa, tenui, levigataé, pallide corned; spird vix ele-

vata ; anfr. 3 celeriter accrescentibus, ultimo inflato; apertura obliqua,

coarctata, rotundato-quadrata ; _perist. simplici, margine columellari

arcuato,

Diam. maj. 30, min. 24, alt. 15 mill.

Habitat Siam.

Notr.—Together with the above species, I have received Helix distincta Pfr.,

the precise locality of which appears hitherto to have been doubtful.

XXIV.—Deseriptions of New Species of ANCYLUS and ANCU-:.

LOSA, from the Western States of North America.

By Joun G. Anytuony, Esg., of Cincinnati, Ohio, Corresponding Member.

Read February 27, and October 22, 1855.

Amncylus elatior.

Plate V. Fig. 20-21.

Shell very much elevated, ovate; lines of growth distant,

conspicuous; color light green, opaque; apex decuticated,

' Descriptions of New Species of Ancylus and Anculosa. 159

recurved, sub-central; anterior and posterior slopes, convex ;

lateral slopes, plane; apicial region rose-colored.

Habitat—Green River, Kentucky ; adhering to small stones

and dead shells. Very rare.

My Cab. Cab. Lyceum, N. Y.

Length, 0.26 inch (63 mill.); breadth, 0.21 inch 6 mill.) ;

height, 0.14 inch (8! mill.)

Obs.—This is rather a heavy, robust species, and one not easily

confounded with any other; it most nearly resembles, perhaps,

Ancylus crassus Hald., but differs from it in being more

elevated, in having the lines of growth coarser, and by its rosy

apex. It is more elevated than any other specimens of the

genus with which I am acquainted.

It is somewhat singular that this should have been the only

species of Ancylus noticed in a journey of nearly 1,800 miles,

during which every stream was examined for shells, and this

genus was anxiously sought for.

Anculosa ampla.

Plate V. Fig. 22-23.

T. ovato-globosa, glabra, virente, purpureo-fusco quadrifasciata ; spira

brevi, eros&; anfr. 2-3, ultimo humeroso, tuberculis perpaucis propé

suturam vix perspicuis 5 sutura profunda; apertura ovata, intus purpureo-

fasviata ; columella excavata, planata, fusca.

Shell ovate-globose, olive-green, with four dark-colored bands ;

spire very short, eroded; whorls 2-8, the last one shouldered,

and peculiarly flattened just before completion, and having the

shoulder raised into a few very slightly defined tubercles, which

in some individuals are hardly perceptible ; suture deeply exca-

vated ; aperture ovate, showing the dark bands of the exterior ;

columella brown, excavated and flattened, without basal sinus,

giving that portion of the shell much resemblance to a Littorina.

Length, 0.62 inch (16 mill.); diameter, 0.42 inch (11 mill.);

160 Description of a New Species of Sylvicola:

length of aperture, 0.42 inch (11 mill.); breadth of aperture,

0.85 inch (9 mill.).

Habitat.— Alabama.

XXV.—Description of a New Species of Bird of the Genus

SYLVICOLA SWAINSON.

By Jonun Gunpracu, M.D., of Havana, Cuba.

Read October 22, 1855.

Syivicola pityophila.

THE CUBAN PINE Woop WARBLER.

Adult Male—The forehead and crown yellowish olive, the

base of each feather dull; neck and upper parts cinereous; lores

dusky, with an olivaceous tint ; throat lemon yellow, with a black

edge; abdomen and under tail-coverts cinereous white; sides

cinereous; wing feathers blackish with cinereous edges, second

quill the longest; wing-coverts black with whitish edges and

tips, larger on the secondaries, forming a band, but not very con-

spicuous; tail blackish with cinereous edges; the two outer

feathers with a large white spot inwardly; bill brown color,

the culmen and tips darker; feet brownish-black above and

yellow beneath; irides dark hazel. ps

The female is similar, but wants the black edge on the throat,

and the colors are more dusky.

Length of the male 5” 6’; extent 8’; tail 2’. 13’; Spanish

measure,

The female is 5” 44’ in length; extent 710’; tail1”10’”.

Habitat. Cuba.

It seems that this species belongs exclusively to the island of

Cuba, where it breeds in the pine-woods of the Western, and

probably also the Hastern part.

Remarks on the Quantity of Rain at Different Heights. 161

In its manners, as much as I was able to observe, it resembles

those of the other Wood Warblers, though I never saw it hang

to the branches like S, pensilis, to which it has some resemblance

in color.

Its notes are similar to those of S. discolor and S. astiva.

XXVI.— Remarks on the Quantity of Rain at Different Heights.

By Professor O. W. Morris, New York.

| Read September 17, 1855.

AT a meeting of the Lyceum of Natural History of New

York in 1846, and at the meeting of the American Association °

for the Advancement of Science, at Albany, in 1851, some

account was given of the quantity of rain at different heights,

with the hope that some other observers would, from the few

hints given, take up the subject, and furnish some more definite

information than was yet known, especially in this country ;

but nothing has yet fallen under my observation. Absence

from the state, and other causes, hindered me from prosecuting

the inquiry till 1854, when a gauge, such as used by the

observers of the Smithsonian Institution, was placed on the

observatory of the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, in New

York city, and a similar one on the surface of the ground;

the upper one eighty-five feet above the lower.

From observations with these instruments, it has been

ascertained that the difference in quantity depends upon a

variety of circumstances ; for the quantity is generally increased

in a sudden thunder shower, or violent wind; while with but

little wind, or a moist atmosphere preceding the rain, the

difference is slight. Thus in twelve thunder-storms which oc-

curred in twelve months, the lower gauge afforded 8.33 inches,

and the upper 5.35 inches, showing a difference of 1.98 inches;

162 Remarks on the Quantity of Ruin at Different Heights.

while in twelve storms which occurred with light winds or

none at all, the lower gauge afforded 4.75 inches, and the upper,

4.05 inches, showing a difference of only 0.07 of an inch.

With a moist atmosphere preceding seventeen storms, some

of them lengthy, the lower gauge afforded 11.73 inches, the

upper, 7.97, a difference of 3.76 inches; and with a dry atmo-

sphere preceding the storm, thirty-eight storms afforded in the

lower gauge 81.87 inches, and the upper, 23.18 inches, showing

a difference of 8.24 inches. In the first instance the average

difference for each storm was about 0.21 inch; in the latter,

it was 0.22 inch. It would therefore seem that whenever there

is much disturbance by winds, &c., there is less ability in the

vapor to rise to any considerable height, owing, in part, to the

increased weight of the falling fluid; or else there is a more

rapid condensation of the vapor at the surface of the earth,

which agrees with the theory of Mr. Russell, that ‘the vapor

rises continually from the earth, and is condensed by the latent

heat which it furnishes in its condensation.”

Whether this theory be the true one or not, there is much

plausibility in it, and in many cases it is applicable, while in a

few it fails to apply, especially in long continued rains.

A satisfactory theory has yet to be established, and the facts

that have been, and are now collecting, will serve to suggest

some important rules on this branch of meteorology.

If proper apparatus could be procured, and carefully watched,

and the facts noted by a select number of observers, at proper

distances from each other, collected, correct comparisons might

be instituted, and data would be furnished for establishing fixed

principles to guide the scholar or the lover of nature in his

search for truth; but in this country the state of society and

the circumstances of most of those who would engage in the

enterprise, debar them from its successful pursuit. It can

only be carried out by the aid of government, or the liberality

of the wealthy. When either of these is given, then will

Remarks on the Quantity of Rain at Different Heights. 163

science in our country make itself known and felt by its benefi-

cial results to society ; and not the least among them will be

such as follow the investigation of the laws governing the

different states of the atmosphere.

With the apparatus mentioned above, the following results

have been obtained; premising, however, that during the

months of winter no record of the difference was kept, as the

drifting of the snow and other causes rendered the observations

not reliable. A record was kept of the direction of the wind,

the height of the mercury in the dry and wet bulb thermometers,

with the relative humidity and force of vapor, the duration of

the rain storms, as well as the quantity of water collected in

each gauge. To note all these circumstances in this paper

would make it too long, and be interesting to only a few, there-

fore the ageregate results for each month will be mentioned.

Quantity.

No. of Storms. . Prevailing Winds. Upper. Lower Gauge.

Inches, Inches.

April, 1854 - 6 Easterly. 2.703 3.82

May, SAK 5 Kasterly. 3.12 4.28

TUNG j26h55 yack Kasterly. 1.68 2.29

OTS win iud oe Kasterly. 2.20 2.72

August, , - 2 Kasterly. 3.20 4.15

October, ,, a Easterly. move 2.65

IN BRT. py yy tsie, eae Westerly. 2.81 4.33

April, 1855 - 6 Westerly. 2.42 2.86

May, aeyitaee Easterly. 3.50 4.90

PIG feidy) son Kasterly. 4,10 5.83

SULA sah ail, Easterly. 3.44 5.46

August, , - 4 Kasterly. 2.06 2.90

The greatest monthly difference was in July, 1855, when it

was 2.02 inches; the greatest in any one storm, was in No-

vember, 1854, a difference of 1.18 inches, the storm was of

about twenty-two hours’ continuance, and the wind, West.

164 Remarks on the Quantity of Iain at Different Heighis.

‘Lhe least monthly difference was in April, 1855,—0.44 inch,

and the least in any one storm, was in July, 1855,—0.02 inch,

the storm was about twelve hours’ duration, and the wind,

North-East, and light, the air on the previous day was damp,

and but little wind. The quantity for the six cooler months,

was 26.22 inches in the upper, and 22.94 inches in the lower

gauge, showing a difference of 6.72 inches. The quantity for

the six warmer months, was 16.69 inches in the upper, and

23.35 inches in the lower, a difference of 6.66 inches, showing a

difference of only 0.06 inches between the warm and cool months.

‘here were seventeen storms in which the atmosphere preced-

ing their commencement was moist, when the difference was

3.76 inches; and thirty-eight storms, in which it was dry, with

a difference of 8.24 inches. The difference in thirteen thunder

showers was 2.98 inches, in a quantity of 5.85 inches in the

upper, and 8.33 inches in the lower; and ina quantity of

4.05 inches in the upper, and 4.75 inches in the lower, there

was a difference of 0.70 inch, when there was little or no wind.

‘he general result for the twelve months is 82.90 inches in

the upper, and 46.29 inches in the lower gauge, a difference of

13.89 inches. Of the storms, thirty of them occurred with the

wind easterly, and the difference in quantity was 6.98 inches;

eleven of them, with westerly winds, with a difference of

1.40 inches; nine, with the wind varying from W. to E., and

vice versd, with a difference of 2.60 inches; two, with south

wind, and a difference of 0.21 inch ; four, with a gale from N.E.,

with a difference of 2.01, and one varying from 8.W. to N.E.,

and a difference of 0.86 inch. The greatest difference for the

time of continuance, was in one of about forty-five minutes’

duration, with but little wind, when it was 0.87 inch in 1.28

in quantity ; the wind was West.

These facts are thrown out for the consideration of observers,

in the hope that some system may be adopted by which more

accurate observations will be secured.

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Ann. NY. bye. Nat. Hist Vol. VI.

A. Weingartmer's LathY WY.

XXVII.— Descriptions of New Species of Birds of the Genera

Chordeiles, Swainson, and Polioptila, Sclater.

By Gro. N. Lawrence.

Read 22d December, 1856.

Chordeiles gundlachii.

Male.—The entire upper plumage is blackish-brown, having

the feathers margined and spotted with rufous, which is more

distinct and brightest on the crown and scapularies ; the lesser

wing coverts edged with bright rufous; the greater wing coverts

and tertiaries, speckled with greyish-white and pale rufous;

quills dark umber-brown, with a white transverse bar crossing

the middle of the first five primaries, except on the outer one,

where it is confined to the inner web, with a marginal spot of

white on the outer web; tail dark brown, with a white sub-

terminal band, which crosses all, except the two central feathers,

on some of the feathers it does not quite extend to the edge of

the outer web, the tail is also crossed with narrow irregular

bars of pale rufous; throat with a white triangular mark, below

which the feathers are dark-brown, with rufous tips; breast

pale rufous-white, crossed by very distinct bars of blackish-

brown; abdomen and under tail coverts rather light rufous,

also with dark transverse bars; on each of the under tail

coverts there is a sub-terminal spot of pure white succeeding

the black bar; outer edge of the shoulder white; inner wing

coverts barred alternately with pale rufous and brown; bill

blackish; tarsi and feet reddish-brown in the dried specimen.

Female, young.—The entire upper plumage in this specimen

is dark brown, mottled with rufous, without any greyish tints ;

there is no distinct spot on the throat or white band on the

tail; the white bar on the primaries is more restricted than

DECEMBER, 1856. 12 Amn. Lyc. Nat. Hist, Vou. VI.

166 Descriptions of New Species of Birds.

in the male; the under surface and tail coverts, dull rufous

intermixed with brown on the throat and neck; the breast,

abdomen, and under tail coverts with bars of dark brown, much

narrower and more numerous than in the male.

Length of male (skin), 8% inches; wing, from flexure, 63;

tail, 83 in.; tarsus, 4 in.; bill, from front, j in.; wide at

base, ;4; in.; middle toe and claw, 12 in., outer 7 in., hind in.

Fem. length, 84 in.; wing, from flexure, 63 in.; tail, 32 in.

Habitat.—Cuba.

The male above described was sent me recently by Dr. J.

Gundlach, of Cardenas; it was labelled C. virginianus, which

it much resembles, although I saw at once that it was a distinct

bird; it is smaller and much handsomer, the colors being

brighter and more decided, the rufous tints predominating,

which in the other are grey.

The female I received some months since, also from Dr.

Gundlach, who thought it the young of C. virginianus. I.

wrote him it was not that species, and probably an undescribed

one. Having made a comparison of it with the male speci-

men recently sent, 1 am inclined to consider it the female of

the same species, though apparently in an immature stage of

plumage ; it is less than the male, whereas fully adult females

of this family are the largest.

There is but one species of this Genus recorded as an inhabit-

ant of Cuba, which is given as C. virginianus. Whether the

one now described is the only one, and has heretofore been

mistaken for it, 1 am not able to decide, but think it probable

that C. virginianus is also to be found there.

I have conferred upon this species the name of Dr. Gundlach,

as a testimonial of the zeal with which he is investigating the

Ornithology of Cuba.

Descriptions of New Species of Birds. 167

Chordeiles texensis.

“ Chordeiles brasilianus, Gm.”—Lawrence Ann. Lyc. V. p. 114.

“« —_____ sapiti, Bonap.”—Cassin, Birds of Cal. & Tex., Vol. I.

p. 2388.

Male.—Upper plumage umber-brown closely mottled with

cinereous white and pale rufous, an irregular band of these

colors on the hind neck; a whitish line extends over the eye;

quills dark umber-brown, the first four primaries are crossed

by a bar of white at about two thirds the distance from the

shoulder to their ends ; above this bar on the primaries marked

with it, and on the others for their entire length, as well as on all

the secondaries, are small irregular rufous spots, arranged gene-

rally in pairs one on each side of the shaft; inner wing coverts

and axillars pale rufous, barred with brown; tail brownish-

black with a subterminal band of white crossing all except the

two central feathers ; it is also crossed with smaller irregular

bands of pale rufous, the two central feathers have the bars

broader and mottled with cinereous; under tail coverts pale

rufous; throat with a large triangular spot of pure white ;

under plumage pale rufous or fulvous with narrow transverse

bars of brown; bill black; legs and feet pale yellowish-brown.

Female.—More marked with rufous, which is of a deeper

color on the under plumage than in the male; there is no

white bar on the tail; the white markings on the throat and

Wings are tinged with rufous.

Length of male, 8} inches; wing, 63 in.; tail, 32 in.; tar-

sus, 7%; in.; middle toe and nail, 13 in.

Female, length, 8? inches; wing, 7in.; tail, 44 in.

fHabitat.—Texas.

168 Descriptions of New Species of Birds.

This species was first noticed by me as an addition to our

Fauna under the name of C. brasilianus, in the Annals of the

Lyceum, as referred to above. At the time of describing, I

had some misgivings as to the propriety of considering them

identical, and upon a more recent investigation, am convinced

of their being specifically distinct.

Mr. Cassin, in his Illustrations of the Birds of California and

Texas, as above cited, refers it provisionally to the C. sapiti

Bonap. The description given by Prince Bonaparte (Consp.

Avium, p. 63) of his species is so short and with so few cha-

racters, as to make a comparison difficult, but sufficient I think

to consider them unlike. He gives no. measurements and

describes by comparing it with C. vergumianus, which he says,

it is very much like, but smaller, and the color cinereous, not

blackish; he gives as its habitat, Amer. Merid.

The rufous spots on the wings are so marked in the Texas

species, that I think they certainly would have been character-

ized, if occurring in the one described by him, as “ sapztz.”

‘Their locality is also very different.

I therefore think they may be viewed as distinct species

until proved to be identical.

Polioptila melanura.

“ Culicivora atricapilla, Swain.”—Lawr. Ann, Lyc. V., p. 124.

“ —__-__ mexicana, Bonap.”— Cassin, Birds of Cal. & Tex., p. 163.

Male.—Entire crown glossy black; upper plumage pale

bluish-grey ; wings dusky-brown, edged with greyish-white

externally ; tail dark brownish-black, with the whole of the

outer web of the outer tail feather and the entire tip white, the

second feather has the external half of the outer web and the

tip white, the third has the narrowest possible edging of white

Descriptions of New Species of Birds. 169

on the outer margin, tip not white; under surface pale cine-

reous white ; bill black; legs dusky.

The female differs from the male only in being without the

black on the crown.

Length, 44 inches; wing, 13 in.; tail, 24 in.; tarsus, $ in.

Habitat.—Texas, California.

Since my introduction of this bird into our Fauna as ©. a¢ri-

capilla, Sw., I have ascertained it to be a different species.

The two resemble each other in markings and coloration, but

C. atricapilla (the proper name of which is “ leucogastra,” Wied)

is a larger bird, measuring five inches and having the under

plumage more purely white; that color extends over both —

webs of the three outer tail feathers, except at the base, where

they are black, whereas in the present species it is confined to

the outer webs and tips of the first and second feathers, with a

mere margin of white on the third.

Excellent figures of this species are given by Mr. Cassin in

his Illustrations of the Birds of California and Texas. He con-

siders it to be the C. mexicana, Bonap. Consp. Avium, p. 316.

The specimen so named by Prince Bonaparte was a female ;

the description given by him was very concise, and I do not

regard it as applying well to this species. Mr. P. L. Sclater,

who examined the original specimen in the Berlin Museum,

views it as the female of C. cerulea. See his article, “On the

Genus Culicivora of Swainson,” in the Proceedings of the Zool.

Soc. 1855, p. 11; he therein proposes to change the generic

name of this group to Polioptila.

For a year or more past, I have considered this species to be

different from all others, and appropriated for it the specific

name of “ atriceps,” but at the suggestion of Mr. Sclater (who

thought it too much like the one under which it was first

noticed), I adopted the one now applied to it.

XXVIII.— Descriptions of two New Species of North American

Helicidee.

By Joun H. Repriexp.

Read December 29th, 1856.

1. Helix Elliotti.

Testa angusté umbilicata, orbiculato-depressa, striatula, virente-cornea,

subdiaphana, subtus nitida; spiraé convexd, parum elaté; anfractibus

quinque, convexiusculis, ultimo vix depresso; sutura impressa ; aperturd

obliqua, lunato-circulari; peristomate sinuato, acuto, intus incrassato.

Shell, with a rather narrow umbilicus, depressed-orbiculate,

with fine transverse striz, greenish horn-colored, scarcely trans-

lucent, shining beneath: spire convex, but not much raised ;

whorls five, rather convex, last one sometimes very slightly

depressed at the aperture; suture deeply impressed ; aperture

very oblique, lunate-circular; peristome a little sinuate, acute

but thickened within.

Diam. maj. 9 millim.

BOs AMT rey ae alt. 4 millim.

Halitat.—Mountains of Georgia and North Carolina, where

it was collected by Bishop Elliott, in great abundance, under

the bark of decayed stumps and logs.

Ltemarks.—This shell is easily distinguished from other

known N. American species, though bearing affinities to many

of them. It is larger, and more coarsely striated, and more

robust than /Z. arborea Say, while its umbilicus spreads less, and

its aperture is more oblique. The same features will also dis-

tinguish it from ZZ. hydrophila Ingalls, and from JZ. limatula

Ward. Moreover, the inward thickening of the peristome,

which is a marked feature in Z. Llliotti, is wanting in all the

Two New Species of North American Helicide. 171

species above named. /. demissa Binney seems to be related,

but is barely perforate, not so much depressed, and instead of

the slight, equally distributed inner thickening of the lip, has a

copious basal deposit or callosity. JZ. placentula Shuttl. is also

closely allied, but has two more whorls; is more depressed

(“‘ arctispiral”), and more polished. Shuttleworth, in his descrip-

tion of the ZZ. placentula, points out its relations to Z/. demessa

Binney, and says that it is at once “ distinguished from it by

the absence of the opake white basal callus,” which is found

in the latter. He describes ZZ. placentula as having the peri-

stome simple and acute, with no mention of internal thickening,

which, had it been present, could hardly have escaped his prac-

tised eye.

2. HHelix barbigera.

Testa imperforata, acuté carinata, lenticulari, tenuiuscula, corneo-fusca,

epidermide superné striis asperata, que ad suturam et carinam in ciliis

producté sunt; basi convexa; spira convexiuscula; anfractibus 53 sub-

planis, ultimo subitd paululum deflexo; apertura perobliqua, transversa,

auriformi, dente modico linguiformi oblique intrante in toto pariete aper-

turali coarctata; peristomate callosa, marginibus incrassatis et reflexius-

culis, basali subsinuato, integro.

Shell imperforate, sharply carinate, rather thin, dark horn-

colored, or brown; the upper surface has the epidermis raised

into acute striz, which, at the suture and carina, are produced

into short bristles; these epidermidal strize are sometimes seen

beneath, but less distinctly, being often obsolete in the mature

shell; basal surface convex, but indented in the umbilical

region; spire slightly convex, whorls five and a half, rather

flat, last one suddenly but slightly deflected; aperture very

oblique, transyerse, ear-shaped, narrowed by a rather slender

tongue-shaped tooth, which extends nearly across the whole

width of the aperture; peristome callous, margins slightly but

172, Two New Species of North American Helicide.

distinctly reflected, and thickened within, basal margin slightly

arcuate, but entire. 2

Diam. maj. 10 mill. Diam. min. 9 mill. Alt. 6 mill.

Habitat—Habersham Co., Georgia, where it was collected

by Bishop Elliott.

Observations.-—Closely allied to ZZ. spinosa Lea, and Z.

Edgariana Lea; but a careful examination of many indivi-

duals of the three types led me to concur in the conclusions

previously arrived at by Mr. Bland and Mr. Binney, that the

three forms are specifically distinct. In size the AZ barbigera

resembles /7. Hdgariana, but is readily distinguished by its

much more slender parietal tooth, and by the absence of the

notch in the peristome. The notch is usually present also in ZZ.

spinosa, but that species, like #7. Hdgariana, has the parietal

tooth elongated and very strongly developed. Moreover, //.

barbigera is much smaller than /Z. spinosa (being only about

two-thirds its diameter), and has about half a whorl less.

The epidermidal strive are more numerous, more sharply raised,

and as a consequence the ci/ia are more numerous than in

LH. spinosa. In the latter the lower lip rises from a deep

excavation in the umbilical region, and the parietal tooth

is partially curved round the excavation, somewhat over-

lapping the lower lip at its junction with the columella. This

peculiarity is most distinct in the large form of /7. spinosa from

Alabama, less so in the smaller form from Tennessee. In /7/,

barbigera the base is less excavated, and the lower lip does not

descend into it, and is not overlapped by the parietal tooth,

indeed the general character of the lower lip and tooth are

more allied to Z. fraterna Say than to L/. spinosa. The lip

is distinetly reflected, not merely appressed, as in //. spinosa.

The three forms, 77. barbigera, H. spinosa, and H. Edgar-

cana bear to each other relations somewhat analogous to those

which connect ZZ. fraterna Say, H. hirsuta Say, and WZ.

maxlata Gould.

XXIX.— Descriptions of New Species of Acnatrnetia, from

the dlawaiian Islands.

By J. T. Guuicx. Read June 10, 1856.

1. Achatinelia leucochila.

Plate VI. Fig. 1.

T. dextrorsa, imperforata, ovato-turrita, nitida, semipellucida, cornea,

longitudinaliter creberrime striata; apice obtusa; spira turrita; sutura

anguste marginata, modice impress’; anfr. 7-8, convexiusculis; plica

columellari sub-basali, alba; apertura sinuato-pyriformi ; perist. albido,

sub-labiato; margine dextro recto, arcuato; columellari dilatato, albo,

adnato ; parietali tenuissimo, corneo.

o, semi-

Shell dextral, imperforate, ovately turreted, shining,

pellucid, corneous, with crowded longitudinal striz 5; apex

obtuse; spire turreted; suture finely margined, moderately

impressed; whorls 7-8, somewhat convex; columellar fold

sub-basal, white; aperture sinuately pyriform ; peristome pal-

lid, with slight callous thickening ; dextral margin unreflected,

arcuate; columellar margin dilated, white, adnate; parietal

margin very thin, corneous.

Length 0.44 inch (11 mill.). Breadth 0.19 inch (44 mill.).

Length of body-whorl 0.26 inch (63 mill.).

Average weight 0.50 grain.

Station.—On the ground. E. Johnson. !

Habitat— Kauai. H. Johnson. !

Lemarks.—Is allied to A. carneola Pfr., and A. cingula

Migh., but is readily distinguished by its more slender form,

smaller size, and less convex spire. Its thickened, pallid lip

distinguishes it from others of a similar size and form.

174 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. °

2. Achatinella resinula.

Plate VI. Fig. 2.

T. dextrorsa, imperforata, cylindraceo-ellipsoideé, tenuiusculd, nitid&,

pellucida, cornea, levissime striata; apice obtusi; sutura simplici, dis-

tincta, subimpressd; anfr. 64 convexiusculis; plic& columelJari sub-

basali, alba, lamelliformi; apertura subverticali, ellipticd ; perist. sim-

plici; margine dextro recto, regulariter arcuato; columellari dilatato,

tenui, adnato ; parietali tenuissimo.

Shell dextral, imperforate, cylindrically ellipsoidal, rather

thin, shining, pellucid, corneous, very lightly striate ; apex ob-

tuse; suture simple, distinct, slightly impressed; whorls 64,

somewhat convex; columellar plait sub-basal, white, lamelli-

form ; aperture nearly vertical, elliptical; peristome simple ;

with dextral margin regularly curved, unreflected; columellar

margin dilated, thin, adnate; parietal margin very thin.

Length 0.50 inch (122 mill.). Breadth 0.23 inch (6 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.33 inch (84 mill.).

Average weight 1.00 grain.

Var. 6.—Shorter, less cylindrical.

Var. y.—With dark sutural line.

Station.—On the ground in the woods. J.T. G.!

Habitat.—Kawailoa, Waimea, Pupukea, Waialei, and Pu-

naluu, Oahu. J.T. G.!

Ltemarks.—The darker specimens of this species resemble

A. fumosa Newe. in color and substance, but they are easily

distinguished by the more convex spire, and the ellipsoidal

form. The most nearly allied species is A. succincta Newe.,

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 175

which is quite ventricose, with spire more conical, and body

whorl encireled with a broad dark girdle.

Only one poor specimen was found in Punaluu.

3. Achatinella lagema.

Plate VI. Fig. 3.

T. dextrorsa, imperforata, acuminato-ovata, solidula, saturate resinacea,

levissime striata ; apice obtusula, pallid&; spira concayo-conica ; sutura

simplici, subimpressé ; anfr. 7, convexiusculis; plica columellari medi-

and, alba, validé, lamelliformi; apertura truncato-auriformi; perist.

albido, vel rubido-sublabiato ; margine dextro recto, arcuato ; columel-

lari dilatato, albo, adnato; parietali tenui, fusco-corneo.

Shell dextral, imperforate, acuminately ovate, rather solid,

dark resinous, very finely striated; apex somewhat obtuse,

pallid; spire concavely conical; suture simple, slightly im-

pressed; whorls 7, rather convex; columellar fold central,

white, strong, lamelliform; aperture truncately auriform ; peri-

stome somewhat labiate, white or reddish ; dextral margin un-

reflected, arcuate; columellar margin dilated, white, adnate ;

parietal margin thin, dark, corneous.

Average length 0.52 inch (13 mill.).

Breadth 0.26 inch (63 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.35 inch (9 mill.).

Average weight 1.65 grains.

Var. b—Small. Length 0.40 inch (10 mill.). Breadth 0.21

inch (5$ mill.). Length of body whorl 0.29 inch (73 mill.).

Var. e.—Light corneous, thinner, with lip but slightly thick-

ened. We have but one specimen.

Statcon.—On the ground. J. T.G.!

176 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

FHlabitat—Helemanu, Wahiawa, and Kalaikoa, Oahu. J.

ea.

Remarks.—A neat, flask-shaped species, forming an inter-

mediate link between A. fumosa Newe. and A. labiata Newe.

In color, structure, and general form, it resembles the former ;

the latter, in the concave outlines of the spire and the form of

the upper whorls; while the lip is not so thin as in A. fumosa,

nor so thick and callous as in A. labiata.

4. Achatinella lacrima.

Plate VI. Fig. 4.

T. dextrorsa, imperforata, ovato-conica, nitidé, cornea, levissime

striata ; apice subacuta, pallida ; spira conica ; anfr. 7, planiusculis ; plica

columellari mediana, albé, valida, lamelliformi, transversé; apertura

truncato-auriformi ; perist. intus albo-incrassato ; margine dextro recto,

arcuato ; columellari dilatato, adnato ; parietali tenuissimo.

Shell dextral, imperforate, ovate conic, shining, corneous,

very lightly striated; apex subacute, pallid; spire conical ;

whorls 7, rather flat; columellar fold central; white, strong,

lamelliform, transverse ; aperture truncately auriform ; peri-

stome whitely thickened within; dextral margin unreflected,

arcuate ; columellar margin dilated, adnate; parietal margin

very thin.

Length of an average sized specimen 0.48 inch (11 mill.).

Breadth 0.24 inch (6 mill.). Length of body whorl 0.29 inch

(74 mill.) ; an average sized specimen.

Length of a large specimen 0.45 inch (11% mill.). Breadth

0.24 (6 mill.). Length of body whorl 0.81 inch (8 mill.).

Length of a small specimen 0.40 inch (10 mill.).

Average weight 1.00 grain.

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. a Ke

Var. b.—With a rather broad, faint, brown band encircling

the body whorl, and revolving above the suture.

Var. c.—With faint reddish sutural band.

Station.—On the ground in the woods. J.T. G.!

fabitat.—Most of our specimens are from Lihue, Oahu, but

Kalaikoa, Wahiawa, Helemanu, and Peula, have each furnished

one or two specimens. J.T. G.!

Remarks.—\t has been known in some collections as the

young of A. labiata Newe., but a comparison with the true

young of that species can leave no doubt in regard to its dis-

tinct character. The specimen figured has the lip considerably

thickened, and is evidently full grown; but if, as has been

maintained, a more perfect maturity should render the lip as

callous as in A. Jabéata, it will be seen that the form is quite

distinct ; the spire being shorter, and the body whorl inflated.

In size, form, and character of lip, it is more nearly allied to

A. dimidiata Pfr., which is readily known by its peculiar

arrangement of colors.

5. Achatinella costulata.

Plate VI. Fig. 5.

T. dextrorsa, imperforata, turrito-oblonga, micante, sericea, saturate cor-

nea, fascia pallida spirali ornaté, minute regulariter costata ; spira turrita,

apice obtus4, pallida ; sutura simplici, modice impressa ; anfr. 7, convexis ;

plica columellari mediana, fusca ; apertura pyriformi; perist. simplici ;

margine dextro recto, pallido, substricte descendente, leviter antrorsum

arcuato; columellari tenui, fusco, adnato ; parietali tenuissimo, albo.

Shell dextral, imperforate, turreted oblong, shining, silky,

dark corneous, with a pale spiral band cutting the body whorl,

178 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

and revolving above the suture, minutely regularly ribbed ;

spire turreted, with pale, obtuse apex; suture simple, mode-

rately impressed; whorls 7, convex; columellar fold central,

brown; aperture pyriform; peristome simple; with dextral

margin unreflected, pale, laterally compressed, slightly arcuate

anteriorly ; columellar margin thin, brown, adnate; parietal

margin very thin, white. _

Length 0.33 inch (83 mill.). Breadth 0.14 inch (83 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.19 inch (5 mill.).

Average weight 0.30 grain.

Station.—On the ground in the woods. J. T.G.!

Habitat.—Pupukea, Waimea, and Kawailoa, Oahu. J.T.G.!

Remarks.—A rare and delicate species, so finely and regu-

larly ribbed and perfectly polished, as to give it a glistening,

silky appearance.

This species presents a new and very interesting form of the

subgenus Leptachatina (Gould).

It seems to be more nearly allied to A. striatella Nob., which

is found at the other end of the mountain range, than to any

other known species; and through that it may be grouped

with A. fusca Newe.

6. Achatinella striatella.

Plate VI. Fig. 6.

T. dextrorsé, imperforata, turrito-ovata, tenuiusculd, vix nitidula, satu-

rate fusco-cornea, regulariter striata; apice obtusuli; sutura simplici,

modice impressi; anfr. 64, convexis; plici columellari mediand, fusc&

vel albida ; apertura verticali, truncato-ovali; perist. simplici; margine

dextro recto, arcuato ; columellari dilatato, tenui, albido, adnato ; parie-

tali nullo,

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 179

Shell dextral, imperforate, ovately turreted, rather thin,

scarcely shining, dark brown, corneous, finely and rather regu-

larly striated; apex somewhat obtuse, suture simple, moderately

impressed ; whorls 6%, convex; columellar fold central, brown

or white ; aperture vertical, truncately oval; peristome simple ;

with dextral margin unreflected, arcuate; columellar margin

dilated, thin, white, adnate; parietal margin wanting.

~ Length 0.89 inch (10 mill.). Breadth 0.17 inch (4} mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.23 inch (6 mill.).

Average weight 0.50 grain.

Station— Among dead leaves, in damp places. J.T. G.!

Habitat.—On the mountain ridge of Keawaawa, Oahu.

de EoGs!

Remarks.—A. very dark-brown, turreted species, nearly

allied to A. fusca Newe., which it resembles in its striated sur-

face and corneous structure. A. fusca is, however, broader

at the base, with a shorter spire, and usually of a lighter color,

with a single dark band; but we have one specimen of a dark

corneous color throughout, which shows an evident aflinity

with this species.

It is found near the eastern extremity of the mountain ridge

which forms the back-bone of the island. Its distribution is

very limited, there being but little vegetation in that region.

7. Achatinelia marginata.

Plate VI. Fig. 7.

T. dextrorsa, imperforata, ovata, nitida, semipellucida, cornea, fascia

fuscé diffusi ornata, tenuissime striata; apice obtusa; spiraé convexo-

conic; anfr. 6, conyexiusculis ; ultimo superne valide marginato ; plicad

180 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

columellari mediana, levi, fused ; aperturé lunato-rotundata ; perist. sim-

plici; margine dextro recto, albido, obtuso, arcuato; columellari dilatato,

fusco, adnato; parictali tenuissimo, vitreo.

Shell dextral, imperforate, ovate, shining, semipellucid, cor-

neous, with a diffused brown band, very finely striated ; apex

obtuse } spire convexly conical; whorls 6, somewhat convex ;

the last strongly margined above; columellar fold central, not

strongly developed, brown; aperture lunately rounded ; peri-

stome simple; with dextral margin unreflected, whitish, obtuse,

arcuate; columellar margin dilated, brown, adnate; parietal

margin very thin, vitreous.

Length 0.87 inch (93 miil.). Breadth 0.19 inch (5 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.25 inch (63 mill.).

Weight 0.60 grain.

Station.—On the ground. J.T. G.!

Habitat.—Kalaikoa.—Oahu. J.T. G.!

Remarks.—The most striking character of this species is the

broad sutural margin, in which respects it is unlike other

species of this group.

8. Achatinella fuscula.

Plate VI. Fig. 8

T. dextrorsa, imperforatd, ovato-conica, tenui, nitidula, fusco-succinea,

levissime striaté; apice subacuté; spird convexo-conicd ; sutura sim-

plici, leviter impressa ; anfr, 6, convexiusculis; columella parum obliqua,

alba, plicato-truncata } apertura truncato-ovali; perist. simplici; margine

dextro recto, acuto, arcuato} columellari dilatato, tenui, albo.

Shell dextral, imperforate, ovate conic, thin, with but little

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 18]

polish, of a brown succineous color, and very finely striated ;

apex subacute ; spire convexly-conical; suture simple, lightly

impressed ; whorls 6, somewhat convex ; columella a little

oblique, white, and plicately truncated; aperture truncately

oval ; peristome simple, with dextral margin unreflected, acute,

arcuate; columellar margin dilated, thin, white.

Length 0.33 inch (84 mill.); breadth 0.17 inch (44 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.21 inch (44 mill.).

Weight 0.25 grain.

Station.—On the ground. J.T. G.!

Habitat—NMountain forests of Mokuleia, Oahu. J.T. G.!

Remarks.—Cannot be compared with any species yet de-

scribed. Resembles somewhat A. succinea Nob,, but has not

the glassy polished appearance of that species.’

9. AchatimnelHia fumida.

Plate VI. Fig. 9.

T. dextrorsa, imperforata, ovato-conica, tenui, nitida, pellucida, cornea,

sub lente levissime striaté; apice obtusula, pallida ; spira convexo-coni-

c&; sutura simplici, vix impressa, fusco-lineata ; anfr. 7, subplanis; plica

columellari mediana, alba, lamelliformi; apertura pyriformi; perist. sim-

plici, margine dextro recto, semicirculari; columellari dilatato, albo,

adnato ; parietali tenuissimo, albo.

Shell dextral, impertorate, ovate conic, thin, shining, pellucid,

corneous, with a dark line accompanying the suture, microsco-

pically very finely striated; apex somewhat obtuse, pallid ;

spire convexly conical; suture simple, scarcely impressed ;

whorls 7, rather flat; columellar fold central, white, lamelli-

form; aperture pyriform ; peristome simple; with dextral

DECEMBER, 1856. 13 Ann. Lye, Nat. Hist. Vou. VI.

182 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

margin unreflected, semicircular; columellar margin dilated,

white, adnate; parietal margin very thin, white.

Length 0.31 inch (8 mill.). Breadth 0.17 inch (44 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.21 inch (54 mill.).

Average weight 0.35 grain.

Var. b.—Without the dark sutural line.

Station.—On the ground in the woods. J.T.G.!

LHabitat.—W aialei, Pupukea, Waimea, Kawailoa, and Hele-

manu, Oahu. J.T.G.!

Lemarks.—One of a numerous group of little glassy shells

represented by A. nitida Newe., and A. grana Newce., though

not so nearly allied to these two, which are from Maui, as to

A. gummea Nob., which is found in other districts of Oahu.

From that species it differs, however, in its habits, and less

inflated form.

10. Achatinella gummea.

Plate VI. Fig. 10.

“T. dextrorsa, imperforata, late oblongo-conica, tenui, nitida, pellucida,

succined, levissime striata; apice obtusula ; spira convexo-conicé ; su-

turd simplici, leviter impressa ; anfr. 6, convexiusculis; plicd columel-

lari mediana, pallide cornea, vix lamelliformi; apertur& sub-pyriformi ;

perist. intus albido-incrassato ; margine dextro arcuato, antice paululum

reflexo, columellari dilatato, adnato ; parietali tenui.

Shell dextral, imperforate, broad, oblong conic, thin, shining,

pellucid, amber colored, very finely striated ; apex rather ob-

tuse ; spire convexly conical ; suture simple, lightly impressed ;

whorls 6, rather convex; columellar fold central, pale corne-

ous, scarcely lamelliform; aperture sub-pyriform; peristome *

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 183

margined with white and thickened within; with dextral mar-

gin arcuate, very slightly reflected anteriorly ; columellar mar-

gin dilated, adnate; parietal margin thin.

Length 0.30 inch (7% mill.). Breadth 0.17 inch (44 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.21 inch (54 mill.).

Average weight 0.25 grains.

Var. b.—Of a dark resinous hue, with lip and columella

white.

Station.—Under stones, in dry places. Thomas L. Gulick. !

Habitat—Mokuleia and Lihue, Oahu. Thomas L. Gulick. !

Remarks.—In form it differs from A. fumida, being shorter

and more inflated; also in station, as it frequents open fields

and hill sides, where it lodges beneath stones,

11. Achatinella fragilis.

Plate VI. Fig. 11.

T. dextrorsa, imperforata, ovata, tenuissima, nitida, pellucida, vitrea,

pallide succinea, sub lente levissime striaté ; apice obtusulé; spird con-

vexo-conicaé ; sutura simplici, sub-impressa; anfr. 6, convexiusculis ;

columella pallide vel fusco-cornea, sub-truncata, vix plicata; apertura

ebovata ; perist. simplici, tenui; margine dextro recto, arcuate ; colu-

mellari sub-dilatato, corneo, adnato; parietali tenuissimo.

Shell dextral, imperforate, ovate, very thin, shining, pellu-

cid, vitreous, pale amber colored, microscopically very finely

striated; spire convexly conical; suture simple, slightly im-

pressed ; whorls 6, somewhat convex; columella pale or brown

corneous, slightly truncate, scarcely plicate; aperture obovate;

peristome simple, thin; dextral margin unreflected, arcuate ;

184 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

columellar margin slightly dilated, corneous, adnate ; parietal

margin very thin.

Length 0.30 inch (7% mill.). * Breadth 0.15 inch (4 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.21 inch (54 mill.).

Average weight 0.20 grain.

Station.—On damp ground in the woods. J. T. G.!

Habitat.—Punaluu, Oahu. J.T. G.!

Var. b.—With stronger columellar fold.

Habitat—Hauula, Oahu. J. T.G.!

Var. c.—A little larger ; color, pale amber.

Hoabitat—Helemanu, Oahu. J.T. G.!

Remarks.—This species is thinner and more elongate than

A. gummea Nob., with body whorl not so large, lip not thick-

ened, and columella scarcely plicate.

There is a variety found in Kailua and Waimanalou with

stronger columellar fold, and more regularly conic spire.

12. Achatimelia triticea.

Plate VI. Fig. 12.

T. dextrors4, imperforata, elongato-ovata, tenui, nitida, pellucida, pal-

lide corned, levissime striaté ; apice acutiuscula, pallida ; spir& convexo-

conica ; sutura simplici, leviter impressa ; anfr. 63, convexiusculis ; plica

columellari mediana, alba, sub-lamelliformi; apertura sinuato-pyriformi ;

perist. vix incrassato ; margine dextro recto, arcuato; columellari dila-

tato, corneo, adnato; parictali nullo.

Shell dextral, imperforate, elongately ovate, thin, shining,

pellucid, pale corneous, very finely striated ; apex somewhat

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 185

acute, pallid; spire convexly conic; suture simple, lightly

impressed ; whorls 64, rather convex; columellar fold central,

white, sublamelliform ; aperture sinuately pyriform; peristome

scarcely thickened within; with dextral margin unreflected,

arcuate; columellar margin dilated, corneous, adnate ; parietal

margin wanting.

Length 0.33 inch (84 mill.). Breadth 0.15 inch (4 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.21 inch (54 mill.). :

Average weight 0.17 grain.

Var. b.—Smaller, more solid, ovate conic, with lip thickened.

Station.—On the ground. a. he Gel

Habitat.—Keawaawa, Oahu. J.T. G.!

Remarks.—Smaller and more elongately ovate than the pre-

ceding.

13. Achatinella granifera.

Plate VI. Fig. 13.

T. dextrorsé, imperforataé, acuminato-ovata, tenui, nitida, pellucida,

vitrea, sub lente vix striaté; apice obtusula; spira convexo-conica ;

sutura simplici, leviter impress’; anfr. 6, convexiusculis; columella

recta, verticali, leviter plicat&é; apertura subrhombea; _perist. subin-

crassato; margine dextro recto, arcuato; columellari dilatato, adnato ;

parietali tenui.

Shell dextral, imperforate, acuminately ovate, thin, shining,

pellucid, vitreous, scarcely striated beneath the lens; apex

rather obtuse; spire convexly conical; suture simple, lightly

impressed 5; whorls 6, somewhat convex; columella not arched,

vertical, lightly plicate; aperture subrhomboidal; peristome

186 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

slightly thickened; with dextral margin unreflected, arcuate ;

columellar margin dilated, adnate ; parietal margin thin.

Length 0.27 inch (7 mill.). Breadth 0.13 inch (34 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.18 inch (43 mill.).

Average weight 0.10 grain.

Var. b.—Color, claret.

Station.—Under stones on dry hill sides. J.T. G.!

Habitat—Keawaawa, Oahu. J.T. G.!

Remarks.—A. grana Newe. found in the fields of Makawao,

E. Maui, is allied; but is smaller, more cylindrical, with aper-

ture more nearly oval, ip and columella white, and umbilical

cleft open.

14. Achatinelia crystallina.

Plate VI. Fig. 14.

T. dextrorsa, imperforata, oblonga, tenui, nitida, perpellucida, vitrea,

sub lente levissime striata ; apice obtusulé; spira convexo-conicA; suturd

simplici, modice impressa; anfr. 6, convexiusculis; plic& columellari

mediana, levi, cornea; apertura rotundato-lunari; perist. simplici, pallide

limbato ; margine dextro recto, arcuato; columellari dilatato.

Shell dextral, imperforate, oblong, thin, shining, transparent,

vitreous, microscopically very finely striated; apex somewhat

obtuse; spire convexly conical; suture simple, moderately

impressed ; whorls 6, somewhat convex; columellar fold cen-

tral, corneous, but slightly developed; aperture rotundately

lunate; peristome simple, bordered with white; with dextral

margin unreflected, arcuate; columellar margin dilated.

Length 0.24 inch (6 mill.). Breadth 0.12 inch (8 mill.).

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 187

Length of body whorl 0.15 inch (4 mill.).

Average weight 0.11 grain.

Station.—Under stones in open country. T. L. G.!

Habitat.—Mokuleia, Oahu. T. L. G.!

Var. b—With a brown spiral line accompanying the suture.

Var. c.—Larger, not so transparent.

Habitat Kamoo, Waialua, Oahu. T. L. G.!

Remarks.

with A. gwmmea Nob., but much smaller and of narrower form.

A clear, shining, transparent species, associated

15. Achatinelia saxatilis.

Plate VI. Fig. 15.

T. dextrorsa, perforata, cylindraceo-oblongé, tenui, nitidd, perpellucida

) ? ? ? ? 7

vitrea, sub lente levissime striata; apice obtusula; spira elongata; sutura

simplici, leviter impressi; anfr. 6, subconvexis; ultimo ad aperturam

rotundato; columella leviter arcuata, palliddé, plic&é obsoleta; apertura

late ovali; perist. simplici, pallide limbato; marginibus conniventibus ;

’ 5) ) 5 ’

dextro recto, arcuato; columellari dilatato, patente; parietali subcalloso.

Shell dextral, perforate, cylindrically oblong, thin, shining,

transparent, vitreous, microscopically very finely striated ;

apex rather obtuse; spire elongate; suture simple, lightly

impressed ; whorls 6, slightly convex ; the last rounded towards

the aperture ; columella slightly arcuate, pallid, with fold obso-

lete; aperture broadly oval; peristome simple, bordered with

white ; with margins joining in an unbroken curve; dextral

margin unreflected, arcuate; columellar margin dilated, not

appressed ; parietal margin slightly callous.

188 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinelia.

Length 0.25 inch (63 mill.). Breadth 0.11 inch (24 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.14 inch (34 mill.).

Average weight 0.11 grain.

Station.—Under stones in the open fields. T. L. G.!

Habitat.—Mokuleia, Oahu. T. L. G.!

Remarks.—A small cylindrical species, of clear glassy ap-

pearance, resembling a Bulimus in aperture and columella, but

nevertheless a true Achatinella, as its affinity to A. erystallina

Nob. indicates. It represents more nearly than any other the

Oahu species, the 2. grana Newe. (found on E. Maui), from

which it differs chiefly in its larger size, more elongate form,

and glassy transparency. From <A. crystallina it differs in

slender form and smooth columella with umbilical cleft.

16. Achatinella exilis.

Plate VI. Fig. 16.

T. dextrorsd, subperforata, cylindraceo-turrita, gracili, tenuissima,

nitida, perpellucida, vitrea, sub lente vix striata; apice obtusula; spira

turrito-elongaté; sutura simplici, vix impressa; anfr. 6, planiusculis 5

plica columellari levi, profunde intra aperturam terminata; apertura

verticali, truncato-elliptica ; perist. simplici, tenui; margine dextro recto,

arcuato; columellari dilatato, tenui, vitreo, patente; parietali nullo.

Shell dextral, subperforate, cylindrically turreted, slender,

very thin, shining, transparent, vitreous, scarcely striated

beneath the lens; apex somewhat obtuse; spire turretly elon-

gate; suture simple, scarcely impressed ; whorls 6, somewhat

flattened; columellar fold slightly developed, terminating deep

within the aperture; aperture vertical, truncately elliptical ;

peristome simple, thin; with dextral margin unreflected, arcu-

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 189

ate; columellar margin dilated, thin, vitreous, not appressed ;

parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.25 inch (63 mill.). Breadth 0.10 inch (24 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.15 inch (4 mill.).

Average weight 0.09 grain.

Station.—Under stones in places not shaded by trees. J.T.G.!

Habitat.—Keawaawa, Oahu. J.T.G.!

Iemarks.—A slender, delicate, and gracefully formed spe-

cies, with which I introduce the following turreted group,

though it seems to be more nearly allied in its affinities to A.

triticea Nob., which I have placed in the preceding group.

17. Achatimella petila.

Plate VI. Fig. 17.

T. dextrorsi, perforata, ovato-turrita, tenuiuscula, impolita, fusco-

cornea, oblique striata; apice obtusula, pallida; spira turrita; sutura

simplici, bene impressi; anfr. 6, convexis; columella verticali, fusca,

intus levissime plicaté; apertura verticali, subelliptica ; perist. simplici ;

marginibus conniventibus; dextro recto, arcuato; columellari subreflexo,

patente; parietali angusto, calloso.

Shell dextral, perforate ; turreted, rather thin, not polished,

brown, corneous, obliquely striated ; apex somewhat obtuse,

pallid ; spire turreted ; suture simple, well impressed ; whorls 6,

convex; columella vertical, brown, lightly plaited deep within

the aperture ; aperture vertical, subelliptical ; peristome simple,

with margins joining in an unbroken curve; dextral margin

unreflected, arcuate; columellar margin slightly reflected, not

appressed ; parietal margin narrow, callous.

Length 0:26 inch (63 mill.). Breadth 0.11 inch (2$ mill.).

190 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

Length of body whorl 0.14 inch (34 mill).

Average weight 0.09 grain.

Station.—Under stones. J.T. G.!

Habitat.—Dry rocky regions of Koko on the eastern end of

Oahu. J.T.G.!

Remarks.—A small unpretending species quite unlike any

heretofore described. In structure and in the character of the

upper whorls it somewhat resembles Bulimus Sandwicensis

Pfr.; but it is much smaller, with fewer whorls, and has a

plaited columella. It is more closely allied to A. octogyrata

Nob., which inhabits the damp wooded regions of Palolo, and

is a larger species with more numerous whorls.

18. Achatinella octogyrata.

Plate VI. Fig. 18.

T. dextrorsd, vix perforaté; ovato-turrita, tenui, nitidula, translucida,

fusco-cornea, levissime sed regulariter striata’; apice obtusa, pallida;

spira conicaé, subeconvexa; sutura simplici, modice impressi; anfr. 8,

convexiusculis; columella pallide fusca, leviter plicata; apertura subpy-

riformi; perist. simplici; margine dextro recto, tenui, leviter arcuato;

columellari reflexo, subpatente ; parietali nullo.

Shell dextral, scarcely perforate, ovately turreted, thin, some-

what shining, translucent, dark corneous, very finely but regu-

larly striated; apex obtuse, pallid; spire conical, with outlines

slightly convex; suture simple, moderately impressed; whorls

8, somewhat convex; columella light brown, with aslght fold ;

aperture subpyriform ; peristome simple; with dextral margin

unreflected, thin, lightly arcuate; columellar margin reflected,

parietal margin wanting.

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 191

Length 0.30 inch (73 mill.). Breadth 0.14 inch (3} mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.17 inch (4% mill.).

Average weight 0.17 grain.

Station.—On the ground. J.T. G.!

Habitat.—Palolo valley, Oahu. J.T. G.!

Remarks.—it is found with A. subula Nob.,.and is allied to

it, but is smaller, thinner, and less polished, with spire less

drawn out, and columella not so strongly plaited.

19. Achatimella subula.

Plate VI. Fig. 19.

T. dextrorsd, imperforaté, subulaté, tenui, nitidd, translucida, fusco-

corned, levissime striati; apice obtusd, pallidi; spira turrita; sutura

simplici, impress’; anfr. 9, convexis; plicd columellari mediana, alba ;

apertura sinuato-lunata ; perist. simplici; margine dextro recto, arcuato ;

columellari dilatato, albo, adnato; parietali nullo.

Shell dextral, imperforate, elongate, thin, shining, translu-

cent, dark corneous, very finely striated ; apex obtuse, whitish ;

spire turreted; suture simple, impressed; whorls 9, convex ;

columellar fold central, white; aperture sinuately lunate; peri-

stome simple ; with dextral margin unreflected, arcuate; colu-

mellar margin dilated, white, adnate ; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.45 inch (113 mill.). Breadth 0.17 inch (43 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.23 inch (6 mill.).

Average weight 0.60 grain.

Station.—On the ground. J.T. G.!

Flabitat.

Palolo valley, Oahu. J.T. G.!

192 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

Remarks.— A. gracilis Pfr. is the most nearly allied form

heretofore described. But it cannot be confounded with that

species, for it is darker, thinner, of more clear corneous struc-

ture, and never furnished with brown bands. For its dis-

tinctive characters as compared with A. octogyrata Nob. see

remarks on that species.

20. Achatinelia turrita.

Plate VI. Fig. 20.

T. dextrorsé, imperforata, ovato-turrita,. tenuiuscula, nitida, translu-

cida, fusco-cornea, striatula ; apice obtusa, pallida ; spira turrita; sutura

simplici, leviter impress’; anfr. fere 9, plano-convexis; plicé columel-

lari mediocri, albid&; aperturé rotundato-lunaté; perist. simplici ;

margine dextro recto, arcuato; columellari dilatato, tenui, adnato ;

parietali nullo.

Shell dextral, imperforate, ovately turreted, rather thin,

shining, translucent, dark corneons, finely striated; apex ob-

tuse, pallid; spire turreted ; suture simple, lightly impressed ;

whorls nearly 9, flatly convex; columellar fold moderately de-

veloped, whitish ; aperture roundly lunate ; peristome simple ;

with dextral margin unreflected, arcuate; columellar margin

dilated, thin, adnate ; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.36 inch (9 mill.). Breadth 0.15 inch (4 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.19 inch (5 mill.).

Weight 0.25 grain.

Station.—On the ground in the woods. J.T. G.!

Habitat—Mountain ravines of Lihue, Oahu. J.T.G.!

Leemarks.—Resembles A. octogyrata Nob. in form, but is

thicker, more polished, with strise not regularly developed, and

umbilical cleft entirely wanting.

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 193

21. Achatimella terebralis.

Plate VI. Fig. 21.

T. dextrorsa, imperforata, turrité, nitida, saturate fusca, cornea,

levissime striaté; apice obtusa, alba; spira turrita; sutura simplici,

subimpressé ; anfr. 74, plano-convexis; columella alba, modice plicata ;

apertura lunati; perist. pallido; margine dextro recto, leviter incras-

sato; columellari dilatato, adnato; parietali tenui.

Shell dextral, imperforate, turreted, shining, dark brown, cor-

neous, very finely striated ; apex obtuse, white ; spire turreted ;

suture simple, slightly impressed; whorls 74, flatly convex;

columella white, moderately plaited; aperture lunate; peri-

stome whitish; with dextral margin unreflected, somewhat thick-

ened; columellar margin dilated, adnate ; parietal margin thin.

Length 0.44 inch (11 mill.). Breadth 0.18 inch (44 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.24 inch (6 mill.).

Weight 0.50 grain.

Var. b.—With spire shortened, concavely conical; body

whorl rounded.

Station.—On the ground in the woods. J.T. G.!

Haintat.—Kawailoa, Oahu. J.T. G.!

Remarks.—Resembles A. turrita and subula Nob., but is

thicker and heavier than either, and has fewer whorls. The

shorter variety seems to revert towards the form of A. lagena

Nob., which in geographical relation is within five or six miles,

and in affinity is probably more nearly allied to this, than are

A. turrita and A. swbula, found in more distant parts of the

island. The number of its whorls and its thicker structure

favor this opinion.

194 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

22, Achatimella stiria.

Plate VI. Fig. 22.

T. dextrorsé, rimata, elongata, tenui, nitida, pellucida, vitrea, levis-

sime striata; apice obtusi; spira turrita ; sutura simplici, subimpressa 5

anfr. 64, convexiusculis; columell& intus levissime plicata; apertura

pyriformi; perist.simplici, tenui ; margine dextro recto, leviter arcuato ;

columellari reflexo, patente; parietali tenuissimo, vitreo,

Shell dextral, perforate, elongate, thin, shining, pellucid,

vitreous, very finely striated; apex obtuse; spire turreted 5

suture simple, slightly impressed; whorls 62, somewhat con-

vex ; columella very lightly plaited deep within the aperture ;

aperture pyriform ; peristome simple, thin; with dextral mar-

gin unreflected, lightly arcuate; columellar margin reflected,

not appressed ; parietal margin very thin, vitreous.

Length 0.28 inch (7 mill.). Breadth 0.11 inch (24 mill.),

Length of body whorl 0.16 inch (4 mill.)

Average weight 0.10 grain.

Station.—On the ground in the woods. J.T. G.!

Labitut.—Helemanu, Peula,and Kawailoa, Oahu. J.T.G.!

Remarks.—Slightly resembles A. ewilis Nob. which is of the

sane glassy appearance, but excels in the beauty of its neatly

curved, cylindrical form.

23. Achatinella vitreola.

Plate VI. Fig. 23.

T. dextrorsi, imperforata, elongato-ovata, tenui, nitida, pellucida,

vitrea, sub lente levissime striata ; apice obtusula ; spira convexo-conica ;

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 193

sutura simplici, modice impress4 ; anfr. fere 7, convexiusculis ; columella

pallide cornea, intus leviter plicataé; apertura pyriformi; perist. sim-

plici; margine dextro recto, arcuato; columellari angusto, adnato; parie-

tali nullo.

Shell dextral, imperforate, elongately ovate, thin, shining, pel-

lucid, vitreous, microscopically finely striated; apex rather

obtuse; spire convexly conic; suture simple, moderately im-

pressed ; whorls nearly 7, somewhat convex; columella lightly

plaited deep within the aperture; aperture pyriform ; peristome

simple; with dextral margin unreflected, arcuate; columellar

margin narrow, adnate; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.32 inch (8 mill.). Breadth 0.14 inch (33 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.18 inch (43 mill.).

' Average weight 0.17 grain.

Station ...%? Undoubtedly on the ground.

Habitat.—Hawaiian Islands. !

Remarks.—Resembles A. triticea Nob., but differs in its

clear glassy appearance, and nearly obsolete columellar fold.

24. Achatinella parvula.

Plate VI. Fig. 24.

T. dextrorsa, imperforata, conico-oblonga, tenui, nitida, pellucida, suc-

cineo-vitreA, sub lente levissime striata; apice obtusa; spir&é convexo-

conica ; sutura simplici, modice impressa; anfr. 6, convexiusculis; colu-

mell& intus levissime plicata; apertura pyriformi; perist. simplici,

recto; margine columellari angusto, adnato ; parietali nullo.

Shell dextral, imperforate, conic-oblong, thin, shining, pellu-

cid, glassy, of amber hue, microscopically very finely striated ;

196 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

apex obtuse ; spire convexly conical; suture simple, moderately

impressed; whorls 6, rather convex; columella with a light

internal plait; aperture pyriform; peristome simple, unre-

flected ; with columellar margin narrow, adnate; parietal mar-

gin wanting.

Length 0.25 inch (64 mill.). Breadth 0.12 inch (8 mill).

Length of body whorl 0.16 inch (4 mill.).

Average weight 0.10 grain.

Station.— ...? Undoubtedly on the ground.

Habitat.—Hawaiian Islands. !

Leemarks.—Nearly of the size and color of A. granifera

Nob., but of a more cylindrically oblong shape, with narrower

base.

25. Achatimella platystyla.

Plate VI. Fig. 25.

T. dextrorsi, perforata, elongato-ovata, tenuiuscula, nitida, striatula,

sub lente obsoletissime decussatula, basi cinereo, superne albido-fusea ;

apice obtusula; spiré convexo-conica; suturé vix marginata, bene im-

press; anfr. 64, convexis; plica columellari mediana, alba, subtorta;

apertura parum obliqua, semiovali, intus ceruleo-albid4; perist. intus

incrassato, flavescente; margine dextro antice reflexo, arcuato; colu-

mellari late reflexo, subplano, patente ; parietali tenuissimo.

Shell dextral, perforate, elongately ovate, rather thin, shining,

finely striated, microscopically very faintly decussated, pale

brown above, ash-brown at the base; apex rather obtuse ; spire

convexly conic; suture scarcely marginate, well impressed ;

whorls 64, convex; columellar fold central, white, slightly

twisted; aperture a little oblique, semioval, bluish white

within; peristome yellowish white, thickened within; with

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 197

dextral margin anteriorly reflected, arcuate ; columellar margin

broadly reflected, flattened, not appressed; parietal margin

very thin.

Length 0.80 inch (204 mill.); breadth 0.41 inch (102 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.55 inch (14 mill.).

