CONTENTS

OF THE

Shy en he VOL OME,

BY THOMAS BLAND.

PAGE

Remarks on certain species of North American Helicidz. . z 26, 115, 420

On the Geographical Distribution of the Genera and Species of Land Shells

of the West India Islands, and a Catalogue of the Species of each

Island . 3 : 4 : : . J 4 - : a

BY THOMAS BLAND AND J. G. OGOPER.

Norice of Land and Fresh-water Shells, collected by Dr. J. G. i oad in

the Rocky Mountains, etc., in 1860 . . : : :

BY ARTHUR EDWARDS,

Nore on ‘ae Reproduction of Individuals of the Genus Actinia . - ,

On the Microseopic Forms of the Harbor of Charleston, South Carolina.

BY D. G. ELLIOT.

Descrietion of a new species of Eupsychortyx .- . s

On the Occurrence, within the limits of the United ptatee of Bartow

Golden-Eye, Bucrpnata Istanpica . . : : 5

BY THEODORE GILL.

Propromus deseriptionis subfamiliz Gobinarum equamis cycloideis pis-

cium el. W. Stimpsono in Mare Pacifico acquisitorum i

Propromus descriptionis familie Gobioidarum duorum generum novorum

Description of a new species of Pimelodine from Canada ,

Descriptions of two new species of Terrestrial Grapsoid Crustaceans fom

the West Indies : : : s

Descrietion of a New Generic Form of Gomme from fie beeen hee

Awnatyticat Synopsis of the Order Squat; and Revision of the Nomencla-

ture ofthe Genera . : : : 5 $4

BY JOHN W. GREENE, M.D.

Descriptions of several New Hymenopterous Insects from the Northwest

Coast of America.

Review of the American Hombiay Wigether Sith a deepen! of ee

Species heretofore undescribed, being a Synopsis of the Species of

this family of Hymenopterous Insects thus far known to inhabit

North America 3 : 5 5 . ° : : : 5

338

362

168

lv CONTENTS.

PAGE

BY GEORGE N. LAWRENCE.

Desceirrions of three new species of Humming Birds of the Genera Heur-

OMASTER, AMAZILIA, and MELLIsuGa . : 107

Description of a new species of Bird of the Genus oes alse of a N ew

Species of Humming Bird of the Genus Heliopedica . 442

Notes on some Cuban Birds, with Descriptions of New Species . - 247

Dxsortptions of new species of Birds of the Genera Myiarchus and Phlo-

gopsis : 284

Catalogu of a Goileatiag of Birds aia in New Geonnda by eo Me-

Leannan, Esq., of New York; with Notes and Descriptions of New

Species . . : p ‘ : 288, 315, 461

Desoriptions of three new species of Binds: : : 308

Desoriprions of six new species of Birds of the gels Panes

Trocuinip&, and CaPRIMULGID& : is - B : : - 455

BY PROF. 0. W. MORRIS.

A comparison of the Climate, ete., of New York and Kansas. s : 22

BY W. NEWCOMB, M.D.

Descriptions of new species of the Genera AcnatInELLA and Pura. . 145

Duscription of a new species of Hetrx from Bougainsville Island ¢ - 283

BY TEMPLE PRIME,

List of the known species of Pismrom, with their Synonymy . 94

Description of two new species of the Genus Barissa, with Notes on h tne

Genus: 90: Satin 1 0)

Norss on the Cyrena Suter ead Coe aero of Morelst - ola

Descriptions of two new species of Mollusca of the Genus Corbicula - 480

Dxscription of new species of Mollusca of the Genus Venus. A - 482

BY REY. J. ROWELL,

Descrietion of a new species of Pura from California : : : < 2B.

BY SANDERSON SMITH.

Ow the Mollusca of Peconic and Gardiner’s Bays, Long Island . of) AA

BY R. P, STEVENS,

Remarks on the Taconic System ; 276

On the Extension of the Carboniferous Sy sia of the United Sins 80 as

to include all true Coals . - : : . - A : - 414

BY W. STIMPSON.

Nores on North American Crustacea . : 5 : : : : 49, 176

BY GEORGE SUCKLEY, M.D.

Descriptions of several new species of Sarmonipx from the North-West

Coast of America, N 1

Noricrs of certain new species of N au gers cihs ars ehicdy 4a in

the collection of the North-West Boundar ‘y Commission ; collected

by Dr. C. B. R. Kennerly, Naturalist to the Cousins ; - 3806

ANNALS

OF THE

PEOCPE oOr VOTER LE aS TORY:

I.— Descriptions of Several New Species of SALMONIDA, from

the North- West Coast of America.

By George Sucker, M.D.

Read December 6, 1858.

Salmo Gibbsii, Suckley.

CotumerA SatmMon-Trovut: Gisss’s SALMON.

Syn.— Fario tsuppitch, Grp. in Proc. Acad. N. Sc. Phil. viii. 218,

1856.

Grp. Rep. on Fishes, U. 8. P. R. R. Surveys,

310, 1858.

[Non Salmo tsuppitch, Ricuarvson.|

Black-spotted Salmon-trout, Luwis & CiLarKE.

Ficures.—The typical specimen of the present species is figured as

F. tsuppitch in the Pacific R. R. Reports, Fishes, Plate LXIX.

Sp. Cx—Body elongated, compressed, fusiform in profile; dorsal

profile but slightly arched; snout rounded, the jaws sub-equal; maxil-

lary gently curved, dilated posteriorly, and extending to a vertical line

passing slightly behind the orbit; anterior margin of dorsal nearer the

extremity of the snout than to the insertion of caudal fin; colors of the

head and back, in the fresh specimen, rich dark olive green, profusely

DECEMBER, 1858. Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hist. Vou. VII.

2 Descriptions of Several New Species of Salmonide,

dotted with roundish black spots, the scales in certain lights showing

bright silvery reflections; sides below the lateral line are usually uni-

color, of a yellowish white; inferior fins unspotted ; tail and upper fins

yellowish olive, profusely spotted with round and oval spots of black,

each spot being from one to two lines in diameter, and completely

isolated from the others, not confluent as in some other species; caudal

fin moderately lunated, not forked ; head small; teeth small, and very

numerous, especially on the labials; length of the full grown adult

rarely exceeds 2 feet.

Habitat.—The Columbia River and its larger affluents. The

species is apparently not anadromous, but seems to remain in

the fresh waters throughout the year.

The typical specimen upon which the foregoing description

is based, is a single skin contained in the Smithsonian collec-

tion, Cat. Number 940—that of a female obtained by the present

describer, at Fort Dalles, Oregon, April 5th, 1855. The species

is known to the Walla Walla Indians as the Shoo-shines, and to

the Wascos by the name of Jc-kwan-eek.

Mr. Girard, mistaking the specimen for the S. tsuppitch of

Richardson, figured and described it as belonging to that

species. Upon his attention being called to several marked

discrepancies between the account given by Sir John Richard-

son of the S. tswppitch, and certain characteristics of the

specimen from Fort Dalles, he at once coincided with me in

considering the two species distinct. According to Richardson

the S. tsuppitch has the dorsal, anal, and caudal fins destitute

of spots, and the tail forked. The present fish, on the contrary,

has the tail but moderately lunated at its extremity; and the

dorsal fins and tail are profusely spotted with black. These

prominent differences, besides many others less striking, have

been deemed sufficient to settle the question of non-identity of

the two species ; and as no recorded description seems to refer

to the present salmon, it is now presented as a new species

under the name Salmo Gibbsiz, in honor of my valued friend

George Gibbs, Esq., Geologist to the N. W. Boundary Commis-

from the North-West Coast of America. 3

sion, and for many years a resident of Washington Territory.

To Mr. Gibbs more than to any other individual am I indebted

for rare specimens in all branches of Natural History, and

especially for information, aid, advice, and encouragement

while endeavoring to elucidate the history of the Salmonidee of

the N. W. coast.

Salmo truncatus, Suckley.

SHORT-TAILED SALMON : SQUARE-TAILED SALMON.

Typical Specimen No. 11384, Smithsonian Collection.

The specimen upon which the description of the present

species is based was an adult female, obtained by the writer in

the Straits of Fuca, in February, 1857. Its body was fusiform,

in its dorsal profile resembling somewhat the S. quinnat

Ricu. It was, however, more slender than that species, and

differed greatly in the form of the head and tail, besides having

other marked characteristic distinctions.

Sp. Cx.—Body fusiform; dorsal profile moderately arched; anterior

margin of dorsal fin much anterior to a point equidistant between the

nose, and the insertion of the tail; head small ; jaws fully provided with

small teeth; tail small, its free margin, when extended, being almost

straight, having a very faint tendency to lunation; scales generally large.

Colors of the fresh run fish, back of head, back, dorsal and caudal fins

bright blue, spotted on the head with roundish, on the fins with oval

spots of black; the blue of the back is silvery, that of the head and fins

darker; lower parts silvery white, this color extending about an inch

above the lateral line, and merging itself irregularly into the color of

the back ; no spots below the lateral line, which is faint and of a bluish

dusky color; lower fins pale and unspotted, their tips somewhat darkish.

From the vague distinctions separating the different species

of Salmonidx, which, although frequently obviously distinct,

4 Descriptions of Several New Species of Salmonide,

yet approach each other in so many characters, differing only

in shade and intensity,—it is very difficult to give a concise and

striking summary of the leading characters of any one species,

so that by reading a short synopsis those nearly allied may be

readily distinguished. This difficulty is strongly felt in charac-

terizing the present species from several others having many

points in common, and when in addition to the great resem-

blance of typical specimens of the healthy fresh run adults, we

add the perplexities induced by changes in age, sex, and condi-

tion, confusion becomes only the worse confounded. To remedy —

these unfortunate obstacles to success, will require years of

patient labor and investigation.

The following brief diagnosis may serve to assist in distin-

guishing the present species from its nearest relatives found in

the same region. From S. guinnat Rich. it may be known by

the much smaller head, and rounded—not pointed—snout. The

smooth triangular projection extending in front of the sym-

physis mentis of that species is also wanting. The tail of the

adult S. guinnat is very deeply lunated—almost forked, that

of the present species is so abruptly terminated that it has

suggested the specific name applied, the end being almost

as abruptly truncated as if chopped off with a large knife.

In this respect it resembles the adult male of the Salmo trutta

Lin., as figured in Agassiz’ Histovre Naturelle des Poissons

Peau douce, Planches, Livraison I. Tab. VII.

Another difference is in the greater size and thickness of the

S. gunnat, which not unfrequently attains a weight of 30 or

40 lbs., whereas the present fish is usually found not exceeding

ten or twelve pounds, and generally much less; and its common

length when full grown rarely exceeds 32 inches. From the

S. gairdnert of Richardson (not of Girard—see Fig. LX XI.

Pacif. R. R. Reports, which is drawn from the young of some

other species), it is more difficult to be distinguished, both having

many characters in common. It is possible that hereafter, upon

accurate comparison being made with numerous specimens, they

From the North- West Coast of America. 5

may be found identical. In studying the specimens at present

in the Smithsonian collection, we were obliged to confine our-

selves to the examination of two imperfectly dried skins of the

S. gairdneri, and one of the present species, which as yet are the

only representatives of those species contained in the collection.

The following differences however were found. The S. truncatus

has the head smaller, and shorter; tail neither so wide nor so

long, and more spotted ; teeth in the lower jaw more numerous,

but smaller; muzzle and chin more pointed ; body posterior to

anal fin more slender. The lengths of the three skins were much

the same, those of the S. gairdnerz being slightly greater. The

teeth of the latter are larger and more scattered, being in one

specimen 9. 9. and in the other 10. 10., on the arms of the lower

jaw. ‘Those of the S. truncatus have 14-16 on each side, and

although in line, were dispersed in a pair-like manner, i. e.

every other interval being greater. This pair-like disposition

of the teeth is not seen in the S. gaerdnere.

From the S. gibbsei it may be known by its greater size, and

much brighter colors; proportionally smaller tail, and fewer

spots. The dental arrangement, however, is much the same—

barring the absence in the S. gibbsiz of the pair-like distribution

of the teeth, already spoken of. This peculiar dental arrange-

ment may be accidental in the specimen preserved, and has

therefore not been included among the specific characters of

the species. For the same reason, the well marked presence of

a double row of vomerine teeth was not included. Indeed the

specimens of the species of Salmonidee from the Pacific coast of

America, now in the Smithsonian collection, vary so much in

regard to the arrangement of the teeth on the yomer, that I

have no hesitation in rejecting, for the present, the Genus /ario

of Valenciennes. In this view I am now upheld by Mr. Girard,

who informs me that had he received some valuable specimens

from the Pacific coast at an earlier day, he would have ignored

the Genus in his Report on the Fishes obtained on the Pacific

Railroad surveys. It is very probable that the arrangement

6 Descriptions of Several New Species of Salmonida,

and number of the vomerine teeth depends greatly on the age

of the individual, and may also ordinarily vary much in indi-

viduals otherwise alike.

The female obtained by me from the Straits of Fuca had a

very short, small head, forming about one-thirteenth of the total

length of the fish. Female salmon usually have smaller heads

than the males; but I do not remember ever seeing those of

any species so small, compared to the total length of the body, »

as in the present instance. The under jaw was received nicely

and accurately within the upper. The labial, inferior maxil-

lary, and vomerine teeth are very uniform in size, and quite

small, those of the intermaxillary larger—but still small.

The name given to the species by the Klallam Indians is

Klutchin; and I suspect it is the same as the Skwovwl, or silvery

winter salmon of the Nisqually Indians. Its flesh, when fresh-

run, is of a bright salmon-red, and inferior to that of none of

the class for the table.

Salmo gibber, Suckley.

Hump-BAcKED SALMON.

Hunnun of the Lumnies. Huddoh of the Nisquallies.

Typical specimen in Smithsonian Collection, Fishes, No. 1132.

Sp. Cu.— Male. Dorsal profile much more arched than in S, scoulers

Ricu. After entering fresh water, an adipose hump becomes strikingly

apparent, its greatest prominence being nearly opposite a point midway

on a line drawn from the eye to the anterior margin of the base of the

dorsal fin; intermaxillary projection curved strongly downwards as in

S. scouleri ; jaws long, as in the latter, the lower terminated by a

dilated knob (as in several other species of the genus), which is armed

with four or five strong sharp teeth on each side; labials and limbs of

the lower jaw closely set with very fine sharp teeth, finer and more

numerous than those of the S. scouleri ; vomerine and palatine teeth

from the North-West Coast of America. 7

much larger than those of the labials; tail rather strongly lunated,

and profusely dotted with elongated oval dark spots; the other fins

usually unspotted, adipose rather elongated; scales much smaller than

those of the S. scouleri.

The colors of this, like those of other species, vary much after

the fish enters fresh water. Those caught in salt water are

more or less silvery. After entering fresh rivers the color of

the upper parts becomes of a dirty greyish yellow ; below, white

blotched with yellow. These colors, however, vary considera-

bly in different individuals.

Habitat.—North-west coast of America, entering the rivers

in the vicinity of Puget Sound for spawning purposes early in

the autumn of every alternate year.

Dr. Kennerly, who obtained the typical specimen of the

present species at Anaimo, Vancouver's Island, Sept. 22, 1857,

remarks in his notes that it was a male, having the “head

greenish yellow, clouded with black: opercula dull pinkish.

Upper parts dirty greyish and yellow: under parts white

blotched with yellow. Ventral and pectoral fins grass green,

dorsal ultramarine blue and green. Tail blotched (spotted ?)

with black.”

The teeth on the limbs of the lower jaw of this specimen extend

backward only half their length. Tongue apparently destitute

of teeth. Branchial rays 11.11.* Total length 254 inches.

Length of head 7 inches. Depth of hump 7 inches.

This species, according to the residents of that portion of the

world—both whites and natives—appears only biennially,

choosing the “odd” years. On its first arrival it is fat and of

good quality, but soon becomes lean and unsavory. In many

respects this fish strongly resembles the Gorzusona, or Hump-

backed Salmon of Kamtschatka, spoken of by Pennant, and

pat ET ES ek ee ee eee

* Measurements and colors furnished by Dr. C. B. Kennerly, Naturalist to

N.W. Boundary Commission,

8 Descriptions of Several New Species of Salmonidea,

Pallas, and alluded to by Richardson in the Fauna B. Ameri-

cana, but differs much in size. This subject will be spoken

of more in detail in a paper now preparing for the P. R. R-

Reports.

Salmo confiuentus, Suckley.

Typical specimen in Smithsonian Collection, Fishes, No. 1135.

Sp. Ca.—Male. Form stout; dorsal profile rising to a point just

anterior to dorsal fin, then rapidly tapering to tail; dorsal, adipose,

and caudal fins profusely spotted ; caudal broad and moderately lunated.

Adipose opposite anal, and much elongated ; spots along the back and

sides, generally linear or Y-shaped, others irregular (but few round), and

covering from two to five scales; the most common cover three scales

and are about half an inch in length; fins on under parts unspotted,

as also all parts beneath the lateral line.

A triangular bare projection of the chin anterior to the front teeth, as

in the S. guinnat ; scales scarcely as large as those of S. truncatus.

Teeth of irregular size, and not so closely disposed on the arms of the

jaws and labials as in S. gazrdneri: middle of dorsal fin nearly opposite

a point at the middle of the total length.

Differs from S. guinnat in having the tail but moderately

lunated at the extremity, that of the latter being so deeply cut

out as to be almost forked.

Habitat.—_N. W. coast of America, entering the rivers for

spawning purposes during the spring, and continuing throughout

the summer.

The typical specimen, from which the foregoing description

was taken, is a dried skin now in the Smithsonian Collection,

procured by the present describer from the Puyallup River,

near Fort Steilacoom, W. T., Sept. 27th, 1856, and called by

the Indians who saw it Zo-oh-odlt. The Indians seem to apply

the same name to another species of salmon, as I have heard of

a gigantic kind only found in certain localities, which is also

From the North- West Coast of America. 9

called Zo-oh-odit. The colors of the specimen procured—an

adult male—were evidently much changed by long residence

in fresh water, and the exhaustion consequent upon procreation.

This was rendered evident by the altered appearance of the

jaws and teeth, as well as by the lean condition of the fish.

The colors, as they appeared, were as follows: Upper parts

dingy olive-green, profusely spotted with diagonal and confluent

spots of dark brown, or black. Lower parts dingy yellowish

white, unspotted, but tinged with a reddish band along the

flanks.* Dorsal, adipose, and caudal fins dark yellowish green,

spotted profusely with dark brown or black.

The examination of the dried skin shows branchial rays 13. 14.

as near as can be counted. ‘The condition of the specimen is

such that no reliable statement can be given of the number of

fin-rays. Length of skin 29 inches. Insertion of anal fin about

2% inches in length. <A single tooth on the anterior portion of

the vomer. Intermaxillary projection strongly decurved in the

dried skin.

Note.—An alcoholic specimen in the Smithsonian Collection,

marked 1186, is apparently that of a female of some nearly

allied species, from the same general region of country. The

head and skin are preserved, the flesh having been removed.

In general appearance it much resembles the present species,

but the spots are more numerous, and rownd—not confluent.

Salmo canis, Suckley.

Doe Satmon: Sporren Satmon.

Chinook Jargon, Lekai. Nisqually, Thl-hwhai.

Sp. Cu,—Maie, Gape line of mouth much arched; intermaxillary

protuberance well marked, decurved ; fleshy prolongation beyond chin

* This reddish tinge on the Sides and abdomen is of common occurrence in

several species of salmon, when exhausted after the spawning season.

10 Descriptions of Several New Species of Salmonida, ete.

rather thick; jaws fully provided with large strong teeth, so large as to

give rise to the name of Deg salmon ; dorsal outline moderately arched ;

body compressed laterally, but rather deep; weight of full grown adult

rarely exceeds 12 or 14 lbs. Colors, upon first arrival into fresh water,

of a dingy greenish olive on the back, fading into brassy yellow on the

sides, and to dingy yellowish white on the belly; sides more or less

maculated with large alternate patches of dingy green, and purplish red;

flesh pale and of inferior quality ; upper fins and tail dark.

Habitat.—N. W. coast of America. Enters the streams along

Puget Sound in great numbers in autumn.

All the specimens preserved of this species were unfortu-

nately lost i transitu. They arrive in the small rivers and

creeks, emptying into Puget Sound, about the first week in Octo-

ber, coming in great numbers, and remaining in the streams

until about the 1st of April. They are the most inferior of all

the kinds of salmon known in that region.

Note.—The foregoing notices of the new species of salmon

from the western coast of America are necessarily incomplete,

as but few specimens of either kind have as yet been received.

More extended and useful descriptions of each will be fur-

nished, as soon as the reception of additional material will admit.

Many anatomical characteristics, such as the number of fin-rays,

teeth, &c., have been omitted, owing to the imperfect condition

of many of the specimens from which the descriptions were

made up.

Descriptions of Several New Hymenopterous Insects, ete. 11

Il.—Deseriptions of Several New Hymenopterous Insects from

the North West Coast of America.

By Joun W. Greene, M.D.

(Communicated by the Smithsonian Institution.)

Read December 6, 1858.

i. Bombus interruptus, Greene.

Muzzle yellowish; a band of black between the eyes, above which a

patch of yellowish hairs, corselet yellow, a quadrangular black spot be-

tween wings; sides of the thorax covered with yellowish hair; bases of

wings jet black; first, second segments, and anus black; the third, fourth,

and fifth segments black, fringed with yellowish hair on the lower mar-

gins of the segments on each side; the fringes are interrupted on the

dorsal aspect of the abdomen, which is of the prevailing color, smooth

and shining; legs moderately hairy, reddish black ; wings smoky ; size,

nearly that of B. Virginicus Fab.

Habitat. N. W. Coast of America, Wash. Territ., Oregon.

ftemarks.—The above description was taken from a specimem

obtained at Fort Steilacoom, W. T., during the month of July,,

1856, by Dr. George Suckley, U.S. A.

It is evidently a female, and has five abdominal segments

exclusive of the anus. The yellow hairs on the thorax of one:

specimen in my cabinet, have a strong ferruginous tinge, but.

this variation is probably due to immersion in alcohol.

Another specimen, apparently a male, differs in its greatly

reduced size, being about half as large, and having the dorsal

aspects of the abdominal segments hairy, not smooth; in the

middle, on the dorsal surface, corresponding to the bare shin-

ing interrupted space separating the lateral yellow fringes of

12 Prodromus Deseriptionis Subfamilie Gobinarum

the female, are black hairs, those of the sides being yellow,

as in the female. It also lacks the tuft of yellow hair on the

face.

2. Bombus occidentalis, Greene.

Face between the eyes yellowish, white anteriorly and laterally ; first

four abdominal segments black; the rest, including anus, white; length

about nine lines, female.

LTabitat.—N orth West Coast of America, Fort Vancouver,

Dr. Cooper; Puget’s Sound, Dr. Suckley.

Remarks.—Two specimens from the same locality present

certain differences, but until I shall have had more opportunity

of comparing them, they had better remain under the present

‘head. These variations consist in their being slightly more

robust in form, hairs on limbs longer, and an encroachment of

the pale hairs upon the fourth segment. Male about two-thirds

the size of female. The yellow hairs upon the thorax of most

of my specimens are dingy, those of the muzzle much paler.

Uil.—Prodromus descriptions subfamilie Gobinarum squamis

cycloideis pisciwm, cl. W. Stimpsono in mare Pacifico acqui-

sitorum.

THEODORE GILL AUCTORE.

Read December 20, 1858.

Cuanogosius, GILL.

Corpus elongatum, gracile, antice subcylindricum, ad caude

pinnam attenuatum.

Squanve cycloidee, plerusque parvee.

Sguamis Cycloideis Piscium. 13

Caput subconicum, linea frontale fere recta, superne depres-

sum, latum, lateribus subrotundatum : vertex, opercula geneque

sine squamis: dorsum antice lateribus nudis, medio squamarum

fascia ab pinna dorsale ad nucham extendente.

Oculi obliqui, parvi, in capitis parte anteriore positi.

Os magnum, valde fissum, rictu pone oculos extendente, paulo

obliquo. Maxille equales. Lingua paulo apice emarginata.

Dentes mediocres, subcylindrici, recurvati.

Pinne dorsales due, ormnino distincte.

P. analis p. dorsali secundee opposita.

P. caudalis rotundata.

P. pectorales rotundate.

P. ventrales subparve, membrana interspinali haud alta.

- Cheenogobius annularis, Giil.

Corpus antice fere cylindricum, altitudine ad pinnam dor-

salem maximo, non extremi longitudinis partem septimam

eequante, duplice quam caude altitudo; postice compressum.

Linea ab pinna dorsali ad rostrum fere recta.

Caput leve, lateraliter semiconicum, infra pene horizontale ;

superne latior, depressum planumque, lente ad rostrum rotunda-

tum coarctatum. Nucha paulo constricta.

Capitis longitudo rostro ad operculi marginem non longitu-

dinis partem quartam formans (23-100); altitudine ejusdem fere

dimidio (11-28); latitudine prope nucham multo dimidium

superante (13-23).

Oculi omnino in capitis parte anteriore, orbitee diametro fere

quarties in capitis longitudine; spatio interorbitali diametri 3

zequante.

Pinna caudalis parva, rotundata, circa longitudinis partem

sextam formans.

P. dorsalis prima radiis sex, ultimo remotiori; p. dorsalis se-

cunda longitudinis dimidio posteriori incipiens. .

De VIL 9: VAS) Ok:

14 Prodromus Descriptionis Subfamilia Gobinarum

Color fulvus, supra dense guttulis nigricantibus minimis

obscuratus, lateribus pone anum paucibus annulis fere mundis

ocellos formantibus. Venter fere mundus, fulvus. Pinna dor-

salis secunda trifasciata.

Hab. in sinu “ Hakodadi” insule Japonice “Jesso.” W.

Stimpson ! (specimen unicum).

Lepmogosivus, GILL.

Corpus elongatum, compressum, ad caudz pinnam regulariter

attenuatum.

Squame regulariter imbricate, cycloide.

Caput elongatum, subconicum, vix inflatum, vertice operculis

genibusque plerumque squamosis.

Oculi fere laterales, in capitis parte mediana plerumque

positi.

Os paulo obliquum rictu ad vel sub oculos extendente. Lin-

gua apice emarginata. Maxille sequales.

Dentes villiformes, seriebus multis, serie externa paulo majore.

Pine dorsales due, bene disjunctee.

P. analis dorsali secundee opposita.

P. caudalis margine rotundata.

P. ventrales membrana interspinali haud alta.

P. pectorales mediocres, basibus latis, marginibus rotun-

datis.

Ad hoe genus, Godius gracilis, Girardi (post @. lepidus Grd.)

et G. Newberrii, Grd. pertinent.

Lepidogobius gracilis, (Girard.)

SYNONYMIA.

Gobius gracilis, Grd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc., Philad., vol. VII. p. 134.

(non G. gracilis, Jenyns), 1855.

Squamis Cycloideis Piscium. 15

Gobius lepidus, Grd. Report Pacific Railroad Surveying Expedition,

vol. VI, Zoology, p. 21, pl. XX Va, fig. 5,6, 1853.

Corpus fulvum ; membrana branchiostegalis pinnzeque hepa-

ticze vel nigricantes.

Hab.—“ San Francisco,” California. W. Stimpson! October,

1855. San Francisco; Dr. Newberry! Girard.

Cuaturicutuys, RicHarpson.

SYNONYMIA.

Cheturichthys, Rich. Voyage of Sulphur, Ichthyology, p. 54, 1844.

Corpus elongatum, compressum, vix antice sub-cylindricum,

ad caudam regulariter attenuatum.

Squame regulariter imbricatee, mediocres, cycloide.

Caput subconicum, linea frontale vix curvata, antice superne

sublatum. Operculis, genibus verticeque squamis obtectis.

Ocult plerumque fere in capitis parte media positi, obliqui.

Apertura branchialis magna.

Os obliquum, sat magnum, rictu paulo sub oculos extendente.

Maxille subequales. Lingua plerumque apice truncata.

Dentes in maxillis plerumque ordine bino, serie anteriore

majores, paulo curvati vel fere subulati.

Maxilla mferior sabtus barbatula (R.)

Pinne dorsales duse omnino separate.

P. analis p. dorsali secunde opposita.

P. caude lanceolata, utrinque in cauda decurrenti et ibi

radiis plurimis inarticulatis simplicibusque sustentata (R.)

P. ventrales membrana connectente haud alta.

P. pectorales rotundate.

‘

16 Prodromus Descriptionis Familie

Cheturichthys hexanema, Blkr.

SyNONYMIA.

Cheturichthys hexanema, Blkr. Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch

Genootschap, vol. XXV. p. 43. 1853.

Buccarum squame in septem seriebus; in serie longitudinale

39 plus minusve. Maxilla inferior cirris sex, oculo brevioribus,

fere eequidistantibus, ultimo fere sub oculi marginem anteriorem.

Pinna dorsalis prima radiis octo, omnibus fere pariter remotis.

Color fulvus, latere maculorum diffusorum quinque vel sex

serie. Pinnee obscure, minute guttulatee.

Hab. in mari insule Japonice “ Niphon” lateri orientali

(Brooke et Kern!) Stimpson. Nagasaki, in mari, (Pflaum!)

Bleeker.

Cl. Bleekeri tabulam non vidi.

IV.—Prodromus descriptions familie Gobioidarum duorum

generum novorum.

THEODORE GILL AUCTORE.

Read December 20, 1858.

Gobioide dentibus apicibus denticulatis, pinnis ventralibus infundi-

buli simplicis forma, conjunctis, maxillqaue inferiore superiore non multo

minore, subfamiliam, que nomen TrmENTIGERINA datum est, formant.

TRIDENTIGER, GILL.

Corpus oblongum, antice subcylindricum, postice compressum,

cauda alta.

Squame magnitudine mediocres, marginibus posterioribus

pectinatis.

Gobioidarum Duorum Generum Novorum. 17

Caput magnitudine mediocre, superne depressum, planum,

lente ad rostrum coarctatum, lateribus compressis, fere verti-

calibus, antice subtruncatum, rostro obtuse rotundato.

Oculi in capitis parte anteriore, fere verticales.

Os terminale, paulo obliquum, rictu ad oculos extendente:

Maxillee fere zequales, vel inferiore longiore.

Dentes in ambobus maxillis seriebus duabus ordinati; seriei

anterioris dentibus elongatis, apicibus lateraliter dilatatis, ple-

rumque paulo recurvatis, tridentatis, denticulomediano maximo;

seriei posterioris simplicibus, recurvatis.

Pinne dorsales due ; prima subquadrata ; secunda oblonga.

P. analis p. Aorsali secundse opposita.

P. caudalis margine subrotundato.

P. pectorales marginibus subrotundatis.

P. ventrales infundibuliformes, antice membrana juncte.

Genus ab Steydio, Val., quod Gobio Plumieri* Blochii et

speciebus affinibus restrictum est, pinnarum ventralium forma

infundibuliformi simplici, rostro ‘subverticali, maxillibus sequa-

libus vel maxilla inferiore longiore, et dentium serie duplice,

differt. Dentes tricuspidati etiam multo validiores sunt.

S. obscurum 'Temmincki et Schlegeli typus est.

Tridentizger obscurus (FT. S.), Gill.

Sicydium obscurum, Temm. Schl. Fauna Japonica, Pisces, p. 145,

tab. Ixxvi., fig. 1, 1850.

Habitat in aquee dulcis fossis Japonize. W. Stimpson!

TrranopHorus,+ Ginx.

Corpus oblongum, antice subcylindricum, postice compressum,

cauda alta, ad quam dorsum abdomenque lente attenuati sunt.

* Sicydium Plumieri, Val. Hist. Nat. des Poissons, vol. xii, p. 168.

+ Tpraivogoprs, Tridentiger; etiam Neptuninomen: nomen dentes tricuspidatos,

quasi tridentes, designans.

DECEMBER, 1858, Dy) Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hist, Vou. VII.

18 Prodromus Descriptionis Familia, ke.

Squame mediocres, marginibus expositis pectinatis.

Caput oblongum, superne depressum planumque, triangulare,

postice dilatatum, antice verticaliter truneatum, rostro obtuse

rotundato.

Oculi in capitis parte anteriore positi, obliqui.

Os terminale paulo obliquum, rictu sub oculis extendente ;

maxillee subeequales vel maxilla inferior paulo longior.

Dentes maxille superioris elongate, apicibus lateraliter dila-

tatis, paulo incurvatis plerumque, apicibus trieuspidatis, denti-

culo mediano maximo; maxilla inferior seriebus duabus, quarum

series prima maxillee superioris seriei similis est; series posterior

dentium simplicium plerumque recurvatorum composita est.

Pinne dorsales dus; secunda, que analis opposita est,

oblonga. Pinne caudalis, pectorales et ventrales ut in genere

Tridenitgeri, Gill.

Hoe genus Zridentigert (Gill) valde affinis est, sed capite

triangulari, postice inflato, et maxillee superioris dentium seri-

erum numero differt.

Triznophorus trigonocephalus, Gill.

Corpus sat elongatum, lente ad caudee pinnam attenuatum,

altitudine maxima circiter longitudinis extremi (pinnee caudalis

incluse) partem septimam equante ; altitudine prope pinnam

caudalem partem decimam eequante.

Caput oblongum, superne triangulare, temporibus _lateri-

busque postice tumidis; longitudine fere totius longitudinis

partem quartam formante; latitudine maxima fere capitis

longitudinis partes duas tertias equante; altitudine multo

minore.

Os rictu sub oculi margine posteriore desinente.

Squamee in serie longitudinale 52 plus minusve.

Pinnee dorsalis secunda analisque alte, oblonge, sube-

quales.

Note on the Reproduction of Actonia. 19

D: vi. eee 1 Pa We -b-P5 E.

Color fuscus, membrana branchiostegali albo punctulata.

Pinna analis albo marginata. Pinna pectoralis fascia albida

transversa prope basem ornata.

Hab. in portu “Tong Kong” Chine. W. Stimpson!

V.—Wote on the Leeproduction of Indwiduals of the Genus

AcTINIA.

By Arraur M. Epwarps.

Read 20th September, 1858.

Tur important relations that the Actiniz bear to other classes

of animals, both above and below them in the scale of life,

together with the beauty of their forms and tints, have invested

them with an interest to zoologists which has also been shared

by unscientific persons. The attention of naturalists has thus

been drawn to the fact, that a thorough knowledge of their

physiology and anatomy is much needed; and it is believed

that any slight notes promoting that end will be gratefully

accepted by students of this class of animals.

The writer intends in this short communication to give such

facts relating to the reproduction of the Actinige, as have come

under his own observation during the past year, while keeping

specimens of the British species A. mesembryanthemum, and —

A. tigrina, for which he is indebted to Mr. M.S. de Vere of

the University of Virginia.

The writer therefore selects the following from his notes,

taken at the time of the occurrence of the facts mentioned ; and

here he would strongly impress on all observers the value of

clear and extended notes and illustrative drawings, however

crude, made at the time of any observation in Natural History.

20 Note on the Reproduction of

Such a record becomes, after a time, extremely useful for pur-

poses of reference.

“J have often noticed that my specimens of A. mesembry-

anthemum have, at times, accumulations of light pink-eolored

granules, of from 0.025 inch., up to almost 0.05 inch. diameter,

in the interior of their tentacles, and that the creatures were at

these periods in a more or less contracted state, that is to say,

not swollen and semi-transparent as they usually are. TI also

noticed that, when in this state, they exhibited an extraordinary

degree of inactivity, and would scarcely clutch at the food pre-

sented to them, which at other times they would seize and

devour with great avidity. Their urtricating power also seemed

to be deficient.

“Having again observed the presence of these granules in

great quantity in the tentacles of one of my specimens, I

watched them carefully for some time, and remarked the fol-

lowing facts :—

“The pink granules were seen to move up and down in the

tentacles, sometimes reaching the extreme tip, and then retreat-

ing towards the body of the animal and disappearing ; at other

times turning at once down into the cavity, at the point where

the base of the tentacle unites with the oval disc, but most fre-

quently passing down to the other extremity near the mouth,

and gradually disappearing. It at once struck me that these

might be young, so I nipped one of the tentacles with a pair of

forceps, when three of the granules were ejected from the orifice,

situated at the extremity of the tentacle, through which the

Actinia inhales the water by means of which it expands its body.

The tentacle so seized was at once withdrawn, and remained

contracted for some time. Two of the three granules, or, as

Sir John Dalyell calls them, ‘ corpuseula,’ dropped to the bot-

tom of the tank, and were lost among the stones, but I captured

one by means of a tube, and placed it under the microscope. It

proved to be of a somewhat spherical form, and set with ciliz

on its surface, by means of which it moved about in a lively

Individuals of the Genus Actinia. 21

manner. These cilize were found to be always present up to

an advanced age in the Actinia, but do not seem to have

been observed in the adult animal, and are therefore most likely

wanting.

“T have also had an opportunity of verifying the observations

of others, that the cavity of the Actinia, which is situated

between the stomach and exterior wall of the body, is provided

with ciliated epithelium, for on crushing a young specimen

under the microscope, epithelial scales were seen to escape,

which moved about for some time by means of their ciliz.

“By the aid of the exterior ciliz the young Actinia moves

through the water, and indeed in the interior of the parent,

always progressing with the base, or rather the point at which

it afterwards makes its appearance, foremost. When very

young, this swimming action is somewhat quick, but as the

Actinia increases in dimensions the motion becomes slower,

and at last the basal dise becomes apparent. Up to this time,

and even sometimes after the base is formed, the creature often

adheres to foreign objects by means of its tentacles, the urtri-

cating capsules of which seem to be strongly developed.

“Tt is at this period of the appearance of the base, that the

cilize, being no longer needed, most likely disappear. Food is not

now required to be passed to the mouth, as the arms or tentacles

appear, and the animal can search for and capture large prey,—

though we often find full grown specimens, supporting them-

selves for months on the microscopic animals living in the

water. The tentacles in A. mesembryanthemum make their

appearance first as four, or sometimes more protuberances, and

when these have reached maturity, others are added to them.

The tentacles of the young animal are always longer in propor-

tion than those of the adult.

“The normal mode in which the young Actiniz are produced

does not seem to be through the orifices at the extremities of

the tentacles, or at least no one has seen them so brouglit forth.

The natural mode is by the opening at the bottom of the stomach,

22 Comparison of the Climate

and so through the mouth, base foremost. The extreme mus-

cular contraction consequent on seizing food will sometimes

eject young from the mouth, which are also at times carried

back, with the food, into the stomach, but not to be digested,

as the Actinize are not cannibal in their habits. In my opinion,

all Actiniz are normally viviparous, though Mr. Lewes men-

tions what he considers an example of an oviparous specimen.

“On this point, as on many others relating to the Actinia,

much remains to be discovered, and any one possessing a few

living specimens should note down facts, be they already known

or new.”

Since writing the above, I have found that many of the facts

mentioned have been already observed by Sir John Dalyell,

but he did not follow up his observations so far as I have, and

therefore while I confirm some of his, several of mine herein

noted down, are now, for the first time, published.

V1—<A Comparison of the Climate, &c., of New York and

Kansas.

By Prorrssor O. W. Morris, New York.

Read 27th December, 1858.

Mucu has been said of late about the climate of Kansas, as to

its similarity to that of southern New York, as well as to its

salubrity; and as the Army Meteorological Journal afforded

the facilities, a comparison was instituted between them, taking

the station of Fort Leavenworth, on the Missouri river, in Kan-

sas, and of Fort Columbus on Governor’s Island, in New York

Harbor, as the points. Fort Columbus is in north latitude 40°

42',—Fort Leavenworth, in 39° 18’, one degree and twenty-four

minutes farther south, and 20° 42’ west longitude from New

York, and at an elevation of 873 feet above it.

The following Table shows the Mean temperature of each

season, and for the year,—the Maximum and Minimum,—-the

prevailing Winds, and the quantity of Rain for each year, for a

of New York and Kansas.

period of ten years,—also the same (except the seasons) for each

month of the year 1854

Spring.

51°88

61:15

50°02

48°34

46°80

44:90

49°02

49°62

48°43

47°07

48°72

1844

1850

2°53

Summer

72:23

74°65

70°94

72°92

71:54

71°24

72°69

73°19

72°25)

72°42

73°40

1845

1846

Autumn

54°21

57°99

57°29

54°06

55°05

54°43

55°80

53°67

55°81

55°24

55°36

1845

its)

1852

NEW YORK.

Winter. | Year Max

29°82) 52°03} 92

31°75] 53°88] 99

30°89) 52°28) 95

33°97) 52°32] 94

27°51) 50°22) 94

83'14| 50:98} 94

81°07) 52°15} 96

31°84| 51:40} 92

82°14) 52°16) 89

28°13) 50°71] 98

31:03} 51°81] 93°9

1847) 1845

1849) 1849

Winds.

N. W.

ING AYE

N. W.

NeW

INEWis

N, W.

N. W.

SmWe

Ss. W.

Rain.

36°38

34°08

48°91

64°82

31°74

54°53

39°97

43 84

52°20

45°18

45°16

TABLE.

1844

1845

1846

1847

1849

1850

1851

1852

1853

1854

Mean.

Warmest

Mean dif.

Coldest.

Mean dif.

Spring. | Summer

55 23

55°76

56°12

47°43

54°03

48°10

73°38

74°86

74°59

71°66

13°74

7574

54°19) 78°25

5294) 72°72

51°61) 73°75

55°55) 77°71

53°10) 74°14

1846) 1854

4:24) 3°06

1847| 1847

Autumn} Winter.

51°10

54°54

56°13

53:19

57:47

55°27

53°78

51°77

55°27

58°57

80°57

33°61

8410

26°47

23°24

28°67

31°15

28°34

31°44

31°53

54°71] 29°91

1854) 1846

1844| 1849

2°57| 4:27

KANSAS.

pea eT,

Year. | Max. | Min. Winds. Rain.

52°57| 91 0} N. W. |48°12

54°69) 99 |—14 S. 84°56

55°86} 94 | —6) N.W. [28°75

49 69) 96 |—10 Ss. 21°08

52°12} 90 |—25) S. BE. /42°85

51:94:100 |—11 S. 27:07

53°09} 91 | —6 5. 37°81

51:44] 98 |—14; N. W. /36°53

53°02] 94 3/S.W&N.W/|25-20

55°84|103 | —8| §. W. |24:40

58°03/94°1 | -9°7 82°13

1846

1:98

1847

24 A Comparison of the Climate, &c.,

Monruty Means ror 1854.

NEW YORK. KANSAS.

N. W.| 2°60 67 8 | 24°68) S. W.} 0°04

N. E. | 4:00 48 6 | 85°53) 8. W.| 1°78

INE Wie ee.) 79 20 | 45:14/ 8. W.| 1°33

N. E. | 8°80 85 15 | 56:06|S. W.) 3:35

8. E. | 7°70 88 40 | 65°45) S. W.| 5°55

8. W./ 2°20 93 46 | 72°85) 8. W.| 4:50

8. W./ 1°90 || 102 59 | 81°19

8. W.| 1:03 || 108 56 | 79°10

S: W.| 1:90 98 AT \"13 71

N. W.| 1°80 88 33 | 60°64

S. W. | 3:95 68 15 | 41°37

N. W.| 8°60 59 | —7 | 84°38

Je)

S. W.| 3°765]| 81°5 | 26°83] 55:84| S. W./2:038

The range of the thermometer in New York for 1854 is 88°,

in Kansas it is 111°, a difference of 23°. The maximum at

New York being 93°, at Kansas 103°—the minimum at New

York 5° above, at Kansas 8° below zero.

This year, all the seasons, as well as the yearly means, are

warmer in Kansas than in New York. The Spring is 8-48°—

the Summer 5-29°—the Autumn 3°33°—the Winter 3:-40°—and

the Year 5:13°.

20-78 inches more rain fell in New York than in Kansas.

July was the warmest month in both; January was the cold-

est month in Kansas, and December in New York.

By this comparison it is seen that Kansas is warmer than

New York. The mean temperature for the ten years was 1:22

degrees warmer. In the year 1844 the mean temperature in

Kansas was 52°57, in New York 54:08—in 1854, in Kansas it

was 55°84, in New York 50°71. The maximum is higher and

the minimum lower there also. In 1844 the max. was 1°, and

of New York and Kansas. 25

the min. 3° less in Kansas than in New York—in 1845 the max.

was the same in both, but the min. was 20° lower, being 14°

below zero. In 1846 the max. was 1°, in 1849 4°, in 1851 5°

lower—in 1852 the same, while in 1847 it was 2°, in 1850 6°,

in 1853 5°, and in 1854 10° higher. In 1844 the min. was 3°,

in 1845 8°, in 1846 11°, in 1847 22°, in 1849 24°, in 1850 20°,

in 1851 10°, in 1852 12°, in 1853 11°, and in 1854 19° lower

than in New York.

The prevailing winds in Kansas are S. and S. W., at New

York N.W. During the ten years the winds in Kansas blew

on 628 days from 8S. and 8. W., and on 618 days from N. W. at

New York. Easterly winds bring the most rain in both.

The quantity of water from rain and snow is also less in Kan-

sas. There fell in ten years at New York a mean of 45:16

inches, in Kansas 32°13 inches, a difference of 13°03 inches.

In 1847 the difference was 43°79 inches, while in 1844 there

was 11-74 inches, and in 1849 11-11 inches more. The greatest

quantity in any one month was 15°8 inches in Kansas (June

1845), and 3-7 inches at New York. In Dec. 1845 there was

none in Kansas, and 2°51 in New York. In April 1854 there

was 3°35 inches in Kansas, and 8°8 inches in New York. The

whole amount for ten years was, in Kansas 321°32 inches, in

New York 451°65 inches, a difference in the whole quantity of

130°33 inches less in Kansas.

The conclusion is, therefore, that the atmospheric changes are

greater, if not so sudden, in Kansas than in New York, and con-

sequently more prejudicial to health. Its distance inland may,

by causing the moisture of the atmosphere from the ocean to

be precipitated before reaching there, render the air more pure

as well as dry.

Nore.—At Fort Jones, California, Lat. 41° 36’, Long. 122° 52’ W., at an eleva-

tion of 2750 feet, the temperature was for 1854—Spring, 4858; Summer, 66°16;

Autumn, 51:20; Winter, 32°65; Year, 49°65; Max. 100°; Min., 5°. At San Fran-

cisco, California, Lat. 37° 48’, Long, 122° 26’ W., at an elevation of 150 feet—

Spring, 5389; Summer, 56°40; Autumn, 57°58; Winter, 50°76; Year, 54°66.

Max., 78°; Min., 27°—a very agreeable climate, with only 17 inches of rain for

the year, and at Fort Jones only 29 inches.

26 Remarks on Certain Species of

VIL—Remarks on certain species of North American

Helicidee.

By Tuomas Buanp.

(Continued from vol. vi. p. $62.)

Read 20th December, 1858.

Melix auriculata, Say.

Synonymy.

Polygyra auriculata Say Nich. Enc. Am. ed. 1816

ot . i Ol. Mead. N.S. Phila, Lp. 277. 1818

Helix as Fer. Prod., No. 98. 1822

2 0. Binney Bost. Jl. IIL, p. 384 (ex parte)

Plixix tig, 1840

ee 2 De Kay N.Y. Moll. p. 47, pl. 3, fig. 28. 1843

« ef Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. No. 1084, excl. var. 1848

i “ Chemn. ed. II. Helix p.371, t. 65, fig. 3, 4.

“ ¢ Desh. in Fer. Hist. p. 76 (excl. var.)

pl. 50, fig. 4.

“ “ Binney Terr. Moll. II. p. 186 (ex parte),

pl. xl., fig. 1 (left hand). 1851

s 4 Reeve Conch. Icon. No. 700. excl. fig. 1852

Polygyra, “ W. G. Binney, reprint of Say, p. 10. 1856

Helix, . és Notes on Amer. Land

Shells in Proc. Acad., Phila, p. 191. 1857

= 20U. 1858

The following is a copy of Say’s description :—

Potya@yRA AURICULATA—Shell beneath, convex; whorls five, a little

rounded, crossed by numerous raised equidistant lines, forming grooves

between them; spire very little raised; lateral line (extending from

the outer whorl to the apex), not convex, but somewhat concave ; mouth

very unequal; lips prominent above, appressed to the preceding whorl

North American Helicide. oY |

beneath ; pillar lip suddenly reflected, and pressed into the mouth at an

acute angle, beneath very acutely concave ; outer lip a little more pro-

minent in the middle, and within the edge protruded into the mouth ;

throat extremely narrow ; suture near the mouth suddenly reflected from

the preceding whorl, and carinate ; umbilicus dilated, very small within,

and exhibiting a groove on the outer whorl.

Breadth of the female nearly half an inch, of the male about three-

tenths. Inhabits Florida. Cabinet of the Academy. This curious

species we found near St. Augustine, East Florida, in a moist situation.

They were observed in considerable numbers; the color is reddish

brown, indistinctly banded with whitish lines, sometimes with darker

ones ; mouth white.

The specimens preserved in the Cabinet of the Academy

at Philadelphia, said to have been Say’s, but labelled in the

handwriting of Mr. Philipps, agree with those collected by

Mr. O. M. Dorman, and to which I refer in these notes.

The group to which this species belongs has been very much

misunderstood. In 1816 Say described HZ. auriculata and H.

avara,-—he sent specimens to Ferussac, who enumerated them

in his Prodromus, and published figures in advance of the text

of the Hist. des Moll., which Deshayes contributed many years

later.

Dr. Binney erroneously considered HZ. avara to be the imma-

ture form of auriculata, and indeed referred all the forms known

to him to the latter species. In 1852 Shuttleworth described

Helix wvulifera, and Reeve published the same, with a figure,

as H. jlorulifera. Of this I received specimens from Shuttle-

worth in 1853,—it appeared to be unknown to American con-

chologists. Subsequently [had a shell from Dr. Budd, without

name or locality, but unquestionably the HZ. avara Say, though

by no means agreeing with any species so labelled in the cabi-

nets to which I had access, including that of Dr. Binney, in

the possession of Mr. W. G. Binney.

During 1858 I received, through the kindness of Mr. O. M.

Dorman, a number of ZZ. auriculata, collected by himself at

28 Remarks on Certain Species of

St. Augustine, and several of the rare H. avara from the

vicinity of the river St. John, East Florida. After careful

examination of the whole subject, I am of opinion that //.

auriculata Say, and avara Say, are entirely distinct,—that the

forms referred to by Dr. Binney as avara, and by him, Pfeiffer,

and Deshayes, as varieties of aurzculata, are likewise distinct,

and that the comparatively small shell commonly labelled

LH. auriculata in our cabinets, but generally without authentic

habitat, is a variety of Z. woulefera Shuttl.

Pfeiffer in Mon. I. refers to Ferussac’s figure 3 (pl. 50), as

var. minor of H. auriculata, but with doubt in Mon. III. to

the same, in the synonymy of HZ. wulifera Shuttl.

Reeve’s fig. 700 (pl. 119), referred to by Pfeiffer as awriculata,

appears to be of the same form.

Deshayes gives an elaborate description in French of this

species; alluding to the variety, he says: “ La variété est plus

petite, plus mince, plus transparente; mais ces caractéres

dépendent probablement de lage. I] en est sans doute de

méme relativement aux différences dans les formes et les pro-

portions de ouverture.” He derived and adopted, I presume,

that opinion from the Boston Journal.

To aid in identifying this and the allied species, I give the

Fie. I. annexed figure I. of the aperture of HZ. auricu-

lata Say, double the natural size, taken from a

living specimen collected by Mr. O. M. Dorman

at St. Augustine.

H. auriculata may be distinguished by its

larger size, the greater development of the seve-

H. quriculata 86Y- v5) parts of its curious aperture, and especially

by the sudden outward deflexure of the central part of the

labrum, which has a deep scrobiculation behind it, correspond-

ing with the upper tooth within the aperture. The portion of

the labium extending from the inferior angle of the parietal

intruded tooth is erect, and more elevated than in any other of

the species.

North American LHelicidea. 29

The following are the measurements of the largest and

smallest specimens, selected from about thirty of those col-

lected by Mr. Dorman :—

Diam. maj. 16, min. 18, Alt. 73 mill.

“c 6¢ 12, 6“ 103, 66 6 14

I have no authentic information of the occurrence of this

species in any other locality than at St. Augustine, and its

immediate neighbourhood, and no other form was there found

by Mr. Dorman.

It is difficult to understand Say’s observation as to the dif

ferent size of the male and female, referring, as he evidently

does, to the shell, and not to the animal. His measurements

correspond with those of the smaller diameters of my speci-

mens. No example with the indistinct bands mentioned by

Say has come under my notice.

No fulcrum or tubercle exists in any member of this group.

The groove in the last whorl, exhibited in the umbilical region,

has a corresponding somewhat convex surface in the interior.

IT would explain that the forms figured as auriculata by

Binney in Terr. Moll., pl. xl., fig. 1 (right hand), by Ferussac,

pl. 50, fig. 8, and by Reeve in Conch. Icon., pl. exix., No. 700,

appear to represent the same species,—one which I consider

distinct, and propose to describe as ZZ. auriformis.

Binney’s fig. 2 in both his works, and Reeve’s pl. exxi., No.

720, may be of a different shell, but cannot in fact be very

readily made out,—the figs.1, 2 in Chemn., pl. 55, are quite unin-

telligible ; certainly none of them are of H. avara Say. To

another distinct species from Georgia, confounded with Z.

avara, I give the specific name Postelliana.

30 Lvemarks on Certain Species of

Mfelix avara, Say.

Synonymy.

Polygyra avara Say Nich. Enc. Am. ed. 1816

a a “Jl. Acad. N: 8, Phil. J. p. 277. 1818

Helix “|. Mer. Prod. No.0%, 1822

“ “Pfr. var. 8. minor, Mon. Hel. I., No. 1087

(ex parte). 1848

. “Desh. in Fer, Hist., p. 78, pl. 50, fig. 2.

ag “— Chemn. ed. II, Helix, p. 370 (ex parte), excl.

fig.

ee “Reeve Conch. Icon. (ex parte), No. 720, excl. fir. 1852

Polygyra “ W. G. Binney reprint of Say, p. 11. 1856

= $s “ Notes on Amer. Land Shells

in Proc. Acad, Phila., p. 200. 1858

Say’s description is as follows :—

P. avara.— Shell covered with numerous short, robust hairs 5 spire

convex; whorls four, regularly rounded, with hardly elevated lines

forming grooves, which are much more conspicuous near the mouth ;

mouth subreniform, two projecting, obtuse teeth on the outer lip within,

separated by a deep sinus; outer lip elevated, equal, describing two-

thirds of a circle; pillar lip elevated, broadly but not profoundly emar-

ginate, concave beneath, and connected to the inner side by an elongated,

lamelliform tooth, which is placed obliquely on the penultimate whorl

near the middle of the mouth ; lips almost equally prominent, continued ;

umbilicus moderate, not exhibiting the yolutions, no groove on the ulti-

mate whorl within it. Breadth quarter of an inch. Inhabits Florida.

Cabinet of the Academy. Animal longer than the breadth of the shell,

acute behind, above granulated and blackish, beneath, and each side,

white.

“This we found in the orange groves of Mr. Fatio, on the River St.

John, East Florida; it is usually covered with a black, earthy coat,

North American flelicide. 31

which is probably retained and collected by the hairs. When unen-

cumbered by this vesture, the shell is of a horn color. It is by no

means so common as the preceding species (P. auriculata).”

No specimen of this comparatively rare shell is now to be

found in the cabinet of the Academy at Philadelphia.

In the above synonymy I exclude all mention of the writings

of Dr. Binney, in the confident belief that he entirely misinter-

preted this species. In the Boston Journal he refers to PI. xix.

fig. 1, as the mature ZZ. awriculata, and to fig. 2 “as the young

shell described by Say as P. avara.” His remarks are repeated

in the Terr. Moll., with an additional observation as to the size

of the shells. From the latter werk I quote the following :—

“ At different periods of growth the aperture differs very much in

appearance, and has led naturalists into error. When the lip is just

beginning to be formed, and as yet projects but little, there are two

projecting teeth on its inner edge, with a deep sulcus between them ; as

these continue to grow, they assume more and more the appearance of

lamellar folds, the lower one of which, when viewed on a line perpen-

dicular to the base of the shell, hides the other. The columellar fold,

at the same early period, appears more like an independent tooth, to

each extremity of which the lip is connected. It is this variety which

Mr. Say described as a distinct species, under the name of Polygyra

avara, This opinion I derive, not so much from his descriptions as

from the examination of original specimens collected and labelled by

him, now in my possession. I have specimens of the mature shell

smaller than any specimen of H.avara that I have seen, and have other

specimens of H. avara, so called, as large as the most mature H, auri-

culata, Plate XL. fig. 1, represents the mature shell, fig. 2, the young

shell, described by Say as P. avara.”

The whole tenor of the above remarks is certainly erroneous.

With respect to the shells “collected and labelled” by Say, it

is possible that he, at a period subsequent to the publication

of his diagnosis, may have distributed as H. avara specimens

32 Remarks on Certain Species of

similar to those figured by Dr. Binney, considering them to be

variety of that species; but the figures by no means agree

with, and indeed I doubt whether he ever saw the rare form

described by Say. There is no example of it in the cabinet of

Dr. Binney, now in the possession of Mr. W. G. Binney.

Through his kindness I have specimens from that cabinet of

the HZ. avara Binney, which are not only mature shells, but

entirely distinct from Say’s species.

Dr. Binney’s statement-that he had the mature ZZ. auricu-

lata smaller than any ZZ. avara he had seen, and the latter as

large as the former in its mature state, is totally unintelligible.

I can only interpret it by assuming that he did not know

H. avara Say, and confounded a small variety of H. uvulifera

Shuttl., and the two forms, both in fact mature shells, figured

in the Terr. Moll., Pl. XL. figs. 1 (right hand) and 2, with

HI. auriculata.

To European authors 4. avara seems to have been almost

entirely unknown,—the figures in Reeve and in Chemnitz do

not represent it; indeed the only figure which does so approxi-

mately is that of Ferussac.

I find from the first letter written to Ferussac by Say, a copy

of which, without date, is now before me, in his own hand-

writing,* that he sent to Ferussac specimens of P. auriculata

and ?. aara. In the reply, dated Paris, 15th July, 1820, are

the following notes :—

“14. P. auriculata, precieuse espéce que je n’avais pas,

nouvelle.”

“15. P. avara, celle-ci est presque aussi curicuse, nouvelle

pour moi.”

Deshayes (Fer. Hist. I. p. 78) writes as to /7. avara, referring

to Ferussac’s figure, Pl. 50, fig. 2:—‘ Avant d’avoir vu cette

* I am indebted to Mrs, Say for an opportunity of examining much of the

correspondence of Mr, Say with Baron Ferussac and others, and would acknow-

ledge gratefully the interest which she manifests in my endeavors to identify the

species described by Mr, Say.

North American Helicide. 33

espéce dans la Collection de M. de Ferussac, nous l’avions prise

pour une variété de PH. auriculata. Aprés avoir comparée

i cette derniére, nous lui avons reconnu des caractéres constants,

ce qui nous a determiné 4 la conserver comme espéce distincte.”

The annexed figure IL. of HZ. avara Say, double the natural

size, is from a specimen collected on the St. John’s Fie. IL.

River, Florida, by Mr. O. M. Dorman. The sirie

are incorrectly represented,—they should have been 4 :

shown only at the termination of the last whorl, over WI

a small space immediately behind the peristome. H. avara Say.

H. avara Say may be readily distinguished by its smaller

size, more delicate texture, and less globose form,—it has from

4 to 4 whorls, and is the only species of the group which is

hirsute. The superior tooth on the labrum is armed with a

hook as in the other species, but is narrower, less deeply seated,

and more erect; the inferior one is rather a distinct tooth than

a lamellar fold. The parietal process differs entirely from that

of H. auriculata, as plainly shown in my figure. ZZ. avara is

without the groove on the last whorl which prevails in auriey-

lata, and the forms represented by Dr. Binney as varieties of it.

The size appears to be constant,—the following are the

measurements of the specimen figured :—

Diam. maj. 7, min. 6, Alt. 3 mill.

Mr. W. G. Binney (Proc. Phila. Acad., 1857, p. 191), when

commenting on the figures of H. auriculata in the Terr. Moll.,

says: “J do not consider fig. 2, HZ. avara Say, as a variety of

this, but a distinct species. There are some varieties of auri-

culata which may be confounded with it, but it is certainly a

good species.” “I entirely agree in the opinion that fig. 2 repre-

sents a good species, but by no means that it is the Z/. avara Say.

Mr. Binney mentions having received fine fresh hirsute speci-

mens from Mr. Postell,—in this there must be some mistake.

The //. avara W.G. Binney from St. Simon’s Island and other

parts of Georgia, is not hirsute, as Mr. Postell himself assures

me, and H/. avara Say has not been found there.

JANUARY, 1858. 3 Ann, Lyo. Nat. Hist. Vou. VIL

34 Remarks on Certain Species of

Helix uvulifera Shuttleworth.

Synonymy.

Helix wvulifera Shuttleworth Bern. Mittheil., p.199, August. 1852

ee “ : Diag. n. Moll., No. 2, p. 19.

“ florulifera Reeve Conch. Icon., No. 699, p. 119. - 1852

“ —uvulifera Chemn, Ed. II. Helix, No. 979, t. 148, fig.

19, 20, fide Pfr.

a - W. G. Binney Notes on Amer. Land Shells,

Proc. Phila. Acad., p. 205. 1858

Shuttleworth thus describes this species :—

“ HELIX UVULIFERA.—T. rimato-perforata, superne planiuscula, subtus

inflata, striata, cinereo-albida, solidula, nitidula; anfr. 5, lente accres-

centes, angusti, ultimus ad aperturam subito deflexus, subtus devius,

scrobiculato-constrictus; apertura valde obliqua, auriformis, ringens,

valde coarctata; perist. acutum, reflexo-patulum, marginibus plica lingui-

formi oblonga medio excavata profunde intrante junctis, dextro lamella

profunde immersa in apicula filiformi reflexa desinente, basali tuberculo

dentiformi obliquo et sinuoso instructo.

“ Diam. maj. 12, min. 11, Alt. 7 mill.

“ Hab.—lIn insulis parvis ‘ Long Keys’ sinu dicto ‘ Sarazota,’ Florida

Austr. (Rugel).

“ Obs——Specimina numerosissima examinavi. Proxime H. auricu-

late affinis, sed textura, colore, ac apertura minus coarctata, peristo-

mateque minus producto satis distincta. HH. Ariadne Pfr. in Chemn.,

ed. 2, tab. 65, f. 29-31, etiam affinis, at differt figura testa tantum

rimata sine vestigio perforationis. Nomen specificum ab apicula lamella

marginis dextri peristomatis, Uvulee Humane haud dissimili, assumptum.

‘Sed character hic in omnibus speciebus affinibus plus minusve obvius est.”

The annexed figure III. of the aperture of H. wulifera

Fie. I, Sbuttl., twice the natural size, is from a specimen

received direct from the author of the species.

H. uvulifera may be distinguished from /7. auri-

culata by the character of the labrum, which is

equally produced from the superior angle of the

parietal process, to the base of the inferior tooth

. wulifera Shuttl.

North American Helicide. 35

or fold, where it is reflected, sometimes appressed to the last

whorl. The lower angle of the parietal ‘process is connected

with the inner termination of the labrum by a flat, more or less

developed callus. The umbilical region is less open, and there

is no groove within it on the last whorl.

This species is variable in size, texture, and sculpture. Mr.

Shuttleworth’s specimen is opaque, of the color indicated in his

description,—irregularly, and, compared* with H. auriculata,

slightly striated.

I have one example of large size, from the cabinet of the late

Mr. Samuel Lounsbury, which is white, translucent, and almost

smooth,—the habitat unknown.

Of the more common form, usually labelled HZ. auriculata in

American cabinets, I received very many specimens from Mr.

Anthony and other correspondents, but without any note of

the locality in which they were collected. For one from Corpus

Christi, Texas, I am indebted to Mr. W. G. Binney. This

variety is of a yellowish horn color, shining, strongly striated

above and at the base, and generally smaller than the shell

described by Shuttleworth.

I add the measurements of the specimens referred to :—

Diam. maj. 114, min. 10, Alt. 6 mill, whorls 5, Shuttleworth.

me ANT: SO ma I Oy a “6, Lounsbury.

- aed? hee Oe ces akg Te “53, W.G. Binney.

Helix Postelliana Bland.

T. rimato-perforataé, superne convexiuscula, costulato-striata, subtus

inflato-convexa, leviuscula; fusco-cornea, tenui, nitida, subpellucida; spira

vix elevata; anfr. 5, lente accrescentibus, convexiusculis, ultimo ad aper-

turam deflexo, disjuncto, scrobiculato-constricto ; sutura impressa ; aper-

turé alba, obliqua, auriformi, coarctata; perist. acuto, continuo, marginibus

plica linguiformi, oblonga, intrante, superne excavata, junctis; dextro

lamella uncata profunde immersa, basali dente lamelliformi, erecto, vix

obliquo, intra aperturam producto et recurvato, instructo.

36 Remarks on Certain Species of

Shell perforate, above slightly convex, with rib-like striz

wider apart and more prominent behind the aperture; beneath

inflated, convex, almost smooth, and with microscopic spiral

lines; brown horn color, thin, shining, subpellucid; whorls 5,

gradually increasing, rather convex, the last deflected and

turned outwards from the preceding one, scrobiculate, con-

stricted, grooved within the umbilical region; suture im-

pressed ; aperture white, oblique, ear-shaped, contracted ; pe-

ristome acute, continuous, the margins joined by a tongue-

shaped fold, excavated above, entering into the aperture, the

right margin having a deeply-seated lamella, which terminates

in a reflexed hook, the base with an erect lamelliform, scarcely

oblique tooth, produced into, and recurved within the aperture.

Diam. maj. 9$; min. 84, mill. Alt. 5 mill.

Habitat.—W ayne Co., Ware Co. and St. Simon’s Island, Ga.,

Postell!: Camden Co., Ga., Bishop Elliott!: Glynn Co., Ga.

Wilson!

Station.—Mr. Postell writes as to the Wayne Co. specimens,

of which he sent me about a dozen.

“These shells are found upon the slopes of the hills, near the

base, where the earth is always moist, under fallen pines, and in

most cases between the bark and trunk of the trees. The ani-

mals feed, f think, on the decayed bark, and not on living vege-

table matter.”

The single specimen in my cabinet from Ware Co. Ga., is

somewhat larger than the others—has 54 whorls,—the aperture

is brown in color, and the strie are more conspicuous at the

base.

Its measurements are,

Diam. maj. 10; min. 9. Alt. 54 mill.

Observations.—This species, of which the annexed fig. IV.

shows the aperture, double the natural size, is certainly dis-

tinct from the three already considered. It is smaller than

North American Helicide. ot

FT. auriculata, and the rib-like strie, which cover Fi. IV.

the whole of that shell, are scarcely rh tae |

at the base. The form of the parietal pro- E

cess is very like that of H. weulifera, but the continuation

of its inferior angle to the inner termination of the labrum

is not prostrate as in that species, but erect as in /Z. awri-

culata. The position and form of the upper tooth on the

labrum is much the same as in that species, and in ZZ. wulifera,

but the lower one is entirely different. In those it is an oblique,

strongly developed, convex, sinuous fold on the margin of the

labrum, not descending into the aperture, there being within

a slight thickening only, corresponding with the lower exterior

apertural depression.

In Z. Postellania there is at the base of the labrum a thin,

erect, oblong, lamelliform tooth, rather oblique, but more

closely marginal than the fold in the other species. The exterior

of this tooth is convex, within concave, it is 1 mill. in height,

and 14 in length, and descends rapidly into the aperture, where

it is recurved, and terminates obtusely opposite to the lower

end of the superior tooth, there being a very distinct and tor-

tuous sinus between the two. Ihave opened specimens from

different localities, and find these characters constant.

This is, I believe, the shell which Dr. Binney supposed to be

the H. avara Say—specimens from his cabinet, as well as one

sent to me by the late Judge Tappan, allso labelled, induce this

opinion. The small figures, however, in the Boston Journal,

and Terr. Moll. scarcely represent this form.

I name this species after my liberal correspondent Mr. James

Postell, in acknowledgment of the valuable assistance which I

have received from him, in my endeavor to elucidate the

North American Helices.

Helix auriformis Bland.

Helix auriculata Binney, Bost. Jl. (ex parte), pl. xix. fig. 2, 1840

tf ss Desh. in Fer. Hist. var. minor, pl. 50, fig. 3.

38 North American Helicide.

Helix avara Chemn. ed. II., Helix 370 (ex parte), t. 65, fig. 1-2.

6 “ Pfr. Mon. I., No. 1087 (ex parte), 1848

“ auriculata Binney, Terr. Moll. IL. (ex parte,), fig. 1,

(right hand), 2. 1851

“ avara Reeve Conch. Icon. No. 720, pl. 121. 1852

“i waunieulata [o> cs cS 00) SEG. 1852

T. rimato-perforata, superne depressa, costulato-striata, subtus in- °

flato-convexa, lzeviusculaé ; alba vel fusco-cornea, tenui, spira brevis-

simé ; anfr. 54-6, planiusculis, ultimo ad aperturam deflexo, breviter

disjuncto, constricto, vix scrobiculato ; apertura subhorizontali, auri-

formi, coarctata ; perist. acuto, continuo, marginibus plica linguiformi,

brevi, intrante junctis ; dextro lamella obtusa, submarginali, basali tuber-

culo dentiformi, obliquo et sinuoso, instructo.

Shell perforate, above depressed, with rib-like strize, beneath

inflated, convex, almost smooth, and with microscopic spiral

lines; white, or brown horn-color, thin ; spire very short ;

whorls 54 to 6, rather flat, the last deflected, and shortly turned

outwards from the preceding whorl, constricted, scarcely scro-

biculate ; aperture sub-horizontal, ear-shaped, contracted ; peri-

stome acute, continuous, the margins joined by a short linguiform

fold, entering within the aperture; the right margin with an

obtuse submarginal lamella, and the base with an oblique sinu-

ous, tooth-like fold.

Diam. maj. 113; min. 10. Alt. 6 mill.

6c “ 9, ‘79 8, 66 4} oe

Habitat.—The largest specimen is from Ware Co., Ga., Pos-

tell! The smaller is one of two specimens found in a rotten

oak log, in the neighborhood of Savannah, Ga., by my young

friend, John Elliott, a son of Bishop Elliott; in these the striz

at the base are more prominent than in any other specimens.

The species seems to have a wider distribution than the preced-

ing. I have specimens from Washington Co., Texas (W. G.

Binney); from Alabama (Prof. A. Winchell and J. H. Redfield)

Description of a New Genus of Pimelodine, &e. 39

and many, without mention of habitat, from several correspon-

dents.

Observations.—This species, the aperture of which is repre-

sented in Fig. V., is common in American cabinets, and usually

labelled ZZ. avara, or var. of H. auriculata, but it Fia. V.

appears to me entirely distinct. It is most nearly

allied to the former, but is larger, not hirsute, and

has the groove in the last whorl, within the

umbilical region like the latter. The parietal fold is some-

what similar to, but does not descend so far into the aper-

ture as that of 7. Postellania, but the teeth on the labrum are

in form and position, though more developed, rather like those

of H. avara. They are separated by the same deep sinus, but

the upper one generally without the sharp reflexed hook at its

termination.

The pale and white varieties are, I believe, from Alabama,

—my figure is taken from one of them, the shells are

heavier, and the parietal fold especially is more developed.

I have given to this species the name aurzformis, the general

form of the aperture, with its several parts, offering a more

striking resemblance to the human ear than is the case with

any of its allies. ©

VIIL—Deseription of a New Genus of Pimelodine from

Canada.

By THEO. GILL.

Read January 31, 1859.

SyNECHOGLANIS, GILL.

Body moderately elongated and much compressed, with the

back and abdomen very slowly converging to the adipose fin ;

caudal peduncle moderate behind the anal fin.

40 Description of a New Genus of

Head conical in profile, compressed, with the sides posteriorly

sloping slightly outwards; the supra-occipital (¢nterparietal Cuv.)

is extended backwards in a triangular prolongation, whose apex

is emarginated, and receives the point of a hastate buckler

extending from the dorsal fin; the bones of the head are

covered by a smooth skin through which the wrinkles of the

skull are apparent.

Eyes large, and almost entirely lateral.

Barbles eight, consisting of two nasal, two maxillary, and

two pairs behind the lower jaw.

Branchial apertures large and continuous under the throat.

Mouth moderate, with the gape subquadrate: lower jaw

shorter than the upper.

Teeth villiform, in a broad band on both the intermaxillaries

and dentary.

Tongue large, attached by the edges to the floor of the

mouth.

Lateral line straight, extending to the caudal.

Dorsal subquadrate, higher than long.

Adipose jin rather small, above posterior portion of anal.

Anal rather long, decreasing posteriorly.

Pectorals triangular, with the first ray a stout spine.

Caudal forked or lunate, with the lobes equal and pointed

Synechoglanis Beadlei, Gill.

The dorsal outline declines very gradually to the adipose, and

from thence rather more rapidly to the region of the caudal

peduncle behind the anal fin; the peduncle is consequently

quite slender.

The head is conical in profile, and of small size; it

forms between a fourth and fifth of the total length from the

snout to the concavity of the caudal fin; its greatest breadth is

less than three quarters of its length. The eyes are large and

oval, and the diameter of the orbit is little less than a third of

the length of the head. The distance from the snout is nearly

Pimelodine from Canada. 41

a third greater than the diameter, and the interorbital space

equals a diameter.

The anterior fontanelle commences before the anterior mar-

gins of the orbits, and extends nearly to the posterior margin of

the eye ; the posterior fontanelle is nearly as long as the ante-

rior, and is separated from it by a narrow interval.

The maxillary barbles extend beyond the anterior third of

the pectoral fins, and the external barbles behind the lower jaw

nearly reach to the bases of the same fins.

ESOP VA. 2a CO) PRS MTOM Vere:

The color of the single specimen preserved in spirits is dark

olive brown on the head, and rather lighter on the back, while

the sides have a silvery lustre; the abdomen is white. The

anal fin and the adipose dorsal are clouded on their borders.

The caudal fin is also darker at its margin.

A single specimen of this species was sent by Dr. Delos W.

Beadle, from St. Catherine’s, Canada West, to Mr. J.C. Brevoort,

to whom I am indebted for the privilege of describing it. As

it appears to be a young fish, and is, at the same time, in poor

condition, I have refrained from giving a full description of it ;

a more detailed account may be expected in a short time.

This seems to be the only species of the genus certainly

known. ;

A species of this tribe has been described by Franklin B.

Hough, M.D., under the name of Pimelodus gracilis, which

may be a second species of the genus. No description, how-

ever, is given of the supra-occipital, and the head is simply

described as “slightly flattened, with a longitudinal depression

extending from a little below the orbits to a point above the

extremities of the gills.” The mouth is said to be “ small,” which

can be only applied correctly to a species of the present genus,

as the true Pmelodi have the mouth quite large. The P.

gracilis is described in a “ Catalogue of Reptiles and Fishes

42 Description of Two New Species of Terrestrial

from St. Lawrence Co.,”* and is stated to occur in both St. Law-

rence and Jefferson counties. Its describer has evidently failed

to consult the “ Histoire Naturelle des Poissons,” or he would

have discovered that the same name had already been

given to a species of South America, which has hitherto been

considered as a congener of the North American P%melodus

catus. The Pimelodus gracilis of Hough is said to have

from twenty-two to twenty-four anal rays, twenty-two branched

caudal rays, and maxillary barbles “ extending back to the tips

of the gills,” in which respects it differs from the present

species.

IX.— Description of Two New Species of Terrestrial Grapsoid

Crustaceans from the West Indies.

By Tauro. Git.

Read December 20, 1858.

CARDISOMA, LAT.

i. Cardisoma diurnum, Giil.

The carapace is longitudinally arched and _ transversely

nearly horizontal ; on each side it is distinctly defined anteriorly

by an elevated line which is boldly curved outwards. The

sides are little convex anteriorly, but convexly tumid poste-

riorly. The surface of the carapace has the same order and

arrangement of its areolar areas as that of Cardisoma guanhumi

(Lat.). The postorbital tooth is elongated, triangular, and trilate-

ral, acute and small: behind this and separated by a groove is

a smaller one.

The external maxilliped has its meros or fourth joint almost

obliquely truncated, cordiform, and with its internal side with a

moderately gibbous margin. ,

* In “Fifth Annual Report of the Regents of the University on the Condition

of the State Cabinet of Natural History,” d&c., Albany, 1852.

Grapsoid Crustaceans from the West Indies. 43

The abdomen of the male is nearly similar to that of the

same sex in Oardisoma guanhumi; its sides are slightly

incurved towards the middle, and its second and third segments

are broadest. The abdomen of the female is little broader

than that of the male, but its sides are nearly straight and

not incurved ; the sixth segment is longer than broad, and the

last is semi-elliptical and constricted at its base, as in that of

the male. /

The length of the carapace is 1°58 of an inch, and the

width is 1-97.

It inhabits the islands of Barbadoes and Grenada, where it

has been observed by the describer, and the island of St.

Thomas, where it has been collected by Mr. Riise. It differs

considerably in its habits from its West Indian congener,

coming from its holes to feed in the day time, while the C.

guanhumi is exclusively nocturnal. It dwells in holes exca-

vated by itself, and lives in colonies like the latter species.

Its affinities appear to be rather with the Cancer carnifex

of Herbst, or Cardisoma carnifex of Edwards, than with Car-

disoma guanhumi. It resembles the former species in the angu-

lar margins of the carapace, and this peculiarity will sufficiently

distinguish it from the latter; from that species, it is also dis-

tinguished by the less gibbous form of the meros of the maxil-

liped, and by the form of the abdomen of the female.

GENUS UCA, LAT.

2. Uca pilosipes, Gill.

The carapace is longitudinally arched and transversely mode-

rately convex; on each side it is distinctly defined by an ele-

vated and finely crenulated line, extending from the postorbital

prominence to the region above the base of the penultimate

foot. The sides are anteriorly strongly curved outwards, and

from the linear carina decline inwards. The surface of the

44 Description of Two New Species of Grapsoid, kc.

carapace has nearly the same arrangement of its areolar areas

as that in Uca una (Lat.), but they appear to be less distinctly

defined.

The postorbital angle is convex

The jugal region is granulated; the suborbital area trans-

versely semicordate and nearly smooth; the suborbital margin

is strongly crenulated.

The abdomen of the male has the sides slightly emarginate

at the middle, and with the first segments laterally di-

lated; the last segment is semicircular; the penultimate

quadrate, slightly transverse and not much longer than the

fifth.

The cheliped has its meros studded with a crest of conical

denticulations on its internal and inferior angles, and crenulated

folds on its external ; the corpus is externally convex, and has on its

internal margin two approximated caring, the internal of which

is studded with conical protuberances, and the external more or

less crenulated; the hand is above crested by a row of conical

teeth; below there are several very finely crenulated lines

which are most distinct anteriorly.

The feet have scattered hairs on the inferior angles of their

meros and the corpus and manus are densely covered beneath

by similar hairs; the two last pair are comparatively naked.

The feet of the third pair are longest.

Length of carapace 1:01 inch ; width 1°30 inch.

The upper surfaces of the feet and chelipeds are of a beauti-

ful pale sanguineous color.

Asingle specimen was present in a collection of the crustaceans

of the island of St. Thomas, made by Mr. A. H. Riise. It differs

especially from the Uca una of Latreille in the armature of the

chelipeds, and by the dense hairs of the inferior angles of the

feet.

Description of a New Generic Form of Gobine, &e. 45

X.—Description of a New Generic Form of Gosinm from

the Amazon Lwer.

By Turo. G11.

Read January 31, 1859.

Euctenogobius, Gill.

Body elongated, anteriorly subcylindrical, and thence gra-

dually compressed towards the caudal fin.

Scales regularly imbricated and extending forward almost to

the eyes; they are moderate in size on the sides, but rather

small anterior to the dorsal fin ; a/Z, inclusive of those on the neck

and back, are pectinated on their posterior margins, more or

less angular near the middle, and with their surfaces sculptured

with ridges diverging from the angles.

Head naked, oblong, compressed, with the profile from the

eyes to the snout boldly curved.

Hyes approximated, situated mostly in the anterior half of

the head.

Mouth slightly oblique, with the cleft extending more or less

under the eyes.

Teeth small, in a single row in the upper jaw, and paucispiral

on the lower.

Tongue laterally dilated, truncated anteriorly, and entirely

attached to the floor of the mouth.

Dorsal fins entirely disconnected ; the first triangular, the

second oblong.

Caudal jim with a rounded margin.

Pectorals rounded or subacute, with all the rays connected

by the membranes.

_ Ventrals with the interspinal membrane low or moderate.

This genus may very well be distinguished by the single row

of small teeth in the upper jaw, and by the ctenoid scales ex-

tending on the back to within a short distance of the eyes. But

46 Description of a New Generic Form of

few of the Gobies, or at least, of those inhabiting the seas of

China and Japan, and of the East Indies, appear to have this

plan of squamation. In most of the species of those seas,

although there are ctenoid scales on the sides, the scales of the

anterior portion of the back and of the nape and head, when

any are present, have a true cycloid structure with a more or

less eccentric nucleus. Of all the species collected by the

North Pacific Expedition, fitted out by the Federal government,

_ but a single species has the same mode of squamation as the

one now described ; it is a species which appears to have been

named Gobius platycephalus by Sir John Richardson,* and

was obtained at Hong Kong, China, by Mr. Stimpson, the na-

turalist of the Expedition. To that species, the present writer

has given the generic name of Glossogobius. There is little

necessity of a comparison of the present genus with that one,

for the similar structures of the scales on the back is the only

generic character they have in common Glossogobius has a

depressed head, protruding lower jaw, an anteriorly free and

deeply emarginated tongue, and several rows of stout teeth in

each jaw, the outer of which are hooked backwards. Zucteno-

gobius is also well distinguished by its single row of teeth in the

upper jaw; in this it differs from all the described forms; but

a species obtained during the cruise of the North Pacific Expe-

dition has the same peculiarity ; it is, however, very distinct in

other respects from the present, and will be hereafter described

as the type of a new genus to which the name of Synechogobius

has been given. The relations between that genus and Hucte-

nogobius, are more intimate than with any others of the tribe,

but Synechogobius is especially distinguished by the cycloid

scales of the anterior portion of the back, the’papillated tongue

with parallel sides, and the larger teeth which are also on the

margin of the jaw and not covered by the lips; the lower jaw

also projects beyond the upper, and the caudal fin appears to

* Report on the Ichthyology of the seas of China and Japan in Report of

15th Meeting of the British Association, &c., 1846, p. 204.

Gobine from the Amazon River. 47

have been acute or pointed. But a single species has been

ascertained ; its habitat is unknown, but it is probably a Chinese

fish ; the color is a uniform dark or brownish bay. It will be

more fully described at an early date.

Euctenogobius badius, Gill.

The elongated body is slender, with the height under the

first dorsal fin nearly uniform ; it there equals a seventh of the

extreme length inclusive of the caudal fin. With the com-

mencement of the second dorsal, the back commences to slope

downwards as far as the end of that fin; the caudal peduncle is

then nearly uniform in height to the base of its fin, but near

that base its dorsal and inferior margins appear somewhat in-

flated from the recurrence upon them of the rudimentary rays

of the fin; the height of the peduncle exceeds half of that at

the dorsal. The abdominal outline is nearly straight. A trans-

verse section at the pectorals exhibits an oval or ellipse.

The scales are firmly adherent to the body; there is an ave-

rage number of ten radiating ridges. The number of scales in

a row along the sides is about fifty, and from the dorsal to the

anus, there are about eighteen.

The head from the snout to the opercular margin, forms little

more than a sixth of the extreme length of the fish. The curve

from the dorsal fin to the end of the scaly area is very slight,

but between the latter and the eyes there is a slight depres-

sion; the height is there somewhat more than two-thirds of the

head’s length. The greatest breadth equals the height at the

eyes ; the curve of the profile from the eyes to the snout is very

oblique.

Behind the eyes, there is a slightly curved line of pores with

the convexity anterior; a pore is also above each eye, and two

are on the upper half of the ascending margin of the pre-oper-

culum. There is also adiagonal line of bead-like pores on the

surface of the sub-operculum, the angle of which line is at the

lower part of the ascending margin of the plate.

48 Description of a New Generic Form of Gobine, ke.

The eye has a diameter equalling a quarter of the length of

‘the head, and is almost entirely situated in the anterior half of

the head; the inter-orbital space is only three-tenths of a dia-

meter.

The first dorsal commences at the second-sixth of the total

length.

The caudal constitutes nearly a fifth of the whole length, and

when expanded its margin is regularly rounded.

The pectorals are nearly equal to a sixth of the total length ;

the margin is rounded and the base slightly emarginated. The

rays are well connected by the membrane.

The radial formula is as follows :—

D. VI.—1:101 A. 1.10, G. 4, 7} 6,4... P.17, V. 1, 5+5.1,

The genital papilla is transversely compressed and subqua-

drate, and is received in a depression, so that its surface is

nearly on a line with the abdomen.

The color is reddish-brown or dark bay, with a posteriorly

straight hoary dot in the centre of each scale ; on the back and

sides above, the head is plumbeous, with two livid blue bands

extending from the eye to the upper jaw. ‘The caudal is

crossed by about seven bars, which are obsolete in the mem-

brane.

This is a species which is very easily distinguished by a cer-

tain neatness and compactness of form, and by its almost uni-

form color; the spots are not distinct as in many of the species

which are inhabitants of the Eastern seas, but are simply mani-

fested in obscure parallel lines. The caudal fin is alone barred;

the others are almost uniform in their color.

A single specimen was obtained some years ago by Mr. A.

Edwards in the Amazon river, and was presented to Mr.

Charles A. Wheatley, who has placed it in the Museum of

the New York Lyceum. It was given with the Pimeletropis

lateralis, Gill, but itis not stated whether it was taken in com-

pany with it or otherwise ; its aspect appears to indicate that it

is a fresh-water fish.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 49

XI.—WNotes on North American Crustacra, Vo. 1.

By Witt1am Stimpson, Corresponding Member.

Read February 28th, 1859.

[The materials used in the preparation of the following paper have been chiefly

supplied from the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution. A large number of

interesting species were contributed by Mr. Theo. Gill, who collected them in

the West Indies, under the auspices of Mr. D. J. Steward. ]

MAIOIDEA.

Loxorynehus grandis.

Loxorynchus grandis, Stimpson; Crust. and Echin. Pacific Coast of

WN. Amp. 12 +. pl.sxax, £1, and: som. 11.

This is one of the largest crabs known, as it appears from a

specimen collected by Dr. Kennerly at San Diego, California,

where it is called “Sheep-Crab,” from the woolly pubescence

with which it is covered. The carapax in this specimen mea-

sures 7°34 inches in length and 5°85 in breadth.

Othonia aculeata.

yas aculeata, Gibbes; Proc. Am. Assoc., 1850, p. 171.

This species is not uncommon on the Florida Coast.

Epialtus afffimis, nov. sp.

Epialtus bituberculatus, Gibbes; loc. cit. 173. (non M.-Edw.)

This species differs from . betwberculatus in its greater

MARCH, 1859. 4. Ann, Lyo, Nat. Hist. Vou. VIL.

50 Notes on North American Crustacea.

breadth ; the proportion of the breadth to the length in the

carapax being 1:1:24. It approaches more closely to /. brasi-

liensis, Dana; but differs in its longer rostrum, and in having

two small teeth on the lower edge of the penult joint in the fifth

pair of feet. The length of the carapax in our specimen is 0°52 ;

breadth, 0°42 in.

Found at Indian River, Florida, by G. Wurdemann, Esq.

CANCROIDEA.

Cancer borealis.

Cancer irroratus, Gould ; Inv. Mass. p. 322.

Stimpson ; Mar. Inv. Gr. Manan, p. 59.

Platycarcinus trroratus, Gibbes ; loc. cit. 176.

This species is regarded by Say as the female of his C. ero-

ratus ; and subsequent carcinological authors have thought

proper to retain his name for this rather than for the more

common species, C. sayi of Gould, which Say regarded as the

male. But the rules of nomenclature seem to require that the

species to which his figure, and mainly his description corres-

pond, should receive the name which he applied by mistake to

both. The reason given by Dr. Gould for following the oppo-

site course, viz. that Bell has figured this species as C. zrro-

ratus, will not hold good, since Bell’s figure represents a Chilian

species, CO. plebevus of Poeppig.

C. borealis inhabits the rocks near low water mark, in the

clear waters of ocean shores. It never occurs in muddy or

sandy bays and harbors where C. wroratus abounds. It is a

northern species, not found south of Cape Cod, although extend-

ing to the northward at least as far as Nova Scotia.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 51

Actaea setiger.

Xantho “setiger, Milne-Edwards ; Hist. Nat. des Crust., i. 390.

Specimens from the Florida Keys are in the Museum of the

Smithsonian Institution.

Actaea erosa, nov. sp.

Carapax convex anteriorly, flattened behind. The whole surface of

the body and feet above and below has a deeply eroded or vermiculated

appearance, being filled with small cavities, irregular in shape but nearly

uniform in size. The margins of the cavities are fringed with short

pubescence. The carapax is areolated, but the divisions, with the

exception of the larger ones, are rendered indistinct by the character of

the surface. The anterior side of the carapax is gibbous over the front,

and somewhat contracted over the eyes. The two median lobes of the

front are conspicuously prominent, forming rounded teeth projecting

downward. Lobes of the antero-lateral margin indistinct. The surface

of the ischium-joint of the external maxillipeds is marked with one prin-

cipal eroded channel parallel to its inner margin, and extending the

whole length of the joint. There is a notch on the anterior margin of the

meros-joint of the same maxillipeds. Hands short and broad, with their

outer surface divided by furrows into longitudinal tuberculated ridges ;

the tubercles themselves are eroded and granulated; fingers short,

grooved, and 4—5-toothed within. Ambulatory feet with hairy edges ;

dactyli pubescent. On the first three or four joints of the abdomen the

eroded cavities are transverse, and extend throughout the width of the

joint. The dimensions of the carapax in a male are: length, 0°73;

breadth, 1°01 inch.

This species must be closely allied to Xantho vermiculatus,

M.-Edw.

It inhabits the coral-reefs of Florida.

52 Notes on North American Crustacea.

“Xanthodius, nov. gen.

Carapax perlatus, postice planatus, antice vix declivis; margine

antero-laterali leviter quadrilobato. Palatum colliculo instructum ad

marginem anticum non productum. Antenne articulus basalis fronti v.

processui frontis junctus; pars mobilis hiatum orbite occupans. Max-

illipedum externorum merus latus, brevis, angulo externo subdilatatus,

margine antico rectus. Chelipedum digiti apicibus excavati. Abdo-

minis maris segmenta tertium, quartum, quintumque coalita.

This genus differs from Chlorodius in the ridge on palate or

endostome. It is allied to Xantho and Ozius in the shape of

the carapax.

Xanthodius stermberghii, nov. sp.

Carapax depressed, dark-reddish, distinctly though not prominently

areolated; surface rugulose or as if eroded anteriorly. Antero-lateral

margin somewhat acute, four-parted, teeth little promiment. At the ante-

rior tooth the margin is blunt and rugulose. Front a little projecting,

somewhat sinuous, emarginated at the middle; its lateral lobes are

deflected to meet the basal joint of the antennz. Orbits small, rounded.

Chelipeds not very stout; upper margins of carpus and hand rugulose ;

fingers black, toothed within, and with a spoon-shaped cavity at their

apices not circumscribed within, Ambulatory feet nearly smooth ;

dactyli tomentose. Abdomen of male narrow. Dimensions of the

carapax in a male: length, 0°62; breadth, 1-05 inch.

Found at Panama by J. H. Sternbergh, Esq.

Chliorodius longimanus.

Chlorodius longimanus, M.-Edw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust. i. 401.

Florida Keys.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 53

Menippe nodifroms, nov. sp.

Carapax narrower than is usual in the genus; upper surface areolate

and somewhat nodose anteriorly. There are six knobs on the gastric

region ;—four in a transverse row across the middle, and two in front.

There are also two knobs just above the median frontal lobes, and a large

one on the hepatic region. There is a short blunt ridge on the anterior

part of the branchial region, curving outward and backward to the

lateral tooth. The surface between the knobs is minutely punctate.

Front considerably projecting, and deeply emarginated at the middle,

forming two prominent but thick and rounded teeth, between which and

the angle of the orbit there are on either side two other teeth, small and

tuberculiform. There is a prominent blunt tooth at either extremity of

the inferior margin of the orbit; the outer one having another smaller

one above it, belonging to the superior margin. Antero-lateral margin

armed with four teeth besides the angle of the orbit; the teeth promi-

nent but blunt at the tips, and not sharp-edged as in M. mercenaria

(Cancer mercenaria, Say). Chelipeds robust, microscopically granu-

lated above. Ambulatory feet not compressed; the last three joints

sparsely hairy on the sides, but densely so on the upper and lower sur-

faces. Abdomen like that of MW. mercenaria, Dimensions of carap. in

the male; length, 1:32; breadth, 1°90 inch.

This fine species has much the aspect of a Xantho. It was

found at Indian River, on the coast of Florida, by G. Wurde-

mann, Esq. Mus. Smithsonian.

Menippe obtusa, noy. sp.

Carapax smooth and even, flattened posteriorly. Antero-lateral

margins armed with four teeth resembling those of M. mercenaria in

their proportions, but much less prominent. Front with a single tubercle

only on either side of the two median lobes. Frontal region somewhat

channelled along the margin above the teeth. There are two or three

submarginal tubercles along the inferior side of the orbit, and a few

scattered granules on the subhepatic regions. The meros-joint of the

outer maxilipeds is as long as broad, pentagonal, with the antero-

54 Notes on North American Crustacea.

exterior side longest. Chelipeds very unequal in size; larger one

robust; apex of carpus obtuse or truncate, not tooth-like as in allied

species. The larger hand is armed with a tooth or lobe within at the

base of the superior edge, and on the inner surface, near the insertion of

the dactylus, there is an oval, obliquely-striated area, on which the strize

are sharp and parallel, exactly resembling those of a file. In the

smaller hand, the corresponding area is covered with utriculiform

granules. Ambulatory feet smooth and glossy ; the last two joints only

being hairy. Abdomen as in the allied species. Color of preserved

specimen, reddish, mottled or banded. Dimensionsof carap.in 9: length,

1:2; greatest breadth, at the penult antero-lateral tooth, 1:7 inch.

This species has much resemblance to J/. mercenaria in

general appearance, but is easily distinguished by the smaller

number of frontal teeth, and the striated area on the greater

hand.

It was found at Panama by J. H. Sternbergh, Esq.

Panopeus,

The genus Panopeus seems to be in some degree intermediate

between Xantho and Pilumnus. In our common species, P.

Herbstii, there is a well-marked groove on the palate, indi-

cating the efferent passage, although this is not defined by a

sharply elevated ridge. The genus is peculiar to America.

Certain East Indian forms which have been referred to it,

prove upon examination to be generically distinct, and form a

separate group, for which I have proposed the name LZetero-

panope.

The genus now contains ten species ;—/P. crenatus, M.-Edw.

et Lucas, P. davis, Dana, P. chilensis, M.-E. et L., from the

western coasts of South America; and P. herbstii, M.-Edw.,

P. texanus, Stm., P£wurdemanni, Gibbes, P. harristi, Stm.,

P. occidentalis, De Saussure, P. serratus, Des., and P. ameri-

canus, Des., from the eastern coasts of the United States, and

the Antilles.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 55

Panopeus texamus, nov. sp.

Closely allied to P. herbstiz, for which it would be taken

upon a hasty examination. It exhibits, however, the following

distinctive characters, which are found to be constant in twenty

or more specimens. The carapax is longer in proportion, and

more convex; and the surface is smooth or less granulous, but

generally pubescent. Hiatus of the external angle of the orbit

small, being a deep notch or fissure rather than an opening. First

and second antero-lateral teeth of very slight prominence. Hands

large and smooth in the male, with the dactylus destitute of the

strong basal tooth, which is always present in P. herbsti of

every age. There is, also, no tooth on the hand between the

bases of the fingers. The right hand is always the larger.

The fingers of the smaller hand are long and considerably

curved. The color of the fingers is always white or very pale

brown in the male, the moveable one being generally darker

than the other ;—-they are sometimes blackish in the female.

Ambulatory feet long. The abdomen of the male is rather

broad and convex, with the terminal joint transverse and

broader than the penult ;--thus showing a marked difference

from that of P. herbstwi. The dimensions of carap. of ¢ are,—

length, 0°76; breadth, 0°97 inch. Dimensions of carapax of

P. herbstit 3 ;—length, 0:90; breadth, 1:25 in.

Found at St. Joseph’s Island, Texas, by Gustavus Wurde-

mann, Esq.

Panopeus harrisii.

Pilumnus Harrisii, Gould ; Inv. Mass. 326.

This species is smaller than P. herbstii. The carapax is

more quadrilateral, and the upper surface transversely ridged

or lineated. An important character is found in the canalicu-

lated edge of the front, which thus seems bimarginate. The

56 Notes on North American Crustacea.

hands are longitudinally ridged above, and on the outer surface.

The external hiatus of the orbit is very small, but nevertheless

distinct.

This species is ‘remote from Pdlwmnus in the want of a

ridge on the palate, as well as in the presence of the external

hiatus of the orbit. Gibbes’ description of his P. wuwrdemanni

agrees pretty nearly with it.

It has as yet been found only in the brackish waters of

Charles River, Mass., near its mouth.

Eurytium, nov. gen.

This genus is proposed for the reception of the Panopeus

lumosus of Say ; which is sufficiently distinct from the typical

Panopet in its broad carapax, strong palatal ridge, and in the

fact that the male verges pass: under the margin of the sternum

to reach the abdominal appendages, thus showing a relation to

the Ocypodoidea.

Eurytium limosum.

Cancer limosus, Say; Jour. A. N.S., Philad., i. 446.

Panopeus limosus, M.-Edw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust., i, 404.

Common on the coast of South Carolina, in mud at low

water mark. Specimens brought from Key Biscayne, Fla., by

Mr. Wurdemann are larger, broader, and more highly colored

than the Carolinian specimens.

Eriphia squamata, nov. sp.

Closely allied to #. gonagra of the Gulf of Mexico, from

which it can scarcely be distinguished by any characters de-

Notes on North American Crustacea. BY

rived from the carapax; but the tubercles of the hands are

larger, and more crowded, projecting like scales, and ciliated

beneath.

Found at Mazatlan by Capt. C. P. Stone.

Lupa bellicosa (Sloat, MSS.).

Agrees with Z. hastata in almost every character, except

that the last two joints of the abdomen in the male are broader

and more flattened.

Taken at Guaymas, in the Gulf of California, by Capt. C. P.

Stone. It is the first of the Portunide discovered on our West-

ern coast.

Lupa Gibbesii, nov. sp.

This species is intermediate between Z. sayi and L. spini-

mana. In the characters of the antero-lateral margin, it

resembles Z. say, the lateral spine being at least as long as the

space occupied by the four teeth in front of it. Irontal mar-

gin with four teeth nearly as prominent as in L. spinimana ;—

the sub-median tooth is, however, more prominent than in that

species, though much less so than in Z. sayz. Surface of the

carapax granulated and pubescent. There are three or four

naked transverse ridges or raised lines, two of which arise at

the lateral spines. Chelipeds and abdomen of the male as in

L. spinimana. Dimensions of carapax in the female ;—length,

1; breadth, spines included, 2°18 inch.

Found on the coast of South Carolina, by Capt. Kurtz, and

at St. Augustine, Florida, by Mr. Dorman.

LUpaA spinimama,.

Lupa spinimana, Leach; M-Edw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1, 452.

Dana; U.S. Expl. Exped., 1. 273.

Found at Folly Island, on the coast of South Carolina, by

Capt. Kurtz and myself.

58 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Amphitrite depressifroms, nov. sp.

Carapax convex posteriorly and about the middle, but depressed

toward the frontal and antero-lateral margins. Proportion of length to

breadth, 1: 1:49. Surface in part minutely scabrous and pubescent.

Antero-lateral margin ciliated and 9-toothed, including the angle of the

orbit; teeth nearly equal, the posterior one no larger than that in front

of it. Median lobe of front 4-toothed, teeth about equal. Superior

margin of orbit with two conspicuous fissures. The joints of the cheli-

peds are sharply triangular or prismatic, pubescent; meros 5-spined

and ciliated in front, and armed with a single small tooth at the outer

apex; carpus slender, with one long, very slender and sharp spine at

the summit, and sometimes a smaller spine on the outer side; hand

with a prominent superior crest, and armed with two small spines, one

near the base, and one near the finger; surface of the hand minutely

scabrous; dactylus ciliated above. Ambulatory feet slender; those of

the first pair ciliated below; those of the second and third pairs smooth;

last pair considerably shorter than the third. Abdomen of the male

subtriangular, with the lateral margins somewhat sinuous. The color

in our specimens is entirely obliterated. The species is described from

male individuals, probably young, the dimensions of the carapax in the

largest being,—length, 0°79; breadth, 1°18 inch.

It was found on the coast of South Carolina, by Capt. Kurtz,

and there are specimens from the Florida Keys in the Smithso-

nian Museum.

OCYPODOIDEA.

Speocarcimus, nov. gen.

Carapax longitudinaliter utrinque declivis, transversim fere planus,

retrorsum vix angustatus. Regio faciei dimidiam carapacis latitudinis

paulo superans. Margo antero-lateralis brevis, dentatus. Oculi sat

breves, corneis parvis. Orbitee antenneeque eis Panoper fere similes-

Palatum colliculis carens, Maxillipedes externi valde hiantes, endogna-

Notes on North American Crustacea. 59

thi mero sat brevi, palpo endarthroideo. Chelipedes breves, crassi.

Pedes ambulatorii graciles, leves, dactylis depressis, ciliatis. Vergule

sternales. Abdomen maris ei Panopei simile sed ad basin sterno multo

angustius, et segmentis tertio ad quinto coalitis.

This genus seems to be nearest allied to Hucrate, as described

by Dana, from which it is distinguished by the greater breadth

of the sternum posteriorly, and by the gaping of the maxil-

lipeds.

Speocarcinus carolimemsis.

Piate Is, figs. 1, 2, and 3.

Body depressed, subeylindrical. Carapax above nearly smooth; sur-

face punctate, obsoletely granulated toward the margins; gastric region

well defined; genital region depressed. Antero-lateral margin five-

toothed, including angle of orbit; second tooth not distinctly separated

from the first; last three teeth sharp and moderately prominent. Front

about one-fourth as wide as the carapax, sufficiently prominent, straight,

and emarginate at the middle. Eye-peduncles depressed and pubescent

above. Chelipeds robust, nearly smooth; a strong sharp tooth or spine

near summit of meros; inner margin of carpus granulated, with a blunt

tooth at inner angle; outer surface of hand glabrous, microscopically

granulated. Tarsi sharp; those of last pair curved upward. Length of

carapax in the male, 0°88; breadth 1:09 inch.

This crab lives in the subterranean galleries excavated in the

mud at low water mark by the Squilla, Callianassa, and other

Crustacea, or by large worms. It is found in the harbor of

Charleston, 8. C.

Prionopiax spinicarpus.

Prionoplax spinicarpus, M.-Edw.; Ann. des Sc. Nat., 3me. Serie, Zool.,

xvill, 161; Archives du Mus. d’ Hist.

Nat., vii. 167, pl. xi, f. 3.

Milne-Edwards gives, with a doubt, China as the habitat of

60 Notes on North American Crustacea.

this interesting Crustacean. Our specimens, however, were

found at Panama, by Mr. Sternbergh, so that its geographical

range must be on the tropical parts of the western shores of

America.

An examination of the alcoholic specimens, in the Smith-

sonian Museum, enables us to determine that in this genus the

male verges arise from the cox of the posterior pair of feet,

and are lodged and concealed in the chinks separating the ster-

nal pieces of the sixth and seventh thoracic segments. There

is no ridge upon the palate or endostome.

Euryplax, nov. gen.

Carapax transverse, broad ; antero-lateral margin very short, dentated ;

facial region of less width than the carapax; front nearly half as broad

as the carapax ; ocular peduncles of moderate length ; external antennee

excluded from the orbit by the internal suborbital lobe, which joins the

front. External maxillipeds with the palpus of the endognath articu-

lated to the short.meros at its truncated inner angle, as in the Can-

croids. Palate with a distinct ridge on each side, defining the efferent

channel. Chelipeds large and thick; a circular pit on the front side

of the meros-joint near its extremity. Ambulatory feet compressed ;

dactyli of posterior pair short and compressed. Verges of the male

arising from the cox of the posterior feet, and passing to the abdomi-

nal appendages through canals in the sternum. Basal joints of the

abdomen almost entirely covering the seventh joint of the sternum, a

portion of which, however, is exposed to view on each side at the late-

ral sinuses of the abdomen, which occur between its second and third

joints. None of the abdominal segments are soldered together.

This genus differs from Prionoplax, Pseudorhombila, ete.,

in the characters of the orbits.

Euryplax mitidus, nov. sp.

Carapax smooth and shining, convex in a longitudinal sense. Pro-

Notes on North American Crustacea. 61

‘portion of length to breadth, 1: 1:65. Antero-lateral margin less than

half as long as the postero-lateral, and armed with three strong teeth,

including the angle of the orbit. Postero-lateral margin somewhat

concave. Front deeply notched on each side at the insertions of the

antenne ; the inter-antennal margin straight and smooth, with no me-

dian emargination. Chelipeds robust, smooth and glossy above ; meros

excavated at summit, with a small sharp tooth just behind the excava-

tion; carpus flattened above, and unidentate within; swperior margin

of hand almost acute; fingers somewhat deflexed. Inner side of carpus,

and surface of meros around the circular pit, densely pilose. Ambula-

tory feet slender, those of the third pair longest. Dimensions of the

carapax in a male: length, 0°65; breadth, 1:07 inch.

Found on the Florida Keys. Museum of the Smithsonian

Institution. :

The most remarkable peculiarity of the crab above described,

consists in the existence of a circular depression at the anterior

apex of the meros, concealed in the angle of the arm when

retracted. This I at first considered to be accidental, or the

work of some parasite; but finding it in both chelipeds, with

exactly the same appearance and position, I am led to believe

it to be a prominent and important character, perhaps structu-

ral, although it is difficult to say what office it fills in the eco-

nomy of the animal. The aperture of the pit in our species is

one-twentieth of an inch in diameter, but the cavity expands

beneath the margin, which is ciliated; the depth is about half

the diameter. The bottom of the pit is hard and crustaceous

like the rest of the surface.

Ocypode Gaudichaudii.

Ocypode Gaudichaudii, M.-Edw. et Lucas; in D’Orbigny’s Voy. en

Am. Merid., Crust., p. 26; pl. xi.

Found at Panama by Mr. Sternbergh.

62 Notes on North American Crustacea.

;

Gelasimus palustris.

Cancer palustris, Sloane; Hist. Jamaica.

Gelasimus vocans, var. A, De Kay; N. Y. Fauna, Crust., pl. vi. f. 10.

o “Dana; U.S. Expl. Exped., Crust. i. p. 318.

“palustris, M.-Edw.; Mel. Carcin., 112; pl. iv., f. 13.

“ minax, Le Conte; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vii. 408.

The following characters will serve to distinguish the present

species from G. pugtlator of all ages. The carapax is more

narrowed posteriorly, and the branchial regions are less inflated.

The raised lines of the anterior three-fourths of the lateral mar-

gins are more distinctly prominent. The inner side of the

greater hand is armed near its postero-inferior angle with an

_ oblique tuberculated ridge; while the portion corresponding to

this ridge in G. pugilator is bluntly rounded. The outer sur-

face of the great cheliped is variable in character, the tubercles

being very minute or obsolete in some specimens from the

Mexican and Central American shores.

This species lives in marshes, often at considerable distances

from the sea, and is never found on muddy or sandy beaches,

where G. pugilator abounds. It has a wide geographical range,

having been found at Rio Janeiro by Prof. Dana, at Aspinwall

by the Rev. J. Rowell, at Hayti by Dr. Weinland, on the coast

of Texas by Capt. Pope and Dr. Kennerly, in South Carolina

by Dr. Girard, at Old Point Comfort by myself, at the mouth of

the Potomac by Mr. Stag, and in New Jersey by Maj. Le Conte

and Prof. Baird.

Gelasimus pugilator.

Gelasimus pugilator, Bosc. ; Hist. des Crust., 1. 198.

M.-Edw.; Mel. Carcin. 113.

Le Conte; Proc. Phil. Acad. vii. 408.

& vocans, Gould. (non Rumph).

Found on sand or mud beaches in creeks and harbors, always

Notes on North American Crustacea. 63

near the sea. There are specimens in the Smithsonian Museum

from Mexico, Texas, Florida, South Carolina and Virginia, and

its range extends northward to the south side of Cape Cod.

Gelasimus subcylimdricus, nov. sp.

A species of Gelastmus found at Matamoras, on the Rio

Grande, several specimens of which were collected by M. Ber-

landier, and deposited in the Smithsonian Institution by Lieut.

Couch, shows a close affinity with G. pugilator in most of its

characters, but differs so much in its proportions that it will

probably prove distinct. The carapax is much broader, shorter,

and more conyex than in the pugiator, and the branchial

regions are more inflated.

Gelasimus pamamensis, nov. sp.

Of this species there are three specimens only in our pos-

session, all of which are apparently immature. In the largest,

a male, the carapax measures 0°35 Inch in length, and 0°52 in

breadth. The front is prominent but broad, and rounded below

asin G@. pugilator. The carapax is broad and full behind; and

the margins are sufficiently distinct nearly to the posterior

extremities, but are marked by raised lines only on the anterior

half. The slight oblique or curved ridge at the posterior

extremity of the lateral margin is prominent, but short. The

exterior angle of the orbit is acutely prominent, so that the

upper margin of the orbit is sinuous. Immediately behind this

angle the lateral margin is straight, or slightly concave. The

adult character of the great cheliped cannot be determined

from so small a specimen, but the large hand in the young is

smooth or slightly granulous above, and convex and unarmed

within.

Found at Panama by Mr. Sternbergh.

64 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Plagusia sayi.

Plagusia depressa, Say ; Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., i. 100.

‘ sayi, De Kay ; N. Y. Fauna, Crust., p. 16.

of M.-Edw.; Mel. Carcin., 145.

a sqguamosa, Gibbes; loc. cit. 182.

This species is distinguished from P. sguamosa in having a

series of six prominent tubercles arranged in the form of an arc

across the gastric region. The corresponding tubercles may be

traced in P. sguamosa, but they are neither as prominent, nor

so regularly arranged in an arcuated form. Another distin-

guishing characteristic may be found in the greater breadth of

the superior lobe at the bases of the second and third ambula-

tory feet, which is regularly quadridentate.

The differences pointed out by Milne-Edwards will not serve

as characters, since our species is no less tuberculose than P.

SqUamosa. 3

Our specimens are from Key Biscayne, Florida.

Pachysrapsus tramsyersus.

Grapsus transversus, Gibbes ; loc. cit. 181.

Leptograpsus rugulosus, M.-Edw.; Mel. Carcin., 138. (2)

Scarcely to be distinguished from P. innotatus (Goniograp-

sus innotatus, Dana), but the carapax is somewhat more con-

vex. The protogastric lobules are sufficiently distinct in full-

grown individuals. The “ corrugated area on the crest” of the

hand, described by Gibbes, is sometimes obsolete.

Found among the Florida Keys by Wurdemann and White-

hurst, and on the coast of Texas by Wurdemann.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 65

Cyclograpsus integer.

Cyclograpsus integer M.-Edw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust. ii. 79.

Mel, Carcin. 164.

In our specimen of this species the infra- or post-orbital

crest is 2- or 8-lobate externally, and crenulated internally.

There is an obsolete emargination on the lateral margin of the

carapax atits anterior third. The surface toward the front and

antero-lateral margins is minutely rugate or granulated. The

male abdomen narrows toward its extremity as in C. punctatus.

Whether these characters accord with those of the true @. n-

teger, the meagre descriptions as yet published do not enable

me to determine.

Found on the coast of Florida.

Sesarma cinerea.

Grapsus cinereus, Bosc ; Latreille.

Sesarma cinerea, Say; Jour. A. N. S. Phil. i. 422.

a a M.-Edw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust. 11. 75. Melanges

Carcinologiques, 148.

i Gibbes; 1. c. 180.

This species is broader than long, in the proportion of 1:

1:09; the breadth being measured between the orbital angles.

It lives on muddy flats and the shores of creeks and sheltered

harbors. Found at Galveston, Texas, by Dr. Kennerly ; at Ce-

dar Key, Fla., by A. Steele, Esq., and at the mouth of the

Potomac, by Mr. Stag. It is extremely abundant near Charles-

ton, South Carolina.

MARCH, 1859, 5 Ann, Lyo. Nat, Hist. Vou. VII.

66 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Sesarma angustipes.

Sesarma angustipes, Dana; loc, cit. i. 353. pl. xxii. f. 7.

“ Rtcordi, M.-Edw.; Mel. Carcin. 149. ?

Carapax more convex and narrower than in S. cinerea, the

width (measured between the orbital angles) being less than

the length. It. is, however, broader posteriorly. The front

is narrower, more projecting, and often sparsely tuberculated ;

and the ambulatory feet are longer and narrower than in S.

cinerea, to which this species has, in other respects, much

resemblance. The dimensions of a male carapax are ;—

length, 0°67: width, anteriorly, 0°65; of female, length, 0-75 ;

breadth, 0°75 inch.

I cannot certainly identify this species with 8. Ricordi, as

the description of Milne-Edwards is very short, and he does

not mention the narrowness of the carapax, an important cha-

racter.

In the Smithsonian Museum, there are specimens from Flo-

rida, and others collected at Aspinwall by Mr. Rowell.

Sesarma reticulata.

Sesarma reticulata, Say; J. A. N. S. Philad. i. 73, pl. iv. f. 5.

Gibbes, 1. c. 180.

This species is so very different from S. cinerea in its thick,

swollen. form, and short, thick, acuminated and channelled dac-

tyli of the ambulatory feet, that it is surprising how it could

have been confounded with it by European authors. In its

form, and the prominence of the epistome, it is strikingly like

Helice, and it may probably be considered the type of a new

genus.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 67

Pinnotheres ostreum.

Pinnotheres ostreum, Say; J. A. N.S. Philad. i. 67, pl. iv.; f. 5.

The female presents the following characters :—

The meros-joint of the outer maxillipeds is naked and glossy,

broadly rounded and somewhat dilated at the inner angle ; and

the palpus is very short, with broad joints, with the exception

of the dactylus, which is extremely small and slender. The

ambulatory feet of the first pair are somewhat thickened, the

penult joint swollen at its extremity, and the dactylus very

short, almost conical ; those of the second pair are longer than

the others, with a dactylus two-thirds as long asthe penult joint,

compressed and curved, almost ensiform; the dactyli of the

posterior two pairs are compressed, but shorter and thicker

than in the second pair. In the chelipeds, the inside of the

fingers and part of the palm are pubescent.

The male of this species is much smaller than the female,

and rarely found. I have seen but one, which was scarcely

one-eighth of an inch in length. The carapax is narrower, and

flatter above; the front is more protruded, larger than in the

female, and separated from the rest of the carapax by a trans-

verse sulcus.

The species is common in oysters from the coasts of the Vir-

ginian province.

Pinnotheres maculatus.

Pinnotheres maculatum, Say; Jour. A. N.S., Philad., 1. 450.

Carapax in the female narrowing anteriorly, the sides being obliquely

subtruncated; median regions defined by deep sutures ; surface “covered

with a dense but very short pubescence. Front prominent, deflexed, and

concave at its extremity. Meros-joint of the external maxillipeds rather

smaller, but thicker and stronger than is usual in the genus; extremity of

the penult joint of the palpus pointed. Dactyli of first three pairs of am-

68 Notes on North American Crustacea.

bulatory feet curved, of nearly equal and moderate length; those of the

last pair long.

Inhabits the coast of South Carolina.

Pinnixa cylindrica.

Pinnotheres cylindricum, Say; Jour. A. N. S., Philad. i. 452.

Pinnixa cylindrica, White; An. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xviii. 177.

M.-Edwards; Mel. Carcin., 186.

The male of this species differs considerably from the female,

in its broader carapax, which is depressed or concave at the

middle;—the hand is also broader, with nearly transverse fingers,

and the dactylus curved, without a median tooth. These cha-

racters accord nearly with Say’s description of his P. mono-

dactylum. The superior edge of the meros-joint of the feet is

smooth, except near the outer extremity, in all the female spe-

cimens of this species which have come under my notice,

although it is stated by Say to be granulated. The palpus of

the outer maxillipeds in this and the following species, is large,

with the dactylus attached to the penult joint near the base of

the latter, as in Pinnotheres, and not near its extremity as in

Pinniva transversalis, Lucas.

Say remarks that P. cylindrica is probably not parasitic. It

is so however, although, as might be judged from the hardness

of its carapax, it never revels like the Pinnotheres among the

soft folds of the bivalve mollusea. It lives in the tube of a

rougher host,—the Ohetopterus, a large worm found on the

coast of South Carolina, whose parchment-like sheath, expanded

at the middle, is bent in the form of a semicircle, so that both

extremities project to the surface of the mud.

Pinnixa laevigata, nov. sp.

Body glabrous above and below, particularly in the female. Carapax

Notes on North American Crustacea. 69

above punctate, with a slight but sharp transverse ridge, most prominent

in the male; surface behind the ridge oblique, nearly perpendicular.

There is much pubescence about the bases of the feet. In the chelipeds,

the fingers are longitudinal in both male and female, and gaping; the

dactylus is armed with a tooth inside near the middle, and the immo-

vable finger with a tooth near the extremity. The ambulatory feet of

the third pair are very large and thick, but those of the second pair are

not much larger than the first. Color yellowish grey. Dimensions of

the carapax:—in a male, length, 0°22; breadth, 0°48 ;—in a female,

length, 0°32; breadth, 0°64 inch.

This species lives with the lobworm (Avrenzcola cristata) in its

hole in the sand, which is not lined by any tube. The young

occur in the early spring on slimy shores at low-water mark.

They were found by Lieut. Kurtz and myself near Fort Johnson,

harbor of Charleston, 8. C.

OXYSTOMATA.

Leucosilia Jurinii.

Guaia Jurinii, De Saussure; Rev. et Mag. Nat. Hist. 2me Ser. v.

pl. xi. f. 4.

Leucosilia Jurinii, Bell.

Found at Panama by the Rev. J. Rowell.

Randallia ornata.

Randallia ornata (Randall); Stimpson; Crust. and Echin. Pacific

Coast of N. Am., p. 31, pl. xix. f. 3.

This genus is more closely allied to Lewcosilia than any other,

and is similar in the characters of the front. The external

maxillipeds are not marked by a longitudinal ciliated ridge in

the female ; the exognath is widened at the base, and its obtuse

apex is overreached by the extremity of the endognath. The

pterygostomian canal over the exognath is tridentate at its

anterior margin as in Myra.

70 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Persephona punctata.

Cancer punctatus, Browne.

Persephona Latreillii, Leach.

Lamarckit, “

Guaia punctata, M.-Edwards; Hist. Nat. des Crust. ii. 127.

“ vs Gibbes ; loc. cit. 185.

Persephona guaia, Bell.

Common on the shores of Florida and South Carolina.

Persephona Edwardsii.

Persephona Edwardsii, Bell; Lin. Trans. xxi. 294; pl. xxxi. ft 8.

Found at Panama by the Rey. J. Rowell. Bell’s specimens

were from the Galapagos Is. In our examples from Panama

the latero-inferior surfaces of the body, and the lower edges of

the feet, are pubescent. Color in recent aleoholic specimens,

above red, bluish white below.

Hepatus angustatus.

Hepatus angustatus, (Fabr.) White ; Cat. Brit. Mus. 1847, p. 46.

e « Dana, loc. cit. 1. 394.

Hepatus faciatus, Latr.: M.-Edwards.

Brought from Aspinwall by the Rev. J. Rowell.

Hepatus decorus.

Cancer decorus, Herbst.

Hepatus decorus, Gibbes ; loc. cit. p. 183.

Taken at St. Joseph’s Island, Texas, by G. Wurdemann, Esq.

Hepatus tuberculatus of De Saussure should be compared with

the young of this species.

Notes on North American Crustacea. Ta

Calappa marmorata.

Calappa marmorata, Fabr.; Suppl. 346.

We have specimens from Pensacola and from the Tortugas,

Florida.

Calappa galloides, nov. sp.

Very closely allied to C. gallus of the Pacific, but is less con-

vex, and less strongly tuberculated. The front or rostrum is

distinctly quadridentate.

Inhabits the Florida Keys. Museum of the Smithsonian

Institution.

DROMIDEA.

Dromidia* Antillemsis, nov. sp.

Body everywhere short-pubescent, with longer hairs on the sides and

on the feet. Carapax somewhat longer than broad, strongly convex,

smooth. Frontal region longitudinally grooved along the middle.

Front strongly deflexed and five-toothed (supra-ocular teeth included) ;

teeth small and slender, almost spiniform, horizontally projecting ; the

median three sub-equal, and about as long as the distance between

them at their bases; teeth over the eyes shorter but acute. External

angle of the orbit prominent but obtuse. Lateral margin of the carapax

four-toothed, and deflected anteriorly toward the corners of the buccal

area, where there is a tubercle. First three teeth of lateral margin sub-

spiniform ; posterior one, situated at the lateral sulcus, as large as the

others but less acute. External maxillipeds elongated; meros large,

longer than the ischium, with its antero-exterior corner prominent, form-

ing a sharp right angle. Chelipeds rather short and stout, nearly

smooth ; inferior edges of ischium and meros-joints granulated ; carpus

dentated at anterior angles with small teeth ; hand short, smooth exter-

nally ; palm shorter than dactylus, and armed with two or three small

spiniform tubercles on the basal half of its superior margin. Ambula-

* The diagnoses of this and the succeeding new genera of Anomoura will be

found in the Proceedings of the Philad, Acad. Nat. Sciences, Dec. 1858.

72 Notes on North American Crustacea.

tory feet rather slender, smooth. Last pair of feet much longer than

penult pair. Penult joint of abdomen in the male elongated and slen-

der; terminal joint longer than broad; none of the joints soldered.

Length of carapax, 1:30; breadth, 1:28 inch.

It carries a covering which is usually larger than itself, and

may be either a compound ascidian, or a zoanthoid polype.

Found at St. Thomas, by M. Riise ; at Key Biscayne, Flo-

rida, by G. Wurdemann ; and at the Tortugas, by Dr. White-

hurst.

It appears to be a common species, and I have seen it in

most cabinets labelled D. lator, M..Edw. That species, how-

ever, belongs to Milne-Edwards’ first division, in which the

carapax is broader than long.

Hypoconcha arcuata, nov. sp.

Front margin of carapax regularly arched, nearly semicircular in out-

line; much more broadly rounded than in H. sabulosa, Guerin. ‘There

are slight notches on this margin at the insertion of the antenne, but

no notch at the middle, where there is, however, a deep fissure. The

front margin is also minutely spinulose and densely ciliated, but not

sparsely toothed as in Guerin’s species. The lower surface of the facial

region, maxillipeds, and chelipeds are everywhere uniformly granulated ;

but the granules of the chelipeds are rather finer than those of the facial

region. The fingers are toothed, but the teeth are much shorter than

in H, sabulosa, The last two joints of the female abdomen are minutely

granulated, but not tuberculated. Length of carapax in the female,

0:235; breadth, 0°257. In one specimen the dimensions were nearly

twice as great.

Found on the sandy shores of South Carolina, by Lieut.

Kurtz ; and at St. Thomas, by A. H. Riise.

The genus is a remarkable one, and was first instituted by

Guerin, in 1854, for the Cancer sabulosus of Herbst, known to

travellers, more than a century ago, as the “ Faux Bernhard

Notes on North American Crustacea. a3

’Eremite.” Its dorsal integument is not indurated, but mem-

branaceous, and the animal consequently carries a valve of

some Venus or other bivalve, which serves it both for a pro-

tecting covering and a hiding-place. Guerin says that the

shell is held on by the posterior four feet, but the abdomen

seems to serve this purpose more fully, by being abruptly bent

and projecting near the middle, fitting firmly into the dorsal

or hinge-sinus of the shell.

PORCELLANIDEA.

Petrolisthes sexspinosus.

Porcellana galathina, Say ; Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. i. 458 (vix Bosc.)

Gray ; Zool. Misc. 14.

Porcellana sexspinosa,»Gibbes ; loc. cit. 190.

Found in considerable numbers on the Florida Keys, by

Wurdemann and Whitehurst.

Petrolisthes occidentalis, nov. sp.

Scarcely to be distinguished from P. sexspinosus, but the

carapax is slightly broader, the spines less prominent and less

acute, and the abdomen and feet more pubescent. To esta-

blish these differences with certainty, however, the examination

of a large number of specimens is necessary.

