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ANNALS

OF THE

NEW YORK

SeAUE MY OF SCIENCES

Volume XIII

IQ00-I1QOI

Editor:

CHARLES LANE POOR

Acting Editor:

THEODORE G. WHITE

Frew York

PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY

The New Era Printing Company

Lancaster, Pa.

ue ~* @0m,4 s° Aa

fpleE OF CONTENTS OF VoL. XIII.

1.—Osborn, H. F. Correlation between Tertiary

Mammal Horizons of Europe and America

2.—Dwight, Jonathan, Jr. The Sequence of Plum-

ages and Moults of the Passerine Birds of

New York. (Plates I-VII) .

3.—Stevenson, John J. The Section at Schoharie,

eG:

4.—Prince, J. Dynely. Notes on Passamaquoddy

ierature. .

5.—Hollick, Arthur. A Reconnoisance of the Eliza-

beth Islands. (Plates VIII-XV)

6.—Peck, F. B. Preliminary Notes on the Occur-

rence of Serpentine and Talc at Easton, Penna.

(Plate X VIE; Figs: 4, 5)

%7—Dodge, Richard E., Recording Secretary. Rec-

_ords of Meetings of the New York Academy

of Sciences, January, 1900, to December, 1900

8.—Title Page and Index for Volume XIII.

7 3-360

. 361-380

. 381-386

. 387-418

- 419-430

431-516

‘ &

‘

4 a

* _

: 48

/ ‘a

‘

’

“1 . ) s

¥ ’

" 4 | i

‘ G

“3 iu a

‘ J -

oa ‘ a

on ¥ oe

' a AS 4 aa a4

‘ yp p>" a 2,8 iS . th : ey Gnd, nash

[Annats N. Y. AcaD. Sct., Vol. XIII, No. 1, pp. 1-72, July 18, 1900. ]

CORRELATION BETWEEN TERTIARY MAMMAL

MORIZONS OF EUROPE, AND. AMERICA

An INTRODUCTION TO THE MorE ExActT INVESTIGATION OF

TERTIARY ZOOGEOGRAPHY. PRELIMINARY STUDY

with [oinp -TRiAaw SHEET

Two Presidential Addresses before the New York Academy of Sciences ; first

address delivered February 27, 1899; second address delivered February 26, 1900.

By HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN

CON FENTS

PART I.—ADDRESS, 1899-1900,

Peles be CWEEN» TERTIARY PIORIZONSG 2.55. pdcccs cocesecocessece 3

I NC BM cairns cae si ou'sivnw odaieubtaede ha du teWiew nelle auligpisleteaakgaweddetieaiiess 0s 3

ae ANE SOR IGEA DUONG” |, < cBememalraat cna cv sicewele desist ulasivevidtotcwacniides'sess 4

SU aE AU se SELIUE LGD oi csie's'n nas puaeeae sean saicee's Scenina signbisainearieSdaebiag tows ss ces 5

Peavy AtLABLE. EVIDENCES OF PARALLELISM.,..0.......cs000c0sec0s 6

1. Common Genera and Species ....... Beh Sencar chet en nainecte Sia a wiiaiawe 6

Zee ER he OS OL EUVOMMMODS cMigatas oveneaaseeehcesidcecwensecteskedeseces> 6

2. -SUmMUltAneOUs Im{tKOdUCHORsOf MEW fOCMS. 2. .ccecceieacsmncccccanssdocsas 7

fie ErreeMMINENIA MCE NON CENTAILY LYPESs 5.5 stcec ccc tn bank's Umens se nsccassecsesesoees 7

5. Convergence and divergence of Palzearctic and Nearctic forms.... 7

Pacha eI CATION OF THE EUROPEAN TERTIARY......0..50+ 7

iil) COMPARISON OF THE EOCENE IN EUROPE AND AMERICA 9g

‘ihe Puerce: without a, Maunal: Parallels. ics vcccccccaccccssveccccccesse 9

2. The Torrejon and Thanétien (Cernaysien) nearly parallel......... 10

3. Egerkingen beds more recent than Fuerco, Torrejon or Wasatch., II

4. Lower Eocene, Wasatch and Suessonien (Sparnacien, Yprésien)

EAU) AR AU eee ce te eMC CRT Gita acter cmawey welsss'asdclaeaeta le? vanissee 12

CONTENTS.

5. Fissure formations, Egerkingen and Lissieu, younger than Wa-

BAEC 0.5 shen te <node sus Bisa ebas salem ee ae 13

6. Middle Eocene, Lutétien, apparently parallel with the Wind

iver fatima. sx... -sach Alagataes recs ate eee ee ee en 14

7. Middle Eocene, Bartonien, apparently equivalent to the Lower

BUG ger 1.25 sage teaakstcgmetinats tangs ten Oe DaE ke 16

8. Upper Eocene, Liguriens..% skeet Aa eee ae ee r7

Composite, imperfectly stratified fissure deposits of Middle Eocene

to’ Middle Oligocene! ages, thetcud ot). soot nie ae 19

IV. OLIGOCENE .OF EUROPE...) Size Vides tk he lee ee 25

I. Infra Tongrien, Lower Oligdeene. cisco ee 22

He: Stamper s.aul.ived, 2s eee. ake ee ae ee 23

3- Aquitanien; Upper -Oligoteney,.:/2/x,iculedans aoe a ae 23

VeONMOCENE OF. EUROPE: as sage ees. sien ahaa naa a niaca sie Sek 24

1. Langhien or Burdigalien, Lower Miocene.........6..e000e............ 26

2,“ Helvetien," Middle’ Mincene anew, ...).:2. alee 28

3, Tortonien, Upper Miocene siier. 41), 25.1. ed 29

i SELIOCENE “OWS URODE Ua tales. antes oe 30

I. Messimen, Lower Diiogeties)Q1s. 02) cel ane ee a eee gt

23 Flaisangien, ‘Lower Pliocene... 0.05) va.) ae ee oe 32

3. Astion, Middle Plncéaie' ie (aaa ion. meat ee 1 ee ee 32

4-sletlien,, ipperrPaoGene. jsp sidebars oe aire. See bee ener 32

VII. PLEISTOCENE OF EUROPE (ADDRESS Sooo) ter cee ee 34

1; Freglacial, Lower Pleistocene.s,c2. ola ee 38

2. Glacial and Interglacial, Mid-Pleistocene.........00060.00-..........., 39

3. Postglacial, Upper Pleistoeneu, 2.) 07, ena keene 44

PART II.—ADDRESS, 1900.

FAUNAL RELATIONS OF EUROPE AND AMERICA DURING

THE TERTIARY PERIOD AND THEORY OF SUCCESSIVE

INVASIONS OF AN AFRICAN FAUNA INTO EUROPE. es 45

I, STRATIGRAPHICAL CORRELATION: PRELIMINARY........... 45

Il. TERTIARY GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION, o:5 aoe 46

Lit. THEORY “OF . SUCCESSIVE INVASIONS OF AN AFRICAN

FAUNAS INTO BUROPE: 2 ione 8 ua eo, a rn 56

FETE RO CIRCE. 3. << sas s0ddahoh ies. tts. 8chet eh ee 59

1 An abstract of the second address was published in Sczezce, April 13, 1900, pp-

561-574.

TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. 3

PART I. PARALLELS BETWEEN TERTIARY

HORIZONS.

INTRODUCTION.

This address is designed to reconsider an old subject in the

new spirit and methods of modern paleontology. It does not

pretend to cover the whole subject, but rather certain parallels

between the mammalian faune of America and Europe and be-

tween the later Tertiary faunz of Europe; it is introductory to

a more exhaustive treatment.

The work done hitherto in this field of commanding interest

and importance serves mainly to pioneer the more exact com-

parisons between Europe and America which are now becoming

possible.

I desire to enter an urgent plea for the establishment of

uniform divisions of the Tertiary and for the international usage

of common terms both as to life stages and life forms. As in

military disarmament, this result is easier to propose than attain,

because each is willing to disarm on his own basis, each is

reluctant to part with either the language or perspective be-

longing to the historical development of the geology and pale-

ontology of his own land. Yet in these matters patriotism and

provincialism naturally should have no weight. Palaeontology

knows neither the divisions formed by the English channel, the

Rhine, nor the Atlantic; it does not recognize the superiority

of an English system, of a French or German system, or of an

American system, but like all its sister branches of science in this

time of absolute scientific good will it demands an international

system. As during the Tertiary period animals migrated freely

by land over the entire northern hemisphere, so our ideas and

methods must enjoy a free migration and fall beneath the rigid

operation of the law of the survival of the fittest. Since anatom-

ical, descriptive, taxonomic and geologic terms are mere symbols

for the expression of certain facts, ideas, hypotheses and theories,

we should all employ the same symbols whatever our national

4 OSBORN.

sympathies. For my own part if an approximate synchronism

can ever be established, I would go so far as to advocate the

adoption of the standard European divisions for the American

Tertiary as soon as the European stages and periods are finally

determined upon. In the meantime no one can oppose the im-

mediate adoption of the fundamental principle that the old and

new world paleontology should be studied as a unit.

If we are eager to solve the great number and variety of most

interesting questions still unsolved as to the source, origin, filia-

tion, migration and extinction of the noble races of animals which

passed across the stage of the Northern Hemisphere or Axczent

Flolarctic Region, during the Tertiary we must hasten to use

more exact methods, to agree upon the synchronism of the

Tertiary and the arbitrary limits which we shall assign to the

Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene and Pleistocene periods

and their subdivisions. The synchronism is a difficult subject,

in fact it involves the main question ; the limits of the periods are

largely arbitrary and are capable of being settled at once. Al-

though the /ower Tertiary of America from the base of the Eo-

cene to the summit of the Oligocene is infinitely more complete,

in fact an unbroken historic chapter, it will probably prove

best that the beautiful series of Tertiary horizons of France

should be adopted as the daszs of division, partly because of

their priority and completeness throughout, but chiefly because

of the remarkable alternation of marine and freshwater deposits,

whereby the vertebrate is checked by the invertebrate time scale.

After we pass the summit of the Oligocene our country affords

a series of vistas only while Europe offers a commanding view

of the later Tertiary life periods. If France furnishes the initial

basis, comparison with America will serve to check and am-

plify—thus the final basis for the division of the Tertiary will

be comparative.

European Correlations :—In France Gervais, GAuUDRY, FIL-

HOL, LEMOINE, DEPERET, BOULE, and others have drawn the

demarcations of the typical horizons. The parallels with Eng-

land have been especially set forth by PREstwicH and Daw-

Kins and with Germany by SCHLOSSER, DEPERET and V. ZITTEL,

TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. 5

while the parallels between Europe and America, or the ancient

Palearctic and Nearctic Regions, have been discussed by Grr-

wars. LEipy, Cope, FirHoL, Scott, v. ZITTEL and SCHLOSSER.

LYDEKKER has broadly covered the whole field in his Geo-

graphical History of Mammals.

It may seem remarkable that a nearctic paleontologist should

enter the palzarctic field, as the herald of a conference and

agreement upon common usage of terms, but I make no apol-

ogy because the matter arose from necessity rather than choice ;

several years ago the discovery of some new types of rhinoc-

eroses in this country directed my attention afresh to the study

of the Tertiary fauna of Europe as parallel with that of America,

in the succession of European and American types it appeared

that there were most interesting similarities between rhinoceroses

as widely separated as the present regions of Colorado and

southern France, but upon attempting more than a general com-

parison I was confronted by a lack of definite time scale be-

tween the levels in which these animals occur. The available

correlations by Corr, FILHOL, ScoTT, v. ZITTEL and others

proved too indefinite at certain points. This difficulty became

so obstructive that a more exact correlation of European and

American horizons appeared to be an essential basis not only

for the phylogeny of the rhinoceroses but for that of other

types of mammals of Europe and North America. We need

a unified old world system as a starting point for comparison.

ms a matter of fact there is even at the present moment no

consensus of opinion or common usage among palzarctic pale-

ontologists as to the larger divisions of the Tertiary.

The Trial Sheets :—As an initial step towards a more ex-

act correlation I offer here a provisional classification of the

Tertiary of Europe with critical discussion of the reasons for

placing the larger division lines at certain points, also a com-

parison chiefly with the Eocene of America, both accomplished

with as much aid from workers past and present as could be

mustered. This classification probably contains many errors,

some of them, perhaps, of a gross description. As I freely

criticise and differ from some of my colleagues, I trust they will

6 OSBORN.

freely criticise, correct and expand this preliminary parallel and

the methods of attack here advocated. Realizing that an ac-

ceptable working basis could only be secured by codperation I

drew up in 1897 a ‘ Trial Sheet of the Typical and Homotaxial

Lertiary Florizons of Europe’ and circulated it abroad for criti-

cism. This proved to be a rather faulty trial ; extremely valu-

able corrections and additions were received, especially from my

friends Professor Gaupry, Professor v. ZITTEL, Professor

DEPERET and Doctor SCHLOSSER, Madame Pavitow, Doctor

Bovne, and Mr. R..Lypexker: “hese senticiens were em-

bodied in a ‘ Second Trial Sheet’ which was issued about April

15, 1898. This sheet was used as a basis for further personal

discussion with the above paleontologists, also with Professor

Lepsius of Darmstadt, Doctor ForsyrH Major of the British

Museum and others. In course of a tour in foreign museums,

I was greatly aided by many other critics, and made also nu-

merous observations of my own which bear upon the Holarctic

parallels. A ‘7hird Trial Sheet? is issued in connection with this

address ; it is probably more accurate than its predecessors but

it is still lacking both in the desired exactness and fullness.

The closer comparison of the post-Eocene divisions of the

Tertiary fauna of Europe and North America must be deferred

for a full report which is in preparation.

I. AVAILABLE EVIDENCES OF PARALLELISM

Among the tests of approximate synchronism of deposition

in the Nearctic and Palearctic regions are the following :

I. COMMON GENERA AND SPEcrEs: the presence of iden-

tical or closely allied genera and species. This time honored

and obvious basis of comparison is now rendered most difficult

by the diversity of usage in generic and specific definitions.

2. SIMILAR STAGES oF Evo.utTion: the similarity in the

stage of development of allied phyla, as expressed in the pat-

tern of the molar teeth, in the transformation of the premolar

teeth, complication of the molar teeth, in the reduction of digits,

etc. This test of synchronism is comparatively novel. For

example, the remarkably definite transformation of the fourth

TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. 7

premolar of the Ylagiaulacide or of the premolars of the Perzs-

sodactyla afford certain very exact data for correlation purposes.

3. SIMULTANEOUS INTRODUCTION OF NEW Forms: the sud-

den appearances in both Nearctic and Palearctic regions of

types which have no known ancestors in lower horizons and

have apparently originated elsewhere, either in Africa or in South

America. The value in chronology of these immigrations has

not been fully recognized.

4. PREDOMINANCE OF CERTAIN Types: the predominance or

spread of certain types as of the Perissodactyla in the Middle

Eocene, or of the Artiodactyla in the Upper Eocene and Oligo-

cene are in the nature of supplementary evidence.

5. CONVERGENCE AND DIVERGENCE OF PALARCTIC AND

Nearctic Faun: far closer than in any known Tertiary or

Quaternary stage, were the relations existing in the Holarctic

region during the Upper Jurassic period. The resemblances

among these minute mammals, as found in the Purbeck of Eng-

land and the Como beds of Wyoming are most astonishing, for

of thirteen genera, six have their English counterparts, and the

family characters are very close as regards the remainder. (See

Osporn, '88, pp. 186-7.) It would be rash to say whether or

not continuous close geographical connections existed from the

Jurassic throughout the Cretaceous, but in the next Nearctic

and Palearctic parallels which we can draw, namely in the

Basal Eocene between the Zorrejon of New Mexico and the

Cernaysien of France, the resemblances are again very close.

During the Upper Eocene the faunal parallels became decidedly

less close, in fact the correlation can only be established by rel-

atively few forms. In the lower Oligocene the faunal relations

suddenly became again much closer between the old and new

worlds and they remained close throughout the later Tertiary

until the middle of the Pleistocene period.

II. CLASSIFICATION OF THE EUROPEAN TERTIARY

Invertebrate paleontologists have naturally taken the leader-

ship in the classification of the old world Tertiary, their vertebrate

confréres having followed, adapted and modified the system.

8 OSBORN.

Without question the final classification will be by a synthesis of

evidence derived from invertebrate and vertebrate remains, from

the comparison of marine, fresh water and terrestrial forms of

life with each other and with earth movements. In numerous

instances the exclusive use of one class of evidence has led to

serious errors.

The great faunal Periods or Systemes, Eocene, Miocene,

Pliocene, and Pleistocene we owe to, Lyverit>> The, Oligocene

was proposed by Beyricu (’54, pp. 640-666), chiefly on geo-

logical grounds, and although confirmed by the Berlin Geolog-

ical Congress some doubts are entertained as to its ultimate

utility and survival. .

D’OrsiGNy, divided the Eocene into the lower (/) Swes-

sonien, in which we find fossil mammals deposited chiefly north

of Paris around the Suessonien gulf, and the upper (//) Parisien

in which the deposits are chiefly around Paris and in the Hel-

vetien canal of the south of France and Switzerland.

The stages and substages of the palzarctic Tertiary em-

ployed in the 7hird Trial Sheet, are chiefly the proposals of

Mayer-Eymar (89), D’ORBIGNY, DUMERIL, Suess, and Lap-

PARENT ('85)—all invertebrate paleontologists. The history

or authorship and synonymy of the Etages, Montien, Thanétien,

Suessonien, etc., may be found in the two palzogeographical

essays by Mayrer-Eymar (’89, p. 26), and Canu (795, pp.

53-56), in which a reclassification of the entire Tertiary is

advocated upon the hypothesis of the relation between the peri-

helions of the globe and the sedimentary substages, as shown in

the Tableau 1, of Canu ('95, pp. 12-13). For the purposes

of the mammalian paleontologist however, the Lyellian sys-

tem is more convenient.

Valuable tables of European faunal parallels are given by

v. ZiTTEL (93). The fullest lists of European mammals in

different horizons are those collected by ScHLossERr (’87-’90)

and DEPERET? (’85-—’95) in his memoirs on the Miocene and Pli-

ocene. A mine of wealth for an investigation of this kind is

SCHLOSSER’S Literaturbericht ('83—’97) ; the writer has referred

to it constantly and can hardly express his indebtedness.

TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. 9

TrovuEssart’s (’97) Catalogus would have been far more val-

uable if localities had been cited as well as the geological

divisions.

The first step is to ascertain how far the Periods or Systemes

can be paralleled in America and Europe and similar permanent

limits placed between them. The second is to establish, as con-

venient divisions of each, Upper, Middle, Lower, or Lower and

Basal. It is not too much to hope that the synchronism of

these periods in the entire Holarctic region during the Tertiary

can be established with considerable exactness. The Stages and

Substages present much greater difficulty and may prove impos-

sible owing to the absolute independence of the earth move-

ments which caused them in the old and new worlds. It is

perfectly evident that the overlapping of these deposition stages

would be the rule and that exact synchronism would be largely

coincidence and therefore highly improbable. All that we can

reasonably hope to establish in the near future is an approximate

parallelism of the Stages; ultimately the lines of overlap may

be determined.

III. COMPARISON OF THE EOCENE IN EUROPE AND

AMERICA

1. The Puerco without a Faunal Parallel

The base of the American Eocene is the Puerco, which has

been observed by CorpE and WorrMAN to immediately overlie

the upper Cretaceous in northern New Mexico.

Contrary to the prevailing opinion and usage there is in Eu-

rope no known fossil mammal deposit parallel to the basal

Eocene or Puerco of America. The Puerco fauna proper is

older than the oldest in Europe.

We may therefore provisionally conclude that the fresh water

Puerco deposits were approximately of the same age as the

earliest marine and brackish limestones of the Suessonien Sea,

namely, the JMJontien (Calcaire grossier de Mons, Belgium), or

marls, Yeersien, (Marnes de Heers), Maudunien (Marnes de

Meudon), all resting unconformably on the Cretaceous.

10 OSBORN.

2. The Torrejon and Thanétien (Cernaysien) nearly Parallel

The oldest fossil mammal beds of Europe are the fluvio-ma-

rine Glauconie de la Fere \Aisne, 6 metres), containing Arcro-

cyon primevus, equivalent to the marine Sadbles-de-Lracheus,

also resting upon the Cretaceous which is immediately overlaid

by the lacustrine Ca/caires et sables de Rilly (38 metres). These

together constitute the Zanctien (LAPPARENT, ’85), with which

the purely fresh-water Cernaysien (LEMOINE) beds in the vicinity

of Rheims are closely parallel.

The Cernaysien has been almost universally paralleled with

the Puerco, but many years ago, while studying the Cernaysien

fauna of Rheims, with the kind aid of the late Doctor VicTor

LEMOINE, I reached the conclusion that it was more recent than

Puerco (OsporN, ’90, pp. 51-62). This conclusion is now con-

firmed by the separation (WoRTMAN and MATTHEw, 799, p. 28)

of the true Puerco fauna underlying the Torrejon fauna. The

Torrejon agrees closely with the Cernaysien, so far as we can

judge from evidence which awaits a more exact study of the

Cernaysien fauna than we have yet enjoyed.

a. MULTITUBERCULATES. It is especially interesting to com-

pare the number of grooves and tubercles upon the JVeo-

plagiaulax (Cernaysien) and /¢/odus (Torrejon) fourth premolars

and first lower molars, as indicating a similar age.

6. Among the RopENTs or PrimaTes (for the systematic

position of these animals is not definitely known, see SCHLOSSER

and Marrnew) compare /rotoadapis (Cernaysien), dentition

2-1-3-3, and /lesiadapis with its reduced dentition, simple

molar type and enlarged incisors, with /xzdrodon (Torrejon)

eee ceca

c. Creoponts. Of the Mesonychide, Hyaenodictis (Cernay-

sien) is a little more modern than Jrssacus (Torrejon) in its

lower molars. Of the Arctocyonide, Arctocyon gervaisiu (Cer-

naysien) and Arcfocyon (Claenodon) corrugatus (Torrejon) are to

be compared.

ad. UncuLatTes. As hypothetically ancestral to the Ancy-

lopoda, Pleuraspidotherium (Cernaysien) is in an earlier stage

TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. |

than Meniscotherium (Wasatch) which it somewhat resembles in

teeth, skull and skeleton.

The fact that neither primitive UNGULATEs (Cozdylarthra and

Amblypoda) nor EpENTATA have been found in the 7hanétien or

Cernaysien beds, together with their absence in the Suessonien

and later periods in the Palearctic region, lends some probability

to the hypothesis that Condylarthra, Amblypoda and Edentata

were exclusively Nearctic during the lower Eocene. On the

other hand the Cernaysien beds may present a very imperfect

picture of life in France during this period.

3. Egerkingen Beds more recent than Puerco, Torrejon or

Wasatch

Nor is the above probability lessened by the testimony of

Egerkingen which has been widely accepted as proving the ex-

istence of the Condylarthra in Europe and as in part a very old

fauna.

The suppositions of Rutimeyer (88), already questioned by

SCHLOSSER (95), that the older portion of the famous fissure

fauna of Egerkingen is of Puerco age and that it contains Condy-

larthra are rendered improbable by the following considerations.

First: by my examination of the teeth referred to Azprofo-

gonia, Periptychus and Phenacodus in the Egerkingen collection,

which fails to sustain Professor RUriMEYER’s identifications.

Egerkingen is rich in small Eocene Primates ; it is possible that

the types of the supposed Condylarthra correspond with the

larger Bridger or Middle Eocene American monkeys such as

Notharctus, Tomitherium (Core) Telmatolestes, Limnotherium

(MarsH) which are astonishingly ungulate in appearance.

SECOND: I have certainly seen similar primate teeth in Pro-

fessor DEPERET’S collection from Zzsszeu ; this is also a fissure

fauna and of similar age to Egerkingen.

THIRD: because of the absence in Egerkingen of many typ-

ical lower Eocene or Suessonien types and the abundant pres-

ence of typical middle and upper Eocene types. It is improb-

able that a Jurassic fissure would accumulate basal Eocene

12 OSBORN.

types, omit lower Eocene types such as Coryphodon, and again

collect middle and upper Eocene types.

FourtTH : the Tzniodonta, or ancestral Edentata with enam-

eled teeth, are apparently truly represented in Egerkingen by

the Calamodon curopeus of RUTIMEYER, but this tooth is quite

as probably in a Stylinodon, or Middle Eocene (Bridger), stage

of development as in an older stage.

4. Lower Eocene, Wasatch and Suessonien (Sparnacien,

Ypresien) truly parallel

The Sparnacien of LAPPARENT is the middle substage of

the more comprehensive stage Sozssonien (MAYER-EYMAR); it

marks a continuation of the north France depression or Suesso-

nien Sea (Heersien, Thanetien or Suessonien) and is character-

ized by marine and fluvio-marine deposits bordered to the west

and south by purely fresh water fluviatile or lacustrine deposits.

Of the latter the lacustrine Lzguztes du Soissonats (5 metres) con-

tain Coryphodon owen, Paleonictis gigantea (Muirancoutt, Oise)

and Lophiodon larteti. The Argile plastique (50 metres) is con-

sidered by some mainly aerial (fide CAnu), by others lacustrine

(GARDNER, LAPPARENT); it commences with the Coxglomerat de

Meudon, certainly fluviatile, which contains Coryphodon anthra-

coldcus.

In the London basin are the Lower Bagshot Sands, a marine

formation, and below these the Loudon Clay (166 metres), see

Canu (95, p. 54), an estuarine formation ; these together con-

stitute the Londinien of MAvER-Eymar. The London Clay

contains a primitive species of //yracothertum, H. leporinum,

a primitive Coryphodon, C. cocenus. These fossil mammals

would cause us to consider the London Clay as parallel with

the Sparnacien, but LApPARENT and CANu, from the invertebrate

standpoint, place the London Clay in the higher level of the

Ypresien or Londinien.

In the Paris Basin a fresh return of the sea deposited the

Sables Nummutltiques du Soissonais (50 metres, Aisne) embrac-

ing the overlying estuarine and littoral Sadles de Cuise la Motte ;

here FILHot (’88, p. 155) records a small Lophiodon de Cuts,

TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. 13

this would correspond with //epfodon, the first of the American

Lophiodontide. GaAupry (98, p. 302) parallels with these beds

the freshwater Sables Agétens (D' EPERNAY), Etage Agéien, LE-

MOINE, the mammalian fauna of which has been described by LE-

MOINE as containing Lophiodon and Fachynolophus ; but this

fauna belongs on a higher level, as in fact GAuDRyY himself inti-

mates.

The parallel between the Wasatch and the Suessonien of

France was first recognized by Marsu in describing Cory-

phodon. In the meantime vast additions have been made to our

knowledge of the Wasatch fauna and practically nothing to that

of the Suessonien. Although we know only a fraction of the

lite of the period, there certainly existed at this time in Europe

the successors to certain Cernaysien genera which are repre-

sented by descendants in the Upper Eocene.

The three known genera common to both countries, namely,

Coryphodon, Hyracotherium and Palwonictis present close struc-

tural parallels.

Filhol records Lophiodon larteti of the Lignites du Sotssonats

as an ancestor of the true heavy bodied Lophiodontinz, whereas

in the Wasatch we find Heptodon belonging to the light bodied

Lophiodonts of the ‘“‘Helaletes-Colodon ”’ line which subsequently

appears in Europe. flatychwrops, mistakenly compared with

Esthonyx by LYDEKKER has no parallel in America unless

among the Arctocyomide. GERVAIS (59) mentions a rodent-like

type of incisor from the Suessonien, but this has not to my

knowledge been subsequently described.

5. Fissure Formations, Egerkingen and Lissieu, younger

. than the Wasatch

These formations both represent the remains of animals slowly

accumulated in fissures of Jurassic age. The Lissieu fauna is of

approximately the same Middle and Upper Eocene duration.

As above stated the Egerkingen composite fauna almost cer-

tainly does not contain types as old as those of the Wasatch.

There is one important exception : the Proviverra typica of Eger-

kingen is in the same stage of development as the S7zopa (Sty-

14 OSBORN.

polophus) viverrina of the Wasatch, while RUTIMEYER’s supposed

Stypolophus does agree with the Szzopa brevicalcarata of the

Bridger. Notwithstanding these facts, in the absence of Cory-

phodon, Paleonictis and other typical Wasatch and Suessonien

forms, the greatest age which can_ be positively assigned to the

beginning of these fissure formations is the lower portion of the

Middle Eocene.

6. Middle Eocene, Lutétien, apparently parallel with the

Wind River Fauna

Constituting the base of the greater Parisien stage, the Luée-

tien substage, first, marks the advance of the sea beyond its

Suessonien limits southward around Paris, and to the west and

north into Belgium; second, it marks the appearance of fossil

mammal deposits in the south of France, in Switzerland (Hel-

vetien Canal), and in Alsace.

The Calcaire grossier beds (45 metres) are entirely marine in

their lower strata (Calc. gros. moyen. et infér.) but become fresh-

water or fluviatile at the summit (Calc. gros. supér.) where they

contain Lophiodon and many other ungulates.

Parallel with these beds are those of the Gres d’/ssel (Aude,

24 metres) fully studied by Firnot (’88) ; of Argenton (Indre) ;

of the Argiles a lignites, or Agéin (Rheims) explored by Dr.

Lemoine, of Bracklesham (England). Certain types of Luchs-

wetler, Alsace, seem to be somewhat more recent. Finally our

knowledge of the mammals of this stage is greatly enriched by

the older portions of the fissure deposits of Egerkingen (Vaud)

and of Lissieu, near Lyons.

This fauna has been hitherto paralleled with that of our great

Middle Eocene deposits of the Bridger ; we shall see that zt only

corresponds with a section of the upper Wind River or the Lower

Lridger Lake deposits of the Rocky Mountains.

Characteristics : FILHot (88, p. 1, 75), in his conclusion upon

the Issel fauna, speaks doubtfully of the presence of a large

Creodont, as Pal@onicts gigantea.

This is the continuation of the reign of Lophiodon, a type pre-

dominant in number and variety.

TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. 15

Three perissodactyl phyla occur, namely the Hyracotherii-

nz, Lophiodontinz and Helaletinae, whereas at the same period

in America we find the Hyracotherine, Tapiride, and Helaletine.

Without exception in the Lutetien representatives of the

perissodactyl families Lophiodontine and Hyracotheriine the

premolars are simpler than the molars and these animals are

therefore in a stage of evolution corresponding with that which

we find in the Wind River beds. The horses so far as I can

judge from personal study, from FrLHoL’s descriptions and

from figures, (GERVAIS, ’59) P. Suillus, P. parvulus, P. duvalit,

all belong to the primitive stage, namely, premolars simpler than

molars, no mesostyle, and are therefore in a Wind River (Pro-

torolippus) rather than Lridger (Orohippus) stage of develop-

ment. Fuirnor (’88, p. 182) lays great emphasis upon the fact

that all the so-called ‘ Pachynolophus’ of Issel, Pépieux and

Lautrec have the premolars simpler than the molars. Further-

more in beds of undoubted /sse/, Argenton or Luchsweiler age,

no complete Azchilophus types of premolars (pm = m) occur.

As for the oldest Artrodactyla in either country, Cope (’82, p.

71) has compared Lemoine’s Lophiodocherus peront of the

Argiles-a-lignites with his 7rigonolestes brachystomus, from the

Wind River. Among the primates the little known Aeterohyus

armatus GERVAIS, distantly resembles JZerosyops of the Bridger

in its molar teeth only, the premolars being simpler than in the

Bridger species.

These are significant facts. So far as they go they indicate

that the known beds of Lutetien formation (having a thickness of

45-24 metres) are by no means equivalent to the Bridger Beds

(having a thickness of 800 metres), as heretofore stated, but

they merely correspond to a section of the Lower Bridger or

more probably of the Upper Wind River formation.

It is true that in the He/aletine, or cursorial Lophiodonts, in

the fauna of Agerkingen and Lisszeu, namely H. cartieri, H.

annectens (and perhaps //elaletes (Hyrachyus) zntermedius of

Selles-sur-Cher), the third and fourth premolars have double

internal lobes like those of “7. (Desmatotherium) guyoti of the

Bridger. But it must be remembered as regards both Eger-

16 OSBORN.

kingen and Lissieu that they are composite fauna, contain-

ing wpper Eocene forms mingled with the mzdd/e Eocene

forms, therefore, they cannot be cited at all as proofs of syn-

chronism. Similar Helaletes-like teeth are described by FiLHoi

from Buchsweiler, Alsace, namely the type 3d and 4th premo-

lars of his Pal@otapirus buxovillanus (’88, p. 179, pl. XIX, fig.

4), which certainly belong not to the Zapiride but to the

Flelaletine, a sub-family of Lophiodontide. On the other hand,

the upper molar and the lower jaw assigned to Hyrachyus inter-

qnegius (EILMOk 88," ps tay plo tiesies and 6) from

Argenton resemble the /e/aleting in a Wasatch or Heptodon

stage of development because they are small and simple.

7. Middle Eocene, Bartonien, apparently Equivalent to the

Lower Bridger

This substage receives its name from the Sarton Clays of

England (100 metres). The Sables de Beauchamp, marine (15

metres) is succeeded by the partly lacustrine Calcaire de Saint

Ouen with which the fresh water Gres de Césseras (Herault) are

considered parallel.

From the Gres de Césseras a few mammals are recorded.

The Cesserasictis antiquus (FILHOL '88, p. 182, pl. XIX, fig. 3)

type is a small lophiodont jaw with molar teeth which resemble

those of F/e/aletes of the Bridger except in the extreme sim-

plicity of the supposed 4th premolar.