Weight 4.50 grains.

Station.— ?

fabitat—Kawailoa, Oahu. J. T. G.!

Remarks.—A rare mouse-colored species, in affinity nearly

allied to A. dubia Newe., but in color bearing a striking

resemblance to A. glabra Newc., a shell of quite another group,

found in the same locality with this.

26. Achatinella pexa.

Plate VI. Fig. 26.

T. sinistrorsa, profunde perforata, ovato-conica, tenui, nitida, striatula,

sub lente obsoletissime decussata, cinerea, albido et fusco-strigata, lineis

fuscis spiralibus ornata; apice subacuta ; spira conic; sutura simplici,

subimpressa ; anfr. 6, convexiusculis; columella alba, obsolete plicata ;

apertura obliqua, truncato-ovali, intus albido-fuscd; perist. vix incras-

sato; margine externo antice reflexo, arcuato; columellari dilatato,

patente; parietali nullo.

Shell sinistral, deeply perforated, ovate-conic, thin, shining,

finely striated, microscopically very minutely decussated ; ash-

colored, streaked with white and brown, and banded with

brown spiral lines; apex subacute; spire conical; suture sim-

ple, slightly impressed ; whorls 6, somewhat convex ; columella

white, obsoletely plaited; aperture oblique, truncately oval,

light brown within; peristome scarcely thickened within ; with

external margin anteriorly reflected, arcuate; columellar mar-

gin dilated, not appressed ; parietal margin wanting.

DECEMBER, 1856. 14 Ann, Lro, Nat. Hist. Vou. VI.

198 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

Length 0.76 inch (191 mill.); breadth 0.42 inch (102 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.53 inch (134 mill.).

Weight 2.50 grains.

NYPL) AL ee A CPE 4

Habitat.—Hawaiian Islands. J. T. G.!

Remarks.—Somewhat resembles A. Buddii Newe. in style of

coloring, but lacks the black tip of that species, and decidedly

differs in the reflected lip, and deeply perforated umbilicus.

27. Achatinella lactea.

Plate VI. Fig. 27.

T. sinistrors4, perforata, acuminato-ovata, solid, striatulé, sub lente

levissime decussata, eburne’; apice acuta; spira conicd, leviter con-

vexa; sutura marginata, subimpressi; anfr. 64, plano-convexis; plica

columellari mediana, fusc&, valida; apertura obliqua, sinuato-ovali,

intus rubido-fusca ; perist. albo, intus incrassato ; margine externo antice

subreflexo, arcuato; columellari dilatato, subpatente : parietali tenui.

Shell sinistral, perforate, acuminately ovate, solid, shining,

finely striated, and microscopically very finely decussated,

color ivory white; apex acute; spire conical, with outlines

‘slightly convex; suture marginate, slightly impressed; whorls

64, flatly convex; columellar fold central, brown, strong;

‘aperture oblique, sinuately oval, reddish brown within; peri-

‘stome white, thickened within; with external margin arcuate,

‘slightly reflected anteriorly ; columellar margin dilated, slightly

detached; parietal margin thin.

Length 0.86 inch (22 mill.); breadth 0.45 inch (112 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.59 inch (15 mill.)

Weight 8.00 grains.

Statoon— . . . . % Probably on trees.

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 199

Habitat.—Lanai, one of the Hawaiian Islands. 8. T. Alex-

ander. !

Remarks.—A. rare shell allied to A. variabilis Newe., but

well characterized as a distinct species.

28. Achatinella eburnea.

Plate VI. Figs. 28@ and 286 ;

T. sinistrors4, plerumque perforata, ovato-conica, solidula, nitida, striata,

minutissime decussata, eburned; apice acutiuscula; spira concavo-conica }

sutura submarginata, leviter impressi; anfr. 6, subconvexis; ultimo

magno, oblique producto, supra aperturam angulato; plica columellari

mediand, alba, valida, fere transversi: apertura obliqua truncato-auri-

formi, intus alb&: perist. intus incrassato; margine externo antice

reflexo, arcuato; columellari dilatato, subpatente; parietali nullo,

Shell sinistral, usually perforate, ovate-conic, somewhat solid,

shining, striated, very minutely decussated, ivory white; apex

rather acute; spire concavely conical; suture slightly mar-

gined, lightly impressed; whorls 6, slightly convex; the last

large, obliquely produced, and angulated above the aperture;

columellar fold central, white, strong, nearly transverse 5 aper-

ture oblique, truncately auriform, white within; peristome

thickened ; with external margin reflected anteriorly, arcuate ;

columellar margin dilated, slightly detached ; parietal margin

wanting.

Length 0.95 inch (24 mill.) ; breadth 0.54 inch (14 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.66 inch (17 mill.).

Average weight 9.00 grains; greatest weight 18.00 grains,

Station.—On the trunks of trees, quite exposed. KE. Bailey. !

Habitat.—Honuaula, E. Maui. E. Bailey.!

Var. b.—Brownish yellow, with a white girdle on the peri-

phery of the last whorl, waved with white and yellow on the

third whorl.

200 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

Var. c.—With body whorl rounded, not angulated.

Lemarks.—This species is the analogue of A. Tappaniana

C. B. Ad. found on W. Maui, but differs from it in its more

ventricose form, its angulated body whorl, and more regularly

eurved lip, besides the difference in coloring.

29. Achatinella ampulla.

Plate VII. Fig. 29.

T. sinistrorsa, interdum subperforata, elongata, subpyriformi, tenuius-

eula, nitida, striatula, sub lente vix decussatula, alba, fascia castanea

lata basi cingente, et intus aperturam infra suturam yolvente, inter-

dum superne lineata; apice subacuta ; spira concayo-conica, interdum

decollata ; anfr, 64, convexis, superne marginatis ; ultimo inflato, 58, lon-

gitudinis zequante; columella alba, superne plicata, valde intorta, non

tuberculata ; apertura rotundata ; perist. expanso, reflexo, vix incrassato ;

margine columellari reflexo, adnato vel subpatente ; parietali nullo.

Shell sinistral, sometimes slightly perforate, elongate, subpy-

riform, rather thin, shining, finely striate, scarcely decussate

beneath the lens, white, with a broad chestnut band encircling

the base, and revolving within the shell beneath the suture,

sometimes with fine spiral lines above; apex subacute; spire

concavely conical, sometimes decollated ; whorls 63, convex,

margined above ; the last inflated, equal to ;%% of the length ;

columella white, plaited near the whorl, strongly twisted, not

tuberculate; aperture rounded ; peristome expanded, reflected,

very slightly thickened; with columellar margin reflected,

adnate, or slightly detached ; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.90 inch (23 mill.); breadth 0.51 inch (13 mill.).

Length of aperture 0.40 inch (10 mill.).

Weight 6.00 grains.

Station.—On trees. S. T. Alexander. !

Habitat—Honukawai, Maui. S. T. Alex.!

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 201

Remarks.—This species differs from A. fasczata Nob. to

which it is closely allied, in the concave outlines of the spire,

in its inflated body whorl, and more expanded and reflected

lip.

30. Achatinella fasciata.

Plate VII. Fig. 30.

T. sinistrorsi, interdum perforata, ovato-conica, solidula, nitida, stria-

tula, sub lente vix decussatula, alba, fusco teeniolata ; apice subacuta,

alba, teenid fuscd supra suturam cincta; spira regulariter conica ; anfr-

6 vel 7, convexis, non marginatis; ultimo rotundato, ,°, longitudinis

zequante ; plic& columellari alba, supera, levi, subtorté ; apertura parum

obliqua, rotundato-ovali, intus alba, interdum pallide fuscd infra exter-

nas fascias; perist. albo, sub-incrassato, antice subreflexo ; margine co-

lumellari reflexo, vix adnato ; parietali nullo.

Shell sinistral, sometimes perforate, ovate-conic, solid, shining,

finely striated, microscopically very minutely and faintly decus-

sated, white, with brown bands; apex subacute, white, with a

brown line above the suture; spire regularly conical ; whorls

6 or 7, convex, not margined ; the last rounded, equal to 5%%; of

the length ; columellar fold white, superior, slightly developed,

moderately twisted ; aperture somewhat oblique, roundly oval,

white within ; the bands sometimes appear in pale brownish

stripes on the inner surface ; peristome white, slightly thick-

ened, subreflected anteriorly ; with columellar margin reflected,

scarcely adnate; parietal margin wanting.

Average length 0.87 inches (22 mill.) ; greatest length 0.97

inch (25 mill); breadth 0.45 inch (114 mill.).

Length of aperture, 0.39 inch (10 mill.).

Average weight 6.80 grains; greatest weight 9.00 grains ;

least weight, 6.00 grains.

Var. b.—Thicker and more elongate, with dark brown or

202 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

black bands ; lip well thickened within, and deeply colored on

the edge opposite the bands ; columella slightly toothed.

Var. c.—V entricose, conical: one specimen has the follow-

ing dimensions : length 0.86 inch ; breadth 0.54 inch ; length of

aperture, 0.40 inch.

Station.—On the Wiliwili (Zrythrina monosperma). S. T.

Alex. !

Habitat—Honukawai, Maui. S. T. Alex.!

Remarks.—Has been confounded with A. Zappaniana and

A. splendida Newe., but is smaller than the former, with

fainter sculpturing and more regularly conical spire; it also

differs in its dark bands, rounded body whorl, less reflected lip,

and slight columellar fold. It resembles A. splendida Newe.

in its brown bands, but is otherwise quite distinct. A nuclear

character which distinguishes it from either of the above, is the

_spiral line on the first whorls.

31. Achatinella Baileyana.

Plate VIL Figs. 81a. and 81 6.

T. sinistrorsA, perforata, ovato-conica, solida, nitida, striatula, sub lente

minutissime decussatula, plumbea, strigis albidis minutis obliquis, et lineis

spiralibus nigris angustis ornaté; apice subacuta, tessellati; spira

subconvexo-conicd ; anfr. 64 vel 7, modice convexis, vix marginatis ;

ultimo regulariter rotundato, ,%%; longitudinis aequante ; plicd columellari

pallide violacea, supera, valida; apertura parum obliqua, non expansa,

rotundato-semiovali, intus pallide violacea; perist. vix reflexo, intus

labiato ; margine columellari reflexo, patente ; parietali nullo.

Shell sinistral, perforate, ovate-conic, solid, shining, finely

striated, microscopically very minutely decussated, with: fine

oblique white streaks, and narrow black spiral lines; apex

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 203

subacute, tessellated, spire conic with slightly convex outlines ;

whorls 64 or 7, moderately convex, scarcely margined; body

whorl regularly rounded, equal to ;¢,"; of the length; columellar

fold pale violet, strong, superior; aperture somewhat oblique,

not expanded, roundly semioval, very pale violet within; peri-

stome scarcely reflected, thickened within; with columellar

margin reflected, not impressed ; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.85 inch (212 mill.\; breadth 0.50 inch. (12; mill.).

Length of aperture 0.40 inch (10 mill.).

Average weight 7.0 grains.

The dimensions of a large specimen are as follows:

Length 1.00 inch (252 mill.) ; breadth 0.53 inch (18} mill.).

Length of aperture 0.45 inch (11? mill.).

Weight 7 grains.

Var. b.—Regularly conical, rather broad at the base ; with

spire shortened ; whorls nearly 7, convex, not margined ; aper-

ture very oblique, semicrbicular, pale blue within.

Length 0.75 inch (17 mill.); breadth 0.51 inch (13 mill.).

Length of aperture 0.34 inch (83 mill.).

Weight 6.00 grains.

Var. c.—Ovate-conic, marble grey, bands usually wanting,

within the aperture pale lilac, whorls somewhat swollen be-

neath the sutures, columella not so short. This variety passes

into the white variety of A. splendida Newe.

Var. d.—Lightly tinged with pink both within. and without.

Station.—On trees. Ed. Bailey Jr.!

Habitat.—W ailuku mountain, Maui. Ed. Bailey Jr.!

Remarks.—Dr. Newcomb pronounces this to be a variety of

his A. splendida, but I think the differences too well marked

for a doubt in regard to its distinct character,

204 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

32. Achatinelia pyramidalis.

Plate VII. Fig. 32.

T. dextrorsa, raro sinistrorsé, imperforata, pyramidali, solidula, nitida,

castanea vel cinereo-fuscé, basi fascia 1 albida vel luteola cincta, in anfr.

2 et 3 signis obliquis albidis et fuscis picta, intus aperturam ceeruleo-

albida ; apice subacuta; spira regulariter conicd, interdum decollaté ;

anfr. 64, convexis, albo-marginatis, subtiliter transversim striatis, et sub

lente lineis spiralibus impressis rugosis minutissime decussatis ; ultimo

regulariter rotundato, 75 longitudinis eequante; plicd columellari

alba, valida, obliqué ; apertura parum obliquaé, semiovali; perist. intus

incrassato, vix reflexo; margine columellari dilatato, adnato vel subpa-

tente; parietali nullo.

Shell dextral, very rarely sinistral, imperforate, pyramidal,

rather solid, shining, chestnut or ash-brown, with a white

or yellowish band encircling the base, with oblique white and

brown markings on the second and third whorls, bluish-white

within the aperture; apex subacute; spire regularly conical,

sometimes decollated ; whorls 64, convex, margined with white;

finely striated transversely, and microscopically decussated

with faintly impressed wrinkled spiral lines; the last regu-

larly rounded, equal to ,°3; of the length; columellar fold well

developed, white, oblique; aperture rather oblique, semioval:

peristome thickened within, very slightly reflected ; with colu-

mellar margin dilated, adnate or slightly detached; parietal

margin wanting.

Length 0.85 inch (212 mill.); breadth 0.45 inch (112 mill.).

Length of aperture 0.38 inch (92 mill.).

Average weight 5.70 grains.

The dimensions of a large specimen are as follows :

Length 0.90 inch (23 mill.) ; breadth 0.47 inch (12 mill.).

Length of aperture 0.40 inch.

Weight 6.00 grains.

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 205

Remarks.—This shell differs from the A. splendida Newc.,

in its smaller size and pyramidal form, with spire less convex,

body whorl less ventricose, aperture smaller and less oblique,

lip less expanded and reflected. It also differs in being with-

out perforation, and is very rarely sinistral.

The A. perdiv Reeve, differs from this in its broader and

more ventricose form, its more convex spire, with whorls more

swollen, with aperture broader, and frequently subangulated ;

the arrangement of colors is also different. Looking only at

the type of this species, it would be placed in the same group

with A. splendida, yet it is so closely connected by inter-

mediate varieties with A. perdiz, that it has hitherto been con-

sidered a variety of that species.

Tar. b.—With black basal band. A small specimen has

the following dimensions:

Length 0.80 inch; breadth 0.43 inch; length of aperture,

0.35 inch; weight 4.00 grs.

Var. c.—Without band. I have a small specimen of the

brown variety of A. splendida Newc., which closely resembles

this.

Var. d—With apex chestnut-brown, not tessellated :—very

rare.

Var. e.—With irregular white spots. This variety passes

into A. perdix.

Station.—On trees.

Flabitat.—Lahaina, Maui. §&. T. Alex.!

33. Achatinella umdosa.

Plate VIL Fig. 33.

T. dextrorsa, profunde anguste umbilicata, vel perforata, acuminato-

ovato-conica, solida, nitida, striatula, sub lente obsoletissime decussatula,

206 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

plumbed, coloribus nigris, fuscis et albidis strigat&’ et undulat&; apice

subacuta, albido et castaneo tessellata ; spira conic&; anfr. 64, superne

tumidiusculis, submarginatis, ultimo 7%% longitudinis eequante ; columella

alba, modice plicataé; apertura parum obliqua, sinuato-ovali; perist. intus

incrassato, antice subreflexo ; margine columellari dilatato, patente ;

parietali nullo.

Shell dextral, deeply, narrowly umbilicate or perforate, acu-

minately ovate-conic, solid, shining, finely striated and micro-

scopically very faintly decussated, lead grey, streaked and

waved with black, brown, and white; apex subacute, tessellated

with white and chestnut; spire conic; whorls 64, somewhat

swollen above, slightly margined; the last equal to 705 of the

length ; columella white, moderately plicate ; aperture some-

what oblique, sinuously oval; peristome thickened within,

slightly reflected anteriorly ; with columellar margin dilated,

unattached; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.90 inch (23 mill.) ; breadth 47 inch (12 mill.).

Length of aperture 0.42 inch (102 mill.).

Average weight 5.50 grains.

The dimensions of a large specimen are as follows:

Length 1.00 inch (253 mill.) ; breadth 0.50 inch (123 mill.).

Weight 8.00 grains.

Var. b.—Much smaller.

Length 0.74 inch (19 mill.); breadth 0.42 inch (103 mill.).

Length of aperture 0.33 inch (82 mill.).

Weight 4.00 grains.

‘ar. c.—With interrupted dingy white band encircling the

base: quite rare.

Var, d.—V entricosely ovate ; spire short ; whorls 6, swollen,

the last flattened in the middle: rare.

One specimen is of the following dimensions :

Length 0.85 inch (212 mill.); breadth 0.52 inch (132 mill.).

Length of aperture 0.43 inch (11 mill.).

Weight 7.00 grains.

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 207

Var. e—Finely and faintly streaked with whitish lines.

Var. f—Whitish marble grey; lip, columella, and fauces

ivory white.

Var. g.—Exterior ashy, without polish; lip ivory white ;

collumella plicate: passes into A. induta Nob.

Var. h.—Variegated with black, white, and brown, perfo-

rate, columella more distinctly plicate: passes into A. perdi

Reeve.

Station.—On the Ilima (Sida), Ki (Cordyline terminalis), and

other low bushes. E. Bailey.!

Habitat.—Mountain ridges of Waihee, Maui. E. Bailey. !

Femarks.—This species is smaller in size, and more acuminate

in form than A. perdix, and differs in having the umbilicus

open and deeply perforated, and the columellar fold less promi-

nent.

34. Achatinella induta.

Plate VII. Figs. 84 a and 34 e.

T. dextrorsd, perforata, conico-ovata, solida, impolita, sub lente minu-

tissime et obsoletissime decussatd, fusc&; apice subacuta, albido et

castaneo tessellaté; spiré convexo-conica ; sutura leviter impressa, non

marginata ; anfr. 6, sub-convexis; ultimo ;¢o—roo longitudinis equante ;

plica columellari valida, alba, fere transversa ; apertura parum obliqua,

sinuato-ovali, intus ceruleo-alba; perist. intus incrassato, antice subre-

flexo; margine columellari dilatato, albo, patente ; parietali tenuissimo,

vel nullo.

Shell dextral, perforate, conic-ovate, solid, unpolished, mi-

eroscopically very minutely and obsoletely decussated, brown ;

apex subacute, tessellated with white and chestnut; spire

208 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

convexly conical; suture lightly impressed, not margined;

whorls 6, slightly convex; the last equal to 75-7% of the

whole length; columellar fold strong, white, nearly trans-

verse ; aperture slightly oblique, sinuously oval, bluish white

within; peristome thickened within; with anterior margin

slightly reflected; columellar margin dilated, white, unat-

tached; parietal margin very thin, or wanting.

Length 0.83 inch (21 mill.); breadth 0.50 inch (123 mill.).

Length of aperture 0.40 inch (10 mill.).

Average weight 6.70 grains.

Var. b.—Ash-brown, with whitish streaks and spots. This

variety passes into A. wnadosa Nob.

Var. c—With a white band on the periphery of the last

whorl: very rare.

Var. d—Small, ovate-conic. The dimensions of one of the

smallest specimens are as follows :

Length 0.70 inch (18 mill.). Breadth 0.40 inch (10 mill.).

Length of aperture 0.34 inch (83 mill.).

Weight 4.00 grains.

Var. e.—Lip considerably expanded and reflected, slightly

thickened within ; columella broadly reflected. This variety

presents a remarkable feature ; appearing as if the body whorl

had been enlarged, and the lip expanded by a second growth,

after the shell has been perfected, and the lip thickened. The

second growth forms a broad lip, sometimes an eighth of an inch

or more in width, from the interior callous ridge to the edge.

This lip seems to be of the same material as the thickening

within, the exterior being of an unpolished ivory color, not

covered with the brown coat which clothes the rest of the shell.

The interior of both the lip and columella is of polished ivory

white; aperture within the lip bluish-white. Specimens pre-

senting more or less of the features of this variety are not rare.

Station.—On the Ilima (Sida), and other bushes. LE. Bailey.!

Fabitat.—Mountain ridges of Wailuku, Maui. E. B.!

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 209

Remarks.—This species is characterized by its unpolished

brown exterior.

35. Achatimella lignaria.

Plate VII. Fig. 85.

T. dextrorsi, perforaté, ovato-conica, solida, magis minusve nitida,

sub lente minutissime decussata, luteo-eburnea, interdum strigata; apice

subacuta, alba, luteo oblique notata; spira regulariter conica; sutura

modice impressd, vix marginata; anfr. 64, convexiusculis ; ultimo ;,%

longitudinis «quante; plic& columellari valida, alba; apertura parum

obliqua, sinuato-ovali; peris. incrassato, interdum antice subexpanso et

subreflexo ; margine columellari dilatato, albo, patente ; parietali nullo.

Shell dextral, perforate, ovate-conic, solid, more or less shin-

ing, microscopically minutely decussated, yellowish ivory-white,

sometimes streaked; apex subacute, white, obliquely marked

with brownish yellow; spire regularly conical; suture mode-

rately impressed, scarcely margined; whorls 6%, somewhat

convex; the last equal to ,%'; of the length; columellar fold

strong, white; aperture somewhat oblique, sinuously oval ; peri-

stome thickened, sometimes slightly expanded and reflected

anteriorly ; columellar margin dilated, white, unattached ; parie-

tal margin wanting.

Length 0.80 inch (204 mill.); breadth 0.41 inch (102 mill.).

Length of aperture 0.35 inch (9 mill.).

Average weight 5.50 grains.

Remarks.—This species differs from A. induta Nob. in its

smaller size, more acuminate form, lighter color, and in the

polished exterior of some of its varieties.

Var. b—More ventricose; aperture nearly semiorbicular.

This variety passes into A. induéa.

Var. c.—More elongate.

210 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

Length 0.76 inch (194 mill.);_ breadth 0.36 inch (9 mill.).

Length of aperture 0.31 inch (8 mill.).

Average weight 3.50 grains.

This variety approaches and passes into A. terebra Newe.

The two species are, however, distinctly characterized; the

latter being more strongly sculptured, having the aperture more

elongately oval, and the suture more distinctly margined.

Var. d.—With black or brown spiral bands. This passes

into A. splendida Newe., but is distinguished by its smaller

size and stronger columellar fold. Rather rare.

Var.e.—White. This passes into A. attenuata Pfr.

Var. f—Pale ash-color. Passes into A. wndosa Nob.

Var. g.—Pale yellowish brown. . Passes into A. crocea

Nob.

Station.--On the Alii and other low trees, in damp elevated

regions. KE. B.!

Habitat.—W ailuku, Maui. E. Bailey!

86. Achatinelia crocea.

Plate VII. Fig. 36.

T. dextrorsa, perforata, conico-ovata, solid, vix nitida, leviter striata,

et sub lente lineis spiralibus, confertissimis, undulatis distincte decussata,

luted; apice subacuta, albido et luteo oblique notata; spira conica ;

sutura simplici, subimpressa; anfr, 6, convexiusculis; ultimo in medio

subplanato, yoo longitudinis zquante; plica columellari mediceri, alba ;

apertura parum obliqua, sinuato-ovali, intus nivea; perist. non expanso,

intus modice incrassato; margine columellari dilatato, albo, patente }

parietali nullo,

Shell dextral, perforate, conic-ovate, solid, scarcely shining,

lightly striated, and microscopically distinctly decussated with

crowded undulating spiral lines, orange yellow; apex subacute,

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 211

obliquely marked with white and yellow; spire conical ; suture

simple, slightly impressed; whorls 6, somewhat convex, the

last slightly flattened in the middle, equal to ys of the length;

columellar fold moderately developed, white ; aperture slightly

oblique, sinuously oval, snowy white within; peristome not

expanded, moderately thickened within; with columellar mar-

gin dilated, white, unattached; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.70 inch (18 mill.) ; breadth 0.40 inch (10 mill.).

Length of aperture 0.37 inch (92 mill.).

Weight 4.00 grains.

Station— . . . . % It is undoubtedly an arboreal

species.

Habitat.—Waihee, Maui: rare. E. Bailey Jr.!

387. Achatinella ustulata.

Plate VIL. Fig. 87.

T. sinistrorsé, perforata, ovato-conica, ad basin oblique producta,

solida, vix nitidd, striata, et sub lente distincte decussata, fuscd, fascia

eburnea ad basin cincta ; apice subacuta, albido et fusco tessellata ; spira

conica, curvilineari; sutura simplici, leviter impressa, linea angusta

alb& notata; anfr. 64, modice convexis; ultimo magno, 7o% longitudinis

equante; plica columellari, valida, alba, obliqua; apertura perobliqua,

sinuato-ovali; perist. intus incrassato antice reflexo; margine columellari,

dilatato, albo, patente; parietali nullo.

Shell sinistral, perforate, ovate-conic, obliquely produced at

the base, solid, scarcely shining, striated, and microscopically

distinctly decussated, brown, with a whitish band encircling

the base; apex subacute, tessellated with white and brown;

spire conical, somewhat curvilinear; suture simple, lightly

impressed, marked with a narrow white line; whorls 64,

moderately convex ; the last large, equal to 70s of the length;

columellar fold strong, white, oblique; aperture very oblique,

212 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

sinuously oval; peristome thickened within, reflected anteriorly ;

with columellar margin dilated, white, unattached ; parietal

margin wanting.

Length 1.00 inch (252 mill.); breadth 0.57 inch (143 mill.).

Length of aperture 0.52 inch (133 mill.).

Weight 10.00 grains.

Station.—On the Mamaki (Urtica grandis ?). 8. T. Alex. !

Habitat.— Beautiful Valley, Mani. §. T. Alex.!

Lemarks.—This species is more ventricose than A. perdix

Reeve, and differs in having the whorls more convex, the suture

simple, the aperture more oblique, and the sculpturing more

distinct.

I have received but two specimens, for which I am indebted

to the brothers James and Samuel Alexander.

38. Achatinella talpina.

Plate VIL Fig. 38.

T. dextrorsa, subperforata, elongata, ovato-conicaé, tenuiuscula, sub-

cornea, haud nitida, striatulé, sub lente vix decussatuld, fusca, fascia 1,

albida ad basin cincta, epidermide tenui fusco-cinereé velutiné induta ;

apice obtusiuscula, albido et castaneo tessellata ; spira regulariter conica ;

sutura simplici, modice impressa; anfr. fere 7, convexis; ultimo regu-

lariter rotundato, 625-782, longitudinis squante; plic& columellari

supera, validi; aperturA semiorbiculari, intus fusco-albida; perist. intus

incrassato, antice vix reflexo } margine columellari dilatato, albo, patente ;

parietali nullo.

Sheil dextral, slightly perforate, elongate, ovate-conic, rather

thin, subcorneous, not shining, finely striated, beneath the lens

scarcely decussated, brown with a whitish band encircling the

base, covered with a thin brown ash velvety epidermis; apex

Descriptions of New Species of Achatmella. 213

somewhat obtuse, tessellated with white and chestnut; spire

regularly conical; suturesimple, moderately impressed ; whorls

nearly 7, convex ; the last regularly rounded, equal to $3,—75

of the length; columella strongly plaited above; aperture

semiorbicular, brownish-white within; peristome thickened

within, scarcely reflected anteriorly ; with columellar margin

white, and reflected over the deep perforation ; parietal margin

wanting.

Length 0.85 inch (212 mill.); breadth 0.47 inch (12 mill.).

Length of aperture, 0.36 inch (9 mill.).

Average weight 5.50 grains.

Var. b.—With apex corneous, without tessellations; very

rare.

Var. c.—Ventricose; spire short, curvilinear. A small spe-

cimen has the following dimensions :—

Length 0.67 inch (17 mill.) ; breadth 0.42 inch (10% mill.).

Length of aperture 0.30 inch (7% mill.).

Weight 4.50 grains.

Station.—On the Kukui (Aleurites triloba). EE. Bailey, Jr.!

Habitat.—W ailuku, Maui; rare. E. Bailey, Jr.!

Lemarks.—This species passes into A. Gouldit Newe. Much

handling gradually removes the epidermis from the shell, leaving

the surface more or less polished.

39. Achatinella plumbea.

Plate VII. Fig. 39.

T. dextrorsa, interdum perforata, ovato-conica, solida, nitida, irregula-

riter striata, levissime decussata, plumbeo-cinerea, basi fascié und alba

cincta; apice subacutaé; spira conica; sutura marginata, valide impressa ;

DECEMBER, 1856. 15 Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hist. Vou. VI.

214 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

anfr. 64, perconvexis; plica columellari mediana, alba, validé; apertura

parum obliqua, sinuato-ovali, intus ceruleo-albida ; perist. fusco intus

jncrassato; margine dextro arcuato, vix reflexo; columellari dilatato,

albo, interdum subpatente; parietali nullo.

Shell dextral, sometimes perforate, ovate-conic, solid, shining,

irregularly striated, very finely decussated, lead-colored, with a

white band on the periphery of the last whorl; apex subacute ;

spire conical; suture marginate, well impressed; whorls 63,

very convex; columellar fold central, white, strong; aperture

_ slightly oblique, sinuately oval, bluish-white within ; peristome

brown, thickened within ; with dextral margin arcuate, scarcely

reflected; columellar margin dilated, white, sometimes slightly

detached; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.90 inch (28 mill.) ; breadth 0.50 inch (18 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.64 inch (163 mill.).

Average weight 6.00 grains; least weight 4.30 grains.

Station.—On the trunks of the Aiea and Kukui (Aleurites

triloba). EK. Bailey.!

Habitat— Kula, E. Maui. E. Bailey.!

Var. b—Globose conic, spire shortened, with concave out-

lines, body whorl inflated.

Var. c—Without the white band on the body whorl.

Remarks.—A. Adamsii Newe. differs from this in shape,’

and is covered with a brown unpolished coat more or less broken

up with clouds and waves of white; moreover I believe that

A. Adamsw is admitted to be a,synonyme of A. marmorata

Gould.

40. Achatinella phaeozona.

Plate VIL Fig. 40.

'. sinistrorsa, vix perforata, oblongo-ovata, solida, nitida, striata, alba,

fasclis castaneis varie ornat&; apice subacuta; spird convexo-conica ;

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 215

sutura marginata, modice impress; anfr. fere 7, modice convexis; plicd

columellari mediana, alba, valida; apertura parum obliqua, lunato-

rotundata ; perist. acuto, intus valde incrassato ; margine columellari

dilatato, adnato, vel interdum subpatente ; parietali nullo.

Shell sinistral, scarcely perforate, oblong-ovate, solid, shining,

striated, white, with from 1 to 6 black or chestnut bands vary-

ing in width; apex subacute; spire convexly conical; suture

marginate, moderately impressed; whorls 7, moderately convex;

columellar fold central, white, strong; aperture a little oblique,

lunately rounded; peristome acute, well thickened within;

with columellar margin dilated, adnate, or sometimes slightly

detached ; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.86 inch (22 mill.) ; breadth 0.50 inch (122 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.64 inch (164 mill.).

Length of aperture 0.43 inch (11 mill.) ; an average sized

specimen. |

Length of a large specimen 1.00 inch (252 mill.).

Average weight 10.50 grains.

Station.—On the Kukui (Aleurites triloba) and Ki (Qordyline

terminalis). J.T. G.!

Halbitat.—Keowaawa, Oahu. J.T. G.!

Var. a.—With one broad band encircling the base.

Var. b—With two dark bands, one entering the aperture,

the other revolving above the suture. This and var. a are

sometimes found in Kailua, Oahu.

Var. c.—White, with three or four bands at the base.

Var. d.—Without bands, but more or less streaked with

fawn brown.

Var. e.-—Dark brown, with two white bands, one sutural, the

other on the periphery of the body whorl.

Var. f—Brown, with one or more black bands.

216 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

Var. g—Ash or olive brown, with one or more light bands.

Var. h.—Chestnut or olive brown, with fine, black, spiral

lines.

§ 6.

Smaller, with outlines of spire less convex; passing into A.

plumata.

Average weight 5.30 grains.

Habitat.—V ars. 7-k in Kailua; vars. /-o in Olomana.

Var. 7.—White, with numerous chestnut bands on the lower

part of the whorls.

Var. j.—Light olive brown, with dark bands.

Var. k.—Dark brown, with narrow white bands.

Var. l.—White, with one or two broad black bands at the

base.

Var. m.—Elongate, white, with two black bands, one revoly-

ing above the suture, the other entering the aperture, and some-

times a third accompanies the sutural margin.

Var. n.—White, with from three to five crowded bands at

the base. ,

Var. o.—Pure white.

Remarks.—May be grouped with A. Buddu and A. fulgens

Newc., but differs in its more solid structure, its thicker lip and

columellar fold, and in the more convex outline of its spire. It

also lacks the black tip which characterizes A. Buddi. The

typical varieties found in Keawaawa are rare, the sterile

region affording but few trees, which occupy the ravines near

the summit of the ridge.

The varieties of Kailua (7, 7, and #) pass into A. plumata

Nob.; and var. m of Olomana bears a strong analogy to A.

zonata Nob. and A. formosa Nob., which are found at the

opposite end of the mountain range constituting the back-bone

of the island.

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 1%

41. Achatinella plumata.

Plate VII. Fig. 41.

T. sinistrorsa, imperforata, ovato-conica, solida, nitida, striata, cinerea,

fusco-strigata; apice subacuté; spira conica, leviter convexd; sutura

marginata, modice impressa, alba; anfr. 64, convexiusculis; plic&a colu-

mellari mediana, alba, validé, apertura parum obliqua, truncato-auri-

formi; perist. subacuto, intus valde incrassato; margine columellari

dilatato, adnato ; parietali nullo.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, ovate conic, solid, shining, stri-

ated, cinereous, with oblique brown streaks; apex subacute ;

spire conic, with outlines slightly convex; suture marginate,

moderately impressed, white; whorls 64, somewhat convex ;

columellar fold central, white, strong; aperture somewhat

oblique, truncately auriform ; peristome subacute, well thick-

ened within; with columellar margin dilated, adnate ; parietal

margin wanting.

Length 0.90 inch (23 mill.); breadth 0.48 inch (123 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.63 inch (16 mill.).

Length of aperture 0.44 inch (11 mill.).

_ Average weight 8.50 grains.

Statéon.—On the leaves and branches of trees. J.T. G.!

Habitat.—Niu, Oahu. J.T. G.!

Var. b.—Bluish grey, suture of the same color, lip thinner.

Var. c.—Of ashy chestnut color, with black bands.

Var. d—Pale, streaked with light fawn brown, sutures

white. :

Var. e-—Radiated with light brown, sutures the same, lip

less thickened, columellar fold tuberculate.

218 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinélla.

Var. f—With one or two broad chestnut bands, otherwise

like var. e.

Var. g.—With three bands, usually black, one of which is

sutural.

Var. h.—With a white belt encircling the base between two

broad black bands, one of which enters the aperture.

Var. i.—White or yellowish at the base, reddish grey above,

with a dark spiral line between.

Var. j.—Fawn-colored, darker towards the apex.

Var. k—Greyish pink mottled with brown, yellow at the

base.

§ 8.

Smaller and more elongately ovate.

Length 0.77 inch (19; mill.). Breadth 0.41 inch (102

mill.).

Habitat.__Wailupe, Oahu.

Var. l—Grey radiated with black and brown, with sutures

white.

Var. m.—Streaked with grey and brown, with sutures of the

same color.

Var. n.—Dark chestnut, lighter towards the apex.

Var. 0.—White with two or three broad black or chestnut

bands.

Var. p—Of cinnamon color, with one black band at the

base.

Var. g-—Plumbeous above, greenish yellow at the base.

Sy.

Of full size, but thinner than the typical varieties, with the

first three whorls usually white; pass into A. fulgens Newe.,

which is found in the same locality.

Habitat.—W aialoe, Oahu; vars. 7, s, and v, are sometimes

found in Palolo. J.T. G.!

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 219

Var. r.—Of greyish fawn color, with sutures white.

Var. s.—Cinnamon or chestnut, variously banded with dark

or pale lines; one specimen dextral.

Var. t.—Brownish grey, with one or more black bands at the

base.

Var. u.—Cinereous, with numerous pale spiral lines.

Var. v.—Cinereous above, passing into dark brown on the

periphery of the body whorl, and greenish yellow at the base.

Var. w.—Of a greyish yellow hue throughout.

Var. x —Bright fawn color, with a broad white belt on the

periphery of the last whorl.

§ 2.

Rather thin, with lip acute and scarcely thickened within ;

pass into A. Buddi Newc., found in the same locality.

Average weight 5.30 grains.

Habitat.—Palolo, Oahu. J.T. G.!

Var. y.—Dark brown or cinnamon throughout.

Var. z.—Grey, with fine black lines.

Var. aa.—Y ellowish white or grey, with two broad black or

chestnut bands, one entering the aperture.

Var. bb.—Brown or slate, with two white bands, one sutural,

the other on the periphery of the whorl.

Var. ce.—Greyish pink, with one or two broad white bands

at the base.

Var. dd.—Grey above, yellow at the base.

Var. ee.—White, with broad pale bands of greyish pink.

Var. ff —Fawn, with a narrow black band entering the

aperture, and sometimes with a dark sutural line.

Var. gg—White or pale greyish pink, with one or two

narrow slate or chestnut bands. 4

Var. hh.—White above, brown at the base.

Var. vi.—Bright chestnut, with white sutures, light pink

columella.

220 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

Be.

With spire more convex and colors less streaked ; pass into

A pheozona vars. i—o.

Habitat.—Kailua, Oahu. J.T. G.!

Var. jj.—Light brownish grey, with several black spiral

lines.

Var. kk.—Brown or slate colored, with two white bands, one

sutural, the other on the periphery of the last whorl.

Var. ll.—With a broad black zone at the base.

Var. mm.—Olive brown, with two dark bands, a broad one

entering the aperture, the other narrower, revolving above the

suture.

Var. nn.—Light fawn, with one or two white bands at the

base.

Var. 00.—White, with oblique yellowish streaks.

Var. pp.—¥Fawn-colored, plain or with dark brown bands ;

sutures white ; approaches A. cervina Nob.

Lemarks.—A neat species, differing from A. phwozona in its

smaller size, more conic spire, and in the streaked arrangement

of its colors. The typical specimens are much thicker and hea-

vier than A. Buddii Newc., and it never has the black tip of

that species. We have seen but one dextral specimen, which

has been mentioned under var. s.

42. Achatinella diversa.

Plate VII. Figs. 42 @, 426.

T. sinistrorsa, rarissime dextrorsA, imperforata, ovato vel turrito-conica,

solida, nitida, striata, albA, vel flavo aut viridi varie picta; apice suba-

cuta; spira conicd; suturd marginata, modice impressa ; anfr. 64, con-

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 221

vexiusculis; plic& columellari mediana, rosea vel alb&; apertura obliqua ;

truncato-auriformi; perist. acuto, intus incrassato; margine columellari

dilatato, adnato; parietali nullo.

Shell sinistral, very rarely dextral, imperforate, ovately or

elongately conic, solid, shining, striated, white or variously

painted with yellow or green; apex subacute; spire conic 3

suture marginate, moderately impressed ; whorls 63, somewhat

convex; columellar fold central, strong, rose or white; aper-

ture oblique, truncately auriform; peristome acute, thickened

within; with columellar margin dilated, adnate; parietal mar-

gin wanting.

Length 0.83 inch (21 mill.) ; breadth 0.45 inch (112 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.61 inch (153 mill.).

Length of aperture 0.42 inch (10% mill.) ; an average spe-

cimen.

Greatest length 0.99 inch (25 mill.).

Average weight 8.00 grains.

Staticon.—On trees. J.T. G.!

LHabitat.—Palolo, Waialae, Wailupe,and Niu, Oahu. J.T.G.!

Var. a.—Pure white, except the columella, which is fre-

quently lilac or rose. Pl. VII. Fig. 42a.

Var. b.—White, with one black band. Pl. VII. Fig. 426.

Var. c.—White, with two dark bands, one entering the

aperture ; approaches A. fulgens Newe.

Var. d.—White, with yellow or green base.

Var. e.—Yellow, with white bands.

Var. f.—Y ellow, fading towards the apex.

Var. g.—Green, fading towards the apex.

Var. h.—Green, passing into grey or brown towards the

apex.

Var. 7.—Green, with white bands.

222 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

Remarks.—Differs from A. plumata Nob. in the character

and arrangement of its colors, and from A. fulgens Newe. in

the absence of the white sutural band, and the two broad black

central bands which characterize that species.

‘The specimens found in Niu do not present the green varie-

ties, but incline more to white; and are also thicker and more

ovate in form than those found in Palolo. The average weight

of full grown specimens from Niu is about 9.00 grains, that of

the Palolo specimens is 7.20 grains.

I have six or eight dextral specimens belonging to varieties

d, é, g, and 2.

43. Achatinella varia.

Plate VII. Fig. 43.

(A. vulpina, Reeve non Fer. Rv. Conch. Icon. PI. 4, fig. 29, a, 6, ¢.)

T. sinistrorsa, imperforata, acuminato-oblonga, solida, nitida, striatula,

albida, fusco-strigata, infra suturam nigro-lineata, basi viridi vel fusces-

centi; apice acutiuscula ; spira elongato-conica ; suturaé marginata, sub-

impressa ; anfr. 6, plano-convexis ; plic&é columellari mediand, fusca vel

rosea, valida; apertura obliqua, truncato-auriformi, intus alba; perist.

intus incrassato; margine externo recto, arcuato; columellari dilatato,

adnato, plerumque nigro-limbato ; parietali nullo.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, acuminately oblong, solid, shin-

ing, finely striated, white, streaked with brown, with a black

line beneath the suture, and green or brown at the base; apex

somewhat acute; spire elongately conic; suture margined,

lightly impressed; whorls 6, flatly convex; columellar fold

central, brown or rose, strong; aperture oblique, truncately

auriform, white within ; peristome thickened within; external

margin unreflected, arcuate; columellar margin dilated, adnate,

usually margined with black; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.85 inch (212 mill.); breadth 0.41 inch (102 mill.);

length of body whorl 0.56. inch (14 mill.).

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 993

Length of a large specimen 1.06 inch (27 mill.); breadth

0.51 inch (13 mill.).

Average weight 6.70 grains.

Station.—On the Kukui (Alewrites triloba), Ohia (Hugenia

Malaccecensis), and other trees. J.T. G.!

Habitat.—Palolo, Waialae, and Wailupe, Oahu. J.T. G.!

Var. b.—White above, green or yellow at the base.

Var. c.—Green at the base, white above, with one or more

green bands.

Var. d.—Green, brown, or yellow at the base, upper whorls

radiated with white and brown, and banded with green or

yellow.

Var. e.—Radiated with white, and reddish brown.

Var. f—White except the suture and columella.

Var. g.—Green or yellow; passing into A. Stewartiz Green.

Var. h.—Green with one narrow, white, spiral band, passing

just above the suture.

Var. 7.—Yellow with white sutures, and a dark brown band

revolving beneath.

Var. j7.—Chestnut brown at the base, becoming paler to-

wards the apex, with several obscure, spiral, brown lines.

Remarks.—The metropolis of the species is Palolo valley,

where it is very abundant. In Waialae and Wailupe, which

lie to the east, it gradually becomes more rare, aud disappears

in Niu, which has furnished me but one specimen of var. /f.

In Manoa, on the west, it soon disappears, being found only

on the mountain ridge that separates it from Palolo. Dextral

specimens are very rare: I have a few from Waialae.

This shell has been described and figured by Reeve as A.

vulpina Fer., and others have followed him ; but a comparison

of his figures with Ferussac’s leads me to doubt his correct-

ness, and after an acquaintance with the species in their native

valleys, I do not hesitate to separate them as distinct.

224 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

The shell here figured corresponds more nearly to what I

have described as variety c.

44. Achatinella versipellis.

Plate VIL. Fig. 44a and 448.

T. dextrorsa vel sinistrorsi, imperforataé, acuminato-oblonga, solida,

nitida, striatula, cinerea, magis minusve fusco-strigata et undulata ; apice

obtusula; spira convexo-conic&a ; sutura marginaté, modice impressa ;

anfr. 6, convexis; plica columellari medianaé, alba, validi; apertura

truncato-auriformi, intus alba ; perist. intus incrassato ; margine externo

recto, substricto, fusco-limbato ; columellari dilatato, adnato; parietali

nullo.

Shell dextral or sinistral, imperforate, acuminately oblong,

solid, shining, striated, of lively ash-color, more or less streaked

and waved with brown, with several interrupted brown bands

on the upper parts of the whorls ; apex somewhat obtuse ; spire

convexly conical; suture margined, moderately impressed ;

whorls 6, convex ; columellar fold central, white, strong; aper-

ture truncately auriform, white within, a little oblique, in sin-

istral specimens very oblique; peristome thickened within ;

with external margin unreflected, compressed, edged with

brown; columellar margin dilated, adnate; parietal margin

wanting.

Length 0.80 inch (20$ mill.) ; breadth 0.40 inch (10 mill.) ;

length of body whorl 0.59 inch (15 mill.).

Average weight 8.60 grains.

Station.—Principally on the leaves of the Ki (Cordyline

terminalis) and Jeie (Hreycinetia scandens). J.T. G.!

Habitat.—Pohakunui, in Kailua, Oahu. J. T.G.!

Var. b.—Rich brown, with light streaks and waves.

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 225

Var. c.—Yellow at the base, with one or more brown bands

above.

Var. d.—Yellow at the base, and white above, without

bands.

Var. e.—Nearly pure white.

Var. f.—Ash or yellow grey, without bands.

Remarks.—A rare and beautiful species, found in the most

rugged but verdant region of Western Kailua. About a third

of the specimens are sinistral.

45. Achatinella cucumis.

Plate VII. Fig. 45.

T. sinistrorsa, imperforaté, acuminato-oblong4, solida, nitidd, striata,

viridi; apice obtusula; spiraé turriti; suturé marginata, impressé ;

anfr. 6, convexiusculis ; plic& columellari mediana, alb&, mediocri; aper-

tura obliqua, sinuato-ovali, intus alb4; perist. intus incrassato ; margine

externo recto, arcuato, acuto; columellari dilatato, adnato; parietali

nullo.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, acuminately oblong, solid, shin-

- ing, striated, green ; apex rather obtuse; spire turreted ; suture

margined, impressed; whorls 6, convex; columellar fold cen-

tral, white, moderately developed; aperture oblique, sinuately

oval, white within; peristome thickened within; with external

margin unreflected, arcuate, acute ; columellar margin dilated,

adnate; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.74 (19 mill.) ; breadth 0.38 inch (92 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.50 inch (13 mill.).

Average weight 5.20 grains.

Station.—On trees.

Habitat.—Kalihi, Oahu. J.T.G.!

226 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

Var. b.—Of a burnt yellow color.

Var. c.—With one or more obscure brownish spiral lines.

Femarks.—tThe shell figured is variety }, which is the most

attractive in coloring, though not the most abundant.

46. Achatinella trilineata.

fPlate VII. Fig. 46.”

f. 'T. sinistrorsa, imperforataé, ovato-conica, solida, nitida, striatuld, alba,

nigro trifasciaté, basi flava vel viridi; apice obtusula; spira conica,

leviter convex; sutura anguste marginata, modice impressa ; anfr. 63,

convexiusculis; plica columellari mediana, alba vel rosea, valida; apertura

truncato-auriformi, intus alba; perist. intus incrassato; margine externo

recto, arcuato, acuto ; columellari dilatato, adnato; parietali nullo.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, ovate-conic, solid, shining, finely

striated, white above, yellow or green at the base, with three

black bands, one sutural, one entering the aperture, and the

other between the two, revolving just above the suture; apex

somewhat obtuse; spire conical, slightly convex; suture with

narrow margin, moderately impressed ; whorls 63, rather con- -

vex; columellar fold central, white or rose, strongly developed ;

aperture truncately auriform, white within; peristome thick-

ened within; with external margin unreflected, arcuate, acute;

columellar margin dilated, adnate; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.85 inch (212 mill.); breadth 0.48 inch (12 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.59 inch (15 mill.).

Average weight 8.60 graius.

Station.—On the Kukui, and other trees. J.T. G.!

Habitut.—Palolo, Waialae, Wailupe, and Niu, Oahu. J.

2 Gr

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 227

Var. b.—With oblique reddish-brown streaks above, the

base green or yellow.

Var. c-—Yellowish or green throughout, excepting the

bands.

Var. d—White at the base, and also above.

Var. e—Covered with oblique reddish-brown streaks.

Var. f.—Apex tipped with black, passing into A. Budd

Newe.

Var. g—Green or yellow, except the black bands, and a

narrow line of white.

Var. h.—White, with several fine spiral black lines accom-

panying the broader bands.

Var. i.—With black bands very broad, occupying half the

surface or more.

Var. j7.—With two black bands, one sutaral, the other pass-

ing above the suture.

Var. k.—With two black bands, one sutural, the other enter-

ing the aperture; rare.

Var. 1—With several narrow bands on the upper part of

the whorls.

Lemarks.—Dextral specimens of this species are very rare;

I have obtained but two. Varieties 7 and & have been found

only in Palolo.

As in the preceding species, the specimens found in Niu are

of the lighter colored varieties, and more solid than those of

the other valleys.

47. Achatinella analoga.

Plate VIL. Fig. 47.

T. sinistrorsé, imperforata, oblongo-conica, solida, nitida, striatula,

albida vel adusta vel viridi, nigro trifasciaté ; apice obtusa ; spira turrita ;

sutura marginata, modice impress; anfr. 6, convexiusculis; plied colu-

228 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

mellari mediand, fuscé vel alb&, mediocri; apertura obliqua, sinuato-

ovali, intus alba; perist. intus incrassato; margine externo recto, arcuato,

acuto; columellari dilatato, adnato, fusco-limbato; parietali nullo.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, oblong conic, solid, shining,

finely striated, green, yellow, or white, with three black spiral

bands, one sutural, one entering the aperture, the other revoly-

ing above the suture; apex obtuse; spire turreted; suture

margined, moderately impressed; whorls 6, convex; colu-

mellar fold central, brown or white, moderately developed ;

aperture oblique, sinuately oval, white within; peristome

thickened within; with external. margin unreflected, arcuate,

acute; columellar margin dilated, adnate; edged with brown;

parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.72 inch (184 mill.); breadth 0.37 inch (72 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.48 inch (12 mill.).

Average weight 4.80 grains.

Station.—On various trees and shrubs. J. T.G.!

Habitat—Halawa, Oahu. J.T. G.!

Var. a.—Yellowish white.

Var. 6.—Brown yellow.

Var. c.—Green.

Var. d.—Green or yellow at the base, and white above.

Var. e.—With but one or two black bands.

Var. f.—With four or five black bands.

Remarks.—Inhabits ravines near the centre of the main

mountain ridge of Oahu, and is allied to A. colorata Reeve

and A. cuneus Pfr., from that region, but represents, in its

' bands and general style of coloring, A. tri/ineata Nob., one of

the group of larger shells found in the more eastern valleys.

I have before me one dextral specimen.

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 229

48. Achatinella papyracea.

Plate VII. Fig. 48.

T. sinistrorsé, imperforata, ovato-conica, tenui, polita, leve striata,

pallide grise& vel plumbeo-cinerea, lineis fuscis obscuris ornata; apice

subacut&; spira convexo-conicé; suturd marginata, impressa; anfr. 54,

modice convexis; plic& columellari mediana, albida, levi, subtorta ;

apertura obliquaé, sinuato-ovali, intus alba vel cinerea ; perist. vix incras-

sato; margine externo recto, arcuato, acuto; columellari angusto,

adnato; parietali nullo.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, ovate-conic, thin, polished,

finely striated, light grey, or of leaden ash color, with obscure,

brown spiral, lines; apex subacute; spire convexly conical;

suture marginate, impressed; whorls 53, moderately convex ;

columellar fold central, usually white, slightly developed, and

not strongly twisted; aperture oblique, sinuately oval, white

or grey within; peristome scarcely thickened, with external

margin unreflected, arcuate, acute; columellar margin narrow,

adnate; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.65 inch (162 mill.); breadth 0.38 inch (92 mill.).

Length of body whorl 0.48 inch (12 mill.).

Of a large specimen, length 0.74 inch (19 mill.); breadth

0.41 inch (102 mill.) ; length of body whorl 0.53 inch (134 mill.).

Average weight 2.50 grains.

Station.—On the Hala (Pandanus odoratissimus) and other

trees... J.T. Gt

Habitat.—Kalaikoa, Ahonui, and Wahiawa,Oahu. J.T.G:!

Var. b.—Without the brown lines.

Lemarks.—A thin papyraceous shell, a few specimens of

which I had the good fortune to obtain from a native girl of the

mountain, who regretted the time spent in gathering them, as

several had been erushed among her heavier shells.

DECEMBER, 1856. 16 Any. Lyo, Nat, Hist. Vou. VIi

230 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

49, Achatimella jumcea,

Plate VII. Fig. 49.

T. sinistrorsd, imperforata, elongata, acuminato-ovata, tenui, nitida,

striatula, alb&; apice acutiuscul&; spira convexo-turrité; sutura filo-

marginata, vallde impressa ; anfr. 6, convexis; plicd columellari supera,

alba, levi, tort&; apertura obliqua, ovali, intus alba; perist. modice

incrassato ; margine externo antice leviter expanso, arcuato, acuto ; colu-

mellari angusto, adnato ; parietali tenuissimo.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, elongately and acuminately

ovate, thin, shining, finely striated, snow white ; apex some-

what acute; spire convexly turreted; suture margined, well

impressed; whorls 6, convex; columella white, with a light

twisted fold near the body whorl; aperture oblique, oval,

white within; peristome moderately thickened; with external

margin slightly expanded anteriorly, arcuate, acute; columel-

lar margin narrow, adnate; parietal margin very thin.

Length 0.65 inch (164 mill.) ; breadth 0.30 inch (72 mill.)..

Length of body whorl 0.44 inch (11} mill.).

Weight 1.50 grains.

Station.—On the Ahakea. J.T. G.!

Halitat.—Kalaikoa, Wahiawa, and Helemanu, Oahu. J.

fr. Gt

Var. b.—With two or three brown spiral bands.

femarks.—A neat, delicate species, nearly allied to A.

papyracea Nob., but sufficiently characterized as a distinct

species.

Ann NY Lye. Nat.Hist. Vol. VJ Plate VI.

Ann. NY. Lyc.Nat.Hist.Vol. VI, Plate VIL.

Sib:

- & — B

§ a a _

_ > . 7 «

, :

AWeingartner'’s LithY NY.

ies

fA ,

id f 4

yy te x ran

MRD Oe fa Ae

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 231

50. Achatinella delta.

Plate VIL Fig. 50.

T. sinistrorsi, imperforatd, conicd, basi oblique truncata, solida, nitidA,

striata, lutescente, fasciis 2 vel 3 cinereo-fuscis cincta ; apice obtusula,

alb& ; spiré conici; sutura marginata, leviter impress&; anfr. 54 sub-

convexis; plica columellari mediand, alba, valida; aperturd truncato-

auriformi, intus alba; perist. intus subincrassato; margine externo recto,

arcuato, acuto; columellari dilatato, adnato, albo ; parietali nullo.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, conic, obliquely truncated at the

base, solid, shining, striated, yellow at the base, paler above,

with 2 or 3 ash-brown bands ; apex rather obtuse, white ; spire

conic ; suture marginate, lightly impressed; whorls 54, slightly

convex; columellar fold central, white, strong; aperture trun-

eately auriform, white within; peristome thickened within ;

with external margin unreflected, arcuate, acute; columellar

margin dilated, adnate, white; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.63 inch (16 millim.); breadth 0.42 inch (102 millim.).

Length of body whorl 0.46 inch (112 millim.).

Average weight 4.70 grains.

Station.—On trees and shrubs. J.T. G.!

Habitat—Kalaikoa, Ahonui, Wahiawa, and Helemanu,

Oahu. J.T. G.!

Var. 6.—Without bands.

Var. c.—With one black spiral line.

Var. d.—With two broad black bands.

Remarks.—In Wahiawa, which is the metropolis of the

species, var. @is most abundant; var. } is more widely diffused,

being occasionally found in each of the above-mentioned

localities; vars. c and d are very rare; the former approaches

A. contracta Nob., and the latter passes into an unusual

variety of A. Hmersonit Newe.

FEBRUARY, 1858. 17 Ann. Lyo, Nat. Hist, Vou. VI.

232 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

The most nearly allied species is A. cwrta Newe., which is

readily distinguished by its peculiar marking and smaller

size.

51. Achatinella glauca.

Plate VIII. Fig. 51.

T. sinistrorsa, raro dextrorsié, imperforata, acuminato-ovata, solida,

nitidd, striata, flavescente-plumbea, nigro-bifasciata ; apice acutius-

eula, albid&; spira subconvexo-conicdé; sutura marginata, modice im-

pressa; anfr. 6, convexis; plica columellari mediana, alba vel roseo-

albidé, mediocri; apertura sinuato-ovali, intus albida; perist. intus

incrassato ; margine externo recto, arcuato, acuto, fusco-limbato ; colu-

- mellari dilatato, adnato ; parietali nullo.

Shell sinistral, rarely dextral, imperforate, acuminately ovate,

solid, shining, striated, fawn or lead-colored, with two black

bands, one entering the aperture ; apex somewhat acute, white ;

spire conic, with slightly convex outlines; suture marginate,

moderately impressed; whorls 6, convex; columellar fold

central, white or pale pink, moderately developed ; aperture

sinuately oval, white within; peristome thickened within;

with external margin unreflected, arcuate, acute, bordered

with brown; columellar margin dilated, adnate; parietal

margin wanting.

Length 0.66 inch (17 millim.); breadth 0.36 inch (9 millim.).

Length of body whorl 0.44 inch (114 millim.).

Average weight 3.90 grains.

Station.—On trees. J.T.G.!

Habitat.—Kawailoa, Oahu. J.T.G.!

Var. 6. With a third brown sutural line.

Var. c. With but one black spiral band passing above the

suture. ;

Var. d. With a white band encircling the base between the

two black bands: very rare.

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 238

Ltemarks.—This species bears the same relation to A. livida

Swains., that A. recta Newe. bears to A. curta Newe.

52. Achatinella herbacea.

Plate VIII. Fig. 52.

T. sinistrorsd, interdum dextrorsd, imperforatA, ovato-conicA, solid,

nitida, striata, viridi; apice obtusula, alba; spird conic&; suturA mar-

ginata, modice impress4; anfr. 6, convexis ; plica columellari mediana,

alba, valida ; apertura truncato-auriformi, intus alba; perist. intus sub-

incrassato ; margine externo recto, arcuato, acuto ; columellari dilatato,

adnato, albo ; parietali tenuissimo.

Shell sinistral, sometimes dextral, imperforate, ovate-conic,

solid, shining, striated, of a dull green color; apex rather

obtuse, white; spire conic, suture marginate, moderately im-

pressed; whorls 6, convex; columellar fold central, white,

strong ; aperture truncately auriform, white within ; peristome

slightly thickened within; with external margin unreflected,

arcuate, acute; columellar margin dilated, adnate; parietal

margin very thin.

Length 0.71 inch (18 millim.); breadth 0.41 inch (102 millim.),

Length of body whorl 0.50 inch (13 millim.).

Average weight 4.40 grains.

Station.—On the leaves of the Pua, Ahakea, and Ohawai

(Lobelia Grimesiana).

Habitat.—In the forests between the streams of Waimea and

Kawailoa, Oahu. J.T. G.!

Var. b.—With a black sutural band; columellar fold usu-

ally white, sometimes lilac.

Var. c.—Yellow, with smoother surface, approaching A.

recta Newe.

Remarks.—Dr. Neweomb has placed this with A. curta

Newe., but I consider it quite distinct.

About a fifth of my specimens are dextral.

234 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

53. Achatinella czesia.

Plate VII. Fig. 53.

T. sinistrorsa, imperforata, ovato-conica, solidé, nitida, striata, cinerea ;

apice acutiuscula ; spira convexo-conica ; suturaé marginaté, modice im-

pressa; anfr. 63, convexis; plica columellari mediana, alba, mediocri ;

apertura sinuato-ovali, intus albid&; perist. intus vix incrassato; mar-

gine externo recto, arcuato, acuto, fusco-limbato ; columellari dilatato,

adnato ; parietali nullo.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, ovate-conic, solid, shining, stri-

ated, so streaked with white and fawn brown as to have a grey

appearance; apex somewhat acute; spire convexly conic;

suture marginate, moderately impressed ; whorls 64, convex ;

columellar fold central, white, moderately developed ; aperture

sinuately oval, white within; peristome slightly thickened

within; with external margin mnreflected, arcuate, acute,

edged with brown; columellar margin dilated, adnate ; parietal

margin wanting.

Length 0.72 inch (183 millim.); breadth 0.42 inch (103

millim.).

Length of body whorl 0.50 inch (13 millim.).

Average weight 4.00 grains.

Station.—On trees. J.T. G.!

Habitat—Waimea, Oahu. J.T. G.!

Lemarks.—This with A. concidens and A. formosa Nob.,

which are found in Waimea, correspond to A. wndulata Newe.,

A. Lmersoni Newe., and A. glauca Nob. found in Kawailoa.

54. Achatinella concidens.

Plate VIIL Fig. 54,

T. sinistrorsa, imperforata, ovato-conica, solida, nitida, striat&, fusca,

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 235

albo-cinct&; apice acutiusculA; spird convexo-conicé ; sutura margi-

nata, albd, modice impressi; anfr. 64, convexis; plici columellari

mediana, alba, mediocri; apertura truncato-ovali, intus albida ; perist.

intus incrassato ; margine externo recto, arcuato; columellari dilatato,

adnato ; parietali nullo.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, ovate-conic, solid, shining, stri-

ated, brown banded with white; apex somewhat acute; spire

convexly conic; suture marginate, white, moderately im-

pressed ; whorls 64, convex; columellar fold central, white,

moderately developed ; aperture truncately oval, white within ;

peristome thickened within ; with external margin unreflected,

arcuate ; columellar margin dilated, adnate; parietal margin

wanting.