Found at Panama, by Messrs. Sternbergh and Rowell.

Petrolisthes armatus.

Porcellana armata, Gibbes; loc. cit. 190.

The outer edge of the hand in this species is generally

smooth, as the marginal spines mentioned by Gibbes, rarely

occur.

74 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Found at Aspinwall, by Mr. Rowell, and in great abundance

at St. Thomas, by Riise.

Specimens were taken at Panama by Messrs. Sternbergh

and Rowell, of a species which is either identical with P.

armatus, or so closely allied that I have as yet been unable to

find the distinctive characters. ,

Petrolisthes politus.

" Porcellana polita, Gray; Zool. misc. 14. Griffith’s Cuv. Crust. 312.

plexcv. 2) i.

3 magnifica, Gibbes ; loc. cit. 191.

Barbadoes; (Gill;) St. Thomas; (Riise.)

Petrolisthes marginatus, nov. sp.

This species is allied to P. armatus, but the median lobe of the front

is smaller and more prominent, and the carpus shorter ; also there are

four teeth, equal in size and very sharp, on the anterior margin of the

carpus of the left cheliped. The surface of the carapax is smooth and

pubescent. The hands are granulated, and covered above with a very

short but dense pubescence ;—from the inner base of the finger to the

anterior angle of the carpus there extends a ridge of moderate promi-

nence. The anterior or front margin of the hand is regularly small-

tuberculated or crenulated, and the margin is conspicuous from the fact

that the tubercles are of lighter color than the rest of the hand ;—beneath

there are two rows of marginal granules. The meros-joint of the ambu-

latory feet is spinulose above, and 1-spined below, near extremity.

Color a deep purplish-crimson. Dimensions about the same as those of

P. armatus ; length of carapax about half an inch,

Found at Barbadoes, by Mr. Gill.

Petrolisthes gracilis, nov. sp.

Carapax smooth, unarmed, and shaped as in P. rupicolus, but more

flattened, and with a less depressed front. Chelipeds long and slender ;

Notes on North American Crustacea. 75

carpus narrow, about three times as long as broad, with its anterior and

posterior margins parallel, straight and smooth, the posterior margin

projecting and forming a sharp tooth at its outer extremity. Hands

smooth, microscopically granulated; fingers within or below hairy.

Ambulatory feet with the meros twice as long as broad, not dilated

towards its extremity, and smooth, without spines above. Color red-

dish. Length of the carapax, 0°44; breadth 0°41 inch.

Taken at Guaymas, in the Gulf of California, by Capt. C. M.

P. Stone.

Petrolisthes tridentatus.

Plate I. fig. 4.

In this small species the carapax is smooth and unarmed. Front

much deflexed and tridentate; with the median tooth or lobe triangu-

lar; margins smooth. The teeth of the front are most distinctly seen

in a front view. Feet nearly naked. Chelipeds obsoletely granuloso-

squamose ; carpus about twice as long as broad, with the anterior mar-

gin nearly straight, not toothed, and ‘very slightly projecting at the

inner angle; the posterior margin subsquamated, but not spinulated.

The carapax is generally minutely spotted with red, and streaked down

the middle with whitish. Chelipeds dark reddish. Ambuiatory feet

annulated. Length of carapax, 0°20; breadth, 0°19 inch.

Found at Barbadoes, by Gill, and at St. Thomas by Riise.

Gray’s short description of his P. affints, (for which no

locality is given,) applies in most respects to this species, and

may be the same.

Pisosoma Riisei, nov. sp.

Carapax rounded, smooth, and glabrous, faintly punctate and obso-

letely striated transversely. Front bi-marginate; the upper margin or

crest straight; the lower margin projecting into a small triangular

tooth placed nearly in a vertical plane. The last three joints of the

ambulatory feet are hairy; the meros-joint not dilated, and with smooth

76 Notes on North American Crustacea.

margins. The chelipeds are unfortunately missing, but they are probably

short and thick, asin P. pisum. Length of carapax, 0°17 inch; breadth

a little greater. In this pretty little species the carapax is of a bright

crimson color, with a large white spot on either side of the front; the

ambulatory feet crimson, broadly 2- or 3-annulated with white.

Taken at St. Thomas, by A. H. Riise.

Pachycheles rudis, nov. sp.

Plate I. fig. 5.

Carapax, antenne, etc., nearly as in P. grossimanus. Sinus of poste-

rior margin deep, almost acute at the middle. Surface glabrous, obso-

letely granulated, punctate or striated in different parts. Chelipeds

very unequal, with a rugose, uneven surface above, irregularly tubercu-

lated and granulated; carpus very short, angular, and projecting in

front, but not dentated, convex at the posterior margin; surface of the

carpus strongly granulated, with two longitudinal rows of more promi-

nent granules near the middle; hand subtriangular, with very uneven

surface, and a strong protuberance near the middle; lower surface of

the hand glossy and slightly granulated in the middle, but more

strongly granulated toward the margins; no pubescence between the

fingers; surface of the fingers like that of the palm. Length of the

carapax (along median line) in the male, 0-48; breadth 0:46; length

of greater hand, 0°58; breadth 0°36 inch.

A littoral species like others of the genus. Inhabits the coast

of California. Found at Monterey by A. 8. Taylor, Esq., at

San Luis Obispo by Dr. Newberry, and near San Francisco by

Dr. Trask.

Megalobrachium granuliferum, nov. sp.

Sides of the body densely hairy both above and below the bases of

the feet. The feet are also hairy. When the chelipeds are folded, the

tips of the fingers do not touch each other. The color is whitish where

Notes on North American Crustacea. (4

not concealed by sordes; with scarlet patches on the margins of the

median region of the carapax, and on the upper sides of the hands.

Carapax convex, smooth at the middle, but uneven and rugate

towards the sides. Front of gastric region protuberant. Frontal region

much depressed. Front tridentate, teeth however but little prominent 5

margins tomentose. Chelipeds large, resembling in shape those of

Polyonyx macrocheles, but rugose, strongly granulated above and longi-

tudinally bi-sulcated, dividing the surface into three equal obtuse ridges ;

meros very large, not dilated at anterior angle; carpus longer than

broad, with entire margins, front margin not dilated, posterior margin

arcuated; hand short, triangular, much narrowed behind, summit at

juncture of finger very prominent; surface of hand more deeply sul-

cated than that of carpus, and outer margin hairy; fingers gaping, hairy

above, crossing each other at tips; dactylus rather longer than the

palm. Length of carapax, 0°29; breadth, 0:29; length of meros joint

of greater cheliped, measured on lower side, 0°15; length of carpus,

0°22; of hand, 0°44, inch.

Found in considerable numbers at Barbadoes by Mr. Gill, and

at St. Thomas by A. H. Riise.

Porcellana ocellata.

Porcellana ocellata, Gibbes; loc. cit. 190.

Specimens of this species are often rather reticulated than

ocellated. The hand is very broad, and strongly arcuated in

the outer margin. In one of our specimens the carapax

measures 0°70 inch in length, and the same in breadth.

Florida Keys; (Wurdemann.) St. Thomas; (Riise.)

78 Notes on North American Orustacea.

HIPPIDEA.

Albunzea Gibbesii, nov. sp.

Plate I., fig. 6.

Albunea symnista, Gibbes ; (non Fabr.) loc. cit. p. 187.

Carapax broader than long, and considerably broader than in A,

symnista, Ocular peduncles elongated, sharply triangular as in A,

Paretii ; their inner edges straight; their outer edges scarcely at all

convex, Anterior margins on each side denticulated with six or eight

teeth, variable in size, sub-distant and rather short. The tooth or spine,

at the antero-lateral angle, reaches forward but little beyond the level of

the anterior margin of the carapax, and is far shorter than in A. Lucasit.

Dactylus of fourth pair of feet with no projecting lobe at the superior

base ; extremity acute, not rounded as in A. symmnista. The terminal

joint of the abdomen, in the male, is narrow, and acuminate, its extremity

forming a long narrow projection, equalling one-fourth the entire length

of the joint. This projection and the lateral margins of the joint are

soft and flexible. On the surface of the joint there is a thick longitudi-

nal tuft of longish sets on either side of the median line, also a very

thick tuft or pencil on each side at the base. Length of carapax in the

male, 0°95 ; breadth, 1°10 inch.

This large species resembles A. Paretii in its front and eyes,

but differs much in the characters of the last joint of the male

abdomen.

Found at St. Augustine, Fla., by J. C. H. Smith, Esq. It

also occurs among the Keys, near the southern extremity of

Florida.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 79

Lepidopa scutellata.

Albunea scutellata, Desm.; Crust. p. 173.

i “f M.-Edw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust. i, 204.

45 = Gibbes ; loc. cit. 187.

Inhabits the shores of the Island of St. Thomas ;—A. H.

Riise.

Lepidopa venusta, nov. sp.

Carapax glabrous, of a silvery hue with bluish reflections in specimens

preserved in spirits. The markings of the dorsal surface of the carapax

are less profound and less numerous than in Z, scwtellata, and the prin-

cipal transverse sulcus is nearly straight, and not undulated as in that

\ species. Front tridentate; lateral teeth situated at about half-way

betwéen the median one and the lateral angles, and consequently nearer

the median one than in Z. scutellata. Ocular peduncles large, oval,

diverging, and a little thickened below along the middle ;—the minute

eye being situated on the inferior surface near the extremity. Antennule

slender, with flagella more than five times as long as the carapax. Feet

nearly as in L. scutellata, but the dactylus of the second pair is more

sharply excised, and the dactyli of the following pairs are more slender.

Length of the carapax, 0°43; greatest breadth, 0°54.

Found at St. Thomas by A. H. Riise.

LITHODIDEA.

Echidnocerus foraminatus.

Body depressed. Upper surface of carapax and feet sharp-tubercu-

lated, and minutely setose as in Z, cibarius. Carapax subpentagonal,

with the sides more sinuated in the hepatic and branchial regions.

80 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Rostrum short; superior part with six short spines; inferior spine slen-

der and acute, curved upward, a little overreaching the eyes. The

antenne are very short, and the acicle has five or six spines on each

side. Feet short, and almost exactly like those of H. cibarius, except

that in the chelipeds, the carpus has below a deep smooth sinus, and the

carpus-joint of the second feet a corresponding sinus, somewhat shal-

lower, however ;—when the feet are folded these sinuses, coming together,

form on each side of the body a round hole half an inch in diameter.

Something of the same kind, but very much smaller and not at all

conspicuous, is seen in E. czbarius. It probably serves for the passage

of water to the gill-openings, which would otherwise be somewhat

obstrueted by the close folding of the chelipeds against the facial

region.

The above description is drawn up from a specimen sent

me by Dr. Trask of San Francisco. The dimensions of this

are—length of carapax, 5:20; breadth, 6°10 inch.

Two examples of this species are in the possession of its dis-

coverer, Dr. Trask, both of which were taken off the coast of

California, near San Francisco.

Phyllolithodes papillosus.

Phyllolithodes papillosus, Brandt; Bulletin phys.-mathem. de l’Acade-

mie de St. Pétersb. 1849, vii. 175.

Petalocerus Bellianus, White; Proc. Zool. Soc., 1856. p. 134. pl. xlii.

Mr. White’s figure of this species having been published,

there is no longer any doubt that his species is identical with

that of Brandt. His description of the abdomen of the crab

is rather “ curious” than satisfactory. .

Found in the stomachs of percoid fishes (“‘ Cabesones’”’) taken

off Monterey, Cal., by Mr. Taylor.

’

Notes on North American Crustacea. 81

. Hapalogaster cavicauda, nov. sp.

Plate I, fig. 7.

Body, feet, and abdomen thickly short-setose above. Carapax sub-

cordate, much depressed, nearly smooth, somewhat roughened or gra-

nulated at the insertions of the sete. Sutures as in H. dentatus, An-

terior margin five-toothed ; median and lateral teeth equally prominent

and sharp; teeth just within lateral teeth, small butsharp. No teeth or

spines on the lateral margins, with the exception of the two on each

side near the middle, at the origins of the sutures. Antenne as long

as the carapax; flagella very slender. Chelipeds thick and strong, but

depressed, of the same size and shape as in H. dentatus, but smooth,

and without tubercles, like the carapax; front margin of meros strongly

bidentate ; carpus with a tooth at the inner extremity of its anterior

margin ; margins of hand smooth. Ambulatory feet broad, much de-

pressed, smooth ; their anterior margins densely ciliated and deeply in-

cised, forming four or five closely approximated teeth on each joint.

Abdomen short, very broad, depressed, folded abruptly upon itself at

the third segment and soldered, so that the three joints above next the

base are convex, and setose in short fascicles; but the terminal joints

below are concave, coriaceous, not setose, and have the segments dis-

tinct. The calcareous plates upon the first segment above are small,

elongated, widely separated, and have no median plate between them,

The plates of the abdomen are thus somewhat like those of Dermatu-

rus, but the outer maxillipeds are exactly as described by Brandt for

his genus Hapalogaster. The chelipeds are without spines, as in H.

Mer tensii.

Brandt, in his diagnosis of the genus, says that the carapax

is somewhat leathery, and but little indurated with calcareous

matter, but inthe present species, as in the Lomzs dentata of

De Haan, which we have referred to the same genus, the cara-

pax is as hard as is usual in crustacea.

The length of the carapax in our species is 0°72; breadth,

0°83 inch.

It was found at Monterey, oh , by Mr. A. S. Taylor.

MARCH, 1859. Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hist, Vou. VII.

82 Notes on North American Crustacea.

PAGURIDEA.

Cenobita rugosa.

Cenobita rugosa, M.-Edw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust. ii. 241.

Dana; loc. cit. 1. 471. pl xxx. “f£N1-

Cenobita clypeata, Owen (non Latr.); Beechey’s Voy. Zool. 85.

Found at Panama by Messrs. Sternbergh and Rowell.

Cenobita diogenes.

Cenobita diogenes, Latr.

< “« -M.-Edw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust. ii. 240.

Found at Barbadoes, by Mr. Gill; St. Thomas, Riise; Hayti,

Dr. Weinland; Florida, Bartlett.

Pagurus venosus.

Pagurus venosus, M.-Edw.; Ann. des. Sc. Nat., Ser. 3me., x. 61.

This species may be distinguished from others of the same

group by the character of the third foot of the right side, which

is exteriorly somewhat flattened, and transversely striated like

that of the left side, though in a less degree. It is about four

inches in length, and of a scarlet color, partly reticulated with

deeper crimson threads or veins.

Found at St. Thomas by A. H. Riise.

Pagurus sinistripes, nov. sp.

Lateral margins of anterior part of carapax spinulose, especially at the

anterior corners. Upper surface sparsely provided with fascicles of sete

toward the sides. The teeth or points of the front between the bases of

the eyes and antennz are large and triangular. The interocular plate or

bracteole is colorless, and hence not conspicuous. Eyes large and thick,

shorter than peduncle of antennse; cornea considerably swollen, and bear-

Notes on North American Crustacea. 83

ing a tuft of hairs in its superior notch. Ophthalmic scale obtusely-

triangular, four-spined and somewhat setose at apex. Acicle of antenne

very slender, setose, not spinulose, and shorter than the eyes. In the left

cheliped the carpus is spinulose, with four larger spines on the superior

edge, that next the hand smallest; hand very thick, surface granulato-

squamose, the squamz often spinulose and setose; no hair on the hand

excepting a little on the inner side ; fingers armed within each with four

or five strong but depressed molar tubercles;-tips of fingers corneous,

excavation small; exterior surface of dactylus sharply tuberculated.

Smaller hand hairy, spinulose above, and depresso-tuberculated on the

outer side. Second and third pairs of feet hairy and spinulose above ;

dactyli with tufts of hairs arranged in longitudinal series. The last two

joints of the left foot of the third pair are flattened, or somewhat excavated

on the outer side ; this surface is divided along the middle by an obtuse

carina, and transversely striated, the striz setose ; superior margin armed

with black-spinules ; inferior margin with subspiniform tubercles. The

scabrous disc of the hand in the 4th pair of feet is elongated, elliptical, almost

acute at either extremity. The false feet of the male abdomen are slen-

der. Length three inches. Length of carapax along median line, one

inch; breadth of front, 0°42 inch.

Found at Panama by the Rev. J. Rowell.

Aniculus elegams, nov. sp.

Median areolet of the gastric region rhomboidal, broader than in

A, typicus, and with its two anterior sides longest and straight. Frontal

sulci occupied by a dense pubescence. Rostral tooth or point regularly

triangular, Ophthalmic scales triangular, with an acute apex, and entire

margins. The under side of the meros and carpus joints in the chelipeds

is setose, but not tuberculated as in A. typicus, and the margins of these

joints are pectinated with black spinules. Length five inches.

Found at Panama by the Rev. J. Rowell.

Calcinus obscurus, nov. sp.

This species has smooth chelipeds, and is closely allied to C.

84 Notes on North American Crustacea.

tibicen,—differing only in color and in its somewhat more elon-

gated hand. The greater cheliped is everywhere reddish-brown,

with the exception of lighter margins to the fingers. The

ambulatory feet are dark-olive, almost black, and their terminal

joints are annulated near the tip, and sometimes also near the

base, with a reddish ring.

This species might be referred to C. chilensis, with which it

agrees in the length of the eyes, ete., but that species is in Gay’s

Hist. de Chile, Zool. iii. p. 191, said to have “ varios tuberculitos

sobre las pinzas y la parte vecina de Ja mano.”

Collected in considerable numbers at Panama by Dr. Suckley.

Clibanarius vittatus.

Pagurus vittatus, Bosc.; Hist. des Crust. ii. 8. pl. xii.

Gibbes ; loc. cit. 189.

Hands equal. Ambulatory feet 8-striped longitudinally; with dactyli

longer than the penult joint.

Found at the mouth of the Rio Grande by Dr. Berlandier ; at

St. Augustine, Fla., by Mr. Dorman ; and is common at Charles-

ton, 8. C.

Clibanarius panmamensis, nov. sp.

Of the same size with C. wittatus, to which it is very closely

allied and perhaps identical; differing but little except in the

arrangement of the colors in the longitudinal vittee of the ambu-

latory feet. The white vittee are more regularly arranged,

equidistant, and more distinct on the inner sides of the feet.

There are also more numerous stripes on the meros joint.

Lastly, the tubercles of the hands are somewhat more sharply

prominent.

Panama. Mr. J. H. Sternbergh.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 85

Clibanarius sclopetarius.

Cancer sclopetarius, Herbst; Naturg. der Krabben und Krebse, ii. 23.

pl. xxii. ff 3.

Pagurus cubensis, De Sauss., loc. cit. p. 39.

Another species very near to 0. vittatus. The dactyli of the

ambulatory feet are somewhat shorter, and the stripes of color

are equal, less distinct, not marginate, and rather yellowish than

reddish.

Found at Aspinwall by Mr. Rowell; at Trinidad by Mr. Gill;

and at the Tortugas by G. Wurdemann.

Clibanarius Antillemsis, nov. sp.

Length about one inch. Eyes slender, very long, longer than either

the peduncle of the antennz, or the width of the front. Ophthalmic

scale large, broad and truncated, spinulose on the front margin. Cheli-

peds nearly equal (the right usually the largest), armed with short spines

or sharp tubercles, and somewhat hairy; hands olive, tubercles white.

Ambulatory feet stout, very hairy above; dactyli much shorter than the

penult joint. In the third foot of the left side the penult and terminal

joints are flattened. The ambulatory feet are olive, with one white stripe

on each side ;—meros-joint with two stripes.

Differs from C. bicolor in its coloration. From C. brasiliensis

in its larger ophthalmic scales, its right third foot not flattened,

and in its more spinous hands. From C. eguabilis in its hairy

and vittate feet.

Barbadoes; Theo. Gill, Esq.

KIsocheles wurdemanni, nov. sp.

Body everywhere densely hirsute with long fine hairs. Post-frontal

transverse sulcus deep, W-shaped, and placed more posteriorly than in

I. equimanus. Median point of front very obtuse, very little prominent,

less so than the lateral points, which are acuminated. Eyes long, some-

86 Notes on North American Crustacea.

what compressed, with a reddish vitta above ; cornea very small. The

eyes reach beyond the middle of the terminal joint of the peduncle of

the external antenne. The acicle is hairy, rough with spiniform points,

and does not reach to the tips of the eyes. Chelipeds tuberculated above,

and sparsely hairy; tubercles rather sharp, the larger ones arranged in

longitudinal rows ; carpus with a broad longitudinal channel between two

rows of tubercles above, tubercles of the marginal row spiniform 3 fingers

with strongly and densely tuberculated surface, somewhat gaping within,

and dentated with equal tuberculiform teeth ; tips corneous, sharply pro-

minent, Feet of the second and third pairs subcylindrical, roughly gra-

nulated; dactyli not compressed, with six or seven slightly prominent,

longitudinal, crenulated, and hairy coste. Hand of the fourth pair of

feet oblong; dactylus slender, not compressed, and scarcely over-reaching

the tip of the rounded thumb-like process of the hand. Abdomen thickly

covered with long hair; terminal joint scarcely emarginated. The cha-

fing areole or callosities of the inferior surfaces of the feet near their

bases, are numerous and well-marked. Length about 23 inches. Length

of carapax, 0°72; breadth posteriorly, 0°65; breadth of front, 0:28;

length of chelipeds, 1:10 ; of ambulatory feet, 1:75 inch.

It is allied to Z. eguimanus, but the hands are more strongly

tuberculated, and the tarsi are not compressed as in that species.

Found in the Gulf of Mexico, at the mouth of the Rio Grande,

by G. Wurdemann, Esq., whose extensive and long-continued

researches in the zodlogy of our southern coast have furnished

us with many interesting novelties.

Paguristes turgidus.

Clibanarius turgidus, Stimpson ; Crust. et Echin. Pacific Coast of N.

Am., p. 44; pl. xxi. f. 1.

The anterior or gastric portion of the carapax is fasciculated with

hairs towards the sides, and bears a single tuft in the median line. The

anterior cardiac lobe is clongate-triangular, slightly convex near the

base, but not dilated toward the pointed extremity. Rostriform tooth

very short, and not more prominent than the lateral points, which are

Notes on North American Crustacea. 87

acuminated. Eyes slender, but much shorter than the width of the

front. Ophthalmic scales with an elongated apex, denticulated on both

margins. Acicle falling short of the extremity of the eye by one-sixth

of the length of the eye ;—it is hairy and spinose on both sides. Che-

lipeds equal. Terminal joint of abdomen unsymmetrical, with the left

terminal lobe much more produced than the right. The callosities of

the inferior surface of the thoracic members are numerous, large, black,

and well defined.

Inhabits the western coast from Puget Sound to Monterey,

Cal.

Paguristes depressus, nov. sp.

Carapax flattened, naked; posterior portion much expanded ; sides of

anterior portion short, the transverse suture reaching far forward late-

rally; surface rugulose; lateral sinuses spinulose. Anterior cardiac

lobe narrow-halberd-shaped, somewhat widening toward its blunt

posterior extremity. Rostrum elongated, reaching nearly to the mid-

dle of the ophthalmic scales, with its lip imbedded in the rounded tuber-

cle of the ophthalmic ring, which is exposed in this species. Eyes very

large, much over-reaching the tip of the peduncle of the very slender

antennule, Ophthalmic scales with bidentate tip,—margins of apex

entire. Antenne short; terminal joint of peduncle and flagellum very

slender, almost naked; acicle slender, spinous and hairy. Chelipeds

equal, broad, and depressed, almost naked; meros scabrous above; car-

pus minutely spinulose, and armed with four spines on the inner edge ;

hand uniformly minutely granulated, with five tubercles on the inner

edge of palm; fingers with sharp, cutting inner edges; tips not spini-

form; immovable finger concave below; dactylus near three times as

long as the inner edge of the palm. Ambulatory feet above scabrous,

spinulose and setose; dactyli with a dense series of longer sete along

the superior and inferior edges. The inner side of the penult and ter-

minal joints in the left second foot is concave. The following are the

measurements of a female specimen :—general length, 3 inches; length

of carapax, 0°77; breadth of front, 0°40; length of eye, 0°41 ; length of

chelipeds, 1°05 inch.

88 Notes on North American Crustacea.

In this species, adapted to live in such shells as those of the

genera Conus and Strombus, with long narrow apertures, the

body is much flattened, and the sternum greatly developed,

being broadly exposed between the chelipeds, and showing the

ventral piece to which the outer maxillipeds are attached. This

would, perhaps, be considered by many as a character of ge-

neric importance, but it appears to us to be only a peculiar spe-

cific modification to adapt the animal to live under peculiar

circumstances. A modification which may occur in any genus of

Paguride, and does occur in one other genus—instance Pagu-

rus platythorax. The species we have described shows fully all

the generic peculiarities of Paguristes, as does the platythorax

all those of Pagurus.

P. depressus was found in a Strombus pugilis dredged in two

fathoms, sandy bottom, at the island of St. Thomas, by Theo.

Gill, Esq.

Spiropagurus dispar, nov. sp.

Carapax smooth and glossy, naked. Eyes rather longer than in S.

spiriger, but not over-reaching the tip of the acicle. Ophthalmic

scales narrow. Chelipeds slender, smooth, glabrous, sparsely ciliated,

unequal in size, the left one being much more slender, though but little

shorter than the right; left hand with slender fingers as long as the

palm. Right hand a little longer than the left, and twice as broad and

thick; fingers short, not more than half the length of the palm, and

coarsely toothed within. Ambulatory feet much longer than the cheli-

peds and over-reaching their extremities, smooth and hairy ; dactyli very

slender, not dilated. Feet of the fourth pair almost simple; penult

joint with no scabrous surface, but a few corneous marginal denticles.

Length about one inch. Colors mostly faded in our specimens; the

hands are, however, pale orange, loosely reticulated with thread-like

crimson lines, on the white fingers as well as on the palm.

This small species was found in the white shell of a Watica,

Notes on North American Crustacea. 89

around the aperture of which was an incrustation formed by

some hydroid polype. It was dredged from a sandy bottom in

two fathoms, at the island of Barbadoes, by Theo. Gill, Esq.

It is interesting as being the second species of a genus which

has heretofore contained but one known representative, S.

spiriger of Japan.

Eupagurus bernhardus.

Pagurus bernhardus (Linn.), Fabr.; Gould ; Inv. Mass.

EHupagurus bernhardus, Brandt.

Found on the north-east coast as far south as Long Island.

Specimens have been sent from Puget Sound, by Dr. Kennerly.

Eupagurus kroyeri, nov. sp.

Carapax and feet naked, or only slightly pubescent. Chelipeds incon-

spicuously spinulose, spinules numerous, but very small and _ short-

Right carpus elongated, and expanding at the base of the hand. Right

hand twice as long as broad ; fingers slender, depressed, with corneous

tips. Left hand with its carina single, very sharply prominent, den-

ticulated, and running to the right of the median line ; surface beneath

the carina to the right, smooth ; extero-inferior edge of the hand sharp

and slightly dilated. Ambulatory feet reaching beyond tips of cheli-

peds. Posterior margin of the last caudal segment deeply emarginated

and spinulose. Length two inches.

Found at Grand Manan, and in Massachusetts Bay, by my-

self, and also occurs in Puget Sound.

There are two species on our north-east coast, which have

been confounded under the name of Pagurus pubescens. In

the jirst, a large species, the feet are thickly pilose, the tarsi

much curved, the right cheliped spinulose, and over-reaching

the ambulatory feet of the same side, and the left hand armed

only with a low, obtuse, and often double carina. In the

90 Notes on North American Crustacea.

second, smaller, the feet are scarcely at all pubescent, the

spines shorter, the tarsi straighter, and the carina of the left

hand thin and sharply prominent. Kroyer’s figures and de-

scriptions seem to comprehend both these species, and we

would propose to restrict his specific name to the first, to which

the name pubescens most properly belongs. The second we

have described above, under the name Avoyert. Both are

arctic species, occurring on both sides of the continent.

Eupagurus samuelis.

Plate I. fig. 8.

Hupagurus samuelis, Stimpson ; Crust. and Echin. Pacific Coast of N.

Am., p. 42.

This species was originally described from a single dried

specimen in a bad condition. A large number of specimens

have since been sent from Monterey, by Mr. Taylor; and com-

parisons of numerous individuals, of both species, show that it

is closely allied to Z. hirsutiusculus. It may, however, always

be distinguished by its broader right hand, with a sharply com-

pressed and arcuated outer margin, and by having a sharply

prominent tubercle on the inferior surface of the meros-joint in

both chelipeds.

Eupagurus granosimanus, nov. sp.

Rostrum or median lobe of front broad, obtuse, not prominent. No

sharp teeth between the bases of the eyes and antenne. Eyes rather

long, but shorter than the peduncle of the outer antennz. Acicle of

these antennz small and slender, not reaching to the tips of the eyes,

flattened above, with the inner edge setose; flagellum very long, com-

pressed, naked. Feet naked in the adult. Right cheliped very long,

in the adult over-reaching the tips of the ambulatory feet ; meros below

granulated and bi-tuberculated, and above pectinated at the anterior

Notes on North American Crustacea. 91

margin with seven or eight short, irregular teeth ; carpus and hand

evenly oblong, granulated above and below, granules depressed, largest

and most crowded on the fingers ; carpus nearly twice as long as broad ;

hand a sixth part longer than the carpus; dactylus four-fifths as long as

the palm; outer edge of immovable finger rather sharp ; tips of fingers

calcareous. Left cheliped short, in full-grown specimens not reaching

to the posterior margin of the right hand; surface granulated as in the

right cheliped; meros smooth below; superior edge of carpus sharp

and armed with four or five short spines; hand convex, prominently

granulated, and showing at the middle of the base above, indications of

a groove and carina, which are not, however, continued further. Ambu-

latory feet short, spinulose along the superior edges; dactyli longer

than penult joint, not twisted, their edges not sharp, tips long, corneous.

Color reddish ; feet reeularly maculated with light-blue or yellowish spots,

very small, oblong, sub-equal ; tubercles of under side of meros white.

General length, 2°4; length of carapax, 0°47; width of front, measured

between outer bases of antenna, 0°22 inch.

This species resembles /. middendorffiz in its proportions,

but is readily distinguished by the more strongly granulated

surface of its chelipeds, and the spinules on the superior edges

_ of the other feet.

Found at Monterey, Cal., by Mr. Taylor, and in Puget Sound

by Dr. Kennerly.

Eupagurus brevidactylus, nov. sp.

Carapax smooth, nearly naked. Rostral point very obtuse. Eyes

very long and slender, somewhat tapering, slightly curved, and reaching

to the extremity of the peduncle of the outer antenne ; cornea scarcely

at all dilated. Ophthalmic scales short and broad. Feet sparsely hairy.

Chelipeds spinulose above, beneath smooth and naked. In the right

cheliped the palm of the hand is large, longer than the carpus, and one-

half longer than the fingers ;—the fingers are each armed with a tooth

within at the middle. Left cheliped reaching to the middle of the

99 Notes on North American Crustacea.

dactylus of the right one; fingers gaping. Ambulatory feet smooth; a

small spine at extremity of the carpal joint; dactyli very short, shorter

than the penult joint and not twisted. Color pale reddish ; feet with

interrupted longitudinal stripes of darker red. Length about one inch.

Found at Barbadoes, by Mr. Gill.

Eupagurus pollicaris.

Pagurus pollicaris, Say ; Jour. A. N.8., Philad., i, 162.

te ad Gould ; Inv. Mass., 329.

“ ¢ Gibbes ; loc. cit., 189.

Common on the eastern coast of the United States. Found

at St. Augustine, Fla., by Dorman; and at Brazos Santiago,

Texas, by Wurdemann.

Eupagurus operculatus, nov. sp.

Plate I, figs. 9 and 10,

This species may be easily recognised by the great expansion of its

right cheliped, the hand of which is one half broader than the cara-

pax, and serves as an operculum, closing the aperture when the animal

retires within the shell which it inhabits. This hand is broader than

long, very thin, with the margins expanded and lamelliform ; surface

even, granulated minutely above but more prominently below; superior

surface of dactylus with a median ridge ; carpus subtriangular, margined

on either side by a ridge, that on the left side denticulated, Left

cheliped subeylindrical, very slender and weak; carpus with a row of

minute spines above. Ambulatory feet slender, glabrous, nearly naked,

with a spine at the apex of the carpal joint; dactylus shorter than the

penult joint, and armed below with corneous spinules. Dactylus of

fourth pair of feet broadly expanded. The carapax is smooth and

glossy, naked; eyes exceeding the much carved acicle in length, and

scarcely shorter than the peduncle of the outer antennz ; apex of oph-

thalmic scales long and slender. In the great cheliped the carpus is

List of Figures on Plate I. 93

crimson, maculated with bluish-white; hand white. Length of the ani-

mal about one inch,

It is somewhat allied to Z. tenuzmanus, Dana.

Found at the Tortugas, Florida, by Dr. Whitehurst.

LIST OF FIGURES ON PLATE L

. Speocarcinus carolinensis, 3 nat. size.

. Posterior portion of sternum in the same, showing base of abdo-

men, nat. size.

. Dactylus of ambulatory foot of the same, magnified.

. Petrolisthes tridentatus, 6 magnified two diameters.

. Pachycheles rudis, 9 nat size.

. Terminal joint of the abdomen in Albunaea Gibbesii, 8 twice

nat. size.

. Hapalogaster cavicauda, é nat size.

. Right hand of Hupagurus samuelis, twice nat. size.

. Right hand of Hupagurus operculatus, nat. size.

The same, side view.

94 List of the Known Species of

XI.—List of the Known Species of Pistorum, with their

Synonymy.

{} By Temete Pre.

Read 28th February, 1859.

1. abditum Hlald. Ac. N.S. Phil. Proc. 1, 53, 1841.—De

Kay, 225, 1841.—Jay Cat. 4 edit. 466, 1852.—Pr. Bost. Jl.

VI. 359, pl. XI. f. 24-25, pl. XII. f. 1, 1852.—Bet. Amen. 1,

p- 53, 1853.—Hartman Cat. 1853.—Lewis Bost. Proc. VI. 2,

1856. .

Cyclas minor C. B. Ads. Bost. Proc. 1, 48, 1841.—Bost. J]. IV. 39,

pl. IV. f. 2, 1841.—C. B. Ads. Vermt. 19, 1842.—Migh. Bost,

Jl. TV. 319, 1843.—Linsl, Amer. Jl. 48, 276, 1845.—C. B. Ads.

Cat. 30, 1847.—Jay Cat. 4 edit. 32, 1850.—Pr. Bost. Proce.

IV. 165, 1851.—Bgt. Amen. 1, p. 8, 53, 1853.

Pisidium minus Stimp. Moll. N. E, 16, 1851.—Pr. Bost. Jl. VI.

360, pl. XII. f, 2-4, 1852.

“ obscurum Pr. Bost. Proc. IV. 161, 1851.—Bost. Jl. VI. 359,

1852.

“ Kurtz Pr. Bost. Proc. IV. 162, 1851.—Bost. Jl. 361, pl. XI.

f, 5-7, 1852.

“ zonatum Pr. Bost. Proc. IV. 162, 1851.—Bost. Jl. VI. 364,

pl. XII. f. 17-19, 1852.—Lewis Bost. Proc. VI. 2, 1856.

“ regulare Pr. Bost. Jl. VI. 363, pl. XII. f. 11-13, 1852.

“ notatum Pr. loc. sup. cit. VI. 365, pl. XID. f. 20-22, 1852.

“ amplum Ingalls MSS. 1855.

“"\resartum © loc. sup. cit. 1855. |

“ rubrum Lewis MSS. 1855,

“plenum “ loc. sup. cit. 1855,

Hab. N. Amer.

— abruptum Hald. Ac. N.S. Phil. Proc. 1, 53, 1841, is P. Virgini-

cum Bet.

— acutum Pf. Wiegm. Archiv. 1, 230, 1831, is P. Henslowianum, Jen.

Pisidium, with their Synonymy. 95

Adamsi Pr. Stimp. Moll. N. E. 16, 1851.—Pr. Bost. Jl. VI.

352, pl XE £7153, 1852.

Cyclas nitida Migh. (non Hanl.) Bost. Proc. 1, 48, 1841.—Bost.

Jl. IV. 39, pl. IV. f£. 3, 1841.—loe. sup. cit. IV. 319, 1843.—

Linsl. Amer. Jl. 48, 276, 1845—Pr. Bost. Proc. IV. 165,

1851.—Bgt. Amen. 1, p. 8, 1853.

‘equale Rafin. Pr. Bost. Jl. VI. 367, 1852, is P. Virginicum Bet.

altile Anth. Pr. Bost. Jl. VI. 353, pl. XI. f. 10-12, 1852, is P. com-

pressum Pr,

amnicum Jen. Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. IV. pt. 2, 309, pl.

XIX. £2. 1832:

Tellina amnica Miiller 2, 205, 1774.

“ striata Schrot. 198, 1779.

“ ~ rivalis Mat. & Rack. Trans. Linn, Soc. 3, 44, pl. XIII. f.

37-38, 1797.

Cyclas palustris Drap. tabl. 106, 1801.

Cardium amnicum Mat. 86, 1808.

Cyclas obliqua Lam. V. 559, 1818.

Pisidium obliquum Pf. Syst. Anord. 124, pl. V. f. 19-20, 1821.

Cyclas amnica Turt. Conch. 250, pl. II. f. 15, 1822.

Pera fluviatilis Leach in Jen, Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. IV. pt. 2,

310, 1832.

Henslowiana Leach in Jen. loc. sup. cit. 310, 1832.

Pisid. inflatum Meg. Porro 121, pl. Il. f. 13, 1838.

Cyclas Pfeifferi Meg. loc. sup. cit. 121, 1838.

Pisid. palustre Nils. loc. sup. cit. 122, 1838,

“ Pfeiferi Ziegl. Villa Lomb. 10, 1844.

Cordula amnica Léach Brit. Moll. 292, 1852.

Pisid. Grateloupianum Norm. Cycl. 4, 1854.

“ intermedium Gas. Pisid. 11, pl. I. f. 4, 1855.

“ sulcatum Parr. MSS.

Hab. Europe.

amplum Ingalls MSS. 1855, is P. abditum Hald.

4. antiquum Braun.

Hab. Germ. (fossil).

List of the Known Species of

o. arcuatum Pr. Bost. Jl. VI. 364, pl. XII. f. 14-16, 1852.

Hab. N. Amer. (fossil).

australe Phil. Moll, Sicil. 1, 39, 1816, is P. casertanum Bet.

Baudonianum Ces. Pisid. Cr. 4, 1855, is P. Gassiesianum Dup.

Bonafouxianum Ces. loc. sup. cit. 6, 1855, is P. Henslowianum Jen.

Brongniartinum Bgt. Sph. 51, 1854, is P. cuneatum Petit.

caliculatum Dup. extram. Gall. test. No. 229, 1849, is P. casertanum

Bet.

6. Camariemse Shuti. Diag. n. Moll. 12, 1852.

Hab. Canary Islds.

7. cardiolum Desh. Inv. Par. 525, pl. XXXIV. f.26—-29, 1857.

Hab. France (fossil).

8. casertanum Bet. Cat. Saulcy. 80, 1853.

Cardium casertanum Poli I. 65, pl. XVI. f. 1, 1791.

amnicum (Jr.) Mont. 88, 1803.

Cyclas vitrea Risso IV. 338, 1826.

Pera pulchella Leach MSS. Brit. Mus. 1830.

Pisid. pulchellum Jen. Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. IV. 2 pt. 306, pl.

(19

(Ts

(74

XXI.f:1-6, 1932.

australe Phil. Moll. Sicil. 1, 39, 1836.

cinereum Ald. Supplem. Cat. 4, 1837.

Lumsternianum Forb. Ann. n, h. 225, pl. XII f. 4, 1839.

Cyclas pulchella Hanl. Rec. Spec. 1, 91, 1843.

“

cinerea Hanl. loc. sup. cit. 1, 91, 1843.

lenticularis Norm. Cycl. 8, f. 7-8, 1844.

Pisid. Joannis McGil. Scot. 248, 1844.

Jenynsit McGil. loc. sup. cit. 249, 1844,

vitreum Pf. Verany Cat. 13, 1846.

nitidum Jen. Gas. Agen. 209, 1849.

limosum Gas. loc. sup. cit. 206, pl. 2, f. 10-11, 1849.

tratianum Dup. Gall. extram. test. 234, 1849.

thermale Dup. loc. sup. cit. 238, 1849,

caliculatum Dup. loc. sup. cit. 229, 1849.

sinuatum Bet. Jl. Conch. 421, 1851.—49, pl. I. f. 6-10, 1852.

lenticulare Dup. Moll, Fr. 680, pl. 30, f. 2, 1852.

rotundum Ces. Pisid. Cr. 6, 1855.

Pisidium, with their Synonymy. 97

Pisid. globulosum Gas. Pisid. 21, pl. 2. f. 8, 1855.

“ planum Pf.

“ — Stabileii Schmidt, MSS. 1858.

Hab. Europe.

— cwer Pr, Ann. N. Y. Lye. VI. 65, pl. I. f. 1, a-c, 1853, is P. com-

pressum Pr,

— cinereum Ald. Suppl. Cat. 4, 1837, is P. casertanum Bet.

9. compressum Pr. Bost. Proc. [V. 164, 1851—Ann. N.Y.

Lye. V. 219, pl. VI. 1852.—Bost. Jl. VI. 356, pl. XI. f. 13-15,

1852. Jay Cat. 4 edit. 466, 1852—Bot. Amen. 1, 52, 1853.

—Hartm. Cat. 1853.—Lewis Bost. Proc. VI. 2, 1856.

Cyclas altilis Auth. C. B. Ads. Cat. 29, 1847.

Prsid. altile Anth. in Pr. Bost. Jl. VI. 353, pl. XI. f. 10-12, 1852.

—Jay Cat. 4 edit. 466, 1852.—Bet. Amen. 1, p. 52, 1853.—

Lewis Bost. Proc. VI. 2, 1856.

“-- cicer Pr. Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VI. 65, pl. I. f. 1, a-c, 18538.

Hab. N. Amer.

10. conicum Baud. Pisid. 50, pl. V. f£ B. 1857.

Hab. France.

11. contortum Pr. Ann. N.Y. Lyc. VI. 65, pl. I. f. 2, a-c,

1853.

Hab. N. Amer. (fossil). !

— cornea. Verany. Cat. 13, 1846, Spherium, Scopoli 1771.—Cyclas,

Brug. Lam, 1806, is Spheerium corneum Scop.

12. cumeatum Petit Jl. Conch. 422, 1851.

Cyclas cuneata Sowb. Edin. n, Phil. Jl. VII. 297, 1829.

“ — Brongniartina Math. Cat. meth. 145, pl. XIV. f. 2, 1842.

“ — Matheroni dOrb. Prod. 2, 304, 1850.

Pisid. Brongniartinum Bet. Sph. 51, 1854.

Hab. France (fossil).

— Ddingoli Villa Cat. 44, 1841, is Spheerium Ddingoli Bivona,

— diaphanum Hald. Ac. n.s. Phil. Proc. 1, 53, 1841, is Spherium

maculatum Morelet.

13. Denaiuvilliersi Desh. Jur. Par. 526, pl. XXXIV. f.30-

33, 1857.

MARCH, 1859. uf Ann, Lyo, Nat, Hist, Vou. VIL

98 List of the Known Species of

Cyclas Denaiuvilleirsi Boissy Bull. Soc. Geol. 2 ser. IV. 178, 1846.

—Mem. (do.) 2d ser. III. 269, pl. V. f. 4, a-b, 1848.

Hab. France (fossil).

— dubium Hald. Ac. n.s, Phil, Proc. 1, 103, 1841, is Pisid. Virgini-

cum Bet.

14. duplicatum Pf.

Cyclas duplicata. Pf. Syst. Anord, 280, 1821.

Hab. Germ.

— Dupuyanum Norm. Cycl. 5, 1854, is Pisid. Henslowianum Jen.

15. equilaterale Pr. Bost. Jl. VI. 366, pl. XII f. 23-25, 1852.

Hab. N. Amer.

1G. exaratum Dkr. Weald. 56, pl. XI. f 14-15, 1846.

Hab. Germ. (fossil).

i?. Ferroense Wiorch Suenson Cat. 43, 1857.

Hab. Ferroe Islds.

18. ferrugimeum Pr. (Bost. Proc. IV. 162, 1851.—Bost. Jl.

VI. 362, pl. XIL f£ 8-10, 1852.

Hab. N. Amer.

— fontinale Pf. Syst. Anord. 125, pl. V. f. 15-16, 1821, is P. pusil-

lum Jen.

£9. fuscum Parr. Jellebor. Moll, Austr. 22, 1851.

Hab. Germ.

20. Gassiesianum Dup. Agen. 207, pl. Il. f. 11, 1849.

Pisidium Normandianum Dup. loc. sup. cit. 206, 1849.

st ietragonum Norm. Cycl. 5, 1854.

Baudonianum Ces. Pisid. Or. 4, 1855.

Hab. France.

— globulosum Gas. Pisid, 21, pl. IL. f. 8, 1855, is P. casertanum Bet.

— grande Whit. MSS. 1855, is P. variabile Pr.

— Grateloupianum Norm, Cycl. 4, 1854, is P. amnicum Jen.

21. Menslowianum Jem. Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. IV. pt. 2

308, pl. XXI. f. 6-7, 1832.

Pera Henslowiana Leach MSS. Brit. Mus. 1819.

Cyclas acuta Pf. Syst. Anord. 230, 1821.

Tellina Henslowana Shep. Trans. Linn. Soc. XTV. 150, 1823,

Cyclas appendiculata Turt, Man, 15, pl. L f. 6, 1831.

Pisidium, with their Synonymy. 99

Pisidium acutum Pf. Wiegm. Archiv. 1, 230, 1831.

Pera appendiculata Leach Brit. Moll. 292, 1852.

Pisidium Jayanum Gas. MSS. 1852.

. Dupuyanum Norm. Cyel. 5, 1854.

“ pallidum Gas. Pisid. 16, pl. I. f. 10, 1855.

“s Bonnafouxianum Ces. Pisid. Cr. 6, 1855,

« — Jandouinianum Gas. Pisid. 18, pl. IL. f, 2, 1855.

“ — pictum Ces. Moll. Creuse. 9, 1857.

Hab. Europe.

— incertum Norm. Cycl. 6, 1854, is P. nitidum Jen.

— inflatum Meg. Porro 121, pl. IL. f. 13, 1838, is P. amnicum Jen.

— intermedium Gas. Pisid 11, pl. I. f. 4, 1855, is P. amnicum Jen.

— iratianum Dup. Extram. Gall. test. No. 234, 1849, is P. caser-

tanum Bet.

— Jaudouinianum Gas, Pisid. 18, pl. Il. f. 2, 1855, is P. Henslowi-

anum Jen,

— Jayanum Gas. MSS. is P. Henslowianum Jen.

— Jengusi McGil. Scot. 249, 1844, is P. casertanum Bet.

— Joannis McGil. loc. sup. cit. 248, 1844, is P. casertanum Bet.

— Kurtz Pr. Bost. Proc. IV. 162, 1851, is P. abditum Hald.

22. laevigatum Bgt. Jl. Conch. 175, 1852.—Desh. Jurt. Par.

525, 1857.

Cyclas laevigata Desh. (non Schum.) Dict. class h. n, V. 220, 1824.

“ — sublaevigata VOrb. Prod. 2, 304, 1850.

fab. France (fossil).

— lenticulare Dup. Moll. Fr. 681, pl. XXX. f. 2, 1850, is P. caser-

tanum Bet.

— limosum Gas. Agen. 206, pl. II. f. 10-11, 1849, is P. casertanum Bet.

— Lumsternianum Forb, An, N. H. 2, 255, pl. XII. fi. 4, 1839, is P.

casertanum Bet.

23. Mallet Dum. & Mort. Cat. 1853.

Hab. Switzerland (fossil).

— minimum Stud. Mem. Soc. Helv. etc. 1, p. 25, 1837, is P. obtusale Pf.

— minus Stimp. N. E. Moll. 16, 1851, is P. abditum Hald.

— Moquimanum Bgt. Amen. 1, p. 61, pl. III. f. 18-17, 1855, is

Spherium maculatum Morelet.

100 List of the Known Species of

24. mitidum Jem. Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. IV. pt. 2, 304, pl.

XX. f. 7-8, 1882.

Cyclas pusilla Turt. Man. 16, pl. I. f. 7, 1831.

“ nitida Hanl. (non Migh.) Spec. etc. 1, p. 90, pl. XIV-

f, 46, 1843.

Pisid. incertum Norm. Cycl. 6, 1854.

Hab. Europe.

— Normandianum Dup. Gas. Agen. 206, 1849, is P. Gassiesianum Dup.

— notatum Pr. Bost. Jl. VI. 365, pl. XII. f. 20-22, 1852, is P. ab-

ditum Hald.

‘25. Novi Eboraci Pr. Ann. N. Y. Lyc. VI. 66, pl. L f. 3,

a. c. 1853.

Hab. N. Amer.

26. mucileum Bet. Sph. 51, 1854.—Desh. Inv. Par. 526, pl.

XXXIV. f. 23-25, 1857.

Cyclas nuclea Boissy Bull. Soc. Geol. 2d. ser. IV. 178, 1846.—

Mem. (do.) 2d ser. III. 270, pl. V. f. 1, 1848.

, Hab. France (fossil).

— obliquum Pf. Syst. Anord. 124, pl. V. f£ 19-20, 1821, is P. amni-

cum Jen.

— obscurum Pr. Bost. Proc. IV. 161, 1851, is P. abditum. Hald.

27. obtusale Pf Syst. Anord. 125, pl. V. f. 20-21, 1821.

Cyclas obtusalis Lam. V. 559, 1818.

“ minima Stud. Verz. 93, 1820.

“ gibba Ald. Trans. Soc. Northd. 1, pt. 1, p. 41, 18380.

Pera gibba Leach MSS. 18382,

Pisid. minimum Stud. Mem. Soc. Helv. ete. 1, 25, 1837.

Cyclas ovalis Nils. Jen. Trans, Camb. Phil. Soc. IV. pt. 2d, 1882.

Pisid. ovale Petit Jl. Conch. 421, 1851.

Hab. Europe.

— ovale Petit. J], Conch, 421, 1851, is P. obtusale Pf.

— pallidum Gas, Pisid. 16, pl. I. f. 10, 1855, is P. Henslowianum

Jen.

— palustre Porro 122, 1838, is P. amnicum Jen.

— parasiticum Parr, MSS, is Spherium ferrugineum Krauss.

‘Pisidium, with their Synonymy. 101

28. Pfeifferi Roch & Dukr. K.D. Oolit. 60, pl. VII. f. 5,

1857. /

Hab. Germ. (fossil).

— Pfeifferi Ziegl. Villa Lomb. 10, 1844, is P. amnicum Jen.

— pictum Ces. Moll. Cr. 9, 1857, is P. Henslowianum Jen.

— planum Pf. MSS. is P. casertanum Bet.

— plenum Lew. MSS. 1855, is P. abditum Hald.

29. praectermissum Noulet Coq. Fos. 56, 1854.

Hab. France (fossil).

30. priscum Eichw. Leth. Ross. 1, 87, pl. V. f 8, 1852.

Cyclas prisca Eich. Nat. Hist. Skizze 207.

Hab. Russia (fossil).

— pulchellum Jen. Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. 2d pt. IV. 306, pl. XXI.

f, 1-5, 1832, is P. casertanum Bet.

Si. pusillum Jem. Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc. 2d pt. IV. 302, pl.

XX. f 4-6, 1832.

Tellina pusilla Gml, 3231, 1789.

Cyclas fontinalis (pars.) Dup. Hist. Moll. 130, pl. X. f. 11-12, 1849.

Pisidium fontinale Pf. Syst. Anord. 125, pl. V. f. 15-16, 1821.

Cyclas pusilla Turt. Man. 16, pl. I. f. 7, 1831.

Englesu Henslowiana Leach MSS. Brit. Mus. 1832,

Pisid. roseum Scholtz. Moll. Schl. 140, 1843.

Hab. Europe.

32. pygmeum Roch & Dukr. Oolit. 60, pl. VIL f. 5,

b. c. 1837,

Hab. Germ. (fossil).

33. Recluziamum Best. J). Conch. 174, pl. VIIL f. 8, 1852.

Hab. Europe.

— regulare Pr. Bost. Jl. VI. 363, pl. XII. f. 11-18, 1852, is P. ab-

ditum Hald.

— resartum Ingalls MSS. 1855, is P. abditum Hald.

— rosewm Scholtz. Moll. Schl. 140, 1848, is P. pusillum Jen.

34. rotundatum Pr. Bost. Proc. IV. 164, 1851.—Bost. Jl

VI. 357, pl. XI. f, 19-21, 1852.

Hab. N. Amer.

— rotundum Ces, Pisid. Cr. 6, 1855, is P. casertanum Bet.

102 List of the Known Species of

— rubellum Pr. Bost. Proc. IV. 1638, 1851, is P. tenellum Gould. ~

— rubrum Lewis MSS. 1855, is P. abditum Hald.

— Rylliense Bgt. Sph. 52, 1854, is Spherium Rylliense Boissy.

3. semem Wlemkke Moll. N. Holld. 40, 1843.

Hab. Oceanica.

— sinuatum Bgt. Jl. Conch, 421, 1851, is P. casertanum Bet.

— splendidum Parr. MSS. is a Nucula.

— Stabileti Schmidt MSS. is P. casertanum Bet.

36. Steembuchi Morch Gronld. 19, 1857.

Cyclas Steenbuchi Moll. Ind. Moll. Grl. 20, 1842.

Hab. Greenland.

3¢@. supinum Schmidt Zeit. Malak. 119, 1850.

Hab. Germ.

— sulcatum Parr. MSS. is P. amnicum Jen.

28. temeliumm Gould Ag. L. Sup. 245, 1848—Bost. Jl. VI.

361, pl. XII. f. 5-7, 1852.

Pisid. rubellum Pr. Bost. Proc. IV. 168, 1851.

Hab. N. Amer.

— tetragonum Norm. Cycl. 5, 1854, is P. Gassiesianum Dup.

— thermale Dup. extram. Gall. test. No. 238, 1849, is P. casertanum

Bet.

39. wariabile Pr. Bost. Proc. IV. 163, 1851.—Jay Cat. 4 edit.

466, 1852.—Bost. Jl. VI. 351, pl. XI. f. 7-9, 1852.—Bet.

Amen. 1, p. 53, 1853.—Hartm. Cat. 1853.—Lewis Bost. Proc.

VI..2, 1856.

Pisid grande Whitt. MSS. 1855.

Hab. N. Amer.

— Veatleyii Petit Jl. Conch. 421, 1851, is Spherium maculatum.

Morelet.

40. ventricosum Pr. Bost. Proc. IV. 68, 1851.—loc. sup. cit.

IV. 165, 1851.—Stimp. N. E. Moll. 16, 1851.—Jay Cat. 4

edit. 466, 1852.—Girard Biblio. Amer. 53, 1852.—Bet. Amen

1, p. 538, 1853.—Lewis Bost. Proc. VI. 2, 1856.

Hab. N. Amer.

Al. Virginicum Bst. Amen. 1, p. 53, 1853.

Tellina Virginica Gml, 3236, pl. CLIX, f. 15, 1788.

On the Microscopic Forms, ke. 108

Tellina pusilla (pars.) Dillw. 2, 106, 1819.

Cyclas Virginica Fer. Mag. Zool. 1835.—Bgt. Amen, 1, p. 10, 1853.

“ dubia Say. Nichol. Ency. 1816, 1818, 3d edit. p. 4, pl. Lf.

10, 1829.—Rafin. An. gen. scie. phy. 319, 1820.—Fer. Mag.

Zool. 1835.—Gould Rept. 75, f. 56, 1841—De Kay 223, pl.

XXV. f. 261, 1842.—Linsl. Amer. J]. 48, p. 276, 1845.—C.

B. Ads. Cat. 29, 1847.—Jay Cat. 4 edit. 32, 1850.—-Bgt.

Amen, 1, p. 53, 1853.

“ dubiosa Say. Jay Cat. 3 edit. 16, 1839.—Catlow & Reeve,

29, 1845.—Bgt. Amen. 1, p. 53, 1853.

(Physemoda) equalis Rafin. Ann, gen. scie. Phy. V. 319, 1820.

Pisidium abruptum Hald. Ac. n. s. Phil. Proc. 1, 53, 1841.—De

Kay 225, 1842.—Bot. Amen. 1, p. 53, 1853.

dubium Hald. Ac. n. s. Phil. Proc. 1, 103, 1841.

i “ Say Gould Ag. L. Sup. 245, 1848.

ae “ Gould Pr. Bost. Proc. IV. 165, 1851.—Stimp.

N. E. Moll. 16, 1851.—Pr. Bost. Jl. VI. 354, pl. XI. f. 4-6,

1852.—Hartm. Cat. 1853.—Lewis Bost. Proc. VI. 2, 1856.

Ui equale Rafin. Pr. Bost. Jl. VI. 367, 1852.

fab. N. Amer.

— vitreum Pf. Verany Cat. 13, 1846, is P. casertanum Bet.

— zonatum Pr. Bost. Proc. IV. 162, 1851, is P. abditum Hald.

XII.—On the Microscopie Forms of the Harbor of Charles-

ton, South Carolina.

By Arraur M. Epwarps.

Read February 21, 1859,

In the year 1850, Professor Bailey published, in the Smith-

sonian Contributions to Knowledge, a list of the microscopic

organisms which he had found in mud collected from the logs

of wharves, and other situations in the harbor of Charleston,

S. C., comprising two new species, besides many other curious

forms, and in the year 1853 he described four species of Ehren-

APRIL, 1860, 8 Ann. Lyo., Nat, Hist, You, VII,

104 On the Microscopic Forms of the

berg’s genus Audliscus, three of which are also found at Charles-

ton, though Bailey failed to detect them. Bailey’s list is as

follows:

Actiniscus sirius, Ehr,

Actinocyclus bioctonarius, Ehr.

Actinoptychus senarius, Ehr.

Biddulphia pulchella, Gray.

Cocconeis scutellum, Ehr,

Coscinodiscus excentricus, Ehr,

Navicula sigma, Ehr.

Pinnularia interrupta, K.

os didyma, Ehr.

i lyra, Ehr.

Raphoneis rhombus, Ehr.

Stauroptera aspera, Ehr.

Dictyocha fibula, Ehr. Surirella circumstuta, B.

Eupodiscus Rogersi, Ehr. Terpsinoé musica, Ehr.

os radiatus, B. Triceratium favus, Ehr.

Gallionella suleata, Ebr. ie alternans, DB.

Certain of these have been renamed by later observers, or

have been found to be synonymous with already described

species, and should be designated thus:

Actinocyclus bioctonarius, Ehr. == Coscinodiscus actinoptychus, Ed.

Actinoptychus senarius, Ehr. = Actinophoenia splendens, Shad.

Eupodiseus Rogersii, Ehr. = Eupodiscus areus, Ehr.

Pinnularia didyma, Ehr. Navicula didyma, K.

= 6“

« .. lyra, Ehr. lyra, K.

Raphoneis rhombus, Ehr. Doryphora amphiceros, K.

Stauroptera aspera, Ehr. = Stauroneis pulchella, W. S.

Tryblionella scutellum, W. 8.

Orthosina marina, W. S.

Surirella circumstuta, B.

Gallionella sulcata, Ehr.

Actiniscus sirius, Ehr., and Dictyocha fibula, Ehr , are neither

of them Diatoms, but most probably portions of the skeleton

of a Holothurian.

About:two years since I received from a friend residing at

Charleston some of the, so-called, black “pluff mud,” taken

from between water marks, and which I found to be extremely

rich in Diatomaceous forms.

observed :—

The following species were

Harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. 105

Actinocyelus undulatus, Ehr.

Actinophoenia splendens, Shad.

Auliscus caelatus, B.

pruinosus, B.

‘ punctatus, B.

Biddulphia rhombus, W, S.

« aurita, Breb,

Campylodiscus cribrosus, W. 8.

Cocconeis scutellum, Ehr,

Coscinodiscus actinoptychus, Ed.

Epithemia Hyndmanii, W. 8.

« musculus, K,

Navicula didyma, K.

panes maculata, B,

Fp hie permagna, B.

Nitzschia scalaris, W. S.

Pleurosigma angulata, W. 8.

Triceratium alternans, B,

i favus, Ehr.

ft punctatum, T. B.

es excentricus, Ehr, Tryblionella scutellum, W. S.

Ms lineatus, Ehr. i punctata, W. 8.

oculus-iridis, Ehr,

radiatus, Ehr.

as subtilis, Ehr.

The Mavicula sigma, Ehr., of Bailey’s list is most probably

synonymous with the Pleurosigma angulata, W.8., of mine.

The species marked with an asterisk (*), now placed in the

genus Navicula, are characterized as follows :—

Navicula maculata = Stauroneis maculata, B. 1850.—“ Lan-

ceolate or elliptical, ends slightly produced and rounded ; sur-

face punctato-striate, with a large, smooth central space.”—

Bailey. To this description I have to add the following mea-

Breadth, :00216 in.

coarsely moniliform, 12 in ‘O01 in.

Navicula permagna = Pinnularia permagna, B., 1850.—

“ Large, lanceolate on the ventral faces, with punctato-striate

marginal bands, and a broad, smooth central stripe; ends slightly

rounded.” —Bailey. I have as yet only found this species in

small quantities, and have been unable to take its measurements.

There can be no doubt that these two species should be placed

in the genus Navicula, as the seeming stauros in the first, the

presence of which would seem to rank it in that of Stauroneis,

is only a blank space, such as is seen in many species of Navi-

cula, as JV. elegans, ete. The presence of moniliform strive in the

surements. Length, -0055° in. Strize

106 Description of a New Species of Hupsychortyx.

second species removes it from Pinnularia, which is character-

ized by its markings being cost not resolvable into dots. Of

JV. maculata I have specimens from Duval’s Creek near Enter-

prise, Florida, for which I am indebted to Dr. Christopher

Johnston of Baltimore, Md.

While examining the Charleston mud, I noticed that Smith’s

Eupodiscus radiatus, as described and figured in the first

volume of his ‘“ Synopsis,” is not the same as the form described

under that name by Bailey in 1850. Roper remarked this same

fact (Trans. Mic. Soc., Lond., Vol. VII. p. 19), but was in some

doubt until I had the pleasure of forwarding to him authentic

specimens from Bailey’s cabinet, when he wrote to me that the

examination of them confirmed his opinion, that “Smith was

in error in referring the Thames Diatom to that species. It is

a perfectly distinct and a true Eupodiscus.”

XIV.— Description of a NEW SPECIES of Evursycouortyx.

By D. G. Exuiot, F.Z:S.

Read March 12, 1860.

Eupsychortyx leucofrenatus.

Plate III.

Sp. Ch. Top of head, nape of neck, and upper part of throat,

rufous brown. A line commencing above the eye going down

side of head, and one from below the eye running to, and

encircling the throat, white; each feather tipped with black.

Sides of neck and lower part of throat chesnut, streaked with

black and white. Forepart of back dull pinkish red, with fine

zigzag lines of black; lower back with scapulars, tertials and

upper tail coverts, brownish ash much blotched with black.

Both edges of tertials yellowish white. Primaries and second-

aries brown, with the outer edge of the latter mottled with

Descriptions of Three New Species of Humming-birds. 107

brown and white. Tail much of the color of the upper part

of back, but more mottled with grey. Entire under parts

dark brownish-red, each feather having large blotches of white

edged with black, small on the breast, but becoming larger on

the abdomen. Bill black; feet and tarsi brownish-black.

Length 74 in.; wing 44; tail 22; tarsus 14.

HTab.—Honduras.

Remarks.—This new species of Eupsychortyx is allied to

E. Sonninii of Temm., but differs in the absence of buff on the

sides of the head, and in having the white blotches of the lower

parts extending nearly to the throat, and not interrupted by a

band of reddish. It can, however, easily be distinguished from

any known species of Eupsychortyx in having two distinct

white stripes on each side of the head, which give to it the

appearance of wearing a bridle. The specimen described was

obtained in Honduras by Mr. Amory Edwards, a gentleman

much attached to Natural History, and brought by him, among

some birds which he had collected during a short sojourn in

that country.

Of the habits of /. leucofrenatus I know nothing, but sup-

pose they do not differ from those of the other species of this

genus.

XV.—Descriptions of THREE NEW SPECIES of Humming-

birds of the Genera HexiomasterR, Amazii1a, and MELLISUGA.

By Gro. N. Lawrence.

Read April 9, 1860.

Heliomaster Stuartz.

Male adult—Crown metallic bluish-green; nape and hind

neck of a greenish coppery bronze; back, wing-coverts, rump

and upper tail-coverts of a bronzed green; two middle tail

108 Deseriptions of Three New Species of Humming-birds.

feathers dark bronzy green, blackish at the end; the next one

black, slightly bronzed with green on the outer web; the three

outer ones black, with their ends tipped with white, on the

two outer ones of an oval shape occupying the centre of the

tip, and on the third feather only white at the apex of the

feather; on the lower part of the back a concealed spot of

white ; wings brownish purple ; chin black ; throat of a luminous

crimson lilac, inclining to violet; a blackish line extends under-

neath and beyond the eye, below which, is a line of white ;

under plumage ashy-grey, the sides bronzed with dull green ;

a longitudinal stripe of pure white on the pleura; central and

lower part of abdomen white; under tail coverts dusky black,

bronzed with dull green at their bases, and largely tipped with

white; bill and feet black.

Length about 44 inches; wing 2,% 5 bill 1,8; tail 1,5.

LTabitat—St. Fé de Bogota, New Granada.

Pemarks.—In general appearance it much resembles //.

longirostris, but the black outer tail feathers and dark under

tail coverts, are very distinctive characters; the throat is rather

darker and differs somewhat in shade of color from that species ;

it is also smaller, with the bill and tail shorter, but the wings

decidedly longer, and the central tail feathers proportionately

shorter than in “ dongirostris,” giving the tail an emarginate

form.

I noticed this bird in a small collection of skins from Bogota,

in the possession of my friend R. L. Stuart, Esq., who had the

kindness to present it to me, and in honor of whose estimable

lady I have named it, herself a proficient in some branches of

science, and always an able advocate for its promotion.

I felt well satisfied on an examination of the above described

specimen, of its specific distinctness from “ longirostris,” but

finding a second example from the same locality, in the large

collection of this family, belonging to Mr. J. G. Bell, I was

strengthened in my opinion of its being so.

Descriptions of Three New Species of *Humming-birds. 109

Mr. Bell’s specimen agrees exactly in its measurements with

mine, differing in color only, in having the back and rump

dark grass-green less tinged with bronze.

Amazilia Xamtusii.

Female.—Front adjoining the bill and lores bright rufous,

crown dark-ash with a tinge of pale purple, on a side view dull

green; upper plumage and upper wing coverts light shining

green, in some lights, golden, paler and more golden on the

upper tail-coverts, which are edged with rufous; the two central

tail-feathers light shining green, golden at the end, the other

tail-feathers are chestnut-red, becoming gradually paler to the

outer ones, the two feathers next the middle ones on each side

have longitudinal black spots on the outer side of both webs

near the end, scarcely reaching to the shaft, these spots are

bronzed, the next feather has the same marks but less in extent,

and on the outer web being merely a marginal line, on the

outer feather it consists only of a small spot on the edge of the

inner web; the shafts of all the tail feathers are red; wings

purplish-brown, edged on the bend of the wing with pale

rufous; over the eye is a stripe of pale rufous which is con-

tinued and becomes broader over the ears, where it is white ;

below the eye, and extending along the side of the neck, and

under the white stripe, is one of dull rufous brown; under

surface of the body of a uniform rather pale rufous, on the

sides of the breast and of the body under the wings, intermixed

with green; under wing-coverts green, marked next the body

with rufous; vent white; under tail-coverts pale rufous ; upper

mandible black, under mandible flesh colored for about half

its length, dusky-black at the end; tarsi clothed with pale

rufous feathers; feet black.

Length (measurement sent) 3:30 inches; wing 2°25; tail 1-25,

bill 0°70.

Habitat.—Oape St. Lucas, South California.

110 Descriptions of*Three New Species of Humming-birds.

Lemarks.—This specimen belongs to the Museum of the

Smithsonian Institution, and was sent by Mr. John Xantus,

whose investigations in the Ornithology of Western North

America have been the means of adding many new birds to

science. In compliment to him I have named it.

I do not feel assured that it is right to place it in Amazilia,

but in coloring it seems to be more like the members of this

genus than those of any other, but differs from them all in

having a superciliary stripe. It came labelled as a female,

from which the plumage of the male may vary, but if arranged

in its true position generically, it should not differ much, as Mr.

Gould, in the species figured by him, makes but littlé difference

in the sexes.

Wellisuga Werrittii.

Crown metallic bluish-green, changing to violet in some posi-

tions; back and upper wing-coverts grass-green, changing to

lustrous golden-green ; upper tail-coverts shining grass-green,

tail dark shining green, bronzed near the end of the central

tail-feathers: all the other feathers crossed with a subterminal

band of dark steel-blue, ending broadly with greyish-white ;

wings dark purple; under-plumage cinereous-grey, with a wash

of very pale buff’; the sides of the neck and also of the body

intermixed with golden-green; under tail-coverts grey; a line

under the eye, and the ear-coverts dusky ; bill apparently yel-

low; tarsi clothed with greyish-white feathers ; feet black.

Length 23 inches; wing 113; tail 1; bill ;4.

LHabitat.—V eraguas, New Grenada. Discovered by Dr. J.

K. Merritt, whose name I have conferred upon it.

Remarks.—I have placed it in Mellisuga as it comes nearer

to I. minima, found in Jamaica (the sole representative of

that genus), than any other bird lam acquainted with ; the tail

feathers are, however, much broader and differently colored, but

Descriptions of Three New Species of Humming-birds. 111

in the coloring ofits upper and under plumage it much resem-

bles that species.

At first I was inclined to consider it a young bird, but Dr.

Merritt informed me, that he noticed several others all agreeing

in the grey color below, which particularly called his attention

to them. He thinks it is in mature plumage.

I am happy in being able to add a communication from Dr.

Merritt, giving some of the habits of this diminutive species,

which will be read with interest.

“The following observations and incidents were connected with the

capture of the specimen of Humming-bird recently given to you for

scientific examination.

“As you are aware, I having some years ago given my attention to

the varieties of the Humming-bird species in the district of Belen, Pro-

vince of Veraguas, New Grenada, and since then having been stationed -

in the adjoining district of El Mineral in the same province, I was

induced to observe if there might not be here varieties of this family,

which I had not encountered in Belen, although only fifteen miles

distant.

“Tn the section of El Mineral there has been a slight attempt at cul-

tivation of the soil and planting of fruit-trees, which is not the case at

Belen. The Orange, Guama, and Guayava trees are the most numerous,

particularly the last named, which is very prolific, bearing nearly through-

out the year fruit in all its stages, from the blossom to maturity. Con-

sequently the Guayava tree is the favorite resort of the Humming-bird.

“T often would watch those little ereatures feeding and quarrelling

around a tree near the door of my palm-leaf hut, and soon my attention

was especially attracted to one much smaller than the rest, whose

pugnacity and indomitable ‘pluck’ greatly amused me. Upon closer

observation of this diminutive feathered warrior my interest increased,

as soon as I became satisfied it was a variety new to me, and not noticed

in Belen.

“T frequently afterwards saw a number of specimens of this variety of

Humming-bird, and almost invariably encountered them feeding from

the blossoms of the Guayava, and I therefore conclude they are quite

local in their habitat.”

112 Description of Two New Species of the Genus Batissa.

XVI— Description of TWONEW SPECIES of the Genus

Barissa, with Notes on that Genus.

By Tremere Primer.

Read December 12, 1859,

Tur genus Batissa was established a few years ago by Gray

for a class of the genus Cyrena, represented by the Cyrena

violacea Lamarck, which he thought differed sufficiently from

Cyrena to constitute a distinct genus. Since then the genus

Batissa has been adopted by Deshayes in the Proceedings of

the Zoological Society of London, 1854, and by the brothers

Adams in their recent work.

The species of this genus, of which I append a list, are as

yet not numerous.

Batissa gigamtea Prime.

T. ovato-orbiculari, oblique ineequilaterali, tumida, solidissima, magna,

intus alba, epidermide brunnea vestita, sulcis remotis, umbonibus pro-

minentibus, antice inclinatis; dentibus cardinalibus tribus, inzequilatera-

libus, brevibus, crassioribus ; lateralibus angustis, serrulatis.

Long. 54, lat. 43, diam. 24 inches.

Hab.— ? Collect. Jay.

This is the largest known species of this genus. One speci-

men, which is in the collection of Dr. Jay, was brought to this

country by the Expedition sent to Japan under Commodore

Perry, without, however, any data as to the locality where it

was found.

In general outline it bears some resemblance to the B. insignis,

Deshayes.

Batissa similis Prime.

T. ovato-orbiculari, oblique ineequilaterali, tumida, solida, depressa,

intus superne alba, postice inferneque violacea, epidermide nigra vestita,

Description of Two New Species of the Genus Batissa. 118

sulcis remotis, umbonibus profunde erosis ; dentibus cardinalibus tribus,

subeequalibus, caniculatis; lateralibus elongatis, angustis, subsequalibus,

serrulatis.

, 1 1 1 aQy

Long. 3,,, lat. 24, diam. 14 inches.

FHTab.—Niecobar. Collect. auctoris.

This species, of which I received one specimen through Mr.

Bernardi of Paris, is somewhat like the B. Kerandrenia, but

is less inflated, and posteriorly less elongated.

List of the known Species.

BATISSA GRAY.

Synonymy or THE GENUS.

Cyprina and Cyclas Brug. 1792.— Cyrena Lamk. 1818.—Batissa

Gray, 1854.

Species.

Proc. Zool. XXII. 14, 1854.

1. atrata Desh.

Hab. ?

2. Australis Desh. Loc. sup. cit. XXII. 346, 1854.

Hab. Australia.

3. Childremz Adamns Rec. Gen. 2, 448, 1858.

Cyprina Islandica Brug. Encycl. méth. pl. 301, f. 1, 1792.

Hab. Phil. Islds.

4. compressa Prime Proc. Zool. XXVIII. 1860.

TTab. Borneo.

ao. corbiculoides Desh. Proc. Zool. XXII. 14, 1854,

flab. N. Guinea.

G. elomgata Pr. Proc. Zool. XXVIII. 1860.

fab. N. Caledonia.

eximia Ads, rec. gen. 2, 445, 1858.—Cyrena eximia Dunker.

Proc. Zool. XXVIII. 1860.

7. fortis Pr.

fTab. N. Caledonia.

114 Description of Two New Species of the Genus Batissa.

8. fuscata Pr. Proc. Zool. XXVIIL 1860.

Hab. ?

9. gigamtea Pr. Ann. N.Y. Lyc. Vol. VII. 1860.

LHHub. %

10. gracilis Pr. Proc. Zool. XXVIII. 1860.

Fab. 4

11. humerosa Desh. Proc. Zool. XXII. 14, 1854.

Hab. N. Guinea.

12. inflata Pr. Proc. Zool. XXVIII. 1860.

Hab. Nicobar Islds.

13. imsigmis Desh. Proc. Zool. XII. 13, 1854.

Hab. Phil. Islds.

14. Jayemsis Ads. Rec. Gen. 2, 448, 1858.

Cyrena Jayensis Lea. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. V. 108, pl. 17,

f. 52, 1832.

Hab. Sumatra.

15. Kerandrenia Ads. Rec. Gen. 2, 448, 1858.

Cyrena Kerandrenia Less. Voy. Coq. 2, 429, pl. 11, f. 3, 1829.

Hab. Wiaugiou. ;

16. lemticularis Desh. Proc. Zool. XXII. 14, 1854.

flab. Phil. Islds.

17. megadesma Desh. Loc. sup. cit. XXII. 14, 1854.

LTab. %

18. mimor Pr. Proc. Zool. XXVIII. 1860.

Hab. Fejee Islds.

19. obesa Ads. Rec. Gen. 2, 448, 1858.

Cyrena obesa Hinds. Ann. Mag. N. H. n. ser. X. 81, 1842.—

Voy. Sulph. 2, 66, pl. XXI. f. 6, 1844.

Hab. Fejee Islds.

20. producta Desh. Proc. Zool. XXII. 13, 1854,

Hab. Phil. Islds.

Remarks on Certain Species of NV. A. Helicide. 115

21. rotumdata Ads. Rec. Gen. 2, 448, 1858.

Cyrena rotundata Lea, ‘Trans. Amer, Phil. Soc. vy. 107, pl. 17

f, 51, 1832.

Hab. E. Indies.

22. similis Pr. Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Vol. VII. 1860.

Hab. Nicobar.

23. sphzricula Pr. MSS. 1859.—Collect. auctoris.

Cyrena violacea (var. Javanica), Mous. Moll. Java. 88, pl. XV. f. 1

1849, ~

flab. Java.

24. temebrosa Ads. Rec. Gen. 2, 448, 1858.

Cyrena tenebrosa Hinds. Ann. Mag. N. H. n. ser. X. 81, 1842.—

Voy. Sulph. 2, 66, pl. XXI. f. 7, 1844.

Hab. Fejee Islds.

25. triquetra Desh. Proc. Zool. XXII. 13, 1854.

Hab. Phil. Islds.

26. umioniformis Pr. Proc. Zool. XXVIII. 1860.

Hab. ?

27. violacea Ads, Rec. Gen. 2, 448, 1858.

Cyclas violacea Lam, Ann. Mus. VII. 421, 1806.

Cyclas violacea Lam. V. 553, 1818.—Lam, (Desh. edit.) VI. 1835.

—Delast. pl. VII. f. 5, 1841.

Hab. The East.

’

XVIL.—Remarks on Certain Species of North American

Hericioa.

By Tuomas Branp.

(Continued from p. 89.)

Read_March 5, 1860.

Helix espiloca Ravenel.

Plate IV. fig. 1-2.

T. rimato-perforata, superne convexiuscula, subtus convexa, striata,

rufescente-corned, tenui, pilis brevissimis obsita; spira vix elevaté; anfr.

116 = =Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide.

5 convexiusculis, ultimo ad aperturam breviter deflexo, disjuncto, scro-

biculato-constricto ; apertura perobliqua, subreniformi, coarctata; perist.

acuto, continuo, marginibus lamell& superne excavataé, dentem lingui-

formem emittente, junctis; dextro lamella lat&é uncata, basali dente

lamelliformi, erecto, intra aperturam producto et recurvato, instructo.

Shell perforate, above slightly convex, beneath convex,

striated, reddish-horn colored, thin, with very short hairs; spire

scarcely elevated; whorls 5, rather convex, the last deflected

and turned outwards from the preceding one, scrobiculate,

constricted, grooved within the umbilical region; aperture very

oblique, subreniform, contracted; peristome acute, continuous,

the margins joined by a lamella, excavated above, and _ pro-

duced into a tongue-shaped tooth; the right margin having a

broad hooked lamella, and the base an erect lamelliform tooth

produced into and recurved within the aperture. ;

Diam. maj. 9, min. 8, Alt. 4, mill.

: Bd eH eh eG 1. SOO re CRE a ORS

Habitat.—Sullivan’s Island, South Carolina. Dr. E. Ravenel!

Observations.—This species is certainly distinct from the

others of the group. In the form of the parietal process, it is

intermediate between A. Postelliana and H. avara, but most

like the latter; the teeth on the peristome are very similar to

those in the former, but beneath it is less inflated, the umbi-

lical region is wider, showing more of the penultimate whorl,

and it is hirsute.

I am indebted for this species to Dr. Edmund Ravenel, and

adopt the name suggested by him in correspondence with Say.

He informs me that many years ago he collected specimens,

and thinking the shell undescribed, forwarded some to Say,

with the following label, which is still in his possession, “ H.

avara Say ? probably new, if so call it H. espiloca.” Say con-

sidered them to be avara.*

* See Extracts from Dr. Ravenel’s letters at page 124. I am indebted to Mrs.

Say for specimens of H, Postelliana, with label “ Helix ? Swamps of S. Car.”

written by Dr. Ravenel, with the specific name “avara S” added by Say.

Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide. 117

Seeing that Say pronounced this species and //. Postelliana

to be avara, I can understand the remarks of Dr. Binney

quoted by me, Annals Vol. VII. p. 31, but still am under the

impression that he could not have seen the shell described by

Say as HZ. avara.

Helix imtroferems, mov. sp.

Plate IV. fig. 3-4.

T. umbilicata, depresso-globosé, tenuiuseula, costulato-striata, corneo-

luted; spira convexi; anfr. 6, convexiusculis, ultimo antice vix deflexo,

ad aperturam valde constricto, bicrobiculato, ad peripheriam subangulato,

basi convexo, intra umbilicum excavato; apertura obliqua, lunari, dente

linguiformi valido, flexuoso, in pariete aperturali intrante coarctata 5 perist.

albo, intus calloso, reflexo, margine dextro dente obtuso introrsum flexo,

basali dente lamelliformi submarginali, in medio transversim tuberculato,

instructo; dente inferiori intra aperturam producto, tuberculum yalidum

formante.

Shell umbilicate, globose, depressed, thin, with riblike striee,

yellowish horn colored; spire convex, whorls six, moderately

convex, the last scarcely descending, much constricted at the

aperture, with two exterior pits, subangular at the periphery,

convex beneath, grooved within the umbilicus; aperture

oblique, lunate, with well developed arcuate parietal tooth ;

peristome white, thickened within, reflected ; on the right mar-

gin an obtuse inflected tooth, at the base a submarginal lamelli-

form tooth, with transverse tubercle in the centre; the basal

lamella continued within the aperture, where it forms a strong

white tubercle.

Diam. maj. 15, min. 18. Alt. 7, mill. spec. from Dr. Budd’s

cabinet.

Diam. maj. 18, min. 11,’ Alt. 7, mill. spec. from Gaston Co.

N. Car., Wheatley.

Var. minor. anfr 5.

118 Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide.

Diam. maj. 11, min. 9, Alt. 6, mill. spec. from Salem, N. Car.

Hartvig!

Ffabitat.—Gaston Co., N. Car., Wheatley. Salem, N. Car.,

Hartvig !

Lemarks.—This shell is closely allied to the Texan species,

H. vultuosa Gould, and also to H. fallaw Say. It differs from

the latter in the narrower umbilicus, which only shows the

penultimate whorl; in the groove in the last whorl within the

umbilical opening, the character of the basal tooth, and the

internal tubercle (a modification of the fulcrum of Lea), which

does not prevail in fallax and its immediate allies tr¢dentata and

LHHopetonensis. In H. introferens the upper tooth is less deeply

seated and less inflected, and the basal one is broader, and more

elevated than in vultuosa, the parietal tooth is more arcuate,

being indeed subangular, but is without the indication, notice-

able in Gould’s species, of a callus extending from its lower

termination towards the upper angle of the lip. ZZ. vultuosa

is even smaller than the var. mnor of my species.

Several years ago I received four or five specimens from Dr.

Budd, and noticed the tubercle within the aperture, subse-

quently Mr. Wheatley gave me the only one in his cabinet, and

the Rev. Mr. Hartvig sent me several collected by himself at

Salem, N. C., where he then resided.

Helix Christyi, mov. sp.

Plate IV. fig. 5-6.

T. imperforata, depressa, solidula, confertim costulato-striata, fusco-

cornea; spiri brevi, obtusa; anfr. 44 convexiusculis, ultimo ad aper-

_turam deflexo, constricto, superne gibbo, ad peripheriam subangulato ;

basi convexo, in medio excavato; apertura depressd, dente lamelliformi

valido, obliquo, in pariete aperturali intrante coarctaté; perist. reflexo,

intus albo-calloso,

Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide. 119

Shell imperforate, depressed, rather solid, with numerous

oblique rib-like strie, dark horn-colored; spire short, obtuse;

whorls 44, rather convex, the last descending at the aperture,

slightly angular at the periphery, constricted, above gibbous ;

base convex, excavated in the middle; aperture depressed, with

astrong oblique lamelliform parietal tooth; peristome reflected,

with a white callus within.

Diam. maj. 10, min. 8, Alt. 44, mill.

Habitat.—Mountains in Cherokee Co., N. Carolina, David

Christy !

Remarks.—This shell has curious affinities with other North

American species. Without a hairy epidermis, and having the

rib-like strize of the small varieties of /Z. tridentata Say, it has

the form of aperture, parietal tooth, and peristome of /. injlecta

Say. Having a parietal tooth only, it is allied to HZ. monodon

Rack; but independently of the form of the tooth being like

that of H. tnflecta, its closer relation to the latter is shown by

the absence of the feulcerwm, which is characteristic of the

former. Being imperforate, and having the single tooth, this

species is also allied to Z. germana Gould, from Oregon, but

it is less globose, and the epidermis and sculpturing are entirely

different.

Helix Wheatleyi, mov. sp.

Plate IV. fig. 7.

T. imperforataé, depresse conoideo-globosa, tenuiuscula, rufescente-

cornea, conferte costulato-striata, sub lente minute granulata, pilis bre-

vissimis ornata ; spira breviter conoidea ; sutura valde impressa ; anfr. 54,

convexiusculis, ultimo rotundato, ad aperturam breviter deflexo, constricto.

basi convexo, circa columellam excavato; apertura obliqua, lunari,

pariete aperturali tuberculo dentiformi parvo munito; perist. acuto, roseo-

labiato, eequaliter angulatim reflexo, columellari adnato.

APRIL, 1860. 9 Ann. Lyo,. Nat, Hist, Vou, VII.

120 Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide.

Shell imperforate, depressed, conoid-globose, thin, reddish

horn-colored, with numerous rib-like striae, and microscopic

granulations with very short hairs; spire shortly conoid; suture

deeply impressed ; whorls 54, rather convex, the last rounded,

slightly depressed at the aperture, constricted; base convex,

excavated in the umbilical region; aperture oblique, lunate,

with a small parietal tooth-like tubercle; peristome acute, rose-

colored, equally angularly reflected, appressed at the columella.

Diam. maj. 14, min. 12, Alt. 7, mill.

Habitat.—The mountains in Cherokee Co., N.Car., D. Christy !

Remarks.—This interesting species is in form and size most

like a small variety of HZ. Mttchelliana Lea, or, the parietal

tooth considered, an imperforate specimen of HH. bucculenta

Gould, but is especially distinct from both in its rufous color,

granulated and hirsute surface, and excavated umbilical region.

This is the only known hirsute member, found east of the

Rocky Mountains, of the sub-genus Patera Albers. /. labiosa

Gould, which inhabits Oregon, is the only hirsute representative

of that sub-genus on the western side of the mountains.

Iam indebted to Mr. David Christy of Cincinnati for this

and the preceding, and also specimens of other somewhat rare

species found in the same region, viz. ZZ. barbigera Redf.; ZH.

Lilliotts Redf. ; HZ. Clarkii Lea, &c.

I dedicate this species to my esteemed friend Mr. C. M.

Wheatley, author of the first general catalogue of the Shells of

the United States, a zealous Naturalist, and generous contribu-

tor to the cabinets of others.

Helix laevigata Rafinesque.

Synonymy.

Helix levigata Ker. Prod. 221, ‘ 1821.

inornata Say. J), Acad. Phil. Il. 370, June, 1822,

PASE 6“ Griffith in sched.! fide Pfr.

Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide. 121

Helix levigata Fer. Hist. t. 82, f. 6, 1822?

fuliginosa Binney Bost. Jl. IL. 417 (excl. desc. syn. et fig.) 1840.

levigata Chemn. ed. II. Helix No. 522. t. 84, fig. 17-19, 1846!

= iS Pfr. Mon. Hel. I. No. 142, 1848.

— lucubrata Binney Terr. Moll, II. 225, t. 32, 1851,

—— levigata Desh. in Fer. Hist. I. p. 94.

—— iornata Reeve, No. 666, 1852.

levigata “ No. 672? ex parte, ~ 1852.

—— mornata Say, W. G. Binney’s Reprint, p. 24,

— levigata W. G. Binney Suppl. Terr. Moll. p. 108, 1859.

The following is Say’s Description :—

H, inornata.—Shell subglobose, pale yellowish horn color, polished ;

whorls 5, rounded, wrinkled ; spire convex; suture not deeply impressed ;

umbilicus small, profound ; aperture wide, at the junction of the labia

with the penultimate whorl shorter than the width of the mouth;

labrum simple.

Inhabits Pennsylvania. Greatest width less than seven-tenths of an

inch.

This species has a strong resemblance to H. ligera, but in addition to

its superior magnitude, its aperture is proportionally wider, a character

which of course gives the whorls a greater breadth ; the whorls are also

fewer in number, and the distance between the terminations of the lips

is very perceptibly less than the width of the aperture, the reverse of

which obtains in the ligera.

In my Remarks, Annals of the Lyceum, Vol. VI., p. 352, I

expressed my belief that //. znornata Say is the same as /Z.

levigata Raf., and not the H. énornata of Dr. Binney. My

friend Mr. W. G. Binney has since examined the subject in his

Supplement to the “ Terrestrial Mollusks,” and concludes that

his father’s determination is correct.

It is not surprising that the question at this date is full of

difficulty, considering that a few years only after Say’s death

Dr. Binney treated fuliginosa Griff., lweubrata Say, and levi-

gata Raf., as one species,—that Mr. Phillips, Curator of the

122 Lemarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide.

Museum of the Philadelphia Academy, labelled Ze@vigata Raf.

as inornata Say, but now states that his determinations were

conjectural, while Dr. Griffith concurred at least in the repu-

diated label of cnornata Say. Little confidence can be placed

in the opinion given by Griffith as to the original specimen of

glaphyra being one of cellaria, inasmuch as he sent examples

of the latter to Dr. Ravenel under the name of fuliginosa /

Mr. Binney (Supp. p. 110) refers to the suggestion of an

anonymous writer in Silliman’s Journal (1837). In connexion

with the foregoing, the following quotation of the writer’s lan-

guage is interesting, showing, as it does, the origin of the

opinion :—“ 77. glaphyra and inornata Say, and fuliginosa

Griffith, are only different ages of the same shell, if the speci-

mens I have received from the Philadelphia conchologists be

labelled correctly.”

In Férussac’s cabinet enornata Say is represented by laevigata

Raf., and the latter by the same shell, and fuliginosa Griff.

Deshayes remarks that he has doubts as to dwvigata, having

received it from America under the name of dnornata Say.

Pfeiffer refers to specimens of Je@vzgata sent from this country

as ¢nornata Say, and to inornata By., and fuligimosa Griff. sent

as glaphyra Say.

I find from original papers now in my possession, that Say,

with his first letter to Férussac, sent a number of shells, and in

the accompanying list of them, 7. glaphyra is mentioned.

Férussac, in a letter dated July 15, 1820, acknowledged

receipt of the shells, and of Say’s publications, remarking, how-

ever, as to H. glaphyra, “ Vous ne me l’avez pas envoyeé, mais

je soubconne comme vous, Monsieur, que c’est analogue de

notre HH. nitens, ou cellaria de Miiller.” In the same letter

Férussac asks for examples of H. glaphyra, and gives a list of

shells forwarded to Say, among which was Z. cellaria.

Say in his reply (of which I have before me notes, without

date, in his hand-writing) observed,—“ H. glaphyra. I am

sorry that I cannot send you a specimen yet, but next season I

Remarks on Certain Species of VN. A. Helicide. 128

hope to have more leisure than I had last, and shall probably

be able to procure it for you, as well as some species of Limax.”

In January, 1821, Say’s deseription of HZ. ligera was pub-

lished,—he observed that it “approaches nearest to HH. gla-

phyra.”

In October, 1822, Say wrote, with European shells, to Mr.

Stephen Elliott, and in the list of them I find “ Z. cellaria L.”

It must be supposed that Say knew the shell called fulegznosa,

but in 1832 he expressed ignorance of it.

In that year Mr. Robert Peter was in correspondence with

Say, and sent him a list of shells collected near Pittsburg, Pa.,

enumerating among them ZH. glaphyra, and H. fuliginosa.

Say’s answer may be inferred from Peter’s letter to him of 30th

Dec., expressing surprise that Say did not know the name fulz-

ginosa, which he, Peter, supposed had been published, and

which he had from Dr. Green of Philadelphia. Peter, in the

letter referred to, which, through the kindness of Mrs. Say,

is now in my possession, endeavored to enlighten Say by

explaining that Z. fuliginosa “resembles HZ. glaphyra Vobis,

but is a distinct shell, being about twice as large, having a

larger umbilicus, and being of a dark horn or fuliginous color,

without any of the thickening or whitish appearance beneath,

which characterizes that shell; in other respects it is very

similar.”

Peter, a Western naturalist, apparently instructed from Phila-

delphia, evidently referred glaphyra to inornata By.

All these circumstances seem to me very strongly to favor

the belief not only that glaphyra and cellaria were known by

Say to be distinct, but that his glaphyra is identical -with

LT. inornata Binney, the inornata Say being another species.

Say could not have described //. cellaria in the language

employed with respect to glaphyra, which, however, is per-

fectly applicable to the Pennsylvanian form of inornata By.

Moreover, Say’s description of ¢xornata cannot be referred to

Dr. Binney’s shell. 7

124 Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide.

In my cabinet are specimens of ZZ. levigata from N. Caro-

lina, which in every particular—in form, size, color, and sculp-

ture—agree with Say’s diagnosis of ¢nornata, and are justly

comparable, especially as regards the base, with ZZ. ligera.

Say mentions Pennsylvania as the habitat of his inornata,—

it very probably occurs there, having been found in Maryland

and Virginia, and also in Illinois.

Information afforded to me by Dr. Edmund Ravenel of

Charleston, throws some light on all this mystery, if indeed it

does not explain it.

Having through Dr. Ravenel cleared up some difficulties

about ZH. avara, I inquired of him as to HZ. inornata Say, send-

ing him a copy of my Notes on ZZ. glaphyra, and specimens in

illustration of my views, viz. /7. devigata under the name of

inornata Say, and H. inernata By. under that of H. glaphyra

Say.

On the 4th Feb., 1860, Dr. Ravenel wrote as follows :—

“The shell which you have now sent me as H. énornata Say is iden-

tical with my shells which I sent to Mr. Say with this name, and which

he returned to me without comment. After receiving these shells from

Mr. Say, having no doubt upon the matter, I distributed the shell to my

correspondents, with this name, and Mr, Lea has recently written to me,

that he has specimens now in his cabinet from me, with my original

label, H. cnornatus. Dr. Binney was with me, after my communication

with Mr. Say, and must have seen the specimens in my cabinet, and I

suppose that I sent him some.

“The shell which Mr, Binney has now sent to me as the ‘ true inor-

nata,’ is identical with the one you have sent as ‘inornata Binney,’ and

which you believe to be glaphyra. I have not had this shell in my

cabinet before.

“ Griffith sent me two specimens many years ago labelled ‘fuliginosa,

from Pa?’ Some years after I received from England a dozen specimens

of cellaria ; on comparing these with Griffith’s shells, I could see no dif-

ference. The two specimens from Griffith, and one of the British shells,

I sent recently to Mr. W. G. Binney, and he returned them as cellaria.

Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide. 125

“T am inclined to believe that Mr. Say’s indisposition to multiply

species induced him to unite the three shells,* with which we are now

confused, under the one name inornata, and if it was not for the word

polished, | would believe that my shell was the type from which his

description was written. All of these shells are, I believe, found in

Pennsylvania, certainly ¢nornata By. and fuliginosa, and we can scarcely

believe that they escaped the observation of so industrious a naturalist

as Mr. Say. We have a similar instance of his uniting allied species in

the avara group, in which he certainly embraced H. Postelliana and

espiloca, and probably others which do not correspond with the descrip-

tion of the Florida avara.”

Having heard it attributed to Say, that he never volunteered

to correct errors, and even avoided indicating the shell (when

directly applied to) intended by his description, I had further

correspondence with Dr. Ravenel, who, under date 10th April,

1860, favored me with an explanatory letter, from which I

extract the following :—

“Tn answer to your question whether Say ever corrected labels, I can

tell you that I sent him the H. Hopetonensis without a name, merely

writing ‘ Helix

S. Car.” and he returned some of the specimens

with my label filled up ‘H. tridentata var. ephabus Say.’ I sent him

specimens of a variety of the same, from the gardens in Charleston; he

then wrote in pencil on my label, ‘H. tridentata var. ephabus,—the same

as the shell which you sent me several years ago.’ I sent him H. Pos-

telliana with my label ‘ Helix S. Car.” and he filled up the gap

with ‘avara Say.” With H. espiloca the same thing occurred. He cor-

rected, and also gave me names of our marine shells sent to him; and when

I sent him new shells, he described them, and generally returned the

specimens with his paper. I therefore infer and believe that if he had

considered my label H. cnornata incorrect, he would have corrected it ;

ard at the same time, if he had not considered the shell to be nornata,

he would certainly have described it as new.

“T have before expressed the opinion to you that Mr, Say sometimes

* Dr. Ravenel overlooks H. glaphyra Say, but his explanatory suggestions are

both interesting and valuable.

126 = =Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide.

grouped allied species under one name, as with H. auriculata and avara,

and this is only another instance. He was certainly acquainted with

mornata By., our inornata Say, and fuliginosa, yet we have only from

him the one name, znornata.

“T*have no doubt that I derived the name inornata Say, which I

used, from Mr. Stephen Elliott, who was in very frequent communication

with Mr, Say.”* :

I may mention that I have letters, dated in 1822, from Mr.

S. Elliott to Mr. Say, with copies, in his hand-writing, of the

replies, which give very full notes on the shells sent by the

former, but unfortunately not on the species now under con-

sideration.

On the evidence thus brought together, I think myself not

only justified but called upon to pronounce ZH. laevigata Raf.

and H. inornata Say to be identical. The former name, with-

out description, was published by Férussac in his Prodromus

at about the same time as the latter by Say in the Journal of

the Academy, but seeing that the shell is now better known as

H. levigata, and that doubts may still exist in the minds of

some, it may be best to place Say’s name in the synonymy of

that species.

As the evidence with respect to glaphyra is somewhat less

conclusive, I propose to let it stand in the synonymy of //. nor-

nata By., retaining that name for the shell which Dr. Binney

determined to be the inornata of Say.

Many of the species of this continent are extremely variable,

and the deseription of any one form is not only unsatisfactory,

but productive of much error. Say wrote under serious disad-

vantages as compared with authors of the present day, but his

descriptions are remarkably accurate; and when I find a shell

to which one of his specific names has been affixed not agree-

* Dr. Ravenel in another letter says, “I think that Say was cautious in his

communications, but that he would give his opinion of any species, when requested

to do so. He was however very much more reserved in giving specimens away,

—he certainly gave them to Mr. Elliott, but I have not a single specimen given

to me by Mr. Say from his Cabinet.”

Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicidew. 127

ing with his description, I do not pronounce it faulty, but

assume that sooner or later a form such as he must have had

before him will come under my notice.

H. laevigata is a very variable species,—the following fopyms

are in my cabinet :—

a. Diam. maj. 14, min. 12, Alt. 7 mill. Hab. unknown.

Bonn <4 OPT Te dee ETE “ N. Carolina,

pale yellowish horn colored, polished, irregularly striated,

“ wrinkled.”

ce. Diam. maj. 17, min. 14, Alt. 6 mill. Hab. Maryland.

in sculpturing much like var. 6.

d, Diam. maj. 24, min. 20, Alt. 7 mill. Hab. Georgia.

regularly striated—last whorl with microscopic spiral lines

on the upper surface.

e. Diam. maj. 26, min. 22, Alt. 9 mill. Hab, Middle Georgia.

very finely striated—microscopic elevated points in spiral

lines on the upper and under surface of the last whorl—

shell very thin; umbilicus larger than in other forms, and

aperture more rounded ; the entire shell of the same color,

—in the other varieties the base is of lighter color than

the upper surface. This is allied in form to H. fuliginosa

Griff.

j. Diam. maj. 138, min. 20, Alt. 7 mill. Hab. Georgia.

strie above like var. d, but they are continued over the

periphery to the umbilical excavation.

g. Diam, maj. 23, min. 20, Alt. 9 mill. Hab. St. Augustine, Florida.

shell polished, sculpturing like var. 6, the color of the upper

surface as dark as H. fuliginosa,—beneath pale.

Helix inormata Binmey.

Synonymy.

Helix glaphyra Say? Nich. Enc. IV. t. 1, f. 3, 1816.

inornata By. Bost. Jl. II. p. 419, t. 21, f. 3, 1840,

glaphyra Pfr. Mon. I. No. 120, 1848.

mornata By. Terr, Moll, Il. p. 227, t. 34, 1851.

128 Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide.

Helix glaphyra Rv. Conch. Icon. No. 667, 1852.

inornata W. G. By. Suppl. p. 109, 1859.

« Pfr. Mon. IV. No. 273, 1859.

Ii®my remarks on H. glaphyra Say (Ann. Lye. VI. 352), and

in the preceding pages, I have fully stated my reasons for deter-

mining that ZZ. levigata Raf. and H. inornata Say are identi-

eal, and that ZZ. znornata By. must be referred to H. glaphyra

Say. To my mind the evidence is conclusive, but, as already

explained, I leave the last named shell in the synonymy of

wnornata By.

I would repeat that, confining myself strictly to the descrip-

tions of Say, I find that of his ¢nornata applicable only to the

shell known as levigata Raf., and that of glaphyra only to the

inornata By. Too much weight has been attached to the locali-

ties given by Say of his two shells. He attributes ¢nornata to

Pennsylvania, from whence we have now no authentic speci-

mens, but the species occurs in Virginia and Maryland, and

may reasonably be looked for on the borders at least of the

adjoining state. JZ. glaphyra was found where certainly it

was a stranger—no one knows how, or from whence it came.

H.. cellaria, to which it is referred, inhabits the New England

States only, and the facts already stated indicate that Say knew

cellaria, and in correspondence did not allude to it as his

glaphyra.

HT. inornata By. is a variable species. In many cabinets,

both here and in Europe, it appears to be represented by speci-

mens from Ohio, which, when mature, are generally by no

means “very much depressed,” and scarcely “pellucid, polished.”

T have individuals from N. Car. and also from Lycoming Co.,

Pa., which are planulate, pellucid, and with a very brilliant

glassy polish. The Pennsylvanian form is small, and the color

above is occasionally as dark asin £7. fuliginusa. A young

specimen with four whorls is much like Say’s figure of gla-

phyra.*

* See Say’s description of H. glaphyra, Ann. Lyc. Vol. VI. p. 352.

Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide. 129

The following are measurements of specimens in my cabinet:

Diam. maj. 18, min. 15, alt. 7 mill. Ohio.

- LS AR ALB Me OS): «i Manyland,

6c HOY DAT MOLE heb Go STeomning \Co.,) bas,

I have recently received from Dr. Ravenel, for examination,

a singular specimen, collected by himself on the mountains

near Ashville, N. Car., which I can only refer to this species.

It has 6 whorls, and measures,—

Diam. maj. 20, min. 18, Alt. 9 mill.

Melix friabilis W. G. Bimmey.

Synonymy.

Helix friabilis W. G. Binney, Proc. A. N.S. Phila. p.187, 1857.

i Suppl. p. 106, 1859.

— lucubrata Pfr. Mon. Hel. IV. No. 413, p. 68, 1859.

I concur with Mr. Binney in the establishment of this species,

but by no means with Dr. Pfeiffer in his view that it is the

LH. lucubrata Say, with the description of which it does not

agree. Say mentions that Zucubrata is closely allied to his

inornata, but H. friabilis is totally distinct both from HZ. lewvi-

gata Raf.and H/. inornata By. W.G. Binney’s shell is of uniform

color, and the umbilicus is not “much larger” than that of

either of the species referred to. The spire is not “much

depressed.”

Binney describes the shell as having four whorls, but I have

seen no adult with less than five. Specimens from Illinois are

very thin, but those collected by Mrs. Say in Indiana, by Moore

in Texas, and received by Dr. Newcomb from De Witt Co. in

the latter state, are rather less so. I am indebted to Mr. Henry

Van Nostrand for a large and heavy example, having 5}

whorls, from Helena, Arkansas, the measurements of which are

as follows :—

Diam. maj. 31, min. 27, Alt. 16 mill. Ap. 18 mill. longa,

15 lata.

180 Remarks on Certain Species of NV. A. Helicida.

Helix lucubrata Say.

This species was described by Say in the “‘ New Harmony

Disseminator of Useful Knowledge,” IL. 229 (July, 1829), andthe

description was republished by Mrs. Say in 1840, in “ Descrip-

tions of some New Terr. and Fluy. Shells of N. America.”

The subjoined copy is from the reprint of W. G. Binney.

“ H. lucubrata. Shell subglobose, depressed, reddish brown, polished,

subtranslucent; whorls over four, much wrinkled; spire much depressed,

convex ; suture moderate ; beneath paler; umbilicus open, rather large ;

aperture nearly orbicular ; labrum simple.

“Greatest width one inch. Inhabits Mexico. Closely allied to H. inor-

nata Nob., but the umbilicus is much larger, and the aperture is more

accurately rounded ; the color is nearly the same, excepting that in the

present it is of a deeper shade.”

There is great difference of opinion as to this species, and

indeed it has not been satisfactorily determined.

As has been shown, Dr. Binney confounded it with ZH. lew-

gata, by others it has been placed with that species in the

synonymy of //. fuliginosa, and Pfeiffer has recently deter-

mined it to be the species described by W. G. Binney as ZZ.

friabilis.

Mr.. Binney (Suppl. p. 106) considers the Mexican HZ. caduca

Pf. allied to, if not identical with it, and refers to “ Mexican

specimens of dwcubrata preserved for many years in the Phila-

delphia Academy” as agreeing perfectly with that species.

I have critically examined the three specimens at the Aca-

demy; they are attached to a card, and labelled, by Mr. Phillips

I believe, “ Helix lucubrata Say, Mexico. N. H. Disseminator,

vol. ii. p. 229.” One of the specimens, that of which the base

only is visible, is I think a pale var. of ZZ. fuliginosa, but the

other two differ from all the forms of the group, including /7.

caduca Pf., which I have seen. The adult specimen (the other

is young of the same) of which both the upper and lower side

Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide. 1381

and aperture can be fully seen, agrees entirely with Say’s de-

scription of ZZ. Zucubrata, so much so as to favor the conclusion

that it is an authentic example, if not indeed his type. It is

appropriately compared with Z. levigata Raf. (inornata Say),

but as Say remarks, the umbilicus is “much larger,” nearly

equal to that of Z/. fuliginosa, and the aperture “more accu-

rately rounded,” being somewhat wider, but much like that

of Griffith’s species. The shell is in color darker above than

usual in 77. levigata, the darker shade extending over the

periphery and terminating abruptly, where the paler color of

the base prevails. The margin of the last whorl, at the suture,

has indications of a line of a deeper reddish brown color than

that of the rest of the upper surface of the shell.

The incremental striz are well defined “ wrinkles,” but of

irregular elevation, and not equidistant. The shell has five

whorls, less rapidly increasing than in ZZ. /evigata, and the follow-

ing are its dimensions :—

Diam. maj. 26, min. 28, Alt. 114 mill. Ap. 12 mill. long. 12 lat.

This Academy specimen differs from examples of H. caduca

Pf. received from Mr. Cuming and M. Sallé in the following

particulars; it is more strongly “wrinkled,” of darker color

above, and the aperture is more orbicular—the last whorl is

more ventricose.

A specimen of ZZ. caduca in my cabinet, with 54 whorls,

measures, Diam. maj. 26, min. 214, Alt. 10 mill. Ap. 10 mill.

long. 18 lat. The color is scarcely paler at the base than’ above,

the umbilicus is the same as in the Academy shell, and the

whorls increase in the same proportion. Several young shells

have the same but more plainly discernible dark sutural line.

Considering the Philadelphia specimen to be the ZZ. lucubrata

Say, I cannot pronounce it to be identical with Z. caduca, but

intermediate between it and HZ. lavigata—more closely allied to

the former, and possibly a variety of it, certainly distinct from

the latter and from HZ. fuliginosa, and ZZ. friabilis.

132 Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide.

Helix septemvolva Say.

This species was described by Say in Nicholson’s Ene. in

1816,* and the description was republished in the Journal of the

Philadelphia Academy in May 1818 ; it is as follows :—

“P. sepremMvotvA.—Shell much depressed, discoidal; spire not

prominent; whorls seven, perfectly lateral, compressed, depressed, and

marked with conspicuous lines and grooves above, a projecting carina

on the upper edge of the body whorl, beneath which the lines and

grooves are obsolete; aperture subreniform, not contracted; lips equal,

elevated, outer one reflected, regularly rounded so as to describe two-

thirds of a circle; pillar lip projecting inwards, into an angle or tooth,

which is concave beneath; beneath the four exterior volutions equally

prominent, transverse diameters equal to those of the upper surface;

umbilicus central, moderate, attenuated to the apex so as to exhibit the

remaining volutions.

Breadth, female, two-fifths—male, three-tenths of an inch. Inhabits

Georgia and East Florida. Cabinet of the Academy. A very common

shell in many parts of Georgia, particularly the sea islands, also in East

Florida. We found them numerous under the ruins of old Fort Picolata

on the St. John River, and on the Oyster-shell Hammocks, near the

sea, and in other situations under decaying palmetto logs, roots, &c.”

This is a very variable shell, and the species of the group to

which it belongs, inhabiting the Southern States and adjacent

Islands and Keys, as well as the Bahama and Bermuda Islands,

have not been accurately defined and determined.

Say, it may be inferred, considered all the individuals which

came under his notice from the United States as belonging to

septemvolva. He sent specimens to Férussac, and was informed,

by letter in reply dated 15th July, 1820, that the species had

been figured and described in 1816, by Megerle de Muhlfeldt

in the Berlin Magazine, under the name of /Z. cereolus.

* Mr. Binney mentions in the Preface to the reprint of Say’s writings on the

Conchology of the United States, that he had not been able to find the first edition

of this work, but gives its date 1816, on the authority of Férussac, Mag. de Zool,

1835.

Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide. 133

The description by Muhlfeldt (Berlin Mag. VIII. p. 41, pl. ii.

fig. 18, 1816) is short, and the figure indifferent,—I subjoin

copy of the former :—

“T. orbiculari, umbilicata, utrinque planata, alba, oblique subcostata,

marginata, unidentata.”

The dimensions given are Diam. 44 lines, Alt. about 1 line.

In some remarks (in German) Muhlfeldt mentions that the shell

has eight whorls, and that it was most probably from the West

Indies, specimens having been found with a lot of shells from

thence.

Deshayes (in Fer. Hist. I. p. 1889?) remarks in connexion

with ZZ. septemvolva:

“Tl est bien & présumer que I’ H. cereolus de Megerle est la méme

que celle-ci; cependant sa description trop courte et sa figure médiocre-

ment exécutée, nous laissent quelques doutes sur son identité avec celle

que nous venons de décrire.”

Deshayes (in Fer. Hist. I. p. 6, pl. 72, fig. 18) described ZZ.

microdonta as follows:

T. discoidea, planulata, albo-grisea, flammulis obliquis fuscis sub-

rubescentibusve ornata; superne spira depressissima, subtus profunde

lateque in ambitu umbilicata, tenuissime et regulariter striata; apertura

obliqua, marginata, ovato-semilunari ; labio dente obliquo minimo pre-

dito.

Hab.—1 Amerique méridionale? Visle de Cuba? communiquée & M.

de Férussae par M. d’Orbigny.

Nous n’avons sous les yeux que le seul individu de cette espece que

possédoit la coll. de M. de Férussac ; nous le regardons comme appar-

tenant A une espéce bien distincte, intermédiaire par ses caracteres entre

YH. septemvolva et le lingulata (paludosa Pf.) se rapprochant cepen-

dant plus de cette derniére que de l’autre. “ Elle est orbiculaire, depri-

mée, A spire A peine saillante au-dessus du dernier tour; mais elle n’est

pas concave en dessus; en dessous la coquille est pereée @un ombilic

profond et s’elargissant subitement a son entrée, parce que le dernier tour

134 Lemarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide.

se déroule par une spire plus large que ceux qui le précédent. Les

tours de spire au nombre de sept sont convexes, couverts de stries fines,

regulieres, rapprochées, plus profondes sur le cdté supérieur que dans la

partie ombilicale : elles s’attenuent insensiblement en passant du dessus

a la circonférence et de la circonférence au-dessous. L’ouverture est

trés oblique, le bord droit, épaissi en dedans, est renyersé en dehors ; il

se continue par ses extremités en un bord gauche, sur le milieu duquel

se reléve une petite dent oblique et courbée que l’on yoit tout entiére

en dehors lorsque l’on regarde ouverture de profil. Cette coquille est

Wun blane grisatre, et elle est ornée de flammules longitudinales, etroites,

irréguli¢rement distribuées et d’un brun pale et rougeatre.

“Elle a 10 mill, de diamétre et 4 de hauteur.’’*

Pfeiffer (Mem. i. p. 409, 1848) assigns HZ. microdonta to the

Bermudas and Texas, “ teste coll. Menkeana.”

Muhlfeldt and Deshayes did not know the localities from

which their specimens came—the figure and description of the

former author are unsatisfactory, and the latter described from

a single individual, and gives a figure which is by no means

conclusive. Under such circumstances, considering that the

species of the group to which ZZ. cereolus and H. microdonta

belong are very variable, it is not surprising that difficulty

should be now experienced in determining them.

When in Bermuda, in 1852, I collected a large number

of specimens of a finely striated shell, pretty closely agreeing

with the description of ZZ. microdonta Desh. ; but Mr.

Shuttleworth, in 1855, was disposed to think it distinct, and

proposed to call it /Z. delitescens, under which name it has

been extensively distributed, but nothing published about it.

In 1853, Mr. 8. sent me specimens labelled “ H. mzcrodonta

Desh., Key West, Florida,” which differ very much from the

Bermuda shell, having sharp and more distant strie, and

an internal lamella. I also received from the same source

examples of /7. volvowis Parr., from Hopeton, Ga. Both these

* See facsimile of the figure to which Deshayes refers, in W. G. Binney’s Supp.

to the Terr. Moll., pl. 78, fig. 23.

Remarks on Certain Species of NV. A. Helicide. 185

speices were at that time apparently unknown to American

conchologists. Dr. Binney makes no mention of them in the

Terr. Moll. ; and Dr. Gould even omits them in vol. iii. (1857),

although he inserts descriptions of additional species, “so as to

embody all the species at present known.” Mr. W. G. Binney

admits them in the Supplement (1859) to his father’s work.

In 1859, Mr. Wm. Cooper collected at Nassau, New Provi-

dence, numerous specimens of a species apparently identical,

though varying somewhat from that which inhabits Bermuda.*

Neither Mr. Binney nor I have received, or even seen speci-

mens from Texas of any of the species belonging to this group.

Before examining the strictly North American species in

detail, I may explain that I consider 77. cereolus Miihl. and 7.

septemvolva Say to be distinct,—that the Bermuda shell is the

LT. nucrodonta Desh, and that the species from Florida, now

known here as microdonta, has not been described. In the fol-

lowing pages I describe it under the name of ZZ. Carpenteriana.

As to 7. volvoxis Parr. I think that it is no more than var. of

LT. septemvolwa.

H. septemvolva, as described by Say, cannot be misunder-

stood,—it occurs only, I believe, in East Florida, and especially

at and in the vicinity of St. Augustine,—for many fine speci-

mens collected there, I am indebted to Mr. O. M. Dorman.

It is variable in size, but distinguished by its sharp carina and

open umbilicus. In a specimen with 84 whorls (diam. maj. 14

mill.), the width of the actual umbilical opening is 2 mill. The

penultimate beneath is generally half covered by the last

whorl. The very small var., called the male by Say, is com-

paratively rare. .

The four examples preserved at Philadelphia, said to be

authentic, are of the form described.

* H. paludosa Pf. (lingulata Fer.), an inhabitant of Cuba and Jamaica (rare

in the latter island), belongs to this group, bnt is readily distinguished by its

rugose upper surface, and small parietal tooth which is unconnected with the

margins of the peristome.

APRIL, 1860, 10 Ann, Lyo, Nat, Hist. You. VII.

136 Lemarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide.

The following are measurements of large and small specimens

in my cabinet :—

Diam. maj. 14, min. 124 mill., Alt. 3 mill. anf. 84.

19 66 ver 66 64 (14 6c 24 (<4 19 : ra

Associated with septemvolva, Mr. Dorman found not only the

shell described by Pfeiffer as HZ. volvowis, but an intermediate

form, in which the flat upper surface and carina of the former,

are combined with the more tumid character, and breadth of

the last whorl beneath of the latter. In many specimens the

uniform opaque light color of the base of each whorl is a

striking feature. Mr. Dorman informs me that in some places

in St. Augustine the three forms are found together, but that

septemvolva and volvoxis generally inhabit different localities.

Welix volvoxis Parreyss.

Pfeiffer’s description of this species is as follows :—

T. umbilicata, orbiculato-convexa, tenuis, rufo-cornea, pellucida, regu-

lariter costulato-striata; spira brevissima, convexa; anfr. 7 convexi,

regulariter accrescentes, ultimus reliquis superne vix latior, angulatus,

infra angulum inflatus, striatus, nitidus; umbilicus latus, regularis,

anfractu ultimo latissimo, reliquis regulariter decrescentibus; apertura

majuscula, reniformis; perist. intus callosum, reflexum, marginibus callo

brevi, triangulari, dentiformi junctis. Diam. maj. 9, min. 8; Alt. 4, mill,

Habitat in America boreali: Georgia, Florida.

Obs. Hane speciem, a praecedente (H. cereolus Miihl.) toto ccelo diver-

sam, seepius ex America nomine H. septemvolvee Say accepimus.

This shell is very generally labelled in cabinets ZZ. septem-

volva, but I entertain great doubts, looking at my extensive

suite of specimens, as to its specific difference.

The form described by Pfeiffer is common in St. Simon’s

Island, Ga., whence I have examples collected by Mr. Postell.

It varies in size,—the following are the measurements of a

small specimen, having 6} whorls :—

Diam. maj. 73, min. 633 Alt. 3 mill.

Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide. 137

Welix cereolus Muhlifeidt.

I have already quoted the original description of this species

at page 133, and refer to the copy of the author’s unsatisfactory

figure, published by W. G. Binney in his Suppl. pl. 77, fig. 23.

The whitish shell, H. cereolus Mihl. var. laminifera of W.

G. Binney’s catalogue in the Philadelphia Proceedings, which

we have in our cabinets, found by Lieut. Wurdeman at Indian

River, E. Florida, and also from Indian Key, belongs in my

opinion to this species. The annexed figures,* double the

natural size, of the base of septemvolva (tig. 1.) and cereolus

(fig. 2.) show the striking differences in the characters of the

umbilicus, and of the aperture, and also that Miihlfeldt’s figure,

especially of the umbilicus, agrees rather with the latter than

the former.

Fig. 1. Fie. 2.

H, septemvolua Say. H, cereolus Mihi.

The umbilical opening, in specimens of about equal size, is

only half the width of that in. septemvolva ; the last whorl is

wider, especially towards its termination at the aperture, more

inflated, and rather less acutely carinated. The aperture is more

orbicular, more contracted, and the outer lip more expanded

* The woodcuts were executed by Waters & Son, 90 Fulton Street, New York,

admirable figures of the shells having been previously photographed, in their

establishment, on the block. I gladly avail myself of this opportunity of calling

the attention of naturalists to this valuable method of securing accurate figures.

188 Remarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide.

and acutely reflected, and at its junction below with the pillar

lip more closely appressed to the last whorl.

This shell has generally a more or less developed internal

lamina, commencing on the parietal side of the inner fourth of

the last, and running round rather obliquely within from two-

thirds to three-fourths of the penultimate whorl,—revolving in

fact nearly once round the shell.

In some specimens the penultimate whorl below is partially

covered by the last, as in septemvolva.

This species, which I consider distinct from 7. septemvolva

Say, has from 7 to 8 whorls, and measures as follows :—

Diam. maj. 14, min. 123, Alt. 33 mill. (large specimen.)

ce SACS Blin Ie nel oli tulicellt star amas (201042110 Re oe)

Dr. Gould (Terr. Moll. Vol. II. p. 31) refers to the vertical

series on Plate XX XVIII as reprenting the typical form of ZZ.

septemvolva Say, but the lower figure, showing the base, is cer-

tainly not of the shell described by Say, rather of that which

I call H. cereolus.

Hclix Carpenteriama mov. sp.

Synonymy.

Helix microdonta Pfr. Mon. 1. p. 499 ex-parte ? 1848,

W. G. Binney, Notes on Amer. Land Shells,

Phila. Proce. 1858.

ee pe ees 23 Suppl. Terr. Moll. p. 91, 1859.

T. umbilicata, orbiculata, cornea vel pallide rufescente, superne plana,

oblique et argute costulata, subtus convexa, leviter striata, nitida,

maculis opacis, indistinctis, seepe ‘ornaté; sutura valde impressa;_ anfr.

54-64, ultimo ad peripheriam superne subangulato, ad aperturam breviter

sed subito deflexo, gibbosulo, scrobiculato-constricto, pone aperturam

tumido, costulato, basi dilatato, lamin& interna alb& in pariete columel-

lari, pone aperture insertionem sit&; apertura perobliqua, lunari; perist.

intus calloso, incrassato, reflexiusculo, marginibus lamella dentiformi

triangulari junctis.

diemarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide. 139

Shell umbilicate, orbicular, horn-colored or pale rufous, above

flat, obliquely and acutely ribbed, beneath convex, slightly

striated, shining, often ornamented with indistinct white spots ;

suture deeply impressed; whorls 53-63, the last subangular at

the periphery, shortly but suddenly deflected at the aperture,

gibbous, scrobiculate, constricted, tumid behind the aperture,

and ribbed, base dilated, with a white internal lamina on the

columellar wall near the point of attachment of the aperture ;

aperture very oblique, lunate ; perist. callous within, thickened,

little reflected, the margins joined by a triangular dentiform

lamella.

Diam. maj. 10, min. 9, Alt. 4 mill. anfr. 63.

66 6 hs 4 6, 6s 8 “cc s 5d.

Habitat—Key Biscayne, Florida, Wurdeman! Key West,

Shuttleworth. South Florida, Dr. Cooper! Sea Islands, Flo-

rida, Bartlett. Lake Harney, Fla., E. Norton!

Remarks.—This species has been hitherto named HZ. azcro-

donta Desh. in American Cabinets, and I have indeed so

distributed it, but I believe erroneously. It is readily distin-

guished from all the other species of the group by its strong

acute rib-like strize, and the peculiarity of the outer whorl.

About the last third of it, behind the aperture, is ribbed and

tumid,—the whorl is then rather abruptly contracted, becoming

narrower above, and flattened and slightly striated beneath, but

again, as it passes towards and beneath the aperture, dilated,

and convex. This change of form gives to the last whorl a

distorted appearance. ‘The internal lamina is on the columel-

lar wall of the contracted and flattened portion of the last whorl,

and runs obliquely, in the direction of the aperture, attaining a

length in a large specimen of about 6 mill. The character of

the aperture is most like that of /Z. cereolus, but in that species

the last whorl has none of the peculiarities above described.

The internal lamina is found in a majority of specimens, but

not in all; it can generally be seen through the outer wall of

the shell.

140 Lemarks on Certain Species of N. A. Helicide.

In my Cabinet are specimens, received from Mr. W. G.

Binney, belonging to this species, having all the peculiarities

ot the last whorl, but being rather delicately striated,—they

are extremely small, and were, I believe, from Dr. Binney’s

Cabinet; the habitat unknown. The measurements are,

Diam. maj. 54, min. 5, Alt. 2 mill. anfr. 5.

The variety from Lake Harney is dark horn-colored, thin,

translucent, acutely ribbed, but with little of the peculiarities

of the last whorl prevailing in the Key Biscayne specimens,

and in the small variety already noticed,—the whorl, scarcely

flattened and contracted as in those, is nearly of uniform size

beneath.

Several years ago I received from the late Mr. Clark of Cin-

cinnati, about a dozen shells of the species now under consider-

ation, labelled by Mr. Bartlett “H. septemvolva Say, Matanzas,

Cuba,” but agreeing with specimens sent to me by Mr. Shuttle-

worth as //. microdonta from Key West. I communicated them

under the latter name to M. Poey, who seeing that live exam-

ples have not been found in Cuba, doubtfully refers the species

to the fauna of that island. (Vide Mem. V. IL. p. 49 and 90.)

This species I dedicate to my friend Mr. P. P. Carpenter,

author of the “ Report on the Present State of our Knowledge

with regard to the Mollusca of the West Coast of North Ame-

rica,” &¢., &e., whose labors in the United States have added

much to the value of many of our public and private cabinets.

Norr.—H. microponta Desu.—With respect to this species,

looking at his description, I cannot doubt but that the author

refers to the Bermuda shell, now somewhat extensively known

in cabinets as /7. delitescens Shutt. I should mention that Mr.