If Fituow’s identification and description is correct no com-

parison can be made with our Bridger Helaletes which has

a partly compound fourth premolar. The Lophiodon cesseras-

sicum FILHOL (L. occttanicum, GERVAIS) is judging by GERVAIS’

figures (pl. 18, fig. 7), one of the Agwud@ in a Bridger stage

of development.

The American parallel of the Bartonien is probably Lower

Bridger but it cannot be determined until we secure a more ex-

act knowledge of the state of molar and premolar evolution of

the few ungulate fossils which it contains.

The writer is chiefly indebted to Professor ALBERT GAuDrRy for

the arrangement of the lower Eocene in the accompanying

‘Vhird: Iriel Sheet:

TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. iy

8. Upper Eocene, Ligurien

The summit of the French Eocene is characterized geograph-

ically by the recession of the northern gulf on its western

borders and by numerous small freshwater lake and river de-

posits in the south and southwest of France, in Switzerland, and

on the German border (Canu, ’95, Plate 44).

In the Paris Basin, made famous by the classic researches of

Cuvier and Brogniart, is the Gypse de Montmartre (55 metres)

partly marine, partly lacustrine ; at its summit are 20 metres of

gypsum which contain most of the mammals described by

Cuvier. Above are the lacustrine W/arnes de Pantin.

Parallel with the Gypse are the rich Lignites de la Debruge

(Vaucluse, 2 metres). |

Parallel with the Gypse in the South are the beds of Sz A/zp-

polyte de Caton (Gard) recently described by DEPERET; of

Castlenaudry (Aude) ; of Lautrec (Tarn) described by NouLer

(63) also by Gervais (’69).

There are also the lacustrine limestones of Carcassonne, near

the Pyrenees, and the localities Was-Saintes-Puelles and Villen-

euve-la-Comptal, Castres. To the west in Germany are the fis-

sure deposits or Lohnerzen of Heidenheim (Mittelfranken) U/m,

Pappenheim, Fronstetten* (Swabian Alps), Stgmaringen ; to the

south the older fissure deposits of the Phosphorites du Quercy,

and the fissures of Agerkingen and Lissieu.

This period contrasts with all its predecessors by the superbly

full fauna which it contains; we feel for the first time that the

fossil record is approximately representative of the living fauna.

It is greatly enriched by the composite parallel faunze of the

Sidérolithique de Mauremont and the newer portions of the com-

posite faunze of Egerkingen and Lissieu.

Lautrec, undoubtedly Upper Eocene, contains a very large

Lophiodon, L. lautricense of especial interest, because it is ap-

parently the last of its race. It is probable that the large Lo-

phiodon of Hezdenheim, with complex premolars, is related to

the Lautrec type. In the Heidenheim specimen the second and

1 Fronstetten fauna described by Jager, Fraas, Quenstedt and v. Meyer.

"ANNALS N. Y. ACAD. Sci., XIII, July 19, 1900—2

18 OSBORN.

third superior premolars have double internal cusps. Lzsszez

as studied by Depéret is mainly middle Eocene but it contains

some important Upper Eocene forms, while Egerkingen has a

rich representation of Upper Eocene types.

The large L. rhinocerodcs Ritimeyer, of Egerkingen is, how-

ever, not of the Heidenheim type because it has simple upper

premolars associated with it ; it is an older representative of the

large race of Lophiodontide.

Mauremont is considered mainly, if not exclusively, of Upper

Eocene age.

GENERAL CHARACTERS.

(1). This fauna is much more modern than that of the Gres

de Césseras, or of the Calcaire Grosster and [ssel ; the great

advance in the structure of the teeth especially seen in a com-

parison of Propale@othcrium and Paleotherium is proof of mod-

ernization. Palzotherium is now the predominating type of

Perissodactyl, although a large form of Lophiodon survives.

(2). Secondly, the composite beds of Agerkingen and Lissicu

furnish the ancestry of certain types of Gypse Artiodactyla and

in these beds we also find certain other forms transitional between

the /sse/ stage and the Gyfse stage.

(3). Thirdly, the Gyfse, is a very highly specialized and

differentiated fauna including many artiodactyls and other types

the ancestry of which is known neither in Europe or America

and has not thus far been found in Egerkingen or Lissieu.

(4). Fourth, the Ligtirien is widely distinct faunally from the

American Upper Eocene or Uinta with which it has been here-

tofore paralleled. At no period of the Tertiary were the Nearc-

tic and Palearctic faunz so widely separated. In fact a much

wider gap exists between Western America and Europe in the

Upper Eocene than in the preceding Lower and Middle Eocene

or in the succeeding lower Oliogocene.

The resemblances or parallels with America are mostly lim-

ited to one genus of horses (Pachynolophus), which occur in both

countries, to one Creodont AYyenodon, and to the ancestors of

the Canide and Viverride which occur in both countries.

(5). Contrasts. The Cheiroptera and [nsectivora of these two

TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. / rg

regions cannot be compared until the American forms named by

Marsh are adequately studied. The Primates have no direct

parallels. Among the /erissodactyla, Paleotherium, Palaplo-

therium, and Anchilophus have no parallels in America. The

Selenodont Artiodactyla of the two continents are widely distinct ;

the Gyfse selenodont Artiodactyla have no parallels in America.

The bunodont Artiodactyla have not yet been carefully compared.

(6). There are therefore comparatively few direct reasons for

considering the Gyfse and U7nta as nearly contemporaneous but

there is a substantial indirect reason namely that they both

closely underly Oligocene Beds in which there suddenly reap-

pears a marked community of fauna in the Nearctic and Palaarc-

tic regions. In other words the Gyfse bears a relation to the

Ronzon similar to that which the Upper Bridger bears to the

Upper Uinta and White River.

The most significant fact is the apparent invasion of the Pala-

arctic region in the Upper Eocene by a great variety of Artio-

dactyla which mingled with the older phyla of France and

Germany. Where did these animals come from? Not from

Asia, certainly, because some of them would have found their

way also into the Nearctic, probably therefore from Africa or the

Ethiopian Region.

9. Composite, Imperfectly Stratified Fissure Deposits of

Middle Eocene to Middle Oligocene Age

The most famous of these fissure deposits are those of

Quercy, Egerkingen, Mauremont, Fronstetten.

In the Swiss Jura are the Loknerzen, mainly non-calcareous

reddish clay nodules with pisolithic iron grains. The sidero-

lithic earths, Szdérolithiques, typically at MJauremont, found in

Jurassic limestone fissures are so called because they contain

grains of iron, imbedded in concretions probably of mineral

spring origin, associated with travertines. A special type of fis-

sure deposits, analogous to the above in certain respects are the

Phosphorites, typically represented in Quercy but characteristic

also of other periods.

20 OSBORN.

The age of these various deposits is a very important matter.

For reasons given above and below certain of these deposits ap-

pear to have overlapped or extended through one or more periods

of regular stratigraphic deposition as follows:

Egerkingen (Canton Vaud) Middle to Upper Eocene

inclusive.

Lissieu, Middle to Upper Eocene inclusive.

Fronstetten (Swabian Alps), Mainly Upper Eocene.

Heidenheim (Mittelfranken), a

Mauremont (Canton Vaud) ue:

Oerlinger Thal. u. Eselsberg, Ulm, Upper Eocene.

Quercy, Caylux, Mouillac, Phosphorites, Upper Eocene

to Middle Oligocene.

The PuHospHorirEs pu Quercy, the most extensive and

famous fissure deposits of this kind, occur in Jurassic calcareous

fissures of 3 to 6 metres in width and 35 metres in length. The

matrix is a phosphate of lime probably of mineral spring origin

GRImEOny 1F, * I-27). The fauna enjoyed a warm and moist

climate. Firuor believes that death was caused by asphyxia-

tion, due to poisonous Vapors arising from hot springs, many

skeletons being found complete and showing no marks of teeth.

In contrast with Quercy, which contains a fauna of extraordi-

nary richness, beauty and completeness, EGERKINGEN and Lys-

sIEU have yielded merely isolated teeth.

The Quercy fauna according to FitHo~ predominates in

Upper Eocene or Gypse types. The Phosphorite rhinoceroses

have by some authors and in Many museums been referred to

A. lemanense and A. minutum, both of which are Upper Oligo-

cene or Aquitanean species—zhis is an error » the two rhinocer-

oses which this formation contains are probably the Ronzo-

therium velaunum AYMARD, found also in Ronzon, and another

species much simpler than the Aquitanean Diceratherium minu-

tum Cuv. (R. pleuroceros Duvernoy), of Moissac. This small

species has simple upper premolars ; it either belongs to A.

gaudryt RAaMEs, or represents a distinct species. These facts

with the tables published by Firuor (77) show that the Quercy

deposition probably terminated in the lower or Middle Oligocene.

TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. 21

Characteristic of the region of the Alps during elevation are the

marine, brackish and freshwater so/asses, that is, calcareous or

argillaceous rocks easy to work, mingled with conglomerates

called nagelfluh a littoral formation. These were produced in

Switzerland on the shores of islands during oscillation periods.

IV. OLIGOCENE OF EUROPE

This Period is actually well defined in its geographical features,

as well as in its fauna and flora; in France it begins typically

with the Roxzon fauna which contains a number of entirely new

types, and it terminates with that of Sz. Géerand le Puy. Some

authors, however, LYDEKKER (’96, p. 191), Lepsius (’92, p. 550),

include within the lower Oligocene the Ligurien or Gyfse ; this

is a cause of great confusion in the literature.

The duration of the Oligocene may be estimated by deposits

in Italy of 2900 metres in thickness.

Earth Movements.—According to LapparEnrt (85, p. 1164)

the Oligocene of Europe begins with the main elevation of the

Pyrenees and is marked toward the close by the initial elevation

of the Alps. Its first or early earth movements (Lvages [nfra

Tongrien and Stampicn) caused a recession of the sea at the

south, and an invasion of the sea from the north—this invasion

feached the centre of France; in the Rhine valley it extended

as far south as Basle. The climate during this period was

moderate. The second or Ltage Aguitanicn was one of eleva-

tion and strongly contrasted with the preceding by a general

recession of the sea; it instituted a period of great freshwater

lakes in France and Southern Europe, varied by lagoons with

lignitic deposits. Under more temperate climatic conditions,

with considerable moisture, the flora was of Indian and Australian

type, the deciduous trees increased in number, but palms still

houtisned as far north asthe, Baltic; the bird life of central

France (Allier, Mitne-Epwarps) was similar to that of the

lakes of Southern Africa. Along certain lake borders however,

in Southern France (Aix and Gargas, Sapporta), the heat

and drought during the latter part of the summer were extreme.

Ze OSBORN.

The Oligocene terminated by the deepening of valleys, drying of

the lakes and substitution of the fluviatile regime of the Lower

Miocene.

Upper Oligocene 3. Aquitanien. Extensive freshwater lakes and

lagoons. Recession of sea.

Middle Oligocene 2. Stampien. Advance of sea in Paris

Basin.

Lower Oligocene I. Infra Tongrien. Marine and brackish deposits,

lacustrine and marine Marls.

Tongrien.

1. Infra Tongrien, Lower Oligocene

Ronzon was considered of Stampien age by LAPPARENT (’89,

p. '976);at is- true’ the ‘beds overlie the Wakamr ae te tor

which is undoubtedly lower Oligocene ; GAupRY accordingly

places it in the Infra Tongrien, and its fauna certainly succeeds

closely that of the Gyfse.

In 1881, M. Fitnor (’81, pp. 256-263) concluded that Ronzon,

even after 30 years of exploration, could not be considered a

locality typical of the French fauna of the period. Since 1881,

however, considerable additions have been made to the Ronzon,

fauna, so that now it must be considered fairly typical (see

SCHLOSSER, ’90).

The animals which make their first.appearance here are the

anthracotheres (Authracotherium said to be absent in Ronzon),

the elotheres, Lxtelodon (Elotherium) and the rhinoceroses,

Ronzotherium (Aceratherium), two new genera of dogs, Amphi-

cynodon and Cynodon. Otherwise the fauna continues an evolu-

tion of that of the Gypse, being especially distinguished as the

last stage in which the Pa/eotheride and the creodont Hyeno-

dontideé occur.

The marsupials are represented by Peratherium. Insectivores

are represented by Zetracus. Among rodents we find repre-

sentatives of the Anomaluride and Muride.

The European parallels with the Warnes et Calcaires de Ron-

zon (100 metres) fauna are mainly the newer portion of the

PuospHoritres. If .M. Firrnor’s’ identification is correct im

establishing the three genera, Leptomanis, Necromanis and

Paleorycteropus, FILHOL (98, p. 129), it is possible that during

TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. - 23

this early Oligocene stage, the earliest edentates, pangolins ‘and

aard varks occur. Here also occurs the earliest of the Euro-

pean Axncylopoda, Schizotherium priscum.

The lignites of Cadzbona (Piedmont) were considered Upper

Oligocene (Aquitanien) by LApparenr (’85) and WEITHOFER,

but they contain a little rhinoceros with simple premolars of

lower Oligocene type. A portion of the fauna of Lodbsann

(Alsace) is parallel (ANDRE#&, ’84) containing Azthracotherium,

Hyopotamus velaunus and a species of rhinoceros wrongly at- .

tributed to Aceratherium incisivum.

2. Stampien

The Mid Oligocene stage is according to all authorities chiefly

represented by the marine phase Sables de Fontaincbleu et @

Etampes (41 metres); freshwater parallels are as follows: the

Argiles de St. Henri (Rhone) are placed in the Stampien by

Gaudry because they contain Azthracotherium and (?) Dicerathe-

rium minutum. Inthe Paris basin are Ferté-A/ars (Seine et Oise),

lacustrine sands, also placed by Gaudry at this level ; Se//es-sur-

Cher (lacustrine limestones), also in the Paris’ Basin ; V2l/ebramar

(Molasse, Lot et Garonne).

3. Aquitanien, Upper Oligocene

The typical mammal deposits of this stage are the famous

lacustrine beds of S¢. Gérand-le-Puy (Allier), calcareous, with a

rich fauna (FILHoL, 79). This directly underlies lower Miocene

beds containing Anchitherium and Mastodon.

Distinctive types of this stage are:

Palzeoerinaceus,

Paleogale (and other mustelines),

Progenetta (and other viverrines),

Amphicyon lemanensis,

Protapirus douvillei (not certainly a tapir),

Diceratherium minutum,

Aceratherium lemanense,

Anthracotherium magnum. (Lignites de Volx.)

Anthracotherium hippoideum. (Lignites de Volx.)

24 OSBORN.

The rhinoceroses show a very marked progression. The

large A. lemanense, with complicated premolars represents one

line; the small Deceratherium (? crotzett) minutum represents

the Dicerathere line. Boule has reported a third line, Cadur-

cothertum (Moissac) representing the Amynodontide.

Parallel with St. Gérand-le-Puy are: J/orssac (Molasse) con-

taining the oft quoted D. minutum Cuvier ; Gannat (lacustrine)

containing the type of A. gaxnatense which is identical with A.

lemanense ; also Randan (lacustrine). Lignitic deposits of this

stage are the Liguites de Volx (700 meters, Bas Alpes) and of

Manosque (600 meters, Aix).

The former contains the large anthracotheres, A. magnum,

A. hippoideum, highly characteristic of the upper Oligocene

stage.

Beds paralleled with these by v. Zirrer (’938, p. 66), in Ger-

many are those of Ulm (Eselsberg and Eckingen); the com-

plete faunal list of Ulm (Lepstus, ’92, p. 570) shows these beds

to be transitional between upper Oligocene and lower Miocene

age; Vv. ZITTEL however places St. Gerand-le-Puy in the lower

Miocene.

V. MIOCENE OF EUROPE

The lower Miocene of Europe is sharply separated from the

P ply sep

Oligocene both geologically and faunally. Its duration may be

S S 8 y y y

judged from the thickness, 2700 metres, of marine deposits in

Italy.

Divisions.—The Miocene is clearly divided in some regions

y. S

into two stages, at others into three, as follows:

3. Tortonien Recession of sea. Mainly fresh water,

(Oeningien, Grepp) brackish arid lacustrine deposits.

2d Mediterranean.

: 2. Felvétien, Maximum of sea, mainly marine and brack-

(Suess. ) M.-F. 1857. ish deposits.

Local fluviatile and lacustrine deposits in

the south.

(Falunien, d’Orb, )

1. Langhien. Mainly fluviatile deposits. Invasion of sea on

Pe Vo nie M. E. 1857. the south, partly marine and brackish de

(Suess. ) posits.

si (Burdigalien, Lapp. Depér. )

TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. 25

European geologists and invertebrate paleontologists are

practically unanimous as to these divisions (DEPERET, ’92). Cer-

tain vertebrate paleontologists, however, still include in the

uppermost Miocene the Pikermi and Eppelsheim beds which

clearly belong in the base of the Pliocene. Faunally (mam-

mals) the Miocene is now divided into upper and lower but it is

apparent that it is capable of division into three life-stages typi-

fied in France as follows :

3. Upper, typified by Grive-St-Alban.

2. MIDDLE, typified by Sazsan and Simorre.

1. Lower, typified by Sadles de 1’ Orléanais.

The separation of these life stages we owe chiefly to Deperet.

Physical Geography.—The Miocene is in general distin-

guished by a relative e/evation of Northern Europe and depression

of Southern Europe ; accompanied by great volcanic eruptions

in central France and Hungary; and ending in the completion

of the great chains of Alps and Himalayas.

1. Langlien. In France the Oligocene Lake Basins were

drained off and replaced by great river valleys, as attested by the

fluviatile deposits or Sadles de l’Orleanais. 2. Helvétien. This

stage has a thickness of 495 metres in the basin of Crest (Fon-

tannes.) ‘The sea invaded the west coast of France up the valley

of the Loire, also upon the south, isolating Spain and extending

up the Rhone Valley, surrounding the northern slope of the Alps

and extending northward to the Mayence Basin, to the east and

south into the Vienna Basin, submerging large parts of Austria

and Italy and converting parts of Europe into an archipelago.

3. Lortonien. A general recession of. the sea accompanied by a

marked increase inthe number of freshwater deposits characterize

this stage. Among these deposits perhaps the most typical or

complete at the present time is that of Grive-St-Alban (Isére),

monographed by Depéret (’92). The lesser part of this fauna is

equivalent to that of Sansan ; the greater part is somewhat newer-

To the southeast, Austria was still partly submerged forming the

Leithakalk or marine summit of the Tortonien in the Vienna Basin.

Climate.—lf we can judge by the very gradual evolution of

the fauna, the physical and biological conditions changed slowly.

26 OSBORN.

The climate was extremely mild, subtropical but becoming more

temperate, with a persistence of Sequoias and Palms (Sabal),

even far north, a gradual increase in the number of deciduous

trees which include a large proportion of North American types,

and a marked increase in the grasses, stimulating the evolution

of deer in the north and antelope in the south, especially towards

the close of the period.

1. Langhien or Burdigalien, Lower Miocene

The Sables de 1’ Orléanais (Paris Basin, max. 20 metres) at

Neuville-aux-Bois, Chevilly, Avaray, Chitenay (Loire-et-Cher),

with a rich typical fauna, consitute the base of the Langhien;

overlying the Aquitanien (Calcaire de Beauce) and underlying

the Marnes de 1’ Orléanats, and the Calcaire-de-Montabuzard,

beds which are parallel with the Sad/es-de-Salogne (40 meters).

The Calcaire-de-Montabusard Nas a mammal fauna which

Douvillé compared with that of Simorre, while the Sad/es de

l’Orléeanais fauna was formerly compared with that of Sansan.

But French paleontologists (GAUDRY, DEPERET, ’92, p. 155)

now consider the Sadles del’ Orleanais fauna somewhat older

than that of Sansan, especially because it contains succes-

sors of certain Upper Oligocene types such as Avachyodus

onoideus, the last of the anthracotheres in Europe, Pal@ochwrus

typus also a survival, and Procervulus or Dicroceras (Deperet,

92, p. 155). On the other hand the Sadles de l’ Orléanais

mark a faunal change from the Oligocene of the sharpest kind

in the presence of the Proboscidia, Dinotherium bavaricum and

Mastodon angustidens, both typically and exclusively Miocene

species, which possibly had recently migrated into Europe from

Africa by means of a favorable land connection. The Sadles de

LOrleanais therefore constitute the typical lower Miocene of

Europe. Freshwater equivalents (DEPERET, 95, p. 397) of

these beds are the Grauen Sitsswasser Molasse (Lausanne) con-

taining a rhinoceros ; Exge/halde (Bern); Rappenfluh (Aarburg).

The Brackische Schichten (Ulm) are transitional; partly calca-

reous deposits near U/m (Eckingen, Eselsberg, Hockheim), con-

tain Anchitherium and a fauna which is partly Oligocene, partly

TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. 27

Miocene (Lepsius, 92, p. 570). Among the marine equiva-

lents (Lepsius, ’92, p. 546) are the Odere Meeres Molasse (Switz.),

Muschelsandstein (Baden). The marine molasse of Le genburg

is a noteworthy parallel as containing A4rachyodus onoideus

(DEPERET, '95, p. 397) and Metaxytherium, a Sirenian. Lriit-

telen (Studer, ’95) also contains this true lower Miocene fauna

including Lrachyodus onoideus (SCHLOSSER, Lit’b., 95, p. 183)

and Hyopotamus helveticus. The marine Cetacean of the period

is Sgualodon barriense.

Of exceptional importance is the presence of a similar fauna

(Amphicyon, Mastodon angustidens, Dinotherium, Anthracother-

zum, Hyotherium and Listriodon), in southwestern India, in the

Bugtt beds of Sind. These beds (BLANForD, ’84, p. 37)

are far below the horizon of the Siwalik (Pliocene) fauna and

contain all the typical older Miocene forms mingled with many

of newer type. We find here especially Hyopotamus giganteus

which Deperet regards as merely distinguished by its greater

size from Lrachyodus onoideus. LYDEKKER (’96, p. 201) and

Blanford both consider the Bugti beds as ‘not improbably of

Upper Miocene Age,” and as indicating a survival in this area of

archaic types which at that time had completely disappeared in

Europe ; the same author refers also to Tetraconodon, a large

elothere, and to H/yopotamus ; associated with the Miocene types

therefore are true Oligocene types. The Bugti Beds are rich in

Proboscidia and taken all together should be considered Lower

and Middle Miocene rather than Upper Miocene.

Especially significant is this community of fauna between

southern Asia and Europe at this time.

The lower, middle and upper Miocene faunas may therefore

be contrasted as follows :

LOWER MIOCENE, MIDDLE MIOCENE. UPPER MIOCENE.

Typ.: Sables de’? Orléanais. Typ... Sansan & Simorre, Typ.: Grive-St.-Alban.

PREV OGINS 55 Sanden sdcnoc tan. aneannendeceee ces Aone a Aaanineew evan enenes fe)

PERGUPCCUITD actus vee, oveas<dwi.opneees tetmcmses Od. hdeenererendees noclas specie fe)

Rhinoceros aurelianensis...R. Sansaniensis,,......R. brachypus ...... <

Peene IMMER UTA AUT CVLAMNCIS Es 5 casas dae slew cals crncc'se’veesaest’ ehceoneeiset see x

RR ATMOLSOIAMIA OAUVATMCUIND iow xkw tvs sansa cncdetoaredguns late davecnabctstvecvaccess x

Mastotlon ancustidens,......ccescasdscivessess Sd eI: einai ah eek achetas x

28 OSBORN.

Macrothenmumrt atte i sctitsohee.comatecse ete DK 1 bsfeloiele scene Aart toectie Vee senate x

PRIN P DU CV OMG es eis ap ones cee sete aee's bib diac Mattias as toye mptceaees Hyzenarctos.

TEA as cite eis oesig tawtetseler aie Wes sind’ )si sls 8 <meta eis secu aa ceare see: Ursavus (Ursus) primzevus.

Pliopithecus (Sansan),,Pliopithecus.

Dryopithecus (St.Gaudens)..Oreopithecus (Mt. Bambolli )

oO = extinct, or not recorded.

<= present; or. recorded:

2. Helvétien, Middle Miocene

Fortunately for the mammalian paleontologist a large fresh

water basin (termed ‘Lac de /’ Armagnac’ by Canu) was formed

in southwestern France. Here were deposited the Cadcaires de

/’ Armagnac (300 metres); in the lower levels are the famous

Calcaires de Sansan, discovered in 1834; these were placed in

the Langhien by LappareEnt (85, p. 1198) but are considered at

the base of the Helvétien by Depéret; the rich Sansan fauna,

containing both large and small animals and many skeletons,

was first made known by Larter (’ 51), and more recently has

been monographed by Fitnot (’91).

Upon a higher level than Sansan, separated by conglomerates

(LapPARENT, 85, p. 118g), are the Cadlcaires de Simorre (origi-

nally compared with the Calcaire de Montabuzard by Douville)

FiLnot (91, p. g) treated the Sansan and Simorre fossils as of

the same age; he did not for example separate R/znoceros sim-

orrensis from RF. sansanicnsis ; the writer finds that the former is

specifically different from the latter and is of slightly more re-

cent type. Simorre is thus geologically on a higher level and

faunally somewhat younger than Sansan although still within

the stage Helvetien, as arranged by Deperet. Parallel with

Simorre is Sat Gaudens (Haute Garonne), according to

Gaudry and Deperet. At the extreme base of the” Helyenen

and therefore parallel with Sansan or the 2d Mediterranean

(Suess, DEPERET, '92, p. 156), are the Leguztes de Styrie or the

Sterermark Braunkohle (Eibiswald, Wies, Goriach, Voitsberg);

the fauna of these outlying lignites of the Mediterranean sea in-

vasion has been fully described by Suess, Peters, Hoernes, Hoff-

man, Toula. Lezding, in Southern Austria, is said to be of the

same age.

TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. 29

The lignites of Monte Bamboli (Tuscany) are placed by Lepsius

in the Langhien; their position is doubtful; they are here

placed in the Tortonien.

3. Tortonien, Upper Miocene

This is the ‘middle miocene’ of Gaudry, Depéret, Gaillard

and others who include Pikermi in the Upper Miocene ; it is

the ‘upper miocene’ of those who place Pikermi in the Plio-

cene.

Grive-Saint-Alban (Isere), explored by JourRDAN between

1845 and 1861, should now be regarded as typical upper mio-

cene. That the mammalian fauna of this stage is distinctly more

recent than that of Sansan and Simorre was maintained by

DeEPERET ('87, p. 22; ‘92, p. clvi) who showed that of 34

species 14 occur in Sansan ; GAILLARD ('99, p. 75) has increased

the faunal list of LaGrive to 63 species and the new types he

records all tend to emphasize the more recent age! of this re-

markably rich and typical fauna; many of the forms, however,

suem as Peis, Ursus, Sus, recorded by. Gaillard are ~ Pliocene

genera, which probably should receive different names.

The best known parallel of Za Grive are the sands of Stezn-

heim, \Wurttemberg, in which upwards of 30 species have been

recorded (fauna, see Lepsius, 92, p. 586); twenty of these spe-

cies are common with those of La Grive. In Bavaria are the

deposits of Gunzburg, Ries (Nordlingen) and Georgensgemind.,

In Switzerland are the Gimzugen beds (Obere susswassermolasse,

Molasse d’eau douce supérieure), famous not only for its fauna

but for its remarkable flora. This flora, as monographed by

Heer, indicates a climate similar to that of Madeira and Japan;

other localities of the upper mo/asse are Elgg and AKapfnach.

In the Paris basin is the Molasse de [ Anjou (DEPERET, 92, p.

155); the Sz. Jean de Bournay ; in the Rhone basin the Cucuron

(Molasse) and Cadrieres (Marnes).

1 Op. cit., ‘* Les nouveaux mammiféres rencontrés a la Grive tendent 4 donner

a la faune de ce gisement une physionomie toute particuliére et 4 la rapprocher

davantage de la faune actuelle.’’

30 OSBORN.

VI. PLIOCENE OF EUROPE

The mammalian faunal base of the Pliocene is defined in its

northern facies by the Eppelsheim beds, in its southern facies by

the very rich Pikermi deposits—the differences being entirely ex-

plainable by climate and latitude. Lepsius, the chief authority

upon the geology of the Mayence Basin, holds (in opposition to

Schlosser) to the unmixed character of the Eppelsheim fauna

and to their unquestionable Pliocene age. The early identifica-

tions of Eppelsheim rhinoceroses, etc., with those of Sansan by

Kaup and others were erroneous ; according to the writer’s re-

cent observations they are very distinct. In both the German and

Greek beds as maintained also by Eymar, Blanford, Lapparent

and Schlosser the Pliocene age is unquestionable.

A new type of horse A/zpparion, with very complex teeth and

apparently a new comer to Europe, is common to both horizons,

so are certain rhinoceroses and Ancylopoda but among the rumi-

nants the hardy deer of Eppelsheim are replaced by antelopes

and giraffes in Pikermi. Thus fortunately the beginning of the

Pliocene is as sharply determinable by its mammalian fauna as

the beginning of the Miocene.

In time and geographical history the Pliocene period extends

between the completion of the Alps and the establishment of

the main coast lines of modern Europe, the last touches to these

lines being given in the Pleistocene and establishing their modern

aspect. Marked throughout by continuous volcanic disturbances

the period included a prolonged land depression in southern

Europe and extensive invasions of the sea as shown in the fol-

lowing table :

A marine phase in Sicily. M - f

Tammalian fauna

4. SICILIEN. Fresh water lacustrine deposits in the ae id

Val d’Arno. Marine, brackish and f{ ° ‘ al ad’ Arno su-

( ARNUSIEN ) lacustrine deposits. perveure.

Recession of the sea from southern

river valleys, followed by fluviatile and Mammalian fauna

3. ASTIEN. : aA ;

lacustrine conditions (Sables jaunes [{ of Rozszl/on.

astiens).

TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. 31

( Maximum marine sudapennine inva- )

sion, long arms of the seaup the Po and Mammalian fauna

Rhone valleys. Mediterranean. ex- | unknown, except that

2. PLAISANCIEN. +4 r be

tends to the East. (Argiles bleues ; of Caszzo at the base

subapennines). Chiefly marine de- | of this stage.

l posits. J

Renewed advance of the sea, brack-

ish and freshwater conditions. Medi- :

Fauna of Pekermz

I. MESSINIEN. terranean bounded by Sardinia on the

and Lppelsheim.,

east; great Caspian seas and lakes be-

yond.

Climate.—Owing to the warm Mediterranean invasion the cli-

mate was mild. DeEprRer, our chief authority ('98, p. 529),

shows that there was no decided change of flora; nevertheless

the period was marked by the very gradual advance of northern

forest types and by the recession of the more delicate southern

types, the palms for example being driven Io degrees further

south. The decisive lowering of temperature came during the

early Pleistocene period. }

1. Messinien, Lower Pliocene

During the first or Messinien stage the fauna of the lake-

bound A*tgean region (Pikerm1), altogether similar to that of

Southern France (Mt. Leberon), indicates abundant if not highly

watered vegetation and extensive grazing pasturages of central

African type. This fauna was widely distributed and highly dis-

tinctive ; the parallels are numerous and well known.

Orient. Pikermi—typical southern fauna.

Samos (Egean Sea), MWaragha (Persia).

France. Mt. Léberon (Vaucluse).

Molasse @ eau douce supérieure du Rhone (higher than beds of same

name in Switzerland).

Cucuron (Couches saumatres). Puy Courny (Cantal)?

Austro- Belvédére Schotter, fluviatile gravels (Pontique, Depéret, ’92. pp.

Hungary. 156, Congeria Beds, Vienna Basin).

Spain. C ncud (Ebre Valley, near Madrid, a very extensive lacustrine for-

mation), ’ A/coz.

Germany. Eppelsheim gravels (4-7 metres), near Darmstadt.

Upper Dinotherium sands, of Augsburg, Neuburg, Delsberg.

Distinctive types of this stage are Plohylobates (Eppelsheim),

Flystriz (Pikermi), Phohyrax (Samos) Hipparion gracile. Acera-

32 OSBORN.

therium tncisivum of Eppelsheim succeeds the A. tetradactylum of

Sansan ; the above are dolichocephalic rhinoceroses, possibly an-

cestral to Elasmotherium ; 2. schletermacheri possibly is a very

large successor of RK. sansaniensis ; R. goldfusst (Eppelsheim), a

successor of R. brachypus of la Grive-Saint-Alban ; 2. blanfordi

(Maragha) also represents the short skulled or brachycephalic

race; FR. pachygnathus is probably an African immigrant. Dzno-

therium giganteum replaces D. bavaricum. So throughout the

Mammalia, besides numerous newly introduced forms, such as

Phohyrax and Orycteropus, there is a marked evolution beyond

the upper Miocene types.

2. Plaisancien, Lower Pliocene

As this is chiefly a marine phase the terrestrial mammalian

fauna is unknown except in the lignites of Caszzo (Tuscany) at

its base; these are equivalent to the Couches saumatres a con-

géries, according to Depéret, and Lapparent. Here are found

Etipparion gracile, Sus erymanthius, Antilope massoni, Tapirus

priscus, Semnopithecus monspessulanus and other lower Pliocene

types. This is the ‘ pliocene inferieure’ of Gaudry, Depéret and

others who have maintained the upper Miocene age of Pikermi.

Upon a somewhat higher level than Casino are the following

marine formations of England in which many cetacean and a few

terrestrial types occur ; the parallels are:

Coralline Crag (Suffolk), marine, containing Mastodon, Rhino-

ceros. Red Crag, inferior or Nodule Beds, Marine, containing

a fauna equivalent to that of the Astien stage in part.

3. Astien, Middle Pliocene

This stage contains the ‘faune pliocéne ancienne’ of Deperet,

or the ‘older pleiocene fauna’ of certain English authors who

have not recognized Pikermi as the typical older Pliocene.