Length 0.79 inch (20 millim.); breadth 0.43 inch (11 millim.).

Length of body whorl 0.55 inch (14 millim.).

Average weight 4.75 grains.

Station.—On trees. J.T. G.!

Habitat—Waimea, Oahu. J.T. G.!

Remarks.—My specimens of this species are more or less

bleached and faded. Continued se#rch was made for living

specimens, but without success.

55. Achatinella formosa.

Plate VIII. Fig. 55.

T. sinistrorsd, imperforata, acuminato-ovata, solidd, nitida, striata,

alba, nigro-bifasciaté ; apice acutiusculé; spira convexo-conica ; sutura

marginata, bene impressd ; anfr. 64, convexis ; plicd columellari mediana,

alba, valida; apertura truncato-auriformi, intus alba; perist. intus in-

crassato; margine externo recto, arcuato, acuto ; columellari dilatato,

adnato; pariectali nullo.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, acuminately ovate, solid, shining,

striated, white, with two black bands, one entering the aper-

ture, sometimes with the upper part of the whorl of a pale

236 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

slate color; apex somewhat acute; spire convexly conic;

suture marginate, well impressed; whorls 63, convex ; columel-

lar fold. central, white, strong; aperture truncately auriform,

white. within; peristome thickened within; with external

margin unreflected, arcuate, acute; with columellar margin

dilated, adnate ; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.80 inch (203 millim.); breadth 0.42 inch (10%

millim.).

Length of body whorl 0.55 inch (14 millim.).

Average weight 6.00 grains.

Station —On the Ki (Cordyline terminalis) and other leaves.

JEG

Habitat—Waimea, Oahu. J.T.G.!

Var. b.—With the two bands uniting in one broad black belt.

Var. e.-—With numerous black spiral lines.

Remarks.—A rare species, and of great interest on account

of its affinities, which connect it with species so different from

each other. A. glauca, delta, phwozona, and zonata Nob. are

certainly not very similar; but this species seems to connect

itself directly with varieties of each of these species.

56. Achatinella dimorpha.

Plate VILL Fig. 56.

T. sinistrorsd, interdum dextrorsi, imperforata, turrita, solida, nitida,

striata, alba vel lutea, fascid 1 fuscd, suturali ornat& ; apice obtusula; spira

turrita; suturdmarginata, modice impressa, nigro-fusca; anfr. 6, convexis;

plicd columellari mediana, alba vel rosea, mediocri; apertura truncato-

ellipsoided, intus albi; perist. intus subincrassato; margine externo

recto, arcuato, acuto; columellari dilatato, adnato ; parietali nullo.

Shell sinistral, sometimes dextral, imperforate, turreted, solid,

shining, striated, white or yellow, with a brown sutural band ;

apex rather obtuse; spire turreted; suture marginate, mode-

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 287

rately impressed ; dark brown; whorls 6, convex; columellar

fold central, white or rose, moderately developed; aperture

truncately ellipsoidal, white within ; peristome slightly thick-

ened within; with external margin unreflected, arcuate, acute ;

columellar margin dilated, adnate; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.70 inch (18 mill.) ; breadth 0.37 inch (92 millim.).

Length of body whorl 0.45 inch (112 mill.).

Average weight 4.00 grains.

_Statcon.—On the leaves of the Pua, Ahakea, and other trees.

diye Gu!

Habitat—Waimea, Pupukea, Waialei, and Kahuku, Oahu.

J.T. G.! Kaawa, Oahu. J.S. Emerson!

Remarks.—This and A. zonata Nob., which inhabit the

same valleys, correspond to A. curta and A. recta Newe.,

which are similarly associated in the valleys of Waialua, an

adjoining district of the same island.

57. Achatinella albescens.

Plate VIII. Fig. 57.

T. sinistrorsé, interdum dextrorsa, imperforata, ovato-conica, solida,

nitida, striaté, albAé, interdum lutescente; apice acutiuscula; spira

convexo-conica; sutur&é marginata, valide impressa ; anfr. 6, infra sutu-

ram tumidiusculis, in medio subplanatis; plicd columellari mediana,

alba, valid&; apertura truncato-auriformi, intus alba; perist. intus in-

crassato; margine externo recto, leviter arcuato; columellari dilatato,

adnato ; parietali nullo.

Shell sinistral, sometimes dextral, imperforate, ovate-conic,

solid, shining, striated, white or sometimes yellowish; apex

somewhat acute; spire convexly conical; suture marginate,

well’ impressed; whorls 6, somewhat swollen beneath the

suture, and slightly flattened in the middle; columellar fold

central, white, strong; aperture truncately auriform, white

238 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

within; peristome thickened within; with external margin

uureflected, slightly arcuate; columellar margin dilated, adnate ;

parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.70 inch (18 millim.); breadth 0.42 inch (10% millim.).

Length of body whorl 0.51 inch (13 millim.),

Average weight 4.60 grains.

Station.—On the leaves of the Pua, Ahakea, and Lama.

I Gl

Habitat.—W aimea, Pupukea, Waialei, Kahuku, and Hauula,

Oahu. J.T. G.! Kaawa, Oahu. J.S. Emerson!

Ltemarks.—Nearly a third of the specimens from Waimea

and Pupukea are dextral, but in Waialei, the metropolis of the

species, they are always sinistral.

58. Achatinella zonata.

Plate VIII. Fig. 58.

T. sinistrorsa, interdum dextrorsi, imperforaté, ovato-conicd, solida,

nitida, striata, alba vel lutescente, nigro-trifasciataé ; apice acutiuscula ;

spira convexiusculo-conica ; suturaé marginaté, modice impress; anf.

6, convexiusculis; ultimo regulariter rotundato; plicd columellari me-

diana, rose& vel albA, mediocri; apertura semiorbiculari, intus albé;

perist. intus subincrassato ; margine externo recto, arcuato, acuto ;

columellari dilatato, adnato ; parietali nullo.

Shell sinistral, sometimes dextral, imperforate, ovate-conic,

solid, shining, striated, white or yellowish, with a brown sutural

band, and two black bands, one entering the aperture; apex

somewhat acute; spire conical, with outlines slightly convex ;

suture marginate, moderately impressed; whorls 6, convex ;

the last regularly rounded; columellar fold central, rose or

white, moderately developed; aperture semiorbicular, white

within; peristome slightly thickened within; with external

margin unreflected, arcuate, acute ; columellar margin dilated,

adnate; parietal margin wanting.

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 239

Length 0.65 inch (164 millim.); breadth 0.40 inch (10 millim.).

Length of body whorl 0.49 inch (122 millim.).

Average weight 4.60 grains.

Station.—On the leaves of trees. J.T. G.!

Habitat.—W aimea, Pupukea, Waialei, Kahuku, and Hauula,

Oahu. J.T.G.! Kaawa, Oahu. J. 8S. Emerson!

Lemarks.—The dextral specimens are for the most part

found in Waimea and Pupukea.

This and the two preceding species vary much in form and

size.

59. Achatinella contracta.

Plate VIII Fig. 59.

T. sinistrorsd, imperforaté, late conica, solida, nitidd, striata, cinerea

vel flava, nigro-bifasciata ; apice acutiusculd, alb&; spira conica ; sutura

marginata, modice impressi; anfr. 54; convexiusculis; ultimo magno;

plica columellari mediand, alba, valid&; apertura truncato-auriformi,

intus albida; perist. intus incrassato; margine externo recto, arcuato,

subacuto; columellari dilatato, adnato ; parietali nullo.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, broadly conic, solid, shining,

striated, ash or fawn colored, with two black bands, one sutural,

the other revolving just above the suture on the spire, and en-

circling the base near the periphery of the body whorl; apex

somewhat acute, white with brown suture; spire regularly

conic; suture marginate, moderately impressed; whorls 53,

slightly convex; the last large; columellar fold central, white,

strong ; aperture truncately auriform, white within ; peristome

thickened within; with external margin unreflected, arcuate,

subacute ; columellar margin dilated, adnate ; parietal margin

wanting.

Length 0.53 inch (134 millim.); breadth 0.36 inch (9 millim.),

Length of body whorl 0.39 inch (10 millim.).

Average weight 4.00 grains.

240 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

Station.—On trees.

Habitat—Kaawa, Oahu. J. 8S. Emerson! Hauula, Oahu.

4 i tea Cr

Lemarks.—The sutura] band is sometimes wanting, and some

specimens have another band entering the aperture. I have

but one specimen from Hauula, which is of the last mentioned

variety, and rather larger than those from Kaawa.

It is allied to A. zonata Nob. and A. undulata Newe.

60. Achatinelila cognata.

Plate VIII. Fig. 60.

T. sinistrorsd, imperforatd, ovato-conica, solid, nitida, striata, pallide

roseo-cervina, fascia 1 fusca suturali ornata; apice subacuta; spira

convexo-conicé; sutura marginata, fusca, subimpressi; anfr. 6, subcon-

vexis; plic& columellari mediana, rosea, valida; apertura truncato

auriformi, intus roseo-albida; perist. intus subincrassato; margine externo

recto, arcuato, acuto; columellari dilatato, adnato; parietali nullo.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, ovate conic, solid, shining, stri-

ated, of pale rosy fawn color, with a brown sutural band ; apex

subacute; spire convexly conic; suture marginate, brown,

lightly impressed; whorls 6, slightly convex; columellar fold

central, rose-colored, strong; aperture truncately auriform,

within white lightly tinged with rose; peristome thickened

within; with external margin unreflected, arcuate, acute; colu-

mellar margin dilated, adnate, parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.75 inch (19 millim.); breadth 0.40 inch (10 millim.).

Length of body whorl 0.53 inch (134 millim.).

Average weight 5.60 grains.

Station.—On trees. J.T. G.!

Habitat.—Hakipu, Oahu. J.T. G.! Waikane, Oahu. Frick.

Var. b. White.

Var. c. Pale green.

Remarks.—Allied to A. dimorpha Nob.

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 241

61. Achatinella scitula.

Plate VIIL Fig. 61.

T. sinistrorsa, imperforata, turrito-ovata, solida, nitida, striata, fuseo

et pallido-cervino strigataé; apice subacut&; spira convexo-elongata ;

sutura marginata, modice impressa ; anfr. 64, convexis; plica columellari

supera, albé, mediocri; apertura sinuato-ellipsoidea, intus alba; perist.

intus valide incrassato; margine externo recto, antice arcuato, in medio

leviter substricto ; columellari dilatato, adnato ; parietali nullo.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, elongately ovate, solid, shining,

striated, streaked with brown and pale fawn; apex subacute ;

spire convexly elongate; suture marginate, moderately im-

pressed; whorls 64, convex; columella with a moderately de-

veloped white fold near the body whorl; aperture sinuately

ellipsoidal, white within; peristome well thickened within; with

external margin unreflected, slightly compressed in the middle,

with the anterior edge arcuate; columellar margin dilated,

adnate ; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.82 inch (21 millim.); breadth 0.42 inch (102 millim.).

Length of body whorl 0.53 inch (132 millim.).

Average weight 4.80 grains.

Station.—On trees. J.T. G.!

Habitat—Hakipu, Oahu. J.T. G.!

Remarks.—There is a green variety which passes into var. ¢

of the last described species. But in that species the suture and

columella are dark, while in this they are light-colored.

62. Achatinella cervina.

Plate VIII Fig. 62.

T. sinistrorsa, vix perforata, ovato-conica, tenuiuscula, nitida, striata,

cervina, lineis spiralibus fuscis obsolete ornata; apice subacutd, spird

242 = =©Deseriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

convexo-conica; sutura obsolete marginat&é, modice impress; anfr. 6,

convexis ; plica columellari mediana, alba, sublamelliformi, bene torta;

apertura sinuato-ovali, intus albi; perist. intus subincrassato; margine

externo recto, arcuato; columellari dilatato, adnato; parietali nullo.

Shell sinistral, scarcely perforate, ovate conic, rather thin,

shining, striated, fawn colored, with obscure brown spiral lines;

apex subacute; spire convexly conic; suture obsoletely mar-

gined, moderately impressed; whorls 6, convex; columellar

fold central, white, sublamelliform, well twisted; aperture sinu-

ately oval, white within; peristome slightly thickened within ;

with external margin unreflected, arcuate; columellar margin

dilated, adnate; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.78 inch (20 millim.); breadth 0.45 inch (112 millim.).

Length of body whorl 0.55 inch (14 millim.).

Average weight 3.80 grains.

Station—. . . .? Itis probably arboreal.

Habitat.—Kahana, Oahu: very rare. J.T. G.

Ltemarks.—I have ventured to separate this from A. ovata

with which Dr. Newcomb placed it, who supposed that its

lack of some of the important characteristics of that species

was owing to the immaturity of specimens. But even if the speci-

mens were all immature, unless my eye is greatly deceived in

tracing its affinities, it may be safely considered more nearly

allied to A. Buddit Newc., or indeed to all the numerous species

of that section of the genus, than to any one of the species of

the Sect. Bulimella Pfr., to which A. ovata Newe. belongs.

Notes.—I have now given the descriptions of twenty-three

species, belonging to the Sect. AcuarmNELLAsTRUM Pfr. com-

mencing with A. phwozona and closing with A. cervina. That

they are closely related, will be seen from the similarity of the

descriptions, in which many characters appear as common to all.

The variation of the species, both in form and color, and the

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 243

shading of the varieties of different species into one another,

has in many instances been noted; but the affinities are more

complicated than would appear from the descriptions. From

this cause, together with the perplexity arising from dextral

and sinistral varieties, from lack of specimens representing

many of the forms of the genus, and from inability to ascertain

the geographical relations of the species, unavoidable errors

found their way into Reeve’s Monograph of the genus, from

which confusion has arisen in the nomenclature of the species

of this group especially. Additional error has since been

introduced, by the description, under new names, of certain

specimens of well known shells, which the demand for new and

beautiful species had subjected to artificial treatment. So suc-

cessful was the deception that some are still received as

genuine, which I am persuaded belong to this class.

A. vulpina Fer. was described as a sinistral species, and ac-

cordingly the name was applied only to sinistral specimens.

The dextral varieties of this species were described by Reeve

under the names of A. producta and A. bilineata, while the

name vulpina was transferred by him to another species, which

we have now described as A. varia, to which was added, as a

variety, the distinct species A. déwwida Swains., and also by

Pfeiffer, A. Stewart Green. Other dextral specimens, which

have been described by Dr. Newcomb under the names A.

venulata and A. hybrida, differ from the dextral type chiefly

in the arrangements of the color, which I think are not specific

characters, if indeed they are natural. A. venulata, var. a, I

take to be the green variety of A. Stewarte.

A. Johnsoniz and A. aplustre Newe. are fine specimens of

A. Byronii, the one entirely, and the other partially deprived

of its epidermis.

The name A. Byronii has given place to A. pulcherrima,

which belongs to a species similar in outline, but of very dis-

tinct affinities.

A. liwida Swains. is much smaller than A. vulpina Fer, and

244 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

quite distinct. Its allied species are A. curta, recta, undulata,

and Emersonii Newe., and A. glauca Nob. It has the colored

suture of the first, and the greenish lead-color of the last two.

If, then, I am correct, the names of these species are as

follows :

Achatinella vulpina Fer.

— producta Reeve.

———— bilineata Neeve.

venulata Newe.

hybrida Newe.

A. venulata Pfr.

Achatinella varia Gulick.

vulpina Ry. et Pfr. (in parte), non Fer.

Achatinella Stewarti Green.

vulpina Pfr. (in parte), non Fer.

venulata var. a Newe.

Achatinella livida Swains.

vulpina Pfr. et Rv. (in parte), non Fer.

Achatinella Byronii Gray.

pulcherrima Pfr. (tn parte) et Ry., non Swains.

Johnsonii Newe. duiteneteneecs

—— aplustre Newe.

Achatinella pulcherrima Swains.

lorata Ry., non Fer. (fide Pfr.).

The difference between A. producta Rv. and A. vulpina Fer.

is no greater than is constantly found between dextral and

sinistral varieties; and A. bélineata Rv. has long been con-

sidered by Dr. Newcomb and others as only a variety of A.

producta; there are also sinistral specimens lined in the same

manner, which differ from the typical A. vwpina in no other

respect. .

My specimens of A. venulata, hybrida, Johnsonii, and

aplustre, were, I think, from the same source as Dr. Newcomb’s,

and purported to come from the same locality, which was then

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 245

yielding many new species. I have since explored all that

part of the island, and none of these species were found, for

any whose aflinities indicated an approach to the home of such

forms. But as I departed from the valleys near Honolulu into

Kolau, I found the varieties and species differing more and

more from that type. The unavoidable inference is, that in-

stead of being from Kolau, they are from the valleys near

Honolulu, where A. vulpina, Byronit, and Stewarte abound.

The strength of this inference will be best appreciated by those

who are acquainted with the limited distribution of the groups,

as well as of the species of this genus, and the relation between

their geographical distribution and the graduation of their

‘types.

Moreover the peculiar markings of these specimens do not

extend within the aperture, where they would also appear if

natural. The pink band of A. aplustre is cut off abruptly at

the aperture, in entire variance from the laws of arrangement

of color which prevail in this genus.

Dr. Newcomb has followed in restoring A. /ivida, making it

include, besides Swainson’s type, A. LHmersonit Newe., A.

glauca Nob., and A. Reevei Ad. If A. Hmersonw and glauca

are to be merged in A. livida, would not a consistent system

of classification require that A. recta and undulata should

likewise be placed under A. curta, since the relation is similar?

J have never seen A. Peevei Ad.; but if I can judge of its

affinities from Reeve’s figure, it is different from the others,

and will probably be found on the island of Molokai.

63. Achatinella obliqua.

Plate VII. Fig. 68.

T. sinistrors4, subperforata, ovaté, basi oblique truncata, solida,

nitida, striata, cinereo-plumbea, infra suturam late albo-cincta; apice

obtusi; spira convexo-conici; sutura submaarginata, leviter impressé ;

anfr. 6. subconyexis; ultimo magno; plicé columellari mediana, alba,

246 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

valida; apertura obliqua, truncato-auriformi ; perist. albo, intus incras-

sato ; margine externo subreflexo, arcuato; columellari elevato, sinuato,

obtuso, subpatente ; parietali tenui.

Shell sinistral, subperforate, ovate, obliquely truncated at the

base, solid, shining, striated, of ashen lead-color, with a broad

white band beneath the suture; apex obtuse, of a yellowish

white color; spire convexly conical ; whorls 6, subconvex; the

last large; columellar fold central, white, strong; aperture

oblique, truncately auriform, nearly white within; peristome

white, thickened within; with external margin somewhat re-

flected, arcuate; columellar margin forming an obtuse, sinuous

ridge with asmall umbilical cleft behind it; parietal margin thin.

Length 0.90 inch (23 millim.); breadth 0.50 inch (13 millim.).

Length of body whorl 0.65 inch (16% millim.)

Average weight 9.00 grains.

Station.—On trees. J.T. G.!

Habitat.— Kahana, Oahu. J.T. G.!

Remarks.—Is allied to A. ovata Newe., with which it is

associated geographically, but differs from it in its broader form

and white lip. The dark coloring of the body whorl abruptly

terminates near the external margin of the peristome, leaving a

white border about an eighth of an inch in width around the

outside of the lip, whereas in A. bulimoides and other allied

species the color becomes darker on this portion of the shell,

though the lip itself be white.

Dextral specimens are veryrare. The coloring of the darker

portion of the shell varies in different specimens from a dirty

cream to slate color, but the ashy color given in the description

is the most common.

64. Achatinella oomorpha.

Plate VIII. Fig. 64.

T. dextrors4, perforata, ovata, solidé, nitid4, striata, cinereé vel cinereo-

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 247

fusca, fusco obscure bifasciaté, infra suturam alb4; apice obtusula,

castanea; spira conyexo-conica; sutura marginata, modice impressa ;

anfr. 63, convexis; plicd columellari mediana, alba, valida ; apertura

truncato-auriformi, intus albida; perist. intus incrassato; margine

externo antice subreflexo, arcuato, albo vel fusco; columellari refiexo,

patente, albo; parietali tenuissimo.

Shell dextral, perforate, ovate, solid, shining, striated, ash, or

ash-brown, with two obscure brown bands, white beneath the

suture; apex rather obtuse, chestnut-brown; spire convexly

conical; suture marginate, moderately impressed ; whorls 64,

convex; columellar fold central, white, strong; aperture trun-

cately auriform, white within; peristome thickened within ;

with external margin slightly reflected anteriorly, arcuate,

white, or brown; columellar margin reflected, detached, white ;

parietal margin very thin.

Length 0.80 inch (20% millim.); breadth 0.44 inch(114 millim.).

Length of body whorl 0.55 inch (14 millim.).

Average weight 7.00 grains.

Station.—On trees. J.T.G.!

Habitat.—Kahana, Oahu. J.T.G.!

Femarks.—Sinistral specimens are sometimes found which

resemble A. oblegua, but are readily distinguished by the

darker coloring around, and upon the lip. I have from

Hauula a few specimens which seem to belong to this species.

Some of them are nearly white.

65. Achatinella spadicea.

Plate VIII. Fig. 65. |

T. sinistrorsé, imperforata, conico-ovataé, solida, nitida, striata,

castanea, fascia 1 spirali alba suturali cincté; apice obtusula; spira

convexo-conicaé ; sutura marginata, modice impressa; anfr. 6, convexis ;

plica columellari mediand, albida, valid&; apertura truncato-auriformi,

subangulata, intus alba; perist. intus incrassato, nigro-fusco; margine

FEBRUARY, 1858. 18 Ann. Lyo. Nat, Hist, You. VI.

248 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

externo antice vix reflexo, substricto ; columellari valido, calloso, adnato ;

parietali tenuissimo.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, conic-ovate, solid, shining,

striated, chestnut-brown, with a white sutural band; apex

rather obtuse; spire convexly conic ; suture marginate, mode-

rately impressed ; whorls 6, convex; columellar fold central,

white, strong; aperture truncately auriform, subangulated,

white within; peristome thickened within, very dark brown ;

with external margin scarcely reflected anteriorly, compressed ;

columellar margin strong, callous, adnate; parietal margin very

thin.

Length 0.73 inch (18$ millim.); breadth 0.43 inch (11 millim.).

Length of body whorl 0.50 inch (18 millim.).

Average weight 6.40 grains.

Station.—On trees. J.T.G.!

ITabitat.—Kahana, Oahu. J.T.G.!

Remarks.—The white sutural band is continued up to the

very tip of the nuclear whorls, in a manner quite different

from what is seen in the bands of A. obliqua and other species

of this group.

66. Achatinella corrugata.

Plate VIII. Fig. 66.

T..dextrorsA, imperforata, ovata, solida, nitida, striata, virente ; apice

subacuta, pallida; spira convexo-conica ; sutura marginata, modice im-

press’; anfr. 53, convexis; ultimo rugoso; plicd columellari mediana,

alba, valid’; apertura truncato-auriformi, intus alba; perist. intus

incrassato, albo, interdum fusco-limbato; margine externo antice vix

reflexo, arcuato; columellari dilatato, adnato; parietali nullo.

Shell dextral, imperforate, ovate, solid, shining, striated,

green; apex subacute, pale; spire convexly conic; suture

margined, moderately impressed ; whorls 54, convex; the last

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 249

rugose ; columellar fold central, white, strong; aperture trun-

cately auriform, white within; peristome thickened within,

white, sometimes margined with brown; with external margin

scarcely reflected anteriorly; columellar margin dilated,

adnate; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.72 inch (183 millim.); breadth 0.40 inch (10 millim.).

Length of body whorl 0.50 inch (13 millim.).

Average weight 5.30 grains.

Station.—On trees. J.T. G.!

Habitat—Hakipu, Oahu. J.T. G.!

Remarks.—The color is often nearly black, and sometimes

reddish yellow.

It has been placed by Dr. Newcomb with his A. decipiens,

but is more nearly allied to A. rugosa Newc. From the latter

it differs in its usually white lip, and the more convex outlines

of its spire. The color also fades gradually towards the apex,

instead of terminating abruptly in white, as in A. rugosa.

Sinistral specimens have been found.

67. Achatinella rotunda.

Plate VIII. Fig. 67.

T. sinistrors4, imperforata, ovata, basi oblique truncata, solida, nitida,

striata, nigro-castanea, infra suturam fulvo vel albo late cincta; apice

obtusa, castanedé; spira convexo-conica; sutura marginata, nigra, bene

impressa; anfr. 6, convexis; ultimo magno, rotundato; plica columellari

mediana, albida, valida; apertura obliqua, truncato-auriformi ; perist.

nigro, intus subincrassato; margine externo antice subreflexo, arcuato ;

columellari dilatato, adnato ; parietali nullo.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, ovate, obliquely truncated at the

base, solid, shining, striated, of black chestnut color, with a

broad white or yellowish chestnut band beneath the suture ;

apex obtuse, chestnut; spire convexly conic; suture margined,

black, well impressed; whorls 6, convex; the last large,

250 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

rounded; columellar fold central, white, strong; aperture

oblique, truneately auriform; peristome black, slightly thick-

ened within ; with external margin slightly reflected anteriorly,

arcuate; columellar margin dilated, adnate; parietal margin

wanting.

Length 0.83 (21 millim.); breadth 0.50 inch (13 millim.).

Length of body whorl 0.61 inch (154 millim.).

Average weight 8.80 grains.

Station.—On trees. J.T. G.!

Habitat.—Kaawa and Kahana, Oahu. J.T. G.!

Remarks.—There is a variety with two black bands which

resembles certain forms of A. ovata Newe., but is distinguished

by its black suture and its thinner and more regularly arcuate

lip. Its bands are also deep black, while those of A. ovata are

brown as in A. bulimoides Swains.

68. Achatinella torrida.

Plate VIII. Fig. 68.

TT. sinistrorsa, imperforata, ovato-conicd, solida, nitida, striata, subru-

gosa, virente vel fulva; apice subacuta, castaneA; spiré conicA; sutura

leviter marginata, alba, modice impress; anfr. 6, convexis; plicd colu-

mellari supera, alba, valida ; apertura obliqua, truncato-auriformi, intus

alba; perist. intus incrassato, albo; margine externo antice vix reflexo,

leviter substricto; columellari dilatato, adnato; parietali nullo.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, ovate-conic, solid, shining, some-

what rugose, green or fulvous; apex subacute, chestnut; spire

conic; suture lightly margined, white, moderately impressed ;

whorls 6, convex; columella with a strong white fold near the

body whorl; aperture oblique, truncately auriform, white

within ; peristome white, thickened within; with external mar-

gin scarcely reflected anteriorly, slightly compressed; colu-

mellar margin dilated, adnate; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.68 inch (174 millim.); breadth 0.38 inch (92 millim.).

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 251

Length of body whorl 0.48 inch (12 millim.).

Average weight 4.50 grains.

Station.—On trees. J.T. G.!

Habitat—Kahana, Kaawa, and Waikane, Oahu. J.T. G.!

Waiolu, Oahu. J.8. Emerson.

Var. b.—With black spiral lines.

Remarks.—I am in doubt concerning the limits of variation

of this species. Var. b. may be distinct.

69. Achatinella nympha.

Plate VIIL Fig. 69.

T. dextrors, imperforata, oblongo-ovata, solida, nitida, levissime striata,

flava vel castanea, interdum fusco-lineata; apice subacuta ; spird convexo-

conica ; sutura anguste marginata, modice impressa; anfr. 6, convexius-

culis; plica columellari mediana, alba, valida; apertura truncato-auri-

formi, intus alba; perist. albo-labiato; margine externo vix reflexo,

arcuato; columellari dilatato, adnato ; parietali nullo.

Shell dextral, imperforate, oblong-ovate, solid, shining, very

lightly striated, yellow or chestnut, sometimes lined with brown ;

apex subacute; spire convexly conic; suture narrowly margined,

moderately impressed; whorls 6, somewhat convex; colu-

mellar fold central, white, strong; aperture truncately auriform,

white within; peristome white, strongly labiate; with external

margin scarcely reflected, arcuate; columellar margin dilated,

adnate ; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.73 inch (183 millim.); breadth 0.40 inch (£0 millim.).

Length of body whorl 0.50 inch (18 millim.).

Average weight 6.30 grains.

Station.—On the leaves of the Naupaka (Seevola Chamis-’

soniana) and other trees. J.T. G.!

252 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella.

fabitat.—Ahonui, Wahiawa, Helemanu, Kawailoa, and

Waimea, Oahu. J.T. G.!

ftemarks.—Helemanu is the metropolis of the species, but

it is sometimes found in the other valleys above mentioned.

It has been confounded with A. recta Newe., which belongs

to a very distinct group.

70. Achatinella limbata.

Plate VIII. Figs. 70 a and 70 b.

T. dextrors4, imperforata, conic, solidA, nitidA, striata, interdum

rugosa, viridi vel flava; apice obtusa, roseé; spira conic; suturé mar-

ginata, nigra, modice impressi; anfr. 6, convexis; ultimo subangulato ;

plicé columellari median4, alba, valida; apertura subtetragono-auriformi,

intus alba; perist. nigro, intus snbincrassato; margine externo antice

subreflexo, substricto ; columellari dilatato, adnato ; parietali nullo.

Shell dextral, imperforate, conic, solid, shining, striate, some-

times rugose, green or yellow; apex rose, frequently faded in

mature specimens; spire conic; suture margined, black, mode-

rately impressed; whorls 6, convex; the last subangulated ;

columellar fold central, white, strong; aperture rather rectan-

gularly auriform, white within ; peristome black, slightly thick-

ened within; with external margin slightly reflected anteriorly,

somewhat compressed laterally; columellar margin dilated,

adnate ; parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.76 inch (193 millim.); breadth 0.44 (112 millim.).

Length of body whorl 0.50 (13 millim.). ,

Average weight 6.70 grains.

Station.—On the Pua, Ahakea, Hao, Naupaka (Scevola

Chamissoniana) and Ohia (Lugenia Malaccensis).

Habitat.—Ahonui and Kalaikoa, Oahu. J.T. G.!

femarks.—It differs from .A. melanostoma Newe. in being

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella. 258

more rugose, with rose-colored apex and subangulated body

whorl.

71. Achatinelila bulbosa.

Plate VIII Fig. 71.

T. sinistra, imperforata, interdum subperforata, subpyriformi, solidius-

cula, impolita, striata, flavido-alba, strigis confluentibus epidermidis nigre

irregulariter picta; apice acuta; spira concayo-conicé; sutura simplice,

valide impress; anfr. 7, convexis; ultimo magno; plic&é columellari

mediana, fusca, lamelliformi, fere transversa; apertura obliqua, sinuato-

lunata, intus pallide rosea; perist. tenui, acuto; margine externo recto,

arcuato ; columellari dilatato, adnato vel interdum subpatente ; parietali

nullo.

Shell sinistral, imperforate or sometimes slightly perforate,

subpyriform, rather solid, unpolished, striate, yellowish white,

covered with irregular streaks of black epidermis, which blend

in broad patches towards the base ; apex acute; spire concavely

conic; suture simple, well impressed; whorls 7, convex; the

last large; columellar fold central, brown, lamelliform, nearly

transverse ; aperture oblique, sinuately lunate, pale pink within,

shading into brown near the columella; peristome thin, acute ;

with external margin unreflected, arcuate ; columeilar margin

dilated, adnate, or sometimes slightly detached; parietal mar-

gin wanting.

Length 0.85 inch (213 millim.); breadth 0.52 inch (131 millim.).

Length of body whorl 0.60 inch (154 millim.).

Average weight 7.00 grains.

Station.—On trees and vines. J. M. Alexander. !

Habitat.—Honuaula, E. Maui. E. Bailey.!| Kula, E. Maui.

J. M. Alexander. !

Remarks.—\ have a dextral specimen, which is the only one

I have seen belonging to any species of this group.

254 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinelia.

72. Achatinella mahogani.

Plate VIII. Fig. 72.

T. dextrorsa, imperforata, turrita, solida, nitida, striata, fulvo-castanea 5

apice obtusé, rose&; spira concavo-turrita; sutura leviter marginata,

modice impressa ; anfr. 6, convexis ; ultimo inflato, basi rotundato ac nigro-

castaneo; plica columellari mediana, alba, valid’; apertura truncato-

auriformi, intus alba; perist. fusco-limbato, intus incrassato; margine

externo antice vix reflexo, arcuato; columellari dilatato, adnato; parietali

nullo.

Shell dextral, imperforate, turreted, solid, shining, striate,

reddish chestnut; apex obtuse, rose; spire concavely turreted ;

suture lightly margined, moderately impfessed ; whorls 6, con-

vex ; the last inflated, with the base black-chestnut and regularly

rounded ; columellar fold central, white, strong; aperture trun-

eately auriform, white within ; peristome margined with brown,

thickened within; with external margin scarcely reflected an-

teriorly, arcuate; columellar margin dilated, adnate; parietal

margin wanting.

Length 0.81 inch (203 millim.); breadth 0.43 inch (11 millim.).

Length of body whorl 0.48 inch (12 millim.).

Average weight 8.00 grains.

Station—On trees. J.T. G.!

Habitat.—Ahonui and Kalaikoa, Oahu. J.T. G.!

ftemarks.—It lacks the black color of lip and suture which

characterizes A. melanostoma Newe., and A. limbata Nob., and

also differs in the general form and color.

7s. Achatinella virens.

Plate VIII. Fig. 73.

T. sinistrorsa, imperforata, ovato-conica, solida, nitida, striata, virente

vel flavescente ; apice subacuta, flavido-alba; spira convexo-conica; sutura

marginata, castanea, modice impressi; anfr. 6, convexis; plic& colu-

Description of New Species of the Genus Cyprea Linn. 255

mellari mediand, valida, rosea, interdum alba; apertura obliqua, truncato-

auriformi, intus alb&; perist. acuto, intus incrassato; margine externo

tecto, arcuato; columellari dilatato, adnato ; parietali nullo.

Shell sinistral, imperforate, ovate-conic, solid, shining, striate,

green or yellowish; apex subacute, yellowish white; spire con-

vexly conic ; suture margined, chestnut, moderately impressed ;

whorls 6, convex; columellar fold central, strong, rose or some-

times white; aperture oblique, truncately auriform, white

within; peristome acute, thickened within; with dextral mar-

gin unreflected, arcuate; columellar margin dilated, adnate;

parietal margin wanting.

Length 0.75 inch (19 millim.); breadth 0.40 inch (10 millim.).

Length of body whorl 0.50 inch (13 millim.).

Average weight 5.20 grains.

Station —On the Lama, Hao, Ohia (Hugenia Malaccensis),

and Kukui (Alewrites triloba).

Habitat.—Halawa and Nuuanu, Oahu. J. T. G.!

Ltemarks.—This species completes the gradation between A.

Stewarti Green and A. colorata Reeve.

XXX.—Description of a New Species of the Genus CypREA

Linn.

By Tuxo. Gu.

Communicated by T. Brann. Read February 8th, 1858.

Cyprza notata, Gill.

Plate IX. Fig. 1-8.

Cyprea testi oblongo-ovata, levi, polité, dorso elevato ; margine

externo incrassato, angulato ; interno subrotundo ; basi planulata ; aper-

256 Description of New Species

turé postice angusta, flexuos4, antice hiante ; columella postice ventri-

cosa, antice subangusta, plana, plica marginali valido munita; dentibus

columellaribus circa septemdecim, mediis tenuissimis, posterioribus paulo

majoribus et anterioribus subvalidis ; labii externi dentibus circa viginti

duo, subzequalibus, parvis, brevibus; extremitatibus productis; inci-

surd siphonale semi-ovatd, vix obliqua; spira umbilicata, lined dorsali

obsoleta.

Dorso colore ccerulescente, marulé rufescente-purpurea sub-centrali

et lineis stramineis undulatis longitudinalibus obscuris ornato ; lateribus

luteis ; basi carne; marginibus maculis hepaticis numerosis ornatis ;

extremitatibus utrinque et plica marginali violaceis.

Shell smooth, polished, oblong-ovate, with the back pos-

teriorly elevated and thence declining with a gentle curvature

towards the anterior part ; external margin thickened, angular,

and the inflected lip flattened ; internal margin almost round ;

base nearly flat ; aperture behind narrow and flexuous, before

gaping; columella posteriorly rather ventricose, anteriorly

rather narrow, flattened and armed with a strong marginal

plait (or tooth); the number of the columellar teeth about

seventeen, of which the middle are very delicate, the posterior

slightly more developed and more distant from each other, and

the anterior quite stout; on the outer lip are about twenty-two

nearly equal, rather delicate and short teeth, but considerably

stouter than any of those on the columellar lip, except a few of

the anterior ones; the extremities produced; siphonal notch

semi-ovate, hardly oblique; spire concealed, with a narrow

and shallow umbilicus ; dorsal line indefinite.

The back is of a bluish color, furnished with a single large

reddish purple spot and with blurred longitudinal undulating

straw-colored lines; sides with a yellow band separating the

color of the back from that of the margins and base ; the latter

are a yellowish flesh color; the margins with numerous irregu-

larly distributed rather large purplish brown spots ; the extre-

mities on both sides and the marginal plait of a violet color.

of the Genus Cyprea Linn. 257

Length 23, width 14, height 11 millim.

Habitat.—East Indies.

Remarks.—This handsome cowrie, of which I have only seen

the one above described, was found by Mr. David W. Fer-

guson of the city of Brooklyn, among a small lot of Cypreese said

to have been obtained at Singapore, among which were C.

zigzag Linn., C. fimbriata Gm., C. poraria Linn., and several

other species well known as inhabitants of the great Indo-Paci-

fic province. The specimen is now in Mr. Ferguson’s Cabinet,

and to him I am indebted for the opportunity of describing it.

Itappears tobe very distinct from any of the species of the genus

hitherto described. In the color of the extremities it has some

resemblanee to C. fimbriata Gm., and C. microdon Gray, but

the much larger size, the more elevated back, the narrower

umbilicated spire, the color of the base and sides, the absence of

any appearance of bands, and especially the large and distinet

spots on the margins, at once distinguish it from either of those

species. The teeth on the posterior and middle portions of the

columellar lip are also smaller than in those species, and the

number of teeth in both lips is greater than in C. fimbriata and

less than in (. microdon. In its general form and appearance

it has some resemblance to C. Goodallii and C. contaminata,

but in every other respect it is very dissimilar.

With all these distinctive characters, I cannot hesitate to

regard it as very different from any species with which I am

acquainted, although I have only seen a single specimen. It

has no appearance of malformation, and its color is very cha-

racteristic.

258 Descriptions of Seven New Species of Humming-Birds.

XXXI.—Deseriptions of Seven New Species of Humming-

Birds.

By GrorGe N. LAWRENCE.

Read February 15th, 1858.

Phezthornis moorei.

Moore’s Hermrr.

Whole upper plumage and wing-coverts rather dull bronzy

green, darker on the head, all the feathers with dark sub-

terminal margins edged with grey ; rump and upper tail-

coverts of the same color as the back, but having the dark

markings more distinct and terminating with pale rufous ; tail

bronzy green at the base for about two thirds of its length,

remaining portion brownish-black, forming a broad subterminal

band, the four lateral feathers on each side narrowly edged with

pale rufous at the end for a short space on each web, and the

two central feathers white on their projecting portion for about

one third their entire length; wings purplish-brown; under sur-

face greyish fawn color, brownish on the throat and sides of the

neck, and brighter on the abdomen ; a line of light rufous over

and behind the eye, and another running under it from the

base of the upper mandible; ear-coverts blackish brown ; upper

mandible black, under mandible bright red with the tip black ;

iris black ; feet brownish above and pale yellow underneath.

Length 64 inches; wing 24; bill 15%; tail 233.

Habitat.—Ecuador.

. Lemarks.—This species in its general appearance somewhat

resembles P. superciliosus, but is smaller, being about the size

of P. eurynomus, but differs from both in having the upper

mandible bright red, and in the white projecting ends of the

central tail feathers being wider.

Descriptions of Seven New Species of Humming-Birds. 259

I have named this species after its discoverer, Mr. Wm. E.

Moore, as a tribute to his enterprise and indefatigable persever-

ance in accomplishing a journey across the entire continent of

South America near the Equator, unaided, and for a great

portion of the way unaccompanied, except by Indian guides.

Pheaethornis viliosus.

Tue Spacey Hermrr.

Upper plumage dark bronzy green, inclining to dark brown

on the head; upper tail-coverts dark green, with crescentic

markings of blackish brown near the end of each feather, which

terminate with grey slightly tinged with rufous ; tail very dark

green at the base for half its length, and as far as this color

extends the shafts are white, except on the two central ones,

where they are dark; remaining portion of the tail brownish

black, with the lateral feathers narrowly edged with white on

their inner webs near the end, and a broader mark of white on

the corresponding edge of the outer webs, the projecting ends of

the central feathers gradually fade into white; a greyish line

behind the eye, also one running underneath it; ear-coverts

blackish brown; neck and breast ashy brown intermixed with

greyish white, producing a very rough, shaggy appearance; a

distinct white line runs from the bill down the centre of the

throat to the breast; abdomen greyish white; under tail-

coverts ashy brown with white margins; wings purplish

brown ; upper mandible black, lower yellow at the base for

nearly two-thirds its length, remainder blackish ; iris black ;

feet yellow.

Length 52 inches; wing 24; bill 14; tail 23.

Habitat.—Ecuador. Santa Fe de Bogota.

Remarks.—This bird seems closely allied to P. hispidus

Gould, but is smaller and has not the uniformly colored under

260 Descriptions of Seven New Species of Humming-Birds.

plumage, with the peculiar well defined markings on the throat

and breast, as given in Mr. Gould’s figures of that species.

Pheethornis atrimentalis.

Tue BLAck-cHINNED Hermit.

Crown and hind neck dull bronzy brown; back and wing-

coverts rather bright dark green; upper tail-coverts green, edged

with deep bright rufous; tail dull bronzy green, shading into

brownish green towards the end, the two central feathers pro-

ject a little beyond the others, where they are buffy white,

lighter at the tips; the two next feathers on each side narrow-

ly edged near the end with pale buff, and tipped with white,

the two outer darker in color, with margins and tips of pale

buff; wings dull purple; ear-coverts black, bordered above

and below with a line of pale rufous; chin and upper part of

the throat black; lower part of the neck and upper part of the

breast dull greyish rufous; abdomen and sides bright rufous ;

under tail-coverts pale rufous; upper mandible and apical half

of the lower deep black, basal half of the lower yellow ; iris

black; feet whitish.

Length 4 inches; wing 13; bill 1; tail 14.

Habitat.—Ecuador.

Remarks.—Near P. longmareus, but smaller, and with the

upper plumage very different in color.

Phaethornis migricinctus.

Tse Betrep Herr.

Upper surface bright bronzy green, brownish on the head ;

upper tail-coverts bright ferruginous; tail bronzed coppery

brown, the outer margins of the lateral feathers, and the extreme

tips of the central feathers, and of the two next pairs on each

Descriptions of Seven New Species of Humming-birds. 261

side greyish white; wings purplish brown; under plumage

deep rufous, with a broad blackish purple band (’s of an inch

in width) entirely crossing the breast ; ear-coverts black ; super-

ciliary line rufous; upper mandible black, lower orange red

becoming paler towards the end, the extreme tip black; iris

black ; feet yellow.

Length 37% inches; wing Ilys; bill 7%; tail 1.

fabitat.—Ecuador.

Lemarks.—Resembles P. episcopus, Gould, but is smaller

and dark green above, that species being golden brown; it

may be distinguished from all the small species by its orange

red under mandible.

Giaucis affimis.

Tue Axiurep Hermit.

Top of the head dark brown, back and wing-coverts shining

grass green; upper tail-coverts fringed with greyish rufous ;

chin dark brownish grey; centre of throat dull brownish

rufous; sidés of the neck and breast dull dark green inter-

mixed with rufous; abdomen and sides pale rufous; under tail-

coverts white, with their centres very pale fawn color; two

central tail feathers dark green tipped with white, inside of

which is a narrow black band, the other tail feathers are chest-

nut red for two-thirds their length from the base, remaining

part purplish black with white tips; wings purplish brown;

upper mandible black, lower yellow with the tip black; iris

black ; feet pale yellow.

Length 44 inches; wing 2;%; bill lis; tail 18.

Habitat.—EKcuador.

Remarks.—This species is a near ally of G. hirsutus, and it

is with some hesitation I have ventured to characterize it as

262 Descriptions of Seven New Species of Humming-Birds.

distinct ; Mr. Gould in his Monograph of the Trochilidee under

G. hirsutus speaks of a bird from Bogota “ which has the throat

and abdomen much suffused with green,” which he thinks nearly

allied to Azrsutus, and possibly different; but he does not

incline to give it a distinct specific appellation until further

light is obtained. The example I have described above may

be the same as the Bogota bird, but differs so much in the

sombre coloring of its under plumage, from the more uniform

rufous which prevails on those parts in all the specimens of

hispidus I have seen, from Cayenne, Trinidad, &¢., and in the

much darker green of its upper plumage, that I cannot but

regard them as different species.

Campvlopterus splendens.

Tue Brivwuiant-CresteD SABRE-W1na.

Front and entire crown golden green, brilliantly metallic;

upper plumage and wing-coverts dark golden green; upper

tail-coverts deep grass green; two central tail feathers dark

green, all the others steel-blue, having their tips narrowly

edged with dull grey; wings bluish purple; chin and throat

deep shining violet blue; breast and sides golden green, similar

in color to the back ; ear-coverts dull brownish green; abdomen

obscure smoky grey ; vent feathers greyish white; under tail-

coverts steel-blue washed with green; bill black; feet dusky

brown above, yellow underneath.

Length about 54 inches; wing 2? inches; bill 14; tail 2.

Halitat.—Ecuador.

Remarks.—In this handsome species the bill is nearly

straight and the tail a little rounding ; it has more resemblance

to C. ensipennis than any other one of this genus, but it is rather

smaller, with a longer bill, and is easily distinguished by its

Descriptions of Seven New Species of Humming-Birds. 263

metallic crown, absence of white on the lateral tail-feathers,

and dull colored abdomen.

Tonolaima frontalis.

Tue Emeraup-Frontep Howainc-Birp.

On the forehead, immediately adjoining the bill, is a diamond

shaped spot of brilliant metallic green; upper plumage and wing-

coverts dark green, grass green on the head, but with a golden

shade on the back; upper tail-coverts dark green; tail deep

steel-blue, extreme tips of the two central feathers green ; wings

purplish brown, outer edge of first primary chestnut; chin,

cheeks, and upper part of throat black; ear-coverts bronzed

green; on the throat is a gorget (rather circular in form) of

shining violet purple; adjoining this and occupying the upper

part of the breast, is a band of metallic green of the same shade

as the frontal spot; sides dark green, similar in color to the

back ; lower part of the breast and abdomen of the same deep

black as the throat; under tail-coverts steel-blue ; bill black ;

feet brownish black.

In one specimen, not fully mature, the frontal spot is want-

ing, and the bright feathers on the throat are only partially

developed ; there is a line of bright rufous feathers running from

the bill under the eye, in all other respects precisely like the

adult. ;

Length 53 inches; wing 8; bill 2; tail 28.

Habitat.—Ecuador.

Ltemarks.—This makes the second species of this genus, and

is even a handsomer bird than Schreibersi, which it much

resembles ; it is, however, larger, and differs in having an

emerald spot on the forehead ; in the adult being destitute of a

buff line on the sides of the head ; in having the centre of the

abdomen black, and the tail more deeply forked, the outer

FEBRUARY, 1858. 19 Axn, Lyo. Nar. Hist, Vou. V1.

264 Descriptions of two New Species of Gulls.

feathers being over an inch longer than the middle ones, where-

as in Schretbersi the difference is but half an inch. The latter

bird differs also in having the central tail feathers green.

The above described Humming-Birds form part of the collec-

tion (now in my possession) made by Mr. Wm. E. Moore, on

his recent travels in South America. The subjoined extract

from one of his letters will give the locality where they were

obtained :—

“The Humming-Birds I gave you were all collected between

the head waters of the Napo and Quito; this journey was per-

formed on foot, three hundred miles through a dense forest, at

the base of the Bolivian range of the Andes.”

XXXU.— Descriptions of two New Species of Gulls in the

Museum of the Smithsonian Institution at Washington.

By Grorce N. Lawrence.

Read June 29th, 1857.

Larus” suckleyi.

SucKiEy’s GuLt.

Adult. Head, neck, under plumage and tail pure white ;

back and wings clear pearl blue; ends of the primaries black,

on the first occupying about half its length, and decreasing to

the seventh, where it consists only of a subterminal spot; the

first primary is crossed near the end with white for a space

of one and a half inches, the second primary is similarly

marked, but the white is much less in extent, the tips of both

these quills are black, the other primaries all have white tips;

the secondaries and tertiaries terminate largely with white; _

bill dusky yellowish-green, except on the ridge of the upper

Descriptions of two New Species of Gulls. 265

mandible beyond the nostrils, and the angle of the lower

mandible, which are orange yellow; both mandibles have their

tips pale yellow; legs and feet greenish yellow.

Length 172 inches; alar extent 431; wing 137; tail 5}; bill

75; tarsi 13.

Habitat.—North Pacific, Puget Sound.

The adult, in winter, has the head and neck mottled with

dark ash.

One specimen, not quite mature, has the wing-coverts edged

with brownish ash, and the remnant of a subterminal black

band upon the tail; bill blackish brown.

Two specimens which I think are the young of this species,

have the head, neck, and under surface greyish white, mottled

with light ash, darker on the breast; upper and under tail

coverts barred with brownish ash; upper plumage dark ash

mottled with grey, the pearl blue color of the back just begin-

ning to appear; wing-coverts, secondaries, and tertiaries brownish

ash, margined with dull white; primaries dark brown, the

inner ones light cinereous on the inner webs, tips edged with

dull white; tail dark brown, ashy white at the base and nar-

rowly tipped with the same color; bill flesh color at the base

for about half its length, remainder black; iris hazel; tarsi

and feet flesh color.

One measures in length 17i inches; wing 18}; tail 5:; bill

1i, depth at angle ; tarsus 13, middle toe and claw 17. The

other specimen is rather smaller.

I have conferred upon this species the name of Dr. Geo.

Suckley, whose interest in science is fully attested by the

numerous specimens collected by him, and now in the Museum

of the Smithsonian Institution.

It is allied to L. zonorhynchus, but the mantle is darker ;

the bill shorter and more slender than in that species, being

only about two thirds as large.

266 Descriptions of two New Species of Gulls.

Rissa septentrionalis.

Tue Norra Pacmic Kirrmwake.

Adult. Head, neck, under surface, bend of the wing and

tail pure white; back and wings light pearl blue; the first

primary is black for about half its length from the end, with a

white spot one and a half inches long, crossing both webs near

the tip, which is black; the second primary is black for about

one third the distance from its end, and having also a white

spot (but less in extent) inside the black tip, the next five pri-

maries are black at their ends, with white tips, but the black

decreases in extent from the second, until it exists only as a

spot on the seventh; basal portion of the primaries bluish-ash

fading into white where it joins the black, except on the first

and second; secondaries and tertiaries terminating with white;

bill of a dusky-green for two thirds its length from the base,

apical third yellow, which deepens to orange on the ridge of the

upper mandible, and the angle of the lower; tarsi and feet

yellowish-green.

Length 17% inches; wing 13}; tail 52; bill 1%; tarsi 13.

fabitat.—Pacific coast of N. Am., Puget Sound.

This species does not differ much in size from 2. tridactylus,

but in color it is rather more grey, the tarsi and wings are

longer, with the black on the ends of the latter more extended;

the hind-toe is more developed than in 2. trzdactylus.

There have been placed in my hands for examination, a large

number of specimens of the family Laridz, which form part of

the magnificent collection of birds belonging to the Smithsonian

Institution at Washington ; among them I found the two species

now described as new.

Notes on some Cuban Birds. 267

XXXIM.—Wotes on some Cuban Birds, with Descriptions of

three New Species.

By Joun Gunpracn, Pu. D., Corresponding Member.

Read June 29th, 1857.

XI. Cypselidze of Cuba.

Mr. D’Orbigny, in his descriptions of the Birds of Cuba, pub-

lished in “La Sagra’s Natural History of the Island,” 1841,

only mentions one species of Swallow, HZ. purpurea, but ob-

serves that he did not doubt several more could be found, when

the interior should be explored. This has been accomplished.

Mr. Lembeye, in his work on the Birds of Cuba, 1850, Havana,

availing himself of my observations and discoveries, mentions

four Hirundide, and adds to the family of Cypselidss (Swifts)

Cyp. [radi Lemb. Mr. Philip Henry Gosse, in his “ Birds of

Jamaica,” published in 1847, describes three swallows and three

swifts. These are divided into three genera, Acanthylis,

Tachornis, and Cypselus.

During my residence of 17 years on the western part of the

Island, I had only observed the species Oyp. Zradii, but in my

present travel of discovery, I have found not only in the moun-

tains between Cienfuegos and Trinidad on the southern coast,

but in the eastern parts in the Sierra Maestra, the Cyp. Collaris,

Pr. Max., and Cyp. niger (Hirundo niger), Gmel.

I will now describe these, and add the observations I have

been able to make respecting them.

1. Cypseius con.aris, Pr. Max. ,

Mr. Gosse describes it under the name of Acanthylis collaris ?

Ringed gowrie ; but as the characteristics of this genus consist

in the points at the end of the tail feathers, and the greater or

268 Notes on some Cuban Birds.

less rounding of the tail, I cannot consider it as belonging to

this genus, though it possesses those pointed ends of the shafts.

Plumage in both sexes: sooty black with some green reflec-

tions: throat black without reflections, lores black. A band

from the bill to the upper part of the eye has the ends of the

feathers white. A white ring round the neck, broader on the

breast, the feathers being of a dark color at their base. Tail

forked, composed of ten feathers, the difference between the

middle and outer being of 0.009. All the tail feathers have

their ends pointed, and the shafts extend beyond the vanes,

though commonly worn. The first quill is the longest. Bill

and feet black, the latter with a purplish tint. Eye almost

black.

MALE. FEMALE.

ewan, ie Re ae 0.216 0.221

Ppente eh ee he 0,518 0,582

Toate hh BE Ce Ae 0.072 0.073

It seems that this species lives and breeds in the highest parts

of the mountains, being only seen in the plains and low grounds

some time before or after a shower.

They assemble in great numbers, flying in all directions, now

nearly touching the ground, and then very high up in the air,

chasing the insects which have taken wing. Suddenly one of

the flock utters a cry, which is immediately answered by all the

rest, and shooting away with the greatest swiftness, they retire

to a lower plane, where they again commence their evolutions.

I have not found either their nest or young, and have not

been able to obtain information respecting their breeding time.

2. CypseLus nicER (Hirunpo niara), Gunz.

Plumage in both sexes: Head, neck, and throat dark brown,

the vertex feathers with the edge whitish; a white band from

Notes on some Cuban Birds. 269

the bill to the upper part of the eye; lores black; sides of the

head and throat greyish black; the rest of the plumage sooty

brown, with slight green reflections. Tail forked, composed of

ten feathers. Difference between the middle and outer 0.012,

the shafts are not strong. First quill the longest, but sometimes

it is the second, perhaps in young birds. Bill, feet, and eyes as

in the preceding species. The young are distinguished from

the adult, by their tail being square, and the feathers of the

lower parts have a whitish tint at their ends.

Trae.) ehh hay wh oi yr SER L's: oS Be 0.173

me Sm bat Webi os palehoes aa SAT RS BORO oe 0.390

Saas. Sn hon civera/ atten bab eres ciel tatietee 0.066

I saw these birds for the first time in the month of May, when

they commonly arrived every morning about one hour after

sunrise, and flew in a circular direction over the river near

Bayamo, at a considerable height, making their evolutions

always in the same place, perhaps employed in catching the

insects attracted there by the proximity of the river. In the

month of June they arrived every day towards noon when it

threatened to rain, and sometimes returned again after sunset.

The two other species mix with the present in the same flock.

When tired of their exercise they always flew together towards

the mountains, where I am inclined to suppose exist their breed-

ing places. When one of the birds flies in chase of another, it

emits a soft continued note not unlike a song. Having killed

many young birds in the month of June, I suppose that they

breed in April and May. Mr. Gosse found only one specimen

of this bird in Jamaica, which he named Black Swift.

3. Tacnornis rrapi, Lemp.

This bird, described in Lembeye’s Birds of Cuba, page 49, and

figured in pl. vii. fig. 4, resembles the Zachornis phenicobius

270 Notes on some Cuban Birds.

Gosse, of Jamaica, for which reason it bears this name in the

“Journal fiir Ornithologie IV ., Jahrgang No. 19, Januar, 1856,

page 5,” where my notes, and the ornithological catologue I

had sent to Hessen Cassel, are published. I have not yet com-

pared specimens from both islands, and in the description I

had not noticed that Gosse’s bird has the under wing and tail

coverts of a dirty white, and besides has not the white so con-

spicuous on the rump. Our bird must be considered as a

different species.

Plumage: Male; sooty brown, darker on the head, with

slight green reflections on the back and tail. Throat, breast,

belly, and vent silky white. Cheeks and sides of the breast

brownish. Tail. slightly forked, and composed of ten feathers.

Difference between the middle and outer 0.015.

The female has the sides of the breast lighter, and the whole

of the lower parts except the wing and tail coverts, of a dirty

silky white.

The only perceptible difference in young birds is, their having

the white parts darker.

MALE. FEMALE,

uF) py AM nee Meme, ate 0.112 0.118

ial 1 aie meen Tage 0.249 0.257

Oman sera, hte Saelt OOA EE, 0.051 0.048

This bird inhabits low level grounds, over which it flies with

great swiftness in search of insects. From time to time it utters

its twittering agreeable notes, and when in chase of another

its sharp ‘tweet’ resembles that of the former bird.

The long hanging leaves of a palm tree called by the natives

“palma cana,” and some others of the same class (Chamerops),

afford among their folds many openings in the shape of inverted

funnels, which the birds enter with the impulse of their rapid

flight, and scrambling upwards with the help of their sharp

curved nails, find there a secure place to repose at night.

Notes on some Cuban Birds. 271

Several birds enter the same places, and even during the day

they resort to them for rest.

When their breeding season arrives, they fasten cotton, and

vegetable wool from various plants, to one of the sides of their

retreat, mixing leaves and feathers, till the nest is completed, leav-

ing only a narrow space between the nest and the opposite side

for an entrance. Ihave not yet ascertained whether the sub-

stance employed by the birds is their saliva, or some resinous

matter. The great difference in the size of the nests induces

me to suppose that they repair their old nests, returning to

them at each succeeding season.

They lay three and sometimes four white eggs of 0.016

by 0.011. As I found fully fledged young in the beginning of

June, and also fresh eggs in the first days of July, we may

suppose that their breeding takes place from the end of April

to the middle of July.

Ei. Myiadestes Elisabeth, Lemb.

Muscicapa Elisabeth, Lemb. Aves de Cuba, p. 39, pl. 5,

fig. 3. This species belongs to the genus Myiadestes, in which

must also be included Ptilogonys Townsendi Aud., and Ptilo-

gonys armillatus Gray, of Jamaica.

My present object is to give a more extensive description of

this remarkable bird, than that found in Lembeye’s work.

Both sexes: vertex, back, lesser wing-coverts, last scapulars,

and middle tail feathers olivaceous ash, sides of the throat and

rump more greyish. Lores and upper part of the ear ferru-

ginous ash, a lighter circle of this color around the eye. Greater

wing-coverts and primary quills brown, with the inner edge

olivaceous ash. From the 7th to the 16th quill their base is of

an olivaceous bay color, and from the middle to the end the

same, the intermediate space being brown with an olivaceous

edge; the tip whitish. Tail feathers, except the two middle,

brown, the 5th ashy olive in its exterior vanes with narrow

272 Notes on some Cuban Birds.

dark bands. The second has a triangular white spot at the

end, principally on the inner vanes, in the first or outer feather it

extends beyond the middle, and in the exterior vanes it reaches

3 of its length.

Lower parts whitish, with a greyish tint on the breast and

sides. A dark line from the base of the bill forms a small

mustache. Tail rounded, composed of 12 feathers. The 4th

and 5th quills the longest; 1st very short, 6th equal to the 5th,

the 3d longer than the 7th, the 2d equal to the 8th. Bill ofa

horn color, with the base of the lower mandible orange yellow.

Feet of this last color, with the scutella darker. Iris dark

hazel.

Memsehy Sy ees 22 inches—Spanish measure.

tema oS. mee

| LE eA ge Sta Sax aS

The tail extends 24 inches beyond the end of the wing. The

young have the upper parts of a stronger olive color, and the

lesser quills darker, with a small bay patch towards the end.

Lower parts and vent, bill, feet, and eyes, as in the adult.

T have never found its nest. Information from the country

people has proved useless, for some have assured me that they

build their nests in the fissures of the rocks, while others assert

that they have found them on trees. It seems that at the breed-

ing season, they retire to the most inaccessible parts of the

mountains. They feed on wild berries, caterpillars, and insects.

Their song is beautiful beyond conception, and nothing like

the rest of the winged inhabitants of the woods, their voice

being of a clear metallic sound, and their wild melodious strains

cannot be equalled by the most able performer on the most per-

fect instrument. The young, although their performance lasts

longer, have not so powerful a voice as the adult bird. While

singing they remain quietly perched on a branch, with no per-

ceptible motion except their bill.

Notes on some Cuban Birds. 23

It is a retired bird and fond of living alone, like the bird of

Jamaica (I. armillatus), which has there received the name of

“ Solitaire.”

Lil. Descriptions of New Species.