Shuttleworth, in his latest correspondence with me on the sub-

ject, expressed some doubt as to treating the Florida shell as

the species described by Deshayes. Those doubts may account

for the non-publieation of ZZ. delitescens.

The shells found in abundance by Mr. W. Cooper, at Nassau,

agree rather with those from Bermuda than any other. But in

Remarks on Certain Species of N.A. Helicide. 141

one with very fine strie (anfr. 62), and in another (anfr. 7),

with the strie rather coarse, I have detected the internal

lamina. In both, the outer whorl is without the characteristic

features of HZ. Carpenteriana. Among a considerable number

of specimens I found the lamina only in the two referred to.

I have never seen it in the Bermuda shell, of which I have

examined very many individuals.

The Bermuda shell was known to Say. He wrote a descrip-

tion, which was, however, never published. The following is

a copy from the original MS. in the possession of Mr. Binney :

_ “TL. cxertopon.—Discoidal, labrum reflected—a tooth on the labium.

Inhabits Bermuda.

“Shell discoidal, the spire very slightly convex, whorls nearly 6, with

elevated strize across, forming somewhat regular intervening grooves,—

body whorl angular above its middle, beneath which it is convex, and

only wrinkled, the grooves terminating at the angle or carina,—umbilicus

dilated, exhibiting the volutions to the apex: aperture rather longer

than wide,—labrum contracting the aperture a little, reflected, excepting

towards its superior termination, and declining a little at its junction

with the preceding volution: labium with a short, oblique tooth.

Breadth, 2 inch. The late Mr. Stephen Elliott presented to me this

shell, which he obtained from Bermuda. It is more completely fastigiate

than even H. septemvolva Nob., and there is no obvious calcareous

deposit on the labium, as in that species.”

It may be remarked that Say’s description agrees almost

entirely with that of Deshayes of mdcrodonta,—in specimens

from Bermuda, not completely full grown, but with reflected

lip, the labial tooth is of the character mentioned by Say.

Hertx Fastigans L. W. Say.—In my Remarks (Ann. Lye.

Vol. VI. p. 283) on HZ. fatigzata Say, I noticed that the name

was originally written by Say correctly, viz. fastigiata, and

that Pfeiffer had remarked to the effect that the former word

is unmeaning. Mrs. Say, anxious that this long-standing

typographical error should be removed, expresses her wish

142 Description of a New Species of Bird, ke.

that the specific name of the species should be altered to

fastigans, that of fastigiata having been applied by Hutton to

another.

Herrx porciva Say.—I commented on this species in Ann.

Lye. Vol. VI. p. 344, suggesting that Say’s description applies

rather to a young /Z. inflecta, than HZ. hirsuta, but anticipating

that “further researches will prové this to be a distinct

species.” I now learn that ZZ. Azspida L. inhabits some parts

of Nova Scotia, and also Canada East; and Dr. Gould suggests

as indeed seems highly probable—that HZ. porcina is identi-

eal with it.

XVUI.— Description of a New Srsctes of Bird of the Genus

Puarton, also of a New Svectes of Humming Bird of the

Genus WELtIoPAEDIca.

By Gro. N. Lawrence.

Read April 23, 1860.

Phaeton flavo-aurantius.

The general plumage is of a rich salmon color, rather paler

below and on the ends of the primaries; a line of deep black

runs along the side of the head, over the eye, and extends before

and below it in the shape of a crescent; a band of black crosses

the wing, beginning near the shoulder, occupying the ends of

the middle coverts, and all of the secondaries and tertiaries,

except a small portion of their ends, where they are salmon

color: the scapularies are marked lengthwise with a curving

band of black, which crosses both webs; the first three prima-

ries are black on their outer webs, and on the inner, next the

shaft, from their bases to within about one and a half inches

of their ends; the fourth is black for the same distance, but not

Description of a New Species of Bird, ke. 148

on the inner web; the fifth has only a narrow line of black

along the shaft, on the outer web for a short distance from its

base; the shafts of the primaries are black, except for a short

space at their ends, where they are white; the long feathers

on the flanks are broadly striped down their centres with

greyish black; some of the upper tail ecoverts are irregularly

marked with black; the tail is salmon color, the elongated cen-

tral feathers deepest in color, except near the end, where they

are paler; the shafts of all are black on the upper surface, with

a small terminal portion white; on the under surface, the shafts

of all the tail feathers are white; the upper mandible is of a dusky

greenish-olive, but pale olive yellow along the ridge, the cutting

edges, and at the point; the lower mandible is pale olive yellow,

with a brownish mark on the side for two-thirds its length;

tarsi and basal half of toes orange yellow, remaining portion

and claws black.

Length about 33 inches; wing 114; tail 21; tarsus 13; mid-

dle toe and claw 14; bill 2.

Habitat.—Unknown.

It was bought from a dealer several years ago, who was under

the impression that it had been obtained somewhere in the

Pacific Ocean, but could give no information about it, except

that it had been brought in by a sailor.

I gave a short description of the above bird in Vol. IX. p.

886 of the Pacif. R. R. Reports, under P. flavirostris, as proba-

bly being that species in an abnormal stage of plumage; I was

Jed to this opinion, because a bird apparently the same is

figured by Reichenbach, Syst. Av. pl. 30, as flavirostis. I

had strong misgivings whether it was assigned its true position,

and whether it was not really a distinct species; my suspicion of

its being so, has been strengthened by the account of P. jlaviros-

tris given by J. L. Hurdis, Esq., in The “ Naturalist in Bermuda,”

1859, which states the plumage to be white, the male tinged

with carmine; great numbers were obtained, on one occasion

144 Description of a New Species of Bird, ke.

a small reward being offered for them, between forty and fifty

were brought alive, but none are mentioned as differing in

color. In the Spring of 1859, Dr. H. Bryant visited several

breeding stations in the Bahamas, an account of which he has

published in the Proe. of the Bost. Soc. of N. H. of Sep. last.

He also saw and obtained quite a number, which he states

agreed generally with my description of that species in the

Pacif. R. R. Report. He says the males and females do not

differ in appearance, and the different specimens “ varying only

in the shade of salmon, which is always deepest on the long tail-

feathers, and next on the back and hind neck.” This is proba-

bly the “carmine or roseate hue” spoken of in the Naturalist

in Bermuda, and which is no doubt evanescent shortly after

death, as there is no appearance of it in the specimens pre-

sented by Dr. B. to the Smithsonian Institution, where I lately

saw them, nor does it remain in my own specimen of jlaw-

rostris from Cuba, which appears to be fully adult. Dr. Bryant

in his description says, the white on the three outer primaries

diminishes in extent from the 1st to the 8d; this is so in my

specimen from Cuba, the white tip on the 1st primary being

but half an inch in extent, less on the next, and on the 8d the

black reaches the end; in the species now described, the light

colored ends of these three primaries are nearly alike, or about

one and a half inches in extent. Dr. Bryant examined the bird

now described (after his return from the Bahamas), and united

with me in the opinion of its distinctness from the species which

he obtained.

If jlawirostris ever attains the uniform salmon-colored

plumage of the bird now described, it surely would be when

adult and at the time of breeding; yet of the large numbers

procured at Bermuda and the Bahamas, none were similarly

colored.

The bill in the present species is narrower than that of fla-

virostris, and the upper tail coverts marked with black, which

are pure white in the one last named.

Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella and Pupa. 145

Meliopacdica castamecocauda.

Male. Front, crown, chin and a continuous line running

below and beyond the eye, black; a white line extends back-

ward from behind the eye, and borders on the black; the

upper plumage is grass-green; tail dark chesnut-red, as are

also the shafts, the lateral feathers are somewhat lighter in

color, the two central feathers have a margin of golden bronze

extending entirely around them, the other tail feathers have a

narrow edging of dull black encircling their ends; wings

purplish-brown; throat brilliant grass-green; sides and under

wing-coverts grass-green ; abdomen and nnder tail-coverts dull

rufous; tarsi clothed with pale rufous feathers; bill flesh-color

for three quarters its length, with the end black ; feet blackish-

brown.

Length 34 inches; alar extent 42; wing 2; tail 12; bill 4.

Habitat—Cape St. Lucas, South California.

Ltemarks.—This species is a near ally of HH. melanotis

Sw., but differs in the head being black instead of sapphire-

blue, in the green-plumage being of a much darker shade,

the abdomen rufous in place of grey, and in the dark chesnut

color of the tail, which is mostly black in melanotis.

The specimen belongs to the Museum of the Smithsonian

Institution, and was but lately received from Mr. John Xantus.

XIX.— Descriptions of New Sprctes of the Genera

ACHATINELLA, and PuPa.

By W. Newcoms, M.D., of Oakland, Cal., Corresponding Member.

: Read April 9th, 1860.

Achatinella Kauaiensis, mov. sp.

T. imperforata, dextrorsa, trochiformi, solidé, valide striaté et decus-

sata, superne nigro-fusca, carina et basi albo-luted ; sutura crenulata ;

146 Descriptions of New Species of Achatinella and Pupa.

anfr. 7 plano convexis, ultimo in medio valde chordato-carinato; apertura

irregulariter quadrataé ; columella brevi, tortuosa, uniplicata.

Shell imperforate, dextral, trochiform, solid, strongly striated

and decussated, above blackish-brown, the carina and base

dirty-white colored, suture crenulated ; 7 whorls, flatly convex,

the last with a cord-like keel in the middle; aperture irregu-

larly quadrate ; columella short, twisted, with one fold.

Long. %,, lat. 3 poll. Aperturz long. ,,, lat. 52 poll.

fHabitat.—Kauai, Ins. Sandwich.

My cabinet, and cabinets of Rev. E. Johnson and Rev. Mr.

Rowell.

Remarks.—For this interesting species the scientific world

is indebted to the researches of the Rev. E. Johnson, of Waoli,

Kauai.

It belongs to the same group as A. obesa Nob. and A.

melanosis Nob., but the size is so much greater, as to induce a

hope that further research will develope intermediate species.

Pup2a Rowellii, mov. sp.

T. perforata, oblongo-ovata, corneo-eastanea, nitida, pellucida, subtiliter

striata ; apice obtusa; anfr. 5 convexis; apertura truncato-ovata, denti-

bus 4 instructé, 1 prominente, plicato, ad columellam, 3 in faucem

profunde immersis ; perist. vix reflexo.

Shell perforate, oblong-ovate, dark horn colored, shining,

translucent, finely striated ; apex obtuse; whorls 5, convex;

aperture truncately ovate, armed with 4 teeth, one prominent

and plicate on the columella, 3 deeply seated within the aper-

ture ; peristome slightly reflected.

Long. 2, lat. 1 mill.

Habitat.—Near Oakland, California.

On the Mollusca of Long Island. 147

My cabinet, and cabinet of Mr. Rowell.

Remarks.—This approaches nearest to P. ovata Say, from

which it differs, however, in many of its details. I am not

aware that any species of this Genus has heretofore been found

in this State.

I take pleasure in dedicating this species to the Rev. Mr.

Rowell of San Francisco, an active collector, and enthusiastic

conchologist.

A Ne en a ee ae aay Ge

XX.—On the Morrusca of Peconic and Gardiner’s Bays,

Long Island, New York.

By Sanperson SMITH.

Read December 5th, 1859.

Prcontc and Garprver’s Bays, which together indent the

extremity of Long Island to the depth of more than twenty

miles, offer especial advantages for the study of the Inverte-

brata of our Atlantic coast. Situated at the junction of the

“Atlantic and Boreal Molluscan Provinces of Forbes, they have

a greater proportion of species common to both than any other

locality with which I am acquainted. Out of the 96 species,

excluding Tunicata, occurring in the bays, 62 or 64°6 per cent.

pass Cape Cod, and including five species found about Mon-

tauk Point, but not in the bays, the proportion for the east end of

Long Island becomes 67 out of 101, or 66-3 per cent. Stimpson

gives only 27 other species as found on both sides of the Cape,

making the entire number 94, of which 71°3 per cent. occur in

the bays and around Montauk Pt.

Of the 96 species of the Bays, 1 is a Cephalopod, 45 Proso-

branchs, 1 Pulmonifer, 3 Tectibranchs, 1 Nudibranch, and 45

Lamellifers. Besides these, at least 18 or 19 species of Tunicata

exist, making the total number of Mollusca about 115.

148 On the Mollusca of Long Island.

Five species, Chemnitzia seminuda, C. bisuturalis, Mytilus

corrugatus, M. levigatus, and Leda sapotilla, have not before,

so far as I am aware, been found south of Cape Cod. Four

species, a Cwcum, a Rissoa, a Skenea, and an Aolis, besides

most of the Tunicata, appear to be undescribed. Thirty-five

species, Loligo wlecebrosa, diolis ———, Chemnitzia producta,

C. bisuturalis, Vermetus radicula, Cecum pulchellum, Caecum

, Skenea, , Rissoa , Lulima subangulata, Columbella

Gouldiana, Scalaria lineata, S. clathrus, Cerithiopsis Emersonit,

Cer. terebellum, Cerithium nigrocinctum, C. Greenit, Pleurotoma

cerinum, Natica pusilla (Say, non Gould), Anomea aculeata,

Mytilus decussatus, M. corrugatus, M. levigatus, Nucula

proxima, Leda limatula, L. sapotilla, Tellina tenta, Solecurtus

bidens, Solemya borealis, Cyprina Islandica, Cardita borealis,

Astarte mactracea, Montacuta bidentata, Cumingia tellinordes,

and Thracia Conradi, are either not mentioned at all, or only

doubtfully, by Dekay, as New York species. Col. Gouldiana,

Solemya borealis, and Thracia Conradi, may still be considered

doubtful, as only worn specimens or fragments were obtained.

Five species, Astarte castanea, Cyprina Islandica, Mesodesma

arclatum, Purpura lapillus, and Buccinum undatum, were

found about Montauk Pt, but not in the Bays. <A closer

examination and the use of the dredge around Montauk Pt.

would probably very largely increase the list of species belong-

ing to the eastern extremity of Long Island.

With this brief summary, and premising that my dredging

researches have been almost entirely confined to the immediate

neighborhood of Greenport, at the junction of the two bays, I

commence a short account of the species found, with notes on

the animals of some of them.

Cephalopoda.

1. Loligo ilecebrosa Lesueur. Very abundant and large. In

some specimens the pen is nearly a foot long. ‘The spawn

On the Mollusca of Long Island. 149

occurs sometimes in very large masses. In June or July, 1858,

I saw on the beach near Southold, in Peconic Bay, a heap

eighteen inches or two feet in diameter, which must have been

the product of a large number of individuals. Other smaller

heaps were to be seen around. I have never seen‘the species

so abundant as on the day that this.was observed. More than

a thousand, some of the largest size, were lying within a very

small space, having been drawn up inaseine. They appear

to prey upon each other, as I have found the jaws and eyes of

small ones in the stomach of a larger individual. Another had

several fragments of eelgrass (Zostera marina) in its stomach.

The lingual ribbon is about half an inch long in individuals of

the ordinary size.

Prosobranchiata.

2. Ranella caudata Say. Moderately abundant. On sandy

and pebbly bottoms—to 4 to 10 fathoms. Generally smaller

than Gould states, in the Bay, but those from the Sound are

frequently an inch long. The animal has the lower surface of

the foot yellowish white; upper surface translucent yellowish

white, thickly mottled with opaque yellow. Foot square in

front and obtusely pointed behind: about three-eighths the

length of the shell. Upper surface of the body, as well as the

tentacles, translucent white, thickly mottled with opaque white.

Tentacles short and thick, bearing the black eyes on their outer

sides at about three-fourths their length, and diminishing sud-

denly in thickness beyond them. This description is principally

drawn from a single specimen, for though I have kept many of

them alive, and sometimes for a week or two at a time, I have

very rarely succeeded in seeing any part of the animal but the

bottom and edge of the foot.

3. Pyrula carica Brug. Abundant and large. Seven

inches is a common length, and I have seen it eight inches

long. The spawn of this, as well as of the following species, is

150 On the Mollusca of Long Island.

found in a fresh state both in the spring and autumn. The

state of development was not particularly noted in spring (in

April), but as far as my recollection goes, it did not differ

materially from that of specimens taken early in November,

and was far less advanced than in those collected about the 1st

of Feb., appearing to indicate that the animal spawns twice a

year. In spawn of the two species, taken at the same time and

in the same locality, about the 6th of November, this species

was only about one-tenth of an inch long, whilst P. canalicu-

lata was of twice that length, and much more developed. A

corresponding difference was to be seen in specimens obtained

about Feb. Ist, though their respective sizes were then more

than doubled. The membranous cases, containing the ova,

are, in this species, sharp-edged, and marked with about a

dozen radiating ridges on the sides; whilst P. canaliculata has

the sides smooth and parallel, connected by a membrane an

eighth of an inch wide, crossed by twelve or fifteen ribs. The

lingual ribbons of both species are nearly three inches long ;

containing, in this species, about 130 rows of teeth. Low water

to 10 faths. At the latter depth I have never dredged it more

than half an inch long alive.

4. Pyrula canaliculata Brug. Abundant and generally -

larger than Dekay and Gould state. Seven inches is a common

length, and I have found them considerably larger. I have

never found it here in water more than a few feet deep.

5. Buccinum plicosum Menke. Moderately abundant and

large. High water to 10 faths.

6. Massa obsoleta Say. Very abundant. Littoral.

7. Nassa trivittata Say. Abundant. The three bands of

color are generally present. Specimens from the mouth of

Napeague Harbor, which is, however, a little beyond the strict

limits of Gardiner’s Bay, and exposed to a somewhat. heavier

surf, are almost invariably highly colored and conspicuously

banded. I have a dead specimen from here nearly an inch

long. The animal is much lighter colored than that of the pre-

On the Mollusca of Long Island. 151

ceding species, the upper surface being covered with small

slate-colored spots on a nearly white ground. Foot white

below, nearly as long as the shell, horned in front, and with

two tentacular filaments behind; whilst in V. obsoleta it is

bluntly pointed behind, and not so narrow. ‘Tentacles about

one-third the length of the shell, bearing the black eyes on

their upper side, at the first third of their height, and narrow-

ing suddenly beyond them. Trunk mottled like body, capable

of being extended half the length of the shell beyond it. — 2

to 10 faths.

8. Columbella avara Say. Moderately abundant. Low water

(on piles of a pier), to 10 faths.

9. Columbella Gouldiana Agassiz. Several dead specimens,

considered by Mr. Wm. Cooper to belong to this species,

occurred amongst accumulations of Cerithiwm Sayi, and Venus

gemma.

10. Oolumbella lunata Sowerby. Moderately abundant. The

animal has a conspicuous grey siphon, more than half the

length of the shell. Foot white below, very narrow, capable

of being extended to the full length of the shell. Eyes near

base of tentacles. When in confinement, it often floats at the

surface of the water with the foot upwards. Very active. In

mud and sand from low water to 10 faths. Numerous speci-

mens were found in November crawling on Zubularia laryne

attached to the piles of a pier, below low water mark, in com-

pany with Q. avara, Cerithium Greenii, C. nigrocinctumn,

C. Sayi, Nassa trivittata, NV. obsoleta, and Littorina rudis.

11. Pleurotoma cerinum Kurtz & Stimp. Rare. Only dead

shells found.

12. Pleurotoma plicatum Adams. Not so rare as the pre-

ceding. The animal has the foot white below, not very nar-

row, capable of being extended to two-thirds the length of the

shell. Tentacles short, bearing the eyes near their extremity,

and suddenly narrowing beyond. Siphon yellowish, short. In

two faths. mud, and dead amongst accumulations of Cer. Say?, ete.

APRIL, 1860. HL Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hist. Vou. VII.

152 On the Mollusca of Long Island.

13. Watica heros Say. Rare and very small in the Bays.

On the Sound, only a mile or two distant, both this and the

following species are very abundant, and commonly more than

three inches in diameter. On the south side of Montauk Point

fragments of specimens four or five inches in diameter are com-

mon. — to 4 to10 faths.

14. Natica duplicata Say. [are and very small.—to 3

to 10 faths. .

15. Watica triseriata Say. Moderately abundant and rather

large. 2 to 10 faths.

16. Natica pusilla Say, non Gould. Thirty or forty living

specimens of the same species dredged by Messrs. Prime &

Stimpson in Buzzard’s Bay, and by Lt. Kurtz in S. Carolina,

were dredged on one octasion in four or five faths. sand in

Gardiner’s Bay. Dead specimens had previously occurred,

rarely, in the Bays.

17. Natica immaculata Totten. A few dead specimens.

Several very large ones were found about Napeague Point, just

outside of the southern extremity of Gardiner’s Bay.

18. Hulima subangulata Stimpson? Fight or ten dead

specimens dredged at various times in ten faths.

19. Chemnitzia producta Stumpson. Rare. Only dead speci-

mens among accumulations of Cer. Sayi, Venus gemma, &e.

20. Ohemnitzia fusca Stimpson. Rare. Found with pre-

ceding.

21. Chemnitzia seminuda Stimpson. Numerous specimens

dredged in two faths. mud.

22. Chemnitzia bisuturalis Stimpson. Rare. Animal white.

Foot about half the length of the shell. Tentacles short and

thick, about quarter the length of the shell. Eyes black, be-

tween bases of tentacles. Under stones at low water mark.

23. Chemnitzia trifida Stimpson. Moderately abundant at

low water mark under stones, and on the inside of dead valves

of Pecten irradians, together with the preceding species, and

Cer. Sayi. The animal is entirely white. Tentacles about

On the Mollusca of Long Island. 153

quarter the length of the shell, regularly tapered, not very

slender. Eyes minute, between and a little behind the ten-

tacles. Foot rounded behind, expanded and horned in front,

about half the length of the shell. ,

24. Ohemnitzia interrupta Stimpson. On two different occa-

sions, half a dozen living, and two or three times as many dead

specimens were dredged in four or five faths. sand. Numerous

living’ specimens occurred in two fathoms mud on one occasion.

A few other dead specimens occurred in other dredgings. All

the larger specimens had twelve or thirteen whorls, whilst Gould

gives only eight or ten, probably describing from young speci-

mens. The largest were about .35 inch in length.

25. Scalaria clathrus Linn. One dead specimen picked up

on the beach.

26. Scalaria lineata Say. Two dead specimens.

27. Cerithium Sayi Menke. Extremely abundant. At low

water mark, under stones, and in the hollow of dead shells, with

Chemnitzta trifida. Also in mud at two faths. Great accu-

mulations of dead shells are often found in sheltered situations,

containing many of the rarer species, as Columbella lunata, C.

Gouldiana, Pleurotoma plicatum, P. cerinum, Chemnitzia pro-

ducta, CO. fusca, C. trifida, Cerithiopsis Emersonii, Cer. tere-

bellum, Acteon punctostriata, Bulla canaliculata, &c., besides

many specimens of Venus gemma and Rissoa minuta. The

animal is greyish-black. Foot dark grey above, greyish-yellow

below, narrow, rather more than one-third the length of the

shell. Muzzle white. Tentacles white, with black bands. Eyes

black, at outer bases of tentacles. When in confinement, the

animal frequently floats with the foot upwards, like Colwmbella

lunata.

28. Oerithium nigrocinctum Adams. Rare. Low water to

ten faths. |

29. Cerithium Greenii Adams. Rare. At low water mark

on Tubularia laryna, attached to piles. (See Colwmbella lunata.)

30. Cerithiopsis Hmersonit Stuempson. Moderately abundant,

154 On the Mollusca of Long Island.

four to ten faths. Animal white. Eyes near base of tentacles,

‘prominent. Foot about quarter the length of the shell. Very

active.

31. Cerithiopsis terebellum Stimpson. Moderately abundant.

4 to 10 faths. Very active.

32. Cecum pulchellum Stimpson. Several hundred speci-

mens were obtained from the fine sand which passed through

the sieve, in examining the refuse of a dredging made several

weeks before in ten faths., on a bottom of broken shells. Many

of them appeared perfectly fresh, and were probably alive

when dredged. I have since found it in the fine sand from

almost every deep dredging; though, from its minuteness, I

have never succeeding in getting it except from the dried sand,

and have consequently been unable to examine the animal, so

as to ascertain whether it differs from Mr. Stimpson’s species,

which he appears to suspect may be the case.

33. Caecum Coopert (n. s.). Two specimens were dredged

in four or five faths. sand, in the northern part of Gardiner’s

Bay. The shell belongs to the section “ Elephantulum” of the

Genus Coecum, as divided by Carpenter. It has about twenty-

four somewhat rounded longitudinal ribs or liree, crossed by

numerous rings, rather obscure about the middle of the shell,

but very distinet at the two extremities, where the longitudinal

ribs become indistinct. There is a slight constriction near the

mouth of the shell, which swells out again beyond it. Plug

mucronate, with the apex inclining to the left, when looking at

the back of the shell. The lateral profile is concave, rising

rapidly towards the back. Operculum concave. Length .13 in.

width in middle .035 in. The shell is white, not very thin, and

moderately curved. In possessing both longitudinal ribs and

rings this species resembles Cecwm (Hlephantulum) plicatum

of Carpenter, from the West Indies, which, however, is smaller,

and appears, by the description, to have a much longer plug,

symmetrically placed on the end of the shell. I have named

the species in honor of Mr. Wm. Cooper, of Hoboken, to whose

On the Moliusea of Long Island. 155

aid I have so often been indebted in the preparation of this

paper.

34. Vermetus radicula Stimpson. Only the tip of a single

specimen occurred.

35. Lettorina rudis Gould. Very abundant. Animal white

or greyish above, head dark brownish grey, becoming bright

red or purple at each pulsation. Tentacles of same color, short

and blunt, bearing the eyes on bulgings at their outer bases.

Muzzle large and prominent. Foot white below, about two-

thirds the length of the shell, broad, rounded at both ends,

grooved along the middle.

36. Lettorina littoralis Forbes & Hanley. Not so abundant

as the preceding. There appear to be at least two species in-

cluded under this name, the shells of which appear to have no

invariable marks of distinction, both having most of the varie-

ties of color ascribed by Gould to the species. The animal,

however, is in one whitish or yellowish, with yellow or orange

head; and in the other, the head and tentacles vary from dark

grey to jet black, the darkest shades being the commonest.

This second variety or species is three or four times as abun-

dant as the other. If this should not prove te be a sexual

difference, which J] think is hardly probable, though I have

been unable to completely satisfy myself on the subject, the

original name might be retained for the first species, which cor-

responds most nearly with Gould’s description of the animal,

whilst I would propose for the second the name of Z. Peconica,

from the locality in which it occurs. I subjoin more detailed

descriptions.

Littorina littoralis.. Animal white to light reddish yellow.

Head reddish orange, becoming deeper at each pulsation. Ten-

tacles lighter, about quarter the length of the shell, blunt,

bearing the eyes on bulgings at their outer bases. Foot

rounded at both ends, translucent white below, with the ante-

_vior edge opaque white; about two-thirds the length of the

shell.

156 On the Mollusca of Long Island.

Littorina Peconica. Animal dark grey to black above.

Head and upper surface of tentacles jet black. Tentacles about

quarter the length of the shell, blunt, bearing the black eyes

at their outer bases on bulgings of a lighter color. Foot half to

two-thirds the length of the shell, translucent white below,

with the anterior edge opaque white; rounded at both ends,

and grooved below, more distinctly than the preceding. When

the shell is closed, the dark upper surface, showing through

the transparent operculum, gives the appearance of a yellow

centre, formed by the attachment of the operculum, nearly sur-

rounded by a wide black band; and this affords an easy method

of distinguishing this species or variety from the preceding, in

which, when closed, the operculum appears uniformly yellow.

The shell is indistinguishable from the preceding, presenting

almost all the varieties of color and marking ascribed by Gould

to L. palliata. Found with the preceding on and under sea-

weed, but much more abundant.

37. Lacuna vineta Turton. Littoral and laminarian. Mode-

rately abundant. The variety fusca is about as abundant as

the striped variety, but appears to attain a larger size. The

animal has a foot about two-thirds the length of the shell,

rounded at both ends, not very narrow, dull white below. The

white edge of the operculigerous lobe, with its lateral wings,

forms a fringe around the posterior two-thirds of the foot. The

tentacular filaments of the operculigerous lobe are about half

as long as the tentacles. Tentacles white, long and pointed,

bearing the black eyes on very short pedicels at their outer

bases. Upper surface of head reddish-brown, extremity of

muzzle much lighter. Upper surface of body, and operculige-

rous lobe, white, dotted with grey. Specimens taken in Novem-

ber, feeding on green alge, had all the upper surface, except

the back of the head and foot, light green, attaining a bright

emerald green at the edges of the operculigerous lobe, near the

operculum. The shell also, in some specimens, was distinetly

green in some parts by transmitted light. The shell is generally

On the Mollusca of Long Island. 157

loaded with vegetation, sometimes of twenty times its own bulk,

and I at first supposed that the color of the shell was due to a

film of this, but such does not appear to be the case. [The

same circumstance was noticed in some specimens of Zectura

testudinalis, taken at the same time, in which the shell was

distinctly green by transmitted light, though the animal ap-

peared colorless.] Among specimens taken in the beginning

of February from the same locality, were several which had

the upper surface of the body, as well as the tentacles, dark

grey to jet black. In these, as well as the light colored ones,

the green tint was visible along the edges of the operculigerous

lobe, as in those taken in November. Circumstances prevented

any examination of the question of the correspondence of these

differences with sexual distinctions. This species appears to

exclusively inhabit very shallow water here, as I have never

found it alive in dredging, and very rarely dead.

38. Lissoa minuta Stimpson. Extremely abundant dead, in

some localities mixed with Venus gemma. Found alive, rarely,

under stones at low water mark, and abundantly in mud at

two fathoms.

39. Rissoa Stimpsoni (n. s.?). Shell thin, rather dark brown.

Divergence about 24°. Whorls seven, very convex, separated

by a very deep suture, and distinctly wrinkled by the lines of

growth. Apex obtuse. Aperture oval, nearly one-third the

length of the shell. Length -23 in., of which the first whorl

occupies rather more than one half. Only two specimens were

found. Mr. Stimpson thinks it new, but suggests that it may

possibly be a giant form of 2. minuta, which it resembles in

form, though darker colored and much larger.

40. Skenea (n. s.?). About 2; of an inch long. Mr. Stimp-

son thinks it new. Only one specimen was found, which is in

a state that will hardly admit of a satisfactory description.

41. Calyptrea striata Say. Only one dead specimen was

picked up on one of the beaches in Gardiner’s Bay. About

Montauk Point a number of specimens were found, though it

158 On the Mollusca of Long Island.

appears to be a rare shell. One specimen obtained here much

exceeded the dimensions stated by De Kay, having a length of

1°35 and breadth of 1:2 inches, with a height of 0°43 in. The

shell, as found here, is much less elevated than De Kay’s descrip-

tion gives an idea of, though, as the figure does not appear to

correspond, there may perhaps be a typographical error in the

height given. The figure, however, represents a more elevated

shell than any specimens I have found here. Specimens from

Eastport, Maine, have about the same proportions as ours. As

suggested by Mr. Stimpson, in his “ Invertebrata of Grand

Manan,” this may probably form a new species.

42. Crepidula fornicata Lamarck. The most abundant shell

of the bays, occurring in multitudes at every depth, and on

almost every bottom from low water mark to ten fathoms, and

even on a bottom of dead shells, where hardly anything else is

found alive. The animal varies very much in color. The

lower surface of the head, and both surfaces of the foot, are

generally, in adults, yellowish white to light reddish yellow,

the head being lightest. Sometimes, however, they are cov-

ered with a grey or black pigment, and in this case the tenta-

cles are generally grey or black also. These differences do not

appear to depend upon sex, as the black horn-shaped male

genital organ, on the right side of the head, is found in some

individuals of all tints. (In one black individual, this organ

was white.) Neither does it appear to depend on age, though

the young are generally dark colored. The shells of both

varieties are exactly alike, and both generally occur in almost

every group that may be picked up. Upper side of the head

black. Tentacles thick and blunt, bearing the eyes on bulg-

ings at their outer bases. Muzzle tipped with opaque white,

deeply cleft. Mantle black, with a wide border of translucent

white or yellowish, mottled with opaque white. Gill very

large, nearly white, but appearing grey from the black mantle

beneath. Anus white, on right side, near front of the foot.

The horn-shaped male organ is about as long as the tentacles.

On the Mollusca of Long Island. 159

The foot has an appendage in front, slightly horned, which can

be extended as far as the base of the tentacles.

43. Crepidula convexa Say. Abundant. Low water to 10

fathoms. Animal dark grey, except the tentacles and end of

muzzle, which are white.

44. Crepidula unguiformis Lamarck. Abundant. Low

water to 10 faths. Grows to the length of 1,3, inches, and is

frequently very rough-looking, appearing like small oysters.

Specimens from the upper side of large stones are extremely

thin and smooth. The animal is white.

45, Tectura testudinalis Gray. Moderately abundant. Low

water. The animal is white. Foot regularly elliptical. Ten-

tacles very long and slender, nearly two-thirds the length of

the shell. Eyes sessile at outer bases of tentacles, and a little

beneath them. Gill white, about one-fifth the length of the

shell. Head rounded, showing the brown horny jaw in the

centre. The fringed margin of the mantle extends beyond the

shell all round. The shell does not attain a large size here, the

longest having a length of seven-tenths of an inch, and few

exceeding half an inch.

46. Chiton apiculatus Say. Moderately abundant. Four

to ten fathoms.

Pulmonifera.

47. Melampus corneus Stimpson. Very abundant.

Tectibranchiata.

48. Acteon punctostriata Stimpson. Rare. Dead specimens

occur amongst the accumulations of Cerithiwm Say?, and Venus

gemma.

49. Bulla solitaria Say. Rare. In mud at two fathoms,

with Rissoa minuta, and Venus gemma. Animal light grey-

ish, spotted with light grey.

50. Bulla canaliculata Gould. Not so rare as preceding

160 On the Mollusca of Long Island.

species. Alive in two fathoms mud. A good many specimens

obtained from accumulations of C. Say2, ete.

Nudibranchiata.

51. Lolis vermiferus (n. s.). One specimen was found at

low water mark, on the 17th of November. It was half an inch

long. Back greyish white, thickly spotted with greenish grey,

with a deep orange colored spot between the oral tentacles, a

second long and narrow one, wider in the middle, extending

from the dorsal tentacles to the first clusters of papille, and

a third between the first and second clusters, having the form

of an isosceles triangle with hollowed sides, whose base line, of

a deeper orange, was on the median line of the back, and the

apex was situated on the side, half way between the upper and

lower surfaces. Under the tentacles, on the left side, another

orange line existed. The anterior half of the lower surface was

white, the posterior half light salmon color, showing through

the foot. Foot long, narrow, white, nearly transparent, pointed

behind, and horned in front. Tentacles four, the oral the

longest. Eight clusters of papille, with four or five in each

cluster, transparent white, filled with dark grey, apparently

foecal matter; very irregular in diameter and length. The

name I propose alludes to the worm-like appearance of these

bunches of grey papille.

Lamellibranchiata.

52. Ostrea borealis Lamarck. Ihave been assured by the fish-

ermen that the oyster is indigenous to some parts of the Bays,

but I have only once found it under such circumstances as to

render it probable that the specimens were not introduced ones.

In the eastern part of Peconic Bay I found an extensive bed of

dead shells of very large size, perforated throughout by boring

sponges.

' On the Mollusca of Long Island. 161

53. Anomia ephippium Linn. and varieties electrica and

squamula. Extremely abundant. Low water to ten fathoms.

54. Anomia aculeata Gmelin. A number of specimens were

obtained from the roots of large seaweeds, brought up by stones,

together with Saxicava distorta, and Mytilus edulis.

55. Pecten irradians Lamarck. Extremely abundant. In

winter I have seen ridges a foot high, of the living shells, driven

up by a storm, lining the shore for long distances. The finely-

colored and rayed varieties are also extremely abundant. Low

water to tliree or four fathoms.

56. Mytilus decussatus Mont.=Modiola glandula. A few

dead specimens were dredged in Gardiner’s Bay.

57. Mytilus corrugatus Stimpson=Modiola discors Gould

non Angl. fide Stimpson. One living specimen dredged in

about five fathoms mud.

58. Mytilus levigatus Stimpson= Modiola lbsee epans Could.

One fresh valve found with the preceding.

59. Mytilus edulis Linn. Not abundant. Littoral.

60. Mytilus modiolus Linn. Abundant — to ten fathoms.

61. Mytilus plicatulus Deshayes. Abundant. Littoral.

62. Arca transversa Say. Abundant. Three to ten faths.

68. Arca pexata Say. Tare.

64. Nucula proxima Say. Abundant. Two to ten faths.

65. Leda limatula Sttmpson. Rare. Two to five faths. mud.

66. Leda sapotilla Stimpson. Frare and small. Three faths.

mud.

67. Solemya velum Say. Fare. Two to ten faths. mud and

sand. Once, in winter, when the ice which had fringed the

shore disappeared, a very great number of unusually large ones,

containing the animal, were found floating at the water’s edge

on a mud-flat where only one or two fathoms water existed for a

long distance out, and where I have only once succeeded in

dredging a fewevery small ones. The animal is extremely

active.

68. Solemya borealis Totten. A fragment of a Solemya,

162 On the Mollusca of Long Island.

much longer than the preceding species, blackish brown out-

side, and lead color inside, I refer, with some doubt, to this

species.

69. Cardita borealis Conrad. A few very small dead speci-

mens were dredged, at different times, in Gardiner’s Bay.

70. Cardium Mortoni Conrad. Extremely abundant in the

mouths of creeks and on shallow flats, from low water mark to

two faths. The markings are finer and more varied than I

have ever seen in specimens from other localities, some speci-

mens being entirely of a dark fawn color, whilst others are com-

pletely white. The zigzag markings frequently occur in great

perfection, even on specimens of the largest size. Specimens

sometimes occur entirely devoid of the internal purple blotch,

which Dr. Gould states to be the only invariable mark of dis-

tinction from Card. levigatum of the West Indies. The

species is most abundant and finest in a long narrow bay on

Shelter Island, which divides the two bays, now called Cocle’s

Harbor, but which, on an old map of Long Island, I find called

Cockle Harbor, probably from the abundance of this shell. The

animal is white and has short conical siphons, each marked with

a circle of brown spots. The foot can be extended to three

times the length of the shell. The siphonal extremity is fringed

with numerous cirri, which extend a good deal beyond the

shell.

71. Cardium pinnulatum Conrad. Several dead pairs and

single valves (very fresh) were dredged on two occasions in

Gardiner’s Bay, and a single very small dead pair in Peconic

Bay.

72. Astarte mactracea Linsley. Dead pairs and single valves

are abundant in every dredging from five to ten faths. but I

have never obtained it alive.

73. Venus mercenaria Linn. Moderately abundant.

74. Venus gemma Totten. Very abundant. (See remarks

on Lissoa minuta and Cerithium Sayi.) Alive in two faths.

mud, with Cer, Sayz, Nassa obsoleta, Mactra lateralis, and great

On the Mollusca of Long Island. 163

numbers of J2¢ssow minuta, and compound Ascidians in a large

salt-water pond, communicating with the bay only during

storms.

75. Oytherea convena Say. One dead valve was dredged in

Gardiner’s Bay. On the south side of Montauk Pt., dead

valves are not uncommon.

76. Petricola dactylus Say. Father rare.

TT. Petricola pholadiformis Lamarck. Much rarer than the

preceding.

78. Mactra lateralis Say. Rare. Two faths. mud. Five or

six faths. sand.

79. Mactra solidissima Chemnitz. Alive, rarely, in sand at

ten faths. but not more than two inches long. Dead valves are

not uncommon in deep water, but I have never found them

more than three inches long; whilst around Montauk Pt. I

have obtained it seven inches long.

80. Kellia planulata Stimpson. Rare. A few specimens

were found alive at low water mark in mud, and a few dredged

in four to six faths. mud.

81. Montacuta elevata Stimpson. Only one valve found.

82. Tellina tenera Say. Moderately abundant. ‘Two to

eight fathoms generally in sand, though sometimes in mud.

When placed on the surface of sand in a basin of salt-water, it

soon extends its foot, and by a single effort jerks itself upright,

and then, with two or sometimes three strokes, completely

buries itself.

83. Tellina tenta Say. Less abundant than the preceding

species. In sand at six faths., and mud at two faths.

84. Tellina fusca Phil. Abundant dead, and rare alive in

mud near low water mark in a large shallow salt water pond,

communicating freely with the Bay. The specimens were

white, yellow, pink and bluish in about equal proportions, were

very thin, and averaged three quarters ot an inch in diameter.

Also dredged, rarely, in sand at six faths., very small and light

pink.

164 On the Mollusca of Long Island.

85. Cumingia tellinoides Conrad. Single valves are very

abundant in every dredging on sandy or shelly ground, from

ten fathoms up to five, but I have only twice found it contain-

ing the animal. One of these was in mud, at low water mark

(in the same pond as Tellina fusca), and was much thicker and

shorter than any others I have seen; but Mr. Wm. Cooper is of

opinion that it is merely a distorted specimen, perhaps from the

influx of fresh water. |

86. Solen ensis Linn. Not very abundant.

87. Solecurtus bidens Forbes & Hanley. One or two dead

specimens.

88. Mya arenaria Linn. Extremely abundant.

89. Corbula contracta Say. Tolerably abundant dead (fre-

quently with the valves united), at every depth from ten faths.

up, but I have never obtained a living specimen.

90. Anatina papyracea Say. Dredged, very rarely, in three

to five faths. muddy sand, in Gardiner’s Bay. ° |

91. Cochlodesma Leanum Couthouy. A few specimens were

dredged in three fathoms sand, and dead valves occasionally

occur at all depths. After a violent easterly gale, a large num-

ber of fine specimens, containing the animal, were picked up

on the eastern side of Napeague Pt., together with numerous

specimens of Pandora trilineata, Petricola dactylus, P. phola-

diformis, &e.

92. Lyonsia hyalina Conrad. Dredged, rarely, from six

faths. upwards, generally in sand. Once, after a violent storm,

very numerous and fine specimens were driven up on a beach

facing an extensive mud flat; and on another beach, also facing

a large mud flat, a few specimens, containing the animal, occur

after almost every south-east storm.

93. Thracia Conradi Couthouy. A single valve, doubtfully

referred to this species by Mr. Wm. Cooper, was dredged in

ten fathoms.

94. Pandora trilineata Say. Father rare in the Bays.

Dredged in from two to six faths. Great numbers, containing

On the Mollusca of Long Island. 165

the animal, were thrown up on Napeague Pt. after an easterly

gale. (See Coch. Leanum.)

95. Saxicava distorta Say. A few specimens are occasion-

ally thrown up on the beach, attached to the roots of fuci.

96. Zeredo (probably dilatata Stimpson). Tare; in piles

from a pier.

Tumnicata.

Both the simple and compound Ascidians are very numerous.

I have prepared descriptions of a large number of species, most

of which, so far as I can ascertain, are undescribed, at least

from the American side of the Atlantic; but as I have not yet

been able to fully satisfy myself as to those which are identical

with described species, I think it safer, for the present, to defer

describing or naming those which I suppose to be new. The

genera noticed are Ascidium, Molgula, Cynthia, Botryllus,

Botrylloides? Didemnium, Aplydium, and Amorcecium or its

subgenus Parascidium; and the number of species is at least

eighteen or nineteen, and I am disposed to think, much greater.

(Norr.) The remarks as to size, depth at which dredged, &c.,

annexed to each species in this paper, refer, unless otherwise

stated, only to the species as occurring within the strict limits

of the two bays named. Remarks as to size, &c., in the neigh-

boring waters, are, in a number of instances, added.

The extreme depth of water in Peconic Bay is ten or eleven

fathoms. Gardiner’s Bay is a good deal shallower, there being

few places where more than five fathoms can be found.

For determinations of most of the species about which I have

felt any doubt, as well as for much other assistance, I am in-

debted to Mr. Wm. Cooper of Hoboken, and to Mr. Stimpson

of Washington.

I have adopted, without exception, the names of Mr. Stimp-

son’s “Synonymy of the Shells of New England,” not having

had sufficient opportunity to acquaint myself with the more

recent changes in nomenclature.

166 On the Mollusca of Long Island.

I subjoin a table giving the formations in which the shells

occur as fossils, as well as the Geographical Range of the living

shell. In this I have included all the other shells which are

found from Stonington to Cape Cod; so as to comprise in it

all the species of the extreme north of the Atlantic Molluscan

Province. This table is of course very far from being complete,

but may serve to give an idea of the Geographical and Geolo-

gical relations of the Fauna. The principal authorities em-

ployed have been “ Forbes on the Geological Relations of the

Existing Fauna and Flora of the British Isles,” Mr. McAndrew’s

reports on dredging, Dawson & Lyell’s papers on the Canadian

Glacial beds, Mr. Bell’s catalogue of the shells of Canada,

Stimpson’s “Shells of New England,” Lyell’s papers on Ameri-

can Miocene deposits, Tuomey & Holmes’ Post Pliocene Fossils

of South Carolina, Tuomey’s Geological Report on South Carolina,

Mr. Kurtz’s list of the shells of North and South Carolina, and

many of Conrad’s papers in Silliman’s Journal, and the Journal

of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

Eleven species occur in the Post Pliocene of Florida, all

except one of which are already known to exist as far south, or

may probably be found there hereafter. AZytilus edulis is marked

by Conrad as fossil from St. John’s River, FIl., but does not

occur in Kurtz’s list of N. Carolina and 8. Carolina shells.

Thirty-nine species occur in the Post Pliocene of South Caro-

lina, three of which, Leda limatula, Thracia truncata, and

Natica heros, 1 can find no mention of as recent shells so far

south, whilst Cardiwm Mortoni, though said by Conrad to be

abundant in Florida, does not occur in Kurtz’s N. C. and 8. C.

lists, and is considered by Tuomey & Holmes as probably fossil

only in South Carolina.

Vermetus radicula is fossil in North Carolina, and recent in

Florida, and Cytherea convewa is fossil in N. Carolina, and

though occurring in Kurtz’s recent list, is marked there as very

probably fossil only.

In the Glacial Beds of Canada seventeen species occur, in-

(NAMES)

*Loligo illecebrosa........|...-

*Ranella caudata........./....

MEV TULA CHIGB s.2.c14 2 xis ac seis 0

*Pyrula canaliculata....../....

*Buccinum plicosum......|....

*Buccinum undatum......|...-

*Nassa obsoleta........../.-.-

*Nassa. trivittata.........)...-

DUAMEM NADCK: asc lepiis'e wlerctele [es 8

“Purpura lapillus:........|.---

Tritonium pygmeum...,.|....

Mangelia pyramidalis.....)....

*Columbella avara......

Florida.

Post Pliocene, Tampa Bay,

Post Pliocene, St. John’s

River, Florida.

| | Post Plioe

lina,

ene, South Caro-

Post Pliocene, North Caro-

lina

irginia.

| = | Post’ Pligcens, Vi

| o | Glacial Beds, Canada.

eeee

| — | Drift of Scandinavia,

| oo | Drift of Russia.

cS *

Drift of England.

Drift of Scotland.

LOT) ae

* cS

|g | Dritt of retana,

ferous Crag (Eng-

Vana

| = | Mammali

*Skenea, n, 6,

Red Crag (England). —

Miocene of North Carolina.

Miocene of Virginia.

Miocene of Maryland.

Coraline Crag (England),

| Recent in Europe.

leeaae

.|Whole Coast of New England.

. Florida to Buzzard’s Bay.

.|Florida to Cape Cod.

lorida to Cape Cod.

é Seta to ne Bay. Baik: 3

nnecticnt, Arctic Seas, Ochotsk, British Ch 1, Sivily #

.|Florida to Gulf of St, Lawrence. a

Georgia to Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Aspinwall to Cape Cod.

‘South Carolina to Cape Cod.

South Carolina to New Bedford.

‘South Carolina to Buzzard’s Bay.

. |New Jersey to Guif of St. Lawrence.

. South Carolina to Buzzard’s Bay.

. .|Whole Coast of New England,

. [Florida to Massachusetts Bay.

..|Whole Coast of New England.

. .|—— North to Greenport.

.-|—— North to Buzzard’s Bay.

— North to Boston Harbor.

uth Carolina to Massachusetts Bay and northwards,

‘South Carolina? to Massachusetts Bay.

New York to Buzzard’s Bay.

South Carolina to Greenport.

South Carolina to Buzzard’s Bay,

... South Carolina to Buzzard’s Bay.

..'North Carolina to Cape Cod.

. ./South Carolina to Buzzard’s Bay.

. ./South Carolina to Boston Harbor.

. South Carolina to Buzzard's Bay.

. South Carolina to Buzzard’s Bay.

. .|New Bedford and Greenport.

. .|Greenport.

..|Florida to Buzzard's Bay,

New York to Greenland, Nova Zembla, North of Spain, Black Sea.

—— New York to Greenland, Mediterranean, Black Sea,

New York to

New York, N

reenland, Bri

Greenport.

..|—— Whole Coast of New England.

of St. Lawrence, Mediterranean.

Panama, Gulf of Mexico, G

..|Georgia to Massachusetts Bay.

-|Florida to Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Whole Coast of New England, Greenland, Scotland,

.| Whole Const of New England,

. South Carolina to Cape Cod.

.|Florida to Massachusetts Bay.

South Carolina to Buzzard’s Bay.

South Carolina to Massachusetts Bay.

. Florida to Massachusetts Bay.

.../South Carolina to Buzzard's Bay, Maine?

...|Stonington to Eastport.

...|Whole Coast of New England.

.|Greenport.

Whole Coast of New England.

| oO | Post Pliocene, Virginia,

lina.

2. | = | Red Crag (England),

Tina.

Jand).

Epoch).

Pliocene of South Caro-

Sicilian Tertiaries (Glacial)

lina.

Pliocene, North Caro-

Florida,

Post Pliocene, St, John's!

| =|

(GEOGRAPHICAL RANGE OF THE LIVING SHELL.)

River, Florida.

; | «a Es Pliocene, South Caro-

Mammatiferous Crag (Eng-

| Miocene of North Carolina.

| Drift of Scotland.

7 | Post Pliocene, Tampa Bay,

= | Drift of Scandinavia.

| a | Miocene of Virginia.

| Ss | Miocene of Maryland.

| = | Drift of Denmark.

[2 | Drift of England.

| | Recent in Europe.

= | Drift of Russia,

| 5 | Belgian Crag.

le)

| 5 | Glncinl Beds, Canada.

+! ‘Buzzard's Bay to Gulf of St. Lawrence, Scotland? to 4 Sicily!

Florida to Gulf of St. Lawrence, Northern Geandicevin to Madeira

Whole Coast of New England, Northern Scandinavia to British Channel.

.... Florida to Cage Ann (Mass.). :

eee rear a Gooeciant hring’s Straits, Spitzbergen to Drontheim.

Connecticut to Greenland, Bel ‘a Straits,

* ‘North Carolina to Greenland, Columbia River, N. Scandinavia to Mogadore, Black Sea, Caspian.

Greenport to Eastport.

Greenport? St. George’s Bank. ee:

Whole Const of New gland, Greenland, Northern Scandinavia to Scotland.

_— New York to Behring’s Straits, Northera Scandinavia to British Channel.

Georgia to New Hampshire,

. Georgia to Cape Cod,

. Cape Hatteras to Cape Cod.

South Carolina, whole Coast of New England.

..« Whole Coast of New England. ne

North Carolina, whole Coast of New England, Kamschatka, Northern Scandinavia.

... Greenport to Eastport.

.. Fire Island (Long Island) to Greenland.

... Newport to Eastport, Gulf of St. Lawrence!

North Carolina, whole Coast of New England,

...|Whole Coast of New England.

-««/ Stonington to Spitzbergen. 4

. Florida (fide Conrad) North Carolina to Nantucket,

. Whole Coast of New England.

. Sandy Hook to Gulf of St. Lawrence, Ochotsk.

..« South Carolina to New Bedford. 5

Stonington to Ochotsk, Nova Zembla to Mediterranean,

Stonington to Casco Bay.

--+|Brom Sandy Hook to Casco Bay. er b. 4

+ Whole Coast of New England, Labrador, Northern Scandinavia to British Channel, Sicily.

.. Florida Keys to Gulf of St. Lawrence.

. South Carolina to Gulf of St. Lawrence.

North Carolinat New York to Casco Bay.

.. South Carolina to Cape Cod. ‘

.. Gulf of California? Panama? Gulf of Mexico to Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Florida to Cape Ann (Mass.).

New York to Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Greenport to Boston,

Greenport to Boston.

../South Carolina to Nantucket.

-+ South Carolina! to Eastport.

+ ‘South Carolina to Arctic Seas, British Channel,

.. South Carolina to Cape Ann (Mass).

.. South Carolina to Cape Cod.

-. Whole Coast of New England, Gulf of St. Lawrence.

.. South Carolina to Cape Cod. :

‘Florida to Labrador, Northern Scandinavia to Mediterranean, Black Sea,

iene South Carolina to Cape Cod. -

})"Anomia ephippium.

| *Anomia aculeata. . ..

*Pecten irradians. . ..

Pecten Magellanicus.

Pecten Islandicus. .

Florida? Rhode Island to Greenland, Behring’s Straits, North of Spai

.-|Whole Coast of New England. 8 Nor BeeeiGehacce Caguitepet

Long Island to Greenland, Finmark? British Channel?

. .|Florida to Massachusetts Bay.

Greenport? to Massachusetts Bay.

*Mytilus modiolus..

*Mytilus plicatulus.

Arca transversa.. .

“Nucula proxima.....

Nucula delphinodonta.. .

|*Leda limatula

|*Leda sapotilla..

Leda thracieformis.

Leda tenuisuleata, .

*Solemya velum.. .

*Solemya borealis... .

Aphrodite Grenlandica

*Cardium Mortoni... .

*Cardium pinnulatu:

|*Cardita borealis. .

|*Astarte mactrace:

Astarte suleata.. .

|}|Astarte quadrans.

*Astarte castanea. .

|"Cyprina Islandica.

enus mercenaria.

| * Venus gemma..

/*Cytherea conve:

ulf of St. Lawrence.

South Carolina to Boston Harbor.

|*Mactra solidissima,

*Kellia planulata, .

/*Montacuta elevata,

Lucina strigilla..

Thyasira Gouldii

'*Tellina fusea,. . .

*Tellina tenera.

| |\*Pellina tenta,

] *Mesodesma arctatum...

|"Caumingia tellinoides. .

)*Solen ensis.........

*Solecurtus bidens.

Solecurtus gibbus..

Machwra costata.. .

*Mya arenaria.....

*Corbula contracta.

‘*Anatina papyracea, .

|*Cochlodesma Leanu

*Lyonsia hyalina.

*Thracia Conradi,.

Thracia truncata, . .

*Pandora trilineata,

Pholas costata.....

Pholas truncata.

Pholas crispata. .. .

| *Saxicava distorta. .

|*Teredo dilatata.

foundiand, Finmark, North of Spain.

.|New York to Gulf of St. Lawrence?

Whole Coast of New England,

(Noté.) The species occurring on the East end of Long Island are distinguished by (*) before the name,

(GEOGRAPHICAL RANGE OF THE LIVING SHELL.)

Labrador.

to Cape Cod.

hole Const of New England, Labrador, Ochotsk.

. South Carolina to Greenland, Ochotsk, Nova Zembla to British Channel.

. South Carolina to Cape Cod.

— Greenport to Eastport.

. Gulf of California? North Carolina to Gulf of St. Lawrence.

- Florida to Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Whole Coast of New England.

Long Island (New York) to Casco Bay. :

.- + Florida (fide Suy)# North Carolina to Gulf of St, Lawrence.

- Florida to New Bedford. }

South Carolina to New Bedford. F x

Carolina (De Kay)? Stonington to Gulf of St. Lawrence, Drontheim (Norway) to British Channel.

Georgia to Behring’s Straits, Nova Zembla to Madeira, i

. South Carolina to Lynn (Mass.).

’

;

On the Mollusca of Long Island. 167

cluding two doubtful identifications, all of which have been, or

are likely to be found, in the Canadian waters.

In the Glacial beds of Northern Europe twenty-five species

occur, including five doubtful identifications, all of which,

except Buccinum plicosum, Leda tenuisulcata (both of which

are doubtful identifications), and Aphrodite Groenlandica are

now living there.

In the Pliocene of South Carolina occur thirty-one species,

all of which, except Watica heros, Leda limatula, and Cytherea

convexa, are now living there.

In the English Red Crag occur eight species, inviuding two

doubtful identifications, of which only Leda tenursulcata

(doubtfully identified) and Aphrodite Groenlandica are not now

inhabitants of Europe. In the Miocene of N. Carolina, Virginia,

and Maryland, fifteen species occur, all of which, except Vatica

heros, Pecten Magellanicus, Mytilus decussatus, and Mytilus

modiolus, are now living on these coasts, and some of the ex-

ceptions are probably only due to the imperfect lists at my

command.

In the English Coralline Crag seven species occur, including

one doubtful identification, all of which are living European

species.

Forty-nine species are apparently at or near the northern

extremity of their range; thirty-two at or near the southern

extremity of it. Seventeen extend from 8. Carolina or Florida

to the Gulf of St. Lawrenee or farther north, passing through

the entire length of the Atlantic and Boreal Provinces into the

Arctic Province. Twenty-five range along the whole coast of

New England, or for a short distance only on each side of Cape

Cod, so that Greenport may be considered as not far from

the middle point of their range. Six are found only at one

locality, or range only between New York and Cape Cod.

Twenty-four are found living in Europe, including one or two

doubtful identifications.

APRIL, 1860. 12 Ann, Lyo, Nar. Hist. Vor, VII.

168 Review of the American Bombida.

Nors.—Mr. P. P. Carpenter having seen the specimens of

Cecum Cooper, since the description of it was in type, is of

opinion that it is an already described Southern species, pro-

bably his C. émbricatum, but being unable at the moment to

compare specimens or descriptions could not pronounce posi-

tively.

XXI.—Review of the American Bomswa, together with a

Description of several Species heretofore undescribed, being

a Synopsis of the species of this family of Hymenopterous

Insects thus far known to inhabit North America.

By Joun W. Greene, M.D.

Read April 23d, 1860.

Sam Farceau adopting, with certain modifications, Latreille’s

classification of the Hymenoptera, according to the habits of the

families comprising the order, has placed the Bombidee under

the group of Annual Societies, or those which live in companies

but for one season, perishing to be replaced by their offspring

the succeeding year. Their characters, as laid down by him,

are as follows :—

Tongue almost cylindrical; in repose about the length of the head; as

long as body when in action.

Males, females, workers, all having wings in the perfect state.

Antenne vibratile, filiform, second article shorter than the third,

almost globulons, the third a little conical.

Posterior legs having two spines at their extremities.

First article of the posterior tarsi dilated at the external angle of the

base, in form of a pointed ear.

Radial elongated, internal, and detached from the side or external

nerve of the wing.

Four cubitals, the first almost entirely divided in two by a nervure,

which descends to the side, the second a little contracted towards the

Lieriew of the American Bombida. 169

radial, receiving the first recurrent nervure, the third drawn up more

than half towards the radial, receiving the second recurrent nervure near

the fourth cubital, this one not being commenced; the cells ef the limb

confounded with the fourth cubital.

The three discoidal cells complete. Ocelli disposed in right line.

Body velvety.

1st (and only) Genus Bomsus, Fab. Latr.

Bremvs, Jur.

Arts, Linn,

The characters of the unrestricted genus are ‘all contained in

those of the family as already given.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

With St. Fargeau we divide the genus into three sections,

based on the colors of the hairs on the last segments of the

abdomen.

* Last segment of the abdomen yellow or red.

Two species of this section have, we believe, been identified,

and perhaps three; the . occidentalis, when described, we

placed in the next section, as, although the terminal segments

have a yellowish tinge, we have been in doubt whether this

may not have been caused by alcoholic immersion.

i. Bombus Suckleyi, Greeme. * (4)

Head black, on vertex a few yellowish hairs. Corselet, ante-

rior part covered with yellowish hairs which extend around,

under, and are spread upon the sides of the thorax. A bare

roundish black space between wings, posterior part yellowish.

Tergum yellowish but covered by scattered hairs, the fifth,

sixth segments, and anus more deeply covered than the other

segments ; the middles of these segments are slightly blackish.

Length 2 of aninch g. In my cabinet.

Habitat.—Puget’s Sound. Dr. Suckley!

170 feeview of the American Bombidea.

2. Bombus Carriei, Greeme. * (5)

Head yellowish. Corselet, sides, and anterior part, covered

with greyish yellow hairs. Centre black, posterior greyish

yellow.

Tergum—first and second segments greyish yellow; third

segment black; fourth, fifth, and sixth segments and anus

reddish.

Length 4 of aninch ?. In my cabimet.

Habitat.—F ort Steilacoom, Wash. Ter. Dr. Suckley.

** Last segment of abdomen white.

But one species of this division has hitherto been identified

in North Ameriea, and that is from the Pacific coast. |

3. Bombus occidentalis, Greeme. (2)

Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. N. Y. Dee. 1858, Vol. VII.

Face between eyes yellowish, white anteriorly and laterally ;

first four abdominal segments black; the rest, including anus,

white; length about nine lines, ?.

Habitat.—N orth-west Coast of America, Fort Vancouver,

Dr. Cooper; Puget’s Sound, Dr. Suckley.

In my cabinet.

%x#* Last segment black.

Ten species are known to entomologists as found in North

America; from which it appears that this is the prevailing

type of coloration.

4. Bombus Virginicus, Fab.

Piez. 14, Drury Ins. t. I. tab. 48, fig. I.

Black, above and sides of corselet of a greyish yellow, first

segment of the abdomen the same; some greyish yellow hairs

Review of the American Bombide. tit

upon the vertex of head; hairs under the first article of tarsus

reddish. Wings a little smoky, mostly so at the ends, where

they are a little violaceous.

Length 13 lines, g. In my cabinet.

Habitat.—W estern America.

2. Bombus fervidus, Fab. Piez. 48.

Bombus actif S¢. Farg. Hist. Nat. Hymenop. p. 470, Vol. L. Paris, 1836.

Head black. Sides of the corselet and back of a dirty yellow ;

between the wings a narrow black band, underneath the corse-

let black. The shield and four first segments of the abdomen

of a dirty yellow (perhaps yed/ow in the living), the fifth and

the anus black ; feet black ; wings smoky, violaceous.

Length 13 lines.¢ In my cabinet.

Habitat.—Pennsylvania.

6. Bombus sonorus, Say.

Say’s Entom. Le Conte, p. 787, Vol. II. New York, 1860. Bailli¢re Bro.

Body yellow, head black, thorax with a broad black band in

the middle; wings violaceous black; tergum with the first,

second, and third segments yellow, the ethers black, beneath

black.

Length four-fifths of an inch ¢.

Habitat.—Mexico.

7. Bombus ephippiatus, Say.

Say’s Entom. Le Conte, p. 788, Vol. I. N. Y. 1860. Bailliére Bro.

Body black; pleura pale yellow; wings dusky, tinged with

violaceous; tergum pale yellow towards the base, this color being

gradually narrowed behind and terminating on the third seg-

172 Review of the American Bombide.

ment, forming somewhat of a semioval, with its base to the

thorax, and confluent with the color of the pleura.

Length less than half an inch.

fabitat.—Mexico.

8. Bombus ternarius, Say.

Say’s Entom. Le Conte, p. 788, Vol. II. N. Y. 1860. Bailliére Bro.

Head black ; thorax with dull yellowish hair and a blackish

band in the middle; wings with a slightly yellowish tinge;

nervures fuscous ; tergum fulvous on the second and third seg-

ments, first and fourth segments yellowish, rest black.

Length three-fifths of an inch 3.

Habitat.—Indiana.

9. Bombus Americanorum, Fab. Piez. No. [6.

Bombus Americain St. Farg. Hist. Nat. Hymenop. Vol. I. p. 472.

Black, a large yellow band upon the front of the corselet.

Abdomen yellow above the base of the first, fourth, and fifth

segments, and the anus black. Legs and tarsi shaded with

blackish red, their hairs above black, below red ; wings brown-

ish with a violet reflection.

Length 10 lines 2.

Habitat.—W estern America.

10. Bombus Huntiil, Greeme. * (3)

Head black and bare except in middle, which has a line of

yellow hairs extending from the mouth to the vertex. Corse-

let, anterior third covered with yellow hairs that extend quite

to sternum, a transverse black stripe covers the middle, having

its centre bare and shining, the posterior third yellow. First

Review of the American Bombide. 1738

segment of abdomen black, having on each side a large tuft of

yellow; the second and third segments bright red, the fourth

yellow with greenish tinge; last segment and anus black.

Thighs, legs, and tarsi black, inclining to reddish. Wings

smoky. Length about twelve lines. Female.

Habitat.—Utah Territory.

This specimen was furnished me by Dr. Suckley, who

obtained it from Major Franklin E. Hunt, Paymaster Wes.

Army, to whose friendly interest in science I am indebted for

many valuable specimens of Hymenoptera, and in whose honor

I have named this beautiful species.

It approaches nearly to B. rubriventris ; it differs in having

the first and fourth segments yellow, the first of B. rubriven-

tris being black, and the fourth red.

The colors indicated in my description are those of the haus

which cover the parts designated. The color of the integument

in this family is generally black; when this is not the case it

will be stated.

11. Bombus interruptus, Greene.

Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. Vol. VII. Dec. 1858.

Muzzle yellowish; black between eyes. Corselet yellow,

black spot between wings; first, second segments and anus

black ; the third, fourth, and fifth segments black fringed with

yellow hairs on the lower margin of the segments on each side ;

middle of tergum black, smooth, and shining; legs reddish

black ; wings smoky.

Size nearly that of B. Virginecus.

Habitat.—N. W. Coast of America, Wash. Territ., Oregon,

* Dr. Suckley.

In my cabinet.

174 Review of the American Bombida.

12. Bombus Carolinus. Auct. (St. Fargeau.)

Head black, thorax black, first and fifth segments and anus

black, second, third, and fourth red; legs and tarsi shaded

reddish black ; wings brownish with a violet reflection.

Length 11 lines ¢.

Habitat.—Carolina.

I know of no specimen of this species, but its existence is

indicated, and diagnostic characters given, by St. Fargeau. See

his work, Vol. I. p. 472, e¢ seq.

13. Bombus violaceus, St. Fars.

Hist. Nat. Hymenop. p. 478, Vol. I.

Black, feet black ; hairs below the legs and tarsi red; wings

brownish with a violet reflection.

Length 13 lines @. Workeralike. Length 6 lines.

Habitat.—Western America.

175

Review of the American Bombide.

NAME. SECT.

———<—

B. occidentalis, .|2nd.

Virginicus,. .|8rd.

Huntii, . _ (8rd,

fervidus, . .|8rd.

interruptus, .|8rd.

sonorus,. . .|srd.

ephippiatus, .|3rd.

ternarius, .|3rd.

Americanorum,|3rd.

Carolinus, . ./3rd.

violaceus, . .|3rd.

Suckleyi, . .{Ist.

Garriei, . . .| 1st.

HEAD. THORAX.

Yellowish

Black and|Grey

Yellow |Yellow

Black and| Yellow

bare, mid-|Black

dle Yellow] Yellow

Black

Black Yellow

Bink Yel- vollna

Broad bl’k,

Black band in

middle.

Black Yellowish

Yellow

Black Gera

Black Black

i Yellow

Black Black

Greyish

Yellowish | Yellow

Black

1st SEG.

Black

Grey

Yellow

Black

Yellow

Black

Yellow

Yello’ish

Yellow

Black

Yellow

Greyish

Yellow

2d sEG.

Black

Red

Yellow

Black

Yellow

Fulvous

Yellow

Red

Black

Yellow

Grey

Yellow

3d sa. | 4th sxc.

Black Black

Red Yellow

Yellow |Yellow

Black Black

Yellow |Yellow

Yellow » |Black

Yellow

Bing Black

Fulvous |Yellow

Yellow

Yellow Ringe

Red Red

Black Black

Yellow |Yellow

Black Reddish

5th see.

White

Black

Yellow

Black

Yellow

Black

Yellow

Black

Reddish

6th sEG.

White

Black

Yellow

Black

Reddish

ANUS.

White

Black

Black |

Black

Yellow and

Black

Yellow

Reddish

Nore.—Since the foregoing paper went to press, I find that

the following species of Bombi have been mentioned as from

N. America. I regret that the short time allowed me before

176 Notes on North American Crustacea.

the printing of this monograph will prevent, for the present,

anything more than the simple enumeration of their names.

Bombus elatus, Fab. Syst. Piez, 352, N. A.

‘“* laboriosus, Bohs <6, 602, Car,

eee Mary landicns. fo" 0 BAG) IN. JAS

“ Arcticus, Kirby, Parry’s lst Voy. App. 470.

* Boreahs,. .“. Faun’ Boreal: Am.272; Aren Aa,

“ praticola, “ ““ “< “OFA,

Cie a¥LVv cola, « *« ce as Se eas

“ terricola, © “ ‘ ss MF hes

“ Californicus, Smith, Brit. Mus. Cat. IT. 400, Calif.

.. dagidus, sé aaa asoume & s 12 8 oes vioish

Bay. :

2) LOrmatis, A re 5S 6 AT 898," Eiads.

Bay.

“ Kirbiellus, Curtis, Ross, 2d Voy. App. Arct. Am.

The following are doubtful :—

Bombus nidulans, an Anthophora? see Fab. Piez, 349, N. A.

“« — Virginicus, Fab. Piez, p. 349, is Apis, Virginicus.

“© derhamellus, Kirby, Faun. Bor. A. 273, N. A.

Doubtful. This is an European variety.

For this list I am indebted to Mr. E. Norton.

XXII.—WNotes on North American Crustacea, in the Museum

of the Smithsonian Institution. No. LI.

By Witt1am Streson, M.D., Corresponpinc Mrmper.

Read April 16th, 1860.

In this second part of our contributions to North American

Carcinology we had intended to treat of the Macrurous Crus-

tacea, having published, in the first part, the notes then in

Notes on North American Crustacea. iW

our possession upon the Brachyura and Anomura; but our

knowledge of the development of these two sub-orders upon

this continent has been so greatly increased by recent investi-

gaticns, that it is found necessary to review them in this second

part, in order to include the results. As will be seen below,

these rich materials have been chiefly accumulated by Mr.

John Xantus, in the course of his most successful researches

into the fauna of Cape St. Lucas, at the southern extremity of

the peninsula of Lower California. We have also added a

number of interesting species collected in the West Indies by

Mr. A. H. Riise of St. Thomas.

The type-specimens of all the species herein described are in

the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution.

MAIOIDEA.

Pelia mutica.

Pisa mutica Gibbes; Proc. Am. Assoc. 1850, p. 171.

This species belongs to Pelia of Bell, an American genus,

species of which are found on both sides of the continent. It

differs widely from Psa in the want of a preeorbital spine, in

the long narrow basal joint of the external antenne seen from

above along the side of the rostrum, and in the compressed feet

with unarmed terminal joints.

It was found in Charleston Harbor by Prof. Gibbes and

myself. It has also occurred to me in Beaufort Harbor, N. C.,

and in Holmes’ Hole, Martha’s Vineyard. It most commonly

occurs among ascidians on the piles of wharves, below low tide

mark.

Thoe sulcata, nov. sp.

Allied to Z. erosa Bell, Trans. Zool. Soc. of London, ii. 48,

. pl. ix. f. 4,—a Gallapagos species. But the carapax is generally

more triangular, with the sides and subhepatic regions granu-

lated. Rostrum less deeply bifid. Frontal region with two

178 Notes on North American Crustacea.

longitudinal rows of sharp tubercles, three in each row. The

basal joint of the external antenne is exposed from above, and

separated from the fronto-orbitar region by a deep suture or

pit, and there is also a deep pit on the spine of its exterior

angle, which spine is beneath separated from the rest of

the joint by a deep groove continuous with the superior pitted

suture ; beneath, also, the basal joint is channelled along its

external margin, where it forms the lower floor of the orbit. The

moveable part of the external antenne is shorter and broader than

in 7. erosa, and ciliated on both sides; the third and fourth joints

are broad and pitted, the fifth and terminal ones very slender.

The meros-joint of the endognath in the external maxillipeds,

is more prominent and less rounded at its external angle. In

the chelipeds the tips of the fingers are excavated, and the

tooth of the dactylus is not bifurcated. Meros of ambulatory

feet deeply bi-suleated longitudinally, and armed with a series

of short strong spines along the superior margin.

Length nine-tenths of an inch.

Found at Cape St. Lucas, Lower California, by J ney Xantus,

Esq., tidal observer for the U. S. Coast Survey.

It is difficult to decide, without comparison of specimens,

whether this species be identical with 7. erosa or not. We

have named it because we consider it far better for the interest

of science to admit a slight risk of adding a synonym, than to

refer a species to a locality at which it does not exist, which

would tend to confuse our ideas upon geographical distribution,

a knowledge of which constitutes one of the most important

aims in our investigation of species.

Thoe puella, nov. sp.

Carapax as in 7. evosa protuberant, but broader at the

eyes, and with the antero-lateral sides straight or even a little

concave. Two protuberances on the intestinal region, and two

longitudinal ridges on the frontal. Rostrum acute, deeply

Notes on North American Crustacea. 179

fissured. In the chelipeds there are no excavations on the

superior side of the meros, put this joint, with the carpus and

base of the hand, is granulated ; hand elsewhere smooth and

polished, with the fingers less gaping than in Z. erosa, and

the dactylus one-toothed within. Ambulatory feet depressed,

angular or dentated ; meros in the first three pairs longi-

tudinally ridged and greatly dilated posteriorly, the dilated

portion with two deep concavities, sometimes confluent; penult

joint unidentate on the superior margin. Color bright red, with

yellow patches on the carapax.

Length of the carapax 0°32 ; breadth 0°27 inch.

Found at the Tortugas Is., Florida, by Dr. Whitehurst.

Hivas arameus.

Hyas araneus Leach, Mal. Pod. Brit., pl. 21, A.

We are enabled to announce this species as an inhabitant of

our coast, having dredged several specimens off the coast of

Maine on a cruise in the summer of 1858.

Wilma, nov. gen.

We propose this name for a section of Pericera with less

completely tubular orbits, the species of which have been

placed in Pisa by some authors. The type is Pisa bicornuta

Latr. (Pericera bicorna M. Edw.) It is very different in aspect

from those sharply triangular forms, with the moveable part of

the antenna slender and concealed, which constitute the true

Pericerw, and approaches Pisa and Tiarinia in shape. The

horns of the rostrum are divergent, and the moveable part of

the antenna is exposed from above, as well as the spimiform

process of its basal joint. From Psa it differs in its orbits,

which are nearly as tubular as in Tiarinia, from which latter

150 Notes on North American Crustacea.

genus this differs in the divergence of the rostral horns. Pisa

sty and P. aculeata will be here included.

Milmia bicornuta.

Pisa bicornuta Latr.

Pericera bicorna M. Edw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust. i. 337.

Pisa bicorna Gibbes.

Pericera bicornis Sauss, Crust. nouv. de la Mexique, etc. p. 12, pl. i. fi 3.

We do not know why M. Edwards changed Latreille’s name

' bicornuta to bicorna. The latter is probably a misprint for

bicornis, but has been in common use since the publication of

Milne Edwards’ work.

This is acommon West Indian species, and has been received

in abundance from the coral-reefs of Florida, from all who

have made collections there for the Smithsonian Institution.

MEilmia platysomna, nov. sp.

Allied to Pisa aculeata Bell, but presents the following dif-

ferences. Carapax depressed, but of less breadth, and sparsely

granulated. There are only two laminiform processes on the

antero-lateral margin,—one on the hepatic region, and the

other on the branchial, which latter does not project in an im-

bricated mannner. Between these processes and below their

level there is a spine. There are only two spines on the bran-

chial region, and these are scarcely more than sharp tubercles.

There is a row of bead-like tubercles on the superior edge of

the posterior margin. The rostrum is more flattened than in

M. aculeata, the orbits more tubular, and the preeorbital teeth

sharper. The basal joint of the external antenne is very broad,

and is armed with two teeth or spines on the surface near the

postero-exterior angle. The feet are short and depressed,

and armed with spines as in aculeata ; penult joint with a

broad, rounded, lamelliform process for the articulation of the

Notes on North American Crustacea. 181

dactylus, which is very much curved and sharp. The posterior

feet are broadest.

Length of the carapax, 0.44; breadth, 0.33 inch.

Found at Cape St. Lucas, by Mr. Xantus.

Pericera laevigata, nov. sp.

Carapax elongated, convex ; surface pubescent and partly hairy, hair

erispate ; back and sides smoothly rounded, with no spines or tubercles

except a minute one on the intestinal region. Orbital tubes rather

large ; post-orbital teeth more prominent than the pracorbital, the dis-

tance between their tips equalling five-sixths of the greatest breadth of

the carapax. The rostrum forms between a fourth and a fifth of the

length of the carapax ; it is deflexed, curving downward, bifid, with the

horns united at base for one-third their length, then divergent. The

moveable part of the external antennz is longer than the rostrum; the

spine of the basal joint is large, prominent, exposed from above, divergent

from the rostrum, and much nearer to the orbital tubes. In the chelipeds,

the meros-joint is armed above with obtuse spines; the hands are rather

compressed, crimson in color; fingers with the distal half black, except

the tips, which are white.

Length of the carapax in the male, 0.88; greatest breadth (pos-

teriorly) 0.49 inch.

Inhabits St. Thomas, West Indies. A. H. Riise.

Pericera fossata, nov. sp.

Surface everywhere covered with a uniform short, dense, closely-

adhering pubescence. <A few curled setae on the rostrum, and on the

concave antero-lateral slopes of the carapax. Lateral processes long,

blunt, -and a little curved forward. The regions of the carapax are pro-

tuberant and separated by very deep sinuous pits or channels, appearing

somewhat as if eaten out; but the protuberances themselves are not

vermiculated. The rostrum is as long as the distance between the eyes ;

—the horns diverge, the distance between their tips equalling about

two-thirds that between the orbits. The spine of the basal joint of the

182 Notes on North American Crustacea.

antennz is slender, and reaches considerably beyond the preorbital

tooth. The abdomen in the female shows a deep, vermiculated furrow

on each side of the median rounded ridge ;—also channelled sutures.

Color dark buff, inclining to brownish. Length of the carapax in the

female, 1.32; breadth, 1.20 inch.

It resembles P. trispinosa in form. It differs from P. villosa

Bell, in the concave outline of its antero-lateral margin, the

character of the dorsal surface, and the less divergent horns of

the rostrum.

Cape St. Lucas. J. Xantus.

Pericera subparallela, nov. sp.

Body covered with short tough pubescence. Carapax triangular,

shaped somewhat as in P. trispinosa, but much narrower, and with the

antero-lateral sides not concave. Lateral spines or processes subtriangu-

lar, but sharp, and connected with each other by a nearly straight row

of short spines or sharp tubercles crossing the back. A tubercle on the

posterior part of the gastric, and one on the intestinal region; both very

small, The rostrum forms one-fourth of the length of the carapax, with

the horns nearly parallel, being scarcely farther apart at their extremities

' than at the base, where they are connected for one-third their length

by a web-like expansion of the front. The distance between the tips of

the horns of the rostrum equals three-fifths that between the tips of the

preorbital spines; the upper sides of these horns are clothed with curled

hairs or crispate setae, which extend posteriorly in the same longitudinal

lines as far as the branchial regions, and also clothe the sides of these and

the hepatic regions. The median concavity of the front between these

two lines—continuous on the gastric region—is destitute of crispate

sete. The moveable part of the external antenne is concealed beneath

the rostrum; the anterior spine of the basal joint is small and slender, but

exposed from above. Orbital tubes prominent. Chelipeds in the male

a little shorter than the carapax. Ambulatory feet rather short. Length

of the carapax in the male, 1.02; breadth, 0.8 inch; (spines included.)

St. Thomas. A. H. Riise.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 183

Pericera diplacantha, nov. sp.

Body pubescent and provided with curled hairs above as in P. sub-

parallela, ¢ Carapax subtrigonal, narrow; back protuberant. Lateral

process or spine rather long, and double, seeming to consist of two

spines, one above the other, connected nearly to their tips by a web-like

connecting lamina, concave anteriorly, convex posteriorly. Antero-

lateral margin concave, unarmed except with a small hepatic tubercle.

There are five conical tubercles on the posterior half of the back, and a

few minute ones interspersed. Gastric region strongly inclined anteri-

orly, with the frontal region. The rostrum forms nearly one-third the

length of the carapax ; horns very. long, slender, cylindrical, acute, diver-

gent, but at base connected by a web-like lamina for one-fifth their

length. The anterior spine of the basal joint of the antenne is very

minute, not seen from above. Orbital tubes moderately protuberant ;

preorbital tooth obtuse and not prominent. Length of the carapax ina

female, 1.08 ; breadth, spines included, 0.8, spines not included, 0.55 inch.

‘

It is similar in general character to P. subparallela, but

easily distinguished by the greater length of the rostrum, and

the duplex character of the lateral spines.

St. Thomas. <A. H. Riise.

Pericera cornuta.

Pericera cornuta M, Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust., 11. 355. — Illust. Cuv.

Regne Anim,, pl. xxx. f. i. Gibbes, Proc. Am.

Assoc. 1850, p. 172.

This species is probably generically distinct from the trian-

gular Pericere. It was found at Key Biscayne, Fla. by

Dr. Cooper.

Anaptychus,* nov. gen.

Carapax triangularis, latior quam longior; marginibus lateralibus

antero-lateralibusque laminiformibus, supra bases pedum expansis ut in

; * ’Avarriyos, expansus.

APRIL, 1860. 138 Ann, Lyo, Nat. Hist. Vou. VII.

184 Notes on North American Crustacea.

genere Huenia, et maxime dentatis; lateribus sublaminis perpendicu-

laribus. Orbitae complete, parve et profundse, sed non tubulares.

Oculi retractiles et sese latentes. Rostrum et antenne externe eis

generis Microphryos similia. Rostrum longulum, bifidum. Antennarum

externarum spina articuli basalis longa acuta, cornum rostri valde simu-

lans; pars mobilis aperta. Spina przeorbitalis saliens acuta; angulus

orbitee externus dentiformis, minutus; fissures orbitales superiores apte

clausz, inconspicue. Maxillipedum externorum endognathi merus

latior quam longior, angulo externo acute prominens, angulo interno

sinuatus ad palpum recipiendum; exognathus latus, intus dente valido

aperto armatus.

Anmaptychus cornutus, nov. sp.

Plate II. fig. 1.

The upper surface of the carapax is nearly level, but the gastric, car-

diac, and inner part of the branchial region are slightly protuberant.

There are also nine low tubercles on the gastric region. Surface covered

with minute tufts of very short sete. Antero-lateral margin with three

large triangular sub-laminiform teeth behind the orbits, separated from

each other by regularly curved sinuses. Posterior margin with a crest,

interrupted on each side; the middle portion being arcuated and fim-

bricated with four pencils of stout longish sete. Rostrum forming

nearly one-fourth the length of the carapax, and cleft nearly to its base ;

horns acute. Chelipeds a little longer than the first pair of ambulatory

feet, but scarcely thicker; meros with five or six blunt, somewhat lamini-

form spines; carpus tuberculated above ; hand unarmed, minutely granu-

lated ; fingers scarcely gaping, minutely toothed within, tips not spoon-

shaped. Inferior surface with stout setae. Abdomen as in allied forms,

widened near the base. Length of carapax in a male, 1.00; breadth,

1.24 inch.

Found in Pinacate Bay, near Guaymas, Gulf of California,

by Capt. C. M. P. Stone.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 185

Herbstia parvifrons.

Herbstia parvifrons Randall, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. viii, 107.

Our specimen is an adult male, in which the carapax is

0.67 inch in length, the chelipeds 1.17, and the first pair of

ambulatory feet 0.93 inch. It agrees pretty well with Ran-

dall’s description, except that the carapax is naked, and the

hands entirely destitute of spines, with a strong tooth on the

dactylus in the gape of the fingers. All the spines are blunt

at the tip.

‘It was taken at Cape St. Lucas by Mr. Xantus.

An attentive consideration of the characters of the rostrum,

orbits, and antenna, as well as of the excavated fingers, leads us

to refer the genus Herbstia to the vicinity of Mthrax, rather

than to that of Pisa and Hyas, where it has hitherto been

placed.

Herbstia depressa, nov. sp.

Carapax much depressed, generally covered with sordes adhering to

a slight pubescence easily detached, beneath which the surface is glabrous,

and less tuberculose than in . condyliata. A median protuberance on

the gastric, and one on the cardiac region; two tubercles on the intes-

tinal region in a transverse row. Lateral and posterior margins armed

with small subspiniform tubercles. A stout spine on the hepatic region.

Rostrum rather short and broad, cleft for one half its length ; horns

triangular, acute. Frontal region and surface of the rostrum with a

median longitudinal sulcus between two short prominent ridges.

Preorbital teeth, orbits, and antenne, nearly as in H. condyliata. Basal

spine of external antennz long, projecting almost as far as the horns of

the rostrum. Exognath of external maxillipeds broad, fusiform, almost

angular at middle of the external margin. Chelipeds shorter than

the first pair of ambulatory feet; meros armed with one row of spines,

and elsewhere smooth ; carpus with numerous very short spines on the

upper surface; hand glabrous. Ambulatory feet slender, hairy above;—

those of the second pair two-thirds longer than the carapax; meros-joint

186 Notes on North American Crustacea.

in all armed with spines above, and sometimes below. Length of carapax

in a male, 0.88 ; breadth, 0.3 inch.

It differs from H. condyliata in its broader carapax, and in

the armature of the more compressed meros-joint of the ambu-

latory feet.

It resembles much more closely the Lower Californian

species noticed above, but is very much smaller (supposing

our specimens to be adult), with fewer and more acute spines,

and much longer and more slender ambulatory feet.

Found at St. Thomas by Mr. Riise.

Mithraculus coronatus.

Cancer coronatus Herbst, Naturg. d. Krabben und Krebse, i. 184,

Pls LG.

This species is remarkable for its triangular shape and great

breadth, the carapax being one-third broader than long. It is

allied to ML. sculptus, but is differently sculptured, the oblique

furrows being deeper and the tubercles less numerous. The

gastric region also is more convex and much less smooth.

Front narrower. Antero-lateral margin straight, with three

tuberenliform teeth, the posterior one. forming the sharply

prominent lateral angle. Meros-joint of the cheliped tuber-

culose above, with two teeth on the inner margin, very short,

and not spiniform. Fingers less gaping than in J. seulptus.

Length of the carapax in the male, 0.76; breadth, 1.05; pro-

portion, 1: 1.39.

Found at the Tortugas, Fla., by Mr. Wurdemann and Dr.

Whitehurst, and at Aspinwall, Central America, by the Rev.

J. Rowell.

Mithraculus cinctimanus, nov. sp. _

Carapax subovate, nearly as broad as long, depressed, and resembling

that of M. sculptus in sculpture ; furrows of the surface, however, very

Notes on North American Crustacea. 187

shallow ; protuberant parts somewhat tuberculated, but not prominently

so. Surface minutely granulated, particularly near the margin ; frontal

region sparsely hairy. Horns of the rostrum small but rather promi-

nent, projecting beyond the preorbital teeth or angles, and beyond the

spine of the basal joint of the antenne. Lateral margin armed with

four teeth, besides the angle of the orbit; teeth minute, acute. Orbits

deep; inner and outer angles prominent. The anterior margin of the

very broad basal joint of the antenne is bidentate, the inner tooth

minute, the outer somewhat unciform, curving inward at tip. Chelipeds

of moderate size; meros unarmed within; carpus with three or four

minute tubercles; hand smooth, white, encircled with a broad median

ring or band of mahogany-color ; fingers stout, also annulated ; dactylus

armed with one tooth within; no tooth on the pollex or immoveable

finger. Feet pilose with capillary sete. Length of carapax in the male,

0.63 ; breadth, 0.62 inch.

Found at the Tortugas by G. Wurdemann, and at St. Thomas

by A. H. Riise.

Mithraculus denticulatus.

Mithrax denticulatus Bell, Trans. Zool. Soc. ii. 54, pl. xi. f. 2.

Mithraculus denticulatus White, Cat. Brit. Mus. Crust. 1847, p. 7.

Found at Cape St. Lucas by Mr. Xantus. Bell’s specimens

were from the Gallapagos Is.

Mithrax verrucosus.

Mithrax verrucosus M. Edwards, Mag. de Zool. 1832, pl. iv. Hist. Nat.

des Crust. i. 321.

Horns of the rostrum very short, blunt. Carapax naked, closely

covered with flattened granules; marginal spines blunt, tuberculiform.

Basal joint of the external antennz three-spined, spines blunt, tuberculi-

form. Notch of the meros-joint of the outer maxillipeds very broad

and shallow. Hands smooth above.

Found at Key Biscayne by Mr. Wurdemann, and at the

Tortugas by Dr. Whitehurst.

188 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Mithrax aculeatus.

Cancer aculeatus Herbst, Nat. d. Krabben und Krebse, pl. xix. f. 104.

Mithrax aculeatus M. Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust. i. p. 321.

This is a setose species, to which the name /dspidus would

apply much better than to the species called by that name. It is

shorter and broader than J. spinosissimus, and belongs to the

same group with JZ. verrucosus, having the basal joint of the

antenne three-spined; the spines sharp. Carapax covered

with depressed granules, much crowded; marginal spines

sharp, sometimes armed with a supplementary spinule or two

near their tips. Hands more or less spinose above near the

base.

It has been found at the Tortugas, at Aspinwall, at St.

Thomas, and at Barbados.

MWithrax spinosissimus.

Maia spinosissima Lamk. An. sans Vert. v. 241.

Mithrax spinosissimus M. Edw., Mag. de Zool., i. 321, pl. 2, 3.

Gibbes, Proc. Am. Assoc. 1850, p. 372.

This is the largest species of the genus. The carapax is mar-

gined with spines bifurcated at their tips. Basal joint of the

antenns broad, two-spined. Horns of the rostrum rather

longer than in other species. Superior margin of the hand

spinulose towards the base.

It is very abundant on the Florida Keys, from Key Bis-

cayne southward.

Mithrax hispidus.

Cancer hispidus Herbst., Nat. d. Krabben und Krebse, pl. xviii., f.

100.

Maia spinicincta Lamk.

Mithrax spinicinctus Desm., p. 150, pl. xxiii, f. 1, 2.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 189

Mithrax hispidus M. Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust., 1. 322.

Gibbes, Proc. Am. Assoc. 1850, p. 172.

Carapax naked, punctate, not granulated, broadly trian-

gular. Marginal spines tuberculiform, excepting the posterior

ones, which are spiniform. Basal joint of the external antennas

narrower tlran in allied species, and armed with only two

spines, which are tuberculiform. Hands smooth above.

Found at Key Biscayne, Fla., by Mr. Wurdemann, and at

the Tortugas by Capt. Woodbury

Mithrax tuberculatus, nov. sp.

Carapax naked, tuberculated ; tubercles more or less prominently

granulated, most so in the young. Margin armed on each side with a

strong unguiform spine or tooth curved forward. Between this lateral

spine and the orbit, there are two large, well-rounded tubercles, whose

distance from each other about equals their diameter ; the posterior one

is largest and most prominent. On each side of the lateral spine (before

and behind it) there is also a smaller marginal spine or sharp tooth.

Front narrow ; horns of the rostrum short, blunt, scarcely more promi-

nent than the anterior tooth of the basal joint of the antenne. This

joint is triangular, narrowing before, and is armed on the under side of

the orbit with another, a lateral tooth, very small. A small tooth,

posterior to this, searce belongs to the antennal joint. Pterygostomian

ridge or margin tuberculated. Meros-joint of the external maxillipeds

with a right-angled notch at the inner apex for the insertion of the

palpus. Chelipeds naked; meros tuberculated; carpus sparsely granu-

lated; hand smooth; fingers scarcely gaping, and unarmed within, ex-

cept that there is a tooth on the dactylus in old specimens. Ambula-

tory feet thick, subcylindrical, nearly naked, short-spinose or granulated

above, tomentose below. Dried specimens are cream-colored, mottled

with carmine. In old specimens the carmine predominates. In a large

male, the carapax measures 1.37 inch in length, and 1.67 in greatest

breadth.

190 Notes on North American Crustacea.

It approaches nearest to AL, hispidus, with which it agrees

nearly in the front, orbits, antennee, etc., but it is easily recog-

nised by the granulated tubercles of the carapax.

It inhabits the shores of Cape St. Lucas, L. California, where

it is very abundant, according to Mr. Xantus.

Weleophrys.

Teleophrys Stimpson, Silliman’s Am, Jour. Sci. 2nd ser., xxix. p. 133.

This genus is allied to A/zthrax proper, but is distinguished

by the character of its orbits, which have the superior and ex-

terior margins entire, and not armed with tubercles or spines.

There is sometimes an indication of a superior fissure entirely

closed up, but there is no trace of an exterior one. The basal

joint of the external antennee is rather narrow for the group to

which this genus belongs, tapering anteriorly, armed with a

slight tooth at the antero-exterior angle, and another still

smaller at the middle of the outer margin. Meros-joint of the

external maxillipeds broader than the ischium, and _three-

fourths as long, and notched at the internal angle, for the recep-

tion of the palpus.

Teleophrys cristulipes, nov. sp.

Pl. IL. fig. 2.

Carapax triangular in front, laterally and posteriorly rounded. Gas-

tric and cardiac regions moderately protuberant ; the former crossed at

the middle by a transverse row of four small tubercles. Branchial

region deeply separated from the hepatic, sparsely tuberculated, with

one high tubercle near the lateral extremity, and four short spines, cury-

ing forward, on the lateral margin. Front narrow ; rostrum very short,

slightly bifid. External antenne two-thirds as long as the carapax.

Feet rather broad, naked above, and covered with lamelliform spines or

short, leaf-life crests, often somewhat imbricated. Chelipeds with the

Notes on North American Crustacea. 191

crests on the meros and carpus less developed than on the ambulatory

feet ; hands compressed, smooth, cristate above and below ; fingers gap-

ing, with excavated tips; pollex or immoveable finger with two minute

teeth on the inner margin; dactylus one-toothed within, Length of

carapax in a male, 0.3; breadth 0.32 inch.

Cape St. Lucas. J. Xantus.

Eucimetops,* nov. gen.

Rostrum parvum, bifidum, parum deflexum. Oculi longissimi, mar-

gines carapacis multo superantes. Orbitz parve, basin pedunculi oculo-

rum solumque includentes; angulo externo acuto spiniformi; margine

superiore unifisso, dentibus spinisque destituto. Fossee antennulariz non

profundse, marginibus obtuse rotundate. Antennarum externarum arti-

culus basalis parvus, angulo externo dente uno minuto armatus; pars

mobilis depressa, articulis primo secundoque perlatis: Epistoma per-

breve vel nullum. Maxillipedes externi eis Micippe vix diversi, sed

meri angulo éxterno prominentiore, angulo interno minus sinuato ; palpo

basi turgido ; exognatho antrorsum endognathum superante.

This genus is allied to Micippa. It is remarkable for the

great length and mobility of its eyes, which may be thrown

forward, upward, or even backward over the carapax.

Eucinetops lucasii, nov. sp.

Pl. Il. fig. 3.

Body and feet hairy above. Carapax oblong, subquadrate, with very

uneven surface, not granulated, much depressed between the branchial

and hepatic regions; gastric region strongly prominent, with three small

tubercles in a transverse row across the middle. Protuberant parts of

frontal region clothed with curled hairs. Horns of the rostrum bluntly

rounded at the extremities. Lateral margins of the carapax without

teeth or spines. Feet moderate, cylindrical, unarmed. Inferior surfaces

short-pubescent, not densely so.

a ,

® Eéxivnros, facile mobilis; ay, oculus,

192 Notes on North American Crustacea.

The specimen above described is a female, in which the length of the

carapax is 0.36; the breadth, 0.27 inch.

With the above there are certain male specimens which may

belong to a different species, being smaller and narrower, with

the horns of the rostrum acutely pointed, and the external an-

tenn narrower, with the external angle of the first moveable

joint considerably produced. The chelipeds are large, much

compressed, and crested ; carpus with two slight crests confluent

posteriorly in a projecting angle or point; hand rather broad,

flat, tapering to the slender fingers, which are not gaping.

Dactyli of the ambulatory feet much shorter than in the female.

It is difficult to ascertain the color; it is apparently pale orange;

but there is a distinct red patch on the dactyli of the ambula-

tory feet at the middle.

The specimens were all collected at Cape St. Lucas by Mr.

Xantus.

Othonia sexdentata.

Othonia sexdentata Bell, Trans. Zool. Soc., 11. 56, pl. xii, f. 1.

This species has been hitherto known only from the Galla-

pagos Islands. Our specimens were collected at Cape St.

Lucas by Mr. Xantus. They agree in all respects with Bell’s

description and figure. O. sexdentata is the analogue of 0.

aculeata of the east coast, from which it differs in the numerous

granules on the posterior part of the carapax, ete.

Inachoides laevis, nov. sp.

Carapax mostly smooth, and covered with a soft pubescence easily

removed. Gastric and branchial regions protuberant, rounded, glabrous ;

cardiac with a single median tubercle. Rostrum rather long, with a

styliform extremity as long as the thicker, tapering, basal half. Post-

ocular spine very small, blunt. Hepatic region conical, armed at the

Notes on North American Crustacea. 193

apex with a short, deflexed spine. There are two or three tubercles on

the infero-lateral regions, in front of the bases of the chelipeds. Outer

maxillipeds with a sharp longitudinal denticulated ridge on the ischium-

joint ; antero-interior corner of the meros sharply projecting forwards.

Dactyli of the posterior three pairs of feet falciform, equal. Length of

the carapax in the male, 0.45; breadth, 0.32 inch.

It differs from LZ. mécrorhynchus in the smoothness of its

carapax.

Found at Panama, by the Rey. J. Rowell.

Collodes,* noy. gen.

Carapax ovato-triangularis; rostro brevi, bifido, cornibus approximatis.

Oculi mediocres, ad processum post-ocularem yel marginem posteriorem

orbitz retractiles, non sese latentes. Antennarum articulus basalis

angustus, paullo contortus, antrorsum bidentatus, dente uno sub altero

sito; pars mobilis longa, aperta. Maxillipedes externi eis Microrhyncha

fere similes, mero quam ischium non angustiore, antrorsum profunde

inciso, angulo interno sub basin palpi valde prominente acuto. Cheli-

pedes mediocres. Pedes ambulatorii breves, toti prehensiles, dactylis

valde gracilibus, longitudine articulum penultimum adequantibus et ad

eum retractilibus. Segmenta quintum ad septimum abdominis femi-

narum coalita.

The orbit in this genus is incomplete ; the postero-superior

limb is, however, present, and is formed by the strong post-

ocular process, which is separated from the preorbital arch by

a deep, open marginal fissure. The genus differs from J/tecro-

rhynchus in its feet, orbits, and rostrum ; from Acha@us, in its

post-ocular or orbital process, and in its external maxillipeds ;

from Acheopsis, in its prehensile anterior ambulatory feet, and

in the broader meros-joint of the external maxillipeds, with

sharply projecting internal angle; from Hurypodius and Ore-

* From xo\\«dns, tenax, in allusion to the tenacity with which the animal

adheres to submarine objects with its strongly prehensile or ancoral feet.

194 Notes on North American Crustacea.

gonia, in its short rostrum and feet; from Podochela, in its

short feet, and its post-ocular process.

Collodes gramosus, nov. sp.

PI. IL. fig. 4.

Carapax nearly naked, conspicuously granulated, especially on the

branchial regions ; granules rather large and distinctly prominent. An

erect obtuse spine on the gastric region, one on the cardiac, and one on

the basal joint of the abdomen. The anterior half of the cardiac region

and the sulci or depressed parts of the carapax generally, are smooth and

glabrous. Rostrum subtriangular, fissured ; tip minutely bifid. A minute

tooth on the superior arch of the orbit. Chelipeds weak. Ambulatory

feet rather depressed, ciliated, dactyli hairy. Margin of sternum raised

around the egg-cavity in the female, in which sex the abdomen is strongly

indurated, with the outer surface covered with closely-set granules.

The only specimen in our possession is a female, in which the length

of the carapax is 0.36; the posterior breadth, 0.32; the length of the

first pair of ambulatory feet, 0.5 inch.

Found at Cape St. Lucas, by Mr. Xantus.

Podochela,* nov. gen.

‘Carapax depressus, elongato-triangulatus, antrorsum valde productus.

Regio gastrica angusta, tumida. Rostrum breve integrum, triangulatum

vel arcuatum. Oculi non retractiles, transversim porrecti, longe salientes.

Antennarum externarum articulus basalis angustus, medio longitudina-

liter sulcatus, apice angustatus simplex, dente non armatus; pars mobilis

gracilis, aperta. Maxillipedum externorum merus quam ischium multo

brevior, plerumque eo quoque angustior, latitudine vero admodum vari-

abilis, apicibus obtusis vel productis, apice interno plus minusve inciso;

palpo prosarthroideo. Epistoma prelongum. Chelipedes mediocres;

mero curvato, marginibus ciliatis. Pedes prelongi, robusti vel graciles,

subprehensiles, manu sub-cheliformi plus minusve instructi interdum

* TIous, pes; ynAn, chela.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 195

valida, ei Oncinopi simili. Dactyli pedum ambulatoriorum primi paris

gracillimi, uncinati; reliqui falciformes. Feming sternum concayum,

profundum, marginibus elevatis, laminato-dilatatis,—capsulam efliciens ;

abdominis segmentum primum sat grandis; secundum, tertium quar-

tumque brevissima ; quintum, sextum, septimumque coalita.

This genus is allied to Achwus, but the rostrum is entire, and

the first two pairs of ambulatory feet are sub-prehensile. It

appears to be peculiar to the West Indies, as four species are

known, all of which are found only in that province.

Podechela grossipes, nov. sp.

PL Il. fig. 5:

Body everywhere short-pubescent ; feet setose. Rostrum acute, regu-

larly triangular, very little longer than broad at base, setose. Meros-

joint of the external maxillipeds oblong, much narrower than the ischium,

with the apices obtusely rounded, inner one very slightly incised, inci-

sion broad and shallow. Chelipeds with the hand much inflated ; fin-

gers much shorter than the palm, slender, gaping, and annulated with

crimson near their tips. First pair of ambulatory feet very robust, with

a single series of very short small tufts of curled hair along the upper

side; penult joint very thick, and armed on the inferior edge with a

distinct tooth or thumb-process, against which the extremity of the

dactylus closes. The rest of the feet become progressively shorter and

more slender posteriorly, and have much shorter hands. In the penult

and the last pair, the penult joint is scarce longer than the dactylus,

much curved, and concave within, with the thumb-process at the base ;—

the dactylus is almost always closed against this process, and can be

opened only to a limited extent; so that the last two joints are trans-

formed into a strongly subcheliform or ancoral hand, which projects at

aright angle from the precéding joint, and resembles, in every respect,

that of the posterior feet of Oncinopus.

This description is drawn up from a male specimen in which the length

of the carapax is 0.56; its posterior breadth 0.41; length of first ambu-

latory feet, 1.39 ; of posterior pair of feet, excluding dactylus, 0.68 inch.

196 Notes on North American Crustacea.

This species, which we regard as the type of the genus, was

taken at the Island of St. Thomas, W. L., by Mr. Riise.

Podochela macrodera, nov. sp.

This species has considerable resemblance to P. grossipes,

but differs in the following particulars. Rostrum shorter.

Meros-joint of external maxillipeds much shorter and broader,

with the anterior angles prominent and laminate. Chelipeds

with less inflated hands; fingers neither gaping nor annulated

with pink. Ambulatory feet more slender; the penult joint

in the first pair especially much longer and more slender, and

with no distinct thumb-process on its inferior edge; hands of

the posterior two pairs more pedunculated and less geniculated,

the thumb-process being nearer the middle of the penult joint,

and thickly setose. Length of the carapax in a male, 0.421;

posterior breadth, 0.30 inch.

The specific name is suggested by the great length of the

neck, or peduncle of the summit upon which the eyes and

antenne are supported ; although this is almost equally long

in all the other species.

It was found at St. Thomas, by Mr. Riise, and at Key Bis-

cayne, Fla., by G. Wurdemann, Esq. é

Podochela riisei, nov. sp.

Pl. IL, fig. 1.

Of this species we have but a single example, a female. The carapax

is narrow anteriorly, but depressed and broadly expanded posteriorly at

the bases of the ambulatory feet. Gastric region very tumid, with a few

setigerous tubercles: set crispate. Cardiac region sharply prominent,

tuberculiform. Hepatic region with a strong, deflexed, almost laminiform

lateral tooth. Frontal region protuberant, setigerous. Rostrum depressed

much below the level of the frontal region, broader than long, nearly

horizontal, sub-laminiform, naked, with a slight median carina; margin

regularly arcuated, semicircular, entire. Basal joint of the external

Notes on North American Crustacea. 197

antennze with a high laminiform crest on each margin, the intervening

surface being deeply concave ;—these crests converge and join each

other at the anterior extremity of the joint, and the moveable part

is inserted above the point of juncture. Meros-joint of the external

maxillipeds with the anterior angles expanded and prominent as in P.

macrodera. Chelipeds with slender hand and long fingers not gaping.

Ambulatory feet slender, very hirsute on the exterior half of their

length ; first pair stouter than the others, especially in the meros-joint.

The erect laminiform expansions of the sternum, which form the sides

of the ege-cavity, are high and overlapped by the abdomen when shut

down ;—at the anterior extremity the lamina is deeply incised in the

base, forming two triangular points between the bases of the chelipeds.

Lengtl of the carapax in our specimen, 0.7; breadth posteriorly, 0.58 ;

length of first pair of ambulatory feet, 2.05; of the posterior pair, 1.28

inch,

This species and the next depart widely from the type in

the great slenderness of the ambulatory feet, which, also, are

not distinctly prehensile, the thumb-process of the penult joint,

even in the posterior pairs, being almost or entirely obsolete,

and when present situated below the middle of the joint. These

characters render the group at first sight so distinct that we

had described it in manuscript as a genus under the name of

Podonema, but we are now inclined to doubt the propriety of

such a separation and to regard the differences as only those of

degree. PP. macrodera is in fact a species intermediate in

character between the two groups.

P. rivset was found at the Island of St. Thomas, by A. H.

Riise, Esq., after which indefatigable investigator of West

Indian Natural History we have named the species.

Podochela deflexifroms, nov. sp.

Front and rostrum deflexed ; rostrum not as long as broad. Neck

much constricted. Eyes very large. Hepatic tooth abruptly prominent

downward. Chelipeds moderate; lower edge of meros and ischium

198 Notes on North American Crustacea.

fringed with long, parallel, incurving pairs. Ambulatory feet thread-

like, thin, and flexible; the first pair more than three times as long as

the carapax, and with a very minute dactylus; posterior pairs becoming

progressively shorter, with a compressed dactylus one-fourth the length

of the penult joint. Length of the carapax, 0.28; breadth, 0.2; distance

between tips of eyes, 0.18; length of first pair of ambulatory feet, 2

inches.

It is very closely allied to P. rzisez, and is perhaps only a

variety, but the deflexed front and filiform feet seem to be

good distinctive characters.

Metoporhaphis,* nov. gen.

Carapax triangularis, superficie ingequalis, ei Stenorhynchi similis.

Rostrum integrum, longum, exile. Antennze extern longs, parte

mobili aperta. Antennulz ut in Leptopodia, basi non cochleariformes.

Maxillipedes externi eis Leptopodie fere similes. Pedum ambulatoriorum

dactyli fere recti, ciliati.

The type of this genus is the Leptopodia calearata of Say,

which we have found upon examination to differ generically

from Leptopodia in its uneven or protuberant carapax, exposed

external antenne, etc.

Metoporhaphis calcarata.

Leptopodia calcarata Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. i. 455.

Gibbes, Proc. Am. Assoc. 1850, p. 169.

We have dredged this species off the mouth of Beaufort

Harbor, N. C., in seven fathoms, shelly bottom.

Epialitus sulcirostris, nov. sp.

Body and ambulatory feet smooth and naked. The carapax is widest

at the posterior of the two lateral teeth, which are rather acute at their

* Mérw7or, frons; padgis, acus.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 199

tips. Preorbital tooth small but distinct and rather prominent. The

rostrum in the outline of its upper side, is oblong, in length about

equalling the distance between the tips of the preeorbital teeth, with sides

slightly converging to a place near the extremity, where they abruptly

run to a triangular point. In its other characters, the rostrum is thick,

with its upper and lower surfaces a little concave; the lower surface is

triangular in shape, narrower than the upper, and separated from it by a

deep lateral groove. Chelipeds pubescent; carpus acutely carinated

externally ; hand broad, compressed, with the upper margin acute or

crested, crest laminiform, very prominent above the insertion of the

dactylus. Ambulatory feet slender, with no vestige of a thumb-process

on the penult joint, excepting in the first pair. Length of the carapax

in a male, 0.86; breadth, 0.27; length of first pair of ambulatory feet,

0.5 inch.

It is allied to & afiinis and Ff. bituberculatus, but wants the

two gastric tubercles, and also differs in the character of the

rostrum.

Found at Cape St. Lucas, by John Xantus, Esq.

Epialtus longirostwis, nov. sp.

Allied to E. aginis, but distinguished by the length of its ros-

trum, which forms more than one-fourth the entire length of

the carapax, and is slender with parallel sides and truncate tip.

The two gastric tubercles are distinct. Post-gastric and cardiac

regions rather prominent. Chelipeds as long as the first ambu-

latory feet, and rather slender ; hand much more elongated than

in £. affinis. Ambulatory feet slender, with no tooth or process

on the penult joint except a very slight one in the first pair.

Length of the carapax in the male, 0.34; breadth, 0.22 inch.

St. Thomas. <A. H. Riise.

Miimmulus. nov. gen.

Carapax planulatus, plus minusye subpentagonus, margine antero-

laterali valde expansus, laminatus et bilobatus, lobis arcte approximatis.

APRIL, 1860, 14 Ann. Lyc, Nat. Hist. Vou, VII.

200 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Rostrum horizontale, breve, bifidum. Orbitee inferne incomplete, superne

dente preorbitali et postorbitali praeditee. Oculi retractiles, non sese

latentes. Epistoma mediocre. Maxillipedum externorum merus brevis,

angulo externo obtusus, angulo interno incisus; exognathus extus dilatatus.

Chelipedum manus valde compressa, laminato-cristata. Pedum ambu-

latoriorum articulus penultimus dente setoso inferne ad medium armatus.

Pedes ambulatorii primi paris prelongi.

This genus is near Hpialtws, with lamellar expansions of the

sides of the carapax as in some /Zueniew. The exognath of the

outer maxillipeds has a strong angular dilatation of the outer

margin near its extremity, so that this margin between the

angle and the tip is concave.

Mimuius foliatus, nov. sp.

Pl. Ill, fig. 1.

The projecting Jateral laminze form more than one-third the width of

the carapax. The posterior one is the larger, and it generally overlaps

the anterior one at the lateral fissure; its posterior angle projects, espe-

cially in young specimens, giving a concave outline to the lateral margin.

The anterior side of the anterior lamina is transverse, and forms a pro-

minent angle with the outer side. There is a post-orbital tooth, at base

separated by an open fissure from the superior margin of the orbit.

Upper side of the carapax somewhat flattened, with the lateral expansions

a little reflexed, the gastric region a little convex, and the surface smooth,

covered and concealed by a thin reddish coat of minute pubescence

easily removed. Rostrum partly clothed with crispate sete. Pterygo-

stomian ridge (or branchiostegian margin) armed with three or four low

tuberculiform teeth. Chelipeds large; meros and carpus angular but

unarmed; inner margin of carpus projecting, laminiform, arcuated; hand

and fingers much compressed; fingers gaping in their basal half.

Ambulatory feet of the last three-pairs naked, angular, not compressed ;

penult joint obtusely crested above. Ambulatory feet of the first pair

compressed, especially in the young, and angular; ischium and meros

armed with tubercles or spines below, most prominent in the young;

Notes on North American Crustacea. 201

penult joint lamelliform, acute above; dactylus long and broad, sublamel-

liform. Length of the carapax in a male, 1.1; breadth, 1.33.

In general appearance and character of the feet, this species

has some resemblance to [Zuenia heraldica of De Haan, but

is easily distinguished by the bifid rostrum destitute of a vertical

lamina, by the post-orbital tooth, the different maxillipeds, ete.

It is a rare species, taken from the stomachs of percoid fishes,

(“ Cabesones”) caught off Monterey, Cal., by A.S. Taylor, Esq.

Lambrus crenulatus.

Lambrus crenulatus Sauss., Crust. nouv. des Antilles et du Mexique, p.

13, pl. i. f, 4.

Found at the Tortugas, Fla., by Capt. Woodbury.

Lambrus triangulus, nov. sp.

The carapax is of the shape of an equilateral triangle, the posterior

margin being nearly straight, and scarcely exceeding the antero-lateral

sides in length. This results from the strong projection of the dentated

posterior corners of the branchial regions, which almost conceal the

ambulatory feet. Antero-lateral margin with about twelve very small

granulated teeth, of which three are on the small rounded hepatic region.

Surface ornamented with conical tubercles variable in number and size.

Rostrum prominent, obtuse, triangular. The base of the movable part

of the external antennz is protected on each side by an over-arching

tooth, one arising from the lower margin of the orbit, the other from the

anterior corner of the epistome. In the outer maxillipeds the ischium

is granulated, the meros tuberculated. Chelipeds rather short, strongly

angular and dentated; hand granulated below, but nearly smooth above

between the crests, which are high, and unevenly eight- or nine-toothed ;

the teeth denticulated, the middle one largest. Ambulatory feet per-

fectly smooth and glabrous; dactyli pubescent. Length of the carapax

in a female, 0.55; breadth, 0°69 inch.

Cape St. Lucas. J. Xantus.

202 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Cryptopodia granulata.

Cryptopodia granulata Gibbes; Proc. Am. Assoc. 1850, p. 173

and Proc. Elliott Soc. i. 25. (wood-cut.)

In addition to the locality (Charleston Harb.) mentioned by

Gibbes, we have this species from Beaufort, N. C. and from St.

Thomas, W. I.

CANCROIDEA.

—— en

Atergatis lobatus.

Cancer lobatus M. Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust. i. 375. (7)

Our specimen is a small one, the carapax being less than

half an inch in length, and not “fortement bosselée.” The

areolets of the carapax are granulated, and the ambulatory

feet are not altogether smooth, but granulated above on the

penult and antepenult joints. In other characters it agrees

well with the description of Milne Edwards.

It was found at Aspinwall, by Rev. J. Rowell.

Atergatis rotundatus, nov. sp.

Carapax less broad than is usual in the genus, equally convex anteriorly

and posteriorly, areolated and granulated. Antero-lateral margin

crested, indistinctly quadrilobate, the lobes being separated by very

slight notches, not fissures ;—the marginal crest granulated like the rest

of the carapax. Postero-lateral side very short. Hand of the chelipeds

short, with a high lamelliform superior crest; outer surface granulated

above, and ornamented with four or five granulated coste. Length of

the carapax, 0.25; breadth, 0.32 inch.

It differs from A. lémbatus in having a narrower limb or

crest of the antero-lateral margin, It is the analogue or represen-

Notes on North American Crustacea. 208

tative of A. lobatus of the Atlantic side of the continent, but

differs in being more convex and granulated posteriorly, having

higher crests to the hands, ete.

Found at Cape St. Lucas, by Mr. Xantus.

Actaea nodosa, nov. sp.

Carapax broad, and deeply areolated both anteriorly and posteriorly,

the areolets forming prominent granulated nodes, mostly of nearly equal

size, and in number about forty, including those constituting the

antero-lateral teeth. These nodes are strongly convex in the anterior,

but flattened in the posterior regions of the carapax. The furrows

separating them are wide and deep, and more or less thickly pubescent.

The median gastric areolet, which in this genus is usually long and

slender, reaching far forward, is in the present species almost obsolete,

being represented only by its tuberculiform posterior extremity. The feet

are nodose and granulated like the carapax. The outer surface of the

hand is tuberculated, the tubercles being arranged, inferiorly, in three

longitudinal rows. Length of the carapax in a female, 0.64; breadth,

0°97 inch.

Found at the Tortugas, Fla., by Dr. Whitehurst.

Actaea sulicata, nov. sp.

Upper surface of the carapax divided into thirty flattened and granu-

lated lobules (besides the small ones around the orbits), separated by

deep pubescent sulci. The posterior lobules are less prominent, more

distinctly granulated, and sometimes concealed by pubescence. Cheli-

peds above nodose like the carapax; hands and fingers, at base, strongly

granulated externally. Ambulatory feet longitudinally sulcated, but not

granulated. Color bright-red, somewhat maculated or mottled with

white. Length of the carapax in a female, 0.37; breadth, 0.56 inch.

It is somewhat nearly allied to A. nodosa, but the lobules or

nodes of the carapax are less prominent and less distinetly

granulated.

204 Notes on North American Crustacea.

In this species there is some approach to excavation in the

tips of the fingers, that would perhaps require its removal to

the section Actacodes of Dana, which, however, we can scarcely

consider a distinct generic group.

Found at Cape St. Lucas, by Mr. Xantus.

Actaea Jabyrinthica, nov. sp.

This species is very closely allied to the Atlantic species, A-

erosa Stm., differing only in being less minutely eroded or

vermiculated, the prominent parts between the principal furrows

of erosion being flattened and smooth; while in A. erosa these

prominences are sharp and themselves eroded. On the outer

surface of the hands the prominences are smooth, mammilli-

form tubercles.

In color this crab is variegated with yellow and carmine.

Length of the carapax in a female, 1.0; breadth, 1.42 inch.

Found at Panama, by the Rey. J. Rowell. For additional

specimens I am indebted to Mr. W. H. Edwards.

Xantho bella, nov. sp.

PL. IIL, fig. 2.

Carapax rather broad ; proportion of length to breadth about 1:1.50.

It is somewhat octagonal in shape, the antero-lateral margin being

angular at the middle, where it is divided into two equal portions ;—the

anterior one straight, oblique, and entire, with the exception of a small

lobe scarcely projecting near its anterior extremity ; and the posterior

portion nearly longitudinal, and armed with three strong triangular

teeth, the middle one being most prominent. The postero-lateral mar-

gin is longer than the antero-lateral. Surface distinctly areolated,

smooth, and glabrous, except near the anterior margins, where it is

minutely rugose or granulated. Front moderately projecting, deeply

fissured at the middle. The infero-external fissure of the orbit is as well

marked as in X. florida, or as in some Panopei, Chelipeds smooth

Notes on North American Crustacea. 205

and glabrous ; hand short, with a basal tooth on the superior margin of

the palm, projecting inward. Ambulatory feet mostly smooth and

glabrous’ (rarely pubescent); penult and antepenult joints compressed,

obtusely cristate above, with an undulated margin; dactyli with rather

long pubescence. Color crimson or beet-red 5 carapax sometimes lighter

in color, or yellowish, maculated with deep red. Length of the carapax

in a male, 0.54; breadth, 0.80 inch. In another, length, 0.56; breadth,

0.89.

Northern specimens are more transverse, rougher, more

pubescent, and more sober in coloration than those found in

warmer latitudes.

Found at Monterey, Cal., by Mr. A. 8. Taylor, and at Ft.

Townsend, Puget Sound, by Dr. Suckley.

Xantho planissima, nov. sp.

Carapax perfectly flat above, smooth and glabrous, excepting near the

frontal margins, where it is somewhat punctate in transverse ruge.

Regions moderately well defined, but not themselves areolated, except-

ing the gastric in its anterior part. Antero-lateral margin four-toothed,

teeth moderate. Chelipeds unarmed (excepting the tooth at the inner

angle of the carpus) ; surface smooth, punctate above ; meros minutely

granulated above, near the apex; hand compressed, broad ; fingers black,

with light-colored tips; pollex broad, with its black patch extending

some distance on the palm. Ambulatory feet smooth, compressed,

pubescent toward their extremities. Color a very dark bluish-grey,

marbled posteriorly. Length of the carapax in a full grown male, 0.3;

breadth, 0.46 inch.

Cape St. Lucas. J. Xantus.

Xantho lamellipes, nov. sp.

Carapax smooth, flattened, and somewhat octagonal in outline, the

antero-lateral margin haying a strong angle or shoulder on the hepatic

region, just before the indistinct cervical suture. The broadest part of

206 Notes on North American Crustacea.

the carapax is at this shoulder, and between it and the orbit, the margin

is thick, obtuse, perfectly straight and smooth. Behind the shoulder-

tooth there are two small teeth on the antero-lateral margin, rather

sharp and crested. Front deflexed, with a reticulated surface. Sub-

hepatic regions also reticulated, that is, covered with minute cavities the

parietes of which form a fine network. Chelipeds angular, with reticu-

lated surface; upper side of carpus somewhat dilated, with a strong

outer, inner, and posterior tooth or angle. Ambulatory feet very much

compressed, almost laminiform, with sharp, smooth, lamelliform crests

above. In the penult and antepenult joints of the first two pairs of

ambulatory feet, there is also a longitudinal erest on the side of the

feet, the spaces between the crests being deep cavities. Sternum and

inferior side of feet pubescent.

It is slate-colored, with the antero-lateral margins and chelipeds red-

dish-white. Length of the carapax in a male, 0.25; breadth, 0.34 inch.

Cape St. Lucas. J. Xantus.

Xantho wittata, nov. sp.

Carapax depressed, rather narrow, anteriorly rather convex, and with

a produced front. Dorsal surface distinctly divided into regions by

sufficiently deep furrows ; the gastric region subdivided into three lobules ;

and the branchial into two by the transverse sulcus arising at the lateral

angle. Surface naked, somewhat punctate, and transversely rugulose

anteriorly. Lateral and posterior margins ciliated beneath. Antero-

lateral margin eight-toothed ; teeth small, sharp, narrower than their

interspaces at the base. Anterior tooth situated at a double interval

from the angle of the orbit. External marginal lobes of the orbit pro-

minent. Front horizontal, much projecting; margin slightly convex,

not toothed, but sparsely ciliated. Chelipeds somewhat rugose above.

Ambulatory feet ciliated. Abdomen in the male narrow; terminal

joint scarcely longer than broad, with rounded extremity. Color yel-

lowish-grey ; carapax with eleven longitudinal stripes of red. Length

of carapax in a male, 0.5; breadth, 0.67 inch.

It is allied to X. sexdecem-dentatus, but the dorsal surface is

distinctly areolated, and the antero-lateral teeth do not touch

Notes on North American Crustacea. 207

each other at base as in that species. X. sewdecem-dentatus

has been referred by some to the genus Paraxanthus of Lucas,

but we cannot perceive that it is generically distinct from Y.

planus ; in the front is equally prominent.

Our species was found at Panama by the Rev. J. Rowell ;

also abundantly at Cape St. Lucas by Mr. Xantus. The north-

ern specimens differ from those of Panama only in their smaller

size.

Xantho denticulata, nov. sp.

Carapax sufficiently broad, naked, very deeply areolated anterior to the

transverse furrow, the extra-medial gastric lobules being partially divided.

An oblique furrow crosses the postero-lateral slope and margin, arising

from the transverse furrow half way between the middle and the lateral

extremity. Antero-lateral margin armed with nine small but prominent

teeth, the anterior one being situated at a lower level than the others

(belonging rather to the sub-hepatic region), and separated from the

angle of the orbit by a rather deep sinus. Front quadridentate ; middle

teeth much the largest. The lobes between the fissures of the external

orbital margins are rather prominent. Preeorbital tooth prominent.

Latero-inferior regions granulated. Basal joint of the external antennze

rather short, but joining a process from the front. In the chelipeds, the

carpus and hand are tuberculated above. Ambulatory feet smooth; a

slight tooth at the superior extremity of the carpus-joint. Length of

carapax in a male, 0.31; breadth, 0.44 inch.

From the character of the external antennz this species

would probably be more properly arranged in Xanthodes, but

the carapax is broad as in the true Xanthos.

Found at Cape St. Lucas by Mr. Xantus, who has been par-

ticularly fortunate in collecting new species of a genus the name

of which approximates so closely to his own.

208 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Xanthodes taylori, nov. sp.

Pl. II, fig. 3.

Carapax areolated; areolets anteriorly embossed; margins of the

transverse protuberances often crenulated. Front deeply quadridentate ;

teeth widely separated; their interspaces coarsely crenulated. There is

also a crenulated transverse ridge above and parallel with the front,

interrupted at the middle by the deep median sulcus of the frontal and

gastric regions. Three prominent teeth on the antero-lateral margin,

the anterior one bifid, the posterior one with a supplementary tooth

behind it. Between the anterior tooth and orbit, the margin is obtuse

or flattened, and armed with four or five tubercles. In the chelipeds

the carpus and hand, above and exteriorly, are uniformly covered with ~

rather closely-set, prominent, subglobular, rose-colored tubercles. There

is a slight tendency to excavation in the tips of the fingers. Ambula-

tory feet spinose and setose above, setz stiff. In the alcoholic specimen

the carapax is rose-colored, like the tubercles of the chelipeds, which are

set on a bluish ground; fingers black, the black not spreading upon

the hand. Length of the carapax in a female, 0.72; breadth, 1.09 inch.