Typical localities are the following :

Rousilion. Sables sillicieux gris (25 metres), fluvio-lacustrine, fauna very

similar to that of Montpelier.

Montpelier infér. Sables jaunes marins (50 metres), described by Gaudry and

representing the Plaisancien faunal stage in part.

TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. 33

Perpignan. Fluviatile.

Meximieux (Ain) tufas, famous for its characteristic Pleistocene flora : Bamboo, Sas-

safras, Magnolia, Laurel.

Sables de Trévoux (Sadne)

DEPERET’S fine memoir upon Rousillon (90, p. 538, 539)

tends to make this locality typical. Characteristic species not

found in Pikermi are 2. leptorhinus, Mastodon arvernensis, Tapi-

rus arvernensis, Ursus arvernensis.

Types with Messinien or Pikermi affinities are //zpparion,

Paleoryx, Hyenarctos, Dolichopithecus. ‘The Asiatic apes are

Dolichopithecus and Semnopithecus. Yhe African antelopes are

Paleoryx cordieri and P. boodon.

4, Sicilien, Upper Pliocene

This embraces the ‘newer pleiocene fauna’ of English au-

thors, the ‘faune pleiocene récente’ of Deperet. A/¢pparion dis-

appears, being replaced by Aguas stenonis ; Rhinocerus etruscus

succeeds R. leptorhinus. Macacus florentinus appears, related to

the living Gibraltar form. The Proboscidia are represented by

the last of the European mastodons, Mastodon arvernensis and

M. borsonit,; Elephas meridionalis, the great southern elephant

and precursor of the mammoth, is found in Italy and the Saone

Valley. This species is absent locally (Depéret) in the Sad/es a

Mastodontes of Puy, Coupet, Vialette. The typical locality is

in the classic valley of the Arno in Italy, the so-called Val

@’ Arno supérieure ; its richness contrasts with the general poverty

of Italy in middle and lower Pliocene types.

Italy. Olivola, a little higher than Val. d’Arno. Summit of Pliocene.

Val ad’ Arno supér. Thick fluvio-lacustrine beds (60 metres). Fauna

fully listed by Stefani.

Astésan, Villafranca (San Paola), Tossano.

France. Satnzelles (Puy) a little higher than Perrier.

Perrier (Issoire) fluviatile gravels.

Montpellier supér. (Rhone), fluvio-lacustrine.

Coupet supér., volcanic deposits.

Vialette (Haute Loire, near Puy).

Chagny (Saéne) fluviatile clays and sands.

Sables &@ Mastodontes du Puy.

England. Red Crag (Suffolk) Marine.

Norwich Crag (Norfolk) Fluvio-marine.

ANNALS N. Y. Acapb. Sci., XIII, July 19, 1900—3

o4 OSBORN.

This arrangement is mainly upon the authority of Depéret.

It is important to note that Boule, another eminent French

authority, differs in the arrangement of the Pliocene in particu-

lars which will be discussed later.

To the north, in the Red and Norwich Crags of England, are

said to appear the earliest arctic types of shells, the prophets of

the glacial period. Also here (Norwich Crag) occurs the

earliest giant beaver 7rogontherium minus. The roe and stag

deer become varied in southern France.

VII. PLEISTOCENE

In the Pleistocene period the fullness of European, investiga-

tion is in strongest contrast with the indecisive results of Ameri-

can work and in no other period can we anticipate more weighty

inductions from Holarctic correlation. The period is distin-

guished as the Ice Age and by the first recorded traces of man

in beds which have been claimed as Tertiary but are properly

Quarternary.

The Pleistocene history of Europe is still in a formative stage

but it is absolutely evident that a final and positive time scale

and subdivision of the early Age of Man is not far distant and

that the vast labors of European geologists, botanists, zoologists,

paleontologists and anthropologists will be rewarded with a

harmonious theory of all the phenomena of the Pleistocene.

Combined attack by geological and biological methods has

nowhere produced more brilliant results. The unaided testi-

mony of the rocks and soils fails to tell us of the successive ad-

vances and retreats of the ice but where, owing to the oblitera-

tion of surface deposits, geology is in confusion, plant and animal

life serves both biology and meteorology like a vast thermome-

ter actually recording within a few degrees the repeated rise and

fall of temperature. This record consists of the invading and

retreating life waves of river, forest, field, barren ground,

steppe, tundre and arctic types with increasing cold, or the re-

versed order with diminishing cold, in the same localities or geo-

graphical areas. There seems to be sufficient evidence for a

subdivision of the Pleistocene as shown in the Table below.

TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS.

Upper PLEISTOCENE: Post Glacial.

MIpDLE PLEISTOCENE : Glacial.

Lower PLEISTOCENE: Preglacial.

Briefly, the glacial story presented in the second column of

our Table is as follows: (1) The preglacial stage presents a

mingling of south temperate, temperate and northern forms.

(2) The long first glacial advance was followed (PoHLIG) by the

Rixdorf stage, intermorainal, colder than the succeeding Mos-

bach and Thuringian stages which have a more temperate facies

in the recurrence of some of the Forest Bed fauna. (3) The

faunal evidence for a colder mid-glacial period is conclusive ; the

evidence for a second or mid-glacial advance, between the first

and last great glacial stages, is mainly biological, that is sub-

arctic are followed by more temperate life forms, as we gather

largely from studies of the rodent fauna by NEHRING, STUDER

and others. The hypothesis of three distinct glacial advances

and of two interglacial retreats rests therefore upon a combina-

tion of geological and biological evidence which is not as yet

conclusive. We shall consider it more fully after discussing the

fauna. It is supported geologically by observations of Penck

and Bohm in the Bavarian Alps. Upon this theory the Pleisto-

cene history with its fluctuations of temperature is epitomized in

the following Table. This Table is an attempt to combine the

chief results of the masterly work of DAWKINs, POHLIG, BOULE,

NEHRING, STUDER, WOLDRICH, SCHLOSSER, and others. None

of these authors has treated the whole period; yet there is an

evident harmony and synthetic trend in their work.

Deposits.—Geologically we have to do with the characteristic

glacial deposits, boulders, boulder clay or drift, gravels and till.

The origin of the fine calcareous loam termed ‘ Loess’’ distin-

guishing the upper middle Pleistocene is still under debate ; it is

partly glacial mud; partly suberial, it is also subsequent to the

second glacial stage, and in part postglacial. We find also the

river deposits of the lower and mid-Pleistocene (Forest Bed,

and Mosbach) as well as of all higher divisions. The mid-Pleis-

tocene was distinguished by volcanic disturbance, as attested in

Thuringia by the volcanic travertines and tufas. There are also

OSBORN.

PARTLY THEORETICAL DIVISIONS OF EUROPEAN PLEISTOCENE, AFTER

PoHLic, DEPERET, NEHRING AND OTHERS

III.

II. i oes IVE | Vi

| rc berte ees |

| | 4 GB 'S)

F | : Ch teristic As i ;

Main Stages. | Partly Theoretical | Groloeatt (rae tsa Satara pis | Human Remains and ~

_ Relations of Glacial Deposits. | Bees ce@eain Sacccesl Characteristic

| Oscillations. ays =! : | Mammals.

| | Ay 3 (oj

| 6 BR

Neolithic implements. | Prehistoric Stage. Forest and Lake

| J Recession of Gla- | Humus, | N. temperate. Dwellers.

Upper PLEISTOCENE. | CHESS |Lake Terraces. | Forest, Upland, River Recently exterminated

Post-Glacial or Alluvial.

(Moustiéren

type.)

Paleolithic implements.

MIpDDLE PLEISTOCENE. |

Glacial or Diluvial.

(Cheléen Human type.) |

LoweER PLEISTOCENE.

Preglacial or Transi-

Human |

SS eee SS SS Se

tional to Pliocene.

3d Glacial,

ed Interglacial.

2d Glacial.

, 1st Intergla-

cial.

Interglacial.

1st Glacial.

Advance of

Glaciers.

Post-Glac. Loss.

| Loss, Valley

Gravels,

| Cave Clays,

| Diluvium,

Sands.

}

Fluviatile,

| River Sands,

and Gravels,

| Gravels,

Conglomerates,

Sands.

}

| Boulders,

Erratics, Clays,|

Drifts, Sea-ter-|

‘races, Moraines.

| Estuarine and

Fluviatile, Marls

,and Sands.

}

and Field Fauna. types.

Elephasprimigenius | ae Hyena, Ue

| stage. spelazus, Cyon alpinus,

q |Capra_ibex, Ovibos,

ny pede aig aE Fok Rangifer, Bison priscus,

7 Wleppe ane PF Orest | Hquric.: Re tichormimias

fie pede ee _ Elasmotherium, Elephas

Fauna, Yellow Culture | Ee ee ee

Layer; Lower Rodent Neanderthal and

| Subarctic Tundre Fauna.

'Elephas trogontherii|

| Spy, human types.

Steppe and Cave

Dwellers.

Tundre Fauna.

| Rurnoceros Mercxi. |Oldest human re-

Elephas antiquus Mains known, Mo-

stage. | lar teeth (Nehring).

N. Temperate Thurin- | Saiga prisca, Alces

gian tufa Taubach Machlis, Capreolus,_Lem-

| (Weimar). : | mus, Alactaga saliens,

Lepus, Elephas antiquus,

E. primigenius, Rhinoc-

| eros merckii.

Felis spelza, F. lynx,

stage. | Bison, Sus scrofa, Cer-

( Temperate. vus elaphus, Equus ca-

~ B. Mosbach Sands ballus, Rangifer, Hippo-

( (Lower Terraces). potamus, Arctomys.

A. Rixdorf Beds, |

Subarctic.

Megaceros, Ovibos, R.

l (Higher Terraces. )

tichorhinus, R. merckii,

Elephas trogontherii.

Arctic. Fauna unknown.

Elephas meridion-

alis stage.

Forest Beds (Norfolk).

Earliest palzoliths.

Macherodus, Hyzna

spelza, Ursus spelzus,

St. Prest. Lutra, Ovibus, Hippo-

Durfort. potamus, Bos primige-

Malbattu (Auvergne nius, Equus _ stenonis,

Puy-de-Déme). Rhinoceros etruscus,

Chalon - St. - Cosme | RJephas meridionalis, E.

(Bresse). antiquus, ‘Trogontheri-

um.

lake and sea-beach deposits constituting the lacustrine and ma-

rine terraces.

The very characteristic cave deposits, breccias

and earths belong to the upper mid-Pleistocene. Then there are

TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. we

the younger river alluvia, lake bottoms, aeolian sands, peats and

mosses.

Geographic Changes.—The beginning of the Pleistocene is

remarkable for its broad land connections and it represents the

last stage of that community of fauna which during the Pliocene

distinguished the entire region of Europe, Asia and Africa. The

mid-Pleistocene period in Europe is mainly one of continental

depression ; (1) at the climax of the first glacial advance exten-

sive portions of northern Europe were submerged beneath the

sea; (2) at the close of the first interglacial or temperate period

(Elephas antiquus stage) occurred the volcanic disturbances in

Central Europe and the hot spring formations of Thuringia

(Taubach, Weimar); at this time a// the old continental connec-

tions characteristic of the Tertiary and serving as land bridges for

ree Hlolarctic, Oriental and Ethiopian migration began to break

up im the following manner: during the early mid-Pleisto-

cene or Llephas antiquus stage (PoHLIG) the English Channel

broke through the long preéxisting land-bridge between Eng-

land and France; Great Britain was faunally isolated; simi-

larly the Irish Channel was depressed and Ireland lost its

land connection with Wales in the early Pleistocene and with

Scotland in the newer Pleistocene.’ In the Mediterranean

region, also, at the close of the first interglacial period (Pohlig)

the land bridge across Gibraltar, also that between Italy, Sicily

and Africa was broken; Malta? was isolated as an Island and

the great Elephas antiquus dwindled into the small insular type

E. melitensis. To the eastward the Mediterranean extended into

the A®gean plateau, which had previously been terra firma, and

the A“gean sea cut off the land connection between Greece and

Asia Minor. It is important to note as observed by Wallace

and Lydekker, that the arid and desert land connection still ex-

isting between Europe and Africa at the Isthmus of Suez consti-

tutes practically a faunal barrier as impassable for most mam-

1 According to Scharff, Ireland has yielded only ten Pleistocene species, includ-

ing the Northern Zefus variabilis and Reindeer and the great Megazeros hibernie,

which is found in the post-glacial peat moors.

? Malta shows evidences of two periods of elevation and depression. See POHLIG,

also Leith Adams, ‘‘ The Nile Valley and Malta,’’ London, 1870.

38 OSBORN.

mals as water. The Sahara desert although elevated during the

Tertiary was another faunal barrier and northern Africa was

zoologically a part of Europe. In the far northeast the Behring

Straits were formed and after a complete community of arctic,

boreal and north temperate faunas had been established, the

Nearctic region or North America was completely isolated from

the Palearctic or Europe and Asia. (See Fig. III.)

Stratigraphy.—Faunally the strata record is far less exact

than in the preceding Tertiary periods owing to the wide spread

removal of easily eroded materials. Yet definite stratigraphic

succession occurs in many places and upon the whole the faunal

succession as shown in column V of the Table, p. 36, is as fully

and definitely known as in any previous division of the Tertiary.

In the sands of St. Acheul, near Paris, Alephas antiquus occurs

at 7 metres, Hippopotamus amphibius at or below 5 metres,

Elephas primigenius never below 3 metres. The most exact

stratigraphic records are those of the caves near Schaffhausen

for example; here a general succession of types is positively

ascertained.

1. Preglacial, Klephas meridionalis Period

The typical preglacial deposits are the Forest Beds of Nor-

folk. The weight of opinion and of fact is all upon the side of

considering these beds as Pleistocene. DEPERET (’93, p. 538),

is strongly of opinion that they are transitional between Pliocene

and Pleistocene with prevailing affinities on the latter side. He

places with them as of the same age Sz. Prest (Eure et Loire),

Durfort (Gard) where a magnificent skeleton of A/ephas merid-

zonalis Was obtained for the Paris Museum; MWalbattu, Peyrolles

(Auvergne, Puy-de-Dome).

From the list given by Dawkins (’80, ’94), ScHLOossER and

other writers the Preglacial period is found to contain :

12 Pliocene species ;

32 Pleistocene species and races, now extinct ;

17 Living species, of which 7 are Insectivora and I

Cheiroptera.

TERTIARY MAMMAIL HORIZONS. 39

Some of the determinations are questionable. Pohlig states

that the true Cervus megaceros hibernie is post-glacial, the pre-

glacial type being more primitive ; also that the straight tusked

Elephas antiquus first appears in the north in the Mosbach in-

terglacial bed ; elsewhere he refers to itas occurring in the south

of France (St. Prest) preglacial beds.

The remarkable feature of this faunais the mixture of African

and North Asiatic forms. The great Elephas meridionalis, a

precursor of the Mammoth, is the most characteristic type.

The first traces of man in the palzeolithic flints of the Cheleen

type occur upon this level.

The climate, judging by the flora and Conchylien fauna, was

somewhat cooler than that of the Upper Pliocene. The first

arctic flora in England is ina layer which separates the forest

Led from the glacial Boulder Clays.

2. Glacial and Interglacial, or Mid-Pleistocene

a. Lower Mid-Fletstocene. Farst Interglacial Period (Llephas

trogontheri) Lower Stage, Pohlig.

In climate the early part of this period, immediately during

and succeeding the first ice advance, was very extreme. None

of the first ice advance fauna is known unless we except Elephas

(primigenius) trogontheri or intermedius and Cervus elaphus,

the latter being doubtfully recorded from the Boulder Clay of

England. Here we find the first arctic and sub-arctic types in

central Europe. Geologically, these post-glacial deposits consist

(Rixdorf Beds) of gravels, conglomerates and sands, constituting

(Pohlig) the highest post-glacial terraces, or Higher Terraces.

It is marked by the first appearance of Elephas trogontherit,

Rhinoceros mercku, R. tichorhinus, and the following species of

northern type : Ovibos moschatus, Cervus (Megaceros) germania.

Among the new forms we note the megarhine rhinoceros, RX.

mercki, as most distinctive. The mammoth Lephas (primt-

genius) trogontheriit succeeded the Elephas meridionalis of the

preglacial beds.

40 OSBORN.

b. Lower Mid-Pleistocene. First Interglactal Period (klephas

trogontherit) Middle Stage, Pohlig.

This stage marks the recurrence of a more temperate climate,

first observed by Lyell and Evans in England and abundantly

known in Germany and France. Two only of the characteris-

tic Pliocene species recur, Hippopotamus amphibius, and Elephas

antiguus. These alone have been universally cited as evidence

of a south temperate climate but the more numerous northern

types still living which are found in this stage constitute still

stronger proofs of a xorth temperate climate.

Geologically the deposits are of fluviatile origin, consisting of

river sands and gravels containing Azppopotamus, Rhinoceros

mercku and Elephas trogontheru. Trogonthertum cuviert makes

its last appearance here.

Geographically the southern continental depression has not

begun and the Lower Pleistocene land bridges persisted.

Parallel fauna are those of Essex (Ilford, Grays Thurrock,

Clacton) and Kent (Erith and Crayford) fully listed by Dawkins

(80, p. 397; 94, p. 243) and Woodward (’83). In Germany

the typical fauna is that of Mosbach (Lepsius, ’92, p. 652).

The Mosbach and Essex faune give the following results :

4 Pliocene species, (including two living types) ;

7 Pleistocene species, now extinct ;

16 Living species (including 2 Pliocene species).

The characteristic Pleistocene species which are first recorded

in Mosbach are Cervus megaceros, Cervus (Alces) latifrons, C.

elaphus typus, C. Capreolus typus, Felis spelea, Ursus speleus,

Bos taurus, Bison priscus ; in Essex, Cervus (Megaceros) de/-

grand, Hyena spelea. Among the living species recorded for

the first time or making their first appearance at this stage are

Rangifer tarandus, Sus scrofa, Equus caballus, Felis lynx, Meles

taxus, Arctomys marmotta. ‘The Essex Fauna is fuller but al-

though of more southern latitude is not of more southern type,

including the northern and north temperate forms Fels catus,

Canis (Vulpes) alopex, Canis lupus,’Ursus ferox, Ursus arctos,

Lutra lutra.

TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. 41

c. Mid-Pleistocene. Elephas antiquus stage, First [nterglacial

Period Upper Stage, Pohlig.

According to Pohlig the Mid-Pleistocene proper, or succeed-

ing stage, was characterized by volcanic disturbances in central

Europe and by the deposition of gypsum and tufas. Probably

these earth movements were connected with the marked geo-

graphical changes brought about by wide-spread depression of

the continental borders and isolation, which the same author

assigns to this period. The fauna, typically represented in the

Thuringian tufas, indicates a cooler or north temperate climate.

Elephas antiquus is very abundant, making its last appearance

north of Italy. The typical locality is the Thuringian Tufa in

which Pohlig records 61 species. Parallel with this is the Tau-

bach Weimar fauna.

In 1895, NEHRING (’95, p. 369) reported from this level what

he regarded as the oldest human remains thus far found in Eu-

rope, consisting of two very large molar teeth resembling in

some respects those of the chimpanzee ; this he considered of

Cheléen type. In the same year Newton described a human

skeleton of Esquimaux type in the still older ‘higher terraces’ or

Hippopotamus level; the antiquity of this skeleton is, however,

rendered somewhat doubtful by the fact that the skull is of much

newer type than those of Neanderthal and Spy, and the evi-

dence for its extreme palzolithic age is not considered absolutely

conclusive.

In this fauna Hippopotamus no longer appears—an indication

perhaps of a decidedly colder climate. lephas antiquus how-

ever persists and is most abundant. Among the other charac-

teristic Pleistocene forms are Afznoceros mercku which disap-

pears soon after this stage; F. primigenius typus,; Cervus

gastaldi, The faunal list is provisionally analysed as follows :

3 Pliocene species still living (Castor, Hyzna, Arvicola) ;

7 Pleistocene species, now extinct ;

23 Living species (including living pleistocene Northern

types).

The number of recorded living species increases, there being

42 OSBORN.

a marked increase especially in the number of reindeer. The

most important new living types are: the steppe antelope Sazga

prisca (tartarica), the moose Alces machis, the lemming, JZyodes

lemmus, the Siberian jerboa Alactaga saliens, Hystrix, Lepus

timidus. Yhese constitute a distinct invasion of north Asiatic

forms into the southern steppes.

THEORY OF A MID or SECOND GLACIAL ADVANCE

In all the preceding summary a certain faunal succession is

noted consisting chiefly of elimination of southern types and in-

troduction of northern.

Wo-pricH ('96) maintains that all the loess and cave types

are of postglacial age—the tundre and steppe types alone rep-

resenting the last great glacial advance—after which came the

meadow or field (Weide-fauna) and the forest fauna (Wald-

fauna); he considers the alleged ice periods as mere local

oscillations.

The possibility must also be freely admitted, as discussed by

BuLMAN (98, p. 261), of the existence of south temperate types

remote from the Ice Sheet; we find, for example, in southern

Alaska, a very mild climate in proximity to great glaciers ;

similar conditions may have existed in southwestern Ireland and

southern Europe.

Other authors such as Boule, have maintained the glacial age

of the Tundre and Steppe fauna and the post-glacial age of the

Forest fauna. If they are correct the theory of an interglacial

or second glacial advance would lose its strongest support. It is

evident, however, that such a succession of faunas might recur

more than once. Nehring has observed in different localities

(Westeregeln, Thiede), the wxguestionable interglacial age of the

steppe fauna and he considers Schweizerbild as interglacial.

a. Upper Mid-Pleistocene. Elephas primigenius Stage, Pohlig

As we enter the next succeeding life stage, namely; the

Loess and Cave Fauna of Central Europe, the stage ot Alephas

primigenius, Rhinoceros antiquitatis or tichorhinus and Rangifer

tarandus we note the decline of Rkznoceros mercku and the ab-

TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. 43

sence of Llephas antiquus in geological deposits which are

chiefly diluvial valley gravels and sand clays. These facts alone

indicate a prolonged colder period, @ northern or boreal

climate. The fauna presents a great variety adapted to different

degrees of temperature but decidedly of northern type. Other

facts indicate that this colder period was initiated by a distinct

second advance of the ice followed by a gradual recession,

namely the occurrence of arctic and subarctic types succeeded

by north temperate types, in a number of localities, typically

near Schaffhausen (Schweizerbild, STEmnMANN, ’93, p. 117)

(Franken, ScHLossER, 95, p. 211).

These successive northern faunas in single localities are typi-

cally as follows: 7

1. TUNDRE FAUNA. 2. STEPPE FAUNA.

(frozen subsoil, arctic and subarctic. )

Myodes torquatus, Alactaga,

gL obensis, Spermophilus,

Lepus glacialis, Lagomys pusillus,

Rangifer tarandus, Arvicola,

Ovibos moschatus, Cricetus pheeus,

Lagopus mutus, Equus,

=> Mall pass Antilope saiga.

The prevailing types of this stage are the typical Alephas pri-

migenius which succeeded Llephas trogontheri, Rhinoceros ticho-

rlinus and Rangifer tarandus. The reindeer, first the barren

ground then the woodland variety, increased rapidly in number

during this period and constitute its most distinctive form ; hence

this is known as the Reindeer period.

It includes the most remarkable diversity of life of Asiatic

both Siberian and Oriental, and of African origin. The persist-

ence of the following southern forms: Fels (leo) spelea: Felis

pardus, Hyena (crocuta) spelea, Equus caballus, Equus (asinus)

hemiones, Rhinoceros tichorhinus (with affinities to R. seus),

Llephas primigenius. All these types, excepting possibly the

Mammoth, now inhabit warm, dry, semi-arid regions. There is

therefore an. Ethiopian and Oriental fauna, in certain localities

succeeding a steppe and tundre fauna. At no period either be-

fore or since was Europe so thoroughly cosmopolitan, a fact

44 OSBORN.

which has not been sufficiently emphasized previously. The

climate was cold and relatively dry.

The close of this period is also the close of the Paleolithic

human period which after a long interval was succeeded by the

Neolithic period.

3. Upper Pleistocene, Postglacial

As above observed there is a difference of opinion as to the

interglacial or postglacial age of the loess. All the North Si-

berian, Oriental and African types gradually disappear, the

modern European forest and field fauna alone survives. There

is some evidence that both the mammoth and reindeer lived for

a time in this period, the latter being now confined to more

northern Europe. The Irish deer, VWegaceros hibernie, the

reindeer, the .bovide Sos taurus, Bos longifrons, Bos brachy-

ceros, are the characteristic ruminants. <Alccs palmatus is a post-

glacial Russian moose. The horse, 4. caballus, of larger and

smaller varieties is now domesticated and used for food. The

carnivora, rodentia and insectivora are all of modern type.

The detailed comparison of the Pleistocene of Europe, America,

and Asia is still under way, and very important results may be

expected from it. It will be equally serviceable to American

anthropologists and paleontologists, for our own Pleistocene is

far from being understood. The stages represented by our horse

or Lguus Beds, which are usually considered Lower Pleistocene,

as well as of the Megalonyx and Cave Fauna of the East re-

main to be exactly fixed. Interest in this problem is greatly

enhanced by the fact that we may at any moment discover the

remains of man or of his ancestors associated with /guwus and

positively demonstrate the existence of man upon this continent

at a period contemporaneous with the first proofs of his appear-

ance in Europe in the existence of preglacial palzolithic flints. .

TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. 45

foe isi ARAUNAL REECATIONS OF EUROPE AND

PVE RIGA TOURING THE TERTIARY PERIOD

Nh BOKRY “OR THE SUCCESSIVE

INVASIONS “OF VAN? AP RICAN

PAN INTO “BU ROPE

In an address before the Academy last year the various steps

which have been taken to secure correlation were described.

The work proves to be a very difficult one and is by no means

complete. The kind co-operation of the leading palzontologists

of Europe was enlisted and as a result an approximate correla-

tion sheet was prepared. This was virtually a report of progress

in this investigation, main emphasis being laid upon geological

succession. In continuing the subject this year, main emphasis

will be laid upon faunal succession or the distribution of the

different orders and families of mammals, concluding with the

latest views as to the succession of life during the Pleistocene

period in Europe.’

I. STRATIGRAPHICAL CORRELATION : PRELIMINARY

LYELL’S SYSTEM. Approximate

American Parallels.

UPPER. Post Glacial

PLEISTOCENE. MIDDLE. Glacial & Interglacial

LOWER. PREGLACIAL 2? EQUUS BEDS

ae Beri Se ergs ae a

PLIOCENE. MIDDLE. J ae

(PLAISANCIEN

LOWER. MESSINIEN Upper Loup‘Fork

(UPPER. TORTONIEN | LOUP FORK

MIOCENE. MIDDLE. HELVETIEN Lower Loup Fork

LOWER. LANGHIEN Upper oun Day

1 This portion of the second address is placed in its proper order above after

Pliocene.

46 OSBORN.

UPPER. AQUITANIEN Lower John Day

(Diceratherium Layer)

OLIGOCENE. (STAMPIEN

< WHITE RIVER

LOWER. (INFRA TONGRIEN

UPPER. LIGURIEN BRIDGER & UINTA

( BARTONIEN LOWER BRIDGER

MIDDLE.

| LUTETIEN WIND RIVER

EOCENE. LOWER. SUESSONIEN WASATCH

THANETIEN TORREJON

BASAL

MONTIEN PUERCO

Preliminary Correlation Table of European and American Tertiary Horizons.

On all the levels above the Stampien the parallels are imperfectly established.

The preliminary correlation sheet abbreviated in this table sets

forth the results of the geological succession and correlation so

far as it has been carried at present and illustrates the rapid prog-

ress of the knowledge of our own horizons. It includes the

latest results of the American Museum explorations in the Miocene

of Colorado and Kansas, as roughly studied by MATTHEw, but

these correlations are not to be understood as final. Scorr has al-

ready transferred our John Day of Oregon, from the Miocene,

where it was formerly placed, to the Upper Oligocene. The lower

part at least of these beds belongs in the Oligocene, while the

Upper John Day may prove to correspond with the Lower

Miocene of Europe. Our Pliocene record as compared with

the magnificent Pliocene of Europe is extremely meagre, and

our Miocene succession rich as it is, is not as fully understood

as the Miocene of France; we look for more exact results

from the American Museum explorations which are now being

collated. It is only when we pass into the great time period

from the Oligocene downwards that the American record be-

comes a superbly complete time standard for the whole Northern

Hemisphere or Holarctic Region.

II. TERTIARY GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION

The importance of Geographical distribution was first recog-

nized by HumBoLprt, and set forth by Darwin in the ‘ Origin of

Species, in 1858. In the same year SCLATER divided the world

TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. 47

into six great regions and into eastern and western divisions or

Paleaogea and Neogza, to embrace the Old and New Worlds

respectively, a division which has proved to be illogical.

This led Darwin’s distinguished colleague, ALFRED WALLACE,

to his great work upon the ‘Geographical Distribution of

Animals’ and the division of the world into life regions ; in

which Sclater’s scheme was adopted and developed.' In 1868

Huxley divided the world into a northern division, Arctogea,

and a southern division Notogzea to include the Northern and

Southern Hemispheres respectively ; this division was a little

nearer the truth than Sclater’s. Between 1868 and _ 1890,

ScCLATER, ALLEN, NEWTON and BLANFoRD, working upon living

birds and mammals, continued this investigation, but it remained

_for BLANFORD, in 18g0, to prove that the world zoologically

should be divided into three great divisions; an Australian, a

South American and a third region, Arctogzea, comprising North

America, Europe, Asia and Africa.’

Now it is clear that exactly as our understanding of the re-

lations of living animals and plants to each other depends upon

their fossil ancestors or upon their paleontology, so the final test of

a scheme of zoological distribution must be a palzeontological test.

The animals of various families and orders have either originated in

or migrated into their present habitat in past time, so that the

geological record as to their order of appearance becomes of

first importance. Here again the necessity of an absolutely re-

fable correlation time scale such as we are now establishing be-

comes evident, for the very first step toward an exact solution of

the problem of past migration is to establish, as far as possible,

the faunal parallels upon different continents; we can then de-

termine where certain types of animals first appeared, and dis-

tinguish between the autocthonous endemic or native types and

the migrant or new types.

1 The history of opinion upon this subject is’ fully set forth by LYDEKKER’S val-

uable work the ‘‘ Geographical Distribution of Mammals,’’ published in 1896.

2 Dr. Theodore Gill has kindly called attention (Sczezce, June 8, 1900) to my

oversight of an important paper of his (‘*On the Geographical Distribution of

Fishes,’ Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1875, pp. 251-255). He unites South America,

Australia and Africa into a single division EoGA, in contrast with C&NOG&A,

which includes North America, Eurasia and India.

48 OSBORN.

This then ts our problem, to connect living distribution with dais-

tribution in past time and to propose a system which will be in

harmony with both sets of facts.

The tests of synchronism between European and American

depositions are four-fold: /7rs¢, the presence of a number of

identical or closely allied genera and species. Second, similarity

in the steps of evolution in related animals. 7yzrd, the pre-

dominance and spread of certain animals, as of the odd-toed

Ungulates in the middle Eocene and of the even-toed Ungulates

in the Upper. Eocene. fourth, the sudden appearance of new

types which have apparently originated elsewhere and have en-

joyed an extensive migration, so that they appear simultaneously

in different regions of the earth. An instance of this kind is

afforded by the unheralded appearance of new types in the base

of the Oligocene (Rhinoceroses) and of the Miocene (Probos-

cidia) in Europe and America. (See Part I, pp. 22 and 26.)

Unfortunately there is still no agreement among zoologists as

to the faunal geographical divisions. LyDEKKER well versed in

both paleontology and zoology, has for the first time brought

together both classes of evidence in his recent valuable work

upon the ‘Geographical Distribution of Mammals,” he shows

conclusively that zoo-paleontology favors the division of the

world into three great realms as proposed by BLANFORD ; to these

may be applied the terms ArcroGc#A, NoroG#®A and NEoG#A,

as proposed anonymously (SCLATER) in 1893.’ (Fig. 1.)

Geographically, these realms are connected by low lying por-

tions of the earth, which, during long periods of submergence

beneath the sea, have completely isolated them. At the same

time we are forced to conclude that there were shorter intervals

of elevation or land continuity at various times during the Ter-

tiary period.

Now it is a well-known principle of zoological evolution that

an isolated region, if large and sufficiently varied in its topog-

raphy, soil, climate and vegetation, will give rise to a diversified

1In areview of papers by Merriam and Allen (The Nearctic Region and its

Mammals, Watural Srience, 1893, p. 289), P. L. Sclater observes ‘‘ Thus we have a

very obvious threefold division of the earth’s surface, taking mammals as our text,

into what may be called Wotogaea, Neogaea, and Arctogaea.”’

TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. 49

fauna according to the Jaw of adaptive radiation’ from primi-

tive and central types. Branches will spring off in all directions

to take advantage of every possible opportunity of securing food.

The modifications which animals undergo in this adaptive radi-

Eat.

EURASIATIC NORTH TEMPERATE, NORTH AMERICAN

- (Palaearctic) (Holargetiic) (Nearctic)

LBD >" INDO-MALAYAN

(Oriental)

AFRICAN\,

(Ethiopian)

ANTAR of Cc

Fic. I.—Division of the World into three Realms and nine main Geographical

Regions. The continental platform is raised to the 200 metre line showing the

main Tertiary land connections.

ation are largely of mechanical nature, they are limited in num-

ber and kind by hereditary, stirp or germinal influences, and

thus result in the independent evolution of similar types in

widely separated regions under the /aw of parallelism or homo-

plasy.