A ks CoLAPTES CHRYSOCAULOSUS.™

Upper part of head and hind neck bluish ash-grey, with an

occipital band of deep scarlet; back and wing-coverts light

hair brown, with broad transverse bars of black; rump greyish-

white spotted, and barred with black; tail dark umber brown

terminating with black, lateral feathers barred on their outer

webs with buffy white, outer margin of the other tail-feathers

with spots of the same ; under surface of the tail, deep golden

yellow with black tips; upper and under tail-coverts barred

with black and white; primaries dark umber brown; second-

aries and tertiaries dark brown, with broad marginal spots of

light hair brown; inner surface of wings dusky yellow; shafts

of the quill feathers bright yellow; shafts of the tail feathers

the same color, except for a short space at the end, where they

are black; sides of the head and neck in front, of a reddish fawn

color; a broad crescent of black on the breast; breast and

sides yellowish brown; abdomen pale yellowish white, with

circular black spots over the entire under surface below the

gorget; bill bluish black; tarsi and feet dark lead-color.

Length 11? inches; wing 53; bill 13; tail 4§; tarsi 13 inches,

English measure.

2. CuLICIVORA LEMBEYEL.

Entire upper plumage dull plumbeous-grey, rather lighter

a SS

* Composed of xpvo0s xavdos, golden shaft.

274 Notes on some Cuban Birds.

on the tail-coverts ; a crescentic black line extends from behind

the eye around the ear-coverts to the side of the neck; wings

brownish-black, with the outer margins grey ; tail deep black,

with the outer feather white on the outer web and the terminal

half of the inner, the next feather white on the inner web for

its terminal quarter, and on the outer web nearly to the base,

end and outer edge only of the third lateral feather white; ear-

coverts and under surface very light greyish-white, nearly pure

white on the centre of the abdomen; bill black, except at the

base of the lower mandible, where it is lead-colored ; tarsi and

feet dark plumbeous.

MALE. FEMALE

ERM eae aah eee lic 0.124 0.122

PUSHER Het hocks Caihcmce eke caves C137 0.135

MMA yas eictce hehe ae 0.051 0.051

This bird lives in open grounds on the Eastern part of the

Island, and begins to breed towards the latter end of April,

building its nest in thick bushes six or eight feet from the

ground, and composed of hair, vegetable wool, and other soft

substances, while the exterior is covered with lichens, making

it very compact, and not unlike the humming bird’s nest,

though much larger, and placed between the forks. The eggs

are always three, of a light bluish-green, with small reddish

dots. Length 0.014, breadth 0.01.

It has a very agreeable song, which, added to its resembling

the mocking bird, has been the cause of its having received the

name of “Sinsontillo” (little mocking bird).

8. TERETISTRIS FORNSI.

The upper plumage is of a lead-colored grey; wings and

tail light brownish-ash margined with grey ; lores, ear-coverts,

circle around the eye, entire neck in front, breast and upper

Notes on some Cuban Birds. 275

part of abdomen bright yellow; lower part of abdomen and

sides greyish-white ; the under tail-coverts white in some speci-

mens, in others yellow; upper mandible and terminal half of the

lower black, basal half of the latter lead-colored; iris dark

hazel; legs and feet plumbeous.

The plumage does not differ materially in either sex or age.

MALE, FEMALE,

SCTE ces eae: 0.1382 0.129

TSIPMG gale cies ae ls sluts 0.182 0.177

SUF i a a lg A RR 0.054 0.052

On the first days of May it builds its nest in bushes, from 3 to

9 feet from the ground, employing small roots and lining it with

hair. The number of eggs is three, 0.019-0.014, of a white

color inclining to blue, with irregular lilac and reddish spots.

In its manners it has much resemblance to the Anabates

Fernandine, Lemb., constantly hopping upward from the lowest

branches to the highest, on reaching which it flies to the

bottom of another bush, and again hopping towards the top.

They also visit high trees, and continually search with the

greatest care for the insects and caterpillars, which vainly

endeavor to hide from their penetrating glance. When two or

more meet on the same tree they emit a querulous note as if

they were engaged in conflict, for which reason Cabanis gave

the species the name of Teretistris (See Journal fiir Ornitho-

logie, Jahrgang No. 18, November 1855, pag. 475).

This species lives only in the eastern part of the island, and

A. Fernandine inhabits the western.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE PRECEDING PAPER.

By Gero. N. Lawrence.

With the above communication transmitted by our corre-

276 Notes on some Cuban Birds.

spondent Dr. Gundlach for publication in the Annals, he was

so kind as to send me specimens of all the birds therein de-

scribed and noticed. Two of his new discoveries are nearly

related to species belonging to our Fauna, viz.

1. P. curysocautosus. Resembles “P. auratus” but differs

from it in being smaller, in having the abdomen more closely

spotted, and the spots on the breast larger, the tail feathers are

narrower, and of a deeper yellow; the wings are relatively

shorter, the legs and feet much stronger, the bill is straighter

and not so pointed at the end, the red occipital band is deeper

in color.

2. C. peMBeyer. This is a more diminutive species than “ C.

carulea,” being about half an inch less in length; the color is

much more grey. It may be distinguished at once from all

other species, by the black line which extends partially around

the ear-coverts.

Dr. G. sends no description of the female; it probably is des-

titute of the black mark on the side of the head.

It is a matter of surprise that the two species of Cypselus de-

scribed, from their size and great power of wing, have not been

found frequenting the mountain regions of our Southern States.

C. cotiaris equals in size our Night Hawk (Chordeiles virgi-

nianus), and is not unlike it in appearance; with its large eyes

set widely apart, and having a white collar, it makes a near

approach to the Caprimulgide.

Dr. Gundlach’s account of the habits of this species are the

more interesting, as it would seem to be but seldom seen or pro-

cured. Mr. Gosse, in his valuable work, “The Birds of Jamaica,”

states that he saw it only upon two or three occasions, but was

unable to obtain a specimen; most of the information given by

him, was derived from the observations of others.

Cyrseus NIGER. This is not so large as the former species,

but Dr. G.’s notes are very valuable, as they give probably the

fullest account of its habits yet published. Mr. Gosse enume-

Descriptions of Two New Species of North Am. Helicide. 217

rates it as a bird of Jamaica, but did not meet with it. He gives

only a short description of it from a specimen obtained previous

to his arrival, without any account of its habits. There is

much interest attached to this species just at present, from the

fact that Dr. Kennerly has recently described (in the Proce. of

the Acad. of Nat. Sci. Phil., Nov. 1857) a large Cypselus (C.

borealis), obtained by him in Washington Territory near Puget

Sound; the description as given by him, agrees so closely with

the specimen of C. niger before me, that I cannot but think

they will prove to be identical. The only noticeable difference

is, that the wing of his bird measures about half an inch more

in length from flexure to tip.

XXXIV.—Deseriptions of Two New Species of North

American Helicide.

By Tuos. Buanp.

Read February 15th, 1858.

1—Helix Edvardsi.

Plate IX. Fig. 14-16.

T. imperforata, lenticulari, carinata, tenuiuscula, fulva ; epidermide

castane&, supra in striis pilosis prostratis minutis elevaté,—infra tuber-

culis acutis minutis creberrime munita, que juxta aperturam setos

erectos gerunt; spird convexo-conoided; anfr. 5, complanatis, lente

accrescentibus; ultimo antice gibbo, subito subdeflexo; apice minute

granulato ; basi convexo, parum indentata, lineis numerosis spiralibus

sub epidermide impressis ; sutura profunde impressa ; apertura obliqua,

transversi, auriformi; dente angustd, subarcuata, lamelliformi, pre-

longa, parietis aperturalis coarctata; perist. margine supero acuto,

parum reflexo, infero subarcuato, depresso, subreflexo, et ad anfractum

ultimum subappresso, callo dentiformi intus instructo, obsolete inciso.

278 Descriptions of Two New Species of .

Shell imperforate, lenticular, carinate, the carina obsolete

near the aperture, rather thin, beneath the epidermis pale

brown; the epidermis dark chestnut color, with numerous

minute curved hair-like processes lying flat upon, and attached

to the epidermidal surface of the upper whorls in the direction

of the incremental strie, the epidermis at the base covered

with acute, raised, transverse tubercles, most numerous, and

having erect bristles near the aperture ; spire convex-conoid ;

whorls five, flattened, gradually increasing, the last gibbous

above, suddenly but slightly deflected ; apex minutely granu-

late ; base convex, little indented in the umbilical region, and

with impressed spiral lines beneath the epidermis; suture

deeply impressed ; aperture oblique, transverse, auriform, nar-

rowed by aslender slightly arcuate lamelliform parietal tooth

extending across from the umbilical axis, and terminating with

a short angular deflection within the aperture ; upper margin

of the peristome acute, scarcely reflected, lower margin slightly

arcuate, depressed, slightly reflected, and partially appressed to

the body whorl, with a tooth-like callus within, having an

almost obsolete notch in the centre.

Diam. maj. 9, min. 8, alt. 5 mill.

ITabitat.—Mountains in Fayette, or Green Briar OCo., Virgi-

nia. W. H. Edwards!

Observations.—This species is allied to or rather interme-

diate between HZ. barbigera Redf. (Plate IX. figs. 4-7), and ZZ.

hirsuta Say—the former connecting H. spinosa Lea with 7.

fraterna Say. It is smaller, more elevated, less acutely cari-

nated, and readily distinguished from #7. barbigera by the par-

tially appressed, notched peristome, and the different character

of the epidermis. In Z. barbigera the attached hair-like epi-

dermidal processes are produced, at the sutures and carina,

into cilia which are entirely wanting in this species. The same

processes, though less numerous, and sometimes almost obso-

North American Helicide. 279

lete, are observable at the base of the former, while in the

latter, the basal epidermis approaches in character to that of

H. palliata Say. The deep characteristic notch in HZ. hirsuta

is considerably less developed in H. Hdvardsi, and the callus

which connects the parietal tooth with the upper margin of

the peristome in the former, does not exist in the latter. In

the general character of the peristome the species under consi-

deration resembles HZ. hirsuta, while H. barbigera is in that

particular more appropriately compared with H. fraterna Say.

While naming this species after my friend Mr. Edwards,

who collected it, 1 am quite aware of the objections to such

specific names, but in the Genus Helix it seems almost a hope-

- less case to find, for a shell closely allied to several others, an

unpreoceupied name derived from any distinct specific cha-

racter.

2.—HMelix sculptilis.

Plate IX. Fig. 11-13.

T. obtecte perforata, suborbiculari, depressa, subpellucida, pallide

cornea, nitenti, lineis transversis regularibus concinne impressa ; spira

parum elevata, subconvexa; anfr. 7, planulatis, ultimo rapide accres-

cente, prope aperturam 4 diam. subsequanti; basi planulata, leviter

excayata ; sutura parum impressa ; apertura subobliqua, depressa, trans-

versa, lunari; perist. simplici, acuto, sinuato, margine columedllari

rapide et anguste reflexa, et perforationem minutam tegenti.

Shell scarcely perforate, suborbicular, depressed, subpellucid,

pale horn color above, of lighter shade beneath, shining, with

regular, subequidistant, impressed transverse lines, those on

the last whorl extending over the periphery, and converging

in the umbilical excavation ; spire very little elevated, scarcely

convex ; whorls 7, planulate, the last rapidly increasing, equal

at the aperture to 4 the diam. of the shell, beneath flattened,

and little excavated in the umbilical region; suture lightly

FEBRUARY, 1858. 20 Ann. Lyo, Nat. Hist. Vou. VI

280 Remarks on Certain Species of

impressed ; aperture scarcely oblique, depressed, transverse,

lunate ; peristome simple, acute, sinuate, the columellar mar-

gin very rapidly and narrowly reflected over, and almost

entirely covering the very small perforation.

Diam. maj. 123, min. 11, alt. 5 mill.

Habitat.—“‘The Anantehely Mountains, which are a local

spur of the Alleghany Mountains in North Carolina, just where

that State touches Georgia and Tennessee.” Bishop Elliott !

A single specimen of this very interesting species was found

in the locality above mentioned, by Bishop Elliott, in whose

cabinet I noticed it some months ago. In sculpture it is closely

allied to H/. endentata Say, of which it might almost be termed

a gigantic variety, but the impressed striee are more numerous,

and closer together. The form of the aperture is very near

that of 7. mornata Binney.*

The general aspect of this shell reminds one of the Asiatic

group, to which ZH. resplendens Phil. and H. vwitrinoides

Desh. belong.

XXXV.—Remarks on Certain Species of North American

Helicide.

By Tuomas Branp.

Read February 22, 1858.

Ir appears not a little singular that many of the Helices of

the United States are but imperfectly understood, and that

much contrariety of opinion exists both there and in Europe

* This species is well known and understood, but I rather doubt its identity

with H. inornata Say.

North American Helicide. 281

regarding them. This is particularly the case as to some of

the species described by Thomas Say. To a considerable

extent it may be attributed to the inaccessibility of Say’s wri-

-tings, now happily remedied by the recent publication of all

relating to the terrestrial species by Mr. W. G. Binney.

Some of the species have been moreover hitherto rare, and

seeing how much they vary, an extensive suite of specimens

ean alone enable a Conchologist to arrive at any satisfactory

conclusion on points in dispute.

The valuable work of the late Dr. Amos Binney, only recent-

ly completed under the supervision of Dr. A. A. Gould, has

added very much to our knowledge of the subject, but the text,

written some years since, scarcely gives the information or the

opinions as to several of the groups, which more recent study

of them, and the present appreciation of the value of specific

characters, would seem to demand and justify.

It is to be regretted that some of the specimens of the Land

shells, deposited by Say at the Academy in Philadelphia, have

been lost, and I fear that not all of those remaining are, strictly

speaking, entirely reliable.

Mr. Isaac Lea has described a considerable number of species,

and published figures of some of them, but the descriptions are

generally by no means ample, and the figures not always satis-

factory.

In Europe there has certainly been disregard of the writings

of American authors, which, with the adoption there of Rafines-

quean names, has added to the prevailing confusion.

Dr. Pfeiffer has published some grievous errors in his works,

but has unquestionably been puzzled by the conflicting views

of American Conchologists.

In reviewing the North American Land Shells, we must not

overlook the fact, that in no part of the world have species such

- a wide distribution in latitude, owing it may be argued to the

direction, from north to south, of the Rocky and Apalachian

Mountain chains.

282 Remarks on Certain Species of

The fact of wide distribution of identical or closely allied

forms is admitted, but how far attributable to the physical out-

lines of the Continent, or to circumstances connected with their

original creation, are subjects of deep interest.* :

Very many of the species present great variations,—so much

so as to induce difference of opinion as to whether individuals

should be considered simply varieties, or valid species. Our

knowledge of the limits of variation is very circumscribed and

unsatisfactory, and we know little or nothing of the causes of

this variation,—whether due to physical circumstances or to

creative power.

Several species have a tendency to run into, or are repre-

sented by acutely carinated forms; Z. alternata Say is thus

represented by H. Cumberlandiana Lea, H. palliata Say by

H. helicoides Lea, H. stenotrema Fer. by H. spinosa Lea, and I

may add HZ. Troostiana Lea by H. fatigiata Say. The metro-

polis of the carinated forms seems to be Tennessee.

The sculpturing and epidermis also greatly vary; the fine

incremental strize of the Ohio HZ. alternata, are replaced in the

South by strongly developed ribs, and in some individuals of

H. palliata, the rough epidermis described by Say is wholly

wanting. The situation of the.teeth on the peristome is by no

means constant, especially in 7. tridentata Say.

A. careful examination of the animals of the varieties of the

species would be a most valuable contribution to science,—it

would show to what extent variation in the shell prevails, with-

out variation in its living tenant.

The local distribution of varieties renders it most important,

in seeking to identify the species of Authors, to learn from

whence their specimens were obtained, and to study examples

from the same locality.

* It is worthy of remark, that in the limited area of the Island of Jamaica, the

forms of H. acuta Lam. differ as widely as those of H. alternata Say, distri-

buted over the North American continent from Canada to Texas.

North American Helicida. 9838

Having enjoyed the advantage of much intercourse, as well

personal as by correspondence, with Mr. W. G. Binney, to whose

liberality I am greatly indebted for very many specimens, and

also for information derived from his numerous correspondents,

and from a study of his late father’s papers, and cabinet, I de-

sire to publish my views on sone of the North American species

(especially those described by Say), in the hope that they will

at least aid in the elucidation of questions regarding them.

For the extensive suite of specimens in my cabinet I am un-

der much obligation to many friends and correspondents, and

particularly to Bishop Elliott. I would also acknowledge the

very interesting and instructive correspondence had two years

ago with Mr. R. J. Shuttleworth.

My thanks are due to my friend Mr. Edward Magens for the

excellent figures on Plate ix. which illustrate this paper.

Helix fatigiata Say.

Plate IX. Fig. 17—20.

SYNONYMY.

Polygyra* fatigiata Say Diss. of Useful Knowledge, II. p.229. 1829.

, Desc. of some new Terr. and Fluv. Shells

of N. Amer., p. 1. No. 3. 1840.

Helix fatigiata Binn. Bost. Jl. IL, p. 388 ex parte (excl. Syn. et fig.)

1840.

Texasiana var. B. Chemn. ed. 2. Helix I., p. 86 (excl. dese. Syn.

et fig.). 1846.

— cs 8. Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. No. 1086 (excl. dese. et Syn.).

1848.

* Mr. W. G. Binney informs me, that this specific name was written originally

in Say’s MS., fastigiata. Pfeiffer (Malak. Blatt. 1856) objects to fatigiata as

not being a Latin word. The former would certainly be more correct, and was

doubtless intended, but seeing that it has been used by Hutton for another species,

I retain the latter.

284 Lemarks on Certain Species of

Helix Dorfeuilliana Desh. Fer, Hist. I. p. 73, tab. 69 D. fig. 3. (excl.

Syn.).

——- Texasiana Desh. |. ¢. p. 74 (excl. dese. Syn. et fig.).

——- fatigiata Binn, Terr. Moll. I. p. 193, ex parte (excl. Syn.) pl.

xxxix, fig. 4. 1851.

—- ) Shuttl. Diag. n. Moll. p. 17 (Bern. Mittheil.). 1852.

Polygyra “ W. G. Binn. Reprint of Say’s Descr. of Terr. Shells

of N. Amer. p. 37. 1857.

In order to appreciate correctly Say’s species, his remarkably

lucid description and remarks should be carefully studied; for

facility of reference I subjoin them:

“Polygyra fatigiata. Shell convex beneath, nearly plane above, the

spire being hardly perceptibly elevated ; whorls a little over six, com-

pressed, acutely carinated, crossed by numerous raised, equidistant lines,

which form grooves between them; superior surface not at all convex ;

aperture subreniform; labrum reflected, regularly arcuated, describing

two-thirds of a circle; within two toothed, lower tooth conic obtuse,

superior tooth compressed, transverse, placed further within the aper-

ture than the inner one, from which it is separated by a wide and deep

and obvious sinus; labrum with a very profound duplicature; which

has a concave surface, but with no emargination near its acute tip;

beneath exhibiting only two volutions, without any distinct groove on

the external one near the suture; beneath the carina the elevated lines

are obsolete.

“Greatest breadth seven-twentieths of an inch.

“Found by Mr. Lesueur in the vicinity of New Harmony. It is very

closely allied to that species which I described under the name of

plicata ; the character of the mouth is very similar, but in that shell,

such is the situation and form of the teeth of the labrum, that at first

view they do not seem to be separated by a remarkable sinus, and the

inferior tooth is compressed and larger than the other; the duplicature

of its labrum is emarginate near the tip. The present species is also

larger, carinated, and the elevated lines are obsolete below the carina.”

No doubt can exist as to the form indicated by Say under

the above description, and it is strange that the species should

North American Helicide. 285

have been so much misapprehended. A specimen deposited

by Say in the Cabinet of the Academy of Nat. Sci. of Phila-

delphia is still preserved there,—it entirely agrees with his de-

scription, and with Binney’s figure (Pl. xxxix. fig. 4.), in the

“Terrestrial Mollusks.” »

Dr. Binney in the Bost. Jl. unites fatigiata with H. plicata

Say, H. Troostiana Lea, and H. Dorfewilliana Lea, adopting

the first specific name, that of plicata, otherwise having priority,

being preoccupied. His figure (Pl. xix. fig. 3) represents

Troostiana Lea, a nearly allied form. The same views are

expressed in the Terr. Moll. Binney gives there two figures,

one (Pl. xxxix. fig. 4) of fatigiata, and the other (fig. 2) of

Troostiana under the name of plicata.

Pfeiffer treats fatigiata Binn. (H. Troostiana Lea), H. pli-

cata Say, and H. fatigiata Say, as synonyms of H. Texascana

Mor., which is certainly quite distinct,—adopts HZ. Zroostiana

Lea as a good species, and confounds H. Dorfeudlliana Lea

with another species. .

The same errors prevail in Chemnitz (ed. 2), and in Reeve’s

Conch. Icon., in neither of which works is fatigiata Say

figured.

Deshayes (Fer. Hist.) has fatigiata Say, and fategeata Binn.

in his synonymy of H. Texasiana Mor., but describes and

refers to a figure of the former, under the name of Dorfewil-

liana Lea, of which he gives plicata Say as synonym. He

refers to a specimen in Ferussac’s collection, labelled plicata

Say, but Say’s name being preoccupied adopts Dorfewiliana

Lea, mentioning that he had himself proposed jinitema. He

admits the specific value of Zvoostiana Lea, with much doubt.

Shuttleworth (Bern. Mittheil.) points out the errors of Pfeiffer,

correctly determines fatigiata Say, and Dorfeuilliana Desh.,

and also Zexasiana Mor., but at the date of that publication

misconceived Dorfewilliana Lea, and plicata Say.

In justice to Mr. Shuttleworth I subjoin a copy of his accu-

rate description, and of his observations; they are in a work

286 Liemarks on Certain Species of

not readily met with in the United States, and I should add

were not accepted by Pfeiffer in 1856 (vid. Malak. Blatt.)

Hexrx ratierara Say.

“'T. spurie umbilicato-perforata, superne plana, subtus inflato-convexa,

acute carinata, plicato-striata, striis subtus éxilioribus, corneo-rufescens,

superne obscura, subtus nitidula; anfr. 63, lente accrescentes, plani,

ultimus ad aperturam brevissime deflexus et scrobiculato-constrictus,

basi devius; sutura satis profunda ; apertura subreniformis, valde coare-

tata; perist. albidum, reflexum, marginibus dente triangulari linguiformi

profunde intrante junctis, dextro dente valido profunde immerso, basali

dente minore submarginali munito.

“Diam, maj. 10, min. 9; alt. 3 mill.

“Syn. Polygyra fatigiata Say Descr. of some new Terr, and Fluy,

Shells of N. Amer. p. 1. No. 3.

“Helix Dorfeuilliana Desh. in Fer. Hist., I. p. 73, et tab. 69 D. fig. 3,

“Hab. Spec. ultra 12 e Tennessee misit Lequereux :

“Obs, Sub nomine H. Texasianz 3 species. a cl. Pfeiffer confuse sunt.

“1. H. fatigiata Binn., que ad H. Troostianam Lea (H. plicata Say),

pertinet.

“2. H. fatigiata Say, supra descripta.

“3. H.Texasiana Mor., ad quam forsan‘tantum var. y pertinet. Figura

Kusteriana (Chemn., ed. 2. tab. 10. f. 11-12), ab H. Texasiana Mor.,

secundum exemplaria authentica in collectione Charpenteriana conser-

vata, omnino abhorret, aut H. Troostianze mala delineatio, aut species

mihi omnino ignota est. H. Texasiana Mor. non valde ab H. Hindsi

Pfr. discrepat. H. fatigiata Say differt ab H. Troostiana Lea, testa

superne plana, acute carinata, dimensionibus majoribus, et dente supero

majore et magis conspicuo: ab H. Texasiana Mor. testa superne plana,

carinata et dente supero profunde immerso, nec superficialiter in margine

peristomatis sito.” ‘

H. fatigiata Say is larger than Troostiana Lea, plicata Say,

and Dorfeuilliana Lea; it is most nearly allied to the first, and

through it is connected with the second, but wholly distinct from

the last. The parietal tooth is more rectangular than that of

North American Helicide. 287

Troostiana, in which it is slightly emarginate near the tip,—

but much more so in plicata, while the parietal tooth in Dor-

fewilliana is rather quadrate. The teeth on the peristome in

fatigiata and Troostiana are much alike, as regards form, size,

and position,—the superior one being the largest,—both are

larger and transverse in Dorfeuilliana and in plicata, the

inferior one being the largest in the latter. Behind the peri-

stome there are two small pits, showing the situation of the

teeth in fatigiata and Troostiana, while there is scarcely more

than a deep, well marked constriction in Dorfewilliana. HH.

Troostiana has a slight groove on the inner side of the last

whorl, the absence of which in fatigiata is noticed by Say,

but I scarcely consider that a good specific character. Fresh

specimens of H. fatigiata are, I believe, covered with a very

thin epidermis, on which hairs are sparingly scattered,—the

scars of the hairs may be detected, especially on the last whorl,

-in denuded shells.

H. fatigiata has, at a short distance within the aperture on

the base of the last whorl, a small, detached, erect, rounded

tubercle, answering probably the same purpose in the economy

of the animal, as the “fulerum”* originally noticed by Mr. Lea

(Observations Vol. V. p. 80) in ZZ. spinosa, though of a

different construction.

The measurements of my specimens agree with those given

by Shuttleworth.

For further illustration of the differences in the’ species in

question, I refer to the accompanying figures.

* In his “ Notes on American Land Shells” (Proc. Acad. Nat. Se., Phila. Oct.

1857), Mr. W. G. Binney mentions having a specimen of H. fallax Say, in which

there is “a well developed fulcrwm as in H. spinosa, &e.” I should explain that

he received the specimen referred to from me (one of several given to me by

Dr. Budd), and that it is by no means H. fallax,—rather a very large form of Z.

vultuosa Gould, or its close ally. In the latter species, as well as in Mr. Binney’s

shell, there is a short, somewhat transversely elongated tubercle, not rounded

and obtuse, though in the same situation as in H. fatigiata. There is no such

process in H. fallax.

288 Remarks on Certain Species of

For fine specimens of HZ. fatigiata Say from Tennessee, I am

under obligation to the late Judge Tappan, and to Mr. J. G.

Anthony.

Helix Troostiana Lea.

Plate IX. Fig, 21-23.

SyNoNYMy.

Polygyra Troostiana Lea Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. VI. p. 107. Pl. xxiv.

fig. 119. 1838.

Helix fatigiata Binn. Bost. Jl. IL. p. 388, ex parte (excl. Syn.)—pl.

xix, fig. 3. 1840.

— Troostiana Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. No. 1088. 1848.

a _ Desh, in Fer. Hist. I. p. 75, tab. 69 D. fig. 4 ?

— “ Chemn. ed. 2, Helix I. p. 376, tab. 65. fig. 21-24.

—— fatigiata Binn. Terr. Moll. II. p. 193 ex parte (excl. Syn.) 1851.

plicata " 4 “IIL, tab. xxxix. fig. 2.

—— Troostiana Rv. Conch. Icon. Helix. No. 706. pl. exx. fig. 702.

1852.

—— plicata Shuttl. Diag. n. Moll. p. 18 (Bern. Mitth.). 1852.

Lea’s description and remarks are as follows :—for copies of

his figures see Pl. IX. fig. 21, 22.

“ PoLYGYRA TROOSTIANA.

“T. superne subplanata, inferne subinflata, corned, longitudinaliter

striata, late umbilicata ; anfr. 6 ; apertura lunata, tridentata.

“Shell above nearly flat, below somewhat inflated, horn color ; longi-

tudinally striate, widely umbilicate ; whorls 6; aperture lunate, three

toothed. .

“ Habitat—Tennessee. Prof. Troost.

“Diam. .4, Length .2 of an inch.

“ Remarks.—This species strongly resembles P. Dorfeuilliana, herein

described, being nearly of the same size, and possessing most of its cha-

North American Helicide. 289

racters. It differs, however, in the large solid tooth on the left lip

being more angular, and in the two teeth on the right lip being some-

what differently placed. In the strie it differs much, these being

larger, much better defined, and passing over the whorls. In the umbi-

licus it is wider, and shows more of the two whorls. This shell forms

the fourth of a group, the form of the apertures of which is exceed-

ingly alike, viz. P. fatigiata Say, P. plicata Say,* and P. Dorfeuilliana

Nob.”

As already mentioned, Binney gives a figure of this species

in the Boston Jl. as fatigiata Say, and in the Terr. Moll. as

plicata Say.

In Pfeiffer’s Mon., in Chemnitz (ed. 2), and in Reeve’s

Conch. Icon. no doubt is expressed as to Zroostiana being a

good species. The figures in the two latter works appear cer-

tainly to be of Lea’s shell.

Deshayes, in Fer. Hist., refers to its close affinity with his

Dorfeuilliana ( fatigiata Say), of which he is inclined to treat

it as a variety,—the figure to which he refers (Pl. 69 D. fig. 4)

is not altogether satisfactory.

Shuttleworth in Diag. n. Moll. (1852), as already quoted,

erroneously considered Zyoostiana Lea identical with plicata

Say, and in his observations on H. Dysonz,t in the same work,

as scarcely more than a variety of Dorfeuiliana Lea, but he

subsequently entertained a different opinion, as I shall pre-

sently explain.

Lea’s description is unfortunately meagre, and his magnified

figure, copied on Pl. IX. fig. 22, does not correctly show the

parietal tooth,—its form, indeed, as figured, might be referred

to H. plicata, but the size, form, and position of the two

other teeth agree with Zroostiana.

* Mr. Lea in his remarks on HZ. Troostiana and H. Dorfeuilliana, refers to H.

plicata Say, but in fact alluded to H. pustula Fer., labelled plicata Say in his

cabinet.

+ For copy of the description and observations on this species see p. 295.

290 Leemarks on Certain Species of

Mr. Lea has kindly allowed me to examine his original spe-

cimen, which differs from mine only in having the parietal

tooth somewhat more emarginate.

H. Troostiana is very closely allied to . fatigiata Say, from

which I separate it with some hesitation. In its fresh state it

has a thin, sparingly hirsute epidermis. I have moreover two

specimens in my cabinet (both hirsute), which are as acutely

carinated as fatigiata, with the striz as prominent below as

above,—(in one more numerous), but both having the parietal

tooth of Troostiana.

I am not altogether satisfied with the validity of Shuttle-

worth’s remark, that the superior tooth in fatigiata is larger

and more conspicuous than in Z7oostiana.

This species has the same tubercle within the last whorl as

LH. fatiq“iata. |

The following are the measurements of my specimens,—of

one received from Judge Tappan, and agreeing with Mr. Lea’s.

Diam. maj. 8, min. 7, alt. 3.

Var. b.—carinata. Diam. maj. 9, min. 8, alt. 3.

Var. c.—minor. Carinate, and with strizs below more nume-

rous than above—an additional one being intercalated between

nearly every pair passing over the carina.

Diam. maj. 8, min. 7, alt. 3.

Mr. W.G. Binney, in his “ Notes on American Land Shells,”

remarks on the plates in the “Terrestrial Mollusks” in the

following terms,— Herix pricara Say. Pl. xxxix. Fig. 2.

Mr. Say’s type is preserved in the collection of the Academy.

Having carefully compared it with Mr. Lea’s original Z7oosti-

ana, I am led to believe them identical. In this case Mr.

Lea’s name alone will stand, as that of Mr. Say is pre-occu-

pied.” He adds, that of twenty-five specimens found in Ten-

nessee by Bishop Elliott, “all were well marked JZ. Zrooste-

ana.” Since our recent discussion of this subject, and further

careful study of the specimens referred to, Mr. Binney

North American Helicide. 291

renounces the above opinion, believes with me that H. T7roos-

tiana Lea and H. plicata Say are distinct, and admits that the

Bishop’s specimens are of the latter species.

There is a good specimen of HZ. Z’roostiana Lea in the cabi-

net of the Academy, which was, I learn, received from Mr.

Sowerby.

For examples of this species from Tennessee, I am indebted

to the late Judge Tappan, and to Mr. Postell of St. Simon’s

Island, Ga.

Helix Hazardi.

Plate IX. Fig. 27-30.

SyNONYMY.

Polygyra plicata Say Jl. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. Vol. II. p. 161. 1821.

Helix fatigiata Binn. Bost. Jl. III. p. 388 ex parte (excl. Syn. et pl. xix.

fi. 3). 1840.

Texasiana Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. p. 418 (excl. desc. et Syn.). 1848,

—— Dorfeuilliana Desh. in Fer. Hist. I. p. 73 (excl. dese. Syn. et

fig.).

— Texasiana Chem. ed. 2 Helix. I. p. 85 (excl. desc. Syn. et fig).

fatigiata Binn, Terr. Moll. Il. p. 193 ex parte (excl. pl. xxxix.

fig. 2). 1851.

—— plicata W. G. Binney Reprint of Say’s Desc. of Terr. Shells of

N. Amer. 1856,

Polygyra Troostiana W. G. Binney Notes on Amer, Land Shells,

Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. p. 21, 1857,

The following is Say’s description with which his explana-

tory remarks, accompanying the description of H. fatigiata,

should be studied.

“ Polygyra plicata.—Shell convex beneath, depressed above, spire

slightly elevated ; whorls five, compressed, crossed by numerous raised,

equidistant lines, which form grooves between them; aperture subreni-

292 Remarks on Certain Species of

form, labrum reflected, regularly arcuated, describing two-thirds of a

circle; within two-toothed, teeth not separated by a remarkable sinus ;

labrum with a profound duplicature, which terminates in an acute angle

at the centre of the aperture; beneath exhibiting only two volutions,

of which the external one is slightly grooved near the suture.

“Tnhabits Alabama. Breadth one-fourth of an inch. Cabinet of the

Academy.

“This species is about the same size as P. avara,* but, besides other

characters, it is sufficiently distinguished by the acute fold of the

labrum. It was sent to the Academy by Mr. Samuel Hazard.”

No author appears to have correctly identified this species.

If distinct, as I fully believe it to be, the name must be

changed, inasmuch as ZZ. plicata Born is of prior date. Mr.

W. G. Binney informs me that in Say’s MS. there is an erased

remark as to the name being pre-occupied, and proposing beta.

As Pfeiffer has already trespassed on the Greek alphabet, I

would suggest the propriety of dedicating the species to its

discoverer, Mr. Hazard.

This shell may be distinguished from fatigiata Say, and

Troostiana Lea, independently of the absence of the carina,

by its smaller size, and more particularly by the different

form, relative size, and position of the teeth. In those species

the superior tooth on the peristome is transverse, compressed,

and larger than the inferior one, from which it is separated by

a “remarkable sinus,” distinctly visible on looking into the

aperture; the inferior tooth is obtuse. Immediately behind

the peristome, the position of the teeth is marked by small

* Say describes P. avara as having 4 whorls, covered with numerous short

robust hairs, and with no groove on the last whorl. He gives a quarter of an

inch as the breadth. This is very different to the shells generally bearing the

name of avara. I have one specimen in my cabinet, given to me by Dr. Budd,

which agrees closely with Say’s description.

North American Helicide. 293

shallow pits, giving the character to the last whorl designated

by Shuttleworth “ scrobiculato-constrictus,”—the striz run over

the whorl up to the peristome. In H. Hazardi, the two teeth

on the peristome are of the same character as the superior one

in fatigiata and Troostiana,—the inferior tooth is however the

largest, and so partially conceals the lower margin of the supe-

rior one as to obstruct the view into the aperture, and give

no appearance of separation “ by a remarkable sinus.” Both

the teeth are more deeply seated than in the other species.

The nature of the scrobiculation behind the peristome in 7.

Hazardi alone sufficiently distinguishes it from its allies.

The space behind the peristome, and between it and the

curved pit, showing the seat of the superior tooth, is convex

and smooth, the strie not extending over it. This character,

as well as the form of the parietal and other teeth, is shown in

Plate IX. fig. 27, 28.

This species has, in common with fatigiata Say and Z7oos-

twana Lea, a thin, brown, but more sparingly hirsute epidermis.

I have noticed the tubercle within the last whorl, near the

aperture, in fatigiata and Troostiana, but no such process

exists in the species now under consideration. In H. Hazardi,

the inferior tooth of the labrum, at its inner end, is continued

back within the aperture, forming a white erect lamella on

the floor of the whorl, parallel with, and leaving a narrow

sinus between it and the inner wall, to which it is joined at its

extremity, about 24 mill. from the edge of the peristome. The

position of this lamella can be seen through the shell.

In my remarks on 1. fatigeata I have referred to the cha-

racter of the parietal tooth in this species.

The size of my specimens is constant, viz., Diam., maj. 7,

min. 6, alt. 3 mill.

In the Cabinet of the Academy at Philadelphia there are

three specimens (dead shells), labelled ZZ. plicata Say, and

with memorandum on the label that they were deposited by

Say. The habitat given is Kentucky. These specimens agree

294 Remarks on Certain. Specres of

entirely with Bishop Elliott’s, from one of which my figures

were taken.

For the beautiful specimens in my cabinet, I am indebted to

Bishop Elliott, who collected them in Murray Co., Georgia,

and Soquatchee Valley, Tenn. He has recently sent me also,

“the only one found in a pretty extensive search in the Cum-

berland Mountains, Tennessee.”

Helix Dorfeutlliana Lea.

Plate IX. Fig. 24-26.

Polygyra Dorfeuilliana Lea Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. VI. p. 107, pl.

xxiv. fig. 118. 1838.

‘Helix fatigiata Binn. Bost. Jl. III. p. 388 ex parte. (excl. Syn. et fig.)

1840.

—— a « Terr. Moll. II. p. 193 ex parte. (excl. Syn. et

fig.) 1851.

(non Pfr.—Desh. in Fer. Hist—Chemn.—Reeve.)

The following is a copy of Mr.-Lea’s description,—his figures

are copied on Plate IX. fig. 24, 25.

“ PoLYGYRA DORFEUILLIANA.

“T’, superne obtuso-conica, inferne subinflata, nitida, cornea, longitu-

dinaliter striata, late umbilicata ; anfr. 6; apertura lunata, tridentata.

“ Shell above obtusely conical, below somewhat inflated, shining, horn

color ;. longitudinally striate, widely umbilicate ; whorls six; aperture

lunate, three toothed.

“ Hab—Ohio. Mr. Dorfeuille, Cincinnati.

“Diam. .8; Length .2 of an inch,

“ Remarks.—I adopt Mr. Say’s genus Polygyra, believing the divi-

sion, though very artificial, quite as good as many made by Lamarck.

North American Helicide. 295

This species has, like P. fatigiata Say and P. plicata Say, one large

tooth on the left lip, and two smaller ones on the right lip. It differs

from the first in not being carinate, from the last in being larger, and

having larger strie. In the Dorfeuilliana the tooth on the left lip is

large and square, with an indentation in the centre. The view into the

mouth is nearly obstructed by the teeth, leaving, to appearance, three

nearly square apertures. The superior part of the shell is striate, while

the inferior part is nearly smooth, and exhibits two volutions. I have

seen but a single specimen, which, I believe, is the only one obtained

by Mr. Dorfeuille, who obligingly sent it to me.”

I have already mentioned that Binney, both in the Boston

Jl. and Terr. Moll., treats this species as identical with fatzgi-

ata Say, plicata Say, and Troostiana Lea, and that Deshayes

confounds it with the two former.

Lea’s Dorfeuilliana is certainly not described in Pfeiffer,

Chemnitz (ed. 2), or Reeve, nor is there any figure of it in the

two latter works. In all of them Honduras is erroneously

given as one of the habitats, and I believe that they describe

and figure the Honduras species, referred to by Shuttleworth

(Diag. N. Moll. p. 16), in the following terms :—

‘¢ HELIX DYSONI.

“TT late et subperspective umbilicata, depressa, nitida, rufo-cornea,

superne brevissime conoidea, plicato-striata, subtus inflata, striis exilio-

ribus subobsoletis, lineisque paucis interruptis spiralibus circa umbilicum

impressis obscure notata; anfr. 53, convexiusculi, lente accrescentes,

ultimus vix descendens, angulatus; sutura profunda; apertura majus-

cula, auriformis, tridentata: dente 1, valido, obliquo, pliciformi, in

pariete aperturali intrante ; perist. reflexum, album, dentibus 2 margina-

libus intus munitum.

“Syn. Helix Dorfeuilliana Pfr. 1. c. p. 410, No. 1067, non Lea, et

excl. fig. Fer.

¢“ i Chemn. ed. 2, t. 65, fig. 25-28.

FEBRUARY, 1858. 21 Any, Lyc. Nat. Hist. Vor. VI.

296 North American Helicide.

“ Hab.—In Honduras (Dyson).

“ Obs.—Spec. 6 vidi. Species nullo modo cum H. Dorfeuilliana Lea

confundenda, que, ultimo anfractu subtus devio umbilicum tantum spu-

rium et rimalem ostendente, revera solummodo perforata est. Differt

insuper H. Dorfeuilliana Lea, dente parietali magno, fere tetragono,

linguiformi, peristomatis margina jungendo. H. Dorfeuilliana Lea (ad

specimen unicum descripta) vix nisi H. Troostiana Lea varietas. H.

Dysoni H. fallaci et Hopetonensi proxime affinis videtur.”

Shuttleworth gives no measurements.

In January, 1856, Mr. Shuttleworth wrote to me, acknow-

ledging receipt of some shells sent to him for examination, and

which I had not then determined.

As to one, agreeing with my figure 26 on PI. ix., he said,

“this is ZZ. Dorfewilliana Lea, which I. had never seen, but I

find Albers has it unnamed from Texas, and I was on the point

of describing it as a new species, so little does Lea’s figure

agree.” The shell referred to may be a variety of Lea’s species,

to which certainly it is allied; it is distinct, however, from fatz-

giata, Troostiana, and Hazard.

With respect to another shell, the same as my figure 25 a.

Pl. ix., Shuttleworth remarked, “this is, I suppose, the true

H. plicata Say, but not being able to compare Say’s descrip-

tion, [ am not sure,—it is at all events distinct from /7/. Dor-

feuilliana Lea, fatigiata Say, and Troostiana Lea.”

I find on examination of Mr. Lea’s original specimen of

Dorfewilliana, that it entirely agrees with the form supposed

by Mr. Shuttleworth to be plicata Say. The magnified figure

of the aperture (Pl. ix. fig. 25 a.), taken from a specimen in

my cabinet, agrees nearly with Mr. Lea’s figure (PJ. ix.

fig. 25).

Pfeiffer refers in the Synonymy of his Dorfewzliiana to the

figures in Chemnitz and Reeve, of which I annex copies (PI.

ix. fig. 81, 32), in order to show how widely they differ from

Lea’s species, and inasmuch as Shuttleworth refers to the

North American Helicide. 297

former figure in his Synonymy of H. Dysoni. Reeve, in ex-

planation of his figure, says,—“ the specimen here figured has

no teeth on the inner wall of the aperture, it being as com-

monly absent as present.” I have examined many specimens

of Lea’s shell, and have seen none without the parietal tooth.

Pfeiffer also refers, but with doubt, to the figure in Fer.

Hist. t. 69 D. fig. 8, which is, as I have shown, HZ. fatigiata

Say, and in Mon. III. p. 264, he increases the confusion by

adding HZ. jfinitema Desh. (plicata Say) to the Synonymy of

Dorfeuilliana Lea.

It may be noticed that Honduras, and the habitats in the

United States of Lea’s species, are in distinct zoological pro-

vinces,—I do not know any species of Helix common to

both.

H. Dorfewilliana Lea differs materially in its characters

from the three preceding species; the strize on the upper sur-

face are not so well defined as in Zvoostiana, but more so than

in Hazardi, while the base is more smooth than in either of

them, having only very delicate strie, with microscopic im-

pressed spiral lines.

The parietal tooth is quadrate,—the two teeth on the right

lip are more nearly of the same size and form than in fatigzata

and Troostiana. In this species the inferior tooth is transverse,

and in some specimens broader than the superior one, but has

a somewhat pointed apex,—both are very nearly equally

deeply seated, but so far apart as to allow a view between

them into the aperture, leaving, as Mr. Lea expresses it, “ to

appearance three nearly square apertures.” Say would have

described the two teeth as “separated by a remarkable sinus.”

The peristome of this is more thickened and less reflected than

in the other species,—behind it is deeply constricted, without

any appearance of pits showing the position of the teeth

within.

Hi. Dorfewilliana Lea varies in size,—the following are the

measurements of my largest and smallest specimens :—

298 North American Helicide.

Diam. maj. 8, min. 7, alt. 34 mill.

e “ 64 “ 54 74 8 “ce

With respect to the shell considered by Shuttleworth to be

HT. Dorfeuilliana, it will be seen from the figure (PI. ix. fig.

26), which differs, as he says, from Lea’s, that the superior tooth

on the labrum is larger and more deeply seated than the infe-

rior one, and that the latter, though more developed, is much

of the same form as the inferior tooth in fatigzata and Troosti-

ana. The parietal tooth partakes of the general character of

that in Lea’s type of Dorfewilliana, but its lower and terminal

margins project more perpendicularly from the parietal wall.

The umbilical perforation is also larger, and the base of the

shell is more smooth.

The following are the measurements of a large specimen :—

Diam. maj. 9, min. 8, alt. 4.

I am much inclined to consider this a distinct species, but

remark upon it, as I believe it is more commonly found in

cabinets under the name of Dorfewilliana, than the shell

described by Lea. .

H. Dorfeuilliana, and also the shell last considered, have a

tubercle within, very similar to that in fategiata and T7oosti-

and.

Both forms were given to me, neither separated nor deter-

mined, by Mr. J. G. Anthony, with Kentucky as habitat.

This species does not inhabit Ohio,—Mr. Dorfeuille resided

at Cincinnati, but there must have been some mistake as to

the habitat of the specimen sent to Mr. Lea.

Nore.—H. Terasiana Mor., with which Pfeiffer and other authors

confound Say’s above named species, is very distinct, especially in the

form of the parietal and other teeth,—the two on the peristome are

moreoyer on its margin. I publish a copy of Moricand’s magnified

North American Helicide. 299

figure (Plate ix. fig. 33), and also Reeve’s figure (same plate, fig. 34),

which fairly represents the species.

H, Texasiana, in the form of the aperture and teeth, is nearly allied

to H. Hindsi Pfr., and certainly more to H. ventrosula Pfr. than to H.

Satigiata Say, or Hazardi Nob. (plicata Say).

The figures in Chem. (ed. 2, t. 10, fig. 11-12) said to be of H. Texasi-

ana, and to which Shuttleworth refers in his observations on H. futigiata

(see ante, p. 286), appear to represent an undescribed species from

Louisiana, of which I have specimens from the cabinet of Dr. Binney,

and also from Mr. Isaac Lea.

In my cabinet there are numerous specimens of H. Texasiana Mor.

from Texas and Mexico,—received from Judge Tappan, Dr. Newcomb,

and Mr. W. G. Binney. One from Tamaulipas has the rufous band on

the periphery, agreeing with Pfeiffer’s Var. 7.

Helix Pennsylvanica Green.

SYNONYMY.

Helix Pennsylvanicus Green Cont. to Macl. Lyc. N. 1, p. 8. 1827.

Pennsylvanica Binn. Bost. Jl. 1. p. 483, pl. 16. 1837.

— De Kay, N. Y. Moll. p. 41, pl. 3, fig. 45. 1843.

— . Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. No. 759, ex parte. 1848.

== Chemn. ed. 2 Helix No. 442, ex parte, t. 73,

fig. 4-5.

—— Mitchelliana Desh. in Fer. Hist. p. 137. ex parte. t. 97,

fig. 4—7. nec. 13-16.

—— Pennsylvanica Binn. Ter. Moll. II. p. 105. Pl. VII. 1851.

—— g fv. Conch. Icon. No. 676 ex parte, Pl.

CXVII. fig. 676. 1852.

Green’s description is not readily met with, even in the United

States, and I subjoin a copy of it :—

“H, PENNSYLVANICUS.

Shell subglobose; spire elevated; whorls 6 or 7, with numerous ob-

to) p] ’ ’

lique wrinkles or striae ; suture deeply impressed ; epidermis smooth, and

of an olive-brown color, like most of the American Helices; umbilicus

300 North American Helicide.

closed, or masked ; aperture slightly contracted at the base,—a small

callosity on the inner margin of the other lip near its lower angle. Shell

rather more than half an inch in diameter.

This shell somewhat resembles the H. clausa of Mr. Say, but may

very readily be distinguished from that species by the closed umbilicus,

the number of its whorls, and its general form. This shell is not uncom-

mon in the moist ground near Chartier’s Creek, in Washington Co., Pa.

I obtained five or six specimens with but very little trouble at that

locality, associated with the H. solitaria, profunda, and palliata.

Authentic specimens are in the Cabinet of the Academy at

Philadelphia.

This species has not been accurately determined by European

authors, who have confounded it with HZ. clausa Say and ZZ.

MMitchelliana Lea, from which, however, it is entirely distinct.

Green’s description, to be found only ina scarce work, has pro-

bably been unknown, but the shell was correctly described and

figured by Binney in the Boston Journal.

Pfeiffer, nevertheless, has 47. clausa in the Synonymy of ZZ.

Pennsylwanica, and refers to Say’s figure of the former, as well

as to Binney’s of the latter.

The confusion has been increased by American Conchologists,

who have treated, in my opinion erroneously, /Z. clausa Say

and H. Mitchelliana Lea as identical. It may also be remarked

that Dr. Jay, in his Catalogue, 2d ed. (1836), admitted Pennsyl-

vanica and clausa to be distinct, but in the 4th ed. (1852)

adopted the views of Pfeiffer.

Shuttleworth, in 18538, published (for private distribution only

I believe), figures of many North American species, and among

them, of JZ. Pennsylvanica and H. Mitchelliana, but each

under the specific name of the other. He was evidently misled

as to the latter by Lea’s description, and misapprehended the

former, not having seen that of Green.

Reeves’ figure fairly represents this species, but he has the

same error with regard to H. clausa as Pfeiffer.

North American LHelicida. 301

Deshayes, in Fer. Hist., describes 7. Mfitchelliana, but refers

to the figure, which is rather of Pennsylvanica.

The species under consideration may be readily distinguished

from clausa and Mitchelliana by its somewhat triangular aper-

ture, which is more like that of HZ. elevata Say; it is more ele-

vated, has usually 6 whorls, more convex, and with deeper

suture than in ZZ. clausa. In mature shells the inner margin

of the peristome, near the columella, has a tooth-like callus,

very similar to that often prevailing in forms of ZZ. zaleta Say,

thyroidus Say, and albolabrisSay. ‘The umbilicus is invariably

more or less open in ZZ. clausa, but closed in H. Pennsylvanica

and Mitchelliana.

This shell varies in size. The following are the dimensions

of the largest and smallest specimens in my Cabinet:

Diam. maj. 19, min. 164, alt. 11, mill.

“ Chis ot elke Sp yn

The distribution of this species is far more limited than that

of HZ. clauwsa. I have seen specimens only from Pennsylvania,

Ohio, and Illinois; but of clawsa from Ohio, Kentucky, Ten-

nessee, Alabama, Illinois, lowa, and Missouri.

The mention of this and other species by De Kay in the New

York Fauna, because of the probability of their discovery in

that State, is caleulated to mislead.

Heurx Exurorr1 RepFrie.p.

This species was described by Mr. John H. Redfield, in Annals

of Lyceum Vol. VI., p. 170. Figures are now given on Pl. IX,

figs, 8-10.

302

North American Helicide.

List oF Fieures on PuatEe IX.

Cypreea notata Gill. Ann. Lye. Vol. VI. p. 256.

Helix barbigera Redf. nat. size. Ret % p.i94;

# - “* upper surface, double nat. size.

is f ‘“ part of same magnified four times.

“ Elliotti . “ nat. size a feat peke.

“ sculptilis Bland. “ rf fe oni take,

“ Edvardsi “ pe a 6) ok oe ae ie

“ fatigiata Say (Dorfeuilliana Desh.), copied from Fer. Hist.

Pl. 69 D. fig. 3. : ~ p- 283.

+ “5 “ aperture mag. four times.

. “ copied from Binney Ter. Moll. III. pl. xxxix.

fig. 4.

Troostiana Lea, copied from Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. VI.

Pl, xeay. fig. 219;* “© “<p. 288.

is “ aperture mag. four times.

Dorfeuilliana Lea, copied from Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. VI.

Pi Rxiv. ee ples = pr ao4.

= “ aperture mag. four times.

e 2 var. ? Dae EE VS

Hazardi Bland, aperture mag. eight times. p- 291.

ss “portion of last whorl behind the aperture,

magnified.

“base and upper surface, double nat. size.

Dysoni Shuttl. (Dorfeuilliana Chem.), copied from Chem.

ed. 2. Helix. t. 65. fig. 25. “ “<p. 295.

¢ ee (Dorfeuilliana Reeve), copied from Conch.

Icon. pl. exx. fig. 713.

Texasiana Mor., copied from Mem. Soe. Hist. Nat. Geneva.

Vi. pl. i. figg2*«.

. “ copied from Reeve Conch. Icon. pl. exx.

fig. 707.

Ann. N Y. Lye. Nat. Hist. Vol. VL Plate VIIl.

Edw? W. Magens N.Y. Del. Lith. of Endicott & C° WY.

} was

La it bi. i i

aod

Ann.N.Y. Lyc. Nat. Hist. Vol. VI.

Plaremm

Edw4 W Magens N.Y Del.

Lith. of Endicott & CONY.

Weise. ca:

sles

2) wh:

' aot ‘

A APRN; nae

y : nh A

5 Se

raat

iy vial

ihe ATA.

; ey

Synopsis of the Genus Achatinella. 303

XXXVI—Synopsis of the Genus ACHATINELLA.

By W. Newcoms, M.D., of Albany, N. Y., Corresponding Member.

Read September 6th, 1858.

Iy the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, of

August, 1845, Dr. L. Pfeiffer gave a list of eighteen species of

Achatinella, as then known to the scientific world.

In the Proceedings of the Boston Natural History Society,

some six months anterior to this date, Dr. Mighels described

six new species, and Dr. Gould added four additional ones ; but

of this number several are included under different names in

Dr. Pfeiffer’s Monograph.

In 1850, Mr. Reeve gave ten or more new species in his

Monograph, to which we must add several species described by

Dr. Gould, and Professor C. B. Adams, swelling the numbers

known at this date to about fifty.

From this point more laborers entered the field of discovery,

and the new forms since described have increased the known

species to more than one hundred and eighty. As several par-

ties were engaged at the same time in these labors, it is not at

all surprising that many species were repeatedly described

under different names, which has led to much confusion in

their arrangement. To obviate this difficulty, I have at the

solicitation of many friends consented to supply a synopsis of

the genus, as it now stands; and have given, in addition, de-

scriptions of many of the animals, to aid in a correct diagnosis

of species.

A residence of several years upon the Sandwich Islands,

with a careful study of this branch of natural history during a

period of nine years; an opportunity for examining the origi-

nal types of Ferussac, Swainson, Gray, Reeve, and Pfeiffer, in

the great collections of Europe, together with the privilege

kindly afforded me by Mr. Gulick, of critically examining all

SEPTEMBER, 1858. 99, Ann, Lyo. Nat. Hist. Vou. VI.

304 Synopsis of the Genus Achatinella.

his typical specimens, enable me to express my opinions with

some degree of confidence.

I apprehend, however, that my labors are not entirely with-

out errors, which to some may appear inexcusable. We are

aware that “gentlemen will differ” as to what constitutes a

species, some judging that a slight variation in color or form

will warrant a separation, which by others will be classed as

only a variety.

There is one position that will not admit of a question, and

that is, that all the young from a common parent, however

variable, must be considered as one species. To a limited

extent my opportunities for applying this test in practice have

been improved, and the results have influenced my opinions as

expressed in the following paper.

It may be well to refer to several sources of error, which

should be carefully guarded against in an examination of the

shells of this genus.

The arid districts upon the Sandwich Islands are often in

close proximity to those abundantly supplied with rain,—the

latter furnish the most favorable condition for the full growth

and development of molluscous animals.

The heavy rains that occur during the winter months fre-

quently detach gravid mollusks from their natural positions,

and wash them to a drier level below. The young there

deposited diminish in size from the parent stock, and barely

obtain a stinted existence. These may readily be taken for

distinct species. The group that Dr. Gould has distinguished

as Leptachatina are peculiarly liable to these changes.

Several of the beautiful species with a fine green epidermis

are changed by the collector to a yellow hue, by treating them

to hot water; and even when cured in cold water, and suf-

fered to remain immersed for some days, the change is equally

effectual in disguising their true character.

Ambitious collectors have not in all cases resisted the temp-

tation to remove portions of epidermis from shells varying some-

Synopsis of the Genus Achatinella. 505

what from the typical forms, which has led to the multiplica-

tion of species by this exhibition of their artistic skill.

The variation in the different stages of growth of the same

species has been a fruitful source of error, and encumbered our

table of synonyms with a large list of names.

On the other hand, our best conchologists have been led into

error by a simple examination of the shell alone, and grouped

as varieties, species, of which the animals, in their appearance,

form, and habits, are widely separated. As far as practicable,

I have endeavored to make suitable corrections.

To the various collectors, scientific and amateur, I am under

many obligations, and take this opportunity of acknowledging

favors received from Rev. Mr. Johnson, Rev. Mr. Dwight,

Messrs. Pease, Gulick, Remy, Garratt, Frick, and many others.

Nore.—My descriptions of Achatinelle are in the Annals of the

Lyceum of Nat. Hist. N. Y., vol. vi, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1853, and

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 1855.

1. A. textilis Fer. Voy. de Freye. p. 482.

“ ventulus Reeve, non Fer. Monograph, No. 31.

“ — microstoma Gould. Proc. N. H. Soc., Bost. 1845, p. 28.

“ ventulus Pfr. Mon. Hel. Viv. ii. p. 241.

Hab. Oahu.

Ferussac’s types of this genus, so far as preserved, are in the

collection of the “Jardin des Plantes,” at Paris. My thanks

are due to the gentlemanly Savans who have the Conchological

department in their charge, for extending to me every facility

in searching for, and examining critically the desired species.

But for an absolute certainty, I would not venture to change

the well established position in nearly all European and Ame-

rican collections of this, and the following species. I am

happy to have the testimony of Dr. Gould of Boston, of

M. Kiener, and others, to vouch for the correctness of my

opinion.

306 Synopsis of the Genus Achatinella.

2, A, vemtulus Fer. Prod. No. 437.

“ melampoides Pfr, Zool. Proc. 1851.

Animal intensely black; superior tentacles rather long;

bottom of foot and mantle very light grey; motions quite lively.

Hab. Oahu.

This shell in the Imperial Museum is a dead and worn

specimen, but its identity with melampoides could not be

mistaken.

3. A. vulpimna Fer. Hist. Moll. pl. 155, fig. 1.

Stewarti Green. Reeve Mon. fig. 26.

“ diversa Gulick ( part.)* Ann. Lye. N. Hist. N. Y. VI. fig. 42.

cc varia Gul. “ce “ch iT4 “c “cc “c 43.

“ analoga Gul. (immature.) “ t « a Wee

“ virens Gul. A is & LY ik Pie Sch s3

livida Pfr. non Swains. Mon, Ill. p. 464.

This is one of the most common shells met with on Oahu,

and passes through numerous slight variations, which have led

to their description as distinct species. Mr. Gulick, who has

very minutely studied cabinet specimens, places the A. produc-

ta Reeve, as a synonym of this species, and claims that in that

gentleman’s Monograph he gives A. varia Gul. erroneously

as the true vulpina.

Specimens exist in the French collection which passed under

the eye of Ferussac, and are labelled “A. vulpina,” which

answer to the shells as figured by Reeve. No doubt can exist

of the correct references by European authors to this species.

The dextral vulpina differs greatly from the shell described by

Mr. Reeve as producta. The figure in Ferussac is from one of

those unfortunate individuals discolored by the hot bath.

*Mr. Gulick’s descriptions are in Vol. VL. of the Annals, of the Lyceum, and

his figures are on plates vi., vii. and viii. of same volume,

Synopsis of the Genus Achatinella. 307

4, A. gvavida Fer. Desh. in Fer. Hist. II. p. 238.

“ suffusa Reeve. Mon. fig. 11.

“ Dimondi, C. B. Adams. Contrib. to Conchol. p. 126.

Animal of a light slate color above, thickly studded with black

tipped granulations; tentacles black; moderately clubbed;

foot as long as the shell; mantle dark chocolate; slightly mar-

gined with white.

The suffusa Reeve is a roseate variety with the epidermis

removed. This occasionally occurs while the animal still inha-

bits the shell.

In the Imperial Museum the original type of Ferussac is

preserved, with a specimen of A. straminea Reeve as a variety,

on the same tablet.

5. A. spirizona Fer. Hist. Moll. pl. 155, fig. 14.

“

acuta Swains. Zool. Illus. pl. 99, fig. 3.

Animal when in motion longer than the shell; thickly stud-

ded with very black granulations, with the interstices of a light

slate; mantle of a yellowish white.

6. A. turritella Fer. Hist. Moll. pl. 155, fig. 13.

“ — Oahuensis Green. Mac. Lyc. 1827.

“ inornata Mighels. Boston Proc. 1845.

Animal short, only half as long as the shell; of a dark slate

color on the sides; superior portion and tentacles black ; under

surface of foot light grey ; mantle dark brown.

7. A. decora Fer. Hist. Moll. pl. 155, fig. 5.

“ vestita Mighels. Boston Proc. 1845.

“ perversa Pfr. non Swains. Mon. III. p. 465.

“ simulans Pfr. non Reeve. ve oa

“ lugubris var. Pfr. non Reeve. “ a

“ wittata Pfr. non Reeve. s «

808 Synopsis of the Genus Achatinella.

Animal longer than the shell; of a light gamboge yellow,

with slate colored tentacles and tentacular sheath, posteriorly

and superiorly slightly sprinkled with slate; mantle of a bluish

yellow.

Dr. Pfeiffer has placed perversa Swains,, simulans Reeve,

vittata Reeve, and the variety of lugubris Chem. figured in

Reeve’s Mon., as synonyms of this species. Without an

acquaintance with the animals or with their local distribution,

it is not surprising that he should thus group them together.

In Mal. Blat., of June, 1854, Dr. Pfeiffer very properly res-

tores A. simulans to the rank of a species; and we find it

necessary to extend the same courtesy to perversa and vittata.

8. A. tristis Fer. Pro. No. 435.

“ fuliginosa Gould. Proc. Boston Soc. 1845, p. 28.