This pretty species was found at Monterey, Cal., in March,

1859, by Mr. Alex. 8S. Taylor, who writes :—“The crab is new

to us here, never having been seen before ;—it was found on

the sand-beach after a heavy storm, and lives, very likely, in

deep water among sea-weeds.” It is probably, like other

species of the genus, an inhabitant of the laminarian zone. |

Kanthodius hebes, nov. sp.

Body and feet naked with the exception of the pubescent dactyli of

the ambulatory feet. Carapax smooth, moderately but not deeply

areolated; surface conspicuously punctated. Antero-lateral margin

smooth, obtusely rounded, obscurely quadrilobate. Front obtuse, straight

when seen from above, but deeply sinuous in its margin seen from before,

Subhepatic region deeply punctated or minutely vermiculated behind

Notes on North American Crustacea. 209

the orbit. Chelipeds rather short and stout, rugulose above and exter-

nally. Length of carapax, 0.52; breadth, 0.82 inch.

It approaches nearly to X. sternberghii in its smooth carapax,

but may be easily distinguished by its obtuse antero-lateral

margin.

Found at Cape St. Lucas, where it is extremely abundant,

according to Mr. Xantus.

Xanthodius americanus.

Chlorodius americanus Sauss.; Crust. nouv. des Antilles et du

Mexique, p. 14, pl. i. f. 5.

In a criticism of M. De Saussure’s “ Memoires” (Silliman’s

Am. Jour. Sci., 2nd Ser. xxvii. 446), we have considered this

species identical with C. jfloridanus Gibbes. Having recently,

however, secured numerous specimens of it, we are enabled to

acknowledge the error. It is entirely distinct ;—the carapax is

much broader and more rounded at the lateral angle, the lobules |

are more protuberant, the surface is punctate, not transversely

striated, the lateral teeth are less acute, and the body and feet

generally, are much less hairy. The frontal margin is trans-

versely canaliculated as in C. floridanus.

As this species has a strong ridge upon the palate, I have

arranged it above in Xanthodius.

Found at the Tortugas, Fla., Capt. Woodbury; and at Barba-

does, T. Gill.

Chiorodius floridanus.

Chlorodius floridanus, Gibbes; Proc. Am. Assoc. 1850, p. 175.

This species has much resemblance to the Pacific C. exaratus,

with which it is confounded by Dana (U.S. Expl. Exped.,

210 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Crust. ii. 1554). It is, however, distinguished by the character

of the frontal margin, which is grooved so as to appear double.

Very common on the Florida Keys.

Chiorodius maculatus, nov. sp.

The following description is drawn up from a single female specimen,

the only one yet received. Carapax yellowish, with numerous brown

spots ;—narrow, evenly convex, areolated; lobules rather prominent

anteriorly and antero-laterally, with nearly smooth surfaces. No trans-

verse ridges. Surface posteriorly glabrous. Antero-lateral teeth four

in number (excluding angle of orbit) equal, small but sharply promi-

nent; interspaces broad, concave. Front prominent, sublaminiform,

four-toothed ; middle teeth broad; orbital teeth prominent. -A tooth on

the subhepatic region just beneath the first of the four antero-lateral

teeth. Chelipeds short and stout, spotted with red; meros spinulose

above; fingers short and stout, with large apices deeply spoon-shaped.

Ambulatory feet with the last three joints very spinulose and hairy

above. Length of carapax, 0.625; breadth, 0.84 inch.

It is much narrower in proportion than any other Chlorodius

of the West Indian province.

Found at the Tortugas, Fla., by Capt. Woodbury.

Panopeus tramsversus, nov. sp.

Carapax very broad, moderately convex, naked, smooth except near

the margins anteriorly, where it is minutely rugulose transversely, or

granulated. Regions scarcely defined. Surface not uneven near the

antero-lateral teeth. Front wide, scarcely at all prominent; margin

somewhat undulated, the two lobes being curved and not straight or

truncate. Antero-lateral margin divided by slight incisions into four

teeth as in P. crenatus ;—the first tooth, composed of the angle of the

orbit coalesced with the second normal tooth, is entire and slightly con-

vex in outline. Chelipeds minutely granulated or rugulose above; a

tooth on the inner edge of dactylus at the base. Feet and inferior surfaces

of the body pubescent. Terminal joimt of the male abdomen small,

Notes on North American Crustacea. mali

not dilated laterally. Color a very dark brown; fingers black with

white tips,—the black spreading a little upon the palm. Length of

carapax in a male, 0.5; breadth, 0.75 inch.)

It is allied to P. crenatus of the west coast of S. America,

but the carapax is broader, and less convex, with a less promi-

nent front, ete.

Found at Panama, by the Rey. J. Rowell.

Panopeus abbreviatus, nov. sp.

Carapax broad, transversely rugose ; regions well-defined but not pro-

tuberant. Front rather narrow, and but little projecting; margin seen

from above, nearly straight; and obliquely truncated or bevelled, the

bevelled surface being granulated. Supra-orbital fissure distinct. Antero-

lateral teeth normal in number, and rather prominent. Sub-hepatic

regions granulated; a slight tuberculiform prominence beneath the

first antero-lateral tooth. Chelipeds smooth; surface microscopically

punctated. Color yellowish or brownish ; chelipeds and front margin of

carapax roseate; fingers black with paler tips, the black not spreading.

Length of carapax in a male, 0.525 ; breadth, 0.82 inch.

Found at Barbados, by Theo. Gill, Esq.

Ozius verreauxil.

Ozius verreauavi Sauss.; Rev. et Mag. de Zoologie, 1853, p. 359, pl.

ser eal li

Found at Cape St. Lucas, by Mr. Xantus. A large speci-

men, three inches broad.

Ozius periatus, nov. sp.

Very broad, and depressed; anterior part of carapax and upper side

of chelipeds rugose, the raised portions reticulating, the pits and chan-

nels deep, as if eroded. Carapax flat and smooth posteriorly, anteriorly

912 Notes on North American Crustacea.

well areolated, the anterior branchial lobule being circumscribed.

Latero-inferior regions granulated. Front depressed and transversely

channelled, nearly straight’ in a view from above, but strongly bidentate

at the middle in a front view; teeth obtuse. Basal joint of the external

antenne narrow and projecting, being jammed in the inner angle of the

orbit. External maxillipeds more or less pubescent; meros rather

deeply bisulcated, and conspicuously notched anteriorly at the efferent

aperture. Color dark reddish. Length of carapax, 1.65; breadth, 1.1

inch.

It has some resemblance to O. verreauxii, but is broader,

more deeply areolated, and rugose, almost vermiculated anteri-

orly. The basal joint of the autenne also, in O. verreaumwit, is

much broader and more flattened.

It was found in considerable numbers at Cape St. Lucas, by

Mr. Xantus.

A species closely allied, and if not identical with this, is

found at theisland of Jamaica. It has, however, a more acute

antero-lateral margin.

Daira americama, nov. sp.

Closely allied to D. perlata, differing only in the fingers,

which in our species are not spoon-shaped but acuminate, and

in the existence of tufts of setae between the tubercles of the

earapax. Length of the carapax in the male, 0.8; breadth,

1.15 inch. "

This species affords another instance of the slight value of

the degree of excavation of the finger tips as a distinguishing

character. It should scarcely be used for families, when in this

and some other instances it is not even of generic importance.

We have here removed the genus Daira from the vicinity of

Chiorodius to that of Piluwmnus, in view of the strong ridge

upon the palate, and some other characters of nearly equal im-

portance. Dazra is especially characterized by the notch of

Notes on North American Crustacea. 913

the anterior margin of the meros-joint in the outer maxillipeds,

and by the basal joint of the external antennze not being sol-

dered to the carapax.

Deira americana was found at Cape St. Lucas, by Mr.

Xantus. The only other species known is an inhabitant of

the Indo-Pacific region.

Pilummus xantusii, nov. sp.

Carapax narrow, moderately convex, anteriorly hairy, but posteriorly

short-pubescent like the abdomen. Gastric region and its principal

lobules well circumscribed. ‘Two or three very short spines on the

hepatic and branchial region in a row parallel to the antero-lateral

margin. Surface elsewhere either smooth or sparsely roughened with

sharp grains. Front rather broad, deeply incised at the middle, but

without lateral incisions; its margin armed with six small spines.

Superior margin of orbit straight, ciliated, but not armed with spines;

inferior margin with two or three spines toward the inner angle. Antero-

lateral margin armed with five spines, regularly placed and nearly

equidistant, but diminishing in size forward; the anterior one at the

external angle of the orbit. Meros-joint of the external maxillipeds longer

than is usual in the genus, being nearly square, and less incised at the

internal angle. Chelipeds short and thick; greater hand above and

externally hairy, and sparsely armed with spines; surface between the

spines smooth and glabrous except toward the fingers, where it becomes

granulated, the spines disappearing or becoming tubercles; lower margin

and inner side near the fingers granulated. Fingers tuberculated at:

base. Ambulatory feet not spinous but clothed above with very stiff

hairs. Color-reddish ; spines black ; fingers black, Length of carapax

in a male, 0.6; breadth, spines excluded, 0.68.

It is the western analogue of P. aculeatus, but differs con-

siderably from that species in its narrower carapax, five-spined

antero-lateral margin, and in the want of spines on the feet.

Found at Cape St. Lucas, abundantly, by Mr. Xantus.

214 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Pilumnus gemmatus, nov. sp.

Surface of body and feet above covered with a cream-colored, velvet-

like pubescence. Carapax distinctly areolated, and ornamented with

Scattered granules or small tubercles, from three to six on each areolet.

Spines or teeth of antero-lateral margin very short. Two or three

tubercles on the superior margin of the orbit, not acute. Lobes of the

front prominent, rounded, granulated ; a transverse series of long hairs

above the margin. Lower margin of orbit not spinous. In the cheli-

peds, both hands are tuberculated above, and granulated on the outer

surface. Ambulatory feet long-hairy, pubescent, and studded above

with scattered granules smaller and sharper than those of the carapax

and hands, The granules and spines are all of a bright ruby color, and

present an elegant appearance from contrast with the whitish or cream-

colored velyet in which they are embedded like gems. Length of cara-

pax, 0.36; breadth, 0.49.

Inhabits St. Thomas; A. H. Riise. Also the Tortugas; Capt.

Woodbury.

Pilummus reticulatus, nov. sp.

In this species the carapax is less convex than is usual in the

genus ; both it and the feet are clothed above with short clavate sete,

closely arranged in reticulating lines enclosing small, naked, polygonal

areole, which, on the anterior half of the carapax and on the chelipeds,

are mostly each occupied by a tubercle projecting forward, but flattened

on its superior and posterior surface. There are about twelve tubercles

on the carapax, excluding marginal ones, and about thirteen on each

cheliped. On the ambulatory feet the naked areole form deep cavities

not occupied by tubercles; about two areola occupy the width of the

foot. A few much longer and larger clavate sete are dispersed among

the short ones which clothe the general surface. Antero-lateral margin

distinetly four-toothed, not including the external angle of the orbit ;

the anterior tooth is situated rather on the sub-hepatic region. A tooth

on the sub-branchial region beneath the penult tooth of the antero-

Notes on North American Crustacea. 915

lateral margin, Three projecting teeth on the inferior margin of the

orbit, the inner one very large, flattened on its outer surface. External

antenne long. Fingers and infero-exterior surface of hands smooth and

naked; the naked part sharply defined by an oblique line on the

outer surface. Length of carapax in a male, 0.25 ; breadth, 0.36 inch.

Inhabits St. Thomas; A. H. Riise.

Pilummus ceratopus, nov. sp.

Body above clothed with very short tufts of pubescence, somewhat

irregularly arranged, leaving many open spaces ; feet much more thickly

covered, with a longer hairy coat. Carapax much less convex than

usual, and even flattened posteriorly, but anteriorly moderately sloping

toward the margins. Regions sufficiently distinct, but neither lobulated

nor tuberculated. A transverse ridge on the frontal region, interrupted

at the middle. Surface naked along the anterior margins, which are

obtuse and thickened. Three long, acute spines on the antero-lateral

margin. Front nearly horizontal, very little projecting, and strongly

sinuated at the middle. Superior margin of the orbit unarmed, but

fissured at the middle; outer angle tuberculiform, projecting laterally.

Inferior margin of the orbit deeply bi-lobate; lobes large, triangular,

projecting; external hiatus well-marked, and armed with a tooth at the

bottom. Chelipeds above, and externally, covered with short spines ;

anterior half of palm of hand naked, and of a bright red or purplish

color. Ambulatory feet compressed, densely hairy ; meros with a spine

at the superior extremity; carpus with a large, smooth, procumbent,

horn-like process lying upon its upper side, in front of which are three

spines along the anterior margin; dactylus of the usual length. Length

of carapax in a male, 0.3; breadth, excluding the spines, 0.4 inch,

This pretty little species, very peculiar in the armature of its

ambulatory feet, was found at Key Biscayne, Fla., by the late

Gustavus Wurdemann, Esq.

APRIL, 1860. 15 Ann. Lyo, Nat, Hist. Vou. VII.

216 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Pilumnus lunatus.

Pilumnus lunatus M. Edw. et Lucas; Voy. dans lAm, Merid.

(D’Orbigny) Crust. 20, pl. ix. f. 2.

Distinguished by its thickened, naked, anterior margins, and

by the peculiar sharp lunated process on the superior margin

of the carpus joint of the ambulatory feet. It has no ridge

upon the palate, and should probably, with the preceding

species, be separated generically from Pdlumnus.

Found at Cape St. Lucas by Mr. Xantus, and on the west

coast of Central America by Capt. Dow.

Metopocarcinus,* nov. gen.

Carapax laevis, glaber, orbiculatus, antice truncatus; regionibus non

circumscriptis; margine antero-laterali fere integro, quam postero-late-

ralis breviore, paullo cristato, crista postice introrsum curvata, ut in Pilum-

noide. Frons grandis, perlata, dimidiam carapacis lat. fere superans,

prominens, margine recta, integra. Orbita parva, margine superne

integra, subtus unifissa, Antenna externa hiatum internum orbitae

occupans, articulo basali frontem non attingente. Maxillipedes externi

eis Xanthus, etc. similes. Pedes mediocres. Abdominis maris seg-

menta tertium, quartum quintumque coalita.

Metopocarcinus trumcatus, nov. sp.

Ply Vin fords

Carapax somewhat convex, naked, smooth and even, except that the

anterior gastric lobules and two oblong longitudinal lobules on the frontal

region are slightly raised. Antero-lateral margin obscurely three- or

four-toothed ; teeth to be seen only ina side view. Distance between

inner angles of the orbits equalling more than half the width of the

* Mérwmov, frons; xdpxwos, cancer,

Notes on North American Crustacea. 217

carapax. Inferior side of frontal margin transversely sulcate or chan-

nelled, and granulated. External antenne very short, reaching scarcely

beyond the frontal margin. Chelipeds and ambulatory feet smooth,

naked, and unarmed; fingers acuminate; dactyli pubescent, with long,

slender, acute unguicles. Color, pale orange; postero-lateral surfaces,

above bases of feet, black; fingers of the chelipeds and dactyli of the

other feet, dark colored. Length of carapax in a male, 0.18; breadth,

0.18 inch,

Cape St. Lucas. J. Xantus.

Eriphia gonagra.

Cancer gonagra Fabr.

Liriphia gonagra M. Edw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust. i. 426. Dana, U. S.

Expl. Exped. Crust. i. 250.

Found at the Tortugas by Capt. Woodbury and others; at

Aspinwall and at Panama by the Rev. J. Rowell.

We cannot distinguish the Panama specimens from those

found on the east side of the isthmus.

A variety (?) is found at Key Biscayne, at the Tortugas, and

at Aspinwall, in which the chelipeds are much more tubercu-

lated than in the typical forms, there being strong tubercles on

the carpus and on the lower half of the outer side of the hand.

Dr. Cooper makes an interesting statement with regard to

the habits of this species :—that they build nests of mud upon the

branches and roots of the mangrove at the edge of the water,

into which they retire for concealment. The old world species,

observed by myself (2. Smithii, levimana, spinifrons, eté.),

hide in small cavities of the rocks, from which it is extremely

difficult to extract them uninjured.

Eriphia squamata.

Liriphia squamata Stimpson; Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii. 56.

This species is further distinguished from Z gonagra by hay--

218 Notes on North American Crustacea.

ing generally one or two more spiniform teeth on the antero-

lateral margin. It has been received from the following addi-

tional localities, viz.: Cape St. Lucas, J. Xantus; Panama,

Rev. J. Rowell; Peru, C. H. Raymond.

Eriphia hispida, nov. sp.

Body and feet everywhere covered above with short, stiff, black setz,

mostly arising from tubercles, Carapax rather flattened above, indis-

tinctly areolated, rugose with low tubercles, from the front edges of

which the sete arise. Antero-lateral margin with about eight small

teeth mostly armed with one or two denticles near their tips. Front

broad, short-spinous; spines numerous, small, with obtuse tips. Orbit

removed from the antenne to a much greater distance than is usual in

the genus;—its margin spinous, especially beneath, where there is a

deep open fissure or hiatus mgr the external angle. Meros-joint of

external maxillipeds with a shght sinus or emargination of its anterior

margin near the summit, corresponding to the efferent aperture ; ischium

denticulated on its inner margin. Chelipeds unequal; hands tuber-

culated and granulated on both sides, the granules often crowding upon

the tubercles; fingers in smaller hand spoon-excavated. Ambulatory

feet short and stout, mostly smooth beneath the hispid covering ;

meros crenulated above; dactyle very short. Color purplish beneath

the black sete. Length of carapax in a female, 1.72; breadth, 2.35

inch.

Found on the west coast of Central America, by Captain

J. M. Dow.

Domecia hispida.

Domecia hispida Soul., Voy. au Pole sud, pl. vi., f. 3, 7.

We have specimens, found at St. Thomas by Mr. tise,

which are of this species, or of one so closely allied, that the

published figures do not enable us to distinguish it.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 219

Trapezia maculata.

Trapezia maculata Dana, U. 8. Expl. Exped. Orust. i. 256, pl. xv. f. 4.

. Mr. Xantus has sent a specimen of this species, collected at

the Island of Socoro, off the west coast of Mexico. It was

originally found at the Sandwich Islands, and is one of the

very few species common to the American coast and the

eastern outskirts of the great Indo-Pacific region.

Trapezia nigro-fusca, nov. sp.

Carapax broad, naked, slightly convex, very smooth and glabrous, with

a few scattered puncte surrounding the gastric region, though scarcely

defining it. A very slight marginal tooth on either side, at the usual

position. Front slightly convex, entire, not denticulated. Outer maxil-

lipeds fitting neatly in the buccal area, and not gaping; basal margins

in a transverse line. Chelipeds with the meros short, as in Tetralia ;

carpus almost bilobate within; hand very broad and depressed. Ambu-

latory feet short, naked; dactyli with obtuse unguiculi sufficiently con-

spicuous, bent inward at an angle with the main part of this terminal

joint. Color uniform dark-brown, almost black. Length of carapax in

a male, 0.37; breadth, 0.46 inch.

Cape St. Lueas. J. Xantus.

Neptunus.

This genus was instituted by De Haan for a small group of

Lupae, species mostly pelagic in their habits, as ZL. pelagica and

L. sanguinolenta, which are the two mentioned by that author

as examples. It has been rejected by sueceeding carcinolo-

gists, and re-united to Lupa; but I believe it to be well cha-

racterized by the great breadth of the carapax, the little-promi-

nent front, the short meros-joint of the outer maxillipeds, which

is not produced beyond the base of the palpus, and is obtuse at

220 Notes on North American Crustacea.

its outer angle, and by the broad, lamelliform dactyles of the

first three pairs of ambulatory feet.

In the dismemberment of the genus Lupa, the old name

should strictly have been retained for this group called WVep-

tunus by De Haan. But as that author had a right to restrict

the name as he did, to Lwpa forceps, it can scarcely now be

changed.

Neptunus sayi.

Lupa pelagica Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. i. 97.

Lupa sayi Gibbes, Proc. Am. Assoc. 1850, p. 178.

Found among floating sargassum in the North Atlantie

Ocean, and not unfrequently washed ashore in considerable

numbers on the Florida Reefs.

Callinectes.*

Under this generic name we propose to distinguish the

eommon American Lupa diacantha. It cannot be placed in

any group yet indicated without violence to its characters.

With the broad carapax, low front, and general habit of (ep-

tunus, the genus now proposed is quite distinct in its external

maxillipeds, the meros-joint of which, though short, is sharply

prominent and curved outward at its antero-external angle.

Also, the male abdomen in the narrowness of its terminal

half, has a form found in no other genus of Lupidae, except

perhaps Huctenota Gerst., a genus characterized by its narrow

front and dentated orbits.

Callimectes diacanthus.

Lupa diacantha (Latr.) M. Edw.; Hist. Nat. des Crust. 3. 451.

We have been unable to find constant differences between

* Kavos, strenues; vixrns, natator,

Notes on North American Crustacea. 921

the northern and southern varieties of this species, which

ranges from Cape Cod to Rio Janeiro. It is also found on the

west coast of America, as we have received an unmistakable

specimen from Mr. Xantus, collected at Cape St. Lucas. This

circumstance throws a doubt upon the distinctness of L. belli-

cosa, described in our last number.

Achelous.

A genus founded by De Haan. He refers to it but one

species, the Portunus spinimanus of Latreille. This species has

been placed in Lupa by subsequent writers, but it appears to

be quite distinct in its narrower and pubescent carapax, its

anteriorly-produced meros-joint of the outer maxillipeds, and

its narrow dactyli of the ambulatory feet. We have, there-

fore, found it necessary to retain the genus, and to place in it

several species usually referred to Amphitrite, a heterogeneous

group of De Haan’s, in which he placed Z. gladiator, hasta-

toides, diacantha, and, with a query, eribraria, rubra, and

pelagicus of Bose (sayz Gibbes). This genus can scarcely be

retained, even were its name acceptable, which it is not, being

pre-occupied.

The genus Acheloiis, as now constituted, is chiefly charac-

terized by the shape of the meros-joint of the external maxilli-

peds, which is greatly produced anteriorly beyond the base of

the palpus, with its outer margin usually straight, but some-

times a little projecting at the antero-exterior angle. The

carapax varies considerably in width, and in the length of the

lateral spine or posterior antero-lateral tooth. The terminal

joints of the first three pairs of ambulatory feet are sulcated,

and usually narrow, but sometimes rather broad and flattened,

although never approaching so much as those of the true swim-

ming Lupas.

All the American species (except Zupa rubra) usually

referred to Amphitrite are here included. The East Indian

222 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Amphitrites probably form a distinct genus, with their large

eyes, prismatic hands, ete.; but this point we have not yet

investigated.

Achelous gibbesii.

Lupa gibbesti Stimpson, An. Lye. Nat. Hist. of N. Y., vii. 57.

An important distinctive character in this species, which we

overlooked in the previous description, consists in the existence

of one or two shallow oblong pits or little depressed spaces,

with a smooth, iridescent surface, near the antero-lateral

margin at the penult or antepenult marginal tooth. At least

one of these pits is always present, and will always distinguish

this species from the varieties of A. spinimanus, some of which

approach it quite nearly, being similar in coloration. They

are, also, almost always found together.

It is found as far north as Beaufort, N.C.

Achelous xantusii, nov. sp.

Carapax pubescent; front and antero-lateral margins meeting in an

angle. Front four-toothed; teeth equally prominent; the two middle

ones less broad and more acute than the outer ones, and separated from

them by a wider space than from each other. Antero-lateral margin

nine-toothed, including the angle of the orbit, which is prominent,

protruding forward nearly as far as the frontal teeth; posterior tooth

(or lateral spine) nearly three times as long as the one anterior to it.

Eyes of moderate size, and in great part concealed by the orbit when

retracted ; cornea rather less thick than the peduncle. The entire

lower margin of the orbit may be seen from above when the eyes are

retracted. Meros-joint of external maxillipeds with the anterior extre-

mity produced, rectangular. Chelipeds slender, pubescent ; meros

depressed, with the pubescence arranged on slight transverse ridges on

the upper surface, and the anterior margin five- or four-spined; carpus

and hand each two-spined. Ambulatory feet slender; dactyli of first

three pairs rather narrower than in A. spinimanus, but similarly sulcate

Notes on North American Crustacea. 993

and ciliated. Length of carapax in a female, 0.54; breadth, 1.05

inch.

Very common on the beaches of Cape St. Lucas. J. Xantus.

Achelous tuberculatus, nov. sp.

Carapax inconspicuously pubescent, surface uneven, with the pro-

tuberant parts granulated. There are from four to six small tubercles

on the gastric region, two on the cardiac, and two on the inner part of

each branchial: region. Front rather prominent, convex, four-toothed ;

teeth subequal, the median ones most projecting and more greatly

separated from each other than from the lateral ones. Eyes of moderate

size, with the cornea but little thicker than the peduncle. Antero-

lateral margin nine-toothed, with the posterior tooth or spine very long, as

long as the space occupied by the next five teeth in front of it. Pos-

terior angle of the carapax armed with a hooked spine, directed upward

and forward. Meros-joint of external maxillipeds rather less produced

than usual. Chelipeds slender, with spines as in the preceding species;

hand very slender. Dactyli of ambulatory feet as in A. xantusiz.

Length of the carapax in a female, 0.52; breadth, 1.20 inch.

Common at Cape St. Lucas. J. Xantus.

Achelous depressifrons.

Amphitrite depressifrons Stimpson, An. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii. 58.

We have received a large number of fine specimens of this

species from the officers stationed at the Tortugas, Fla., which

enable us to amend the specific character previously published,

and to add further remarks. The largest of these specimens is

an inch and a halfin width. The carapax is pretty uniformly

mottled and clouded with purplish-grey, but is lighter at the

middle. There is always a dark median spot on the intestinal

region. Front very little prominent. Hand remarkably short

and compressed, with the spine of the superior margin situated

294 Notes on North American Crustacea.

near to the base of the dactylus, which is ciliated above with

long reddish hairs; hinge-tubercle, and most of the teeth on the

inner sides of the fingers, bright carmine. Dactyli of the first

three pairs of ambulatory feet very broad and flat for the

genus, but with the sulci not entirely obscured.

This species is easily distinguished by the shortness of its

lateral spine or posterior tooth of the antero-lateral margin,

which is no larger than that in front of it.

Achelous ordwayi, nov. sp.

Carapax pubescent, sparsely granulated toward the antero-lateral

margins; granules acute and of a red color. Front very prominent, and

rather narrow, with four very sharp and prominent teeth. Antero-

lateral margin nine-toothed, the posterior tooth twice as long as the

next before it. Meros-joint of the external maxillipeds more prominent

at its antero-exterior angle than is usual in the genus. Chelipeds with

long and sharp spines, in the usual positions; hand rather short, with

the supero-exterior surface in parts smooth, bare of pubescence, and highly

iridescent; fingers long and narrow, deeply sulcated. The dactyli of

the first three pairs of ambulatory feet in this species are very long and

slender, subcylindrical, much narrower than in any other known species

of Portunidae, and deeply sulcated. Color of the crab, pale reddish or

brownish, mottled; gastric region usually deep crimson. Length of

the carapax in a female, 1.45; breadth, 2.235.

This cannot be the Lupa sebae of M. Edwards, as that

author states that in his species the posterior feet are armed with

a spine on the meros-joint as in LZ. rubra.

Key Biscayne, Fla., Wurdemann; Tortugas, Woodbury; St.

Thomas, Riise. '

We have named it after our friend Mr. Albert Ordway, of

Cambridge, a rising carcinologist of much promise, who is, we

learn, engaged upon a monograph of the Portunide.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 225

Cronius,* nov. gen.

This genus is founded on the Lupa rubra of M. Edwards,

which forms the connecting link between the old genus Lupa,

and Charybdis. It is allied to Charybdis in the shape of the

front, and the movable part of the external antenna is some-

what remote from the orbit; but the process from the basal joint

of this antenna does not quite join the preorbital tooth; leav-

ing a narrow chink through which the movable part might

perhaps have access to the orbit. The basal joint of the antenna

is also armed with a short sharp spine beneath the articula-

tion of the movable joint. The antero-lateral margin is nine-

toothed, but the teeth are unequal, showing an approach to

Thalamita. Endostome as in allied genera. Meros-joint of

the outer maxillipeds very little produced anteriorly ; external

angle rather prominent, projecting a little over the tip of the

exognath. Dactyli of ambulatory feet narrow and sulcated.

Abdomen of the male subtrianglar, sides a little concave.

Cronius ruber.

Lupa rubra (Lam’k.) M. Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust. i. 454.

This is one of the species common to both sides of the con-

tinent, specimens having been found at St. Thomas, by Mr. Riise,

and at Panama, by Mr. Sternbergh.

Euphylax,} nov. gen.

Carapax transversus, ovalis, convexus; margine antero-laterali brevi,

rotundato, parce dentato; regione faciei (inter angulos orbitarum exter-

nos), carapace vix quarta parte angustiore. Orbitae grandes, praelongae,

* Koévios, nomen Neptuni. + Ed, bene, godaé, vigil.

226 Notes on North American Crustacea.

extus profundae ; angulo externo sat prominente ; lobo suborbitali valido,

prominente, superficie laevi, margine crenulato. Oculi magni, pedun-

culis gracilibus valde elongatis, compressis; corneis sat validis. Frons

inter bases oculorum perangusta, antice multo dilatata, margine undu-

lata, breviter cristata. Antennae et antennulae eis Podophthalmi similes.

Maxillipedes externi eis Luparum vix diversi, necnon mero oblique qua-

drato, vix longiore quam latiore, marginibus non incisis, angulo externo

late rotundato. Chelipedes longi, manu forte compressa. Pedes pos-

tici toti natatorii; dactylis primi secundi tertiique paris late lanceolatis,

quarti paris ovatis.

This very distinct and interesting new genus appears to be

nearest allied to Podophthalmus, which it resembles in the cha-

racters of the front, antennee, etc., and in the great development

of the eye peduncles, which is the most striking feature. But

the orbits are shorter than in that genus, and closed externally,

well surrounding the eye-bulbs when retracted. The carapax

also is very different in its rounded sides and want of spines. In

fact the general form resembles more that of some Lupidae, while

the character of the antero-lateral margin and feet recalls

Polybius.

This is one of the very peculiar forms now so rapidly turning

up from the west coast of America. But one species is yet

known.

Euphylax dovii, nov. sp.

PLN, fen.

Carapax transversely oval, one half broader than long, smooth and

glabrous, but minutely punctate, unevenly convex; cardiac region more

protuberantthan the gastric. Antero-lateral margin much shorter than the

postero-lateral, undulated and obscurely five-toothed, including the angle

of the orbit, which is much larger and more prominent than either of

the other teeth; posterior tooth minute, subspiniform ; intermediate

ones very minute, indistinct, and unequally distant. Margins of orbit

crenulated. Suborbital lobe large and very prominent, with polished

Notes on North American Crustacea. 92

superior surface; distance between its anterior and posterior margins

much exceeding width of eye-peduncle. Front nearly three times as

wide at its anterior extremity as at its base between the eyes; with a

supra-marginal crest interrupted at the middle. Inter-antennulary

septum or median process from epistome, armed with a strong sharp

tooth projecting forward. Chelipeds rather large, nearly smooth above ;

meros broad, armed with three or four very small spines anteriorly :

carpus one-spined within, and with a crenulated outer margin indis-

tinctly one-toothed ; hands ornamented with slight longitudinal ridges

sparsely granulated or short-spinulated, also with two or three elongated

tubercles on inner side of palm, behind base of dactylus; fingers much

compressed, not gaping, strongly toothed within, and with crenulated

exterior margins. Color of alcoholic specimen purplish. Length of

carapax in a female, 1.8; breadth, 2.8 inch.

Found on the western coast of Central America, by Captain

J. M. Dow, of the Steamer “Guatemala,” to whom we have

dedicated the species.

CORYSTOIDEA.

Pliosomaa, nov. gen.

Corpus rotundato-ovatum, longius quam latius, valde inflatum. Regio

faciei valde angustata, tumida. Frons vix rostrata, rostro fisso. Oculi

parvi, retractiles, longitudinaliter porrecti. Orbitae profundae, antrorsum

directae, angulo externo prominentes;. margine superiore unifisso. An-

tennae externae articulus basalis hiatum internum orbitae apte implens;

pars mobilis mediocris, orbita exclusa, basi aperta. Antennulae in fossis.

Epistoma brevissimum, fere obsoletum, apicibus maxillipedum tectum.

Maxillipedes externi elongati, eis Maioideorum plus minusve similes,

ischii apice interno antrorsum producto, palpo endarthroideo ; exognatho

magno, versus apicem contracto et dente intus armato. Chelipedes valde

debiles, parvi. Pedes ambulatorii primi paris longiores, extremitate

graciles, cylindrici; tertii quartique paris versus extremitatem compressi

et ciliati; quarti paris dactylus lanceolatus fere natatorius. Sternum

antice perlatum, retrorsum angustatum.

228 Notes on North American Crustacea.

The single species upon which the genus above described is

established, seems to belong to the Corystoidea rather than to

any other tribe of Brachyua, notwithstanding the small deve-

lopment of the antennae, which are no larger than in many

Maioids or Cancroids. The tribe named is by no means well

constituted, and, as far as understood, it seems to rest upon

general rather than particular characters. And, though our

genus approximates to none of those hitherto referred to this

tribe, yet in general habit, want of a distinct rostrum, epistome

covered by the narrow outer maxillipeds, compressed posterior

feet, etc., it shows so many of the characters found in different

genera of Corystoids, that we have not hesitated to arrange it

here.

Pliosoma parvifroms, nov. sp.

Pil Voi 6.

Carapax convex, pubescent; median regions well separated from the

hepatic and branchial ones. Upper surface armed with erect blunt

spines, as follows; four large and seven small ones on the gastric region,

the large ones on its posterior part; one on the cardiac, and one on the

intestinal region, curved forward; two on the inner part of the bran-_

chial, and two longer ones on the anterior part of its lateral margin ;

three small ones on the hepatic region. ‘There is also a spine on the

middle of the pterygostomian ridge. The facial region occupies less

than one-third the width of the carapax. Distance between the bases

of the chelipeds about one-half the widin of the carapax. First pair of

ambulatory feet in the male about one and one-half times the length of

the carapax. Color brownish or buff. Length of the carapax in a

male, 0.61; breadth, excluding spines, 0.53; in a female, length, 0.81 ;

breadth, 0.7 inch.

It was found in great abundance at Cape St. Lucas, by Mr.

Xantus.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 999

OCYPODOIDEA.

Gelasimus brevifroms, nov. sp.

A large species, allied to G. palustris, but the carapax is more convex

and less narrowed behind, with the H-shaped impression in the middle

deeper ; the front very short, broad and more rounded ; and the anterior

superciliary margin more convex and projecting from the posterior one.

On the inner side of the greater hand, the inferior oblique crest is

much more prominent, while the superior one is nearly obsolete. Length

of the carapax, 0.72; breadth, 1.07 inch.

Found in a lagoon at Todos Santos, near Cape St. Lucas,

Lower California, by Mr. Xantus.

Ocypoda occidentalis, nov. sp.

Of the same size, and not easily distinguishable from the

common O. arenaria of the eastern coast. But the ambulatory

feet are less pilose, and the pubescence upon them is much

shorter. The gastric region is more coarsely granulated. These

being constant differences, observed in a large number of spe-

cimens, we have ventured to consider the western form speci-

fically distinct.

Found in considerable numbers at Cape St. Lucas, by Mr.

Xantus. Mr. X. gives an amusing account of his method of

taking these crabs. His small dog finds their holes and

digs them out, bringing them uninjured to the feet of his

master.

Grapsus maculatus.

Grapsus maculatus (Catesby), M. Edw., Mel. Carcin. p. 132, pl. vi. f. 1.

Grapsus pictus Latr., Gibbes, etc.

Found at the Tortugas by Messrs. Wurdemann and White-

hurst, and is not uncommon on other parts of the Florida coast.

230 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Grapsus altifroms, nov. sp.

Grapsus pictus Sauss., Rev. et Mag. de Zodlogie, v. 362. (non Latr.)

A large species intermediate between G. maculatus and G. ornatus,

having the projecting front-margin, the narrow cardiac region, the cir-

cumscribed yellow spots on the carapax, and the robust feet of the latter,

with the short blunt internal suborbital lobe of the former. The sides

are more strongly arcuated than in any other species of the genus. The

front is perpendicular, very high, with a concave surface, and a very

prominent superior margin, the frontal lobules projecting forwards

slightly beyond the inferior margin.

We have no specimens of the Chilian species, @. ornatus, for

comparison with ours, but if M. Edwards’ short description is

correct, that species is quite distinct in its long, acute internal

suborbital lobe, projecting beyond the frontal margin.

G. altifrons is found in great numbers on the rocks of Cape

St. Lucas, by Mr. Xantus.

Geograpsus lividus.

Grapsus lividus M. Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust. ii. 85 ; Mel. Carcin. 135.

The meros-joint of the ambulatory feet in this species is

somewhat denticulated at the inferior extremity, and not com-

pletely unarmed as stated in the descriptions.

Found at the Tortugas by Dr. Whitehurst. Specimens have

also been found at Cape St. Lucas, by Mr. Xantus, which we

have referred to this species, although they are darker in color

than West Indian examples, being more closely reticulated

with purplish. Should they prove distinct, we propose to call

the species G. occidentalis.

The crab under consideration has been found by Mr. Xan-

tus and other observers at low water, on the rocks of the sea-

Notes on North American Crustacea. 931

shore. On establishing the name Geograpsus for the group

(Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. April, 1858), our impression

was that they were terrestrial in their habits, as the only

species we had observed living (@. rubidus) was found in

ravines nearly a mile from the sea. But from what we hear

of G. lividus, we now infer that either the habits of the differ-

ent species differ, or that they visit the land only at certain

periods of the year,—perhaps at the breeding season.

An additional character for the genus is found in the non-

excavated fingers of the large chelipeds.

Nautilograpsus minutus.

Yes

Nautilograpsus minutus M. Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust. ii. 90.

Found at Cape St. Lucas, by Mr. Xantus. We are unable

to distinguish the specimens from those collected from Gulf-

weed in the North Atlantic.

Plagusia orientalis.

Plagusia squamosa M. Edw., Mel. Carcin. p. 144.

Plagusia orientalis Stm., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., April, 1858.

Prodromus ete. p. 49.

We have received from Mr. Xantus several specimens of a

Plagusia from Cape St. Lucas, which we cannot distinguish

from the common E. Indian species usually called P. sguamosa,

but which is not the true Cancer sguamosus of Herbst, as may

be seen from his figure. It is distinguished from the Atlantic

species by the non-dentate superior lobe of the ischium-joint in

the ambulatory feet, and by the septem-dentate margin of the

epistome.

APRIL, 1860. 16 Awn, Lyo, Nat, Hist, Vou, VII.

232 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Plagusia depressa.

Plagusta depressa (Fabr.) Latr.; M. Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust. ii. 93.

Found on the west coast of Central America, by Capt. Dow.

It properly belongs to the Indo-Pacific fauna.

Acanthopus planissimus.

Cancer planissimus Herbst.

Plagusia clavimana Auct.; Gibbes, Proc. Am. Assoc. 1850, p.. 180.

Acanthepus planissimus Dana.

Found at Key Biscayne, Fla., by Mr. Wurdemann, and at

Cape St. Lucas, by Mr. Xantus.

Milne Edwards separates the West Indian Acanthopus from

A. planissimus, under the name of A. gibbesva (Mel. Carcin. p.

146). They may be distinct, but we do not find the differences

mentioned by that author to be constant.

We have but one specimen from Cape St. Lucas, in which

the antero-lateral margin is slightly concave anteriorly. It may

therefore belong to a distinct species from A. planissimus, but

we do not venture to decide upon this question until the arrival

of additional specimens which may enable us to observe whe-

ther the character be constant.

Aratus pisoni.

Sesarma pisont M. Edw., Hist. Nat. des Crust. ii. 763; pl. xvii. f. 4, 5.

Gibbes, Proc. Am. Assoc. 1850, p. 181.

Aratus pisont M. Edw., Mel. Carcin. 153.

Found at Key Biscayne, by Mr. Wurdemann, at the Tortu-

gas, by Capt. Woodbury, and at Charlotte Harbor, West Fla.,

by Mr. E. B. Baker. The last-named gentleman informs me

that this species lives much on land, and climbs trees, even to

Notes on North American Crustacea. 933

their tops, where they are often found. They run with rapidity

and are difficult to secure.

Gecarcinus ‘ruricola.

Gecarcinus ruricola Latr.

Found at Key Biscayne, by Mr. Wurdemann, and at Hayti,

by Dr. Weinland. The Florida specimen is narrower and more

convex than that from Hayti.

Gecarcinus quadratus.

Gecarcinus quadratus Sauss., Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1853, v. 360. pl.

Mist. Ze

A specimen was found at Cape St. Lucas, by Mr. Xantus.

It does not agree exactly with M. de Saussure’s description and

figure, as the lateral carina of the dactylus of the ambulatory

feet is less spinous, approaching in character that of G. lateralis.

The meros-joint of the external maxillipeds is short, and entire

anteriorly, but not produced forward as in @. ruricola,

’ Gecarcinus lateralis.

Gecarcinus lateralis Guerin.

The terms of Milne Edwards’ description of this species are

not always strictly correct, for the meros-joint of the external

maxillipeds has often a slight notch or concavity on the anterior

margin. Also, the dactylus of the ambulatory feet has some-

times a few spines on the lateral carinee toward the extremity.

Found at Key Biscayne, by Mr. Wurdemann, and at the Tor-

tugas, by Capt. Wright.

934 Notes on North American Crustacea.

Gecarcinus planatus, nov. sp.

Body depressed ; carapax broad, flattened about the middle and pos-

teriorly ; median and lateral furrows of gastric region well-marked, the

median one deep; longitudinal furrows of branchial region near gastric,

obsolete; transverse cardiac furrow deep; no furrow separating genital

region from the gastric. Hepatic, and anterior part of gastric regions

granulated. Frontal margin thin and denticulated; not dilated within

to the antennulary fossae. Meros-joint of outer maxillipeds subqua-

drate, with a very deep notch on its antero-interior margin. Chelipeds

rather small; carpus armed with small spines on the inner margin.

Ambulatory feet of moderate length, very spinous toward their extremi-

ties; dactylus with six rows of spines. Length of cdrapax in a male,

1.37; breadth, 1.80 inch.

Found at Todos Santos, near Cape St. Lucas, Lower Califor-

nia, by Mr. John Xantus.

Epilobocera,* nov. gen.

Potamocarcino carapacem frontemque similis. Lobus suborbitalis inter-

nus fronti junctus, antennam externam tegens, sed non eam orbita

excludens. Antennae pars mobilis parvus, in orbitae cantho interno situs.

Maxillipedum externorum merus transversus, margine antico rotundatus ;

palpus goniarthroideus.

Though closely allied to Potamocarcinus, this genus is very

peculiar in the position of its external antenna, which passes

behind the internal suborbital lobe and enters the orbit, the

moveable part appearing in the interior corner of that cavity.

Epilobocera cubensis, nov. sp.

Carapax flattened, glabrous; dorsal surface minutely granulated, with

two minute lunate sutures or impressed lines at the middle; antero-

* Eni, super; AoZ0s, lobus; «épas, cornu.

Notes on North American Crustacea. 935

lateral margin with sixteen small teeth ; superior frontal crest crenulated,

and not projecting beyond the inferior one. Chelipeds rather long;

meros with spinous edges; carpus with a large spine within; fingers

slender, not gaping, much longer than the palm. Ambulatory feet

nearly smooth, naked ; dactyli with three rows of spines above and two

below, spines few in the lower rows. Length of carapax in the male

1.343; breadth, 2.14 inch.

Found in fresh-water streams on the Island of Cuba, near

Santiago, by Mr. Charles Wright.

Pinnixa cylindrica.

Pinnotheres cylindricum Say, Jour. Acad, Nat. Sci. Philad. i. 452.

Pinnixa cylindrica White, Cat. Brit. Mus. Crust. 1847, p. 33.

Pinnixa laevigata Stimpson, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii. 22.

Upon further study of the American species of Pinnixa, we

find that the true cylindrica of Say is the species we described

in the last number of these “ Notes” under the name of laevi-

gata, while the species we there considered as the cylindrica is

anew species, which we describe below under the name of P.

chaetopterana.

This species is found as far north as Beaufort, North Carolina.

Pinnixa chaetopterana, nov. sp.

Pinnixa cylindrica Stimpson, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii. 22.

Carapax very broad, thickly hairy about the sides; surface uneven.

There is a very acute transverse crest on the cardiac region, broadly

interrupted at the middle, forming two prominent dentiform pro-

tuberances. Regions well defined by pubescent sulci. Front narrow,

with a deep median groove; margin deflected at the middle to form

the interantennulary septum, so that the front, seen from below, forms

two arches. Hepatic region broadly expanded, rather depressed in

236 Notes on North American Orustaced.

front, but marked by no ridges. Chelipeds robust. Hand large in

the male; palmar edge perpendicular; fingers strongly gaping; pollex

very short, but acutely prominent. and curved, with a tooth on its inner

margin next the base of the dactylus; dactylus strongly hooked, smooth

on both margins. In the female, fingers much compressed, not gaping,

broad and oblique; pollex nearly as long as the dactylus, and armed

with a tooth on the middle of its inner margin. Ambulatory feet stout,

hairy, with a very short dactylus. Feet of the penult pair very much

longer and stouter than the others, with a transverse groove next the

summit of the meros; carpus and penult joint crested above; inferior.

margin of meros and penult joint denticulated ; inferior surface thickly

pubescent. Length of the carapax in a male at the middle, 0.19;

breadth, 0.51 inch. Females are generally larger.

Found in the tubes of Chaetopterus pergamentaceus, on the

muddy or clayey shores of Charleston Harbor, 8. C.

Pinnixa sayana, nov. sp.

Carapax smooth, glabrous, depressed at the middle, and with a slight

sharp transverse ridge parallel with and near to the posterior margin,

not interrupted at the middle. Two similar ridges on the antero-lateral

slope, distant but nearly parallel with each other, the superior one

curving inward and defining the branchial region, External antennae

about one-third the length of the carapax. Hands robust, compressed,

scarce twice as long as broad, smooth, and of the monodactyle kind,

the pollex being very short; dactylus curved to a right angle. No teeth

on these fingers. Ambulatory feet smooth, rather slender, with dactyli

rather long; penult pair larger than the others, but proportionally

much less robust than in other species of the genus. Length of carapax

in a male, 0.125; breadth, 0.24 inch.

This species approaches nearer to P. monodactylus Say,

than any other species yet described, but it does not have the

long antennee and the teeth at the base of the fingers men-

tioned in Say’s description. The carapax in our species is ©

Notes n North American Crustacea. 237

nearly as in P. cylindrica, but the chelipeds are like those of

P. chaetopterana.

Dredged in six fathoms, sandy mud, off the mouth of Beau-

fort Harbor, N.C.

CALAPPOIDEA.

Calappa xantusiana, nov. sp.

Allied to C. marmorata in its little-protruded front and in the cha-

racter of the surface. It is, however, much narrower and more convex

than that species, and the triangular teeth of the postero-lateral margins

are carinated along the middle above, somewhat as in C. gallus, but

more obliquely. Also, there are numerous short transverse crenulated

carinae or ridges on the surface near the posterior margin. The upper

surface is elsewhere naked and glabrous, although depresso-papillose

and crowdedly granulated, the granules appearing as if covered with

a kind of glazing which fills up their interstices. The frontal sinuated

margin and teeth are obtuse, and there is no median denticle. The

superior crests of the hands are six-toothed, the teeth being less acute

and smoother, or more regularly crowdedly granulated than in C, mar-

morata. Length of carapax in a male, 1.153; greatest: breadth (pos-

teriorly), 1.46 inch.

Found at Cape St. Lucas by Mr. John Xantus.

Cyclois bairdii, nov. sp.

Carapax broader than long, regularly convex; surface more even than

in C. cristata, but with the median regions sufficiently well defined.

Young specimens are, however, more uneven, and sometimes tubercu-

lated. Front tridentate. Antero-lateral margin minutely toothed ; every

third or fourth tooth being larger than the others; posterior tooth

larger than the rest, but not projecting beyond the level of the convex

portion of the lateral margin where the carapax is broadest. External

erest of meros-joint in the chelipeds granulated, bidentate ;—a short

238 Notes on North American Cyystaced.

crest on the base of the hand is continuous with it, and terminates

anteriorly in a tooth. Hand on the outer surface granulated, and

very sparsely low-tuberculated, with two or three longitudinal crests

armed with larger granules, near the base; inferior margin denticu-

lated; superior crest eight-toothed. Ambulatory feet as usual in the

genus. Length of carapax in a male, 1.57; breadth, 1.68 inch. In

young individuals the length and breadth are equal.

It differs from C. granulosa De H. in its broader carapax,

and in having teeth on the exterior margin of the crest of the

meros and hand in the chelipeds. These teeth are not spini-

form as in C. cristata (s. dentata) Brulle.

Found in great abundance at Cape St. Lucas, by Mr.

Xantus. |

LEUCOSOIDEA.

Lithadia cariosa, nov. sp.

Body and feet everywhere tuberculated or granulated above and

below. Carapax convex, subrhomboidal, with the anterior and pos-

terior angles truncated, and the lateral angles obtuse, but not at all

truncated. A small tooth on the postero-lateral margin, sepa-

rated by a deep sinus from the posterior extremity or intestinal region,

which is bilobate. The hepatic region projects scarcely at all beyond

the antero-lateral margin, but is seen in a side view to project beneath,

forming a triangular tooth on the inferior surface. On the upper sur-

face, the cardiac, and the inner lobules of the branchial region are

strongly protuberant. The front is also prominently elevated, and con-

nected with the middle protuberances of the carapax by a narrow

longitudinal ridge traversing the gastric region, which ridge, together

with the frontal region, is much smoother than the rest of the surface.

On either side of this ridge there is a deep and rather broad excavation

of a darker color than the protuberant parts, which extends laterally

over the anterior part of the branchial region, but is nearly divided in

two by the slightly prominent hepatic region, which projects inward

from the antero-lateral margin, with an arcuated inner edge armed with

Notes on North American Crustacea. 239

prominent granules. There is also a deep sulcus of the same character,

but very narrow, separating the cardiac from the branchial regions, and

passing behind the former region, separating it from the thick intestinal

lobes. A slight shallow depression on the branchial region, along the

postero-lateral margin. On the protuberant middle and posterior parts

of the carapax the granules are very large, and somewhat irregularly

piled upon each other, leaving upon the cardiac numerous small eroded

cavities. There is also a little pit on each of the median pro-

tuberances. The front is strongly prominent, with a concave margin

fissured at the middle, The orbits are small, opening above so that the

eyes may be seen. External maxillipeds granulated, most strongly so

near the extremities, where the acute tips of the endognaths project con-

siderably beyond the obtuse extremities of the exognaths. Chelipeds of

moderate size, somewhat depressed ; meros broader than the hand, with its

outer margin convex and a little irregular, but not prominently tubercu-

lated as in L. cwmingii ; hands rather small, uniformly granulated

above and below, and tapering to rather slender fingers. Ambulatory

feet cylindrical, covered with small granules, which upon the dactyli

become very minute, crowded, and almost spinuliform. Sternum and

abdomen covered with small, hard, smooth tubercles, and ornamented

with seven or eight red dots. Abdomen armed with a backward-

pointing tooth at the extremity of the penult joint. Length of carapax

in a male, 0.423; breadth, 0.430 inch.

The genus was founded by Bell for a Central American

species, L. cuming@i, the only one hitherto known, from which

ours differs in its less prominent marginal teeth of the carapax.

L. cariosa was dredged on a bottom of somewhat indurated

ferruginous sand, in two fathoms, in one of the channels of the

harbor of Beaufort, N.C.

DROMIOIDEA.

Dynomene ursula, nov. sp.

The whole upper surface is covered with stout thick setae of two

kinds ;—the first kind very short, clavate, or even pedicellate, and

240 Notes on North American Crustacea.

densely crowded,—the second long (a tenth of an inch), and nearly as

thick as the first, but fusiform, with pointed extremities, and sparsely

distributed over the surface, generally in groups of three or four, of

unequal lengths. Surface of the carapax beneath the setae crowdedly

granulated ; granules, however, not prominent; sulci defining the areolets

not deep. Antero-lateral margin longer than the postero-lateral, regu-

larly curved, not sinuated as in D. hispida, and armed with five small

spines, not including that at the angle of the orbit. Front low-

triangular; margin somewhat arched, and continuous with the superior

margin of the orbit, which forms a low projection opposite the juncture

of the cornea of the eye with its peduncle. In other characters this

species bears great resemblance to D. hispida, except that the dactyli of

the ambulatory feet are setose like the other joints, and have sharp,

black, much-curved unguicles. The color is more or less reddish or

crimson; setae of a light golden color. Length of carapax in a female,

0.5; breadth, 0.6 inch. Males are somewhat smaller.

This is an interesting addition to a genus, the species of

which are very few and rarely seen. In this genus the first

three pairs of ambulatory feet are alike, the third pair not

being reduced in size, as in Droméa, but rather larger than

smaller than the second pair. Those of the last pair are very

small and weak, but not prehensile, since the animal does not

cover itself with a foreign body like the Droméae ; and they

fill, apparently, no office in the economy of the animal, except

that when in place, they fill up neatly the chink between the

carapax and the stouter walking feet.

D. wrsula was found at Cape St. Lucas by Mr. Xantus.

RANINOIDEA.

Ranilia angustata, nov. sp.

Very closely allied to A. muricata, but with the carapax conspicu-

ously narrower, smoother, and more glabrous. Colors : carapax pale-

red in alcoholic specimens, closely maculated with white, the spots being

generally about one-fifteenth of an inch in diameter, but sometimes

Notes on North American Crustacea. 941

larger, and so much crowded, that the carapax appears white, reticulated

with red. Length of carapax in a male, 0.93; breadth, 0.66 inch.

Found at Cape St. Lucas by Mr. Xantus.

HIPPOIDEA.

Remipes pacificus.

Remipes pacificus Dana, U.S. Expl. Exped., Crust. i. 407, pl. xxv. f. 7.

Taken by Mr. Xantus at Cape St. Lucas. It was originally

found at the Sandwich Islands.

Remipes strigillatus, nov. sp.

Body much depressed, broad. Front very broad, undulated, with an

obtuse projecting point at the middle; margin entire, smooth. Sides

toward the margin obliquely striated, the striated area being very broad,

especially posteriorly, where it occupies on each side one-fourth the

width of the carapax; striae sharp, minutely setose, and not interrupted,

but extending quite to the margin. Antennulae robust; last joint of the

peduncle nearly as broad as the penult. First pair of feet in the adult

short, robust; terminal joint nearly half as broad as long ; extremity blunt,

with short setae, and with two strong, oblique, setose ridges on the extero-

inferior side, Length of carapax in a female, 1.0; breadth, 0.83 inch,

Very different from all known species in its entire front and

broad lateral striated areas.

Cape St. Lucas. J. Xantus.

Lepidops myops, nov. sp.

Carapax with the same markings on the surface as in L. scutellata,

but stronger. Post-frontal transverse groove broad, with granulated

surface. Median lobe of front rounded; margin armed with small teeth

949, Notes on North American Crustacea.

like those of a comb, which become more conspicuous outwardly as far

as the lateral lobes, where the margin becomes smooth. Ocular plates

or scales obliquely oblong, rather thick, broader behind; antero-exterior

angle prominent, subacute; inner angle rounded; eye-specks obsolete

in most of our specimens, in others barely visible on the inferior side

of the ocular plate near the exterior angle. In other characters this

species approaches very near to JZ. scutellata. Length of carapax in a

female, 0.41; breadth, 0.47 inch.

Cape St. Lucas. J. Xantus.

LITHODOIDEA.

Dermaturus hispidus, nov. sp.

Body depressed. Carapax moderately convex anteriorly, posteriorly

flattened, and even. A depression at the anterior extremity of the bran-

chial region. Cardiac transverse sulcus deep. Surface uniformly and

thickly covered with very small setose tubercles or short spines. Lateral

margins well defined but not at all projecting, and armed with spines a

little longer than the rest. The latero-inferior or epimeral surface may

be seen in a view from above, at the branchial regions. Rostrum rather

large, prominent, tumid, reaching to the tips of the eyes, with a tri-spinose

apex, ye-peduncles hispid. In the external antennae both the acicle

and the process at its base are armed with three or four spines, flexible in

our specimen, The whole arrangement of the eyes and antennae shows

more similarity to the Lithodina than to the Hapalogastrina. External

maxillipeds of moderate size; ischium projecting within with a denticu-

lated margin; last two joints subcylindrical, not dilated. Feet thickly

beset with setose spines, longest on the margins, and more or less

‘ clothed with long hairs. Chelipeds not longer than the ambulatory

feet; carpus and meros armed with two or three long spines within ;

fingers not gaping, and with cochleariform, black, corneous apices.

Ambulatory feet not flattened; middle pairs one and two-thirds as long

as the carapax. Abdomen hispid like the carapax, but more minutely ;

plates of the basal joint broad; right margin armed with a single close

Notes on North American Crustacea. 943

series of soft spines setose on their sides. Length of carapax in a

female, 0.85; breadth anteriorly, 0.43; breadth posteriorly, 0.90 inch.

In habit, this species has a general resemblance to Phyilolz-

thodes, and differs much from Hapalogaster. It may be neces-

sary to separate it generically from Dermaturus, but we have

not seen the typical species of this genus of Brandt.

It was taken trom the stomachs of fishes caught off Monterey,

California, by Alex. S. Taylor, Esq.

Hapalogaster imermiis, noy. sp.

Carapax longer than broad, smooth above except where some minute,

transverse, setose scabrosities or minute squamae are sparsely distributed,

occurring most abundantly toward the sides. Margins unarmed, smooth.

No sinus at the juncture of the cervical suture with the lateral margin.

Rostrum convex above, almost carinated; apex scarcely acute. Inner

orbital tooth minute, inconspicuous. Outer orbital tooth (antero-exterior

angle of the carapax) far less prominent than the rostrum. Acicle rather

short and broad, irregularly somewhat dentated along the exterior margin.

Feet subcylindrical, almost naked, rugose above with minute and some-

what setose tubercles; dactylus three-fourths as long as the penult joint

and armed with a long unguiculus. Plates of the first joint of the

abdomen narrow. Length of carapax, 0.4; breadth posteriorly, 0.388

inch,

Puget Sound.

PAGUROIDEA.

Eupagurus anmulipes, nov. sp.

Carapax rather depressed, smooth, naked above. Hyes nearly as long

as the front is broad, and nearly reaching the tips of the peduncles of

the antennae; they are somewhat constricted about the middle, and the

cornea is not dilated. External antennae longer than the carapax, but

not reaching the tips of the ambulatory feet; flagella sparsely clothed

944 Notes on North American Crustacea.

with long hairs. Feet pilose above, and of a pale orange color, annu-

lated with dark purple; four or five rings on each ambulatory foot.

Right cheliped very long, moderately and evenly granulated or scabrous

above; carpus nearly twice as long as broad, and as long as the palm

of the hand, spinulose along the inner margin; hand large, oblong-ovate,

with long palm and ‘short slender fingers. Beneath, the carpus and

hand are convex, naked, and obsoletely granulated. Left cheliped very

small, scarce over-reaching the extremity of the carpus of the right one,

slender, rather compressed, spinulose and hairy above; hand rather

smaller and shorter than the carpus; fingers somewhat longer than the

palm and slightly gaping. Ambulatory feet slender, compressed; those of

the right side as long as the right cheliped; a small spine at the extre-

mity of the carpus joint; dactylus much curved, a little longer than the

penult joint, scarcely twisted, with smooth, unarmed, sparsely pilose mar-

gins. Usual length about an inch. Length of carapax, 0.19; breadth

of front, 0.11; length of greater cheliped, 0.52; of carpus and hand

together, 0.34 inch.

It is allied to #. brevidactylus, but has the right cheliped

much more elongated and less prominently granulated above.

Also, the dactyli of the ambulatory feet are rather longer.

Tt is common in small -univalves dredged in Beaufort Harbor,

N. C., and off the coast adjacent, in from two to eight fathoms

on bottoms of shelly sand.

GALATHEOIDEA.

Mumida caribaea, nov. sp.

The species of Munida have all great resemblance to each other, and

the present species forms no exception to this rule. It has the usual

characters of front, spinous gastric and hepatic regions, etc. The par-

ticulars in which it differs from other species are the following. The

rather convex carapax is more narrowed anteriorly. The anterior two-

thirds of the lateral margin is armed with six or seven equal and equi-

distant spines. Eye-peduncles longer, and cornea less dilated than

usual. Chelipeds very long, cylindrical, uniformly scabrous; and armed

Notes on North American Crustacea. 945

with very few spines sparsely scattered. Length of the carapax, 0.28 ;

breadth, 0.16 ; length of cheliped, 0.77 inch.

It is the first species of the genus which has occurred upon

the American shores. No true Galathea is found in the waters

of the New World, notwithstanding the abundance of species

and individuals in the Old.

Pleuroncodes, nov. gen.

We propose this new genus for the reception of the Galathea

monodon of Milne Edwards, described in the “ Histoire Natu-

relle des Crustacés,” vol. ii. p. 276, and figured in the “ Annales

des Sciences Naturelles,” Zool., t. xvi. pl. xi. f. 6. It is closely

allied to WZwuda in the characters of the front, etc., but the

sides or latero-inferior regions are greatly swollen, so that

the epimeral sutures are seen from above. The insertion -

of the external antennae is also plainly seen from above, and

not concealed beneath the antero-lateral angle of the carapax

asin DMunida. In the external maxillipeds the meros is un-

armed, and the penult joint is slightly dilated, though much

less so than in Grimothea.

Pleuroncodes planipes, nov. sp.

Very close to P. monodon, but with the ambulatory feet longer and

more flattened than is represented in the figure of that species published

by Milne Edwards. The penult joint of the ambulatory feet in our

species is particularly flattened, and ciliated:—the upper surface is

smooth except at the raised, granulated margins, and a slight obtuse

median ridge. Length of carapax in a male, rostrum included, 0.95 ;

greatest breadth, 0.54; length of cheliped, 1.90 inch.

It may prove identical with P. monodon. We have no

opportunity of comparing specimens.

946 Notes on North American Crustacea.

This species lives in the open ocean, and is sometimes found

in vast quantities in the Pacific off the American Coast. It

was taken by Mr. Grayson in N. lat. 24°, W. long. 180°. In

March, 1859, it was thrown ashore in considerable numbers at

Monterey, California, from which place specimens were for-

warded to us by Alex. 8. Taylor, Esq.

LIST OF FIGURES.

Plate II.

Fig. 1. Anaptychus cornutus 8 nat. size.

“ 1a, External antenna and orbit of the same, from beneath.

“ 16, External maxilliped of the same.

“ 2. Teleophrys cristulipes $ twice natural size.

“ 3. Hucinetops lucasti, the male specimen referred to on p. 192,

twice natural size.

“ 4, Collodes granosus 9 natural size.

Podochela grossipes 8 nat. size.

“ 6. Podochela riiset Q nat. size.

Plate V.

1. Mimulus foliatus $ nat. size.

2. Xantho bella 6 nat. size.

“ 3. Xanthodes taylort 9 nat. size.

4, Metopocarcinus truncatus @ twice nat. size.

5. Huphylax dovit, frontal region, nat. size.

“ 5a. Outer maxilliped of the same.

“ 6. Pliosoma parvifrons, nat. size.

Notes on some Cuban Birds, cde. 247

XXIII.— Notes on some Cuban Birds, with Descriptions of

New Species.

By Grorer N. Lawrence.

Read May 21, 1860.

I wave received at different times from the collections of Dr.

J. Gundlach and Ramon M. Forns, Esq., specimens of Cuban

birds for examination, and of such as have been thought identi.

eal with species found in the United States for comparison with

them. The result has been, that some have proved to be dif-

ferent from the species, under the names of which they have

heretofore passed, and appear to be undescribed.

In the following notes descriptions are given of those I con-

sider new, with observations on other species, which may serve

to elucidate their history and correct some errors of nomencla-

ture.

I. Tinnunculus sparveroides, (Vigors.)

Falco dominicensis, Gm.? Syst. Nat. 1789, p. 285.

“ sparveroides, Vigors, Zool. Jour. 1827, iii. p. 486; D’Orbig.

(R. de la Sagra) Hist. Cub. 1840, p. 30, pl. 1.

“ sparverius, Lemb. Av. Isl. Cub. 1850, p. 128.

Tinnunculus dominicensis, Cab. Jour. f. Orn. Nov. 1854.

“ sparveroides, Strick. Orn. Syn. 1855, p. 100 (sub. 7.

sparverius).

Hypotriorchis ferrugineus, Sauss.? Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1859, p. 117,

pl. 3.

It being questioned by many writers whether the subject of

this article is really distinct from sparverius, I am induced by

the large number of examples sent me for the purpose, to point

out such differences as appear of importance in determining

whether they shall be entitled to specific distinction.

MAY, 1860. 17 Ann, Lyo. Nat. Hist, Vou. VII.

248 Notes on some Cuban Birds,

The following extract from a letter written by Dr. Gundlach

gives some valuable facts:

“In your letter of the 15th Aug., 1857, you allow that our bird

(Sparrowhawk) is different, and you add, ‘it is of course sparveroides,

Vig., but whether Dominicensis is uncertain. J am convinced that the

species of St. Domingo is the same, for Mr. Saussure has described the

dark female with the name of ferrugineus, see Rev. et Mag. de Zoologie

de Guerin, 1859, No. 3,117. J read in the Pacif. R. R. Reports, p. 14,

‘younger male, upper parts as above, wing-coverts and tail ferruginous

and with numerous transverse bands of brownish black,’ ete. It seems

strange that Mr. Cassin is not aware of the sexual difference, for always,

even from the nest, the male has only one transverse band on the tail,

and the female has several; the male has always the wing-coverts blue,

and the female has them ferruginous, with transverse blackish bands.

The only difference from age is, that the young have more spots‘on the

upper and lower parts, and the adults have none. The varieties in

color are not caused by age, they exist from the very first time the birds

are fledged, and very often may be seen a very clear bird matched with

a dark one. As this species is so common in Cuba, and perpetually

resident, it seems strange that Mr. Gosse does not mention it among the

birds of Jamaica.”

As Dr. Gundlach states that “ even from the nest the young

male has only one transverse bar on the tail,” it seems an

important feature in the Cuban bird, for Audubon and Nuttall

both speak of the young male of sparverius as having the tail

marked with numerous transverse bars of black, which agrees

with Mr. Cassin’s account.

I have always thought, as stated by Wilson and Audubon,

that the female of sparvervus differed from the male in having

the back, wings, and tail rufous with numerous transverse bars

of black, but, as noticed by Dr. Gundlach, Mr. Cassin makes

no difference in the sexes of the adult.

Dr. Gundlach’s specimens of sparveroides are, without doubt,

accurately marked, and the sexes differ in plumage in the same

with Descriptions of New Species. 249

manner as those of sparverius are said to do by Wilson and

Audubon; judging from analogy, the two species would be

supposed to resemble each other in this particular.

Of the specimens from Cuba, seven are adult males; all of

these are without the rufous spot on the crown; in five, the

outer tail feather is dark rufous on both webs, without spots,

except the subterminal bar ; of the other two, one has the outer

web of this feather pale rufous, and the other has it white,

both also without spots.

There are two young males, one only has the red spot on the

vertex; both are nearly white below, slightly tinged with

rufous and almost unspotted—a few spots on the sides of one;

in each the inner web of the outer tail-feather is rufous, and

the outer web whitish, with two or three nearly obsolete spots

next the shaft.

Five of the adult birds are deep rufous brown on the breast

and abdomen, being more or less so on the thighs; and below

are almost unspotted, but two or three having a few dark spots

on the sides.

The older males of this species have their backs dark slate-

blue, in some individuals intermixed with rufous; in the

younger the back and rump are rufous; the wing-coverts and

smaller quills, at all ages, are slate-blue, marked with a few

black spots.

Two adult females have their heads on the crown very dark

slate, and the under parts deep rufous brown, spotted and

barred with black.

Two young females have the crown lighter, with the centre

red; the under parts nearly white and marked with small

longitudinal spots of pale rufous.

All the females have the back, tertiaries, wing-coverts, and

tail ferruginous, transversely barred with black.

T. sparverius. Two United States specimens, adult males,

are rufous below, of a much lighter shade than the Cuban spe-

cies, and but sparingly spotted ; they are without the red spot

250 Notes on Some Cuban Birds,

on the vertex, and have broad spots or imperfect bars on both

webs of the outer tail feather.

Two others, also adult males, have the red spot on the crown,

are nearly white below, and very much spotted; they have

the inner web of the outer tail feather rufous but unspotted ;

the outer web is white, and in one of them there are black

spots next the shaft on the outer web.

The adult males have the back and scapulars generally

rufous, in some cases partly slate-blue, the wing-coverts and

tertiaries greyish-blue, with black spots more numerous than in

sparveroides ; the lower part of the abdomen and thighs nearly

white.

Four adult females (or birds in the plumage generally assigned

to this sex) have the crown dark slate-blue, three of them with

the red central spot; the back, wing-coverts, and tail deep

rufous, closely barred with black ; the under plumage of one is

dull rufous (not dark), the others are very pale rufous, and all

are largely marked below with longitudinal spots of rufous

brown.

The characters in which the two species differ most are as

follows :

T. sparveroides, adult male. The upper plumage dark slate-

blue, and being without the red spot on the crown; in many

specimens the under parts are very deep rufous, including the

thighs, and almost unspotted; the outer tail feathers without

bars.

The young male is very little spotted below.

The adult female has the dark markings beneath of a trans-

verse character.

The young female is sparingly marked below with small

longitudinal stripes of pale rufous. In the males that have the

deep rufous color below, the light markings on the inner webs

of the primaries are bluish-grey, and the dark bars blackish-

grey; the birds that are light colored below have these mark-

ings more defined and almost white and black.

with Descriptions of New Species. 251

T. sparverius, adult male. The back usually rufous, and the

vertex generally with the red spot, but not always; many of

the quite adult birds are much spotted on the under plumage,

and when rufous on these parts, it is never of the deep

brown shade seen in the Cuban bird; the thighs are light

colored or white, and the outer tail feather usually barred.

The inner webs of the primaries are barred with black and

white, with no approach to the grey shades of the other

species.

The females are marked below with large longitudinal blotches

of brownish rufous.

I feel well satisfied that the two species are distinct, for with

thirteen specimens from Cuba before me, there is not one which

does not differ in some of the characters pointed out from the

eight United States birds.

D’Orbigny, in the Hist. of Cuba, gives a very accurately

colored figure of the male sparveroides in the dark plumage,

but he considers it a variety of sparverius.

Vigors, in the Zool. Journal, describes the light-colored indi-

viduals from Cuba as sparverius, though apparently with some

doubt as to its correctness.

Mr. Saussure’s description and plate cited above appear to

resemble the dark-colored female sparveroides, as stated by

Dr. Gundlach. He, however, puts his bird in fypotriorchis,

and a comparison of the plate with a female from Cuba, shows

some important differences ; the back, wing-coverts, and smaller

quills, are of the same dark color as the head in his figure, not

ferruginous, transversely banded with black, as in the Cuban

female; some of the tips of the wing-coverts and of the quills only

being edged with pale rufous; in the plate there is no appear-

ance of the white spot under the eye, and instead of the whitish

throat and chin of the Cuban bird, the dark ferruginous color

of the under plumage extends up to the bill, with a line of

white separating the color of the throat from the dark color of

the cheeks ; in its under plumage otherwise, and the markings

252 Notes on some Cuban Birds,

of its tail, it is very much like the Cuban female. Mr. Saus-

sure does not give the sex of his bird.

If Dr. Gundlach is correct in the identity of the species from

St. Domingo and Cuba, Gmelin’s name of Dominicensis will

have priority.

2. Accipiter Gundlachi, nov. sp.

Astur Cooperi, Lembeye, Aves. Isl. Cuba, 1850, p. 17.

Nisus pileatus, « i; Supplement.

Astur pileatus, Gund. Journ. fur Orn, Nov. 1854.

‘ Cooperi, Cabanis <¢ $f

Adult male. Front, crown, and occiput sooty black ; upper plumage

dull bluish ash, the feathers of the back with brownish margins ; tail

of the same color as the back, partly tinged with dull rufous and crossed

with four brown bars, three of which are imperfect, being but little

developed on the outer webs, the outer bar, however, crosses both webs,

and is narrowly tipped with white; quill feathers brown, having the

shafts, as are also those of the tail feathers, reddish brown; cheeks

dusky ash ; space forward of the eye pale dull rufous ;-a line of whitish

feathers runs along the edge of the crown and extends over the eye;

throat ashy white tinged with rufous; sides of the neck, upper part of

the breast, and a band running to the hind neck, greyish ash ; lower

portion of the breast and upper part of the abdomen rufous, the feathers

very narrowly edged with dull white, lower part of abdomen of a paler

rufous, with transverse bars of dull white; long feathers of the sides

greyish ash tinged with rufous and destitute of bars or spots; sides just

above the junction of the tail plain rufous ; thighs of a bright but rather

pale rufous, the feathers having darker sub-marginal ends, terminating

with very narrow edgings of dull white; under wing-coverts and axillars

bright rufous barred with white; the feathers of the throat, breast, and

sides have their shafts dark brown ; upper tail-covers greyish ash, lower

white; bill horn color, with a whitish mark on the tooth and also on

the edge of the lower mandible near its base ; legs greenish yellow.

Length about 18 inches; wing from flexure 93; tail 72; tarsus 23.

with Descriptions of New Species. 253

This specimen is labelled Astur pileatus, and was received

some months since. I wrote to Dr. Gundlach, stating that it

was probably a new species, and below give an extract from

his letter in reply.

“Tf, after another examination, you consider the species a new one,

you may publish its description. I have nothing to say on its plumage,

for you have the specimen, but will mention its measures, and the color

of the naked parts. The only specimen found here was a male, and was

shot at Hanabana in Noy., 1849. I know nothing of its habits. Cere

and cheeks greenish yellow; feet pale yellow, with a greenish hue;

iris red.

“Length 0°457; extent 0°807.

“J have seen here a young A. Cooperi received from New York, and

I am led to suppose that the Accipiter from Cuba, which we believed

to be Cooperi, is the young of the preceding species. For this reason I

send a Cuban A. Coopert, and if you can discover any difference from

the true one, you may describe it as the young of the preceding, for I

am almost convinced now that they are both the same. It is found in

different localities, having seen it not only in low marshy swamps, but

on the highest mountains, throughout the whole island. I once shot a

young one on high ground, which, by the down that yet covered it, was

certainly bred very near that place. I also send this specimen.

“Tts flight is rapid and almost in a direct line, never having seen it

describe circles, nor does it mount to any considerable height, and is so

daring that it seizes young chickens in the farm-yard under the eyes of

the husbandman. Its ery often repeated resembles ‘ kee.’

“Length of a $ 0.500 extent 0°890 tail 0°230.

. young 6 0.452 “. O-817 “ 0:205.

K! Te ue M OES Sr NO Oase vines ORDO,

“The extremity of the wing from the end of the tail (when shot) was,

in the male, 0°120, and in the female 0°150. Cere yellowish green, feet

and iris bright yellow.”

The two specimens of the young mentioned above, are clearly

those of the present species. They are dark umber brown

254 Notes on some Cuban Birds,

above, with a tinge of deep rufous on the breast and sides of

the neck; the dark longitudinal stripes on the under surface

are of a much larger size than those of Coopert, and cover

the entire abdomen; the sides are heavily barred with rufous

brown, and the feathers of the thighs have their ends marked

with large guttate spots of rufous, assuming the form of irregu-

lar bars; Cooperi has these parts marked with elongated gut-

tate stripes that are quite narrow on the thighs. The tail is

marked much like that of Cooperi, but the colors are more

obscure.

ftemarks.—A. very marked feature in the adult of this spe-

cies is the ash color of the breast and sides, which does not

exist at all in Cooperz; the under surface is less marked with

white than in that species; the thighs are nearly of a uniform

rufous, which in Cooperi are conspicuously barred with white ;

in the latter the under wing-coverts are white, with longitudinal

spots of rufous brown, whereas in Gundlachi they are rufous

barred with white.

From A. pileatus, as figured in Pl. Col. pl. 205, it is also very

different; the adult of that species has the top of the head dark

slate, the upper plumage of a rather light slate-blue; wings

dark slate; tail with four dark bands, whitish between; the

under plumage uniform pale whitish-blue ; thighs deep rufous ;

no appearance of bars on any part of the plumage; under tail-

coverts white ; bill bluish, under mandible yellow at the base ;

legs yellow.

It is perhaps not out of place here to remark, that G. R.

Gray, Cat. of Birds, Brit. Mus., 1848, and Strickland, Ornith.

Syn., 1855, both place Coopert Bon. under pileatus Pr. Max.,

from which it is certainly distinct, and a well-established

species.

with Descriptions of New Species. 255

3. Accipiter fringilloides, Visors.

Accipiter fringilloides, Vig. Zool. Journ. II. 1827, p. 434.

Nisus fringilloides, D’Orbig. (R. de la Sag.) 1840, p. 18.

Accipiter fringilloides, Gray, List Birds, Brit. Mus, 1848, p. 71; Bon.

Cons. Ay. I. 1850, p. 32; Strick. Orn. Syn-

1855, p. 108, sub A. fuscus.

Astur fuscus, Lemb. Av. Isl. Cub. 1850, p. 16.

Nisus fringilloides et fuscus, Lemb. Av. Isl. Cub. Cat. p. 128.

“ fuscus, Gund. Jour. f. Orn. Noy. 1854.

Adult male. The entire upper plumage is of a bluish slate color,

darker on the head ; the tail brownish, crossed with five bands of blackish

brown and ending with white ; primaries brown ; sides of the head and of

the neck of a uniform bright rufous (not of a deep color) and without dark

strie; chin and throat pale rufous white unspotted; under plumage

white, with narrow transverse bars of pale rufous on the breast; and on

the abdomen, sides, and thighs with very faint narrow bars of pale

rufous brown, almost obsolete on the lower part of the abdomen and

thighs; under tail-coverts pure white; bill black, plumbeous at. base ;

legs yellow.

Length about 101 inches; wing 61; tail 42: tarsus 17.

Adult female, from Dr. Gundlach’s collection. It is larger than the

male, and is more distinctly barred on the breast, the thighs rather

lightly so; it has the unspotted rufous cheeks, and the lower part of the

abdomen is white, as in the male.

A young male from Dr. Gundlach is umber brown above,

with the cheeks of a reddish brown streaked with dusky; the

breast blotched with light brown, and bars of darker brown on

the abdomen; lower part of abdomen and thighs white with

faint brown transverse markings.

A young female is paler umber brown above, the sides of

the head and neck having dusky streaks and showing scarcely

any coloring of rufous; sagittate blotches on the breast of a

pale rufous brown, with narrow transverse waving lines on the

abdomen and thighs of a paler brown.

256 Notes on some Cuban Birds,

Another young female from Mr. Forns’s collection has the

sides of the head rufous brown with dark streaks, and the

throat pale rufous; the markings of the under parts darker and

more clearly defined, the thighs more barred than in any of

the others.

As is apparent from the synonymy of this species, ornitholo-

gists have been much in doubt as to its validity, some placing

it under A. fuscus and others doing so with a query: for this

reason I have thought best to give a description of each speci-

men sent to me.

A comparison of the adults of the two species shows their dis-

tinctness very clearly. In form, fringélloides is smaller and

more slender than fwscus, but the clear rufous cheeks, nearly

white under plumage, especially that of the thighs, are strongly

in contrast with the rufous brown cheeks, streaked with dark

brown, and the strongly marked rufous under plumage and

thighs of fuscus. :

All the specimens of the young under examination have the

markings on their under plumage transverse, on the abdomen

and thighs being waving and narrow, whereas in the young of

fuscus these markings are longitudinal, large in size, and more

extensively distributed, on the sides they are heart-shaped in

form, and guttate on the abdomen and thighs.

Dr. Gundlach wrote as follows concerning this species, upon

being informed that it was distinct from A. fuscus -

“JT am happy to have discovered that the Cuban species is not fuscus,

but fringilloides. I had long doubted their identity, though in Cabanis’s

Journal they are supposed to be the same bird. The specimen first sent

you was a male, shot in July, 1857, at Bayamo. I now send an adult

female, killed in June, 1855, at San Diego de los Bafios; a young

male killed in Sept., 1857, at Bayamo, and a young female at Hanabana,

Oct., 1849. It hunts small birds to the size of blackbirds, and though

its wings are so short, it flies with the greatest rapidity. It undoubtedly

breeds on the island, for I once found a female in a pine wood which

attacked me on my arrival in the same manner as the Falco sparverius.

with Descriptions of New Species. 257

I could not find the nest. The adult male and female have the bill

black, with the base of a lead color; cere and feet yellow or pale orange ;

iris reddish grey. The bill in the young is black on the upper part, to

the extremity, with a bluish base; cere and cheeks yellowish green ;

iris pale orange-grey ; feet yellow. The measures of the fresh specimens

were,

Adult, § length 0°278, extent 0°508, tail 0-135.

“ 9, “ 0326, “ 0618, “ 0-155.

4. Cymindis Wilsoni, Cassin.

Cymindis Wilsoni, Cass. Jour. Ac. Sc. Phil. 1847, n. ser. i. p. 21,

pl. 7; Strick. Orn, Syn. 1855, p. 123.

“ uncinatus, Lemb, Ay. Isl. Cuba, Supl. 1850.

cs Gund. Journ. f. Orn. Nov. 1854,

Regerhinus “ Caban. tf .

Mr. Forns sent adult specimens, male and female, of this

species, which agree very closely with Mr. Cassin’s descriptions

and figures.

o. Gymnogiaux nudipes, (Daudin.)

Strix nudipes, Daud. Tr. Orn. II. 1800, p, 199.

Athene nudipes, Gray, Gen, of Birds, Fol.; Strick. Orn. Syn. 1855,

p- 173.

Noctua nudipes, Lemb. Av. Isl. Cuba, 1850, p. 23; Gund. Journ. f.

Orn. Noy. 1855, p. 465.

Gymnoglau nudipes, Caban, Jour. f. Orn. Nov. 1855, p- 465.

m ms Newton? Ibis, i. 1859, p. 64, pl. i.

ds this species is not very often met with, and having three

specimens from Dr. Gundlach’s collection under examination,

I avail myself of the opportunity to give descriptions of them.

Adult male. Upper plumage umber brown, each feather with the

edges lighter and tinged with pale rufous; the feathers of the back and

258 Notes on some Cuban Birds,

the wing-coverts marked with roundish white spots near their ends;

tail umber brown crossed with three imperfect narrow bars of dull

rufous white; primaries dark umber brown with five or six whitish

spots on the outer webs; throat, and a line over the eye, fulvous grey ;

sides of the neck intermixed with greyish white; under plumage grey

intermixed with pale rufous, each feather marked down the centre with

a dark brown streak; upper mandible horn color, whitish along the

ridge, the lower is yellowish white ; legs brownish yellow.

Another male is of a brighter rufous brown on the upper plumage,

and more rufous on the breast.

Length 8 in.; wing 52; tail 315 tarsus 13.

The female sent does not differ materially from the male, it

is nearly white on the breast and abdomen, with the streaks

fewer, narrower, and lighter in color.

The figures given in the Ibis (referred to at the head of this

article) of the birds brought from St. Croix by Messrs. A. and

E. Newton, strike me as so different from the Cuban birds,

that I consider them to be distinct species; the round white

spots on the back and wing-coverts, which are so conspicuous

a character in the Cuban bird, are not at all apparent in the

figures, and the narrow transverse waving lines on the head,

neck, and back, as portrayed in the figures of the St. Croix

birds, are not perceptible in the Cuban; on the contrary, the.

dark markings are large, rather obscure, and longitudinal; the

tail of the St. Croix bird appears to be closely and distinctly

barred, whereas, in the specimens before me, the bars on the

tail are few, and in the form of almost obsolete spots.

The figures in the Ibis having every appearance of being

accurately drawn, I have no hesitation in pronouncing the St,

Croix bird to be distinct from the Cuban ; the latter is assuredly

the true nudipes, as it agrees with Latham’s description, in

which he distinctly mentions the “white spots on the wing-

coverts.” Latham’s account is no doubt accurately compiled.

I propose for the St. Croix bird the specific name of Vewtoni,

in compliment to Alfred Newton, Esq.

with Descriptions of New Species 259

The two species may be thus characterized—

Gymnoglaux nudipes Dandin. Upper plumage umber brown,

each feather edged with light rufous ; back and wings conspicuously

marked with roundish white spots.

Gymnoglaux Newtoni Lawrence. Upper plumage rufous brown, the

head, neck, and upper part of the back crossed with narrow waving lines

of dark brown; the back and wings without the white spots.

6. Glaucidium siju, (D°Orbigmy.)

Noctua siju, D’Orbig. (R. de la Sagra), Hist. Nat. Cub. 1840, p. 33,

pl. 3; Lemb. Av. Isl. Cub. 1850, p. 128; Gund. Jour,

f, Orn. 1855, p. 465.

Athene siju, Gray, Gen. of Birds.

Nyctale siju, Strick. Ornith. Syn. 1855, p. 177.

Glaucidium siju, Caban. Jour. f. Orn, Nov. 1855, p. 465.

Male. Upper plumage umber brown, the head above and occiput

marked with numerous very small oval spots of white, on the front

tinged with rufous; back and wing-coverts barred with pale rufous, the

greater coverts having roundish white spots on the outer webs near the

end; primaries and secondaries marked with white spots on the edges

of their outer webs, and crossed with faint bars of dull rufous; tail

brown, the two central feathers crossed with five narrow bars of white,

the same number of bars on the other tail feathers are rufous, becoming

white at the edge of the webs; throat and sides of the head greyish

white; on the lower neck and upper part of the breast is a bright rufous

band which extends around on the hind neck; upper part of abdomen

white, blotched with bright rufous and barred on the sides with the same

color; lower part of abdomen and under tail-coverts white, the latter

with light brown centres; legs densely clothed with greyish white

feathers, rufous on the thighs; bill and feet yellow.

Length about 71 inches; wings 4; tail 315 tarsus 1.

The female is much the same in plumage, but is smaller; the

wing measures 35 in. and the tail but 2}. The females in

260 Notes on some Cuban Birds,

this family are usually the largest, but I have given them as

marked.

Lemarks.—This small species is much like G. gnoma, from

California, the spots on the head of sijw are however much

smaller and whiter, and the under plumage more rufous.

7. Antrostomus Cubanensis, vov. sp.

Caprimulgus vociferus, D’Orbig. (R. de la Sagra), Hist. Cuba, 1840,

p- 98; Lemb. Aves Isl. Cub. 1850, Catal.

p- 130.

Antrostomus vociferus, Gund. Journ, f. Orn. Jan. 1856, p. 6.

Adult male. Upper plumage dark ash, minutely mottled with dull

rufous and grey, the feathers conspicuously marked with longitudinal

stripes of black in their centres; a line extends from the bill over the

eye and along the crown of greyish white, tinged with pale rufous and

intermixed with black; the tertiaries ochraceous-white, beautifully varie-

gated with black, and having near the end of each feather an irregular

patch of velvety black; wing-coverts the same color as the back, some

of them marked near their ends, with ochraceous spots; primaries dark-

reddish-brown sprinkled with dull rufous and grey at their ends, and

having bright rufous spots arranged regularly on their outer webs,

there are spots also on their inner webs, more obscure in color and

assuming a mottled form; secondaries dark brown, mottled with grey

on the outer webs, and tinged with rufous on the inner; tail very full,

of a fine deep brown, the two central tail feathers closely banded with

curving bars of mottled grey and pale rufous, the next feather on

each side, with the bars dull rufous, and rather narrowly tipped with

ochraceous-white, less in extent on the inner web, the three outer

feathers are irregularly barred with dull rufous mottling for their basal

half, their ends for about an inch creamy-white, with ochraceous edges ;

throat dark brown, minutely freckled with rufous, the neck immediately

below this color crossed with a band of pale rufous; a line of pale rufous-

white or ochraceous spots extend along below the under mandible, and

down the side of the neck, a few spots of the same in a line below the

eye; on the side of the neck enclosed by these spots and the band across

with Descriptions of New Species. 261

the throat is a triangular blackish-brown patch, speckled with rufous ;

sides of the head brown, freckled with minute rufous spots; feathers of

the breast and abdomen ochraceous white, more or less tinged with

rufous, and having their centres dark brown, and their sides and ends

barred and mottled with the same color; the exsosed ends of the feathers

being but little mottled give quite a light appearance to the under

plumage; lower part of the abdomen and under tail-coverts dull pale

rufous, the feathers of the latter with dark markings along their shafts;

sides under the wings dull rufous narrowly barred with dark brown;

under wing-coverts brown mottled with rufous; tarsi clothed in front

with rufous brown feathers; the bill is light brown, black at the point,

and having very strong bristles, some of which are nearly two inches in

length, and furnished with lateral filaments; feet brown. Length about

1 iy ‘wi 1+ taj 3. 1

112 inches; wing 71; tail 52; tarsus 4.

The female does not differ much in appearance from the

male, except in having the white ends of the three outer tail

feathers much less in extent and more tinged with ochraceous;

in size it is rather smaller.

A nestling is of a rather bright rufous color, variegated with

black, and having the throat paler.

Remarks.—This bird which heretofore has been mistaken

for A. vociferus, differs materially from that species, more par-

ticularly in size, and in the form and white markings of the

tail, the feathers of which are very broad, and the white occu-

pying about an inch at the end, whereas in voczferus it extends

for half their length; the colors are lighter and more rufous in

vociferus.

, Both specimens being mounted, I cannot give the length

exactly, but it appears to be little if any smaller than caroli-

nensis, the head being quite as large and the tail more full, but

the wings are a little shorter; the white on the tail of carolz-

nensis is restricted to the inner webs.

This new species is very much like A. nwttalli, in the shape

of the tail, and in the even manner in which the white crosses

the ends of the outer feathers.

262 Notes on some Cuban Birds,

Below are Dr. Gundlach’s remarks on this species :

“T am aware of your observations on this new species, and am also

happy to find my doubts were well founded. The namg ‘ vociferus’

shall not remain in the catalogue, and in answer to your question will

say, that the bird mentioned under this name in La Sagra and Lem-

beye’s works, and in my Catalogue in Cabanis Journal, is this same

species. You will name and describe it. I now send you a female.

“T have observed this bird in the small islands in the Cienega de

Zapata, and on the coast of Manzanillo, that is, on the southern coast

of the central and eastern parts of the island. I cannot say whether it

is not found in other places.

“From the month of March its voice may be heard, in which there

is not the least resemblance to the words ‘ whip-poor-will” It breeds on

the island, and I believe it emigrates in autumn, for I have not observed

it in winter.

“Length ¢ 0°295 extent 0°548.

“ 9 0285 “ 0°525.

“The extremity of the wings is 0°024 from that of the tail. Bill

brown with the end black; iris very dark brown; feet brown.”

8. Chordeiles minor, Cabanis.

Chordetles virginianus, Lemb. Av. Isl. Cub. 1850, p. 51.

« minor, Cab. Jour. f. Orn, Jan. 1856, p. 5.

& gundlachi, Lawr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. vi. Dec. 1856, p. 165.

This species which has been considered in Cuba the same as

our CO. virginianus, I described as new, from specimens sent

by Dr. Gundlach, not knowing that Cabanis had already proposed

a name for it, if further comparison proved it to be different

from virginianus,as he judged it might be from its smaller

size.

In my description the plumage of the adult female was not

given ; it differs from the male in being rather larger, in hay-

ing the band on the throat pale rufous, and the tail being with-

with Descriptions of New Species. 263

out the white band; in other respects the two sexes do not

differ.

9. Chordeiles popetue, (Vieillot.)

Caprimulgus popetue, Vieill. Ois, Am. Sept. 1, 1807, p. 56, pl. xxiv. —

Among the specimens of birds sent me by Dr. Gundlach is

a female of this species. It must therefore remain as a bird of

Cuba, but is evidently not often obtained, the common species

there being C. minor.

Dr. Gundlach writes me,

“Twas glad to find that my supposition was correct, that the speci-

men of Chordeiles was virgintanus, and I have with pleasure added

this name to the catalogue of Cuban birds. I believe then that with the

exception of that single specimen, all those we have here in our collec-

tions are C. minor.”

10. Atthis Helemae, (Gundiach.)

Orthorhynchus Helenae, Gund. Lemb. Avy. Isl. Cub. 1850, p. 70, pl. x.

- Boothi, Gund. Jour, f. Orn. Mch. 1856, p. 99.

Calypte Helenae, Gould. Mon. Troch. part xi. pl.

Male specimens of this beautiful little species have a well-

defined terminal black band on the tail, nearly equal to one

quarter its length; in the young male, as well as in the female,

it exists also inside of the white tips, and occupies more space

than in the adult male.

I have thought best to note this character, as Mr. Gould in

his monograph states that it appears in a drawing sent to him

by Dr. Hartlaub, but he did not find it in his specimens, which

were somewhat imperfect; he therefore was uncertain about

it, and thinks his figures ‘‘may not be quite correct on this

point.”

MAY, 1860, 18 Ann, Lyc. Nat. Hist. Vou. VII

264 Notes on some Cuban Birds,

Li. Dendroica albicollis, (GQmelin.)

Motacilla albicollis, Gm. Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 983.

Sylvia albicollis, Lath., Ind. Orn. 11, 1790, 535.

: estiva, Lemb. Av. Isl. Cub., 1850, p. 31.

Rhimamphus estwa, Cab. Jour. f. Orn., Noy. 1855, p. 472.

Dr. Gundlach has sent specimens of this species, which has

always passed as wstwa in Cuba. As it appeared to differ in

its habits from those of the United States birds, he wished a

comparison made. He writes respecting it as follows :—

“ As Tread in the Pacific R. R. Reports, and as Wilson and Audubon

mention this bird as common in gardens and fruit trees, while our spe-

cies is only found in mangrove trees near the sea shore (Avicennia

and Rhizophora), I send an adult male, another younger, and still a

younger one, that you may compare them with your species.”

The male, the most adult, differs from estiva in having the

entire crown of a deep orange color; in other particulars of

plumage it does not differ materially, but the bill is decidedly

stronger, being higher at the base; the younger specimens also

show this character of the bill equally as well. The specimen

of middle age has the whole upper plumage of a clear olive

green, and the under parts of a deep bright yellow, with the

red streaks well defined ; in the young of e@stwva all the colors

are pale and the red streaks very faint, consequently the con-

trast between the young of the two species is more marked than

in the adult state.

The youngest male has the upper plumage of the same green

color as the older one, except that on the hind part and sides of

the neck it is of a clear bluish-ash ; the centre of the throat is

white, and on the breast are some patches of the same color,

which is apparently being replaced by the pale-yellow, which

with Descriptions of New Species. 265

prevails on the rest of the under parts; the red streaks in this

specimen are faint. In this plumage it agrees with adbzcollis,

Gmelin, which has been generally placed as a synonym to

estiva, but it must now be restored as an independent species.

Gmelin states that the female has the hind neck greenish-ash

—if this is the correct plumage of the female, the young male

appears to resemble it.

Gmelin gives St. Domingo as the habitat of his species,

which adds to the probability of the Cuban bird being similar.

The restoration of this species is another instance of the im-

portance of a strict comparison of birds from different locali-

ties which are thought to be identical.

Mr, Cassin was much interested in the above specimens,

never having seen any from Cuba, more particularly as he was

at the time engaged with an investigation of the species allied to

_ westive. He suggested that I should examine them carefully, as

he thought the Cuban species, from its recorded habits, would

prove to be different from estiva, and was probably one of the

older species confounded with it.

From Dr. Gundlach’s note it is evident he also suspected it

was different from the United States wstiva, for the same rea-

son.

12. Empidonax acadicus, (Gmelin.)

Muscicapa acadica, Gm. Syst. Nat., 1788, p. 947.

Ke pusilla, Lemb. Av. Isl, Cub. Cat., 1850, p. 129.

Tyrannula “ Gund. Jour. f. Orn., Nov. 1855, p. 480.

Empidonax pusillus, Caban. ‘¢ es

Dr. Gundlach sent me his specimen of the so-called puszllus,

which on examination proves to be acadicus.

It was hardly probable that pustl/us, which inhabits west of

the Mississippi, would occur in Cuba.

266 Notes on some Cuban Birds,

13. Vireosylvia altiloqua, (Vieillot.)

Muscicapa altiloqua, Vieill. Ois. Am., Sep. 1, 1807, p. 67, pl. 38.

Vireo longirostris, Sw. F. Bor, Am. 11, 1831, p. 237.

Vireosylvia olivacea, Gosse; B. of Jam., 1847, p. 194.

Vireosylvia altiloqua, Bon, Cons, Av. 1850, p. 330; Cass. Birds of

Cal., Tex., &c. 1856} p. 221, pl. 37.

Vireo olivaceus, Lemb. ? Av. Isl. Cuba, Cat., 1850, p. 128.

Phyllomanes barbatulus, Caban. ? Jour. f. Orn., 1855, p. 467.

Two specimens from Dr. Gundlach seem to agree with the

bird from Florida, whieh is decided by Mr. Cassin to be the

same as the species found in Jamaica, and considered by him

to be the true altilogua, Until within a few years, this bird

has passed in Cuba as olivacea, from which it may be known

by the blackish stripe that runs from the base of the lower

mandible, downward on each side of the neck. In M. Forns’s

collection is a specimen of olevacea, showing that species to

be found in Cuba also.

14. Sturnella hippocrepis, (Wagiler.)

Stirnus hippocrepis, Wag]. Isis., 1832.

Sturnella Ludoviciana, Lemb. Av. Isl. Cub. Cat., 1850, p. 130.

a hippocrepis, Gund. Journ. f, Orn., Jan. 1856, p. 14.

This is Somewhat smaller than S. magna of the United States,

and I think is specifically distinct. It would be difficult to point

out any reliable differences in coloration, especially of the upper

plumage, as individuals even of the same species are very varia-

ble; the most apparent differences are in the black pectoral band

being narrower, the bill broader at the base, and tapering more

regularly to the end, where it is more pointed than in magna ;

the tertiaries are equal in length tothe primaries ; in my speci-

mens of magna they are much shorter. This is a good character

if a permanent one; it exists in the two adult specimens before

me.

with Descriptions of New Species. 267

Male, length 9 in.; wing 4; tail 3; bill 13,; tarsus 1.

Female, “ 8%; AGG ree AT ae Se eae ea

A comparison of the Cuban birds with specimens from

Jalapa, Mexico, also called Acppocrepis, shows them to be of

about the same size, differing only in the pectoral band appear-

ing broader in the Mexican bird, and the tertials much shorter

than the primaries, but this last may not be a reliable cha-

racter.

1d. Ecterus cucullatus, Swainson.

Icterus cucullatus, Sw. Philos. Mag., i., 1827, p. 436.

a Buliockii, Gund. Jour. f. Orn, Jan. 1856, p. 10.

Hyphantes costototl Caban. = gs

Male. Front, head, hind part and sides of the neck, rump, upper tail-

eoverts and entire under plumage, except the throat, deep yellow inclin-

ing to orange, the hind neck and rump a little obscure, back dusky yel-

lowish olive, darker on the inter-scapular region ; tail black, some of the

feathers olive, no doubt when fully mature all are black ; wings brown,

the ends of the middle coverts and the outer edges of the greater, nar-

rowly edged with white; under wing coverts, yellow; space in front of

the eye to the bill, throat, and fore part of neck to the breast, black;

bill black, bluish on the sides of the lower mandible at the base ; legs

and feet black.

Length—7} in.; wing 3}; tail 335 tarsus 7.

The bird above described is from Mr. Forns’s collection, and

is not fully mature. In size and general appearance it so much

resembles J. cucullatus, that at present I am inclined to consi-

der them the same. In its present plumage there is no black

on the back, but the olive-green occupies the same position and

is about as much in extent as the black in the adult eucullatus :

the black on the face is forward of the eye, not extending under

it to the posterior angle as in cucullatus.

A young male from Dr. Gundlach’s collection is greenish-

olive above, with the rump yellowish and the tail greenish-

268 Notes on some Cuban Birds,

olive; the under plumage is of a paler yellow than in the adult,

the chin and throat only are black.

Remarks.—The young male was sent me about three years

ago by Dr. G., who supposed it was Bullockit. I wrote it was

not that species, but probably the young of J. spwrius in one of

its changes. Since then Mr. Forns obtained the more adult

bird.

The following note from Dr. Gundlach refers to this spe-

cies :—

“T believe that the young sent you in 1856 is the same with the one

since sent by Mr. Forns. There is at present a man travelling about

the island who exhibits a small collection of birds. I saw it in Matan-

zas and noticed a specimen of this bird, brought, as I was told, from

Caraccas ; this was some time before I had seen Mr. Forns’s bird. I sup-

posed that the one in the collection was X. eucullatus. My bird was

found in April, 1852, near Cardenas, ona plain in which are seen several

small streams. The friend that sent it assured me that it was a male.

The one shot by Mr. Forns, near Hayanna, was found about the same

time last year.”

16. Icterus Dominicensis, (Limnaeus.)

Oriolus Dominicensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1766, i. p. 163.

Xanthornus “ D’Orb. (R. de le Sagr.) Hist. Cub. 1840, p. 115;

Lemb. Av. Isl. Cub. 1850, Cat. p. 130; Gund.

Jour. f. Orn. Jan. 1856, p. 10.

Mr. P. L. Sclater, in the Proc. Zool. Soc. 1857, p. 7, states

that P. Dominicensis of Bon. Consp. Av. vol. i. p. 482, is

distinct from the present bird, and describes it as a new species,

under the name of Wagleri. Prof. Baird in Pacific R. R. Rep.

vol. ix., cites Bonaparte’s name as a synonym, under Waglerd:

this has induced Dr. Gundlach to inquire wherein the two spe-

cies differ. I have therefore thought a short description of

them might not be out of place.

with Descriptions of New Species. 269

I. Dominicensis is black, having the lesser wing-coverts, the bend of

the shoulders, the under wing-coverts, the rump, upper tail-coverts, and

thighs golden yellow, paler under the wings; the lower part of the

abdomen between the thighs is dull orange.

Length 8 in.; wing 38; tail 32; tarsus 1.

ZI. Wagleri has the entire head, neck, upper part of the back, wings,

and tail black; the lesser and middle wing-coverts, the middle and lower

part of the back, rump, breast, and abdomen are orange-yellow. Length

9} in.; wing 41; tail 41; tarsus 11.

i?. Pyrrhomitris cacullatus, (Swaimson.)

“ Carduelis cucullatus, Sw.” Zool. Ils. 1820-1, pl. 7.

“ Fringilla Cubae, Gerv.” Lemb. Ay. Isl. Cub. 1850, p. 180; Gund.

Journ. f. Orn. Jan. 1856, p. 10.

Pyrrhomitris cucullatus, Bon, Cons. Av. 1, 1850, p. 517.

This species, Dr. Gundlach writes me, is not considered to

be an inhabitant of the island, the few obtained have been

supposed to be birds which had escaped from confinement; but

in the Museum of the Phila. Acad. are two or three specimens

from the north side of Cuba, from a section to which this sus-

picion would not attach; it probably is a resident of the island,

but restricted to certain localities.

Dr. Gundlach’s specimen is labelled J Cubae, which he sus-

pected was not correct, and wished to ascertain its true name.

18. Spizella socialis, (Wilson.)

Fringilla socials, Wils. Am. Orn. 11, 1810, p. 127, pl. xvi.

Emberiza pallida, Lemb, Av. Isl. Cub. 1850, p. 543 Gund. Jour. f.

Orn. Jan, 1856, p. 7.

Spinites pallidus, Cab. we « &

I suspected the true S. pallida did not exist in Cuba, and

270 Votes on some Cuban Birds,

wrote for a specimen, which proved to be the above species in

winter plumage; in this dress it somewhat resembles pallida.

19. Crotophaga rugirostris, Swainson.

Crotophaga rugirostra, Sw. Lard. Cyc. 24 Cent. An. in Men, 1838, p. 321.

s ani, D’Orbig. (R. De la Sagra) Hist. Cub. 1840, p. 1543

Lemb. Av. Isl. Cub. 1850, p. 182; Gund. Jour. f.

Orn. 1856, p. 105.

Two specimens in fine plumage were sent me by Dr. Gund-

lach, which I make out to be rugirostra, Sw., that is, identical

with the bird, decided to be this species, described and figured

in Jard. and Selby’s Is. Orn. n. s. pl. xli., which came from

Tobago. I supposed they would be the same as the species

obtained by Dr. Bryant in the Bahamas, which he calls daevi-

rostris, but they are different, his species being smaller and the

bill destitute of wrinkles.

The male measures in length 14, inches; wing 61; tail 8;

tarsus 13.

The female does not vary particularly in size or plumage.

20. Ortyx Cubanensis, Gould.

Ortyx Virginianus, D’Orb. (R. De la Sagra.) Hist. Cuba, 1840,

p- 182; Lemb. Av. Isl. Cub. 1850, Cat. p. 182.

“ — Cubanensis, Gould, Mono. Odontaph. pl.; Gund. Journ. f. Orn.

Sept. 1856, p. 337.

The distinctness of this species from the common U. States’

bird is now well established, but for a long time, in Cuba, they

were supposed to be the same. I thought it possible both

species might be found there, but Dr. Gundlach says they have

but the one.

It is distinguished from O. Virginianus, by its smaller size,

generally darker colors, and more mottled character of its upper

with Descriptions of New Species. 271

plumage; the male has the rufous coloring of a much deeper

shade, the black on the neck and breast more in extent, and

the black transverse markings on the abdomen very much

broader than in the U. States’ species.

21. Butorides brummescens, (Gundiach.)

! Ardea brunnescens, Gund. Lemb. Av. Isl. Cub. 1850, p. 84, pl. 12.

Oniscus r Cab. Journ, f. Orn. Sep. 1856, p. 344.

The opportunity to examine this rare species has tempted

me to give a short description of it, more particularly as Lem-

beye’s figure does not satisfactorily represent the specimen sent,

which is fully adult.

The top of the head and long occipital feathers, back, tail and wings,

are dark glossy green; the scapulars and interscapulars pale green,

washed with bluish grey, having light grey shafts; the wing-coverts very

narrowly edged with rufous; the entire neck and long feathers extending

over the breast bright brownish chestnut, paler on the chin; abdomen

dark plumbeous ash, tinged with rufous on the sides.

The wing measures 7 inches; tail 3; tarsus 21; bill 23.

It scarcely differs in size from B. virescens, of which it is a

remarkable representative, but unmistakably distinct. The

plumage generally is darker than in virescens. In the appear-

ance of their upper parts the two species closely resemble each

other, but wrescens has the chin and a central line down the

throat and neck, also a stripe on the side of the head, white,

these parts in brunnescens are uniform in color, with no trace

of white, this species is also without the light edgings to the

wing-coverts and smaller quills, so conspicuous in werescens.

Dr. Gundlach writes me that he has only met with it five or

six times. |

272 Notes on some Cuban Birds,

22. Symphemia semipalmata, (Gmelin.)

Scolopax semipalmatus, Gm. Syst. Nat. 1, 1788, 659.

Totanus semipalmatus Lemb. Av. Isl. Cub. 1850, p. 92.

se speculiferus, Lemb. Cat. p. 133.

Symphemia semipalmata et speculifera, Gund. Journ. f. Orn. Sep. 1856,

p. 351,

Dr. Gundlach sent a specimen of this species with another

representing speculiferus, the latter has the tarsus longer than

the one labelled semipalmatus, but that appears to be smaller

than usual, the tarsus measuring but 21 inches, the tarsus of

the other 21, this last is given by Prof. Baird as about the size

in an extensive series of specimens of semipalmata.

Just the same variation in measurements is observable in

examples from our coast, as in the two from Cuba. I therefore

think there is not sufficient ground for their separation into two

species.

23. Macroramphus scolopaceus, (Say.)

Limosa scolopacea, Say, Long’s Exped. ii. 1832, p. 170.

Scolopax longirostris, Bell. Ann. N. Y. Lyc. v. 1848, p. 3.

Macroramphus scolopaceus, Lawr. fs v. 1849, p. 4, pl. 1.

Macroramphus griseus, Gund.? Journ. f. Orn. Sep. 1856, p. 350.

Dr. Gundlach has sent one adult bird of this species in fine

plumage; in this specimen the colors of the back and tertiaries

are very clear, the rufous markings being particularly bright;

the feathers of the upper part of the breast are each marked

with a narrow subterminal dark band.

I have several specimens of this species obtained at different

seasons, from early spring to late in summer. It may be dis-

tinguished from Jf. griseus by its larger size, being 12 inches

in length; the bill is longer, measuring in different examples

from 22 to 3 inches; the bare part of the tibia is about 1 inch

with Descriptions of New Species. 273

in extent. In three of my specimens, which are in full summer

plumage, the breast and entire abdomen are of a uniform

rather pale rufous without spots or bars, but having the sides

of the breast barred transversely with black. In one example

from Texas the breast is barred in the same manner as in the

one from Cuba. In the upper plumage the colors are deeper

and brighter than those of griseus. In addition to the well-

marked characters of this species, its rarity on our coast (but

few being obtained each season) is further evidence of its dis-

tinctness from griseus, which is very abundant.

They make their appearance quite early in the spring. I

have found them in the market in April, among English snipe

(Gallinago Wilsonit), fully three weeks before any of the com-

mon species are seen.

24. Macroramphus griseus, (Gmelin.)

Scolopax grisea, Gm. Syst. Nat. 1. 1788, p. 658.

Macroramphus griseus, Leach, Cat. Brit. Mus. 1816, p. 31; Gund.

Jour. Orn. Sep. 1856, p. 350.

Of this there are two specimens, one is in the grey winter

dress, but lighter in color than I have ever seen any here.

The length of this species is 101 to 11 inches; the bills vary

in length from 21 to 22 inches; the bare space on the tibia

measures 3 of an inch; the under surface is not entirely red,

the lower part of the abdomen being white, the shade of red

is duller and rather lighter than in scolopaceus ; the breast is

marked with small round black spots, the sides of the breast

are also spotted, but not barred as in the preceding species;

the flanks of both are transversely barred, but those of scolopa-

ceus most conspicuously so.

25. Dendrocygna viduata, (Limnacus.)

Anas viduata, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 1766, p. 205.

274 Notes on some Cuban Birds,

Through the researches of Dr. Gundlach this fine species has

been added to the list of Cuban birds. Last year he sent me

an adult female for identification, and now writes as follows:

“When you gave me the name of this species I compared it with the

description and found it correct; though the name is not new to science,

it is a valuable addition to our fauna.

“A friend from Santiago de Cuba sent me a male, which differs from

the female sent, in having the black from the back of the neck extend-

ing to the throat, this male was shot about the end of June of last

year.”

26. Spatula clypeata, (Limmaeus. )

Anas clypeata, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1766, p. 200.

Young male. Upper plumage umber-brown, each feather with a

lighter margin; sides of the head and throat fulvous grey, the feathers

with dark centres, chin fulvous white; breast and abdomen reddish

brown, the feathers with pale edgings; smaller wing-coverts pale blue,

secondary coverts brown, broadly ending in white, speculum metallic

green; quills and tail brown.

Length about 15 inches; wing 8; bill 215 tarsus 1,3.

This specimen differs so exceedingly in size from clypeata

that I was inclined to consider it distinct, but in its markings,

especially of the wings, it so much resembles that species, and

being immature, I have for the present concluded to so call it.

Dr. Gundlach considers it a hybrid, and writes as follows, in

reply to my statement, that I could not make it agree very

satisfactorily with any other species.

“J at first supposed this bird to have been raised from the union of

A. discors and clypeata ; I afterwards suspected it to be cyanoptera until

I saw some specimens of that species. Now that you cannot discover

it to be any species from North America, I return to my first supposi-

tion, however rare or unheard of the crossing of two species. I shot it

in February, 1846, in » pond near Cardenas, and as it was the only one

with Descriptions of New Species. 245

killed in the flock, I do not know whether the rest were the same or

not. Baill ashy brown with small black spots at the extremity. Length

0°447 5 extent 0°725; end of tail 0°020 from the end of wing.

“T suppose it does not belong to South America, for in that case it

should rather be found here in summer.”

27. Larus argentatus, Brunnich.

Larus argentatus, Brann, Orn. Bor, 1764, p. 44.

«marinus, Lemb. Av. Isl, Cuba, 1850, p. 122,

Dr. Gundlach writes me,

“This is the specimen found by Lemboye in the market at Havana,

and mentioned in his work as marinus. I have now my doubts whether

it is this species or not, but it does not seem to be argentatus, for it is

larger. Though it is not in good condition, I have kept it to discover

its real name. It being besides 4 young bird, its true plumage cannot

be known. I expect you to be able by the size and form of its bill to

know it.”

Remarks.—This example agrees very closely with a speci-

men in my collection of the young of argentatus of middle

age.

My specimen of the young of marinus is larger, and stouter

in form; the back mottled with much darker feathers, and the

bill larger and stronger.

276 Remarks on the Taconic System.

XXIV.—Remarks on the Taconic System.

By R, P. STeveEns.

Read May 21, 1860,

Tur existence of a system of stratified rocks, older than the

Potsdam sandstone, and fossiliferous, has been the mooted ques-

tion of the day.

Mather, the brothers Rodgers, Hall, Sir William Logan,

Hunt,,and recently Pres. Hitchcock must be added to the list,

maintain that there is no such system. That the Potsdam and

ealciferous sandstone are the lowest horizon of Palseozoic life ;

and that the slates, sandstones, and marbles, of Prof. Emmons’

Taconic system, are but the metamorphosed rocks of the lower

Silurian.

On the contrary side of the question we have Prof. Emmons,

the proposer of the system, Safford, Jewett, Foster, in our

country, and Barraude and Salter, in Europe, who maintain not

only that this system of rocks is older than the Silurian, but

that it was the cradle of palzeozoic life.

Mr. Sterry Hunt, the accomplished chemist of the Canadian

survey, carries the idea of metamorphism so far as to make

the limestone of Central Massachusetts, the Devonian, altered

by heat and chemical agency. Doctor Hitchcock lends his

authority to the same view. Such is the present aspect of the

controversy.

The fossils before the Lyceum this evening are from the

Taconic and the Silurian, where it reposes upon the slates un-

eonformably. The Silurian fossils are the J/aclura magna, two

“specimens, Cyrstoceras, and Orthoceras, one of each, with frag-

ments of others. The Taconic fossils are, Paradowides, one

specimen, Graptolithes seculinus, one specimen, and Lucoides

jlexuosa.

It was my intention to have laid before the Lyceum speci-

mens of Brachiopods, new Trilobites, and stems of Encrinites,

but my communications did not reach Albany in time.

Remarks on the Taconie System. 277

~ Barraude places the Paradoxides in his primordial zone, as

typical of it, and Salter, agreeing with him as to geological

position, though not nomenclature, places it in his sub-silurian.

Whatever the argument may be from Paleeozoa;—it is in able

hands, and is daily increasing in favor of Dr. Emmons’ views.

We propose in this paper to maintain the Taconic system,

by the following arguments: Ist, its orography ; 2nd, its struc-

tural geology ; 3rd, the thickness of its strata; 4th, its uncon-

formability with the Silurian.

Ist. The orography of this system is quite peculiar to itself.

Long valleys, lying between high mountains, having a north

and south trend,—the mountains having an easy slope upon

their eastern sides, but steep and abrupt upon their western,—

their summits rounded, smoothed, or scarred by drift agencies

or the ravages of time, every few miles broken off at either

end, and lapping by the succeeding mountain, in an echelon

arrangement; sometimes gently rising up from the south, and

terminating abruptly at the north. The eastern valleys, are

floored with limestones and marbles, and through them up rise

isolated mountains, flanked with the calcareous formations of

the valleys.

The intelligent traveller, passing over this system from the

east, from New Marlboro, Mass., to the City of Hudson, would

be impressed with the following characteristic features. As he

stands on the western edge of the primitive, and looks north-

wards, southwards, and eastwards, he sees, spread before him,

an elevated country, gently rolling and swelling into ridges

and subordinate hills. The rocks are all gneiss and granite,

and vertical in their dip; the valleys are narrow and deep;

the soil thin, and poorly rewarding the labor of the husband-

man.

On the west he suddenly descends into the valley of the

Konkeput, and finds a change has come over the whole sce-

nery. The rocks are new to him; they are stratified, calcare-

ous, arenaceous, or slaty; they have an eastward tilt; they abut

278 Remarks on the Taconie System.

sharply upon the primary; the valley is wide, swelling with

knobs and ridges of gravel and drift; marbles and limestones

underlie the surface; the springs flow with hard water, or hold

carbonate of lime in solution; a new order of agriculture greets

his vision; the whole scenery is changed, a change that did

not escape the observation of Prof. Hopkins and of President

Dwight, when they first travelled into this region.

From the Konkeput on to the Hudson river he passes over

five of these parallel mountains, all having the same peculiari-

ties, and three of the valleys filled with limestones. The lime-

stones of the valleys, the slates and quartz of the mountains

have all of them, for more than thirty miles in width of territory,

the steep tilt eastwards.

At the crossing of the Claverack creek in Columbia county,

quite to his surprise he finds a limestone capping the highest

slate hill.

It is conceded by all geologists that the mountains of the

American continent have been elevated at different geological

periods ; that the continent has undergone repeated oscillations,

and that the dynamics elevating the continent have been dif-

ferent from those uptilting the mountains.

Pres. Hitclicock describes six systems of elevations in the

State of Massachusetts. The fourth in his system is that which

elevated these mountains, but in the order of nature it was the

second, for the Silurian rests unconformably to the slates of

these mountains, while these slates are unconformable to the

primary. They were upheaved, then, before the laying down

of the Potsdam sandstone, and after the close of the Taconic

epoch.

The upheaving force fractured these rocks simultaneously in

two difierent directions, one longitudinally in long lines of from

five to thirty miles, and elevated them many thousand feet, as

we may reasonably suppose. This elevating force threw them

not up in folds of the strata, as the brothers Rodgers have

stated, but in sharp lines of fracture bringing all the strata suc-

Remarks on the Taconie System. 279

cessively into view, and giving their present steep inclination

eastwards. Simultaneously there was a transverse fracture, in an

east and west direction, interrupting the longitudinal at various

and irregular distances, and at the same time pushing the north

end of the interrupted strata to the west of and by the south

end, thus giving the mountains their echelon arrangements, as

has been stated. In the wider valleys, isolated fractures and

elevations sometimes took place.

Subsequently in the order of time there was a depression of

the western edge of the system; the upturned edges were

abraded, and furrowed into deep chasms, to form material for

the nascent Silurian, and into these furrows and sometimes

mighty chasms, as well as on the basset edges of the Taconic,

the Silurian was laid down. Then followed another uprising,

leaving the Silurian dryland, while the Devonian was being

formed. Again another oscillation while the Carboniferous was

being deposited. These various elevations and depressions we

suppose to have been so gentle in their action, as not materially

to disturb these rocks. At the close of the Carboniferous age,

when the Apalachian system of elevation was exerted upon

this continent, these rocks were subjected to further dis-

turbances. The east and west dislocations were further ex-

tended, the already hardened material was crushed and com-

minuted, and the whole of this system underwent so marked a

change, that many observers consider the Apalachian elevation

the only one exerted upon these rocks. But no one system of

elevation can satisfactorily explain all the phenomena of this

interesting group of mountain strata.

These rocks had already been wasted by ocean forces, to yield

material for the Silurian, and, perhaps, all the succeeding for-

mations, when they, in common with all the eastern portion of

our continent, were depressed beneath the seas, and subjected

to all the varied operations of the drift forces, whatever they

may have been.

On emerging from the waters for the last time, they were

MAY, 1860. 19 Ann, Lyo, Nat, Hist, Vou. VII.

280 Remarks on the Taconic System.

covered in mary places with a coating of from 2 to 150 feet of

transparent material. Miles in extent of their strata, and hun-

dreds of feet in thickness, had been abraded and removed,—

the overlying cap of Silurian had mostly been carried away,

leaving only isolated patches in protected positions, and widely

separated localities, for the geologist to infer their former pre-

sence in full force. Add to all, the metamorphism of being

heated and cooled,—of large masses sliding by each other, thus

producing electric and magnetic action,—remember also the

chemical action and reaction that must have been present, and

you will understand the magnitude of the task any investiga-

tor assumes when he attempts to decypher all the problems of

the Taconic sytem.

Our second argument is from its structural geology.

Viewed comprehensively, and not descending to the minutiz,

the geology of this system is very simple. The main bulk of

the mountains is composed of laminated or massive slates of

various grades and varieties. One range on the east is capped

with hornstone or massive silex. The valleys of the eastern

portion are filled with calcareous deposits, with intercalated

beds of slates and sandstone, and these beds also flank the

eastern slope of the mountains. The western valleys are

floored with the same slates as the mountains are composed of,

while the mountains on the west are, or have been, capped

with unconformable limestones or sandstones of a different age.

The calcareous, slaty, or siliceous masses, whether rising into

mountain heights or reposing in the valleys, have unmistak-

able appearances of having been sediments in their normal and

primal condition. Their stratification, always regular,—the

ripple marks still remaining upon the surface,—the water-worn

rounded or brecciated character of the material composing some

of the deposits, as well as their fossil contents, all give evidence

of sedimentary origin.

We may suppose these sediments to have been originally depo-

sited upon the floor of the primal ocean, which had primitive

Remarks on the Taconic System. : 281

rocks upon its eastern shores. The first abrasion of the primi-

tive would yield breccias and conglomerates, arenaceous beds

would follow; these were succeeded by still finer argillaceous

deposits, since hardened into slates ; limestones followed, which

have been metamorphosed into marbles.

These were repeated, the one upon and following the other,

until the whole series was completed.

This simple statement of the structural geology brings us to

the third argument,—the thickness of the strata composing this

system.

The limestones on the east, we have been able approximately

to measure. One thousand feet is the thickness in its present

dilapidated condition, in the valley of the Konkeput, and we

have good reason to infer that it once was more than 2000

feet thick. The magnesian slates are fully 15,000 feet in thick-

ness. The limestones that followed were 4 to 600 feet thick ;

and the true Taconic slates of the state line of Columbia and

Berkshire are full five miles thick. The roofing and other

slates of Columbia Co. were three to three and a half miles in

thickness.

In all, eleven to thirteen miles would be the maximum thick-

ness; but allowing for any reduplication of the strata, or even

a folding of the same, the minimum thickness cannot be less

than five and one half miles,—a thickness much greater than

the Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous, which succeed this

eldest born of the sedimentary rocks.

Our last argument is the unconformability and superposition

of the Silurian with the Taconic.

At Becraft Mt., Claurach, Kinderhook, and Ghent, in Colum-

bia Co., at Greenoble and University Hill, in Rensellaer,. at

Bald Mt. and Mt. Toby, in Washington Co., and numerous

other localities might be cited, where the Taconic has its usual

steep inclination eastward, the lower Silurian either reclines

horizontally upon the upturned edges, or in troughs worn in the

slates, but in either case the superposition is manifest and

unmistakable.

282 Remarks on the Taconic System.

The maintainers of the metamorphic Silurian theory are

driven to the following absurdities; that the Utica slate and

Hudson River group of rocks, confessedly only a few hundred

feet in thickness, have been so plicated, uptilted, and pressed

together, as to fill a country more than thirty miles wide with

their strata, at a steep inclination. And, moreover, that the

lower members, as the Pottsdam sandstone, calciferous, chazy,

and Trenton limestones, and, in one case, the Helderburgh lime-

stone unmetamorphosed, are superimposed upon the uptilted

and metamorphosed later rocks of the Utica slate and Hudson

River group. How came the older reclining in a normal con-

dition upon the later? The one changed, the other unchanged ?

Again, how came the upper Silurian limestones to thicken into

two thousand feet of material in the distance of twenty-five

miles,—in the one case metamorphosed into marble, and in the

other case remaining in its usual thickness of a few hundred

feet and unmetamorphosed ?

And, once more, why should the uniform eastward tilt cease

with the upper Silurian, and a new inclination be imposed upon

the Devonian, if Central Massachusetts is but the Devonian

metamorphosed ?

If in Illinois we have the Carboniferous unconformable to the

Devonian, upper Silurian, and lower Silurian, why may we not

have the coal measures in Massachusetts and Rhode Island

unconformed to the Sub-Silurian ?