Adaptive Radiation of Orders and Families

This law causes the independent origin not only of similar

genera but of similar families and even of similar orders,

Nature thus repeats herself upon a vast scale, but the similarity

is never complete and exact. When migrations are favored by

over-population or geographical changes, a new and severe test

of fitness arises by the mingling and competition of the parallel

types.

1 So termed by the writer (OSBORN, ’93 and ’99),

ANNALS N, Y. Acapb. Sci., XIII, July 19, 1900-4.

50 OSBORN.

Under the operation of these laws a most interesting general-

ization or hypothesis can be made as to the three realms: geo-

graphical isolation has been so continuous and prolonged that

great orders of mammals have been evolved (Fig. III) in each.

Thus Arctogea, containing the broadest and most highly diversi-

fied land area, appears hypothetically as the center in which

fourteen primitive and specialized orders radiated from each other.

In the southern portion of eog@a at least four orders sprang

from primitive members of the above orders, and the Hystri-

comorph rodents enjoyed their chief radiation. In Votog@a two

orders were cut off by the sea; one of them a rapidly declining

type, the Monotremes, the other, the Marsupials, enjoying a very

highly diversified radiation. This hypothesis is expressed in

Fig. III. Two other orders of mammals, the Sirenia (prob-

ably a branch of the hoofed tribe) took the rivers and coasts of

America, Europe and probably Africa as their radiating center,

while the Cetacea occupied the fourth or oceanic realm.

We mean to express by this hypothesis that REALMS were the

main centers of adaptive radiation of orders of mammals, but by

no means the exclusive areas of distribution, for during the

periods of land contact certain members of these orders found

their way into adjacent realms. Each realm, therefore, contains

its pure autocthonous types and its migrant or derived types.

Reacions, on the other hand, may be distinguished from realms

as geographical and zoological areas, which have been isolated

from each other for shorter periods, either by climatic barriers,

as in the case of the Arctic or circumpolar region or by great

physical barriers, such as masses of water and of desert sands.

In certain cases these regions, such as Africa, appear to have

been so large, distinct and isolated as to have become important

centers of the radiation of certain orders of mammals and almost

attain the rank of realms, but regions in general are chiefly and

permanently distinguished by the adaptive radiation of families

of mammals.

Arctogea may thus be still divided on the old lines into five

or six regions, the Arctic or Circumpolar; the £¢hzopran or

African, south of the Sahara; the /zdo-Malayan or Oriental, in-

TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. 5]

cluding southern Asia and the Malayan islands; the J/a/agasy,

including Madagascar; the earctic and the Palearctic. ‘There

is no question, as suggested by Professor Newton in his term

“ Holarctic,” and by Professor Allen in 1892, in his term “‘ North

temperate,”’ that the North American (Nearctic) and Eurasiatic

(Palearctic) regions are now so closely similar that they might be

united into one. When, however, the zoological or existing char-

acteristics of these regions are put to a paleontological test it is

found necessary to separate them, because throughout the Ter-

tiary period North America and Eurasia were so remote that, to a

certain extent, they constituted centers, not only of independent

family, but to a limited degree of ordinal radiation. At the same

time they were unified, both by frequent intermigrations and by

a simultaneous evolution of allied animals.

The Continent Antarctica

We now come to one of the greatest triumphs of recent bi-

ological investigation, namely, the concurrence of botanical,

zoological and paleontological testimony in the reconstruction of

a great southern continent to which the name Antarctica has been

given. Following BLANForD (90), Forbes (93) made the first

strong plea for this continent. The flood of evidence for the Ant-

arctica theory has now become so strong that only a few details

can be mentioned: Forses (’93) and Mi_ne-Epwarps from

the consideration of the birds; BrppARD from the study of

worms and other invertebrates ; Moore from the study of the

flora of South Africa; SPENCER from the study of the fauna

of Australia; AMEGHINO, HATCHER and OrTMANN from studies

and collections of vertebrate and invertebrate fossils in Pata-

gonia not yet fully published ; Moreno, from the discovery of

Miolania, an Australian fossil reptile recently found in South

America ; from these and many other sources has been brought

fourth the body of testimony which draws us almost irresist-

ibly' to the conclusion that there was an antarctic continent

at various times connecting South America, South Africa, Aus-

'After discussing the evidence with great fairness LYDEKKER (’96), takes a

more conservative position.

52 OSBORN.

tralia and New Zealand. Such a connection strengthens

the conception announced by HuvxLery in 1868, that the

zoological regions were mainly upon lines of latitude, rather

than as suggested by the present configuration of the earth,

upon lines of longitude. With the theoretical elevation of this

submerged continent (Fig. II), which may be called the “ Ant-

Mites —

—— Coast line

— 3504 Meterline

aun 3040 Meter line

re a

, ™s

Fic, II.—Restoration of Antarctica by elevation to the 3040 sounding line,

showing old continental lines and greater depth between Africa and Antarctica.

arctic Region,’ so as to connect the southern land masses at

various times, all present and past geographical distribution of

mammals may be theoretically accounted for. Elevation to the

10,000 foot (3040 meter) line still leaves a broad channel south

of Africa. Without such elevation we are still met by many

insuperable difficulties.

TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS, 53

Among other problems, a land connection between Africa and

South America across the South Atlantic enables us to explain

the remarkable distribution of the Sirenia, sea-cows, dugongs

and manatees, now found exclusively in the tropical belt of

Africa and the Americas. (See Sirenia, Fig. III.) These ani-

mals first appear in the Oligocene of Germany. It is also, of

course, possible that they may have taken a northern route, as

indicated by the remains of Ayézza in the North Pacific.

Before confining our attention to ARcTOG®aA, let us further con-

sider the mesozoic relations of the three realms. (Fig. I and

Bis III.)

In the Jurassic period stem forms of insectivores, marsupials

and possibly of monotremes’ are found in Arctogzea and seem

to establish the theory of the northward origin of the mammalia

as a class.

Dotto (’99), has recently endeavored to demonstrate that all

Marsupials have been evolved from arboreal forms like the

Opossum. If we can draw a parallel with the adaptive radia-

tion of the placentals during the 3,000,000 years, more or less,

of the Tertiary, we may safely conclude that such a primitive

family, entering the Australian region during the Cretaceous

period either by way of Antarctica (SPENCER) or by way of the

Oriental region (WALLACE and LyDEKKER), might have peo-

pled Australia with all its wonderfully diversified forms of

Marsupial life. The Didelphyidz are to the Marsupials what the

Creodonta are to the Placentals in point of potential evolution.

The Monotremes also may have entered NoroGc®a by either of

these routes.

North America is the only part of the globe where Cretaceous

mammals are known at present. In the late Cretaceous we ap-

pear to discover evidence of the existence of the following

orders: Insectivora, Creodonta or ancestral carnivores, hoofed

animals or Amblypoda and perhaps the earliest monkeys or

Mesodonta. In the basal Eocene we certainly find primitive

1'The writer’s view (OsBoRN, ’88) that the Jurassic mammals of England and

Wyoming embrace primitive placentals or insectivores as well as marsupials and

multituberculates (? monotremes) is now generally accepted.

54 OSBORN.

monkeys or Mesodonta, Rodentia and Tzeniodonta or ancestral

Edentata. A land connection with South America in the early

Eocene would therefore have supplied Veog@a with the eden-

tates as well as the stem forms from which might have been de-

rived its wonderful radiation of hoofed animals, the Litopterna,

Typotheria and Toxodontia ; together with the remarkable radia-

tion of the hystricomorph or porcupine-like rodents and of two

families of monkeys.

The exact zoological affinities of the oldest mammalian or

Pyrotherium fauna of South America remain to be determined.

Insectivoré, Cheiroptera, — Crep dopa, -

Tillodontia, Rodeptrz

Primates>\Mesdonta....

“Amblypoda, Condylarthra Rerissodactyl, ecrigoes | y

Wathropoidea A :

Sirenia} Proboscidia \ mS: Archaeoceti

PANS Mystacoceti

= ae

Fig. II1I.—Orders of Mammals placed in their hypothetical chief centers of

adaptive radiation during the Tertiary Period.

Pyrotherium itself is considered by AMEGHINO as the source of

the order Progposcip1A while other ungulates are believed to be

related to the HyracoIDEA; upon the affinities of these forms

turns the problem whether South America derived the sources

of its great radiation from Africa or from North America. (See

Fig. 111).

Four streams of migration to and from NEoG#A appear to

have occurred; the first established its autochthonous fauna or

distinctive radiation of peculiar ungulates and edentates. The

second related this region with Africa, via Antarctica; this con-

tact, in addition to the problematical Proboscidia and Hyracoidea

TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. 5D

above alluded to, apparently introduced stem forms of Eden-

tates into the Ethiopian region from which were derived the

pangolins and aard varks ; these peculiar edentates together

with armadillos all occur in southern France in the lower Oligo-

cene (FiLuHoL, ’94); this land bridge also distributed the Cape

golden moles, Chrysochloride ; these facts and others too nu-

merous to mention serve to show the vast importance of the

explorations in Patagonia and make us impatient for the exact

conclusions which are forthcoming from the materials brought

together by Ameghino and Hatcher.

The third migration into Neogza established its links with

Australia, bringing in Marsupials, both polyprotodont and dipro-

todont. The fourth was from the north, Arctogza, and is

positively known; it occurred at the end of the Miocene, and

brought in the northern Carnivora, bears, wolves, cats, and

sabre-tooth tigers, raccoons and mustelines, the Artiodactyla,

deer and camels, the Perissodactyla, horses and tapirs, three

types of rodents, the squirrels, mice and hares or rabbits and the

mastodon. The Notogzic types, as well as the animals of

the first invasion, in the meantime had largely died out, and the

introduction of more vigorous Arctogzic types, especially the

carnivores, together with a change of climate, exterminated a

further portion of the autochthonous Neogeic fauna. At the

same time, that is of this second invasion, many of the South

American forms entered North America; they seemed to have

reached this continent in the upper Pliocene.

We now turn to ArctoG#A. In the Eocene period we find

in Europe and North America what may be considered the pure

or autochthonous fauna of the Holarctic region, in the absence

of all knowledge of Asia. Southern Asia is an absolute serra

encognita the earliest known deposits in this region being in the

Upper Oligocene in which the fauna is remarkably similar to

that of Europe. Northern Asia is unknown palezontologically

until the Pleistocene—here is a region for explorers. However,

we may consider it as part of a broad Eurasiatic land area

tending from the Rocky Mountain region to Great Britain.

The faunal relations are astonishingly close, between the new and

CxX-

56 OSBORN,

old worlds at this time. Every year’s discovery increases the

resemblance and diminishes the differences between Europe and

the Rocky Mountain region. Distinguishing North America,

however, are the Tylopoda ; this sub-order includes the peculiar

Artiodactyla of the camel-llama tribe ; these Professor Scott in

a recent paper considers as including all the early types of

American ruminants which we have been vainly endeavoring to

compare with European types. The radiation of the tylopod

phylum into a great variety of types is quite conceivable and it

is thoroughly consistent with the fundamental law of adaptive

radiation which we find operating over and over again.

III. THEORY OF SUCCESSIVE INVASIONS OF AN AFRICAN

FAUNA INTO EUROPE

In. Europe there are in the upper Eocene two classes of

animals, first, those which have their ancestors in the older rocks ;

second, the class including certain highly specialized animals

which have no ancestors in the older rocks—among these, per-

haps, are the peculiar flying rodents or Azomalurtde, now con-

fined to Africa, and secondly the highly specialized even-toed

ruminant types—the anoplotheres, xiphodonts and others, the

discovery of which in the Gypse near Paris Cuvier has made

famous. It is tempting to imagine that these animals did not

evolve in Europe but that they represent what may be called

the first invasion of Europe by African types from the Ethiopian

region.

It is a curious fact that the African continent as a great theater

of adaptive radiation of Mammalia has not been sufficiently con-

sidered. It is true that it is the dark continent of paleontology

for it has practically no fossil mammal history; but it by no

means follows that the Mammalia did not enjoy there an exten-

sive evolution.

Although it is qutte probable that this idea has been advanced

before, most writers speak mainly or exclusively of the znvasion

of Africa by European types. Blanfordand Allen it is true have

especially dwelt upon the likeness of the Onental and Ethiopian

: TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. 57

fauna but not in connection with its antecedent cause. This

cause I believe to have been mainly an invasion from south to

north correlated with the northern extension of Ethiopian cli-

mate and flora during the Middle Tertiary. Itis ina less meas-

ure due to a migration from north to south. Let us therefore

clearly set forth the hypothesis of the Ethiopian region or South

Africa as a great center of independent evolution and as the

source of successive northward migrations of animals, some of

which ultimately reached even the extremity of South America

I refer to the Mastodons. ‘This hypothesis is clearly implied if

not stated by BLANFoRD in 1876 in his paper upon the African

element in the fauna of India.

The first of these migrations we may suppose brought in cer-

tain highly spccialized ruminants of the upper Eocene, the

anomalures or peculiar flying rodents of Africa; with this in-

vasion may have come the pangolins and aard varks, and

possibly certain armadillos, Dasypodide, if M. FILuov’s identi-

fication of Vecrodasypus is correct. A second invasion of great

distinctness may be that which marks the beginning of the

Miocene when the mastodons and dinotheres first appear in

Europe, also the earliest of the antelopes. A third invasion

may be represented in the base of the Pliocene by the increasing

number of antelopes, the great giraffes of the A©gean plateau,

and in the upper Pliocene by the hippopotami. With these

forms came the rhinoceroses with no incisor or cutting teeth,

similar to the smaller African rhinoceros, R. dzcornis. An-

other recently discovered African immigrant upon the Island of

Samos in the A‘gean plateau is ohyrax or Leptodon, a very

large member of the Hyracoidea, probably aquatic in its habits,

indicating that this order enjoyed an extensive adaptive radiation

in Tertiary times.

It thus appears that the Proboscidia, Hyracoidea, certain

edentata, the antelopes, the giraffes, the hippopotami, the most

specialized ruminants, and among the rodents, the anomalures,

dormice, and jerboas, among monkeys the baboons, may all

have enjoyed their original adaptative radiation in Africa; that

they survived after the glacial period, only in the Oriental

58 OSBORN,

or Indo-Malayan region, and that this accounts for the marked

community of fauna between this region and the Ethiopian as

observed by BLANFoRD and ALLEN.

Against the prevalent theory of Oriental origin of these ani-

mals are: first, the fact observed by BLANFoRD and LYDEKKER

in the Bugti Beds (Sind) that the Oligocene or lower Miocene

fauna of the Orient is markedly European in type ; second, that

if these animals had originated in Asia some of them would

have found their way to North America; third, the fact that all

these animals appear suddenly and without any known ancestors

in older geological formations. These are the main facts in

favor of the Ethiopian migration hypothesis.

In the meantime the unification of the North American and

Eurasiatic regions was proceeding by intermigration. In the

lower Oligocene the giant pigs or elotheres, the tapirs and

peculiar amphibious rhinoceroses known as amynodons, found

their way from America to Europe, while Europe supplied us

with a few anthracotheres, both Anthracotherium and Hyopot-

amus. In the Miocene Europe sent us the true cats and we

supplied Europe with the destructive sabre tooth tigers; in the

upper Miocene Europe sent us our first deer and cattle or Cer-

vide and Lovide, also probably the mastodons ex route from

Africa. In the Pliocene we supplied Europe with the rabbits

and hares, and possibly with the raccoons, if the Panda belongs

to this family. In the Pleistocene the camels wandered into

Asia from America, while the bears passed them ex route to

America. These are a few instances out of many which are

already well known.

On the other hand certain families had an exclusively Eurasi-

atic history, so far as we know. ‘These are, among animals re-

lated to the horse and tapir, the paleeotheres and Lophiodon ;

among ruminants the traguline deer and muntjacs ; among in-

sectivores the hedgehogs; among primates, the anthropoid apes

and the lemurs. The latter are peculiar to the Malagasy and

Ethiopian regions. At the same time America exclusively

raised the titanotheres, the AYyracodontide or cursorial rhinoc-

eroses, the pouched rodents or Geomyide, all the early families

TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS. 59

of Tylopoda, the peccaries. It is paradoxial that so many ani-

mals which we are wont to consider typically American came

from the Eurasiatic region, while so many others which we

always associate with Asia and Africa came from this country.

Herein lies the necessity of a paleontological basis for zoo-geog-

raphy.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Andreae, A.

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SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS 65

SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS OF HENRY FAIRFIELD

OSBORN.

New York Academy of Sciences, Vice-President 1894-1898, President, 1898-1900.

DaCosta Professor of Zodlogy Columbia University, Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology

American Museum of Natural History, Chairman Executive Committee New

York Zodlogical Society.

1SZ7SASe2,.

1878 1. Paleontological Report of the Princeton Scientific Expedition of 1877.

E. M. Mus. Bulletin No. 1. (With W. B. Scott and Francis

Speir, Jr.) 105 pp., 8vo. Pala

1879 1. Lower jaw of Loxolophodon. Amer. Journ. Science, April, 1879,

pp. 304-9. (With Speir. ) : Pal. 2

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1882 1. Orthocynodon, an animal related to the Rhinoceros, from the Bridger

Eocene. Amer. Journ. Science, June, 1882, pp. 223-25. (With

Scott. ) Pal. 4

1883. 1. Orthocynodon and Achenodon. Part i. (With Scott.) Part ii,

Osborn. Part i, Bruce. Part iv, Scott. FE. M. Museum Bul-

letin No. 3. May, 1883, pp. 1-53. Pal. 5

2. Preliminary Observations upon the Brain of Amphiuma. Proce. Acad.

Nat. Se. Phila., 1883, pp. 177-186. Neur. 1

3. Observations upon the Foetal Membranes of the Opossum and other

Marsupials. Quart. Journ. Micros. Science, London, 1833, pp. 1-14.

Abstr. Science, 1883, p. 451-2. Embr. 2

4, Francis Maitland Balfour. Science, Sept. 7, 1883, pp. 299-301.

Biog. 1.

1884 1. A Study of the Mind’s Chamber of Imagery. (With James McCosh. )

Princeton Review, Jan., 1884, pp. 50-72. Piya I

1884 2. Illusions of Memory. North American Review, May, 1884, pp. 476-

486. Psy. 2

3. Visual Memory. Journal Christian Philosophy, July, 1884, pp. 489-

450. Psy. 3

4, Preliminary Observations upon the Brain of Menopoma and Rana.

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc., Phila., 1884, pp. 262-274. Neur. 2

ANNALS N. Y. ACAD. Sci., XIII, July 20, 1900-5.

1886

1887

1888

1889

OSBORN

. Observations upon the presence of the Corpus Callosum in the Brains

of Amphibiansand Reptiles. Zool. Anz., No. 219, 1886 (pp. 1-5).

Neur. 3

. The Origin of the Corpus Callosum. <A contribution upon the Cere-

bral Commissures of the Vertebrata. Morph. Jahrb., Band XII,

Part I, pp. 223-249 and Part II, pp. 530-548. Neur. 4

. Note upon the Cerebral Commissures in the lower Vertebrata and a

probable Fornix rudiment in the Brain of Tropidonotus. Zool. Anz.,

1886, pp. 577-8. Neur. 5

. Observations upon the Upper Triassic Mammals Dromatherium and

Microconodon. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc., Phila., 1886, pp. 359-363.

BRalis6

. The Triassic Mammals, Dromatherium and Microconodon. Proc.

Amer. Phil. Soc., 1887, pp. 109-110. Pali?

. On the Structure and Classification of the Mesozoic Mammalia. Proc.

Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., June, 1887, pp. 1-11. Pals

. Preliminary Account of the Fossil Mammals from the White River

Formation, contained in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy.

July, 1887, pp. 151-171. (With Scott. ) Pal. 9

. Preliminary Report on the Vertebrate Fossils of the Uinta Formation,

collected by the Princeton Expedition of 1886. Sept. 2, 1887, pp.

255-264. (With Scott. ) Pal. 10

. The Relation of the Dorsal Commissures of the Brain to the Forma-

tion of the Encephalic Vesicles. Amer. Nat., Oct., 1887, pp.

940-1. Neur. 6

. The Fetal Membranes of the Marsupials. Journal of Morphology, Dec.,

1887, pp. 373-382. Embr. 3

. A Contribution to the Internal Structure of the Amphibian Brain.

Journ. of Morph., Vol. II, No. 1, July, 1888, pp. 51-92. Neur. 7

Additional Observations upon the Structure and Classification of the

Mesozoic Mammalia. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sc., Phila., Oct., 1888, pp.

292-301. Pala

. Preliminary Account of the Fossil Mammals from the White River

and Loup Fork Formations, contained in the Museum of Compara-

tive Zodlogy, Part 1, pp. 66-100. (Carnivora and Artiodactyla by

Scott, Perissodactyla by Osborn. ) Pal. 12

The Structure and Classification of the Mesozoic Mammalia. Jouwrn.

Acad. Nat. Sc., Phila., Vol. IX, 1888, pp. 186-265. Pal. 13

. Evolution of Mammalian Molars to and from the Tritubercular Type.

Amer. Nat., Dec., 1888, pp. 1067-1079. Pal. 14

. The Mammalia of the Uinta Formation (Parts i and ii, Scott)

(Parts ii and iy, Osborn), iii. The Perissodactyla. iv. The

Evolution of the Ungulate Foot. Zrans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 1889,

pp. 9005-569. Pal. 15

1890

1891

1892

SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS 67

The Paleontological Evidence for the Transmission of Acquired Char-

acters. Brit. Assoc. Rep., 1889. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1889.

Amer. Nat., July, 1889, pp. 561-566. Biol. 1

. The Paleontological evidence for the transmission of acquired char-

acters. Nature, Jan. 9, 1890, pp. 227-228. Biol. la

The Development of the Brain. Wood's Reference Handbook of the Med-

ical Sciences. Vol. I, pp. 633-642. Ato. Neur. 8

. A Review of the Cernaysian Mammalia. Upon the Collection of M.

Lemoine, Rheims, France. Proc. Acad. Nat. Se., Phila., 1890, pp.

51-62. Pal. 16

Evolution and Heredity. Biological Lectures, Marine Biological

Laboratory, Woods Holl, 1890, Ginn & Co., Boston. 3iol. 2

A Review of the ‘‘ Discovery of the Cretaceous Mammalia.’’? Society

of Morphologists, Dec. 29, 1890. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phila., Jan.

20,1891. Biological Society of Washington, Feb. 6th. Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sc., Phila., 1891, pp. 124-135. Amer. Nat., July, pp. 593-

Ol. 1801 F p44. Pal. 17

Are Acquired Variations Inherited? Opening a discussion upon the

Lamarckian principle in Evolution. American Society of Natural-

ists, Boston, Dec. 31, 1890. Amer. Nat., March, 1891, pp. 191-

216. Biol. 3

The Present Problem of Heredity. Atlantic Monthly, March, 1891,

pp. 393-364. Biol. 4

A reply to Professor Marsh’s “ Note on Mesozoic Mammalia.’’? Amer.

Nat., Sept., 1891, pp. 775-783. Pal. 17a

Meniscotheriide and Chalicotherioidea. Amer. Nat., October, 1891,

pps VuISor. Pal. 18

The Cartwright Lectures for 1892 before the Alumni of the College of

Physicians and Surgeons, New York.—Present Problems in Evolu-

tion and Heredity. 1. The Contemporary Evolution of Man. 2.

Difficulties in the Heredity Theory. 38. Heredity and the Germ

Cells. .N. Y. Medical Record, Feb. 20; Mar. 5 and April 23, 1892.

Reprint 71 pp., Amer. Nat., 1892, pp. 455, 537, 642. Biol. 5

Nomenclature of Mammalian Molar Cusps. Amer. Nat., May,

1892, pp. 486-437. Pal. 19

Is Meniscotherium a Member of the Chalicotherioidea? Amer.

Nat., pp. 507-509, June, 1892. Pal. 20

Odontogenesis in the Ungulates. (Review.) Amer. Nat., pp. 621-

623, July, 1892. Odont. 1

What is Lophiodon? Amer. Nat., pp. 763-765, Sept., 1892. Pal. 21

. Darwin Expounded by Romanes. (Review.) New York Nation,

October 6, 1892. Biol. 6

Fossil Mammals of the Wahsatch and Wind River Beds. Collection

of 1891. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Oct., 1892, pp. 81-147.

(With J. L. Wortman. ) Pal. 22

68 OSBORN

8. The History and Homologies of the Human Molar Cusps. Anat. Anz.,

Jena. Nov., 1892, pp. 740-747. Odont. 2

9. Characters of Protoceras (Marsh), the New Artiodactyl from the

Lower Miocene. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Dec. 30, 1892, pp.

351-371. (With Wortman. ) Pal. 23

10. Biology and other Science in the Schools. | Rep. Schoolmasters As-

soc. of New York, 1892-3, pp. 35-42. Edue.

1893 1. Artionyx, a New Genus of Ancylopoda. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

pp. 1-17, Feb., 1893. (With Wortman. ) Pal. 24

2. The Ancylopoda, Chalicotherium and Artionyx. Amer. Nat., Feb.,

1893, pp. 118-133. Pal. 25

3. Protoceras, the New Artiodactyl. Nature, pp. 321-3, 1893. Pal. 26

4. A Clawed Artiodactyl. Nature, pp. 610-11, 1893. Pal, 27

5. Recent Researches upon the Succession of Teeth in Mammals. Amer.

Nat., pp. 503-508, June, 1893. Odont. 3

6. Heredity in the Ovum and Spermatozoén. Wood's Reference Hand-

book of the Medical Sciences, pp. 396-408. Wm. Wood & Co.,

N. ¥:, Sept:, 1893. Biol. 7

. Rise of the Mammalia in North America. Vice-Presidential Address

before the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

Section of Zodlogy. Madison, Wis., Aug. 16, 1893. Proc. Amer.

Assoc. Adv. Science, 1894, 188-227. Also, Amer. Jour. Sci., Nov.

~I]

and Dec., 1893, pp. 189-227. Pal: 29

8. Fossil Mammals of the Upper Cretaceous. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.

Mist., p. 15, Dec. 20, 1893. Pal. 30

9. Alte und Neue Probleme der Phylogenese. Separat-Abdruck aus d.

Ergebnisse der Anatomie und Entwickelungsgeschichte. (Von Fr.

Merkel u. R. Bonnet, Géttingen, 1893.) Band III, pp. 584-619.

Biol. 8

10. A Three Year Course for the Degree (Ph.D.). Columbia University,

Mise. Pub., 1893. Edue.

1894 1. Environment in its Influence upon the Successive Stages of Develop-

ment and as a Cause of Variation. Opening Discussion before the

American Society of Naturalists, Baltimore, Dec. 27, 1894. Science,

Jan. 11, pp. 35, 36. Biol. 9

2. A Division of the Eutherian Mammals into the Mesoplacentalia and

Cenoplacentalia. Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., June 4, 1894, pp. 234-

237. (Terms subsequently altered to Meseutheria and Ceneutheria. )

Pale Si

3. Fossil Mammals of the White River Beds. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.

Hist., June, 1894, 40 pp. (With Wortman. ) Pal. 32

4. Certain Principles of Progressively Adaptive Variation Observed in

Fossil Series. Biological Section of the British Association for the

Advancement of Science. Brit. Assoc. Rep., 1894, p. 693 (title).

Nature, Aug. 30, 1894, p. 435. Biol. 10

1895

1896

SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS 69

. From the Greeks to Darwin. An Outline of the Development of the

Evolution Idea. Pp. 259, Vol. I, of the Columbia University Bio-

logical Series, Macmillan & Co., Oct., 1894. Second Edition, Octo-

ber, 1897. Biol. 11

. Fossil Mammals of the Puerco Beds. Collection of 1892. Bull. Amer.

Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. VII, Art. 1, pp. 1-70, March 8, 1895.

(With Charles Earle. ) Pal. 33

. The Hereditary Mechanism and the Search for the Unknown Factors

of Evolution. Biol. Lect., Mar. Biol. Lab. Ginn & Co., Boston,

1895. Also Amer. Nat., May, 1895, pp. 418-439. Biol. 12

. Fossil Mammals of the Uinta Basin. Expedition of 1894. 9 Bull.

Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. VIL, Art. 2, pp. 71-105, May 18, 1895.

Pal. 34

. The History of the Cusps of the Human Molar Teeth. Address at

the Founding of the New York Institute of Stomatology. Inter-

national Dental Journal, July, 1895, pp. 1-26. Pal. 35

. A Student’s Reminiscences of Huxley. Biological Lectures, Mar.

Biol. Lab., Woods Holl, 1895, pp. 29-46. Biog. 2

. Memorial Tribute to Professor Huxley. An address before the Bio-

logical Section of New York Academy of Sciences. Trans. N. Y.

Acad. Se., Nov. 15, 1895, pp. 40-51 ; also Science, Jan. 31, 1896.

Biog. 3

. Perissodactyls of the Lower Miocene, White River Beds. Bull.

Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., Vol. VI, Art. 12, pp. 343-375, December

23, 1895. (With Wortman. ) Pal. 36

. A mode of Evolution requiring neither Natural Selection nor the In-

heritance of Acquired Characters. (Organic Selection.) Trans.

N. Y. Acad. Sci., March and April, 1896, pp. 141-148. Biol. 18

. Biological Teaching in High Schools. Discussion before the State

Convocation at Albany, July. Pp. 3. Educ. 1

3. The World’s Debt to Biology. The Chautauquan, July, 1896. Biol. 14

4. The Cranial Evolution of Titanotherium. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat.

“I

Mst., pp. 157-197, July 31, 1896. Pal. 37

. Prehistoric Quadrupeds of the Rockies. Century Magazine, Sept.,

pp. 705-712, 1896. Pal. 38

. Ontogenic and Phylogenic Variation. Science, Nov. 27; Vol. IV, pp.

786-790. Biol. 15

. The Corner-stones of Learning. An address delivered on the laying

of the corner-stone of Schermerhorn Hall. Columbia University

Dedication Volume. Pp. 43-49. Educ. 2

. Lambdotherium not related to Palesyops or the Titanotheres. Amer.

Nat., Vol. XXXI, pp. 55-57, 1896. Pal. 39

1897 1.

iley

14.

15.

1898 1.

OSBORN

Goode asa Naturalist. Address at the G. Brown Goode Memorial

Meeting, U. S. National Museum, February 13. Science, March

dth, pp. 373-378. Biog. 4

. Edward D. Cope. (Memorial Biography.) Science, May 7, pp. 705-

WET; Biog. 5

. Phylogeny of the early Eocene Titanotheres; Redefinition of the

Ceneutheria and Meseutheria ; Origin of the Multituberculate teeth

among the Gomphodontia. Proc. N. Y. Acad. Sciences, Biol. See.,

April 5, also abstract in Science, July 16, p. 107. Pal. 40

. The origin of the teeth of the Mammalia. (Relations of the Tricono-

donta and Protodonta, Osborn, Multituberculata, Cope, to the South

African Cynodontia and Gomphodontia, described by Seeley. )

Science, April 9, p. 576. Pal. 41

. The Ganodonta or Primitive Edentates with enameled teeth. Science,

Apwk16, ps GEL: Pal. 42

. Reconstruction of Phenacodus primeevus, the most primitive ungulate.

Proc. of the Amer. Assoc. Adv. Science, Section Zodlogy, p. 238.

Abst. in Science, p. 436, Sept. 17, 1897. Pal. 43

. Homologies and Nomenclature of the Elements of the Molar Teeth.

Proc. Amer. Assoc. Ad. Sci., Section Zodlogy, p. 438. Abstract in

Science, Sept. 17, 1897, p. 436. Odont. 4

. Organic Selection. Science, Oct. 15, pp. 583-587. Biol. 16

. The Limits of Organic Selection. Amer. Nat., Nov., pp. 944-951.

Brol 17

. A Great Naturalist: Edward D. Cope. The Century Magazine,

Nov. Biog. 6

. Zodlogy at Columbia. Columbia Univ. Bull., Dec., 1897. Edue. 3

. Trituberculy : A Review Dedicated to the Late Professor Edward D.

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[Annas N. Y. Acap. Scr., VoL. XIII, No. 1, pp. 73 to 360, Oct. 19, 1900. ]

aa SEOUENCE. OF PLUMAGES -AND MOULTS

THE, PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK

JONATHAN DWIGHT, JR.

(Read March 13, 1899)

[Plates I to VIT]

CONTENTS

if ENDOOR STUDY OF MOULT

UO AME NIDAL. v EaR UNCIPICIS © 5 oninec Grav etees ny ecracne ans swell caaiacte vee soos sckns

DETERMINATION OF AGE BY OSTEOLOGICAL CHARACTERG............

With? OR? PEA CHEW PISINTEGIPA DION: cos ccttecdescuesweees cdesseececva

fH. PROCESS OF MOULT

PROTECEIVE: SEQUENCE IN: FEAWHER LOSS% 5 isc gicese'secketsause Lobeasdes

ADVANCE OF MOULT IN THE FEATHER TRACTS

ee Mea Ody NVI, MER CES nh ace ~oaeraaiavint ateies ae So@icle sds: deah winaystita Yea

. Humeral or Shoulder Tracts

. Capital or Head Tract

- DONA OF Oona TRACE ......cosdstnssyadescedsgavade dmarnpese cee sGsa go:

. Ventral or Inferior Tract

ciate eae hae PACTS 5c ceo aetna ee ake t mace dk ce sAcaend een tae

. Lumbar, Femoral or Thigh Tracts

. Crural or Leg Tracts

Ce |

eee ee eee eee eee ee ee es

eee ee ee ey

Onmyr AM fod

wee eee eee eee eee ee ee es

lil. EARLY PLUMAGES AND MOULTS OF YOUNG BIRDS

IV. SEQUENCE OF PLUMAGES AND MOULTS

ee Natal own. | hesthatal Moule) 2 s2 isc cis scscosnes cadens nie sae ddchanewoxs

= juvenal Plumage (Postjuvenal Moullt ini 5 ccsccsetessedsscnevenaomee

. First Winter Plumage ( Prenuptial Moult)

inst: Nuptial Plumage (Postnuptial Moult)) ...2......sccecssesnssaness

. Second or Adult Winter Plumage (Prenuptial Moult)...............