9. A. lugubris Chem. Chem. fig. 2059-60.

“ pica Swains. Zool. Ill. pl. 99, fig 1.

Monodonta seminigra Lam. Vol. VIL, p. 37.

Bulimus seminiger Menke. Syn. p. 26.

—A. luteola Fer. Hist. pl. 155, fig. 12.

I was not able to find this shell in any of the great European

collections. A diligent search in the Imperial Museum of the

Jardin des Plantes resulted in disappointment.

The locality of Guam for this species, is evidently erroneous,

and grew out of a transfer of labels with the Partula gibba.

This latter species is very abundant at Guam, but not found

on the Sandwich Islands. There is a species undescribed, ap-

proaching this, now in the hands of Dr. Pfeiffer, but the

rounded whorls and transverse suture will not allow its arrange-

ment under this name.

10. A. pulcherrima Swain. Zool. Ill. pl. 123, fig. 2.

“ mahogani Gul. (var.) Ann. Lye. 1. ¢. p. 254, fig. 72.

“ napus Pfr. Zool. Proc. 1855 (elongated variety).

Synopsis of the Genus Achatinella. 309

Mr. Reeve gives a shell from a different group for the true

pulcherrima Swain., and follows Dr. Pfeiffer in giving A. By-

ronii Gray as asynonym. As it happens, the A. Byronzz pre-

served in the British Museum is distinct from both the shells re-

ferred to, but proves to be identical with A. melanostoma Newe.

My friend Mr. Gulick is peculiarly unfortunate in tracing

out his synonyms in Ann. Lye. vi. p. 244. The original of

Swainson’s shell is in the magnificent collection of Mr. Cuming.

1l. A. perversa Swaims. Zool. Ill. pl. 99, fig. 2.

“ concidens Gul. Ann. Lyc.|.c. fig. 54. An immature dead shell.

“ cinnamomea Pfr. var. Zool. Proc. 1858, p. 22.

Animal long as the shell; light grey color, tentacles and

sheath light brown with a bar of brown across the front, upper

tentacles alone clavate, strongly swelling at their base; granu-

lations large.

There are several varieties of this species, one of which has

so near an approach to A. decora, as to lead to their being con-

founded with each other. They are, however, widely separated

in locality, and the animals are even more distinct in markings

and habit than the shells themselves.

12. A. rosea Swainms,. Zool. Ill. pl. 123, fig. 1.

Animal, when young, of a bright straw yellow, with ocular

appendages tinged with brown.

In the adult, the color is a uniform light grey, with mantle

and tentacles dark brown.

13. A. livida Swaims. Zool. Ill. pl. 108, fig. 2.

“ viridans Reeve non Mighels. Mon. No. 25.

“ Reevei C. B. Adams. Contributions, p. 128.

“ Emersonii Newe. Zool. Proc. fig. 74. 1853.

“ glauca Gul. Ann. Lye. |. ¢. fig. 51.

310 Synopsis of the Genus Achatinella.

I am sorry to be obliged to place so many synonyms under

this species. The very short description-and unsatisfactory

figure given by Swainson, have doubtless contributed to this

result. A complete series to connect the extremes of these

varieties will demonstrate the necessity of making at least a

dozen more species, or to include them all under one. Mr.

Gulick is mistaken in supposing that the variety figured by

Mr. Reeve is not found on the Island of Oahu.

This and all the other varieties are met with in the District

of Waialua, and it is an interesting fact, that all the species

described by Mr. Swainson are from the same district.

14. A. bulimoides Swaims. Zool. Ill. pl. 108, fig. 1.

“ obliqua Gul. Ann. Lye. |. ¢. fig. 63.

“ oomorpha do. (type). Ann. Lye. |. ¢. fig. 64.

“ bulimoides Reeve. Mon. pl. 1. fig. 8.

The type of A. oomorpha Gul. is this species; but specimens

furnished to Mr. Cuming of London under that name are the

true glabra Newe. The beautiful reversed variety called by

Mr. Gulick A. obliqua is widely known, and almost uniformly

admitted by Conchologists as A. budimoides.

15. A. lovrata Fer. Hist. Moll. pl. 155, fig. 9-11.

“ pallida Nutt. Reeve’s Mon. No. 2.

“ alba Nutt. Jay’s Catalogue.

“ ventrosa (var.) Pfr. Zool. Proc. 1855, p. 6.

Animal light flesh colored, tentacles, tentacular sheath and

front above, dark brown ; outer margin of mantle grey; tenta-

cles wide apart, short, moderately clubbed; foot rather broad

and thin, when extended as long as the shell.

A. ventrosa of Pfeiffer forms a very striking variety, with

the whorls rounded, aperture contracted, and the whole shell

pressed together.

The figure referring to A. dorata in Reeve’s Monograph is a

Synopsis of the Genus Achatinella. 311

variety of A. ovata Newe. His figures of pallida, however,

give this species correctly.

16. A. marmorvata Gould. Proc. Boston Soc. 1848.

“< Adamsi Newe. Ann. Lyc. I. c. p. 19.

“ Adamsii Newe. Zoo). Proc. 1853, fig. 20.

“ perdi« Pfr. non Reeve. Mal. Blat. June, 1854, p. 116.

©) wmdute Gul., Aann.dlyes Ns Velac. ios, 3A.

“ plumbea Gul. “ oan tio. 39:

“ —ustulata Gul. (reversed). “ fe fig 3%.

Animal light pea green, strongly granulated, one third longer

than the shell, tentacles light slate; mantle and base of foot

same color as the body.

Dr. Pfeiffer allows marmorata Gould, but places Adamsi

Newe. as asynonym of A. perdix Reeve.

I have clearly established the identity of my shell with that

of Dr. Gould, and do not doubt the specific difference of marmo-

rata and perdix. As Mr. Reeve’s description dates 1850, those

who do not concur in this opinion must place A. perdix as a

synonym of A. marmorata.

17. A. picta Mighels. Proc. Boston Soc. Jan. 1845.

“ bulbosa Gul. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. 1. ¢. fig. 71.

“ picta Pfr. Zool. Proc. Aug. 1845.

Animal densely black, surface chequered by fine lines of a

light color; tentacles slate, much produced; mantle and bot-

tom of foot brownish black.

When extended, same length as the shell.

1s. A. vemusta Mfighels. Proc. Boston Soc. Jan. 1848.

Animal slender, body flesh color with black puncta down

the sides; tentacles very black, superior ones long, inferior

ones very short.

When extended, two thirds as long as the shell.

312 Synopsis of the Genus Achatinella. *

19. A. citrima Mlighels. Reeve’s Mon. fig. 33.

Animal of a uniform light yellow color, superior tentacles

and tentacular sheath light slate.

20. A. plicata Mighels. Proc. Bost. Soc. January, 1848.

Bulimus liratus Pfr. Zool. Proc. 1851.

Animal rather shorter than the shell; tentacles at their origin

closely approximating, short and strongly clubbed; bottom of

foot, mantle, and posterior part light grey, anteriorly mottled

with fine bluish dots.

Motions at first sluggish and timid, but soon becoming bold,

rapid, and gliding.

21. A. mubilosa Mighels. Proc. Bost. Soc. January, 1848.

Animal tessellated black and grey (when in motion), tenta-

cles deep black, bottom ef foot and mantle dark brown.

22. A. virgulata Mighels (Partula). Proc. Bost. Soe.

1845.

“ Rohri Pfr. Zool. Proc. 1846.

Bulimus Rohri Pfr. Zeitschr. 1846,

A. insignis Migh. In Schedule (Pfeiffer and Reeve).

Animal of a uniform bluish white, including the tentacles

and mantle; tentacular sheath marked with a light brownish

line.

23. A. viridans Miighels. Proc. Bost. Soc. Jan, 1845,

“ radiata Pfr. Zool. Proc. Aug. 1845.

“ radiata Reeve. Mon. fig. 35.

“ rutila Pfr. non Newc. var. 8. Mal. Blat. 1854.

“ sub-virens Pfr. non Newe. “ y. do.

decipiens Pfr. non Newe. “ 0. do.

Synopsis of the Genus Achatinella. 313

Animal light grey; tentacles and tentacular sheath dark

slate ; mantle thick, yellowish brown; tentacles strongly club-

bed, short, and robust, when extended, longer than the shell.

Dr. Pfeiffer places my rutila, subvirens, and decipiens, as

varieties of this species. The two former are nearly allied to

viridans, but the latter is so widely separated as to have fur-

nished four or more species from its varieties, subsequently to

my descriptions. This would indicate that the views of their

authors are in conflict with this eminent naturalist.

24. A. mustelima Mighels. Proc. Bost. Soc. 1845, p. 21.

“ dorata var. 8. Pfr. Mon. II. p. 236.

Animal of a grass green, through different shades more or

less intense ; tentacles light slate. |

A very curious variety of this shell is met with, in form re-

sembling A. decora. It is polished, of a roseate, ashy hue above,

and the inferior half of the last whorl deep brown or black.

The animal is, however, identical with A. mustelina, and it is

met with in the mountains of Waianae, on the island of Oahu,

the central region for mustelina.

25. A. cimguila Miighels. Proc. Bost. Soc. 1845.

It is possible that this name should cover A. vitrea Newe.,

but the shell in the Mus. Cuming is quite a different species

from vitrea, and for the present I prefer to hold the latter as a

distinct species.

26. A. radiata Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Jan. 1845, p. 27.

“ dubia Pfr. non Newc. Mal. Blat. 1854, p. 116.

“grisea Pfr. non Newe. ais id Ban! lay

Partula radiata Pfr. Mon. III. p. 454.

Bulimus Gouldi Pfr. Mon. Il. p. 74.

Partula densilineata Reeve. Mon. pl. 2, fig. 9.

314 Synopsis of the Genus Achatinella. °

By the above it will be seen that Dr. Pfeiffer places A. dubia

Newe., and A. grisea Newce., as varieties of A. radiata Gould.

An examination of a large number of specimens of each species

confirms me in the opinion that they are quite distinct from

each other. The lineations characteristic of A. radiata Gould,

are wanting on A. dubia, which hasa more highly polished sur-

face, covered with a pattern of fine undulations. A. radiata I

have never obtained heterostrophe. A. dubia is frequently,

and A. grisea always left-handed.

Dr. Pfeiffer erroneously quotes for this last, “ Waianae, Oahu”

as the locality. It is confined to East Maui, so far as I can

ascertain.

There are differences in the form of these species, when fully

matured, which are much more striking than in the ordinary

cabinet specimens.

27. A. rubens Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. 1845, p. 27.

€ if Reeve. Mon. fig. 42 6.

“ Masters Pfr. non Newe. Mal. Blat. 1854, p. 129.

Animal dark slate, as long as the shell, tentacles black, bot-

tom of foot and mantle brown.

Hab.—West Mountains of Oahu.

The animal is excessively timid, and lives burrowed under

leaves and other decaying vegetation.

28. A. mucleola Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Jan. 1845, p. 28.

“ brevis Pfr. Zool. Proc. Aug. 26, 1845.

Hab.—Kauai.

Mr. Reeve figures for this shell (pl. 5, fig. 39) an immature

poor specimen of A. albolabris Newe.,—an entirely different

species.

Synopsis of the Genus Achatinella. 315

29. A. stwiatula Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. Jan. 1845, p. 28.

“ clara Pfr. Zool. Proc. Aug. 26, 1845.

“ clara Reeve. Mon. pl. 6, fig. 5.

Hab.—Kanuai.

30. A. cerealis Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. 1848, p. 201.

31. A. acuminata Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. 1848, p. 200.

32. A. guttula Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. 1848, p. 201.

“ —gummea Gul. Ann. Lye. 1. ¢. fig. 10.

“fragilis Gul. . of bigs sbte

These small shells have been transferred from island to

island probably on plants.

33. A. wiltata Reeve. Mon. Sp. 9. (Mus Cuming.)

“ decora var. Pfr. non Fer. Mon. iii. p. 465.,

“ globosa Pfr. Zool. Proc. 1845, fig. 25.

This species is met with in Nuuanu Valley, some three

miles from Honolulu. The inflated variety designated as A.

globosa by Dr. Pfeiffer, is not uncommon. The typical speci-

men of this species in the Cumingian collection is more elon-

gated than is common, but is entirely satisfactory in establishing

in my mind the claims of the species.

34. A. producta Reeve. Mon. pl. 2, fig. 13.

“ —venulata Newc. Zool. Proc. 1853, fig. 48 a.

hybrida Newe. a ¢ ee eos

“ vulpina Gul. non Fer, Ann. Lye. |. ¢. p. 244.

Mr. Gulick is quite correct in placing A. hybrida and venu-

lata as synonyms of this species. The artistic skill of the “late

316 Synopsis of the Genus Achatinella.

Consul-General of France,’ as displayed upon these shells,

proved quite sufficient to deceive their describer, and lead to a

wrong “ diagnosis.”

The animal is strongly granulated above; when young, of a

pale flesh, when adult, of a slate color, with the tentacular

sheaths of a dark slate.

35. A. simulams Reevwe. Mon. pl. 2, fig. 15.

“ decora Pfr. non Fer. Mon. III. p. 465.

The large number of this species collected in the valley of

Nieu, without any admixture of the typical decora, establishes

the correctness of Mr. Reeve in giving it a distinct place as a

good species. Dr. Pfeiffer in Malak. Blatt., June 1854, p. 125,

admits it as such.

36. A. bella Reeve. Mon. pl. 3, fig. 17.

Animal of a uniform yellowish white, with slate colored ten-

tacles.

37. A. colorata Reeve. Mon. pl. 3, fig. 18.

“ —ustulata (Newe. MSS.) Pfr. Mal. Blat. p. 136.

Animal superiorly of a dingy blue; foot fringed with dark

slate, posteriorly rounded ; tentacles short, dark colored ; when

in motion but slightly exserted; movements rather lively.

38. A. bilimeata Reeve. Mon. pl. 3, fig. 22.

“ — pulcherrima Reeve non Swains. Mon. pl. 8, fig. 21 and 22.

“ — Byronti Reeve non Gray. < a é a

“ — pulcherrima Pfr. non Swains. Mon. II. p. 460.

I have for a long time considered A. bilincata Reeve, as a

synonym of the A. pulcherrima Swains. of Reeve’s Monograph.

Synopsis of the Genus Achatinella. 317

A critical examination of Swainson’s description and figure

satisfied me that Mr. Reeve had given a wrong shell for that

species, and an examination of the type in Mus. Cuming con-

firmed me in this opinion. A. bélineata Reeve comes next in

order, and although not strictly characteristic, the name should

be retained.

39. A. abbreviata Reeve. Mon. pl. 3, fig. 19.

“ nivosa Newe. “Manufactured,” Zool. Proc. pl. 12, fig. 6.1853.

“ — Clementina Pfr. Zool. Proc. 1855, p. 205.

Animal, light grey, covered above with numerous granula-

tions of a dark slate; mantle, a dirty yellow; tentacles but

slightly clubbed; when extended, nearly as long as the shell.

A. Clementina Pfr. is in Mus. Cuming, a short but old A. aé-

breviata.

A. nivosa is a fully developed shell, with the epidermis

removed so skilfully as to escape detection at the time it was

described.

40. A. castamea Reeve. Mon. pl. 3, fig. 24.

41. A. olivacea Reeve. Mon. pl. 3, fig. 20.

“ prasinus Reeve. Mon. pl. 4, fig. 27.

42, A. adusta Reeve. Mon. pl. 4, fig. 30.

43. A. perdix Reeve. Mon. pl. 6, fig. 43.

“ pyramidalis Gul. Ann. Lye. 1. ¢. pl. 7, fig. 32.

“« —undosa Gul. ‘a 0S) epLr Ose.

Animal, bluish white; upper tentacles and sheath slate

colored; basal margin of foot bordered with light slate; bot-

tom of foot and mantle greenish white; when extended, not

longer than the shell.

318 Synopsis of the Genus Achatinellu

Few species of the genus pass through a greater variety of

changes than this, in form and markings. My collection num-

bers over twenty, which may fairly be classed as varieties. Of

many of them I have examined the animals, and find no differ-

ence in color, or so slight as to call for no special notice.

The ventricose light-colored or clouded reversed varieties are

perhaps, in the appearance of the shell, farther removed from

the type than those given here as synonyms.

44. A. bacca Reeve. Mon. pl. 6, fig. 45.

Animal of a greenish slate above, tentacles and sheaths dark

brown, mantle, yellowish green; length, when extended, equal

to the shell.

45. A. stramimea Reeve. Mon. pl. 5, fig. 38.

“ gravida var. Fer. In Imperial Museum, Paris.

Animal of a uniform light flesh-color, oral aperture margined

with a line of orange.

46. A, Byromii Gray. Wo0d’s Index, Supplement, pl. 7, fig. 30.

“ ~melanastoma Newc. Zool. Proc. pl. 22, fig. 7, 1853.

“ limbata Gul. Ann. Lye. l.c. pl. 8, fig. 70.

“ pulcherrima Reeve non Swains. Mon. pl. 3, fig. 23.

“ pulcherrima Pfr.non Swains. Mon. ii. p. 237.

It gives me pleasure to relinquish this species to its original

author. An examination of Wood’s figure led me to the con-

clusion that the one I had described was identical with A.

Byronii. Thad the satisfaction of finding the type in the Bri-

tish Museum, and of thus establishing not only the synonym,

but also of clearing the group of much of the difficulty by

which it was surrounded.

Synopsis of the Genus Achatinella. 319

47. A. ellipsoidea Gould. Proc. Bost. Soc. 1848, p. 200.

“ pupoidea Newc. Zool. Proc. 1853, pl. 23, fig. 42.

There is little doubt, from the descriptions, of the identity of

these species; of course the priority belongs to Dr. Gould.

48. A.magna C. B. Adams. Contr. to Conch. page 125.

“ Baldwinti Newe. Zool. Proce. pl. 24, fig. 72. 1853.

Animal of inky black above, veined with white; when ex-

tended, as long as the shell; base of foot and mantle of a

bluish grey.

49. A. modesta C. B. Adams. Contr. to Conch. p. 128.

50. A. Tappaniana €. IB. Adams. Contr. to Conch.

p. 126.

“ eburnea Gul. Ann. Lye. 1. c. p. 199, fig. 28 a.—28 b.

Sarena: Gils. ERT ye OO. a0:

tee fasciata \Gtilse ho! NE nan DOL W, SRS Ok

Mr. Gulick has taken three varieties, describing them as dis-

tinct species. All these varieties have been subjected to the

critical eyes of Mr. Cuming and of Dr. Pfeiffer, who agree

with me in this arrangement. It is due to Mr. Gulick, how-

ever, to remark that the differences in the extremes of these

varieties are as great as have laid the foundation for many of

the species universally received by naturalists.

51. A. Mighelsiama Pfr. Zool. Proc. 1847, p. 231.

Animal uniform bluish-white, tentacles slate.

52. A. pyramis Pfr. Zool. Proc. 1845, p. 90.

“ leucochila Gul. (dwarf), Ann. Lye. 1. ¢. p. 173, fig. 1.

SEPTEMBER, 1858, 93 Ann, Lyo, Nat. Hist. Vou. VI.

320 Synopsis of the Genus Achatinella. —

53. A. taeniolata Pf. Zool. Proc. 1846, p. 38.

“ rubiginosa Newc. Zool. Proc. 1853, fig. 69.

I defer to the opinion of Dr. Pfeiffer in placing A. rubigi-

nosa as a synonym of his A. taeniolata.

The form of the shells is nearly identical, and although dif

fering in marking, the principal ground of separation originally

was a difference in the animals. The dark chestnut shell is fur-

nished with a light, and even the immaculate variety of taendo-

lata, with a brown-colored mantle.

54. A. variegata Pfr. Zeitschr. 1849, p. 90.

“ rubens var. Reeve. Mon. pl. 6, fig. 42 a.

“ decepta C. B. Adams. Contr. to Conch., p. 127.

55. A. cormeola Pfr. Zool. Proc. 1845, p. 90.

56. A. aptycha Pfr. Zool. Proc. 1855, fig. 1.

57. A. pulchella Pf. Zool. Proc. 1855, fig. 2.

58. A. cimerosa Pf. Zool. Proc. 1855, fig. 5.

59. A. multicolor Pfr. Zool. Proc. Jan. 1855, fig. 11.

“ oviformis Newc. Zool. Proc. Nov. 13, 1855, p. 208.

60. A. Swainsoni? Pfr. Zool. Proc. 1855, fig. 13.

61. A. Sowerbyana Pf. Zool. Proc. 1855, fig. 14.

62. A. dolium Pfr. Zool. Proc. 1855, fig. 15.

63. A. rudis Pfr. Zool. Proc. 1855, p. 5. var. 8.

“ chlorotica “ : “ p. 203, immature.

“ albida - a aie “<p. 203, var.

The shell figured pl. 30, fig. 17, is a variety of A. intermedia

Newe. In Mus. Cuming the variety may well be separated

Synopsis of the Genus Achatinella. 321

and rendered distinct from <A. spirinoza Fer., under which

name I have furnished it to correspondents, but always with

some “ mental reservation.”

64. A. fusiformis Pfr. Zool. Proc. 1855, pl. 30, fig. 18.

65. A. fracilis Pfr. “ce 14 “ “ 6 “ 99.

“ elevata Newc. Zool. Proc. 1855, p. 209.

“ subula Gul. Ann. Lyc. 1. c¢. pl. 6, fig. 19.

In Mr. Cuming’s collection this shell has the name of

A. elevata Newe., and the name gracilis Pfr. is attached to a

variety of A. striatula Gould. From a careful examination of

the descriptions, and the figure given by Dr. Pfeiffer, I do not

doubt their identity, and have thus placed elevata as a synonym.

In the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for November,

1855, Dr. Pfeiffer described in my name several species which

I had forwarded to Mr. Cuming. In July preceding four of

these species were described by me in the Proceedings of the

Natural History Society, Boston, on pages 218, 219, and 220,

and in the month of September I gave seven additional ones

in the Annals of the Lyceum. (Vol. vi. p. 142-147.) The

names of the species that Dr. Pfeiffer so kindly gave me, be-

sides those referred to, are, A. Mawiensis, A. fulva, A. ovifor-

mis, A. pulla, A. elevata, A. obtusa, and A. apicata.

66. A. crassidentata Pfr. Zool. Proc. 1855, pl. 30, fig. 23.

This species should be doubtfully received. The original in

Mus. Cuming is but a variety of A. vulpina Fer., denuded of

epidermis.

67. A. mobilis Pfr. Zool. Proc. 1855, p. 202.

68. A. Hanieyana Pf. Zool. Proc. 1855, p. 202.

69. A. zebrina Pfr. “ “ “ Pie fy

322 Synopsis of the Genus Achatinella.

70. A. extincta Pfr. Zool. Proc. 1855, p. 204.

71. A. obclavata Pfr. “ = “ s p- 98.

“ octogyrata Gul, Ann. Lye. 1. c¢. pl. 6, fig. 18.

“ turrita Gul. cc Cia Le ety ene

72. A. luctuosa Pfr. Zool. Proc. 1855, p. 204.

73. A. Grayana Pfr. se “ Gry ACR

74. As glutinosa Pir. «“ CH cee

“ lacrima Gul. Ann. Lye. 1. c. pl. 6, fig. 4.

75. A. callosa Pfr. Mus. Cuming.

76. A. dimidiata Pf. Zool. Proc. 1855, p. 205.

77. A. semicostata Pfr. “ AC OD, 20.

“ costulata Gul. Ann. Lye. 1. c¢. pl. 6, fig. 5.

78. A. teres Pfr. Zool. Proc. 1855, p. 206.

79. A. oryza Pfr. “ * «“ «

“ triticea Gul. Ann. Lyc. 1. c. pl. 6, fig. 12.

80. A. margarita Pf. Zool. Proc. 1855, p. 206.

81. A. sulcata Pfr. Ce BSS ae oe,

82. A. auricula Fer. Proc. p. 66.

Partula Dumartroyi Souleyet. Voy. Bonite, t. 29, fig. 9-11.

Auricula Owaihiensis Chamisso. vide Pfr, Mon. II. p. 75.

Bulimus auricula Pfr. Mon. Il. p. 75.

Auricula sinistrorsa Chamisso. vide Pfr. Mon. 1. ¢.

Bulimus armatus Mighels. Boston Proc, 1845, p. 19.

Tornatellina Owaihiensis Pfr. Mon. Il. p. 75.

This little shell has passed through numerous genera, in

reaching this its most natural resting-place.

I concur most fully in Dr. Pfeiffer’s last arrangement, bring-

ing it into its allied affinities under the Genus Achatinella.

Synopsis of the Genus Achatinella. 323

83. A. lurida Pf. Zool. Proc. 1855, p. 206.

Tornatellina castanea Pfr. Mon. III. p. 524.

84. A. obeliscus Pfr. Zool. Proc. 1855, p. 206.

Balea Newcombi Pfr. Mon. III. p. 583.

85. A. amoena Pf. Zool. Proc. 1855, pl. 30, fig. 3.

86. A. cerea Pfr. Bee ieee aR aah ie GH a

87. A. Chamissoi Pfr. “ 4% “ “ p.98.

88. A. Newcombiana Pfr. Mal. Blat. 1854, p. 119.

“ Pfeifferi Newc. Ann. Lye. |. c. p. 25.

“ Pfeiffert Newce. Zool. Proc. 1853, pl. 24, fig. 58.

“ Bulimus Newcombianus Pfr. Zool. Proc. 1851.

89. A. Cumingi Newe. Ann. Lyc.1.c. p. 25.

rf i Zool. Proc. 1853, pl. 24, fig. 59.

“ gemma Pfr. (immature) cs 1858, p. 22.

90. A. farcimen Pfr. Mus. Cuming.

91. A. Dunkeri Cuming. Zool. Proc. 1855, p. 208.

This has been separated from A. producta Reeve, from its

constant characters of beautiful fine longitudinal lineations,

cinctured often by one or more brown bands on the body whorl.

92. A. Gouldi Newe. Ann. Lyc.1.c. p. 21.

“ G@ouldii Newc. Zool. Proc. 1853, pl. 22, fig. 1.

“

talpina Gul. var, Ann. Lye. |. ¢. pl. 7, fig. 38.

324 Synopsis of the Genus Achatinella. -

93. A. ovata Newe. Ann. Lyc. l. c. p. 22.

af + . Zool. Proc. 1853, pl. 22, fig. 2—2a.

“ candida Pfr. “ & 1855, “ 30, “ 4. &

“ Fricki Pir. “c 6“ “ eee pat fae

“ vidua Bas) “ “ “ “ ce “ce 10. “

“ cervina Gul. var. Ann. Lye. |. ¢. pl. 8, fig. 62.

“ rotunda Gul. gee Nh taunt nd.

“ spadicea Gul. Rb tae et GD;

“ pheozona? Gul. (immature) Ann. Lye. 1. ¢, pl. 7, fig. 40.

“ lorata Reeve non Fer. Mon. pl. 1, fig.6:

Animal of a uniform light blue, tentacles and sheath above

lined with dark slate; mantle light slate, in ene dark varieties

of the shell of a deeper shade.

This shell passes through a great variety of forms and mark-

ings. My collection numbers, of well marked varieties, about

forty. With this series | am able to connect (with one excep-

tion) all the varieties given as synonyms. The A. vidua Pfr.,

which I had supposed was my manuscript A. Wheatley?, I find

in Mus. Cuming to be a somewhat worn and faded specimen ot

this species.

94. A. vufa Newe. Ann. Lyc. |. c. p. 21.

a Zool. Proc. 1853, pl. 22, fig. 3.

Animal light flesh color, tentacles slightly tinged with brown,

mantle dark brown, longer than the shell, movements lively.

95. A. fulgems Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 22, fig. 24. 1853.

“ diversa Gul. var. i, immature. Ann Lye. |. c. p. 221.

96. A. splendida Newe. Ann. Lye. 1. c. p. 20.

. " i Zool. Proe. pl. 22, fig. 4. 1853.

“ Baileyana Gul. Ann. Lye. 1. ¢. p. 202.

Synopsis of the Genus Achatinella. 325

97. A. Redfieldi Newe. Ann. Lyc. 1. c. p. 22.

. Zool. Proc. pl. 22, fig. 5. 1853.

Animal as long as the shell, greyish above, sprinkled slightly

with brown, tentacles of same color, mantle slate, bottom of

foot of a greenish grey.

98. A. cestus Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 22, fig. 8. 1853.

99. A. Swiftii Newe. “ ae EE Ag ae

“ valida Pfr. (var.) e 1855, pl. 30, fig. 24.

“ apicata Newce, “ ss o p- 210.

Animal of a bluish slate, deeper on the head and tentacles,

and on the posterior part of the foot above; longer than the

shell; bottom of foot greenish white, mantle black.

Unfortunately the type figured in the Zoological Proceedings

is not the usual pattern of the shell, but is one of the more

uncommon varieties.

100. A. turgida Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 22, fig. 10, 1853.

101. A. cylindrica Newc. a Gh SO TE hee

“ intermedia Pfr. non Newc. Mal. Blat. 1854, p. 131.

Animal light grey, marbled with dusky triangular patches,

mantle light grey, tentacles dark, granulations strong. A dor-

sal and two obscure lateral white lines extend from the head

along the animal.

102. A. imtermedia Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 22, fig. 13. 1853.

“ pudis Pfr. (part,) Zool. Proc. 1855, pl. 30, fig. 17.

103. A. casta Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 22, fig. 12. 1853.

“ dimorpha Gul. Ann. Lye. |. ¢. pl. 8, fig. 56.

“ cognata Gul. var. Ann. Lye. 1. ¢. pl. 8, fig. 60.

“ juncea Gul., dwarf. Ann. Lye. 1. ¢. pl. 7, fig. 49.

326 Synopsis of the Genus Achatinella. ,

104. A. violacea Newe. Ann. Lyc.1.c. p. 18.

s % a Zool. Proc. pl. 22, fig. 14. 1854.

105. A. samguimea Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 22, fig. 15. “

“ Ferussact Pfr. Zool. Proc, 1855, p. 208.

Animal as long as the shell, anterior superior portion a dark

brown, with tentacles of same color, posteriorly cut up into

squares and other geometrical figures by light-colored lines.

Mantle light flesh color, bottom of foot light green.

The type of Dr. Pfeiffer’s species is a large sized A. sangut-

ned, with the black markings carefully removed by design or

accident. This specimen is in the magnificent museum of Mr.

Cuming.

106. A. porphyrea Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 22, fig.16. 1853.

“ grossa Pfr. Zool. Proc. p. 204. 1855.

NCE

107. A. gigamtea Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 22, fig. 17.

“cl

108. A. subvirems Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 22, fig. 18.

“ viridans Pfr. non Mighels. Mal. Blat. 1854, p. 120.

109. A. wutila Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 22, fig. 21. 1853.

“ viridans Pfr. non Mighels. Mal. Blat. 1854, p. 120.

“ macrostoma Pfr. Zool. Proc. 1855, pl. 30, fig. 6.

Animal small in proportion to the shell, of a uniform yel-

lowish white, retractile part of upper tentacles of a light

brown ;—tentacles filiform and slightly clubbed; foot very

broad, long as the shell; mantle same color as the animal.

It will be seen by comparing the animal of this species with

that of A. viridans, that they are clearly distinct; and Dr.

Pfeiffer, by taking an extreme variety of this species for his

A. macrostoma, thus gives evidence in its favor. This last-

named is in the collection of Mr. Cuming.

ALO:

ig a1

113.

114.

115.

Synopsis of the Genus Achatinella.

327

A. ampla Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 22, fig. 19. 1853.

A. rugosa Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 22, fig. 22.

. A. multilineata Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 22, fig. 23.

monacha Pfr. Zool. Proc. 1855, pl. 30, fig. 9.

A. glabra Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 22, fig. 25.

platystyla Gul., dead and worn, Ann. Lye. 1. ¢. pl. 6, fig.

elegans Pfr. non Newc. Mal. Blat. 1854, page 121.

“

25.

A. elegans Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 24, fig. 57. 1853.

A. tessellata Newe. Ann. Lyc.1.c¢. p. 19.

= ig Zool. Proce. pl. 23, fig. 26.

“cc

Animal dark slate above, tentacles same color; strongly

granulate, bottom of foot light olive; mantle black; as long as

the shell ; movements sluggish.

116.

TU:

119.

120.

A. sordida Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 23, fig. 27. 1853.

“ Swainsoni? Pfr. Zool. Proc. 1855, pl. 30, fig. 13.

(see No. 60.)

A. fumosa Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 23, fig. 28.

. A. lineolata Newe. Ann. Lye. 1. c. p. 29.

y i Zool. Proc. pl. 23, fig. 29.

A. mitida Newe. Ann. Lyc.1.c. p. 29.

« % Zool. Proce. pl. 23, fig. 30.

“ erystallina Gul. Ann. Lye. 1. ¢. pl. 6, fig. 14.

A. crassilabrum Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 23, fig. 31.

. A. cormea Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 23, fig. 32,

“cc

174

328 Synopsis of the Genus Achatinella. .

122, A. labiata Newe. Ann. Lyc. 1. c. p. 27.

a a Zool. Proc. pl. 23, fig. 33. 1853.

dentata Pfr. Zool. Proc. 1855, pl. 30, fig. 27.

lagena Gul. Aun. Lye. |. ¢. pl. 6, fig. 3, vareety.

«~

123. A. vitrea Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 23, fig. 34. :

Sumida Gul., dwarf. Ann. Lyc. 1. ¢. pl. 6, fig. 9.

124, A. affimis Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 28, fig. 35. 4

“ goniostoma Pfr. Zool. Proc. 1855, p. 203. Mus. Cuming.

Two of the three specimens in Mus. Cuming labelled A.

goniostoma Pfr. clearly belong to this species—a larger speci-

men may be distinct.

125. A. elomgata Newe. Ann. Lyc. |. c. p. 26.

“acuta Newc. Zool. Proc. 1853, p. 16.

The two names for this species grew out of a change made

by my friends in New York upon the publication of my paper,

to avoid the repetition of aname used by Swainson.

Believing that the cause of science would be subserved by

illustrations of this with other species, I furnished, with some

revision of the descriptions, a manuscript for the Zoological

Society of London. The great distance of the Sandwich

Islands prevented all corrections in the copy or proofs, hence

the double name to the same species. The figure (plate 23,

fig. 36) in the Zoological Proceedings is not of this shell, but is

made from A. soror, and is the same as fig. 38 of the same

plate. A. aeuta is longer, and not so wide as this species.

126. A. polita Newe. Ann. Lye. l.c. p. 24.

od c Zool. Proce. pl. 23, fig. 37. 1853.

Animal of a uniform yellowish white including tentacles ;

tentacular sheath slightly tinged with brown; mantle black.

Synopsis of the Genus Achatinella. 329

127. A. soror NWewe. Zool. Proc. pl. 23, fig. 38. 1853.

Hab. Maui, also Ranai.

128. A. obesa Newe. Ann. Lyc. 1. c. p. 24.

: sf ee Zool. Proc. pl. 23, fig. 39. * cf

Entire animal of a sooty black; superior tentacles strongly

clubbed, lower ones with a light-colored tip, granulations

large; longer than the shell; motions very slow and timid.

129. A. terebra Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 23, fig. 40. 1853.

“ attenuata Pfr. the pl 30) fies Wess Asbo.

“ lignaria Gul. var. Ann. Lye. 1. ¢. pl. 7, fig. 35.

“ crocea Gul. Rp eee OE adas hit sO

From the figures referred to above, there would scarcely (in

the last two named) arise a suspicion of identity. The speci-

mens themselves have passed under my examination, and from

an extensive suite of the varieties, I had no difficulty in at once

recognising them as the extremes of this species.

130. A. melamosis Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 23, fig. 41. 1853.

131. A. curta Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 23, fig. 43, at

“ delta Gul. Ann. Lye. 1. ¢. pl. 8, fig. 50.

Oe LUESCCUS 1G levee Danson mane 8, “ 57. variety.

Dt ACOILER CLO: ep Se, ar ME ace Se Se 5G!

The reversed specimens of this species undergo changes

which have led to their being considered distinct species. I

have, however, been unable to seize upon any permanent cha-

racters in any one of the varieties where a specific line can be

safely drawn.

330 Synopsis of the Genus Achatinella.

132. A. fusca Newe. Ann. Lyc. |. c. p. 28.

e ie 4 Zool. Proc. pl. 23, fig. 44. 1853.

“ striatella Gul. Ann. Lye. 1. ¢. pl. 6, fig. 6.

iT3 petila “ 6c ce “ “ “ ily.

There may be some question whether A. semicostata Pfr.

should not also be admitted as a synonym. The characters

are, however, so well developed in that shell, that I believe it

to be distinct from A. fusca, and not a mere variety.

133. A. wecta Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 23, fig. 45. 1853.

“ nympha Gul. Ann. Lye. |. c. pl. 8, fig. 69.

134. A. Srama Newe. Ann. Lyc.1.c. p. 29.

af rf id Zool. Proce. pl. 23, fig. 46. “

“ granifera Gul. Ann. Lye. |. ¢. pl. 6, fig. 13.

“ce vitriola “ “ “cc (13 “ “ EY

“ parvula “ ‘13 14 “b “ “ 24,

135. A. porceliama Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 23, fig. 47. 1853.

136. A. mucronata Newe. Ann. Lyc. |. c¢. p. 28.

ae “ Zool. Proc. pl. 23, fig. 49. 1853.

137. A. Johmsoni Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 23, fig. 50. “

“ aplustre Newe. pe = Y Pe cole 4

138. A. assimilis Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 23, fig. 53.“

139. A. weticulata Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 24, fig. 54. “

“ transversalis Pfr. as “ 1855, page 204.

“ conspersa Pfr. Be d “ pl. 30, fig. 26.

The A. transversalis is the smallest form, as A. conspersa

Synopsis of the Genus Achatinella. 331

is the largest of A. reticulata. I have had the last for many

years in my collection, and am indebted to Mr. Gulick for spe-

cimens of the former.

140. A. ormata Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 24, fig.55. 1853.

141. A. albo-labris Newe. Zool, Proc. pl. 24, fig. 56. “

“ nucleola Reeve non Gould. Mon. fig. 39.

The shell figured by Mr. Reeve, though not a fine specimen,

clearly belongs to this species. A. nucleola Gould is quite

distinct, and is found on the island of Kauai, not Oahu, where

this species is met with.

142. A. solitaria Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 24, fig 60. 1853.

Mr. Cuming is rich in possessing two specimens of this

rare species.

143. A. germama Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 24, fig. 61. 1853.

144, A. flavescems Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 24, fig. 62. “

\45. A. Helena Newe. Ann. Lyc.1.c. p. 27.

“ “ ‘ Zool. Proc. pl. 24, fig. 63. i

146. A. physa Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 24, fig. 64. young. “

“ physa Newc. Proc. Boston Soc. July, 1855, p. 218. adult.

147. A. dubia Newe. Ann. Lyc. 1. c. p. 23.

= $ Zool. Proc. pl. 24, fig. 65. 1853.

“ radiata Pfr. non Gould. Mal. Blat. 1854, p. 116.

Dr. Pfeiffer confounds three distinct species under the name

of A. radiata Gould. Having obtained and examined many

specimens of each, I do not hesitate to follow the opinions of

Mr. Cuming and Mr. A. Adams, who pronounce them distinct.

332 Synopsis of the Genus Achatinella.

148. A. grisea Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 24, fig. 66. 1853.

“ radiata Pfr. non Gould. Mal. Blat. 1854, p. 117.

This species, from the island of Maui only, has a reference

in Mal. Blat. to “ Waianae, Oahu,” which is an error of suffi-

cient importance to be corrected. The proportions of this spe-

cies are constantly different from the preceding; the aperture

much larger, and the last whorl much more inflated.

149. Mastersi Newe. Zool. Proce. pl. 24, fig. 67. 1853.

“ rubens var. Pfr. non Gould. Mal. Blat. 1854, p. 129.

Animal longer than the shell, of a fine flesh-color, covered

with granulations tipped with carmine; tentacles and anterior

superior portion of the body dark brown or black; motions

fearless and active. Compare this description of the animal

with that of rwbens Gould, and add that the one is an inhabit-

ant of bushes (the ‘“ Olona”), the other always burrowing, and

we shall find no two animals of the genus wider apart than these.

A. Mastersi is an inhabitant of Molokai, and is sparsely

found on Maui.

150. A. decipiems Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 24, fig. 68. 1853.

“ viridans Pfr. non Mighels, Mal. Blat. 1854, p. 121.

“ planospira Pfr. Zool. Proc. 1855, pl. 30, fig. 8.

“ cuneus Pfr. (reversed). Zool. Proc. 1855, p. 205.

“ torrida Gul. Ann. Lye. 1. c. pl. 8, fig. 68. reversed var.

©) comrugaia Gul. ra ie © 0% 66. ‘short var.

“ scitula Gul. ae ee aes “« 6 61. reversed, smooth.

« herbacta Gul.5) 0 eK Ce Aa? Loa. UET,

All the varieties, and many others of this protean species, I

have been familiar with from four to five years past, having

Synopsis of the Genus Achatinelia. 333

collected them by the thousand, and compared the animals of

the varieties. The animal is of a uniform light slate-color, with

very black tentacles. With this table of synonyms no remarks

are_called for with reference to its being a variety of viridans

Mighels.

151. A. Wariabilis Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 24, fig. 70. 1853.

“ fulva Newe. ee “ p. 208. 1855.

“ “ laciea Gul. Ann. Lye. |. c. pl. 6,"fig. 27.

The fine large white variety described by Mr. Gulick, first

suggested the name of variabdilis for this variable species.

I omit the description of the animal of this and many other

species as having no practical importance in this connexion.

152. A. crassa Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 24, fig. 71. 1853.

153. A. Buddii Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 24, fig. 73. “

pera Gul. young. Ann. Lyc. |. ¢. pl. 6, fig. 26.

“ plumata Gul. var. “ ce iphen et mee Salas Oe ale

“ papyracea Gul. var, “ Gas an (eee

“ cesia Gul. var. c BEd te Oye 4 Dae YOUNG:

Animal, when in motion, longer than the shell; rather slen-

der; base of foot light yellow; upper and anterior portion of

body and tentacles slate; sides and mantle of a light flesh

color; movements lively.

Mr. Gulick has thought these varieties worthy of specific

names and descriptions. While believing that he refines too

closely for practical or scientific purposes, I wish to award him

the merit of close application, and a just appreciation of the

merits of this beautiful study.

154. A. biplicata Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 24, fig. 75. 1853.

155. A. semicarimata Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 24, fig. 76. 1853.

334 Synopsis of the Genus Achatinella.

156. A

157. A

- moesta Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 24, fig. 77. 1853.

- obscura Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 24, fig. 78. 1853.

158. A. concinna Newe. Zool. Proc. pl. 24, fig. 79. 1853.

159. A. undulata Newe. Boston Proc. 1855, p. 218.

160. A. migra Newe. Boston Proc. 1855, p. 219.

161. A. tetrao Newe. Boston Proc. 1855, p. 219.

Animal, above tessellated brown and white; mantle of a

dusky yellow; bottom of foot of same color, margined with

white ; tentacles long and of light brown; motions timid.

162. A. succimcta Newe. Boston Proc. 1855, p. 220.

“ marginata Gul. Ann. Lye. 1. c. pl. 6, fig. 7.

163. A. zebra Newe. Ann. Lyc. 1. c. p. 142.

164. A. humilis Newe. Ann. Lyc. |. c. p. 143.

165. A. petricola Newe. Ann. Lye. l.c. p. 148.

“ umbilicata Pfr. Zool. Proc. 1855, p. 205.

166. A. fusoidea Newe. Ann. Lye. |. c. p. 144.

167. A. pusilla Newe. Ann. Lyc. |. c. p. 144.

“ pulla Newe. Zool. Proc. 1855, p. 209.

168. A. Dwightii Newe. Ann. Lye. 1. c. p. 145.

169. A. Remayi Newe. Ann. Lye. |. c. p. 146.

170. A. Mauiemsis Newe. Zool. Proc. 1855, p. 207,

171. A. obtusa Newe. Zool. Proc. 1855, p. 209.

Synopsis of the Genus Achatinella. 335

172, A. resimnula Gul. Ann. Lyc.|.c. pl. 6, fig. 2.

173. A. saxatilis Gul. Ann. Lye. |. c. pl. 6, fig. 15.

174, A. terebralis Gul. Ann. Lye. |. c. pl. 6, fig. 21.

175. A. exilis Gul. Ann. Lyc. l.c. pl. 6, fig. 16.

176. A. stivria Gul. Aon. Lye. |. c. pl. 6, fig. 22.

177. A. versipellis Gul. Ann. Lyc. |. c. pl. 7, fig. 44.

This beautiful species is very poorly illustrated in the figure

referred to above.

178. A. cucumis Gul. Ann. Lyc. 1. c¢. pl. 7, fig. 45.

179. A. trilimeata Gul. Ann. Lyc. |. c. pl. 7, fig. 46.

“ zonata Gul. var. “ el ad lig Biss ou

180. A. fuscula Gul. Ann. Lyc. |. c. pl. 6, fig. 8.

181. A. formosa Gul. Ann. Lyc. 1. c. pl. 8, fig. 55.

This is a very beautiful species, and worthy the name which

it bears.

I desire to make my acknowledgments to Mr. Gulick for a

loan of his typical specimens, by which I have been enabled to

compare his with the species described by other authors.

There is much difficulty in fixing the boundary of varieties, and

much must necessarily be left to arbitrary opinion. I have

given my own convictions, after ample opportunities for

observation and study, but do not claim for myself absolute

accuracy in my powers of discrimination. Those who choose

to differ from my conclusions are at full liberty to use their

own judgment or opinions, and to draw from this article only

such aid as they may find useful.

SEPTEMBER, 1858. 94. Ann, Lyo, Nat, Hist, Vou. VI.

336 Remarks on Certain Species of —

An anatomical description of the animals would in many

cases have been preferable to the slight external characters

given; but my facilities for examining their dentition were

entirely insufficient, and my time too much employed, to enter

into aseries of minute dissections.

I cannot close these remarks without acknowledging the

cindness of H. Cuming, Esq., of London, who has rendered me

very great assistance by opening his fine collection for my

examination, and lending me the aid of his critical eye, disci-

plined by a long course of study and close observation, in this

and in various other departments of scientific inquiry.

XXXVII.— Remarks on Certain Species of North American

Felicide.

(Continued from page 302.)

By Tuomas Buanp.

Read September 13, 1858.

Helix clausa Say.

SyNoNYMY.

Helix clausa Say Jour. Acad. Phila. II. p. 154, 1821.

“ “ Amer. Conch. No. 4, pl. 37, fig. 1, 1832.

— “ Binney Bost. Jl. 1. p. 482, pl. 15, 1837,

— “ De Kay N.Y. Moll. p. 31, ex parte, 1843.

—— Pennsylvanica Pfr. Mon. I. No. 759, ex parte, 1848.

— . Chem, ed. 2, Helix No. 442, ex parte.

— Mitchelliana _ « “ © 332, t. 56, fig. 6-8.

clausa Binney Terr. Moll. II. p. 107, ex parte, pl. 4, 1851.

North American Helicide. 337

Helix Pennsylvanica Reeve Conch. Ic. No. 676, ex parte, 1852

clausa W. G. Binney Reprint of Say’s Desc. p. 17, 1856.

(non Ferussac.)

Say thus described this species in the Journal of the Acade-

my :—

“H. Cravsa.

“Shell fragile, slightly perforated, subglobular, yellowish horn color,

above convex; whorls four or five; aperture slightly contracted by the

lip; lip reflected, flat, white, nearly covering the umbilicus.

“Tnhabits linois. Greatest breadth from one-half to three-fifths of

an inch.

“A small but handsome species, which somewhat resembles albola-

éris, but is much smaller, more rounded, and is subumbilicate. This

shell also occurs, though perhaps rarely, in Pennsylvania.”

I have already noticed that this species has been confounded

by European authors with H. Pennsylvanica Green, and by

those of America with A Mitchelliana Lea.

Hf. clausa Say varies in form, size, and sculpture. Speci-

mens in my cabinet from Selina, Ala., received from Mr. J. G.

Anthony, may be described as rather strong than fragile, not

shining or pellucid, the umbilicus only about half covered by

the reflected lip, depressed rather than subglobular; the shell

as strongly striate above and below, as ZZ. Pennsylvanica.

I add the measurements of the largest and smallest indivi-

duals :

Diam. maj. 18, min. 15, Alt. 10 mill. anfr. 6.

“ « 12, <3 LO, (<4 7 “cc “ 5.

A specimen from Iowa is very similar to those from Alabama.

From Wisconsin, Missouri, Illinois, and Kentucky, I have

forms which agree closely with Say’s description,—in these the

reflected lip is less thickened, the aperture is more round, the

last whorl being more globose,—the umbilicus is more nearly

338 Remarks on Certain Species of

covered, and the strize are less prominent, especially at the

base, than in the Alabama shells.

The measurement of an average sized specimen is :—

Diam. maj. 17, min. 15, Alt. 10 mill, anfr. 5.

Specimens from Tennessee, for which I am indebted to Mr.

Postell, are small, extremely thin and pellucid, with the umbi-

licus generally but little open, the last whorl obsoletely angu-

lated at the periphery.

Diam. maj. 14, min. 12, Alt. 8 mill. anfr. 5.

There is a variety figured by Mr. Shuttleworth (in the plates

referred to in my notes on H. Pennsylvanica) as H. clausa Say,

var. subalbolabris. It is, I believe, the globose form, with

wider and less thickened lip, and more open umbilicus than in

the Illinois shell. I have a specimen about equal in size to

the largest one from Alabama,—it is pellucid, shining, and at

the base nearly smooth, but showing the fine spiral impressed

lines as distinctly as 7. Mfitchelliana. I received it from Ohio.

In the cabinet of the Academy at Philadelphia, there are

three shells, understood to be those deposited by Say, labelled

HH. clausa Say, with Ohio as habitat, in the hand-writing of Mr.

Phillips. These specimens agree pretty closely with Say’s

description.

The Alabama shells may be compared in general aspect, with

H. Pennsylwanica, and the others above mentioned with /Z.

Mitchelliana. Say’s figure is rather of the former,—his deserip-

tion and the figures of Dr. Binney of the latter forms.

In the Boston Journal, Dr. Binney describes the umbilicus

as “nearly covered by the reflected lip,”’—probably he had not

then seen the imperforate 7. Mitchelliana, as no reference is

made to it.

He remarks in the “ Terrestrial Mollusks,” that the surface

of 77. clausa is “ shining and its strie of increase delicate and

regular,”—also that “the umbilicus in specimens entirely ma-

ture is covered, but, as commonly seen, a small opening still

remains.” It would seem that Dr. B. did not know the Alaba-

North American Helicide. 339

ma variety, and alluded, when writing of the covered umbilicus,

to H. Mitchelliana Lea, which he puts in the synonymy of

HT. clausa.

Mr. W. G. Binney, in his “ Notes on American Land Shells ”

(Phil. Proc. 1857), states that the outline figures in Terr. Moll.

(Pl. 4) do not represent ZZ. clausa ; they are, however, very

like my small Alabama or Tennessee specimens.

De Kay describes //. clausa as having the umbilicus occa-

sionally entirely covered; and states, erroneously, that it may

be considered as a Southern species, extending to New Jersey

and New York.

Reeve’s figure of /Z. clausa (fig. 676), I have already referred

to as being H. Pennsylvanica. He gives another (fig. 694),

which may be the var. subalbolabris, but is more like H. buccu-

lenta Gould, without the parietal tooth.

Welix Mitchelliana Lea.

Synonymy.

Helix Mitchelliana Lea Am. Phil. Trans. VI. 87, pl. 23, f. 71, 1836.

clausa De Kay N. Y. Moll. p. 31, ex parte, pl. 2,f£13? 1843,

—— Mitchelliana Pfr. Mon. I., No. 760, 1848.

— 4 Desh. in Fer. Hist. ex parte? excl. fig.

— clausa Binney Terr. Moll. p. 107, ex parte, 1851.

The following is Mr. Lea’s description :—

“A. MircHELLiIANA.

“'T. superne obtuso-conica, inferne inflata, longitudinaliter et subtiliter

striata, cornea, diaphana, imperforata, anfr. 5; apertura subrotundata ;

labro reflexo ; columella levi. :

“Shell above obtusely conical, below inflated, longitudinally and

finely striate ; horn color, transparent, imperforate; whorls 5; aperture

nearly round; outer lip reflexed ; columella smooth.

340 Remarks on Certain Species of °

“ Remarks : 1 am indebted to Dr. Mitchell for this shell, which was

sent to him by a friend from Ohio. It is rather larger than the Hy

clausa Say, and H. jejuna Say, but in form resembles them. It may be

distinguished from the latter in not being perforate, and from the former

in having a sharper lip. In its striz it is distinct from both, in having

them larger and much better defined.

“ Hab. Ohio. Diam.7. Length .4 of an inch.”

Lea’s description agrees fairly with the shell now known in

our cabinets as H/. Mitchelliana.

Looking at his “ Remarks,” however, I cannot wonder at the

many doubts which have arisen as to the shell intended to be

indicated, inasmuch as the comparison with HZ. clausa and H.

jejuna scarcely admits of satisfactory explanation.

The fact is, that Lea misapprehended both species, as I learn

from correspondence with him,—-he had in his cabinet under the

latter name, a small form of ZZ. clausa, and I have reason to

believe that a variety, with imperfectly developed lip, of the

very shell which he was about to describe as H. Mitch-

elliana, represented the former species. The language used

by Lea shows that he referred to an dmperforate shell as H.

clausa.

HH. Mitchelliana is eertainly very closely allied to A. clausa,

especially the form described by Say, but in Lea’s species the

umbilicus is entirely closed, and at the base the spiral impressed

lines are more distinct, in which respect it agrees with //. clausa

var. subalbolabris, to which I have already referred.

In //. clausa the umbilical region is more widely excavated,

and the groove, behind the reflected lip, producing the con-

traction of the aperture, is continued at the base of the shell,

becoming wider as it joins the umbilical opening. In Z/. Mitch-

elliana the groove is almost obliterated at the point of reflection

of the lip over the umbilicus, by the more tumid character of

the last whorl.

All the specimens in my cabinet of 77. M/itchelliana are from

Ohio.

North American Helicide. 841

The size is somewhat variable. I add the measurements of

the largest and smallest individuals :—

Diam. maj. 17, min. 14, Alt. 94, mill.

“s 6c 15, 73 13, T9 9 ‘79

Helix jejuma Say.

Synonymy.

Helix yeyuna Say Jour. Acad. N. Sci. Phila. II. p. 158, 1821.

Mobiliana Lea Proc Am. Phil. Soe. II. p. 82, 1841.

jejuna De Kay N. Y. Moll. p. 46, 1843,

Mobiliana Pfr. Mon. I. No. 844, 1848.

— ay Binney Terr. Moll. II. p. 172, pl. 42, fig. 2, 1851.

jejuna W. G. Binney Reprint Say’s Descr. p. 19, 1856.

Say’s description is as follows :—

“HELIX JEJUNA.

“Shell subglobular, glabrous, pale reddish brown; volutions five,

slightly wrinkled, regularly rounded; spire convex; suture rather

deeply impréssed; aperture dilate lunate; labrum a littie incrassated

within, not reflected; umbilicus open, small.

“ Breadth rather more than one-fifth of an inch. Inhabits the South-

ern States.

“ Animal—light reddish brown, with a granular surface, longer than

the breadth of the shell; oculiferous tentacula elongated, and rather

darker than the body.

“This shell is very closely allied to H. sertcea of Southern Europe,

but it differs from that species in being destitute of the hirsute vesture.

I found several specimens of jejuna, during an excursion some time since

into East Florida, at the Cow Fort on St. John River. It is in the col-

lection of the Academy.”

This species has not hitherto been identified, and unfortu-

342 Remarks on Certain Species of .

nately no authentic specimen of it is now to be found in the

Cabinet of the Academy.

In the letter from Dr. Griffith to Dr. Binney, quoted at

page 353, the former mentions having specimens of a shell given

to him by Mr. Lea for jeywna, but not answering Say’s descrip-

tion. Mr. Lea, in his descriptions of 7. Mitchelliana and H.

Mobiliana, refers to H. jejuna, but admits, as I have already

stated, having had under the latter name H. clausa Say.

It is singular that no allusion to /Z. jejuna is made by Dr.

Binney in the “ Terrestrial Mollusks,” excepting by name only,

in the lists in the first volume showing the geographical distri-

bution of species.

Pfeiffer, not knowing the species, copies Say’s description.

In a letter, however, received by Mr. W. G. Binney from

Pfeiffer, in the early part of the present year, he asks, “ might

not H. Mobiliana Lea be identical with the lost HZ. jejuna Say ?”

I believe that the question may safely be answered in the

affirmative; indeed I do not hesitate to accord to Dr. Pfeiffer

the merit of having discovered the lost species.

Lea’s description of his species is as follows :—

“Hf, MosiLiana.

“'T. subglobosa, rufo-cornea, nitida, perforata, spiraé brevi, obtusa ;

suturis impressis ; anfr. 6, convexis; aperturé lunata; labro reflexo.

“Shell subglobose, reddish horn color, shining, perforate; spire short,

obtuse, sutures impressed, whorls 6, convex; aperture lunate; lip

reflected. Diam. .30, length .25 of an inch.

“ Hab. Vicinity of Mobile, Ala.

“ Remarks. In form it is somewhat like H. jejwna Say, but is not

one-fourth its size, and differs in color. There is rather a deep groove

behind the lip, which is reddish. The umbilicus is small.”

It will be seen on comparing the descriptions of Z7/. jejuna

and LH. Mobiliana that they agree pretty closely, the principal

difference being that the former is said to have a non-reflected,

and the latter a reflected lip.

North American Helicide. 343

Dr. Binney (in Terr. Moll.) very accurately describes Lea’s

species; he says, “lip white, very narrow, reflected, a deep

groove behind it; aperture well rounded, semicircular, consi-

derably contracted by the impressed groove behind the lip,

and a corresponding testaceous deposit, or rib, within.” He

remarks in addition: “a great part of the specimens have the

aperture in a much less developed condition, the lip being

acute, or the reflection but partly completed, and the depression

behind the lip not visible.”

I have many specimens of ZZ. Mobiliana, collected in the

old Cemetery at Savannah, by Bishop Elliott, and on St.

Simon’s Island, by Mr. Postell; in none can the lip be said to

be, in the ordinary acceptation of the term, reflected, excepting

slightly at the base of the aperture, and by the umbilicus.

With respect to the animal of HZ. Mobiliana, Mr. Postell has

favored me with the following note: “ Animal longer than the

shell, very light yellowish ; granulate ; superior tentacles very

dark, almost black, with a dark brown stripe running along

the body, from the base of each; inferior tentacles much

shorter, of same color as the body.” This description agrees to

a considerable extent with Say’s ZZ. jejuna. I attach very little

importance to the difference in color of the body of the animal.

Lea describes the species as having six whorls. I have not

seen any specimen from the habitat assigned by him, but all in

my cabinet have from four and a half to five whorls.

In the Spring of the present year I received many interesting

shells from Mr. O. M. Dorman, collected by him at St. Augus-

tine, and on the St. John’s River, Florida, in the neighbour-

hood of the Cow Ford,* mentioned by Say. Among them

were several very young shells, which I was unable to deter-

mine. Subsequently I had from the same gentleman additional

specimens, more, but not fully, mature, yet sufficiently so to

enable me to identify them with certainty as HZ. Mobiliana.

* Say speaks of the “Cow Fort,” but I believe that Mr. Dorman’s designation of

the locality as the ‘“‘ Cow Ford,” is correct.

a ee SO

344 Remarks on Certain Species of .

This shell in its fresh state has a very delicate epidermis,

having a silky lustre. The lower half of the first and part of

the second whorl have microscopic raised spiral lines, which I

have detected in the specimens received from Bishop Elliott

and Mr. Dorman.

The size is variable, viz. :—

Diam. maj. 8, min. 7, Alt. 54 mill. anfr. 5, Savannah.

« SOM ro eke Ae ee SES ae omen ae

- Bh ae AG eat” OE 5 BG. id OMe helmiee:

Helix porcina Say.

Synonymy.

Helix porcina Say Long’s 2d Exped. to St. Peter’s River, I. p. 257,

pl. 15, fig. 2. 1824.

hirsuta Binney Terr. Moll. I. p. 150 (young), 1851.

Say’s description is as follows :—

“HI. PORCINA.

“ Shell depressed, yellowish brown ; epidermis rugose, with minute,

very numerous bristles; whorls rather more than four, depressed above,

beneath rounded, forming a very obtuse angle rather above the centre

of the whorl; umbilicus open, rather small, profound; labrum simple.

“Breadth rather more than three-tenths of an inch. Inhabits the

North-West Territory.”

The annexed is a fac-simile of Say’s figures. I cannot ac-

quiesce in Dr. Binney’s opinion that ZZ. porcina

Say “appears to correspond to 4. hirsuta Say in

an immature state.”

Say originally described ZZ. hirsuta in Nichol-

rn son’s Encyclopedia (1816), the description was

( , also published in the Journal of the Academy in

J 1817. In the same Journal (1821), he enume-

rates it, among other species observed in the Western regions,

as being “ common as far as Council Bluff.”

North American Helicida. 845

It seems to me in the highest degree improbable that Say

would fall into such an error as to describe a young hirsuta

not only as an adult shell, but even as a different species.

Unfortunately no authentic specimen is now in existence, and

no record of the examination of one by any of Say’s contempo-

raries. Dr. Binney does not refer to the species in the Boston

Journal, and in the Terr. Moll. only in the few words above

quoted. De Kay and Pfeiffer merely copy Say’s description.

That Say’s figures accurately portray the species, may be

inferred from the correctness of those of the other shells repre-

sented on the same plate. The outline figure, showing the

natural size, exhibits ‘an aperture by no means agreeing with

that of an immature Azrsuta, having rather more than four

whorls.