In the Taconic system we have a new volume added to the

geological history of the earth, carrying us back into the his-

tory of its paleeozoa to a new and lower horizon, as remote

from the Silurian as it is from the Carboniferous. In its fauna

and flora we have the primal forms of the biological alphabet,

and though the generic character of its inscriptions extend into

the Silurian, and, as for that matter, even up to the present

time, its specific characters are essentially distinct.

Norge.—Since the foregoing remarks were read, I have

Description of a New Species of Helix. 283

received a communication from Prof. Safford of the Tennessee

Geological Survey, telling me that he finds in Tennessee a sys-

tem of stratified rocks of great thickness, between the primary

and Pottsdam sandstone.

On the south-east, then, we have the system, on the north-

west in the Azoic of Foster and Whitney, on the north in the

Huronian of Sir Wm. Logan, and in the north-east in the Taco-

nic of Prof. Emmons.

To our State Survey belongs the honor of its discovery and

proper placing of it in the geology of North America.

XXV.—Description of a New Srrecms of Herr, from

Bougainsville Island.

By Westry Newcoms, M.D., of Oakland, Cal., Corresponding Member.

Read May 28th, 1860.

Helix Amgasiama. (nov. sp.)

T. imperforata globoso-depressa, solida, malleata, rufo-brunnea, epider-

mide aureolo-tinct&é; spira brevi, obtus&; anfr. 5 planiusculis, sensim

accrescentibus, ultimo ad peripheriam obsolete carinato; sutura valde

impressa, hon marginata ; apertura rotundato-lunari, intus alba ; peristo-

mate reflexo; marginibus callo tenui junctis; columellari calloso, dila-

tato, adnato.

Shell imperforate, depressly globose, solid, malleated, epi-

dermis reddish brown, tinged with golden; spire short, obtuse ;

whirls 5, slightly flattened, regularly enlarging, the last one

slightly keeled at the periphery ; suture well impressed, not

margined ; aperture roundly lunar, white within; lip reflected,

the margins joined by a thin callus; columella thick, dilated,

adhering.

Diam. maj. 60, min. 48, Alt. 34 mill. Aper. 26, mill. longa,

27, lata.

' Hab.—Bougainsville Island,

284 Descriptions of New Species of Birds.

Lemarks.—This fine large Helix, dedicated to that excellent

naturalist, Geo. French Angas, Esq., of Australia, has for its

nearest allied species, Z. cornu militare of St. Domingo. It

differs in being somewhat smaller, in its malleated surface, less

expanded lip, and more rounded aperture. It also approaches

H. Studeriana, from which it differs in its greater solidity,

hammered surface, and in its smaller and more rounded aper-

ture.

XXVI.— Descriptions of New Sprxucies of Birds of the Genera

Mytarcavus and Punogorsis.

By Gero. N. Lawrencn.

Read 21st May, 1860.

Myiarchus Pamamemsis.

Second, third, and fourth quills longest, the first considerably

shorter than the seventh. Upper plumage rather light umber-

brown, the feathers of the crown having darker centres, and the

back an olivaceous shade; tail brown, with a dull ferruginous

tinge, the outer web of the outer tail feather dull white, with a

very slight tinge of rufous, the central feathers with very nar-

row margins of pale rufous, the ends of all the tail feathers

pale ; wing-coverts umber brown, with their edges dull white ;

primaries and secondaries dark umber brown, with their outer

webs very narrowly margined with dull white; tertiaries dark

brown, with their outer edges pale yellowish white; the inner

webs of all the quills are margined with pale yellow; under

wing coverts yellow; throat and fore part of the breast clear

bluish-ash, sides of the same color, tinged with olivaceons ;

abdomen and under tail coverts yellow; bill and legs black.

Length 7% inches; wing 3,%,; tail 3%; bill from front 32;

from rictus 145 tarsus §.

(2)

Descriptions of New Species of Birds.

Habitat.—Isthmus of Panama.

Lemarks.—This species is about the size of my Jf. cinerascens,

but the colors are much darker, and the bill longer and broader.

Compared with J/. crinitus, the color of the throat is of a

deeper shade and the dark coloring on the sides more extensive,

the abdomen is of a rather lighter yellow, the bill is about the

same width at the base, but longer. From both species it dif-

fers in having no rufous coloring on the wings or tail, except the

very slight tinge on the edge of the latter, in having the inner

edges of the quill feathers pale yellow and the wings much

shorter. In the absence of ferruginous it resembles JZ pheo-

cephalus, Sclater.

Two specimens were obtained by Mr. J. McLeannan, who

states that it sits on the top of a tree, and has a cry very simi-

lar to that of the Royal Tody (Mfuscivora Mexicana), so much

so that when he shot these specimens he mistook them for that

species.

Phiogopsis MeLeannani.

Head above umber brown, with a slight ochreous tinge,

there is a deep black spot on both the upper and lower eyelid;

hind neck encircled with a band of bright chestnut red; back,

Wwing-coverts, tertiaries, and rump light umber brown, tinged

with ochraceous or dull ferruginous yellow; feathers of the

back, scapulars, tertiaries and wing-coverts ending with large

spots of deep velvet black, and having pale ferruginous mar-

gins ; these markings exist on the rump and upper tail-coverts,

but become rather obscure towards the latter, when they are

almost obsolete ; tail deep blackish brown, with the two exter-

nal feathers on each side tipped with white; primaries and

secondaries dark umber brown with light brown edgings;

throat and neck in front of a deep glossy black; breast and

upper part of abdomen bright chestnut red, each feather being

marked with a subterminal round spot of deep black; imme-

286 Descriptions of New Species of Birds.

diately below the black throat the red is without spots, and

connects with the collar on the hind neck; centre of abdo-

men paler in color, and on the lower part becoming brown,

with the markings less distinct; the under tail-coverts and

thighs are ochreous brown, banded with black near the ends of

the feathers, which have lighter terminations, these markings

are rather obscure on the thighs; sides and inner covering of

wings dull ferruginous brown; bill black, with the tip horn

color; the tarsi and feet in the dried specimens are very pale

yellow, probably light flesh color in the living bird; claws

yellowish white. In life the bare space around the eye is light

blue.

Total length 8 inches; wing 32; tail 3}; bill from frontal

feathers 12; tarsus 14.

FHabitat.—Isthmus of Panama.

Remarks.—One other specimen is of rather smaller dimen-

sions, but they are precisely alike in plumage. They were

obtained at a locality about equidistant from both oceans.

This is a larger and finer species than the two others em-

braced in this genus; it somewhat resembles P. nigro-macu-

lata Lafr. et D’Orb. in the markings of the back and wing-

coverts, but in its coloration otherwise it is quite different.

This handsome bird was obtained by James McLeannan,

Esq., in compliment to whom I have named it.

Quite a considerable number of birds were collected by this

gentleman, mostly along the line of the Panama railroad. It

is my intention before long to give a catalogue of his collec-

tion, which contains some rare, and probably other new species,

besides those described above.

Description of a New Species of Pupa. 287

XXVIL—Description of a New Species of Pura from

California.

By tue Rev. J. Rowe t, of San Francisco, Cal.

(Communicated by Mr. W. Cooper.)

Read 7th January, 1861.

Pupa Californica, mov. sp.

T. rimato-subperforata, elongato-ovata, tenuiuscula, fusco-cornea, oblique

costulato-striataé ; apice obtusa ; sutura profunda; anfr. 5-6 convexis,

ultimo ad aperturam parum compresso ; apertura obliqua, suborbiculari,

denticulis 4 albis armat&é; 1 valido, lamelliformi, subtorto, in pariete

aperturali, 1 ad columellam, 2 prope basin, profunde immersis; perist.

expansiusculo, columellari subreflexo.

Shell rimate subperforate, elongate ovate, thin, dark

horn colored, with oblique rib-like strive; apex obtuse ; deep

suture ; with 5-6 convex whorls, the last a little compressed at

the aperture ; aperture oblique, suborbicular, armed with four

white denticles; one iamelliform, strongly developed, slightly

twisted, on the parietal wall, one on the columella, and two

deeply seated within or near the base of the aperture ; peri-

stome slightly expanded, columellar margin somewhat reflected.

Long. 24; diam. 1 mill.

Habitat.—San Francisco, California.

ftemarks.—1 have collected a considerable number of this

species of Pupa. One other only, P. Rowellii Newce., has

hitherto been found on the Pacific Coast of the United States.

JAN. 1861, 90 Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hisr. Vou. VII.

288 Catalogue of Birds from New Grenada.

XXVIII.—Catalogue of a Collection of Birds, made in New

Grenada, by James McLeannan, Esq., of New York, with

Notes and Descriptions of New Species. Part I.

By GrorGE N. LAWRENCE.

Read January 28, 1861.

Tue birds comprised in this catalogue were collected by

James McLeannan, Esq., on the Atlantic side of the Isthmus of

Panama, along the line of the Panama Railroad, from near

the coast to about a central point between the two oceans. He

procured only such birds as he had the opportunity to preserve

when not otherwise engaged, and had no intention of making

a complete collection, many kinds being seen by him which

were not obtained. This is to be regretted, as among those sent

are many species of much interest.

Mr. MeL. took no notes, as the birds were obtained solely for

his own gratification, and with no expectation that a list of

them would ever be published. He states that the Falconidee

are exceedingly numerous and unsuspicious, frequently perch-

ing on the telegraph poles, and allowing an approach imme-

diately under them without taking alarm.

Fam. FALCONID.

SupraM. POLYBORINE.

1. Lbycter Americanus (Bodd.).

SupramM. BUTEONINE.

2. Buteo gheisbreghtii, Du Bus.

3. Buteo Pennsylvanicus ( Wils.).

4. Leucopternis semiplumbeus, sp. nov.

Entire upper plumage, with the sides of the head and neck rather

Catalogue of Birds from New Grenada. 289

hght plumbeous, the feathers with dark shafts, upper tail coverts and tail

black, the latter crossed at about two inches from the end with a narrow

band of white, slightly tinged with rufous; there is a white spot on the

inner web of the outer tail feather, about equidistant between the base

of the tail and the white band; quills dark plumbeous black, with the

greater portion of their inner margins from the base white, the terminal

portion of the quills on the under side is plumbeous grey crossed with

darker bars on the inner webs, tips dark; under plumage and inner

lining of the wings white; on the chin and throat the feathers have a

narrow plumbeous stripe down their centres; bill bluish black, cere

orange yellow; legs and feet orange yellow; claws black.

Length 16 in.; wing 81; tail 6; bill along ridge 11; tarsi 21,

Supram. MILVINZ.

5. ELlanoides furcatus (Linn.).

6. Lctinia plumbea (Gm.).

Supram. ACCIPITRIN &.

7. Herpetotheres cachinnans (Linn.).

8. dAccprter pileatus (Maz.).

This specimen is not fully adult; the upper plumage is umber

brown ; the crown is blackish brown, showing a very decided

cap ; the under parts are fulvous white, without spots or stripes.

It bears no resemblance to the young of A. Cooperi, which by

some ornithologists has been considered identical with this

species. See remarks, antea, p. 254.

9. Geranospiza cerulescens ( Vierll.).

Fam. STRIGID.

Supram.. SYRN TIN &. :

10. Syrnium perspicillatum (Lath.).

290 Catalogue of Birds from New Grenada.

Fam. CAPRIMULGID.

Supra, STEATORTIN&.

11. Nyctibius grandis (&m.).

Susram. CAPRIMULGIN &.

12. Nyctidromus Americanus (Linn.).

138. * Guianensis (&m.).

Fam. MOMOTIDAL.

Supram. MOMOTIN 4.

14. Momotus Marti (Spi).

15. “ Lessoni, Less.

16. Crypticus platyrhynchus (Poadeeatay

Fam. TROGONID.

Susram. TROGONIN&.

17. Trogon macroura, Gould.

18. “ Massena, Gould.

LO: “ 6viridis, Linn.

20. “ — aurantiiventris, Gould.

21. “ — ealigatus, Gould.

Fam. BUCCONID.

Susram. BUCCONIN.

22. Malacoptila Panamensis, Lafr.

Fam. ALCEDINID.

Susram. ALCEDININ.

238. Ceryle torquata (Linn.).

24. “ Amazona (Lath.).

25. “ inda(Linn.). See Cassin, Proc. Phil. Acad.

1860, p. 133.

26. “ Americana (Gm.).

27. “ superciliosa (Linn.).

Catalogue of Birds from New Grenada. 291

Fam. GALBULID &.

Suspram. GALBULIN &.

38. Jacameraps grandis (Gm.).

Fam. CAZAREBID 2.

Susram, CAREBIN &.

99. Oereba carneipes, Sel. P. Z. 8S. 1859, p. 376.

30. “ lucida, Sclater and Salvi. Ibis, 1859, p. 14.

31. Dacnis cerebicolor, Scl.

32. Certhiola luteola, Caban.

Fam. TROCHILID.

Sursam. TROCHILIN 2.

83. Phathornis eurynomus (Less.).

34. i Adolphi, Boure.

35. Heliothria auritus (Gm.).

36. ee Barroti, Boure.

37. Heliomaster Stuarte, Lawr., antea, p. 107.

Since describing this species, I have had an opportunity of

examining seven other specimens from Bogota, in the posses-

sion of Mr. William Galbraith, Taxidermist, of this city. I

find the bills of these to be quite as long as these of A. long-

rostris, but they are much steuter; and J notice some charac-

ters not mentioned in my eriginal description, viz. the base of

the bill is very broad and bare of feathers, whereas in longi-

rostris the bill at the base is comparatively narrow, and the

feathers extend quite forward on the bill. These differences

were constant in an equal number of each species.

The specimen in this collection shows the same characters,

and has the greater extent of black in the tail feathers, as have

also those spoken of above.

299 Catalogue of Birds from New Grenada.

38. Hlorisuga mellivora (Linn.).

39. Thalurania venusta, Gould.

40. Amazilia Riefferi, Boure.

41. Chiorostilbom assimilis, sp. nov.

The entire upper plumage is of a bronzed or dull golden green; tail

dark steel blue; wings brownish purple; under plumage brilliant green,

golden on the abdomen and on the throat of a bluish green; under tail

coverts grass green; a small white spot on the pleura; tibial feathers

brown; bill and feet black.

Length 3 in.; wing 113; tail 1,5; bill =.

This species is somewhat like C. melanorhynchus, Gould, but

is smaller; the bill is much shorter, and comparatively weaker;

the crown is uniform in color with the back, not brilliant as

in melanorhynchus, the latter species is also more golden on

the abdomen, and has the tail less forked with the feathers nar-

rower.

42. Krythronota Edwardi (Boure. et Delatt.).

43. Suliamya typica, Bonap. (Ornismyia Julie, Bourc.).

44. Damophila amabilis, Gould.

Fam. CERTHIAD.

Supram. FURNARIN &.

45. Rhedinocichla rosea, Less. & and g.

Susram. DENDROGOLAPTIN 4,

46. Dendrornis guttatus (Licht.).

47. a tenucrostres (Licht.).

48, A large species which I have not been

able to make out.

49. Xtphorhynchus Lafresnayanus (O7b.).

Catalogue of Birds from New Grenada. 293

Fam. TROGLODYTID.

Susram. TROGLODYTIN &,

50. Cyphorinus cantans (Gm.).

Above rufous brown, the back crossed with narrow dark almost obso-

lete bars; quills narrowly barred with black on the outer webs ; tail

rufous brown, with narrow black bars; throat and sides of the neck

bright rufous; breast ashy brown; abdomen and sides dull rufous

brown ; bill black; legs and feet yellowish brown.

Length 5 in.; wing 21; tail 1p; bill 3; tarsi 2.

51. Thryothorus nigricupillus, Sel. ?

Fam. MNIOTILTID&.

Susram. MNIOTILTIN A.

52. Dendroica virens (Gm.).

53. LHelminthophaga chrysoptera (Linn.).

Fam. FORMICARID 2.

Susram. THAMNOPHILIN &.

54. Cymbilanius lineatus (Leach). 6 and g.

55. Thamnophilus transandeanus, Sel. 6 and Q.

56. « doliatus (Linn.). & and ¢.

Supram. FORMICIVORIN ©.

57. Myrmetherula Surinamensis (Gm.). 9.

Supram. FORMICARIN &.

58. Pithys rufigularis (Bodd.)?

Upper plumage rufous brown; back scarcely olivaceous; a concealed

spot of white between the shoulders ; sides same color as the back; tail

deep rufous brown; the three outer tail feathers tipped with white ;

294 Catalogue of Birds from New Grenada.

wings umber brown edged with dull rufous, wing coverts edged with

bright rufous; under plumage deep bright rufous ; bill dark horn color,

under mandible lighter at the end.

Length 6 in.; wing 3; tail 23; bill 3; tarsi 1.

This bird does not answer very well to the description of

P. rufigularis, and may be distinct; it differs in having the

entire under surface rufous, a little paler only on the lower part

of the abdomen. PP. rufigularis, according to Latham, has

“the chin, throat, and breast rufous yellow.” Mr. Sclater,

P. Z. S. 1858, p. 274, describes it as being “ brownish olive,

paler below, with the throat rufous.”

59. Gymnocichla nudiceps, Cassin.

60. Phlogopsis McLeannani, Lawr., antea, p. 285.

61. Pittasoma Michleri, Cass. Proce. Phil. Acad. 1860,

p. 189.

This is a fine specimen of this interesting new species. I had

nearly completed ny examination of the birds contained in this

present catalogue, before I was aware that Mr. Cassin was

engaged upon the collection made by Lieutenant Michler. The

above bird I considered one of the most important novelties ;

and it was not until I compared notes with Mr. Cassin, that I

found it was also in the collection he was investigating. As

his paper was nearly ready for publication, and he had assigned

it a name, I yielded the description of it to him.

~ Mr. McL. shot his specimen in high woods, where it was

feeding on low shrubs in company with PAlogopsis Me-

Leannani.

Fam. ANABATIDZE.

+ Supram. ANABATIN ZZ,

62. Anabates cervinigularis, Sel.

Catalogue of Birds from New Grenada. 29

Fam. TYRANNIDZ.

Supram. TYRANNINZ.

63. Scaphorhynchus Mexicanus, Lafr.

64. Tyrannus intrepidus, Vieill.-

65. . melancholicus, Vieill.

66. Myiarchus Panamensis, Lawr., antea, p. 284.

67. Myiodynastes nobilis, Scl. P. ZS. 1859, p. 42.

68. Milvulus monachus, Hartl.

69. Myiozetetes Cayennensis (Linn.).

Susram. PLATYRRHYNCHIN &.

70. Todirostrum cinereum (Linn.).

71. Muscivora Mexicana, Sel. .

Fam. COTINGID A.

Supram. TITYRINZ.

72. Tityra albitorques, Du Bus.

73. “ personata, Jard. and Selby.

74. Pachyramphus cinnamomeus, sp. nov.

Male. Third and fourth primaries longest and equal, first interme-

diate between the fifth and sixth, second abnormally shortened. Upper

plumage of a bright reddish cinnamon color, a little darker on the crown;

a dusky spot immediately forward of the eye, and above the spot a pale

streak running to the bill; wings and tail of the same color as the back,

the ends of the primaries being dark brown; under plumage pale cinna-

mon, nearly white on the throat; bill dark horn color, with the edges

and tips of both mandibles white; legs and feet dark plumbeous.

Length 6 in.; wing 313 tail 21; bill 4; tarsi 3.

The female is precisely like the male in plumage, but, as is usual in

this family, has the second primary of full length.

296 Catalogue of Birds from New Grenada.

This is the second instance in this genus in which the male

wears the dress of the female ; in all the others, with these two

exceptions, the sexes are very different in color.

The species alluded to above, and which this somewhat

resembles, is P. rufescens (Spix); but as there is no appear-

ance of the cinereous band which extends from the hind neck

on each side of the head in that species, I cannot but consider

it distinct. The localities of the two species are also very

different.

75. Pachyramphus gr.

This is colored much like the above species, but the head is darker,

and the bill much smaller, being short and flat.

Length 53 in.; wing 215 tail 12.

Fam. AMPELID.

Susram. PIPRIN Ai.

16. Chirowiphia caudata (Shaw).

ti.) mentalis, Sel:

78. “ wetellina, Gould.

79. © eyaneocapilla, Wagl.

Supram. GYMNODERIN

80. Querula cruenta (Bodd.).

Fam. CORVID.

Supram. GARRULINA.

81. Uroleuca pileata (Temm.).

Fam. STURNID A.

Susram. QUISCALIN 4.

$2. Cassidix baritus (Sw.).

83. at erasscrostris (Sw.) ?

Catalogue of Birds from New Grenada. 297

Supram. ICTERIN AL.

84. Ostinops Montezuma, Less.

85. < eristatus (Gm.).

86. Ocyalus Waglert (G. R. Gray).

87. Cassiculus Prevosti (Less.).

88. ee écteronotus ( Vievll.).

89. ne uropygialis (Lafr.).

90. Icterus mesomelas ( Wagl.).

91. ¢ Giraudii, Cassin.

Fam. FRINGILLID.

Susram. COCCOTHRAUSTINE.

92. Cyanoloxia cyanoides (Lafr.).

93. Hedymeles Ludovicianus ( Wils.).

Susram. TANAGRIN 2,

94. Saltator atriceps, Less.

95. .. magnus (G'm.).

96. Phenicothraupis rubicoides (Lafr.).

97. Tanagra cana, Swainson.

98. “« palmarum, Max.

99. Rhamphocelus icteronotus, Bonap.

100. Pyranga estiva (Gm.).

101. Zachyphonus luctuosus, D Orb. et Lafr.

102. Tachyphonus Cassinil, sp. nov.

“ Tachyphonus?” Cass. Proc. Phil. Acad. 1860, p. 142.

No. 62 Cat. of Michler’s Collection.

Fourth quill longest, the first and ninth equal.

Male. Front, sides of the head inclosing the eyes and chin black, a

triangular patch of olivaceous yellow begins at a point on the crown

opposite the forward angle of the eye, and gradually widens until on the

occiput it is the entire width of the head; upper plumage besides sooty

298 Catalogue of Birds from New Grenada.

black, slightly tinged with olive green; wings and tail dark sooty brown;

throat dark plumbeous grey, in the centre tinged with olive green ;

under plumage deep olivaceous yellow, brightest on the breast, dusky on

the sides, and deepening to dull reddish orange on the lower part of the |

abdomen and under tail coverts; upper mandible blackish horn color,

the under mandible lighter towards the end; tarsi and feet blackish

brown.

Length 7 in.; wing 32; tail 3; bill £; tarsi 48.

The plumage of the female is similar to that of the male.

A single specimen in the collection puzzled me to know

where to place it, as was the case with Mr. Cassin; but having

received other specimens of both sexes, which I consider relia-

ble, I have no hesitation in deseribing it as new, and have

accordingly dedicated it to my friend Mr. Cassin.

103. Eucometis cristata (Du Bus.).

104. Calliste inornata, Gould.

There are several specimens of this species, all alike in plum-

age. Mr. McLeannan considers it distinct from C. Francesca.

He found them breeding, the nest being placed in low trees.

C. Francesce builds in the Prickly Palm, a large tree.

105. Calliste Francesce (Lafr.).

106. Euphonia hirundinacea, Bp.

107. Arremon aurantirostris, Lafr.

108. Pitylus grossus (Linn.).

Susram. EMBERIZIN 2.

109. Huspiza Americana (Gm.).

110. Phonipara gutturalis (Licht).

p OE cr pusilla (Sw.).

Catalogue of Birds from New Grenada. 299

Fam. RAMPHASTID A.

Susram. RAMPH ASTIN Ai,

112. Rhamphastos tocard, Vieill.

1138. carinatus, Swain.

114. Pteroglossus torquatus ( Wagl.).

Fam. PSITTACID.

Susram. ARAIN AL.

115. Avra militaris (Linn.).

116. Psittovius tovi (Gim.).

Susram. PSITTACIN 4.

117. Pionius menstruus (Linn.).

118. os hematotis, Sel. et Salv.? P.Z. 8. 1860,

p- 800; Ibis, vol. ii. p. 401, pl. xiil.

A single specimen only is in the collection, which differs

from the description and figure above cited in the feathers of

the crown being without the narrow red margins, and in having

a narrow collar of red feathers immediately under the dark

color of the throat. In the large collection of Mr. J. G. Bell,

I examined ten specimens of P. hamatotis (collected by Mr.

Leyland in Honduras), none of which have any trace of the

collar, but all agreeing with Mr. Sclater’s description. Addi-

tional specimens are required to determine whether it is merely

a variety of the above species.

Fam. PICIDAL.

Supram. PICIN A.

119. Dryocopus Matherbia (G. R. Gray). 8 and 9.

Supram. MELANERPIN &.

120. Centurus Pucherani (Math.).

121. a rubriventris, Sw.

300 Catalogue of Birds from New Grenada.

Fam. CAPITONID.

Supram. CAPITONIN 4.

122, Capito maculicoronatus, sp. nov.

The feathers of the crown and occiput are elongated and distinctly

spotted, being of a fine brown color at the base with the ends dull white,

on the hind neck the feathers are wholly brown and destitute of spots ;

the entire upper plumage besides, together with the sides of the head and

of the neck, are glossy bluish black; tail brownish black above and dark

brown underneath; wings dark brown, under lining of wings and inner

edges of quills pale yellow; throat silky white, becoming pale yellow on

the lower part of the neck, and deepening to orange on the breast,

. where it forms a transverse band ; abdomen pale cream-colored white,

marked down each side with conspicuous heart-shaped black spots, sides

under the wings biack, marked on the pleura with elongated feathers of

a deep orange; inside of thighs white; under tail coverts white, tinged

with pale yellow; bill dark horn color, the culmen is marked just for-

ward of the nostrils with a spot of dull orange, under part of the lower

mandible dull white; legs and feet black.

Length 6% in.; wing 31; tail 215; bill 3; tarsi 7.

The female, in place of the white throat and orange breast of the male,

has those parts of the same lustrous black as the upper plumage; in all

other markings they are precisely alike.

This species differs remarkably in color from all others of the

genus.

Fam, CUCULIDA.

Susram. COCCYZINA.

123. Piaya nigricrissa, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860, p. 285.

124. “ rutila ( Vieill.).

125. Deplopterus excellens, Scl. P.Z.8. 1857, p. 229.

126. Dromococcyx Mewicanus, Bp.

Catalogue of Birds from New Grenada.

131.

182.

133.

134.

135.

136.

137.

138.

139.

Susram. CROTOPHAGIN &.

Crotophaga ani, Linn.

Fam. COLUMBID&.

Susram. COLUMBIN 4s.

. Lepidoenas speciosa (Gm.).

Susram. GOURINE.

. Chaemepilia rufipennis, Bp.

. Peristera cinerea (Temm.).

Fam. CRACID2.

Suspram. CRACIN AL,

Crax rubra, Innn.? 9.

Fam. TETRAONIDA.

Susram. ODONTOPHORIN &.

Odontophorus Guianensis (Gm.).

Fam. ARDEID &.

Susram. ARDEIN 4.

Eurypyga helias (Pallas).

Garzetta candidissiema (Gm.).

Butorides virescens (Linn.).

Tigrisoma Brasiliense (Linn.).

Pilherodius pileatus (Lath.).

Fam. SCOLOPACID.

Susram. SCOLOPACIN 2.

Gallinago Wilsonii, Bp.

Fam. PALAMEDEID.

Susram. PARIN &.

Parra melanopygia, Sel.

302 Catalogue of Birds from New Grenada.

Fam. RALLIDZ.

Susram. RALLINZ.

140. Corethrura albigularis, sp. nov.

Head above rufous brown, lores ashy; sides of the head and of the

neck, hind neck, and upper part of the back bright rufous; back and

wings rufous brown, rather darker than the head; rump and tail deep

brown; primaries dark brown, shoulders edged with white, smaller wing

coverts blackish brown barred with white, some of the other coverts end-

ing with bright rufous; throat pure white; lower part of the neck and the

breast rufous, paler than that of the hind neck with which it connects ;

abdomen, sides, and under tail coverts black banded with white, each

feather crossed with three bars; under wing coverts white varied with

black ; bill blackish brown; legs and feet appear to have been flesh color.

Length to end of tail 6 in.; wing 3; bill 11; tarsi 11; mid toe and

claw 11.

This species is allied to C. albifrons, Sw. and C. ruficollis, Sw.

Supram. GALLINULIN.

141. Gallinula Martinica (Linn.).

Fam. COLYMBIDA.

Susram. HELIORNIN A.

142. Heliornis fulica (Bodd.).

Descriptions of New Species of Birds. 303

XXIX.— Descriptions of Three New Species of Birds.

By Geo. N. Lawrence. Read April 22, 1861.

Grallaria perspicillata,

Male. Upper part of head and hind neck dark greyish slate ; back

dark yellowish olive, some of the feathers marked down their centres

with narrow stripes of pale orange or fulvous yellow; tail olive brown;

wing coverts of the same color as the back, each feather having a spot at

the end of fulvous yellow ; spurious wing black with a pale orange stripe

on the outer edge; primaries and secondaries blackish brown, broadly

edged with rather dull rufous, brightest on the former, on the base of

which, below the spurious wing, is a lighter colored spot; tertiaries olive

on the outer webs, and blackish brown on the inner; lores, eyelids, and

ear coverts pale orange buff or salmon color, the front half of the buff

colored circle around the eye is bordered with a narrow edging of black ;

a black stripe extends from the lower mandible down the sides of the

neck; throat white, pale yellowish orange down the side of the neck;

the feathers of the upper part of the breast are of the same color as the

side of the neck in their centres, with the edges broadly marked with

black ; on the lower part of the breast, and sides of the abdomen, the

feathers are similarly edged with black, but the centres are white, giving

a striped appearance to the under parts, a portion only of the lower part

of the abdomen in the centre being free from stripes; the sides under

the wings are olivaceous with broad stripes of dusky black; thighs and

under tail coverts dull pale orange; under wing coverts deep salmon

color, spotted with black near the outer edge of the wing; inner edges

of primaries pale salmon color; upper mandible dark horn color, lower

mandible yellowish white, dark at the end; legs and feet yellow, claws

pale.

Length about 54 in., wing 34; tail 1,3,; bill 1425 tarsi,.

Habitat—New Grenada, Isthmus of Panama.

The female similar in plumage to the male.

JUNE, 1861. 91 Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. Yor. VII.

304 Descriptions of New Species of Birds..

In general appearance it much: resembles G. macularca,

which species has the region of the eye naked, whereas in mine

these parts are fully feathered ; in macwlaria the sides are plain

ochraceous without stripes, the back is without the narrow

fulvous markings and the wing coverts are edged with fulvous,

these last in my species having their ends only marked with

triangular shaped spots. The specimen of G. macularia in the

Mus. of the Philadelphia Acad., besides the black stripe run-

ning from the bill down the side of the neck, has a second

one commencing on the chin and running parallel with the

other.

Polioptila superciliaris,

Male. Crown and occiput deep glossy black; lores, superciliary stripe,

and ear coverts white, the extension backward of the superciliary stripe

divides the black, so as to leave a narrow line of that color running back

from the eye; upper plumage clear bluish grey; the two central tail

feathers are black, the first outer feather is entirely white, the second

white excepting a very small portion at the base, the third is black for

half its length, then white to the end, the fourth is black tipped with

white; quill feathers blackish brown, the primaries edged with bluish

grey and the secondaries broadly margined with white; the under

plumage is light plumbeous grey, paler on the throat and cheeks and

nearly white on the lower part of the abdomen; the under wing coverts

and the inner edges of the quills are white; bill black, the base of lower

mandible light horn color; legs and feet black.

Length 32 in.; wing 12; tail 13; bill 75; tarsi 7%.

Habitat.—New Grenada, Isthmus of Panama.

The female differs in having the crown of the same color as

the back.

It resembles P. dilineata; but that species is described as

being plumbeous above, white below, and having the ends only

of the outer tail feathers white. The color of the back in this

new species is very similar to that of P. cwrulea.

Descriptions of New Species of Birds. 305

Chiorostilbon nitens.

Front and crown golden yellowish green, very brilliant; back and wing

coverts shining bronzed green, lower part of back and upper tail coverts

shining grass green; under plumage brilliant green, of a bluish shade on

the throat, and golden on the abdomen; tail steel blue and forked ;

wings brownish purple; tarsi clothed with blackish feathers; vent and

pleural spot white; under tail coverts bright grass green; upper man-

dible black, the under yellow for two thirds its length, with the end

black ; feet black.

Length 3 in.; wing 12; tail 14; bill .%.

Habitat.—V enezuela.

Allied to C. chrysogaster, but is smaller, and has a brilliant

crown, which is not the case with chrysogaster, neither does

the blue color of the throat exist in that species.

For the donation of this specimen I am indebted to Mr. Wil-

liam Galbraith, of this city, who first called my attention to it

as being different from any of the small green Humming birds

he had been in the habit of mounting, especially those from

Bogota. I would here record my thanks to him, not only for

the gift of this species, but for many disinterested favors of a

similar kind, and for the liberal manner in which he has fre-

quently brought to my notice specimens of birds he had not

before met with.

Nors.—In the preceding paper the genus of the species

Nos. 77, 78, and 79, should be Pipra, and not, as printed in

error, Chiroxiphia.

306 Notices of Certain Species of

XXX.—Wotices of certain New Species of North American

Salmonide, chiefly in the Collection of the N. W. Boundary

Commission, in charge of Archibald Campbell, Fsq., Com-

missioner of the United States, collected by Doctor C. B. R.

' Kennerly, Naturalist to the Commission.

By Grorce Sucstey, M.D., Late Assistant Surgeon, U. 8. Army.

Read June, 1861.

Owr1ne to the unfortunate death of Dr. Kennerly on his return

from a three years’ exploration, the preparation of a report on

certain of the material collected by him was assigned to me.

In the course of this undertaking I have prepared a copious

synopsis of the species of American Salmon and Trout, to

appear in the final Report of the Commissioner. It has been

thonght best to issue in advance brief descriptions of the species

hitherto unnamed.

Nothing is more difficult than the naming of different species

of the Salmonidee from individual peculiarities, scarcely one

constant character being ever found confined toa single kind,

so that in the determination of the species we are obliged to

rely upon an aggregation of characters and their modifications.

In many instances this difficulty has been got over readily,

and in a very satisfactory manner to the author, by applying

the names of gentlemen who have directly or indirectly shown

their interest in aiding Dr. Kennerly in his pursuits, or the

author in his preparation of this report. In this paper,—another

published in the Annals of the N.Y. Lyceum,—and a report by

the author on the Salmonidee of the N. W. coast of America,

printed in the 12th volume Pacific R. R. Reports, and dupli-

cated in the “Natural History of Washington Territory,”

nearly everything hitherto printed relating to the species of

Salmon and Trout found on the Pacific slope is embodied—

with the exception of certain details contained in Sir John

Richardson’s Fauna Boreali Americana, and in a few other

papers to be referred to in the more extended report.

North American Salmonide. 307

Saimo Kenmerlyi, Suckley.

Kennerly’s Trout. Chileweyuk Red Salmon-Trout,

Sp. Cu. Dale. The head, measured from snout to nape, is

contained about seven and a half times in the total length;

when measured from the same point to extreme edge of oper-

culum it is contained but four and three quarter times. The

point of greatest depth of body corresponds to a line drawn

from the back downwards, about midway between the tips of

the adducted pectorals and the anterior insertion of the ventrals.

The tips of the dorsal and ventrals when flattened backwards

reach the same imaginary vertical line. Adipose dorsal com-

mences at a point nearly opposite the origin of the last ray of

the anal—the tips of both fins extending backward equally far.

Tail strongly forked, its free margin somewhat waved. Snout

somewhat turned up, the lower jaw projecting slightly beyond

the upper. <A single row of teeth along the anterior half of

vomer. Teeth on the premaxillaries rather strong. Size of

adult rarely exceeds ten or eleven inches. Body compressed

laterally ; its greatest depth contained four and a quarter times

in total length. Dorsal outline strongly arched from the nape,

the ridge beingsomewhat sharp. Curve of belly from origin of

ventral fin to that of the last ray of the anal very sharp, from

thence to the caudal the upper and lower borders of the

peduncle of the tail are almost straight and parallel. General

color of body red, dingy along the back, paler on the sides and

fading into pure white on the belly. Small irregular black

spots above the lateral line. Pectorals bluish, their tips slightly

grayish. Dorsal and ventrals red. Tail spotted.

Habitat.—Chiloweyuk Lake, near Fraser River (Dr. Ken-

nerly), Ne-hoi-al-pit-kwu R. (Gibbs.) The species is named in

honor of Dr. C. B. R. Kennerly, Naturalist of the N. W. Boun-

dary Commission, who died on his return voyage, after three

years’ absence exploring the wilderness.

308 Notices of Certain Species of

Salmo Warreni, Suckley.

Warren’s Trout.

Typical specimens 2070, 2073 in the Smithsonian Coll. Fishes.

Sp. Cu. Dorsal outline strongly arched ; its convexity rising

suddenly from the nape and attaining its height at a point near

a line drawn perpendicular to the lateral line and touching the

tips of the pectorals when flattened backwards along the sides.

Head rather broad ; muzzle somewhat conical; jaws equal and

rounded. The eyes beneath plane of lateral line. Opercules

and pre-opercules spotted with minute spots of black. Nume-

rous stellate and irregular black spots, many of which are quite

faint as if obscured by the thickness of the overlying scales;

belly white; back bluish or greenish; dorsal fins and tail

spotted. Scales small (but much larger than in S. fontinalis),

compact and very adherent ; when glistening in certain reflec-

jlons giving an enamelled appearance to the fish. Tail forked.

Habitat Chiloweyuk Depot. Waters of Fraser River,

British Columbia, Dr. Kennerly.

Named in honor of W. J. Warren, Esq., Secretary N. W. B.

Commission.

Note.—The largest specimens examined by the describer

were not over ten inches in length. They may have been im-

mature individuals of a larger anadromous species; but were

labelled Zrout by Dr. Kennerly.

Salmo brevicauda, Suckley.

Short-tailed Trout.

Sp. Cu. Body long and slender; its dorsal outline from a

point opposite the posterior margin of the opereula being nearly

straight. Scaleslarge; quite thin, and glistening with metallic

lustre; very loosely adherent. They encroach upon the tail

for nearly a third of its length, thus giving it a short appearance.

The peduncle of the tail is wide for the depth of the body, and

North American Salmonide. 309

the caudal itself issomewhat short and narrow. Head long, but

not deep. Dorsal and caudal fins freely spotted with oval

black spots. Body marked with small stellate and irregular

dark spots, their number and size varying greatly in different

individuals. There are usually two rows of teeth on the vomer.

The head is contained nearly five times in the total length,

which rarely exceeds eighteen or twenty inches.

Habitat.—Obtained from the waters of Puget Sound and the

streams in that vicinity, by Drs. Kennerly, Cooper, and Suckley.

Salmo Bairdii, Suckley.

Baird’s River-Trout. Red-spotted Rocky Mountain Trout.

Sp. Cu. Head contained about five times in the total length.

Snout having a deep notch between the extremities of the pre-

maxillaries receiving a conical fleshy protuberance, projecting

upwards from the chin. Teeth strong, hooked, and very uniform

in size; two rows on the tongue; from two to four on the front

of the vomer,—none on its shaft [in one of the specimens

examined, a single accidental small tooth was found on the

shaft of this bone, on the other none]. Sides of the body

beautifully spotted with rose-colored spots of the size of small

peas, of which there are numerous rows. Nostrils double.

Tail broad, and but moderately lunated. Scales small. An-

terior rays of the pectorals, ventrals, and anal broad, and the

skin upon them yellowish red, being colored differently from

the rest of the fin, as in the S. fontinalis. Attains a weight of

ten or twelve Ibs.

Habitat.—Clarke’s Fork of the Columbia, and its tributaries.

Salmo Parkei, Suckley.

Parke’s River Trout. Green speckled-backed Trout.

Aitshst of the Koorenays.

Sp. Ca. Head contained about four and a half times in the

total length; its top flat; muzzle pointed. Tail forked; un-

310 Notices of Certain Species of

spotted. Back dark-green, spotted with spots of lighter green ;

sides spotted with red. Scales adherent and about the size of

those of 8. Bairdii. A disposition towards the formation

of a fleshy “tit” projecting upwards at the point of lower

jaws, with a corresponding notch between the pre-maxillaries.

Superior maxillary reaches to a point considerably behind the

eye. Branchiostegals 13—14. The anterior rays of the lower

fins are covered with a differently colored skin from that of the

rest of the fin—as in S. fontinalis and 8. Bairdii. Two teeth

on the outer extremity of the vomer, behind which from one to

three on the shaft.

Habitat.—Kootenay River, Rocky Mountains.

Named in honor of Lt. John G. Parke, U.S. Topog. Engineers.

Salmo hudsomicus, Suckiey.

Hudson’s Bay Trout.

Sp. Cu. Head contained five times in the total length of the

fish. Dorsal outline strongly arched, its point of greatest height

being at the first ray of the dorsal. Head small and conical.

Mouth quite small. Teeth small; a few on the head of the

vomer; none on its shaft. Two rows of teeth on the tongue.

Tail broad, and usually barred. In some specimens the bars

appear to have faded ont. Upper parts dark (bluish ?), sides

brighter, belly white. The whole fish quite silvery. Scales

small, but larger than in S. fontinalis. They are firmly adhe-

rent, and quite conspicuous. Flanks of adults above and below

the median line covered with light spots about the size of small

peas—those in alcohol appearing as if they had been of a cream

or orange color during life.

Integument over first ray of pectorals of a light orange or

reddish color; that over the next ray dark. Female nearly

similar.

Diagnosis—Would not be easily confounded with any

Atlantic species except S. fontinalis,—but has smaller head,

larger spots, and larger, more adherent, and thicker scales.

North American Salmonide. 311

Hlabitat.—Hudson’s Bay and vicinity (C. Drexler), Labrador

(Elliot Cowes), Newfoundland (T. Gill).

Saimo Richardii, Suckley.

Suk-kégh Salmon.

Sp. Ca. [Based on askin in alcohol, No. 2005, Smithsonian

Cat. Fishes.] Dorsal outline moderately convex, its point of

greatest height being at insertion of anterior ray of dorsal—

the arch from the snout to the caudal insertion being very

uniform,

Female.—Head conical: jaws apparently equal—the thick

fleshy tip on the point of the lower jaw of the fresh-run fish

aiding much to give this appearance. Maxillary extends back

to a point immediately below the posterior margin of orbit.

Teeth extremely small, and but few. Tail deeply Iunated—

almost forked. Caudal and other fins unspotted. Does not often

attain a greater weight than fifteen pounds. Br. rays usually

14.

LHabitat.—N. W. Pacitic coast. Enters Fraser and Skagit

Rivers.

The species is named in honor of Mr. J. H. Richard, the

clever artist who has so handsomely and correctly drawn the

Ichthyological illustrations of the Pacific R. R. Reports.

Saimo Cooperi, Suckicy.

Sp. Cu. Afale. Head enters nearly four and one quarter

times in the total length. Back much arched, having a ten-

dency tohump. Scales rather coarse and large. Skin thick

and strong. Tail deeply lunate, profusely sprinkled with oval

spots of black. Snout (premaxillaries) somewhat elongated.

Dental development much like that of S. proteus, Pallas, but

the fish differs in lacking the exaggerated hump, and in the

lapping of the scales on the body. The adults rarely exceed

twenty-two inches. Female of similar size. Mouth sym-

312 Notices of Certain Species of

metrical. Back Jess arched; and with little tendency to

“humping.” Teeth developed as in the female 8. Scouleri.

Habitat.—Anadromons, ascending the Columbia in autumn.

Found extensively abundant in the Okanakani River, where it

is known to the whites as the ‘“ Little Red-Salmon,” and to the

natives as the Za-ah-nia. :

Named after Dr. James G. Cooper, who has done so much

towards elucidating the Natural History of the North West

Coast.

Notes on Species of Salmon heretofore described.

The Salmo canis Suckley imperfectly described in the

Annals N. Y. Lyceum, Dec. 1858, from memory, has the fol-

lowing additional characteristics not then given, which appear

on the examination of specimens recently added to the Smith-

sonian Collection. A broad dilated knob on the extremity of

the lower jaw upon which there are usually at least three large

curved teeth on each side—the anterior being the larger.

Large curved teeth on the premaxillaries: arms of the lower

jaw studded with teeth of nearly uniform size and appearance.

Tongue with a diverging row of four teeth on each side. Skin

unspotted with speckles, but when the fish has been a few days

in fresh water, blotched with large patches of dingy green and

purplish red. Caudal somewhat forked, unspotted. Other

fins unspotted. The mouth of the female is, as usual with this

group of the salmon, more symmetrical than that of the male.

Skin thick and.fleshy; fin membranes, ditto. Scales quite

adherent, overlapping each other about one third. The head

is large, its dorsal outline nearly straight from the snout to

nape. It is contained about four and a half times in the total

length of the fish.

I have proposed a distinct sub-genus for the group of salmon

embracing this species, the S. Scoulert, S. proteus, and WS.

Cooper?, in which the adult males have the premaxillaries con-

North American Salmonide. 313

siderably elongated, and the tip decurved, extending consider-

ably beyond the extremity of the lower jaws. Upon the tip

of the lower jaws there exists a knob, more or less broad, and

heavily armed with strong curved teeth, as are the premaxilla-

ries above. The type of this sub-genus (which I designate as

Oncorhynchus) is the Salmo Scouleri, of Richardson.

If my separation of this group from the other salmon is con-

sidered as based on sufficiently good anatomieal differences, the

species above mentioned will hereatter be known as Oncorhyn-

chus Scouleri ; Oncorhynchus Cooperi ; Oncorhynchus proteus ;

Oncorhynchus dermatinus ; Oncorhynchus consuetus 5, and

Oncorhynchus canis. In the latter species the projection of the

intermaxillaries beyond the lower jaw is not so strongly marked

—pbut the broad knob, and the heavy armature of strong teeth

on both that and the premaxillaries exists.

The species of salmon described by Dr. Girard as the Salmo

spectabilis, I am obliged to present under a new name.

This is because there had already been described by Valencien-

nes in his Hist. Nat. des Poissons a species under the name of

Salar spectabilis. I cannot recognise the genera Salar or Farvo,

for reasons which will be given in detail in a forthcoming mo-

nograph on the Salmonidz. Therefore, according to my under-

standing of the subject, the Salar spectabilis Val. will become

Salmo spectabilis, and Dr. Girard’s Salmo will have to receive

a new name, which I have accordingly imposed in honor of

Archibald Campbell, Esq., the accomplished Chief of the U.S.

N. W. Boundary Commission. Salmo Campbelli, Nob.

This species is the beautiful red-spotted salmon-trout of the

North Western waters, known to the Skagit and Nisqually

Indians as the che-wah or che-wagh.

For further remarks concerning this species and the S. canes,

those interested are referred to the “ Natural History of Wash-

ington Territory,” published in 1860 by Bailli¢re Brothers,

New York, and to the same text appearing in the Pacific R. R.

Reports, vol. xil., part 2.

314 Wotes on certain Species of Cyrena and Cyrenelia.

XXXI.—Wotes on the Cyrena salmacida and the Cyrenella

Americana of Moretet.

By Témpte Pre. Read June 24, 1861.

Ix 1851 Mr. Morelet, in his work on the new species of shells

from Cuba and Central America, Part II., p. 26, gave descrip-

tions of the above two species, to which I would beg to eall the

attention of conchologists.

The C. salmacidu is a representative of that class of Cyrene

which, differing from the rest of the species of this genus which

live in fresh water, inhabits brackish waters at the outlet of

rivers into the sea.

The C. maritima ©. B. Adams, and the C. Cubensis Prime

are as yet the only other species of this group known to us;

but it is not improbable that when researches shall have been

extended this number wil! be increased.

The discovery of Cyrene in brackish water is a fact of some

importance to geologists, which was duly appreciated by the

late Mr. D’Orbigny in one of his works.

The Cyrenella Americana, I will remark, is the first species

of the genus which has been found on this continent.

The Cyrenelle were at first presumed to be confined to

Africa. Mr. Cuming, however, some years since, brought

home several species from the Philippines. Mr. Deshayes, in

1853, described a fossil one, the Cyrenella lucinoides, from the

basin of Paris, but he has since seen cause to refer it to the

genus Diplodonta.

The @. salmacida and ©. Americana are very rare shells.

Mr. Cuming has one of the former in his cabinet; but, with

that exception, Mr. Morelet is, I believe, the only person who

has specimens of them.

In order to make these species better known, I have thought

it would not be amiss to append a copy of Mr. Morelet’s descrip-

tion of them, accompanied by drawings, which I have been

enabled to procure through his kindness.

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. 315

Cyrena sAtmactpa, Moretrr. (Plate VI., f. 1, a. b.)

Morelet. Test. nov. Ins. Cub., pt. 2, p. 26, 1851.

' T. ineequilatera, ovalis, anterius rotundata, latere postico productiore,

subrostrato, transversim tenuiter sulcata, albescens vel carnea, stramineo

vel ceerulo nebulosa, umbonibus fulva rubellis et fascia late diluta con-

colore circumdata, Cardo strictus; dentes apiciales 3 minuti; laterales

2 elongati, tenues.

Long. 27; altit. 19 mill.

Testas imanes absque epidermide in paludibus maritimis circa portum

Sisalesem legi.

* CyRENELLA AMERICANA, Moreter. (Plate VI., f. 2. a. b.)

Cyrenoides americanus, Morelet.

T. suborbicularis, tenuis, minute striata, epidermide decidua griseo-

straminea induta, intus albida; umbone antico; dens cardinalis, apici-

alis, lamelleeformis, m utraque valvula duplex.

Long, 11z; altit. 11 mill.

Habitat—Insulam Pinorum in paludibus.

XXXI.— Catalogue of a Collection of Birds, made in New

Grenada, by James McLeannan, Esq., of New York, with

Notes and Descriptions of New Species. Part II.

By George N. Lawrence,

Read May 27, 1861.

(Continued from page 302.)

Tur present part of this Catalogue is the result of a second

collection of birds made during the past winter, along the line

of the Panama Rail Road, by James McLeannan, Esq., with

the assistance of Mr. John Kk. Galbraith, an intelligent and

* Owing to an error on the part of the draughtsman, this species is represented

in the plate with lateral teeth, which is incorrect,

316 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

skilful young Taxidermist, of this city. I arranged with them

to receive their collections, which were to comprise all the

species it was in thetr power to obtain, and in as many cases as

possible to procure both the male and female, the sex to be

ascertained by dissection. They were also to make any obser-

vations they thought would be of interest as regards habits,

rarity, &e. The notes, distinguished by quotation marks, were

made by Mr. Galbraith.

These gentlemen appear to have faithfully fulfilled their com-

mission, and forwarded altogether nearly three hundred species ;

in most cases both sexes were procured; many of those sent are

comprised in Part I. of this catalogue, and consequently are

omitted in this, except in cases where further information con-

cerning them can be given.

A few only of those enumerated in Part I. were not obtained.

The greater part of this collection was made on the Atlantic

side of the Isthmus, as the investigation of this section occupied

their time until the season was too far advanced to enable them

to procure many species on the western slope, and in the

vicinity of Panama. All are from the Atlantic slope, with the

exception of Nos. 145, 174, 194, 277, 251, and 282.

Fam. FALCONIDA.

Susram. AQUILIN-A.

143. Spizaétus tyrannus (Maw.). 8 and 9.

144. Urubitinga zonura (Shaw). ¢.

145. es anthracina (Nitsch.). 6.

Supram, BUTEONIN &,

146. Asturina nitida (Lath.). 4% and g.

147. a magnerostris (Gm.). 9 and @.

“Jrides brown; frequents the railroad track, and sits on

the telegraph poles; very gentle.”

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. 317

Susram. ACCIPITRINAL.

148. Micrastur gilvicollis ( Vierll.). $ and 9.

149, « — poliogaster (Temm.)? 6s.

The upper plumage is slate black; the tail is black, crossed with three

white bars freckled with brown; the under plumage is of a buffy cream

color; legs yellow.

Length 171 in.; wing 91; tail 8; tarsi 3.

There is a specimen in the Museum of the Philadelphia

Academy precisely in the plumage of mine, which is marked

J. poliogaster with a? In Temminck’s figure, Pl. Col. 264,

the under plumage is of a uniform grey ; with this exception,

they agree with his plate; both specimens appear to be fully

adult.

Susram. FALCONIN AE.

150. LHarpagus bidentatus (Lath.).

Supram. MILVIN 2.

151. Cymindis Cayennensis (Gin.).

Supram. CIRCINA.

152. Circus Hudsonicus (Linn.).

Fam. STRIGIDZ.

Supram, SYRNIIN At.

153. Syrnium virgatum, Cass.

Fam. HIRUNDINID~.

Supram. HIRUNDININ A.

154. Hirundo horreorum, Barton.

155. Petrochelidon lunifrons (Say.).

156. f leucoptera (Gim.).

157. Cotyle flavigastra (Vieill.). 8 and ¢.

These specimens are smaller than some I have from Cayenne;

the wings are much shorter, those of the male being 4 an inch

318 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

and of the female nearly an inch less; the upper tail coverts

are grey, not so in my examples from Cayenne, and the colors

generally are darker.

158. Progne chalybea (Gim.).

Fam. MOMOTID.

Susram. MOMOTIN®.

159. Momotus subrufescens, Scl. % and 9.

“‘Trides red; found in very retired places in the jungle; feed

on insects and lizards; not plentiful.”

Fam. BUCCONID 2.

Susram. BUCCONIN &.

160. Bucco Dysoni, Scl. 2 and ¢.

L612 °° techus, Bod: Sando?

162. Malacoptila frontalis, Scl. 4 and ¢.

Fam. ALCEDINIDA.

Susram. ALCEDININE.

1638. Ceryle alcyon (Linn.).

Fam. COHREBID A.

Supram. COLREBINZE.

164. Coereba carneipes, Scl. No. 29 of Part I.

“Trides brown; habits very much like the Warblers of the

States; is found very often in large flocks, in which the males

predominate; frequent both high and low trees; have never

heard any song, but they make a chirping noise while feeding.”

165. Ceereba lucida, Scl. and Salv. No. 30 of Part I.

“Trides brown ; habits similar to the preceding species, but

never found in company with them.”

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. 319

166. Daenis. 2.

167. Chlorophanes atricapilla ( Vieill.). 4 and ¢.

“Trides red; not common, found in open places; no song.”

Fam. TROCHILID &.

Supram. TROCHILIN A.

168. Glaucis hirsutus (Gm.).

169.) ©) \¢ fewehert(Bowrey, 16.

“‘Trides brown ; always seen in retired places in the forest ;

not common.”

170. Phethornis longirostris, Delatt. ¢ and 2.

“ Trides brown; found in dense forests; very common.”

171. Campylopterus Cuviert (Boure.) 3 and ¢

“Trides brown; get their food from the blossoms of a large

tree ; not abundant.”

172. Lampornis mango (Linn.).

173. Hypuroptila Buffoni (Less.). 6 and Q.

“Trides reddish brown; very common near the ‘summit.’ ”

174. Sapphironia ceruleogularis, Gould.

175. Chlorostilbon 9:

176. Gouldia Conversi (Boure.). % juv.

“ Trides brown; but one seen, which was found in a dense

forest.”

Fam. ANABATID/A.

Susram. ANABATIN 4.

177. Anabates ochrolemus, Tsch. ?

178. Syanallauxis brunneicaudalis, Scl. 2 and 9.

“Trides brown; quite common; found in low bushes and

weeds very close to the ground; has no song.”

JUNE, 1861, 992, Ann, Lye, Nat, Hist, Vou. VII,

320 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

179. Xenops Mewicanus, Scl. % and ¢.

Susram. DENDROCOLAPTIN &.

180. Dendrocolaptes Sancti Thome (Lafr.).

181. Glyphorhynchus cuneatus (Licht.). ¢ and ¢.

182. Dendrocincla fumigata (Licht.)?

é. (undetermined.)

184. Scleurus caudacutus ( Vieill.).

Fam. TROGLODYTID A.

Susram. TROGLODYTIN&.

185. Cyphorinus bambla (Bodd.\? ¢.

“Trides brown; shot on the ground in the jungle; only one

seen.”

186. Cyphorinus fasciatoventris, Lafr. 8 and ¢.

187. 2 leucostictus, Caban.

188. Zroglodytes hypaédon, Scl. P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 128.

“Trides brown; habits same as the House Wren of the States,

and song very similar.”

189. Thryothorus rutilus, Vieill.

“rides brown; found only in the jungle; very rare.”

190. Thryothorus longirostris, Vieill.

191. ih leucotes, Lafr.

192. Thryothorus Galbraithii, sp. nov.

Male. Upper plumage light rufous-brown, lower part of back

‘and upper tail coverts dull rufous, brightest on the latter, which are

crossed with dusky bars; there are also some nearly obsolete dusky bars

on the back; tail brownish rufous, distinctly crossed with ten rather

broad bars of black; quills brownish-black on the inner webs, the outer

webs marked with alternate bars of black and dull rufous ; wing coverts

of the same color as the back faintly barred with black; lores, super-

ciliary stripe, and ear coverts white; a line of brown extends back from

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. 321

the eye over the ear coverts; chin and upper part of throat pure white,

entire under plumage besides rufous, paler on the throat and becoming

deeper on the lower part of the abdomen and under tail coverts, the

latter being quite deep in color; there are no bars on the under plum-

age; the under surface of the tail is barred in the same manner as the

upper, but the rufous is paler and duller; upper mandible dark brown,

with the edges and also the under mandible whitish horn color , irides

brown; legs and feet black.

Length 53 in.; wing 22; tail 12; bill $5 tarsi 7.

Female similar in plumage, but a little smaller.

Named in compliment to Mr. John R. Galbraith.

This species is about the size and in the color of the under

plumage resembles 7. Ludovicianus and T. Lerlandieri, but

the color is much deeper, and without the bars on the sides and

under tail coverts, which prevail in both those species; the

bars on the tail and wings are much wore distinct, darker, and

wider apart.

193. Thryothorus castameus, sp. nov.

Thryothorus nigricapilus, Nob. nec. Sel. No. 51 of Part I.

Male. Head above glossy black, this color including the occiput and

sides of the neck, connecting with the latter is a stripe of the same color

running from the chin; cheeks and ear coverts white intermixed with

black; Jores greyish white; superciliary stripe and eyelids white; chin

and upper part of throat white; the entire upper and under plumage

besides deep reddish chesnut, paler on the breast and middle of abdo-

men, which are crossed with interrupted black bars; the sides and under

tail coverts are more distinctly barred; upper tail coverts obscurely

barred with black; tail black, with narrow rufous bars crossing the cen-

val feathers and the outer webs of the others; quills blackish brown,

the outer webs and the larger wing coverts crossed alternately with rufous

and black; the sinaller wing coverts are of the same color as the back;

upper mandible black, lower pale plumbeous ; irides brown ; tarsi and

feet black.

Length 52 in.; wing 23; tail 21; bill 12; tarsi 1.

Female precisely like the male, but smaller.

322 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

This species was put in Part I. as 7. nigricapillus, Scl. with

some doubt as to its correctness; but as the measurements are

different, and Mr. Sclater (P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 291) states that

more mature examples have the whole throat and breast pure

white, { consider them to be distinct.

Fam. MOTACILLID.

Susram. MOTACILLIN 2.

194. Anthus rufus (@m.). 6 and 9.

‘“‘Trides brown; found on the Savannahs near Panama, build

their nests on the ground; the male will ascend above the nest,

and remain singing in the air for a long time.”

From its habits it would seem to resemble the genus Weocorys,

Scl., and possibly should be placed there.

Fam. PARIDZ.

Supram. POLIOPTILIN 4.

195. Polioptila svperciliaris, Lawr., antea, p. 304.

Fam. MNIOTILTID£.

Supram. SEIURIN 4.

196. Seiwrus Noveboracensis (Gm.)

Susram. MNIOTELTIN AL.

197. Mniotilta varia (Linn.).

198. Geothlypis Philadelphia (Wils.). ¢ and @.

199. Helminthophaga peregrina ( Wuls.).

200. Dendroeca castanea ( Wils.).

201. e Pennsylvanica (Linn.).

202. i estiva (Gm.).

203. ai maculosa (Gm.).

204. ‘f cerulea ( Wils.).

205. Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.).

206. Bastleuterus Delattrei, Bp.

207. sh semicervinus, Scl.? P. Z.8. 1860, p. 84.

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. 323

Agrees in markings with Mr. Sclater’s species, but differs

from it somewhat in measurements.

The length is 52 in.; wing 21; tail 2.

“Trides brown; always found on the banks of a brook, close

to the water, and in very retired places in the forest; not

common.”

Fam. VIREONIDA

Supram. VIREONINA

208. Vireo flavifrons, Vieill.

209. Vireosylvia flavoviridis, Cass.

210. H¥viophilus pusillus, sp. nov.

The fourth and fifth primaries are equal and longest, the second is

shorter than the ninth, the first or spurious primary is about half the

length of the second,

The upper part of the head and hind neck are greyish olive, the

feathers being dull plumbeous with the ends yellowish olive; the cap

obscurely defined ; lores dull grey, there is no superciliary stripe; upper

plumage yellowish green ; tail greenish olive, the outer webs are brighter

and the inner webs are margined with pale yellow; quills blackish brown,

the outer edges are of the same color as the back, except the margins of

the outer primaries, which are white; throat and sides of the neck orey-

ish white; sides and under tail coverts yellowish green like the back

breast pale yellow, abdomen nearly white; under wing coverts and inner

edges of quill feathers pale yellow; upper mandible brown, under man-

dible whitish ; irides brown; legs and feet plumbeous.

Length 34 in.; wing 2; tail 1}; bill 45 tarsi 58.

Male and female alike in plumage.

This species resembles //. plumbiceps, Scl., but is smaller; it

differs in having the cap rather indistinct and mixed with oliva-

ceous, whereas in the other the cap is strongly defined, of a clear

plumbeous grey, this color extending further down than in my

species, so as to occupy the upper part of the back; the color

of the present bird above is more yellow and the under parts

whiter, the yellowish green color being paler and more restricted

324 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

to the sides under the wings; the eolor of the tail underneath is

brighter. —

211. Wylophilus aurantiifroms, sp. nov.

Male. Fourth quill longest, second and eighth equal, the first primary

three fifths the length of the second.

Front yellowish orange, top and hind part of head cinereous with a

tinge of buff, sides of the head pale reddish buff; upper plumage yellow-

ish green, brightest on the uropygium and upper tail coverts; tail olive

green narrowly edged with pale yellow on the inner webs; quills dusky

brown broadly margined with yellowish green; under plumage entirely

pale yellow, brightest on the under tail coverts, and nearly white on the

throat ; under wing coverts and inner edges of quills pale yellow ; upper

mandible light brown, the lower whitish horn color; irides brown 3 legs

and feet light brown, claws brownish white.

Length 43 in.; wing 21; tail 125; bill 2; tarsi 4.

In this species the cap is obscured and of a rather peculiar

color, which together with the orange yellow front and uniform

pale yellow under plumage, form good distinguishing charac-

ters. Only one specimen was obtained.

212. Hivlophilus viridiflawus, sp. nov.

Female. Fourth quill longest, second shorter than eighth, the first

about two thirds the length of the second.

Entire upper plumage bright olive green; tail olive green with the

outer margins of the feathers brighter, and the inner margins yellow ;

quills dark brown edged with olive green; chin, upper part of throat,

and ear coverts ashy; under plumage bright yellow; under wing coverts

and inner edges of quills bright yellow; bill brownish yellow ; irides

white; legs and feet pate flesh color, claws white.

Length 43 in.; wing 2!; tail 2; bill {4 ; tarsi 2.

The outer secondaries are nearly as long as the primaries, and the tail

is relatively longer than in the preceding species.

“Rare; but one obtained, which was found in the jungle.”

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. 325

Faw. FORMICARIDZ.

Susram. THAMNOPHILIN 4.

213. Thamnophilus Amazonicus, Scl. $ and @.

“Trides brown; found in the low trees and bushes; not

common.”

Supram. FORMICIVORIN A.

214. Myrmetherula pygmea (Gm.). 8.

915, oi ¢ and @.

A species I cannot make out; resembles Jf. gularis, but is

ochraceous below, not cinereous, and has a longer tail.

216. Myrmetherula. Q.

217. Formicivora quixensis (Corn). 4% and @.

* Trides brown; quite solitary, found on bushes and low trees ;

no song.”

218. Pyriglena maculicaudus, Scl.? 6.

Agrees in markings with Mr. Sclater’s species, but is rather

arger.

219. Myrmeciza ewsul, Scl. 2% and ¢.

The male and female are alike.

“rides brown; found in thick jungle and near the ground ;

has quite a song.”

220. Myrmeciza longipes (Vieill.). 8 and ¢.

“Jrides red; always found on the ground in the jungle;

appears to feed on ants.”

221. Hypocnemis schistacea, Scl. % and @.

“Trides brown; quite common ; found in solitary places.”

The under plumage of the female is of a bright not very deep

rufous.

326 Catalogue of a Collection of Bards.

292. Hypoenemis nevoides (Lafr.). 8 and 9.

223. 6. (undetermined.)

Susram. FORMICARIN ,

924. Pithys leucaspis, Scl. 6 and 9.

Crown not so red and sides more olivaceous than Bogota

specimens.

925. Formicarius analis (D’ Orb. et Lafr.). 4% and 9.

“Trides brown; shot in dense jungle and on the ground ;

when stepping it carries the tail almost erect.”

226. Grallaria perspicillata, Lawr., antea, p. 303.

“ Quite solitary, found in the dense woods and jungle, always

seen on the ground ; not common; has no song.”

927. Pittasoma Michleri, Cass. No. 61 of Part L.

Messrs. McL. and G. obtained but a single specimen of this

species, which is a female, and differs somewhat in plumage

from the male described by Mr. Cassin. It is rather smaller

and has the upper plumage precisely like it, but is without the

black throat, the feathers of the upper part of which are white

at the base, then crossed with black, and terminating in bright

chesnut; the under plumage is similarly marked with that of

the male, but shows more white in consequence of the subter-

minal black bands on each feather being narrower.”

“Trides brown; shot on the ground, appears to feed on ants;

found in retired places in the forest; very rare.”

Fam. TURDID.

Susram. TURDIN &.

228. Turdus fuscescens, Steph.

BOOL owes casius, Bp. 6 and ¢.

“Trides brown; very common; habits much like the song

Thrush of the States; the best songster on the Isthmus.”

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. 327

This species is of the same size and in its general appearance

much like Z. Grayii, but is quite distinct. The color above

inclines more to brown, that of Grayzi to olivaceous ; in the

latter species the abdomen is much paler and the under wing

coverts very much brighter; the bill of casdws is shorter,

broader at the base, and yellow at the end for half its length.

The above comparison is made with specimens from Gaute-

mala, which I take to be the true 7. Grayit.

Fam. TYRANNIDA.

Susram. ATTILIN &.

230. Attila spadicea (Gim.).4 9.

“Trides brown; very rare.”

Supram. ALECTURIN A.

231. Copurus leuconotus, Lafr. ¢& and @.

Supram. TYRANNINZ,

232. Pitangus lictor (Licht.). % and ¢.

233. Myrarchus crinitus (Linn.).

2384. i. nigriceps, Scl.? 9.

“Trides brown; quite rare.”

This is smaller than the dimensions given of Mr. Sclater’s

species, and the colors differ so materially from his description,

that I am inclined to consider it distinct; he describes the top of

the head as black, which in the present bird is a rich deep brown;

the wings and tail in this are also brown, not blackish as in the

other ; he describes the throat and breast as being cinereous,

this color in mine does not extend on the breast. Should they

prove different on comparison, it may be distinguished by the

name of Jf. brunneiceps.

It measures in length 53 in. ; wing 27; tail 25.

235. Hmpidonax brachytarsus, Scl.

236. - Bairdii, Sc. $ and g.

328 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

237. Myiobius barbatus (Gin.) % and &.

238. « — einnamomeus (Lafr. et DP’ Orb.).2 and ¢.

“Trides brown; not common; only three seen.”

239. Tyrannula flaviventris. 4.

“ Trides brown; found on high trees, and very rare.”

Agrees with a specimen so labelled in the Museum of the

Philadelphia Academy from Cayenne, no authority given.

240. Legatus variegatus, Scl.? 4 and @.

“Trides brown; but one pair seen; feed on insects.”

241. Mytozetetes Columbianus, Cab. & Hein. 4 and ¢

“Trides brown; very common, found on the telegraph wires

in pairs ; has a loud call.”

242. Hlainia placens, Sel. 4 and @.

“Trides brown; rare, found in thick jungle; feeds on insects.”

243. Hlainia subpagana, Scl. ¢& and ¢.

“Trides brown; not common; found on high trees; crest

always erect.”

244. Leptopogon amaurocephalus, Cab. 4.

245. Mionectes striaticollis, Lafr. et D Orb. ¢@.

“Trides brown; found on high trees; has no song.” -

246. Mionectes assimilis, Scl.? 6 and @.

The dimensions smaller than given by Mr. Sclater; it agrees

pretty well in coloration ; the tail however is olivaceous, and

the color above bright olive green. A specimen of the same

species is in the Museum of the Philadelphia Academy, labelled

M. olivaceus, Licht., to which I can find no reference.

Length 42 in.; wing 2,7; tail 12; bill from rictus ¥%.

Catelogue of a Collection of Birds. 329

Supram. PLATYRHYNCHIN A.

247. Muscivora Mexicana, Scl. No. 71 of Part I.

“ Trides brown; not abundant, very solitary, often found close

to the bank of some mountain stream ; builds a hanging nest,

which is always suspended over a brook, and lays two eggs;

has a shrill loud call, much like that of the Great Crested Fly-

catcher of the States.”

Mr. Galbraith states that the crest is not shown when the hird

is at rest, only when fighting with another male, and after

being wounded and taken in the hand, when it is beautifully

expanded.

The nest, which is placed in very secluded spots, is surrounded

with a mass of loose straggling material; when first observed

he had no suspicion of its being a bird’s nest, but discovered

it to be so by seeing the bird enter; inside of the loose grass,

&e., is a curious hanging structure, abont three feet in length,

large in the centre and decreasing in size towards each end; the

entrance is on the side at the largest diameter, where the nest

proper is placed, this is very perfect in form; the number of

eges invariably found was two. As I am not aware that a

description of the egg has been given, I have thought it best

to add one.

The eggs appear small for the size of the bird; they measure,

axis 12 in., diameter 12; the ground color is of a dull pale red-

dish white, marked tor half the length with dull reddish brown

lighter at the end, which gives the appearance of a confused

broad belt just back of the largest diameter; the smaller end

is irregularly spotted and streaked with the same dark color.

Messrs. MeL. and G. kept a young bird for several days,

which fed freely on bread, &c., and there was a good prospect

of raising it, but it was killed and eaten up by ants.

248. Cyclorhynchus brevirostris, Cab.? ¢@.

249, ae cinereiceps, Scl. 6.

330 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

250. Platyrhyncha cancroma, Licht. 2.

251. Todirostrum nigriceps, Scl. 4% and @.

252. «6 megacephalum, Sw. ¢.

Fam. COTINGID.

Suspram. TITY RIN ZZ.

253. Pachyrhamphus marginatus (Licht.).¢ 2.

Crown black, with the ends of the feathers glossy ; interscapulary

region black, lower part of back and rump bluish cinereous tinged with

yellow ; under plumage plumbeous grey, lighter on the abdomen; front

and lords of the same color.

Length 6 in. ; wing 2; tail 22.

254. Pachyrhamphus cinereus (Bodd.).? 4.

Length 5} in.; wing 27; tail:2}.

Rather larger than a specimen from Cayenne (which I sup-

pose to be this species), and the coloring both above and below

more plumbeous; the under wing coverts and inner margins of

quills are pale yellowish white, which in the Cayenne specimen

are pale reddish buff; the Cayenne bird is more tinged with

yellow on the breast and back.

Supram. QUERULIN 2.

955. Lipaugus unirufus, Scl. ¢ and &.

“Trides brown; found in retired places on high trees.”

256. Lipaugus hoerythrus, Scl. 2.

‘“Trides brown; found in the jungle; very solitary.”

257. Lipaugus rufescens, Scl.? 4 and ¢.

“Trides brown; not common ; found in dense forests.”

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. 331

Fam. ICTERIDA.

Supram. ICTERIN &.

258. Lcterus Baltimore (Linn.).

259. “ spurius (Linn.).

Fam. TANAGRIDA.

Susram. TANAGRIN A.

260. Saltator strratipectus, Lafr. & and ¢?.

“Trides brown ; very common; feeds on low trees and bushes;

has a short song.”

261. Tachyphonus melaleucus (Sparm.) 4 and g.

“Trides brown ; very plentiful; has no song.”

262. Tachyphonus wanthopigius, Scl. 2.

“Trides reddish brown; quite rare.”

263. Tachyphonus Delattrn, Lafr. 4 and g.

“Trides of male red, of female brown; not common; very

solitary, and has no song.”

264. Pyranga rubra, Vieili.

265. LRamphocelus dimidiatus, Lafr. $ and ¢.

266. re luciana, Lafr. ¢ and @.

A fine pair of this rare species was obtained ; in the distribu-

tion of colors it is very similar to 2. démidiatus, but the head

and back are black, with the hind part and sides of the neck

deep maroon color; the red is of a very different shade from

the other species, being of a deep flame color, not crimson. The

female differs still more; in the present species the head and

back are of a dull yellowish olive, with the feathers dusky in

their centres; the breast, abdomen, lower part of back, and

332 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

upper tail coverts are dull rather pale orange, brightest on the

rump.

267. Culliste gyroloides (Lafr.).

268. « Francescee (Latr.). juv. No. 105 of Part I.

“Trides brown; found in cleared places; feed on low trees

ard bushes; always in pairs and quite common; no song. The

young one was shot with the two old birds.”

As some doubt has existed of the distinctness of C. ornata

from this species, I requested the collectors to get such evidence

as they could in relation to it. The procuration of this young

specimen of C. Francesce, which bears no resemblance to

C. ornata, I consider as fully establishing the specific validity

of the latter.

It shows the marks of the parent birds in its upper plumage,

but in very dull colors; the head and lower part of the back

are dull green, the upper part of the back is dusky black,

behind the eye a few blue feathers are apparent, and on the

sides of the head the buff color is just coming in; the throat

and breast are ashy, the abdomen whitish tinged with ochra-

ceous ; the blue shoulder spot is just appearing intermixed with

green.

In C. ornata the shoulder mark is of a much deeper and more

uniform blue than in the adult of C. /rancesce, in which species

the ends of the smaller wing coverts are pale verditer green.

269. Euphonia Gouldii, Scl. 4 and ¢.

270. 3 minuta, Cab. & and @.

Fam. FRINGILLID.

Supram. FRINGILLIN 4.

271. Chrysomitris Mexicanus, Sw. 4 and @.

Supram. EMBERIZIN A,

272. Embernagra conirostris (Bp.). 4 and @.

273. Volatenia jacarina (Linn.). $ and ¢.

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. 333

Susram. PHYRRULIN &.

274. Oryzoborus wthiops, Scl. 2% and @.

275. Spermophila minuta (Linn.). 4 and ¢.

276. ‘ aurita, Bp.? 4 and &.

Fam. PSITTACID.

Susram. ARAIN/E.

277. Conurus pertinax (Linn.).? 46 and g.

The specimens of this species in the Museum of the Phila-

delphia Academy have the yellow color on the sides of the head

diffused ; in mine there is a distinct oblong yellow spot under

the eye.

Fam. PICID.

Supram. PICIN A.

278. Dryocopus scapularis, Vig. 4 and 9.

Susram. PICUMNINE.

279. Picumnis Grenadensis, Lafr. 4 and @.

Fam. COLUMBID.

Susram. COLUMBIN

280. Chloroenas vinacea (Temm.). 4 and 9.

281. - rujina (Temm.). ¢.

Susram. GOURINA.

282. Chamaepelia granatina, Bp. 2.

283. Leptoptila Verreauxi, Bp. 4 and ¢.

Fam. CRACID.

Susram. PENELOPIN 2.

284. Ortalida poliocephala, Wagl. ¢ and Q.

334 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

Fam. TINAMIDA.

Susram. TINAMIN A,

285 Tinamus pileatus, Bodd. 4. (Sout, Gm.).

“Trides very light brown; found in the jungle and always

on the ground ; when in confinement will eat corn and rice ;

very common.”

Fam. CHARADRIAD.

Susram@. CHARADRIN A.

286. Aegialities Azarw (Temm.). 4 and 9.

Fam. ARDEIDZ:.

p Susram. ARDEINA.

287. Florida cerulea (Linn.).

Fam. TANTALIDA.

Sursam. TANTALIN A,

288. Tantalus loculator (Linn.).

Fam. SCOLOPACIDA.

Supram. TOTANIN AL.

289. Lehynchophilus solitarius ( Wils.).

290. Gambetta flavipes (Gm.).

291. Tringordes macularius (Linn.).

292. Acteturus Bartramius ( Wils.).

Susram. TRINGIN &.

293. Tringa Wilsonii, Nutt.

Fam. COLYMBID &.

Supram. PODICIPIN Ai.

294. Podiceps Dominicus (Linn.).

West India Land Shells. 335

XXXIII.—On the Geographical Distribution of the Genera

and Species of Land Shells of the West India Islands ;

with a Catalogue of the Species of each Island.

By Tomas Buanp.

Read, June 17, 1861.

Tue researches carried on, especially during the last fifteen

years, have developed the extraordinary richness in Land Shells

of the West India Islands. To the late Professor C. B. Adams

belongs to a great extent the merit of directing the attention of

Naturalists to the subject, and it has, since the result of his first

visit to Jamaica was published, been zealously followed up.

The West Indies consist of a curvilinear chain of islands

extending in a south-east and then southerly direction from the

coast of Florida in North America, to the Gulf of Paria, on the

east coast of Venezuela in South America. The portion of the

Atlantic Ocean, in a manner inclosed by these islands and the

shores of the adjacent continents, is divided into two great

basins—the Gulf of Mexico and the CaribbeanSea. The for-

mer is separated to a considerable extent from the latter by the

Island of Cuba, the western end of which les about midway

between Florida and the peninsula of Yucatan; the distance

from the island to Florida being about 140, and to Yucatan

about 120 miles. The Gulf of Mexico is about 1000 miles long,

and has an average width of 650, or thereabouts. The Carib-

bean Sea is in length 1400, and in width at the narrowest

part about 400 miles.

The islands are divided into three groups, viz. the Bahamas,

the Great Antilles (Cuba, Jamaica, Hayti, and Porto Rico), and

the Lesser Antilles; the area of the first group is estimated to

be 5,424, of the second 75,638, and of the last, 4,961 square

miles. Of the great Antilles, Cuba, with the Isle of Pines,

JUNE, 1861. 23 Ann, Lyo. Nat. Hist. Vou. VII.

336 Geographical Distribution

contains 43,412, Jamaica 4,256, and Porto Rico 2,970 square

miles; the area of Hayti is said to be about 25,000 square miles.

The area of the whole, including the Bermuda group, and also

Curagao and Buen Ayre, being less than that of England,

with Wales and Scotland.

The Bermudas are situate in the Atlantic Ocean, 580 miles

E. by 8. from Cape Hatteras, and 645 miles N. E. from the

nearest point of the Bahamas.

Looking cursorily at a map, the idea is suggested that the

West Indies formed at some period a part of the adjacent conti-

nents, but there is no conclusive, if indeed any evidence of the

fact.

The depth of the basin in which the waters of the Gulf of

Mexico are held is very great: onthe north side of Cuba, within

five miles of the shore near Havana, there is an abrupt descent

to the bottom of nearly a mile! Still greater depths exist in

the Caribbean Sea. The islands, in fact, stand as pinnacles

resting on the solid crust of the earth in the watery abyss.

There is evidence to show, that the last important geological

movement of the greater number, if not of all the islands, and

of the adjacent parts of the contiguous continents, was of an

elevatory character. The geological changes, indeed, which

have occurred since the islands can have formed part of any

continent, must have been enormous.

Humboldt (Cosmos, v. p. 421) remarks on the parallelism

of the volcanic fissure extending from south to north through

the islands of St. Vincent, St. Lucia, Martinique, and Guada-

loupe, with that of Central America, and also on the intersee-

tion of a great basin of which, in his view, the Gulf of Mexico

and Caribbean Sea form a part, by the plutonic mountain

chain ranging from west to east, from Cape Catoche in Yuea-

tan, through Cuba, Haiti, and Porto Rico to Tortola and Virgin

Gorda, parallel with the granite and gneiss chain of Caraccas.

The mountains in Cuba, Jamaica, and Hayti, attain a height

of from 7,000 to 8,000 feet; further to the eastward they de-

of West India Land Shells. 337

crease in height, being in Porto Rico under 4,009, in the Virgin

Islands less than 2,000, and in Virgin Gorda only a few hun-

dred feet. The strait which lies between Virgin Gorda and

Anguilla separates the region just referred to from the islands

to the south, in some of which there is still active volcanic

agency. In this latter chain of islands, the mountains rise

from 2,500 to 5000 feet. Anguilla, at the northern extremity,

and Barbuda and Barbadoes to the eastward of the chain, have

comparatively but little elevation.

The number of species of land shells described by Pfeiffer in

his Monographs and publications of later date, exceeds 6000,

of which nearly one-sixth inhabit the West Indies.* This

appears, perhaps, the less extraordinary, when it is considered

that about one-half of all the known species are peculiar to

islands,

Darwin, in his “ Origin of Species,” remarks :—‘ The species

of all kinds which inhabit oceanic islands are few in number,

compared with those on equal centinental areas. Alph. de

Candolle admits this for plants, and Wollaston for insects.”

The author adds, “ Although in oceanie islands the number of

kinds of inhabitants is scanty, the proportion of endemic species

(7. e. those found nowhere else in the world) is often extremely

large.” Dr. J. D. Hooker, in his “ Introductory Essay to the

Flora of Tasmania,” observes, that the total number of spe-

cies which islands contain, seems to be invariably less than an

equal continental area possesses; and the relative numbers of

species to genera (or other higher groups) are also much less

than in similar continental areas.” :

Now it is true with respect to land shells, that the proportion

of insular endemic species is great, but the number of species,

and also their number relatively to genera, far exceed in amount

those which inhabit equal continental areas. By way of illus-

* In using the general term “ West Indies,” I include Bermuda, and also

Curacao, and the adjacent island of Buen Ayre.

338 Geographical Distribution

tration, [ may mention, that the entire Ameriean continents,

from Greenland to Cape Horn, have afforded very few more

species than the West India Islands.

Prof. C. B. Adams notices (Qont. to Conchology, p. 213)

that if large groups of such islands as the West Indies should

be united in a common area of dry land, “ there would be

Zoological provinces containing five to tenfold as many species

as any which now exist.”

Darwin refers to the striking and important faet in regard

to the inhabitants of islands, that their affinity is “to those of

the nearest mainland without being actually the same species.”

He instances the Gallapagos Archipelago, ‘‘ where almost every

production of the land and water bears the unmistakable

stamp of the American Continent.” This instance, as regards

land shells, is peculiarly appropriate. In the Gallapagos, Buli-

mus, the genus most largely developed in South America, is

alone represented. Dr. Hooker, in the Essay already referred

to, asserts “that most of those Australian orders and genera

whieh are found in other countries around Australia, have their

maximum development in Australia at points approximating

in geographieal position towards those neighboring countries.”

The generic affinity of the land shells of the West India Islands

to those of the adjacent parts of the American Continents is

certainly intimate, but the existence of several genera not

represented on the Continents shows other relationships—the

operation, it may be, of local causes. Seeing, moreover, the

greater number of both genera and species, absolutely and

proportionately, m the islands under consideration, it may not

unreasonably be suggested that the insular stamp has rather

been impressed. on the fauna of the adjacent continents, than

the reverse. ’

Woodward (Manual, p. 387) referring to the Madeiras, and

the problem of their colonization, observes —‘ There is evidence

that this mountain group has not arisen newly from the sea,

and great probability that it has become insulated by the sub-

of West India Land Shells. 339

sidence of the surrounding land. The character and arrange-

ment of its fauna are probably nearly the same now as when it

formed part of a continent.” The origin and condition of the

West Indies are very different. The presumption is, if indeed

there be not evidence of the fact, that the elevation of the

islands was gradual—that the tertiary beds which occur there

were deposited after the elevation of the central mountains,

and the inland cliffs and terraces plainly traceable (I have per-

sonally noticed them in Jamaica, Haiti, and Barbados) indicate

subsequent elevatory movements, synchronous probably with

those which upraised the adjoining continents. There is no

reason for believing that subsidence of contiguous lands caused

the geographical isolation of this group of islands, certainly

not within the period subsequent to the introduction of existing

species. The characteristics of the insular faunas were pro-

bably the same at the time of their origin on the islands as at

present.

As the number of species of land shells in insular provinces

is generally much greater proportionally to the area of the

provinces than in a continental province, of which the Madeira

group is itself a striking example, it may with more reason be

assumed that the land shells originated there after, and not

anterior to the isolation of the group. Continents by submerg-

ence become islands, and islands by emergence become conti-

nents, but, as Prof. C. B. Adams* remarks, “such changes

require an amount of time exceeding one geological period,

during which time there is a change of faunas.”

Dr. Hooker states, as a general result of investigation, that

the sinking islands, those (so determined by Darwin) character-

ized as atolls, or as having barrier reefs, contain comparatively

fewer species, and fewer generic types than those which are

rising. The West Indies are in the latter category, while the

* The paper entitled “ Hints on the Geographical Distribution of Animals with

special reference to the Mollusca,” by C. B. Adams, in the Contributions, is

extremely interesting, and worthy of more notice than it appears to have received.

340 Geographical Distribution

Madeira Islands (although not in either at the present period),

if the number of species of land shells be any criterion, have

not been since the origination of such species in the former.

Wollaston (On the Variation of Species, p. 129) quotes it as the

opinion of Lyell that the Madeira beds in whieh fossil Helices

are found were deposited anterior to the destruction of the

“ Atlantic Province,” of which the Madeira Islands are sup-

posed to have been a part; whereas the condition of the fauna

would lead to the supposition of its insular rather than conti-

nental origin.

Wollaston, referring especially to three species of Helix found

in the Madeiras, says, “that these are actual species (saved

alive from their fellows, after the wholesale destructions in this

Atlantic province had been completed), and no results of

insular development, is demonstrated by the faet that two of

them (for the third has apparently become extinct *) have not

altered one iota since the fossil period.” From that and other

similar facts, he coneludes,—tirst, that this guondam continent

was densely stocked at the beginning with foci of radiation

created expressly for itself; and, secondly, that the areas which

these various creatures had overspread, before the land of

passage was broken up, was extremely limited,—or, which

amounts to the same thing, that their migratory progress was

unusually slow.” As regards the West Indies, the “ guwondam

continent” question does not arise,—there is no evidence of the

breaking up of “the land of passage.” Not only are each of

the larger islands, according to Wollaston’s views, ‘foci of

radiation,” but as he states is the ease in Madeira, so is it in

the West Indies, scarcely a gorge or woodland sierra exists

within their bounds “ which does not harbor some species essen-

tially itsown; and in many instanees the ranges of these crea-

tures are so local or confined, that they might be easily over-

looked in their respective neighborhoods.”

I admit to the fullest extent the slow migratory progress of

* The species referred to, H. tiarella W. & B., has since been found alive.

of West India Land Shells. 341

terrestrial mollusks, but do not believe in any save very trifling

modifications of species being induced by local conditions and

influences. Causes now in operation are insufficient to account

for the present distribution of land shells on such groups of

islands as the West Indies, and speaking generally, I can only

refer the origin of their faunas to creation subsequent to the

elevation of the insulated areas.

Such insular faunas, Professor Adams remarks, “ prove that

the islands which they inhabit, have been geographically sepa-

rate since an era anterior to the introduction of the existing

species.” But this conclusion, he adds, “does not depend on

the assumption that the species would have dispersed them-

selves over several islands, if they had not always been re-

strained by water; but on the fact that such small zoological

provinces exist nowhere on continents.”

Pfeiffer, in his Monographs, divides the inoperculate land

shells, including the Proserpinaceee, into thirty-three genera,

of which twenty are specifically represented on the continents

of America, and eighteen in the West India Islands, The sub-

joined table shows the distribution of the latter. Ceres, peculiar

to North America (Mexico), and Anostoma, Tomigerus, and

Megaspira, belonging to the southern continent, are not found

in the islands, and Ennea and Proserpina are wanting on the

continents.

It will be seen that Vitrina of North America, and also Pro-

serpina, belonging to that part of the continent by affinity, are

found only in the islands west of Portorico, while of the genera

of the southern continent Streptaxis is represented only in

Trinidad, Clausilia in Portorico, Tornatellina in Portorico and

islands east and south* of it, and Balea in Cuba. As regards

genera, and also the relative number of species, as shown in

* Here, and in the tables, I refer to those islands of which lists of species are

given in the catalogue. With the islands actually east and south of Portorico I

include Curagao and Buen Ayre.

342 Geographical Distribution

Table L., the islands west of Portorico are more connected with

North America, and those east and south with South America.

Portorico itself has in both respects marked affinities with each

of the continents.

North South North Islands Islands

America. | Portorico. Portorico.

Helix... se ake. 6 ae foncks Sate seis * x * *

GLE PUAKIS:.) .. loss 01s 0: ose * S50n Hy3 Oe eee. *

BING Avene cecar ee aoe ers oratets Ado *

Bulmmusiertee aechys Secs * *% * *

SS PINANIS feces cic s10, e106 S0a¢ SOOO * * cose cscs

Orthalieus 2i% 22 8. fates Batts 5 miroir +

} * %

ENG CTT SA See oe : * * * *

@ledcinate. secs A re * * *

Tornatellina....... Sal ogee ae shales ePrice * *

Pupa Cree cc cc rc ceene aiinilvile febenele * * * *

Macroceramus....... aietele Poke * * * *

Cydindrella sire nisms 06 yoiene * * * *

IGA iouc a6 se i iste e 9s mets * Se ssi3 * See eet

Clausilia............ Aone 3 aes ac0¢ ©:

Vitrina... 3366 GO GOO # Seo.0 Aig x eee

Simpulopsis ......... 5508 sanc * * 250c

Succinea MMcvatevetetapsiess sciegs Sidicre * * * *

PPrOSerpMa . ss ose < ou * Sod +e

In 1855 Pfeiffer published a catalogue of the Helicez arranged

in numerous subgenera, but his as well as other similar classi-

fications have not been generally adopted. They seem indeed

in many cases extremely arbitrary, and it is not my present

intention to enter more than incidentally upon the subject of the

geographical distribution of such subgenera, although they

afford striking examples of the connexion between the conti-

nents and islands which I point out in this paper.

The relative number of species to genera, of Helix and Buli-

mus for instance, in different parts of America and the islands,

and the increased number of genera in tropical America, as

exhibited in Table L., are interesting facts.

The operculate land shells are divided by Pfeiffer in his

Monograph into forty-four genera, of which thirteen are found

in America, and twenty in the West Indies. He has since pro-

LIST

SHOWING THE COU|

ALSO |

Names of Gener:

INOPERCULA

HELICcEA. |

Pie lisse tvarsters|

Streptaxis....

Binns sass 4

Bulimus.....

Spiraxis......

Orthalicus....

Achatina....

Oleacina.....,

Tornatellina. .

PUPAleieere i> |

Macroceramus

Cylindrella ..

Baleares.

C@lausilia. ....

Watrinia).t <2:

Simpulopsis..

Suecinea....

PROSERPINACEA.

Proserpina...

OPERCULA

A me nere sae

/ |

Names of Genera,

_—

INOPERCULATA.

HELICEA.

Wielimavincuesas + +

Streptaxis.......

Ennea....-..

Buss sess ss

Spiraxis. ..

Orthalicus.......

DACCHSUMIN acs jessie = 0:00

(OLGHOINH ene vse 5 ass

Tornatellina......

Pupa.....-.+--0-

Macroceramus.....

Cylindrella

Balea...

Simpulopsis.......

BSILCCINGA, ces «sine =

PROSERPINACEA.

Proserpina........

OPERCULATA.

ACICULACEA.

Geomelania.......

Truncatella.......

CYCLosToMACEA.

Oyelotus,.........

Cyclophorus......

Megalomastoma... .

DAMAIOM cisco: . . «

HOI Ge Se ec wees es

Choanopoma.... .

Ctenopoma.......

Adamsiella. ......

Cyclostomus......

MITA OR AM rat cine eves 5

Diplopoma.......

istnla.. 2...

Chondropoma... ..

Heurcrvacea.

Stoas

MCI 2 c.. ss

Helicina.. ..

Schasicheila.......

AUICHMTH iis ois 5 <:s

eee ew eee

mographs,

ecies in Pfeif-

Pacific Coast of N. Am.,

No. of

fer’s

N. to Mazatlan.

| Eastern N. Am., N. to

Rio Grande.

{AG

Mexico, not included in

other column.

Central and South

bo co:

ie be 7.

LIST OF THE GENERA OF LAND SHELLS FOUND IN

SHOWING THE COUNTRY 1N WHICH EACH GENUS IS MOST NUMEROUSLY REPRESENTED, THE NUY

ALSO THE NUMBERS WHICH INHABIT THE ISLANDS AND CERTAIN PARTS ae = ee

AMERICAN

THE WEST INDIA ISLANDS,

SPECIES DESCRIBED, AND

CONTINENT.

America,

iS 3

=| o

pa 3

: =

2 is

5 a

Zig S

ee elles

2 s “3 3

a ee ee

89 | 92 | 86 | 32

04 | 18] 11 | 24

Bae 8

1 es Mel ae ee

e191 So e-8

17 | 22) 5) 5

fetal rae 1

BSe 29). SA 25

pee tL 1

50 | 48 | 24] 8

1 | : re

ars 1

xr 1 1

it|| cea a |e

elke e

Clash 3

vi haa 1

1B eee Teen?)

ae | eee

14/008" Gules

18 sued

eae

Tela) wel

Ge puliGu= 2

1 feral

A eseG: lena, 2

37 | 120 ot

a5 allele ae 1

git aa ae

43.4 10-}-42-4 18

8 | 14 1

Islands E. and

ditto.

oOnw-:

Countries in which the Genera are most numerously

represented,

——— —_—<—- —_—_—_ - —_———

Widely distributed.

S. America.

Africa,

South America.

Mexico and West Indies west of Portorico.

South America,

Africa and West Indies west of Portorico.

North America and W. I. west of Portorico.

Widely distributed.

Europe.

West Indies west of Portorico.

it3 7s “c oe

Widely distributed.

Europe.

Asia and Africa.

| South America.

America and West Indies.

West Indies west of Portorico exclusively.

North America and West Indies.

South America.

Asia.

West Indies west of Portorico.

ss 4 at - exclusively.

“ ae “ ae “2

ce ‘ “ee “ce ae ;

‘ “ ae Lay ua“

a3 ce oe oe ace

Africa.

West Indies west of Portorico.

Vee % ¥ ss exclusively.

“ oe “

1 species in Ins, Opara.

“ “ tay

West Indies west of Portorico exclusively.

Widely distributed. .

Mexico, 1 sp. in New Providence, Bahamas.

West Indies west of Portorico.

t—

Nore.—The numbers of species in the Js/ands include those de

are common to more than one island are enumerated as belonging to each,

the lists by Mr. W. G. Binney, published by the Smithsonian Institution,

scribed sinee Pfeiffer's Monographs were published.

The numbers in the different sections of N

The species which

. America are from

Teg aD aiin pig

tae Wien Wuhie sme gm AE

aes ue fgiaee ee ee

ps i

y -~ a ?

i Ly

Cee. ;

eet

Bi ures Pe ; fo! f oS ‘ ; ip? at)

sorera. Hs" | Ae ee sa een cna pel sine e See

i fers | € ; é. ' 4 is A eyo bp Pl, od 7 a bane talons

| Sida ayer re Och oon Ro i ei Cie ean

peceorien ane Me Hee a ad 4 Bil s ak oe i:

| Sethe tient a! , i ats

is 5

oon

<< «1

a i

on igh

. w=

=< —

4°e >

> <=

Pe es

——s

» *.

‘

2.*™

ona ©

- -

h One edict ie re ay > SL OMY $8) 7 deg Ps Sali ata

; = aa

ay Lt iy y SY TAA "7 si7 ay is 5 Lagi Loe Linens ab a wes ates

i $ : v

‘) Be Apere ~ } 4) re pel | { 7} van tae i

: cabanas colt a Vahey, 90, 0) Ae OSE LaRS

i 4 - ‘ H 1 , x

. at BS tase eal ye (late bike: tdi dey

Lue r ‘ « is ; . i if 1 . * y

ms on I 7h a stay thoy SPATS to? ti 4 gee

Vash was i - et duiccsuncee ‘

=A}

| ai eee: ae tL BISHS 4

ae ik )

fe! bi ‘

w ay ere =

Saline Wl

Bias: a

of West India Land Shells. 343

posed another, Diplopoma, which is peculiar to Cuba. Bour-

ciera and Hydrocena, represented on the southern continent, do

not inhabit the islands. The following table displays the dis-

tribution of the insular genera.

——_———«

North South North Islands Islands

America. | Portorico. Portorico.

Geomelania ......... ays * cece cee.

Truncatella ......... * 5 * * *

(Onli ogodcedso0e seta ‘ * * ose *

Cyclophorus......... ears.e ie x need aieve

Megalomastoma......| ... * S400 * * *

JaMAlcla.......+--s. vere * eee sees

DIGITS Seadoo s Gaeta - Siete E * one :

Choanopoma........ S00 5 * * *

Ctenopoma.......... * : * 7°

Woamisiellag oes so. s1s.0 A BICEO % see

Cyclostomus......... 0 * . *

Tudora....... Sioaes * Bo * Bpaifele *

Diplopoma.......... esee ee . eoee * eevee eeoe

(Wistar woo see ateveya ass aaa : * % * *

Chondropoma ....... onoC 3 * * * *

Stoastoma.. . 25.5... : eiehens stig * * :

Mrochitellla x. /-crcrs,<rer- es : * peters .

Minterdellays acjeac sie. ast aie B ets :

Helicina wee ee cece ees 56 0 * * * #

Schasicheila ......... re 900 oo00 * o .

INGO SAR bose SNecexe * oe *

As regards the operculate shells the generic connexion of the

islands west of Portorico seems to be greatest with the northern

continent, and of those east and south with South America,

while Portorico holds an intermediate position. The richness

of the West India Islands in operculate genera peculiar to

themselves, is very remarkable. The relative number of spe-

cies to genera on the continents and islands, as with the inoper-

culate shells, is also noticeable.

The existence in Opara, one of the Polynesian Islands, of the

only species of Stoastoma* found elsewhere than in the West

Indies is the more curious, seeing that A. octona inhabits that

* §. succineum Sowb. of Opara differs considerably from the species of the West

Indies. Gray separates it from the others, under the subgeneric name of Elec-

trina. The shell is smooth, not spirally costate.

344 Geographical Distribution

island, Pupa Paredesit Orb. is attributed to it as well as to

South America, and several species of other genera nearly

allied to West Indian forms also occur in it.

In Table IL. lists are given of those species, inhabitants of the

West Indies, which are found in other parts of the world, and

also of those which are in more than one of the islands. Certain

of the islands are distinguished by name,—the last column

includes those E. and 8. of Portorico and Viéque. The object

of the Table is to show the specific, as of Table I. the generic

connexion of the islands with the N. and S. American con-

tinents. .

The only species common to Europe and the West Indies are

B. acicula Mill. (Bermuda), B. decollatus L. (Cuba), and B.

ventrosus Fer. (Bermuda),—the two former occur also in the

southern part of Eastern N. America. ZH. similaris Fer., a

widely distributed species, found in Brazil, inhabits Barbados,

but not Cuba, as stated by Pfeiffer (Mon. Hel. L). S&S unguis

Fer. referred to Guadeloupe by Beau, is also said to belong to

Bolivia. The otherS. American species mentioned in Table II.

are found north of the Equator.

There are twenty-three species of N. America, and twenty-

one (exclusive of JZ. similaris and S. unguis) of 8. America,

N. of the Equator, O. undatus and <A. octona being in both,

which also occur in the West Indies. Omitting the two latter

species, the following is the distribution of the others.

N. American Species. S. American Species.

In Bermuda . : : ; : 2 . : ! None.

In Bahamas, Cuba, and J. of Pines. 15 ‘ ’ i None.

In Jamaica : : : : : 6 c > - 1

In Haiti . A é 6 : 5 4 5 : ; 2

In Portorico and Viéque ; : 6 : ° 5 3

Total in Islands W. of Viéque . Su: . abs 3

Total in Islands E. and 8. of Viéque. 17 : ; : 18

Of species found in Portorico and Viéque (not on the conti-

nents) ten are in the islands to the westward, and twenty-one

Pa)

Sit

pert Winnie nis ei Saat a »e

oS heh presto

eee aaa “

PP noe bi a . | a

ur toate nett 2 i

4 Ds de iy

= Fapsiteiinl?

-\ tam

Caley

i ae a seh y

a ae Ay ee

sdedt ick 4 og te

oe ee a eae

ete...

ces) feat 2

eal Juthinue vouhenaeinen ta

4 = se

Can te

gy s that,

ares.

TABLE i

LIST OF THE SPECIES OF LAND SHELLS, INHABITANTS OF THE WEST INDIA ISLANDS,

WHICH ARE FOUND IN OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD; AND ALSO OF TH WHICH OCCUR IN MORE THAN ONE OF THE ISLANDS.

¢éa| = g |5

sis =)

nea| 3 eae

Esa z =

gas | 3 ¢ | Ze ss

dea | 3 ey = Sti na

wo rj - a . 7

Names of Species | 585 BE = |g |e a) “oaramtaramsiees

Bal i : | Halas

Esa|— | 3 2 | <Bileae

; e622 Z a S| a é4

a4 = 3 5 2a 12

8 S ais | oe |e ‘e i :

\ a.

Hewrx.

ae SS Yaiaionasis lalla ne z Guadeloupe.

Hes Be atere ce ae a5

Boothiana P........-| «+ * * = p

GATOCONG Tiviecenncsas| ve ae ? + s. f, in St. Croix.

Carpenteriana Bld.....| £ . b aS

dentiens F.. . Ball) we a ae —

GIBCOlOP F. ..cc0esseee-] ss BD oS oe Se Martinique.

dioscoricola Ad........) .. “6 * ss * Viéque.

euclasta Sh..........- ‘ -«

Gundlachi P..........) = an rs : = | St. Thomas.

Isabella F %f Barbadoes

RADON MM Menlccmecieuerel| +s me Ac 5 Ae .

indentata Say. rect ae AD * : at

indistineta F.. ai ow os * oa : :

Josephinae F... Selle ste . ine ff xx |8 fin St. Christopher.

lyebnuchus Mill At as 5 a A aa E e

pantalla Gur ..<:) . ae * « | 8 fin St. Croix.

microdonta Dh.. Ra 3 - ~ | In Bermuda and N. P., Bahamas.

minuseula By... ahs a

nemoralina Pet. ‘ be ‘ i ard +k

notabilis Sh... .... on a ee ‘ oa rae:

nuxdenticulata Ch.....) .. sia a os ~ | Martinique.

orbiculata F.........) .. re of ss at ke

Ottonis Pi... cs. e| * aS ae te oe

pachygastra Gray....| .. : ae pie BA ok

paludosa P..... eel), se * = ve oo ae

PFOWMOMEEseieicicss cel) cis ll) ie se +. ap « |N.P., Bahamas.

similaris F........... ae ats a B0 fe « | In Brazil and Barbadoes.

subaquila Sh......... le

es eso per 3e * * + os bas

Varians Mic..-......] » ae ee o. E .. | N. P., Bahamas.

MORCGE Mee cieenceerscs| x * ate * : 4% | Also in Bermuda.

A Srrerraxis.

' deformis F........... - oe a 55 te ~ | Trinidad.

‘ . Enyea.

bicolor Gould.........] 2. 45 e os a +x | St. Thomas, Trinidad, and East Indies.

$ Buus.

bh - acicula Mill..........| 4 ahs “ pe he +. | Also in Bermuda.

auris-Sileni Born...... e = Be an Bo x | St. Vincent.

Barbadensis P........| .. ae We a

Caraccasensis Ry.. a : +

chrysalis P....... ie a . . ote #*

decollatus L... . * a = ee | ee ++ | Also in Europe.

pool Bolt. ae a es ‘ ¥ «x | Also in Buen Ayre.

exilis Gm... ... Sel he S

fraterculus F. zs e é i : a

glaber Gm.... Be fe as : «? jy ok

Goodalli Mill. ote eaete * * Ba * see

pw pd Eve slow ote a s ae x | St. Thomas.

asta ©... ... . ae aie

limnoides Bae vs mY fet = ‘ MY be * .

Sol Pardes Ae Sei . - * ig = St. Croix.

ee ra ERG Rl | Pe ms a - xx | Also in Becmuda.

oblongus Set asctcl | Be at Se nF a

octonoides Ad........) 2. * * a * Ss

sepuleralis Py.. | hen oe “i . -. |N, P., Bahamas.

eaters Guild eh oe a are x! ae x | St. Vincent.

pil UW agarreoseatcc ate *

Swiftianus P......... “ i a s mt . en

terebaster Lam........) .. * ae an) * .

ventrosus F..... oe (eS a ie a ae -+ | Bermuda and Europe.

Viequensis P.........) .. ee es ee * x | Viéque and Barbadoes,

Vincentinus P........] .. a A acl oe x | St. Vincent.

Orthalicus, nee

undatus Br............] « * . ne se x | Trinidad.

4 Achatina.

' fasciata Lam.. oa |r ale * oa on ia ae

Gundlachi P........ on ° * = < “e

octona Ch............] * * * * % ae

Oleacina.

. oleacea F...... ae * e * 3 2

solidula P.. ay * ate on -E _ | Also N. P., Bahamas,

WEDUStA Pio. cs se cen a] <> ae * . ee 3

Tornatellina. .

Antillarum Sh........] -- oi : * +e

AMGEN Buseiercscisieicis|| + ne or an ie | Grenada.

lamellata P. and M...| .. Ss nt ae » | Guadeloupe.

Pupa.

contracta Say........] x of oe in

hexodon Ad... . alte o's 4 a % a

Poet ; «| es 2 se ake . Also N. P., Bahamas.

pocithon i CO * te - ad

—— a . = s a jx | Also in Bermuda.

mi ma P... oA

Hiatal Be el]: ae “

it as ns = _ - ". | Also N. P., Bahamas.

tenuidens Ad.... a ‘* oe me) 3

Macroceramus. f

Gossei P.............| * te Pree, | .. | Also N. P., Bahamas.

mierodon P.. ee a4. ¥ ace | St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola.

signatus Guild.......) ° aa a Tortola and Anguilla.

Cylindrella.

RAUIN Bisa wes cca cs\a|) | se

Nida Guild. . a

‘oevana O.... a

EIOIGEAE tanals/04 coma ne

Succinea.

s Barbadoes, also Bermuda.

saad Also Bermuda.

7 ditto.

= St. Croix.

» | Martinique.

Guadeloupe and Bolivia.

St. Thomas and St, John,

ree aed Sitcom RX + illest

Ay tie Sante oe! % j 18

s (COR i he D) a. Pree Re as

~ ; ' é ' ee ’ PEN iL ;

BR bate ‘eh TT Fa Mere

' a3 a i aa Og ‘ , Sts

ea Br hee ee ae

, 1 we ‘a5 Pe ee. [ ae >

OG le ae eae STEN Cott a a a

re ys ays “ ‘ a3 ) 2 -

. ee \ : cps 7 =o

* , es w. ery “ Lael

; eee gy < 3 3

f io * , % ad

4 ab yj 2 ( 7.9

PVs Ff em peer, Oo me it ats kl 4 a) ee ee ees ree te -

Bron MUGTE HH ON

me . “ Le Pad a Gn ee bod ee AINE KE Ria aa i)

te Si oe ee ?

ih oe ei : # eee ote me es) one tpe's i

“9 Ba di | ah Sas wansey

Pay rhe bss BSE: ep eit adel ae

. Pebi . yee) . kay 4 Preiditers

‘ees Dey ROY Tae '

4 , OES wa a ie ie sitet inameag og la

“ & ht cenk oee gears :

a 2, ‘ _ ‘

ae » *s ae pa Pe utl et ert . fone “ "

« i aha *9 i - PAs A tbe 5 | ee a ' i “Hoag

= P he se ’ ; OS | er 7 Re! = ee A : phe ;

re My . A Ws en en i" ae ar vey” > } » Ay : ‘ oe

an ba ’ y ‘| Toh oat D 1a a

o] es } 7 } wig Pag Bye! ge P

i : ne i cy phe ee mh

; RRR RRE ORAS NAGA eas ee

. a 4 ) Se ted LS eon re Fe rh i cota re ; rir

nie Re, Ws ta Sa ae eas 5, aa

¥ wee a peru e ake Re ae a-cget ig. Mh A ae

Bro vs De EET | Ata eles rela item ein

; : iach a me ni eo) Se ae el

ro E y > > 17 - i, aoa . RA ee ee Zhe) re a, Oe ae mes ae

r es a .¢ » 2 ee ae | We) a wa de . sR

ag, Ps nl = | as Ae van ae '

a ae Ay ee f a : ra , = i Arar’ BK! ay Stan} , =a

Bd 1! ry r 4 aw 4 “1s 42 ‘ v Vay Si . ‘ }

, 4s 17 = a re a \ , x okt Set et uapttgstehee ee Pah

c é j § d .

yt) oA ee ne adetnl ® he: i a eaenty Ye

( vies eAle i , of wh 7. : =

aa oe ii cla aa hip hegee-s a Rs ny J yi

7 pe - H

_ Ps gre CE ee Ee De

a “22 .

he er re ag an ge es Fert Silage ae

7 os P

nf ‘

a rd

af ’ _ - ] "

ht ar corey

: =

oe ns

ayy

rane

uli Fee

ay 1

of West India Land Shells. 345

in those to the east and south. These facts show, the distribu-

tion of species being considered, a result similar to that arrived

at with regard to the distribution of genera, viz. that the

islands west of Portorico are more related to the N. American,

and those east and south to the 8. American continent—Porto-

rico (with Viéque) being connected with both. It is also

noticeable (Table I.) that the species of N. American generic

type which are represented in the islands west, and also east

and south of Portorico, are generally more numerous in the

former, and those of 8S. Ameriean character in the latter.

Only one operculate species, Lelieina subglobulosa Poey, is

common to the American continents and the islands. With

that exception all the operculated species inhabiting the islands

W. of Portorico (exclusive of Truncatella*) are peculiar to

those which they respectively inhabit, while six found in Porto-

rico and Viéque occur in the islands to the eastward.

The following is the number of species in the islands :—

Inoperculate. Operculate.

Islands W. of Portorico.

Cuba and I. of Pines. : f 251 . ; 179

Jamaica : 6 i é 225 A 4 160

Haiti . “ 6 f : 5 100 5 a 41

576 3880

Portorico and Viéque . ' : 80 C J 30

Islands E. and 8. of Viéque . 5 183 . 50

The large proportion of operculate species in the islands W.

of Portorico, and the diminution of them in that island, and

the islands E. and S. of it, is very remarkable. The relative

proportion of operculate and inoperculate species prevailing on

the continents is shown in Table I. The species common to

* JT omit Truncatella in Table IT., having, as I consider, insufficient data as to

the distribution of the species, which are, however, included in the Catalogue.

346 Geographical Distribution

more than one island are enumerated as belonging to each;

but the number peculiar to the islands exceeds one thousand.

The foregoing remarks are with regard to the relationship of

the West India Islands generally with the American continents,

and the division of the islands into two groups, those west and

those east and south of Portorico, which itself rather belongs to

the latter, but this gives an inadequate idea of the interesting

and peculiar character of these Insular faunas. My limits pre-

elude any very extended observations; but I propose to state

some, at least, of the most striking facts as to the relationships

of the islands ¢nter se.

The Bahamas, Cuba, and the Isle of Pines are especially con-

nected ; Cuba has 17 species found also in Jamaica, 8 in Haiti,

15 in Portorico, and 13 in the islands east and south of Porto-

rico. The development of the subgenus Strophia (Pupa), of

Macroceramus, Megalomastoma, Ctenopoma, Chondropoma,

Trochatella, and Helicina, the occurrence of the only Balea,

and the absence of Geomelania,* Jamaicia, Licina, Stoastoma,

and Lucidella are the principal peculiarities of the Cuban

fauna. With respect to Jamaica, there are common to it and

to Cuba 17, to Haiti 4, to Portorico 10, and to the islands east

and south of that island 10 species. The numerous represen-

tatives of Sagda (Helix), Proserpina, Adamsiella, Cyclostomus,

Tudora, and Alcadia, the exclusive presence of Geomelania,

Jamaicia, Licina, Stoastoma (with the exception of one species

in Portorico and one in Opara), and Lucidella, and the absence

of Strophia (Pupa), Megalomastoma, and Chondropoma, greatly

distinguish Jamaica from the neighboring islands. I doubt

whether any province in the world of equal area is so rich as

Jamaica both in genera and species. Haiti has in common

with Cuba 8, with Jamaica 4, with Portorico 8, and with the

islands east and south of the latter 8 species. This island has

the following peculiarities—the development of Macroceramus

* Information received at a late moment induces me to suspect the occurrence

of Geomelania in Cuba.

of West India Land Shelis. d47

and Chondropoma, the occurrence of the only species of Vitrina,

and the absence of Proserpina and genera peculiar to Jamaica.

Strophia and Megalomastoma, which prevail in Cuba, but are

not in Jamaica, are represented in Haiti. The only insular

species of Simpulopsis are in Haiti and Portorico; those two

islands, nearly equidistant from North and South America,

have not the species of Orthalicus which inhabits both sections

of the continent and the islands more immediately adjacent to

them. Ishonld remark that several of the species common to

Cuba, Jamaica, and Haiti, are otherwise widely distributed.

No other conclusion, under all the circumstances stated, can

be arrived at, but that Cuba with the Isle of Pines and the

Bahamas, Jamaica, and Haiti, are entitled to be ranked as

three distinct zoological provinces; although Haiti has cer-

tainly more relationship with Cuba on the one side and Por-

torico on the other, than exists between it or Cuba with

Jamaica.

Portorico (with Viéque) is characterized by the occurrence

of the only species of Clausilia, and one of Tornatellina, two

South American genera, absent on the islands westward, asingle

one of Stoastoma, the absence of several genera of Cyclo-

stomacee which are found in the islands to the westward, by

the inereased number of Bulimi relatively to Helix, and the

diminished representation of Macroceramus and Pupa. Por-

torico is unmistakably related to St. Croix, St. Thomas, St.

John, Tortola, Anegada, St. Bartholomew, and Anguilla, as

those islands are znter se. Megalomastoma* is not represented

further to the eastward of Portorico than St. John (I am not

certain as to Tortola), and Macroceramus than Anguilla, to the

south of which neither of them occurs. Enneat las one species

* Megalomastoma is found fossil in the Eocene strata of the Isle of Wight and

Paris.

+ As to thg occurrence of Ennea bicolor Gould in St. Thomas, see my remarks

in the Annals VI. p. 147. Mr. Theo. Gill subsequently discovered the same spe-

cies in Trinidad ; its occurrence there also is a curious fact.

848 Geographical Distribution

(the same being found in India) in St. Thomas and Trinidad.

Strophia, which occurs in Portorico, has a semi-fossil species in

St. Croix, but disappears in the islands east and south of Por-

torico, with the solitary exception of S. wa in Curagao. The

islands above-mentioned as being related to Portorico, have, in

common with many of those sonth of Anguilla, species of

Bulimi which also oceur in South America.*

St. Christopher, Antigua, the French islands, and those fur-

ther south, are all more or less connected inter se, and ina

marked manner with South America. The preponderance of

Bulimus, and the paucity of operculated genera and species,

are noticeable. Norepresentative of the family Cyclostomacea

has yet been found in Barbados. The single Streptaxis, dis-

covered by Mr. Gill in 1859, occurs in Trinidad. Plecochilus

(a subgenus of Bulimus), characteristic of South America, only

inhabits the islands east and south of Portorico, with the excep-

tion of one species, ?. glaber, attributed, but I think erroneously,

to Haiti. Stenopus, a subgenus of Nanina (separated from

Helix), is peculiar to St. Vincent. The number of species com-

mon to the French "West India Islands, and French Guiana,

but absent in the intermediate islands, as shown by Dronét

(Vide Mut. Blatt, 1860, p. 126), is remarkable. In connexion

with the fact that the Spanish Islands of Cuba and Portorico

have more species in common than either has with Haiti which

lies between them, can the partial similarity of faunas be attri-

buted to increased intercourse between the inhabitants belong-

ing in modern times to the same European nation? Some of

the species common to the continent and islands, and to more

than one island, are, size and habits considered, such as are most

likely to have been distributed by human agency.

On the whole, Portorico, with Viéque, and the islands east-

ward towards Anguilla, may be considered as forming a dis-

tinct province, and the remaining islands, more to the south, as

* Woodward (Manual, p. 388) remarks on several species common to St. Tho-

mas and the Canary Islands, but none such exist.

of West India Land Shells. 349

another. Whether the division (based on the distribution of

the Land Shells) of the West Indies generally into two groups,

the one extending eastward from the Northern Continent to

Anguilla, and the other southerly from Anguilla to the South

American coast, has any connexion with the geological rela-

tions of the two mountain chains remarked upon by Humboldt,

to which I have already referred, is a curious subject of

inquiry.

The extent to which species vary, especially in the larger

islands of the West Indies, deserves notice. Dr. Hooker says,

“Tt has been remarked (Bory de St. Vincent, in Voy. au

Quatre Iles de ? Afrique) that the species of islands are more

variable than those of continents, an opinion I can scarcely

subscribe to, and which is opposed to Darwin’s facts, inasmuch

as Insular Floras are characterized by peculiar genera, and by

having few species in proportion to genera.”

It appears to me that Bory de St. Vincent’s observation does,

and that “Darwin’s facts” do not, apply to land shells. I admit,

however, that even on continents their tendency to variation is

considerable.

Dr. Hooker remarks—“ If a genus is numerically increasing,

and consequently running into varieties, it will present a group

of species with complex relations ¢nter se ; if, on the contrary,

it is numerically decreasing, such decrease must lead to the

extinction of some varieties, and hence result in the better limi-

tation of the remainder.” Now, without adopting Dr. Hooker’s

and Darwin’s views as to the origin of species, and their greater

limitability by the extinction of varieties, I would state that as

in the great majority of the genera of land shells there are

numerous groups of species with complex relations inter se, that

fact may indicate their comparative recent creation. The geo-

logical record,* of prior date to the tertiary formations, has

* A small fossil body resembling a land shell of the genus Pupa was found by

Lyell, with fossil reptilian remains, in the interior of an erect fossil tree in the

coal measures of Nova Scotia.

350 Geographical Distribution

little evidence of the existence of terrestrial species of shells.

The wonderful development both of genera and species on

islands, especially those the later geological movements of

which have been of elevation, do not at least negative the

indication above suggested.

With respect to the Preshwater Shells of the West Indies,

which are by no means numerous, the distribution of the genera

shows the same connexion of the islands west of Portorico with

the northern, and of those east and south with the southern

continent of America, as do the Land Shells. Of Melania five

species occur in Cuba, none in the other islands; one of Mela-

nopsis inhabits Jamaica. The only Unio in the islands is found

in Cuba. Two or three species of Ampularia are in Cuba, and

one in Jamaica, of North American type, while A. rugosa Lam.,

of South America, occurs in Trinidad and Tobago, and A.

Knorri Phil, closely allied to A. cornu arietis? L., of New

Granada, also inhabits the former island. The species of other

genera, which are in the islands westward of Portorico, do not

generally extend to the islands east and south of it. Several,

however, have a remarkably wide distribution. PJlanorbis

luctdus Pf. occurs in Cuba, Jamaica, Portorico, and Guade-

loupe; Ancylus obscurus Hald., of North America, in Jamaica,

Portorico, St. Thomas, and Guadeloupe; and Ammnicola crystal-

lina Pf, which I found abundant in the river Magdalena, at

Barranquilla, New Granada, inhabits Cuba, Jamaica, Portorico,

Viéque, St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, and Guadeloupe.*

* The wide distribution, on the continent of North America, of some of the

Unionide is really wonderful. Mr. Isaac Lea mentions, in a communication made

in 1858 to the Philadelphia Academy, that some species common in the Ohio

River, as high up as Pittsburg, are found also in Moose River of Hudson’s Bay,

52° N.; in the Red River of the North, 50° N.; in Upper Missouri, 47° N.; and

in the Big Sioux, 48° N. ; also as far south as Louisiana.

The same remark applies to several terrestrial species of North America.

H. alternata Say is found from Labrador to Texas, and from the Atlantic ocean

to the Rocky Mountains, H. arborea Say, which, according to Beau, occurs in

Guadeloupe, inhabits an equally wide area, and extends even into New Mexico.

of West India Land Shells.

351

CATALOGUE OF THE LAND SHELLS OF THE WEST INDIA

ISLANDS.

[ Abbreviations, Ad., C. B. Adams, F., Férussac, G., Gundlach, P., Pfeiffer, Py, Poey, W. &M.,

Anegada.

HELIX.

notabilis Sh.

Anguilla.

MACROCERAMUS.

signatus Guild.

Antigua (’).

HELIx.

formosa F.

BULIMUS.

Caraccasensis Ry.

exilis Gm.

fraterculus F.

subula P.

ACHATINA.

octona Ch,

CISTULA.

Antiguensis Sh.

Bahamas (’).

HELIX.

Bahamensis P.

(N. P. and Turk’s Is.)

gallopavonisV al (7’'k's Js.)

microdonta Ih (WN. Prov.)

multifasciata W. & M.

( Crooked Is.)

(N. P.)

(Tk's Is.)?

provisoria P.

Troscheli P.

varians Mk.

BULIMUs.

nitidulus P. (Tk's Is.)

sepulcralis? Py. (MN. P.)

OLEACINA.

solidula P. CNS)

Pura.

alvearia Kust. (WN. P.)

iostoma P. (Tks Is.)

pellucida P. (Tk's Is )

striatella F. (NE PS)

Weinlandi Kurr. (Cr. Js.)

MACROCERAMUS.

Gossei P. (N. P.)

CYLINDRELLA

Bahamensis P. (MN. P.)

CISTULA.

scabrosa Humph. (7. Js.)

CHONDROPOMA.

biforme P. (Tk's Is.)

Hjalmarsoni P. (7k’s Js.)

HELICINA

Weinland and Marten.]

Barbados (°).

HELIX.

Isabella F.

similaris F.

vortex P.

BULIMUS.

Barbadensis P,

Caraccasensis Ry.

exilis Gm.

fraterculus F.

fuscus Guild.

Goodalli Mil.

oblongus Mill.

octonoides Ad.

subula P.

Viequensis P.

ACHATINA.

Gundlachi P.

octona Ch.

TORNATELLINA.

Antillarum Sh.

PuPA.

Barbadensis P.

Jamaicensis Ad.

pellucida P.

CYLINDRELLA.

costata Guild.

SUCCINEA.

Barbadensis Guild.

Bermudensis P.

(N. P.)|/TRUNCATELLA.

Barbadensis P.

‘HELICINA.

Barbadensis P.

conoidea P.

substriata Gray.

Bermuda (‘).

Ins. St. George.

HELIX.

Bermudensis P.

circumfirmata Redf.

microdonta Dh.

ochroleuca F, ?

vortex P.

BULIMUS,

nitidulus P.

ventrosus F.

ACHATINA.

acicula Mill.

Popa.

Jamaicensis Ad,

pellucida P,

SUCCINEA

candida P. (Tk’s Is.)

ScHASICHEILA.

minuscula? P. (N.P.)

JUNE, 1861.

Bermudensis P.

fulgens Lea.

margarita P.

TRUNCA'TELLA.

subcylindrica Gray.

HELICINA.

convexa P.

Buen Ayre.

BULIMUS.

elongatus Bolt.

Cuba (°).

HELIX.

alauda F.

amplecta G.

Apollo P.

Auberi O.

auricoma F,

avellana F.

Baracoensis Gut.

Bartlettiana P.

Bayamensis P.

Bonplandii Lam.

Boothiana P.

Carpenteriana Bld.

cesticulus G.

comta G.

crassilabris P.

Cubensis P.

cyclostomoides P.

debilis P.

deflexa P

Dennisoni P.

emarginata G.

euclasta Sh.

fuscolabiata Py.

gilva F.

gracilis Py.

Guanensis Py.

Guantanamensis Py.

Gundlachi P.

Gutierrezi Py.

immersa G,

imperator Mtf.

incrustata Py.

jactata G.

Jeannereti P.

Lescaillei G.

Letranensis P.

Lindeni P.

lucipeta Py.

maculifera Gut.

marginelloides O.

melanocephala G.

Mina P.

Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. Vou. VII.

352

minuscula By.

Montetaurina P.

morbida Mor.

multistriata Dh.

muscarum Lea,

iaevula Mor,

notata Py.