. Second or Adult Nuptial Plumage ( Postnuptial Moult)

No, COLOR FACTS ‘versus COLOR THEORIES

VE “OUTDOOR STUDY OF MOULT

SEASONS OF MOULT

ee ey

nm -&W bd

sewer ee eeeree

ee eee ee ee ee ee

PREPONDERANCE OF YOUNG BIRDS IN AUTUMN.,,....ccccccccccccccccccce

VII. PLUMAGES AND MOULTS OF NEW YORK SPECIES

CSEASSEPICAT ION MCE) MINPCUle nie ee on ee ics the coca cle ensdecea vanvecenn

DESCRIPTIONS. OF SPECIES AND! THEIR MOULTSi.. oc.sc.ccceccccus coves

Vill BIBLIOGRAPHY

74 DWIGHT

iP INDOOR STUDY OF NOE

Fundamental Principles

The moulting of birds is a subject so complicated, so exten-

sive, and so difficult of study, that it is not surprising to find it

wrapped, even to-day, in dense clouds of ignorance which ob-

scure the true principles underlying it. Doubts have arisen even

in the minds of those who have come nearest to the truth, be-

cause they have been unable to explain certain seasonal discrep-

ancies in the plumage of birds, and theories have sprung up and

flourished. Theories not founded on facts, must necessarily fall

to pieces when the truth is known, and the present paper sets

forth a number of indisputable facts derived from personal inves-

tigations, which, rightly interpreted, will explain not only the

problems of moult and plumage, but also the theories of those

whose published opinions differ widely from my own. It is my

present purpose to demonstrate the principles dominating the

plumages and moults of no less than one hundred and fifty

North American species of the great order Passeres or Perch-

ing Birds, and at the same time indicate the wider application of

these principles, which the study of other groups leads me to

believe prevail among all species of birds modified only by cir-

cumstances.

The fundamental facts of moult have been grasped so imper-

fectly by some observers, that much theorizing about color

changes has taken the place of actual information upon the sea-

sonal variations of birds’ plumages, and much superficial work

has been done, although some excuse for it may be found in

the existing lack of suitable specimens for study. The folly of

guessing at age or sex from plumage characters is exempli-

fied in many collections, and museum collections especially con-

tain many undated specimens, which are positive hindrances

rather than helps in settling vexed questions of moult. Worse

than all is the great dearth of birds actually in process of moult.

My own collection remedies, in a measure, all these defects, for

the subject of moult has interested me for many years and I

have devoted much time to securing moulting birds, the sex of

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 79

which has been determined by dissection, and the age, when pos-

sible, by osteological characters. I have obtained several thous-

and of such birds and studied them before they were skinned,

and also prepared hundreds of young birds in early stages of

plumage. Among large series of the commoner species, I have

birds taken every month in the year and oftener, so that not

only are all the successive plumages illustrated, but in many

species all the intermediate transition stages. Gaps in some of

my series that a lifetime of field work might not fill have been

bridged to a certain extent through the kind assistance of

friends. The extensive collections in the American Museum of

Natural History have been put at my disposal by Doctor J. A.

ALLEN and Mr. F. M. Coapman. Mr. WILLIAM BREWSTER has

accorded me like privileges with his private collection and Mr.

RosBertT Ripeway has furnished me with birds from the collection

of the United States National Museum, while Mr. CHARLEs F.

BATCHELDER, Mr. WITMER STONE and Mr. WILLIAM PALMER have

all furnished me with specimens to throw light on obscure points.

Equipped with such material, it has been possible for me to

tread safely where others have slipped, and possessing in ita

key which fits locks hitherto unopened, I have endeavored to

use it to the best advantage. There may be little that is

quite new in these pages, for many have traversed the subject

before me, but no one has taken just my point of view, and my

work has been on absolutely independent lines. Nothing what-

ever has been taken at second hand, and every statement is for-

tified by specimens to prove its truth. No previous attempt

has been made to link together the successive plumages of so

many species, and yet this very linking together of isolated facts

affords the only highroad by which we may arrive at a true un-

derstanding of plumage or of moult. Specimens are isolated facts,

and hundreds of them taken at the wrong season may prove

nothing, while one taken at the proper time may prove everything,

provided the principles of moult are understood. Quality and

not quantity of material for study determines its value.

Moult and plumage truly go hand in hand; moult a vital

process at definite intervals for the production of new feathers,

16 DWIGHT

plumage an assemblage of feathers produced by one or more

moults ; and the underlying principles or laws by which every

moult and every plumage may be explained are the following :

very species has a definite series of plumages and moults.

Moult is periodical feather growth.

Moult is complete or incomplete.

Moult is modified by age, sex and individual.

Plumage is renewed by moult.

. Plumage is modified by wear.

Tie is the whole matter in a nutshell—no “ undiscovered law

of nature,” no ‘“ restoration,’ no ‘“‘ rejuvenation”’ of feathers, no

‘“repigmentation,”’ in fact, no ‘‘aptosochromatism,”’ what is left

of it being represented by the good Anglo-Saxon word wear.

The only question to ask in order to solve a plumage is: When

did each feather grow? Could anything be simpler? Every

feather develops with a definite color and pattern which it re-

tains modified only by wear until the next moult. This is the

A BC of it and only those ignorant of facts can maintain the

contrary, and assert that a feather once grown can rebuild or re-

color itself. A mature feather is acknowledged by physiologists

(and by everyone except those with theories) to be a completed

appendage of the skin, cut off from vital connection with the

body and incapable of any but destructive changes. I shall

show that regenerative processes occur only by moult in some

of the very species that have been exploited as undoubted ex-

amples of abnormal color change without moult, and I hope to

protect other species that as yet have escaped the imputation.

The highroad to such conclusions is not an easy one to travel,

but those who will begin at the beginning and follow me will

find it everywhere avoiding the pitfalls of doubt, that end in blind

theories, and leading straight to an understanding of the signifi-

cance of plumage.

Nur BW Si =

Determination of Age by Osteological Characters

One of the first essentials in the study of moult, and one

hitherto almost wholly disregarded, is the ability to distinguish an

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW -YORK a

old bird from a young one. The plumage is, of course, a guide in

many species, when we know which is which, but it is surprising

how little is actually known of autumnal plumages, especially of

adults. Fortunately until a young bird is five or six months

old, immaturity may be recognized among Passerine species by

a very simple osteological character, and one requiring no mi-

croscope for its demonstration. I have made constant use of it

for a dozen years past and doubtless others have done the same,

but as yet I have never seen any explanation of it. It is simply

this,—the prominent frontal bones of the young bird are thin and

transparent showing the brain beneath, while those of the adult are

thicker and flecked with little whitish dots, which show even better

as black dots, when, with the brain removed, the skull is held

up to the light. As the skull of the young bird ossifies, with

the advance of the season, it assumes the adult characters, the

dotted area of ossification creeping irregularly from behind for-

ward and from the sides upward, until perhaps a couple of trans-

parent spots anteriorly may be all that is left to show immaturity.

When these disappear this valuable diagnostic feature is, of course,

lost. The dots mark the ends of slender branching columns of

bone that partly fill the open space between the two tables of

the mature skull, and bind them together. Mutilation, or the in-

filtration of blood or fluid from the brain, may obscure the dotted

appearance, but it is usually obvious at a glance.

This progressive ossification is scarcely perceptible in any New

York species before the end of October, and seems to be com-

pleted in the frontal bones about two months later. The mi-

grants that press further south seldom show more than the begin-

ning of the process for they have nearly all departed by the

middle of October. Resident species, such as the Chickadee

(Parus atricapillus), and early nesting species, may complete the

ossification before the middle of December ; early broods of the

Song Sparrow (Jelospiza fasciata) at about the same time, late

ones a month later; and late nesting species, such as the Cedar

Bird (Ampelts cedrorum) and Goldfinch (Spinus tristis), often

as late as February. Many of our winter visitors arrive with

skulls incompletely ossified; the Horned Lark (O¢ocoris alpes-

78 DWIGHT

tris) being one of the earliest (early in December), and the Tree

Sparrow (Sfzzella monticola) one of the latest (early in Janu-

ary), to complete the ossification. These dates are approximate,

but they throw some light on a neglected page of bird study

that I now turn for the first ttrme. The late ossification of other

bones should be mentioned in passing, but most of them require

such careful examination as to preclude their ready use in deter-

mining the age of the bird.

The bearing all this matter has on the question of moult is

this: if, when a species departs south in the autumn, we know

exactly the plumage of the adult and exactly that of the

young bird, it is far easier to interpret the changes that have

taken place in each when they return in the spring, for the

amount of moult and the amount of wear varies according to

age. The new aspect of the plumage may be entirely due to

wear, to moult, or to a combination of the two. A method has

been suggested for telling old from young in the fall by the

presence of sheaths on the primaries in adults and their absence

in young birds, because the latter do not usually moult these

feathers in assuming fall dress, but it fails both in young birds

that do renew the primaries, and in old birds that often show

moult elsewhere after the primaries have lost their sheaths.

Wear or Feather Disintegration

Some of the effects of this complex process are illustrated on

plates I, II, IV, VI and VII, where a change in the shape and

color of feathers is produced by loss of substance, generally at

their margins. The destructive influences to which feathers are

exposed may best be summed up under the word wear, which

means a great deal and should be thoroughly understood in

studying the relation of plumages and moults. The chief fac-

tors concerned in wear are abrasion and fading, which always go

hand in hand the one mechanical disintegration, the other chem-

ical decoloration, but there are a number of minor factors which

modify their effects. The age of a feather, its position, its struc-

ture, its color and the habits of the bird, are all matters that

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK Fis,

modify wear. The longer a feather is exposed to the bleaching

of the elements and to the effects of mechanical abrasion, the

more ragged in appearance it becomes, and the older it is the

more rapid becomes its disintegration ; so that plumage showing

perhaps comparatively little wear during the winter, will rapidly

become tattered during the few months of the breeding season.

Much of the abrasion is not due to external causes but to the

attrition of the feathers themselves one upon another. This may

be observed, for instance, upon the nape of the neck where from

the constant movements of the head the feathers become much

worn. The wing coverts, tertiaries and scapularies also show

markedly the effects of opening and closing the wings. The

feathers of the anterior parts of the body however seem to suffer

from contact with leaves and grasses while the bird is gathering

its food and the flight feathers of some species show marked

wear depending also of course upon their habits. It is in all of

these ways that posztton modifies wear.

Another minor factor affecting wear and a very important one

is structure. The large strong remiges and rectrices by their

compactness, as well as the long-barbed abdominal feathers by

their yielding quality, both suffer less from abrasion than those

of intermediate weight and stiffness. The weaker feathers, too,

of young birds are peculiarly liable to abrasion, aided no doubt

by the clumsy efforts at locomotion of the birds themselves.

Even the remiges and rectrices are less resistant than those of

the adult, the borders being less compactly rounded out and the

pigment deficient.

The color of a feather is another factor of considerable impor-

tance in determining its wear, and it is well to bear in mind that

color may be due to pigment, to optical effects produced by

structural interference with rays of light or to a combination of

the two. As a matter of fact, black or iridescent feathers are

most resistant to wear, other things being equal, while certain

buffs and browns yield most rapidly.

The pale contrasting borders and the paler areas of the

feathers of many species tend to decolorize and disintegrate as

far as the adjacent dark portions. There are many striking

80 DWIGHT

illustrations of this among them, the Meadow Lark (Sturnella

magna) (plate II, fig. 17) the Grasshopper Sparrow (Ammo-

dramus savannarum passerinus) (plate II, fig. 3) the Rose-

breasted Grosbeak (//adia ludoviciana), and many others where

bars and spots of light color become singularly eroded during

the breeding season.

Buff or pale-tinted edgings of dark colored feathers, produc-

ing in the plumage a veiled effect, are acquired by many species

at the time of moult both in the spring and in the autumn and

seem to owe their deciduous character as much to their color as

to their structure. I have examined hundreds of such feathers

under the microscope and can find little evidence that they wear

down to the black or other darker color, because at this point

an ‘“interlocking’”’ or strengthening of the barbules takes place

as has been stated and even figured. No such conditions regu-

larly prevail, for the black color often extends distally far beyond

the point where the barbules cross and often the breaking off of

the barbs either does not reach the black, or on the other hand,

the black may be involved to a considerable extent, as for in-

stance in the Meadow Lark (plate II, fig. 14). It is significant,

however, that each overlying feather tip should reach only to

the limits of the black area of the feather beneath, leaving its

pale margin wholly exposed to wear. Veiled species are the

rule in autumn and the loss of feather edgings produces remark-

able color changes in the plumage, although there is no

actual pigmentary change in the individual feathers, an im-

portant difference to be noted. By wear alone the brown Snow-

flake (Plectrophenax nivalis), for instance, becomes entirely black

and white in the breeding season and the brown young of the

Red-winged Blackbird (Age/aius phaniceus) assumes a black

breeding dress. In these and many other species the actual

shape of the individual feathers is changed but always by de-

struction of their substance. It is equally true that whatever

pigmentary color change takes place in a feather there is always

destruction of color, never a recoloration. I find no slightest

exception, the apparent exceptions being optical delusions. In

proof of one such delusion I need cite but two species: the

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 81

Purple Finch (Carpodacus purpureus) and the American Cross-

bill (Loria curvirostra minor) figured on plate VIL which

shows at a glance what has occurred. Ordinarily in most spe-

cies, wear removes the barbs, bit by bit, so that each terminates

‘in a V formed by the barbules on either side. In the case

of these two as well as other species, the barbs of certain

feathers are blunt and heavy and the barbules are gradually

lost, leaving them bare. Such barbs are apparently brighter

red than when the grayish barbules between them produce an

effect that to the eye is pinkish. This is the “ brightening ”’

that has also been observed in certain Finches, for instance the

Redpoll (Acantiis linaria) and its allies, but it is not “ repig-

mentation ’ nor even “recoloration.”’ The red color is. in the

barbs when the feather grows in the autumn and the eye is

simply deceived.

There is still another factor that modifies wear,—the habits of

a species or of the individual. Birds that live from morning till

night in the air, like the Swallows, the Flycatchers, the Vireos

and some of the Warblers, suffer little wear from outside sources

while Sparrows and other grass-loving species, are prone to be-

come exceedingly ragged in avery short time. No better ex-

amples can be cited than the Sharp-tailed Sparrow (Ammodra-

mus caudacutus), the Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzivorus) and the

Long-billed Marsh Wren (Crstothorus palustris) all of which

species, by clinging to harsh reeds and grasses, rapidly fray out

even the resistant remiges and rectrices, thus, perhaps, necessi-

tating two complete moults annually, although there are other

species, such, for instance, as the Seaside Sparrow (dmmodramus

maritimus), Which have but one, although they are apparently

exposed to the same amount of wear.

The subject of wear is a large one and its possibilities are by

no means exhausted, although many writers have already dis-

cussed it most minutely, but there is need of getting beyond the

narrow field of a microscope focused on single parts of single

feathers. To base theories on pigment granules and exuding

pores is perhaps simpler than to prove that color and pattern

were present when the feather first grew and yet those who have

ANNALS N. Y. ACAD. £cl., XIII, Aug. 3, r900—6.

82 DWIGHT

been masters of microscopic technique have sometimes signally

failed to grasp the rudiments of wear, let alone those of moult.

It would seem to be an easy matter to determine the age of a

feather by the amount of wear, but as a matter of fact it is not.

All of the factors I have mentioned must be taken into consid-

eration. Minute and careful study, not only of single feathers,

but of many feathers, the whole plumage in fact, is necessary

in order to reach conclusions. Even then, in some cases, one

must make comparison of many birds in order to eliminate in-

dividual irregularities. It is not difficult to say that a feather

is not new, but without some corroborative evidence, aside

from the feather itself, it is not easy to estimate whether it has

been worn, let us say a couple of months, or perhaps three

times as long. A dark feather growing at the side of a light

one shows far less wear in a given time, and in the same way

remiges and rectrices of young birds, compared with those of

adults, show much more wear, but it is only possible to prove this

by knowing that all of these feathers grew at the same time of

the year. Hence the importance of knowing the autumnal plum-

age of both young and old birds in order to estimate wear. On

a correct estimate often hinges the question of a moult that may

have occurred in southern latitudes during the winter months.

_ It is, however, quite possible to reach intelligent conclusions

in many cases without other aid than the naked eye, although a

lens magnifying ten or fifteen diameters achieves better results.

il PROCHSS OF MOULL

The moult of a bird is a physiological process, whereby new

feathers grow periodically to replace the old ones. The whole

plumage may be renewed or only a part of it and the moult

periods must not be confounded with occasional new growth at

any time and anywhere to replace feathers accidentally torn out.

There are two seasons of moult peculiar to the adults of most ot

our Passerine species, one in all species which is complete fol-

lowing the breeding season, and one in some species, which is

usually incomplete, preceding it. The first, the post-nuptial, re-

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 83

stores the worn-out plumage, the second (when it is not sup-

pressed), the pre-nuptial, adorns birds for the nuptial season. In

afew of our species the latter moult is complete, usually the

wings and tail are not involved, and often the renewal is limited

to a sprinkling of new feathers here and there, so limited, in fact,

that it sometimes becomes a difficult matter to draw the line be-

tween a moult and the regular tendency, in nearly all species, at

this season, to the renewal of a few feathers. A limited, or sup-

pressed, pre-nuptial moult is peculiar to many females, while the

males may undergo an extensive renewal, and young birds of

some species undergo a pre-nuptial moult once, that is appar-

ently not repeated another year. There are also several moults

peculiar to young birds before they even acquire feathers of adult

structure, and many species need to pass through at least two

moults besides those of the first summer before the plumage be-

comes wholly of the pattern and color of the adult. With all of

these possibilities it is easy to understand, I think, why the

moult has been considered complicated. In reality it is the re-

sulting plumages that are perplexing rather than the moults by

which they have been produced. Closely allied species may

not moult alike but it is evident that subspecies follow in the

footsteps of the parent stock.

On account of certain irregularities and peculiarities in the

moult of young birds, I have deemed it best to describe first the

process of moult as it occurs in the adult and take up that of the

young bird later.

Protective Sequence in Feather Loss.

The feather loss at the time of a moult is so compensated for

by feather gain that but few birds lose either the power of flight

or the protection of their plumage. The plan on which a moult

proceeds is a perfectly definite one although often much modified

and obscured. Old feathers or rows of feathers tend to remain

until the newcomers adjacent have matured sufficiently to as-

sume their function, when the old fall out and their places are

taken by the new which develop from the same papilla. How

84 DWIGHT

the old feather is pushed out by the new, so to speak, is a

matter for microscopic study and a subject by itself, but it usually

falls when the follicle of the new is barely visible to the naked

eye as a bluish spot beneath the skin.

The systematic replacement of areas of feathers shows most

obviously in the wings where not only do the remiges fall out

one after another in definite sequence and almost synchronously

from each wing, but the greater coverts are regularly replaced

before the fall of the secondaries beneath them, the lesser coverts

before the median and even in the rows of the lesser coverts

alternation seems to be attempted. Furthermore the under wing

coverts are usually replaced after the moult of the upper surface

of the wings is completed (regularly so in young birds) the row

nearest the quills of the remiges following the more distant. On

the body the protective sequence is less obvious, but the moult

regularly begins at fairly definite points in the feather tracts

radiating from them in such manner that the outer rows of

feathers where the tracts are widest and the feathers’ of their

extremities are normally the last to be replaced. The tail

coverts, too, precede the rectrices which fall on either side in

pairs, the outer protecting in a measure the inner ones. If this

sequence is borne in mind many supposed discrepancies will

nicely adjust themselves, and exceptions will be individual and

in no wise mar an evident and far reaching plan of moult.

The important part that the blood-supply plays in this plan

appears to have been quite overlooked, nor have I had oppor-

tunity to fully investigate it. I may say, however, that the

radiation of the moult from given points corresponds very closely

to the distribution of the superficial arteries, beginning where

the main trunks come to the surface and ending with their ulti-

mate ramifications.

Advance of Moult in the Feather Tracts.

Reference to plate ITI, will give some idea of how the pteryle

or feather tracts are distributed in a Passerine bird. The subject

photographed is a young American Robin (Alerula migratoria)

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 85

five days from the egg, the tracts being the same as in the adult.

The only way to get any idea of how a moult proceeds is to appre-

ciate the fact that it begins almost simultaneously at a number

of points in the different tracts and advances independently from

each of them. This is why a bird seems to be moulting at

irregular spots all over. There is, as might be expected, a good

deal of individual irregularity in the growth of new feathers, but

when each tract is studied separately, each will be found to have

a definite plan of development which in its turn fits into the

general scheme of the process we call the moult. There is far

more symmetry in all this than would be imagined from the

study of a few specimens and the moult may well be likened to

a flood tide which gradually spreads over the different islands of

feathers found on a bird’s body. . It is important to note that the

tide of moult may pass by certain feathers which later succumb

to it so that a few new ones are always to be expected on the

body very near the points where the moult began. What is

more important yet, certain feathers or groups of feathers are

often entirely passed by and persist old and worn until another

period of moult. This suppression is the rule at the prenuptial

moult, especially in young birds and females, but rarely occurs

at the postnuptial period. When such feathers are of a different

color from those of the new plumage surrounding them, they

are very conspicuous, but may usually be recognized as belong-

ing toa previous plumage by their frayed and faded appearance.

Young birds are most apt to fail to renew these stray feathers,

often whole patches of them, particularly when the adult plum-

age is brilliantly colored, as for instance, in the Indigo Bunting

(Passerina cyanea) or Orchard Oriole (/cterus spurius). It

would seem that the tide of moult fails to rise or exhausts itself

sooner in the young bird than in the adult, consequently the

young of some species pass their first breeding season in a

plumage adorned with only a few new feathers colored like

those of the adult. This is true of the species just mentioned,

and the Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla) and Summer Tanager

(Piranga rubra), are also other good examples. When only a

few new feathers are assumed they are confined chiefly to the

86 DWIGHT

head and chin with stray ones here and there on the other

feather tracts. The process of moult begins at the usual points

and is then checked, producing the mottling of different colored

feathers so obvious in species with contrasting plumages. When-

ever a complete moult occurs either in young or old, left-over

feathers are the exception probably because functional activity is

called into full force, but when a partial moult takes place, as it

does in many species prior to the breeding season, parts only of

the feather tracts are renewed, and left-over feathers abound.

They are valuable landmarks, and more will be said of them

later for they are the chief prop of the theory of ‘‘ color change

without moult.”

Whenever a complete moult is about to take place the first

tract to show activity is usually the alar, and the fall of the inner-

most or proximal primary is the starting signal closely followed

by the feathers of the breast on either side at a point pos-

terior to the forking of the ventral tract into its lateral branches.

Very shortly, new feathers appear among the interscapularies,

the scapularies and the greater wing coverts, and usually a little

later the feathers of the forehead, occiput, throat, lesser wing

coverts and tail coverts begin to be renewed. The moult of

each tract is traced elsewhere so it will suffice to say here that

as a rule the moult of the wings is completed before that of the

body and that there are some pretty definite spots on each where

the last evidences are to be found. The latest feathers of the

alar tract are the inner secondaries (excluding the tertiaries

which are earlier), the under surface of the wing and the humeral

surfaces. On the head the latest feathers of the new dress are

regularly found in the postauricular region, on the nape and at

the nostrils ; on the back at the expansion of the dorsal tract, and

at the anterior extremity of the humeral tracts ; and on the ven-

tral tract at the chin, at the lateral forking, at the wide part of

the lateral branches and at the sides of the unfeathered central

portion of the abdomen. —

The down feathers that clothe the so-called featherless spaces

(apteria) keep pace with the contour feathers adjacent, but usually

are later. Other modified feathers, such as filoplumes, semi-

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 87

plumes or bristles, moult along with the contour feathers with

which they are associated. In adults there is regularity in the

development of the tracts all bearing a fairly definite time rela-

tion to each other but in young birds an outbreak of moult in

any of the tracts earlier or later is less unusual.

A knowledge of the distribution of the feathers of each tract,

their relative numbers and arrangement is indispensable in fol-

lowing their successive growth, but it is not possible in the pres-

ent paper to go too deeply into the niceties of pterylographical

differences. Other writers, notably Nitzsch, have discussed

them and mapped out the feather tracts of various species. It

is well to remember that among our Passerine species contour

feathers grow on all the tracts, a small part of the alar and

caudal tracts furnishing the remiges and rectrices respectively.

It is well to observe that these too are contour feathers—a fact

that some writers overlook. They are renewed in adults but

once in twelve months asa rule and no oftener in most young

birds but there are exceptions among a number of species. The

body feathers of a great many species are renewed twice a year

in both old and young.

1. Alar or Wing Tracts (Pterv/@ alares). The power of flight

_ depends upon the remiges of these tracts, and until they have

reached maturity after the moult regularly subsequent to the

breeding season, there appears to be little or no attempt at mi-

gration on the part of most birds, some of the Flycatchers,

Swallows and, perhaps, a few others, being marked exceptions.

As flight then, is the first object to be attained, it is not surpris-

ing the moult should begin where it does near the middle o1

each wing with the fall of the respective innermost or proximal

primary. In nine-primaried species it is the ninth as usually

counted, omitting the one aborted, and the tenth when ten are

found. The upper primary coverts fall with or a little after the

primaries to which they belong and are almost never moulted

independently of the primaries. As soon as a primary falls the

follicle or envelope containing the new forming feather pushes

into view, often reaching one quarter the length of the old

feather and a diameter exceeding it by one half before the

88 DWIGHT

feather itself breaks from the apex. The follicle is pulpy, dark

and bluish in appearance owing to the developing feather within,

the quill of which, after it is grown, remaining pulpy until one

or two of the adjacent quills have reached maturity. The re-

mains of the follicle persist in the form of a scaly sheath at the

base of each quill until several of the new feathers are fully

grown and often much longer. This development of the new

feather is not peculiar to the primaries, but is true of every other

feather on a bird. Before, however, the follicle of the proximal

primary has opened, the primary adjacent regularly falls, closely

followed by its upper covert. It probably falls at very nearly

the same time as the proximal in many cases and even in ad-

vance of it in a few, as may be inferred from the relative length

of the two new feathers, but as a rule the order is the one indi-

cated. Both are out of their follicles before the next adjacent,

and its covert falls, and this is followed in order by the more

distal primaries one after another. At no time isa gap left of

more than one or two whole feathers at most and perhaps one

or more partly grown so that a Passerine bird is never much

hampered in its flight.

From the examination of specimens it is impossible to deter-

mine the exact time required for a complete renewal of this

most important row of flight-feathers which is usually the first

to be affected by the moult in adults although outstripped in

development by some of the other areas. I should estimate the

time at about one month or probably a little longer. In exten-

sive series of a few species, I find that the period between the

earliest date of a specimen showing loss of the proximal primary

and the earliest date of a specimen showing the distal primary

fully grown varies between a month and six or eight weeks.

The primaries are rarely moulted more than once in a year.

Adults and year-old birds at the end of the breeding season

both male and female always renew them. In a few species, all

the primaries are again renewed by moult in the winter or early

spring. Young birds of a few species moult these feathers in

acquiring their autumnal or first winter dress, but the majority

retain them until the moult following the first breeding season.

PASSERINE? BIRDS OF NEW YORK 89

Some few young birds however have the peculiarity of renew-

ing only the outer or distal four or five at the prenuptial moult.

This partial moult is easily overlooked particularly in worn

spring specimens. The Indigo Bunting (Cyamospiza cyanea)

and Short-billed Marsh Wren (Crstothorus palustris) are ex-

amples of this peculiarity.

Primaries are almost never left over—if any moult takes place

in this series all are involved except as just indicated. When-

ever they undergo a moult so do their upper coverts with rare

exceptions and as the latter fade and wear more than the pri-

maries they are often a key to the age of the bird, in the young

differing more in color from those of the adult than do the pri-

maries themselves. Occasionally one or more of the primary

coverts is left over until the next moult. Primaries show the

least wear of any feathers when compared with others grown

at the same time. Their compact structure and deep pigmen-

tation make them unusually resistant.

The secondaries are always six for each wing in the species

under consideration, it being desirable to recognize the three

proximal feathers of this series as tertiaries. Coincidently very

nearly with the fall of the fifth or sixth primary the first or

outermost of the secondaries is lost, followed in succession by

the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth or proximal, the pre-

ceding feather usually reaching a considerable length before the

next in the series is moulted. There seems to be some irregu-

larity in the loss of the inner members which are replaced

more rapidly than are their predecessors, but the innermost falls

at very nearly the same time as the outermost primary so that

the moult appears to begin near the middle of the remiges and

proceed evenly in either direction.

Whenever there is a complete moult of the primaries there is

also one of the secondaries and there seems to be few exceptions

to this rule in young or old although the outer primaries as al-

ready explained may be moulted when no renewal occurs among

the secondaries. The secondaries are never renewed as a series

without moult of the primaries preceding their moult.

The three ¢ertzarzes of each wing which, from their position,

90 DWIGHT

appear to be only inner secondaries, do not as might be ex-

pected, follow their sequence of moult. The middle one falls

with or even before the distal secondary, and in spite of some

irregularity the three are almost always grown in advance of

the inner secondaries. The middle feather is the first to be lost,

followed by the innermost, and this in turn by the outermost,

which often acquires complete maturity before the adjacent

secondary, the sixth, falls out.

The tertiaries follow in their moult most frequently, per-

haps, the example of the adjacent body plumage, but are very

irregular, individuals of the same species acting in defiance of

what might be expected of them. Some adults regularly renew

them at the prenuptial moult when the body plumage is re-

newed, but even these birds may replace only one or two

feathers and asymmetrically in either wing. Young birds are

still more irregular and old feathers frequently persist in one

bird and not in another of the same species, as may be seen in

the Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Hadia ludoviciana), or Baltimore

Oriole (/ceterus galbula) and many others: When young birds

acquire plumage of adult structure in the early autumn of their

first year, the tertiaries are often replaced by others so similar

in color, pattern and structure, that it is very difficult to be sure

of their moult, unless they are caught in the act. As they

moult quickly, it is not always easy to do this, and as they wear

quickly it is easy to mistake their age. Sometimes a precocious

young bird acquires one or two of adult color that are not

normally due untila later moult. It is doubtful if such feathers,

when assumed in the autumn, are again renewed in the spring.

The moult of the a/w/e@, the feathers on the ‘“‘thumb”’ of each

wing usually follows the example of the wing coverts, most fre-

quently being renewed when they are, but often not. The three

larger feathers fall with or a little after the proximal primary. The

proximal feather falls first, sometimes the middle one, followed

by the distal. The smaller feathers which act as coverts are

earlier and related in moult to those of the carpo-metacarpal

region adjacent. The a/u/@ are quite irregular and are moulted

by some individuals of a species and not by others.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 91

The row of greater coverts, usually eleven in number for each

wing, lie directly over the secondaries and tertiaries, but do not,

like the primary coverts, follow the moult of the remiges beneath

them. They usually reach full development before feather loss

fairly begins in the series beneath them; and do not fall out

regularly but many of them at about the same time, the inner

feathers, however, being a little later than the others. This

row sometimes begins to fall before the inner primary is lost,

especially in young birds, usually very soon after. They are

more frequently renewed than are the tertiaries when a moult

of the body plumage occurs and often are renewed only in part.

At the prenuptial moult the inner members only may be re-

newed and one here and there so that a curious alternation of

old and new feathers results, some of the Warblers and Tana-

gers illustrating this point to perfection. The outer members

of the series are the ones most frequently left over and the

contrast in color is often striking, especially when precocious

young birds assume a few of adult pattern and color.

The median coverts, eight in number for each wing, do not be-

gin to fall as a rule until the greater coverts on one side of them

and the lesser coverts on the other have been largely renewed.

Like all of the minor wing series this one falls out irregularly,

the tendency being for the outer members to be replaced

earlier. They are renewed whenever the other coverts show

moult and may like them be left over here and there until a

later moult. Young birds of the Summer Tanager (Piranga

vubra) may, for instance, have a red band of these feathers

across an otherwise greenish wing.

The /esser coverts or cubital coverts clothing what are often

inappropriately called the ‘‘shoulders,” are very small feathers

in several rows, usually about five, so easily disarranged that

it is difficult to follow their sequence in renewal. They seem to

moult in alternate rows, beginning with the row next to the one

that protects the anterior margin of the wing membrane, and

the last to be replaced are those nearest to the body and to the

median coverts. The series may be only partly renewed. The

feather loss begins as a rule just as the greater coverts are well

92 DWIGHT

sprouted and precedes by a distinct interval feather loss in the

median coverts. They are usually renewed with the adjacent

body plumage, and are the coverts most likely to be renewed

if the wings show any moult at all. In some species there is a

striking difference in the color of these coverts by which young

birds one year old in breeding plumage may be distinguished

from those that are older, as for example in the Goldfinch

(Spinus tristts) or Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phaniceus.)

Renewal among the wzder wing coverts which are often

spoken of as “ lining of the wing”’ takes place after the moult of

the upper surface of the wing has been nearly or quite com-

pleted. They are among the last feathers to develop in young

birds after leaving the nest. The first row of those lying upon

the bases of the remiges remains as a rule until the adjacent

second row has been replaced. The moult begins among the

secondary coverts of the second row extending irregularly out-

ward and inward, the innermost being the latest, followed closely

by the second row of primary coverts. The first row completes

the moult of this surface of the alar tract, perhaps excepting

the tiny down feathers growing at the bases of the secondaries

and over the wing menibrane.