Say describes the epidermis of 17. porcina as rugose, with

minute, very numerous brzstles. The epidermis of hirsuta and

Fraterna is not mentioned, but the one species is said to be

“‘ covered with short, numerous, rigid hazrs,” and the other to be

“minutely hirsute.” In his description of HZ. palliata, say

uses the expression “epidermis fuscous, rugose, with very

numerous minute tuberculous acute prominences;” he was

unacquainted with the character of the epidermis of /Z. znjlecta

when he published its description. In his remarks on that

species he says, “several specimens were found, but all dead

shells, and destitute of their epidermis.” If Say’s types of Z.

porcina were young shells, they were surely rather of Z. enjflecta

than of hirsuta. I have specimens of the former from Michigan,

sent to me by Professor Winchell, and from Georgia by Bishop

Elliott, which, as regards the epidermis, lead to that conclusion.

I anticipate, however, that further researches will prove this

to be a distinct species. The publication here of Say’s descrip-

tion and figures will surely induce inquiry.

346 Remarks on Certain Species of *

Helix pustula Fer.

Fie. 1, p. 352.

Synonymy.

Helix pustula Fer. Desh. in Fer. Hist. I. p. 78. No. 102, t. 50. fig. 1.

— “Pfr. Mon. I. p. 422. No. 1096, 1848,

ee “ Chem. ed. II. Helix. No. 389, p. 376, t. 65, fig. 18-20?

— eo, Conch: Icon. No. 721,°ple 121) 1852.

leporina W. G. Binney, Notes on N. Amer. Land Shells, Proce.

Acad. Phil. p. 191, ex parte. 1857.

(non Binney in Terr. Moll.)

The following is a copy of the description by Deshayes,—

“HH. PUSTULA.

“T’. orbiculato-depressa, tenue striata, anguste umbilicata; umbilico

obtuso; rufa vel pallide corned; anfr. angustis, convexiusculis, sutur&

depress& conjunctis, ultimo basi convexiore prope aperturam deflexo,

coarctato; apertura angusta, arcuata, obliqua, alba; marginibus reflexis,

basi dente mediocri, linguiformi, conjunctis; labro bidentato, dentibus:

approximatis inaequalibus.

“ Habite le Texas (Say) (Coll. Ferussac).”

In the description in French, the shell is said to have 44

whorls, and to be 4 or 5 mill. in diam. As to the umbilicus, I

extract the following passage :—

“Le dernier tour est convex en dessous; un ombilic étroit est ouvert

a son centre, et cet ombilic est en partie caché par l’extremite du bord

droit qui s'implante et se dilate sur son pourtour.”

Pfeiffer in Mon. I. describes this species as “ swbobtecte perfo-

rata,’ and gives as measurements—“ diam. maj. 6, min. 5%,

North American Helicide. 847

alt. 3 mill.” In Mon. III. he has the following, as variety of

LH. pustula,—

f. pilosa, umbilico fere omnino obtecto. (Mus. Cuming. spec. authent.)

HI, leporina Gould in Proc. Bost. Soc. 1848, p. 39.

‘ 6", eeve Conch, le. No! 722.4. 121.

I suspect that Pfeiffer’s description in vol. I. rather refers to 7.

leporina. In Vol. III. Pfeiffer suggests that H. Lecontii Lea

may be an umbilicate variety of HZ. pustula,—it is identical with

L. loricata Gould.

The magnified figure (fig. 20) in Chem. ed. 2, is quite unin-

telligible.

Dr. Binney in Terr. Moll. describes as H. pustula Fer. a shell

which I believe to be entirely distinct. He says of it,—“ the

spire is flat, has five closely revolving, rounded whorls, sepa-

rated by a deep suture, the outermost obtusely angular at its

upper limit; beneath convexly rounded into a large umbilicus,

one-third the breadth of the base, and exhibiting the other

whorls within, and with a constriction behind the lip.” He men-

tions that it is found at Darien, and Lee county, Georgia, and

in Florida. In his “ Remarks” Dr. Binney speaks of the umbi-

lical perforation as being “far broader than in any other of the

polygyral group.”

Comparing the two descriptions above quoted, I was for some

time at a loss to understand Dr. Binney’s species.

In the early part of the present year I received, through the

kindness of Dr. Wilson of Darien, Ga., several specimens which

I found to be the /7. pustula Binney. This led me more carefully

to examine a number of hirsute shells, collected by Bishop

Elliott, Mr. Postell, and Mr. Dorman, which were labelled in

the cabinets both of Mr. W. G. Binney and myself, 4. leporina

Gould. I am now satisfied that they are 7. pustula Fer., dis-

tinct from ZZ. leporina, and that Dr. Wilson’s Darien shell, the

H. pustula Binney, is an undescribed species.

The groove within the umbilicus, is a very marked feature

348 Lemarks on Certain Species of

in Ferussac’s species (see fig. 1, p. 352), and though not referred

to in the description is distinctly shown in one of his figures ; it

is entirely wanting in ZZ. leporina, and also in the Darien shell

(fig. 2, p. 852). This groove is not only an externalcha racter,

but its presence modifies the internal structure of the shell. On

opening the base of the last whorl immediately behind the

aperture, a strongly developed transverse tubercle is seen

within, from which a strong ridge-like lamella runs round the

umbilical opening, corresponding in extent with the groove.

This tubercle, and the extension of it, are entirely disconnected

by a sinus or channel from the floor of the penult whorl.

The hirsute character of this species is not alluded to by any

author. The outer edge of the peristome in specimens from St.

Augustine, is of a deep rose color. .

In his “ Notes on American Land Shells,” Proc. Acad. Phil.

1857, Mr. W. G. Binney gives St. Simon’s Island and Savannah,

Ga., as habitats of JZ. leporina. He refers to the shells above

alluded to as to which we both were in error, and which we

have since determined to be HZ. pustula Fer.

The measurements of a specimen of average size, are as fol-

lows:

Diam. maj. 5, min. 4, alt. 24, mill.

For specimens of HZ. pustula from the neighborhood of

Savannah, I am indebted to Bishop Elliott, from St. Simon’s

Island to Mr. Postell, and from St. Augustine, Florida, to Mr.

Dorman.

Helix leporina Gould.

SYNONYMY.

Helix leporina Gould Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. p. 39, 1848.

“Binney Terr. Moll. II. p. 189, pl. xl. @ fig. 1, 1851.

— § Reeve Conch. Icon. No. 722, 1852.

—— pustula Pfr. var. Mon. II. No, 1575, 1858.

North American LHelicide. 349

The following is a copy of Dr. Gould’s description :

“H. LEPORINA,

“T. parva, lenticulari, lucida, rufo-cornea, pilosiuscula, leviter striata,

vix perforatd; spird depressd, anfr. 5, convexiusculis, ultimo superne

subangulato; regione umbilicali excavato ; apertura lunata, labro incum-

bente, reflexo, roseo, dentes duos albos sinum amplectentes gerente ;

lamella columellari obliqua, alba, erecta, acuta, rectangulari, callo lineari

superné ad angulum aperture juncté. Diam. }, alt. 4 poll. Hab. Mis-

sissippi and Arkansas.

“Tntermediate between H. hirsuta and H. inflecta, though smaller than

either. It is less globose than hirsuta, while the aperture is much the

same, except that the sinus of the lip is formed by the projection of two

teeth instead of by an emargination, in this respect resembling 7. inflecta.

From the latter it differs in the columellar tooth. It resembles H. pus-

tula still more, but the umbilical region wants the peculiar channel of

that species.”

Pfeiffer states, in his before-mentioned letter to Mr. W. G.

Binney, that he now thinks this species distinct from /Z. pustula

Fer.

Reeve remarks,—“ It has been much doubted whether this

and HH. pustula are not varieties of the same, still the smaller

shell has the larger umbilicus.” He gives as habitat, Ten-

nessee.

LT. leporina is larger than ZZ. pustula, less elevated, the

whorls are less convex, the incremental strize less numerous and

distinct, and the aperture is wider. The umbilicus is more

nearly covered by the lip, and is without the groove which

prevails in Ferussac’s species.

Within and near the aperture, there is what may be called

the “fulcrum,” extending from the floor of the last to that of

the penultimate whorl, and approaching in character to, but less

strongly developed, than that in HZ. monodon Rack. The outer

edge of this fulcrum is uneyen,—in one of my specimens some-

what denticulated.

350 Remarks on Certain Species of

The measurements of a rather large example are,—

Diam. maj. 6, min. 5, alt. 24 mill.

In my cabinet is a specimen from Green Co., Indiana, re-

ceived from Dr. T. R. Ingalls, one from the vicinity of Helena,

Arkansas, for which I am indebted to Mr. H. Van Nostrand,

—and one given to me by Mr. W. G. Binney, as to the habitat

of which I am uncertain. Mr. Binney has a specimen collected

in Illinois. 7

Helix pustuloides Bland.

Fig. 2. Page 352.

SYNONYMY.

Helix pustula Binney Terr. Moll. II. p. 201, pl. xxxix. fig. 3. 1851.

T. late et perspective umbilicata, planorboided, tenuiuscula, rufo- vel

pallide-cornea, minute striatula ; epidermide tenui, pilosiusculi; spira

vix elevata; anfr. 4-445, convexiusculis, lente accrescentibus, ultimo su-

perne ad peripheriam obtuse angulato, ad aperturam gibboso-constricto,

subito deflexo, basi deviante; sutura valde impressi; umbilico lato, $

diam. maj. equante, omnes anfractus monstrante, prasertim penultimum ;

apertura obliqua, lunato-circulari ; dente erecto, obliquo, albo, lamelli-

formi, in pariete aperturali munito, callo lineari subarcuato superne ad

angulum aperture: juncto; perist. reflexo, roseo, marginibus conniventibus,

dentibus duobus sinu disjunctis instructo.

Shell widely umbilicate, planorboid, thin, rufous or pale

horn-colored, delicately striated, with thin sparingly hirsute

epidermis; spire ‘scarcely elevated; whorls 4-44, slightly con-

vex, gradually increasing, the last subangular at the periphery,

at the aperture gibbous, constricted, suddenly deflexed, beneath

devious; suture rather deeply impressed; umbilicus wide,

equal to one-third of the larger diam. of the shell, showing all,

North American Helicide. 351

but especially the penult whorl; aperture oblique, crescentic,

with erect, oblique, white parietal lamelliform tooth, joined to

the upper angle of the aperture by a slightly arcuate, filiform

eallus; peristome reflexed, with margins approaching, and

having two dentiform lobes separated by a deep fissure.

Diam. maj. 54, min. 44, alt. 24.

Habitat.—Near Darien, Georgia. For the specimens in my

cabinet I am indebted to Dr. S. W. Wilson. As to the station

of the species, I copy the following from one of his interesting

letters :

“The place has an eastern exposure to the sea, high tides

rising to the base of the low bluff where they exist. The

growth of trees, which consists mostly of live oak and Celtis

occidentalis, has never been cleared off; the Palmetto serrulata

flourishes as an undergrowth. The soil is covered for a few

inches in depth with oyster shells thrown there by the Indians,

and decayed leaves and fragments of branches are of course

over all these, under which, and among the superficial oyster

shells, the Helices live. #. pustula is nowhere near, or at least

a rigid search did not reveal any. 7. concawva (dead) occurs in

small numbers. WZ. inflecta abundantly.”

I have one dead specimen from Alabama, sent to me by Mr.

Anthony.

Observations—In my notes on #7. pustula Fer. I have

referred to Dr. Binney’s description of the shell now under

consideration. H. pustuloides is intermediate in size between

HT. pustula and H. leporina—is less globose than the former,

and more sparingly hirsute. It differs widely from both in the

character of the umbilicus—the aperture is much like that of

pustula, but more narrow than that of leporina. The inferior

_ tooth on the peristome is more developed laterally than in #.

pustula—indeed it has a somewhat bifid appearance, in which

respect it is more allied to H. leporina.

SEPTEMBER, 1858. 95 Ann, Lyo, Nat, Hist, Von. VI.

352 Remarks on Certain Species of

The fulcrum in LH. pustuloides is of the same nature as that

in H. leporina, but less developed, and with the outer edge

entire.

The accompanying figures show the base of HZ. pustuloides

(fig. 2) and ZZ. pustula (fig. 1).

Dr. Binney’s figure imperfectly represents the former, and as

regards the size of the umbilicus is inconsistent with his

description.

Helix glaphyra Say.

Say’s description was published in Nicholson’s Encyclope dia

(Amer. Ed. 1816), and is as follows ;—

“V1. GLAPHYRA.

“Shell very much depressed, thin, fragile, pellucid, polished ; whorls

five, regularly rounded, and with obsolete and irregular wrinkles across

them; beneath whitish; umbilicus moderate, not exhibiting the volu-

tions. Pl. 1, fig. 3.

“Taken by Mr. G. Ord in hi8 garden in Philadelphia.

“Tt considerably resembles Helix nitens of Europe, particularly in

being whitish beneath, and will be properly arranged next that species

in the systems.”

Suue s figure, of which the annexed is a fac-simile, is unintel-

ligible,—it shows 34 to 4 whorls only. He gives no

=” measurement in his description,—the largest diame-

ter of the figure is 9 mill.

Through the kindness of Mr. W. G. Binney I am enabled to

publish the following extracts from a letter addressed in Sep-

North American Helicide. S53)

tember, 1840, to his father, the late Dr. Amos Binney, by Dr.

Griffith.

“ H. fuliginosa, same as lucubrata, and this last name should

perhaps be adopted, as I never published, except in cabinets; it

was well known by this name long before Say published, but

by the laws of nomenclature he is entitled to priority. There

has been some dispute as to the identity of this (feleginosa),

inornata, and what is generally considered as glaphyra, but I

think they are distinct. ZZ. fuliginosa has five whorls, dark

colored, umbilicus large, lip internally white; dornata is

smaller, lighter colored, umbilicus partially covered, five

whorls, shell not shining; what is called glaphyra has five

whorls, horn colored, shining, umbilicus partially covered.

These three shells are closely allied, but I think distinct.”

“ H. glaphyra, the original specimen of thisshell, I have often

seen and studied, and always considered it as nétens. It was in

the collection of the Academy of Sciences, but being broken

was probably discarded when the Cabinet was arranged—the

shell usually known as glaphyra is that alluded to above.”

Dr. Griffith, it seems, at the date of the above letter, con-

sidered his fuliginosa and H. lucubrata Say to be identical—

referred to the species now known under the name of /. lavi-

gata Raf. as H. inornata Say, and to H. inornata Binney as

the species usually known as 7. glaphyra,—at the same time

expressing his opinion that ZZ. glaphyra Say was identical with

H. nitens, meaning H. cellaria.

An amusing letter from Mr. J. G. Anthony informs me of his

discovery in 1830 of many specimens of /. cellaria, at Pro-

vidence, R. I. (a species then unknown to him), of his visit

shortly afterwards to Philadelphia, and exhibition of the shells

at the Academy, where they were pronounced to be HZ. glaphyra

Say.

Mr. W. G. Binney, in his “Notes on American Land Shells”

(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1857), considers the testimony of

Dr. Griffith and Mr. Anthony eonelusive as to the identity of

354 Lemarks on Certain Species of

H. glaphyra and ZL. cellaria, but I must confess that I am by

no means satisfied on that point.

Say died in 1834. I have referred to all that can be cited as

evidence of prior date.

Dr. Binney, in the Boston Journal (1840), and also in the

“ Terrestrial Mollusks,” included 4. glaphyra in the synonymy

of HZ. cellaria Mill.

In both works he remarks: “This is the shell which was

found by Mr. Say in gardens in the city of Philadelphia, and

by him described as H. glaphyra. Its restricted habitat in

cellars and gardens in the immediate vicinity of maritime

cities, long since induced me to suppose it might be an im-

ported species; and an opportunity of examining a considerable

number of specimens of 7. cellaria Miill. brought from Eng-

land, enables me to say, that it is absolutely identical with that

species. Shells of the same size and growth from the European

and American localities cannot be distinguished from each

other.”

Dr. Bitiney, with respect to the geographical distribution of

H. cellaria, states that it inhabits the North Eastern and Mid-

dle States, in gardens, and is common in Boston in damp

cellars.

He observes that HZ. enornata Binney is often “taken to be

H. glaphyra Say, by the Naturalists of the West, where the

latter, being an introduced species (/Z. cellaria Miill.), common

only near the sea shore in cellars and gardens, is not found.”

Dr. Gould, in his “ Report on the Invertebrata of Massachu-

setts” (1841), expresses the same views as Dr. Binney; he says,

“there can be no doubt that the //. glaphyra of Say is identical

with the ZZ. cellaria of Miller; a comparison of shells of the

same size and growth showing them to be absolutely similar in

every respect.”

He adds, “It seems as yet to be confined to the North East-

ern and Middle States. The shell which is very commonly

found marked as 1. glaphyra is the LH. mornata Say, in an

North American Helicida. 355

immature state. This is a less delicate shell, but in its earlier

stages, when there is but a small umbilicus, there is no incon-

siderable resemblance between the two, and it would accord

well with the description; but no one familiar with the present

species would ever mistake one for the other.”

Dr. Binney was probably influenced by Dr. Griffith’s opinion

as to the identity of ZZ. glaphyra and JZ. cellaria, but seems to

have arrived at that conclusion rather from the assumed

habitat of Say’s specimen, than after critical study of his de-

scription.

Say states that the shell was taken in Mr. Ord’s garden, but

Mr. Ord has recently informed Mr. W. G. Binney that he found

the single specimen, without the animal in it, on his wharf.

Dr. Binney, speaking of ZH. cellaria, says, “This is the shell

which was found by Mr. Say in gardens in the city of Philadel-

phia, and by him described as H. glaphyra.”

This is not only erroneous in fact, but conveys the equally

erroneous impression that living specimens of JZ. cellarca were

collected by Say in Philadelphia. So far as I have been able

to ascertain, ZH. cellaria has never been found in that city, or

even in the State of Pennsylvania; only in the New England

States.

Dr. Binney and Dr. Gould, having under such circumstances

pronounced Say’s species to be identical with ZZ. cellaria, insist

on the identity of the H. cellarta of America and Europe.

On the latter point I entirely agree with them, but the question

as to 7. glaphyra is in no way affected.

Looking at Say’s description, I cannot believe that his shell,

found by Mr. Ord, was H. cellaria. Say describes the umbili-

cus of H. glaphyra as “moderate, not exhibiting the volutions,”

and compares the species with ZZ. nitens of Europe, “ particu-

larly in being whitish beneath.’ At that date 1. netens Gmel.

and ZZ. nitens Maton and Rackett were known to conchologists,

the one placed by Pfeiffer in the synonymy of HZ. niteda Mill.,

and the other in that of Z. cellaria Miill., both widely umbili-

356 Lemarks on Certain Species of

cate, and showing the volutions to the apex, but only the latter

“whitish beneath.” It can scarcely be doubted that Say actu-

ally referred to HZ. nitens Mat. and Rack., noticing as a distin-

guishing character in ZZ. glaphyra, that the volutions are not

so exhibited in the umbilicus. Say describes three other

species of Helix as having the umbilicus “moderate,” viz.

septemvolva, avara, and tridentata. As to the first he adds, “ at-

tenuated to the apex so as to exhibit the remaining volutions,”

to the second, “not exhibiting the volutions,” but no further

detail is given as to the umbilicus of the third species.

I know not how any one can assume that Say would have

described the umbilicus of a shell identical with the European

or American ce/laria, in the language employed by him in his

diagnosis of glaphyra. The more I study his descriptions, the

more I appreciate his general acuteness and accuracy, and

believe that full justice has not been done to his labors.

Say described //. lagera in 1821 as having the “umbilicus

very small,” and remarked that it “approaches nearest to H.

glaphyra, but is readily distinguished by the greater convexity

of the spire, and the smaller umbilicus.”

This is relied upon as supporting the opinion that glaphyra

and cellaria are identical, or at least that the former and ¢nor-

nata Dinney are not so.

HT. inornata Say (1822), which is I consider LZ. lavigata

Raf. (Fer.), is said to have the “umbilicus small, profound,”

and the species is described as having (irrespective of the

umbilicus), “a strong resemblance to H. ligera.” Now I

must remark, that the umbilicus of /Z. glaphyra and H. avara

are described by Say in the same language, which would

equally well apply to that of ZZ. inornata Binney, and further,

that the umbilicus of . ligera is not only generally smaller

than that of HZ. inornata Binney, but is also less open, as the

columellar termination of the peristome is partially reflected

over, and curved around the perforation.

The umbilicus of ZZ. nornata Say (ZZ. laevigata) is larger than

North American Helicide. 357

that of H. inornata Binney, and the reflection of the peristome

is much like that of /Z. ligera.

European authors can only have formed their judgment on

the questions regarding HZ. glaphyra from Say’s writings, or

those of other American conchologists, or from specimens

labelled by them. Pfeiffer* describes a dark colored variety

of H. inornata Binney under the name of glaphyra, as he ad-

mits in a late letter to Mr. W. G. Binney.

Reeve’s description and figure are also of H. cnornata Binney.

Deshayest+ (Fer. Hist.) has glaphyru in the synonymy of cel-

laria, evidently relying on the opinions of Gould and Binney.

The North American shell which agrees most closely with

Say’s glaphyra is H. inornata Binney,—it occurs in Pennsyl-

vania, must have been known to Say, and there is abundant

evidence to show that many conchologists so interpreted it.

When I visited the Academy at Philadelphia in October,

1857, I found in the cabinet a specimen of H. inornata Binney

labelled HZ. glaphyra Say, in the handwriting, as I was informed,

of Mr. J. Phillips. Mr. W. G. Binney then explained to me,

that many years ago Mr. Phillips had charge of the cabinet,

and so labelled the specimen referred to, but had since admitted

his determination to be erroneous.

With respect to . cnornata Say, described as “subglobose,”

and having “astrong resemblance to H. lagera,” I cannot ac-

quiesce in the opinion that it has been correctly identified by

Dr. Binney. I have already stated my belief that Say’s nor-

nata is the HZ. levigata Raf., the species confounded by Dr. B.

with ZZ. lucubrata Say. Ona future occasion I propose to ex-

amine these questions more fully, but desire now to place on

record the following interesting points relating to them._

* Pfeiffer (Mon. I. p. 112) suggests that H. subplana is the same as his glaphyra,

but the species are most certainly distinct.

+ Deshayes, in his remarks on H. dissidens (Fer. His. I. p. 97), conjectures that

American conchologists have confounded that species with the H. cellaria of

Europe. It seems to be rather a variety of H. concava Say.

358 —emarks on Certain Species of

When Dr. Binney was in Paris, he examined the shells in

the Museum at the Jardin des Plantes, and among his notes

made at the time, and now in the possession of his son, is the

following,—“/7. inornata Say is represented by the shell which

T have figured as /Z. lueubrata Say.”

Say knew and had a speeimen of {. levigata. Inthe cabinet

of Mr. Poulson, at Philadelphia, there is a specimen, as Mr. W.

G. Binney informs me, labelled in Say’s handwriting “ Helix,—

Claiborne, Ala.”

In 1857, I saw at the Academy specimens of H. levigata,

labelled by Phillips, HZ. enornata Say.

For the present I leave /Z. glaphyra Say in the catalogue of

North American Helices, as one which cannot be identified

with absolute certainty, but under a strong impression that it

is identical with ZZ. ¢nornata Binney.

It may be said that the question discussed at so much length

is of little real importance, but if by showing how Say’s species

have been misunderstood, I promote a more eareful study of

his writings, I at least shall be satisfied.

Helix albolabris Say.

SYNONYMY.

Helix albolabris Say Nich. Encye. (Amer. Ed.) IV. p. 181, pl. 1, fig. 1.

1816.

e “ Amer. Conch. No. 2, pl. 13, 1831.

9 Binney Bost. Jl. I. p. 475, pl. 13, 1837.

major “ et SANS. ei. | a

albolabris Chemn. ed. 2, Helix, p. 81, pl. 15, fig. 7, 8.

- Desh, in Fer. Hist. p. 137, pl. 43, fig-1-5, pl. 46 A, fig. 7.

2 Pfr. Mon. I. No. 757, 1848,

major Binney Terr. Moll. II. p. 96, pl. 1, 1851.

albolabris “ # He 99, pl. 2, a

a Reeve Conch. Icon. fig. 624, 656, 1852.

i W. G@. Binney Reprint of Say, p. 5, 33, 1857.

North American Helicida. 359

Say thus describes this species in Nicholson’s Encyclopeedia,—

“TH. ALBOLABRIS.

“Shell thin, fragile, convex, imperforated; with six volutions, whorls

obtusely wrinkled across, and spirally striated with very fine impressed

lines, a little waved by passing over the wrinkles, both becoming extinct _

towards the apex, which is perfectly smooth; aperture lunated, not

angulated at the base of the column, but obtusely curved, lip contracting

the mouth abruptly, widely reflected, flat and white.

“Length of the column three-fifths of an inch ; breadth one inch.”

The form of the shell referred to by Say has been confounded

by European authors with H. evoleta Binney (ZH. zaleta Say),

from which, however, it is entirely distinct. Dr. Leidy, from

whom I sought information on the subject, wrote to me in 1857

as follows: “There is no doubt, I think, that . albolabris and

H. exoleta are distinct species, as their internal anatomy is

quite different.” This effectually disposes of the hypothesis of

Deshayes, who, writing of the latter species (Fer. Hist.), re-

marks,—* Tl est 4 présumer que I’ examen de I’ animal donnera

la preuve quw’il est identiquement semblable a celui de I’ albola-

bris.” I may add that figs. 19, 20, pl. 10, in Chem. ed. 2.

Helix, and fig. 6, pl. 46 A, in Fer. Hist., are of /Z. ewoleta, which

is erroneously placed in the synonymy of /Z. albolabris.

It will be seen that I do not concur with Dr. Binney in sepa-

rating HZ. major from /7. albolabris. Dr. Binney writes (1837),

in the Boston Journal,—‘ Mr. Conrad informs me that he

obtained this shell (ZZ major) several years since, in Alabama,

and considered it a new species, but was deterred from pub-

lishing it as such, by the generally received opinion that it was

only a variety of H/. albolabris.” He observes also,— this was

probably Mr. Say’s view, as the specimens figured by Ferussac

were received from him.”

In the “Terrestrial Mollusks,” Dr. Binney thus remarks on

HH. major :—

360 Remarks on Certain Species of

“Tt cannot be confounded with any other than H. albolabris, and dif-

fers from it in the following particulars :—It is much more globose, of a

coarser and more solid texture, and the striz of increase are much more

raised and prominent, so much so, indeed, as to leave distinct grooves

between them. The revolving striae, so distinct on that shell, are either

wanting or very indistinct. The aperture is smaller in proportion to the

size of the shell, less flattened towards the plane of the base, and more

rounded. The pillar lip and umbilicus are in many instances covered

with a smooth and shining, semi-transparent, testaceous callus. The

margin of the lip is thickened, the lip itself is narrower, less abruptly

reflected, and not so much flattened, and there is often a tooth-like pro-

cess on the inner and upper side of the margin near the umbilicus. The

color of the epidermis is generally much darker. The only considerable

variation in the characters of the shell is caused by the depression of the

spire in some individuals, and indeed in all specimens from certain locali-

ties. In its most perfect condition it is often subconical. It is subject

to some irregularities in the form of the mouth, and there is sometimes

an indication of pale bands in the epidermis of the body whorl.”

He adds,—

“That this is not the same species increased in size by the influence

of a warmer climate, would seem to be proved by the fact that other

species are not larger in Florida than in situations further north, and

that H. tridentata Say, common in every part of the country, is smaller

in Florida than elsewhere. The color of the respective animals is widely

different.”

Dr. Binney’s illustration as to the influence of climate is an

unfortunate one. In the Boston Journal he makes the same

remark, mentioning, however, /7. fallax, instead of L/. treden-

tata, and with his notes on the latter (which he erroneously

treats as identical with the former), he figures (pl. 18, fig. 2)

as “the small variety from Florida” of tridentata, a distinct

southern species, which never attains a much larger size, viz.

the H/. Hopetonensis of Shuttleworth, who, in its synonymy,

refers to that same figure.

North American Helicide. 361

With respect to the larger size of ZZ. major, it may be ob-

served that species in this, as well as other countries, attain

extraordinary development in some particular district—if size

alone be considered, there is quite as much reason for separating

the /7. tridentata and HZ. alternata of Ohio from the forms pre-

vailing in the Eastern States, as ZZ. major from ZZ. albolabris.

The differences in sculpture from certain localities are also

very striking. On Long Island, and near Albany, N. Y., there

is a small, depressed, almost smooth variety of HZ. alternata,—

the Ohio form is striated, while the southern varieties are strongly

ribbed. The Ohio ZZ. tridentata is almost smooth,—I have ex-

amples from Pennsylvania with well-defined, distinct ribs.

Some forms of 7. appressa are without, while others have very

numerous fine revolving strie. Dr. Binney is certainly in error

as to the absence or indistinctness of such strie in HZ. major.

They exist in all the individuals of my extensive suite of speci-

mens, including the forms of which he gives figures.

The tooth-like process on the margin of the lip near the um-

bilicus is by no means a good specific character; it exists in ZZ.

thyroidus from Georgia and Tennessee, and in ZZ. exoleta Binney

from Columbus, Ohio; indeed it is shown in the figure of the

latter in Terr. Moll. pl. 10. I have noticed it moderately

developed in specimens of /Z. albolabris from Ohio and Mas-

sachusetts.

T learn from Dr. Leidy that he has not examined the animal

of H. major. H. major and LH. albolabris are in fact subject to

much variation in size, color, texture, sculpture, form of aper-

ture, and lip, and development of the latter, but there are no

constant characters in either to justify their separation as distinct

species. In my cabinet are specimens which I refer to ZH.

major, from Florida, Georgia, Tennessee, and South Carolina,

forms which seem to be intermediate from Alabama, Missouri,

and Wisconsin,—and of /Z. albolabris from most of the Eastern,

Middle, and Western States, as well as from Virginia, North

Carolina, and Canada West.

362 Remarks on Certain Species of North American Helicida.

The following are measurements of varieties of ZZ. major,—

Diam. maj. 35, min. 30, Alt. 23, mill. (globose), Florida.

« & BT, & 39, «& 99, & «& — Georgia.

sé CB BG, °° Bai, (depresseg).e a

« « gg « 39 « 418° “ (flattened), “

« « 31 «& 96 «& 18° “ (elevated), “

ss ec. 32, 28, “ 16, “ (depressed), Wisconsin,

4 oa eae 0 Ma eS (CS ce Missouri.

The two latter I call intermediate forms—the following ZZ.

albolabris,—

Diam. maj. 35, min. 30, Alt. 19, mill. N. Carolina.

Y Coes aoe Se La ce ilar.

. Cb OR e er Ode 1D te aman a. Weak

« «& 96, & 91, “ 49, “ Pennsylvania.

es Cet, seth oat Fou dala, *) abenmesdea:

I possess two specimens of the above mentioned Wisconsin

shell. Both have a remarkably thick and dark-colored epider-

mis, the tooth-like process on the lip near the umbilicus very

prominently developed, and in one the spiral strive are nearly

obsolete. From its peculiar general aspect this seems even more

worthy of being treated as a distinct species than the typical

(globose) form of H. major. H. albolabris is frequently found

with a small parietal tooth, but such shells are distinct in form

from /Z. exoleta. I havespecimens of H. multilineata with the

same process.

Deshayes mentions Guadeloupe, on the authority of speci-

mens in the Museum, as habitat, though rarely, of ZZ. albolabris.

I need scarcely say that in this there must be some error.

Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes of Trinidad. 368

XXXVIII.—Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes of the

Western Portion of the Island of Trinidad, W. J.

By Turopore Git.

Read September 18, 1858.

By the kindness and liberality of our friend Mr. D. Jackson

Steward of the city of New York, we were enabled this year to

undertake a tour through several of the West Indian islands for

the purpose of collecting and studying the species of molluscous

animals and shells, and incidentally the members of the various

other classes known to the zoologist. In pursuance of this

object, we visited the island of Trinidad, where we resided for

a‘period of several months, which extended through portions of

the spring and summer.

Knowing the intimate relation which existed between the

ornithological fauna of the island, and that of the neighboring

continent, from the mention of the habitats of the species de-

scribed or enumerated in the memoirs of Mr. Philip Lutley

Sclater and other naturalists, and from the collections which we

had the privilege of examining; noticing also the similarity of

the mammals, insects, and the terrestrial mollusks to species and

groups inhabiting the northern parts of South America, we

were induced to inquire if this similarity extended to the other

groups, and for this purpose to devote especial attention to those

two classes of the vertebrated animals,—the reptiles and the

fishes,—which had been most neglected. As most of the species

of the ichthyic class which inhabit the Gulf of Paria, and the

seas which bound the island on the north and east, were found

to be the same as those distributed through the entire Carib-

bean sea, very few were preserved, attention being chiefly con-

fined to those living in the fresh waters of the island.

364 Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes

In the first collection of fluviatile fishes which we had the

privilege of examining, there were found to be species of the

genus /Typostomus of Lacepede and of the Callichthys of

Linnzeus,—one which represented the naked Siluroids and

belonged to one of the South American types of the extensive

genus Pimelodus, as it has been adopted by Valenciennes in the

“ Histoire Naturelle des Poissons,” and finally, a species of the

family of Cyprinodonts of Agassiz. The first three are mem-

bers of groups nearly peculiar to South America. It was conse-

quently discovered at an early period of our investigations, that

the resemblance which existed between the mammalian and orni-

thic faunze of the island extended also to the fishes of its rivers.

Believing that these facts would be interesting contributions to

the knowledge of the geographical distribution of animals, and

having many new species and genera which we were desirous

to make known, we have prepared the present synopsis.

It is not our intention in this communication to discuss the

geographical distribution of fishes of the island. We defer

this to a future time. At present, we will only remark that we

are not acquainted with a single genus of fishes inhabiting the

island and peculiar to the fresh waters, that is common to the

United States, or indeed, as far as is yet known, to any portion

of North America.

Ii.

In the memoir which we now offer as a contribution to the

history of the fresh water fishes of the island of Trinidad, it

is designed to give detailed descriptions of the genera, and such

concise, comparative descriptions of the species belonging to

them, as will enable naturalists to distinguish them from all the

other species of the groups now known. At a future time the

yarious new species which are here indicated will be described

of the Island of Trinidad, W. I. ' 365

in more detail, and those representing new genera will be fully

illustrated.

With the intention of rendering this memoir more useful to

the inhabitants of Trinidad, and to facilitate the identification

of the fishes described, we have given the popular names, when-

ever they have been ascertained, by which the species or groups

of allied species ate known in the island; but there, as in almost

every country, only the larger and more remarkable species

have had such names bestowed on them. As is almost univer-

sally the case among those who are unlearned in zoology, most

of the rare and small species have ne’vernacular names, the lat-

ter being generally regarded as the young of larger ones, and

all the species of a genus, when there is not a marked difference

in color or some trenchant peculiarities, are confounded under a

single specific name.

In the early part of the present year, a work was published

by Dr. L. A. A. De Verteuil, a physician of considerable attain-

ments residing in the island, on “Trinidad; its geography,” &e.

To this volume there is an appendix on the “ Natural history of

Trinidad,” the zoological portion of which contains a chapter on

the “ Mammalia,” and a catalogue of the indigenous species, by

the author of the volume; “an essay on the Ornithology of

Trinidad, by Antoine Leotaud, M.D.P. ;” a “catalogue of rep-

tiles by Dr. J. Court,” and one of fishes by Dr. Leotaud. The lat-

ter is stated to “ exhibit nearly all the genera which may be said

to belong to the island ;” it will be observed what reliance this

statement is entitled to, on a comparison of his catalogue of the

genera represented by fluviatile species with those given in our

synopsis. We had almost determined to pass it over in silence,

but on subsequent reflection, it was deemed advisable to call

the attention of naturalists to it and to correct its errors, in

order that none should imbibe false views on the subject of the

geographical distribution of groups and the habits of species,

366 Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes .

for such would be the result if the genera of the catalogue were

regarded as correctly identified. So flagrant are some of these

errors that the very improbability of their commission by one

having any pretensions to scientific lore might well mislead the

naturalist.

Dr. Leotaud, adopting the classification of Cuvier, and profess-

ing also to adopt his genera, has given a catalogue of sixty-seven

genera, and has noted as representing them less than two hun-

dred species of the osseous fishes of that naturalist. Of these

sixty-seven genera, nine are indicated as being represented by

fresh water species; one of these genera is represented as con-

taining both marine and fluviatile species, and the others have

only fresh water species attributed to them.

We will now give in the author’s own words, such parts of

the catalogue as relate to the species which form the subject of

our synopsis; the notes which we place after the species to

which they refer, are, in the original, placed at the bottom of

the page.

“ Order I.— ACANTHOPTERYGIANS.

Family V.

MENIDEs.

Gerres.—1 species.

Fresh water pike, or brochet.

Family VII.

ScoMBEROIDES,

Trichiurus.—1 species.

A fish found in our ponds and ravines resembling the lamprey ;

hence its name of cutlass-fish or coutelas. |

Order I].—MALACOPTERYGIANS.

Family VY.

CYPRINOIDES.

Poecilia.—2 species.

A small fish found in riyulets, and even in wells in Port of Spain,

of the Island of Trinidad, W. J. 367

Family III.

SILUROIDES.

~ Mystus.—2 species.

The common catfish or machoiran, and the barbe, an inhabitant of

our rivers.

Callichthys.—2 species.

Cascaradura, and a small fish found in clear streams.

Hypostomus—1 species.

Anne Marie.

Family IV.

SALMONIDES.

Hydrocyon.—2 species.

Fresh-water sardines.

Family V.

CLUPE.

Erythrinus.—2 species.

Guabine and yarrao, two fresh-water fishes; the former very common

in ponds, ravines, and rivers; the latter found only in clear rivulets.

Order IIl—Avopat MaacopreryGians.

ANGUILIFORMS.

Synbranchus.—1 species.

Dog headed eel, or anguille-téte-chien, abundant in ponds and

ravines.”

As none of the above fishes are described, the only means

for their identification are in the notes of Dr. Leotaud, refer-

ring them to the vernacular names, which a person who has

resided in the island, or who has identified the species with

those names, can alone know. With this qualification, we will

now proceed to identify and refer them to their proper genera.

The species known to the inhabitants of the island as the

“brochet,” and referred to Gerres by Dr. Leotaud, belongs to

the genus Crenicichla of Heckel, of the family of Chromidoids.

The “ coutelas,” or “ cutlass fish,” belongs to the genus Cara-

pus Cuv., of the family of Gymnotide, and has no other rela-

SEPTEMBER, 1858. 26 Ann. Lro. Nar, Hist, Vou, VI,

368 Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes, —

tion to the Scombroid genus Trichiurus than as a member of the

same class, and its only resemblance consists in the elongation

of the tail into a filament. It has not the most remote resem-

blance to the Lamprey, and even belongs to a different sub-

class.

The fishes referred to Peecilia would have been placed by

most naturalists in the genus Hydrargyra of Lacepede.

Of the Siluroids referred to the genus Mystus, the fresh

water species belongs to the genus which we call Pimelenotus ;

in conformity with the system adopted, it should have been

placed in the catalogue in Pimelodus. The marine fish is a

Bagrus, of which genus there is more than one species in the

island.

There are three genera and at least four species of mailed

Siluroids belonging to the old genus Callichthys. The true

Cascaduras belong to the genus Callichthys as revised by us,

and our new genus Hoplosternum; the “small fish” is nearly

allied to Callichthys paleatus of Jenyns, and belongs to the

Swainsonian genus Hoplosoma.

The “ Anne Marie,” or “Tata,” as it appears to be more

commonly called, is rightly identified as belonging to the genus

Hypostomus.

The two species of so called Hydrocyon belong to two very

distinct genera; one of them is a species of the genus Tetrago-

nopterus as accepted by Valenciennes, and the other is a

Curimatus of Valenciennes, and an Anodus of Spix and Agassiz.

The species of both genera are very abundant.

Of the two species referred to Erythrinus, one only belongs to

that genus as revised by Miiller and Troschel, and now accepted

by ichthyologists; it is that one called “ yarrow:” the other

species, called by the people “ waubeen,” belongs to the genus

Macrodon of Miiller and Troschel.

of the Island of Trinidad, W. I. 369

¥.

In addition to the species given in the catalogue, several

others are noticed in the subsequent remarks on their habits

and uses. It is said that “Besides the above, there are the

common eel (Anguilla) and the Coscorob, very common in

ponds and rivers, the cats (Callichthys?). I have also been told

that a trout is not scarce in our mountain streams; this fact I

have not been able to ascertain.”

There are two species called “ Coscorobs,” both of which

belong to the family of Chromidide and the genus Cychlasoma

of Swainson, or Acara of Heckel; they might have been placed,

as had been done by previous writers, in the genus Chromis.

The “common eel” we were unable to obtain, but there is

undoubtedly a species of eel which is not a Synbranchus, and

which probably belongs to Anguilla or some allied genus. We

have never seen it.

The common river cat-fish or Pimelenotus was twice brought

to us as the trout, but as the species mentioned by Dr. Leotaud

is said to be found in the mountain streams, it is probably a

different fish, and perhaps belongs to the family of Characini of

Miller and Troschel.

We have been unable to identify the fishes called by the

Doctor “Cats (Callichthys?).” They have never been seen

by us, and we were never able to obtain a description from

any of the residents. Do they belong to the genus Doras of

Lacepede ?

A species of Siluroid has been described to us as resembling

the common river cat-fish in almost every feature, but wanting

the barbles; it was stated to be very rare, and only found in

the Caroni river, the chief stream on the western side of the

island. This fish very probably belongs to the genus Ageniosus

of Lacepede.

VI.

We embrace this opportunity of rendering our thanks to the

gentlemen of Trinidad who have contributed to us specimens of

the fishes of the island, or who have otherwise assisted us in our

ichthyological researches.

To our kind and excellent friends, Messrs. Frederick A.

Searles and Frederick Weedon of Orange Grove, Tacarigua, we

are especially indebted. While partaking of their hospitality,

their acquaintance with the island enabled them to point out

and direct us to many interesting localities that might have

otherwise been unknown. Mr. John Wilson, also of Tacarigua,

procured for us several additional individuals of some rare

fishes of which we had previously only unique specimens, and

which we describe as the Corynopoma Veedonii, the Stewar-

dia albipinnis, and the Nematopoma Searlesii. By the aid of

the above gentlemen, and especially of Mr. Wilson, we were

also enabled to obtain a very complete collection of the reptiles

of the island, a catalogue of which will be given in a subse-

" quent paper in these “ Annals.”

Mr. Cleavers interested himself in obtaining for us a suite of

the fishes of a small “river,” one of the tributaries of the

Caroni, flowing past his residence, which has increased our

knowledge of the local distribution of the species.

The Deputy-assistant Commissary-general, Frederick A.

Ibbettsen, also obtained for us specimens of the fishes of the St.

Ann’s river, a small stream discharging itself into the Gulf of

Paria in the rear of Port of Spain, the capital of the island.

They were similar to those found in the Caroni and its tributa-

ries.

To Mr. Sylvester Devenish, Secretary of the Society of Arts ;

to Dr. Philbrick of the Pitch Lake, La Brea; to the Rev. A.

McSorley of Tacarigua, and to the Rev. Mr. Lambert, of Arouca,

we are under obligations for favors shown, and aid afforded.

In the preparation of this memoir, we have been greatly

of the Island of Trinidad, W. I. 371

assisted by the kindness of Mr. J. Carson Brevoort, who allowed

us the use of his extensive and well assorted library, which sur-

passes in the number and value of ichthyological memoirs and

volumes, any other in New York. The officers of the Smith-

sonian Institution of Washington have also enabled us to consult

the library of the Institution.

Specimens of most of the species which are herein described

have been deposited in the museum of the Smithsonian Institu-

tion, and in the private cabinets of Messrs. Steward and Bre-

voort.

VIL.

We will now proceed to describe the genera and species re-

presented in the Island. The classification which we have

adopted is a modification of that of the late Dr. Johannes

Miiller.

Sub-class.

Teleostei, Muller.

Order.

ACANTHOPTERYGII, Arrept, Cov.

Family.

Scrzanip#, Coy.

Sub-family.

Ponycentrina&, GILL.

Genus.

Potycentrus, Murty. anp Troscue..

Body ovate, compressed, covered by moderate ctenoid scales,

372 Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes, .

Head with the profile triangular, thin, compressed, rounded

above.

Mouth rather large, with the gape linear-elliptical. Lower

jaw passing beyond the upper. The intermaxillaries form the

entire arch of the upper jaw and are very extensible, and when

retracted enter between the orbits.

Teeth on the intermaxillaries and dentary numerous, card-

like, with recurved summits: two small patches of similar teeth

on the chevron of the vomer.

Lips thin.

Tonque slender, sub-linear, and destitute of teeth.

Lower pharyngeal bones double, together forming a nearly

equilateral triangle, separated by a furrow in the middle, and

with a posterior sinus: covered by card-like teeth.

Branchiostegal rays six.

Nares two, subrotund, of nearly equal size, in a bare oval

space ; the posterior one immediately before the eye.

Operculum with an angular spine, preoperculum deeply ser-

rated at the inferior margin and for a short distance above the

angle: first infra-orbital serrated.

The various bones of the opercular apparatus and the head

above to the maxillary bones covered by scales like those of

the body.

Lateral line obsolete.

Dorsal long, commencing at the nape, and the greater portion

sustained by spinous rays, which decrease in length from the

middle of the fin towards the soft portion: the latter with a

short base, higher than long, and exceeding the height of the

spinous portion.

Anal long, commencing at about the middle of the body

and a short distance behind the anus; the spinous portion of

extreme length, composing by far the greater portion of the fin;

soft portion similar in size to the corresponding part of dorsal ;

the entire fin has nearly the same proportions as the latter.

Caudal not emarginate.

of the Island of Trinidad, W. I. 378

Ventrals triangular with one spinous and five soft rays.

Pectorals rounded.

The genus which we have now described was first indicated

by Drs. Miiller and Troschel in Sir Robert Schomburgh’s

“‘ Reisen in Britisch Guiana,” and afterwards described in more

detail in the third volume of the “ Hore Ichthyologice.” It

was founded on a single species brought from Guiana by Schom-

burgh. Its natural affinities appear to us to be at present not

well determined. By Miiller and Troschel it was placed in the

family of Scizenidee, and in deference to their opinion we have

so retained it, regarding it, at the same time, as the type of a

distinct tribe. In the great length of the ascending branches

of the intermaxillaries, and the consequent power of protrac-

tion of the jaws, it resembles the Mznidoids. The spinous por-

tion of the anal is of extraordinary length, and is only equalled

by that of the fishes of the genus Etroplus of Valenciennes

among the Ctenolabroids, and by some of the Anabantides.

Only a single species of the genus has been hitherto described ;

it has been called by Miiller and Troschel, Polycentrus Schom-

burghii; the nuniber of anal rays in that species is thirteen,

and the color is indicated by the single word “braun.” The

species of Trinidad has one more ray than its congener, and

differs widely from it in color. In allusion to the last character

we have given its specific name.

Polycentrus tricolor, Gill.

Body oblong oval, highest at the fifth and sixth dorsal spines:

the head forms one-third of the entire length, and is shorter by

an eighth of its length than the highest part of the body. The

diameters of the eyes are rather more than a quarter the length

of the head; they are separated from each other by a space

nearly equal to one of their diameters, and about the same

374 Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes,

distance from the snout. The body is crossed at its place of

greatest depth by fourteen rows of scales.

The dorsal fin commences above the base of the opercular

spine; the anal under the sixth spine of the dorsal.

Dy ari 7) Asia oo OG Foe oe

The ground color is whitish brown, striped with longitudinal

lines of dark brown running along the angles of each row of

scales. The bases of the vertical fins are purple; the remain-

ing portions brownish white with numerous scattered black dots.

The ventrals are purple, dotted with black ; the pectorals white,

immaculate. Head dark brown, dotted with black.

Only two specimens of this fish were obtained, one of which

was taken in the “Tranquil river,” a small narrow stream,

three or four feet in depth, with a muddy bottom, and few or

no stones. The other was captured by Mr. John Wilson, in the

*¢ Arouco river,” under similar circumstances, and in a place

where a number of the larger branches of trees clogged the

stream. Both were caught in company with Cychlasoma teenia,

and with species of Poecilurichthys hereafter described.

Family.

Goss, Coy.

— Subfamily.

Gorin2, Swainson.

Genus.

Crenocostus, GILL.

Body oblong, compressed, with the dorsal and abdominal

outline subrectilinear, gradually tapering to the caudal fin,

without any constriction of the tail.

The scales with which the body is covered are moderate or

rather large, angular at the middle of their free borders, and

with those borders pectinated, the teeth generally decreasing

of the Island of Trinidad, W. I. 375

towards the angles; from the angles, the radiated striz on the

posterior fields of the scales originate.

Head, when not inflated, long, laterally compressed, above

broad and rather flat behind the eyes; the latter are horizontal,

and closely approximated.

Mouth terminal, moderate, with the gape elliptical, jaws sub-

equal. The intermaxillaries which alone form the arch of the

upper jaw are moderately protractile, the ascending branch

being more than half the length of the horizontal one, and re-

tractile to about the anterior borders of the orbits.

Teeth on both the intermaxillaries and dentaries in an ante-

rior row, slender, subcylindrical, reeurved, behind which are

many similar, but smaller ones. The remaining bones of the

mouth and the tongue are without teeth.

Tongue oblong, with the angles blunt, and with the front

emarginate, attached to within a short distance of the margin

to the floor of the mouth by the skin.

Lower pharyngeals together forming an elongated triangle,

with the sides and posterior broadly emarginate and with a

shallow furrowrunning through the middle: teeth not numerous,

long and slender.

Branchiostegal membrane attached to anterior part of the

thorax, and containing five rays.

Lateral line obsolete.

Dorsal double; the anterior one rises above or slightly be-

hind the base of the pectorals, and is of a subtriangular form,

supported by slender spines; the posterior one is long, mode-

rately high and subequal.

Anal smaller than second dorsal, terminating at the same

distance from the head.

Caudal with the margin rounded.

Ventrals funnel-shaped, united anteriorly by a rather low

traverse.

This is one of the many heterogeneous types that have been

376 Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes,

referred to the genus Gobius. The chief distinctive characters

of the present genus repose on the pectinated scales, the approxi-

mated eyes, and the slender and scattered pharyngeal teeth.

Several species of Chinese and Japanese Gobies, of which

Gobius flavimanus of Temminck and Schlegel may be con-

sidered as the type, appear to be referable to this or a closely

allied genus.

Ctenogobius fasciatus, Gill.

Body oblong, with dorsal and abdominal outlines straight,

converging as they approach the caudal fin; anteriorly, it is

thick and little compressed, the size at the pectorals being three

quarters of the greatest height, which is little more than one-

seventh of the entire length; the thickness gradually diminishes

to the tail, which is much compressed. The head is less than

a fifth of the total length, inclusive of the caudal; the eyes are

more than a quarter of the length of the head, and are distant

the length of one of their diameters from the snout; the space

between them is only two-sevenths of an orbit’s diameter. The

first dorsal commences at a distance from the snout of less than

a quarter of the entire length; the space between it and the

second dorsal is equal to the diameter of the orbit. The anal

commences under the second ray of the second dorsal; the pec-

torals are pointed, and extend as far back as the margin of the

united ventrals, or to the posterior border of the anus.

Dew. Ade! A. 10: eCOBe Ts G08. oNnGi--ey oat a8.

The prevailing color of the body is sienna tinged with yel-

low; on the side, there are four dark linear black spots in a

line, the distances between which are as great as their length.

A dark spot and numerous black dots color the base of the

caudal fin. The dorsal fin is of a raw sienna color, and is

crossed by three or four sublinear black spots. The caudal is of

the same color, crossed by five zigzag linear bands of black.

The anal pectorals and ventrals are of a uniform sienna, Head

of the Island of Trinidad, W. I. 377

sienna-yellow, with irregular black spots and dots near the

mouth and between the eyes, and with scattered dots on the

cheeks and opercular bones. A dark spot forming a triangle

covers the operculum.

Order.

PHARYNGOGNATHI, Mot.

Sub- Order.

ACANTHOPTERYGI, Mout.

Family.

Curomipipa2, Bonaparte.

Genus.

CycHLasoma, SwAINson, (EMEND.)

Body oval, compressed, covered by large scales.

Head obese, with the profile triangular.

Mouth moderate, with the gape vertically elliptical; lower

jaw shorter than the upper. The intermaxillaries, which alone

form the arch of the upper jaw, are very protractile, and the

ascending branches are as long or longer than the horizontal ;

when retracted their extremities reach to a point in the fore-

head beyond the anterior borders of the orbits.

Teeth on the intermaxillaries of the anterior row moderate,

sub-cylindrical, approximated, recurved at the apices; behind

these are many irregular, smaller teeth, which increase in num-

ber and size towards the symphisis of the intermaxillaries. The

dentaries are provided with similar teeth, but the hinder ones

near the symphisis are a little smaller than those of the outer

row. Palatines, vomer, and tongue edentate.

Lips thick.

Tongue thick and rounded in front.

Lower pharyngeals united into a single equilateral, triangular

378 Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes,

bone, and covered with moderate teeth, of which the row near

the posterior margin and those along the middle, extending from

the anterior angle, are largest; these are laterally compressed,

curved posteriorly for about two-thirds of their length, and

from this point, with a bolder curve, they advance forwards;

as the teeth approach the sides they lose this form, and begin to

assume a subcylindrical shape with the apices hardly uncinate.

Branchial arches with the concave sides armed with com-

pressed bony papillze, which, on the first pair, are sometimes

dilated at the extremities.

Branchiostegal rays five.

Opercular apparatus with the bones entire ; operculum with

a blunt spine at the angle; operculum, sub-operculum, cheeks,

and the upper part of head, to within a short distance of the

anterior borders of orbits, covered by large scales; the scales on

the cheeks are in three or four rows.

NVares simple, between the mouth and eyes.

Lateral line interrupted; the anterior portion near the back

and nearly parallel with it; the second rectilinear, running along

the middle of the sides and the tail.

Dorsal long, commencing at the nape, with the spinous por-

tion low, sub-equal, slightly increasing in height towards the

soft portion. The latter is much shorter than the spinous por-

tion, high, with the middle rays extended beyond the mem-

brane, and with the anterior and posterior rays decreasing in

length towards the extremities of the fin. |

Anal commencing below posterior spines of dorsal, with

three or four spinous rays increasing towards soft portion. The

central soft rays elongated with filiform extremities, and pro-

duced beyond the connecting membrane, like the dorsal fin.

Both of these fins have the soft portions with their bases

covered by scales.

Caudal with the base covered by scales; the margin rounded

or truncated.

Pectorals large.

of the Island of Trinidad, W. J. 379

Ventrails triangular, with one spinous and five soft rays.

The genus which we have above characterized was first indi-

cated under the name of Cychlasoma by Mr. William Swainson,

in 1839, in his “‘ Natural History of Fishes, Amphibians, and

Reptiles, or Monocardian Animals.” About a year later, Mr.

Jacob Heckel published a very important Memoir on the fishes,

which are comprised in the family Chromidide. In that

work he established, among other genera, one for which he

used the name of Acara, a vernacular term by which some

species of the genus are known in South America. Mr. Heckel

embraced in this genus, those fishes which had been described

by Bloch as Perca bimaculata, Labrus punctatus, and Sparus

Surinamensis, and also the Chromis Nilotica of Cuvier, C. Bra-

ziliensis of Quoy and Gayward, C. taenia of Bennet, Sparus

Desfontaines of Lacepede, and Lobotes ocellatus of Spix. Mr.

Swainson took as the type of his genus the Labrus punctatus,

and refers to the figure given by Bloch:—that species is indeed

the only one mentioned by him. As it is a true Acara, the lat-

ter genus is consequently synonymous with Cychlasoma, and in

accordance with the law of priority, the Swainsonian name

must be adopted as that of the present genus.

The characters given by Swainson to his genus are not very

satisfactory, and even incorrect in some respects. He chiefly

distinguishes it from the genus for which he retains the

name of Chromis, by the rounded caudal fin, and by the large

pectorals, which are also rounded, assigning to Chromis a

lunate caudal, and pointed pectorals and ventrals. But Swain-

son’s Chromis is rather synonymous with Geophagus of Heckel,

for the only species which are referred to it are those fishes

which were described by Bloch as Labrus melanogaster and

Sparus Surinamensis, the latter of which is a true Geophagus,

although placed by Heckel in his genus Acara. Swainson also

‘states, as one of the characters of Cychlasoma, that the “ lateral

line is abruptly bent;” this statement certainly does not con-

380 Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes,

vey a true impression, and is even erroneous, as the lateral line

is interrupted at the posterior part of the body, towards which

the anterior portion of the line is conducted in a direction

nearly parallel with the back, and is abruptly discontinued at

a point under the middle of the soft portion of the dorsal, or

near its posterior termination, and where the constriction of the

body commences. The only genus of Chromidoids possessing

a lateral line, which could be correctly described as “ abruptly

bent,” is the restricted Cychla of Bloch.

The other characters given in the diagnosis of the genus by

Swainson, apply almost equally well to several other genera of

Chromidide. His name itself is also objectionable, but the

law of priority renders it imperative that it should be retained.

Several species appear to have been referred by Mr. Heckel

to his genus Acara, which are not congeneric with the majority

of his species, or with those he first describes. The Sparus

Surinamensis has been referred by Drs. Miiller and Troschel

to Heckel’s genus Geophagus, and is even regarded by them as

the same as his Geophagus megasema. The species of the Old

World that have been referred to Acara, when critically ex-

amined, which Mr. Heckel does not seem to have possessed the

opportunity of doing, will probably be found to belong to a

distinct genus.

The genus Cychlasoma, as we have restricted it, will include

only those species whose bodies are covered by rather large

scales, whose cheeks have three or four rows, and which have

the greater portions of the vertical fins scaleless, only the bases

being covered; the forehead is also generally straight or con-

vex, and the eyes large. With these characters, that species

which Mr. Heckel, in his memoir on the new fresh-water fishes

of Brazil obtained by the traveller M. Natterer, has described

as the Acara crassispinis, will also be excluded: this species

appears to be generically distinct from both Cychlasoma and

from Astronotus of Swainson, the latter of which is represented

by the fish named by Cuvier, and described by Agassiz, as

of the Island of Trinidad, W. I. 381

Lobotes ocellatus. If it should be found, on a more critical

examination, to be really distinct from Astronotus, to which it

is most nearly allied, Heckel’s name of Acara might appropri-

ately be retained as its generic name. This would be no more

than an act of justice to that naturalist, who has contributed

more than any other to the history of the family. The Acara

erassispinis is generically distinguished from Cychlasoma by the

smaller scales which cover the body, the concave forehead,

and the much larger number of rows of scales which cover the

cheeks, the number of rows amounting to ten. It belongs to the

Section E. of the genus Acara, in the arrangement of Heckel, a

section which is characterized in the words, ‘ Bucca squamarum

seriebus 10; squamis omnibus minoribus:” the other sections of

his Acara are distinguished by the number of rows of buccal

scales, the size of the sub-orbital, and the presence or absence of

dark colored vertical bands, und all belong to Cychlasoma, as

now restricted.

Cychlasoma will then include the Acara Heckelii of Miiller

and Troschel, Perca bimaculata and P. punctata of Bloch, and

Heckel’s species Acara tetramerus, viridis, diadema, vittatus,

pallidus, dorsiger, marginatus, dimerus, nassa, cognata, and

unicolor. Some of the fishes recently described as belonging

to “ Chromys,” by Count Castelnau, also belong to this genus,

but as he has not described the character of the pharyngeal

bones or the dentition, it is difficult to refer some of his species

to any established genera. His Chromys uniocellata and C.

obscura appear to be species of Cychlasoma. The species

which he describes and figures as ‘‘ Chromys punctata? Bloch,”

is certainly very different from the Labrus punctatus of Bloch,

and even appears to belong to another genus.

382 Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes,

Species with three spines to the anal fin.

Cychiasoma pulchrum, Gill.

VernacuLtar: Cascarub.

Body highest at the fifth and sixth dorsal spinous rays; com-

mencement of dorsal distant three-tenths of the entire length

of body from the extremity of the muzzle; the greatest height

of the body is nearly one-third of the total length. The head

is considerably less than a quarter of the entire length, inclu-

sive of the caudal; the facial outline from dorsal to mouth

moderately curved. Anal fin commencing under the first soft

ray of the dorsal. Eleven rows of scales obliquely cross the

body at its greatest height. The first part of the lateral line

runs through a row of fifteen scales; the second, one of ten

scales.

D. xiii—1l. A. i1—7, 0.16. Vii 5. P. 12.

The general color of the body and head is olive green. A

number of lines of a sky-blue color, some of the lower of which

are interrupted, obliquely cross the cheeks and preoperculum

in a posteriorly ascending direction ; distant and scattered spots

are generally continued from the latter on the operculum. The

body is crossed by about eight obscure bands; and as many

interrupted longitudinal stripes as there are rows of scales run

along the sides, each stripe being formed by bars running

through the middle of each scale which are abruptly discon-

tinued a short distance from the posterior margins. A distinct,

subrotund black spot is branded on each side, on the fourth and

fifth rows of scales in an oblique line from the base of the

dorsal fin between its eighth and eleventh spines: dots similar to

those on the operculum are also more or less thickly distributed

over the body. There is a distinct infra-orbital black spot.

of the Island of Trinidad, W. I. 383

eit

Species with four spines to the anal fin.

Cychlasoma taenia (Bennett) Gill.

VERNACULAR: Cascarub.

SyNONYMY.

Chromis taenia, Bennett, Proceedings, &c., Zool. Soc. of London, part I.,

p. 112, 1830.

Acara taenia, Heckel (nomen) Zool. Abhandlungen aus den Annalen den

Wiener Museums der Naturgescheite, vol. II. p.

361, 1841.

Chromis taenia D. H, Storer, Synopsis of the Fishes of North America,

page 68. Ib. in Memoirs American Academy,

vol. II. p. 520, 1846.

The body is highest at the seventh spine of the dorsal, which

fin commences in advance of the anterior third of the body ;

the greatest height of the body is more than two-fifths of the

total length, inclusive of the caudal fin. The head bears a pro-

portion to the entire length of one to three and two-thirds ;

its profile rapidly declines from the dorsal. Anal fin com-

mencing under the thirteenth spine of the dorsal. The body

at its greatest height is obliquely crossed by twelve rows of

scales; the anterior portion of the lateral line is contained in a

row of seventeen scales, and the posterior in one of ten.