Ottonis P.

ovum-reguli Lea.

paludosa P.

Parraiana O.

parallela Py.

paueispira Py.

Pazenzis Py.

pemphigodes P.

penicillata P.

Petitiana O,

picta Born.

Poeyi Pet.

proboscidea P.

prominula P.

provisoria P.

Rangelina P.

taripila Mor.

rostrata P.

rufo-apicata Py.

Sagemon Bk.

Sagraiana O.

saxicola P.

scabrosa Py.

stigmatica P.

suavis G.

sulphurosa Mor,

supertexta P.

tephritis Mor.

tichostoma P

transitoria P.

translucens G.

Trinitaria G.

turbiniformis P.

X versicolor Born.

vortex P.

BuLIMUS

acuticostatus O

angustatus G,

assurgens P.

decollatus L.

gigas Py.

Goodalli Mil.

gracillimus P.

hasta P.

homalogyrus Sh.

lucidus Py.

Manzanillensis G.

marginatus Lay.

Marielinus Py.

nitidulus P,

octonoides Ad.

Poeyanus P.

sepulchralis Py.

Geographical Distribution

strictus Py.

subula P.

terebraster Lam.

SPIRAXIS.

Cubaniana O.

episcopalis Mor.

melanielloides G.

paludinoides O.

suturalis P.

ORTHALICUS.

undatus Brug.

ACHATINA.

abdita Py.

Blainiana Py.

consobrina O.

elata G.

exilis P.

emarginata Swain ?

fasciata Mill.

Gundlachi P.

octona Ch.

picta Rv.

Poeyana P.

pusilla P,

pygmaea P,

subulatoides O.

Trinitaria G.

OLEACINA.

cyanozoaria G,

Lindoni P.

oleacea I.

orysacea O.

Ottonis P.

recularis G.

saturata G.

sicilis Mor.

solidula P.

subulata P.

translucida G.

Trinitaria G.

PUPA.

Cumingiana P.

eyclostoma K.

Gundlachi P.

incana By.

iostoma P.

marginalba P.

maritima P.

marmorata P-

microstoma P.

multicosta K.

Mumia Brug.

Mumiola P.

neglecta Arango.

pellucida P.

Proteus G.

Sagraiana P,

sealarina G.

sculpta Py.

striatella F.

tenuidens Ad.

tumidula Dh?

venusta Py.

vulnerata K.

MACROCERAMUS.

amplus G.

angulosus G.

catenatus G.

claudens G.

costulatus G.

festus G.

Gossei P.

Gundlachi P.

inermis G.

Jeannereti G.

notatus G.

Pazi G.

pictus G.

turricula P.

unicarinatus Lam.

CYLINDRELLA.

acus P.

angulifera G.

Brooksiana G.

Camoensis P.

cinerea P.

coerulaus Py.

crispula P.

cyclostoma P,

discors Py.

elegans P.

Elliotti Py.

Fabreana Py.

fastigiata G.

eracillima Py.

Gundlachiana Py,

Humboldtiana P.

integra P,

interrupta G.

intusmalleata G.

irrorata G.

laevigata G.

lateralis Paz.

Lavalleana O.

marmorata Sh.

minuta G.

nubila Py.

ornata G.

Oviedoiana O,

perlata G.

Philippiana P.

planospira P,

plicata Py.

Poeyana O.

porrecta Gould,

producta G.

Rugeli Sh.

Sagraiana P.

Sauvalleana G.

scalarina Sh,

Shuttleworthi Py.

Sowerbyana P,

strangulata Py,

subita Py.

torquata Mor.

Tureasiana G,

uneata G.

variegata P.

ventricosa G.

volubilis Mor.

BALEA,

Canteroiana G.

SUCCINEA.

angustior Ad.

fulgens Lea.

Gundlachi P.

macta Py.

nobilis Py.

ochracina G,

Sagra O.

tenuis G.

TRUNCATELLA,

bilabiata P.

eapillacea G.

Caribseensis Sow.

elongata Py.

tilicosta G.?

lirata Py. ?

pulchella P.

sealaris Mich.

subcylindrica Gray.

JYCLOTUS.

minimus G,

perdistinetus G.

MEGALOMASTOMA,

alutaceum Mk.

apertum Py.

auriculatum O,

of West India Land Shells.

bituberculatum Sow.

complanatum P,

digitale G.

Gundlachi P.

leoninum P.

Mani Py.

seminudum Py.

tortum Wood.

ventricosum O, .

CHOANOPOMA.

alatum P.

Arangianum G,

auricomum G.

Daudinoti G.

decoloratum G.

eburneum G.

fragile G.

minium G.

majusculum Mor.

perplicatum G.

Pretrei O.

tractum G,

Yaterasense P.

Yunquense P.

CTENOPOMA.

argutum P,

bilabiatum O.

coronatum Py.

deficiens G.

denegatum Py.

echinatum Py.

enode Py.

Garridoianum Py.

honestum Py.

immersum G.

nigriculum G.

nodulatum Py.

perspectivum G,

rotundatum Py.

rugulosum P.

sculptum G,

semicoronatum G,

sordidum G.

torquatum Gut.

ADAMSIELLA.

chordatum-G.

CYCLOSTOMUS.

Rangelinus Py.

TUDORA.

canescens P.

erectum G.

excurrens G.

lurida G.

DIPLOPOMA.

architectonicum G.

CISTULA.

Agassizi Charp.

agrestis G.

ecatenata Gould.

illustris Py.

inculta Py.

interstitiale G.

limbiferam Mk,

Mackinlayi G.

pallida P.

procax Py.

radula P.

CHONDROPOMA.

abnatum G.

Candeanum O.

claudicans Py.

crenimargo P,

decurrens Py.

Delatreanum O,

dilatatum G.

egregium G.

Gutierrezi G.

harpa P.

irradians Sh.

laetum Gut.

latilabre O.

latum G.

marginalbum G.

moestum Sh.

neglectum G.

obesum Mk.

Ottonis P.

oxytremum G.

perlatum G.

Pfeifferianum Py.

pictum P.

Poeyanum O.

revinctum Py.

revocatum G,

rufopictum G.

Sagebieni Py.

semicanum Mor,

sericatum Mor.

Shuttleworthi P.

solidulum G.

tenebrosum Mor.

textum G.

unilabiatum G

violaceum P.

TROCHATELLA.

chrysostoma Sh.

coniea P.

dilatata Py.

hians Py.

Petitiana O.

petrosa G.

politula Py.

regina Mor.

rubicunda G.

rupestris P.

Sloanei O.

stellata Val.

subunguiculata Py.

HELICINA.

acuminata Val.

adspersa P.

Bastidana Py.

Bayamensis Py.

bellula G.

Blandiana, G.

Briarea Py.

chrysochasma Py.

ciliata Py.

columellaris G.

concinna G.

continua G.

declivis G.

elongata O.

exserta G.

glabra Gould.

elobulosa O,

granum P,

jugulata Py.

Lembeyana Py,

littoricola G.

Mayarina Py,

nitida P.

353

354 Geographical Distribution

Orbignyi P.

Poeyi P.

proxima G.

pulcherrima Lea,

pyramidalis Sow.

Reeveana P.

remota Py.

retracta Py.

rotunda O

rubromarginata G.

rugosa P.

Sagraiana O.

silacea Mor.

spectabilis G.

straminea Mor.

subdepressa Py.

subglobulosa Py.

Guadeloupe (’).

HELIX.

arborea Say.

badia F.

Baudoni P.

dentiens F.

Josephine F.

lychnuchus Mill.

pachygastra Gr.

Schrammii Fisch.

BuLIMvs.

Caraccasensis Ry.

chrysalis P.

elongatus Bolt.

exilis Gm.

Lherminieri Fisch.

limnoides F.

dissita Dh.

Dominicensis P.

excellens P.

Gaskoini P.

Haitensis W. & M

hilum W. & M.

Hjalmarsoni P.

indentata Say.

indistineta F.

Justi F.

lampas Mill. ?

leucoraphe P.

loxodon P

monodonta Lea.

Phaedra P

polyodon W. & M.

prumosa P,

submarginata Gray. ACHATINA. ptycoraphe W. & M.

Titanica Py. octona Ch. pubescens P.

ALCADIA. OLEACINA. sarcocheila Mérch.

capax G. Guadeloupensis P. strumosa P,

dissimulans Py. TORNATELLINA. trizonalis Grat.

gonostoma G. lamellata P. & M. undulata F,

Gundlachi P. CYLINDRELLA. vortex P.

hispida P collaris F. BULIMUS.

incrustata G. SUCCINEA Caraccasensis Rv.

minima O. Candeana Lea. Dominicus Ry.

velutina Py. depressa Rang. exilis Gm.

PROSERPINA. patula Br. glaber Gm.?

depressa O. unguis F, hasta P.

TRUNCATELLA. marginatus Say.

Curacao. Caribeeensis Sow. Moussoni P.

HELIx. : clathrus Lowe nitidulus P,

pentodon Mke. modesta Ad. rectus P.

Pupa. scalaris Mich. Salleanus Ry.

uva L. CYCLOPHORUS. Santanensis P.

TUDORA. Beauianus Pet. SPIRAXIS.

megacheila P. & M. Schramini Sh. Dunkeri P.

CHONDROPOMA. Richardi P.

Grenada (°). erenulatum F, Salleana P.

HELrIx, HELICINA. ACHATINA.

perplexa F. fasciata Lam. impressa P.

BuLIMus. Guadaloupensis Sow. ? octona Ch.

Caraccasensis Ry. rhodostoma Gray ? virginea L,

glaber Gm. similis Sow. ? OLEACINA.

octonoides Ad. biplicata W. & M.

subula P. Haiti (°). oleacea F.

TORNATELLINA. HELIx. ptycoraphe W. & M.

acuminata P. terebreetormis Sh.

Albersiana P. texta W. & M.

angistoma F. PUPA

angustata F, glans Kust,

Audebardi P. microstuma P,

Caracolla L, striatella F

cepa Miill. MACROCERAMUS,

Funeki P.

CycLorus.

Granadensis Sh.

HELICcINA.

Heatei P.

Grenadines. cornu-militare L, angulatus W. & M.

HELIX crispata F’. cyrtopleurus P.

perplexa F. desiderata P. formosus Wood.

ORTHALICUS. dilatata P. Gundlachi P.

undulatus Guild.(UnéonZ.) disculus Dh. Hermanni P,

lineatus Br.

Ludovici P.

Richaudi Pet.

signatus Guild.

tenuiplicatus P,

virgineus W. & M.

CYLINDRELLA.

Adamsiana P,

arcuata W. & M.

crenata W. & M.

cristata W. & M.

Dominicensis P.

Kugenii Dorhn.

fasciata Ch.

flammulata P.

Gouldiana P.

Gruneri Dunk.

Guigouana Pet.

Hjalmarsoni P.

Laterradii Grat. Ins. Bente.

Ludersi P.

malleata P.

Menkeana P.

monilifera P.

obesa W. & M.

puncturata P,

Salleana P,

sericea P,

tricolor P.

tumidula W. & M.

Weinlandi P.

SIMPULOPSIS.

Dominicensis P.

VITRINA.

? sp. ind.

SUCCINEA.

of West India Land Shells.

blandum P.

Caricae P.

eusarcum P,

hemiotum P.

litturatum P.

Loweanum P,

Petiteanum P,

Salleanum P.

semilabre Lam.

simplex P.

TROCHATELLA.

elegantula P.

opima Sh.

virginea Lea.

HELICINA.

cingulata P.

Dominicensis P.

festiva Sow.

globosa Gray.

malleata P.

oleosa P.

rufa P.

rugosa P.

Salleana P.

versicolor P.

viridis Lam.

ALCADIA,

suecinea P.

HELIX.

auricoma F,

Bonplandii Lam.

Boothiana P.

magnificum Sallé.

pygmaea P. & M.

I. of Pines.

TROCHATELLA.

eallosa Py.

constellata Mor.

luteo-apicata Py.

HELIcINA.

scopulorum Mor.

PROSERPINA.

globulosa O,

Jamaica (°).

HELIX.

abnormis P.

acuta Lam.

albicans P.

alligans Ad,

alveus Ad.

ambigua Ad.

angustispira Ad.

anomala P.

Anthoniana Ad.

aspera F.

atavus Sh.

Bainbridgei P. ?

Blandiana Ad.

Boothiana P.

brevior Ad.

brevis Ad.

Bronni P.

Buddiana Ad,

eara Ad.

Carmelita F.

Chemnitziana P.

cognata F.

columellata Ad.

connectens Ad.

conspersula P.

355

Dominicensis P. comes Py. Cookiana Gm.

margarita P, Pityonesica P. diminuta Ad.

CYCLOTUS. BULIMUS. dioscoricola Ad.

'* floecosus Sh. Beathinus Py. epistylioides F.

MEGALOMASTOMA. Poeyanus P. epistyliulum Ad.

Orbignyi P. strictus Py. Foremaniana Ad.

CHOANOPOMA. terebra Py. fuscocinata Ad.

Adolfi P. ACHATINA. fuscolabris Ad,

Puertoplatense P. fasciata Mill. fuscula Ad.

Rosaliae P. OLEACINA. Gossei Ad.

solutum Rich, follicularis Mor. graminicola Ad.

tentorium P. oleacea Fer. Haldemaniana Ad,

Wilhelmi P. orysacea Mor, Hollandi Ad.

CTENOPOMA. solidula P. immunda Ad.

Dominicense P. subulata P. inconspicua Ad.

CYCLOSTOMUS. CYLINDRELLA. ingens Ad

Aminensis P. pruinosa Mor, invalida Ad.

TUDORA. MEGALOMASTOMA. invasa P.

nobilis P. procer Py. Jacobensis Ad.

pupaeformis Sow. TUDORA. Jamaicensis Ch.

CISTULA. Moreletiana Pet. Jayana Ad.

cinclidodes P. pupoides Mor, lamellifera Ad.

CHONDROPOMA. CHONDROPOMA. lucerna Mill.

adulterinum P, dissolutum P.

Mac Murrayi Ad.

356

margarita P.

McNabiana Chitty.

minuscula By.

munda Ad.

nemoraloides Ad.

nobilis Ad.

Okeniana P.

osculans Ad.

pallescens Sh.

paludosa P.

patina Ad.

peracutissima Ad.

perafiinis Ad.

perdepressa Ad.

picturata Ad.

pila Ad.

pretiosa Ad.

propenuda Ad.

Proserpinula P.

ptychodes P.

rufula P.

Schroeteriana P.

similis Ad.

Simson P.

simulans Ad.

sincera Ad.

sinuata Mill,

sinuosa F’,

soror F.

Spengleriana P.

spiculosa Sh.

spreta Ad,

straminea Alb.

strangulata Ad.

subconica Ad,

tenerrima Ad.

torrefacta Ad.

tridentina F,

triptycha Sh,

tumida P.

turbiniformis F.

valida Ad.

virginea Ad.

BuuLimvs.

confertus P.

erubescens P.

Goodall: Mil.

hortensis Ad.

immaculatus Ad.

Jamaicensis Ry.

laeviusculus Ad,

macrospira Ad,

marginatus Say.

minimus Ad.

monodon Ad.

nitidiusculus Ad.

nitidulus P.

octonoides Ad.

pallidus Ad.

rufescens Gray.

Geographical Distribution

subula P.

terebella Ad.

SPIRAXIS.

aberrans P.

Adamsiana P.

brevis Ad.

contorta Chitty.

costulosa Ad.

inusitata Ad.

mirabilis Ad.

ORTHALICUS.

undatus Brne.

ACHATINA.

Adamsiana Chitty.

arcuata P.

costulata Ad,

curvilabris P.

Gossei P.

gracilior Ad.

Gundlachi P.

iota Ad.

levis Ad.

longispira Ad.

micans Ad.

octona Ch.

oseulans Ad.

parvula Chitty.

pellucens Ad.

puella Ad.

solitaria Ad,

striosa Ad.

tenera Ad.

OLEACEA,

angiostoma Ad.

Blandiana Ad.

costulosa Ad.

Dominicensis Gm.

Gayana Ad.

Griffithsi Ad.

Ingallsiana Ad.

Jamaicensis P.

leucozonias Walch.

ligata Ad.

nemorensis Ad.

nitida Ad.

perplexa Ad.

Philippiana P.

Philipsi Ad.

procera Ad.

propinqua Ad.

proxima Ad,

similis Ad.

unicolor Ad.

venusta Ad.

vicina Ad.

Pupa.

contracta Say ?

exilis Ad.

Grevillei Chitty.

hexodon Ad.

Jamaicensis Ad.

Jardineana Chitty.

lata Ad.

pellucida P.

tenuidens Ad.

MACROCERAMUS.

Gossei P.

CYLINDRELLA.

abbreviata Dh. ?

Agnesiana Ad.

alabastrina P,

alba Ad.

amethystina Chitty.

aspera Ad.

Augustae Ad.

Baquieana Chitty.

Blandiana P,

brevis P.

columna Ad.

costulata Ad.

eylindrus Ch.

dubia Chitty.

Dunkeriana P.

elatior Ad.

elongata Ch.

Gossei P.

gracilis Wood.

Gravesii Ad.

Hollandi Ad.

Humboldtiana P. ?

humilis Ad.

hydrophana Chitty.

inornata Ad.

lata Ad.

macrostoma P.

Maugeri Wood.

megacheila Chitty.

nobihhor Ad.

ovata Desh. ?

Pearmaneana Chitty.

princeps Ad.

pupaeformis Ad.

pusilla Ad.

Robertsi Ad.

rosea P

sanguinea P,

seminuda Ad.

similis Ad.

simplex Ad.

striata Chitty.

subula F.

tenella Ad.

tricolor P.

variegata P.?

zebrina P.

zonata Ad.

SUCCINEA.

angustior Ad.

contorta Ad.

latior Ad.

Sagra O.

GEOMELANTA.

affinis Ad.

Beardsleana Ad.

econica Ad.

eostulosa Ad.

elegans Ad.

exilis Ad.

expansa Ad.

fortis Ad.

gracilis Ad.

Greyana Ad.

Hilliana Ad

inornata Chitty.

Jamaicensis P.

magna Ad.

media Ad.

minor Ad.

parva Chitty.

pauperata Ad.

procera Ad.

pygmaea Ad.

pyramidata Ad.

sinuosa Chitty.

striosa Ad.

typica Ad.

vicina Ad.

TRUNCATELLA.

Adamsi P.

Caribaeensis Sow.

modesta Ad.

pulchella P.

sealaris Mich.

CYCLOTUS.

asperulus Som.

corrugatus Sow.

erassus Ad.

dubiosus Ad.

Jamaicensis Ch.

jugosus Ad.

pallescens Ad.

perpallidus Ad.

subrugosus Sow.

suturalis Sow.

varians Ad.

JAMAICIA.

anomala Ad,

Moussoniana Ad.

LIcINA.

dubia Gin.

labeo Mill.

CHOANOPOMA.

Chittyi Ad.

fimbriatulum Sow.

granosum Ad.

Hillianom Ad.

interruptum Lam.

lima Ad.

lineina L.

lincinellum Lam,

mite P.

pulchrum Wood.

seabriculum Sow.

spinulosum Ad.

CTENOPOMA.

Campbelli Ad.

pisum Ad.

Wilkinsoni Ad.

ADAMSIELLA.

chlorostoma Sow.

Grayana P.

ignilabris Ad.

intermedia Ad.

mirabilis Wood.

miranda Ad.

monstrosa Ad.

moribunda Ad.

Pearmaneana Chitty.

pulchrior Ad.

variabilis Ad.

xanthostoma Sow.

CYCLOSTOMUS.

albus Sow.

Banksianus Sow.

Bronni Ad.

Chevalieri Ad.

erenulosus Ad.

Humphreyanus P.

Jayanus Ad.

lamellosus Ad.

Redfieidianus Ad.

retrorsus Ad.

serecinus Ad.

tectilabris Ad.

thysanoraphe Sow.

Yallahensis Ad.

TUDORA.

Adamsi P.

armata Ad.

Augustae Ad.

avena Ad.

Barklyana Chitty.

columna Wood.

fascia Wood.

feeunda Ad.

Griffithiana Ad.

maritima Ad.

mutica Ad.

papyracea Ad.

pauperata Ad.

simulans Ad.

Tappaniana Ad.

versicolor P ?

CISTULA.

dislocata Baird.

lugubris P.

mordax Ad,

sagittifera Ad.

of West India Land Shells.

Sauliae Sow.

Shephardiana Ad.

STOASTOMA.

Agassizianum Ad.

Anthonianum Ad,

Blandianum Ad.

Chittyanum Ad.

Cumingianum Ad.

Fadyenianum Ad.

Gouldianum Ad.

Hollandianum Ad.

Jayanum Ad,

Leanum Ad.

Lindsleyanum Ad.

Moricandianum Ad.

Petitianum Ad.

Pfeifferianum Ad.

Philippianum Ad.

pisum Ad.

Redfieldianum Ad,

Tappanianum Ad.

Vilkinsoniae Ad,

TROCHATELLA.

Chittyana P,

Grayana P.

Josephinae Ad.

nobilis Ad.

pulchella Gray.

Tankervillei Gray.

tenuis Ad.

LUCIDELLA.

aureola F.

nana P.

HELICINA.

Adamsiana P,

ampliata Ad.

aurantia Gray,

costata Gray.

depressa Gray.

Jamaicensis Sow.

lineata Ad.

maxima Sow. ?

neritella Lam.

nobilis Ad.

ALCADIA.

Brownei Gray.

citrinolabris Ad.

consanguinea Ad.

dubiosa Ad.

Gossei P.

hirsuta Ad.

Hollandi Ad.

macilenta Ad.

major Gray.

megastoma Ad.

microstoma Ad,

palliata Ad.

pusilla Ad.

solitaria Ad,

358

PROSERPINA.

bidentata Ad.

linguifera Jonas.

nitida Gray.

pisum Ad.

Marie-Galante.

HEe.LIx.

badia F.

HELICINA.

fasciata Lam.

Martinique.

HELIX.

auridens Rang.

badia F.

bracteola F.

crassidens P.

dentiens F.

desidens Rang.

discolor F.

lychnuchus Mill.

nigrescens Wood. ?

nucleola Rang.

nuxdenticulata Ch,

obesa Bk.

orbiculata F.

pachygastra Gray

parilis F.

stenostoma P.

BULIMUS.

chrysalis P.

elongatus Bolt.

Martinicensis P.

multifasciatus Lan.

ACHATINA.

semitarum Rang.

CYLINDRELLA,

collaris F.

SUCCINEA.

Candeana Lea.

haliotoidea Mitt,

rubescens Dh.

CYCLOTUS.

Martinicensis Sh.

CYCLOPHORUS.

rufescens Sow.

CHOANOPOMA.

occidentale P.

HELICINA.

Antillarum Sow.

fasciata Lam.

platycheila Mulhf

plicatula P.

striatula Sow.

Portorico (!°).

HELIX.

angulata F.

Arecibensis P,

bryodes Sh.

Caracolla L.

eoncolor F,

dermatina Sh.

diaphana Lam.

euclasta Sh.

Gundlaehi P.

lima F.

Luquillensis Sh,

marginella Gm.

minuseula By.

musicola Sh,

obliterata F.

plagioptyeha Sh.

Portoricensis P.

Riisei P.

squamosa F.

subaquila Sh.

velutina Lam.

vortex P,

BULIMUS.

alabastrinus Sh.

elongatus Bolt.

exilis Gm.

fraterculus F,

Gompharium Sh.

Goodalli Mil.

hasta P.

Hjalmarsoni P.

liliaceus F.

margaritaceus Sh.

marginatus Say.

nitidulus P.

octonoides Ad.

opalescens Sh.

stylodon Sh.

subula P.

Swiftianus P.

terebraster Lam.

ACHATINA,

acicularis Sh.

octena Ch.

OLEACINA.

glabra P.

interrupta Sh.

Portoricensis P.

suleculosa Sh.

terebraeformis Sh.

STORNATELLINA.

Antillarum Sh.

/PUPA.

hexodon Ad.

microstoma P,

pellucida P.

striatella F.

MACROCERAMUS.

microdon P.

CYLINDRELLA.

pallida Guild.

Geographical Distribution

Portoricensis P.

Riisei P.

CLAUSILIA.

tridens Ch.

SIMPULOPSIS.

Portoricensis Sh.

SUCCINEA.

approximans Sh,

hyalina Sh.

Riisei P.

TRUNCATELLA.

clathrus Lowe.

pulehella P.

subeylindrica Gray.

MEGALOMASTOMA.

cylindraceum Ch,

verruculosum Sh.

CHOANOPOMA.

decussatum Lam.

senticosum Sh.

CISTULA.

lineolata Lam.

Riisei P.

CHONDROPOMA.

Blauneri Sh.

Newcombianum Ad.

Newtoni Sh.

Swifti Sh.

STOASTOMA.

Portoricense P.

HELICINA.

fasciata Lam,

foveata P,

Hjalmarsoni P.

phasianella Sow.

striata Lam.

subfusea Menke.

trochulina O.

umbonata Sh.

yinosa Sh

St. Bartholomew.

HELIX.

notabilis Sh.

‘CHOANOPOMA.

sulculosum F,

St. Christopher.

HELIX.

Josephinae F, s. 7.

BULIMUS.

exilis Gm.

fraterculus F,

multifasciatus Lam.

SUCCINEA.

patula Brug.

HELICINA.

fasciata Lam,

of West India Land Shells. 359

St. Croix (!'),

HELIX.

Caracolla L. s. f.

marginella Gm. s. f.

Santacruzensis P.

variegata Ch. ?

vortex P.

BULIMUS.

elongatus Bolt.

extinctus P. sf

fraterculus F.

marginatus Say.

PuPA.

rudis P.

CYLINDRELLA.

chordata P.

SUCCINEA.

Riisei P.

CYCLOSTOMUS.

fallax P.?

CISTULA.

rufilabris Beck.

CHONDROPOMA.

Santacruzense P.

St. John,

HELIX.

euclasta Sh.

nemoralina Pet.

notabilis Sh.

subaquila Sh.

BULIMUS.

elongatus Bolt.

fraterculus F.

Goodalli Mil.

octonoides Ad.

subula P.

Swiftianus P.

ACHATINA.

octona Ch.

Popa.

pellucida P.

MACROCERAMUS,

microdon P.

CYLINDRELLA

pallida Guild.

SUCCINEA.

approximans Sh.

MEGALOMASTOMA.

Antillarum Sow.

CHONDROPOMA.

Newcombianum Ad,

HELICINA.

phasianella Sow.

subfusca Mk,

ALCADIA.

rubella P.

St. Lucia (!2).

HEtLix.

orbiculata F.

BULIMUS.

aulacostylus P.

St. Martin.

BuLiMus.

elongatus Bolt.

exilis Gm.

St. Thomas ('9).

HELIX.

euclasta Sh.

Gundlachi P.

incerta F. s. 7.

nemoralina Pet.

subaquila Sh.

vortex P,

ENNEA.

bicolor Gould.

BULIMUS.

Barbadensis P.

diaphanus P.

elongatus Bolt.

exilis Gm,

fraterculus F,

Goodalli Mil.

gracillimus P.

octonoides Ad.

subula P.

Swiftianus P.

ACHATINA,

Gundlachi P.

octona Ch,

PuPA.

Jamaicensis Ad.

pellucida P.

MACROCERAMUS.

microdon P.

CYLINDRELLA.

gracillicollis F. ?

pallida Guild.

SUCCINEA.

approximans Sh,

Barbadensis P.

TRUNCATELLA,

clathrus Lowe.

pulchella P.

subeylindrica Gray.

MEGALOMASTOMA.

Antillarum Sow.

CHONDROPOMA.

Newcombianum Ad.

Santacruzense P,

HELICcINA.

foveata P.

subfusca Menke.

ALCADIA,

rubella P.

St. Vincent.

HELIX.

cruentata Guild.

livida Guild.

BULIMUS.

auris-Sileni Born.

exilis Gm,

limnoides F.

oblongus Mill.

stramineus Guild.

undulatus Guild.

Vincentinus P.

SUCCINEA.

Cuvieri Guild.

tigrina Less.

HELICINA.

occidentalis Guild.

Tobago.

BULIMUS.

oblongus Mill.

Tortola.

HELIX.

nemoralina Pet.

notabilis Sh.

ACHATINA.

octona Ch.

TORNATELLINA.

Antillarum Sh.

MACROCERAMUS.

microdon P.

signatus Guild.

CYLINDRELLA.

pallida Guild.

CHONDROPOMA.

Tortolense P.

Trinidad ('*).

HELIX.

diseolor F. ?

SvTREPTAXIS.

deformis F.

ENNEA.

bicolor Gould.

BuLIMvs.

Caraceasensis Ry.

fraterculus F.

glaber Gin.

multifasciatus Lam.

oblongus Mull.

ORTHALICUS.

undatus Brug.

ACHATINA,

octona Ch.

TORNATELLINA.

Antillarum Sh.

CYLINDRELLA.

Trinitaria P.

CYCLOSTOMUS.

citrinus Sow.

360

Vieque.

HELIX.

Caracolla L.

diaphana Lam.

dioscoricola Ad.

euclasta Sh.

Gundlachi P.

lima F,

marginella Gm.

plagioptycha Sh.

Geographical Distribution

BULIMUS.

elongatus Bolt.

exilis Gm.

fraterculus F.

octonoides Ad.

Swiftianus P.

Viequensis P.

ACHATINA.

oetona Ch.

PuPA.

SUCCINEA.

approximans Sh.

CHOANOPOMA.

decussatum Lam.

senticosum Sh.

suleulosum F.

HELICINA.

fasciata Lam.

foveata P.

phasianella Sow.

vinosa Sh.

Riisei P. pellucida P.

subaquila Sh.

NOTES.

1. Antigua.—The species which have come under my notice from this island,

and St. Christopher, were collected by the Rey. A. Hamilton.

2. Bahamas.—The New Providence shells were collected by Mr. Wm. Cooper,

and Mr. T. Smitten,—those from Turk’s Island by Mr. Theo. Gill and others.

3. Barbados.—For these shells I am indebted to the late Rev. J. Parkinson, Mr.

Gill, &e. B. oblongus Mill. was introduced by Mr. Parkinson from St. Vincent.

4. Bermuda.—Collections were made by the late Prof. C. B. Adams, also by

Mr. R. Swift, Mr. Temple Prime, myself, and others. As to H. microdonta Dh.

extensively distributed as H. delitescens Sh. see my remarks, Annals vii. p. 140.

5. Cuba.—I have been liberally supplied with Cuban species, especially by

Prof. Poey, Dr. Gundlach, Mr. Shuttleworth, Bishop Elliott, &e. Some errors

may be detected in the Catalogue arising from differences of opinion and also of

classification, of Poey and Pfeiffer. I should quote the following from Poey,

Mem, ii. p. 406—“ Helices rostrata P., marginelloides O., Pazensis Py., transi-

toria P., Arangiana Py., Gutierrezi Py., marginatoides O., mina P., varietates

sunt H. Sagemonis; quod in itinere Cl, J. Gundlach demonstratum est. Transi-

tiones exstant ; animal in omnibus idem est.” As to H. Carpenteriana Bland, see

Annals vii. p. 138.

The occurrence in species belonging to Cyelostomacea, of a perforation at the

upper margin of the aperture, is peculiar, I believe, to those inhabiting Cuba and

the Bahamas. See Poey, Mem. ii. p. 40.

6. Grenada and Grenadines.—Dr. W. Neweomb collected in Grenada, and I

have received shells from him, Rev. J. Parkinson, and Mr. R. Swift.

7. Guadeloupe.—I have had comparatively few authentic specimens from the

French islands, Beau in his Catalogue (1858) excludes several species generally

attributed to this island.

8. Hait?.—I am principally indebted for Haitian shells to M. Sallé, Mr. Cuming,

and Mr. Swift. The discovery of Vitrina was made by Mr. Hjalmarson, in 1858.

of West India Land Shells. 361

9. Jamaiea—Very numerous specimens collected by Prof. C. B. Adams, Mr.

Chitty, M. Roy, myself, and others, have come under my notice. Pfeiffer Aon.

iv. treats Geomelamia Greyana C. B. Ad., as 2 Cylindrella—it was so originally

described by Adams, but he subsequently corrected the error. Many new species

of Cyclotus and Stoastoma were described by Mr. Chitty in the Zool. Proce, in

1857, but. as they do not appear to have been adopted, [ omit them.

10. Portorico and Viéque—I received very many of the species of these

islands, collected by the late Mr. Blauner, from Mr. Shuttleworth—also from

Messrs. Swift, Riise, Knox, and others.

11. St. Croix —For these shells, as well as for those from St. John and Tortola,

Iam principally indebted to Mr. A. H. Riise, H. Krebs, R. Swift, and H. Haag-

ensen. Two semi-fossil species of Cyclostoma have been described by Pfeiffer—

C. basicarinatum and €. chordiferwm.

12. St. Lucia. —I am satisfied that the information affurded by the late Mr.

MeMurray as to the habitat of B. aulacostylus Pfr., was incorrect. It belongs to

St. Lueia, as originally stated by the Rev. E. Hartvig.

13. St. Thomas.—Nearly all the species were collected by myself in 1852. See

my Notes in Cont. to Conch, p. 215, and Annals, vi. p. 74.

14. Trinidad —From the late Mr. MeMurvray, and especially Mr. Theo. Gill, I

received these shells.

The names of several islands do not appear in the Catalogue, because I am

ignorant as to the species inhabiting them—Dominiea, for instance, from which I

have never seen or even heard of any species. Further examination of Haiti,

and other islands, as well as of the Continents of America, will doubtless afford

many new species, but I do not anticipate that they will sensibly affect the con-

elusions at which I have arrived with regard to the faunas of the islands.

Although disagreeing with Pfeiffer as to the nomenclature and synonymy of

some of the West India species, my linits do net permit of reference to such

questions. In the Catalogue I have adopted his classification, and in a few

instances haye exercised my own judgment as to species, where I differ from him.

Much labor has been bestowed on the Catalogue, and I would mention that my

chief object in publishing it 1s to show the grounds on which my views as to the

geographical distribution of the species generally are founded,

At page 345 the numbers of Inoperculate and Operculate species which occur

in the islands E. and 8. of Viéque are stated to be 183 and 50, the species com-

mon to more than one island being enumerated as belonging to each. The

actual numbers, reckoning each species once only, are 103 Inoperculate, and 43

Operculate.

(oy)

6 Notice of Land and Freshwater Shells.

XXXIV.—WNotice of Land and Freshwater Shells collected by

Dr. J. G. Cooper in the Rocky Mountains, etc., in 1860.

By T. Brann anp J. G. Coorrr.

Read June 17, 1861.

Tue shells, which form the subject of this paper, were col-

lected by Dr. J. G. Cooper, during the progress of a military

expedition under the command of Major Blake, U.S.A. The

party went from St. Louis in the Spring of 1860 by steamboat

to Fort Benton, crossed over the mountains from that point to

the waters of the Columbia River, where it again embarked,

and proceeded to the Pacific Coast.

Dr. Cooper forwarded his notes and specimens to Mr. W.

Cooper, whe placed them in the hands of Mr. T. Bland with a

view to the preparation of the subjoined notice.

Helix Townsendiana Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soe., vi. 99, pl.

93, f. 80.

This species was bronght by Mr. Nuttall, Dr. Townsend, and

the United States Exploring Expedition from the neighborhood

ef the Wahlamat, near its junction with the Columbia River.

Dr. Cooper collected many examples, varying much in size, but

none so large as these which we have seen from Oregon.

The following is a copy of his note on the speeimens,— The

numerous small specimens were found in the dry prairie at the

junction of Hell Gate and Bitter Root Rivers, and as I met with

larger ones of various sizes in more damp situations of the

woods, from an elevation of 4800 feet down te 2200 feet, at the

base of the Bitter Root Range, I presume that the former is a

dwarfed variety, such as is found also west of the Coast Moun-

tains in Washington Territory. This is the most wide-spread

species I have seen.” Other speeimens forwarded by Dr.

Notice of Land and Freshwater Shells. 363

Cooper are labelled, “ both slopes of the Bitter Root Mountains

from 5600 feet to 2200 feet.”

In Binney’s Terr. Moll. If. 162, the greatest transverse dia-

meter of Oregon examples, is said to be 1@ inch.

The following are the measurements of large and small speci-

mens from Dr, Cooper’s shells.

Diam. maj. 23, min. 20, Alt. 13 mil.

be oe LG 66 i 66 9 66

p b]

The small variety is generally more strongly and coarsely

wrinkled,

Dr. Cooper in the Pacific R. R. Report, gives Puget’s Sound,

W. T., as a habitat of this species,—it has also been found at

Cape Disappointment, on the borders of Oregon and Washing-

ton Territory.

Helix Wullami, nov. sp.

T. subobtccte-umbilicata, globoso-depressa, fusco-cornea, irregulariter

striata, epidermide tenui, sub lente lineis spiralibus, et tuberculis (setos

gerentibus?) munit&é, sub epidermide nitida; spira brevi; anfr. 53-6

convexis, ultimo antice gibbo, vix descendente, basi lzeviusculo, ad aper-

turam valde constricto; apertura subtriangulari, obliqua, dente brevi,

albo, linguiformi, in pariete aperturali intrante subcoarctata ; perist. albo,

vel rufo-corneo, expanso, fornicatim reflexo, bidentato, dentibus duobus

albis in margine calli positis, 1 inferiore lamelliformi, altero, seepe obsoleto,

parvo; margine columellari umbilicum mediocrem pervium semioe-

cultante.

Shell with umbilicus partially covered, globose-depressed,

dark horn colored, irregularly striated, having a thin epidermis

with microscopic spiral lines, and tubercles (the latter with

hairs ?); beneath the epidermis shining ; spire short ; whorls 53

to 6, convex, the last gibbous above, scarcely descending, the

base rather smooth, much constricted at the aperture; aperture

subtriangular, oblique, with a short white linguiform parietal

364 Notice of Land and Freshwater Shells.

tooth; peristome white, or reddish horn eolored, thickened,

expanded, and roundly reflected, with two teeth on the margin

of the callus, the lower one lamelliform, the other small, often

obsolete, the columellar margin partially covering the middling

sized pervious wmbilicus.

Diam. maj. 1383, min. 11, Alt. 7 mill.

Station.— Under logs and in dry pine woods.

Llubitat—Dead specimens found near Coeur d’Aléne Mis-

sion, Coeur @Aléne Mountains ;—living ones on the west side

of the Bitter Root Mountains, Washington Territory, J. G.

Cooper!; St. Joseph’s River, 1st Camp, Oregon, Cabinet of W.

G. Binney.

Ltemarks.—This species is most nearly allied in form to //.

Dolumbiana Lea* (ZZ. labiosa Gould), the peristome is however

not only more thickened, but also singularly reflected behind the

plane of the aperture, producing a canal behind it, leading from

the upper margin into the umbilicus. Being tridentate it has

some alliance with /Z tridentata Say, but that shell is of coarser

texture, more depressed, has a more open umbilicus, and the

form of the peristome and teeth are different.

Dr. Cooper found a beautiful hyaline specimen under a stone

“by the Bitter Root River, atan elevation of 4000 feet, ona hill

called ‘Half Way’ 380 miles below the junction.” This

variety is much depressed, translucent, delicately striated, and

has the parietal tooth only. The very thin epidermis shows the

spiral lines, and the last whorl numerous sears of the tubercles

mentioned in our description of the species. In Mr. Binney’s

specimen from Oregon the umbilicus is wider, and not so much

covered by the peristome as in the other examples.

The species is named in honor of Lieutenant Mullan, U.S.A.,

who has done much in collecting the natural products of the

region in which it was found.

* A specimen of H. Columbiana Lea in the Cabinet of T. Bland, has a well de-

veloped parietal tooth, the same as in H, thyroides Say.

Notice of Land and Freshwater Shells. 365

Helix polygyrellfa, nov. sp.

T. late umbilicata, discoidea, planulata, nitida, translucida, luteo-cornea,

superne costulata, costis ad aperturam obsoletis, basi Jaeviuscula, spira

vix elevata; anfr. 7-8 convexiusculis, lente accrescentibus, ultimo antice

breviter deflexo, intus seriebus duobus remotis trium dentium munito;

umbilico ad apicem pervio; apertura subverticali, obliqua, lunato-ovali ;

perist. superne depresso, albo, simplici, valde incrassato, marginibus dente

pliciformi, elevato, albo, triangulari junctis.

Shell widely umbilicate, discoidal, flat, shining, translucent,

yellowish horn colored, ribbed above, the ribs obsolete near the

aperture, base rather smooth; spire scarcely elevated ; whorls

7-8, somewhat convex, gradually increasing, the last slightly

deflexed above, armed within with two rows of three teeth,

seen through the outer wall; umbilicus pervious, of equal size

to the apex; aperture subvertical, oblique, Iunate-oval; peri-

stome depressed above, white, simple, much thickened within,

the margins joined by a white pliciform elevated triangular

tooth.

Diam. maj. 114, min. 103, Alt. 5 mill.

Station.—Inhabits moss and decaying wood in the dampest

parts of the spruce forests.

Habitat—Common on the Coeur d’Aléne Mountains, espe-

cially on their eastern slope. J. G. Cooper!

Remarks.—This very interesting species is unlike any shell,

with which we are acquainted, hitherto found on the North

American Continent. Although entirely distinct from the

Brazilian /7. polygyrata Born it has some affinity with it, espe-

cially as regards the form generally, and the presence of the

internal teeth. Z7. polygyrata has five teeth within the last whorl,

three on the under surface of the outer wall, and two opposite to

the others on the exterior of the penultimate whorl. Our species

has two distinct rows of three tecth, all the teeth being on the

366 Notice of Land and Freshwater Shells.

under surface of the outer whorl; the first row nearly opposite

to the aperture, the second between the first and the parietal

tooth; in one specimen, the second row is immediately behind

that tooth, and visible through the shell just within the

aperture.

Helix Vancouverensis Lea Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. vi., 87, pl.

23, f, 72.

Mr. Isaac Lea described this from specimens brought by

Mr. Nuttall from the banks of the Columbia River, Oregon.

In 1840, Dr. Binney (Bost. JI. iii. 872) considered it the same

as [. concava Say, although he afterwards (Terr. Moll. 11. 166),

in deference to the opinions of others, treated it as distinct.

The two are certainly very closely allied. Dr. Gould described

H. sportella* (Bost. Proce. ii. 167) in 1846; it was brought by

the U.S. Exploring Expedition from Puget Sound, Oregon.

Gould’s differs from Lea’s species in having the incremental

strie more or less decussated by revolving lines, giving it a

granulated appearance. In some individuals the decussation

is to a great extent obsolete, or confined to the upper whorls

only, and it seems to us that the two species cannot be sepa-

rated. The same differences prevail in forms of the Cuban //.

Sagemon Beck. HH. vellicata Forbes is certainly identical with

Lea’s species.

H. Vancouverensis has a wide distribution. Dr. Cooper col-

lected it “on the west side of the Coeur d’Aléne Mountains, W.T.

in the forests of Conifers, &c., such as it inhabits west of the

Cascade range.” He remarks, “ there is a wide plain between

those two ranges quite uninhabitable by Helices on account of

drought, for a distance of about two hundred miles, but this

species and ZZ. Zownsendiana Lea probably extend round its

north end through the forests near lat. 49° N.” We have

it from the vicinity of Crescent City, California (Dr. W.

* In form and sculpture H. sportella is curiously allied to H. euspira Pfr. from

Venezuela,

Notice of Land and Freshwater Shells. 367

Newcomb!), also from Oregon City, and Whidby’s Island,

It is found on the Pacific coast from Puget Sound to San

Diego, Lower California.

felix strigosa Gould Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H. ii. 166.

This species was brought by the U. 8. Exploring Expedition

from the interior of Oregon.

Dr. Cooper found it in Washington Territory “on the Rocky

Mountains by the Bitter Root River, at an elevation of 4000

feet, cestivating under logs of pine, on a steep slope of shale

containing lime in veins.”

The shells collected by Dr. Cooper are of smaller dimensions

than those given by Gould, the former measure diam. maj. 19,

min. 17, alt. 7 mill. The outer whorl is more carinated, with

a more distinct reddish brown band above, and also below the

periphery. In some the penultimate whorl shows at the suture

its acutely carinated edge, excavated near the margin, and with

an’ impressed line, as in H/. Cumberlandiana Lea. The some-

what distant spiral lines at the base, intersecting the incremental

striz, produce a semi-granulated appearance. In old examples

the margins of the peristome are joined by a parietal callous

deposit.

This species also occurs in the Big Horn Mountains, in

Nebraska, and on the Rio Piedra, in W. New Mexico.

One specimen reached us with the animal alive; kept ina

glass vessel with moist grass, it deposited six young shells, each

having 2-23 whorls. The species is, it would seem, viviparous.

Helix Cooperc W. G. Binney Proc. Acad. N. 8. Phila. 1858,

p. 115.

Mr. Binney described this from specimens found by Dr. F.

V. Hayden (Yellow Stone River Expl. Exped.), among the

Black Hills of Nebraska. We can refer only to this a number

JUNE, 1861. 25 Ann. Lyo. Nat, Hist. Vou. VIL

368 Notice of Land and Freshwater Shells.

of shells collected by Dr. Cooper on the east side of Mullan’s

Pass, in the Rocky Mountains, W.T., Lat. 46° 30’ N., at an

elevation of 5500 feet.

The shells, however, attain a very much larger size than

those described by Mr. Binney,—-his (5 whorls) are diam. maj.

15, min. 13, alt. 9mill., whereas Dr. Cooper’s specimens (6 whorls)

measure diam. maj. 25, min. 23, alt. 12 mill. In those before

us the outer whorl is little deflected at the aperture, and the

shell, altogether larger, is less globose; the color is also differ-

ent, Dr. Cooper’s examples are generally of a light ash-grey

color, the upper part prettily tesselated with reddish brown

patches of varied shades, and the last whorl has two bands of

the same color, one above and the other below the periphery.

The surface in fresh specimens has a granulated appearance,

the incremental striz being crossed by numerous distinct

impressed spiral lines.

This species has marked affinities with ZZ. strigosa Gould,

indeed, on a cursory examination might perhaps pass as a

variety, but the difference in color and sculpturing, its more

elevated spire, and narrower umbilicus, seem to entitle it to

specific distinction.

We find a colorless worn specimen, with umbilicus more like

that of /Z. strigosa, and which may be an elevated form of that

species, or a variety of ZZ. Coopert.

This species also occurs on the Big Horn Mountains, Nebras-

ka; on the west side of the Wind River Mountains; and on the

Rio Piedra, W. New Mexico.

Helix solitaria Say Jour. Acad. N.S. Phila. ii, p. 157.

Dr. Cooper collected many specimens on both slopes of the

Coeur d’Aléne Mountains, particularly in the bush and fern

covered openings in the forests, at elevations exceeding 2500

feet. This well known species inhabits a wide area. Say

described a single dead example from Lower Missouri. It

Notice of Land and Freshwater Shells. 369

occurs also in Michigan, Indiana, and Ohio. A small variety,

sometimes without bands, is found on Strontian Island, Lake

Erie. One of Dr. Cooper’s specimens has a very unusual

arrangement of color,—the entire shell is dark reddish brown,

with a single pale band at the periphery.

The shell found by Dr. Hayden at Bridger’s Pass, Nebraska,

and referred to by Mr. W. G. Binney (Proc. Acad. N.S. Phila.

1858, p. 115) as a small variety of HY. solitaria is evidently the

young state of H. Coopert W. G. Binney.

Helix arborea Say Nich. Ene. iv., pl. 4, f 4.

Dr..Cooper met with this species in damp bottom lands along

the lower valley of the Hell Gate River, at an elevation of

about 4500 feet. The wide distribution of A. arborea is

remarkable, it is found from Labrador to Texas, from Florida

to Nebraska, also on the Rio Chama in New Mexico. It is

likewise said by Beau to inhabit the island of Guadeloupe,

West Indies. Férussac, in a letter to Say (1820), the original

of which is in the possession of T. Bland, expresses his belief

that H. arborea is found in Guadeloupe.

Helix striatella Anthony Jl. Bost. Soc. N. H. iin, pl.

3, f. 2.

Dr. Cooper also found this in the same locality as 77. arborea

Say. Its range is from Canada East to Kansas, and from Pem-

bina on the Red River of the North to Virginia.

Succinea ,rusticana Gould Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. 1846,

Polsi:

This species was brought by the U. 8. Exploring Expedition

~ from Oregon. Dr. Cooper collected it on the Rocky Mountains

of the Bitter Root Valley, at elevations from 2500 to 4500 feet.

370 Notice of Land and Freshwater Shells.

The following fresh water species, as determined with the

assistance of Messrs. Lea, Binney, and Prime, were also collected

in the mountains by Dr. Cooper:

Melania plicifera Lea )

Limneea fragilis L.

— humilis Say

Physa hypnorum L. HalliGatccReses

——-— heterostropha Say

Planorbis trivolvis Say

parvus Say ?

Spheerium occidentale Prime

bulimoides L.

desidiosa S.

Missouri River above the

Limneea fragilis L. )

r Falls.

Physa heterostropha 8. |

Spherium striatinum Lam J

Leptoxis.

Amnicola.

Ancylus.

Unio luteolus Lam.

Margaritana margaritifera L.

This latter was found in the “ Missouri River above the Falls,

and also in the Spokan River below Lake Coeur d’Aléne.” It

is the purple variety, hitherto only brought from the Pacific

coast.

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. 367*

XXXII—Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squar1; and

Revision of the Nomenclature of the Genera.

By Txropore GILt.

Read 16th December, 1861.

ON THE HISTORY OF THE ORDER.

Ty this memoir, the nomenclature and classification of those

Vertebrates which constitute the order of Squat, or that group

of Elasmobranchiates characterized by lateral branchial aper-

tures, and the absence of naso-pectoral cartilages, are discussed.

The group so distinguished appears to be marked by features

sufficiently important and peculiar to entitle it to the rank of

an order distinct from the Rays. Such distinction has already

been conferred on it by Prof. Agassiz in his “ Essay on Classi-

fication.” ‘The orders so separated are then really equivalent,

according to definition, with the Artedian and Linnean genera

of Squalus and faza, although by the reference of the “saw

fish” (Pristis) to the former, a true representative of the Rays

is treated as a shark.

In order to satisfactorily establish the nomenclature of the

Elasmobranchiates, it will be necessary to review the principal

works in which they have been described, thus ascertaining the

forms known to each zoologist, the genera recognised by them,

and the limits by definition and inclusion of those genera ; it will

be then comparatively easy to discover the name which should

be retained for each.

The systematic arrangement here adopted is a modification

of that of Miiller and Henle. The principal differences consist

in the arrangement of the Scyl/iocds at another point in the

series, and their distribution among three families, and in the

DE 26 Ann, Lyo, Nat. Hist. Vou. VII .

368* Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

union of the Miillerian families of the Carchariw, Triano-

dontes, Galet, Scylliodontes, and MJustelé in one, but after the

exclusion from the first of the hammer-headed sharks which

appear to constitute a distinct family (Cestraciontoidw) recog-

nised as such by most of the recent systematists. The reasons

for these changes will be hereafter given. At another time we

also hope to be able to give the full characters of the families

and their respective subdivisions now adopted.

1.—Artedi was the first to establish and characterize the

genera of fishes in the manner of the moderns. In his “ Genera

Piscium,” published under the auspices of Linneeus in 1788,

he thus described the genus Squalus.

“ Foramina Branchiarum utringue quinque, longitudinaliter a lateribus

capitis ad pinnas pectorales sita.

Caput plagioplateum, sed corpus oblongum, ambitu vel rotundo vel

anguloso, Cutis aspera.

Oculi ad latera capitis. Caudee superior pars inferiore longior.

Os plerumque in prona parte capitis seu subtus transversim situm.”

The genus thus defined is essentially equivalent to the order

of Sqguali as here adopted; some species since discovered do

not, however, agree with the above diagnosis, the Votidanoida

having six or seven branchial apertures on each side; but such

astructure is abnormal as regards the group, and could not

have been anticipated from acquaintance with the forms then

known. The S. prestis referred to the genus is a Ray and not a

Shark. The Squalus squatina also departs in three of its cha-

racters from those assigned to the genus, but agrees in the

essential feature of lateral branchial apertures.

The species placed by Artedi in the genus were the following.

The names by which they are now known are given after the

Artedian.

Dentibus granulosis praediti.

1. Squalus vostro longo cuspidato osseo plano utrinque dentato=Pristis

antiquorum Shaw.

13.

14.

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. 369*

. Squalus dentibus obtusis sew granulosis = Mustelus levis Flem.

Dentibus acutis preediti.

Dorso spinoso.

. Squalus pinna ani nulla; ambitu corporis subrotundo=Squalus

acanthias Zinn.

. Squalus pinna ani carens ; naribus in extremo rostro=Spinax niger

Cloquet.

. Squalus pinna ani carens ; ambitu corporis triangulato=Oxynotus

centrina Raf.

. Squalus pinna ani carens; ore in apice capitis=Rhina squatina

Raf.

Spinis dorsi carentes.

. Squalus capite latissimo transverso mallet instar =Cestracion zygaena

Gill,

. Squalus cauda longiore quam ipsum corpus=Alopias vulpes Bon.

Squalus naribus ori vicinis, foraminibus exiguis ad oculos=Galeorhinus

galeus Blain.

Rostris brevioribus.

. Squalus ex rufo varius, pinna ani medio inter anum et caudam

pinnatum=Scylliorhinus caniculus, B/.

. Squalus dorso vario ; pinnis ventralibus concretis=No, 10.

. Squalus cinereus ; pinnis ventralibus discretis=Catulus stellaris Sm.

Rostris longioribus.

Squalus fossuda triangulari in extremo dorsi, foraminibus nullis ad

oculos=Cynocephalus glaucus Gill.

Squalus dorso plano, dentibus plurimis ad latera serratis=Carcha-

rodon lamia Lon.

It has been accepted as a maxim by some modern naturalists,

and especially by ornithologists, that the first-mentioned species

a genus should be regarded as its type unless another is

expressly affirmed to be such. But even many of the modern

naturalists consider that the type should be regarded as the cen-

tral form, before and after which such variant species as exhibit

a greater tendency or affinity to other groups, should be respec-

tively placed. It is at least evident from the examination of

the works of the naturalists of the past century that they never

370* Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

purposely arranged species with the design of placing a typical

one at the head. In the present case, for example, the Prestis

antiquorum is stationed as the first of the genus, yet it not only

entirely disagrees with the generic character, but is happily the

only one that does so! On the other hand, the generic charac-

ters assigned by Artedi to the genus aia are entirely appli-

cable to it. I can scarcely conceive that any one should seri-

ously apply the above-mentioned maxim to the name in question,

and urge the acceptance of the Squalus pristis as the type of

the genus.

2.—Klein,* in 1742, distributed the representatives of the

order of Squali among four genera which were essentially dis-

tinguished as follows :—

J. CyyocrruaLus.—Capite rostrato—Ore longitudinaliter fisso.

1..C. albus=Carcharodon Jamia.

2. C. glaucus=Cynocephalus glaucus.

3. C. rostro brevi.

Il. Gareus 8. Mustelus capite rostrato ; ore transversali, prono.

1. &. acanthias=Squalus acanthias L.

2. G. levis=Mustelus levis Fem.

3. G. rostri extimo parte pellucida=Galeorhinus galeus B/.

4. Gi, capite rostroque brevissimis=Scylliorhinus eaniculus 5.

5. G. cinereus=Catulus stellaris Sm.

6. G. dorso pulverulento—No. 4.

7. G. brevis, crassus=Spinax niger Cloquet.

8. G. cauda longa= Alopias vulpes Bon.

9. G. rostro brevi.

10. G. capite in hyperbolam desinente—Reniceps tiburo (il2. ;

11. G. rostro longo plano, firmo=Pristis antiquorum Shaw.

III. Cesrracton.—Capite transverso, ore prono, transversal.

1. C. fronte arcus figura =Cestracion zygena Gill.

2. C.capite cords figura—Reniceps tiburo Gill.

* Jacobi Theodori Klein, Historia Piscium promovende missus tertius de

piscibus per branchias occultas spirantibus,

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. 371

TV. Ruta; capite depresso; ore in extremitate.

1. Rhina sive Squativa omnium autorum=Rhina squatina Raf.

2. Rhina pedata quasi; cauda in superiori parte tripenni.*

The four genera thus established correspond to the single ~

Artedian genus Squalus. The generic names are all new, that

of Squalus not having been retained for any special group. As

that name must be accepted for some one genus, and as no

type was mentioned by Artedi, it would then appear that the

subdivision containing some species of the Artedian Squalus

conforming to the original diagnosis, should retain the name

restricted to it by the first succeeding naturalist, and that the

name of Klein’s group equivalent to, or embracing that subdi-

vision, should be regarded as a synonyme.

As will be hereafter shown, Rafinesque was the first to

restrict the Artedian genus by confining it to those species with-

out an anal fin—the first species of Linnzus. LKlein’s Galeus

embracing such, that name will then be considered as a

synonyme.

. The characters assigned by Klein as distinctive of his Cyno-

cephalus and Galeus have nothing like the relative importance

attributed to them, nor have his principles been strictly applied,

since several of his Galec have mouths whose fissures are nearly

as long as in his Cynocephalus. Still, as the two are founded

on actual characters, Cynocephalus should apparently be

retained as a generic appellation.

* The seeond species, of Rhina, regarded by Klein himself as problematical and

factitious, was founded on an extraordinary description of an animal exhibited in

London in September, 1737, having a “fin on each shoulder in shape something

like the wings of a cherubim.” Autor hune piscem pro Sirene Antiquorum agno-

seit; qui in anno 1737, mense Septembri captus et Londini expositus fuit; sed

vereor, ne lucri causa mentule distort et in pedum simulacra, ope fili ferrei vel

aenei, efformate fuerint; adeo hujus piscis descriptio convenit eum precedenti;

nisi quod tres pinnas in cauda, et quasi pedes habeat. The three fins on the tail,

doubtless, included the caudal. The “feet” were likewise, probably, the sexual

organs of the male.

372 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squat.

3.—Next in order of time, succeeds the revised classification

of Linnzeus.

In the first nine editions of the “Systema Naturee” is adopted

the arrangement of Artedi. In the tenth edition (1758), he pro-

posed the following modification.

* Dorso spinoso; pinna ani nulla.

acanthias.

centrina—Oxynotus centrina Raf,

spinax—Spinax niger Cloquet.

Pepe te abe eee

squatina=Rhina squatina Raf.

* * Dorso mutico, dentibus acutis; cum pinna ani.

. zygaena—Cestracion zygaena Gill.

. tiburo=Reniceps tiburo Gil.

. galeus=Galeorhinus galeus Bl.

. canicula=Scylliorhinus caniculus Blain.

catulus—No. 8.

. stellaris=Catulus stellaris Sm.

CDAD

ANNNM

—

RMN NM

. glaucus=Cynocephalus glaucus Gill.

. carcharias—Carcharodon lamia Bon.

* * * Dentibus granulatis.

13. S. mustelus= Mustelus levis Hlem.

14, S. pristis=Pristis antiquorum Shaw.

This arrangement is essentially similar to that of Artedi, the

chief difference consisting in the different distribution of some

of the species, and especially in the placing of S. acanthias as

the first of the genus and the deferring of S. pristes to the

last.

4.—Lacépéde proposed a fictitious genus on the supposed

absence of teeth, under the name of Aodon, but Aguatiis itself

remained unaltered.

5.—Dumeril, in his “ Zoologie Analytique,” established the

genus Squatina for the Squalus squatina of Linneeus, a species

which had already been taken for the Rhina of Klein. His cha-

racters were thus given—

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. 373

With teeth; pectoral fins nicked, Squatina,

With teeth ; pectoral fins entire, Squalus.

Without teeth, Aodon,

6.—The first naturalist who introduced decided innovations

or improvements in the arrangement of the Squal¢ was Nafines-

que. In a work* published in 1810, in Sicily, he indicated the

following new genera and species. The names which it is

believed should be retained for them, when different from those

used by Rafinesque, are also given.

Carcharias taurus , , , : : . Odontaspis taurus.

Dalatias sparophagus . : : : : : . Scymnus lichia.

< SNOCLUTRUS! | é : é : : . Squalus acanthias.

Tetroras angiova : ; : : : . Cetorhinus maximus.

Isurus oxyrhinchus

Cerictius macrourus . : ; 3 : . . Unknown.

Alopias macrourus. 2 . : : ° . Alopias vulpes.

Heptranchias cinereus : :

Galeus melastomus . , 5 é . Pristiurus melanostomus.

Squalus uyato . , . . . : :

Hexanchus griseus. ‘ : : ‘ : :

Etmopterus aculeatus : 5 : : : . Spinax niger.

Rhina squatina 3 2 f : : A 5 ._—

7.—A short time afterwards, in the “ Indice d’ittiologia sici-

liana,” he named and characterized two more genera founded

on formerly known species. They are the following :—

Oxynotus centrina . 5 : ; : ; : a

Sphyrna zygena : : : . . Cestracion zygzena.

The distinctive characters given by Rafinesque to his genera

are exhibited in the following analytical synopsis.

* Caratteri di aleunt Nuovi Generi, e nuovi specie di Animali e piante della

Sicilia. Palermo, 1810.

3874 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

_ I. Anal fin present.

A. Dorsal fins two.

. Caudal fin with its upper lobe elongated,

Caudal with a moderately elongated upper lobe.

Head unarmed above.

Head normally shaped.

Branchial apertures 5.

Spiracles present. Galeus.

Spiracles (obsolete). Carcharias,

(Branchial apertures 4). Tetroras.

Head hammer-shaped. Sphyrna.

“Head armed with two horns above the eyes.” —_-Cerictius.

Caudal with upper lobe very long. Second dorsal

and anal fins small and adipose. Alopias.

BB. Caudal fin lunate. Tsurus.

AA. Dorsal fin single.

Branchial apertures six. Hexanchus.

Branchial apertures seven. Heptranchias.

If. Anal fin absent. Dorsal fins two.

Branchial apertures 5.

Spiracles present. Squalus.

“ Spiracles absent.” Dain |

“ Branchial apertures 3.” Dorsal fins laci-

niated. Etmopterus. J

Rafinesque, in this classification, advanced in many respects

decidedly ahead of his predecessors, and the characters that he

has assigned to seven of the genera are mainly correct; the

names of those so distinguished are indicated in italics.

Of the other forms, his Carcharias taurus, which was the only

species at first referred by him to the genus, and which must

consequently be regarded as its type, has spiracles; as the sole

character which he considered as distinguishing the genus from

Galeus is thus fallacious, and as it originated entirely from mis-

apprehension, the name should apparently not be accepted, as,

had it not been for that error, Rafinesque would have referred

the species to Galeus. The acceptance of Rafinesque’s name

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. 375

would be equivalent to the offer of a premium for carelessness

and inaccuracy, for which that author was so notoriously dis-

tinguished.

His Zetroras angiova has been regarded by the Prince of

Canino as asynonyme of Wotidanus (or Heptranchias) cinereus,

but such cannot be the case, as the character “ due ale dorsali”

at once demonstrates. The notice of the dentition (dents m

Jorma di raspo), of the large branchial apertures (aperture

della branche bastantemente larghe), and of the caudal carina (wn

appendice ad ogni lato della coda), as well as of the color (bzgio

nerastro), and small eyes (occhi piccolissimo), can only refer to

the Cetorhinus maximus of Blainville, or the great basking

shark, or at least a species of that genus. The attribute of four

branchial apertures is of course incorrect.

Cerictius is doubtless founded on factitious specimens.

Dalatias is synonymous with Squalus, the large spiracles

having been overlooked.

The Ltmopterus aculeatus is apparently founded on the Spi-

nae niger, whose fins, like those of other species of the genus,

exhibit a tendency to become cleft and laciniated, giving them

somewhat of a rayed appearance. It is true that Spinaw has

the teeth of the lower jaw subquadrate, with an almost hori-

zontal incisorial edge, and those of the upper jaw cuspidate and

pointed as in Scyllium, while Rafinesque attributes to his spe-

cies only pointed teeth (¢ dente piccoli ed acuti), and three bran-

chial apertures (¢7z branchie da ogni lato della testa); but—

Leafinesque describes !

8.—Blainville next, in 1816, published his views on the classi-

fication of the sharks, in which he distributed the genera in the

following manner :—

. Scylliorhinus (canicula).

. Echinorhinus (spinosus).

. Monopterhinus (griseus).

. Galeorhinus (mustelus, galeus, etc.)

Oo Be © tO ee

. Acanthorhinus (acanthias).

3876 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

6. Heterodontes (Philippii).

7. Carcharinus (Commersonii).

8. Cestrorhinus (zygzna).

9. Cetorhinus (Gunneri).

9.—In the following year Cuvier, in his Regne Animal, pro-

posed the ensuing division.

I. Les Squares (Squatvs L.).

Les Rousserres (Scyiirum Cuv.).

SquaLeEs proprement dits.

Especes sans évents, pourvues d'une anale.

Les Requins (Carcharias Cuyv.).

Les Lamies ou Tonilles (Lamna Cuy.).

Les Marteaux (Zygaena Cuv.),

LEspéces reunissant des évents et une anale,

Les Milandres (Galeus Cuy.).

Les Emissoles (Mustelus Cuv.).

Les Grisets (Notidanus Cuy.).

Les Pelerins (Selache Cuv.).

Les Cestracions (Cestracion Cuy.).

. Lispéces sans anale, mais pourvue dévents.

Les Aiguillats (Spinax Cuv.).

Les Humantins (Centrina Cuy.).

Les Leiches (Scymnus Cuv.).

Il, Les Ances (Squatina Dumér.).

Four of the genera thus proposed are adopted in the following

analytical synopsis, although by some, all of them have been

regarded as synonyms of previously established ones. They

are Lamna (Isurus Raf.), Mustelus (Galeorhinus Bl.), Spinax

(Acanthorhinus Bl.), and Scymnus (Dalatias Gray).

10.—In 1829, in the fourth edition of the Regne Animal,

Cuvier rather modified than improved his classification of the

Squali by the elevation of Zygana to full generic rank, and its

interposition between Squalus and Squatina.

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. — 377

11.—In the third year-book of the “Archiv fiir Natur-

geschichte” (1837), and in the second volume of the Magazine

of Natural History (new series), a sketch of the arrangement of

the Plagistomes is given by Miiller and Henle. They thus dis-

tributed the various forms known to them :

§ 1. Two dorsals and one anal; first dorsal above or behind ventrals.

Family Scyuura. Pristiurus Bon., Chiloscyllium MH., Hemiscyllium

MH, Crossorhinus MH., Ginglymostoma MH., Stegostoma MH.

§ 2. Two dorsals and one anal ; first dorsal in front of ventrals.

(Family Nicrrranres).

A. Without spiracles.

a. Teeth flat, sharp, the edges serrated or smooth.

1. Carcharias. 2. Scoliodon MH. 3. Zygena.

b. Teeth pointed, with lateral denticles, like the teeth of Scyl-

lium.

1. Trienodon MH. Leptocharias Andr, Smith.

B. Possessing spiracles.

a. Teeth, flat, sharp, serrated or not serrated.

1. Galeocerdo MH. 2. Loxodon MH. 3. Galeus MH.

b. Teeth pointed, as in Scyllium.

Triakis MH.

c. Teeth pavement-like, or presenting a general continuity of sur- .

face, as in the Skates.

Mustelus,

Family Lamnowsa.

1. Lamna. 2. Oxyrhina Agass. 3. Carcharodon Smith.

4, Selache. 5, Rineodon Smith.

Family (OponraspipEs). T'riglochis MH.

Family (Atorgci#) Alopectas MH.

Family (Cestractonres) Cestracion.

§ 3. One dorsal and one anal.

Family (Notmant) Hexanchus Raf. Heptanchus Raf. .

§ 4. No anal.

Group with dorsal stings (Acanthorhinus Blainv.).

1, Acanthias Bonap. 2. Spinax Bonap. 3. Centrina Cuy.

4, Centrophorus MH.

378 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

Group without dorsal stings (Scymnus Cuv.).

1. Scymnus MH. 2. Lemargus MH. 3. Echinorhinus Blainv.

§ 5. No anal; mouth terminal.

(Family Squatinx) Squatina.

The principal feature in this classification is the great increase

in the number of families. All the sharks had been previously

regarded as members of a single family, while here they are

divided among nine or ten. The authors have not, in their first

memoirs, named many of these families, and have even failed

to indicate a couple as such; the appellations of those added

in parentheses are adopted from their great work.

The classification deserves every praise, and is certainly a

great improvement on the previous ones. The genera are more

rigidly circumscribed and more naturally approximated than

had been before done, and all the families appear to be entitled

to such rank. The division of the sharks with nictitating mem-

branes into five families, as was afterwards proposed, appears to

be unwarranted. Here, too, the Plagiostomes were, for the

first time, divided into two sub-orders, and the true characters

assigned to them; but notwithstanding, Pristiophorus, which

agrees in all its characters with the Squali, was placed among

the Rays.

12.—Shortly after, the same naturalists published their “ Sys-

tematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen,” in which they mo-

dified their previous arrangement.

I. section. Sharks with two dorsal fins and an anal fin; the first dorsal

over or behind the ventrals.

One family, Scyuta.

I. Scyllium. II. Pristiurus Bonap. III. Hemiscyllium. IV. Chi-

loscyllium. V. Crossorhinus. WI. Ginglymostoma. VII. Ste-

gostoma.

II. section. Sharks with two dorsal fins and an anal; first dorsal between

the pectorals and ventrals.

First sub-section. With a nictitating membrane and without spi-

racles,

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. 379

First family, CarcHARL&.

I. Carcharias (1. Sub-genus Scoliodon; 2. Sub-genus Physodon

Valene.; 3. Sub-genus Aprion; 4. Sub-genus Hypoprion; 5.

Sub-genus Prionodon). II. Sphyrna Raf.

Second family, Trrmnopontes. I. Trizenodon.

Second sub-section. With a nictitating membrane and spiracles.

First family, Gaver.

I. Galeus Cuv. II. Galeocerdo. III. Loxodon. IV. Thalassorhi-

nus Valence.

Second family, Scytutoponrses. I. Triakis.

Third family, Musrzeu1. I. Mustelus.

Third sub-section. Without nictitating membrane ; with spiracles.

First family, Lamya.

I. Lamna Cuv. II. Oxyrhina Agass. III. Carcharodon Smith.

IV. Selache Cuv.

Second family, Oponraspipes. I. Odontaspis Agass.

Third family, ALorecra. I. Alopias Raf.

Fourth family, Cesrracionres. J. Cestracion Cuy.

Fifth family, Ruryoponres. J. Rhinodon Smith.

III. section. Sharks with an anal and a single dorsal fin.

One family, Normpant.

I. Hexanchus Raf. II. Heptanchus Raf.

IV. section. Sharks without an anal fin.

First family, Spinaces.

J. Acanthias Bonap. II. Spinax Bonap. III. Centrina Cuv.

IY. Centrophorus. VY. Centroscyllium.

Second family, Scymnt,

I. Scymnus (1. Sub-genus Scymnus; 2. Sub-genus Leemargus).

IJ. Echinorhinus de Blainy. III. Pristiophorus.

Third family, Seuarina. J. Squatina Dum.

The principal innovations in this arrangement of their pre-

vious one, are the transference of the genus Pristiphorus to the

sub-order of Squali and the family of Scymni, the subdivision

of the sharks with a nictitating membrane into five families,

the more positive circumscription of the families, and the crea-

tion of a distinct one for L2hinodon. The name of Odontaspis

880 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

proposed by Agassiz is substituted for their subsequent one of

Triglochis ; Leptocharvas is re-united to Triwnodon,—errone-

ously, J believe; and Carcharias is subdivided into five sub-

genera, to which rank Scoliodon is also degraded. The refer-

ence of Pristiophorus to the Squali is a most important im-

provement. On the other hand, the right of the five families of

the sharks with nictitating membranes to such rank is more

than doubtful. The work is altogether worthy of the illustrious

anatomists by whom it was published, and marks a new era in

the history of the class. The characters of the families, genera,

and species, were given with a precision and correctness previ-

ously unparalleled, numerous additions were made to the

known forms, and the synonymy has been much more correctly

digested than had been previously done. The serial arrange-

ment proposed by them has been adopted by almost all suc-

ceeding selachologists, and the chief variations consist in the

different relative value assigned to the various groups of Nicti-

tantes, as well as to that section as a whole, and the position

assigned to the hammer-headed sharks. Those modifications

will be exhibited in the succeeding synopsis of the classifications

of different naturalists.

13.—Mr. Swainson, in “The Natura! History of Fishes, An-

phibians, and Reptiles or Monocardian Animals”* (1839), pro-

posed the following classification. The generic names in italics

indicate swb-genera of those genera printed in roman characters

which precede them.

Order III. Carrizagines. Cartilaginous Fishes.

Family I. Sauatip#. Sharks.

1. Sub-fam. Squatinaz, Typical Sharks.

Squalus Linn., Alopras Raf., Cerictius Raf.—Dalatias Raf.—Sela-

chus, Zsurus Raf., Selachus Cuv.,Lamna Cuy.—Rhineodon Smith,

* Part Il. The natural arrangement of the classes of Fishes, Amphibians, and

Reptiles (pp. 312-319): also Vol. I. pp. 127-168, and Vol. IL. pp. 191, 192, where

they are somewhat differently arranged !

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. 381

Tetroras Raf., Heptranchias Raf., Scoliodon Mill. and Hen., Lep-

tocharias Smith.

2. Sub-fam. CrnrriInIné.

Centrina. Centrina Cuv., Spinax Cuv., Htmopterus Raf., Seynnus

Cuy., Centrophorus Miiller and Henle—Galeus Antig. Raf.—

Scyllium Cuv.—Cestracion Cuv.—Mustelus Raf.

Spiraculated Sharks, whose natural affinities are uncertain,

and whose rank as sub-genera or aberrant species has not been

ascertained.

Hexanchus Raf. Galeocerdo M. and H., Oxyrhina Agass., Rhiniodon

Smith, Pristiwrus Bon., Chiloscyllium M. and H., Loxodon M.

and H,, Trdglochis M. and H., Alopectas M. and H.

3. Sub-fam. ZyGanin a.

Zygana Antig., Platysqualus Sw.

4. Sub-fam. Crossornin &.

Crossorhinus M. and H,

5. Sub-fam. Pristina.

Pristis Latham.

Family 2. Rama. Rays, Skates, Thornbacks.

4, Sub-fam. Saquarina.

Squatina Dum,

Mr. Swainson’s classification is the natural system. Mr.

Swainson affirms this, and has elsewhere decided that Cuvier

“ was totally unacquainted with the very first principles of the

natural system ;” in a note on Chilescylliwm, he observes that

he had “before expressed [his] opinion on the very artificial

nature of the arrangement of the cartilaginous fishes by Miiller

and Henle.” We had, unfortunately, almost overlooked at first

the system of the learned philosopher! but on account of its

imposing nature and proportions, it cannot be neglected. No

charge of plagiarism can be brought against it; it is the most

original arrangement of the sharks that has ever been proposed,

and in every respect worthy of that Rafinesque whose genera

are all adopted in it. All other naturalists have regarded as

382 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squalt.

belonging to the same species, forms which are taken in the

“natural arrangement,” as representatives of distinct genera in

different sub-families: MRafinesque and Swainson have alone the

merit of separating them!

14.—Prof. Richard Owen, in his “ Lectures on the Compara-

tive Anatomy and Physiology of the Vertebrate Animals, deli-

vered at the Royal College of Surgeons of England, in 1844 and

1846,” accepted the order of Plagiostomi without its division

into sub-orders, and adopted the following families of sharks.

Hybodontidze Example, Hybodus.

Cestraciontidee Cestracion.

Notidanidee Grey shark,

Spinacidee Piked dog fish.

Seylliidee Dog fish.

Nictitantes — Tope.

Lamnidee Porbeagle.

Alopeciidee Fox-shark,

Scymniidze Greenland-shark,

Squatinidee Monk fish.

Zy geenidee Hammer-head shark.

The arrangement thus resembles the first classification of

Miller and Henle, rather than the second, in the preservation of

the Nictitantes or sharks with the nictitatin g@ membrane as a true

family. The Odontaspides appear also to be considered as

Lamnide. But the principal difference is the position of the

Zygeenide at the end of the sharks, where they had been before

almost placed by Cuvier in the second edition (1829) of his

Regne Animal,—for the latter had only placed after them the

Squatinee. This position of the Zygzenidee does not appear to

be natural, as those fishes are evidently very nearly allied to the

other Nictitantes, differing only in the lateral development of

the head, and the modifications necessarily induced thereby.

The highest rank to which they are entitled is that of a family

nearly allied to the Nictitantes with the normal squaloid form.

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squati. 383

15.—In 1851, a “ List of the Specimens of Fish in the Collec-

tion of the British Museum, Part I. Chondropterygii,” was pub-

lished by that institution. The name of the author is not given

on the title-page. Dr. John Edward Gray, in the introduction,

states that the specimens of the Sharks and Rays which were

not named by Messrs. Miiller and Henle when engaged in their

work, or by Dr. Andrew Smith, “have been determined by

Mr. Edward Gerrard, who has paid considerable attention to

this subject, and has compared several of the specimens with

the authentic types contained in the Paris collection.” The

work, however, bears internal evidence that Mr. Gray is respon-

sible for the letter-press. The arrangement is essentially that

of Miiller and Henle’s “‘ Systematische Beschreibung ;” but the

families of those naturalists are regarded as simple tribes, only

three families being adopted, the Scyllcade@ or Scylli of Miiller

and Henle, the Sgualidw, and the Squatinide. The arrange-

ment also differs from the latest one of Miiller and Henle by the

retention of the genus. Pristzophorus in the “section” of the

Pati and the family of Pristeside. The characters of the

tribes and genera are translated from the great work of Miiller

and Henle, and the species are simply named and not described.

As the names of several of the genera have been changed, the

following sketch of the catalogue may be useful; the names of

Miiller and Henle are inclosed in parentheses.

Order CHonDROPTERYGII.

Sub-order II]. TreMATopNEA.

Sect. I. Squat.

Fam. 1. ScyLirap a.

1. Scyllium. 2. Pristidurus. 3. Hemiscyllium. 4. Chiloscyllium.

5. Crossorhinus. 6. Nebrius (Riip.=Ginglymostoma MZ. & #H.).

6. Stegostoma.

Fam. 2. SquaLip&,

I. Squaliana. 1. Squalus *Scoliodon ** Triglochis(!= Physodon

M. dé H.) *** Aprion ****Hypoprion ***** Carcharinus (=

Prionodon). 2. Sphyrnias (=Sphyrna).

DEC., 1861. ONT Ann, Lyo, Nat, Hist. Vou. VIL”

384 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

II. Leptochariana. Leptocharias (=Triznodon).

Ill. Galeiana. 1. Galeus. 2. Galeocerdo, 8. Loxodon. 4. Tha-

lassorhinus.

IV. Triakiana. 1. Triakis.

V. Musteliana. 1. Mustelus.

VI. Lsurina. Isurus (Raf.=Lamna C.). 2. Oxyrbina. 3. Car-

charodon. 4. Cetorhinus (1.=Selache Cuv.).

VII. Odontaspidiana, Odontaspis.

VIII. Alopeciana, 1. Alopias (R=Alopecias M. d& #.).

1X. Heterodontina, 1, Heterodontus (Bl.=Cestracion Cuv.).

X. Fhineodontiana, 1. Rhinodon.

XI. Hewvanchina. 1. Hexanchus. 2. Heptranchus (—Heptanchus

M. & H.).

XII. Acantiana. 1, Acanthias. 2. Spinax. 8. Oxynotus (2.=Cen-

trina Cuv.). 4. Acanthorhinus (Bl.=Centrophorus M. & #.).

5. Centroscyllium.

XII. Dalatiana. 1. Dalatias (=Scymnus Cuv.) a Dalatias (=

Scymnus M. & H.) Somniosus (Les=Laemargus M. &. H.). 2.

Echinorhinus.

Fam. 3. SquaTINID&.

1. Squatina.

Sect. II. Ran.

Fam. 4. Pristism&.

1. Pristiophorus. 2. Pristis.

On account of the consideration of the Scyllioids as a “ fa-

mily” or group, equivalent to the combination of the others—

except the Squatinidze which constitute a third family—and by

the retention of Pristiophorus in the “section” of the Rays,

this arrangement departs from that of Miller and Henle, and is

correspondingly erroneous. Prestiophorus entirely agrees with

the characters of ‘the Sguali as retained by Gray, and equally

disagrees with those of the azw. Its resemblance to Pristis is

remote and simply analogical, not indicative of true affinity.

Pristis is in every respect atrue Ray. The restoration of some

of the names appears also to haye been proposed without due

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. 385

consideration. The work itself is a useful one, and not only

contains the translations of the characters of the groups of Miil-

ler and Henle, but the synonymy is copied with some additions,

and is very full and generally reliable; a review is also given

of some of the previous arrangements of these fishes.

16.—M. A. Duméril, in a monograph of the Scyllioids,* pro-

posed the division of the sub-order of Squali, which he regarded

as a family, into four tribes, equivalent to the sections of Miller

and Henle, whose characters he thus expressed.

Groups.

{ distinct, (two; the above or behind the ventrals_. I

| dorsal first between the ventrals and pectorals. II

Anal fin.

pe ag lar qme. *. : 3 : : : DEE

{| none . : ; ; ' 3 ; : edie’ [Ae

17.—Sir John Richardson, in the essay on “ Ichthyology,” in

the last edition of the “ Encyclopedia Britannica,” adopted the

following arrangement.

(A.) Sharks, with an anal fin and the dorsals far back; the first being

behind the ventrals.

Family I. Scylliide=Scyllii Midler and Henle.

(B.) Sharks, with two dorsals and an anal; the first dorsal over the

space between the pectorals and ventrals. A nictitating mem-

brane. No spout holes; the last two gill openings over the

pectoral.

Family II. Carcharide.

Genera. I. Carcharias Mitller and Henle. (Sub-genera I. Scoliodon.

II. Physodon. ILI. Aprion. IV. Hypoprion. V. Prionodon.)

Il. Prionodon Mill, and Henle. The last name has been inad-

vertently substituted for Trienodon.

(C.) Sharks, with two dorsals and an anal ; first dorsal between the pec-

torals and ventrals. A nictitating membrane. Spout holes.

The last two gill openings over the pectoral.

* Monographie de la tribu des Scylliens ou Roussettes (Poissons Plagio-

stomes), comprenant deux espéces nouvelles, par M. le docteur Auguste Duméril

in Revue et Magasin de Zoologie pure et appliquée, 2e série—t. v,—1853, pp. 8,

78, 90, 119.

386 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

Family II]. Galeidae=Galei, Scylliodontes, Musteli A/al/. and Henle.

(D.) Sharks, with two dorsals and anal; the first dorsal over the space

between the pectorals and ventrals. Spout holes, but no nicti-

tating membrane.

Family 1V. Lamnide=Lamne, Odontaspides A/wll. and Henle.

Family V. Alopeciidee=Alopecize Mill. and Henle.

Family VI. Cestraciontidee=Cestraciontes Mull. and Henle.

Family VII. Rhinodontidze=Rhinodontes Mill. and Henle.

(E.) Sharks, with one anal and only one dorsal.

Family VIII. Notidenidee=Notidani Mill. and Henle.

(F.) Sharks, with spout-holes. Two dorsals; no anal; no nictitating

membrane, Five gill-openings, all before the pectorals. Intes-

tinal valve spiral.

Family LX. Spinacidze=Spinaces J/il/. and Henle.

Family X. Scymnidee=Scymni Mull. and Henle.

Family XI. Squatinidee—Squatine Mill. and Henle.

(G.) Sharks, similar to those of division B. in having a nictitating mem-

brane and no spout holes, and in the position of the spineless

dorsals; but with a lateral extension of the skull at the orbits»

which is greatest in the adults.

Family XII. Zygeenide.

This distribution, if we except the division of the Nictitantes

into two families, is similar to that of Owen; it differs from

the one of Miiller and Henle by the union of the families of the

first and second divisions of the second section into families

corresponding to those sections, after the exclusion of the ham-

mer-headed sharks. The latter are retained as a family at the

end of the sub-order of Squali. The genus //emigaleus, of Blee-

ker, has been rather carelessly placed among the Torpedinoidee.*

* The family of Torpedinoide or Narcaciontoide may be thus arranged.

Disk pyriform, formed by the union of the true disk with the

ventrals, which are united beneath the tail. Tail very

short. Head emarginated in front. Spiracles far behind

eyes. Teeth with three points. Hyrninz.

Dorsals two. Hypnos,

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. 387

18.—Dr. Bleeker in his “Systematis Piscium Naturalis Tenta-

men,” retained the sharks as a sub-order (Sgualinz) of the order

of Plagiostomi, which formed the fourth order of fishes and the

first of the third legion or Hlasmobranchii. Two orders were

embraced in the latter group, the Plagiostomi, with the two

orders of Squalini and Rajini, and the Holocephali.

The Squali were thus sub-divided :—

Sectio I. Proktopterides.

Tribus I. Dinotopterini.

Faminra 5. Scyiiroie1=Scyuiini Bp.=Scyii1a MH.

Gen. Scyllium MH., Thyellina Miinst. (foss.), Pristiurus Bp.,

Chiloscyllium MH., Ginglymostoma MH., Stegostoma MHL,

Scylliodus Ag. (foss.), an huj. loc ?

Familia 6. Carcharoidei=Carcharie MH.=Carcharide Richd.

Gen. Carcharias MH., Leptocarias Smith, Glyphis Ag., Trizno-

don MH.

Familia 7. Zygenoidei=Zyganine Swns.—Zygenide Richd.

Gen. Zygena Cuv.=Sphyrna Raf.

Familia 8. Galeoidei=Galeide Richds.

Disk and tail nearly equal. Head emarginated in front. Spira-

cles far behind eyes. Teeth transverse, with one point. | NArcactontTINZ.

Spiracles with dentated borders. * Nareacion.

Spiracles with smooth borders (Torpedo occidentalis St.). Tetronarce.

Disk and tail nearly equally long. Head entire or convex in front.

Spiracles close behind eyes. Teeth rhombic or hexagonal. NasRcinin&.

Dorsals two.

Ventrals united beneath the tail. Teeth rhombic, acute

behind. Discopyge.

Disk orbicular. Discopyge.

Ventrals separated. Teeth rhombic, with a median point. Narcine.

Nasal valve with single median lobe; snout convex. Narcine.

Nasal valve tri-lobed.

Disk sub-cireular (Narcine Timlei Henle). Cyclonarce.

Disk pentagonal (Warcine Indica Henle). Gonionarce.

Dorsal single. Teeth rhombic, each with a median point. Astrape.

Disk sub-circular. Astrape.

: Dorsal obsolete. Teeth hexagonal and flat. Temere.

Disk sub-circular. Temera.

388 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

Gen, Galeus Cuv., Hemigaleus Blkr., Galeocerdo MH., Loxodon

MH., Thalassorhinus Val., Triakis MH., Mustelus Art. Corax

Ag. (foss.) et Aeliopas Ag. (foss.) an huj. loc. ?

Familia 9. Lamnoidei=Lamnini Bp.=Lamne MH.=Lamnide

Richds.

Gen. Isurus Raf., Oxyrhina Ag., Carcharodon MH., Selache Cuv.,

Odontaspis Ag., Otodus Ag., Sphenodus Ag., et Oxytes Gieb.

an hujus loci?

Familia 10. Hybodontoidei= Hybodontes Ag. (foss.).

Gen. Hybodus Ag. Cladodus Ag., Sphenonchus Ag., Diplodus

Ag., Glossodus M’Coy.

Familia 11. Alopecoidei= Alopiadini Bp.=Alopecize MH.= Alo-

pecide Richds.

Gen. Alopecias MH.

Famitia 12, CrestractonorpEI=Cestraciontes Ag.—CrstRract-

ontini Bp.=Cerstraciontiw& Richds.

Gen, Cestracion Cuv., et gens. fossilia Strophodus Ag., Acrodus

Ag., Thectodus Plien., Wodnika Miinst., Petrodus M’Coy,

Orodus Ag., Ctenoptychius Ag., Centrodus Gieb., Ptychodus

Ag. Chromatodus Ag. Helodus Ag., Campodus DeKon,

Cochliodus Ag., Ceratodus Ag., Chirodus M’Coy, Pleurodus

Ag., Polyrrhizodus McCoy, Dictea Munst., Petalodus Ov.,

Carcharopsis Ag.

Familia 138. Rhinodontoidei=Rhinodontes MH.=Rutnopontipz#

Richds.

Gen. Rhinodon Smith.

Trisus I]. Monoprerint.

Familia 14. Normanomwrr=Noripanint Bp.=Normanr MH.=

Normanip# Richds,

Gen. Hexanchus Raf., Heptanchus Raf.

Sectio 2. Aproktopterides.

Familia 15, Centrophoroidei=Spinacini Bp., Spinaces MH. —Spi-

nacidee Richds,

Gen, Acanthias Bp., Spinax Bp., Centrina Cuv., Centrophodus

MH., Centroscy!lium MH.

Familia 16. Scymnoidei=Scymnini Bp.=Scymni MH.=Scymnide

Richds,

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. 389

Gen. Scymnus Cuy., Laemargus MH., Echinorhinus Bl.

Familia 17, Squatinoidei = Squatinini Bp.=Squatinee Swns.=Squa-

tinide Richds.

Gen. Squatina Dum., Radamas Miinst., Xeracanthus Beyrich.

Familia 18. Pristiophoroidei.

Gen. Pristiophorus MH.

Gen, famil. dub. fossil: Chilodus Gieb., Hemipristis Ag., Gom-

phodus Reuss, Ancistrodon Debey.

At the end of the order are inserted the generic names of many ich-

thyodorulites.’

In this classification, the extinct genera, as well as the recent

ones, are included. The former are indicated by the names

printed in italics. As they have been mostly founded only on

fragments, and especially the teeth, their proper place is often

doubtful, as there is no certain correlation between the modifi-

cations of structure and dentition, as is the case with the mam-

mals. As will be apparent from the study of the order, nearly

or quite the same dentition is observable in very different fami-

lies, while very decided differences of dentition may occur in

one group whose aggregation of characters indicates it to be a

natural family, as such is now generally understood by selacho-.

logists. The classification of Dr. Bleeker is, however, at least

valuable, as being suggestive of their relations, and is, therefore,

transcribed for the benefit of those who may not have access to

the original work. The families adopted, as well as the order

followed, are mostly similar to the classification of Richard-

son; the principal difference is the sequence of the family of

Zygenoidei after the Carcharoidei, in which respect it more

resembles Miiller and Henle’s. The “tribes” and “ sections” of

Dr. Bleeker do not appear to indicate any modifications of

structure of paramount importance, and the section of ‘ Aprok-

pterides” is scarcely natural. There can hardly be a doubt

that the Squatinoidei are the most aberrant as to positive cha-

racters, of any of the sharks, and that if a subdivision is made,

those fishes are entitled to the rank.

390 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squati.

19.—In a “Catalogue of the Fishes of the Eastern Coast of

North Aimerieca,” the present author adopted the order of Plagio-

stomi entire, and proposed to subdivide it into four sub-orders—

Squali, Rhine, Pristes, and Raiee, thus essentially preserving the

arrangement of Cuvier by raising his four great genera to sub-

ordinal rank and considering his sub-genera as families. But

the sub-orders thus constituted are of very unequal value, as the

differences existing between the first and the last pairs are of

much greater importance than those between the two of each

respective pair. Iam also convinced that the Pristoide cannot

be separated from the Rhinobatoide, but must be retained in

the same sub-order, and that if there should be any distinction

of sub-orders, it cannot bethat of Pristesand Rais. The former

may be, indeed, almost said to be Rhinobatoidee with a saw-

like snout, and the presence or absence of the ensiform append-

age is surely insufficient to designate sub-orders.

Sal

ON THE RELATIONS OF THE ORDER.

The principal features by which the Sharks are distinguished -

from the Rays, are the position of the branchial apertures on

the side of the neck, the incomplete scapular arch, and the

absence of naso-pectoral cartilages.

Other peculiar characters, more or less general, are the sub-

fusiform or sub-cylindrical shape of the body ; the abrupt flex-

ion of the caudal portion of the vertebral column upwards, and

the consequent heterocercal condition of the fin; the very

convex outline of the cleft of the mouth; the well developed

teeth; and the presence of an anal fin.

An example of the ordinary squaloid form is found in the

common blue sharks, or species of the Cuvierian genus Carcha-

rias. In them, the caudal portion of the vertebral column is

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squalv. 391

moderately elongated and bent upwards; the fin beneath is

correspondingly oblique, abruptly notched near its end, and

with the basal portion obliquely produced downwards and back-

wards, forming an inferior lobe. The dorsal fins are two in

number; the first is always in advance of the ventrals, and

often close behind the pectorals. A well developed anal fin is

opposite the second dorsal, and always separated by a consi-

derable interval from the caudal. The pectoral fins are of

moderate size, and their external angles more or less produced

and pointed ; the ventrals moderately developed and inserted

near the middle of the body. All of the fins are more or less

angular. The last of the branchial apertures are above the

pectoral fin. The head is of moderate size, depressed and

oblong oval above, with a produced snout, and a mouth whose

cleft is frequently longer than wide. The teeth are compressed,

with the edges sharp and either smooth or finely denticulated.

Such is the representative shark. The whole organization is

adapted for rapidity of motion, for strength, and for the easy

seizure of prey. These are the sharks that infest every sea and

are the dread of the mariner; these are the ones with which

the name of “ shark” is pre-eminently associated by the Eng-

lish ; to which the French have given that of “ 2eguin,” in

commemoration of the many victims whose dying shrieks serve

as their reguiem or dirge of last repose; these the ones on

which the Greeks have conferred the fear-summoning name

of Acpre.

Nearly related by form and habits is the well known “ white

shark,” which attains a larger size and is still more feared than

even the blue shark; with the attributes, it shares some of the

names of the blue sharks; its form is, perhaps, even more

adapted for rapidity of action, and its voracity is proportionally

great ; its vertebral column is much more bent upwards than in

the former, and is nearly at right angles to the body. It may,

therefore, be considered in such respects as the type of the order.

Its branchial apertures are also somewhat larger than those of

392 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

the blue sharks, and all are placed in front of the pectoral

fins.

The family of the Galeorhinoidee, or blue sharks, is by far the

most numerous and important of the order, and alone contains

nearly one-third the genera and more than half of the known

species of living sharks. Its representatives are distributed in

every sea and every zone.

The family to which the “ white shark” belongs is, on the

other hand, very poor in numbers, there being only five genera,

a single one of which is represented by more than one well

ascertained species, and the white shark is itself the only mem-

ber of its group.

The most aberrant of the sharks and the most representative

of, or nearly allied to, the Rays, are unquestionably the Rhi-

noidee. ‘This is evident from the condition of the caudal fin and

the posterior portion of the vertebral column, the absence of the

anal fin, the posterior position of the dorsal fins, and especially

the development of the pectoral and the production forward of

their bases, but the branchial apertures are truly lateral, and

situated on the sides in the clefts of the pectoral fins ; the body

and head are also depressed as much as in some of the Rays,

and the eyes are situated on the dorsal aspect of the latter.

On account of the peculiarities of structure of these fishes, it has

been recently proposed to isolate them as a sub-order.

Having thus, it is hoped, discovered the typical and the most

aberrant groups of the order, it will be endeavored to approx-

imately arrange the other families. At the head of the order,

or rather as its first family, the Rhinodontoidee are placed in

order to establish a serial arrangement of the first families as

much in accordance with their affinities as possible. A serial

arrangement, however, rarely or never expresses the true affini-

ties of families when they are diversified or complicated. Per-

haps the following view in which the Alopecoidee are taken as

the central family, might more truly exhibit at least some of

their relations.

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. 393

Alopecoide,

Cestraciontoide. Odontaspidoide.

(Ginglymostomatoidze)

Galeorhinoide. Lamnoidee.

Rhinodontoidee.

The remaining groups can scarcely be said to form a regular

serial order. The following are regarded as peculiar or aber-

rant families.

Heterodontoide,

Notidanoidee.

The other families diverge in two regular series and in differ-

ent directions, but both tend towards the Rays: the Scylli-

orhinoids and their allies advancing towards the Rhinoide, and

the Spinacoids and related families towards the Pristoid rays by

means of Pristiophorus. It may not be unnecessary to remind

some, that notwithstanding the relations thus alluded to, the

respective orders of Sharks and Rays are perfectly well defined.

The series referred to are the following.

Spinacoide. Ginglymostomatoidee.

Seymnoide. Scylliorhinoidee.

Echinorhinoide. Crossorhinoidee.

Pristiophoroidee. Rhinoide.

The affinity of the Crossorhinoidee to the Rhinoidee is mani-

fested by the depressed body and head, the terminal mouth,

and the posterior position of the dorsal fins of those fishes, as

well as by the fringed periphery of the head. The relations of

the family to the Scylliorhinoidee, and of the latter to the Gin-

glymostomatoide, are sufficiently evident, and need only be

referred to.

Most of the families of sharks are almost cosmopolitan in

their distribution, and representatives have been found wher-

ever the seas have been sufficiently explored. Some are, never-

theless, quite limited and represented by few members ; four

have no more than a single species each.

The unique species of the Rhinodontoide has only been found

at the Cape of Good Hope.

394 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

The living Heterodontoids are confined to the Pacific Ocean.

Four speciesare now known: the anciently known Port Jackson

shark ( Heterodontus Philippi Blainville) of the Australian seas ;

the nearly allied /Zeterodontus zebra (Gray) of the seas of China

and Japan; the H. /rancisci (Gill), recently discovered in the

California waters ; and the ZZ. panthers inus (Gray) of the Galla-

pagos Islands.

The Pristiophoroids and Crossorhinoids are also ernie

by single species, both found in the Chinese and Japanese seas,

and the Crossorhinus extends beyond into the Australian.

The only certainly known representative of the family of

Alopecoidee is widely distributed, ranging along the Atlantic

and Mediterranean coasts of Europe, at the Cape of Good Hope,

and crossing the Atlantic Ocean extends at least along a portion

of the eastern coast of North America down to the Caribbean

Sea.

SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT.

Two analytical tables or synopses of the families of the sub-.

order of Squali are given. ‘The first apparently represents the

more natural arrangement and the more probable affinities of

the families; its primary groups are characterized by the posi-

tion of the anterior dorsal fin in the first place, and the

presence or absence of an anal in the next. In the second, the

families are first grouped with regard to the presence or absence

of the anal fin, and subdivided in order to show the relations of

the groups different from these of the previous synopsis.

FIRST SYNOPSIS.

I. Pectoral fins with the anterior margin rising

directly from the base. Squatt.

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squalr. 395

A, First dorsal entirely in advance of the pectorals ;

rarely obsolete.

£, Anal fin present.

C. Dorsal fins two.

a. Caudal lunate, very abruptly bent up-

wards; tal keeled on each side.

Branchial aperture behind above pec-

toral. Rhinodontoide.

Branchial apertures entirely before pec-

torals. Lamnoidee.

aa, Caudal moderately bent upwards, notched

near end, and with basal lobe small or

rudimentary ; tail not keeled.

D. Dorsals unarmed. Head normally de-

pressed.

, Branchial apertures entirely before

pectorals. Odontaspidoidee.

EE, Branchial aperture behind above

pectoral.

a, Caudal exceedingly long. Eyes without

nictitating membranes. Alopecoidee.

aa. Caudal moderately elongated. Kyes

with nictitating membranes.

Head laterally produced. Cestraciontoidee.

Head normally formed. Galeorhinoide.

DD. Dorsals respectively armed in front

with a spine. Head high. Heterodontoide.

CC. Dorsal fin single; first obsolete. Notidanoide.

BB. Anal fin absent.

a, Snout normally formed.

Dorsals respectively spinigerous at front. Spinacoidee.

Dorsals unarmed. Scymnoide.

b. Snout prolonged like a saw. Pristiophoroide.

AA, First dorsal above or behind the ventrals.

B, Anal fin absent. Echinorhinoide.

BEB. Anal fin present.

a, Caudal bent upwards ; with basal lobe. Ginglymostomatoide.

396 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

b. Caudal not bent.

Mouth not terminal ; body subcylindrical.

Mouth terminal; body depressed.

II. Pectoral fins expanded at base in front and

separated by a fissure from the neck,

Mouth terminal.

SECOND SYNOPSIS.

I, Pectoral fins moderately developed, not

notched in front at the base.

A, Anal fin present.

&. Dorsal fins two; the first in front of the ven-

trals.

C. Branchial apertures entirely before pecto-

ral fins.

a, Caudal moderately bent, unequal; tail

not keeled.

6. Caudal nearly lanate, much bent upwards ;

tail keeled on each side.

CC. Branchial aperture behind above pectoral

fin.

D, Tail keeled on each side; caudal lunate.

DD, Tail not keeled.

notched near end.

Caudal unequal,

£. Dorsal fins unarmed.

Caudal extremely long; no nictitating

membrane.

Caudal moderately elongated; eyes

with nictitating membrane.

Head laterally produced.

Head normal.

HE. Dorsals each spinigerous in front.

BB. Dorsal fins two; first above or behind ven-

trals.

Scylliorhinoide.

Crossorhinoide.

Ruawa.

Rhinoide.

Squall.

Odontaspidoidee.

Lamnoide.

Rhinodontoidee.

Alopecoide.

Cestraciontoide.

Galeorhinoide.

Heterodontoide.

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. 397

C. Mouth inferior ; body subcylindrical.

D, Caudal bent upwards, with basal lobe. Ginglymostomatoide.

DD, Caudal straight. Scylliorhinoidee.

CC. Mouth subterminal ; body depressed. Crossorhinoidee.

BBB. Dorsal fin single; first absent. Notidanoidee.

AA, Anal fin absent.

B. First dorsal before ventrals.

a. Dorsals, each armed in front with a spine. Spinacoidee.

6. Dorsals unarmed.

Snout normally produced. Scymnoidee.

Snout saw-shaped. Pristiophoroide.

BB. First dorsal above ventrals. Echinorhinoide.

II. Pectoral fins produced forward at base and

correspondingly notched. Ruin 2.

Mouth subterminal, body depressed. ~ Rhinoide.

Suborder SQUALI Gill, 1861.

Family RHINODONTOIDA, Owen.

Genus Rurgopon (Srrith) Miller and Henle, 1838.

Rhinodon ALiiller and Henle.

Type Khineodon typicus A. Smith.

Family LAMNOIDA Miller and Henle.

Synopsis,

Branchial apertures very large, nearly meeting under the

throat. Teeth small, CETORHININ A,

Snout abruptly slender and conic. Polyprosopus.

Snout short and blunt. Cetorhinus.

Branchial apertures moderate. Teeth well developed, IsuRIN a.

Tecth compressed, triangular and serrated. ~ Carcharodon.

Tecth nail-shaped, long, flexuous, prismatic, and acute.

Dorsal nearly intermediate between pectoral and

ventrals, Isuropsis.

398 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

Dorsal close behind pectorals. Tsurus.

Teeth compressed, triangular, entire, with one or two

short pointed denticles on each side of the older

ones. Lamna.

Subfamily CETORHININ A G77.

Genus Creroruinus Blainville, 1816.

Tetroras afinesque 1810 (description and name improper).

Selache Cuvier, 1817.

Type Squalus maximus Linn.

Genus Potyprosoprus Couch, 1861.*

Type Polyprosopus Rashleighanus Couch.

Subfamily LAMNIN A Gail.

Genus Carcuaropon A. Smith.

Type Squalus carcharias Linn.

Genus Isuropsis Gill.

Type Oxyrhina glaucus Dill. and Henle.

Genus Isurus Rafinesque, 1810.

Oxyrhina Agassiz.

Type Isurus oxyrhynchus Laf.

Genus Lamna Cuvier, 1817.

Lamia L%sso.

Isurus Gray, 1815.

Type Lamna cornubica Cuvier.

Family ODONTASPIDOIDE (Mill. and Henle) Gill.

Genus Opontaspis Agassiz.

Carcharias afinesque 1810 (misconception).

Triglochis Afiiller and Henle, 1838.

Type Carcharias taurus Paf.

* This genus seems to be valid, but is not yet well established. The absence of

caudal caring or spiracles is quite improbable.

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. 399

Family GALEORHINOIDA Gill.

Synopsis.

I. Teeth more or less compressed and with entire or ser-

rated sharp edges. GALORHINIIN.

A. Spiracles obsolete.

B. Teeth with no lateral denticles. Cynocephali.*

C. Teeth with the points directed towards the

sides, so that the smooth’ internal margins are

nearly horizontal and present an incisive edge.

D. Teeth thick, with the points slender. Physodon.

DD. Teeth much compressed. ~ Scoliodon.

CC. Teeth with the points, if at all, only mode-

rately directed towards the sides, compressed.

D. First dorsal scarcely entirely behind the

pectorals.

E. Teeth above with the base serrated on the

outer or both sides. Teeth below entire. Hypoprionodon.

EE. Teeth more or less serrated in the lower

as well as upper jaw.

Teeth well serrated, above broad and

straight in front; below in front straight

and claviform. Snout broad and short. Eulamia.

Teeth scarcely serrated, constricted at the

base, claviform and straight in both jaws.

Snout slender, conic. Isogomphodon.

DD. First dorsal intermediate between pectorals

and ventrals.

E. Teeth serrated in both jaws.

Teeth straight in both jaws; above more

or less constricted near the base and cla-

viform. Snout short, conic. Lamiopsis.

Teeth curved outwards and often flexuous ;

outer margin with its upper and under

- * The synopsis of the genera of this group is to be consulted with much can-

tion. At another time a more perfect one will be given and the genera more

rigorously restricted.

DEC., 1861. 28 ‘ Ann, Lye. Nat. Hist. Vou. VII.

400 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

halves meeting at a more or less blunt

angle. Snout semioval. Isoplagiodon.

EE. Teeth entire below ; above with the base

coarsely serrated. Hypoprion.

EEE, Teeth entire in both jaws. Aprionodon.

DDD. First dorsal near the ventrals. Cynocephalus.

BB. Teeth with one or two acute lateral denticles on

each side. Tricwnodontes.

Nasal valves without barbels; tail pits developed. Trizenodon.

Nasal valves with well developed barbels 5; tail

pits none. Leptocharias.

AA. Spiracles developed.

B. Teeth with lateral denticles. Scylliodontes.

Snout blunt. Eye-openings long. Triakis-

BB. Teeth without lateral denticles. Galeorhini.

C. Caudal furrows obsolete. Galeorhinus.

CC. Caudal furrows above and below.

D. Teeth denticulated on both edges. Under

caudal border with two notches.

Snout high, declining obliquely backwards.

Tail forming about one-quarter of length. Boreogaleus.

Snout produced and depressed. Tail forming

one-third of length. Galeocerdo.

DD. Teeth triangular, without a ledge, serrated.

Caudal fin only once notched. Thalassorhinus,

DDD. Teeth without serrature internally.

Pupil convex above, pointed below.

Rictus little convex. Teeth above with the

inner edge curved outwards; outer con-

cave and serrated. Hemigaleus.

Rictus as long as wide. Teeth above with

the inner margin incurved; outer with a

denticulated ledge. Cheenogaleus.

Pupil subeireular. Teeth not serrated. Loxodon.

{{. Teeth flat and paved. Musreqin&.

Eye-openings long, Mustelus.

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. 401

Sub-family GALEORHININ At Gill.

Group CYNOCEPHALL Gill.

Genus Puysopon Miiller and Henle.

Type Physodon Miilleri ( Val.) Mf. & H.

Genus Scotiopon Miller and Henle.

Type Scoliodon laticaudus Miiller and Henle.

Genus Hyporrionopon ill.

Type Carcharias hemiodon ( Val.) I. & H.

Genus Evtamia Gill.

Type Evlamia lamia (ill.

*Genus PLatypopon Gill.

Type Carcharias menisorrah Miiller and Henle.

Genus Isogompnopon Gill.

Type Carcharias oxyrhynchus Miiller & Henle.

Genus Lamropsis Gill.

Type Carcharias Temminckii Miller and Henle.

Genus Isopnaciopon Gill.

Type Carcharias sorrah ( Val.) Md. de #.

Genus Hyporrion Miiller and Henle. *

Type Carcharias (lypoprion) Macloti Jill. and FTenle.

Genus Aprionopon Gill. Feb. 1861.

Aprion Miller and Henle, 1838 (not Aprion Cuwv.)

Type Aprionodon punctatus Gil.

Genus Cynocernarus Klein.

Carcharinus Blainville, 1816.

Carcharias Cuvier, 1817.

Prionodon Mill. & Hen., 1838 (not Prionodon Horsfield 1823).

Type Squalus glaucus Linn.

Group TRLANODONTES (Mill. and Henle).

Genus Trrenopon Miiller and Henle.

Type Trizenodon obesus Miiller and Henle.

402 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

Genus Leprocuarias A. Smith.

Type Leptocharias Smithii A. Smith.

Group GALEI (Miller and Henle).

Genus GaLEoruINUS Blainville.

Galeorhinus Blainville, 1816.

Galeus Cwvier, 1817.

Type Galeorhinus galeus Llainville.

Genus GateocerDo Miller and Henle, 1838.:

Type Galeocerdo tigrinus Willer and Henle.

Genus Borzoeateus Gill.

Type Boreogaleus arcticus dl.

Genus Loxopon Miller and Henle, 1838.

Type Loxodon macrorhinus Diiller and Henle.

Genus THaLassorninus Miiller and Henle, 1838.

Type Thalassorhinus Rondoletii Diller and Henle.

Genus Hemicateus Bleeker,

Type Hemigaleus microstoma Bleeker.

Genus CHaznoeateus Gill.

Type Cheenogaleus macrostoma (Il.

Group SCYLLIODONTES (Miller and Henle).

Genus Triaxis Miiller and Henle, 1838.

Type Triakis scyllium Miiller and Henle.

Sub-family MUSTELIN 4 Bon.

Genus Mustetus Cuvier.

Type Mustelus levis Bon.

———

Family CESTRACIONTOIDA Gill.

Zygenide Owen, Richardson.

Zygenoide Lleeker.

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. 403

Synopsis.

Nostrils in front near the middle, and with grooves extend-

ing towards the eyes. Head hammer-shaped, much

produced laterally. Kusphyra,

Nostrils near the eyes.

Nostrils simple, with the frontal grooves rudimentary or

obsolete. Head reniform. Reniceps.

Nostrils with grooves extending in front towards the middle.

Head hammer-shaped. Cestracion.

Genus Renicers Gill.

Type Reniceps tiburo Gell.

Genus Cestracion Alen.

Sphyrna Raf., 1810.

Sphyrnias 2éaf., 1815.

Cestrorhinus Blainville, 1816.

Zygena Cuvier, 1817.

Platysqualus Swainson, 1839 (P. tiburo Sw.=Zygaena tudes

Vai.)

Sphyra Vanderhoeven.

Type Cestracion zygena Gil.

Genus Evspnyra Gill.

Type Eusphyra Blochii G70.

Family ALOPECOIDA, Owen.

Genus Atortas Raf., 1810.

Alopecias Miiller and Henle, 1888.

Type Alopias vulpes Bon.

—__—.

Family HETERODONTOIDZ Gill.

Genus Hereropontus Blainville, 1816.

Cestracion Cuvier, 1817.

Type Heterodontes Philippii Blainville.

404 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

Family NOTIDANOIDZ.

Synopsis.

Branchial apertures 6. Hexanchus.

Branchial apertures 7. Heptranchias.

Genus Hexancuvs Raf., 1810.

Monopterhinus Llacnville, 1816.

Notidanus Cuvier, 1817.

Type Hexanchus griseus Raf.

Genus Heprrancuras faf., 1810.

Heptanchus Jill. and Henle, 1838.

Notorhynchus Ayres, 1855 (N. maculatus Ayres).

Type Heptranchias cinereus Paf.

Family SPINACOIDAE Owen.

Synopsis.

A. Teeth of lower jaw subquadrate, with a nearly hori-

zontal incisorial edge, and a point directed outwards.

B. Teeth of upper and lower jaws similar. Scales

cordiform. Squalus.

BB. Teeth of jaws dissimilar.

C. Branchial apertures equidistant.

Teeth of upper jaw with a large conical median

cusp and two smaller ones on each side. Spinax.

Teeth of upper jaw slender, conic, and little inci-

sorial.

CC. Branchial apertures behind (4 and (5) approxi-

mated. Scales cordiform. Oxynotus.

Teeth of upper jaw triangular, on a quadrangular

base. Centrophorus.

AA. Teeth of loweras well as upper jaw straight, pointed,

and with one or two smaller cusps on each side.

Scales pointed, with a stellate base. Centroscyllium.

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali. 405

Genus Squatus (Artedi) Raf.

Squalus faf., 1810 (S. wyatus).

Dalatias af, 1810.

Acanthorhinus lainville, 1816.

Spinax Cwv., 1817.

Acanthias isso.

Acanthias Bon., 1838.

Type Squalus acanthias Linn.

Genus Sprnax Bon.

Etmopterus /eaf., 1810 (misconception).

Spinax sp. Cuvier (S. acanthias).

Spinax Bonaparte, 1838.

Acanthidium Zowe, 1839.

Type Spinax niger Cloquet.

Genus Oxynotus FRaf., 1810.

Centrina Cuvier, 1816.

Type Oxynotus centrina Laf.

Genus Cenrropnorus Miller and Henle, 1838.

Lepidorhinus Bonaparte, 18388.

Acanthorhinus Gray and Gebhard, 1851.

Type Centrophorus granulosus Jill. and Henle.

Genus Centroscytiium Miller and Henle.

Type Centroscyllium Fabricii Diller and Henle.

Family SCYMNOID, Owen.

Synopsis.

Teeth above broad; below lancet-shaped. Scymnus,

Teeth above narrow ; below quadrate, with a horizontal edge

ending in a point directed outwards. Somniosus.

Genus Scymnus Cuv., 1817.

Dalatias 2af., 1810 (misconception).

Scymnorhinus Lon.

Type Scymuus lichia (Cuv.) Bon.

406 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squat.

Genus Somniosus Lesweur, 1818.

Lemargus Miiller and Henle, 1838.

Leiodon Wood, 1846.

Type Somniosus brevipinna Les.

Family ECHINORHINOIDA Gill.

Genus Ecutnoruinus Blainville, 1816.

Goniodus Agassiz.

Type Echinorhinus spinosus Blainville.

——____—

Family PRISTOPHOROIDAL Bleeker.

Genus PristiopHorus Miller and Henle, 1838.

Pristidophorus Bon, 1838. :

Type Pristiophorus cirratus Afiiller and Henle.

Family GINGLYMOSTOMATOID Gill.

Genus Gine_tymostoma Miller and Henle, 1838.

Nebrius Ruppell.

Type Ginglymostoma concolor.

Family SCYLLIORHINOID Gill.

Synopsis.

Caudal fin moderately elongated.

Branchial apertures nearly equidistant.

Spiracles close behind eyes. Anal fin under or

before the second dorsal. ScYLLIORHININ A.

Upper margin of tail serrated by larger scales. Pristiurus.

Upper margin of tail unarmed.

Nasal valves confluent, with their hinder

border entire and free. Scylliorhinus.

Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squat. 407

Nasal valves separated by an isthmus or

wide septum,

Head normally formed and oblong.

Nasal valves simple, without cirrhi or

grooves. Haleelurus.

Nasal valves with cirrhi or grooves. Catulus.*

Head transversely oval and swollen be-

hind. Cephaloscyllium.

Spiracles chiefly beneath the eye.

Anal fin in advance of second dorsal. PAaRASCYLLIIN A.

Parascyllium.

Anal fin behind second dorsal and contiguous

to the caudal. HemMISCYLLIINA.

Hemiscyllium.

Fourth and fifth branchial apertures close toge-

ther. CHILOSCYLLIINA.

Back not carinated. Chiloscyllium.

Back carinated. Synchismus.

Caudal fin very long. STEGOSTOMATIN&,

Stegostoma.

Sub-family SCYLLIORHININ A Gill.

Genus Pristiurus Bonaparte, 1838.

Galens Rafinesque, 1810.

Type Pristiurus melanostomus Lon.

Genus Scytirorninus Blainville, 1816.

Seyllinm Cuvier, 1817.

Type Scylliorhinus canicula Llainv.

Genus Hata.urus Gill.

Type Walelurus burgeri Gill.

Genus Carutus Smith,

Poroderma Smith (P. Africanum Smith).

Type Catulus stellaris Smzth.

* The genus Catulus is not a homogenous one, but it is preferred provisionally

to retain it with the limits here assigned,

408 Analytical Synopsis of the Order of Squali.

Genus Cepnaoscyiiuium Gill,

Type Seyllium laticeps A. Dumérii.

Sub-family PARASCYLLIIN AE Gill.

Genus Parascyiurum (fill.

Type Hemiseyllium variolatum A. Dumérit.

Sub-family HEMISCYLLIIN 4 Giil.

Genus Hemscyiuium Mill. and Henle.

Type Uemiscyllium ocellatum fill. and Henle.

Sub-family CHILOSCYLLUNA Gidl.

Genus Cuttoscyiuium Mill. and Henle, 1838.

Type Chiloseylliam plagiosum J/iill. and Henle.

Genus Syneuismus Gill,

Type Chiloseylium tuberculatum Jfiill. and Henle.

Sub-family STEGOSTOMATIN 4 Gill.

Genus Stecostoma Mill. and Henle, 1838.

Type Stegostoma fasciatuin A/ill. and LHenle.

Family CROSSORHINOIDA Gav.

Genus Crossorninus Mill. and Henle.

Type Crossorhinus barbatus Jill. and Henle.

Suborder RHINA Gill, 1861.

Family RHINOIDAL Gill.

Genus Ruina ATein, 1742.*

Squatina Dumeril, 1806.

Type Rhina squatina Leaf.

* The pre-oecupation by Klein of the name of Rhina necessitates a change of

the appellation of the genus of the same name among the Rays; that of Rhampho-

batis may be substituted,

Squalorum Generum Novorum, Ce. 409

XXXUI.—Sgualorum Generum Novorum Descriptiones

Diagnostica.

TuEODORE GILL, Auctore.

Read 16th December, 1861.

Familia LAMNOIDE.

Sub-familia LAMNIN A Gill.

Genus Isuropsis Gill.

Lamnine vostro acuto conicoque et dentibus ut in genere

ZIsuro sed pinna dorsali prima fere medio pinnas pectorales

inter et ventrales sita.

Isuropsis glaucus.

Oxyrhina glauca Miller and Henle.

Isuropsis Dekayi.

Lamna punctata Dekay.

Familia GALEORHINOID i.

Sub-familia GALEORHININ As.

Genus Hypeoprionopon Gill.

Cynocephali rostro semiovali, rotundato; dentibus maxil-

larum ambobarum latis cuspidibus glabris; maxilla superioris

paulo obliquis, basis latere externo serratis vel dentatis. Pinna

dorsali prima pectoralibus magis quam ventralibus approximata,

fere antice supra pectorales sita.

Hypoprionodon hemiodon,

Carcharias (Hypoprion) hemiodon ( Val.) WZ. and H.

Genus Euramra Gill.

Cynocephali vostro brevi vel vix oblongo et semiovali, fere

subconico: dentibus maxillz utreeque marginibus denticulatis,

maxillz superioris antice sat latis, margine interna convexis,

410 Squalorum Generum Novorum

vel obliquiter linearibus, margine externo plus minusve angular-

iter excavata; maxille inferioris basi latis, cuspidibus fere

rectis et plus minusve angustis; pinna dorsalis prima pinnis

pectoralibus nagis quam ventralibus approximata, ssepe antice

fere pectoralium bases supra cita.

Eulamia Milberti.

Carcharias (Prionodon) Milberti (Va/.) M. and H.

Genus IsoGompnopon Gill.

Cynocephali rostro elongato et conico: dentibus paulo vel

vix denticulatis, utraque maxilla fere rectis claviformibus et basi

plus minusve constrictis. Pinna dorsali anteriore vix tota pone

pinnas pectorales sita.

Isogomphodon oxyrhynchus.

Carcharias (Prionodon) oxyrhynchus M. and H.

Genus Lamropsis Gill.

Cynocephali rostro breviter conico; dentibus maxille utre-

que rectis; maxillse superioris denticulatis, ad basin plus mi-

nusve constrictis. Pinna dorsali prima fere medio pinnas pec-

torales inter et ventrales sita.

Lamiopsis Temminckii.

Carcharias (Prionodon) Temminckii Miller and Henle.

Lamiopsis limbatus.

Carcharias (Prionodon) limbatus Muller and Henle.

Genus IsopLagiopon Gill.

Cynocephali rostro oblongo, semi-ovali: dentibus maxille

utraeque denticulatis, sat latis, compressis, extrorsum vel sursum

spectantibus margine interna obliquiter incurvatis basi externa

processu serrato. Pinna dorsali pinnis pectoralibus, paulo magis

quam ventralibus approximata.

Isoplagiodus sorrah,

Carcharias (Prionodon) sorrah Miller and Henle.

Descriptiones Diagnostice. 411

Genus Aprionopon (ill.

Cynocephali rostro plus minusve producto et conico: den-

tibus maxille utreeque margine glabris, compressis basi latis

cuspidibus rectibus vel vix extrorsum spectantibus. Pinna

dorsali fere medio pinnas pectorales inter et ventrales sita.

Aprionodon brevipinna.

Carcharias (Aprion) brevipinna Midler and Henle.

Aprionodon isodon.

Carcharias (Aprion) isodon Midler and Henle.

Genus CuanoGareus Gill.

Galet rostro conico ; ore rictu sat vel fere oblongo, longo ac

lato: dentibus maxillee superioris margine interna concavis vel

curvatis, basi externa processu denticulato vel dentato; maxille

inferioris gracilibus, non denticulatis, plus minusve extrorsum

spectantibus; oculorum pupillis triangularibus; pinna dorsali

prima fere medio pectorales inter et ventrales sita; pinna cau-

dali mediocriter elongata, margine inferiori unico lobo posteriori.

Chenogaleus macrostoma Gil.

Hemigaleus macrostoma Bleeker.

Genus BorEocaLeus Gill.

Galei rostro brevissimo, valde obliquiter ad rictum declinente ;

rictu semicirculari: dentibus maxille utraeque compressis,

extrorsum spectantibus, margine interna curvatis vel convexis,

externo basi extrorsum productis: oculorum pupillis ovatis,

superne convexis, inferne subacutis; pinna dorsali prima pinnis

pectoralibus multo magis quam ventralibus approximata ; pinna

caudali mediocriter elongata (circiter + corporis longitudinis

formante), lobo posteriori unico; colore haud variegato.

Boreogalus arcticus.

Galeus arcticus Faber.

412 Squalorum Generum Novorum

Familia CESTRACIONTOID&.

Genus Reniceps Gill.

Caput reniforme vel late cordiforme: nares valde oculis

approximati; sulci rostro-nasales obsoleti.

Reniceps tiburo,

Squalus tiburo Linn.

Genus Euspuyra Gill.

Caput valde latum et transversum, mallei instar formatum ;

nares rictu multo magis quam oculis approximate, sulcis con-

spicuis fere usque ad oculos extendentibus.

Eusphyra Blochii.

Zygena Blochi Vail.

Familia SCY LLIORHINOID A

Sub-Familia SCYLLORHININ A.

Genus Hara.urus Gill.

Scylliorhinine capite oblongo; valvulis nasalibus nee cir-

ratis nec suleatis, isthmo separatis ; pinna dorsali secunda plus

minusve pone analem sita.

. t

Halelurus burgeri.

Scyllium burgeri Miller and Henle.

Genus CepHatoscyiuium Gill.

Scylliorhinine capite late ovali, temporibus tumido; valvulis

nasalibus sulcatis, non ori extendentibus, isthmo lato separatis ;

pinna dorsali posteriore plerusque anali opposita.

Cephaloscyllium laticeps.

Seyllium laticeps A. Duméril.

Sub-familia PARASCYLLIAN 4t Gill

Genus Parascyiirum Gill.

Scylliorhinoide capite, ore, labiis, et valvulis nasalibus fere

ut in Hemiscyllio ; corpore graciliore, subcylindrico; pinna

Descriptiones Diagnostice. 413

dorsali prima capite remota, sat pone pinnas ventrales sita ;

dorsali secunda caudali propiore ; pinna anali plerumque ante

dorsalem secundam sita, sat caudali remota.

Parascyllium variolatum,

Hemiseyllium variolatum A, Duméril.

Sub-familia CHILOSCYLLUN A Gd.

Genus Syncuismus Gill.

Ohiloscylliine dorso ante pinnam dorsalem anteriorem non

carinato.

Synchismus tubereulatum.

Chiloseyllium tuberculatum Miller and Henle.

NOTE.