The long z¢xfra-marginal coverts, a double row of alternating

long and short feathers that sweep backward over the compara-

tively bare under surface of the wing membrane, begin to fall

somewhat irregularly near the carpal joint, the row of long ones

preceding the short ones, and the moult moves inward, the

feathers close to the body being late in renewal. The thatch-

like row of lesser coverts that grow at the anterior margin of

the wing are equally late, the renewal being irregularly towards

the body from the carpal joint.

The tiny carpo-metacarpal coverts, or feathers of the wrist and —

hand, both above and below may show moult early, but in

young birds the contrary prevails. The moult tends to pro-

ceed in the two principal median rows from the carpal joint,

distally.

The few feathers of the upper arm (excepting those of the

humeral tracts), especially those on its posterior edge, are

among the latest of the wing series.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 93

2. Humeral or Shoulder Tracts (Pteryle humerales). A tol-

erably symmetrical, bilateral outbreak of new feathers takes

place very early in this pair of tracts showing usually at the

median and internal portion. The moult proceeds forwards,

seemingly effecting a junction with the lateral branches of the

ventral tract near the edges of the wing membranes at the

very time the moult in them has reached this point ; and back-

wards to the posterior margin of the upper arm joining very

nearly the humeral coverts. Old feathers frequently persist at

these junction points and also externally, particularly in young

birds. These tracts follow the example of the body plumage

in their moult, and not that of the alar tract, being renewed in

many species twice a year.

3. Capital or Head Tract (/¢eryla capitis). The pterylog-

raphy of this important tract requires a little more explanation

than is usually given it in order to understand its moult. Al-

though the head is practically entirely covered (save a small

spot behind the eye) with a multitude of extremely small

feathers in Passerine species, they are arranged in several

groups or series. Starting at the nostrils near the base of

the upper mandible two rather broad bands pass backward

over the crown, but before reaching the occiput they widen

out curving laterally to the postauricular region, the lines of

feathers on the occiput extending laterally. On each side of

the head is a narrow band corresponding to the superciliary

stripe; another includes the loral and circumocular region ;

another passes from the gape backward in a loop includ-

ing the auriculars ; and finally there is a submalar band starting

beneath the middle of the ramus of the lower mandible and

joining the auriculars at a point near where they are joined by

the short auricular branch of the ventral tract. There seems

to be some relation between these minor tracts and the distri-

bution of color; and moult begins independently in any or all

of them at about the same time and, as a rule, tends to proceed

from before backwards. The auriculars being the largest areas

are usually the first and often the last to show moult. A fre-

quent point of departure is just back of the extreme anterior

94 DWIGHT

feathers of the forehead which fall out a little later. We see

new feathers centrally on the crown in advance of those on the

occiput, and the loral and circumocular regions are often

bare when the crown and auriculars are largely renewed, and

especially is this noticeable in very young birds. The last

traces of moult are, as a rule, to be found in the postauricular

and cervical regions.

The head tract is of paramount importance because if any

partial prenuptial moult takes place, the new feathers will be

found here and on the chin and often nowhere eise. In some

species the renewal is limited chiefly to the loral feathers and

those adjacent, or it may involve the crown and anterior parts of

the throat. Adult males may or may not renew this tract at the

prenuptial moult according to species; young males in many

species renew it their first spring only (possibly their second

in some cases) ; and females may moult the same as the males,

but more frequently either omit this moult altogether or as-

sume a very limited number of new feathers. Young males of

the same species may show the greatest individual variation,

especially in highly colored species, some of them assuming

plumage indistinguishable from adults, others only a few

scattered feathers at the anterior parts of the head and throat.

Each species, however, has a tolerably definite area of renewal

peculiar to itself and although the feathers of the head tract are

very numerous they are, most of them, so extremely small that

their moult may be very easily overlooked.

4. Dorsal or Spinal Tract (Preryla spinatis). The slight variations

in the distribution of this tract among our families of Passeres

need not be here specified. It extends in most of them from

the occiput to the oil gland at the base of the tail, widening

posterior to the scapule into a triangular ‘“ saddle,’ some-

times dividing into two bands and enclosing an elliptical space

instead, and sometimes forking and ceasing before reaching the

oil gland.

The first place where new feathers show is at a spot in the

anterior interscapular region. There seems also to be another

spot behind the saddle where as the tract is narrow the moult

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 95

is soon completed. The central rows of feathers tend to pre-

cede the outer and the moult advancing rapidly forward and

backward soon reaches the base of the head and the wide saddle

behind the shoulders, at both of which points will be found’ the

last traces of new feathering. It is sometimes the first tract to

show new growth. If a species has a prenuptial moult this tract

is not usually involved unless all the body plumage is renewed,

except in a few cases where only the interscapular portion is

included with the head and throat.

5. Ventral or Inferior Tract (/%eryla gastrei). From this

extensive tract grows the whole plumage of the lower surface

of the body. It may be said to begin at the interramal space,

it gives off two short auricular branches near the angle of the

jaw and it forks at the mid-neck into two lateral, or sternal,

branches which passing along the sides of the body, end on

either side of the vent or at some distance from it. On the

breast there is regularly a widening of the lateral bands, the ex-

ternal half of each ending abruptly under the wings nearly mid-

way between head and tail.

It is not surprising that the first as well as the last traces of

a moult are frequently to be found on this extensive tract. A

few new feather follicles may be expected on either side of the

breast even before the proximal primary is lost and soon a

V-shaped band is seen, the point of the V reaching the mid-

throat forking. The tide of moult seems to sweep chiefly

backwards, beginning in the middle rows and new outbreaks

take place a little later on the throat. The sides of the chin

and throat may precede or follow as the case may be, the

throat in their feather development owing to the submalar

bands which seem properly to belong to the head tract. The

feather growth extending forwards from the breast is met by

that extending backward from the throat, the lower part of which

is consequently late in acquiring new feathers. The last

traces of moult in the ventral tract will be found at its ex-

tremities on chin and abdomen, or among the outer rows of

feathers where it is widest as at its forking and under the wings.

The feathers which hide the middle of the abdomen are con-

96 DWIGHT

spicuously among the last to be moulted. If the species under-

goes a partial prenuptial moult a few throat feathers may be all that

are renewed, but usually new growth extends as far as the pec-

toral forking. In some species with a more extensive moult at

this season, the whole tract, or all of it except its posterior ex-

tremity is renewed, and there is much individual variation besides

in the amount of renewal.

6. Caudal or Tail Tract (Pteryla caudals). .From this tract

grow the rectrices and their upper and under coverts, and the

anal circlet and crissum may conveniently be included for their

moult coincides with that of the adjacent coverts. Most of

the feathers of this tract are large and not numerous, the twelve

rectrices or tail feathers being the most important of them all.

Their moult is late and is usually preceded by that of the upper

and under coverts nearest to them. At about the time the sixth

or fifth primary is lost the renewal of the rectrices begins but

it is irregular especially in young birds. The rectrices fall out

approximately in pairs beginning with the central pair, and fol-

lowed by the quills next adjacent on either side. The process

is so rapid however, that when the outer pair falls, the middle

ones are seldom more than half grown and the whole series is

usually found in a pulpy condition at a time when the rest of

the body plumage is well developed and the first primary nearly

or quite grown. The sheaths of these feathers adhere unevenly

giving the impression of more irregularity in their moult than

really exists, but there are evidently a good many cases where

the normal sequence is violated.

In young birds just from the nest, the wings are often well

developed before the tail shows much growth and bob-tailed

adults as well as young birds are often seen together at the

season of moult. The coverts mostly reach maturity before

the tail itself, the rows nearest to its roots tending to precede

in their order of moult those at a distance, although there is

considerable irregularity.

The rectrices are regularly renewed whenever all the remiges

are moulted, and they are often moulted when the latter are

not, especially in young birds which assume much of the adult

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 97

plumage at the prenuptial moult preceding their first breeding

season. The Baltimore Oriole (/cterus galbula) and Rose-

breasted Grosbeak (Habia ludoviciana) are examples and in

these and many other species the renewal may not. be complete

or the color may be deficient, producing tails that have been

said to be in process of ‘recoloration.”” When a young bird

acquires a new tail in autumn without moult in the remiges it

often suggests, either individual precocity or accident, for there

seem to be very few species in which this regularly occurs with-

out simultaneous moult of the remiges. Unilateral moult of a

few rectrices only generally indicates a mishap by which the

feathers have been pulled out and this is not an uncommon

accident.

7. Lumbar, Femoral or Thigh Tracts (Preryle lumbales seu

femorales). Two narrow bands, one on either side of the pos-

terior part of the back, form the areas from which the feathers

of the flanks grow, but the name flank generally applies to the

external lateral rows of the posterior extremities of the ventral

tract. The renewal in these tracts proceeds approximately from

above downward and from before backward, there being little

evidence of moult as a rule until the process is well under way

elsewhere. They are less often involved when there is a spring

moult than are the other body tracts and at this time may be

only partially renewed.

8. Crural or Leg Tracts (/eryl@ crurales). The contour feathers

of these bilateral tracts are scattered, small and inconspicuous,

although most abundant near the tarsal or ankle joint. Their

moult easily escapes notice, beginning usually with the super-

ior and external feathers and ending among the closely imbri-

cated rows of the lower part of the tibiz orlegs. The process

begins quite early and may be completed early. The failure

of these tracts to moult when there is a general moult else-

where is frequent, especially with young birds in the spring, and

old feathers persist, noticeable chiefly when of a different color

from the new. These old feathers are often a valuable key to

the age of the bird. |

[ANNALS N. Y. AcaD. Sci., XIII, Aug. 3, 1900—7

98 DWIGHT

Ill. BARCY PLUMAGES AND MOUETSOr

YOUNG BIRDS

The plumages and moults of young birds differ so much from

those of adults as to deserve further elucidation. Although

feathers of adult structure are acquired and worn during the

first winter after leaving the egg there are two antecedent stages

of plumage in all species and in some, several subsequent stages

indefinitely classed as immature, all of which are but imper-

fectly understood.

A bird on emerging from the egg may be absolutely naked,

of which the Woodpeckers furnish an example, scantily clothed

with downy tufts as in most of the Perching Birds, or com-

pletely invested with downy growth as in the Ducks, the Water

Birds and the Birds of Prey. The structure of this ‘“‘ nest-down”’

varies greatly in the different groups of birds, and it is always

replaced by several other plumages before that of the adult bird

is assumed. Among the Passeres, which is the only group

here under consideration, the downy growth is present (at least

part of it is) before the chick hatches. It is found at only a few

points. A longitudinal row or two is found above the eyes

corresponding nearly to the location of the superciliary stripes,

several rows occur on the occiput and nape and tufts are found

on the dorsal, humeral and lumbar tracts as well as filaments at

the tips of the secondaries and their coverts. No down is

found at the tips of the primaries or rectrices nor does it occur

on the ventral tract in any of the Passerine species I have exam-

ined, the protection of the nest perhaps obviating its necessity

below. A nest full of young birds gives one the impression that

they are covered with a fluffy blanket of down. The distribution

of these downy filaments may be dimly seen by consulting plate

III, and their microscopic structure is shown by plate V which

illustrates for the first time by means of photography the exact

structure of this peculiar plumage. These peculiar feathers are

interesting under the microscope being long weak filaments with

a few short lateral branches. They are gathered into a bundle

at the tip of the new feather, which takes their place and they

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 99

adhere at its apex or at the apices of its barbs, especially about

the head, for some time, after the youngster has left the nest.

Their color is usually pale brown, gray or white, but unfortu-

nately many of the specimens I have examined are young birds

that have been dropped into alcohol without note having been

made of the color when fresh.

This ‘‘ nest-down ”’ or as it might most appropriately be called

natal down represents a first stage of clothing in young birds even

if it be scanty or suppressed. Ina systematic scheme of plum-

ages it must stand first although soon replaced by a second stage

on which the name “first plumage” has unfortunately been

fastened in all good faith. Without entering into the question of

whether “ down”? that is not true down can be called first plum-

age, I find it- expedient, if not necessary, for the sake of uni-

formity and clearness to bestow a new name on the second stage,

reserving the numeral adjective “first” for more exact and im-

portant application.

Juvenal plumage is a term definite and readily understood as

indicating the second plumage of a young bird which at this

stage usually differs in structure much from that of the adult,

and it is this very difference that is implied in the term I have

selected. The juvenal stage succeeds to the natal and feather

growth takes place over additional areas of skin bare during the

natal stage of development. The juvenal feathers differ more or

less in structure from those of adults, being, as a rule, weaker,

softer and looser in texture, as shown by the photomicrograph

(plate IV, fig. 1).

During the early days of the newly-hatched chick, feather

growth is comparatively slow, but shortly it proceeds with

marvelous rapidity. A couple of weeks, more or less, accord-

to the size of the species, suffices to develop a helpless birdling

into a bold bundle of feathers ready to essay flight. The

feathers first fully grown are the wing coverts, those of the body

and top of head next appearing, while the remiges are a little

later and the rectrices last of all. The flight-feathers which at

first lie as bluish lines beneath the skin or barely protruding

from it, develop evenly, all the quills remaining pulpy for a con-

100 DWIGHT

siderable period after they are full length. The under wing

coverts as well as the feathers of the carpo-metacarpal area on

both the upper and under surfaces are among the latest feathers

to appear in the wing tract, and the throat and sides of the head

are often still bare when the rest of the body and head is

well covered.

When the next plumage, that of a third stage worn during

the first autumn and winter, is assumed, it may be gained by a

complete moult of the juvenal plumage, but, perhaps, more fre-

quently the wings and tail are retained, not to be renewed for

atwelvemonth. The only feathers regularly retained at this time

are the nine (or ten) primaries, their upper coverts and the six

secondaries. The tertiaries are sometimes renewed, sometimes

not, and the tail is irregular, usually following the example of

the primaries. All other feathers, with occasional exceptions,

are replaced by new, a moult which may properly be called

the postjuvenal, beginning in many species, especially the

Warblers, even before the flight feathers have reached functional

length. In some species, however, the juvenal plumage is

worn for a considerable period, even several months before any

moult takes place. These birds lose all trace of the adherent

feather sheaths indicating recent growth and are the ones that

most frequently renew the whole plumage, including the wings

and tail. Summed up there are two classes of young birds,

viz., those that acquire the plumage of the first winter by a com-

plete moult, and those that retain the quill feathers of the wings

and the tail, losing all others of the juvenal plumage. There

are individual exceptions in both classes that may retain old

feathers or series of feathers here and there of the juvenal dress

until the next moult, which may be within a few months or not

for a twelvemonth, many species breeding in the plumage of

the first winter.

In some species the plumage following the juvenal may be

indistinguishable from that of the adult, in others the adult

dress may be assumed just before the first breeding season and in

still others not till after this season. Beyond this point it is

not possible, except in a very few cases,:to follow the immature

PASSERINE BIRDS:-OF NEW YORK 101

bird which at one or the other of these three periods of moult

becomes indistinguishable from the adult and may be so classed.

It is well to grasp the idea that the flight-feathers may out-

wear two or three sets of body feathers and a bird does not

really attain full adult dress until the former are replaced. In

most, if not all cases. where mixed plumages are seen during the

breeding season, they do not represent birds of different ages

but illustrate individual variation at the first prenuptial moult.

Unmixed plumages—adults and young being of uniformly dif-

ferent colors like the Purple Finch (Carpodacus purpureus)—

are presumptive evidence that no prenuptial moult occurs,

I have occasionally seen birds still partly in immature dress

after the moult at the end of their first breeding season as may

be determined by left-over feathers, but these birds usually

show a plumage so nearly of the adult type as to suggest that

they are exceptions in which there has been some individual

lack of vitality: Unfortunately we have no other available

guide except plumage to determine whether a bird is one, two

or more years old and moreover there is a great dearth of

winter specimens from the tropics showing while fresh the

changes produced by the prenuptial moult. Summed up, there

are three periods of moult at any one of which a young bird

may assume full adult plumage, the postjuvenal, the first pre-

nuptial and the first postnuptial, and prior to each of them the

plumage may be immature and made up of feathers which have

erown at different periods. These successive plumages follow

each other with the regularity of the seasons and will be more

fully discussed under the following section. More light is needed

on some species, but whether the immature dress requires one

moult or two or three to convert it into adult plumage is im-

material and does not alter one whit, the fact that it is lost and

replaced by actual moult at definite periods.

IV. SEQUENCE “OPP LUMAGES AND-MOUETS

The relation between plumages and moults is so perfectly

definite and at the same time has been so little comprehended

102 DWIGHT

that only bya radical rearrangement and delimitation of the terms

used may further confusion be avoided. The chief thing to bear

in mind is that every species passes through a definite series of

plumages and a definite series of moults, each plumage being

succeeded either by a moult or the place of the moult may be

taken by wear alone. There is no theory about this cardinal

principle and there are ample facts to support it. Of many spe-

cies, I have examined specimens taken every month in the year

showing not only the sequence of plumages and moults but all

of the intermediate steps by which the plumage has been ac-

quired or modified. With an abundance of material there is

not the slightest difficulty in explaining plumages, but in many

species there are gaps which careful study of the feathers and

the application of fundamental principles must be trusted to

fill. For instance, when the Scarlet Tanagers (Piranga erythro-

melas) leave the vicinity of New York towards the end of Sep-

tember, a// of them are in the olive green body plumage of the

female, the young males with similarly colored wings and tails,

the adults with black wings and tails. When the males return

in May av are in bright scarlet dress with black tails, but a

certain number of them have worn brown wing quills. The

red feathers examined under a glass are quite as fresh as the

green ones seen in September. If the wings are examined,

both the brown and the black quills will show wear, the black

least as might be expected from their color. If the tails are

examined those of the black-winged’ birds are slightly worn,

those of the brown-winged fresh and new. It is a perfectly

natural inference that the brown-winged birds are young males

and that they have acquired the red body plumage and the

black tail by a recent moult while the adults have not moulted

the wings and tail, but merely assumed the red body plumage.

Further evidence in support of this conclusion is afforded by

patches of worn green feathers left over among the red, such

feathers occurring most frequently in the brown-winged young

birds and finally we sometimes find red feathers still invested

with their scaly sheaths. The only gap left is a Tanager show-

ing extensive moult, and it is safe to predict that such a speci-

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 103

men will some day be forthcoming from the tropics where the

change from green to red probably takes place. Similar facts

point to a similar moult in the Rose-breasted Grosbeak (//adia

ludoviciana) which a winter specimen from Ecuador in the

British Museum collection confirms, and I have seen one bird

taken near New York still showing several rectrices partly

grown. Again if we examine Baltimore Orioles (/eterus galbula)

when they reach us in May we shall find birds with black worn

wings, wing coverts, tertiaries and tails and others with brown

worn wings while the rest of the plumage is fresh and new.

The inference is a moult in young birds and none in adults

and this is proved by two young winter birds from Central

America, unfortunately without other data which show new

growing feathers at the points where a moult regularly begins.

These examples are only several among many that could be

adduced to show upon what slender but conclusive evidence one

must work. The only reason it is slender is because the number

of specimens from southern latitudes is small, and when this

deficiency is remedied, I am convinced the difficulties with which |

I have had to contend will vanish. We will then know, for in-

stance, when it is that the young King-bird (Zyrannus tyrannus)

exchanges the two outer rounded primaries for the emarginate

ones with which it returns and when the young Barn Swallow

(Chelidon erythrogastra) assumes the attenuated lateral tail

feathers so different from the ones worn when it leaves us in the

autumn. (See plate IT, figs. 18-21.) Probably no one claims

nowadays that these new shapes are attained without erowth of

new feathers, and yet equally strange claims of color change

without moult have been put forth when there were no speci-

mens taken at the proper season to prove their absurdity.

In order to show at a glance the relation that exists in the

sequence of plumages and moults they are tabulated below in

such form that they may be made applicable to any species.

The terms employed have been chosen, so far as is compatible

with conciseness, from those in common use. Some are neces-

sarily new but I have selected all of them with the object of

making antithesis as obvious as possible.

104 DWIGHT

The first column contains the plumages in their natural se-

quence and the second the moults which (unless suppressed) fol-

low each of them.

PLUMAGES Moutts

1. Natal Postnatal

2. Juvenal Postjuvenal

3. First Winter First Prenuptial

4. First Nuptial First Postnuptial

5. Second or Adult Winter Second or Adult Prenuptial

6. Second or Adult Nuptial Second or Adult Postnuptial

elc. ere.

Just as soon asa young bird becomes indistinguishable in plu-

mage, from an adult, “ first,’ “second” or “‘ third’? may be drop-

ped and “adult” substituted, both for plumages and for moults,

the plumages being thereafter ‘ Adult Nuptial’’ and ‘“ Adult

Winter’ and the moults simply ‘“ Prenuptial” and “ Postnuptial”

as long as the bird lives. Asa matter of fact in none of the

Passerine species which I have studied are there more than six

plumages and six moults, except in a few rare individual cases, be-

fore a bird becomes indistinguishable from one that may have had

twice as many. In most species the identity of old and young

is lost much earlier, the rule being that young assume adult

plumage never later than the moult at which they first renew

the remiges and rectrices. Wear with its abrasion and fading

often takes the place wholly or in part of a prenuptial moult,

modifying in marked degree either the first winter or the adult

winter dress. Consequently the plumage to which I would re-

strict the name nuptial may be acquired by moult, by wear or

by both, and it is not the true breeding plumage. The latter

may be either a fresh nuptial or a worn nuptial, but as the dif-

ferences produced by wear after the prenuptial moult are usually

not very obvious, it would be inexpedient to try to draw too

sharp a line between “ nuptial’ and “‘ breeding,” although recog-

nizing a distinction. The breeding plumage, then, on which

descriptions of species are based does not, in very many cases,

represent the highest plumage of the species ; it may be a mix-

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 105

ture of several and all of them badly worn. For this reason I

have chosen nuptial to represent a stage of plumage following

immediately either the prenuptial moult or the time when it

would naturally occur, if not omitted.

In studying the plumages and moults in the natural order in

which they follow each other one can hardly fail to be struck

by the fact that in spite of many apparent contradictions they

make up for each species a purposeful and harmonious whole

and the series for any given species is always the same when

proper allowance is made for age, sex and individual. STONE

(96) has been one of the few to grasp the idea of sequence, but

he has not fully nor clearly developed it. Foreign observers

have devoted much time to the study of feather development

and feather colors and have even recognized ‘“ generations”’ of

feathers, but there is still lack of definite information regarding

the moults of the commonest species, and the relations between

plumages and moults remains in many cases a matter for dispute.

It is well worth one’s while to take up each of the plumages

in sequence. They represent separate stages or periods in a

bird’s life, however much they may blend with one another.

The first two are peculiar to young birds before they assume

feathers of the adult type (excepting the remiges and rectrices

in some species). Later stages mark a winter plumage and a

summer plumage alternating as long as the individual is alive.

These stages make up what I have designated as the sequence

of plumages and unless this idea of sequence is firmly fixed in

mind no adequate conception of the beautiful symmetry which

underlies the development of plumages will be gained.

1. Natal Plumage or Natal Down (plates III and V).

Enough perhaps has already been said regarding this first

stage, scanty and evanescent as the plumage is in Passerine

species. It has been recognized as the ‘downy stage”’ of the

Raptores, it clothes the “chick’”’ of the Grouse and their allies,

while “young in down” and other similar terms have been

used in the groups just mentioned and in the multitudes of spe-

cies known as the Water Birds. This ‘down,’ however, lacks

the structure of true down feathers. In Passerine birds it is

106 DWIGHT

usually brown or gray, is found at only a few points on the

upper surface of the bird, fades rapidly and begins to be lost by

a complete postnatal moult before the nest is abandoned. It

persists but a few weeks at most and is last seen as waving fila-

ments at the apices of the feathers which succeed it. .

2. Juvenal Plumage (plate IV, fig. 1, and plate V). This

second stage has also been explained earlier. It has gone by

a number of names, and the succeeding plumage is very often

_ confused with it. ‘“ Nestling’’ and “ fledgling”’ are names that

have currency, but the most generally accepted term in this

country has been “first plumage.’”’ If it were not that a much

better and more exact use of the numeral adjective “ first ’”’ re-

quires its use elsewhere, the term might stand, misnomer that it

is, but I feel that it should be displaced by ‘‘juvenal ” to which

the chief objection must be its novelty.

The juvenal plumage has been a good deal neglected and

comparatively few specimens have found their way into collec-

tions until of late years. The most valuable contribution to

the subject was made twenty years ago (BREwSTER, ’78—’79)

and only here and there since then we have heard more about

it Much of the juvenal plumage is acquired in Passerine

species before the bird leaves the nest, not only directly dis-

placing the natal down, but growing from an increased area of

the skin. It is completely assumed in about three weeks at

most. Males and females of most species are indistinguishable

in this plumage unless the wing quills and tail are different in

the two sexes. The body plumage of the male may be brighter

or darker in a few cases, but as a rule the only difference is in

the wings and tail. The body plumage is softer and the feathers

less distinctly pennaceous than those of the adult while the rem-

iges and rectrices although frequently appearing identical with

adult feathers are regularly less pigmented and suffer more from

wear probably because of their less compact margins. This

plumage may resemble somewhat that of the adult although

usually it is quite different in pattern and color. Young birds

in this dress are frequently spotted or streaked below while the

adults are immaculate and less often the reverse is the case.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 107

In many species, especially among the Warblers and Vireos,

a moult begins at the usual points on the breast almost as soon

as the birds leave the nest and the succeeding winter plumage is

assumed usually without loss of wings or tail. In many other

species, however, this plumage is worn for several weeks or even

several months before the jpostjuvenal moult sets in, and such

birds as a rule completely renew their plumage. Without speci-

mens taken at just the proper time it is extremely easy to over-

look the moult of the flight-feathers which often resemble very

closely in pattern or color those whicn they replace. Most of the

Swallows and Flycatchers and a few other species after wearing

the juvenal plumage for a long period leave for the south with-

out apparent renewal. This is indicated by specimens from the

tropics which prove a later or midwinter postjuvenal moult at a

period when other species have begun their prenuptial. Only

occasionally parts of this plumage fail to be replaced, and are,

of course, retained until the next occurring moult, becoming

meanwhile worn and ragged. Asa rule the primary coverts are

regularly retained with the primaries, the greater coverts usually

renewed, but sometimes retained as in the Thrushes and some

others, the median and lesser coverts almost always renewed

and the tertiaries sometimes renewed and sometimes not, even in

the same species. The alule are regularly renewed, but not in

all cases. The moult of the remiges and rectrices depends

upon the species, many retaining them for a whole year until

the postnuptial moult takes place the following summer. All

other feathers not already specified are regularly moulted.

3. First Winter Plumage (plate IV, fig. 2, plate VI, fig. 1).

This is the plumage usually designated as “immature fall,”’

‘“‘young in autumnal plumage,” ‘‘ young of the year,” ‘ horno-

tine’ and various other appellations with elastic meanings. It

seems to me the name selected is most appropriate for this third

stage to the exclusion of others, for the plumages of successive

winters may then be called “second,” ‘‘ third,” etc., if desirable,

or ‘‘adult’”’ take the place of these adjectives as soon as age

characters are lost. The first winter plumage, always assumed

by a more or less complete postjuvenal moult, differs little if

108 DWIGHT

any in texture from that of the adult and in a number of

species adults and young cannot be told apart, except by osteo-

logical characters. This plumage is acquired within about three

weeks after leaving the nest in some species, the first signs ap-

pearing as V-shaped patches on the breast. In other species

which have a complete postjuvenal moult the process of acquisi-

tion takes longer and does not begin for a considerable period after

leaving the nest. Among the Passerine species of New York,

at least, this plumage is fully assumed before the young birds

migrate, except among the Swallows, the Flycatchers and, per-

haps, a few others. Sometimes one may see a feather of the

juvenal plumage borne at the apex of a feather of this dress,

and, rarely, even a filament of natal down will be found adhering

in ‘turn, to the juvenal: feather, To. what extent mew. feather

papillae develop and where is of interest in all early stages, and

the subject is perhaps -not exhausted. . \he feathenma angie

first winter plumage is dense, a dozen layers or more covering

the breast for instance, and the colors are usually bright

and much “veiled” by the overlapping of the long feather

tips, the barbs of which are almost always terminally of a paler

or different color, the most frequent edgings being buff. The

amount of this edging or tipping varies greatly and there is ap-

parently always more of it in young birds than in adults of the

second or third winters. It readily wears away and in some

species striking changes are produced without moult by the

time the breeding season arrives. Not only are the concealed

colors brought out by the loss of the overlying feather tips, but

the shapes of the feathers themselves are changed. This may

be called a color change without moult, but there is a sharp di-

viding line between this result of wear and the alleged color

change ascribed to some sort of unknown cell activity within

the feather itself.

The first winter plumage is completely donned in some

species in the vicinity of New York city, as early as the first of

August, in others not before the middle of November, while

the departed Swallows and Flycatchers are sometimes even

later. It may be worn a full year without any moult occurring

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 109

as for example in the Song Sparrow (Melospiza fasciata), or

Bluebird (Sza/ia statis), or a prenuptial moult, usually partial

sometimes complete, takes place evidently for the purpose of

supplying a portion at least of the bright feathers of the adult.

In the plumage of the first winter males and females may usually

be told apart for the first time and the tendency is for males in

this dress to resemble, although brighter in color, the adult fe-

male in winter dress. There is however great individual varia-

tion, some males assuming here and there few or many feathers

fully adult in pattern and color. It is fair to suppose such birds

to have unusual vitality and mere precocity must not be confused

with what generally takes place. Then there is the other ex-

treme where a bird fails to reach the standard and a deficiency

of pigment or failure to moult the juvenal feathers occurs ; and

it requires a great many specimens to be sure of what the nor-

mal acquisitions really are. As a general rule the depth of

color in the wings and tails of young birds will average less than

that of adults, and in some species this character becomes more

pronounced the longer the plumage is worn. The increasing

depth of color apparent in some species while they are assuming

first winter plumage, is I think, largely due to superimposed

layers of new feathers.

The small size of the bill of young birds is a character dis-

tinguishing them from adults for a long time and a deepening or

change in its color is marked in some species. The color too

of the iris is sometimes strikingly different in young birds and

helps determine their age. The change during the winter from

brown to red in the iris of the Red-eyed Vireo (Vzreo olivaceus)

and from gray to white in the White-eyed Vireo, (Vireo nove-

boracensis) is only somewhat more striking than what occurs in

many other species. Legs and feet also deepen in color.

About nine out of ten birds in most collections are in first

winter plumage, and it is one that ought to be thoroughly un-

derstood.

4. First Nuptial Plumage (plate IV, fig. 3; plate VI, fig. 3;

plate VII, fig. 4). This is a fourth stage representing the dress

assumed by young or immature birds during their first

110 DWIGHT

breeding season, and contrasting with the ‘‘second”’ and

“third’’ (or adult) nuptial of successive breeding seasons. It

may be simply the first winter plumage plus a certain amount

of wear, it may be the result of a complete prenuptial moult

or it may be the result of a partial prenuptial moult plus

wear of the retained feathers. Consequently it is not. infre-

quently made up of feathers belonging to three diffferent

stages, the old wings and tail of the juvenal dress, part of the

old body plumage of the first winter dress and new feathers

of the first nuptial dress. The most confusing admixture of

these different plumages may be seen in some species, individual

variation and sex being also potent factors in producing combi-

nations of feathers that furnish even to-day some very puzzling

problems. Species that complete the postjuvenal moult before

moving south and those that consummate their prenuptial

moult in our latitude offer at the present time no problems at

all, and when material illustrating the moults of species that

undergo the process while in distant lands is obtained, I ven-

ture to predict that problems will cease to exist. It is sugges-

tive that theories have clustered chiefly about brightly colored

species few of which attain adult dress without passing through

a series of moults, the counterpart of which may be found

among less conspicuous species. Bright adults taken at the

same season as young birds variously sprinkled with irregular

patches of color have furnished a theme for endless argument,

and assertions of ‘‘restoration’’ and ‘‘ repigmentation.”’ These

irregular patches will be found to correspond in every case with

the points in the feather tracts where the moult usually begins

or in the series of feathers that ordinarily precede other series.

There is some irregularity, of course, but these feathers will

almost invariably be less worn than those adjacent. I find just

such patches and sprinklings of feathers on birds of incon-

spicuous plumage, and I can prove their growth at the pre-

nuptial moult in many species of which I have large series and

in some others from southern latitudes represented by only

a few specimens. It would be difficult to say why some

species pass their first breeding season in the plumage of the

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK Lit

first winter altered only by wear, while others closely allied

whether specifically or by habit undergo a more or less

complete prenuptial moult, but the fact is incontestable. It

is unfortunate that we have so little material illustrating this

moult which takes place in so many species while they are

away in their southern haunts, their winter wanderings carrying

some of them beyond the equator.

The facts concerning the time of this moult are these. In

the vicinity of New York, resident species and birds that winter

begin to moult towards the end of March as exemplified by the

Myrtle Warbler (Dendroica coronata) or Ipswich Sparrow (Am-

modramus princeps.) <A little later such species as the Amer-

ican Goldfinch (Sfenus tristis) and White-throated Sparrow

(Zonotrichia albicollis) begin a moult completed early in May.