Color of head dark olive green, tinged with yellow. Body

olive green, crossed by seven to nine obscure dusky bands, and

with as many longitudinal interrupted stripes along the sides as

there are rows of scales. A nearly round black spot is on each

side on the fourth and fifth rows of scales in an oblique line

from the back, and below the eighth, ninth, and tenth dorsal

spines ; two other spots, which are sometimes merged into one,

SEPTEMBER, 1858, oT Ann. Lro, Nat. Hist. Vou. VI.

384 Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes,

precede it. The pectorals are yellow. An infraorbital black

spot is present.

This species of Acara was first indicated under the name of

Chromis taenia by Mr. E. T. Bennett, who described it from

specimens in a small collection formed during a voyage of

H. M.S. Chanticleer. This notice isin Latin, and is confined to

a description of the color and of the radial formula. He gives

as its habitat the island of Trinidad. Subsequently Dr.

David H. Storer gave a translation of this description in an

appendix to his “Synopsis of the Fishes of North America,”

originally published by the American Academy of Arts and

Sciences, in the third volume of their new series of “ Me-

moirs.”

This fish is in that memoir said to be found in the Carib-

bean sea on the authority of Mr. Bennett, although that

naturalist had simply stated that it was found in Trinidad

(“apud Trinidad”). The learned ichthyologist of Boston, who

appears to have been unacquainted with Dr. Heckel’s memoir

on these and the allied genera of fishes, was probably misled

by the knowledge that some of the species of the genus

Chromis found in Europe were marine, and as Mr. Bennett

had not stated that it was from the fresh waters of Trinidad,

rather hastily assumed that it also was marine, and would conse-

quently be found in the whole of the Caribbean sea, in accord-

ance with the law which appears to govern the geographi-

eal distribution of the marine fishes, as well as the other West

Indian marine animals.

Genus.

Crenicicuia, Hroxet.

Body oblong, covered by small scales ; dorsal and abdominal

yutlines nearly rectilinear and parallel with each other.

Head with the lateral aspect elongately triangular.

of the Island of Trinidad, W. I. 385

Mouth moderate with the gape oval. Lower jaw longer

than the upper. The intermaxillaries alone form the edge of

the upper jaw, and are very protractile; their ascending

branches are longer than the horizontal, and when retracted,

reach to a line posterior to the centre of the orbits.

Teeth on the intermaxillaries in an anterior row, moderate,

subcylindrical, and recurved near the summits; behind these

are one or two irregular rows of smaller ones. Dentary with

similar teeth. Palatines, vomer, and tongue naked.

Lips thin.

Tongue rather thin, long.

Lower pharyngeals forming an equilateral triangle, covered

with teeth, of which those near the posterior margin and along

the middle are largest, compressed, and with the summits

scarcely uncinate ; the lateral teeth are much smaller.

Branchial arches with the coneave sides provided with bony,

compressed, scabrous papille.

Branchiostegal rays five.

Preoperculum with the posterior margin serrated ; operculum

with an obtuse spine.

Operculum, preoperculum, and the head above, as far as the

eyes, covered with scales similar to those of the body.

Nares simple, near the mouth.

Lateral line interrupted ; both portions rectilinear.

Dorsal commencing above the base of the ventrals, and

extending along the entire length of the back; the spinous

portion is long, low, and subequal, the soft portion hardly half

the length of the spinous, but much higher, especially the

middle rays, which are considerably produced beyond the

membrane.

Anal commencing under soft portion of dorsal, and terminat-

ing at the same distance, supported by three spinous rays.

Soft portion with the median and posterior rays produced.

The bases of both these fins are destitute of scales.

Caudal with the base covered by scales; the margin rounded.

386 Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes,

Ventrals triangular, with one spinous and five soft rays.

Pectorals moderate, rounded.

We accept this genus with the same limits as have been

given to it by Mr. Heckel.

Crenicichla frenata, Gill.

VernacuLaR: Brochet.

The back from the nape to the posterior third of the dorsal

fin is straight ; from the latter point, it obliquely descends to

the end of the fin, and thence again advances in a straight line

to the caudal. The frontal outline from the dorsal fin to the

snout descends very gradually, and as far as the eyes, in a

slight curve. The head forms two-sevenths of the entire length,

inclusive of the caudal fin. The distance from the mouth to

the origin of the dorsal is only a quarter of the total length,

and exceeds by more than a third the height of the body at

the latter point. There are seven series of buccal scales. The

anterior portion of the lateral line runs through about twenty-

three scales, and the posterior through twelve.

D. xix.—13.' “Av iii.) 8: . Carne, 8° Voie Pots

The color is olive green above, on the sides, and on the head,

and whitish beneath; the demarcation between the upper and

lower regions is very well defined, and is on a level with the

posterior portion of the lateral line. A moderately broad

black band extends from the jaw to the operevlar spine, but

interrupted at the eye; on the operculum this band is bor-

dered beneath with sky blue. A black spot colors each side

beneath the fourth, fifth, and sixth dorsal spines, and on the

lateral line, which is iso bordered with blue beneath, and

sometimes even on the sides and above. On the scales which

cover the upper third of the base of the caudal fin a second

spot, me*gined with yellowish, exists. A number of elegant

of the Island of Trinidad, W. I. 387

metallic yellow spots is painted on the side along the anterior

portion of the lateral line, and extends to the caudal; a second

row also adorns the sides on a line with the posterior portion.

The dorsal and anal have oblique dusky bands; ventrals and

pectorals whitish.

This species is most closely allied to the Perca saxatilis of

Bloch, or the Crenicichla saxatilis of Heckel.

Order.

MALACOPTERYGII, Covimr.

Sub-order.

ABDOMINALES, Cuvier.

Family.

Strurom#, Cuvier.

Subfamily.

Pimetopin#®, Bonaparte.

Genus.

PIMeLENotus,* GILL.

Body entirely naked, oblong, slightly compressed or subcy-

lindrical anteriorly, and becoming more and more compressed

as it approaches the caudal.

Head slightly compressed laterally, with the profile subconi-

cal; moderately broad above, narrowing very gradually to the

muzzle; the posterior prolongation of the interparietal nearly

reaches to the buckler, but is not continuous or united with it;

the bones are covered by a thin, tense, and smooth skin, through

which the sculpture or wrinkles of the casque are apparent.

* TIipedn, fat, and Nwros, back, in allusion to the long adipose dorsal.

388 Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes, .

Mouth with the gape moderate, and nearly square; the in-

termaxillaries are slightly arched; the maxillaries continued

into long and simple barbles; from the skin behind the lower

jaw are also suspended two pair of barbles.

Teeth equal and yilliform in broad bands on both the inter-

maxillaries and the dentaries. _

Tongue thick and large, rounded in front, and attached by

the margin to the skin of the floor of the mouth.

Lateral line extending in nearly a straight line along the

middle of the side to the caudal.

First dorsal with the height and length nearly equal, situated

on the anterior part of the body ; its first ray is generally slender,

and not dentated. Second or adipose dorsal very long, com-

pressed, attached for its entire length to the back, with the

margin generally trenchant, and with the height increasing

towards the posterior half.

Anal short, and with the length and height almost equal,

placed nearly under the middle of the adipose dorsal.

Caudal forked.

Pectorals moderate, with the first soft rays longest.

Ventrals moderate, with rounded margins.

The genus which we have thus named and described is one

of those that have been embraced by M. Valenciennes in a

group which he, as well as other naturalists, considered to be

only of generic importance, and described under the name of

Pimelodus. The Pimelenotis are included in the “ Histoire

Naturelle des Poissons” in a fourth section of that group, a

section which is thus defined :—

“Des pimélodes qui ont, comme les précédens, les barbillons seule-

ment au nombre de six, ou un casque plus prononcé, quoique non con-

tinu au bouclier, parce que sa production interpariétale est trop courte

pour atteindre sa deuxiéme plaque interépineuse, et pour couvrir ou

enchasser la prémiere.”

of the Island of Trinidad, W. I. 389

Even in the section so restricted, there appear to be em-

braced several genera, which we may at a future time name

and characterize. Miiller and Troschel have already separated,

under the name of Calophysus, a most distinet genus, the typical

species of which was formerly placed in this group by M.

Agassiz, in the “ Selecta Genera et Species Piscium,” of Spix,

and by M. Valenciennes in the “ Histoire Naturelle des Pois-

sons.”

The “ preceding” species to which Valenciennes alludes in

the paragraph which we have above cited, form a third section

in his arrangement; they are distinguished by the round and

smooth head; and the presence of only six barbles, the nasal

ones being absent. Two or more genera seem to be also em-

braced in the section. The type, P. raninus, Val., belongs to

anew genus, which we call Barrocnogiants. The species which

constitute this genus have an aspect nearly similar to the North

American Pimelodus, but their body is even shorter and stouter

than in that genus, and the anal, as in almost all of the South

American Pimeloding, is much shorter, and only supported by

from eight or nine to fourteen rays. The caudal is either

rounded or emarginate, and the adipose fin small. Batrocho-

glanis will include the Pimelodus raninus of Val. as its type,

and as additional species P. bufonius, Val., P. mangurus, Val.,

and P. charus, Val.

The fish which Lacepede has indicated as the Tachisurus

Chinensis, from Chinese drawings, appears to be also the type

of a distinct genus, but as we have never been able to examine

it, we are not able to give its characters.

Another genus which was placed by Valenciennes, in a fifth

section of Pimelodus, but which appears to have very little real

affinity to any other genera of Pimelodinz, has recently re-

ceived from M. Dumeril the name of Conostoma. After the

separation from Pimelodus of these natural genera, and several

others that have been founded by naturalists, the genus to which

the name of Pimelodus should be restricted, deprived of the

390 Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes, .

numerous species with which it has little affinity, is almost

exclusively confined to the North American continent. The

Asiatic species, which have been referred by M. Valenciennes

to his first section of Pimelodus, appear to form a distinct

genus, but are only known by imperfect and very unsatisfactory

descriptions, and most of them have never been seen by

naturalists, the descriptions having been drawn up simply from

inspection of Chinese figures. One of these Asiaticspecies, which

has long been known by a brief description and figure given by

Russel in his “History of Aleppo,” and which has received

from Linnzeus, the name of Silurus cous, proves not to belong

to the genus. Valenciennes, who had only the work of Russel

as original authority, referred it to Pimelodus with doubt.

The species has recently been re-discovered, and has been

placed by Mr. Heckel in the genus Arius, in his memoir on the

Syrian Fish, obtained by Russegger. There have been still

further separated from Pimelodus, the Noturus of Rafinesque,

which is confined to North America, the Calophysus of

Miiller and Troschel, peculiar to South America, and the

Asiatic genus, Bagarius of Bleeker. The Tachisurus of Lace-

pede, will also probably be found, when properly restricted,

to be an exclusively Asiatic genus.

The genus which we have now called Pimelenotus, and which

we believe we have been the first to recognise, is, with the ex-

ception of a single species, peculiar to South America and its

zoological dependencies. In the number of its species it appears

to hold that station in South America, which is possessed by the

natural genus Pimelodus in North America; it embraces many

of the species described by M. Valenciennes in the “ Histoire

Naturelle des Poissons,” and by Drs. Miiller and Troschel in

their “ Hore Ichthyologice,” and in Schomburgh’s “ Reisen.”

The P. Sebae, P. pati, P. sapo, P. Hilarii, P. gracilis, and P.

Pentlandii, which were first described by M. Valenciennes, are

some of the species that appear to belong to the “new genus,”

but P. pati and the allied species are doubtful. The species

of the Island of Trinidad, W. I. 391

described by Drs. Miiller and Troschel are the P. Sellonis, P. Ste-

gelichii, and P. Deppei. It is the P. Deppei that we have alluded

to in our remarks on the geographical distribution of the genus,

as being the only species that has been discovered beyond the

boundaries of the South American zoological province; that

species, according to Drs. Miiller and Troschel, was brought by

the gentleman to whom it was dedicated, M. F. Deppe, from

the Sandwich Islands, but from what particular island we are

unfortunately not informed. The discovery of a representative

of this group in those Islands is most interesting, and we may

well look forward to the time when our knowledge of their

fresh water fishes will be increased, as an archipelago that has

contributed to the malacologist so many species of most interest-

ing genera peculiar to the Islands, will doubtless afford some

interesting ichthyic novelties.

Pimelotus Vilsoni, Gill.

Vernacutar: Catfish ; Barbe.

This species is one of the most slender of the genus. Of the

entire length from the snout to the termination of the lobes of

the caudal fin, the head to the end of the operculum bears a

proportion of only one to about five and two thirds; the visible

portion of the posterior projection of the interparietal of Cuvier

and Valenciennes, or the supra-occipital of Owen, extends a

very short distance beyond the operculum. The cranium is

irregularly wrinkled, the wrinkles becoming more prominent,

posteriorly. The anterior “fontanelle,”’ or “solution of con-

tinuity,” is elongated and narrow, extending from a point on a

line between the inner angles of the maxillary barbles, as far

back as the posterior borders of the orbits. The eyes are large

and longitudinally oval, and the longitudinal diameters are con-

tained between four and five times in the length of the head,

392 Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes,

from the snout to the margin of the operculum. Less than one

and a half of these diameters separates the eyes from each

other, and the same distance intervenes between them and the

muzzle. The superior nasal openings are very small, and

nearly equidistant between the anterior borders of the orbits

and the muzzle. The upper jaw is shorter than the lower. The

maxillary barbles reach as far back as the end of the anal, and

often even to the tail. The opercula are radiatedly striated.

The pectoral spine is rather slender, shorter than the first soft

ray, and generally denticulated along the whole of its internal

border, and on its external one towards the extremity. The

first dorsal ray is a very slender spine, which is sheathed in a

membrane that extends much beyond the spine itself. The

ventrals are nearly under the dorsal’s posterior ray. The cau-

dal is unequally forked, and its lower lobe is larger, and has its

margin rounded.

The radial formnla, inclusive of the rudimentary rays, may

be rendered as follows :

Dw T. 6. AvdQy G. Bi de ze TO: PAB, VE Gs

The color of the upper regions of the body is brown; beneath

it is pearly. The caudal, anal, ventral, and pectoral fins are

minutely punctate. At the base of the dorsal there is a rather

broad longitudinal dusky band; this is succeeded above by a

pearly band, which is about as broad, or sometimes broader

than the preceding; the remainder of the fin is of a lighter

color than the basal band, the dusky appearance being caused

by the numerous dots with which the membrane is covered.

'. This species appears to be more nearly allied to the Pimele-

notus Sellonis, described by Messrs. Miiller and Troschel in their

“ Hors Ichthyologice,” than to any species that has yet been

discovered. It differs from that fish, however, in the greater

length of the barbles, the position of the anal, and the number

of its rays, and also in the proportions of its parts to each

other.

of the Island of Trinidad, W. I. 393

Subfamily.

Catticutayin#®, Bonaparte.

Genus.

CALLICHTHYS, LINN. (EMEND.)

Body oblong, compressed, with the dorsal: and abdominal

outlines nearly rectilinear and parallel; the median line of the

back behind the first dorsal is bare, or sometimes covered by

small and irregular plates.

Head broad and much depressed: interparietal plate with

the breadth and length nearly equal, and with the posterior

extension short and obtuse. Nuchal plates with their internal

borders contiguous for the entire or greater part of their length,

and each of a sub-triangular form, with the posterior margin

rounded and parallel, or nearly so, with the dorso-lateral plates

which succeed them on the body.

Eyes very small.

Mouth small, with the gape sub-cireular. Jaws nearly equal,

or with the upper slightly projecting when the mouth is closed.

Teeth on the dentaries very small, compressed, and recurved.

The intermaxillaries and vomer appear to be edentate.

Lips thin, covering the jaws, the lower forming a membra-

nous veil reflected backwards and emarginate. Each angle of

the mouth is furnished with a double barble, whose branches

are only united at the base.

Branchiostegal membrane supported by three moderate rays,

and a small or rudimentary one.

First dorsal subquadrate, above the ventrals.

Second dorsal above the anal, and consisting of a single spine

or spiniform plate, which sustains a slender membrane represent-

ing the adipose fin of the Pimelodinge ; this spine is preceded by

several small plates.

Anal short.

394 Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes,

Caudal with the margin rounded.

Ventrals with the margins rounded; the first rays are spi-

nous.

Humeral plates anteriorly approximated to each other on the

breast, and with the internal sides receding from each other in

opposite directions, in such a manner as to leave the breast per-

fectly unprotected posteriorly ; these plates are curved back-

wards behind the pectoral fins, and are prolonged behind into

a triangular spine, from the angle of which they advance

obliquely upwards and forwards to the mastoid plates.

Callichthys, as we have now limited it, will only include the

species of the old genus with naked breasts. The species now

known are C. asper, Val., C. laviceps, Val., if distinct from the

preceding, C. exaratus, Mull. and Troschel, and C. celatus,

Val. The C. pictus of Mull. and Troschel appears to be also

referable to this genus.

Callichthys Kneri, Gill.

VERNACULAR; Cascadura.

The length of the head, from the snout to the,inferior angle

of the branchial aperture, equals the height of the body, and is

rather less than one sixth of the entire length, including the

caudal fin. The casque is covered by a number of irregular

raised lines, which give a coarse reticulated appearance to it,

leaving pits in the interspaces. The eyes are considerably

nearer to the extremity of the snout, than the end of the

opercular spine; their diameters are one tenth of that distance,

and they are separated from each other by a space equal to

seven of their diameters.

The pectoral fins have the spinous rays compressed, strongly

serrated on their edge, and the external side beset with rather

strong, recurved tooth-like spines.

D.Li1s A 6), Oris Be Bete Vee:

of the Island of Trinidad, W. I. 395

The color is a brownish black, with a darker line along the

length of each plate. The naked skin of the abdomen is

shghtly tinged with purple. The rays of the caudal fin are

barred with brownish black.

It attains a length of about four inches.

We have taken pleasure in dedicating this species to Prof.

Rudolph Kner, who has contributed much to our knowledge

of the Callichthyinee, and other groups of Siluroids.

Genus.

Hoptosternum, GILL,

Body oblong, compressed, with the dorsal and abdominal

outlines nearly straight and parallel; the median line of the

back behind the first dorsal is naked, or protected by small

plates.

Head broad, and moderately depressed. The interparietal

plate is little, if any, broader than long, and its posterior pro-

longation is short and obtuse; nuchal plates broad, contiguous

along the median line for the greater portion of their length.

Eyes moderate.

Mouth small, with the gape subcircular; the upper jaw is

little longer than the lower. The intermaxillaries, dentaries,

and vomer are destitute of perceptible teeth.

Lvps thin; the lower is reflected backwards, and emarginated

in the middle; at each angle of the mouth, there is a double

barble as in Callichthys.

Branchiostegal membrane consisting of three moderate rays,

and a small rudimentary one.

Dorsals and anal with the same form and situation as in the

genus Callichthys.

Caudal emarginate, or occasionally slightly rounded.

Ventrals with rounded margins.

Humeral plates anteriorly, either simply contiguous or inter-

locking with each other on the breast; the internal borders

396 Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes, -

recede from each other at an angle less than a right angle, and

are extended backwards for some distance, when they are ter-

minated by a more or less rounded angle, from which they

advance obliquely upwards and forwards to the mastoid plates;

the sides of the breast are thus protected by these plates, and

the interval or bare skin of the breast between them, is of a

more or less elongated triangular form.

This genus is framed for the species of Callichthyinee with the

head depressed, and with the breast protected by the humerals.

The Callichthys levigatus of Valenciennes, of which the C.

subulatus of the same author is the male, may be considered

as its type. The remaining species are C. littoralis of Hancock,

which appears to be distinct from C. leevigatus, C. albidus, Val.,

C. chiquitos, Castelnau, C. thoracatus, Val., and OC. longifilis,

Val. The C. personatus of Ranzani, and C. sulcatus of Kner,

appear to be synonymous with the latter species.

HMoplosternum laevigatum, (Val.) Gill.

VERNACULAR; Cascadura.

SYNONYMY.

Callichthys laevigatus, Val. ist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. 15, p. 314,

(female.) 1840.

This species is very variable in its proportions, in the length

of the spinous rays of the pectorals, and in the extent and width

of the naked skin which intervenes between the frontal plates.

It rarely reaches a length of more than five or six inches, of

which the height generally forms considerably less than a quar-

ter. The head bears a variable proportion to the greatest

height of the body, the latter being sometimes less, and some-

times greater than the length from the muzzle to the margin

of the operculum: the height is always greatest at the first

dorsal spine, from which point the profile descends, with a very

of the Island of Trinidad, W. I. 397

slight curve, to the snout; this curve is boldest between the

interparietal projection and the dorsal spine ; from the former

point to the snout, it is nearly straight. The whole surface of

the casque is pitted; the indentations are generally more

numerous and approximated on the anterior plates, than on the

posterior ones; and are there separated from each other only by

the broad and elevated lines of the surface, which, by their

frequent intersection, give a coarsely reticulated appearance to

the casque. The interspace between the interior margins of the

anterior frontals, or the “ solution of continuity” of Valenciennes,

is generally large, of an ovate-fusiform shape, and extends from

the anterior angle of the interparietal, (where it is sometimes

slightly rounded, the interparietal being proportionally emar-

ginated, or truncated) to within a short distance of the bare skin

of the muzzle, from which it is generally separated by the inter-

vention of a small sub-triangular plate, whose apex is posterior,

Occasionally this plate is absent, and the bare skin of the

muzzle is continuous with that of the interval between the

frontals; this interval is also variable in its proportional length,

sometimes being thrice as long as it is wide, and at other times

not more than twice its width. The eyes are circular and of

moderate size, the diameters of the orbits forming about a

sixth of the entire length of the head; they are separated from

each other by about three and a half, and are at a distance

from the snout of about two and a half diameters.

This description applies equally to the males and the females.

We now proceed to describe the sexual characters and differ-

ences; these are chiefly manifested exteriorly in the spines of

the pectorals, and have afforded to Valenciennes the charac-

ters which distinguish two of his nominal species, the Cadlich-

thys laevigatus, and the C. subulatus.

In the males, or those described by Valenciennes as Ca/-

lichthys subulatus, the spines of the pectoral fins are stout;

externally, and on the superior borders, they are covered by

rasp-like asperities; internally, they are nearly smooth; a smooth

398 Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes, |

space is also on the exterior sides, which extends across the

greater portion of the width of the base, and thence gradually

decreases towards the middle of the spine; the internal border

is serrated for the third or half of its length, commencing at the

base; the length of each spine is generally contained about four

times and a half in the extreme length of the fish. The genital

papilla is about a third of the length of the ventral fin.

The female has been described under the name of Callichthys

laevigatus ; in this sex, the spines of the pectorals are for the

most part smooth on both sides, but covered on the superior

borders with rasp-like asperities as in the male; the interior

borders are strongly serrated for almost the entire length;

these spines are never recurved at their apices, but nearly

straight for the entire length, or very slightly curved inwards;

they are also generally shorter than those of the males, although

the length varies, being sometimes nearly a fifth of the entire

length, while in other individuals, as in those described by

Valenciennes, they are contained as much as six times and a

half in the extreme length of the body. The genital papilla is

much shorter than in the male.

Dede See Gry 646. Tid Wve: Bots:

The last rays of both the dorsal and anal fins are double.

The color of the fish preserved in spirits is a dark olive brown

above, and lighter beneath, with the margins of the dorso-late-

ral plates also lighter. The naked skin of the abdomen is

tinged with purple.

Vague and comprehensive as this description may appear,

there cannot be any doubt that it is only applicable to one

species. We have so many specimens, and the passages

between the aberrant forms are so well established, that we

have finally, without hesitation, referred all of them to one

and the same species. We had, indeed, at first believed

that those individuals in which the azygous plate between the

anterior frontals is absent, and in which there is also a broad

of the Island of Trinidad, W. I. 399

channel connecting the bare skin of the muzzle with that of

the “fontanelle,” belonged to a distinct species, especially as

those differences were accompanied by rather smaller size, and

longer pectoral spines. On a closer examination of other indi-

viduals, we found that the plate varied greatly in size, and

that in some, in which the channel hardly existed, it was obso-

lete. The pectoral spines were also found to vary in length in

specimens that were otherwise identical. We have, therefore,

concluded to regard the two specimens with those characters

as only forming a variety.

The Callichthys levigatus of Valenciennes appears to have

been first figured in the great “ Atlas du Voyage dans l’Ame-

rique Meridionale” of M. D’Orbigny. As Dr. Kner has already

observed, the figure given represents a female. On a com-

parison of specimens of the Trinidad fish with that figure, a

difference is observed in the form of the operculum, and in the

caudal plates; but as the figure does not appear to have been

drawn with much attention to the minute details, we do not

venture to separate the two on such evidence, after the positive

assertion of Valenciennes. In the figure of the species of

Buenos Ayres, the operculum is represented as having the

border slightly emarginate, while in the fish of Trinidad, it is

nearly straight; the caudal plates are also represented as being

quite angular posteriorly in the figure of D’Orbigny; in the

Trinidad species they are more rounded. Little reliance, how-

ever, is to be placed in the latter character, as the caudal plates

are subject to considerable variation. Still greater differences

are perceptible in the forms of the mastoids, and both pairs of

frontals; but the design of the former appears to have been an

error of the draughtsman.

Subsequently, M. Valenciennes, in his continuation of the

“Histoire Naturelle des Poissons,” described this species, and

referred to the figure in the “ Atlas” of M. D’Orbigny. In this

work he stated that he had received it from Buenos Ayres,

through M. D’Orbigny, and from Trinidad, through M. Robin.

SEPTEMBER, 1858. 98 Ann. Lyo. Nat, Hist. Vou. VI.

400 Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes,

The distance between those two places is so great, that it ap-

pears hardly possible that the same species oceurs at both

points. We have, consequently, only given in the synonymy

reference to the “ Histoire Naturelle des Poissons,” in which

it is said to inhabit Trinidad; as the figure of M. D’Orbigny,

only represents the fish found in Buenos Ayres, we have omitted

to refer to it. ,

At a later date, Dr. R. Kner published (in the seventeenth

volume of the “ Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-naturwis-

senschaftlichen Classe der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissen-

schaften,” for June, 1855), ““Ichthyologische Beitrige,” con-

taining descriptions, among other Siluroids, of the species of

Callichthys preserved in the Museum of the Academy. In

that memoir he deseribed the C. levigatus Val., and drew

attention to the fact that the species, as described in the

“ Histoire Naturelle des Poissons,” and figured in the Atlas of

D’Orbigny’s voyage, was a female, and that the C. subulatus of

Val. would probably prove to be a male of the same species.

Dr. Kner does not positively state the place from which his

specimens of C. leevigatus were procured.

The C. subulatus of Val. is stated by its founder to have been

brought from Buenos Ayres with the C. leevigatus, and also to

have been sent from Cayenne by M. Poiteau. There can be

little doubt, as Dr. Kner has suggested, that this fish is the

male of the C. levigatus. The male of the species found in

Trinidad corresponds as well to the description given by M.

Valenciennes of his C. subulatus, as the female does to that of

C. levigatus, and if we had been positive of the identity of the

fish of that island, with the one of Buenos Ayres, we would

have placed the C. subulatus as a synonym. The proof of

the identity of the Buenos Ayrian and Trinidad fishes remains

to be satisfactorily proved, as we have already observed. The

specimens brought by M. Robin from Trinidad were probably

dried, as in the case of Hypostomus Robinii, and had perhaps

lost some of their specific characters. If it should be found

of the Island of Trinidad, W. J. 401

necessary to regard the Trinidad fish as a distinct species, the

name of H. sapidissimum may be given, in allusion to the

esteem in which it is held in the island as an article of food.

Hoplosternum Stevardii, Gill.

VERNACULAR: Cascadura.

This species is very closely allied to the Hoplosternum leevi-

gatum, but the description which we proceed to furnish will

prove that it is quite distinct.

It attains a larger size than the preceding; the two males

which are in our possession being between eight and nine

inches in length from the muzzle, to the ends of the lobes of

the caudal fin; in this length, the head is contained about four

times and two-thirds, and is slightly shorter than the body is

high at the dorsal spine: the profile slopes with a slight but

continuous curve from this point to the snout. The entire

surface of the casque is very closely pitted, and the raised lines

between them form a coarse network. These pits are also

finely granulated, and the surface thus assumes, when viewed

under a magnifier, an appearance slightly resembling that of

the brain coral (Afeandrina). The naked interspace between

the anterior frontals, or the “solution of continuity,” is of an

oval form, and is shorter and broader than in Hoplosternum

levigatum ; it extends for about three-quarters of the distance

of the inner margins of the frontal plates, terminating posteriorly

at the interparietal, the anterior angle of which plate is slightly

truncated ; anteriorly, this interspace is rounded; the anterior

azygous triangular plate between the anterior frontals is of

moderate size. |

The eyes appear to be smaller than in the Hoplosternum

levigatum, the diameters of the orbits being rather less than

a seventh of the entire length of the head from the snout to the

402 Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes, —

margin of the operculum; the space that intervenes between

them is equal to about four and a half of their diameters, and

that which separates them from the muzzle equals three and a

third diameters.

In the males, the spines are robust, compressed, and con-

tained between four and a half and five times in the extreme

length of the body ; they are recurved at their extremities, and

the external sides and superior border, as well as the superior

half of the internal sides, are covered by rasp-like asperities; at

the base of the spine on the external side, there is an elongated

triangular smooth space, and the lower portion of the internal

side is also smooth; the internal border is entire, and not ser-

rated. .

The female of this species has never been seen by us.

The radial formula is nearly the same as in the Hoplosternum

levigatum.

DL ST ALR OM 6Aks Wei ORB,

The color, as in the preceding species, is olive brown above,

with a tinge of purple on the skin of the abdomen.

Genus.

Horrosoma, Swarnson.

Body oblong, compressed, highest at the anterior dorsal fin,

with the dorso-lateral plates overlapping each other on the

median dorsal line, behind the first fin.

Head compressed, and with the profile presenting nearly the

form of a rectangular triangle; interparietal plate with an

elongated triangular posterior extension; nuchal plates sub-

lateral and oblique, with the shape subrhomboidal, and with

the transverse and longitudinal diameters nearly equal; they

are separated from each other by a median plate.

Mouth inferior and small, and with an oval gape.

Intermaxillaries, dentaries, and vomer smooth, or with micro-

scopic teeth.

Tips thin; the upper hardly covering the jaw; the lower

of the Island of Trinidad, W. I. 403

one is reflected backwards, and emarginated in the middle, and

the angles on each side of this emargination are generally pro-

tracted into two short barbles. A double barble, which is a

prolongation of the maxillary, is present at each angle of the

mouth, as in Callichthys, and Hoplosternum.

First dorsal quadrangular, and opposite the ventrals.

Second dorsal, a small adipose fin sustained by a single spine,

which is preceded by several azygous plates.

Caudal forked.

Pectorals rounded.

Ventrals subtriangular.

Humeral plates as in Hoplosternnm, anteriorly contiguous,

and with the internal borders abruptly departing from each

other at less than a right angle, and leaving the bare skin of

the abdomen between their borders of a semi-elliptical form.

Anus a short distance posterior to the base of the ventrals.

This genus was first established in 1839, by William Swain-

son, in the work* that we have before had occasion to refer to ;

the name is in that work incorrectly written Hoplisoma. The

genus was framed for the reception of the Cataphractus punc-

tatus of Bloch, which was the only species known at that time.

Since then, several species have been added by different

zoologists. Those at present known are Hoplosoma paleatum,

or the Callichthys paleatus of Jenyns, and the H. splendens and

H. taiosh, which were likewise described by Count Castelnau

as species of Callichthys. We now add a species from Trinidad

very nearly allied to that described by Jenyns.

Hoplosoma zneum, Gill.

VERNACULAR: Cascadura.

Body oblong, highest at the spinous ray of the first dorsal

fin, from which the dorsal outline slopes in nearly a straight

* The Natural History of Fishes, Amphibians and Reptiles, or Monocardian

Animals, vol, i., p. 336, and vol. ii, pp. 189, 304.

404 Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes, -

line to the caudal; the greatest height is rather less than a fifth

of the total length, inclusive of the caudal, and is two and a

half times greater than the height at the end of the tail. The

head, from the muzzle to the margin of the operculum, is con-

tained three and two fifth times in the length from the muzzle

to the base of the caudal, and five times in the entire length,

including the caudal fin. The eyes are about two-ninths of the

length of the head, and are distant more than two diameters

from each other, and still further from the muzzle.

The first dorsal commences at a distance from the snout,

exceeding one and two thirds of the head’s length; its base

equals three diameters of the eye, and the distance between its

last ray, and the spine of the adipose fin, is less than four

diameters.

De Tate AST GE 6B, Leaving aes Bak:

The head and dorso-lateral plates are of a deep bronze color ;

the ventral plates yellowish. All of the fins are immaculate.

The operculum, and the humeral and nuchal plates are of an

iridescent blue color.

This species is very closely allied to the Hoplosoma palea-

tum (Callichthys paleatus, Jenyns), but it differs from that

species by the proportionally longer head, and the greater dis-

tance between the first and second dorsgals, as well as by the

unspotted dorsal and caudal fins.

This fish is very abundant in the clear streams of the island

of Trinidad, and lives in numbers of twenty or thirty, or even

more. It attains a length of from two and a half to three, and

sometimes even four inches, while the H. paleatum is said to

be less than two inches long.

of the Island of Trinidad, W. I. 405

Family.

GoNIODONTES, AGASSIZ.

Sub-family.

Hyprostomin#, GILx.

Genus.

Hyeosromus, Lacerepr, Kner.

Body oblong and moderate, sub-angular, covered by several

rows of high, imbricated plates, which are more or less pectinated

posteriorly. Abdomen covered with very small granulated

plates.

Head large, broader than the body, depressed, with the ver-

tical aspect semi-oval, and with the eyes oblique, and visible

from above. Branchial apertures advanced far forwards, and

under the eyes. Interopercula with the margins simply pec-

tinated or dentated.

Mouth moderate, with the labial veil semicircular and entire,

straight and narrow in front, with broad and rounded margin be-

hind, and with the whole of the inferior surface studded with

papilla ; opposite the angles of the mouth, a small tentacle

is often continued from each side of the veil.

Teeth rather short, slender, curved, and with hooked apices.

first dorsal subquadrate, placed over the bases of the ven-

trals, and rather higher than long.

Anal small, composed of one simple and four or five soft

rays, placed a short distance behind the anus, and between the

first and second dorsals, or under the last rays of the former.

Caudal forked or lunate; the lobes nearly equal, or the lower

slightly longer than the upper.

Pectoral large, with the first ray a large and robust clavate

spine, beset with villiform teeth.

Ventrals moderate, with the first ray simple, large, car-

tilaginous, and flexible, and with asperities similar to those

on the pectorals.

406 Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes,

Hypostomus Robinii, Val.

Vernacutar: Zata.

Synonymy.

HT, Robini, Cur. and Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xv., p. 500, 1840.

The body behind the head is slender, and has four longitudi-

nal caringe above, of which the two superior run along the row

of plates on each side of the dorsal, leaving the back between

them flattened; of the remaining two, one runs on each side

along the centres of the second row of plates. Another carina

is formed by the angles of the fourth row, and is very distinct

anterior to the ventral, and obsolete behind it.

The head from the muzzle to the nape is about two-ninths of

the entire length of the body, inclusive of the caudal; but

excluding that fin, it bears a proportion to the body of one to

three and a fifth. The width of the head at the base of the

pectorals is considerably less than its length; the anterior por-

tion of the interparietal is tumid, and from this tumidity a blunt

ridge proceeds backwards to the short, sub-acute termination

of the plates; the plates above the eye are also tumid, and an

obsolete ridge is continued from each to the second lateral

carina from the back; another rounded ridge advances from

the antero-superior border of the orbit to the anterior border of

the nostril; a wide, rounded, central ridge also extends from

the muzzle to the space between the nostrils. The eyes are a

seventh of the length of the head, and separated from each

other by a space equal to three diameters; the interval be-

tween them and the muzzle exceeds four diameters.

DL TL A. 1,4) (Cs 1,6) 8s oR AB Bos,

Head with numerous round black spots. Dorsal purplish,

with two rows of black spots between the intervals of the rays ;

one of these rows is frequently obsolete, and sometimes the two

ae a eee

of the Island of Trinidad, W. I. 407

coalesce, forming a single row of larf&e spots. Pectorals and

ventrals with single rows of spots between the rays.

It attains a length of six to nine inches, and is occasionally

found a foot in length.

A single dried individual of this species was brought from

Trinidad by M. Robin, and served for the description of that

species by M. Valenciennes. Other but smaller specimens

have been brought from the tributaries of the Rio de la Plata

by M. D’Orbigny, which M. Valenciennes was unable to dis-

tinguish from the species of Trinidad. M. Valenciennes

describes the interparietal plate as being destitute of a crest,

but with a slight convexity, and places it at the head of a

section, composed of species in which the angles and erests are

nearly obsolete, and the head and body become gradually de-

pressed. No mention is made of the blunt and obsolete ridges

and elevations noticed in the above description, but as our speci-

mens are from the same place as the one described by the

French ichthyologist, and agree in other respects, there can be

no doubt that they belong to the same species.

If this fish has been correctly identified as belonging to the

same species as that found in the affluents of the La Plata, it

has certainly a most extensive range.

Genus.

Awcisrrus, KNER. (EMEND.) -

Trunk slender and moderate, covered by several rows of

high and oblique, regularly imbricated plates, whose free mar-

gins are pectinated. Skin of abdomen entirely naked and

smooth.

Head large, ovate, triangular, broader than the body. In-

terparietal with the breadth and length nearly equal. Eyes

moderate. Branchial apertures under the eyes.

Interoperculum movable, and armed with a tuft of rather

408 Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes, -

long and slender spines, with hooked apices ; this tuft is nearly

concealed in a fossette under the operculum when it is de-

pressed.

Mouth moderate, with the labial veil semi-ovate and entire,

narrow and nearly straight in front, broad and with a rounded

margin behind; the inferior surface of the veil is covered by

conical papillee.

Teeth slender with hooked apices.

First dorsal sub-quadrate, little longer than high, and gene-

rally supported by eight rays; its anterior portion, or the mid-

dle, is placed opposite the bases of the ventrals.

Anal small, consisting of from three to six rays.

Pectorals large, with the first rays robust, and covered with

prickly spines.

Ventrals moderate, with the first rays claviform, as in the

pectorals, but much more slender.

As we have above restricted the genus Ancistrus, the Hypo-

stomus duodecimalis of Valenciennes, and H. multiradiatus of

Hancock will be excluded. For those and the allied species

described by Dr. Kner, we would propose a new genus under

the name of Preryeopiicutuys, intending by that name to allude

to the many-rayed dorsal of those fishes, which are singular

among the Goniodonts by the presence of twelve or more rays

to that fin. They are also distinguished from the true Ancistri

by the presence of small plates on the abdomen. The genus

Ancistrus seems to have been framed with especial regard to

those fishes to which the name is here restricted, and is by Dr.

Kner divided into two sections, which correspond to Ancistrus

and Pterygoplichthys, his section # answering to the former

genus, and 8 to the latter.

of the Island of Trinidad, W. I. 409

Ancistrus guacharote (Wal.), Gill.

SyNONYMY.

Hypostomus guacharote, Cuv. and Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol.

xv., p. 508. 1840.

The body is moderately slender. The head from the muzzle

to the nape forms a quarter of the entire length, inclusive of

the caudal, and a third of the length to the base of that fin; at

the opercular bones or bases of the pectorals, it is as broad as

long ; on the posterior portion, it is flattened above, and round-

ed on the sides, without any crests or sharp angles. The eyes

have diameters equal to a fifth of the length of the head; the

distance between them is equal to two and a half diameters,

and is little less than their distance from the snout. The ante-

rior angle of the branchial aperture is under the fore part of

the eye.

The first dorsal commences at a distance from the snout,

equal to double the length of the head; its base exceeds the

interval between the eyes, and is three-fifths of the greatest

height; the distance between its last ray, and the spine of the

adipose dorsal, is equal to half the length of the base of the first

dorsal.

Db LA. ae OC Gos es Ps be 6. Vad, 8.

The color of the body and fins is a reddish brown; the body

is immaculate ; the fins clouded with a darker color.

The description which Valenciennes has given of the Hypo-

stomus guacharote answers in every particular to the species

inhabiting the waters of Trinidad. The specimens, from which

that ichthyologist drew his description, were brought from the

island of Porto Rico by M. Plée. The specific name given to

the species is the same as the popular one by which it is known

in that island. It appears to be rather rare in Trinidad; the

vernacular name by which it is there called is Zata, the same

410 Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes, .

as that given to the Hypostomus Robinii, Val. It attains a

length of four or five inches.

Family.

ERYTHRINIDZ, VALENCIENNES.

Sub-family.

Eryrurmina#, Git.

Genus.

Macropon, Mutt.

Body oblong, compressed, covered by large scales; the dor-

sal and abdominal outlines are but slightly convex, and the

former is sometimes rectilinear.

Head large, compressed, with an obtusely rounded muzzle ;

there is only one supratemporal between the fifth sub-orbital

plate and the cranium.

Mouth large, with the gape elliptical and wide. The jaws

are nearly equal; the upper formed above by the small and

immovable intermaxillaries, and on the sides by the maxillaries,

which are articulated to their extremities.

Teeth on the intermaxillaries, maxillaries, and dentaries, coni-

cal, and acute in a single, unequal row; on each side of the

symphisis of the intermaxillaries there is a long tooth, on the

outer side of which are“smaller ones ; one or two others of large

size exist on each branch, flanked on each side by smaller ones,

which gradually decrease as they recede from the larger.

Dentaries with large canines, whose apices, when the mouth

is closed, are sheathed in corresponding fossettes on the bor-

ders of the roof of the palate. There igs an anterior row of

long conical teeth continued without interruption on the

median line, the row being completed in front by some which

are placed on an arch concentric with the jaw; on the inner

of the Island of Trinidad, W. I. 411

sides of this row are the villiform teeth on the palatine plates ;

two small immovable plates, which appear to be detached from

the larger ones, on account of the elasticity of the osseous

peduncles which bear them, are also covered with villiform

teeth.

Lateral line running in a straight line to the caudal fin.

Branchiostegal rays five, flat, and broad.

Dorsal subquadrate, with the height and length nearly equal,

placed nearly in the middle of the body.

Anal posterior, with the height and length nearly equal, and

with the margin arched, the rays increasing in length towards

the middle or posterior third.

Caudal covered at the base by scales, and with a rounded

margin.

Ventrals and pectorals of moderate size, and with rounded

margins.

In the description of the dentition of this and of the sueceed-

ing genus, we have followed M. Valenciennes.

Macrodon ferox, Gill.

VERNACULAR: Yarrow.

Body moderate, compressed, with the dorsal outline straight,

and the abdomen arched. The head is compressed, elongated,

and from the snout to the opercular margin, constitutes a quar-

ter of the entire length, inclusive of the caudal; the eyes have

diameters which nearly equal a fifth of the length of the head ;

they are separated from each other by a space equal to seven-

sixths of a diameter, and are nearly as far distant from the

snout. The height of the body is considerably less than a sixth

of the entire length; the thickness is three fifths of the height.

The ventrals are considerably in advance of the centre of the

412 Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes,

body, and under the anterior third of the dorsal. Twelve

rows of scales cross the body, and the lateral line runs through

about forty.

Dp-lty Ae dhy ColTe. LPO. oVRB:

The back and sides are purplish brown ; the abdomen whitish.

The rays of the dorsal are spotted with from four to six blotches,

of the color of the body, which also stain the membrane on

each side; between the blotches, the rays are yellow; the re-

mainder of the fin is immaculate. The rays of the caudal are

yellow, interrupted by from five to seven irregular broad bands

of the color of the body, which are also continued on the mem-

brane. Anal pearly, crossed by about four purplish-brown

bands; the ventrals and pectorals have the same distribution of

color as the dorsal.

This species is most closely allied to M. tareira, Val., differ-

ing chiefly in the absence of the ruddy or yellow spots distri-

buted on the back and sides of that species, and in the different

color of the fins; the Trinidad species is also more slender in

its proportions than the M. tareira, and its eyes are larger.

Genus.

Eryrarines, Gronov., Mutt.

Body oblong, sub-compregssed, covered by large scales; dor-

sal and abdominal outlines slightly arched.

Head \arge, broad, compressed, with arounded muzzle. The

whole cheek is covered by six sub-orbital plates, behind the

last of which are two supra-temporals.

Mouth large, with the gape oval, wide; jaws nearly equal;

the upper formed by the intermaxillaries above, and by the

maxillaries, which are articulated to their ends, on the side.

Teeth in single rows on the intermaxillaries, maxillaries, and

dentaries; these are conical, and on the intermaxillaries one or

——

of the Island of Trinidad, W. J. 413

two of the middle ones pass beyond the others. Those on the

palatines and pterygoids are all equal and villiform ; the latter

bones are continued along the internal border of the former,

and constitute the arched plate of the palate, separated in the

middle, from that of the opposite side, by the smooth vomer.

Lateral line running in a straight direction to the caudal fin.

Branchiostegal rays five, broad.

Dorsal with the height and length nearly equal.

Anal between the posterior portion of the dorsal, and the

base of the caudal; its height and length are nearly equal, and

its margin rounded.

Caudal with the base covered by scales, and with a rounded

margin.

Ventrals and Pectorals moderate, and with rounded margins.

Erythrinus cimereus, Gill.

VernacuLtar: Waubeen.

Body thick and stout, the total length, inclusive of the caudal,

rather less than five times as great as the height, and four and

a half times greater than the length of the broad and short head.

The eyes, less than one seventh of the head’s length, are sepa-

rated from each other by a space little less than three of their

diameters, and are distant from the snout nearly two diameters.

The distance of the dorsal from the snout is more than double

the length of the head. The body is crossed by ten rows of

scales, and thirty-five are perforated by the laferal line.

De t0, Adds Onde SE bia Me

The color is ash, lighter on the abdomen; the dorsal has

about four rows of dusky spots between the rays; all the other

fins are immaculate.

414 Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes, -

Family.

Craractinipa, Mutter.

Subfamily.

TETRAGONOPTERINE, GILL.

Genus.

Pactturicutnys, Gri.

Body oval, compressed, and with the abdomen rounded, the

whole covered by moderate scales.

Head with the profile triangular; cheeks covered entirely

by the large third suborbital plate.

Mouth moderate, with the gape elliptical; lower jaw shorter

than the upper. The intermaxillaries form the upper part of

the arch of the upper jaw, and are immovable.

Teeth in two rows on the intermaxillaries, and in one row on

the dentaries; they are wide, compressed, increasing to the

crowns, which are multicuspid, with the middle cusp largest ;

the teeth of the maxillaries, when any are present, are very

small and conical. Palatine, vomer, and tongue smooth.

Opercula with the margins rounded.

Nasal apertures near the superior and anterior margin of the

eyes.

Lateral line with the anterior portion deflected for a short

distance, and then continued in a straight line along the flanks,

sometimes to the caudal fin, and at other times abruptly termi-

nated near the middle.

Dorsal nearly in the middle of the body, short, and higher

than long. The adipose dorsal is near the region above the pos-

terior portion of the anal.

Anal long, moderately high, declining towards the posterior

end.

of the Island of Trinidad, W. I. 415

Caudal forked, with the lobes of equal size.

Pectorals moderate, with the external rays longest.

The species of this genus have been included by all previous

naturalists, who have had occasion to treat of the family to which

they belong, under the group which has received from Artedi

the generic name of Tetragonopterus. Valenciennes had, indeed,

in the Histoire Naturelle des Poissons, observed that his atten-

tion had been arrested by the great difference of form which exist-

ed between these fishes, and those species for which the Artedian

genus was originally chiefly instituted; but as the variation of

form was unaccompanied by any corresponding anatomical

characters, he did not deem it advisable to elevate the section

to the rank of a genus.

We, however, believe, that so great a variation in form as

that which exists between the species of the first and second

sections of Valenciennes, even if unaccompanied by any other

difference, is of generic value; and we have therefore separated

them into two distinct genera, retaining Tetragonopterus as the

generic name of the rhomboidal, or sub-orbicular species, and to

the elongated oval species we give the name of Peecilurichthys,

in allusion to the bands or spots which are almost always

branded on the tail. We derive the name from the Greek

Morxidos, variegated, Ovea, tail, and Iyévs, fish; it is there-

fore sufficiently distinct in signification, as well as in sound,

from Peecilichthys of Agassiz.

Another,group, which is represented in the island of Trinidad,

has the lateral line abruptly terminated at a considerable dis-

tance from the caudal fins in other respects it has the greatest

affinity to Poecilurichthys, having, like the typical species of

that genus, two rows of cuspidate teeth in the upper jaw, and

one in the lower. We have not been able to study it with

much care, as we have only two specimens of a single species,

but when it has been dissected, and the pharyngeal bones exam-

ined, it will in all probability be found to present additional

SEPTEMBER, 1858, 99 Ann. Lyo. Nar. Hist. Vou. VI.

416 Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes, .

characters, which will distinguish it from Poecilurichthys pro-

per. The tail is without the large spot which is found in almost

every species, not only of that genus, but of almost every other

Characin found in South America, or its zoological dependen-

cles.

This group we have provisionally only elevated to the rank

of asub-genus, which we have called Hemigrammus,* intending

by that name to allude to the lateral line, which does not tra-

verse more than half of the length of the side.

In the genus Poecilurichthys, most of the species which have

been described by Valenciennes as belonging to the second

section of Tetragonopterus, will be included. These are

Poecilurichthys Linnaei, P. taeniatus, first described by

Jenyns, P. grandisquamis, or Tetragonopterus grandisquamis,

of MM. Muller and Troschel, P. Orbignyanus, described by

M. Valenciennes, P. fasciatus, first described as a Chalceus by

M. Cuvier, P. scabripinnis, described by Jenyns, P. Peruanus,

a species of Muller and Troschel, and P. Wappi, first described

by Valenciennes. There are four other species which have

been referred by the great ichthyologist of France to his second

section, which probably do not belong to this genus. The

Tetragonopterus interruptus of Jenyns, which he had not seen,

but which was conjectured by him to be a species of his genus

Piabuca, hardly belongs to either that genus, as it should

properly be restricted, or to Schizodon of Agassiz, which was

united to Piabuca by Valenciennes; by the small number

of anal rays, it appears to be more nearly allied te the genus

of Agassiz, but is probably the type of a new one, which will

be distinguished, among other characters, by the imperfect

lateral line. The Tetragonopterus viejita Val., T. melanurus

Val., and T. spirulus Val., are perhaps types of as many dis-

tinct genera.

* ‘Hu half, and Tappa, line.

of the Island of’ Trinidad, W.I. 417

Sub-genus.

Pact.uricutuys, Grit.

Lateral line continued to the caudal fin.

Pecilurichthys Brevoortii, Gill.

VERNACULAR: Sardine.

Body oval, with the head forming little more than one-fifth

of the entire length, inclusive of the caudal fin. The eyes are

large, their width being slightly less than a third of the head’s

length; the distance between their anterior borders and the

snout is more than two-thirds of one of their diameters, and

twice that space intervenes between them. The dorsal com-

mences at a distance from the snout equal to double the length

of the head; the greatest height of the body is equal to one-

third of the entire length. The ventrals do not reach the anal;

the tips of the pectorals barely extend to the bases of the ven-

trals. There are no markings on the operculum. The body is

crossed by fifteen rows of scales.

WS PIS eMAS 29 Cr Eso Shae SPAS GVies!

The back and upper part of the body are of a pale yellowish

green color, which is separated from the lighter hue of the

lower portion, by an obscure silvery band, extending from the

upper angle of the operculum to the caudal fin. There is a very

distinct black spot on each shoulder, a little above the oblique

portion of the lateral line, and another on the tail, which often

advances along the middle rays of the caudal to the margin of

that fin, terminating in a point; the anterior portions of the

pectorals, and the anal, are bright orange. The opercular bones

are silvery.

This is the largest of the Trinidad species of this genus, and

418 Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes,

reaches a length of between five and six inches. It is at once

distinguishable from the other insular species by its greater

height, and by the presence of black humeral and caudal spots.

It appears to be very nearly allied to the Tetragonopterus

Linnzi of Valenciennes, or the Albula maculata of Linnzeus.

The former, which is probably the same as the Linnean species,

is an inhabitant of Cayenne. ,

We have dedicated it to Mr. J. Carson Brevoort, of the city

of Brooklyn, whose profound knowledge of the North American

marine fishes, and especially those of the family of Scombroids,

to which his memoir on the “lost fish,’ Selene argentea of

Lacepede, bears testimony, places him among the first of

ichthyologists.

Peecilurichthys tzniurus, Gill.

VERNACULAR: Sardine.

Body slender, with a subfusiform outline, four times longer

than high. The head, from the snout to the margin of the

operculum, forms more than two-elevenths of the entire length,

inclusive of the caudal fin. The diameters of the eyes are con-

siderably more than a third of the height of the head; a space

exceeding half of one of their diameters intervenes between

them and the snout, and the space between them is equal to

three quarters of a diameter. The body, atits greatest height, is

crossed by fourteen rows of scales. The dorsal commences at

a distance from the snout, equal to two-fifths of the entire

length of the body. The extremities of the ventrals extend to

the commencement of the anal.

Di L0e jAs2hiitiGidy 10. Lyk do. Yorks

The ground color is yellowish green; a broad silvery band

passes along the sides, and extends from the angle of the

operculum to the peduncle of the tail; the middle rows of the

caudal are covered by a broad black band, which extends to

of the Island of Trinidad, W. Z. 419

the margin of the fin, and is bordered above and below by

yellow; the remainder of the fin is white; the anterior rays of

the first dorsal and adipose fin are red. The other fins and the

operculum are silvery. There is a humeral spot as in P. Bre-

voortia Gill.

The average length of this species is less than three inches.

Its distinctive characters reside in the slender body, and the

uniform black band running along the median rays of the caudal

fin, and bordered above and beneath with yellow.

Pecilurichthys pulcher, Gill.

VERNACULAR: Sardine.

The outline of the body is oval, and including the caudal, is

three and two-fifths longer than the height at the dorsal.

The head forms three-sixteenth parts of the entire length of

the body; the eyes are very large, their diameters being nearly

one-third of the length of the head; they are separated from

each by a space equal to one of their diameters, and by two-

thirds of that distance from the snout. The distance of the

dorsal from the snout is more than double the length of the

head. The ventrals do not extend as far back as the anal.

Di 0G AS 22.0 Ons. Sia PaO) y VIG S:

The body is chiefly of a greenish yellow color, with a silvery

band running along the sides; an obscure humeral blotch is

generally perceptible ; at the end of the caudal peduncle there

is a black spot, which is bordered above and below by red, or

sometimes yellow blotches. The dorsal and anal fins are white,

tinted with red; on the operculum there are blotches of a

bright golden color.

This species is readily distinguished by its smaller size, which

rarely exceeds one inch and a half; by the golden markings

on the opercula, which are seen in neither of the preceding

420 Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes,

species, and by the red or yellow blotches above and beneath

the black caudal spot. It associates in large numbers, and is

very familiar, approaching the bather, and nibbling at his legs

and body.

Subgenus.

Hemierammes, Git.

Lateral line abruptly discontinued at the middle of the body.

Pecilurichthys unilineatus, Gill.

The height of the body, before the dorsal, is contained three

times and a fifth in the total length from the snout to the end

of the lobes of the caudal. The length of the head bears to

that length the proportion of three to thirteen. The eyes are

very large, and only contained three and two-seventh times in

the head’s length; the distance between them is less than the

diameter, and a space equal to only four sevenths of the

diameter separates them from the snout. The dorsal com-

mences at two-fifths of the length of the body from the snout.

Twelve rows of scales cross the highest point of the body.

iB pg (ARO a i a al Le Ag a 8

The chief color of the body is a light greenish yellow; a

rather indistinct silvery stripe runs along the middle. The

pectoral, ventral, and caudal fins are white; the dorsal has the

upper part covered by a large black spot, and the lower half

and margin white; a narrow band of black obliquely crosses

the four or five anterior rays of the anal, commencing at the

top of the first ray; the remainder of the fin is white. There

are golden blotches on the surface of the operculum.

The size of this species is the same as that of Peecilurichthys

pulcher. Its subgeneric character will distinguish it from all

known species. The black line on the anal, and the unspotted

of the Island of Trinidad, W. I. 491

shoulder and tail also distinguish it. Like Peecilurichthys

pulcher, its opercula have golden blotches.

Subfamily.

Cormatina, Gu.

Genus.

Curmatus, Cuv., VAL.

Body with a sub-fusiform or oval outline, compressed, co-

vered by moderate or small scales.

Lead moderate, compressed, with the profile sub-conical ;

broad, and generally rounded above; third sub-orbital large

and covering the cheeks.

Mouth small and with a subquadrate gape, placed at the

extremity of the snout. The margin of the upper jaw is formed

above by the thin and trenchant intermaxillaries, which are

movable but not protractile, and on the sides by the small

maxillaries. The maxillaries, intermaxillaries, and dentaries

are edentate ; the margins of the latter, like those of the inter-

maxillaries, are trenchant; at their symphisis is a tubercle,

which is received into a corresponding notch in the upper jaw.

Opercula with the margins rounded.

Lateral lime continued in a straight line to the end of the

tail.

Dorsal subquadrate, as high, or higher than long, placed

over the bases of the ventrals.

Adipose fin pedunculated, opposite the anal.

Anal with the base short, and generally exceeded by the

length of the first ray.

Pectorals moderate and not pointed, the first ray not being

longest.

Ventrals moderate and triangular, with spiniform axillary

scales.

Caudal deeply emarginate.

429 Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes,

Curimatus argenteus, Gill.

VernacuLar: Silver-fish.

Body sub-fusiform, highest at the anterior base of the dorsal,

where it is three-tenths of the entire length; the greatest thick-

ness is contained two and a third times in its height. The

head, from the muzzle to the angle of the operculum, is con-

tained four times and two-thirds in the entire length; the dis-

tance from the muzzle to the nape is only two-thirds of this

length. The diameter of the orbit is greater than the space

that intervenes between it and the muzzle, and is contained

little more than three times in the total length of the head; the

distance between the orbits surpasses by more than a third

their respective diameters. The commencement of the dorsal

is less than a third of the length of the body nearer the snout

than the end of the caudal. The lateral line runs through

thirty-seven scales ; thirteen obliquely cross the body from the

front of the dorsal to the belly.

PaO. Aer EO wo IN. ode

The color is uniform silvery on the body. A black spot is

branded on the middle scales at the base of the caudal, and a

number of black dots cover the inferior third of the mem-

brane, between the middle rays of the dorsal, and give the

appearance of a rounded spot.

Subfamily.

STEVARDIAN®, GILL.

The group, which we have erected into a distinct tribe

or sub-family under the above name, is very distinct and

peculiar among the Characins, and may very readily be distin-

guished from any other tribe of the family. In the want of an

adipose dorsal, especially, it widely departs from any other.

of the Island of Trinidad, W. J. 423

In the posterior position of the dorsal, which is placed over the

anal, it resembles the genus Gasteropelecus of Bloch, and Serpes

of Lacepede. It bears a further resemblance to that fish, as well

as to Anastomus of Cuvier, and Piabucina of Valenciennes, in

the oblique fissure of the mouth. In the armature of the mouth,

it resembles Tetragonopterus of Artedi, and the allied genera,

having like them two rows of compressed teeth, whose cutting

margins are each armed with several triangular points, of

which the middle is largest. A character which may serve to

distinguish it, in addition to the want of an adipose fin, is in

the operculum, which, in all known species, is more or less ex-

tended, sometimes armed with a posterior spine, but generally

terminating in a claviform process, or in a slender filament.

The dorsal is also much higher than long, and exceeds in

height, but is much shorter than, the anal; the last posterior

rays of the latter fin are generally longer than those which

precede them, and in one genus, that fin regularly increases

towards the posterior margin. The sub-orbitals are nearly

similar to those of the Tetragonopteri.

Genus.

SrevARDIA, GILL.

Body subfusiform, compressed, covered by moderate scales ;

abdomen rounded.

Head with the lateral aspect subconical, compressed.

Mouth oblique, moderate, narrow, with the gape elongated

elliptical. The teeth of the dentary, when the mouth is closed,

are received behind those of the exterior row of the intermaxil-

laries, but on account of the obliquity of the mouth, the lower

jaw projects considerably beyond the upper.

Teeth in two rows on the intermaxillaries, and in a single

one on the dentaries; these are wide, compressed, widening to-

wards the crowns, which are multicuspid, with the median cusp

longest.

494 Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes,

Nasal apertures with their common border circular, large,

and situated near the eyes, and on a line between them and the

snout,

Operculum with a triangular, spiniform dilatation behind;

cheeks entirely covered by the large third sub-orbital.

Lateral line deflected for a short distance from the mastoids,

and thence running in a nearly straight line to the tail.

Dorsal posterior, over the middle of the anal, with the height

not greatly exceeding the length.

Anal rather long, with the height moderate, decreasing to-

wards the posterior termination.

Caudal deeply forked, with the lobes subequal.

Ventrals very small, with the external rays longest.

Pectorals moderate, pointed, with the external rays longest.

We are generally averse to the dedication of groups of spe-

cies to individuals, and admit its expediency in only few and ex-

ceptional instances, but in this case we believe that we shall be

justified in so doing: we have taken peculiar pleasure in

dedicating to our excellent friend, Mr. Jackson Steward, of

whom we have before made mention, this most interesting

genus, the type of a new sub-family of the Characins, and a

near relation of the extraordinary fish to which we have given

the name of Nematopoma. Mr. Steward, animated by a laud-

able zeal for the increase of our knowledge of animals, and of

their geographical distribution, has enabled us to visit those

islands, from a single one of which we have succeeded in obtain-

ing the many new and remarkable forms, some of which this

memoir is designed to illustrate. We are therefore actuated as

much by a desire to commemorate his agency in the discovery

of these animals, as in gratitude to himself, by the name which

we have bestowed upon this genus.

of the Island of Trinidad, W. I. 425

Stevardia albipinnis, Gill.