The preceding diagnoses of the new genera of Squali, indicated in the systematic

article on the order, are as brief as they could possibly be made consistently with

clearness and accuracy. The species described by all preceding naturalists had

been at first referred to the new genera, but it has been since deemed more proper

to await the publication by Dr. Bleeker of the plates illustrative of his species

and the renewed examination of others before finally arranging them. A few

species cannot well be referred to any of the established genera, but I have not

considered it expedient to propose new ones for them at present. In the mono-

graphieal synopses of the different families which I hope to be able to submit to

naturalists on some future occasion, the families, sub-families, and genera will be

fully described and compared, and the extinct, as well as the recent forms, noticed.

The former need a very careful revision by one having knowledge of the subject,

some writers, subsequent to Agassiz, having been little acquainted with recent

forms and not knowing the value to be attached to dentition.

414 Carboniferous System of the United States.

XXXVI.—On the Extension of the Carboniferous System of

the United States, so as to include all true Coals.

By R. P. Srevens.

Read December 16, 1861.

Ir will be recollected, that the late Prof. Eaton, and other

early geologists of our country, considered the Onondaga lime-

stone, including the Cherty beds, commonly called the pyri-

tiferous limestone of Eaton, to be equivalent to the Mountain

limestone of the English authorities; and as there was at that

time a very prevalent contagion among American geologists to

trace equivalents of American strata with European, all above

this horizon of limestone would naturally fall into the carbo-

niferous system.

As the geological investigations of New York and Pennsyl-

vania progressed, it was found that this horizon of rock strata

was low down, nearly at the base of the Devonian, and that the

whole thickness of the Catskill Mountains (Hamilton, Portage,

and Chemung groups), did actually lie between this limestone

and the coal of Pennsylvania; and that this vast thickness of

sedimentary rocks was greatly ingreased, travelling south-west-

wards from these mountains, until in south-western Virginia

they had attained their maximum development.

By the united labors of the brothers Rogers, and their very

able assistants, certain vast deposits of conglomerates were

placed at the base of the Carboniferous, called by them ‘“ For-

mation No. XII.”—or the Coal Conglomerate, in contradistine-

tion from other conglomerates lying both above and below this

very certain horizon.

This stratum was well defined in the anthracite region of the

Schuylkill river, the semi-bituminous region of the Broadtop

mountains, and Blossburgh ; also in the bituminous coal regions

west of the Alleghany mountains. This conglomerate was con-

sidered to be equivalent, if not identical, with the Coal Conglo-

merate of the English: coal measures,

Carboniferous System of the United States. 415

As the geological examinations of our country were extended,

and when the more methodical and scientific measures were

adopted of connecting every line of examination with a regular

system of levelling, added to paleontological investigations, it

was found that some of the coal basins of the States of Michigan,

Iowa, Missouri, and Northern Illinois, had not this Conglomerate

developed, or at least that it could not be identified; but in

some instances, as at La Salle, on the L[llinois river, the Con-

glomerate was a rock belonging to a far earlier age.

The brothers Rogers, in their investigations in Virginia,

found in Wythe, Pulaski, and Montgomery counties two or

three thousand feet of green and red shales, containing three or

more workable strata of coal, lying below their basal “ forma-

tion No. XII.” Mr. Lesley made a similar discovery in Blair

county, Pennsylvania, at the head of the Juniatta river, where

he found six hundred feet of shales, below the “ No. XII.,” con-

taining three workable seams of coal. The late Dr. Owen made

similar discoveries in the States of Kentucky and Arkansas. In

Northern Illinois and Jowa, in the black shales of the horizon

of the Portage Group of the New York system, workable seams

of coal have been found. This shale contains land plants, and

is highly charged with bitumen, and is the source of the petro-

leum and gas springs of New York, Canada, Northern Penn-

sylvania, and Ohio. When we add to these numerous instances,

amounting almost to a law, that Prof. Dawson found a similar

system of coal measures, below the Formation No. XIL., in his

geological exploration of Nova Scotia, are we not carried back

towards the opinions of the Fathers of American Geology ?

Why should a certain coarse conglomerate, grading off into

a sandstone, seldom to be distinguished from any other con-

glomerate and sandstone lying either above or below it, by any

palezontological—the only true evidence, and never by any litho-

logical evidence, be considered the basal measure of the carbo-

niferous? Far below lie true coal-bearing strata. Long ages

previous to its being laid down, the continent was clothed in

DEC., 1861. 99 Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hist. Vou, VII.

416 Carboniferous System of the United States.

verdure by the Neggerathia, Lepidodendron, Sigillaria, and

numerous families of ferns, always considered reliable coal

plants. Carboniferous reptiles walked the sandy shores, and

insects floated on the evening air. Other paleeontological evi-

dence, drawn from the marine fauna, tends in the same direction

to which the previous statements of this paper lead us, viz.; to

carry the base of the carboniferous system three thousand feet

nearer the foundations which the fathers erected. It includes

all the workable seams of coal. The more safely may we travel

in this direction when we take into the elements of our reason-

ing that in all the vast thickness of rock strata, which we should

add to the carboniferous, there is no unconformity, but a regular

sequence in the order of deposition, over a large portion

of the American continent, untouched by any disturbing

causes,

While we dig deeper for the carboniferons foundations, may

we not carry the structure higher, and find the roof-tree hidden

near the Zriassic? In pursuing the geological investigations

of Missouri, Maj. Hawn crossed over into Kansas and brought

back rich trophies as the result of his geological foray beyond

the borders. Upon investigation these trophies were found to

be fossils of the Permian type. About the same time Mr. Meek

made the saine discovery. Prof. Swallow soon followed with

confirming evidence from observations from the west of Mis-

souri. Prof. Hall has also identified fossils as belonging to the

Permian. Dr. Shumard made similar discoveries in the Gua-

delupe Mountains, Texas.

The coal-bearing rocks west of the Mississippi are divided

into upper and lower. Above the upper lie the coal measures

of Kansas, one thousand feet thick, having within them many

seams of coal. Above these, and still higher, lie about eight

hundred feet of limestones, shales, clays, cherty layers, and

sandstones. All these depositions lie conformable to each other.

The fossils gradually grade into each other, from the lower into

the upper carboniferous, and from the latter into the lower Per-

Carboniferous System of the United States. 417

mian, and thence into the upper Permian. About 27 per cent.

of the carboniferous pass into the Permian.*

During all the period of the deposition of the rocks under

consideration, one law of life, with its succession of species,

seems to have prevailed ; while at the same time there was one

law of geological deposition. There is no abrupt change, all

is orderly and easy in its sequence. Faunas familiar to us,

through all the carboniferous seas, follow us into the Permian,

and there we lose them for ever.

The same floras from peat bogs, oozy marshes, or sandy ridges,

are seen in every roofstratum of shale or sandstone. There is no

sign of change either in stratification, conformity, or paleon-

tology. Why should one be called Carboniferous, another Sub-

carboniferous, and still another, Permian ?

In this connexion another coal-bearing stratum comes into

view, which there is more difficulty to place in the newly enlarged

boundaries of the carboniferous. I allude to the coal of North

Carolina and Richmond, Virginia. According to H. D. Ro-

gers, the coal of Virginia belongs to the Jurassic series. With

him agrees Sir Charles Lyell. William B. Rogers thinks that

this coal is of the age of the Triassic. Dr. Emmons, whose faci-

lities for examining the beds of North Carolina were diligently

improved, classes the Deep and Dan river beds with the Per-

mian. Prof. Heer, a very competent authority, sustains him

in this opinion. The great want of conformability of the red

sandstone of the Atlantic slope, with the coal of the Apalachian

systems, makes this part of our inquiry one of very great dif-

ficulty.

Prof. Emmons’ argument for the Permian relationship of

these coal strata is derived,

* Since writing the above my notice has been called to a paper of Mr. Thomas

Davidson, of England, upon the occurrence in the Permian of carboniferous fos-

sils, and he cites the following, Martinia clannyana, Spiriferina crista, Camaro-

phoria schlotheimi, C. globulina, Lingula credneri. To this catalogue of mollusea,

Mr. J. W. Kirby adds the following crustacea, Cythere elongata, C. ornata, Bairdia

gracilis, Gyrocanthus formosus.

418 Carboniferous System of the United States.

Ist, from the reptilian remains.

2d, from the fish remains.

3d, from the vegetable remains, and,

4th, from an unconformability of the lower or coal-bearing

strata of the red sandstone system, and the upper and non-pro-

ductive.

If Prof. Emmons’ views are adopted, there is a beauty and har-

mony in the geological history of America not otherwise dis-

covered, With equal steps, and in grand procession, the geo-

logical phenomena proceed with the paleontological, from the

first appearance of a land plant to the complete metamorphism

of the hydro-carbon of plants into bituminous, semi-bituminous,

and anthracite coal. While the brown coal, or lignite, would

belong to another age, having its own peculiar geological and

biological phenomena, allied to each other and distinct from the

preceding age.

The carboniferous, then, will begin with the dawn of insular

and continental vegetation, and terminate with the true coals—

including ‘the false coal measures,” “ the sub-carboniferous,”

“the barren measures,” “ the upper and lower coal measures,”

“the Permian coals,” “the Jurassic coals,” or whatever name

or synonym may be used, excluding lignite orimpure coal. A

system giving us nearly six thousand feet of sedimentary strata,

deposited under similar conditions, over an area of the American

continent extending from Nova Scotia to Texas, and from North

Carolina to the Rocky Mountains, if not the Sierra Nevada—

obeying one comprehensive law of chemical action, and exhi-

biting one magnificent era of floral verdure with coeval land

and marine faunas.

GENERA OF PLANTS IN THE ENLARGED CARBONIFEROUS.

Permian.—Anabracaulis, Calamites, Chondrites, Dictyocau-

lis, Equisetum, Filias, Gymnocaulus, Lycopodites, Spheno-

pteris, Walchia.

Carboniferous.—Aleopteris, Allamodendron, Alethopteris,

Carboniferous System of the United States. 419

Annularia, Artisia, Asterophyllites, Aspidaria, Asplenites, Car-

diocarpon, Carpolites, Casea, Calamites, Cordaites, Cyclo-

pteris, Callipteris, Coniopteris, Cannophyllites, Cyatheites, Cre-

matopteris, Cyperites, Dictyopteris, Equisetum, Flabellaria,

Halonia, Hemitelites, Hippurites, Hymenophyllites, Knorria,

Lepidodendron, Lepidophlois, Lepidophyllum, Lycopodites,

Nephropteris, Neuropteris, Naggerathia, Odontopteris, Peco-

pteris, Pinnularia, Pyenophyllum, Polysporia, Pachyphyllum,

Poacites, Rhabdocarpus, Rhizolithes, Sagenaria, Sigillaria,

Sphenophyllum, Stigmaria, Staphilopteris, Stigmatocanna,

Syringodendron, Sphenopteris, Schizopteris, Ulodendron, Whit-

tleseya.

FORMATION NO. XII. MILLSTONE GRIT COAL CONGLOMERATE.

Marine Fauna.—Cephalopoda, Gasteropoda, Conchifera.

PRE-CARBONIFERA, PROTO-CARBONIFERA, SUB-CARBONIFERA, PSEUDO-

CARBONIFERA.

Genera of Plants.—Aleopteris, Annularia, Apoxylon, <As-

terites, Asterophyllites, Bornia ?, Calamites, Cardiocarpon, Car-

polites, Cordaites, Cyclopteris, Dadoxylon, Diplotegeium, Dic-

tyopteris, Dymophyllum, Filicites, Fucoides, Halonia, Hyme-

nophyllites, Lepidodendron, Lepidophlois, Lepidophyllum, Le-

pidostrobus, Lycopodites, Megaphytum ?, Neuropteris, Negge-

rathia, Odontopteris, Pecopteris, Pinnaria, Plumalina, Pro-

taxites, Psilophyton, Rhabdocarpus, Rhizolites, Sagenaria ?, Sela-

ginites, Sigillaria, Sphenococcites, Sphenopteris, Sphenophyl-

lum, Sphenophyllites, Staphyllopteris, Sternbergia, Stigmaria,

Stigmatocauna ?

420 Remarks on Certain Species

XXXVII—Remarks on Certain Species of North American

Heticip#.

By Tuomas Branp.

(Continued from p. 142, and concluded.)

Read December 16th, 1861.

Helix Downieana nov. sp.

Plate IV. fig, 23-24.

T. subobtecte umbilicata, subglobosa, tenui, subpellucida, obsolete

costulato-striata, lineis spiralibus impressis sublente confertim decussata,

virenti-cornea; spira brevi, obtusi; anfr. 5, convexis, ultimo tumido,

antice gibbosulo, vix descendente, constricto ; apertura obliqua, lunato-

ovali; perist. albo, labiato, reflexo, margine dextro expanso, columellari,

angulatim dilatato umbilicum fere tegente.

Shell umbilicate, umbilicus nearly covered, subglobose, thin,

subpellucid, with obsolete rib-like strize, decussated with crowded

microscopic spiral lines, greenish horn-colored; spire short,

obtuse ; whorls five, convex, the last tumid, anteriorly some-

what gibbous, scarcely descending, constricted; aperture ob-

lique, lunate-oval ; perist. white, labiate, reflected, right margin

expanded, columellar margin angularly dilated, nearly covering

the umbilicus.

Diam. maj. 103, min 94, Alt. 6 mill.

Station.—Among leaves, at the roots of grass and shrubs in

rocky places.

Habitat.— University Place, Franklin Co., Tenn. Downie!

Ltemarks.—In the autumn of 1860 Ireceived three specimens,

through Bishop Elliott, from Major Downie of Brunswick, Ga.,

to whom I dedicate the species. In form and aspect it is most

like HZ. Christyt Nob., but has no parietal tooth; it is allied

also to ZZ. clausa Say, and HZ. Mitchelliana Lea.

of North American LHelicide. 421

Helix altermata Say.

The geographical distribution of the varieties of 7. alternata

is interesting. The species attains its largest size in Ohio and

Michigan—from the former I have it with 6 whorls, Diam.

maj. 24, min. 22, Alt. 10 mill. In both of those States indi-

viduals are found of nearly uniform color, from pale straw to

dark reddish brown. In Canada, on Goat Island, Niagara, and

on Cunningham Island, Lake Erie, the shell is frequently much

elevated, even globose, thickened, and almost covered with dark-

colored flammules.

A beautiful variety was discovered a few years ago by Mr.

Ferguson on the Helderberg Mountains, New York; subse-

quently near Greenwood Cemetery, Long Island; and also in

the woods adjoining the New York Bay Cemetery, near Jersey

City. It is small, comparatively smooth, especially at the base,

has a shining somewhat translucent epidermis, which on dead

shells becomes opaque. The suture is well impressed and the

outer whorl is not, as usual in the species, obscletely carinated.

The deep red flammules are disposed with much regularity on

a pale horn-colored ground. An average sized specimen, with

5 whorls, is Diam. maj. 154, min. 14, Alt. 63 mill. The ani-

mal does not exude the saffron-colored mucous secretion usually

observed in the typical form. I designate this shell as //. alter-

nata Say var. H. Fergusoni.

In Tennessee, North and South Carolina, and Georgia,

the moderately elevated and numerous strie of JZ. alter-

nata are replaced by sharply defined distant ribs. In a spe-

cimen from North Carolina, for which I am indebted to Mr.

David Christy, these ribs have a remarkable development, being

nearly 1 mill. apart on the last whorl; the shell is depressed,

but obsoletely carinated only. Bishop Elhott found a few spe-

cimens on the eastern slope of the Cumberland Mountains,

strongly ribbed, depressed, and the last whorl subcarinate, the

422 Remarks on Certain Species

carina in a measure obsolete behind the aperture, but modi-

fying its form.

The var. found fossil at Jackson, Miss., is well marked, being

ribbed above, the ribs passing over the periphery, with, at the

base, an additional less prominent rib between each. I have

living examples of the same form from Tennessee, Arkansas,

and Louisiana.

Tkelix mordax Shuttleworth.

This was described by Shuttleworth in the following terms :

(Bern. Mitth., 1852, Diag. n. Moll., No. 2.)

T. late et perspective umbilicata, depressa, sublenticularis, carinata,

tenuis, luteo-cornea, strigis rufis interruptis fasciatim ornata, costis vali-

dis flexuosis remotis utrinque eximie asperata; anfr. 54, plani; apertura

perobliqua angulatim lunari-ovalis ; perist. simplex, acutum,

Diam. maj. 18, min. 16, Alt. 6 mill.

ffab,—In mont. Carolinz sept. specimina ultra 12 legit Rugel.

Obs.—H. alternate valde affinis, sed costis validioribus, ad 1 mill. inter

se remotis, distincta. H.Cumberlandiana Lea (forsan mere forma mon-

struosa), quacum carina congruit, differt (ex icone) testa tantum tenuiter

striata nee costata.

Shuttleworth observes that /Z. mordax being costate is dis-

tinct from //. alternata, and also from H. Cumberlandiana,

described by Lea as ¢enwiter striata ; the fact is, that both his

own and Lea’s species are costate, although the cost in the

latter are not so sharp and regular, indeed on the last whorl

near the aperture are partially obsolete. Shuttleworth states

that his shell agrees, as regards the carina, with 7, Cumber-

landiana. Ihave not seen an authentic specimen of 77. mor-

dax, but looking at the description consider that it bears the

same relation to 7. Cumberlandiana, as H. Carolinensis to H.

obstricta, and although with coste like the southern forms of

H. alternata already noticed, being carinated to the extent

described, it is a variety of 7, Cumberlandiana.

of North American Helicida. 423

Hielix Cumberlandiana Lea.

I subjoin a copy of Lea’s description, (Zrans. Amer. Phat.

Soc., VIII. p. 229, pl. &, fig. 61, 184(.)

CAaRACOLLA CUMBERLANDIANA.

T. lenticulata, carinata, striata, albida, fusco-notata, late umbilicata, ad

carinam superne et inferne impressa; anfr. quinis; apertura angulata,

intus sulcata; labro acuto.

Shell lenticular, carinate, striate, whitish, brown-spotted, widely umbi-

licate, impressed above and below the carina; whorls 5; aperture angu-

lar, within furrowed, lip acute.

Hab.—Cumberland Mts. near Jasper, Tennessee. Dr. Currey.

Diam. .54, length .14 inch,

Remarks—Among many species of land shells which I owe to Dr:

Currey’s kindness, were two individuals of this Caracolla which does not

appear to have been before noticed. It has some resemblance to Hi,

alternata Say, but may at once be distinguished by its depressed, flat,

lenticular form and carina. It is a very interesting species, and has a

remarkable furrow above and below the carina; all the whorls are visi-

ble in the umbilicus, and are striate all over.

This beautiful species was extremely rare, even in American

cabinets, until Bishop Elliott, after diligent search during seve-

ral summers, discovered it in August, 1860, inhabiting a single

spur of the Cumberland Mountains, near University Place,

Franklin County, Tenn. In one of his letters to me he men-

tions having found it on the ground, under stones and wood, in

company with ZZ. spinosa Lea, and also after rain creeping

upon precipitous faces of rock, with a few //. alternata (the

common Southern form), and /elicina orbiculata Say. My

largest. specimen measures, Diam. maj. 17, min. 15, Alt. 53

mill.

Helix tridentata Say.

This well known species varies much in size; for a very unu-

424 Lemarks on Certain Species

sually large specimen, said to be from Tennessee, I am indebted

to Mr. Henry Van Nostrand; it measures,

Diam. maj. 23, min. 19, Alt. 9 mill. (6 whorls).

The comparatively smooth Ohio form is,

Diam. maj. 19, min. 16, Alt. 7 mill. (54 whorls).

A small variety from Goat Island, N. Y., is,

Diam. maj. 13, min. 103, Alt. 54 mill (5 whorls).

A variety found by Mr. H. Van Nostrand, at Delaware

Water Gap, Pa., has very rigid somewhat distant, ribs.

The position of the upper lip-tooth in this species is not abso-

lutely constant, its distance from the lower one is variable.

Helix triodomtoides mov. sp.

Plate IV. fig. 11-12.

T. perforata, globoso-depressa, tenui, subpellucidaé, pallide cornea,

superne subobsolete costulato-striata, basi convexa, levigata; spira

brevi; anfr. 5 conyexiusculis, ultimo prope aperturam plicato, antice

deflexo ; apertura rotundato-lunari, obliqua, coarctaté; perist. reflexo,

calloso, marginibus dente linguiformi, acuto, triangulari junctis, dextro

dente in margine ¢alli posito, basali dente obliquo munito, ambobus den-

tibus parvis, inter se remotis.

Shell perforate, globose-depressed, thin, subpellucid, pale

horn-colored, with partially obsolete rib-like striae above ; base

convex, smooth; spire short; whorls 5, somewhat convex, the

last plicately ribbed near the aperture, deflexed anteriorly ;

aperture roundly lunate, oblique, contracted ; -perist. reflected,

callous, the margins joined by a sharp linguiform triangular

tooth, the right with a tooth on the margin of the callus,

basal with an oblique tooth, both teeth small and far apart.

Diam. maj. 95, min. 8, Alt. 5 mill.

Habitat—De Witt Co., Texas, Dr. Newcomb!; Corpus

Christi, Texas.

Ltemarks.—It has been generally assumed that the Z. ¢ro-

of North American Helicide. 425

donta Jan is identical with 4. Zexastana Moricand. Feérus-

sac (Bul. Zool., 1§53) states that it is so. Dr. Binney, looking

at specimens bearing Jan’s name in the Paris Museum, made

the following note: “ ZZ. triodonta Jan is the shell which we

have from Texas like //. tridentata, with very small teeth 5 it

seems to run into 7. Texasiana Mor.” Dr. Binney referred to

the shell which I have above described; if Jan’s shell is the

same, it should bear the name given by him. W. G. Binney

sent specimens to Pfeiffer, whose opinion is quoted (Terr. Moll.

iv. 79, pl. 78, fig. 18), that it is var. of ZZ. Tewasiana, but Mr.

Binney now concurs with me in considering it distinct.

LH. triodontoides is a more delicate shell than ZZ. Texasiana,

and does not attain the same size. It is not as distinctly ribbed,

is somewhat more elevated, and the aperture is more round.

The last whorl is less devious at its termination beneath, the lip

teeth are smaller and wide apart. In //. Zexasiana they are

close together, and the space between them has much resem-

blance to the notch in //. hirsuta. In that respect, as well as

in the form of the aperture, Moricand’s shell is more closely

allied to HZ. Mooreana W. G. By.

HH. Texasiana varies much in size, which is not the case with

my species. The following are measurements of specimens of

the former in my cabinet :

Diam maj. 113, min. 9, Alt. 5 mill.

66 66 8 66 7 74 4 19

Hielix imflecta Say.

- Say gives ,%,ths of an inch as the greatest transverse diameter

of this species; the size and other characters are, however,

variable. For an extraordinarily large specimen, found at

University Place, Tenn., Lam indebted to Bishop Elliott; having

4 whorls, it measures, Diam. maj. 16, min. 14, Alt. 7 mill.

A small var., Diam maj. 9, min. 8, Alt. 43 mill., inhabits

Taylor Co., Ga. (Dr. Neisler), in which the superior tooth on

496 Remarks on Certain Species

the peristome is situated lower than in the typical form; and

in consequence the space between it and the inferior tooth is

reduced.

From Darien, Ga. (Dr. Wilson !), and St. Simon’s Island, Ga.

(J. Postell !), IL have a.variety in which the epidermis has very

little of the usual hirsute character; the aperture is more

rounded, and the two lip teeth are small, in fact mere denticles.

The parietal tooth is less oblique and more central, not being

continued to the lower margin of the little reflected lip.

Helix Rugeli Shuttleworth.

The following is a copy of Shuttleworth’s description of this

species (Diag. n. Moll., No. 2, p. 18).

T. obtecte perforata, orbiculato-convexa, granulato-striata, parce setosa,

corneo-cerea; spira brevis, obtusa; anfr. 54, convexiusculi, ultimus

antice subito deflexus, ad aperturam valde constrictus; apertura depressa,

dente valido linguiformi flexuoso in pariete aperturali intrante coarctata ;

perist. reflexum, intus callosum, margine dextro dente magno obtuso

profunde immerso extus subscrobiculato, basali dente minore transverso

submarginali instructo.

Diam. maj. 13, min. 114, Alt. 64 mill.

JTub.—In Tennessee (Rugel).

Obs.—Specimina plurima vidi. Variat magnitudine, sed semper

major quam H. inflecta Say, cui maxime affinis; differt insuper dente

parietali magis evoluto et angulatim flexuoso, et dente supero marginis

dextri peristomatis crasso et valde immerso,

As regards the form and position of the upper tooth on the

lip, this species has the same connexion with ZZ. inflecta, as LZ.

Jallae with 1. tridentata.

Shuttleworth’s measurements show that his species is not

always larger than //. injlecta. The following are the dimen-

sions of the largest and smallest specimens in my cabinet.

Diam. maj. 135, min. 114, Alt. 6 mill. Cherokee Co, N. Car.

; Christy !

of North American Helicide. 427

Helix hirsuta Say.

This species varies in size; in my cabinet are specimens

which measure as follows :

Diam. maj. 114, min. 10, Alt. 64 mill.

iT5 74 6 (79 5 6c 4 66

The last whorl in front of the aperture, especially in the

larger forms, is more or less angulated, but I have never seen

a specimen carinated. The position of the parietal tooth is

often rather oblique, but usually nearly parallel with the lower

lip, and is more or less distant from it. The nature of the epi-

dermis varies; in some forms the hairs are very numerous, in

others comparatively few. Spiral impressed lines sometimes

occur beneath the epidermis, at the base of the shell.

Helix stenotrema Ferussac.

Terr. Moll. pl. XLIL, fig. 4.

W. G. Binney (Terr. Moll. IV., p. 61) treats this as distinct

from LZ. hirsuta, “its characteristics being constant in post-

pleiocene fossil as well as in recent individuals.” He does not,

however, define the characters, and I confess that it is difficult

to do so satisfactorily. In /Z. stenotrema the notch is invariably

small, and more central than in Z/. hirsuta ; the parietal tooth

is more produced over the aperture, and its lower edge is a

regular curve, not somewhat. sinuous as in the latter and //.

spinosa Lea; it is also curved downwards at its outer extre-

mity, not terminating abruptly, as usual in those species. The

form of the parietal tooth, however, varies in /Z. hirsuta, from

which Férussae’s species can chiefly, if indeed not alone, be

distinguished by the size and position of the notch.

H. stenotrema is not found in the Eastern and Middle States.

It does not vary much in size, seldom exceeding,

Diam. maj. 10, min. 9, Alt. 6, mill. Tennessee, Shuttleworth !

428 Lemarks on Certain Species

Helix spimosa Lea.

This well known species varies in size. Large specimens

from Alabama and the Cumberland Mountains, Tenn., are

much depressed above and little convex beneath; they measure,

Diam. maj. 14, min. 13, Alt. 5 mill.

A small var. from the Look Out Mountains, Tenn. (2000 ft.,

Bp. Elliott !), is proportionately more elevated above, and more

convex at the base, measuring, Diam. maj. 12, min. 11, Alt. 5

mill.

Helix Edgariana Lea.

Plate IV. fig. 18. (Twice nat. size.)

This was described by Lea in the following terms:

Caracotita EpGaRIANA.

T. supra subplana, subtus convexa, rufo-fusca, enormiter striata, imper-

forata ; spiraé brevi; suturis vix impressis; anfr. 5 planulatis, apertura

angustissima; columella dentem unicum longum et laminatum habente ;

labro incrassato, in medio inciso.

Shell nearly flat above, beneath convex, reddish-brown, irregularly

striate, imperforate ; spire short; sutures scarcely impressed; whorls 5,

flattened; aperture very narrow; columella furnished with a long

lamellar tooth; lip thickened, in the middle notched.

HHab—Cumberland Mountains, Tennessee. Diam. .40, length .20 inch,

Remarks—Among a number of Helices taken by Mr. Edgar were

three specimens of this species, which do not seem to have been before

observed. The carina is sharp. The form of the aperture is that of H.

hirsuta Say, except that the superior and thick part of the lip joins the

tooth of the columella; on the surface of the shell there is no hirsute

character. Several specimens of the hirsuta accompanied them, all of

which presented their usual globose character. It differs from C. spi-

nosa Nob., in being smaller, less flattened, and being without the cilia.

(Proc, Am. Phil, Soc, II. 31. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. TX., p. 2.)

To. Dr. Binney’s remarks on /7Z. spinosa Lea (Terr. Moll. IL.,

155), Dr. Gould adds the following:

of North American Helicide. 429

“There is a small variety of this species, having about half the usual

diameter, and having its faces much more convex, which Mr. Lea has

described under the name of Caracolla EHdgariana. Mr. Lea says, its

aperture has the form of AZ. hirsuta, except that the superior and thick

part of the lip joins the tooth of the columella. We are not yet pre-

pared to admit this as a distinct species, though farther researches may

prove it to be so. The junction of the lip with the columellar tooth

seems to have been accidental in Mr. Lea’s specimens; at least, we have

several specimens, corresponding to his in other respects, where this

character is wanting. Moreover, there is a large carinated variety of

H. hirsuta, from the same locality, which, so far as the aperture is

concerned, corresponds still better with Mr. Lea’s description. His other

character, by which he distinguishes H. Hdgariana from HH. spinosa, its

being without cilia, is not constant, for fresh specimens of both large

and small are well garnished with hairs, quite as abundantly as in H,

hirsuta ; and the difference in the two species is that in the latter the

hairs are erect, while in H. spinosa they are prostrate. Unfortunately

the engravings were made from specimens destitute of hairs.”

There are two specimens in my cabinet which accord entirely

with Lea’s description, and also with fig. 2, Pl. XLIV. Terr.

Moll., the habitat of one unknown, the other collected by Bishop

Elliott in Tennessee. I have seen no specimen, agreeing other-

wise with the type, in which the junction of the lip with the

parietal tooth is wanting, and believe it to be a good specific

character.

Hf. Edgariana differs also from LZ. spinosa in the following

particulars: it is 7 smaller, more elevated, and more convex

beneath. In form the parietal tooth is most like that of ZZ.

stenotrema, while that of H. spinosa is more nearly allied to

that usually prevailing in #7. hirsuta. The whorls of ZZ. spz-

nosa are flattened and exserted, the carinated edges of all being

seen, but in ZZ, Hdgariana the upper whorls are rather convex,

and defined by a well marked suture. Traces of hairs rarely

exist at the base of ZZ. spinosa, and no scars indicating their

presence are visible on dead or denuded shells, whereas in HZ.

430 Leemarks on Certain Species

Hdgarvana there are distant short prostrate hairs, with strongly

marked scars on the shell. Fresh or young specimens have no

doubt the cilia, as in ZZ. spinosa.

The specimen had from Bishop Elliott measures,

Diam. maj. 9, min. 8, Alt. 5 mill.

Helix labrosa mov. sp.

Plate IV., fig. 19, (twice nat. size.)

T. imperforata, lenticulari, carinata, carina pone aperturam subobsoleta,

solidd, arcuatim striata, sub epidermide fusco-corned ; epidermide tenui,

supra setis prostratis munita; spira convexo-conoidea, obtusula ; anf. 54

planiusculis, ultimo antice deflexo, constricto, basi subinflato, lineis

numerosis spiralibus impressis sub epidermide ornato}; apertura perob-

liqua, anguste auriformi, dente valido in toto pariete aperturali lingue-

formi arcuatim intrante coarctata ; perist. calloso, reflexiusculo, margi-

nibus callo sinuato junctis, margine basali incrassato, introrsum perdila-

tato, medio valde inciso.

Shell imperforate, lenticular, carinated, the carina somewhat

obsolete behind the aperture, solid, with curved striz, dark-

brown colored beneath the epidermis, thin epidermis with pros-

trate hairs; spire convex-conoid, obtuse; whorls 53, rather

convex, the last deflexed, constricted, the base inflated, and

sculptured beneath the epidermis with numerous impressed

spiral lines; the aperture very oblique, narrowly ear-shaped,

contracted by a strong linguiform tooth extending along the

entire parietal wall; peristome callous, somewhat reflected, the

margin joined by a sinuous callus, the basal margin thickened,

inwardly much dilated, with a deep and wide notch in the

middle.

Diam. maj. 124; min. 10, Alt. 63 mill.

Habitat—Waschita Springs, Arkansas (Cabinet of W. G.

Binney); Hot Springs, Arkaisas (Cab. Smithsonian Institu-

tion); Alabama (W. G. Binney); Tennessee (Bishop Elliott !).

of North American Helicide. 431

Remarks.—This species has been confounded with H. Hdgar-

eana Lea, from which, however, it differs in several well

marked characters. The specimens to which Mr. W. G. Bin-

ney refers (Terr. Moll. IV., p. 65), as being of Lea’s species,

are of that now under consideration.

The thickened and reflected peristome, and deep wide notch,

sufficiently distinguish HZ. lebrosa from H. Hdgariana. The

notcli in the latter, situated in the centre of the aperture as in

fT, stenotrema, is in a measure obsolete, but in HZ. labrosa it is

strongly developed, and nearer to the outer edge of the peri-

stome as in //. hersuta. The form of the parietal tooth of my

species is like that of 1. hirsuta, while 7. Edgariana is in that

particular nore like ZZ. stenotrema.

H. Kdgariana, in fact, connects LH. stenotrema with H. spi-

nosa, but H. labresa is rather allied to H. hirsuta, and in the

character of the peristome to //. maxillata Gould.

W. G. Binney has a pale, thin, apparently immature spe-

cimen of //. labrosa, entirely agreeing with it as above described,

excepting that the lower lip is not thickened.

Welix monodon Rackett.

There appears to be no doubt that HZ. fraterna Say is a vari-

ety of this species; the degree to which the umbilicus is open

is very variable, it is comparatively rarely entirely closed.

The parietal tooth is sometimes much elevated, approaching in

form to that of ZZ. hersuta. I have several specimens in which

the lower lip is continued as in the typical form, so as partially

to cover the umbilicus, but in a subsequent stage of growth has

its columellar termination duplicated, recurved, and united to

the parietal tooth. Occasionally there is a callus, having the

appearance of an incipient tooth, on the inner margin of the

outer lip.

The following are measurements of specimens in my cabi-

net.

DEO. 1861. 30 Ann, Lc, Nav. Hist, Vor. VIL

432 Remarks on Certain Species

H. monodon Rack., umbilicus open.

Diam. maj. 11, min. 10, Alt. 53 mill (64 whorls), Texas.

66 66 Tet ce 6 One 6“ (5 66 )5 N. Car.

H. fraterna Say, umbilicus entirely closed.

Diam. maj. 10, min. 9, Alt. 5 mill (53 whorls), Goat Isl., N.Y.

rE BC ithpirtt Bho ia ies o(bire hie yp elabamias

[ have three specimens of HZ. monodon, sent to me by Mr.

Sloate, formerly of San Franciseo, who assured me, on the

authority, however, of another person, that they were found

near the mouth of the Columbia River, Oregon. I confess that

I do not feel satisfied of the correctness of the statement.

H. Leaii Ward is the most striking variety, if not indeed

entitled to specific rank; it inhabits by no means so wide an

area as /7. monodon or the var. H. fraterna, being found only,

I believe, in Michigan, Iowa, Indiana, and Ohio. Mr. Frank

Higgins, in his Catalogue of the Mollusca of Columbus, Ohio,

ingists on its being distinct. He says that it is found in the

swamp prairies only, its station being very different to that of

H. monodon, and that it never appears to extend its range, and

does not vary in color of shell or animal.

letter remarks, “ Hf. monodon and H. Lead have entirely dif-

ferent habits, the former is abundant in dry, the latter rare in

moist situations and swamps associated with Ammnzcola lapi-

daria Say,and othersemi-aquatic species. H. Leaiz lives during

half the year under water and ice, while “7. monodon is found

under the bark of trees and rotten stumps. If their stations

were changed both would become extinct.”

The measurements of my largest and smallest specimens are,

Diam. maj. 8, min. 7, Alt. 4 mill. (63 whorls), Ohio.

(cc 66 q 66 6 66 35 <4 (5 as ), 66

Helix appressa Say.

This species is variable in several characters. In Georgia it

attains its greatest size; from that State I have examples with

of North American Helicide. 433

six whorls, Diam. maj. 20, min. 18, Alt. 94 mill. Some south-

ern forms are beautifully sculptured with numerous spiral lines,

and have a narrow but very projecting parietal tooth. Near

Nashville, Tenn., a small flattened var. is found, widely ribbed

above, the ribs obsolete at the base, the lip widely reflected,

and the parietal tooth arcuate.

Say’s “ var. a, Labrum with two projecting angles,” inhabits

Illinois; in some specimens the aperture and teeth are singu-

larly like those of ZZ. palliata.

From Wilmington, N. Car., and City Point, Va., I have a

remarkable variety,

depressed, with 44 whorls, the ribs far

apart, and the surface between them somewhat granulated ; the

periphery more sharply angulated than in other forms, and the

parietal tooth more arcuate. Diam. maj. 14, min. 11, Alt. 54

mill.

Specimens from Illinois have the whorls flattened above,

and partially exserted, showing a tendency to variation in the

same direction as //. palliata. .

Helix palliata Say.

This shell has been fully identified, but doubts exist as to

Say’s var. a., HZ. obstricta Say, H. helicoides Lea, and /. Caro-

linensis Lea. Having had much correspondence with concho-

logists, both here and in Europe, respecting those forms, I pro-

pose fully to examine the questions which have arisen con-

cerning them.

In 1821 Say thus described HZ. palliata and LT. obstricta,

(Jour. Acad. Nat. Set., Phila. IL., pp. 152-154),—

H. patirata.—Shell depressed, with elevated lines, forming grooves

between them}; epidermis fuscous, rugose with very numerous minute

tuberculous acute prominences; volutions five, depressed above, beneath

rounded, forming an obtuse angle exteriorly, which is more acute near

the termination of the labrum; umbilicus covered with a white callus ;

aperture contracted by the labrum; labrum widely reflected, with two

434 Lemarks on Certain Species

profound obtuse sinuses on the inner side above the middle, forming a

prominent distinct tooth between them, and a projecting angle near the

middle of the lip; labium with a large, prominent white tooth, placed

perpendicularly to the whorl, and obliquely to the axis of the shell, and

nearly attaining the umbilical callus.

Inhabits Ilinois. Length of the column seven-twentieths of an inch.

Greatest breadth, four-fifths of an inch.

Var. a—A very prominent acute carina, destitute of minute pro-

minences. IJnhabits Ohio. Breadth nearly one inch.

H. opsrricta.—Shell depressed, with elevated lines forming grooves

between them ; epidermis pale-brownish, naked; volutions five, depressed

above, beneath rounded, with an acute, projecting carina; umbilicus

covered with a white callus, indented; mouth resembling that of ZH.

palliata.

Inhabits Ohio. Breadth nearly one inch,

This species is very closely allied to H. palliata, but the epidermis is

not covered with small elevations as in that shell, and the carina is very

prominent and remarkable.

In 1881 Lea described the following species :

H. caro.inensis.—T, supradepressa, infra inflata, oblique striata, fusca,

imperforata ; anfr. 5, spira maxime obtusa ; apertura coarctata ; labro

albo, reflexo, latoque, duobus dentibus instructo, quorum inferior longus

et laminatus, superior parvus et conicus est, columellé dentem elevatum

incurvumque habente, columellz basi valde impressi. Diam. 34ths.

Length ,7;ths inch.

Hab.—South Carolina, near Cheraw.

Shell depressed above, inflated below, obliquely striated, fuscous, im-

perforate ; whorls 5; spire very obtuse ; aperture contracted ; outer lip

white, broad, and reflected, furnished with two teeth, the inferior one

long and lamellar, the superior one small and conical ; columella with an

elevated incurved tooth ; base of the columella much impressed.

Remarks.—I found a few specimens of this fine Helix while travelling

through South Carolina three years since. They were taken from

beneath the bark of an old tree. It is closely allied to Mr. Say’s pal-

liata, but differs in the region of the base of the columella being more

deeply impressed. The oblique strize are more distinct, and no specimen

of North American Helrcide. 435

which I obtained is in the least hirsute. (Zrans. Amer, Phil. Sec., N.

S.1V., p. 108, Pl. XV., figs. 33-a. b. c.)

Caracotita Hetrcoipes.—T. orbiculata, fusca, supra plano-convexa,

subtus inflata, imperforata, oblique striaté; anfr. 5, spira obtusissima ;

apertura contracta; labro albo, lato et reflexo, dentibus duobus instructo,

quorum inferior longus et laminatus, superior parvus et conicus est;

columella dentem unicum, longum, elevatum et incurvum habente.

Diam. 4%ths. Length ;ths inch.

HHab.—Tennessee, near Nashville.

H. palliata? Say var.a. Acad. Nat. Soc. IL., p. 152.

Shell orbicular, fuscous, plano-convex above, inflated below, imperforate,

obliquely striated; whorls 5; spire very obtuse; aperture contracted ;

outer lip white, broad, and reflected, furnished with two teeth, the infe-

rior one long and lamellar, the superior one small and conical; colu-

mella with a long, elevated, incurved tooth.

Remarks—Among the fine shells brought by Prof. Vanuxem, some

years since, from a tour through the Western States, were two specimens

of this beautiful Caracolla. In its specific characters it resembles ZZ. paé-

liata Say, and HZ. Carolinensis described in this paper. It is destitute

of the hirsute appearance of the padliata, and is entirely distinct in the

flatness of the whorls of the spire. In the Carolinensis:the base of the

columella is more impressed, and the whorls more inflated. (Trans.

Amer. Phil. Soc. l. ¢., p. 109, Pl. XV., figs. 34, a, b, c.)

On the cover of No. 6, of his American Conchology (1834),

Say published the following note :

C.. helicoides Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. IV. N. S., is var. a. of H.

palliata Say, H, denotata Fer.

Hf, Carolinensis Ibid. corresponds by description and figures with A.

appressa Say, var. a.

Dr. Binney, in the Boston Journal (1840), and also in the

Terr. Moll. (1851), places /Z. obstrecta and Lea’s two species in

the synonymy of Z7. palliata. W.G. Binney (Terr. Moll. IV.,

1859) observes that the extreme variation of Z/. palliata has

given rise to considerable confusion. He designates /Z. Caro-

linensis as “a prominent variety,” but holds //. obstricta to be

distinct, having no doubt of its identity with ZZ. helicoides ; he

436 Remarks on Certain Species

adds to the synonymy of //. obstricta Say’s var. a. of H. palliata,

considering that the descriptions agree. Thename //. denotata

appears in Férussac’s Prodromus. In the Histoire, Pl. 50, fig.

7, agrees with Lea’s figure of //. helicoides, but in the Expli-

cation des Planches it is erroneously called 77. appressa Say.

In the Bull. Zool. (1835), Férussae refers “7. Carolinensis to

H. palliata, and treats HH. helicoides as a variety of it. Pfeiffer

(Mon. Hel. Viv.) has 4. Curolinensis in the synonymy of /Z.

palliata, and FH. helicoides in that of HZ. obstricta.

Ihave now quoted everything of any moment which has

been written on the subject of the different forms of, or imme-

diately allied to HZ. palliata.

There can be no doubt as to the ZZ. palliata Say. It is im-

possible, however, with absolute certainty to identify Say’s var.

a. and his //. obstricta, looking at the descriptions, and his note

of 1834 on LZ. helicoides. Say gives Ohio as the habitat of the

two first, which increases the difficulty, inasmuch as no carinated

form, so far as I know, occurs in that State.

Say, in 1824, separated /Z. obstricta from var. a. ; in 1834 he

pronounced /Z. helicoides to be the latter, and did not mention

the former. At the latter date he erroneously referred ZZ,

Carolinensis to H. appressa, and I believe that he was equally

in error in referring JZ. helicoides to var. a. instead of to H.

obstricta.

Judging alone from Say’s diagnosis of /7. obstricta, I should

certainly consider it identical with ZZ. helicoides as figured by

Lea, who, in his description, makes no allusion to the carma.

Say characterizes the carina of /7. obstricta as acute, projecting,

very prominent, and remarkable. In H. helicoides the carina is

certainly remarkable; projecting from the edges of all save the

apicial whorls, compressed, and overlapping the suture, as in ZZ.

Cumberlandiana Lea, a shell unknown to Say. Under these

circumstances I coneur with W. G. Binney in placing H. heli-

cotdes in the synonymy of ZT. obstricta.

fH. palliata, var. @., is described by Say as having a very pro-

minent acute carina, and destitute of minute prominences.

of North American Helicide. 437

The only shell to which the description applies (excluding Z.

obstricta) is H. Carolinensis or an intermediate form, and I am

decidedly of opinion that Lea’s species has been misunderstood

by authors; that it is in fact a variety of ZZ. obstricta, to which

it is nearly allied in epidermis and sculpturing, rather than of

H. palliata, from which, in those particulars, it essentially

differs.

The nature of the epidermis and sculpturing are the only

constant specific characters which distinguish /7. palliata from

H. obstricta. In the former the epidermis has “ numerous

minute tuberculous acute prominences ;” the striae are close

together, and somewhat irregular in development. In the typi-

cal form the whorls are convex, with a well impressed suture ;

the last whorl is obtusely angulated in front of, but not behind

the aperture.

The following are the dimensions of the largest and smallest

specimens in my cabinet.

Diam. maj. 23, min. 20, Alt. 10 mill. (5 whorls).

19 6c ily 6c 14 66 8 6c (43 19 ye

The species varies in the form of the whorls and extent of the

angulation of the periphery, as follows.

Var. 8.—Whorls flattened above, slightly exserted, the last

more sharply angulated in front of the aperture, with the striae,

especially behind the aperture, more distinctly defined.

Diam. maj. 22, min. 194, Alt. 8} mill. (5 whorls).

I am indebted to Mr. A. O. Currier of Grand Rapids, Mich.,

for beautiful specimens from Mumfordsville, Ky., and Pittsburg

Landing, Tenn. |

‘Var. y.—Whorls planulate above, and so exserted as to

show the carinated edges of all excepting the apicial whorls,

the last whorl with an acute projecting carina continued to the

back of the aperture ; the umbilicus not always entirely covered

by the reflected lip.

Diam. maj. 214, min. 184, Alt. 7 mill. (5 whorls).

Bishop Elliott collected fine specimens at Jasper Town, Tenn.

438 Remarks on Certain Species

Helix obstricta Say.

SYNONYMY.

Helix obstricta Say Jour. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., IL, 154, 1821.

- palliata Say var. a. Jour. Acad., 1. c., 152.

—— Ourolinensis Lea Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. N. Sahay,

108, pl. XV., figs. 33, a, b, c, 1881.

Caracolla helicoides Lea Trans Amer. Phil. Soe., 1. ¢., 109,

pl. XV., figs. 34, a, b, ¢.

Helix palliata Binney Terr. Moll. I., 136, var. pl. XV., 1851.

—- var. H. Carolinensis W. G. Binney. Terr.

. Moll. IV., 57, 1859.

‘ From the dates at which this species and its varieties were

described, the most distinctly carinated form must be treated

as the type, although the nature of the variations is the same

as in #7. palliata.

H. obstricta Say (H. helicoides Lea) differs from H. palliata

in the following particulars ; the epidermis is free from “ tuber-

culous prominenees,” but has raised spiral lines between the

costze on the upper and lower surfaces of the shell. It has ele-

vated, rigid, distant costs, the whorls are subexserted and

acutely carinated, the carina of the upper whorls compressed,

and overlapping the sutures as in //. Cumberlandiana Lea.

The umbilicus, as in the most carinated form of ZZ. palliata, is

not always entirely covered by the reflected lip.

The typical form varies in color from pale to dark brown,

and also in size and elevation, as the following measurements

will show : )

Diam. maj. 25, min. 22, Alt. 10 mill. (53 whorls). Cab. W.

G. Binney, Lea!

Ke “« 93 “ 20 “ 8% (5 whorls). Bersh. Spr.,

Tenn., Elliott! My Cab.

- 0 20-26 TS. 8, (Swhorls), IndianaDr-

Ingalls! My Cab.

of North American Helicide. 439

Var. 8. Whorls subexserted, carina less acute and promi-

nent, partially obsolete behind the aperture, not covering the

sutures.

Diam. maj. 24, min. 19, Alt. 8 mill. (5 whorls).

14 66 204 (79 Lig 6c if 66 (5 5 ys

Bp. Elliott collected many specimens at Columbus, Geo.

This var connects ZZ. Carolinensis Lea with ZH. obstricta, and is

generally found in cabinets under the former name.

Var. y. Whorls more convex, the last obtusely angulated

in front of, but very little behind the aperture.

Diam. maj. 21, min. 17, Alt. 74 mill. (5 whorls). South

Carolina, Lea! Cab. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.

Diam maj. 18, min. 16, Alt. 7 mill. (6 whorls). My Cabinet.

This is the typical H. Carolinensis Lea, holding precisely the

same relation to ZZ. obstricta, as H. palliata to H. palliata

var. 7.

Hielix vultuosa Gould.

PI. IV. fig. 21.

I have lately received from Mr. A. O. Currier, of Grand

Rapids, Michigan, a very instructive specimen collected near

Pine Town, Cherokee County, Texas, by Miss S. N. Bates.

It is larger than the usual form, and has the characteristics

of the species singularly developed. The last whorl is so pro-

duced as to leave both the lip teeth far within the aperture ;

the exterior scrobiculi are long and deep, the space between

them being almost as much elevated as in HZ. awriculata Say.

In specimens had from Dr. Gould, the edge of the peristome

between the teeth is thickened, but in the example before me it

is produced into an erect, white, polished lamella, 3 mill. long

and 14 mill. in height, as shown in my figure.

Dr. Gould remarks, that 77. vudtwosa differs from H. Tewxas-

dana Mor., * by having no line of callus connecting the pillar-

tooth with the angle of the lip, thereby forming a re-entering

440 Remarks on Certain Species

angle.” There is, however, a callus at the lower termination of

the pillar-tooth, extending nearly 1 mill. in the direction of the

upper angle of the lip, which is shown in the figure of the aper-

ture, Terr. Moll. IIL, pl. XL. In Mr. Currier’s specimen this

callus extends for a short distance across the parietal wall, at a

right angle with the tooth, and is thence continued upwards

towards, but not so far as the upper angle of the lip.

I subjoin measurements—

Diam. maj. 10, min. 9, Alt. 54 mill. Dr. Gould’s specimen.

; 60 BD o$ Ss ahd Se Gere) eA OnG niimeme 7d ie

It is curious to notice how much the increased development

of the characters of 77. vultwosa gives to that species affinities,

not existing in the typical form, with the group to which /Z.

auriculata belongs.

But I should remark that some of the North American Heli-

ces, especially the toothed species, are by intermediate varieties

connected in a marked degree.

Note on the Toothed Helices of North America.

The frequent occurrence of toothed shells of the Genus Helix

on the North American Continent is very rémarkable.

In W. G. Binney’s “ Check List” of the species of “ Eastern

North America from the boreal regions to the Rio Grande,”

published by the Smithsonian Institution, 116 are enumerated,

of which no less than 61 have one or more teeth in the aperture,

or within the whorls. In his list of the species of the ‘“ Pacific

Coast from the extreme north to Mazatlan,” Binney mentions

31 species, of which four have teeth, while 8 have them out of

31 named, (exclusive of those embraced in the Pacific Coast

list), in his list of Mexican Helices. Species similarly armed

are numerous in the West Indies, and not unfrequent in Cen-

tral and parts of South America.

What office in the economy of the living tenants of the shells

these processes, showing much uniformity of design, are des-

of North American Helicida. 441

tined to perform, it is difficult, indeed impossible, in the present

state of our knowledge, to comprehend. When the teeth,-from

their form and number, contract to a considerable degree the

apertural space through which the animal can alone protrude

itself, they appear capable of affording to it protection against

the entry of its enemies, or a means of removing particles of

earth or other foreign matter adhering to its mucous-covered

body, when withdrawing into its habitation. I am not, how-

ever, aware of any differences in the habits of the animals of

shells with and without teeth, which warrant such or any other

theories as to their value. Shells with large and small, toothed

and toothless apertures, are found inhabiting the same localities,

and subject to the same external influences and circumstances.

The form and position, and with very trifling exceptions the

number of the teeth, are constant and reliable specific charac-

ters. In proof of this, and as evidence of their value, I may

mention that when the aperture of a toothed shell is accident-

ally broken, the animal not only. repairs the injured part, but

reproduces the teeth. I have specimens of /7. appressa, inflecta,

monodon, septemvolva, and tridentata, in which, after the for-

mation of the parietal tooth, the aperture and part of the last

whorl adjoining were broken off, and the animals not only

reconstructed the reflected lips of their shells, but added also

the parietal teeth, the old ones remaining as monuments of the

destroyed apertures. In one of my specimens of /Z. triden-

tata, after completion of the shell, the animal continued the

last whorl about 2 mill. beyond the lip, partially reflected the

new lip, and added two incipient teeth in advance of the

old ones. On Plate IV., fig. 20, a sketch is given of the

very singular reparation of’ one of my specimens of JZ. sep-

temvolva. The fracture was behind the aperture, which the

animal in consequence abandoned, but it formed a new one by

reflecting the outer lip, on the lower part of which it added a

small tooth,—it found insufficient space for another. parietal

tooth behind the old aperture.

449 Remarks on Certain Species

A number of the North American Helices have, besides the

teeth, the process first noticed by Lea (Obs. V., 60), as a ** pillar

or additional column, placed like a fulerum (buttress) in the

interior, against the wall of the ordinary column, at the distance

of a fifth to a third of a revolution of the whorl from the aper-

ture.” Lea first observed this in /Z. spinosa, and subsequently

in seven other species. He remarks that the fulcrum “ will be

found in some species to be a simple round column soldered to

the paries of the main column; in others a compressed or flat-

tened column extending into the cavity of the whorl.” The

purpose, he adds, “ of this fulcrum or buttress is very evidently

instituted for the greater strength of the ultimate whorl, which,

being very much enlarged, seems in some of these more delli-

cate species to require additional support.”

With regard to the particular use of this curious appendage,

which exists only, so far as I know, in shells having the aperture

contracted by teeth, I suggest that it acts literally as a fulcrum,

in connexion with which the muscles of the animal have

increased leverage power to draw back its protruded body into

the shell, in the performance of which operation the teeth are

obstacles,—yet many toothed shells are without this process.

In repaired individuals of Z/. monodon, not only is a new

parietal tooth added, as above mentioned, but the fulcrum is

also reconstructed in its proper position with respect to the new

aperture. The locality of the old fulcrum is indicated by a

callus,— whether it was broken off or removed by the animal I

am unable to determine.

The following, framed from personal observation of specimens

in my cabinet, presents an arrangement of the species of Helix

of Eastern North America, based on the number of teeth, dis-

tinguishing those which have the fulerum, and also the cha-

racter of the lip—whether simple or reflected.

A. Lip stmpLE—NO FULCRUM.

1. One tooth within at base of aperture.

TH. perspectiva Say.

of North American Helicide. 443

. Two teeth within at base of aperture.

H. suppressa Say.

“ oularis

8. Two internal lamelle.

H. lJasmodon Phill.

4, Two or more internal teeth repeated in two or more series,

H. lineata Say.

“interna “

“ multidentata By.

B. Lip rerLEcTED—NO FULCRUM.

5. One parietal tooth.*

H. exoleta By.

“ thyroides Say.

* bueculenta Gould.

“ Wheatleyi Bland.

* dentifera By.

* Roemeri Pfr.

‘ Christyi Bland—allied in form to H. inflecta Say.

6. One tooth on lower lip

H. profunda Say.

“ Pennsylvanica Green, tooth not prominently developed.

. One parietal tooth, and one on lower lip.

H. Say By.

8. One parietal tooth, and one (lamelliform) on lower lip.

H. elevata Say—var. without lip tooth.

“ Clarkii Lea.

“ appressa Say—var. with outer lip tooth, like H. pallata.

9. One parietal tooth, one (lamelliform) on lower lip and one on

outer lip.

H. palliata Say.

“ obstricta “

* H. albolabris not unfrequently, and H. multilineata rarely have this tooth.

+ H. albolabris, exoleta, and thyroides have often a tooth-like callus on the lower

lip near its columellar termination.

444

10.

13.

Remarks on Certain Species

One parietal and two lip teeth.

H. inflecta Say.

* Rugeli Shuttl.

‘ tridentata Say.

“ Hopetonensis Shuttl.

“ fallax Say.

One parietal lamella, continued from its lower end upwards to

superior termination of lip, and two lip teeth.

H. triodontoides Bland.

“ Hindsi Pfr. upper lip tooth modification of the notch of

“ ventrosula Pfr. HI, hirsuta.

“ Texasiana Mor.—both lip teeth ditto.

Modification of same form of parietal lamella, with no lip teeth.

H. septemvolva Say.

“ cereolus Muhlf. eens :

ii f t have also an internal lamina.

Carpenteriana Bland.

Modification of same form of parietal lamella, with two lip teeth,

more or less lamelliform.

H. oppilata Mor.

“ auriformis Bland, upper lip tooth with incipient hook.

6c Te.

avara Say. ) upper lip tooth with hook G the hi

pper ij P

“ espiloca Rav. , : F f

: ; teeth especially in H. auriformis and

“ Postelliana Bland.

; H. avara are modifications of the

“ auriculata Say.

: notch of H. hirsuta.

“ uvulifera Shuttl. J i

“ Ariadne Pfr.

14. Two parallel parietal lamine, with internal teeth.

‘H. Jabyrinthica Say.

H. Hubbardi Brown.*

C. Wir FULCRUM.

15. One parietal lamelliform tooth, lower lip more or less laminated,

* The lip of HZ. Hubbardi is reflected. Brown in his description (Proc. Acad.

N. Sei.,

Phila. 1861), by an oversight has the word “simplici” as well as “ bre-

viter reflexo,”

of North American Helicide. 445

H. monodon Rack.,, lip reflected, var. with denticle on outer lip.

“ barbigera Redf. bd

H. Edvardsi Bland, small notch, lowerlip more or less appressed.

“ spinosa Lea, Hh vf

H. Edgariana Lea, ; rt e

“ stenotrema Fer., i: 3 sg

H. hirsuta Say, deep notch, 33h e

“ labrosa Bland, “ lower lip produced.

H. maxillata Gould, no notch, lower lip produced and duplicated

within the aperture.

Lie REFLECTED—WITH FULCRUM.

16. Parietal process modification of § 11, and two lip teeth.

H. leporina Gould—lip teeth modified form of notch.

“ pustuloides Bland.

“ pustula Fer.

H. Mooreana W G. By.

“ tholus.* &

H. vultuosa Gould, continuation of parietal lamella to lip inci-

pient only.

H. Dorfeuilliana Lea.

“ 'Troostiana «

“ fastigans L. W. Say.

“ Hazardi Bland.

17. One parietal and two lip teeth.

H. introferens Bland,—allied to H. fallax and H. vultuosa.

18. Parietal process modification of § 11, with lamella on lower lip

and two extending downwards, forming, far within the aperture,

a modified duplication of the lower lip, with notch having

reflexed hook.

H. hippocrepis Pfr.

* H. tholus is, I believe, a large var. of H. Mooreana.

446 Remarks on Certain Species

The four species having teeth, comprised in W. G. Binney’s

Pacific Coast List, are HZ. germana Gould, allied to 77. monodon

Rack., but without the fulcrum, belonging to the foregoing sec-

tion 5; ZZ. devia Gould, to section 8; 7. acutedentata W. G.

By., to 13, assuming from its affinity with AZ. Ariadne that it

has no fulerum, and #. loricata Gould, which has a well

developed tubercle, belonging to section 17. To these may be

added 7. Mullant Bland and Cooper (sec. 9), and “7. polygy-

rella Bld. and Coop., which, unlike any other North American

species, has, with an unreflected lip, a parietal tooth and two

series of three teeth in each within the last whorl.

Note on Variation in Species of Helia in Eastern North

al merica.

It will be seen from the foregoing remarks that many of the

species of Helix inhabiting Eastern North America are subject

to considerable variation. Without entering upon the question

of causes of variation, I should notice that, with the exception

of size, the variability of shells is rather in ornamentation than

in characters which indicate differences in the structure of the

animals, or ean affect their welfare.

The variations referred to are chiefly in size, color, sculpture,

and degree of the angulation of the periphery.

Wollaston (On the Variation of Species, p. 106) refers to the

tendency exhibited by many Helices to have at least two

abruptly marked forms, a larger and a smaller one. He says—

“JT have indeed been shown specimens by Sir Chas. Lyell of

the 7. hirsuta Say from N. America, one state of which is

considerably more than double the dimensions of the other;

and I believe it is a well known fact that intermediate links

have not yet been observed to connect the extremes.” So far,

however, as my experience teaches, I must say that, without

exception, the extremes in N. American Helices are connected

by others of intermediate sizes.

of North American Helicide. 447

The tendency of species, in different groups of the same

genus, to vary as regards form in a similar direction, is certainly

curious. HH. palliata Say, with whorls convex above, and an

obsoletely angulated periphery, has a variety with flattened,

sub-exserted whorls, and carinated periphery. The same dif-

ferences exist between /H. Carolinensis Lea and £71 obstricta

Say, and although in a less degree in forms of /7. appressa Say.

There is also the same relation between /Z. hirsuta Say and /.

spinosa Lea, and I may add between “7. Troostiana Lea and

LH. fastigans L. W. Say.

In the species without teeth there appears to be less tendency

to carination,—but 7. Cumberlandiana Lea has the same rela-

tion to ZZ. alternata Say as LZ. obstricta to LH. palliata. There

is also a carinated variety of HZ. interteata Binney.

It is worthy of remark that the stvz@ in #7. alternata and LH. pal-

liata are replaced by costw in H. Cumberlandiana and obstricta.

The geographical distribution of the carinated forms above

mentioned is interesting. None are found in the Eastern or

Middle States ; they inhabit chiefly Kentucky, Tennessee, Ala-

bama, and Georgia,—Tennessee being their metropolis.

Darwin (Origin of Species, p. 143, Amer. Ed.) states the fol-

lowing propositions,—“ distinct species present analogous varia-

tions; and a variety of one species often assumes some of the

characters of an allied species, or reverts to some of the cha-

racters of an early progenitor.” He gives as a case of analo-

gous variation in the vegetable kingdom, the enlarged stems of

the common turnip, Swedish turnip, and Rutabaga, remarking

that, “ according to the ordinary view of each species having

been independently created, we should have to attribute this

similarity in the enlarged stems of these three plants, not to the

vera causa of community of descent, and a consequent tendency

to vary in a like manner, but to three separate yet closely

related acts of creation.” I certainly am not prepared to accept

community of descent as the cause of analogous variation in

the American Helices above mentioned.

FEB, 1862. 81 Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hist, Vou, VII.

448 Remarks on Certain Species, é&c.

In connexion with the subject of variation, | may refer to

the great length of time during which species have been per-

petuated without alteration. In the Post-pleiocene beds of the

Southern States a considerable number of the Helices and other

land, and also fresh water species, occur identical with those

now living. H. labyrinthica Say, widely distributed in North

America, is said to be an Eocene fossil in England.

When species have well defined colors, or colored bands, or

other ornamentation, uniformly pale individuals are usually

noticed as varieties. I have such, in my cabinet, of the follow-

ing Helices, viz.: alternata, solitaria, albolabris, multilineata,

perspectiva, thyroides, interna, profunda, Pennsylvanica, pal-

liata, inflecta, tridentata, fallax, and hirsuta.

In North America there is no species of Helix whieh, in its

normal state, is s¢nzstral, but I may reeord that I have reversed

H1. alternata, thyroides, and Miteheliana ; W. G. Binney has

H. fallax, Mr. Isaac Lea H. hirsuta, and Mr. Anthony, I

believe, H. inflecta and ZH. solitaria.

LIST OF FIGURES ON PLATE IV.

Fig. 1-2. Helix espiloca Ravenel, Ann. Lyc. VII. p. 115

“3-4. “ —introferens Bland, . ope Belek

“5-6. “ Christyi “ - HPS

iibanal eos rey heatleyire: “ - pe Ee

«9-10. “ Postelliana °“ b7 Se Pi eee

“ 11-12. “ — triodontoides “ 6 “ p. 424

“ 13-15. “ polygyrella Bland and Cooper, “ “ p. 365

te ROE “ Edgariana Lea (twice nat. size), «~/p. 428

6 oft OE “ abrosa Bland ( K Dearth “ p. 480

0, “ — septemvolva Say, i “ op. 441

“ 91-22. “ vultuosa Gould, “ “« p. 439

“ 93-24. “ Downieana Bland, i. f. pou20

Barrows Golden Eye. 449

XXXVIII.—On the Occurrence, within the Limits of the

United States, of Barrow’s Golden Eye, Buceruata Istanp-

1A (Gmel.) Baird.

By D. G. Extior, F.Z.8.

Read January 27th, 1862.

Wiruin a few years past, certain species of ducks (always

before considered as natives of other countries, or else restricted

in their migrations, by unknown causes, to the distant seas of

the frozen north, but never wandering so far to the southward

as to approach within the boundaries of the United States),

have been discovered hanging up at the stalls of the different

poultry venders in the Fulton and Washington Markets of this

city.

Among the species, [ may here mention the J/areca Pene-

lope, or English Widgeon, first noticed by Mr. George N. Law-

rence, in a communication to J. P. Giraud, Esq., and published

by the latter gentleman in his “ Birds of Long Island.”

Mr. Lawrence obtained his specimen in Fulton Market, but

it was unfortunately picked, with the exception of the head

and upper part of the neck and wings. Since that time this

duck has been frequently shot along our coast, and has very

properly been included as belonging to our fauna, and not a

mere straggler to our shores. I have a very fine specimen in

my cabinet in perfect plumage, of a male of this species, which

was killed in the state of Illinois in the vicinity of Chicago, thus

leaving no doubt upon my mind that these birds are accus-

tomed to ascend and descend the Mississippi river in their

annual migrations, and are in all probability to be met with

during the spring and fall, associating with the myriads of

ducks found upon the prairies of the far west.

Another species, now considered as justly belonging to the

Birds of America, is the ettion Crecca, or English Green

450 Barrow’s Golden Eye

Winged Teal. I well remember the occasion when this bird

was first observed here; how long before the species had been

accustomed to frequent our shores it would be difficult to

say.

I happened one day to call at the rooms of our skilful Taxi-

dermist, Mr. John G. Bell, and found him engaged in preparing

a Teal for mounting, and while handling the bird we noticed

that it was wanting in the conspicuous white bar in front of the

wings, always to be found in our common species at that period

of the year, early spring. This led us to examine it more

closely, when we soon perceived that it was the European

species.

Since that time, Mr. Bell, always on the watch for these

birds, has been fortunate enough to obtain, at various periods,

a good many specimens.

Thus, from time to time, has the fauna of the United States

been increased by species, which always before were deemed

as belonging to the old world, and if they had been isolated

cases, it would have been fair to suppose them mere stragglers,

turned from their accustomed routes by violent storms, or other

unknown causes; but in regard to the two species, referred to

above, so many have followed their pioneer, if I may so call

the first arrival, that it is no longer a matter of doubt, that they

may with propriety be considered as much an inhabitant of the

land as any other species of migratory birds.

Although the species, whose name stands at the commence-

ment of this article, is well known as an inhabitant of our high

latitudes, and is even occasionally met with upon the river St.

Lawrence during the winter, yet it has never been recorded as

having been observed within the limits of the United States,

and, therefore, it is with pleasure I am able to state, that lately

several specimens have been obtained within our boundaries.

Not long ago Mr. Bell’s assistant, Mr. Francis McOulloch, told

me that he had seen in Washington Market a curious Golden

Eye. It looked like a female, but had a white mark near the

within the Limits of the United States. 451

bill in the form of a crescent. Satisfied in my own mind that

it was a young male of Bucephala Islandica, I told him so, and

desired him to keep a sharp look-out for another. Soon after

he showed me a fine adult male of that species which he had

obtained the day previous. On inquiring if there were no

more, he was not sure, so I went to the Washington Market

myself, and found there were still hanging at the stall two adult

females and a young male, along with three females of the

common species. The market-man said they came from out

west, in all probability from the neighborhood of one of the

great lakes, and both species coming together, I suppose that

they were in company before they were killed.

- Barrow’s Golden Eye was first described, I believe, by

Gmelin in his Syst. Natur. 1788, p. 541, under the name of

Anas Islandica, and by Swainson and Richardson in the Fauna

Boreali Americana by the appellation of Clangula Barrovit, or

Rocky Mountain Garrot.

Audubon considered it but a variety of our common species,

and placed the names given by the above authors among its

synonyms.

Maegillivray also, in his History of British Birds, in the

second volume of the Water Birds, page 183, was not at all

inclined to admit the Bucephala Islandica as a good species,

and says that “it presents no other differences, that are not

met with in undoubted specimens of Clangula chrysoph-

thalma (the European representative of Bucephala Ameri-

cana), than that of having a semilunar white band before

the eye, in place of an ovate or oblong band and a trans-

verse black band on the white of the wing. In his opinion,

these crescent spotted individuals, as he calls them, are young

males in their second or third year, and he proceeds to show

why the various differences in the markings are but the evi-

dences of immaturity.

Now at this late day it is but time wasted to argue the specific

differences of these birds, it being generally conceded by Orni-

452 Barrow’s Golden Eye

thologists that Barrow’s Golden Eye is a species distinct from

its relative the Bucephala Americana.

It only requires that the two species should be brought toge-

ther, for the peculiar characteristics appertaining to each to

be recognised at a glance, as regards the males; the females I

must admit require more extended investigation.

As a general thing the Bucephala Islandica is a larger bird

than its relative, but the first object of difference in the males

which would probably attract attention, is the white spot ante-

rior to the eye, which, in the former species, occupies the entire

side of the bill, and runs up to a point on the forehead, while

that of the Bucephala Americana is of an oval shape, length-

ened longitudinally, and not reaching above the base of the

upper mandible.

Another marked difference is in the color of the head, which,

in the species last mentioned, is of a bright glossy green, while

the other is of a deep rich blue, with purple reflections. This

color extends much further along the neck in Barrow’s bird than

in our common species, leaving but a small portion of it a pure

white.

.The Bucephala Americana has the white on the wings a

continuous patch with a concealed black bar on the bases of the

greater coverts, while the other has the greater coverts black,

tipped with white, which is continuous with the white second-

aries.

The scapulars of the common Golden Eye are long and com-

paratively narrow, white margined with black, while those of

its relative are much broader, the white portion of the feather

of a squarer form, with its black margin quite wide. Thereis a

little difference in the shape of the scapulars between the two

species, which it may be as well here to notice, for in all the

examples that I have seen it has occurred, viz. that while those

of the Bucephala Americana are almost square at their termi-

nation, those in its prototype have the black margin elongated

considerably beyond the white, which latter portion is rounded.

within the Limits of the United States. 453

The bills are very dissimilar ; that of our well known species

being lengthened, and rather depressed at its base, while that

of Barrow’s bird is very high at the base and very short; the

measurement of the specimen before me being an inch and a

quarter high at the base, by one and three quarter inches in

length. The sizeof the bills in both species varies considerably

(I have a female of Bucephala Islandica with the bill not quite

an inch by an inch and a quarter long), but never have I seen

the largest bill of the last named species equal in size to the

smallest one of B. Americana.

The color on the sides, and under tail coverts of the common

bird, is not so extensively distributed, nor so dark as in the

Rocky Mountain Garrot.

The females of the two species closely resemble each other,

the principal difference consisting in the smaller bill and darker

color of the head of B. Lslandica, which is a very dark brown,

while the other species is snuff color,—in its larger size, and in.

having, like the males, the color of the head to extend further

down the neck.

As with the males, the females of Barrow’s Golden Eye have

the sides, upper part of the breast, and under tail coverts of a

much darker hue (and more extended, particularly on the

lower part of the abdomen), than those of our common species,

and this dark color is separated from the pure white of the

breast, by an irregular line of light brown. The color of the

eyes is very different, that of B. Americana being a pale yel-

low, while its relative’s is a reddish orange.

The young male is still in the livery of the female, but is

considerably larger in size, the head much darker, being of a

blackish brown, and the upper part of the breast is nearly of a

uniform white with the lower parts, and the white is com-

mencing to show upon the flanks.

The black bar on the wing,

conspicuous in the old male, has hardly made its appearance in

the present example, and but a single feather of the scapulars

so plain in the female, and so

454 Barrows Golden Lye.

has the white and black markings of the adult male. The rest

of the back is like the female, but darker.

The following are the respective measurements of the two

species, which will serve more readily to give an idea of their

relative size.

Sex. - Species, Length. Str’ch of w'g. Wing. Weight.

6 Bucephala Islandica, 20.00. 31.50. 9.75. Ib. 2 oz. 64.

fe) do. 19.00... ° 30.00% 5.900. eo 2 ter

jne. 3 do. 20.00, 9.50. f

& Bucephala Americana, 19,00. 9.00.

fe) do. 16.00. 8.50.

Thus has one more species of the family of the Ducks been

found to frequent our shores, as a visitor at least, although Iam

strongly inclined to believe that it always has been accustomed

to enter the United States during the winter, in small flocks

probably, and has hitherto escaped the notice of ornithologists.

It would, I think, be most likely to follow the course of the

Mississippi river, and consequently, although perhaps often

killed there, would, from the great distance intervening, be but

seldom sent to the markets of our sea-board.

I am, at all events, satisfied that the examples before me are

not the first which have been exposed for sale in this city, for

Mr. Bell’s assistant was particularly impressed with the pecu-

liar appearance of the young male, which [ have before men-

tioned, and although he did not know the B. Zslandica, yet he

was too well conversant with our common species to make any

mistake in the matter, and it was by his keeping a sharp watch,

after my describing to him the difference in the species, that he

discovered the present specimens.

Doubtless many rare and curious birds are brought to the

markets of this city, which never meet the eye of the Ornitho-

logist at all, his procuring anything unusual being only the

exception, and consequently it behoves everyone who takes an

interest in this delightful study, never to omit examining

any number of wild birds which he may meet exposed for

sale at any of the markets he may have oceasion to visit.

Descriptions of Six New Species of Birds. 455

XXXIX.— Descriptions of Sic New Species of Birds, of the

Families Cuaraprip®, Trocuinipa#, and CarrmuLeips.

By Gero. N. Lawrence.

Read February 10th, 1862.

1. Aegialitis temuirostris.

Female. Crown, occiput and back cinereous, the feathers with grey-

ish-white margins; wing-coverts somewhat darker than the back, the

ends of the larger coverts white, forming a transverse bar on the wing ;

primaries umber-brown with the inner webs lighter, except at the end,

and having the shafts white; the secondaries are of the same color as

the primaries and tipped with white ; tertiaries paler and largely marked

with white ; scapulars ashy-brown, lighter on the inner webs and having

both webs crossed with rather obsolete narrow brown bars; the middle

upper tail coverts are pale ochreous-brown, the lateral ones white; the

four central tail feathers are light ochreous-brown at the base, becoming

darker towards their ends, the other tail feathers are white, those next

the central ones being pale ochreous at the end; .front, a line over the

eye, cheeks, a collar on the hind neck, and entire under plumage pure

white ; a semi-collar of ashy-brown on each side of the upper part of the

breast ; bill black with a small space at the base of the under mandible

dull orange ; irides black; tarsi and toes purplish-black.

Length about 62in.; wing 32; tail12; bill from front 2; tarsi 14,

Habitat.—Cuba.

This species is allied to A. melodus, but is rather smaller ; the

bill is longer, depressed at the base, and regularly tapering to

the end where it is comparatively sharp ; in the latter it is quite

obtuse and very different in form; there is less white on the

quills, with more on the tail, and the tarsi are longer than those

of A. melodus.

This specimen belongs to the collection of Dr. J. Gundlach,

who sent it to me for examination, as probably new, accom-

panied by the following note.

456 Descriptions of Siw New Species of Birds.

“This specimen I obtained in the month of July near the

port of Guantanamo, on the south coast of the eastern part of

the island; it was a female, and was caught in a net while sit-

ting on her nest, in which were three eggs; it is in full plu-

mage, I could not find the male nor a single individual more.

Its bill was black, with the base on the under part grey, and the

legs of the same color with a purple tint; eyes very black.

Length 0.170; extent 0.337; tail 0.045; the ends of the wings

were 0.004 from the end of the tail, not beyond it.”

2. Thalurania Luciz.

Male. Crown metallic deep blue, hind part of the head greenish-blue ;

upper plumage and wing coverts grass-green, with a slight golden tinge

on the back; tail steely blue-black and deeply forked; wings dark violet

purple; entire under plumage shining grass-green, under tail-coverts

green; upper mandible black, the under black, except on the sides, where

it is pale yellow for about half its length from the base, the lighter color

gradually merging into the darker; the tarsi are clothed with white

feathers, slightly tinged with brown on the front part; toes ashy on the

upper surface and underneath very pale yellow, claws brownish-black.

Length about 44 in.; wing 285 tail 1f5 bill +2.

Habitat.—Tres Marias Islands, Mexico.

This species at first sight bears a close resemblance to Thal.

glaucopis, but is a little larger, with the bill rather shorter; in

the color of the crown they are much alike, but in the present

bird the wings are darker, as is also the green of the under plu-

mage, which in the other has more of a yellowish shade. In

the Brazilian bird the bill is entirely black, the covering of the

thighs dark-brown tipped with white, and the feet brown above

and bright yellow below, whereas in the new species the bill is

partly yellow, the thighs nearly pure white, and the feet very

pale.

This, I believe, is the most northern point at which any of

Descriptions of Six New Species of Birds. 457

this genus have been found, only one other species ranging

north of the Isthmus of Panama, viz. 7. venusta from Costa

Rica.

I have named this beautiful species in compliment to Miss

Lucy, the young and interesting daughter of my friend Prof.

S. F. Baird.

3. Chiorostilbon insularis.

Crown brilliant orange yellow, upper plumage shining golden green ;

under plumage glittering green, on the throat of a bluish shade and on

the abdomen and sides golden; under tail-coverts grass-green ; tail

steely blue-black, and slightly emarginate ; wings light brownish-purple ;

upper mandible black with the exception of the nasal grooves at the

base of the bill which are flesh color, under mandible yellow with the

end dark-brown; tarsi clothed with sooty feathers, feet blackish-brown.

Length 3$ in.; wing 12; tail 1g; bill j%.

Habitat.—Tres Marias Islands, Mexico.

In its dimensions and the color of its plumage this species is

almost precisely like C. prasinus ; it differs, however, in the bill

being narrower and in the ridge of the upper mandible being

black from the base ; in prasinus the bill is broader at the base,

and the upper mandible is flesh-color for about half its length,

the terminal half dark.

This and the preceding species are in a collection of birds

made by J. Xantus, Esq., in July of last year, on the Pacific

coast of Mexico and the neighboring islands, and were lately

sent to me for examination from the Smithsonian Institution.

It is quite remarkable that these two species should so

closely resemble two others from south-eastern Brazil, a loca-

lity so widely different.

Three other species were obtained by Mr. Xantus at the Tres

Marias Islands, viz. /lorisuga mellivora (Linn.), Cyanomia

Gautemalensis (Gould), and Petasophora thalassina (Sw.).

458 Descriptions of Siw New Species of Birds.

4. Trochilus aurigularis.

Male. Upper plumage shining green, on the head, hind neck, and

upper part of the back, of a bronzed or coppery shade ; two central tail-

feathers of a rather dull bronzed green, the other tail-feathers brownish-

purple; wings brownish-purple; chin black, throat brilliant metallic

golden green, on the upper part and lengthened lateral feathers of the

gorget the color is deep orange, and on the tips of some of the feathers

intensified to brilliant red ; below the gorget is a whitish band becoming

ashy-grey on the breast, which is also the color of the abdomen and

sides, the latter washed with dull green; the bill is pale yellow; feet

light brown, claws yellowish-white.

Length 3% in.; wing 14; tail 14; bill 3.

Habitat, unknown.

This appears to be a third species of the genus Trochilus, as

now restricted, the other two being our familiar 7. colubris and

T. Alexandri, from Northern Mexico and California. The tail

in the present species is precisely of the same form as in the

others, all have the chin black, with a brilliant gorget succeeded

by a band of whitish feathers, and ashy under plumage.

The above specimen was in spirits, which, perhaps, has

deepened the colors somewhat, but I think they have not

changed materially.

This species was also sent from the Smithsonian Institution

for examination ; it was in a bottle by itself without collector’s

name or locality being given, and Prof. Baird did not know

whence it came. |

o. Sapphironia luminosa.

Upper plumage glittering grass-green, inclining to golden on the

rump, the crown not so bright and of a very deep green; entire under

surface of a very brilliant bluish green, the sides of the neck golden

orange; tail forked and of a rich steel blue, the two middle feathers

Descriptions of Six New Species of Birds. 459

green like the rump, the next feather bronzed on the outer web at the

end; wings dull purple; under tail-coverts deep green, very narrowly

edged with bluish-white, thighs clothed with greyish white feathers ;

upper mandible black, under yellowish with the end black; feet and

claws black.

Length 32 in.; wing 12; bill +45 tail 1}.

FHabitat—New Granada.

A single specimen was in a small collection of birds, made at

Barranquilla by Geo. Crowther, Esq.

It somewhat resembles S. Goudoti, but is of a darker green

and altogether a more brilliant bird; it is below of a deep

bluish-green, without any wash of golden on the abdomen, as

in the other; the tail-feathers are narrower, and of a clearer

steel blue; the under tail-coverts are dark green with a mere

fringing of grey, those of Goudoti being greyish-white with

their centres pale green.

6. Stemopsis maculicaudus.

First and second quills nearly equal, the first slightly the longest, tail

even, except that the central feathers extend a little beyond the others ;

tarsi feathered in front for half their length.

Front and upper part of the head black, sparingly marked with small

spots of rufous; a broad band of pale rufous extends from the bill along

the edge of the crown to the hind head; there is a black patch behind

the eye and a broad one underneath it; on the hind neek is a band of

mottled grey, succeeding which is a nuchal collar of rufous; the back

and upper tail-coverts are black crossed with irregular fine lines of pale

rufous and grey; the two central tail-feathers are black, crossed with

distinct bands of mottled ashy-grey, tinged on their outer margins with

pale rufous ; the other tail-feathers are nearly black or of a deep black-

ish-brown, pure white at their ends for rather over half an inch, with a

row of nearly round pure white spots (one on the inner web of each

feather), crossing about two inches from the end, and a similar row about

an inch from the base of the tail, on the outer webs are a few irregular

460 Descriptions of Six New Species of Birds.

marks of light rufous; quills blackish brown, the primaries marked with

ight rufous spots on each web for three-fourths their length from the

base; the secondaries sparingly marked and ending rather broadly with

pale rufous; tertiaries black with a broad stripe of light rufous on the

outer edge of each feather ; wing coverts black, freckled with rufous and

grey, and having a triangular pale rufous spot at the end of each feather ;

under wing coverts light rufous; throat pale rufous, some of the feathers

narrowly ending in black; on the upper part of the breast the feathers

are black at the base, largely rufous-white at their ends; the feathers of

the breast are crossed with narrow transverse black lines; abdomen,

thighs, and under tail-coverts pale rufous, a few black bars on the upper

part of the abdomen and sides; bill black; feet flesh-color, claws

brown.

Another specimen has a greater prevalence of rufous in its plumage,

the spots on the head being larger and the decided grey band on the

hind neck not so apparent.

Length about 8 in.; wing 54; tail 4; bill 74; tarsi 5%.

Habitat—Para. Collected by Mr. v. Schulte Buckow.

From the pure white character of the markings on the tail I

judge these examples to be probably males. ;

The most distinguishing characteristic of this species appears

to be the two rows of distinct white spots crossing the tail. The

size is about the same as that of Antrostomus Nuttalliz, with

the same style of markings on the primaries, but in that species

the spots extend to the ends of the feathers; in the white ter-

minal band on the tail they precisely resemble each other.

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. 461

XL.— Catalogue of a Collection of Birds, made in New Gra-

nada, by James McLeannan, Esq.,0f New York, with Notes

and Descriptions of New Species. Part III.

By Grorce N. Lawrence.

Read February 10, 1862.

(Continued from page 384.)

At the time of publishing Part Il. of this Catalogue, there

were some species which I considered new, but before deciding

desired to submit them to higher authority, as they were in fami-

lies with which I did not feel very conversant.

P. L. Sclater, Esq., of London, having kindly consented to

examine those species, I sent them to him with descriptions for

publication in the “ Ibis,” in case he should coincide with me

in opinion. Iam happy to say that he did so, and the descrip-

tions accordingly appeared in that magazine.

At the same time I sent to Mr. Sclater, for verification, seve-

ral of the species enumerated in Parts I. and IL, as to which I

had doubts, and also those which I had not determined. Some

of the former proved to have been erroneously referred,— Mr.

Sclater was unable to recognise others. In the present part of

the Catalogue I publish corrections of the errors, and descrip-

tions of such of the species as, on further examination, I believe

to be new. As the species undetermined by me, were unknown

to Mr. Sclater, I now feel justified in describing them, and

accordingly do so.

I add some further species, forwarded by Mr. McLeannan

(who remained on the Isthmus), since the transmission of his

former collections.

Fam. FALCONIDA.

Supram. AQUILIN &.

295. Thrasattus harpyia (Linn.).

462, Catalogue of a Collection of Birds

Supram. FALCONIN A,

296. Hypotriorchis rufigularis (Daud.).

Susram. ACCIPITRIN &.

297. Accipiter collaris, Scl. 6, juv., Ibis Vol. 11, p. 148,

pl. Vale ;

This specimen agrees very well with the description and

figure of the young of this species, as cited above.

298. Micrastur semitorquatus ( Vieill.).

Fam. STRIGIDA.

aes BUBONIN.

299. Scops choliba ( Vieill.).

Susram. SYRNIIN A.

300. Sywaniumm limeatuum, sp. nov.

Male. The plumage above is dark brown, each feather crossed with

several narrow waving lines of dull pale rufous; tail blackish brown

crossed with fine narrow bars of light greyish brown, the tip lighter

grey ; quills brown with light greyish brown bars; a superciliary mark

of pale rufous; the ruff in front has the ends of the feathers cream-

colored white ; sides of the neck and of the breast dusky brown, with

indistinct transverse lines of pale dull rufous; neck in front and

abdomen rather light rufous, with broad longitudinal brown stripes ;

legs brighter rufous than the abdomen, crossed in front with narrow

dusky lines and feathered to the toes; bill plumbeous with the eulmen

and ends of both mandibles yellow; toes brown above, yellowish under-

neath.

Length 12 in.; wing 83; tail 5; bill 145 tarsi 14.

In appearance this species is much like 8. virgatum Cass, but

is smaller; the upper plumage is not so dark, being greyish,

and the markings much smaller and more numerous ; the under

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. 463

plumage is rather more rufous, with the stripes fewer and less

distinet.

Fam. TROGONID..

Supram. TROGONIN &.

301. Trogon COMCINAUS, sp. Noy.

Male. Front, crown, sides of the head and throat black ; occiput, hind

neck, and upper part of the breast bronzy bluish-green; back golden-green 5

rump and upper tail coverts deep green ; two middle tail feathers bronzy

green, just edged with black, the next black with the outer margin green,

the next wholly black, the next or third lateral feather black with white

bars on the outer web and ending with white, the two outer ones barred

with black and white and ending with white; wings black, the primaries

edged with white on their outer margins towards the base ; the smaller

wing coverts are crossed with very fine waving grey lines; the middle

coverts and outer webs of the secondaries conspicuously crossed with

white lines; middle of the breast, abdomen, and under tail coverts deep

orange; sides of the breast and under the wings dark cinereous ; tarsi

clothed with black feathers; upper mandible plumbeous, the under and

edges of the upper yellowish; feet black.

Length 9 in.; wing 42; tail 54.

Female, Entire upper plumage, head, throat, and chest dark slate ;

wing coverts and outer webs of secondaries crossed with white lines ;

breast, abdomen, and under tail coverts orange.

I am not able to make this agree with any of the described

species of thisgenus. It comes nearest to 7. caligatus, but dif-

fers in being more bronzy on the back, in the hind neck and

gorget bemg of a rather dull green instead of blue, the upper

tail coverts clear green not bluish green, and the two central

tail feathers dull bronzy-green instead of greenish-blue; the

ends of the tail feathers are rounding, whereas in caligatus they

are square with an even terminal black bar; in the latter the

white and black bars on the outer tail feathers are very decided

and regular, in mine they are quite irregular; the middle wing

coverts and secondaries are marked with distinct white lines,

ERB., 1862. 82 Ann. Lyo. Nat. Hist. Vor, VII.

464 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

instead of the very fine ones like those on the smaller coverts,

as in caligatus.

~ Fam. BUCCONID.

302. Bucco pectoralis, Gok. Gray: ~S and 2,

Excellent specimens of this rare species; the wing coverts

and scapulars have their ends narrowly margined with white.

Male. Length 84 in.; wing 3§; tail 325; bill 1,35 tarsi 2.

Fam. CHTREBID~.

Supram. CAZREBIN &.

303. Dacnis venusta, sp. nov. No. 166 of Part II.

Male. The front, lores, region of the eye, face, and chin, are black ;

upper plumage, with the ends of the small and middle wing coverts light

verditer blue, this color extends over the cheeks and quite forward on

the sides of the neck; wings, greater wing coverts, scapulars, upper tail

coverts and tail deep blackish purple; under plumage of a very dark

rich green (not in a good light appearing to be black); thighs of a

bright minium or deep orange-red color; tarsi and toes flesh colored

brown; bill black.

Length 43 in.; wing 23; tail 125 bill 74; tarsi ;%.

Female. Above bluish-green, middle of the back dark green, sides of

the neck and rump verditer blue; wings and tail dark brownish purple ;

throat and upper part of breast ashy grey; breast, abdomen, and under

tail coverts fulvous or tawny yellow, deeper in color on the latter ;

sides dusky ; thighs pale orange red; legs and bill as in the male.

The blue of the upper plumage is much the same as that of

D. melanotis, but rather brighter. The interscapulary region

is blue, the scapulars only being purplish-black; the black

around the eye is confined to a small space, and ends in a point

immediately behind it; the blue of the neck extends quite tor-

ward on the throat, contrasting finely with the deep green of

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. 465

the under plumage; the blue wing coverts form a broad band

across the wing. In its dark under plumage and bright red

thighs it is totally unlike any other species.

I thought it was an undescribed species from the specimen

of the female enumerated in Part I., which has been confirmed

by the fortunate acquisition of the male.

Fam. TROCHILID~.

Susram. TROCHILIN @.

304. Chrysuronia Eliciw, Boure. et Muls.

305. Lophornis Delattrec, Less.

Fam. DENDROCOLAPTIDA.

Supram. SCLEURIN &.

306. Scleurus Mexicanus, Sel. ?

Differs from a specimen of this species sent me by Mr. Scla-

ter, in being rather smaller, in the rufous on the throat being

paler, the bill shorter, ahd the quills much darker. These dif

ferences may be owing to sex or age, my specimen is a male.

Length 6$ in.; wing 3; tail 24; bill 43; tarsi 12.

Supram. SYNALLAXINA.

307. Automolus pallidigularis, sp. nov.

Anabates ochrolemus, Lawr. nec Tsch., No. 177 of

Part LE

Male. Upper plumage dark olive brown, the feathers of the crown

with lighter centres; rump bright rufous; tail very deep rufous; the

wings are rufous on the outer webs, with the inner webs along the shafts

and at the ends dark brown ; inner edges and under lining of the wings

bright cinnamon color; throat pale buff or cream-colored white; ear-

coverts brown with fawn-colored centres; circle round the eye and a

narrow superciliary stripe ranning back from it fawn color; under plu-

466 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

- mage paler than the upper, with the sides dusky; bill light brownish

horn color, with the base of the under mandible pale yellow; irides

brown ; legs yellowish brown.

Length 8 in.; wing 33; tail 34; bill 13; tarsi 2.

This is somewhat like A. cervinigularis Sel., but the bill is

much stouter, the crown not so dark, and the throat very much

paler, the superciliary stripe is less conspicuons and the tail of

a deeper rufous. This species was sent Mr. Sclater for exami-

nation, who decided it was not “ ochrolemus,” to which I had

doubtfully referred it.

No. 62 of Part I., which was referred by me to cervinigu-

Jarvis Scl., was not in good eondition, and the bill much injured ;

it appears to be the same as the species now described.

Susram. DENDROCOLAPTIN &.

308. Dendromanes homochrous, Scl. P. Z. 8.1859, p. 382.

4) No: 183.of dart 2

Dendrocincla

Identified by Mr. Sclater.

309. Dendreocinela olivacea, sp. nov.

se Sumigatus, Lawr. nec Licht.

No. 182 of Part II.

The general plumage is of a clear brownish olive, rather lighter on the

under parts; the ends of the upper tail-coverts and tail deep ferruginous,

the shafts of the tail-feathers black; lores and chin ashy grey ; a black-

ish line runs from the upper mandible to the top of the éye, and there is

an oblong spot of the same color under the eye; running back from the

upper part of the eye is a narrow line of pale rufous; quill feathers deep

rufous, the ends of the primaries brown; under wing-coverts and inner

webs of quills bright cinnamon ; bill brownish-black, the under mandible

whitish underneath ; tarsi and toes black.

Length 8 in.; wing 4; tail 34; bill 1; tarsi 7.

In placing the species as D. fumigatus in Part IL, I felt

doubtful as to its correctness, and sent it to Mr. Sclater for exa-

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. 467

mination. He wrote me that it was not fumigatus and was

more like D. atrirostris Lafr.; it appears to differ from the latter

species, in having the lores grey, and blackish marks in front of

and under the eye; in the wings and tail being deep rufous,

these in the other are given as cinnamon color, with the tail-

coverts only ferruginous red; in my species the bill is not

entirely black. Although closely allied I think they are dis-

tinct. D. fumigatus has a clear rufous band over and another

below the eye, with the under plumage reddish brown.

310. Dendrornis jachrymosus, sp. nov.

- ——, No. 48 of Part L

Head, upper part of back, and small and middle wing-coverts dark

brown, closely covered with tear-shaped spots of a pale fulvous or fawn

color, the centre of each feather being of this color with dark edges,

these spots are quite small on the front and increase in size to the back

where they are comparatively large; the larger wing-coverts are bright

rufous on the inner webs, the outer have a pale rufous stripe along the

shaft with the outer edge black; lower part of back, wings, and tail

deep bright ferruginous, the ends of the primaries dusky ; inside of wings

cinnamon-red; throat fawn-color, neck and breast closely spotted lke

the back; abdomen, sides, and under tail-coverts dull greyish-brown,

obscurely striped with fulvous yellow, the latter tinged with dull rufous ;

bill light horn-color, with the base of the under mandible dull orange ;

tarsi and toes dark brown.

Length 94 in.; wing 42; tail 44; bill 1}; tarsi 2.

Faw. TROGLODYTID A.

Suspram. TROGLODYTIN Z&.

311. Oyphorinus philomela, Salv. P. 7, S: V861, p. 202.

ef bambla, Lawr. nec Bodd. No. 185 of

Part IL.

Resembles C. bambla, but wants the white bar on the wing

I felt doubtful about referring it to that species,—the specimen

468 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

being a female, I considered that the absence of the bar might

be a sexual difference.

It was described by Mr. Salvin just previous to the date of

my catalogue.

Fam. MNIOTILTIDA:

Susram. MNIOTILTIN AL.

312. Dendroeca Blackburnie (Gm).

313. Myiodioctes Canadensis (Linn.).

314. Opororms formosus ( Wils.).

Fam. VIREONIDA

Susram. VIREONINA.

315. Vireolanius pulchellus, Scl. Ibis, Vol. 1,1859, p. 12.

Fam. FORMICARID 4.

Susram. FORMICIVORIN &.

316. prance fulvivemtris, sp. nov.

——, No. 215 of Part I.

Male. Above dull olive-brown ; tail rufous-brown with brighter mar-

gins; quills dark brown edged with pale rufous; smaller wing-coverts

the same color as the back, the other coverts blackish-brown with dis-

tinct pale rufous spots at the end; under wing-coverts and inner edges

of quills of a pale reddish-buff; throat black, with a white spot at the

end of each feather; breast and abdomen of a dull fulvous color, the

sides of the breast dusky olive; upper mandible blackish horn-color,

the lower whitish; irides brown ; tarsi and toes brownish-yellow.

Length 32 in.; wing 2; tail 18; bill $3 tarsi 3.

Female. The upper plumage is more olivaceous than in the male;

the wings are similarly spotted, but the throat is without spots, the entire

under plumage being of a tawny or fulyous color, rather brighter than

in the male.

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. 469

Allied to I. gularis, but that species is cinereous below and

has a shorter tail.

317. Formicivora Boucardi, Sel. P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 30.

Quixensis, Lawr. nec Corn. No. 217 of

Part II.

The two species are closely allied, but Boucardi is not so

large, and the white spots on the wings are smaller.

318. Ramphocznus semitorquatus, sp. nov.

Male. Upper part of the head and hind neck rufous-brown ; back

and wing-coverts olivaceous-brown, tinged with rufous; tail dull rufous-

brown, but broadly blackish-brown at the end, with the extreme tip

greyish ; wings blackish-brown with rufous brown edgings; cheeks and

sides of the neck light rufous connected by a band of the same color on

the hind neck ; throat greyish- white with a black line separating it from

the rufous cheeks, and a single row of longitudinal black stripes across

the upper part of the breast; breast and abdomen dark greyish cine-

reous, whitish in the middle of the abdomen, and with a brownish tinge

on the lower part; upper mandible black, the under white ; legs black.

Length 4 in.; wing 24; tail 14; bill 2; tarsi 7.

This species resembles /?. cinerewentris Scl., but appears to

differ in having the head differently colored from the back, in

there being no postocular mark, and in having a nuchal collar ;

Mr. Sclater states that his species has the throat striated like

R. rufiventris, whereas in mine the throat is clear grey, afew

black marks existing only on the lower part of the neck, or

upper part of the breast. In the figure of JZ. cinereiventris,

P. Z. S. 1855, pl. 87, the rufous of the sides of the head extends

over and beyond the eye, in mine it terminates at the middle

of the upper eyelid.

With these differences I can but regard them as distinct.

470 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

319. Miyrmeciza ferrugimea, sp. nov.

Pithys rufigularis, Lawr. nec Bodd. No. 58 of

Part I. :

I sent this species to Mr. Sclater for verification, but it proved

to be unknown to him, and he considers it to be a Myrmeciza.

I have therefore described it as a new species of that genus.

In placing it provisionally as Pithys rufigularis, I had doubts

as to its generic as well as specific position being correct. For

its description see Part I. antea, p. 293.

Fam. TURDID.

Susram. TURDINE.

320. Turdus obsoletus, sp. nov.

Male. Upper plumage of a very dark brown inclining to reddish olive ;

the feathers of the back are crossed with numerous nearly obsolete dark

lines ; tail dark brown on the inner webs, the outer ones the color of the

back; quills blackish brown, the outer webs like the back, the ends of

the greater wing-coverts are marked with triangular light rufous spots ;

under wing-coverts and inner edges of quills light cinnamon, paler on

the latter; under plumage umber-brown, much lighter than the back,

each feather is marked with a darker colored (rather obscure) spot at

the end, giving a peculiar indistinct mottled appearance to the under

surface; the throat is marked with dull brown stripes, between which

are small ashy grey spots ; lower part of abdomen and under tail-coverts

white; bill blackish-brown ; tarsi and feet dark brown.

Length 83 in.; wing 48; tail 33; bill 125 tarsi 1,3.

167?

321. [Heleodytes albobrunneus, Lawr. Ibis, Vol. IV., p. 10.

Fam. TYRANNID A.

Susram. ATTILIN ZA.

322. Attila Seclateri, sp. nov.

spadicea, Lawr. nec Gm. No. 280 of

Part IL.

Female. Head and hind neck olive green, the feathers of the front

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. 471

with yellowish centres; back olive brown with a ferruginous tinge ;

rump and upper tail-coverts citron-yellow ; tail brownish rufous with

light rufous shafts; wings blackish-brown with pale rufous margins, the

wing-coverts also edged with pale rufous; under wing-coverts and inner

edges of quills pale cinnamon; throat, breast, and sides olive-green,

rather obscurely striped with yellow; abdomen pale buffy white ; under

tail-coverts pale yellow; bill dark horn-color, lighter on the base and

sides of the under mandible ; legs dark plumbeous.

Length about 6 in.; wing 34; tail 22; bill 7; tarsi 7.

This species I felt doubtful about and submitted it to Mr.

Sclater for examination, who decided it to be undescribed ; in

compliment to him. I propose distinguishing it by the name of

Sclateri.

Susram. TYRANNINZ.

823. Pitangus albovittatus, Lawr. Ibis, Vol. TV. p. 11.

324. Empidomax griseiguiaris, sp. nov.

Ry Bairdii, Lawr. nec Sel. No. 236 of

Partell:

Male. Third quill longest, second and fourth nearly as long and

equal, first and fifth equal. Upper plumage olive-green ; a narrow ring

round the eye of pale yellow; tail olive-brown, the shafts reddish-

brown ; quill feathers dark brown, the secondaries and tertials narrowly

edged with pale yellow; smaller wing-coverts olive-green, the others

brown tipped with yellowish white, forming two bars across the Wings ;

inner lining of wings pale yellow ; throat of a clear whitish grey; under

plumage pale sulphur yellow, with the sides of the neck, a band across

the breast, and the sides under the wings, olivaceous ; bill dark brown

above, white beneath ; tarsi and feet black.

Length 5 in.; wing 28; tail 245 bill }; tarsi 3.

This species T sent to Mr. Sclater for verification, but he

writes me that it is distinct from Bazrdiz, and that he could not

identify it. As Iam unable to make it agree with any other

species, I have described it as new.

472 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

In colors it is more like “2 acadicus than any other of the

genus, but is of a different form and much smaller, with the

upper plumage rather more green, and the abdomen more

yellow.

325. Myrobius erythrurus, Cab.

5 cinnamomeus, Lawr. nec Lafr. et D’ Orb-

No. 238 of Part IL.

Sent to Mr. Sclater for examination, who pronounces it to be

Mr. Cabanis’ species.

326. Leptopogon flavovirens, sp. nov.

Tyrannula flaviventris. No. 289 of Part II.

Male. Upper plumage bright yellowish-green, rather darker on the

head; tail-feathers olive-brown with yellowish green margins, the shafts

blackish-brown ; quills dark brown bordered with yellowish-green ;

smaller wing-coverts the color of the back, the others dark brown

broadly marked at the ends with pale yellow, forming two conspicuous

bars on the wing; under wing-coverts light yellow; circle round the

eye white; under plumage rather light yellow, greyish on the chin, and

having the sides of the neck and of the breast greenish olive; upper

mandible dark horn-color, the lower yeliowish with the end dusky ;

irides brown ; legs black,

Length 43 in.; wing 24; tail 2; bill 753 tarsi 12.

A more careful comparison of this bird with the species in

the Phil. Acad., with which I supposed it to be identical, has

satisfied me that it is distinct.

Ihave therefore given it another name, and as Mr. Sclater

considered it a Leptopogon, have placed it in that genus.

327. Legatus albicollis ( Vieill.).

Py varregatus, Lawr. nec Scl. No. 240 of

Part UT.

Submitted to Mr. Sclater, who determined it to be the allied

South Amer. species, LZ. albicollis.

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

473

328. Myiozetetes Granadensis, Lawr. Ibis, Vol. TV. p. 11.

329 Camptosoma imberbe, Sel. P. ZS. 1857, p. 208,

pl CkV:

330. Tyrannulus brunneicapillus, Lawr. Ibis, Vol. IV.,

ps L2.

331. Tyranniscus parvus, Lawr. Ibis, Vol. 1V., p. 12.

Supram. PLATYRHYNCHIN&.

332. Cyclorhynchus subbrunneus, Scl. P. Z. S. 1860,

p. 282

333. i aquinoctialis, Sel.

iy brevirostris, Lawr. nec Cab. No.

248 of Part I.

334. ce sulphurescens (Spix.).

% cinereiceps, Lawr. nec Scl. No. 249

of Part Ld;

335. TLodirostrum schistaceiceps, Scl. Ibis, Vol. I., 1859.

p. 444.

336. Oncostoma olivacea, Lawr.

Todirostrum olivaceum, Lawr. Ibis, Vol. IV., p. 12.

In a note under this species in the Ibis, Mr. Sclater states,

that in the catalogue of his collection now in preparation, he

has proposed the generic term Oncostoma, for his Zodirostrum

cinereigulare and the present bird.

Fam. COTINGID.

Supram. TITY RIN.

337. Pachyrhamphus homochrous, Scl. 4 and @.

Supram. PIPRIN ZA,

338. Heteropelma Verapacis, Scl. $ and @.

Supram. COTINGIN &.

339. Cotinga amabilis, Gould.

474 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

Fam. FRINGILLIDZ.

Susram. PHYRRULINZ.

3840. Spermophila lineata (Linn.) ¢.

841. Spermophila cinerea, Lafr. ?

Male. Upper plumage, neck in front, sides of the breast and under

the wings dark bluish slate; front and lores black; tail blackish-brown,

with the edges the color of the back; quills blackish-brown, with a small

white spot on the base of the primaries, a few of the larger wing-coverts

tipped with white; axillars white; a spot on each side of the neck,

middle of the breast and abdomen white, lower part of the abdomen

mixed with bluish-slate ; under tail-coverts dull slate terminating with

white; bill pale yellow; tarsi and feet blackish-brown, claws dull

yellow.

Length 44 in.; wing 24; tail 12.

This differs somewhat from specimens in the Phil. Academy,

the color is darker, being more plumbeous, and the white neck

spots are more distinct, these are only slightly apparent in some

of the Philadelphia examples and do not show in others. If

these differences are constant in other specimens, I propose to

distinguish it by the specific name of schéstacea.

Fam. RAMPHASTID A.

Supram. RAMPHASTIN AL

842. Selenidera spectabilis, Cass. ¢.

Susram. ARAIN ZZ.

343. Ara macao (Linn.).

344. “ severa (Linn.).

' Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. AT5

345. Psittovius subceeruleus, sp. noy.

Female. The plumage generally is of a pale ccerulean or verditer

blue, brightest above, the middle of the back a little obscure or inclining

to grey, the under plumage lighter; the upper surface of the tail is of a

clear greenish-blue, the feathers with narrow edgings of a lhghter shade ;

the under surface of the tail is of a dull greyish-blue, the inner webs

with grey margins; the shafts of the tail-feathers are dark brown above

and whitish below; the smaller wing-coverts are dull greenish-blue, hke

the back, the middle coverts chocolate-brown with narrow bluish mar-

gins, the larger coverts greenish-blue with lighter margins; quills

greenish-blue, brightest on the outer webs, a stripe of brownish purple

along the shafts of the outer two primaries, shafts of the quill feathers

dark brown ; under wing-coverts white; the chin is pale orange-yellow ;

bill yellow, whitish at the end; feet yellow, claws yellow at the base and

dusky at the end.

Length of skin 63 in.; wing 44; tail 23; bill following the curve 7;

tarsi 2.

Supram. PSITTACIN.

346. Piomius coccinicoliaris, sp. nov.

a hematotis, Lawr. nec Scl. No. 118 of

Bart, 1.

Male. Upper part of head and hind neck olive-green, the feathers of

the crown with a bluish-grey tinge; lores dirty white; region under

and behind the eye dark vinaceous, ending on the ear-coverts with a

spot of bright red tipped with white ; upper plumage bright dark-green ;

central tail-feathers green with dark blue ends, the others are red at the

base on the inner webs and dark purple on the outer ones, all terminat-

ing with deep blue; primaries of a rich blackish-purple with their outer

margins towards the end and the tips fulvous yellow ; the outer webs of

the primaries at the base dark blue; secondaries dark purple on the

inner webs, the outer bright blue, edged with green; tertiaries the color

of the back; wing-coverts green next the body, with those on the outer

portion of the wing blue; spurious wing black with deep blue on the

outer webs; throat dull purple narrowly bordered below with white,

‘476 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

adjoining which is a rather broad collar (half an inch in width) of

bright scarlet; under plumage bright green, of a golden tinge on the

breast and under tail coverts ; a large patch of deep scarlet on the sides

under the wings; under lining of wings and inner edges of quills blue ;

bill yellowish white; feet yellow.

Length 9 in.; wing 53; tail 3; bill following the curve 1; tarsi 4.

The female (or possibly the young) differs only in having the

collar quite indistinct.

The specimen of this species, enumerated in Part I., I sup-

pose to be a female, as the collar is not well defined. I then

felt quite well satisfied of its distinctness from Mr. Sclater’s P.

hematotis, but preferred waiting for more before deciding it to

beso. The pair now received, with the conspicuous scarlet

collar of the male, puts all doubt of its being distinct at rest.

As stated at page 299, there is no appearance of the dark red

margins to the feathers of the crown, which seems a strong cha-

racter in hwmatotis.

Fam. .PICLD A‘

Supram. PICIN.

347. Chiloronmerpes caliopterus, sp. nov.

Male. Head above dark olive-brown with a broad occipital scarlet

band ; back and wings golden olive; rump dark olive-green; tail brown,

bordered with olive, and without spots or bars; the outer feather pale

cinnamon color in the middle on each side of the shaft, the next feather

marked more narrowly in the same manner}; the quills are bright cin-

namon with spots and bars of black rather sparingly distributed, the

primaries are brownish-black at their ends, most so on the outer ones;

the secondaries and tertiaries are broadly margined with golden olive ;

a band of pale yellow runs from the bill along the side of the head

under the eye, below which is a band of olive-brown; throat pale ful-

vous with dusky spots; breast olive green, with triangular spots of pale

yellow ; abdomen light yellow with transverse black bars; lower part

of abdomen and under tail-coverts pale rufous; bill dark plumbeous,

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. ATT

whitish at the base of the under mandible below; tarsi and tocs

brown.

Length about 7 in.; wing 4}; tail 23; bill 3; tarsi &

Fam. CUCULIDZ.

Supram. COCCY ZINE.

348. Coccygus erythrophthalmus ( Wils.).

Fam. COLUMBID.

Susram. ZENADIN AL.

349. Geotrygon violacea (Temin.). ?

Male. Plumage above rufous-brown, the upper part of the back red-

dish-violet, crown and hind neck brownish; front, chin, abdomen, and

under tail-coverts white; lower part of neck and breast light vinaceous,

the feathers margined with pale rufous; tail very deep rafous; legs and

bill yellow.

Length 9 in.; wing 543 tail 325 bill 2; tarsi g.

It agrees quite well with Temminck’s plate of this species, but

the color on the hind neck is violet-red instead of violet-blue,

and there is no appearance of the golden reflections; perhaps

not fully adult.

Fam. TINAMID/.

Susram. TINAMIN

350. Tinamus robustus, Sc. P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 253.

Male. Above reddish brown, with transverse black markings most

conspicuous on the wings and lower part of the back; top of the head

dark brown intermixed with rufous, sides of the head and a broad collar

around the neck bright rufous finely pencilled with black; throat white ;

under plumage ochraceous grey, crossed with numerous fine irregular

markings of dark brown, larger on the sides; under tail-coverts light

rufous, with broad brown bars on the outer edges of the feathers.

Length about 15 in.; wing 9; tail 835 bill 1g; tarsi 24.

478 Catalogue of a Collection of Birds.

The specimen above described, I suppose to be Mr. Sclater’s

species, allied to Z. major.

Fam. CHARADRID A.

Supram. CHARADRIN 4.

851. Aegialitis vociferus (Linn.).

Fam. ARDEIDA.

Susram. ARDEIN A.

352. Botaurus lentiginosus, Steph.

Fam. CANCROMID 4.

Susram. CANCROMIN A.

[su)

. Cancroma cochlearia, Linn.

Fam. EURIPYGID&.

SuprAam. EURIPYGIN.

854. Luripyga major, Hartl. 2.

‘ helias, Lawr. nec Pall. No. 183 of Part I.

A very fine specimen in the present collection shows the

Panama species not to be helias ; its size is much larger, the

plumage of the back is umber brown crossed with blackish-

brown bars, the wing-coverts bluish-grey ; the bands aéross the

quills are broader and of a deeper chestnut than in helas, in

which the ground color of the upper parts is pale fulvous or

light rufous intermixed with grey, and conspicuously barred

with blackish-brown, being much more variegated and the con-

trasts of color more decided. The under mandible in major is

deep orange; in the Brazilian species pale yellow. »*

The comparative measurements are as follows:

£. major, length 19 in.; wing 9; tail 7; bill 24; tarsi 24.

Le eeloasy 8 Means 25 66 Birth bes. One Oia's 2 dP hea ales

Catalogue of a Collection of Birds. 479

I think it probable that all the specimens from Central Ame-

rica referred to hedias, will prove to be of the above species.

Fam. TANTALID A.

Supram. IBIN A.

395. LHarpiprion Cayennensis (Gm.). 3.

Fam. SCOLOPACID.

Supram. SCOLOPACIN A.

356. Macrorhamphus griseus (Gm.).

Susram. TOTANIN A,

337. Gambetta melunoleuca (Gm.).

Fam. RALLIDA.

Supram. RALLIN A.

358. Aramides rujicollis (Gm.). 2.

Head and neck bluish cinereous, top of the head brown; the upper

part of the back, smaller wing-coverts and scapulars are clear olive-green ;

greater wing-coverts and wings rufous, the primaries with dusky tips ;

the middle of the back is brown gradually deepening to black on the

rump and upper tail-coverts; tail black; the throat is nearly white;

breast deep rufous; abdomen, sides, and under tail-coverts black; thighs

greyish brown; circle round the eye vermillion; bill dark olive-green,

lighter at the end, and dark yellow on the sides at the base; legs and

feet bright crimson, claws dusky.

Length 135 in.; wing 735 tail 23; bili 235 tarsi 34.

359. Porzana Carolina (Linn.).

Fam. STERNID A.

Susram. STERNIN &#.

360. THydrochelidon plumbea ( Wils.).

FEB. 1863. 33 Ann. Lyo. Nar. Hist. Vou. VII.

480 Description of

XLI— Descriptions of Two New Species of Mollusca of the

Genus CorpicuLa.

By Temprn Prine.

Read February 17, 1862.

i. Corbicula Larnaudieri, nov. sp.

T. ovato-transversé, ineequilaterali, convexius-

cula, antice paulo longiore, utraque extremitate

rotundata ; umbonibus parvis, turgidulis, integris ;

lunula ovato-lanceolata, pallida; sulcis distantibus ;

epidermide flavescente-viridi, vestita ad umbones

atroviolascente radiati; intus violacea; cardine

inzequaliter tridentato; dentibus lateralibus an-

gustis, tenue striatis.

Long. 13; lat, 115; diam. 7 mill.

ME asc. rs poll.

Hab.—Siam. (My Cabinet.)

This small species is somewhat convex, slightly inequilateral,

the Iunula is distinct, the beaks though small are a little raised

and curve inwardly, the strie are regular and far apart, the

epidermis is glossy and of a yellowish-green color, with distinet

markings of dark violet on the beaks.

Somewhat like the @. twmida from Borneo; it is, however,

smaller, less heavy, more inequilateral, less convex, the striz

are not so far, apart, and the epidermis is of a lighter and

brighter color.

The 0. Larnaudieri, so called in honor of the Abbé Lar-

naudier, was discovered in Siam by that gentleman, who

formed part of the embassy sent to that country a few years

since by the French Government; he only collected the two

specimens now in my cabinet, which I obtained from him

through Mr. Bernardi of Paris. ;

Two New Species of Mollusca of the Genus Corbicula. 481

2. Corbicula mediocris, nov. sp.

T. ovato-transverst, compressiuscula, subsequi-

laterali, tenui, latere antice subangulato, postico

subtruncato ; umbonibus tumidis, brevibus, leevi-

gatis; lunula ovato-lanceolata, pallida, leevigata ;

transversim regulariter sulcaté; cpidermide flaves-

cente-viridi, vestitA ad umbones atro-violascente

radiata ; valvis intus violaceo-rubris; cardine an-

gusto inaqualiter tridentato; dentibus lateralibus

brevibus, angustis, albis, tenue striatis.

Long. 22; lat. 17; diam. 11 mill.

. 1 T

4; 16) 7@ poll.

Hab.? (My Cabinet.)

This species is comparatively delicate, it is nearly equilateral ;

the anterior side is somewhat distended and angular, the pos-

terior being abrupt, the beaks are small and not much raised,

the lunula is distinct and of a lighter color than the rest of the

shell; the strie, though somewhat coarse, are regular and

close; the epidermis is yellowish-green, the valves very little

convex are, in the interior, dark purplish-violet.

Compared with the C@. ocecdens, from India, to which it is

closely allied, the beaks are smaller, the hinge is slighter, but

the main difference consists in the fact that in the C. mediocris

the anterior side is distended and angular, whereas in C.

occidens it is rounded.

482 Description of a

XLIL— Description of a New Species of Mollusca of -the

Genus Venus.

By Tremere Pre.

Read February 17, 1862.

Venus (Gemma) Wanhattemsis, nov. sp.

Jay’s Cat. iv. ed. Suppl., p. 466—1852.

T. parva, triangulari, subsequilaterali, nitida,

transversim striata ; sulcis distantibus; marginibus

crenulatis,

Shell small, triangular, nearly equilateral ;

beaks somewhat raised, generally eroded ;

valves moderately compressed, within white ;

exterior shining, white, strisa somewhat

coarse and distant, though regular; teeth

Magnified nine times.

divergent, strong, distinct; muscular and palleal impressions

very distinct ; sinus small, acute; inner margin crenulated.

Long. 1; lat. 34; diam. 2, inches.

TO a as oe seem

3 S128 3+4

HTab.—The State of New York, in the East River, and at

Greenport, L. L.

(Cabinets of Jay, Gould, Sanderson Smith, and Prime.)

I dredged half a dozen specimens of this species in 1852 at

Hell Gate, between Mill Rock and the mouth of the Harlem

river, and having submitted them to Mr. Stimpson, who pro-

nounced them distinct from the Venus gemma Totten, I distri-

buted them as a new species. Since this time Mr. Sanderson

Smith has found it at Greenport in more abundance and in

company with the V. gemma.

Comparing this species with the -V. gemma, I find that it is

smaller, more triangular, less full, less elongated ; its uniform

| New Species of Mollusca of the Genus Venus. 483

white color, moreover, renders it distinct, as the purple tinge is

one of the characteristic marks of the V. gemma.

Doubts having arisen with some as to the V. Manhattensis

being distinct from the V. gemma, I referred the matter to Dr.

Gould, sending him specimens from Hell Gate and from

Greenport. The distinguished conchologist of Boston, with his

usual kindness, gave the matter his attention, and a short time

since wrote to me as follows. “I have examined the little

Venus, and am of opinion that it is distinct. It is not only

small, white, triangular, but the concentric strie are coarser

and more distant. It is not likely that so broad and uniform a

variation would occur in localities so near each other. Were

they culled from among other specimens of the ordinary

gemma? I could not find one like them in a handful which I

have. This adds to the probability of its being distinct.”

The section of the genus Venus to which the V. Manhat-

tensis belongs, has been separated from the original genus, by

Mr. Deshayes, and called Gemma. Mr. Stimpson has adopted

this new classification in the Smithsonian check lists, by placing

the V. gemma under the name of Gemma Te ottent?.

INDEX.

The names.of new species, or coneerning which new information is given, are

printed in Roman letter; and the first number indicates the pages on which the

new matter will be found : synonyms, and species to which only incidental refer-

ence is made, are in /talics ; and names of families or higher divisions in Smatu

Capitals. ]

Pago

Acanthopus Gibbesit M. Ed, . . 232

planissimus (Herbst), - . 282

Acanthias Bonap., 377, 879, 384,

388, 405

Acanthidium Lowe, . . . . . 405

Acanthorhinus Gray, 875, 376,

377, 384, 405

CODNTLLISY SH Nol as ete a ee OLD

ACANTIANA, . Si gots Von tre no

Accipiter collaris Sel., ht 4h 42

Cooperi, . . « « 258, 289

fringilloides Vig., arte emiZoD

fuscus, . slit ep ete eee)

Gundlachi Bows Seago De

pileatus Max, . . . 284, 289

AccrPiITRINAE, . . . 289, 316, 462

ACH ACOPSIS, | 0 \Sel= tre veda 3. LS

Achaeus,,<).) 4) BN eects OBR IGG

‘Achatina, beats Bs Re a ecto

abdita Py. Pe Ue aaihts it Mert

acicula Mull; 05. 02>. (851

QCICULGHISIO BR, ey et a a) OOo

Adamsiana Chitty, - + « 856

arcuata P., . . MiVighn O06,

Blainiana 'Py., Spay wtey roe

consobrina O., . . . « « 3d2

costulata AG 21). pee S56

CULBULEDTUB Ey 2 ha ee OOO

elata Gu, lit nuukenren eee ee roOe

exilis P., Ser 2 eaieso2

emarginata Swaint . . . 352

fasciata Mill, . . . 352, 355

GOsset Pie Saeed ee oO

gracilioy Ad, 22). 5 aoe

Gundlachi P., 351, 352,

356, 359

poet Pla PetENl eee tiey Oe

zota Ad., Se oe rR) eh) dealt RECO}

piss wat Mie SG

longispira Ad., Ealonvel s BOO

micans Suse a= ODO

Page

Achatina octona Ch., 843, 844, 351,

352, 354, 356, 358, 359, 360

osculans Ad., . . . 356

parvula Chitty, oO

pellucensiNds, Vuh ot. S56

FOOL OM SS elle em OI doa Sy Miley Mase sta

VORANITE ING se a) A noe Se BING

SROCYONATE Ss stents hc P ere ODD

DUStlla), Meee Save es oy eer SOS

VOLUME PD Hl ae os toe CO

semitarum Rang.,. . . . 858

SOlitaTIG Ade is, 2 Fan 8bO

striosa “ eek eee 18)

subulatoides oF = ears brea

tenerav Adit un, cogent ee8oG

Teunitanen: Gis see ea ne eo

virginea L.., , : . 354

Achatinella Kauaiensis Newe, . 145

melanosis . 146

obesa . - . 146

Achelous, . . sia aed

depressifrons (Stimp,) ee eae

Gibbesii 57, 222

Ordwayi Stimp.,, . . . . 224

spinimanus .. oie eae!

tubereulatus Stimp., SM of DAS

Xantusii bil Ry ae

RCROGUB HS NS i Me MEE Lot) ele”, OSS

Actzea erosa Stimp., . 51, 204

labyrinthiea “* '. . . 204

nodosa s Bi oldgeak0s}

setiger MT. Wd) vat) oy) OL

suleata Stimp.,. . . . . 208

Acteodes Dana, . - 204

Acteon punceto-striata Stimp., 153, 159

Actinia mesembr Len 19; 20; 21

WgTING,) 2) sey co men nS)

Actiniseus siricus Ebr., pubbennnivemaura a I).

Actinocyclus bioctonarius Ehr., . 104

undulatus 105

Actinopheenia angie Shad, 104, 105

486 Index.

Pago

Actinoptychus senarius Ehr., . . 104

Actiturus Bartramius (Wis), « B54

Adamsiella, .. 343, 346

chlorostoma Sow., Reece ISOH

CHOTA MGs wee BOS

Grayanomea teeters be sl) SOF

PONCE CORISMENG Ss Ol ei. alta ODT

DRULOR COR Gs we Ra %ee | a) SOT

MUNAvULS-WiOOd ...\.-. eB ON,

TT ONG NG iiss ss, ye BON

MEGUSTNOSOs ew \s Avie aie) pane OL

moribunda “ . . ANB OOH

Pearmaneana Chitty, ee, BO

pralchrtor Ad." sees SOT

VATUAOULES in Se apes (Nee BOT

xanthostoma Sow., . . . 857

Aigialitis azare (Temm.), . . . 384

MVC LOCIUS Wie tolerant ADD

tenuirostris Law.,. . . . 455

vociferus (Linn. \e Ae pa deo eelhte

Molis vermiferus Smth., . . . . 160

LE lopas A Passi. 6. ara sesh ens B88

Aiguillats. . . cysts SLO

Albunzxa Gibbesii Stimp, PANS TES aa (to)

LEGER 3 Vee svurcmnts”. AS

ESOT ELUEL) Vater CAPR) weeuteetee cS

seutellata Desmay, kia ail, Lh

symnista Gibbes, . . . . 78

Aleadia, .. peteds, 346

Brownei Gray, . Marieticsk DOD

capax G., BL ee tides ISOM:

citrinolabris “Ad. S EEO ON

consanguinea “ . . . . 8d

dissimulans Py., . . . . 854

Gu0cosac Ad. new a Wee oe ODI

GONOSLONEG Grn yar een eet OA:

Gossei Pa cane cit ciemoeL.