Many other species that do not winter very far to the south

appear to moult in February or March sometimes arriving here

with visible traces of recent feather-growth. The most difficult

plumages to explain are those of birds which move south early

in the autumn before the customary postjuvenal of young birds

or the postnuptial of adults has taken place. It seems probable

that in these species, which include some of the Swallows and

Flycatchers, there is a late postnuptial moult of adults simul-

taneous with a partial postjuvenal of young birds the latter in

some cases shortly after passing through a complete or partial

prenuptial moult. This is the usual sequence in species that

moult while with us and a few specimens from far southern

counties near the tropics show moult in mid-winter and in

spring. The fact that new growth of feathers occurs during

the winter in many species is beyond doubt—the only question

to be solved is, when? ‘That the postjuvenal and prenuptial

seasons of moult overlap, although notin the same species, is

proved by numerous specimens of Warblers I have seen which

begin to assume their first nuptial dréss as early as November

and December (in Jamaica, West Indies) although January and

February specimens are in more active moult. In some species

the prenuptial moult appears to proceed very slowly and

irregularly.

112 DWIGHT

The prenuptial moult is certainly a most interesting subject

and it is one upon which we have had very little light shed.

Its purpose is double, to approximate the plumage of the young

bird to that of the adult and to adorn the adult with his brightest

colors. In females the prenuptial moult is either limited or even

altogether suppressed, and a fresh complication arises in species

in which it occurs only in the young bird, not to be repeated a

second year. Each species appears to have a definite type of

moult although individual vigor and sex modify it and produce

all sorts of combinations of plumage.

Some species undergo a complete moult like the Bobolink

(Dolichonyx oryzivorus), Long-billed Marsh Wren (Cistothorus

palustris), or Sharp-tailed Sparrow (Ammodramus caudacutus)

others acquire distal primaries and part of the body plumage

like the Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea) or Short-billed

Marsh Wren (Cis¢othorus stellaris); others renew the whole

body plumage but not the wings or tail like many of the

Warblers, or the American Goldfinch (Spimus tristis); and still

others renew but a small area of the head and throat like the

Chipping Sparrow (Spzzella socialis) or Palm Warbler (Dendroica

palmarum). These are some of the classes into which the birds

naturally fall but there is no hard and fast line between them.

Ordinarily the anterior parts of the body are most frequently

subject to moult, the posterior parts less and the flight-feathers

least, but a few stray feathers are apt to develop on all of the

body tracts at this moult in presumably vigorous individuals.

The sprinkling of new feathers is well shown in such species as

the Summer Tanager (/vranga rubra), and is only less con-

spicuous in the Palm Warbler (Dendroica palmarum). From

what I have said it is obvious that the first nuptial plumage is

the most difficult of any to properly understand. It is the cul-

mination of the rapid series of moults through which a young bird

passes and in many species lands him in full adult dress. When

adults and young appear to be alike in plumage in the breeding

season some clue to their age may often be found in the duller

and more worn wings and tail retained from the juvenal stage of

the previous summer. The primary coverts are valuable keys

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 113,

as well as any feathers retained elsewhere, but all other plum-

age characters are unreliable. I can only suspect that freak

plumages and albinism occur most often in young birds judging

by afew that I have examined.

When no prenuptial moult occurs the first nuptial plumage:

7s the first winter plumage plus wear, and perhaps no more de-

serves a new name than does the continuation of a street.

There are, however, some advantages in changing the name in

either case. Wear in many species effects striking color changes

by loss of feather edgings or feather barbules, when concealed

colors are brought into view or modified in intensity by con-

trast. As these changes are varied and fully discussed under

the species in which they occur they need not be particularized

here. It must not be forgotten that wear is a constantly acting

force, its effects being perhaps most noticeable in those species

in which black areas are veiled by buff feather tips.

The importance of understanding the first nuptial plumage

has been I hope, sufficiently demonstrated and with full knowl-

edge of its intricacies, there remains no peg on which to hang

silly theories which are disproved by every established fact.

5. Second or Adult Winter Plumage (plate VII, figs. 1 and 3).

This fifth stage known usually as the “ adult autumnal”’ plumage

is always the result of a complete first postnuptial moult, usually

directly at the close of the breeding season and before migra-

tion begins, except among the Swallows, Flycatchers and pos-

sibly a few others that press south first. This plumage is often

quite different from the first winter dress and even when practi-

cally indistinguishable to superficial observation, the wings and

tail are of a deeper color and the edgings richer and darker.

Streakings will average broader and spots larger in the adult

while veiling seems to diminish according to age, as shown by

specimens in moult or retaining tell-tale feathers of the old plu-

mage, but unfortunately age can seldom be determined after a

bird is one year old. It is contrary to popular belief that birds

acquire adult plumage within so brief a time, but all the evi-

dence points that way. In many species young and old are in-

distinguishable in winter dress,as may be demonstrated beyond

ANNALS N. Y. ACAD. Sct., XIII, Aug. 4, 1900—8.

114 DWIGHT

doubt by the cranial character on which I would lay so much

stress. The Purple Grackle (Quzscalus quiscula) and many of

the Sparrows are examples. The prenuptial moult may oblit-

erate distinctions that survive the postjuvenal moult, for instance

in the Yellow Warbler (Dendroica @stiva) or White-throated

Sparrow (Zonotriclua albicollts). Distinctions that have survived

the two earlier moults, whatever may have been their extent ap-

pear to vanish at the first postnuptial. If I had ever found au-

tumnal specimens in immature plumage, showing the characters

of the adult skull, I would be ready to admit that some species

pass a second winter in immature dress, but I fail to find any

such birds. On the other hand I do find birds in adult winter

plumage with a few of the feathers that characterize the first

nuptial dress. I have seen such specimens actually in moult of

the Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea), Orchard Oriole (/cterus

spurius), Redstart (Setophaga ruticil/a) and others supposed to re-

quire several years to attain fully adult plumage. That variety

of plumages is due primarily to individual variation can be

proved beyond dispute by many specimens in first winter plu-

mage, and also by many in first nuptial dress when parts of the

previous plumages are retained. That even the most highly

colored species require but one year to attain fully adult plu-

mage is therefore not a matter so difficult of demonstration when

adult autumnal specimens are secured in moult still retaining

the tell-tale feathers of their first nuptial dress.

6. Second or Adult Nuptial Plumage (plate VII, fig. 2). This

sixth stage acquired like the fourth by wear alone, by moult or

by a combination of the two can only be distinguished from later

nuptial plumages in a very few exceptional cases in which either

first nuptial feathers have been retained after the first post-nup-

tial. moult or birds are taken in the midst of it. As this moult

is normally complete, the second nuptial plumage will be made

up at most of parts of two, the second winter and the second

nuptial. It is therefore less complex than the first nuptial and

may or may not differ from it in pattern and color. It has

been pretty generally taken for granted that brilliancy of plu-

mage increases with age, but it is not an easy thing to prove

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 115

this. It seems to be true of the average adult, yet many young

birds either at the postjuvenal, the first prenuptial, or the first

postnuptial moult do assume colors quite as bright as the most

highly colored adults.

It seems probable that females which assume male plumage

contrary to their usual habit are old adults. The most difficult

problem to solve in connection with this stage is whether all adults

continue to have a prenuptial moult after the first year. There

are few species which do not show renewal of a few scattering

feathers, chiefly noticeable on the ramal margins of the chin, at

the season of the prenuptial moult and perhaps as we learn

more of it we may be obliged to consider this moult universal

and merely suppressed in certain species just as it is in the fe-

males of certain species. We can easily tell how extensive it is

in young birds from differences of plumage, but with adults it

is difficult, for many of them assume a winter plumage that

wear alone wzght easily convert into the nuptial dress. A mere

sprinkling of new red feathers among the yellow ones of the

young Summer Tanager (Piranga rubra) for instance, is con-

spicuous, but the same sprinkling might occur a second season

and be quite overlooked among the old red ones especially

when wear has assailed both sorts. When the prenuptial moult

is fairly extensive, old tell-tale feathers show that both young

and old undergo a moult, but when it is limited to small areas

and to few feathers the problem is anything but easy even with

specimens actually in process of moult. With specimens taken

long after the prenuptial moult it may be impossible to make out

from the amount of wear whether the feathers of the perhaps

identical winter plumage have been renewed or not. If all the

spring specimens of a species show evidences of moult, it is fair

to assume that both adults and young have been affected. In

spite of the evidence fro and coz I must admit the question of

the adult prenuptial moult is one that in a number of species

has not been settled to my entire satisfaction. If young and old

could be told apart in all cases at this season the matter would

be much simplified. It depends now chiefly upon knowledge

of winter plumages and estimates of wear.

116 DWIGHT

The part that age plays in dichromatism, albinism, melanism,

etc., is one as yet little understood and also offers an inviting

field for investigation.

Beyond the second nuptial plumage it is not possible to

trace the age of a bird, for the second postnuptial moult removes

the last tell-tale feathers that ina few individuals of a few highly

colored species have survived earlier moults. Whether more

careful study of a greater number of species will show age

characters of plumage persistent to seventh or eighth stages, I

cannot say, but so far as the Passerine species of eastern North

America are concerned I feel confident that the usual time as-

signed for the acquisition of adult plumage has been greatly

overestimated.

V> COLOR FACTS 27 COLOK, TRO rkies

The number of investigators who have studied feathers, ever

since the days of Aristotle, is almost incredible. All general

works deal with plumages, while a number of special papers on

feather development, feather structure, moult and color are

worthy of particular mention, among them those of Meckel

(15), Dutrochet (19), Cuvier (’25), Bachman (’39), Geoffroy

Saint-Hilaire (’41), Schlegel (’52), Homeyer ('53), Gatke (54

and ’91), Meves (’55), Engel (’56), Holland (’60 to ’64), Fatio

(66), Stieda (’69), Samuel (’70), Pernitza (’71), Studer (’73 and

'78), Palmen (’80), Klee (’86), Davies (’88 and ’89), Ficalbi

(90), Gadow (’91-’93), Maurer (’92 and ’95), Meijere (’95),

Stone (’96) and Keibel (’96). Besides these writers there are

some who have studied color and pigment especially, and among

these may be mentioned Gloger (53), Altum (’54 and ’55),

Weinland (’56—'59), Bogdanow (’58), Severtzov ('63), Kruken-

berg ('81), Jeffries ('82), Gadow (’82) and Rabl (97). Still

others (including some of those already cited) have discussed

the theory that a feather once grown could be recolored months

afterward, an idea that seems to have originated with Cartwright

(1792); to have been advanced by Fleming (17 and ’20),

Whitear (18), Ord (’30), Yarrell (33 and ’35), Schlegel (’52)

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 117

and other German writers of his period; and to have received

recent attention at the hands of Allen (’96), Chadbourne (’97)

and Chapman (’96 and ’97). It is to this theory, so far as it

concerns Passerine species, that I now invite attention.

In view of the endless complexity of birds’ plumages and the

wide diversity in the manner of their acquisition demonstrable

even among a few Passerine species, it is not surprising that

theoretical explanations should flourish as long as the facts of

moult regarding any species are not known. To catch a bird

in moult is no easy matter, to catch him in all his moults is a

task of considerable magnitude and yet as fast as this has been

accomplished, theory has become superfluous.

Theory has even gone so far as to assert new growth of

abraided barbs and barbules by exudations from a frayed

weather-beaten feather, although most writers have contented

themselves with alleging a fresh influx of pigment or a redistri-

bution of color granules. No two of the upholders of this

theory of so-called ‘‘color change without moult,’ or ‘‘aptoso-

chromatisin,”’ have agreed as to how a feather that to all appear-

ances has been histologically dead for many months may sud-

denly absorb, create or redistribute fresh coloring matter and the

weakest point of their theory is the necessity for a new law of

some sort to explain the theory. The mental attitude of those

who believe in these changes is a curious one. They usually

admit that moult is responsible for the renewal of one feather

but claim a color change they cannot exactly explain in the

feather adjoining. They would have Nature work according to

well established laws in renewing feathers numbers 1, 2 and 3

of a series and then adopt a new one for number 4! They

would have us believe that the shaft of a feather is a sort of an

avian thermometer tube up and down which coloring fluids slip

according to the seasonal systemic warmth of the bird! There

is an element of the absurd about the position taken by theorists,

but it is only fair to them to sift the evidence they bring forward

in support of their theories. This is the evidence of live birds

and the evidence of dead ones. Live birds must of necessity

be caged birds, and dead ones of course are chiefly museum

or cabinet specimens.

118 DWIGHT

It has been asserted that various species of caged birds have

been seen to change color without feather loss. Well, it is

perfectly true that some do change color, but in these birds,

as can be proved, no actual pigmentary change takes place.

Colors concealed by feather edgings or optical effects produced

by structure may be intensified by gradual loss of parts of the

feathers and as these minute parts will not be found in the cage,

those who are ignorant of simple principles of wear will see a

“brightening by influx of pigment.’ The adult Purple Finch

(Carpodacus purpureus) and adult Indigo Bunting (Passerina

cyanea) both brighten very perceptibly by wear alone as I can

testify. The former has no prenuptial moult, the latter has one

confined to the body plumage. Theorists class both together

and lump with them a lot of other species, among which

similar changes are observed by them or by their friends and

the crudest observations and baldest statements are offered as

‘‘proof”’ of new color.

From the extensive literature of the subject we learn that ob-

servers of caged birds have failed to bar out the possibility of

moult, and in species that regularly only renew a small portion

of their plumage at the prenuptial moult (particularly the small

feathers about the head) I have no doubt that moult has oc-

curred, the tiny feathers being whirled out of the cage by a puff

of air or rolled up to almost nothing if sprinkled from the bath

or drinking cup. It is not often that many are cast off at one

time and they are so extremely small that the entire plumage of

the head of a bird the size of a Song Sparrow (Melospiza fasciata)

may be held between the thumb and forefinger. Did any of the

theorists ever try blowing away such a pinch of feathers even in

a small room and see how many he will find? Some idea of the

relative size of feathers may be gained from plate I, on which

those of a Bobolink (Dolichonyz oryztvorus), a good sized Pas-

serine bird are figured. In order to give some idea of their

relative number, I have made actual count of all the contour

feathers on a spring male. The enumeration of the minute

down-feathers, semiplumes and filoplumes I leave to others.

The result of my count is as follows :

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 119

Pemelin UACtS A. teat. Hoga v enttals Dract 22. .4.'. 6. 405

feumieral Tracts. ..>.«.’. pe iGandal Tract <j.) a5 2. 55

Merataldiract a2. 25708 iyocaeainieat. Iracts:):...... 70

Miers) Pract Satans...:: ts. HOC eerie eTACtS c/s... 2. 166

LC UD Se gi 22315

The actual number of feathers, however, is not nearly so im-

portant as their size, and I will venture to assert that over 50%

of the total number are no larger than those shown on plate I,

fig. 17, while hundreds of them are almost microscopic. The

Bobolink is one of the species cited by several observers as

changing from buff to black without feather loss because no

feathers are found in cages. The most plausible evidence yet

advanced is Dr. A. P. CHappournr’s (’97) but even this ob-

server admits that his cage was not protected by any netting.

Furthermore he leads us to expect tremendous feather-loss and

estimates the number of feathers, kind not specified, at 2634.

As most of the feathers of a Bobolink are extremely small, a

wing beat would readily drive them out of the cage. Suppose

now a caged bird possessed the dark wings and tail often found

in autumn. Without moult the loss of their buff edgings com-

bined with the ragged state in which we find them later might

easily produce a color that would pass for black and if numer-

ous body feathers had been knocked out, as is often the case,

before observations upon a specimen began, it would be easy

to overlook a partial moult. I know from personal experience

how easy it is to fail to find by examination the tiny feather

sheaths which are quickly lost even before the black portion of

the yellow tipped feathers pushes out into view among the con-

cealing buff feathers. Having pointed out some of the possibili-

ties of error in observations, I may add that Dr. CHADBOURNE’S

Bobolink and one or two others that have not been preserved by

their owners are certainly unique. There is no lack of evidence

that other caged Bobolinks undergo a fairly complete moult in

the spring and I have personally watched several birds and seen

others that had completed the process. Even admitting that

some birds can and do turn black as asserted, it is no proof

120 DWIGHT

whatever that such change ever can or does occur in the wild

state. If caged birds prove anything they prove that under

peculiar and abnormal environment the process of moult is

curiously suspended or modified by such factors as food,

warmth, fright, etc., but if color changes in wild birds are to be

explained by what a few captive birds are alleged to have done,

there are likely to be sceptics who question the accuracy of

such observations.

The dulness of the plumage of sick birds and subsequent

brightening has been noticed, but it is simpler to attribute the

improvement rather to the renewal of the neglected oiling and

preening than to colors within the feathers themselves.

Theorists support their arguments by telling us that the color

of Canary Birds may be changed by food, but they fail to tell

us that the administration of Cayenne pepper must be begun

weeks before a moult, the ew feathers coming in of a different

color from the old. Therefore any bald statement that diet will

effect color change in feathers needs to taken with a grain of

salt. Sauermann (’89) has made some interesting experiments

that any bird-fancier will confirm if questioned.

Another assertion of theorists is that a feather is not a dead

structure, but possessed of some sort of vital connection with

the body or capable at least of internal cell activity. Experi-

ments with feathers, even while attached to the skin of a living

bird, show that mechanical recoloration is possible, but this is

no proof that such a thing can occur except by artificial means.

The penetrative power of oils and staining reagents, be the ab-

sorbing substance organic or inorganic, is well known and every

biologist is aware that dead tissues stain more readily in most

cases than living ones. In the case of feathers we are dealing

with structures that are (except in the minds of theorists) when

mature, cut off from further vital connection with the body, and

to assume a re-opening of this connection, or stranger still, a

revival of cell activity in dead tissue is simply a tacit confession

that the first principles of moult have not been apprehended.

Microscopic investigations are always impressive, but they lose

force when employed in support of a theory which is not only

quite superfluous, but does not even accord with known facts.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 121

Turning now from the evidence of caged birds to that derived

from museum skins what do we find? Again superfluous

theory, and a perversion of facts to fit, based on the most super-

ficial observations. Without taking pains to learn even the

simplest facts, our foreign brethren and some too. on this side of

the ocean have offered triumphantly mixed plumages as proof of

color change without moult, and extremists believe ina rebuild-

ing of the worn margins of feathers, or at least in their vitality,

because they see with a microscope pores which exude some-

thing. Some writers wax eloquent upon the subject.

“Foci’’ and “ spreading areas of color’’ are observed and a

series of feathers showing the changing pattern are plucked out

and figured in blissful ignorance that all the various patterns

were present in the feathers when they developed at the last

period of moult. Just such feathers (as, for instance, some

from the breast of a Bobolink plate I, figs. 1-6) may be found

fresh and new after a moult or worn and frayed and perhaps

in juxtaposition with newly grown ones at a later season of

moult, as proved by scores of species treated in the present

paper. There is not the slightest evidence of recoloration, the

alleged changes being easily and naturally explicable, as due to

the normal sequence of normal moult modified by normal wear.

The true explanation of the plumages of such species as the

Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Hadbia ludoviciana), Baltimore Oriole

(leterus galbula), Orchard Oriole (/cterus spurius), Indigo Bunt-

ing (Passerina cyanea), Bobolink (Dolchonyx oryztvorus) and

other alleged examples of color change without moult will be

found under these species, and all mixed plumages are readily

explained without resort to theory, if the fundamental principles

of moult are once firmly fixed in mind. I have examined

something like 15,000 birds during the last few years and I

find none which do not conform to the definite laws of moult

and wear which I have laid down. I often wonder at the

temerity of theorists who, with a mere handful of specimens

taken, perhaps, all at one season, do not hesitate to betray their

ignorance of the foundation facts of plumage. As long as they

do not apprehend them, their conclusions are not to be taken

122 DWIGHT

seriously and as long as they are unaware that the plumage of

a specimen may be the resultant of no less than three moults,

that old and young may moult quite differently and that males

and females may not moult alike, of what value are their

theories ?

Dr. CHADBOURNE in his paper previously cited asserts that

the skin of a Bobolink taken March 1, in Brazil, proves color

change and moult going on simultaneously. An understanding

of the A B C of moult shows that the first assumption is without

support and that the bird is a typical adult male undergoing

a perfectly normal and complete prenuptial moult as already

explained by Mr. Cuapman (’97). The feathers of the worn

adult winter dress are found at exactly the points where they

are regularly found in all Passerine species before a moult is

completed and the whiteness of the abdomen is not due to

albinism as the writer suggests, but to the normal fading of

feathers that were almost white when assumed in the autumn.

I have examined the bird and agree with Mr. CHApMAN that

no new white feathers are discoverable (the one figured by

(CHADBOURNE, Auk, ’97, plate ta, fig. 2) certainly does not look

like a new one), all of them being much worn. Therefore the

“proof” that they will turn black rests on a single feather

by what means determined as of new growth we are not in-

formed. In like manner his statement that the black feathers

regularly sprinkled on the throats of adults in autumn will

shortly turn buff is not in accordance with facts for these feath-

ers become the old worn ones found on the March bird. (z.¢.,

feather, plate 1a, fig. 4 would wear to fig. 3). In fig. 5 isshown

an autumn feather that would be found in spring with the foci

unchanged. In fig. 1 we see another old black feather that was

just the same color when it grew at the postnuptial moult. Not

one of these feathers therefore has been correctly interpreted and

what is true of this plate is true of others that are considered

convincing proofs of alleged color changes in other species.

Now, to maintain in the face of these facts about which there

can be no question, that moult and a color change may coexist

in such a warping of facts to fit a theory, that even the em-

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 12%

phasis of italics and small capitals is not convincing. While

Dr. CHADBOURNE’S paper is a model of exactness in details, the

real facts do not bear out his conclusions, nor are his explana-

tions the simplest possible. As his evident skill in micro-

scopic tecnique will be apt to carry much weight, I have criti-

cized his paper at some length because it embodies most of the

unsubstantial foundations on which modern theory rests. The

views of many of the earlier writers have already been analyzed

by Dr. ALLEN (’96) and need not be specified here. Suffice it

to say, therefore, that however pleasing all the various theories

may have been they have set aside the following facts: /zrst¢

the normal histology of the feather; Second, the normal moult ;

Third, the normal sequence of plumages; and fourth, the

normal effects of wear. A proper comprehension of these four

basal facts will entirely eliminate the necessity of abnormal

color change while at the same time explaining every plumage

easily and naturally. If Nature must be assisted in a perfectly

well understood moult by a process of color change about

which no two of its champions offer the same explanation, it

seems to me that Nature’s ability to follow the same laws in all

cases is discredited because these champions of supposed new

ones have failed to recognize the old. JI am not the first to

reach these conclusions, but many of my predecessors in the

field were much hampered by lack of material to confirm their

opinions. BacHMAN (39) had a good idea of moult among

North American species in spite of some errors. Since his

day nocomprehensive article touching upon our birds has been

written until Mr. WirMER Srone (’96) made clear the different

plumages of certain species. I might cite other reliable writers

besides these two so far apart in point of time so near together

in point of view, but it would serve here no good purpose.

Years ago a theory was current that Swallows hibernated

beneath the mud of ponds. ‘The fact that they could not do it

and did not do it is a lesson that our modern color-change the-

orists would do well to take to heart. Nowhere among living

organisms do restorative changes in tissue take place without

destruction or casting off of the old. Consequently belief that

124 DWIGHT

a feather which regularly develops, dies and is cast off, can pos-

sibly violate such a universal law is not only contrary to com-

mon sense but contrary as well to every established fact regard-

ing the moulting of birds.

VI. OUTDOOR. STUDY .ORsOU Eg

Seasons of Moult

This is a pleasant and fascinating side of the subject of moult

for it takes us out into the open air of woods and fields.

Hot, muggy August has been considered, the month of moult

in the vicinity of New York city, and it will surprise some of us

to learn that many of our local species quite complete their winter

plumage before August arrives, while others do not begin to

assume it until the month has long passed. Although this

month does mark the high tide of moult, especially among

the adults of a great many species, there are few months in the

year when one species or another does not show evidences of

feather loss just past or just beginning. A complete moult is

accomplished in from four to six weeks, stray feathers continu-

ing to appear for a much longer period, but partial moults re-

quire much less time. The young of most of our Passerine

species remain in the nest about two weeks, a little more or

less according to size, this period corresponding very nearly to

the duration of the natal down.

The growth of the juvenal plumage begins while the young

bird is still in the nest, the wings and tail requiring several

weeks to reach maturity. Birds hardly able to fly will be found

which already show signs on the breast of the first winter

plumage; these species asa rule do not lose the wings and

tail at the postjuvenal moult ; others however do, and usually

such birds will have worn the juvenal plumage for many weeks

before the postjuvenal moult begins.

The blending together of the moults of the young bird makes

it difficult to assign the time required for any one of them and

the time varies with each species. It can be said, however, that

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 125

the first winter plumage may be practically complete within a

month after the nest is abandoned, the juvenal having been com-

pleted in less than half that period.

The adults of early nesting species, for example, the Crow

(Corvus americanus) or Worm-eating Warbler (/elmitherus

vermivorus), begin to moult by the end of June when the post-

nuptial moult may be said to begin. These represent an ill-

defined class of early breeding birds whose young appear to-

wards the end of May or earlier and who raise but one brood

in the season. Another class comprises the later breeding

species raising but one brood hatched towards the end of June

like the Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryzwvorus) or Wood Thursh ( Zur-

dus mustelinus), which moult late in July. A third class com-

prises birds that regularly raise two broods like the Song Spar-

row (Melospiza fasciata) or Field Sparrow (Sfrzella pusilla), the

first appearing towards the end of May, the second in July.

The first brood begins the postjuvenal moult late in August,

the second moults in September and October. Belated broods

are puzzling and are probably mistaken for third broods by the

average observer. It is my opinion that none of our local

species regularly raises more than two broods (and few of them

more than one) in one season, for a bird taken in nuptial dress,

whether accompanied by young or not, when many other birds

of the same species show a symmetrical and extensive develop-

ment of the moult is suggestive evidence, not of a third, but of

a belated brood. My grouping into three classes is purely arti-

ficial, however, and only done because it is convenient to think

of species thus grouped.

From what I have already said it is easy to understand what

a confusion of moulting birds may be found during July, August

and September. The postnuptial moult of adults regularly

precedes the postjuvenal in the same species although young

birds may overtake adults in assuming fall plumage if they do not

renew the flight feathers. If adults, then, begin a moult in

June they complete it in July, if they begin in August they end

in September and late-nesting species like the Goldfinch (Spznzs

tristis) begin in September to finish in October and even No-

126 DWIGHT

vember. Belated broods of young birds may delay the moult

of their parents far beyond the usual limits. As for the mi-

grants which reach us from the north their moult is usually

completed almost entirely before they reach us.

December and January are generally the only months in the

whole year when most evidences of moult are lacking in the

specimens obtained here. In February some of the birds that

have wintered with us begin to shows signs of the prenuptial

moult. The Ipswich Sparrow (Ammodromus princeps) from the

end of this month to the end of March acquires new feathers

about the head and throat and the last of March marks the

beginning of a nearly or quite complete renewal of body feathers

in the Myrtle Warbler (Dendroica coronata). April marks a

partial prenuptial moult in several local species, among them

the Goldfinch (Spznus tristis) and the White-throated Sparrow

(Zonotrichia alticollis), During April and May the young of

early hatched species begin to appear and among a host of

migrants on their way north a few birds are found showing stray

‘‘pin feathers” which tell of a moult accomplished perhaps far

away in the south. I have roughly indicated what each month

in the year may teach us regarding the moult and I turn now to

another subject which has been a matter of some controversy.

Migration After Moult

It is, perhaps, not generally believed that birds depart from

their breeding grounds immediately after the moult, but there

are two cogent reasons in favor of this view. One is the fact

that many species in the vicinity of New York city do disap-

pear directly after and sometimes before assuming winter plum-

age, and the other is the fact that none of the species which

breed farther north arrive here before the last traces of the

moult are nearly if not quite cbiiterated. I have never seen a

passing migrant, except possibly the White-bellied Swallow

(Lachycineta bicolor), showing signs of immaturity in the flight-

feathers. In the spting too for that matter very few of the ar-

rivals from the south show any signs of the moult, through

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 127

which, from the freshness of their feathers we know they must

have passed. The postjuvenal and the postnuptial moults are

virtually completed so far as the flight-feathers are concerned

before the species moves south. Most of the Flycatchers and

Swallows, however, disappear before these moults begin, but

they and a few others are exceptions. The progressive shrink-

age or involution of the sexual organs of adults is, as a rule,

quite marked before the postnuptial moult sets in, and it is

highly improbable any further attempt to rear young is ever

made once this retrograde process has begun. When the last

brood is on the wing and well able to care for themselves, the

moult of the parents begins, that of the male starting a little

before that of the female as becomes evident when a pair can be

secured. As the female attends to the wants of her family

longer than does the male, it is not surprising that her moult

should be the later. We can readily believe that when a

brood is raised to take the place of accidentally destroyed eggs

or young, the involution and the moult are both delayed. As

almost all of our migratory species move south on the comple-

tion of a moult which is accomplished somewhat earlier in

adults than in their progeny, it is natural to expect the former

to go first. My actual experience is that the last loiterers of

many of our summer breeding species are young birds. Some

species disappear almost entirely, as for instance the Golden-

crowned Thrush (Sezurus aurocapillus) and later reappear when

migrants from the north arrive to replace them. The first

comers are not always adults but they are very apt to be.

Species near the northern limit of their breeding range, such

for instance as the Hooded Warbler (Sy/vania mitrata) or Blue-

winged Yellow Warbler (//e/minthophila pinus), rapidly disap-

pear on completing their moult. The specimens obtained late

in the season all prove to be young birds, and this is the case

with many species that I have pursued with the object of secur-

ing adults. The evidence of moult is that old birds migrate

south first because they are ready first.

It is an undoubted fact that when a species has an extensive

breeding range, the birds towards its southern limits begin to

128 DWIGHT

moult earlier than those at its northern. I fancy that this has

something to do with the great individual variation we see in

immature birds the following summer. A species that might

raise two broods at the south would perhaps raise but one at

the north and we might suppose the older birds to be more

vigorous. It is apparently the case with species raising two

broods everywhere. Young birds show variable vigor and pre-

sumably the highest plumaged are the oldest and the ones most

likely to assume at the postjuvenal moult feathers that in the

younger would not be donned until the prenuptial period.

Preponderance of Young in Autumn

There is another matter which comes in naturally at this

point. The vexed question why young birds are obtained in

the autumn in such overwhelming abundance as compared with

adults has never been solved. Various explanations have been

offered but none of them seems adequate. Several causes

probably contribute to make adults in fall plumage so rare in

collections and I have a new one to add which I believe is an

important factor in the case. It is simply that the old birds

take better care of themselves and the young most frequently

fall victims to our powder and shot. Anyone who has chased

a family of Towhees (Pipilo erythrophthalmus) along a hedge row

will be prepared to admit that it is the parents who skip along

at the head of the procession with surprising alacrity. In the

autumn do we not find adult Wood Pewees (Contopus virens)

and Scarlet Tanagers (P:ranga erythromelas) almost inaccessible

at the very tops of the tallest trees? If anyone doubts whether

old birds take good care of themselves let him use his gun with

this idea in view before the woods and fields are invaded by a

host of passing migrants from the north. Just as soon as the

young of our summer species reach a stage when they no longer

need to be fed by their parents, the latter cannot be lured by

the most seductive squeakings one can muster which earlier

would have thrown them into a high state of excitement and

remonstrance. It is the young that are attracted by the sounds

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 129

and the adults may sometimes be observed slipping away at the

firstalarm. Their timidity is probably increased by the somewhat

disabled state in which they find themselves owing to the moult.

While the feather loss at this time is so carefully compensated

for by feather gain that birds as a rule are very little crippled in

their locomotive powers, still we may well suppose they feel

some anxiety as to their ability to escape when their feathers are

only partly developed or new and untried. We must also take

into consideration the endeavor manifested by birds to lead their

young out of danger, a trait which may influence them toa

greater or less extent after the young are quite able to shift for

themselves. In flocks of migrants, too, it seems to be the old

birds that first take alarm and the loiterers almost invariably

prove to be the young birds that have not learned the dangers

of delay. The early banding together and departure south of

the adults of a particular species that has reared young ina

locality near the northern limit of that species may account in

great measure for the apparent rarity of local adults because

few of us care to brave the midsummer sun, in pursuit of them,

but it does not explain why among the hords of migrants from

more northern breeding regions so fewadults are secured. The

theory of a migration of adults by a different route from that

taken by the young birds say explain some cases and the rela-

tively greater number of young due to the natural increase of

species will account for a part of the existing disproportion but

none of these explanations is adequate. - It is a subject where

field work and closet study go hand in hand and it remains to

be proved whether my theory of personal safety, the only one

I advance in these pages, will be displaced by a better.

In collections the proportion of young birds taken in the

spring when it is possible to determine their age is far smaller

than in the fall. In fact adults and young seem to be about

evenly divided in numbers, except in the case of bright colored

species where the brilliant adults have evidently attracted the

collector’s attention more than the duller young birds.

ANNALS N. Y. ACAD. Sci., XIII, Aug. 4, 19g00—9.

130 DWIGHT

VIL. PLUMAGES AND: MOULTS OF (NEW. VOR

SPECIES

Classification of Moult

No attempt has ever been made to group North American

birds according to the manner of their moulting and it is cer-

tainly desirable that an outline of some system of classification

should be traced, imperfect as is our present knowledge of the

subject. Among the Passerine species of New York, which

include nearly all of those of eastern North America, will be

found the greatest diversity of moult not only in the different

species, but in individuals of the same species, not to mention

the peculiarities due to the age and sex of these individuals.

Large series of birds taken at the proper season are necessary

to determine which are the exceptions and which the rule, and

until more positive light of this nature is thrown upon the

species that moult when south of the United States, the status

of some of them must remain a matter of doubt.