Body subfusiform, elongated, with the dorsal outline slightly

arched, and the abdominal outline, as far as the termination of

the anal, convex. The head, from the snout to the end of the

opercular spine, bears a proportion to the entire length, inclu-

sive of the caudal, of little less than one to five and a third,

and its length is considerably less than the greatest height of

the body. The diameters of the eyes are about three-tenths of

the length of the head; they are separated from each other by

a space exceeding one of those diameters, and their distance

from the snout is less than a diameter. The dorsal commences

on the posterior half of the body, above the seventh or eighth

ray of the anal, and is about a third higher than long. The

lateral line runs through about forty scales.

Ds 105) A202) Cs Gy 1a. 8. 0ile 5-834 es 10a Nee:

The body is yellowish green, with a black line on the side,

extending from a point in advance of the dorsal to the caudal.

Opercular bones silvery ; all the fins are white.

Genus.

Corynopoma,* GILL.

Body subfusiform, compressed, covered by moderate scales ;

abdomen rounded.

Head compressed, with the lateral aspect triangular.

Mouth opening obliquely upwards, moderate, with the gape

elongated, elliptical. Lower jaw advanced beyond the upper,

but with the single row of teeth received between the external

and internal rows of the latter.

Teeth roulticuspid, with the median cusps largest, in two

rows on the intermaxillaries, and in one row on the dentaries.

* Kopwn, club, and Ioxa, operculum, in allusion to the claviform prolongation

of the operculum.

426 Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes,

Nasal apertures near the antero-superior corners of the eyes.

Operculum with a posterior triangular dilatation, from the

extremity of which issues a more or less long and slender com-

pressed process.

Lateral line deflected at its commencement, but soon con-

tinued in a straight line, on the flank, to the caudal fin.

Dorsal posterior, above the middle of the anal, much higher

than long, with the base short.

Anal long, of moderate height, and decreasing posteriorly.

Caudal deeply forked, with the lobes of nearly equal length.

Ventrals very small, pointed.

Pectorals moderate, pointed, with the superior rays longest.

The most important peculiarity, which distinguishes this genus

from Stevardia, is the claviform extension of the operculum.

Corynopoma Riisei, Gill.

The general shape of the body is similar to that of the

Stevardia albipinnis. The head, from the snout to the end of

the crest of the external occipital, forms about one seventh of the

entire length, inclusive of the caudal fin, and exclusive of it, a

fifth. The distance from the snout to the margin of the pre-

operculum is nearly as great as to the crest. The claviform

prolongation of the operculum is most slender at the posterior

third of its length, and is slightly deflected in the direction of

the anus; it advances but little beyond the inner angle of the

base of the pectoral. The eyes are about two fifths of the

length of the head from the snout to the occipital crest, and are

separated from each other by a space nearly equal to one of

their diameters; much less than that distance intervenes be-

tween them and the snout. The height of the body is greatest

at the middle, and is there about a third more than the length

of the head.

of the Island of Trinidad, W. 1. 427

The dorsal commences at a distance from the snout equal to

three lengths of the head; the length of the base of this fin is

about three sevenths of that of the longest rays. The base of

the anal has a length almost three times as great as the dorsal’s,

but its longest rays are considerably shorter than those of the

latter fin; the last two or three rays are longer than those

which immediately precede them.

DS .0As 2 ehO: VEE

The color is nearly similar to that of Stevardia albipinnis.

Mr. A. H. Riise of the Danish island of St. Thomas, the

gentleman to whom this species has been dedicated, is well

known as one of the most active zoologists of the West Indies,

and has greatly contributed to our knowledge of the terrestrial

Mollusks, and the Echinoderms, by his contributions to Dr. Louis

Pfeiffer, and Dr. A. Lutken.

Corynopoma Veedonii, Gill.

This species resembles in the general shape of the body, and

in its size, Stevardia albipinnis, and Corynopoma Riisei. The

head is slightly longer in proportion to the total length, and the

eyes are rather smaller, but the chief difference consists in the

greater length, and the direction of the claviform prolongation

of the operculum; this appendage, instead of being deflected

downwards for its entire length, descends only at the base, and

very soon advances upwards with a curve, and is continued in

a nearly straight line, and in a direction towards the anterior

portion of the dorsal; it terminates on a line with the base of

the ventral; its size is nearly equal from its point of curvature

to the termination.

The dorsal commences at nearly the same distance from the

snout as in the Corynopoma Riisei, and its proportion varies

little from those of the latter species, its height being more than

double the length of the base. The anal is not quite as long in

proportion to the dorsal as in the C. /2visec ; its first and longest

428 Synopsis of the Fresh Water Fishes,

rays are more than three quarters of the length of the dorsal’s ;

the subsequent rays gradually decrease in length towards the

posterior portion of the fin, but the last three or four rays are

produced beyond the others as in the C. 2iiscz.

D9.» eho BE.t¢ Ped iV 6.

The color is, as in the preceding species, silvery green above,

and white beneath, with a black line posteriorly on the sides

and caudal peduncle; there is also a rose-colored band, in the

living animal, on each side.

Genus.

Nematopoma,* Gi.

Body subfusiform, compressed, covered by moderate scales ;

abdomen convex and rounded.

Head compressed, with the profile sub-conical.

Mouth opening obliquely upwards, moderate, with the gape

elongated elliptical. Lower jaw advanced beyond the upper,

but with its single row of teeth received in the space between

the outer and inner rows of the latter.

Teeth in two rows on the intermaxillaries, and in a single

one on the dentaries; they are broad, compressed, with the

crowns multicuspid, and with the middle cusp longest.

Nasal apertures near the antero-superior border of the eyes ;

the posterior one is much larger.

Operculum with, a triangular spiniform dilatation, which is

continued from the apex into a very long slender setaceous

filament, which has a compressed dilatation at the extremity.

Cheeks entirely covered by the large third suborbital.

Lateral line deflected for a short distance from the mastoids,

and thence running in a nearly straight course to the caudal.

Dorsal posterior, above the middle of the anal, with the base

short, and with the height very great.

* Formed from Neya, a thread or filament, and Ilwpa, operculum, in reference

to the slender filament of the operculum,

of the Island of Trinidad, W. J. 429

Anal long, and high, increasing posteriorly.

Caudal very deeply forked, and with the lower lobe much

longer than the upper.

Ventrals small, pointed behind.

Pectorals moderate, pointed, with the external rays longest.

This is readily distinguishable from all the allied genera of

the sub-family by the slender filament of the operculum, the

unequally lobed caudal, the excessively high dorsal, and the

anal, which regularly increases in height from the anterior to

the posterior end, a character which is hardly possessed by

any other fish.

Nematopoma Searlesii, Gill.

The body is slender, subfusiform, with the abdominal outline

to the end of the anal much more arched than the dorsal; the

head, from the snout to the occipital crest, forms one fourth

of the length exclusive of the caudal, one fifth of the length to

the end of the upper lobe of that fin, and one sixth of the

length to the end of the filamentary termination of the lower

lobe. The eyes are large, their diameters exceeding a third of

the head’s length as previously measured; they are separated

by more than a diameter from each other, and less than a

diameter intervenes between them and the snout. The dorsal

commences above the fifth or sixth ray of the anal, and when

bent back extends beyond the peduncle of the tail; its longest

rays are five times the length of the base of the fin; the length

of the base of the anal is nearly three and a half times greater

than that of the dorsal, but its height is not much greater than

half of that fin. The opercular filament is expanded at the ex-

tremity, and reaches to a point behind the dorsal. The pecto-

rals, extending as far back as the ventrals do, pass beyond the

anterior margin of the anal.

Delos tA. 26). CIA. 8. Sule z. oven CVG

The color is the same as in Stevardia albipinnis.

430 Note on the Genus Ctenogobius.

Nore on tHE Genus CTENOGOBIUS.

This genus, first described at page 374, proves to have been

insufficiently characterized. The form of the head, in com-

parison with some other species of Gobies, can scarcely be said

to be dong, and the plan of stating the extent of the squamation,

adopted in deseribing the other genera, was omitted in the

diagnosis of the present one. To remedy this defect, and to

more accurately restrict the genus, the following amendments

are made:

The head is inflated, laterally oblong and subquadrate, and

with the profile before the eyes very descending. The eyes

are in the anterior portion of the head, nearly horizontal, and

closely approximated. The head, vertex, and nape are destitute

of scales, and the bare space extends, in the typical species, to

the front of the dorsal fin.

The cleft of the mouth extends little further back than the

anterior border of the eye.

The anterior row of large, subcylindrical recurved teeth on

the intermaxillaries extends along the greater portion of the

length of the jaw, and the teeth decrease in size from the

front: the mandibular row extends around the front only, and

the terminal one, on each side, is larger and more recurved than

the rest, and may be regarded as a canine.

The form of the head in Ctenogobius has a generic resem-

blance to the Gobius Niger of Linneus. It especially differs

generically from that species by the naked vertex, and nape.

INDEX.

[The names of new species, or concerning which new information is given, are

printed in Roman letter; and the first numbers indicate the pages on which the

new matter will be found: synonyms, and species to which only incidental refer-

ence is made, are in Jtalics ; and names of families or higher divisions in SMALL

Capitals. |

Page

ABDOMINALES, . Ce nisi

ACANTHOPTERYGH, . . Siler Sait

ACANTHOPTERYGIANS, - 866

Achanthylis, . aera 267

Acanthylis collaris Gosse, . . . 267

Acari,” 12>... (869)93879), 380) 38

cognata Heckel, 5) eet

crassispinis “ 380, 381

diadema es eee 381

Heckeltt Mull., Tros., . 381

nassa Heckel, . 381

tenia ss 383

tetramerus “ 381

unicolor “ 381

viridis ss ; 381

‘Mehahinayts (et sl en ts aeciamen ee te uO

Gundlachi Pfr, . . . 70, 74

iota C. B. Ad.,. tee tee LO

OCLONAN A sad suicsneee 70

pellucens C. B. Ad., . 70

subtilis Shuttl., Seif Depts

Achatinella, . . . 18, 142, 178, 305

abbreviata Rv., See ol T

acuminata Gould, 315

acuta Newe., 328

acuta Swain., Fc SOT

Adamsi Newe.,. . 19, 214, 311

MAUSGA LEO: Sa enh ene

affinis Vewe, . . . 328

alba Nutt., . Pebecnie (0)

albescens Gul., . 237, 329

ROTO EAL 03) i's Ase) oa He LO

albolabris Newe, . . 881, 314

amena P7r., . . - « 823

ampla NVewe., een eeean

ampulla Gul... . 200, 319

analogay)“ ). 227, 306

apicata, Newe., 321, 325

aplustre “ 243,244, 245, 330

aptycha Pfr., . Ea eae ecr4l,

assimilis Newe., . . 330

Page

Achatinella attenuata Pfr., . 210, 32

auricula Fer, . HU Se S22)

bacea Rv., ee OLS

Baileyana Gul., . . 202, 324

Baldwiniit Newe., . . 319

bella Rv., oo Fire toto

bilineata Rv., . 816, 248, 244

biplicata Mewc., . » 333

BRECUCS AL UE tay he ot eaten eee Le

Buddii Newe., 333, 198,

216, 219, 220, 227, 242

bulbosa Gul., . . . 258, 311

bulimoides Rv., . . . . 810

bulimoides Swain., 310, 246, 250

Byronii Gray, 318, 243,

244, 245, 309

Byronii Rv., i ova ug

ceesia Gul, . . . . 234, 333

callosa Pfr., 2322

candida “ wh neh Ronee ees

casta Newe,, . 2 825

eastanea Rv., . 317

CORERMofi.s) re ike liken ie . 523

cerealis Gould, . . . . 815

cervina G'ul., 241, 220, 242, 324

cestus Newe, . . + « «. 325

Chamissoi Pfr., . . 823

chlorotica Pfr.,. . - 820

emerosh, P77 Fiy 2. a0 kel eee oe.

eingula, Migh, . . 318, 178

cinnamomea Pfr., . . 409

citrine, Migh., 2) "ss. ia? hake

CLORUAB ATE io) yeti ec ann cue

CLORE RNG) a ei ot aha LD)

Olementina Pfr, . . . . 817

cognata Gul, . . . 240, 325

colorata Rv., . 816, 228, 255

concidens Gul., . . 234, 300

concinna Newe, . . . . 3384

conspersa Pfr.,. . . - 330

Achatinella contracta

Gul.,

cornea Newe., .

corneola Pfr., .

corrugata Gul.,

costulata! 6 2.3 4.

crassa Vewe., .

er assidentata Pfr, tte

crassilabrum NVewe.,

erocea Gul.,

erystallina “

cucumis fs

Cumingi Vewe.,

cuneus Pfr... . -

curta Newe., 329, 282,

237,

cylindrica Newce., .

decepta C. B, Ad.,

decipiens Pfr... .

decipiens Newe.,

‘186,

decora Fer., 307,

decora Pfr., . 5

delta Gulick, 231,

dentata Pfr.,

dimidiata Pr. wala

Dimondi C. B. Ad.,

dimorpha Gul. 236,

diversa = 220,

dol Pfr,

dubia Newe., 28, 331,

dubia Pfr, . Dts

Dunkeri Cwmning, .~

Dwightii Newe.,

eburnea Gul.,

elegans Newc., .

elegans Pfr.,

elevata Newe,,. . .

ellipsoidea Gould, .

elongata Newe.,

Eimersonii Newe., 231,

244,

exilis Gul., 188,

extincta Pfr.

FATCIMMENG Soca e

fasciata Gul. . .

Ferussaci Pfr., .

flavescens Newe., . .

formosa Gul., 235, 335,

fragilis “ . Ae

Fricki Pfr., .

fulva Newe., .

fulgens Newe., 824,

218, 220,

fuliginosa Gould,. .

fumida Gul. 181,

fumosa Newe., . 327,

fusca “28, 330,

fuscula Gul., ;

216,

183,

321.

216,

221,

183,

174,

178,

180,

Index.

Achatinella fusiformis Pfr.,

fusoidea Newe., . .

gemma Pfr., . :

germana ewe, . .

gigantea, ‘

glauca Gul., 232, ‘309,

236,

glabra Newc., 327,

Glounse Pit iromes 6

glutinosa Pfr, . .

goniostoma Pfr, . .

Gouldi Newe.,. 21,

gracilis Pfr.,

grana Wewe., 29,

granifera Gul.,

gravida Fer., .

Grayana L77.,\-)

grisea ewe, . »« «

GT isem Mine. weal pe

grossa“. omnis

gummea Gul., 182,

guttula Gould,. . .

Hanleyana Pfr, . .

Helena Newe.,. .

herbacea Gul.,.

humilis WVewe,. . .

hybrida Newe., 248,

induta Gul., 207,

inornata Migh, . .

insignis $ :

intermedia Newe., .

intermedia Pfr, .

Johnsoni Werte, 330,

Johnusonii Pfr.,

juncer Gul, *. 3

labiata Vewce., 27, 328,

lacrima Gul., . . .

JaGteny, Col) tates

lagena “

leucocheila Gulick, .

lignaria Gul.,

limbata “ 252,

lineolata Newe., . .

livida Pfr., .

175,

234,

244.

197,

oN,

233,

143,

244,

209,

Page

. 321

334

- 3238

331

. 826

245

310

- 815

- 822

- 828

, 213

1, 198

; 188

, 330

, 318

822

314

. 318

. 326

, 815

. 315

- 321

331

532

384

315

811

- 807

325,

248,

230,

176,

17 6,

198,

193,

173,

209,

254,

29,

livida Swain., 309, 233, 243,

lorata Fer., .

lorata Pfr., .

lorata Rv.,

luctuosa Pfr, . . .

lugubris Chemn., .

lugubris Pfr, . .

lurida Pfr., .

luteola Fer., 3

macrostoma Pfr, . .

magna C. B. Ad, .

244,

310,

. 312

320

- 325

244

. 244

325

177

822

333

328

319

329

318

327

- 306

245

310

- 313

324

- 822

- 308

- B07

- 823

- 308

- 826

019

Achatinella mahogani Gul.,

margarita Pr

zt)

marginata Gul.,

marmorata Gould,

Mastersi Vewe.

Mastersii Pfr. .

Mauiensis Newe., .

melampoides Pir. .

melanosis Vewe., .

melanostoma Newe.,

microstoma Gould,

Mighelsiana Pfr.,

modesta C, B. Ad.,

moesta Newe., .

monacha Pir., .

mucronata Vewe.,

multicolor Pfr.,

254,

multilineata NVewe.,

mustelina MWigh.,

napus Pfr,

Newcombiana Pfr., .

nigra WVewe.,

nitida “

nivosa Newe., .

nobilis Pfr.,

nubilosa Migh.,

nucleola Rv.,

nucleola Gould,

nympha G'ul.,

Oahuensis Green, .

obelavata Pfr.

obeliseus ‘*

obesa Newe.,

obliqua Gul.,

obscura Vewe.,

obtusa KY

octogyrata Gu

olivacea Fv.,

oomorpha G'ul.,

ornata Newe, . . .

22, 324,

246,

oviformis Newe., 147,

ovata ae

oryza Pfr. .

pallida Nutt.,

papyracea Gul.,

parvula rs

perdi« Pir, .

29,

190,

245,

229,

perdix fv., 317, "20, 2

207,

perversa Pfr.,

perversa Swain., .

petila Gul., .

petricola Newe.

pexa Gul.,

Pfeifferi Newe.,

"”

Index.

Page

254, 308

ais oe

179, 334

311, 214

Ep Ooe

co elles

334, 321

- 306

7 oAo

309, 318

. 805

ae UY

. 819

. 304

Soe

28, 330

. 320

«22

. 3138

- 808

323

eh a Or

327, 182

Fe ee lel

- eal

. 812

PRS

814, 331

251, 330

, 807

. 322

Bice, 3

24, 329

248, 310

B38

334, 321

192, 322

Sit

246, 310

, Sal

6 311

320, 321

eee

310, 311

930, 383

195, 330

» S04

212, 311

SLASO7

309, 308

189, 330

148, 334

197, 332

25, 323

Achatinella phaeozona Gul,

physa Vewe.,

pica Swain.,

picta Migh.,

pieta Pfr., :

planospire a Pfr.,

platystyla Gul.,

plicata Migh., . - -

plumata Gul., 217,

plumbea “

polita Mewe.,

porcellana “

porphyrea u:

prasinus Rv.,

producta Mo., 315, "243,

pulchella Pfr.,

pulcherrima Pires 244, :

pulcherrima lrv.,

puleherrima Swain,

pulla Vewe., :

pupoidea Newe., .

pusilla Newe, . . «

pyramidalis Gul.,

PyTaMis 77.5 wae

radiata Gould, 28,

radiata Pfr., 24, 312,

radiata Ry...

recta Neue., 330, 233,

244, :

Redfieldi Vewe.,

Remyi ‘s

Reevei C. B. Ad.,

resinula Gud.,

reticulata Newe.,

Rohri Pir.,

rosea Swain.,

rotunda Gul., .

220, 236,

249,

rubens Gould, . . 314, 28,

rubens Pfr., .

rubens f»., . juaets

rubiginosa Newe., .

rudis P7r., .

rufa Newe., .

rugosa “

PN HU ES RM ER Ee f) ss ne

ULLAL ALS: anew tsar

sanguinea Vewe., .

saxatilis Gal, . .

scitula “ Pate

semicarinata Newe., .

semicostata Pfr., .

simulans Pfr... . .

simulans fiv., . .

314,

320,

454

Achatinella solitaria Newe.,

sordida Ue

soror sd

Sowerbyana Pits 5

spadicea Gul.,

spirizona Fer.,

splendida WNewe., "90,

202, 2038,

Stewarti Gree

244, 245,

straminea fv., :

striatella Gul.,

striatula Gould,

stiria Gul., .

subula “

sub-virens Pfr.,.

sub-virens Vewe., .

succinea Gul.,

succincta Vewe.,

suffusa Rv., .

suleata Pfr.

Swainsoni “

Swiftii Vewe.,

zniolata Pfr.,

Tappaniana C. B. ‘Ad, 3

talpina Gul.,

terebra Newe., .

terebralis Gul.,

teres Pfr.,

223,

191,

tessellata Newe., .

tetrao fe

textilis Fer,

torrida Gul.,

transversalis Pfr., .

trilineata G'ul.,

triticea ce

tristis Fer.,

turgida Newe., .

turrita Gul.,

turritella Fer., .

umbilicata Pfr, . .

undosa Gul., 205, 208,

undulata Newce., 884,

ustulata Gul.,

ustulata Pfr.,

valida se

varia Gul.,

226,

184,

192,

240,

222, 248,

variabilis Newe., .

variegata Pfr.,

venulata Newe.,

ventrosa Pfr.,

ventulus Fer., .

ventulus Pfr.

ventulus Rv.,

venusta Jigh.,

243,

Index. :

Page

. 581

327

, 828

147

, 824

, 821

, 210

, 306

, 307

, 330

, 821

2, 313

. 826

Bis

174

. 807

- 322

327

- 825

320

, 202

912, 398

329, 210

, 885

. 322

327

, 146

. 805

382

. 330

, 228

322

. 308

- 325

322

- 307

. 834

, 817

, 245

: 814

. 816

. 825

, 806

, 199

. 320

, 815

. 810

. 806

. 805

805

311

Page

Achatinella versipellis Gu/., 224, 385

vestita Migh, . . . - = 307

vidua Pins 2s se a ele

violacea Newe, . . 18, 326

virens Gul. . . . 254, 306

virgulata (Migh.,) . 312, 19

viridans s 812, 24, 333

viridans Pfr. . . . 826, 332

QeTtANs Was) ok set Oe

vitrea Newe., . . . 328, 318

vitreola Gul., . . . 194, 330

wrttale Pit ee meme sod

Vittata os) Se alo,4308

vulpina Gul., ur - B15

yulpina Fer., 306, 243, 244,

245, 321

vulpina Pir, )..\. \. 2). 244

vulpina Rv., . 222, 223, 244

Wheatleyi Newe., . 147, 324

zebra Newe., . . . 142, 334

zebrina Pfr, . - 321 |

zonata G'ul., 2838, 335, 216,

236, 237, 240

Achatinellastrumn Hest Ameep hei Oh: ee

INGICUAGEAG ate) weatts eis 1 7)0)

Ageniosus, . Mm Awe. cue Lely

Albula naeaaee Ti; Apa - 418

Aleurites triloba, 213, 214, 215,

223, 255

Allied Hermit, . . Bike ail

Amnicola ery stallina Pfr. Sancti ae SAS

ANABANTIDA,. . sole

Anabates Fernandina ‘Lemb., 2 216

LATTASLOMIERY ta RS ta vel ce ell okies EO

Ancistrus Aner, . . 407, 408

guacharote (Val. ,) sins 20!

Anculosa ampla Anth, . . . . 159

Anthonyi Budd., ee en aae

SaleDroOsa WE, OS LO

Ancylus crassus Hald. . . . . 159

elattor “Anth., . 3. ‘158, ‘81

obseurus Hald., . . . . 72

Andalusite, . . . 47, 48, 49, 50, 51

Angplesitesy 020.) 9) 3. 164,-62, 58

SHARAN, 52 5 iva Po | hea eee

Anguille-téte- PUDICN |)! tp ener ea

ANGUILEIFORMB "he 0) 2) ir ae Od

Anhydrite, . . . . 41, 54, 62, 39

Anne Marien ine ithe ie OOls SOS

Anodus, . . - . 868

Anthony, John G., Descriptions of

new species of Melania, . 80

Descriptions of new spe-

cies of Ancylus and An-

CULOSA LT! Shek a ee

Antimony Glance,. . . . 47, 52,49

Aragonite, . . . 89,40, 60, 68, 61

Argyreiosus Vomer, . . . 82,30, 34

Index.

Page

Argyreiosus capillaris, . .» . . 34

TOSMTAGLS:) caste an = 1 hoe

Arius, . .« 3. 4 B00

Arsenio- -Sulphuret of Tr Heh Matt oe ck eG

Arsinuret of Iron, 56

Astronotus, . 380, "381, 383, 386

Atacamite, . . a Oe

Athene hypugea Bon. ed mageti eis i -We te

Augite, Babes . 55, 43, 44, 45

Auricula Owaihiensis Gham; . «.) 322

sinistrorsa “ 2 ive oe

IATIRIGUEID AI aap SAMs yee inl ee, eee

Aurotellurite, . . .

BAGANEUS Re si tiei ie yis ferns 390

BAGH 6 Sam le eek 38638

Barbe,. . :

Batrachoglanis Gill., ete OOS

Balea Neweombi Pity ras heey)

Barytes, 42, 56, 58, 62

Belted Hermit,. . Fe ero ty

Black-chinned Hermit, pp Pal Slat,

Blackbird, . . ee cee Be,

Bland, T., Note on the Geographi-

eal Distribution of the

Terrestrial Mollusks of

St MEH Omass av 74

On the Absorption of parts

of the Internal Structure

of their shells by the ani-

mals of Stoastoma, Luci-

della, Trochatella, Heli-

cina, and Proserpina,

On Proserpina opalina Ad.,

and Helix proserpinula

Birst oeh ie 7

Note on certain Terr estrial

Mollusks of the West In-

hvechy “TREE . 147

Descriptions of two new

species of North Ameri-

can Helicide, . . . - 277

Remarks on certain species

of North American Heli-

cide, . 5) eee ONas6

Bournonite, . 40, 41, “49, 52, 538, 62, 63

Brevyoort, J. Carson, "Note to the

“Description of Selene

argentea Lac.,”. . . . 30

Brochantite, . : . 54, 62, 64

Brochet, . . 366, 867, 386

Bromlite,. . . Bn ore eh

Brookite,. . . - fn 4 54,58

Bulimella Pfr. . . Bae ernie eee

Bulimus arcuatus Pfr., Wee: cp sh ie 0

armatus Migh., . . . ~- 822

aulacostylus Pfr., Bae ree sel tay

auricula Pfr, . . . + + 322

Bulimus auris Siteni Born,. . . 14

ChersonesicusSow., . . ~ 16

Geeollatus. Le. > Meneame

Dysons Pits ss.) nos (ee eee

fraterculus Fe7.,

fulguratus Jay, . . + + Wd

Gouldi Pir.,

gracillimus Pfr, . . . 75

Guadalupensis Brug., 69, 74

lentiginosus Redf,, . 14, 153

liratus Pir:,)) .«) sth

malleatusJay,. . . . .- 15

Newcombianus Pfr, . . . 328

octonoides C. B. Ad., aielte rie a

pudicus Mill., Pape eT ac yllia)

pulicarius Gray, Maver Repo tS)

vadiatus Brug, . . . . 28

Rohit Pin, <> ss helaeeole

Sandwicensis Pfr... . . ~ 194)

seminiger Menke,. . . ~ 308

sepuleralis perinh Coches

Siamensis fedf., stereo dio

Subula. Pltss10 eae ee

terebraster Fer, . . . . 10

venerabilis Parr... . .- . 16

ventrosus Fer.,. . . . . Il

virgulatus Jer., 69, 74

Burrowing Owl, . . Poo)

Buteo Pennsylvanicus Wilson, An arts:

Calamine, . . 54, 62, 64

Calcite, 39, 41

Caledonite, 47, 52

@alitornians Gulls iran puanies peo

CALLICHTHYINA, . . 3938, 396

Callichthys, . 364, 367, 368, 393,

394, 895, 403

albidus Vial, 0. . 396

asper sh 2) eos

celatus “ Se ee in ee

chiguitos Cast., . . . . 3896

exaratus Miull., Tros, . . 394

Kin ent: Galle. man aan soo

leeviceps ial c)) dee eer renee

levigatus “ 396-400

littoralis Han, .. . . 394

longifilis Val., ice ae Ooe

paleatus Jen., . 868, 403, 404

pers sonatus Ranz. RAAT ef Oke

pictus Miill., Tros, . . . 304

punctatus Cur., Val.,. 403, 404

subulatus Val., 396, 397, 400

sulcatus Kner,. . . . . 396

Callipepla squamata Viy.,. . . 9

Calophysus, . .« . 389

Campylopterus eplendens Lawr. 4» » 262

ensipennis, . » + + «+ + 262

Cantua bicolor,. . - . + = + 139

436

Page

PAPA PUR ills ss) ate se ele eOOT

Casecaradura, . . Soo

Cascadura, ... 368, 394, 396, 405

Casearub, . ; 382, 383

Cataphractus punctate Bloch, . 403

Catfish, 369, 391

Catfish, common, Boke Sc haeene OOT

Cane ta aratiin hour laa + state? OOD

Celestine, . ain . 54, 62, 39

Celtes occidentalis, i SLM ey Gree DIL

Wes hehe ments 5 60, 39

Chalceus fasciatus Cuv,, a een thG

CMAPALPROOCHK, 2p os. Pe ots 1h, aul

(COATVAGINIEG Mie’ levers allies bs ake Mie) BOO

OPARAGINIDME (A) Su toe eo rey ten ad

Characins, . Sieh, ete Papeete ee

Chat Long- tailed, JH ea ey st Hee

Cinac-ira-lacass 4 v0 ).s Astras) non LO

Childrenitencce lees ae oes orem ee Nee

Chitty, Hon. E., Description of

two new species of Cylindrella

from, Jamaica; We Ly.) 5 bd

Chondrodite, "ai, 52, 49, 50, 51

Chordeiles brasilianus Gm., 167, 168

Gundlachii Lawr., . . . 165

sapiti Bonap., . 167, 168

texensis Dawr., .. + 2 . L6T

Virginianus, 166, 168, 276

CHROMIDID, 369, 377, 379

CHROMIDOIDS, . . . . . 867,380

Chromis, . . Nas OG

Braziliensis Quoy, "Gaym. ap oie)

Nilotica Cuv.,. . Pees)

tenia Benn., . . 383, 384, 379

CTO Y ES ee MAS ee, ae ah a we ROL

OvsCUTa IC AR, one 6 oO

DURELOLUSN Ts) voli.) eters OO

UNBOCEILGEG nt cee eon OO

Chrysoberyl, . - 60, 638, 39 , 40, 61

Chrysolite, 47, 62, 68, 40, 45, 49, 52

CLUPEZ, . 867

Colaptes auratus, ae Senet re AO

chrysocaulosus Gund, 273, 276

cerulen, . . Soeatie

MSMDeCOl sete, senoee Detehs LALO.

Columba flavirostris Wagler, . . 13

leucoptera Linn, . . 13

Columbite, - 68, 54, 41, 58

Coness an Sas Niet vO

Conerostrum ornatum Law, Wie ae

Conostoman 7 @ heen cone cree OOe

Copper Glance,. . . + 60,39, 61

Cordyline terminalis, 207, 215, 224, a

Corn-huskers, . . . RNat:

Oorundum, . . wehioe Mate entire 4)

Corynopoma Gill, . ahr . » 425

Riisei “ 426, 497, 428

Veedonii Gill, . 497, 370

Index. ‘

Page

Coscorob,. . Rar ee as (ih)

Cottus grunniens ; Linn. Wik ekias tee

Cotunnite, . . . 654, 62, 68, 64,58

Contelag.s. ie) 4 366, 367

Crenicichla, . . . . . « 867,384

Crenicichla frenata Gill, . . . 886

savatilis (Bloch). . . . 887

Ctenogobius Gill, ; 874, 480

fasciatus Gull, is wah. Bho

CTENOLABROIDS, . oe tees

Cuban Pine Wood Warbler, = 3-100

Culicivora atricapilla Swain. ., 168, 169

ceruled, . . ee GO

Lembeyei Gund, . a” St eiie

leucogastra Wied, = waite 69

mexicana Bonap., . 168, 169

Cunimaninm Gell) 5s) Seen Ole See

Curimatus, . . . 9868, 421

argenteus Gill, oath share Aes

Cutlass fish, Shine. Ap OOO OOM

Cyanocorax luxuosus Bess. oa. a cake

Oyehlay ys -iyht ae Te ea

Cychlasoma, . 369, 377

pulchrum Gill, 2 AS) ee ioe

tenia ee - . 3874, 383

CycLOsTOMACEA,. . Sal) cone LOO

CycLosTomIpaz, . « « 249

Cyclostoma Antillarum Sowb., 71,74

asperulum Sowb., . - 132

Beauianum Pet. . . . 154

bilabre Menke,. . . . . 154

distortum Haines, . . . 158

GOLD a Seg on. ea URS

Housei Haines, . . . . 157

inornatum Redf., . 131, 155.

Myersii Haines, . . . . 157

Newcombianum @, B. Ad., 71, 74

rufilabrum Beck,. . . . 154

translucidum Sowb.,. . . 182

versicolor Pyros bbe

Cyclast aren Pier iariias ts!

Cyclas elegans C. B. Ads,, bs! Geis

rhomboidea Say, akriaet ie)

SUMELES; oe -ee Oe

Cylindrella, . 3 150, 155

Adamsiana Chitty, . oo) noe LBG

Agnesiana C. B. Ad, . . 151

amethystina Chitty,. . . 156

Baquieana ak

elatior C. B. Ad, .

Maugeri Wood, . .. . 154

megacheila Chitty, Oreo

MOOUCOM Se tect pled te io cate BUDD

Oviedoiana Orb. . . . . 151

pallida Guild, . . . Giji!e

pruinosa Mor, . . . . 161

rosed,. . ie tReLLOD

strangulata Poey, TO PON

Index.

Page

Cylindrella tenella C. B. Ad, . . 151

tenera oe renod

tricolor Pfr, . . . + - 154

ZOTLOLO A ery eee oO

Cyprea contaminata, Se tl

Jimbriata Gmel, . Bye eg en OL

Goodallii, ants Sufell i 2b

microdon Gray, . + « - 257

MObAtanGolMule Emer le 20D

porar ia L., Fie SU MMe Sew OL

PAGAN UE Me llneiinie | si\)\'s)' | 257

Cyprinoponts, . . . - - 183,364

CYPRINGIDES + We aursii cess 500

GieRUNOIDS Hl a teien a eh LOS:

Wrecrinn ee § 0.0 ab parewrres, LOG

@ypselus;’.°. age Win sede 200

borealis, . . oh Soe eeeeodnd

collaris Pr. May 267, 276

Tradii Lemb., SUES 6m RADE

niger Cie 268, 269,

276, 277

Cyrtonyx Massena Less,. . . - 10

Dana, James D., On the Homeo-

morphism of Mineral Species of

the 'Trimetric System, 3

WEEN OLILE Wola v ey int wedin tain = an 0

Diaspore, : . 47, 52, 62

Dimorphine, . 54, 56, 67, 60

DISCLASILCHA, as uae ven 60

Doras, . areca ee tis . 369

Dove, White-winged, . Sel tiaoh atte be

SRGROPEIMEUAT MAGE eibcy yeu cMrciin yn OO

Bel Common, 5,02, eurs\euie 9 802

Eel, Dog-headed, StS Te si aH

Embernagra rufivirgata Law. Bligh ier Cae

Emerald-fronted ahoaacok -Bird, 243

Ennea, . . 148

Ephialtes choliba Vieill., Nua) Siw ae

Epistilbite, . . . + + + 54, 64, 55

Erythrina monosperma, . . + + 202

ISRYTHRINIDE!) 0506 12 02) seu LO

PRYTHRININE, .» « » « «= 410

Erythrinus,

cinereus Gill,

Biraplas: sic, coe caer ioe ch BAO

Euchroite, . 47, 62, 52:

Eugenia Malace acensis, 223, 252, 255

. 367, 368, 412

. 413

Fairbank, Rev. S. C., Observations

on the animal of Rotella, Be ae)

Peldeparssss ss\pssiy, fehl let's

AGO eer cc aman Payee ely ee

Fly-catcher, . Boh soa

Fly-catcher, Swallow- tailed, Satie

Freycinetia scandens,. . . » » 224

437

Page

Glambusia; 2. sodias Neen bees

Gaster opelecus, mee - . 423

Geococeyx viati¢us Wi agler, Sor 2h)!

Geophagus, . Bo UE

megasema Heckel, Be incre)

Gerardinus, 2°). Soa eee

Gerres, 866, 367

Gill, Theo., Deseription of a new

species of the Genus Cy-

praea, 255

Synopsis of the Fr esh-water

Fishes of the Western

portion of the Island of

Trinidad, W. Ky) seeoee

Glaucis affinis Lawrence, . . . 261

hirsutus, . 261, 262

hispidus,. . + « « « . 262

Gopipa ss) ale ae OnEE

Gobies, Saks 376, 480

Gown, stn) ft kee ee ee

Gobius, . . 2) eats: MOG

flavimans Tem. . schl, . 376

niger L., 5 NS VARY, ca Se Deo OF

GonroponTes, 405, 408

Gothite, . 47, 52, 62, 64

Guabine, 367, 868

Gulick, J. T., Descriptions of new

species of ‘Achatinella, Bybee agli

Gundlach, John, Description of

new species of Bird of the

Genus sees Swain-

SON) ss 161

Notes on some Cuban Birds,

with Descriptions of

three new species, . . 267

GxMNOTID A.) [0 eh beaver te OO

Haines, W. A., Descriptions of four

new species of Terrestrial Shells

fromiSialiy ("ss seer O

Haidingerite, 54, 62, 64

arm otomesi. <i cieer :

Harpa articulata, . . - + + 76

Heavy Spats. 6 eal 39, 54

FIBLICINACEAS) ie heen ee Wea aD

Helicina, Rae Ttay Aly

albolabris 0. B. Ad., eT ea

foveata P/r., 72,74

maxima Sowb., ,

nevitellaLam.,. . . . . 6

AUvelLa Pit.s a1 3) calramennanmmlie

striata eas Mie eis, iil

subfusea Mke., . 71,74

Helix acuta Lam., . ie. . 282

albolabris "Bay, 358, 301

438

Helix alternata Say, .

Page

282, 361

alutacea Ziegl, . . . . 69

appressa Say,. . . . .- 361

EC a ile a Wie ieeery ry tee we reed li7((0}

avara af Stet Png OO0

barbigera Redf,, "171, ily fe

278, 279

Boothiang Pir). 2 02a .68

bucculenta Gould, . . . 339

Cassiquiensis Vewe,. . . 151

cellaria Mill., 353, 354, 355,

CURCLELLO LAD ier Mie ul anus

cireumfirmata Redf, . . 16

clausa De Kay, . . 339

clausa Say, 336, 300, 301,

340, 342

eopnata Hers. ihe aisiihs. tebe

concava Say, . 851, 357

conspersula Pfr. . . . 152

cornu-militare Z., . . . 152

CuGERSts Ein! Moa tories alOS

Cumberlandiana Lea, . . 282

demissa Binney, . . . . 171

discoidea C.B. Ad, . . . 8

dissidens Desh., . . . . 857

distencia Pine. "5 hed ise LDS

Dorfeuilliana Desh., 284,

285, 286, 289, 291

Dorfeuilliana Lea, 294, 285,

286, 287, 288, 289

Dorfeuilliana Pfr, . . . 295

Dysoni Shuttl, 289, 295,

296, 297

Edgariana Lea, . . . . 172

Edvardsi Bland, . . 277, 279

elevata Say, . fie . 301

Elliotti Redjield, 170, 301

euclasta Shuttl., 68, 74, 75

exoleta Binney, 359, 361, 362

exilis Gmel., 5 69

fallax Say, . 287, 996, 360

fatigiata Binn., 283, O84,

285, 286, 288, 291, 294

fatigiata Say, 2838, 282, 288,

289, 290, 291, 292, 298,

295, 297, 298, 299

Jjinitima chi 285, 297

TOTINOSHAL ET. se uian is io) weil ie LOS

SAGE PIP... ||) oh ret ate Oe

Sraterna Say, 172, 278, 279, 345

‘fuliginosa Griffith, AMG at ONS

Gundlachi Pir.,

glaphyra Say, . . » « 862

Hazardi Bland, 291, 296,

297, 299

helicoides Lea,. . . . . 282

Hindsi Pfr., 286, 299

Helix hirsuta Say, 172, 278, 279,

844, £45, 349

Hopetonensis Shuttl., 296, 360

hyalina C. B. Ad., . . 77, 78

hydrophila Ingalls, Boe Ao)

incerta Fer,. . 69, 74, 75

indentataSay,. . . . . 280

indecta Say, 345, 349, 351

infortunata Bland, . ‘78, 149

inornata Binney, 280, 353,

3854, 356, 357, 358

inornata Say, 3538, 354, 356,

357, 358

jejuna Say,. . . . 841, 840

levigata Raf, 356, 3857, 358

Lecontii Lea, . siti OS

leporina Gould, 348, 247,

851, 35%

ligera Say, . . . . 856, 357

bina Fer) 28 tase Ee 69 Ts:

limatula Ward, A oO

loricata Gould, .. . . 847

lucubrats Say, . 353, 357, 358

major Binney, 358, 359,

361, 362

margarita Pfr, . . . IT; 78

mazillata Gould,. . . . 172

microdonta Desh. . . . 17

Mitchelliana Chemn., . . 886

Mitchelliana Desh., . 299, 801

Mitchelliana Zea, 339, 300,

301, 337, 338, 342

Mobiliana Lea, 341, 342, 343

monodon Rack., . . . . 849

multilineata Say,. . . . 362

musicola Shuttl., . . 69, 75

nemoralina Petit, . . 69, 14

nitens, 352, 353

nitens Gmel., . «6 OBB

nitens Mat. and Rack, 355, 856

matida Mull.” Vo 2) ook mee SO

notabilis Shuttl, re a Ola

opalina C. B, Ad., ahh a8

orbiculata Per, «1. <9 . Lee

Pallasiana Pfr, . Maye Rat

palliata Say, 279, 282, 800, 845

penicillata Gould, . . . 158

Pennsylvanica Green, 299,

337, 388, 339

Pennsylvanica Si SUife oe OB

perafinis C. B. ys RR I

pila AAD ore ells!

placentula Shatil, Gites weonlal

plicata Binn., . . . 288, 292

plicata Say, 291, 284, 285,

286, 289, 290, 291, 293,

295, 296, 297, 299

porcina Say, . . . . . 344

Index.

Page

Helix profunda Say, . . . . . 800

Proserpinula Pfr., 5 tity ees!

pustula Binney, . . 350, 347

pustula Fer., 346, 289, 349,

351, 35

pustuloides Bland, 35

‘Rawson bin.) Gc . 18

resplendens Phil, Pret ar. af 280

Sagraiana Orb, . . . . 158

sculptilis Bland, Se ioeirey 6) UO

septemvolua Say, . . . . 356

sericea Drap:, 2. . 843

AUMULATIAWA OI el serie lve) LOS

solitaria Say, . . . . . 300

spinosa Lea, 172, 278, 282, 287

spreta On DAG at. 30 68

stenotrema Fer, . . . . 282

subaquila Shutt.,. . . . 68

subplana Binney,. . . . 357

Texasiana Chemn., . . . 283

Texasiana Mor., 285, 286,

298, 299

MUeenuroi leds wip, lea Basen

thyroidus Say,. . . 801, 861

tridentata Say, 282, 356,

360, 361

Troostiana Lea, 288, 282,

285, 286, 287, 292, 293,

295, 296, 298

ventrosula Pir., . . . . 299

vitrinoides Desh.,. . . . 280

norten Eire =)

vultuosa Gould, . . . . 287

ealeta Say, . 301, 359

Hemigrammus Gill, . . . 416, 420

Herderitel wieiewakeor cone ase re (60100

TCULONAILes Lew tic cme eee |’) Oo

Hirundo purpurea,. . . « . « 267

EVOPELbe ne semis wae Huts emacs ve) OS:

ELODUEOMG wer ho) = ese oy) 208

Hoplosoma, . . - «+ . 402, 368

ceneum Gill, Bay Nery ADS

paleatum (Jenyns), . 403, 404

splendens (Cast.),. . . . 403

talosh (Cast.); . . = . « 403

Hoplosternum G//, 395, 403, 368

levigatum (Val), 396, 401, 402

sapidissimum Gill, . . . 401

Stevardii oe aes Mae MOL

Hornblende,. . . . 55, 48, 44, 45

Humming Bird, Ea oa oak acs CNTs

Hydrargyra, . 138, 134, 368

Pearobes: Hart, sa eva (es OTS

Hydrocyon, . . . '. » - 367, 368

HyrostoMin®, . siirem see AOD

Hypostomus, 405, "364, 367, 368

duodecimalis Valle to 8

guacharote Val... . . . 409

439

Pago

Hypostomus multiradiatus Hane., 408

Robinii Val., 406, 410, 400

Tetenin Vietlots wc 00 cei et

MAPIOUSA) occ. te: | een anon

longicauda Law, . 4

Icterus cucullatus Swain, . . . 9

POLES, eet ts Pa)

Tonolaima frontalis. Lawrence, sah ROD

Schreibersi,. . . . 268, 264

Ap heeXoveie AY A Bice vo) kan Ete

Labrus melanogaster Bloch, . . 379

punctatus Bloch, 879, 381

Lamprey, . at 366, 368

Warka' Shores... vs, csy eh aaheesenees

Larus argentatus L., . . . . . 80

ealifornicus Law.,. . . . 79

occidentalis Ana,. . . - 80

suckleyi Lawrence, - 264

zonorhynchus, . . . »« « 266

Lanthanite, . . Pai eye And

Lawrence, Geo. N., Descriptions of

new species of the Genera

Ortyx, Sterna, and Ie-

teria, 2 1

Additions to N. Amer. Or-

nithology, No.3, ... 4

Ornithological Notes, Se eit!

Description of a new panies

of the Genus Larus L., . 73

Description of anew species

of the Genus Mellisuga

Brisson, with note on

Trochilus aquila Bourcier. 137

Description of new species

of the Genera Chordeiles

Swainson, and Polen

Sclater, . . . . 165

Description of seven new

species of Buganee

Birds), avewe. . 258

Description of two new

species of Gulls, . . . 264

Leadhillite, 9 Et OCs 43, 58

Lepidosteus, . . Ay eo ree wisic!

Leptachatina Gould, 178, 304

Leptinaria Antillarum Shuttl., . 156

Leucopyrite, . . eg

Wabethienite; '. 05 cic lay hed toned

Lievrite, ... + >

DUA oh pth clk oe os Aas oN se

Limnea,. . . shih ool Remo MO

Lobelia Grinesiana: Siclay Dances ees

Lobotes ocellatus Aq., . 379, 380

DUNG ULE so eth sia teks fet ate OS

eacidella,..0. sick sehen te citeriee Bee

440

Page

Lucidella aureola Gray,. . . . 76

Machoiran, . . a see BOT

Macroceramus microdon Phir. "1, 74

Macrodon, 56 368, 410

ferox Gill, Le ee eas ADT

tareira Mull, Trosch., . 412

Macroramphus scolopaceus Say, . 14

WICENIDOIDS) ct Gee eters eee le tOLS

MALACOPTERYGIANS, . .. . . 366

(AVODAT. Gr celle emis hele so OU

MALACOPTERYGI, . ... . . 38%

Manganite, . . . . 54, 62, 63, 58

Manjuari, ites St am lay f

Marcasite, : 59, 60, 62, 63, 56

Mascagnine, . 54, 62, 58

Melampus coniformis Brug., "3

MMOMTIS Eas eh ete tisn rel thule

nitens rf er tepese Mei

Melania acuticarinata ‘Lea, ee LOs usd

altipeta Anth, . . . . 87

auéare Cou seks ache Oe

ambusta <Anth,. . . . 94

ampla sal ichawsers oe oR

angulata Sal is Wie alas. LLG

arachnoidea “ . .. . 95

athleta a OBO Cam aie oN oY)

baculum EC SUaa ee set VRS

bitaeneata Con., . . . . 127

brunnea Anth, . . . . 92

canaliculata Say, . 112, 118

caste Agithi 0. f 2. 100

castanea Lea, . . . . .- 90

IATA AEs ae. et eee LO

clavaeformis Lea,. . . - 90

columella SCP tis 23h OS

CONIA OOD.) We vate bate le ta Oi

compacta Anth.,'. « . . 122

conica Say,. .« a) eel

consanguinea Anth.,. 4 Bas

coronilla St Sat eh he LSB

corpulenta aR coat bad

COSTIN ELC tay iin) sanien tiated el OT

eristata Anth.,. . . . . 108

Curryana Lea, ... . 9

eurvilabris Ate Ste ee LOD

decora, « . AF Oe tae

depygis Say, eek Wie! ace) LAD

Duttoniana Lea, BOO Tee eran (0)

Edgariana “ yaa ae

elegantula Anth, 108, 102

elevata Lea; i < sc) 86

elevata Say, . 114

eliminata Anth., . Hie Se OT

excavata ‘ Sit ei ate te OO

eximia ce shatter LON

fastigiata “ 41.6 ge YECLAS

florentina Lea,. . «. . 94

Index.

Susiformis Lea,

glans Anth.,

gracilior “ .

gradata “ .

hastata “

imbricata ‘“

incrassata “

iota eres

latitans “ .

neglecta, “

nigrocincta Anth.,

obovata Say,

olivula Con.,

ovoidea Lea,

Melania fuliginosa Lea, .

fusco-cineta ‘Anth,

“94, 96,

pagodiformis Anth. Sie

pallidula -

perangulata Con,

percarinata “

perfusca Lea,

pernodosa “

planogyra Anth.,

planospira ‘+

plena a

proscissa oh

proteus Con.,

proteus Lea, .

pulchella Anth.,

pupoidea Anth.,

regularis Lea, .

rhombica Anth., 4

robulina Anth.,

rufa Lea,

rufescens “

saffordi s

sordida ne

spinalis x

spinifera C. B. Ad.,

striatula Lea, .

subangulata Anth.,

sulcosa Lea, .

tabulata Anth.,

Taitana Lea,

tecta Anth., .

teres Lea, .

textilosa "Anth.,

torulosa ‘

undosa ee

vestita Con.,

vicina Anth.,

virens uy

viridula “

vittata Be

Mellisuga,

albo- coronata Tein. ie

Mendipite,. .-.°. .

Mengite, .:' 5“.

index.

Page

MENEDES; (s', s4 sss oe sie 8 OUD

Mesoryperieey ey nse te b= lor Se

Mica 5 5 CX)

Milvulus forficatus ‘Gm. BA a ee SS)

Mispickel, 59, 60, 62, 56

Mollienisia, . : Sribekloo

Mollinesia, . . >» 2 les

latipinna, . 188, 134

Monodonta seminigra Lam. 8 . 808

Moore’s Hermit, . 258

Morris, Prof. O. W., Remarks on

the quantity of rain, at

different heights, . . . 160

Murices, . 276

Muscicapa Elizabeth Lemb., a Patil

Myiaetina, . . 140

Myiadestes ar millatus, . 218

Elisabeth Lemb., oo Pagel

Dy SUUS\ Noy eh tote 367, 368

Nematopoma Gill, . 428, 424

Searlesii, “ 429, 370

Neritip#&, - : 716

Neritina virginea Tivo ays 43

meleagris Lam., 73

viridis 6 we

Newcomb, W., Descriptions | of

new species of Achati-

nella, . ey 142

Synopsis of the Genus

vepeaaee 303

IWR, ge et te Hibs Lees eeree nia

ISNT (5 Gol MD, tal ows 370

Odontostoma opalinum Pfr., . 78

Odostomia Cubensis ie s, 73

(ECR SS. SB on ye eat (a

Olivenite, . :

OPISOPHTHALMA, . « fe LOO

Orpiment, aoc 54, 59, 60, 56, 57

Ortalida vetula Wagler, : 10

Ortyx Stephens, oar 1

Pexantis wy. cr tems lok

Virginianus, . + + + + 2

Owl Burrowing, . .--+-.-- 1

Paisano Mexican, 4 = os) + +. wl

Palmetto serrulata, . 351

Paludina,. . 81, 93

Paludinella Pfr., cae aso eee eis

Paludestrina Candeana Orb, 73

coronata Pfr, . . . 73

Pandanus odor adams 229

Partridge Texan, . . AP ot trenpl

Partula densilineata Rv., ERNST 813

Dumartroyi Soul., 322

gibba Fer, . ee ee US

radiata Pfr. te Sa ee OLS

Partula virguiata Migh.,

Pedipes quadridens Pfr, . + -

Perca bimaculata Bloch, 379,

saxatilis s -

Phethornis amneuaer Raw ie

episcopus Gould,

eurynomus, «

hispidus Gould,

longmareus, . as

moorei Lawrence, «

nigricinetus :

superciliosus, ela) awe

villosus Lawrence,

PHARYNGOGNATHI,

Phiysa,. .

Sowerbyai ana Or by

striata

JOHN A et 8

Piabucina,

Pike, Fresh water, BL

Pimelenotus Gill, 2 PSST ook:

Vilsoni, “ I Hire

PIMELODINA,. . :

Pimelodus, 388,

bufonius Viale :

charus < 3

Deppei Mull., Tr osch. take

gracilis Val. "

mangurus “

pate SEPT (n reweaae

‘Pentlandit, “sf Ve

raninus Hf 3 noms

sapo e a c

Sebe A AS ln Ayah

Sellonis Mull., Trosch., 391,

Stegelichii = -

Bisidiumaliles.y sly meen een

cicer Prime, . . .

compressum, {Ors

contortum Prime . .

QUDTUITN oe nae 5

Noveboracense Prime, :

sinuatum Bour., .

ventricosum, .

Planorbis,

circumlineatus ‘Shuttl.,

decipiens C. B. Ad.,

Plectrophanes MeCownii Law.,

Plekocheilus Guild.,

PNEUMONOPOMA, -

Pecilia, 138, 366,

Pocilurichthys Gill, 414-417,

Brevoortii “ . . 41%,

fasciatus (Cuv. )} erat

grandisquamis eas

Trosch.), . rae

Linnei (Val. ).

Orbignyanus

442

Pecilurichthys Peruanus (Val.), .

puleher Gill, 419, 4: 20,

scabripinnis (Jeny ns),

teniatus Togs

teeniurus Galleys Gu nee

unilineatus “ :

Wappi (Val.), .

Poey Felipe, Observations on dif.

ferent points of the Nat.

Index. .

421

ist of Cuba; (Saye) fe

Polianite, . i 47, 62,

Polioptila atriceps Lawr,, 160

melanura “ - 168

PonycentTRIn#& Gill, . . oun

Polycentrus, . . - 371

Schombur, hii Mall. Trosch., 373

tricolor Gill, . 373

Polycrase,. . 47, 53, 64, 49

Polygyra avara Say, Rice 292

Dorfeuilliana Lea, 28s,

289, 294

fatigiata Say, Starck! So. wy See ths:

plicata > . 80) 291

Troostiana Lea, eeaop

Polymignite,, . .. . 53

Prehnite, . Darcy vai Ack eeuned ee OA

Prime, T., Descriptions of three

new species of Pisidium, 64

On the identity of Cyclas

elegans C. B. Ad., with

C. rhomboidea Say, . . 66

Procellaria Capensis Linn.,. . . 6

hesitata Kuhi., Piers)

PROSERPINACEA,. . . . « 149, 150

Proserpina, . 45, 149

bidentata C. B. ‘Ad., 76

depressa Orb... « + 76

linguifera Jonas, . 76

nitida Sowb., . 4 ioc meranyhs

opalina C. B. ‘Ad, Tig TS;

149, 151

pisum C.B, Ad, . . . 16

pulchra C. B. Ad., 76

Pyrocephalus coronatus Gmel., 12

Py rolusite, . . 47

Pyroxene,. .« 41

Pierygoplichthys Gill, : 408

Ptelogonys armillatus, Gray, 271

Townsendi Aud., 271

Puffinus, . . 5 5

cinereus Gmel., 5

major Fab.,. . . 6

Pupa bicolor Hutt., fies 147

Largillierti P hil., 148

marginalba Pfr... f 71

pellucida aoa a 71

Riiser Seneneeens 71

Page

Pupa servilis Gould, . Tl, 14

Purpura, . Beery

GQnail (Toxan), oi" isla ate tie ee

Quartz, +. = afo eh s'g tes eee

Quiscalus macrour us Barina BP ah | fot lee

Redfield, J. H., Descriptions of

new species of Helicide, 14

Descriptions of new spears

of Shells, . ; . 130

Descriptions of two new

species of North Ameri-

ean Helicidea, . . . . 170

Rissa septentrionalis Lawrence, . 266

bridactyluge | i4), car ae oe

Rotella Lams. 2) Wee, jo ends ee.

Salmonides, . . «el ee, SeORE

Sardine) 2M. ts 417, 418, 419

Freshwater,. Ate ott

Scevola Chamissoniana, . 251, 252

Schizodon, 3 is a As

SOLAN IDE A Pio te, Waid ee ies 871, 3738

ScOMBEROIDES, . . . . . « + 366

Seorodite,. . . oth cia ae

Selene argentea Lacep. ve) or sly) SOLS

Senarmontite, . .. . . 56, 55

Serpes,« . staat . 423

Shaggy Hermit, . 260

Shuttleworth, R. J., Catalogue of

the Terrestrial and Flu-

viatile Shells of St.

‘Thomas! Wark. <n OS

Pe Re a ONT

SiLvRoiwz, one tone

SILUROIDEs, 364, 367, 368

ilps: cous a. he ist fos) Anois) Mee

Silver Fish, . . ; . 422

Sparus Desfontaines Lae., . 379

379, 380

70, 74, 76

vate 70

Surinamensis Bloch,

Spiraxis ejuncida Shuttl.,

gracillima Ptr.,

Staurotide, .

Stenogyra "Goodalli Mull, Py ek,

octona Chem.,. . . . 70

octonoides 0. B. Ad., 40

Swiftiana “ sib womiorpmet nO:

Stephanite, . . .. . 60, 61

Stercorarius catarractes Linn., . 7

Sterna a! Sera? 2!

PaO ati woul eth vou teks tO

Sternbergite,. . . 60, 63

STEVARDINe Gill, . . ot Aina ste

Stevardia Gill, . 423, 426

albipinnis “ 4265, 426,

427, 429, 370

Stoastoma, 2 2.) 2);

pisum C. B. Ad, .

Strix crucigera Spix, .

Stromeyerite,

elecineOs ve tial splat Wes

approximans Shettl.,

fulgens Lea, . . .

Sagra Orb., ‘

Suckley’s Gull, .

Sulphur, . .

Sulphuret of Arsenic,. . .

. 54, 60, 62, 42, 56

. 264

Index.

Page

Sulphuret of Iron,. . .- 56

Sylvicola estiva, . =. - Sg lait

discolor, « : Pera Lay

pensilis Gel, . aay, ili

pityophila Gund, . 5 melt)

Synbranchus, . . . . . 367, 369

Tata, . 868, 406, 409

Tachisurus, 2 « .« + + = - 890

Tachornisiaemeg ecu a LA PAT

Tachornis Iradii Lemé., . . 269

plenicobius Gosse, . 270

TREBOSTEL . =

‘Dantalite notes nes ce

371

Bd, 58, 62

Teretistris forusi Gund, . .- . 274

Tern, Slender Billed,. . . nese

TerraGonoprerInz Gill,. . . » 414

Tetragonopterus, 415, 416, 368, 423

grandisquamis Mull.,

‘Dros¢hiss a0) is) os . » 416

interruptus Jen., . . » 416

Linneet Wali SV eALS

melanurus “ Eo ieee cee

spilurus oben ls, wee Nee

viejita SU) alm heme: 8 Ge

Texan Partridge, . . 5 1

MexancQuallivon is.) aeuuts il

Thomsonite, . 5 47

Topaz,. + «

" 47, 62, 42, 49, 50, 51

Tornatellina castanea Pfr., .

CUDENSES, «se

Owathiensis Pfr., .

Turdus solitarius Wilson, .

Trichiurus, é é

eRe hiylin ese siete te

Trochatella, .

pulchella Gray, -

Tankervillii “ sfwhs

Trochilus aquila Bour., . .

*BrOUbs) ads noe eo ee eee

Truneatella Caribeensis Sowb.,

clathrus Lowe, .

pulechella Pfr, nes

subcylindrica Gray,. -

suceinea C. B. Ad.,

Tyrannula cinerascens Law, «

Urtica grandis,. . + « + =

Valentinite, .

Vitrina Siamensis Haines,

Vomer Linn., eiikha

BrOW?RI0, ol heb) at cee es

Wien bers) lcimicm sues

SWiawiChites sonicmmcln oiiteMile

Ue ol 0 GA Ga 6

iWavellites cut sel iecn camber

Withenrtbesy canes cub akeeieie

Wiahleritena nase enter i

IWiolirarns\ey can silesuete

SMIATTAOM “client sntlsie.

VAT IReDy inure besos 5 0A NG

Zeus gallus Linn., . .

capillaris,

rostratus, .

Vomer Linn.,

$1,

54, 62,

443

Page

. 323

. 822

" 366, 368

AT, 62

| 368, 411

. 15

. 189

. 369

. 212

64, 55

158

e 34

. 161

413

Pane: !7/

. 60

52, 53

54, 58

. 367

ved

Bier

32, 34

A Digs pal ase oe 8 be se

Pace 78, 18th line from the top, after, ‘to show,” insert “absence of.”

ASS idthiy ys “for tubercles read pillars.

161,5th “ up oe 6 astiva “% estiva.

202, 8th “ $8 “« “ Honukawai “ Honakawai.

balay ela at: “« “ Keowaawa “ Keawaawa.

218,2nd “ “ bottom ‘ Waialoe “ Waialae.

Beat atin G9 oh se “ dele Pl. VII. Fig. 42 b.

221, at foot of the page, insert Pl. VIZ. Fig. 42 0.

224, 8d line from the bottom, jor Jeie read Ieie.

255, at foot of the page, “ ‘basi “ base.

256, 2nd line from the top, “ valido “ valida.

Con dagiy C2 ce “ duo ‘“ duobus.

Costin se “ marulé * macula.

Sayin ee ss “ basi ‘“ base.

276, 5th “ us “ P, CHrysocauLosus read C, CHRYSOCAULOSUS,

Set Ste “ “ P. auratus “ 0, Auratus.

291, 7th ‘“ bottom % p. 21, read p. 191.

345, 14th “ st “ say «Say.

374, 16th “ se * Arouco ‘“ Arouca.

391, 16th “ Ce “ Pimelotus read Pimelenotus,

426, 14th “ sf “ external read supra.