Gundlach.) nn) icen ee oe:

SURAT VX Wen Sa eee SISt)

Rispida Pace), see iar ena Oe

HollandighG: Tea fecasi ise ool

ACT UStOLD Gass So ey ks OF

TACHENTAONG at aisenen hee D

major GYAY, «se terermh) = (ODT

MEGAStOMA Ads. Vice iy . SO

TECT OSLOMG A ot amu Beh we OIL

palliacasAde 1) «= siron near

USI TSE ah eine ety tMinht nen BDT

TUDELLOME ENN daateretes gaan (30,9

BOUTON O NO, Meee GL piss BOT

SUCCUN CA) Wweiaee uit els OOO

Velntiha Pye!” veysda’ mt) BOA

ATCEDINIDA)) eb Se anne (290) 008

ADORDININZS, |0.)20)hs Oe mareme 2 Or ESS

ALECTURINE, . . He eek Sos BAT

Alergatis limbatus, ceed brass 20.2

Jobatus (M. Ed Aarne eee

rotundatus Stimp, . . . 202

Page

ALOPECIA) 6) i ce debe Pell oo ees

Alopecias,. . . . . 8838, 388, 403

ALOPECIDE, . . . . 882, 386, 388

Alopeciana,” (5 9s) ) oy Keene

ALOPECOIDH, 392, 393, 394, 395,

396, 403

ASEOPECOIDEL)..\5 2 425) Belinea eee Se

ALOPIADINI, . . 388

Alopias, 874, 3717, ‘379, 380, 381,

384, 403

macrourus, . aise

vulpes Bon., 369%, 370%, 372, 403

Amazilia Rieferii, ISOULC ej 0-0) amo

Rantusiilaw:, ..°.* . eld

Amnicola erystallina Pfr, 2 oo OO

lapidaria Bay, Oe Si tetas fe ce

AMPELIDH, . . Remi Mlle ce 18

Amphitrite, sis Bae eoe etree

depressifrons Stimp, . 58, 223

Ampullaria, .. Sie Ree)

cornu- ata ie sks tee SEB OO!

knorrd Pils 24 2)5.) cake 350

nugosa Lam., atc oy SHO

Anabates cer vinigularis Sel, shel eOe

ochrolenus sche Wahch staP wo

ochrolzenus Law. tpsiet bah ReoreECO

ANABATID A) (5.48)! ols! a W294 319

ANASBATIN AD 7805 Bol of he ya wong

Anaptychus, aa a et etctiea LOS

cornutus Stimp., Has eeeeeteen te eSa

Anas clypeata Linn, . . . . . 274

CYyanopterd, . ie = sie =. Ae

QUSCOPS Aaa eeepc eae ae

Tslandicay sia: dean ee AOL

giduaia Winn... sss 6 Roenan eos

Anatina papyracea Say, . . . . 164

Ancylus obscurus Hald, . . . . 350

Ancistrodon Debey, . . . « « 889

YAGI A Bo ee OO

Aniculus elegans Stimp., apie Sto ee eae

typieus, .. Bie dota itch:

Anomia aculeata Gmel., dpe SLL

ephippiumL., . . ae ew Od

eS var. eleetrica, . Salm

us: squamula, . 161

AMOStOMas ei. Ot Sai BER ER ORE Oe

TIAN Ga To | Gs a, alll

Amthus rufus) (Gin:) ie ees 22

Antrostomus Carolinensis, . . . 261

Cubanensis Law.,. . . . 260

Wiutiallir, (ys 1ien se 261,460)

vociferus Gund, . . . . 260

Aodon,. . ot tg Shee!

Aphrodite Groenlaniia, RSs ee BS,

PN ovichey | ele miiited MsyeLOw

Virginicus, Mie ta Mans cr ele:

Aprion, . . . . 8179, 388, 385,- 401

Aprionodon Gill, . . 400, 401, 411

breviprnray tai nV oage atieas ae

Index. 487

: Page Page

Aprionodon isodon, . . . . . 411 | Batissa insignis Desh. . . 112, 1 4

PUNCLOLUS). 1. auc eu) tan ofA OU Jayensis Ad., . . . 114

APROKPTERIDES, ~ . . . . 888, 389 Keraudrenia Ad, . 113, 114

PAQUELINGE, | fis tis, yous). os = SOLOS GL lenticularis Desh.,. . . . 114

Ara Macao (itm). es ces Ae et Sr es viel else LL

QUULELATAS (Ghee eu O99 PURO ROE Pe SOR nu) vegan lalla:

Beviera: h(i so Veto oe ae pe eA obesa Ad., ; aie ar cdi rane lle

ARAINE, . 299, 333, 474 producta Desh. eae nis peer eu

Aramides ruficollis ( (Gm) whee 479 ROCURCOLON ACE oe oe. see lS

Aratus'pisont M. Eid.;,. .... % .' 939 SUUMES ME Des ie ae ne ee AO

ARGS DeLALG SAV yore. vs suse obi SHMMRICULCM Es Bi M tho oe Lie

transversa Say; . . . . 161 CeneDTORUPAG Weve. soll

Ardea brunnescens Gund. . PP yal inionetna, esp ae mk... -- LLS

ARDEIDA, on sy eaten. SOL, 334, 478 unioniformis Pr... . . . 115

ARDEINE, . . 301, 234, 478 MOlCCOH AG ete ulus. ney Lo

Arremon aur nee oxtri is Latfr., . 298 | Biddulphia awrita Breb,. . . . 105

Aptartevcastaned., ss ke os. un... LAS pulchella Gray, ciimeaaaeoure LOL

mactracea L., . . . 148, 162 rhombus Stimp., . . . . 105

NOR AREAD AS sav eft bret Yen eas. OS) || SOWETO ACY cine. hy ie oe aot eRe oe CO

Astrape, . pts eas Pasi) Bombus, . . cee OO,

Astur Cooperi Lemb., - « 252, 264 ° actif St. Farg., 5) (bey LeGL

Suscus ¢ EOD Amerieain “ , Say omlglpe

pileatus Gund; "259, 253, 954 Americanorum Fab., 172, 175

Asturina magnirostris (Gum) 7. 316 Areticus, Kirby, jax coos LG

nitida “(Lath ), eceEee tao LG borealis i uae =) Ln!

Atergatis lobatus Stimp., . 202, 203 Californicus Smith, feelers, L0G

limbatus,. . OLN vie nge AO) Carolinus Auct., . . 174, 175

rotundatus Stimp., Sohom a eA02) Carrier Green, .. 3" 170, 175

Athene nudipes Gray, oO eee act -N Derhamellus Kirby, Bare ean KS

siju dears el aa elatus Fabr.,. . Peed vies LAG

Atthis Helene (Gund.), . . . . 263 ephippiatus Say,, pera ce!l 7ialtea ireas

Attila Selater! Law. 5 575..°4 470 fervidus Fabi, . ) 2. 171; 175

SP ACICCR Ges 7) Say aes ODE Yirtqidus Smithy en) tee TG

spadicea Law.,. . « . . 470 Hunti Greeny. eli O ali

ATTILINE,. . 5 yoas SP cUKe interruptus “ , 11,178, 175

Auliseus celatus ups Page eat aa asl KOS Kirbiellus Curtis,. . . . 176

pruinosus B. Chekomacat ail ( Es laboriosus; Habs) vc) ce kG

punctatus Be : 2wl'OD Marylandicus Fab., eee LAG

Automolus cervinigularis Sel., . 466 nidulans, . . = ia lis

pallidigularis Law, . . . 465 occidentalis Green, 12 = cloieh

170,- 115

Balen esr eee), Salsa o4G MATT, Bg i ae a ae

Canteroiana G., . . . . 853 praticola Kirby, setae aealiiks

Basileuterus Delattrei Bp. . . . 322 TUONINCTILT IS pe ea eee TS

. semicervinus Scl.,. . . . 322 sonorus Say, foe eae: ef eral ergs

Babissa:.7 . >. Futsentaen lel Owen ules Suckleyi Green, . . 169, 175

atrata Desh., Boe. Got cen tall isy sylwecola Karbys, |. \.' . « 176

Australis Desh., eae ekuee lilies ternarius Say.,... . 172, 175

OluldrenderAdi sai ote ns tenricola Kirby, . 2. . 176

compressa Pr., . Beh Moran a le} violaceus St. Farg., . 174, 175

corbiculoides Desh, TM oom WLS) Virginicus Fab., 11, 170,

elongata Prot feet ateel its ios el Ore lio

eximia Ad., aa gtat yy fot eles Boreogaleus Gill, . . 400, 402, 411

fortis Pr. Sores each, ep te LI areticus Gill, . . 2-402) 401

fuscata “ . 44.» » 114 | Botaurus lentiginosus aaa . . 478

gigantea: i ha ve be ee pourciera, “ai Sa Bote, eo AS

gracilis “ . Pile var Bean a WO be! ISremus June wisn de cea eG

humerosa Desh., eileen | SUBONIND, < : . 462

1nflata Brn s. nose Rod ene Buceinum plicosum Mke., : 150, 167

488

Buecinum undatum,

Buceo Dysoni Sel., .

pectoris Gray, . .

tectus Bodd., . .

Bucconips£, . . 7290:

Bucoonry x, ‘ 290,

Bucephala Americana,

Islandica Les » :

Bulimus, . 342,

acicula Miill.,

acuticostatus ‘Ge

alabastrinus Sh.,

angustatus G.,

assurgens P.,.

aulacostylus P.,

auris-Sileni Born.,

Barbadensis P.,

Beathinus Py... .

Caraceasensis Ry., 351,

chrysalis P.,

confertus ia

decollatus I..,

diaphanus P,

Dominicus Ryv., . .

élongatus Bolt., 351,

358,

erubescens P., By ul

exilis Gm., 351, 354,

extinctus P. 5s. f.,.

Sraterculus ¥., 351, 358,

Suscus Guild.,

gigas Py.,

glaber Gm.,

Gomphariawm Sh.,

Goodalli Mil., 351, oe,

ane eae

hasta P., Ste Ole

Hjalmar soni P.,

homalogyrus Sh.,

hortensis Ad.,

immaculatus ’Ad.,

Jamaicensis Ry.,

laeviusculus Ad.,

Lherminieri Fisch.,

liliaceus F.,

limnoides F., F

lacidusibiyn, 3. 1. eile

macrospira Ad.,

Manzanillensis G.,

margaritaceus Sh.,

marginatus Say, 352,

356,

Marielinus Py.,

Martinicensis P.,

minimus Ad.,

monodon Ad.,

MoussoniP., . .

Index.

Page

. 148 | Bulimus multifasciatus Lam., 358, 389

. 318 nitidiusculus Ad.,. . . 356

. 464 nitidulus P., 351, 352, 354,

2.) eS 356, 358

318, 464 oblongus Mill., . 351, 359, 360

318, 464 octonoides Ad., 351, 352, 354,

. 451 356, 358, 359, 360

- . 449 opalescens Sh., . 358

847, 348 pallidus Ad., Bien TENG

. 344 Poeyanus P., esas ODO SOD

. 852 rectus P., ; Se aye Bias

. 358 rufescens Gray, . 856

. 852 Salleanus Ry., . 854

5 te ae Santanensis P., a yas ene

359, 361 sepulchralis Pyne ci ool, tooe

eg ted, stramineus Guild., eee a]

351, 359 SEFICLUS Layee aie yesh (SOL OOD

855 istylodonn.an est pamiey ste haOS

354, 359 subula P., 351, 352, 354,

354, 358 356, 358, 359

ey B06 Swiftianus P., . 358, 359, 360

344, 352 ’ terebella Ad., Pei vee 35) 3

. 359 terebra Py., . SNe eo aAtecO LD

1) 2 804 terebraster Lam., . . 852, 358

354, undulatus Guild., . 859

859, 360 ventrosus F.,. . . . 844, 351

LT e8O.G Veequensis P., . . . 351, 860

358, Vincentinus P., bore) CHSC,

359, 860 | Bulla canaliculata Gld., 153, 159

. 359 solitaria Say., . . 52 wali

359, 860 | Buteo Gheisbreghtii Du Bus. Vegas

. 851 ml han ie Wils., - 288

. . 352 | Burzonina, . . 288, 316

354, 359 | Butorides brunnescens ‘Gund., Oni:

=) §47808 virescens (Linn.), ... 271, 301

356,

358, 359 | Caecum, . remarry may hat

352, 3859 Cooperi Smith, . - . 154, 168

354, 358 wmbricatum Carp, 168

. 358 plicatwn Carp., 154

. 852 pulchellum Stimp., Semon Way!

1806. || \CaR ERIE 7) aly ok, 20 noted be:

3856 | CHreBINa, . . 291, 318, 464

. 356 | Calappa calloides Stimp. , sce 7

. 356 GIES ee Srebcaeh acl aly

. 854 marmorata Fabr,, Resi Ult Sli PERL

Se. Olys) Xantusiana Stimp., . . . 287

854, 359 | CALAPPOIDEA, . Msp betayts 237

. » 852°] Caleinus chzlensis, . 9.9. 84

. 856 obscurus Stimp., 83

30 tibicen, 84

. 858 Callinectes Stimp., anne 220

354, dicantha (Latr.), ei aa 20

858, 859 | Calliste Francesce (Lafr. ) . 298, 332

°. 852 gyroloides if . . 8382

. 858 inornata Gould, 298

- 856 ornata, . . 382

. 856 | Calypte Helene Gould, . 263

. 8354 | Calyptreea striata Say, . 157

Index.

Page

Campodus, : . 388

Camptosoma imberbe Sel, a At

Campylodiscus cribrosus Stimp. Bes LOS

Campylopterus Cuvieri (Boure.), . 319

Cancer aculeatus Herbst., 188

borealis Stimp., : 50

carnifer Herbst, Ps 43

coronatus “ sates 186

decorus uC AE 70

Gonagnra Mab... ssiem 217

hispidus Herbst, 188

trroratus Gould, . . . . 50

limosus Say, . 56

lobatus M. Ed., . 202

planissimus Herbst, 232

plebcius Poep., 50

punctatus Brown, « 70

sabulosus Herbst, ol

Sayi Gould, . 50

selopetarius Herbst, 85

squamosus A 3 Pasi

Canororpea, 50, 202

Cancroma cochlearia Linn, mG 478

CANCROMID&, 478

CaNcromIna, . : 478

Capito maculicoronatus Law., 300

Capironip 2, 300

Carrroninz, Me 300

CAPRIMULGID&, 290, 455

CAPRIMULGIN &, . 290

Caprimulgus minor, 263

popetue Vieill., . 263

vociferus D’Orb., 3 260

Caracolla Cumberlandiana Lea, . 423

Edgariana Lea, . . 428

helicoides Lea, . 435, 438

CARCHARLA, .. . . 868%, 379, 387

Carcharias, 374, 376, 877, 379, 380,

381, 385, 387, 390, 398, 401

(Aprion) brevipinna, 3 411

(Hypoprion) hemzodon,

401, 411

(Aprion) isodon, 411

(Prionodon) limbatus, 410

(Hypoprion) macloti, 401

menisorrah, . 401

(Prionodon) milberti, 410

oxyrhynchus, . 401, 411

sorrah, 401, 410

taurus, : 3738, 398

temminckii, . 401, 410

CaRrcHaRID&, Seas 385

Carcharinus, . 376, , 401

Commersonii, 876

Carcharodon Smith, 377, 879, 384,

388, 397, 398

lamia Bon.,. . 869%, 370%, 372

CaRCHAROIDEI, ; . 887, 889

Carcharopsis Agass., . . . . . 388

Cardisoma, . . ae

ear nifex Edw.,

diurnum Gill,

guanhumi Lat., wh) PADS ES

Cardita borealis Con., . 148, 162

Cardium amnicwmn mat., 95, 96

casertanum Poli., air OG

levigatum, fe G2:

Mortoni Con., 162, 166

pinnulatum Con., . ~) 2 162

Carduelis cucullatus Sw.,. . . . 269

Cassiculus tcteronotus (Vieill), . . 297

Prevosti (Less.), bie an RE

uropygialis (Lafr.), Sy Ae lre

Cassidix baritus (Sw.), . 296

crassirostris (Sw.), . 296

CARTILAGINES, . 380

Cartilaginous Fishes, . 380

Catulus Smith, - pagar? AOT

stellaris Sm., 369%, 370*,

: 372, 407

Cenobita clypeata Owen, . Be

diogenes Latr., 82

rugosa M. Ed, 82

Centrina Cuv., 376, '377, 379, 381,

384, 388, 405

CENTRINZE,. . . . . 880

Centrodus, . . 388

CrntRopHororpEt, Bois . 388

Centrophorus M.& C., 377, 379, 381,

384, 388, 404, 405

granulosus, . . 405

Centroscyllium, | 884, "388, 404, 405

Fabricii M. & C., . 405

Centurus Pucherani (Malh.), 209

rubriventris Sw., pene ke)

Cephaloscyllium, 407, 412

laticeps, . . 412

CrPHALOPODA, . 148

Ceratodus Ag, . 388

Ceres, AU pero 2 |

Cerictius, 374, 875, 380

MACrOUrUs, . . 373

Cerithiopsis Emersonii Stimp., 148, 153

terebellum Stimp., 148,152, 154

Cerithium Gireenii Ad., 148, 151, 153

nigrocinctum Ad., 148,

151, 153

Sayr Mke., 151, 152, 1538, 162

CEeRTHIADE, . - 292

Certhiola Zwteola ‘Caban, aol

Ceryle aleyon Linn., . 318

Amazona Lath. i . 290

Americana Gm., . 290

énda Linn., < . 290

superciliosa Linn., : 290

torquata : . 290

Cestracion Cuv., 876, 877, ‘379, 381,

384, 388, 403

490

Index.

Page Page

Cestracion zygana Gill. 869%, Chlorostilbon insularis Law., . 457

370%, 372, 378, 403 melanorhynchus Gould,’. . 292

CESTRACIONOIDEI, . 388 nitens Law., . 805

Cestracions Les., ay cherie ZOO prasinus, . . 457

CESTRACIONTES, 377, 379, Choanopoma, . . 848

386, 888 Adolf P., . 855

CEsTRACIONTIDA, . 382, 886, 888 alatum “ - 358

CrSTRAOIONTINI, ao) ecmakets) Arangianum Gi; . 353

CrstRacton Tor ®, 368%, 393, 395, auricomnum "3800

896, 402, 412 Chittyi Ad... 357

Cestrorhinus, . 876, 403 Daudinoti G., sTe08

zygend, LENT MIO decoloratum ‘ Ol wR GHIR)

CETORHINIA, 397, 398 decussatum Lam., 358, 360

Cetorhinus, 376, 383, 384, 397, 398 eburneum G., . Seco

Gunneri. . . 876 fimbriatulum Sow., . 857

Maximus, | 873, 875 Fragile G., : . 353

Cheemepilia eranatina Bp, . 333 granosum INGE A . 857

rufipennts, A Pee eee OL Hillianun “ ; » 1857

Chanogaleus Gill , 400, 402, 411 interruptum Lam., . B57

macrostoma Gill., 402, 411 lima 4A4., . B57

Chenogobius Gill, 12 lincina L., : Boh

annularis, “ 3 lincinellum Lam., . Se si5yrf

Cheetopterus pergamentaceus, 236 majusculum Mor., . . 353

Cheeturichthys, ‘ 16 minimum G., : . 8538

hexanema Rikr., 17 mite P.., 5 . B57

CHARADRIADA, x gByt occidentale P., . 3858

CHARADRID&, . 455, 478 perplicatum G., . 358

CHARADRINA, . 834, 478 Pretrei O., . 853

Charybdis, . 228 Puer toplatense P.,. . 855

Chemmitzia disuturalisStimp., 148, 152 pulchrum Wood, me isyé

fusca Stimp.,. . 152, 153 Rosaliae P., ; . B55

interrupta Seek el DS, scabriculum Sow., . Ero Dir

producta ese gl Mae als) senticosum Sh., . 358, 360

seminuda 148, 152 solutum Rich., 2 Swen

trifida af Tb25 ibs spinulosum Ad., Syst

Chilodus Gieb., Pao a. BOO suleulosum F., 358, 360

CHILOSCYLLIINA, . 407, 408, 413 tentorium P., ee BbD

Chiloscyllium M. H.,. 377, 378, tractim Gee 0. . 353

381, 383, 887, 407, 408 Wilhelmi P., . - . 855

plagiosum MHL, . “18 n408 Yaterasense “ . 853

tuberculatum M. H., . 408, 413 Yunquense “ Be tO BocS

Chirodus M’Coy, . . 888 | Chondropoma, 343, 846, 347

Chiroxiphia caudata (Shaw), . 296 abnatum G., . ie eaODS

cyaneocapilla Wels . 296 adulterinum P., ; . 855

mentalis Sel., . é . 296 biforme rf + 851

vitellina Gould, . 296 blandum < . 805

Chiton apiculatus Say, = 15o Blauneri Sh., . 858

Chlorodius, Oe, Candeanum O., . 358

Americanus Sans, - 209 Caricae P., ; . 855

exaratus, . . 209 claudicans Pyar s508

floridanus Gibbes, . . 209 crenimargo P., . 353

longimanus M. Ed., 5 crenulatum F, . 854

maculatus Stimp., Pe2hO decurrens Py., . . 853

Chlorcenas rufina (Temm. Waa . 333 Delatreanum O., . 853

vinacea is ooo dilatatum G., a S5S

Chloronerpes callopterus Law., . 476 dissolutum P., «ODS

Chlorophanes atricapilla (Vieill), . 319 egregium G., . 853

Chlorostilbon assimilis Law., . 292 eusarcum P., . 855

chrysogaster, \. «5's .' 805 GutierreziG., . . 3538

Chondropoma harpa P.,

kemiotum P.,

Hjalmarsoni “

trradians Sh.,

laetum Gut., .

latilabre O., .

latum G.,. ake

litturatum P., . .

Loweanum *

magnificum Sallé .

marginalbum G.,

moestum Sh.,

neglectum G.,

N encombianem Ad.,

Newtoni Sh.,

obesum Mk., .

Ottonis Peters)

oxytremum G.,

perlatum “

Petiteanum P.,

Pfeifferianum Py a

pictum P., :

‘Poeyanum OF

revinctum Py., .

revocatum G.,

rufopictum G ,

Sagebient Py., .

Salleanum P.,

Santacruzense P.,

semicanum Mor.,

semilabre Lam.,

sericatum Mor.,

Shuttleworthi P.,

simplex e

solidulum G.,

Swifti Sh.,

tenebrosum Mor.,

textum G., .

Tortolense P.,

unilabiatum G.,

violaceum P.,

CHONDROPTERYGH, .

Chordeiles Gundlachi Law;

minor Caban, .

popetue (Vieill),

virginianus Lemb.,

Chromatodus Ag.,

Chrysomitris Mexicanus Sw., s

Chrysuronia Elicize (Boure. »

Ciro,

Circus Hudsonicus (Linn, ),

Cistula, . 3

Agassizi Charp. Flac

agrestis G., :

Antiguensis Sh.,

catenata Gould,

cinclidodes P.,

dislocata Baird,

illustris Py.,

Index.

Page

. 853

. 855

. 851

. 853

- 353

. 3538

. 853

. 305

- 855

. 355

. 853

| 858,

. 353

359

- 358

» 853

. 0d3

. 853

- 855

. 353

- 853

- 358

. 353

353

. 353

. 855

- 359

. 358

. 355

- 3853

353

- 855

- 353

. 858

. 353

- 353

. 359

491

Page

Cistula inculta Py., . 353

interstitiale G.,. . . « 853

limbiferum Mk., . . . 353

lineolata Lam., . : 358

lugubris P.,. . 357

Mackinlayi G., . 353

mordax Ad.,. ‘ 857

pallidaP., 5. 3538

procax Py., . 853

radula P., 353

Riisei “ 358

rufilabris Beek., Sah OOO

sagittifera Ad. . . . . 357

Sauliae Sow., Rath. 357

scabrosa Humph., . 351

Shephardiana Ad., 357

Clangula Barrovii,. . . . . . 461

chrysophthalma, 451

Cladodus Ag., eee OOS

Clausilia, 34], 342, 347

tridens Ch., My ey OOS

Clibanarius eequabilis, Bh 85

antillensis Stimp., 85

breolons uhm ase 85

Brasiliensis, a 85

Panamensis Stimp., 84

Sclopetarius, 85

turgidus Stimp., EES)

vittatus, . . Br tei Sons)

Coceoneis scutellum Ehr., 104, 105

CoccoTHRAUSTINE, . 297

Coccygus erythr ophthalmus( Wile ), 417

acon Zan 5 Pret eee ars] ee ATT

Cochliodus Oe . 388

ieee ‘Leanum Couth., . 164

Coereba carneipes Sel, 291, 318

lucida i 291, 318

Collodes Stimp., . 193

granosus Stimp., . 194

Columbella avara Say, . . . . 151

Gouldiana Ag., 148, 151, 153

lunata Sowb., Seo ibe

CoLuMBIDz, 801, 333, 477

CoLuMBINa, . . . . 301, 333

COLYMBIDA, . . 802, 334

Conurus pertinax (Linn. ‘i . 8383

Copurus leuconotus Lafr., moc

Corax Ag., aes . 388

Corbula contracta Say, . 164

_Cordula amnica Leach, . 95

Corethrura albifrons Sw., . 802

albigularis Law., . . 302

ruficollis Sw., . . 802

Corvipzy 3. shiny ered See

CoryYSsToIDEA, . sy en

Coscinodiseus actinopt tychus Ebr.,

104, 105

excentricus Ehr., 104, 105

lineatus, Eh LOS

492 Index.

Page Page

Coscinodiseus oculus-iridis Ebr., . 105 | Cyclas aequalis Raf, . . . 95, 108

radiatus - 105 alttlis Anth, .« . . 97

subtilis si . 105 AMNIVCOLULT. Wem tee sy oO

Cotinga amabilis Gould, . . . 473 appendiculata Dubtap ss CA Aes

CortIncIpza, . . . . 295, 330, 473 Brongniastina Math., Ae ay 2

CorinciIn#, . . 473 cinerea Hanlyyin le) ten once

Cotyle flavigastra (Vieil), poe tf cuneata Sowb.,. . sane eles

Cracipa, . . ‘ . 3801, 333 Denainvilliersi Boissy, bi a

CRACINZ, . . sibel Hepat eas O.Ol Gubia Says 2) Piten be Meal LU

Crax rubra Linn, ei dais MAREN id coy ZOOM QUb108Sa Es el ated ieee ot LOS)

Orepidula convera Say, . . . . 158 duplicate’ FE.) 3) Use ie e308

fornicata Lam., . . . . 158 fontinalis Dup, . . . . 101

unguiformis Lam., . . . 158 GUT I MOS ES Sg re ve dll)

Cronus Stimp.) 3.0 cee) vanes ~ 220 lemigata Wess; si. Pele «| eae

muber (Rm) ce aN |. 2a lenticularts Norm, . . . 96

CROSSORHINA,. . . 381 Matheroni.d’Orb.,,. . . . O47

CrossORHINOIDA, 393, 394, 396, 397, 408 minima Stud, . . . . . 100

Crossorhinus M. H., . 374, 378, minor C. B. Adams, . . . 94

381, 383, 408 Mitvag anys ie | vey bepitelg te LOO

barbatus, M.H., . . . . 408 COOMA CATES Wh ES See SI

Crotophaga ani D’Orb., Sei Suaeeel nuclea Boissy, » . . . . 100

ant Linn., . DR eatoc yn QOL Gum ams) \rnte hel teil POD

laevirostris, Sal emtes Mata eI oy Oh) obtusalis “ SHE unemeen LOO)

rugirosira, Sw.,. 9... . 270 Guadis NUS cnet wep Gea LUO

CROTOPHAGINA, =.) . 0s) 5. 6 .. 801 palustris Drap., . . . . 95

CRUSTACEA, . 49 PfeiffertiMeg.,. . . . . 95

Crypticus platyr hynchus Leadb., _ 290 prise Mich) ois 46s.) LOL

Cryptopodia granulata ee . 202 pulebella Hanl., pee ee oe

C@fenopoma,” 2. 6). 348, 346 pusilla Turt.,, . . . 100, 101

argutum'P., . (6. s % . B58 Steenbuchi Moreh, . . . 102

bilabiatum 0., amp citi OOS sublaevigata VOrb., . . . 99

Campbelli Ad, Wallets it, BON violacea Wam., |. <5) wees Lilo

CONORALUM BY.5) spice. hve yel OOO Virginica Fer.,. . . . . 108

De fictenS fo, cj-/\00 jth es | ODD eH vitred Riss., . Pune whe

denegatum Py., - . . « . 853 | Cyelograpsus integer M. Ed, 44. > JGR

DominicenseP.,, ys i. 80D punctatus, . . mae OD)

echinatum Py., . >» « «6 858 | Cyeloie Bairdii ee A aceahon ten P-GST

enode aire bS CHASEAEO, «| aro Col, 12o8

Garridoianum Py. Sei ODS granulosa,.. 2. - 6, 288

honestum oS PSY GODS: |) OUCLONATCes a). cuctauaiN ise say ee incl OSH

immersum G.,. . . . . 853 | Cyclophorus,. ... Pincers eet ac

migriculum “\ 5) 3) 5 .)7. 853 Beauianus Pet., Tea wate are

nodulatum, Py., -. .. . 858 rufescens Sow... . . . . 858

perspectivumG, . . . . 358 SchrammiSh,. . . 354

pisun Ad., . . . . . . 857 | Cyelorhynchus zquinoetialis Sel. . 473

rotundatum Py., . 9. . . 858 brevirostris Cab, . . . . 829

FUGULOSUM Ma, bet sel ie) ls OOS brevirostris Law., af ate ANS

Boul ptumi Gr.) s 60) up. ee0 OS cinereiceps Sel, . . . . 829

semicoronatum G.,. . . . 8538 |. cinereiceps Law.,. . . . 473

sordidum Cemetine tis, SDB subbrunneusScl.,. . .- . 478

torquatum Gibeear a. We, f8bS sulphurescens (Spix.), . . 478

Wilkinsoni Ad., . . . . 857 | Cyclostoma basicarinatum Pfr., . 361

Otenoptychinus Ag, . . . . .-888 chordiferum Pfr, . . . 361

CucuLip#,. . .°... 800, 477 | Cxycostomacna, .-. ... 347, 348, 360

Cumingia tellinoides Con., . 148, 164 | Cyclostomus,. . . . . . 348, 346

Cyanoloxia cyanotdes (Lafr.), . 297 GLDUS SOW, | Wen tell ettrst Noo

Cyanomia Gautemalensis (Gould), 457 ATENENSISE agli dire a de, BOO

Cyelas,. . My ean ene Banksianus Sow.,. . . . 857

acuta PE, . Sane | 98 Bronte! BG ei.) es eee Ol

citrifus Sow.,

crenulosus Ad.,

fallax P.#

Cyclostomus Chevalieri Ad.,

Humphreyanus P.,

Jayanus <Ad.,

lamellosus Ok

Rangelinus Py.,

Redjieldianus Ad,

retrorsus

serecinus Ss

tectilubris Ly

th ‘ysanoraphe Sow.,

Yallahensis Ad.,

Cyclotus,

asperulus Som.,

corrugatus Sow. af

crassus Ad.,

dubiosus ‘

Jloecosus Sh.,. .

Granadensis Sh.,

Jamaicensis Ch.,

jugosus Ad.,.

Martinicensis Sh.,.

minimus G.,

palleseens Ad.,

perdistinctus G.,

perpallidus Ad.,

subrugosus Sow.,

suturalis

varians Ad.,.

Cylindrella,

abbreveata Dh. e

acus L.,

Adamsiana one :

Agnesiana Ad.,

alabastrina P.,

alba Ad,

amethystina Chitty,

angulifera G.,

arcuata W. & M.,

aspera Ad.,

Augustae Ad.,

Bahamensis P., .

Baquieana Chitty,

Blandiana P.,

brevis es

Brooksiana G., .

Camoensis P.,

chordata ‘$

cinerea ce

coerulans Py.,

collaris F.,

columna Ad.,

costata Guild.,

costulata Ad.,

crenata W. & M.,

crispula P.,

cristata Ww. &. M.,.

. 357

. 857

. 359

. 3857

. 8572

. 857

. 853

. 0d7

. 357

. 807

. 3857

Index.

Page

359

. 857

. 357

343,

361

. 857

» 8bT

- 357

. 300

. bd4

. 357

2 857

. B58

. 853

. 857

. 8d3

. 357

. 857

. 357

. 807

. 842

. 856°

. 352

. 855

. 856

. 356

. 852

. 855

. 856

. ddl

356

. 356

. 852

. 859

852

. 352

354,

De eKaoO

858

. 361

. 856

. 855

. 852

. 355

eylindrus Ch.,

discors Py., .

Dominicensis P.,

dubia Chitty,

Dunkeriana P.,

elatior Ad.,

elegans P.,

Hiliotti Py., .

elongata Ch.,

Hugenii Dorhn,

Fabreana Py., .

fasciata Ch.,

fastigiata G., .

flammulata Bs

Gosset

Gouldiana “

gracillicollis F.%

gracillima Py., .

gracilis Wood, .

Gravesii Ad.,

Grunert Dunk.,

Guigouana Pet.,

Gundlachiana Py.,

Hjalmarsoni P.,

Hollandi Ad.,

Cylindrella eyclostoma P.,

Humboldiuna ip: 2

humilis Ad.,

hydrophana Ch itty ty,

inornata Ad.,

integra P.,

interrupta G.,

intusmalleata G.,

irrorata i

laevigata

lata ‘Ad, -

interrade Grats,

lateralis Paz.,

Lavelleana 0,

Ludersi P.,

macrostoma P., .

malleata P.,

marmorata Sh.,

Maugeri Wood,

“

megacheila Chitty,

Menkeana P.,

minuta G.,

monilifera P.,

nobilior Ad.,

mubila Py., ..

abesa W. & M.,

ornata G., i

ovata Desh. ?

Oviedoiana O.,

pallida Guild,

Pearmaneana Chitty,

perlata G.,

Philippiana P.,

planospira “.

494

: Page

Cylindrella plicata Py., . 352

Pocyand.O. ie ieee ae) SOD

porrecta Gould, Webe

Portoricensis P., . . . 358

princeps Ad., . 356

producta G., . . 852

pruinosa Mor, . . 855

puncturata P., A 1800

pupaeformis Ad. . . . 356

pusilla Ad., . 356

Hiiset P.,..--. . 858

Robertsi Ad., . 856

PT OSE ee ie Seekers . 356

Rugeli Sh., . 352

BUGTrUOnd Paves i thie soe

IS ALEC TO) ice cine a Rees BOD

SONGUCNED) Vee sib ta. D0

Sauvalleana G., . 852

scalarina Sh., ecliy

seminuda Ad., . 856

sericea P., . . 855

Shauttleworthi Py... » 858

similis Ad., . 906

simplex Na! 23356

Sowerbyana P., ads

strangulata Py., 5 . 893

striata Chitty, . . 356

subita Py., . 853

subula F., . . 856

tenella Ad., . . 856

torquata Mor., . 3938

tricolor P., 355, 356

Trinitaria Bas; 359

tumidula W. Pi M., . 3855

Turcasiana G., , B50

uncata G., . 853

variegata P., 858, 3856

MEMUTLCOSM Ge «SA Ger DS

volubilis Mor., assy)

Weinlandi P. . 255

zebrina ee . 856

zonata Ad., s . 856

Cymbilanius lineatus Leach, . 293

Cymindis Cayennensis (Gm. ), . 317

uncinatus Lemb., . 257

Wilsoni Cass., ably BOT

CYNOCEPHALI, . : 899, 401

Cynocephalus, » 871%, 400, 401

albus, Bod iOR

glaucus, Gill, "360%, 370%, 872

Cyphorinus bambla (Bodd. ), 320, 467

eantans Gm., . 293

fasciatoventris Lafr., . . 320

leucostictus Cab., . 820

philomela Saly., ay AGT

Cyprina IJslandica Brug,, 1138, 148

Cyrena Cubensis Pr., . 314

eximia Dunk., 6 lg}

Jayensis Lea, pau

Index.

Page

Cyrena keraudrenia Less., 114

maritima C. B. Ad., 314

obesa Hinds, 114

rotundata Lea, . Pee ett

me salmacida Mor., . . 3814, 315

tenebrosa Hinds, Biers lalies

violacea Lam., . TAP stats)

Cyrenella Americana Mor.,. 314, 315

lucinoides Desh., 314

Cyrenoides Americanus Mor, . . 815

Cytherea convexa Say, 163, 166, 167

Daira Americana Stimp., 212, 213

perlata, 5 Lez

Aapea, 391

DaaTIana, . . 384

Dalatias, 3114, 375, 316, 380, 384, 405

noctur nus, » 813

sparophagus, 373

Damophila amabilis Gould, . 292

Daenis caerebicolor Scl., 291

melanotis, 464

venusta Law., 464

A enseciscautake vara 2a 319

Dendrocinela atrirostris Larf., . . 467

fumigata Licht., 320

fumigatus Law., 466

olivacea BS 466

opar ae SL. Be aon 4 2 Mt 40)

Dendrocolaptes Sancti Thome

(Lafr.), 320

Dendrocolaptide, Sinemienriente Oo

DENDROCOLAPTINA, . . 292, 320, 466

Dendroeygna viduata (Linn. ), 273

Dendroeca wstiva (Gm.),. . . . 822

Blackburnize (Gm. ‘ . 468

castanea (Wils.), ue Mowe

coennles, (One) odin ts chasis cae

maculosa (Gm.), ~ . 322

Pennsylvaniea Linn., . 322

Dendroica estiva, . 3 264, 265

albicollis (Gm, ‘3 ; 264

vITENS a 293

Dendromanes homochrous Sel., 466

Dendrornis guttatus Licht., 292

Jachrymosus (Law.), . . 467

tenutrostris Licht., 292

Dermaturus hispidus Seep 942

Dictoea Mun., . . outlets 388

Dictyocha fibula Ehr., . . . 104

Dryoprerint, Aeeh Mane CTH

De wee 314

Diplodus Ag... 888

Diplopoma, - 348

arehitectonicum tex 353

Diplopterus excellens Sel., 300

Discorye 2, 387

Discopyge, . 387

Domecia hispida ‘Soul., 218

Doryphora amphiceros K.,

Dromia, . 240

Dromidea, : 71

Dromidia antillensis Stimp., ; il

lator M. Ed., 72

DRroMIoIDEA, ; : 239

Dromacocsyx Mexicanus Bp. bg 300

Dynomene hispida, . crate O20

ursula Stimp., 5 239, 240

Dryocopus Malherbii (Gray), Se 2)

scapularis Vig., . - 333

Eehidnocerus cibarius, 79, 80

foraminatus, . . 79

EcuINorHInorD 4, . 393, 395, 397, 406

Echinorhinus, 3'15, 378, 379, 384,

389, 406

spinosus, . 375, 406

Elainia placens Scl., en 2S

subpagana Sel. ; . 328

Elanoides furcatus Linn., . 289

Hlasmobranchii, . Pal

Elephantulum plicatum Carp. din ror aley!

EMBERIZINE, . . 298, 332

Embernagra conirostris (Bp. 7 ot lB

Emberiza pallida (Lemb.), . 269

Emissoles, . Re EEO MO

Erpidonax acadicus (Gm.), . 265, 472

Bairdii Law., cron Anal

Bairdii Sel., . Say

brachytarsus, Scl., . 827

griseigularis Law., . . . 471

pusillus Cab., é . 265

Englesa Henslowiana Leach, = LO}

Ennea,. . 5 841, 342

bicolor “Gould, 847, 359

Epialtus, =. «200

affinis Stimp., cer LONG

bituberculatus Gibbes, 49, 199

Brasiliensis Dana, » 60

longirostris Stimp., + 199

sulecirostris ‘ Soils

Epilobocera . 234

Cubensis fe . 234

Epithemia Hyndmanii Stimp. . Riva 1O)s)

musculus K., : gid Os

Eriphia gonagra M. Ed., 56, 207

hispida Stimp., . . 218

levimana, . : Ba Aly

Smithii, Sealy

spinifrons, : ie ala

squamata Stimp., . . 56, 217

Erythronota Hdwardi Boure., . 292

EHtmopterus, 874, 380, 405

aculeatus, . Se SES aS

Eucinetops Stimp., . - 19k

Lueasii “ 7 LO

Eucometis cristata (Du Bus) . 298

Euerate, . : sues BOD)

Euctenogobius Gill, pie . 45, 46

FEB. 1862. 34

Index. 495

Page Page

. 104 | Euctenogobius badius Guill, 47

Eulamia Gill, 399, 401, 409

lamia Gill, . 401

milberti, . . - fe, 410

Eulima subangulata Stimp., . 148, 152

Eupagurus annulipes Stimp., . 243

Bernhardus Brand., 89

brevidactylus Stimp, ;

Ql, 244

granosimanus “ - - 90

hirsutiusculus, 90

Kroyeri Stimp., 89

Middendor fii, Stirs. OH

opereulatus Stimp , . 92, 93

pollicaris Say, - . . « » 92

Samuelis Stimp., 90, 93

tenuimanus Desm., BAGS

Euphonia Gouldii Scl., . 3382

hirundinacea Bp., . . 298

minuta Cab., . 332

Euphylax Stimp., - 225

Doyviticy . 226

Eupodiseus argus Ehr., fg illiet

radiatus B., 104, 106

Rogersit Ehr,, : . 104

Eupsychortyx leucofrenatus ELL,

106, 107

Sonninii Tem., . meee) LONE

Euripyga helias (Pall.), . 801

helias Law., . . 478

major Hartl., . . 478

Euriryeis, Saal . 478

HORI Y GINO Apel ei ot aa ws ATCO

Euryplax,. . 60

nitidus Stimp. Pe . 60

Eurypodius, , . 198

Eurytium limosum Stimp., - 56

Euspiza Americana (Gm.), . 398

Eusphyra Gill, Sigats 408, 412

Blochti,,».. 0/8 403, 412

Faleo Dominicensis (ou) iy doe

sparverius Lemb., 247, 256

sparverotdes (Vig: nt nes A

FALoonIDaé, i 288, 316, 461

FALconin&, . 3817, 462

Fario, . a pat wah

tsuppitch Grd., = et

Florida eczerulea (Linn. ), . . « 884

Florisuga mellivora (Linn.),. 292, 457

ForMICARID &, . 293, 325, 468

ForRMICARIN4, . 298, 326

Formicarius analis (@ Orb. me : . 326

Formicivora Boucardi Sel., . 469

quixensis (Corn.), . . 825

Quixensis Law., Fo ote)

FoRMICIVORINA, 293,

325, 468

Fringillo Cube Lemb., . . 269

socialis Wils., . 269

Ann, Lya Nat. Hist. Vou. VIL

496

FRINGILLIDA, 2917,

FRINGILLINA, . ki

FURNARINZ, . . = .

Galathea monodon,

GALATHEOIDEA, . .

GALBULIDA,

GALBULINA,

GALET ss 5

GaALEID#,

GALEIANA, . : sere

Galeocerdo, M. H., 3 3777, 379,

384, 388,

tigrinus M. H.,

GALEOIDA, . é

GALEORHINI, Rasa hier

GALEORHININA, . . . 899,

GALEORHINOIDA, 392, 398, 395,

Galeorhinus,

galeus Bl.,

375, 876,

mustelus, «

Galeus, 3870*, 371*, 374, ‘376,

381, 388,

acanthias, one

arcticus,

cinereus, . « ¢

UOLUES, rae) sect ren err tie

melastomus, . :

Gallinago Wilsonii BPs, sh

Gallinula Martinica (Linn. ) ;

GALLINULINA,. . :

Gallionella sulcata Ebr, ae

Gambetta flavipes (Gm.),

melanoleuca (Gm.),

GARRULINE, .

Garzetta candidissima (Gm. )

Gecarcinus lateralis Guerin,

planatus Stimp.,

quadratus Sauss., .

ruricola Latr., :

Gelasimus brevifrons Stimp.,

minax Le Conte,

palustris Sloane,

Panamensis Stimp.,

pugilator Bose, .

subcylindricus ‘Stimp. “

vocans Gould, . .

«yar, De Kay,

Gemma Zottenii Stimp., . .

Geograpsus lividus (M. Ed. )

oecidentalis, . a

TUDiDUS ne el eel te

Geomelania,. .

affinis o NG Aa

Peardsleana Ad,

conica i

costulosa er

868%, 371, 379,

369%, 370%,

Index.

Page Page

832, 474 | Geomelania elegans Ad., ; 857

. 332 exilis : pwn

. 292 expanse Bae 2). 30m

fortis Han a ool

. 245 gracilis i! one OT

. 244 Greyana si 357, 361

Zon Hilliana us ear

ere ce inornata Chitty, . 857

385, 402 Jamaicensis P., . 857

885, 387 magna Ad., sob

A) OO media ‘ . B57

881, minor . 857

ae 402 parva Chitty, 357

. 402 pauperata Ad., 357

. 387 procera 357

- . 400 pygmaea 357

401, 409 pyramidata “ 857

396, sinuosa Chitty, . 357

399, 409 striosa Ad., 357

400, 402 typica 357

372, vicina * «OBL

375, 402 | Geothlypis Philadelphia (Wils ), . 322

. 875 | Geotrygon violacea (Temm.), . ATT

37 9, Geranospiza cerulescens (Vieill), 289

402, 407 | Ginglymostoma M. H., 377, 378,

st) are) 383, 387, 406

. 4i1 concolor . . 406

370* | GINGLYMOSTOMATOID A, 395,

370* 397, 406

. . 873 | Glaucidium gnoma, . - . 260

273, 301 siju (d’Orb),. . . 259

- 802 | Glaucis hirsutus (Gm.), . 819

- 302 Ruckeri (Coure. »: . . 319

- 104 | Glossodus M’Coy, 388

. 834 | Glossogobius, . . 45

. 479 | Glyphis Ag., . 387

. 296 Gly shavliynelias: cuneatus Licht., . 820

. 801 | Gosinz, . . 45

. 233 | Gobius gracilis Grd., . . 44

. 234 lepidus “ ae CG

. 233 platycephalus, 46

- . 283 | Gomphedus Reus, . . . 389

. 229 | Gontodus Ag. . . - » 406

. . 62 | Goniograpsus innotatus Dana, 5 64

62, 229 | Gonionaree, . 887

. 63 | Gouldia Conversi Boure ) : a Bs

62, 638 | GouRINA, 01, 333

. 68 | Grallaria maewlari ia, : . . 804

62 perspicillata Law., 303, 826

. 62 | Grapsus altifrons Stimp., . . 2380

. .983 cinereus Bose., oD

230, 231 lividus M. Ed.,. . . 230

. 230 maculatus M. Kd., . . 229

- . dol ornatus . ate . 230

843, 346 pictus (Latr. ii Pete . 229

OES DIL pictus Sauss., Ah) oe eo eAD)

> OO transversus Gibbes, tua 64

. 857.| Grimothea; . . ve, we teeD

. 857 | Grisets, . . 376

Guaia Jurinii Sauss., .

punctata M. Ed.,

Gymnocichla nudiceps Cass.,

GYMNODERIN &,

Gymnoglaux Newtoni Law.

nudipes (Daud), . .

Index.

257, 259

Halelurus Gill, 407, 412

Burgeri Gill, 407, 412

Hapalogaster cavicauda ae ,81, 98

dentatus, . - 81

inermis Stimp., . 248

Mertensit, Sl

Harpagus bidentatus (Lath. ), 317

Harpiprion Cayennensis (Gm.), 479

Hedymeles Ludovicianus (Wils.) . 297

Heleodytes albobrunneus Law., . 470

Heticrz, ; whines: S42

Helicina, 848, 346

acuminata Val., 353

Adamsiana P., 357

adspersa P., 353

ampliata Ad., 357

Antillarum Sow., ; 358

aurantia Gray, . 357

Barbadensis P., . 351

Bastidana Py., . : 353

Bayamensis Py., . . 353

bellula G., Esai 353

Blandiana G., 353

Briarea Py... 1s 353

candida P., ‘ 351

chrysochasma Py., . 353

ciliata Py., 353

cingulata P., 855

columellaris G.., 853

concinna Me Sci 353

conoidea P., 351

continua G., . 353

convexa P., 351

costata Gray, : 357

declivis G., ‘ 353

depressa Gray, . 357

Dominicencis P., 355

elongata O., 353

ELECT UG Gy yl OE ee) (OOO:

fasciata Lam., . 354, 358, 360

festiva Sow.,.. . «=» =» 3855

foveata P., . . 358, 359, 360

glabra Gould, ; 353

globosa Gray, 355

globulosa O.,. 353

granum 5 . 353

Guadaloupensis ‘Sow. ’, . . 354

Heatei P., asc 354

Hjalmar soni P., : 358

Jamaicensis Sow. ets As 357

jugulata Py., ‘ 353

Lembeyana Py., . . + 858

Helicina lineata Ad.,

littoricola G.,

malleata P.,

maxima Sow. ?, .

Mayarina Py., .

neritella Lam., .

nitida P.,

nobilis Ad., ‘

Gorn denaaten. Guild, .

oleosa P.,

Orbignyi P.,

phasianella ‘Sow., 308, 359, ¢

praise aia M Mulhf,

plicatula P., :

Poeyi P., .

proxima G.,

pulcherrima Lea,

pygmaea P, & M.,

pyramidalis Sow., .

Reeveana P.,.

remota Py., .

retracta Py., .

rhodostoma Gray ? . ne

rotunda O., ithe

rubromarginata G.,

rugosa P., :

rufa P.,

Sagr aiana 0.,

Salleana P.,. . ..

scopulorum Mor., .

silacea

similis Sow. ?

spectabilis G.,

straminea Mor.,

striata Lam.,

striatula Sow., .

subdepressa Py.,

subfusca Menke,

subglobulosa Py.,

submarginata Gray, .

substriata Gray,

Titanica Py.,

trochulina O.,

umbonata Sh.,

versicolor P.,

vinosa Sh.,

viridis Lam.,

Heliomaster longirostris, .

Stuarte Law.,

354,

358,

345,

358,

108,

107,

Heliopzdica castaneocauda Law.,

melanotis Sw., .

Tet rorNnIn&, ‘

Heliornis futica (Boda. Me :

Heliothrix awritus Gm.,

Helix,

Barroti Boure.,.

abnormis P.,.

acuminata P.,

acuta Lam., .

342,

498

Index.

Page

Helix acutedentata W. G. By, . » 446

alonuda Ban 4 pap elsil

Albersiana Ps . 364

albicans PE). vas Ae DOD

albolabris Say, . 443, 448

alligans Ad, . . 855

alternata Say, 350, “421, 499,

423, 447, 448

Alves ACs) Ons Meme BOS

ambigua Ad, . . 355

amplecta G.,. . « . 851

Angasiana Newe., . . 283

angistoma F., . 3d4

angulata . 858

angustata “ . 854

angustispira Ad., . 855

anomala P., . 855

Aqheniane Ad., . 855

Apollo P., 3 . 851

appressa Say, 432, ‘436, 436,

441, 443, 447

Arangiana Py., . He 8600

arborea Say,. . . 854, 369

Arecibensis P., St LG nh Fomnite,

Ariadne P., . . 3d4, 444, 446

aspera F., . 855

atavus Sh., . 355

Auberi O., . 351

Audebardi P., aeer. 8b4

aquricoma B., . . 851, 355

auriculata By... . . 37, 38

auriculata Ry., . AE! BS

auriculata Say, . 26, 27, 28,

29, 31, 32, 33, 35, 37, 39,

126, 429, 440,

auridens Rang.,

auriformis Bld.,

29, at, 89,

444

. 358

448 -

avara Chem., 38

avara Ry., . 38

avara Say, 27, 28, 29, 30, ‘31,

32, 33, 37, 39, 116, 111,

: 125, 126, 444

avellana F., ewe. Sol

CCdiG) eo O4, BOS

Bahamensis P.,. «sj. B51

Bainbridgei P.? . 355

Baracoensis Gut., BBall

barbigera Redf., 120, 445

Bartlettiana P., ar. OO

Baudoni P., . 354

Bayamensis P., . oo

Bermudensis P., + 351

Blandiana Ad., . a SOO

Bonplandii Lam., . . 351, 855

Boothiana P., . . . 851, 355

Dracteala Wed cunts . 858

brevior AG. ante . 855

BREUISEAG 1.1. eee OOD

Bronneee (ees OOD

Helix Bryodes Sh, . . . ‘

buceulenta Gld., 120,

Buddiana Ad., iy,

caduca Pfr., 130,

cara Ad.,

Caracolla ig 354, "358, 359,

Carmelita F, g 5

Carpenteriana Bld, 135,

138, 141, 351, 360,

Carolinensis Lea, 422, 438,

434, 435, 436, 487, 438,

439,

cellaria Mull., 122, 123, 124,

cepa 4 Saka OSs

cereolus Muhif, 132, 133,

134, 135, 137, 138, 139,

cesticulus G., :

cheilodon Say,

Chemnitziana P., . :

Christyi Bld, 118, 420,

cir cumfirmata Redf.,

Clarkii Lea,

cognata Fr.,

Columbiana Lea,

columellata Ad.,

- 120,

comes Py.,

COMLANGS, ich eaten

concava Say, .. .

concolor F., 4

connectens ae" STO Ry

conspersula P., ae

Cookiana Gm.,. .

Cooperi W. G. By. ¥, 367, 368,

cornu-militare L., 284,

crassidens P., -

crassilabris P., 3

CHUSPOCONE sie sl oueianemcT ROMs

eruentata Guild,

OCubensis P., eek

Cumber landiana Lea, 367,

4229, 423, 436, 438,

eyelostomoides P,

debilis B., s, 20s

deflexa P, SIMRO e

delitescens Sh., 134, 140,

Dennisont RP... V0 %

denotata Fer., 435,

dentiens BH, 24% 354,

dentifera By., . . ae

dermatina Sh., SRA

GeEsidens)| Ane We urn Meehan

desiderata P., san

devia Gould,

diaphana Lam., . .

dilgtatase ieee eee

diminuta Ad.,

dioscoricola Ad., 51 NO BE

discolor F., 358,

disculus Dh., :

Helix dissita, Dh.,

Index.

Page

- 854

Dominicensis P., . . . 854

Dorfeuilliana Lea, . 445

Downieana Bld., . 420

EHdgariana Lea, 428, 429,

430, 431, 446

Edvardsi Bld., - 445

elevata Say, . . 448

Llliotti Redf., . 120

emarginata G., . 851

epistylioides F., . . 855

epistyliulum Ad., - 855

espiloca Rav., 115, 116, 125, 444

euclasta Sh., 351, 858, 359, 360

euspira Pfr, . - + 366

excellens P., . 354

exoleta By., : ; . . 448

fallax Say, 118, 426, 444,

445, 448

fastigans L. W. Say, 141,

142, 445, 447

fastigiata Hutt, . 142

fatigiata Say, : he 14]

florulifera Rv... . . 27, 84

Foremaniana Ad, . 355

formosa F., 5, fale . 851

Sraterna Say, . . . 421, 482

friabilis W. G. By., 129, 186, 181

fuliginosa By.,... . « . 121

Suliginosa Griff., 121, 122,

123, 124, 125, 127, 128,

130, 131

Suscocineta Ad., . 855

Suscolabiata Py., . 851

Suscolabris Ad., - 855

Suscula . 855

gallopavonis Val... . . . 351

Gaskoiny Pie. eens Sot

germana Gould, . ~ 119, 446

Guva es) Vases . 851

glaphyra Pfr., . 227

glaphyra RY.,. 42 93 + - 128

glaphyra Say, 122, 123, 124,

125, 127, 128

Gossei Ad., : » 855

gracilis Py,, . 851

graminicola Ad., . 855

Guanensis Py, . . 351

Guantanamensis Py., . . 851

gularis Say, . » + » 448

Gundlachi P., 351, ‘358, 359, 360

Gutierrezi Py. 5.0) Gems eb, 360

Haitensis W. & M., . 354

Haldemaniana Ad., . 355

Hazard Bld., » « « 445

helicoides Lea, 433, 435, 436

hilumW. & M., . 354

Hands; Pir) ies . 444

hippocrepis Pfr, . . . . 445

Helix hirsuta Say, 142, 425, 427,

428, 429, 431, 444, 445,

446, 447,

hispida L., Res es ae

Hjalmarsoni P.,

Hollandi Ad, . ee) oe

Hopetonensis ‘Sh. 118, 125,

Hubbardi Brown,

immersa G.,

immunda Ad,

imperator Mtf.,

incerta F. s. ee

inconspicua Ad.,

inerustata Py., .

indentata Say, -

indistincta F., Beet a TRE

inflecta Say, 119, 142, 425,

426, 441, 443, 444,

ingens Ad, . Sh ie

inornata By., 121, 122, 123,

124, 125, 126, 127, 128,

inornata W. G. By., :

inornata Griff., . :

inornata Pfr.,

inornata Ry., :

inornata Say, 120, ‘121, 122,

128, 124, 125, 126, 128,

129, 130,

interna Say, |). .) 443,

Mmeercenta SV, /. wh eure

introferens Bld., 117, 118,

ANUALIAG Ades Unie el ele

muvasa Pi, =: . Sines

Isabella ¥r., .

Jacobensis Ad., .

jactata G., 5

Jamaicensis Ch.,

Jayana Ad., .

Jeannereti P., shibeay

Josephine F., . . . 354,

Justi F.,

labiosa Gould, . . . 120,

labrosa Bld., 430, 431,

labyrinthica Say, . . 444,

levigata W. G. By. 55

levigata Ch.,

levigata Desh.,

levigata Fer.,

levigata Pfr.,

laevigata Raf, 120, 121, 122,

124, 126, 127, 128, 129, 1380,

levigata Ry., Sie

lamellifera Ad,,.. 5s

lampas Mill. ? aN:

lasmodon Phill.,

Leaii Ward,.

leporina Gould, .

Lescallei G., .

Letranensis P.,

499

Page

500

Helix lewcoraphe P.

Index.

Page Page

. 854 | Helix obliterata F¥., SMM AI (\5)

seca epee Ale

ligera Say, . . 121, 123, 124 obstricta Say, 429, 433, 435,

CORE it ee) 858; 860 486, 487, 488, 439, 4438, 447

Lindeni Py ee. SON Okeniana [PAO Oe . 356

lineata Say, pereyen S443 oppilata Mor. NOh a Cui atime ses

lingulata F., . . . 188, 185 orbiculata F., . . . 3858, 359

livida Guild, . 859 osculans: Ad Ne ee... (806

loricata Gould, . . 446 OttonisD.) eye Oe

loxodon P., . 854 ovum-reguli Lea, . . . . 352

lucerna Miill., - 355 pachygastra Gr., . . 354, 358

lucipeta Py., . . 351 pallescens Sh., . . . 856

lucubrata By., . i21 palliata Say, 433, 434, 435,

lucubrata Pir... - 129 436, 487, 488, 489, 448, 447, 448

lucubrata Say, 121, 129, 130, 131 paludosa P., 138, 135, 352, 356

Lnuquillensis Sh., cul igh, aueslikss pavallela Pye eye. see

lychnuchus Mill, « « 3854, 358 FOI GN acon jojo Cale

MacMurrayi Ad., . 855 Porraiana O:, 0.) 2. . 882

MeNabiana Chitty, . 856 patina Adis... ON em | E856

maculifera Gut., . 851 paucispiraF., . . . . . 352

margarita P., . 356 Pazenzis ohm Bi pein 5 OREO,

marginatoides Orb., . 360 pemphigodes P., . . . . 352

marginella Gm., 358, 359, 860 penicillataP., . . . . 352

margellinoides Orb,, . 351, 360 ‘Pennsylvanica Green, 443, 448

maxillata Gould, . . 431, 445 pentodon Mke.,. . . . . 354

melanocephala G., . a) aca! peracutissima Ad.,. ch Oyo Melae

microdonta W. G. By., . 138 peraginis Ad... . . . . 356

microdonta Desh., 188, 134,

perdepressa Ad, . . . . 356

136, 139, 140, 141, 351, 360 perplexa B.S a). Bb4

micr odonta Ptr. 5 - 138 perspectiva Say, . . 442, 448

Mona (Pits pairs aetlirs Sa, 360 PetatranaiOl a 2 852

minuscula By., . 352, 356, 358 Pheedhia Patines Wahi. BDA

Mitchelliana Lea, 120, 420, 448 ipicturaia Ad., 3 9.) )>)\. B56

monodon Rack., 119, 431, pila BGs Seley BOD

432, 441, 442, A45, 446 picta Borman emer he. one

monodonta Lea, . 854 Priyonesicay bey van ce) 80D

Montetaurina P., . e- 8D2 plagioptycha Sh., . . 358, 360

Mooreana W. G. 'By., . 425, 445 Poeyi Pet., . . 352

mordax Sh... sett =. AD polygyrata Born. . . . 365

Mullani BI. & C., ; ar 446 polyodon W. & M., Mera). ODA

multidentata By., . Ae . 443 porcina: Say,. 2) 2 hs. 142

anultifasciata W. & M., . 851 Portoricensis P., . . 358

multilineata Say, . . 448, 545 Postelliana Bld., 29, 35, 34,

multistriata Dh., i eo! 39, 116, 111, 125, 444.

munda Ad., sg BRS pretiosa Ad, . ee eb 6

muscarum Wea, A). . 852 proboscidea P. Teeter

musicola Sh., . 858 profunda Say, . . . 448, 448

naevula Mor., 4 Bia) prominulaB., .. . . . 852

nemoralina Pet., 7H359 propenuda ‘Ad., STI eMeM ee. 336

nemoraloides Ad., . 856 Proserpinula P., A ence Meee

nigrescens Wood? . . 358 provisoriaP.,, . . . 351, 352

nitens,. . 2 QD pruinosa P., ao O

nobilis Ad., . 856 ptycoraphe W. & M, Ne. BOs:

NOCALEE Ys eliaaevatem tN. S82 ptychodes Poh). 8S). 356

notabilisSh., . 851, 358, 859 pubescens Pi Ry «Pa beeuroet Van OO

nucleola Rang., . Mapes). 808 pustula er. si Vettes 6) S40

nuaxdenticulata Ch., . 358 pustuloides Bld, . . . . 445

ochroleuca ¥.? . . 351 RangelinaP.,. 0.) ts) ss SB

Ob¢Sa) BE isc eles

. 858 raripila Mor, . . . . . 352

Index.

Page

Helix Riisei P... 358, 360

Roemeri Pfr., . . 448

rostrata P., ‘ 352, 360

rufo- apicata Py. - » oD2

rufula P.,. . EDO.

Rugeli Sh., 426, 444

Sagemon Bk., 852, 360, 366

Sagraiana O., eh. 802

Santacruzensis P., . . 859

sarcocheila Morch., . 854

saxicola P., . 852

Sayit By., . 443

scabrosa Py.,. . . . 852

Schrammizi Fisch., . , ad4:

Schroeteriana P., Se 2856

septemvolva Say, 132; 133,

135, 186, 137, 138, 141, 441, 444

similaris F., i O+4 (Oo L

similis Ad., - 856

Simson P., . 856

simulans Ad., 4 Bile

sincera Ad., . 356

sinuata Miill., . 856

sinuosa F., . Tr eahiad 5), Op.0

solitaria Say, 368, 369, 448

soror F., . 356

Spengleriana P, . 856

spiculosa Sh, . . 356

spinosa Lea, 423, 49, 428,

429, 430, 431, 449, 445, 447

sportella Gld., . 366

spreta Ad., . 356

squamosa He . 858

straminea Alb., . (856

strangulata Ad., . 356

stenostoma P., Souls wre o OS:

stenotrema Fer., 427, 429,

431, 445

stigmatica P., . . 852

striatella Anth., OOO

strigosa Gld., 367, 368

strumosa P,,. » « « « « 8b4

Studeriana, . . 284

suavis G.,. .« siey WEN Oe

subaquila Sh., 358, 359, 360

subconica Ad., . 856

sulphurosa Mor., . 852

supertexta P., . 852

suppressa Say, . . 443

tenerrima Ad., . 356

tephritis Mor., Mitre fie Cy

Texasiana Mor., 425, 489, 444

tholus W. G. By., . 445

thyroides Say, 364, 443, 448

tiarella W. & B., . 340

tichostoma P., . . . 852

torrefacta Ad., . »/ 806

Townsendiana Lea, 362, 866

transitoria P., . 352, 360

501

; Page

Helix translucensG., . . - . « 362

tridentata Say, 118, 119,

125, 364, 428, 425, 426,

441, 444, 448

var. ephabus Say, - - 125

tridentina F., : . 856

Trinitaria G., . 852

triodonta Jau., . . 425

triodontoides Bld., “424, 425, 444

triptycha Sh., . 356

trizonalis Grat., Scere cies

Troostiana Lea, . 445, 447

Troscheli P., Se, Coal

tumida P., , Uk shee oD OG

tur biniformis P, . » 852, 356

undulata F.,. . 354

uvulifera Sh., 21, 28, 32, ‘34,

387, 444

valida Ad., 356

Vancounere ensis Lea, . 366

varians Mk., . 361

variegata Ch.? . 859

vellicata Forbes, . 866

velutina Lam., . 858

b ventrosula Pfr., . . 444

versicolor Born., . 352

virginea Ad., Sala 1 BOG

volvoxis Parr., 134, 135, 136

vortex P., 351, 352, 354, 358, 359

vultuosa G1d., 118, 489, 445

Wheatleyi Bid, 119, 443

Helminthophaga chrysopter a Linn., 293

peregrina ae ne » « 322

Helodus Ag., . eto h cognee a yclSs:

Hemigaleus Bleek., " 386, 388, 400, 402

muer ostoma, Bleek., ene SE

microstoma “ - 502

Hemipristis Ag., . : . 389

HeMISCYLLIN”, . . Cebit 401, 408

Hemiscyllium Gill, 317, 878, 383,

407, 408

ocellatum M. H.., . 408

variolatum Dum.,. . . 413

Hepatus angustatus White, : 70

decorus Gibbes, . 70

fasciatus Latr., : 70

tuberculatus Sauss. . . . 70

Heptanchus Raf., . 377,379, 884, 388

Heptranchias, 374, 381, 404

cinereus, . 378, 874, 404

Herbstia condyliata, 185, 186

depressa Stimp., - 185

parvifrons Rand, . 185

Herpetotheres cabhanigias Dae 45 . 289

HErERODONTINA,. . . 384

HETERODONTOIDA, 393, 394, 395, 396, 403

Heterodontus, _ 376, '383, 384, 403

francisct Gill, pom aaaeevosh Ga OOF:

pantherinus Gray, 5 BREE

502 Indew.

’ Page

Heterodontus philippii Blain, 376,

894, 403

REUPO GRAN He det se-s 394

Hetertpanepe ess ee ees a . OA

HEXANCHINA, . . 884

Hexanchus, 374, 3711, 379, ‘381, 384,

388, 404

GT TREUB, eg i Oo BTB, 404

peli o> ina A Oa ae

EBROIDBACS ye! ea ke Mae, QA

Misinemmme, oS, ke paaiak ., (BLT

Hirunpinw, we 5 By gael

Hirundo horreorum Bar., pt. Os

Honocrpuaut,. . Ane thls (OOrl

Huenia heraldica De Haan, : . 801

Humantins, . . Neate ete 6. OTS

Hyas aculeata Gibbes, aN ates) HED

araneus Leach,. . . . . 179

HivBononmrs,,:. <0 -\2) alee, ete. ‘BSS

Hyzopontip x, AE tebe rok ac eet

Hysopowrorper, a, ROMER so Oe tate (OSS

ELYOODUS eo) Os Eames Been Bes. 1388

Hydrocena, : . 348

Hydrochelidon plumbea (Wils ) . 479

Hylophilus aurantiifrons Law, . 324

plumbiceps'Sel.,-..... . 828

pusillns Law," is ss «828

viridiflavus, Law.,. . . . 824

Hyphantes costototl Cabs erie i. en

HYPNINE,) . Oo On B BShS)

Hypnos, . . fy) O86

Tlypoconcha areuata Stimp., ates Magar (”

subulosa Guer.,. . pet

Hypocnemis naevoides (Lafr, ve . ». 826

schistacea Scl.,. . . 825

Hypoprion, . 8179, 383, 385, 400, 401

Hypoprionodon Gill, . 899, 401, 409

hemiodon “. . . 409

Hypotriorchis fer rugineus Sauss,, . 247

rufigularis Daud., .. . 462

Hypuroptila Buffoni (Less. ee netO Lo

Ipina, . cones. ATS

Tbycter Americanus Boda, on ees

Tomepay Via, 881

IcreRINz, pute pahene rs «6 297

Ieterus Baltimore Linn., etree, COL

Bullockiz Gund... = . 267

cucullatus Sw,» «+ = . 267

Dominicensis (Linn.), 268, 269

Giraudit Cass,. . . . . 297

mesomelas (Wagl. Dew einen 20

spurius Linn, . . . 268, 331

Wragdesers ie siaiioa wae. e200

Ictinia plumbea Gm., . . . . « 289

Tnachoides laevis Stimp., Sais. siaieclia A)

microrhynchus,. . . 193

Isocheles wquimanus, .%. . 85, 86

Wurdemanni Stimp.,,. . . 85

Page

Isogomphodon, . . . 899, 401, 410

oayrhynchus, Sas, LO

Isoplagidon, «9 « ~) 400401) 410

sorrah, Bar hae: ol 0)

IsuRINA, ; 884

TSURINEY 00 y0 ch 2) yale MB Ody TOUS

TStPODRUBN he seh aoe Sil a 409

Dekayi, : . 409

glaucus, . . 409

Isurus, 874, 876, 380, 383, 384, 388, 398

ony” hynehus, . 878, 3898

Jacameraps eget Gm., Aone)!

JAMAICIA, 348, 346

anomala Ad., eae at Wan tialtl

Moussoniana INCL, 857

Juliamya typica Bp., 293

Kellia planulata Stimp., . 163

Laeuna vincta Tur., . . 156

Lemargus M. 4H. 378, 379, 384, 389, 405

Lambrus crenulatus Sauss., . 201

» triangulus Stimp., . 201

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA, 160

Lamia, 398

Lamies, . SEE waekion, aly bere CHAS

Tamiopsisy ere) is Ae 401, 410

limbatus, . . : . 410

Temminekii, .. . 410

Lamna,. . » Sit, 379} 380, 384, 898

cornubica Cuv., ; . 398

flere Dekay, ; . 409

LaMNaz,. . pee ce yy GMlst 379, 388

LAMNID&, Mwy) GEOL cise uUtelay Cxeks)

LaMnine, nclses) Sat nfo, SOUT Fe re A

Lamnint, CU Medio) SUM arene. OOS

Lamnoiz, . Sain Pa Ho 397, 409

Lamyorpna, aante 3877

LAMNOIDEI, 388

Lampornis mango (Linn. ), 319

Larus argentatus (Brun.), 275

Marius LeMDin) ene. i) 2D

Leda limatula Stimp., 148, 161,

166, 167

sapotilla, Stimp. 148, 161

tenuisuleata, . ; 167

Legatus albicollis (Vieill), 472

variegatus Scel., 328

Law., cone AT

Leiches, . 5 Soe

Leiodon Wood, Ble . . 406

Lepidoenas speciosa Gm.,. eco

Lepidogobius gracilis Grd., 14

Lepedopa seutellata, : 79

venusta Desm., : 79

Lepidops myops Stim Mate he 241

tetellat, i = Fates 242,

Lepidorhinus Bon., : 405

Index.

Page

Leptocarias Smith, . . 887

LEPTOCHARIANA, . . Piasytnanat des ieanys te)

Leptocharias A. Smith, 877, 380,

383, 884, 400, 402

Smithii, A. Smith, . - . 402

Leptograpsus rugulosus M. Ed., 64

Leptopodia calcarata Say, . . 198

Leptopogon amaurocephalus Cab., -» 828

flavovirens Law., . . 472

Leptoptila Verreauxi Bp., 333

Leptoxis, . 370

Leucopternis semiplumbeus Law. ., 288

Leucosilia Jurinii Bell, . 69

Levcosorpna, . die Derek:

Licina, . be 848, 846

dubia Gm., sews

labeo Mill., 857

Limosa scolopacea Say, . 272

Limnzea bulimoides L., . 870

desidiosa Say, . 870

Sragilis L., 370

humilis Say, : 370

Lipaugus holerythrus Sel., 830

rufescens Scl., 330

unirufus Scl., 5) a Bb

Lithadia cariosa Stimp., ¢ 238, 28

Cumingii, . 5 Ae yeep)

Lirgopipga, 79

Lithodoidea, . 242

Littorina /ittor alis F, ‘& I, 155

palliata, . 156

Peconica,. ste LOO

rudis Gould, 151, 155

Lomis dentata, Samos AGL

Loligo illecebrosa Lea, . 148

Lophornis Delattrei Less, . . 465

Loxodon MEL, 377, 379, 381, 384,

884, 400, 402

machrorhinus M. & IL, 402

Loxorynchus grandis Stimp., 49

Lucidella, . ae deta ree

aureola F., . eneclat

(Oe HA LANN eae a aac aera on

Lupa bellicosa, 57, 221

crebraria, : : mea a

eacaniie (Latr. A < 220, 221

forceps, . , Aaa 740)

Gibbesii Stimp., 57, 222

gladiator, . a . 221

hastata, . BT

hastatoides, Sig el

pelagica Say, 219, 220

rubra, . 221, 225

sanguinolenta, hice)

Sayi Gibbes, 57, 210

Sebe M. Ed., Sete

spinimana, Leach, 57

J uPIDz, 226

Lyonesia hyalina Con., vs 164

FEB. 1863. 30

503

Pago

Macroceramus, . 842, 346, 347

amplus G.,. 852

angulatus 'W. & M, . 854

angulosus G., . 362

catenatus cus . 852

claudens G., . $852

costulatus G., . 852

cyrtopleurus P., . B54

festusG.,. . , 852

“formosus Wood, ee Soe

Gossei P. . 851, 852, 356

Gundlachi Heh 852, 354

Hermanni P., . 854

inermis G., . 862

Jeannereti G., . 852

lineatus Br., . . 855

LIudovici P., . He ees)

microdon P., . 858, 359

notatus G., a oon

Paz G., S52

pictus G.,. . . 8d2

Richaudi Pet., erry 855

signatus Guild,. 851, 855, 359

tenuiplicatus P., Par SOO:

turricula P., . . 862

unicarinatus Lam., . 852

virgineus W. & M., . 855

Macrorhamphus griseus Gund? . 272

“Teach, . 273

«“ (Gm), 273, 479

scolopaceus (Say), SP DTD,

Macetra lateralis Say, . 162, 163

solidissima Chem., . 168

Maia spinicincta Lam., . 188

spinosissima “ te L88

MaroIpEA, 49, 177

Malacoptila fontalis Sel., . 318

Panamensis Lafr.,. . 290

Margaritana margaritifera L., . 370

Mareca hapa? : . 449

Marteaux, . ree (2) SIG

Megalomastoma, 348, 346, 347

alutaceum Mk., . mo Da

Antillarum Sow., . 859

apertum P., . 853

auriculatum O., 1868

bituberculatum Sow., . . 353

complanatum P., . 353

cylindraceum Ch., 7 858

digitale G., aos

Gundlachi Ve . 853

leoninum P.,. . 858

Mani Py., . 853

Orbignyt P., . 856

procer Py., : . 855

seminudum Py., . 853

tortum Wood., . 853

ventricosum O., : 3538

verruculosum Sh., . 858

Ann. Lyo. Nar. Hist. Vou. VII.

504

Index.

Page

Megalobranchium granuliferum ame.

Megaspira, . . 2 . d41

Melampus corneus Stimp., 5 . 159

MELANERPIN», ; ae209

Melania, . 850

plicifera Lea, . 870

Melanopsis, . . 350

Mellisuga Merrittii Law., e . 110

MUnIMA, . « « Pek cise tba)

Menippe mercenaria, ae 54

nodifrons Stimp.,, . . . 53

obtusa fe Se al

Mesodesma arctatum, . . . . . 148

Metopocarcinus Stimp., . . 216

truncatus ‘ . . 216

Metoporhaphis Stimp., . 198

calcarata (Say), Los

Micippa, . . gj Uteyi

Micrastur gilvicollis (Vieill), . 3ll

poliogaster (Temm.), . . 317

semitorquatus (Vieill), . 462

Microrhynchus, . es . 193

Milandres,. . 876

Milnia, . RPE yt a ue

aculeata Bell, . 180

bicornuta (Latr.), . . 180

platysoma Stimp., . = ALSO

Minyinz, : 289, 317

Milvulus :nonachus Har tl., . 295

Mimulus Stimp., . OD

foliatus Stimp,, - 200

Minippe mercenaria, - 53

nodifrons Stimp., : 53

obtusa ee . 53

Mionectes assimilis Sel., . 328

olivaceus Licht., . 828

striaticollis Lafr., . . . . 328

Mithraculus cinctimanus Stimp., . 186

coronatus (Herb.), . . 186

denticulatus sli : . 187

seulptus, : - 186

Mithrax, : . 190

aculeatus M. Ed., . 188

denticulatus Bell, oe iltsag

hispidus M. Ed., 189, 190

spinicinetus Desm., . 188

spinosissimus M. Ed, . 188

tuberculatus SEupP . 189

verrucosus M. Ed.,. . . . 187

Mniotilta varia (Linn.), . . . . 822

MNIoTILTID&, . : 593, 322, 468

MnioritTina,. . 293, 322, 468

Modiola discors Gld., Mima eS LE

discrepans Gild., emo

glandula, . 5 og AM

Momorip”, . 290, 318

Momortin, r 290, 318

Momotus Lessoni Less., eee. He 2oO

Momotus Martii Spix,

subrufescens Scl.,

Monopterhinus, . 2

Monopterhinus griseus, . . .

MonorTerRini,. ... .

Montacuta bidentata, .

elevata Stimp., .

Motacilla albicollis Gm.,. .

MOPAGILLID Ay 5) es ce)sl ani

MoractLuin&, .

Munida Caribzea Stimp., . 3

Muscicapa Acadica Gm., .

altilogua Vieill,

pusilla Lemb., nee

Muscivora Mexicana Scel., 295,

MusTenl, . . . . 868*, 379,

(Mig DEETANAS wf 0° seks bec aver eae

MUSTERINA, 6 eye. ter ap 4005

Mustelus, 376, 377, 379, 381, 884,

levus Flem.,. 368%, 370*,

Riva. terenaria ys Sn Vg suse ls

Myiarchus brunneiceps,

cinerascens Lawr, :

crinitus (Linn.), 285,

nigriceps Scl., :

Panamensis Law., . 284,

' pheocephalus Sch. . .

Myiobius barbatus (Gm. ) ap ede

cinnamomeus Lafr.,

ie Law., .

erythrurus Cab., . .

in yiodiogtes Canadensis (Linn. ),

Myiodynastes nobilis Scl.,

Myiozetetes Cayennensis (Linn. ier

Columbianus (Cab.), .

Granadensis Law.,

Myrmeciza exsul Sel... . . . .

ferrugine Law., . . . .

longipes (Vieill),

Myrmetherula falviventris Law,

gularis, - . 326,

pygmea (Gm, ae Uae oe

SurinamensisGm., . .

Mytilus corrugatus Stimp., 148,

decussatus Mont., 148, 161,

edulis L., : 161,

levigatus Stimp. ike 148,

modiolus L., 161,

plicatulus Desh., :

Nanina, . ae

NaRCACIONTINA, . Ce POT oe ee eae

INARGACIONTOID ASS cadaimcltel tks s

Narciné,

Narcine, joe

Indica Henle, Balke

Pemleti, Saco ae ae

Narcinin&,

Page

Naroacion, SRT 8T

Nassa obsoleta Say, . : 150, 151, 162

trivitlata Say, 150, 151

Natica duplicata Say,. . . . . 152

heros s,s. 152) 1669167

immaculata Tot., wee b2

pusilla Say, . “ee 152

triseriata Say, . . 152

Nautilograpsus minutus M. Ed., 231

Navicula didyma K.,.. . . . . 105

elegans, eee : 105

maculata B.,. . . 105, 106

Lape iKey iaula a) Let hs 104

permagna B., esl

sigma Ehn, . SiR elOss 105

Nebrius Rupke,. . . . . 883, 406

Neocorys, . i ork et Meter Wish Rees hc

Neptunus,. . 219

Sayi (Gibbes), . 220

Nettion brecea, . 449

Nictitantes, : 371, 382, 386

Nisus fr ingilloides D’ Orb., . 255

Fuscus Gund: seas. 255

Lemb., Sui se a3)

pileatus “ 252

Nitzschia scalaris Stimp., . 105

Noctua nudipes Lemb., 257

Siju D’Orb.,. . . 259

Norrpan, . 371, ‘379, 386, 388

Noripanipz, . . . . 882, 886, 388

NortipaninI, Pap Mm S388

Notipanoip&, . . 398, 395, 397, 404

IMOTIDANOIDET, Ween ween eee Poel:

Notidanus Cuv., 376, 404

cinereus, . PROD

Notorhynchus, et ANT SOA:

TINACULAIS Meee Seto:

Nucula prozima, . . . . 148, 161

NupIBRANCHIATA, Se werent 160

Nyctale su Strick, . . . 259

Nyctibius grandis Gm, 290

Nyetidromus Americanus Linn., 290

Guianensis Gm., . . .° . 290

Ocylus Wagleri (Gray), 297

Ocypoda arenaria, . 229

occidentalis Stimp, Se eS)

Ocypode Gaudichaudii, M. Ed., 61

OcyPoDoIDEA, 56, 58, 229

ODONTASPIDES, 877, 379, 382

ODONTASPIDIANA,. . 0. -s . =. . 884

OpontasPIDOIDH, . 393, 395, 396, 398

Odontaspis Ag.,. . 379, 384, ee 398

LAUPUSS «10, TAO . 873

ODONTOPHORINA, . . 301

Odontophorus Guianensis (Gm. ) . 301

Oleacina, . § SP, 342

angiostoma Ad., 356

Blandiana Ad., 356

Index.

Oleacina biplicata W..& Mi,.. « +

costilosa AG ss WSs.

cyanozoaria G., .

Dominicensis Gm.,

follicularis Mor.,

Gayana Ad.,

glabra Pi hay

Griffithsi "Ad,

Guadeloupensis P.,

Ingallsiana Ad.,

interrupta Sh., .

Jamaicensis P., .

leucozonias Walch,

ligata Ad., Dhich Grek cs

LIndony Es, et Ake eek

nemorensis Ad.,

nitida Ad , .

oleacea Fer.,. . 3852, 854

orysacea Mor., 352

Ottonis P., Pphda

perplexa Ad, s,s

Philippiana P.,

Philipsi Ad.,

Portoricensis P.,

procera Ad.,

propingua Ad.,

proxima Ad, . .

ptycoraphe W. & M.,

regularis G.,.

saturata Gi pena: CP

S7czleg: Morar on ecuis

similis Ad.,

solidula P.,

subulata P.,

sulculosa Sh.,

terebreeformis Sh.,

texta W. & M.,.

translucida G., .

Trinitaria G.,

anicolor Ad.,

venusta Ad., .

vicina Ad.,

Oncorhynchus canis,

consuetus,

Cooperi,

dermatinus, .

proteus, aa eink}

Scoulerine Sikes its,

Oncostoma,

Oniseus brunnescens Cab., :

Oporornis formosus (Wils.), :

Oregonia, .

Oriolus Dominicensis Linn.,

Ornismya Julie Boure, . . . .

Orodus Ag... .

Ortalida polioeephala Wagl.,

Orthalicus, : RRS BAD:

undatus Brug., 3.44, 352, Pe

undulatus Guild.,

506

Inde.

Page Page

Orthorhynchus Boothi Gund, . 868 | PARASCYLLIINZ, . . 807, 408, 412

Helene Gund. : . 263 | Parascylliwm, . 407, 412

Orthosina marina W.S.,. . . 104 | Parascyllium variolatum, . . 418

Ortyx Cubanensis Gould,. : . 270 | Paraxanthes Lucas, ‘ . 207

Virginianus D'Orb., . 270 | Panwa, . . 822

Oryzoborus ethiops Sel., . 333 Panis, - *. 301

Ostinops cristatus (Gm. in : . 297 | Parra melanopygia Sel, shi op SOR

Montezuma Less., . . 297 | Pecten irradiaus Lam., 152, 161

Ostrea borealis Lam., . By od CageTRERRE HSS . 167

Othonia aculeata, 49, 192 | Pelerins, . 876

seadentata Bell, ‘192 | Pelia mutica Stimp., 5 Beli)

Otodus Ag., . - . . . 888 | Pera aeppendiculata Leach, 99

Oxynotus Raf., 384, 404, 405 gibba 100

centrina Raf., 369%, 372,378, 405 fluviatilis ¢ 95

Oxyrhina, 877, 879, 880, 384, 888, 398 Henslowiana “ 95, 98

glaucus MH., 398, 409 pulchella s 96

OXYSTOMATA, . - . 69 | Pericera dzcorna M. Ed., 179, 180

Oxytes Gieb., . : . 888 bicornis Sauss., . . 180

Oziustaie as 3s seco Uy Wome Be sp. bicornuta Latr., . 180

perlatus Stimp., . . ala! cornuta M.Ed, . anh ASUSB

Verreauatt Sauss., . 211, 212 diplacantha Sek, 183

fossata 181

Pachycheles grossimanus, = iG levigata, if = ei

rudis Stimp., . 76, 98 subparallela ‘ 182, 188

Pachygrapsus innotatus, . 64 trispinosa, . . . . 182

transversus Gibb... . . . 64 villosa, . : . 182

Pacbyramphus cinereus (Bodd.), . 330 | Pericera, - 179, 183

cinnamomeus Law., . , 298 | Peristera cinerea (Temm. ), : . 301

homocbhrous Sel., - Ake Persophona Edwardsii Bell, . 70

marginatus Licht., . 830 guaia 70

rufescens Spix,. . 296 Lamarekit Leach, . 70

PaGuRID&A, - 82 Latreilli ss 50

Paguristes depressus Stimp, My 87 punctata Brown, . 70

turgidus - 86 | Petalocerus Bellianus White, - §&0

PAGUROIDEA, : : ~ 243 | Retalodus: & sea - 60, 388

Pagurus Bernhardus Linn, ite 89 | Petasophora thalassina (Sw. ) 457

Cubensis De Saus., 85 | Petricola dactylus Say, 163, 164

platythorax, . 88 pholadiformis Lam., . 163, 164

pollicaris Say, . 92 | Petrochelidon leucoptera (Gm.), . 817

pubescens, 89, 90 lunifrons (Say), . Sh Suef

sinistripes Stimp., . . 82 | Petrodus M’Coy,. : - 388

venosus M. Ed.,. 82 | Petrolisthes affinis nis ‘ ae AN

vittatus Bose, . . 84 ‘ armatus, . i . 18, 74

PALAMEDEIDZ, 301 gracilis Stim. aye : = A

Pandora trilineata Say, 164 marginatus Stimp., . 74

Panopeus, . 54 occidentalis ‘“ a3

abbreviatus Stimp. 211 politus, . 74

Americanus Desm., 54 rupicolus, » 74

chilensis M.Ed, . . . . 54 sexspinosus, . ; ste TS

erenatus “ . . 54,210; 211 tridentatus Stimp., . 75, 98

Harrisii Stimp., . 54, 55 | Pheethornis Adolphi Boure., . 291

Herbstii M. Ed., . 64, 55 eurynomus Less., 1 20

levis Dana, 54 longirostris Delatt., ols

limosus M. Ed., . 56 | Pheeton flavirostris, . 148, 144

occidentalis De Saus., . 54 flavo-aurantius Law., . . 142

serratus Desm., . . 54 | Phlogopsis McLeannani Law., 285, 294

Texanus Stimp., 54, 55 nigromaculata L, & D’Orb., 286

transversus ‘ 210 | Pheenicothraupis rubicoides (Lafr.), 297

Wurdemanni Gibbes, ee 56 | Phonipara gutturalis (Licht.), . . 298

index.

Page

sila pusillus (Sw.) . . . 298

Phyllolithodes, . . . 243

Phyllolithodes papillosus, Bra., . 80

Phyllomanes barbatulus Cab., . . 266

PHYRRULINA, . . 8338, 474

Phys» hetorostropha Say, ava 9 SO

hypnorumiLy, 2.6) my SOD

Physemoda equalis Rafin., : . 103

Phy sodon, . 3879, 383, 385, 3 399, 401

Mulleri, Ae . 401

Piaya nigrécrissa Sel., . ie 98 SHE HO

rutila ie tetas uguen 00

Picipa,. . . . 299, 333, 476

Picin#, Ss Tai Sa Hh299: 338, 476

Picumnin, # eKnOS

Picumnis Geanatlonsis Lafr. sh “ooD

Pilherodius pi/eatus Sepa yoeeOl

Pilumnus aculeatus, . Peels

ceratopus Stimp.,. . . » 215

gemmatus “ selcantso le

Harrisit Goulds. . 655

lunatus M.Ed, . . . . 216

reticulatus Stimp.,, . . . 214

Xantusii Bh Mirseotss 23

Pimeletropis lateralis Gill, pe ones AS

PIMELODINA, ... « Rabe S5.) gov

Pimelodus catus, * Ate a eneysy atl

gracilis Hough, Ae pee, 215 42

Pinnixa chxtopterana Stimp., 235, 2387

cylindrica White, . 68, 285, 237

Laas Stimpy alve2e

leevigata . 68, 235

monodactylum Say, 5 ger ae

Sayana Stimp,. . . . . 236

transversalis Lucas, As OS

Pinnotheres cylindricum Say, 68, 235

maculatus Ay as LU

ostreum Hoan cs J6U

Pinnularia didyma Ebr, . . . . 104

UntennUpea Ke. ui aeen ere

lyra M3 ys) oC Re

permagna B, . « . . + 108

Pinius eoceinieollanis Lawes ene

hematotis Scl., . . 299, 476

cs Law., on Ee AGS

menstruus (Linn.),. . . . 299

Pipra cyaneocapilla Wagl., . . . 296

mentales.Sel.,) 14 Vsraans) 3298

vitellina Gould, we, eoclorfi2gS

PIPRINZ, . . x) ites het SiG, ATS

Bisa, 6 sous | aE) haste ean TE TS:

aculeata Bell, iene. 80

bicoina Gibbes,. . . . . 180

bicornuta Latr., . . 179, 180

mutica Gibbes: syn ell odnt

styx, . 180

Pisidium abditum Hald., 94, 95, “99,

100, 101, 102, 103

abruptum Hald., 94, 108

Pisidium acutum Pfr,. . . . 94, 99

VAGAMStuLT inc hietect eke! | 6) LOD

cequale Raf,. . . . 95, 108

GCE PAT ocala ee, GOs OT

amnicum Jen., . 95, 98, 99,

100, 101, 102

amplum Ing, . . . . 94, 95

antiquum Braun, . . . . 95

QRCUACUITE DI! si eliiaiiis t=, 96

australe Phil., Mii veactties 3) 496

Baudonianum Ces., . ~ 96, 98

Bonafouxianum “ Wee (Onn O90

Brongniartinum Bgt., . 96, 97

caliculatum Dup,. . . 96

casertanum Bet., 96, 97, 98,

90, 101, 102, 103

Canariense Shuttl., . . 96

cardiolum Desh, . . . . 96

cicer Pr., . SPighasetes. tee Od

cinereum Ald, Jonette: ONION

compressum Br, 5 Sly ehan OH

conicum Bande ednuis - OK

contortunm Bri, “ssc eine. 5 SC

COTMEG NICTS ME, spensucaice oy Ot

cuneatum Pet... . . . 96, 917

Dolingolti Villa. «(OF

Denainvilliersi eet AMR pps 7

diaphanum Hald., Riles! SOE

dubiumn ac ME OT LOS

duplicatum pe eau ve bhava vs of OS

Dupuyanum Norm., . . 98, 99

equilaterale Ter ot Neicaue. » 198

exaratum Dunk., . . . . 98

Ferroense Moreh, . . . . 98

ferrugineum Pr. « ~ - . 98

Sontinale MEAG eee eens cpm

fuscum Parr, . . « . 98

Gassiesianum Dup., 96, 98, God

100, 102

globulosum Gas., . . . 97, 98

grande Whit., ..»..,)98, 102

Grateloupianum Norm., 95, 98

Henslowianum Jen., 94, 96,

98, 99, 100, 101

incertum Norm. . . 99, 100

inflatum Meg.,. . . ~ 95, 99

intermedium Gas.,. . . 95, 99

iratianum Dup., . . . 96, 99

Jaudouianum Gas, . . . 99

Jayanum aig 535s AO

Jenynsii Meg ee Oma

Joannis ‘ diis ie QOsEoe

Kurici eta whe es 945.99

levigatum Bgt., . . . . 99

lenticulare Dup\,.\. =. 96, 99

limosum Gas., . . - 96, 99

TR IE Forb , . 96, 99

MalletD&M, . . 99

minimum Stud, eh ‘99, 100

508

Page

Pisidium minus Stimp., . 94, 99

Moquinianum Bgt., 99

nitidum Jen., 96, 99, 100

Normandianum Dup., 98, 100

notatum Pr., . 94, 100

Novi Hboract Pr., . . 100

nucleum Begt., 100

obliguum Ptr., 95, 100

obseurum Pr., 94, 100

obtusale Pfr., 99, 100

Oude Pets PRET TaN Ee LOO

pallidum Gas., . 99, 100

palustre Nils., 95, 100

parasiticum Parr., . . 100

Pfeifferi Ziegl., . 95, 101

Pfeiffert R. & D., . > OL

pictum Ces., . 99, 101

planum Ptr., 97, 101

plenum Lew, 94, 101

pretermissum Noulet, eo OW

priscum HKichw., + LOL

pulchellum Jen., 96, 101

pusillum a a oS a1

pygmeum R. & D ce On

Reeluzianum Bet., Bye LOU

regulare Pr.,. 94, 101

resartum Ing., . Bei, BOL

roseum Scholtz,. . . . 101

rotundatum Pr., POE

rotundum Ces., 96, 101

rubellum Pr, . ae nlO2

rubrum Lew., oe eng4, “102

Rylliense Bgt.,. . . . ~ 102

semensMkesPen Sess 102

sinuatum Bgt., . . 96, 102

splendidum Parr., . ree 2

Stabileii Schmidt, . 96, 102

Steenbuchi Moreh, Ly ea

sulcatum Parr., . . 95, 102

supinum Schmidt,. . . . 102

tenellum Gould, Pe LOZ

thermale Dup., . 96, 102

tetragonum Norm., 98, 102

variabile Pr., 98, 102

Veatleyit Pet., Bor 02,

ventricosum Pr., Be eelO2

vitreum Pfr., OOS

Virginicum 'Bet., 94, 95,98, 102

Z0natum, bE, ie. 94, 103

Piscsoma pis; <.), Ae Riki) \s: 176

Riisei Stimp., Ue

Pitangus albovittatus Law., . 471

lictor Licht., A raejoad

Pithys leucaspis Sel., by du aaeAd

rufigularis Bodd., 293, 294

rufigularis Law., Bue LO

Pittasoma Michleri Cass., 294, 326

Pitylus grossus sani 5. 2S)

PLaAGIosTOMI, 387, 390

Indez.

Page

Plagusia clavimana Auct., 232

depressa Say. . . 64

depressa (Fabr.), 232

orientalis Stimp., . 231

Sayi De Kay, 64

sguamosa Gibbes,. . .* 64

Mods wun 931

Planorbis ducidus Pfr., . 350

parvus Say, - 3870

trivolvis “ . 70

Platycarcinus ieroratus Gibbes, 50

Platynodon Gill, . : 401

Platyrhyncha cancroma Licht., 330

PLATYRHYNCHIN&, 295, 329, 473

Platysqualus Sw., 381, 403

tiburo Sw., 06 408

Plecochilus: eats eae ‘ 848

glaber Gm., . ; 348

leur ods Ao) yi ten vee ute ie 388

Pleuroncodes Stimp,, . 245

monodon ‘ 245

planipes “ 245

Pleurosigina angulata W. S., eel OD

Pleurotoma cerinum K. & S., 148,

151, 153

plicatum Ad. . . . 1651, 153

Pliosoma Stimp., . Heyy eee Oneal

parvifrons Stimp. eee. 2 228

Podiceps Dominicus (Linn.), . 3834

PODIGIEINATN |, fat of abel 334

Podochela Stimp., . . Wels ore LOA:

deflexifrons Stimp., I Olde 197

grossipes ce . 195, 196

macrodera “ .4106, 197

Riisei LOG LOT LoS

Podophthalmus, . Nees lea6

Polioptila bilineata, . . . . . 804

coerulea, . - aes 304

superciliaris Law., - + 3804, 322

POLIOP TIGA). (4 3 aah Hau eine 322

Poly bis, «7, 4,e\'s)/2 0a) |venores MPe. "=: PAB

Po.yBorin&, : 5 oilslcne-tets)

Polygyra aurieulata Sy, ei dent, MLO ATS2

avara 30, 31, 32

Polyonyx macrocheles, . . . . "7

Polyprosopus Couch, . 397, 398

Rashleighanus Couch, . . 398

Polyrrhizodus McCoy,. . . » 388

Porcellana armata Gibbes, . 73

galathina Say, . 73

magnifica Gibbes, . . 44

ocellata $ 4 17

polita Gray,. . . A 44

sexspinosa Gibbes, 73

PORCELLANIDEA, . . . . an ais

Poroderma Smith, . . . oo) AON

Africanum Smith, . 407

PorTunIpz, . . . 57

Portunus spinimanus Latr., . 221

Porzana Carolina (Linn.), . . .

Index.

Page

479

FPotamocarcinus, 3.7. «, \e a 61 aoe

Prionodon, . 379, 383, 38, 401

Prionoplax spinicarpus M. Ed., 59

PRISTES, . . . 890

Pristidophor us Bon. oe . 406

Pristidurus, . . 383

PRISTIN A, : Fee ay NBS

PristioPHoRoi x, é ” 393, 894, 395,

397, 400

PRISTIOPHOROIDEIL, . . 389

Pristiophorus, 378, 379, ‘380, 384,

887, 893, 406

cirratus MH., eke ECO

Pristis, . oe Obl ooe

antiquorum, - .868*, 3870* 372

PRISTISID&, 384

Pristiurus Bon., 377, 378, "381, 384,

887, 406, 407

melanostomus, 373, 407

PrisTowwel,. . . 390

Progne chalybea (Gm. ) : . 318

PROKTOPTERIDES, . . 3887

PROSERPINACEA, . 341

Proserpina, 841, "349, 346, 347

bidentata Ad, alan as . 358

HETERO 6S) Sale . 354

globulosa 0, sn\teh ie . 355

linguifera Jonas, . 358

nitida Gray,. . . . .« + 808

pisum Ad, «Me. ee |e 808

PRosOBRANCHIATA, Mavi okay LAD

PsIrTacipsé, 299, 333, 474

PsirTacin#, . : 299, 475

Psittovius subcoeruleus Law. eta, aa iO

tovi (Gm.), . . 299

Pteroglossus torquatus (Wagl ) . 299

Ptychodus Ag., . 388

PULMONIFERA,. . aim come AIG)

Pupa, ere 342, 347, 349

alvearia Kust., ELOOL

Barbadensis P., . 851

contracta Say? . . 356

Californica Row., . . 287

Cumingiana P., - 852

cyclostoma K., . 852

exilis Ad., . 856

glans Kust.,. . . 854

Grevillet Chitty, . . . . 356

Gonalachtib., oo enue teoDe

hexodon Ad., 356, 358

incana By., . 2 Sen siae

SOStOTG ba) sae 351, 352

Jamaicensis Ad., 351, 856, 359

Jardineana Chitty, se ee oO

lata Ad., Eo OO

marginalba |e RS Pa}

maritima P., . 852

marmorata P., . 852

509

Page

Pupa microstoma P., 352, 354, 858

multicosta K., . 852

Mumia Brug., . . 352

Mumiola P., . aoe:

neglecta ay . 852

ovata Say, . . 147

Paredesii Orb, . . . 344

pellucida P., 361, 352, 356,

858, 359, 360

Proteus G., tae coos

Rowellii Newe., 146, 287

TUGISH Eee 25 Py hcelincel

Sagraiana P., . 852

scalarina G., . 852

sculpta Py., Sura: Linea eee

striatella F., 351, 352, 354, 358

tenuidens Ad. . . . 352, 356

tumidula Dh.? . . - oon

uva L., A a) 04:

venusta Py., . Buy

vulnerata K., . . . 352

Weinlandi Kurr., . ~ oD

Purpura lapillus, : - 148

Pyranga estiva (Gm.), . 297

rubra (Vieill), . : . 331

Pyriglena maculicaudus Scl., . 825

Pyrrhomitris cucullatus (Sw.), . . 269

Pyrula canaliculata Brug. ane . 150

carica . 149

Querula cruenta Bodd., . 296

QUERULINA, : . 830

QUISCALINA, 5 . 296

Radamas Munst., atu ord

Raia, : 367*, 370*

Ratz, : 384, 390

Rar, . : . 381

Rau, - . 384

Rasint, . - . 387

RaLiips#, 802, 479

RaLiin 2, 802, 479

RAMPHASTID&, cote BEY

RAMPHAsTIN€, . 299, 474

Ramphastos car inatus Sw., se so ZEN)

tocard (Vieill), . es 299

Ramphoceenus cinereiventris, Scl., 469

rufiventris, - 469

semitorquatus Law., . 469

Ramphocelus ditaidietie Lafr., . 331

icteronotus Bp., . 279

luciana Lafr., See aeopnl

Randallia ornata Rand, . . . . 69

Ranella caudata Say, . : . 149

RaniInoweEa, : . 240

Ranilia angustata Stimp., Bs . 240

muricata,. . Rie) i AO

Raphoneis rhombus Ehr., a he LO

FOIE Gr ibe aattlc : cre id, XSi

510

: i Page ;

Regerhinus uncinatus Cab., . . 257

Remipes pacificus Dana, . 241

strigillatus Stimp., ; . 241

Reniceps Gill, . . . . 4038, 412

tiburo Gill, 370%, 372, 408, 412

Rhamphobatis, A . 408

Rhimamphus estiva Cab., pigte ve Abe

inden testa 372, 408

squatina Raf, "369%, 3v1*

32, 373, 408

Raina, . cz . 890, 396, 397, 408

Rhineodon Smith, 880, 397

typicus A. Smith, . 897

RHINEODONTIANA, . 884

Rhiniodon Smith, . 381

FUHINOBATOUD A uy. sre, eee kee sB OO

Rhinodon Smith, . 879, 884, 888, 397

RaINODONTES, . . . 3879, 886, 388

Ruiwopontip#, 386, 388, 392, 393,

395, 396, 397

IREINODONTOIDET,. (6). +), eulicd ies (O88

Rurnoip#, . . 398, 396, 397, 408

Rhodenocichla rosea Less. . . . 292

Rhynchophilus solitarius (Wils.), . 334

Rineodon Smith, Aire

Rissoa minuta Stimp., . : 153, 157, 163

Stimpsoni Smith, Sey asry

TVOUSSELLES 21 1a) sieh oie tel, MeV ao 376, 385

Sagda,. . Oo hacia . 346

eee ‘spectabilis, Ay Uae Ons eremails)

SALMonNIDs, . ah Red tees aS L0

Salmo Bairdii Sek., 309, 310

brevicauda Sck., f As S105)

Campbellin Se eae Wyse ele

canis Set 0) Op) OL Dap roles

cConiluentusy, oo 6 i. heya

Cooperi i 311, 318

fontinalis, 309, 310

Gairdneri Rich. . A ea witss

pibber S¢ks aq ror woul = Museu anO

Gibbsii “ Gotu ats

Hudsonicus Sek" <i) se OO

Teemmerlya 6 or aise

Parkei se Mutat aes . 309

proteus Pal.,. Sees

quinnat Rich., Vo; 4,48

Richardii Sck., . a eiuil

scouleri, Gwisiole, SLO

spectabilis Gir Solis

truncatus Sck., Be eRH NS)

Hutte ADD etd see e s,s oe

tsuppitch Rich., a ee

Warreni Scek,, 308

SALMONIDA, . REL. col

Saltater atriceps Less, 297

magnus (Gm.),. « 297

striatipectus Lafr., . 331

Sapphironia ceruleogularis Gould, 319

Index.

Page

Sapphironia Goudoti, . . 459

Sapphironia luminosa Law., . 458

Saxicava distorta Say, . - 165

Seaphorhynchus Mexicanus Lafr., 295

Schasicheila, . ; . 348

Schasicheila minuscule i ? me . 851

ScLEurIn«z, 6 . 465

Scleurus Mexicanus ‘Sel., . » 465

Sealaria clathrus L., 148, 153

lineata Say, 148, 153

Scoliodon MH., 877, 379, 380, 381,

383, 385, 399, 401

laticaudus MH., . . . . 401

ScoLopacipé, . 301, 334, 479

SGOLOPACINE,. . 9. . . 301, 479

Seolopax grisea Gm., . 273

longirostri is Bell, - 242,

semipalmatus Gm., = ie

Scops choliba et i} aa hepewent: ey

Scy Lita, ; 377, 878, 387

Soy Liab, of Tolan RLC ey

ScyLtiens, . . 885

Scy ttt, . 3) es pe tO

ScyLiip&, . . 882, 385

SeyLiint, . 387

ScyLi1opontxs, 368%, 379, 386, 400, 402

Scylliodus Ag., . 387

ScYLLioIpEl, 3 = USS

ScyLt1o1ps, 3 | 867%, 384, 385

SOYELIORHININE, 5. sar) Went) ee0G

ScYLliorHInoipz, . 393, 895, 397,

406, 412

Scylliorhinus, 875, 406, 407

canicula, . |. 9» . ‘ 3a, 40m

caniculus Bl., 869*, 370%, 3872

Scyllium Cuv., 376, 383, 387

Burgeri MH., . 412

laticeps A. Dume, : 408, 412

ScymnI, . : 379, 886, 388

SoyMNIpzZ,. . . . . 382, 386, 388

ScyMNINI, . 888

ScyMNoIbz, - 393, 395, 397, 405

SoyMNoIDEL, hae Wiel cr ciey ss

Scymnorhinus Bon., : . 405

Scymnus, 376, 378, 379, 381, 384,

389, 405

WeCNEOsvcgre® op etuenseis 313, 405

SEIURINeZ, . . . 822

Seinrus Noveboracensis (Gm.), . . 322

Selache Cuv., 376, 377, 379, 380,

381, 384, 388

Selenidera spectabilis Cass., . . 474

Sesarma angustipes Dana, . . . 66

cinerea Say, . . 65, 66

pisont M. Ed., . 232

TELICULOLO OA.) ola ree

cond Ne Wah) es eee

Setophaga ruticilla (Linn, tg . 322

HARES, (outs : : . 380

inde

Page

Sicydium obscurum Temm, . . . 17

Simpulopsis, ~ . 842, 847

Dominicensis P., . 855

Portoricensis Sh., . . 858

Skeenea, 7 . 157

Skates. . nny BL

Solecurtus Pidens F. & Els, 148, 164

Solemya borealis Tott, 148, 161

velum Say, Pelt

Solen ensis L., DAP ee Ge

Somniosus, . - 884, 405, 406

Spatula elypeata (Linn. ee 2). 274

Speocarcinus, . : 58

Carolinensis Stimp. ec 5)

Spermophila aurita Bp. . . . 333

cinerea Lafr., . 474

lineata (Linn.), . . 474

mentite \ea)ias re . 833

schistacea, . 474

Spherium cornewn Seop., < 97

Ddingoli Bivon, SEO

Serrugineum Ke, 2 eT SOO

maculatum Morelet, 97, 99, 102

oceidentale Pr., . af) amenSi20

Rylliense Boissy, . 102

striatinum Lam., . 370

Sphenodus Ag., : . 888

Sphenonchus Ag., . 388

Sphyra’ Vandenh. .. .. 7.) %9%, 408

Sphyrna Rat., 374, 379, 383,

387, 403

zygena, BREEN Cones

Sphyrnias, 383, 403

SPINACES, 386, 3888

SPINACIDz, : 382, 386, 388

SPINACINI, . - 388

SPINACOIDZ, . . 393, 395, 397, 404

Spinax, $75, 376, 377, 379, 381,

384, 388, 404, 405

niger Cloquet, 369*, 370%,

872, 873, 405

Spinites pallidus Cab., oR M269

Spiraxis, 342

aberrans P., 356

Adamsiana P., 356

brevis Ad., ‘ 356

contorta Chitty, 356

costulosa Ad., 356

Cubaniana O., 352

Dunkeri P., 354

episcopalis Mor., 352

inusitata Ad., 356

melanielloides G., 352

mirabilis Ad., 356

paludinoides O., 352

Richardi P., . 354

SalleanaP., . . . 854

suturalis P., solete : . 852

Spiropagurus dispar Stinp. ee . 88

FEB, 1863.

uv.

Page

Spiropagurus spiriger, 89

Spizetus tyrannus (Max.), 316

Spizella pallida, oaiton ere 269

socialis (Wils.), . 269

SQUALEs, . . 876

Squat, 367%, 368*, 388, 884, 385,

887, 390, 394, 396, 597

SQUALIANA, . . . 388

SQUALIDA, . 880, 383

SQuALINA, . Le SSO

S@uUALINI, . . 887

Squalus, 367%, 368%, 371, 373, 374,

375, 380, 383, 404, 405

acanthias Linn., 869%, 870*,

nS 405

canicula Linn., : . 872

carcharias, : a

catulus, . 872

centrina, . . RCH

galeus, . - 872

glaucus, . 401

MAXIMUS, . . 398

mustelus, . . 372

pristis, 368%, ‘310%

spinax, ; woe

squatina, . . | 368%, 372

stellaris, . 872

tiburo, . ele,

uyato, . he eB

UYyalus, - 405

zugend, . on eRe

Squatina, 372, 373, 376, ‘378, 379,

381, 388, 408

SquaTing, . 378, 379, 889

SQuatrnt, ee O80.

SquaTInIpz, . | 882, 384, 386, 389

SQUATINOIDEL, HK 6 Bs - 889

Stauroneis maculata B, .)105

pulchella W.S., é . 104

Stauroptera aspera Ehr,, : . 104

maculata B., . . 105

pulchella W.8., . 104

STEATORTINA,. . seep PAO)

Stegostoma, 377, 378, ‘383, 387,

407, 408

Fasciatum, sees 408

STEGOSTOMATIN &, 407, 408

Stenopsis maculicaudus Law., . . 459

Stenopus, : c . 848

STERNIDA, . . 479

STERNINA, . POPU PR fe. 01S cea 3 35 8 eine: SPE)

Stoastoma, . 343, 346, 347, 361

Agassizianum Ad., 5 Biz)

Anthonianum “ . 857

Blandianum “ 357

Chittyanun * . 357

Cumingianun “ PDT

Fadyenianum “ 357

Gouldianun “ . 357

Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. Vou, VII.

512

Index.

Page Page

Stoastoma Hollandianum ce ae . . 857 | SynaLLaxinag, é BO essa Bin 40),

Jayanum . 857 | Synchismus, .« 407, 408, 413

Leanum es . B57 fuberculatuake i . 413

Lindsleyanum * . 357 | Synechoglanis Gill, . 5 39

Moricandianum . - 857 Beadlei “ : 40

Petitianrm - . 857 | Synechogobius, . er ag js eee

Pfeifferianum = - 857 SYRNIIN&, . Fle 289s Sitieu4oe

Philippianum 4 . 857 | Syrnium lineatuin Law., . 462

pisum “§ . 85% perspicillatum Lath., . 289

Portoricense P., .« . 858 virgatum Cass... . | By, 462

Pedfieldianum Ad, . 357

succineum Sowb., . . 843 | Tachyphonus Cassinii Law,. . . 297

Tappanianum Ad., . 857 Delattrii Lafr., . 831

Vilkinsoniae “ 5 ORB luctuosus D’Orb., . . 297

Streptaxis, . ei 342, 348 melaleucus (Sparm.), . . 331

deformis F., . af, SOD xanthopigius Sel,. . . . 331

Srrigi#, 289, 317, 462 | TanagracanaSw, . . 297

Strix nudipes Daud, Sedat: 25 palmarum Max., . 297

Strophia, 5 346, 3847, 848 | TanaGripa, HR Sor

Unveb e, es . . . . 848 | Tanacrina, 207, 331

Strophodus > g, F . 888 | Tanraips, 334, 479

Sturnella hippoer epis (Wael) . 266 | Tanvarina, . . AN EN SOA

Ludoviciana Lemb., . | 266 | Tantalus loculator (Linn. i, oe ae, tev

magna, . 266 | TECTIBRANCHIATA, - eno tie) Ow!

Srurvipz#,. . 296 | Tectura destudinalis Gray, 157, 159

Sturnus hippocrepis (Wag). . 266 | Teleophrys Stimp., ‘ gO

Succinea, Wiis BAD cristuliipes Stimp., . . 199

angustior Ad, . . 858, 856 | Tellina amnica Miull., Sint OS

approximans ‘Sh., 358, 359, 360 fusca Phil., > 168, 164

Barbadensis Guild, 351, 359 Henslowiana, Sheph,, . . 98

Bermudensis P., Me oO pusilla Dillw, Sls

Candeana Lea, .« 354, 358 pusilla Gmel., oO

contorta Ad., ne BDO rivalis M. & R., 95

Cuviert Guild, - 859 striata Schrot., . 95

depressa Rang, 7 . 8d4 teneraSay, . . Jee aes)

Dominicensis P., » . 895 tenta Say, 148, 163

ulgens Lea, . 35], 353 Virginica Gmel, Sule lO)

Gundlachi P., SUSE S Oks li ica ena eo we EN eeite. | Re Aisi)

haliotoidea Mitt., . 858 | Tremere, f . B87

hyalina Sh.,. - . 858 | Teredo dilatata 2 Stimp., . . 165

latior Ad., . 856 | Terpsinoé musicaEhr., . 104

macta Py., . . 85638 | TrErRaonipz, . . . 301

margarita P., 351, 355 | Tetronarce, Shue. wien ROPE

nobilis Py., . . 858 | Tetroras, ata 374, 380, 398

ochracina G., 4 808 angiovag, . . . 373, 375

patula Br, 1854s 858) Dhalamitas ys ie shire piace aoe

Riisei P, . 858, 859 | Thalassorhinus, . . . 384, 888, 400

rubescens Dh., . 858 rondeletii MH., . 3 . 402

rusticana Gould, . . 869 | Thalurania glaucopis, . . 456

Sagra O., . 858, 3856 Lucie Law., . nts, 4:56

tenuis G., . ENO e venusta Gould, 292, 457

tigrina Less., . . 859 | THAMNOPHILINA, . 998, 825

unguis ¥., ; 344, 354 | Thamnophilus Amazonicus Sel., . 825

Surirella circwm stuta Be : . 104 doliatus Linn., 7 293

Syanallaxis brunneiéaudalis Sel., . 319 transandeanns Sell, eine 28S

Sylvia wstiva Lemb., . 264 | Fhectodus Plien.,. Lee Ten OOS

albicollis Lath., . . 264 | Thoe erosa Bell, . 177, 378, 179

Symphemia semipalmata Gm, . . 272 puella Stimp., awa 1S

speculifera Gund.,. 272 suleata So ali

Index.

Page

THorNBACKS, . . ARE Sten

Thracia Conradi Couth., 148, 164

truncata, . . Eee ey L6G:

Thrasaétus harpyia (Linn, We . 461

Thryothorus Berlandieri, . 321

castaneus Law., O21

Galbraithii “ . 320

leucotis Lafr., . . . 320

longirostris (Vieill), 23320

Ludovicianus, . 821

nigr sempillass Sel., . 293

Law., oral

rutilus Vieill, 820

Thyellina IN QONAYS Fis ooo gue, ate |

Tiarinia, . 179

Tigrisoma Brasiliense (Linn. ‘ee ges 801

TINAMIDA, . 834, 417

TInaMIN«, 334, 477

Tinamus major Sel, 2 . 478

pileatus (Bodd. ) . 334

robustus Sel., eee ee br

Tinnunculus Dominicensis Cab.,

947, 252

sparverius, : . 249

sparveroides Streck, SN

sparveroides (Vig.), , . 247

Tityra albitorgues Du Bus., . 295

personata Jard., rng eels

TrryRIn#, 295, 3380, 473

Todirostrum cinereigulare Sel., . 473

cinereum (Linn.), . 295

megacephalum Sw., . 330

pigriceps Scl., . 330

olivaceum Law., . 473

schistaceiceps Sel., . 478

Tomigerus, . 341

Tonilles, Merone 5) beri Oe

Tornatellina,. . . 841, 342, 347

Antillarum Sh., 351, 858, 359

Funeki P., pay:

lamellata P. & M., . sep:

TorPEDINOIDE, ROG

ToraNIn&, . 334, 479

Totanus semipalmatus Lemb., e202

speculiferus ne Spgs s22}

TREMATOPNEA, oa ee

Trapezia ‘maculata Dana, . . 219

nigro-fusca Stimp., . . 219

Tricnodon MH., 377, 379, 384, 385,

387, 400, 401, 402

obesusMH., . . . . 401

TRLENODONTES, 368*, 379, 400, 401

Trienophorus Gill,. . y 17

trigonocephalus Gill, . 18

TRIAKIANA,. - . . 884

Triakis MH, 371, 379, 384, 388,

400, 402

seyllium MH., Aen Oe

Triceratium alternans By 104, 105

Triceratium favus Ehr.,

punctatum B,

Tridentiger Gill,

obseurus Gill,

Triglochis MUL, 377, 380, 381,

Tringa Wilsoniit Nutt.,

TRINGINA, ‘ :

Tringoides macularis (Linn. ),

Trochatella,

callosa Py.,

Chittyana P.,

chrysostoma Sh.,

CONACE Pai yee

constellata Mor,

dilatata Py.,.

elegantula P.,

Grayana P.,

hianise Py. eases ahs

Josephinae Ad. . .

luteo-apicata Py, .

nobilis Ad.,

opima Sh, .

Petitiana O.,

etrosa Gay a. es eh

politula Py.,. .

pulchella Gray, .

regina Mor., .

rubicunda G.,

rupestris P.,

Sloanei O., .

stellata Val., ,

subunguieulita Pay

Tankervillet Gray,

tenwis Ad., TP

virginea Lea,

TrocHinipx,

TrocHtin#, 3

Trochilus Alexandri,

aurigularis Law., :

colubris, :

Troglodytes h ypedon Sel.,

TROGLODYTID&, nie

TRoGLopyTINA,

291, 319, 4

291,

caligatus Gould, . ..

coneinnus Law.,

macroura Gould,

Massena fs

viridis Linn.,

TROGONID#,

Troconin&,

Truneatella, ..

AdamsiP., . .

Barbadensis ts :

bilabiata P.,. .

capillacea G.,

293,

2938, 82

Trogon aurantiiventris Gould,

456,

319,

Caribeensis Sow., 353, 354,

clathrus Lowe,

elongata Py.,

354,

358,

514

Page

Truneatella filicosta G.?. . . 853

Jr GtG yok te wemenieMS. . 1505

modesta Ad, J... 354, $57

pulchella P., 858, 357, 858, 359

scalaris Mich., 3538, 354, 356

subcylindrica "Gray, . 351,

353, 358, 359

Tryblionella punctata W.%., . . 105

scutellunm W. S., 104, 105

Tubularia larynz, . . . . 151, 153

Tudora, ; : . 848, 346

Adamsi P., . 857

armata Ad. » 8d

Augustae Ad, . 857

avena Ad, Wee owaoe

Barklyana Chitty, iin SSbd

canescens P., MAR 3 ha08

columna Wood, . 857

erectum G., ; . 303

excurrens G., . . . 853

fascia Wood, ean

Jeeunda Ad. 5 Bae

Griffthiana Aa, Ge

lurida G., Mie «Lede

mar itima Ad, 357

Moreletiana Pet., . 359

anutiea Ad., sb

mobilts B., 2.25 « S00

papyracea Ad., . . 857

pauperata Ad., . . 857

pupaeformis Sow., . 855

puporides Mor., . . 859

simulans Ad, . . pie. caaOT

Tappaniana Ad. . . 851

versicolor P.? . . . 5 Sat

TONTIOATA, 500%. 5.) ee ys)

TurvdID&, 326, 470

TurDINA, : 326, 470

Turdus casius Bp. Bs . 826

Suscescens Steph., . 326

Grayii, woul

obseletus Law., eae WALO

TYRANNIDA, 295, 327, 470

TYRANNINE, 295, 3827, 470

Tyranniseus parvus Law., . 473

Tyrannula flaviventris, 328, 472

pusilla Gund., . 268

Tyrannulus brunneicapillus Law.,. 473

Tyrannus intrepidus ara site e290

melancholicus 3) 9 296

Wea Lat...) oleate 2

pilosipes ¢ Gill, tsmebies’. + AB

Und ati, s+. ee MRIS 6 44.

LOST aa ena eh ve . 350

luteolus Lam., eae «310

TINIONIDAL, 27f.)) os att heats 800

Index.

Page

Uroleuea pileata (Temm.), 296

Urubitinga anthracina cece ) - 316

zonura (Shaw), . - 316

Venus gemma Totten, 151, 152,

153, 157, 162, 482, 483

Manhattensis Prime, - 482, 483

mercenaria L.., : o> pomlow

Vermetus radicula Stimp,, 155, 156

Vireo flavifrons Vieill, . Sea 33

longirostris Sw., . 266

olivaceus Lemb. ? . 266

Vireolanius pulchellus Scl., . 468

VIREONIDS, 323, 468

VIREONINA, a 468

Vireosylvia altilogua (Vieill), . 266

flavoviridis Cass... . . 323

olivacea Gosse, . . . 266

Vitrina, eee: $42, 8 347, 360

sp. ind., -Ro0D

ealiina cee (Linn. ), . 332

Wodnika Munst, . . .. . . 388

Xantho, . Sn 52, 54

bella Stimp., : . 204

denticulata Stimp, - 207

florida, . < ae uepe OF:

lamellipes Stimp. pe 205

planissina “ 5 205

planus, AL ee

setiger M. Ed, Ap ESRD SO

sea-decem- Pe agi hay 03

vermiculatus M. Ed... . . 51

vittata Stimp.,,. . . . . 206

Xanthodes, ake

Americanus (Sauss. d Perr 0s?)

hebes Stimp., E

Sternberghii Stimp. vine

Taylori 5 ee

Xanthodius, . . . ae abd vost A tbe

Xanthornis eucuilatiue 25 | ee te OS

52, 209

Dominicensis D’Orb., 268

Xenops Mexicanus Sel., 320

Aeracanthus Beyrich, . . 089

Miphorhynehus Lafr esnayanus

D’Orb,, 292

Zostera marina,. .... . 149

ZENADEN AG. c) ntl adtuee Wistar ATT

Zygena, 376, 377, 3881, 387, 403

Blochaee sche. Sipe Raa

tudes, . . . . 408

ZYGENID#, ‘ , 386, 381, 402

ZS GENOA. dhs oh we . 402

ZYGENOWE, . 387, 389

AXGANINA,. 2 387, 380

Bebo AP a

Page 96 5th line from the top for Bonafouxianum read Bonnafouxianum.

bottom for Denaiuvilliersi read Denainvilliersi.

top

97 22nd *

BUS Re 902

99 18th “*

1011st *

111 11th “*

alate (th ean

“cc

“

bottom “

top

Denaiuvilleirsi

Jengusi

Roch

ereatures

Kerandrenia

114 17th & 18th lines from the top for “

“

“a

Denainvilliersi.

Jenynsi.

Koch.

creatures.

Keraudrenia.

115 Sth line from the top for Cyrena violacea read Cyclas violacea.

115 22d

117 10th *

2592nd *

QT6viths

Diouruine

278 2nd “*

280 2nd “

281 8th *

291 3rd _ *

801 Tth

801 2nd *

3828 7th “

330 10th “

836 6th =“

83S 12th

852 6th

855 15th “

8761st “

$81 4th *

856 10th “

386 26th *

888 22nd “

* 92nd ‘*

“ 84th “

894 27th *

898 22nd “

42 24th *

408 last “

“

. oe

“ “

bottom

top

bottom

top

bottom

top

“6

497 penultimate line

410 a

top

“

Gossei Ad.

Heterodontes

Scynnus

Notidenide

sections

Polyrrhizodus

Tentropodus

these

1815

Cnvier

Ileterodontes

homogenous

Isoplugiod us

413 10th line from the top for tuberculutum

Delast “ Delest.

bicrobiculato “ piscrobiculato.

Dandin “ Daudin.

“ Rodgers “Rogers,

for Cyrstoceras ‘ Cyrtoceras.

“ Rodgers “ Rogers.

‘““ transparent “ transported.

* Claurach “Claverack.

“ Jacameraps ‘ Jacamerops.

“ Chemepilia “ Chameepelia,

“ Paring “ Parrine.

“ plumbieeps Scl. read cinereiceps Sel.

“lords “ lores,

“situate “situated.

& 15th lines from the top fur Gallapagos read Galapagos.

line from the bottom for marginatus Lay

“marginatus Say.

“ Gossei P.

“ Heterodontus,

“ Scymnus.

“ Notidanide.

“divisions.

“ Polyrhizodus,

“ Owen

“ Centrophorus.

“those.

“ 1855.

“ Cuvier.

“ Hleterodontus.

“homogeneous.

“ Tsoplagiodon,

“ tuberculatus.