Aside from ascertaining the facts of moult in each species, the

greatest difficulty lies in the impossibility of drawing any hard

and fast line between groups or classes that may be proposed.

The only invariable moult is the postnuptial! which, except in a

very few rare cases, is absolutely complete and takes place in all

species at the close of or soon after the breeding season peculiar

to each. The dividing line, however, between species with a

postnuptial moult only and those that undergo a prenuptial as

well, is not a definite one. Some appear to undergo only one

prenuptial moult, that of the first year of their life, and form a

connecting link between groups of birds that moult annually

and those that moult twice a year, but as the females of such

species usually omit the prenuptial changes of the male, it

seems advisable to consider them all as a special class of birds

moulting annually.

As in plumage so in moult, classification must depend pri-

marily upon the males and the extent of their prenuptial changes

seems to afford a good basis for classifying birds with semi-

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 131

annual renewal of plumage. With those of annual renewal,

however, we must go back to the postjuvenal moult which im-

poses upon species characters that they retain for a twelve-

month. But here again there is no sharp dividing line, and

without large series of specimens to eliminate individual varia-

tions, it is extremely easy to classify wrongly. For instance,

the Horned Lark (Otocoris alpestris) would seem to belong to

Group A, and yet many late winter specimens show new growth

of a few feathers about the chin and the eyes, suggesting the

transference of this species to Group J. In another species, the

Snowflake (lectrophenax nivalis), the regular and more exten-

sive growth of feathers in the same regions has led me to place

it, with some hesitation, in Group J, because a like extent of

renewal in the Lapland Longspur (Calearius lapponicus) pro-

duces visible changes that in the Snowflake are not apparent.

It is possible that when we know more of the birds classed

under E and F, both these groups may prove superfluous and

the species turn out to moult to an extremely limited extent

every year, but I hardly think so. They now contain birds that

in some individuals at least accomplish by moult at the post-

juvenal period what is delayed in others until the prenuptial.

The groups I propose are fairly distinct for the majority of

the species included in them although there are some birds that

vary so in the extent of their moult as to properly belong to

several. For example, there may be enough difference in two

male White-throated Sparrows (Zonotrichia albicollis) to warrant

placing one in Group I and the other in J, while of two females

one might be placed in J and the other in C.

In species that undergo a prenuptial moult there may be

found every gradation from birds that renew the whole of their

plumage to those that merely gain a few feathers about the an-

terior parts of the head. It is even probable that some of the

species I have included under J belong more properly under F

and possibly even to the groups of birds with annual moult.

With much material for study, it has been impossible for me to

be positive about some species but their status will be discussed

later on under the species themselves.

to DWIGHT

I. ANNUAL OR SINGLE Moutt (Postnuptial).

1. Postuvenal Moult complete.

a. Young and adults nearly alike in Winter and Nup-

tial Plumages. A

6. Young and adults unlike in Winter and Nuptial

Plumages. B

2. FPostjuvenal Moult incomplete, not involving remiges nor

rectrices.

a. Young and adults nearly alike in Winter and Nup-

tial Plumages. G

6, Young and adults unlike in Winter and Nuptial

Plumages. D

. Young with a First Prenuptial Moult, following incom-

3 S S

plete Postjuvenal Moult.

a. Extensive, including often rectrices and even a few

remiges. E

6. Limited chiefly to the head. FE

II. SEMIANNUAL OR DousLE Moutt (Postnuptial and Prenup-

tial).

1. Prenuptial Moult complete. G

2. Prenuptial Moult of body complete (in young including

often the rectrices and sometimes a few remiges). H

3. Prenuptial Moult of body incomplete, never involving rec-

trices nor remiges. i

4. Prenuptial Moult of body very incomplete and limited

chiefly to the head. J

Crass A

Otocoris alpestris Ammodramus maritimus

Ss ff praticola Melospiza fasciata

ef 3 leucolema -Cardinalis cardinalis

Sturnus vulgaris Petrochelidon lunifrons

Molothrus ater Chelidon erythrogastra

Sturnella magna Tachycincta bicolor

Scolecophagus carolinus Clivicola riparia

Quisculus quiscula Stelgidopteryx serripennis

i <9). <eneus Vireo noveboracensis (C ?)

Passer domesticus Icteria virens (C ?)

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK Loo

Agelaius phoeniceus

Passerina ciris

Alauda arvensis (?)

Myiarchus crinitus

Sayornis phoebe

Contopus borealis

< -virens

Empidonax flaviventris

ms virescens

es traillii alnorum

i minimus

Pica pica hudsonica

Cyanocitta cristata

Perisoreus canadensis

Corvus corax principalis

“« americanus

“ ~ ossifragus

Coccothraustes vespertinus

Acanthis linaria

=~ ~tostrata

Carduelis carduelis

Spinus pinus

Poocetes gramineus

Spizella monticola

«pusilla

Junco hyemalis

Melospiza lincolnii

Passerella iliaca

Pipilo erythrophthalmus

Ampelis garrulus

= cedrorum

Vireo olivaceus

“ philadelphicus

“ gilvus

Crass B

Progne subis

Crass C

Vireo flavifrons

‘solitarius

ie a plumbeus

Protonotaria citrea

Helinaia swainsonii

Helmitherus vermivorus

Helminthophila pinus

. chysoptera

Dendroica dominica

es vigorsil

Seiurus aurocapillus

‘“ noveboracensis

‘ a notabilis

«“ motacilla

Sylvania mitrata

Mimus polyglottos

Galeoscoptes carolinensis

Harporhynchus rufus

Thryothorus ludovicianus

Troglodytes aedon

oS hiemalis

Certhia familiaris americana

Sitta carolinensis

‘canadensis

“pusilla

Parus bicolor

‘« atricapillus

‘« carolinensis

‘« hudsonicus

Regulus satrapa

calendula

Turdus mustelinus

134 DWIGHT

Turdus fuscescens Turdus aonalaschke pallasii

‘ /alicias Merula migratoria

“ ~~ Vbteknelli Hesperocichla nevia

‘““ —ustulatus swainsonii Sialia sialis

Crass D

Pinicola enucleator Loxia curvirostra minor

Carpodacus purpureus “| ’leuceptera

Dendroica cerulescens (F ?)

Crass E

Icterus galbula

Crass F

Tyrannus verticalis (J ?) Piranga rubra

Icterus spurius Dendroica virens

Guiraca czerulea | Setophaga ruticilla

Crass G

Dolichonyx oryzivorus Cistothorus stellaris

Ammodramus caudacutus i palustris

S c. nelsoni

_ c. subvirgatus

Crass H

Milvulus tyrannus Passerina cyanea

Tyrannus tyrannus Calamospiza melanocorys

Spinus tristis Piranga ludoviciana

Habia ludoviciana “ erythomelas

Crass I

Ammmodramus princeps Dendroica tigrina

“ sandwichensis savanna Ee zestiva

‘‘ savannarum passerinus # coronata

“ henslowii - maculosa

Zonotrichia albicollis a cerulea

Spiza americana 3 pensylvanica

Mniotilta varia J castanea

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 135

Dendroica striata Anthus pensilvanicus

" blackburniz Saxicola cenanthe

Crass J

Plectrophenax nivalis (A ?) Helminthophila peregrina

Calcarius lapponicus Compsothlypis americana

. ornatus Dendroica palmarum

Chondestes grammacus : ‘« hypochrysea

Zonotrichia leucophrys Geothlypis formosa

Spizella socialis : agilis

Melospiza georgiana s philadelphia

Lanius borealis . trichas

« — ludovicianus Sylvania pusilla

Helminthophila ruficapilla ‘“« canadensis

: celata Polioptila caerulea

Descriptions of Species and their Moults.

The following pages contain a description of each of the suc-

cessive plumages of every Passerine species accredited to New

York state including introduced foreign species. My object is

not so much to give a precise description, such as may now be

found in every book, as to throw light on the changes effected

by moult and wear, therefore only the JUVENAL and First WI1n-

TER PLUMAGES have been treated at length because upon them

depends a proper understanding of later stages. The JUVENAL

PLUMAGE of a number of species is here described for the first

time but I have not succeeded in obtaining this stage of A/auda

arvensis, Carduelis carduelis, Ammodramus caudacutus nelsont,

Passerellatliaca, Dendroica palmarum, and Geothlypis agilis. The

others are in my own collection with the exception of eleven

loaned me by Mr. Wo. BREwsTER, ten by the American Museum

of Natural History and six by the United States National

Museum. The ‘Nomenclature of Colors” by Ridgway (’86)

has been carefully followed, comparisons have been made ina

bright light and the nomenclature chosen is that of the A. O. U.

Check-List, 2d edition (’95).

136 DWIGHT

For the excellence of the photographic work I am indebted

to the painstaking endeavors of Dr. Epwarp LEAmriNG and the

photomicrographs are unquestionably the best and practically

the only ones of feathers that have ever been reproduced. It

is needless to specify the difficulties encountered in selecting

feathers of similar size to avoid distortion. by photographic en-

largement and gravure reduction.

In conclusion, I would say that as I trace out the sequence

of moults and plumages in species with which I have been un-

familiar, it becomes more and more evident that moult and

wear are quite sufficient to explain the most puzzling plumages,

and the only problems as yet unsolved are those dealing with

birds of which we do not possess enough specimens to link to-

gether all the successive plumages into a symmetrical chain.

TYRANNID&.

The Flycatchers offer one of the most puzzling problems of

moult to be found among our Passerine birds and the reasons

for this are not far to seek. With the exception of two species,

M. crinitus and S. phebe, young birds and old migrate south-

ward in the fall before moulting, to any marked extent and

when they return, show by their plumage that at least one,

and in some cases probably two moults have been accomplished

during their absence of six or seven months. A few specimens

from South and Central America, taken in January and March,

show new growing feathers—but the material is, much of it, un-

dated and far too scanty to render satisfactory conclusions possi-

ble. Another reason may be found in the plumage itself, which

does not vary much in color from season to season and close

scrutiny of the feathers is required in order to distinguish old from

new. The body plumage, too, is soft and of loose texture, even

the juvenal differing little from later stages, so that wear is not

very obvious. When, however, suitable material from the

tropics is forthcoming, the exact time of moults and their ex-

tent will be settled; but until then we must draw inferences

largely from the comparative study of plumage.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 137

Some young birds undoubtedly replace the body plumage

extensively before they move south, as shown by specimens in

my collection ; others, as proved by their juvenal dress conspicu-

ous for brownish wing bands, reach Guatemala or adjacent coun-

tries before moulting. It seems more than probable that the

incoming feathers observed on birds when they leave us de-

note a slow process of moult involving later the wings themselves,

an order of moult that would bea reversal of the usual method.

If, however, this prove to be the case then the transition would be

effected by a very late postjuvenal moult in young birds and the

first nuptial plumage would be the first winter modified by wear.

Some adults, like the young birds, begin to assume a few new

feathers before moving southwards, others reach their winter

haunts in worn breeding dress. That a complete postnuptial

moult takes place we may hardly doubt, for this moult is com-

mon to all species and it probably takes place during the last

months of the year, or just prior at least to the postjuvenal

moult of young birds. This would explain why all specimens

arriving from the south in spring are in almost equally fresh

plumage, whether young or old, seemingly too fresh to have

been worn since the previous autumn.

I have indicated the difficulties to be overcome in studying

this family and the same ones confront us among the //rrundinide

and a few other species. If my conclusions are erroneous they

fail in matters of time rather than facts of moult.

Milvulus tyrannus (Linn.). For«K-raiLep FLycaTCcHER

1. Narat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, including wings and tail, olive-brown; coverts and wing-quills narrowly

edged with pale russet. Below, white. Orbital region dull clove-brown. Bill

and feet brownish-black in dried specimen. The tips of the primaries are

rounded and there is no yellow crown-patch. The tail is but five inches in

length.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postjuv-

enal moult as shown by two specimens from Costa Rica, Septem-

ber 18 (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 48225 g and No. 48228 9),

138 DWIGHT

the male with two old primaries still unrenewed, the female with

five old ones, and both with brown heads, and many other

feathers of the juvenal plumage. Young and old become prac-

tically indistinguishable.

Males become glossy black with yellow crown patch ; the outer pair of rectrices are

fully nine inches in length and blacker than those of the juvenal dress; the

three distal primaries are deeply incised at the tips, a peculiar emargination.

4. First NuprraL PLUMAGE acquired apparently by a partial

prenuptial moult which involves usually only the body plumage.

The evidence as to just what moult occurs is inconclusive.

Two specimens from Brazil, of February 1, and March 15

(Amer. Mus, Nat.- Hist.. No. 36336. 9 ‘and Niom(36333 09)

appear to be in worn juvenal plumage and are assuming a few

new feathers here and there. Males would probably show an

extensive and possibly a complete moult, and it may be that

these two birds were males that failed to accomplish the post-

juvenal moult at the usual time. A specimen (Amer. Mus.

Nat. Hist., No. 36339 ¢, Brazil, March '11),\1s moultng milie

primaries, only five old ones remaining, two of which are

emarginate, suggestive of a young bird, but nevertheless the bird

may perhaps be an adult.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult during August and September as shown by several

Costa Rican, Venezuelan, and Brazilian birds. October speci-

mens begin to show wear which has become very marked in one

ot December 15:

6. ApDuLT NupriaAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial and per-

haps complete prenuptial moult. The rapid and excessive wear

shown by this species points to a complete moult which No.

36330, referred to above, may exemplify, AC temale (mer,

Mus., Nat. Hist. No. 36337) Brazil, February 1, also points to

this, the two proximal primaries being new.

female.—As indicated above males and females in juvenal

plumage are alike and both acquire adult dress at the post-

juvenal moult, this being delayed perhaps, in some females, until

the prenuptial moult. In later plumages the sexes are very

similar, the females usually with less emargination.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 139

The difficulties of reaching positive conclusions from a small

series is well illustrated by this species, especially as the age

and sex of some specimens is open to doubt.

Tyrannus tyrannus (Linn.). KinGpirp.

1. Natat Down. Mouse-gray.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, including wings, dull clove-brown usually darkest on pileum, the feathers of

nape and rump obscurely edged with cinnamon, wing coverts edged with pale buff

including two indistinct wing bands, secondaries with yellowish white, primaries

and tertiaries with dull white ; tail black, tipped with brownish white especially

outer rectrices. Below, pure white, a grayish band tinged with buff across

jugulum. Bill and feet dusky, becoming black. The first and second primaries

are rounded, and witheut emargination (plate IT, fig. 18) and no crown

patch exists.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a late postjuvenal

moult which is probably complete, so far as indicated by a few

scanty facts. Specimens taken late in August and up to Sep-

tember 16 show new growth of feathers scattered about the

head, throat and back. The head and back evidently become

darker, the pectoral band grayer and more diffused and a few

yellowish feathers may appear on the crown but the birds

seem to pass south before the moult is complete. Birds

taken in Central America, unfortunately without dates, show

that the species reaches the tropics without any moult of the

flight feathers or of the wing coverts and often in full juvenal

plumage. It is an interesting problem whether the wings and

tail are renewed at the end of the postjuvenal moult or at a

prenuptial moult, the former conclusion being most probable.

A bird from South America taken March 31 (which may pos-

sibly be an adult) shows a recently completed moult the sheaths

still adhering to the new primaries. More winter material is

much to be desired.

4. First NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired probably by a partial

prenuptial moult. This I believe is the true explanation of

why birds return in spring in fresh plumage including the two

outer emarginate primaries (the shape being indicated on plate

II, fig. 19), a new white-tipped tail and the orange crown patch,

140 DWIGHT

young and old being indistinguishable. April specimens from

Georgia and Florida often show a few “pin feathers.’’ Wear is

marked in this species before the end of the breeding season less

than four months later which is an argument in favor of a

prenuptial moult, because the feathers seen in April, even if ac-

quired late in the autumn, ought to be as much worn as those

of August specimens.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult few traces of which appear before the species

migrates southward late in August. Whether birds renew the

flicht-feathers on the journey or after reaching winter quarters,

material does not show for the wear of flight-feathers in aerial

species is so trifling that their study proves little positively.

Perhaps one moult and probably two takes place during the

six or seven months this species is absent.

6. ApuLT NupriaL PLUMAGE acquired, probably by a partial

prenuptial moult. Mid-summer birds become paler and the

feathers a good deal frayed.

Female.—TYhe plumages and moults correspond to those of

the male. In juvenal plumage the sexes are alike ; at the post-

juvenal or possibly prenuptial moult, the crown patch and one

emarginate primary are acquired, the latter character distinguish-

ing the sexes in later plumages. Some females, however, have

two emarginate primaries, but these are regularly less narrowed

than those of males.

Tyrannus verticalis (Say.). ARKANSAS KINGBIRD

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLumAcE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Crown and nape ecru-drab obscurely vermiculated with paler edgings, back olive-

buff, upper tail coverts pale clove-brown. Wings pale clove-brown with

whitish edgings faintly tinged with yellowish buff. Tail dull black, tipped

with pale brown, the outer webs of outer pair of rectrices white. Below, prim-

rose-yellow, ashy on throat and white on chin, lores dusky. Bill and feet dull,

brownish black in dried specimens. The first primary is not attenuated nor is

the crown patch present.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a postjuvenal moult

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 141

which is possibly complete, young and old becoming indis-

tinguishable.

The head and throat are plumbeous, there is an orange crown-patch, the back is olive-

green, the chin white, and elsewhere below canary-yellow prevails. The lores

are duller than in juvenal dress. The first and third primaries are attenuated

suddenly at their tips, the second less so.

4. First NupTriAL PLUMAGE acquired apparently by a partial

prenuptial moult which involves some of the body plumage but

not the wings nor tail. Western March and April specimens

show a few “pin feathers.’’ The new, greener ones on the back

are mixed with the worn greyer ones of the winter dress which

is partly retained. The mid-tertiary is sometimes renewed.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnup-

tial moult occurring in September in southern California. The

plumbeous of the head and yellow of lower parts are rather

richer in adults.

6. ApDuLT NupTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult as in the young bird.

Female.—The moults and plumages correspond to those of

the male, the colors being a little duiler and the crown patch

smaller. There is usually only a trace of attenuation in the

first primary and none inthe others. In juvenal plumage the

sexes are indistinguishable.

Myiarchus crinitus (Linn.). Cresrep FLlycaTCHER

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen. ~

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, including sides of head and neck, dark olive brown, upper tail coverts cin-

namon-rufous. Wings and tail clove-brown, edgings of the median and

greater coverts, and inner webs of rectrices rich cinnamon-rufous, of the tertiaries

very pale buff. Below, primrose-yellow, throat and breast ashy-gray, palest

centrally on chin. Bill black. Feet sepia brown, black when older.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult beginning by the middle of August, which involves the

body plumage, wing-coverts and tertiaries (apparently), but not

the rest of the wings nor the tail, young birds becoming prac-

tically indistinguishable from adults.

142 DWIGHT

Above, dull brownish olive-green, greener than in previous plumage, the feathers

darker centrally, producing a streaked effect chieflyon the pileum; upper

tail coverts dark cinnamon-rufous ; wing covert edgings, including two wing-

bands, grayish or yellowish-buff. Below, bright lemon-yellow, brighter than

in previous dress, throat lores and auriculars ashy-gray.

4. First NupriaL PLumMaGE acquired by wear, which is quite

obvious, the edgings of the wing coverts and tertiaries fading to

a dingy white and the whole plumage becoming paler.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult beginning early in August and completed before

the birds move south in September. Practically indistinguish-

able from first winter, the colors often richer.

6. ApuLtT NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear, as in the

young bird.

Female—Moults and plumages correspond to those of the

male, the colors often duller.

Sayornis pheebe (Lath.). PHa:se

1. Natat Down. Mouse-gray

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult

Above, including sides of head and neck, wings and tail, olive-brown, distinctly

clove-brown on pileum and nape. Below, yellow-tinged white, breast, throat

and sides of chin, brownish olive-gray. Greater and median coverts (7. ¢.,

wing bands) and rectrices tipped with cinnamon-rufovs, secondaries and ter-

tiaries, edged with brownish or yellowish white Bill and feet raw umber-

brown, black when older.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult beginning about mid-August which involves the body

plumage, wing coverts and tertiaries, but not the rest of the

wings nor the tail. Birds in juvenal dress occur as late as the

end of September. After moulting they are yellower below

with pale grayish wing bands and practically indistinguishable

from adults.

Above, olive-brown, greener than in previous plumage, pileum nearly black, the

olive of the upper parts encroaching on sides of chin, throat and flanks. Be-

low, primrose-yellow, a grayish pectoral band very faintly indicated. The wing

coverts are narrowly edged with yellowish white.

4. Frrst NuptiaL PLUMAGE acquired by wear, the brown of

the upper parts and the yellow below becoming paler. During

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 143

the breeding season the plumage becomes excessively worn and

ragged, pale brown prevailing above, and below a dirty mottled

white produced by exposure of the grayish bases of abraided

feathers.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult, beginning after August 15th. Adults are per-

haps a trifle darker than young birds, especially the remiges.

6. ApuLtT NupriaAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear, as in the

young bird.

Female.—The sexes are alike and the moults correspond to

those of the male. I have examined birds taken every month

in the year, both males and females.

Contopus borealis (Swains.). OLIVE-sSIDED FLYCATCHER

1. NataL Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, together with sides of head the throat and flanks deep olive-brown, pileum,

wings and tail deep clove-brown; sides of rump, white; wing coverts edged

with ochraceous-buff, tertiaries tipped with brownish white, sides of rump and

flanks white. Below, primrose-yellow, narrowed to a median line on the breast

by olive-brown streaking on throat and sides. Bill black, the under mandible

buff centrally. Feet bistre, black when older.

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a late postjuvenal

moult beginning in September which possibly is complete. I

have seen no extra-limital specimens but I should ‘expect to

find them retaining the brown wing edgings. Pale wing bands

are probably acquired at this moult when young birds become

practically indistinguishable from adults.

4. First NuptiaAL PLUMAGE acquired apparently by wear.

Birds return from the south in fresh little worn plumage, the

young birds with a dull clay-colored lower mandible. Old worn

feathers may be found mixed with the new in some specimens,

very strongly suggestive of a recent limited prenuptial moult.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult seldom begun until the birds have migrated south-

ward in September. A specimen from Pinal County, Arizona,

144 DWIGHT

September 28 (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 29020), is still in

much worn nuptial dress; also a bird without date from Guate-

mala (No. 42767).

6. ApuLT NupriaAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear or possibly

by partial renewal of the body plumage.

female.—The sexes are alike in plumages and moults.

Contopus virens (Linn.). Woop PEWEE

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult

Above, including sides of head olive-brown, much darker on the pileum, the

feathers of the crown and rump faintly edged with pale russet and those of the

nape with ashy gray, producing a distinct collar. Wings and tail clove brown,

wing coverts edged with ochraceous buff, at tips of median and greater coverts

producing two wing bands. Below, pale primrose-yellow, sides of throat,

flanks and an indistinct olive-gray pectoral band. Bill black, under mandible

wood-brown dusky at tip and edges, paler in spring. Feet sepia, nearly black

when older.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired probably bya partial

postjuvenal moult beginning early in September. Resembles

closely the previous dress, but grayish instead of brownish

tinged above, the edgings and collar lost and the new wing-

bands grayish. The juvenal plumage persists in specimens

taken near New York city, September 30, in North Carolina

October 5 and 17, and Guatemala is reached with brown wing

bands as proved by an undated specimen (Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

Ne. A2273)).

4. First NupriaL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which is never

marked in this species.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult chiefly or wholly after the birds have migrated

southward. A very few new body feathers begin to appear

towards the end of August, and a worn adult from Guatemala,

undated (Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 42771), shows that migra-

tion may precede moult in this species.

6. ApuLtT NupriaL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which is in-

significant even up to the end of the breeding season.

Female.—The sexes are alike in plumages and moults.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 145

Empidonax flaviventris (Baird). YELLOW-BELLIED

FLYCATCHER

1. Natat Down. Brownish olive-green.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Upper parts, sides of head and throat, an obscure pectoral band, and lesser wing

coverts olive-green, the crown feathers centrally darker. Wings and tail deep

olive-brown ; median and greater wing coverts edged with rich buff yellow

forming two distinct wing bands, secondaries narrowly and tertiaries broadly

edged with yellowish white. Below, sulphur-yellow, including the orbital

ring. Bill black, the under mandible flesh. Feet dusky flesh-color.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a postjuvenal moult

possibly complete after the birds migrate southward. Mid-

August specimens begin to show moult, the upper parts becom-

ing greener and the lower yellower, but others as late as Sep-

tember 24 and a few without dates of capture from Guatemala

and Mexico still bear the juvenal dress with the brownish wing

bands.

4. First NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear. Young birds

are practically indistinguishable from adults, the wing bands of

all early arrivals from the south being whitish, yellow tinged,

and the individual feathers Jittle worn indicating a late postjuve-

nal moult.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult occurring probably late in the year after the birds

have reached southern latitudes. A specimen from Tehuante-

pec, Mexico, January 1st (Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 42940),

shows actual moult in progress of the body plumage and wing

coverts, the wings and tail being old and worn. This may,

however, be ayoung bird. Another bird from Panama (No.

42946), without date, shows moult of the body plumage. The

wing bands are new and faintly yellow in both, but they prove

little except a midwinter moult.

6. ADULT NupriaL PLUMAGE acquired probably by wear

alone after a late autumnal or midwinter acquisition of new

plumage.

Female.—The sexes do not differ in plumage nor in moult.

ANNALS N. Y. Acap. Sci., XIII, August 27, 1900—10

146 DWIGHT

Empidonax virescens (Vieill.). GREEN-CRESTED FLYCATCHER

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, including sides of head and neck olive-green, the crown feathers darker

centrally, the pileum not darker than the back. Wings and tail deep olive-

brown, median and greater wing coverts edged with rich buff forming two wing

bands, edgings of secondaries and tertiaries paler buff. Below, pale greenish

sulphur-yellow, the chin white, a faint olive-gray pectoral band. Bill black,

the lower mandible pinkish buff, Feet sepia, nearly black when older,

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired apparently by an in-

complete postjuvenal moult. Young and old pass south before

moulting as indicated by birds taken near New York up to

September 109. 1 have seen no ‘Specimens trom -seutiers

latitudes.

4. First NuptTiaL PLUMAGE acquired by wear. Light wing

bands and greener plumage are acquired during the winter ab-

sence.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult probably after the birds have reached winter

quarters.

6. ApuLT NupTiAL PLUMAGE acquired probably by wear.

which at all seasons seems to be insignificant.

Female.—The sexes are alike in plumages and moults.

Empidonax traillii alnorum (Brewst.). ALDER FLYCATCHER

1. NATAL Down. Palé olive-brown.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, including sides of head and lesser coverts olive-brown, pileum darker and

in contrast (usually) with the back, the crown feathers darker still centrally.

Wings and tail deep olive-brown, median and greater wing coverts edged with

rich buff forming two distinct wing bands; secondaries and tertiaries edged

with pale buff. Below, dull white, usually tinged with pale sulphur-yellow on

crissum and sides of abdomen; an olive-gray wash on sides of breast and flanks

and across jugulum where it forms an indistinct pectoral band slightly tinged

with buff. Buffy orbital ring. Bill black, the lower mandible pinkish buff.

Feet sepia, nearly black when older. Some specimens are wholly ashy every-

where below without yellow tinge. Differs from 2. faviventris and £. vires-

cens in being browner abeve, the head dark in contrast.

PASSERINE. BIRDS OF NEW YORK 147

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by an incomplete postju-

venal moult. Birds became yellower below and greener above,

but many, as shown by specimens taken near New York up to

September 26, pass south in juvenal plumage. I have seena

few extra-limital specimens, without dates, from Central America.

4. First NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired probably by wear,

which tends to make the plumage paler and brings the dark cen-

ters of the crown-feathers into prominence during the breed-

ing season. The wing bands are buff-tinged as compared with

those of 4. munimus in corresponding plumage.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnup-

tial moult after the birds have passed south as proved by Cen-

tral American specimens.

6. ApuLtt NupriaAL PLUMAGE acquired apparently by wear.

Female.—The sexes are alike and the moults identical.

Empidonax minimus (Baird). Least FLycaTcHEeR

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnuptial

moult.

Above, including sides of head, olive-brown, greener on the back, a faint ashy gray

collar. Wings and tail deep olive-brown, median and greater coverts edged

with pale buff forming two wing bands, secondaries and tertiaries with dull white.

Below, grayish white, a smoky gray pectoral band; pale primrose-yellow on

abdomen and crissum. Orbital ring dull white. Bill black, under mandible

pinkish buff, Feet sepia, nearly black when older.

The species in this plumage is not so green above as /. virescens, but browner and

very like Z. ¢. a/norum from which it may be differentiated by its grayer lower

parts, somewhat paler wing bands and smaller bill.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a postjuvenal moult,

possibly complete, after the birds have migrated southward.

Some specimens become greener above and yellower below be-

fore they leave for the south late in August, but others reach

southern latitudes in juvenal dress. A bird from Tehuantepec,

Mexico (Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 42957), on January 9, still

retains the brown wing bands.

148 DWIGHT

4. First NuptiaL PLUMAGE acquired probably by wear.

Pale grayish wing bands are acquired, during the winter absence

differences between young and old birds being lost. Old brown-

ish wing coverts retained among the new are sometimes found, -

and the greener, fresher appearance of some of the feathers of

the back suggests a possible partial renewal in spring. This

species shows more wear than £. flaviventris.

5. ApDULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnup-

tial moult after the birds have passed south. Twospecimens(Am.

Mus. Nat. Hist., Nos. 42957 and 42959) from Tehuantepec,

Mexico, January 9 and 4 respectively, appear to be still in worn

adult nuptial dress as compared with two (Nos. 66879 and

66877), March 7 and 26, from Yucatan in fresh plumage. It is

perplexing however to find two birds (No. 66881, March 2, and

66878, March 12) from Yucatan in worn plumage with whitish

wing bands. It is possible they are all- young birds that

originally had the wing bands very pale and they have faded

to nearly white before the postjuvenal moult has begun. The

difficulties of reaching definite conclusions are well exemplified

by this species.

6. ADULT NUPTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear, which is in-

conspicuous.

Female.—The sexes are alike in plumages and moults.

ALAUDIDA

It is pleasant to turn from the puzzling Flycatchers to the

Larks represented by the Horned Lark, a widely distributed

species in North America and divided into numerous races. All

these appear to moult the same, adults undergoing one annual

moult and young birds assuming a plumage practically identical

with that of adults by a complete postjuvenal moult. Wear

takes the place of a prenuptial moult and produces marked

effects. The veiled black of breast and head in the fall is

- brought into prominence in the spring by extensive loss of the

buff feather edgings, while during the breeding season birds be-

come extremely ragged and worn.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 149

Alauda arvensis Linn. SKYLARK

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired bya complete postnatal moult.

No specimen seen; said to be tawny and spotted.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired probably by a partial

(possibly complete) postjuvenal moult.

Above, yellowish brown with darker streakings, the wings and tail with buff edg-

ings. Below, dull white with tawny suffusion, streaked rather narrowly, with

brownish black.

4. First NupriaL PLuMAGE evidently acquired by wear, the

colors becoming paler.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. Adults are less tawny and the edgings less

pronounced than in young birds. |

6. ADULT NupPTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear.

It is somewhat presumptuous for me to attempt, from the mere

handful of specimens I have examined, an explanation of the

moults of this well-known European songster which has been

introduced and become established near New York city, but I

believe the material warrants the above conclusions.

Otocoris alpestris (Linn.). Hornep Lark

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult

and worn for a long time.

Above, including sides of head and lesser wing coverts, clove-brown, mixed with

sepia, dotted with buffy white. Wings deep sepia, quills and coverts edged

with dull vinaceous cinnamon, ‘Tail dull black, the middle pair of rectrices

mottled and paler, edged with vinaceous-cinnamon, the outer ones with buffy

white. Below, white, yellow-tinged, the chin flecked with clove brown, a pec-

toral band wood-brown, streaked and spotted like the chin. Bill pinkish buff,

darker at the tip, deep plumbeous when older. Feet raw umber-brown,

black when older.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

juvenal moult occurring in August in Newfoundland.

Unlike the previous plumage, unstreaked below, unspotted above. Above, vina-

ceous buff, brightest on nape, vinaceous cinnamon on rump flanks and wing

150 DWIGHT

coverts streaked on head and back with sepia. Forehead, lateral ‘‘horns,”’’

lores, auriculars and triangular breast patch black, veiled by overlapping pale

buff or pinkish feather tips. Wings deep sepia, primaries much darker, edged

with whitish, the rest of the wing feathers edged with vinaceous cinnamon.

Tail brownish black, the outer rectrices edged with white, the middle pair

paler, broadly edged with pinkish Isabella-color. Below, dull white, the chin,

sides of head and forehead strongly suffused with lemon or canary-yellow, a

buffy band across breast below the black patch, flecked with dusky spots.

4. Frrst NupTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear, which brings

the black areas into prominence. A number of spring speci-

mens show a few growing feathers about the sides of the head

and chin, but it is doubtful whether this slight renewal betokens

a prenuptial moult. As the birds leave for their northern

breeding grounds early in the spring the matter is worthy of

further investigation.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult probably in August on the northern breeding

grounds. Hardly distinguishable from first winter dress in

many cases. The pectoral buffy band is less conspicuous and

less spotted, and adults are perhaps pinker above.

6. ApuLT NuprtiAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

female.—In juvenal plumage females are indistinguishable

from the males. In other plumages they lack the black fore-

head, of the male, being streaked instead, the breast patch is

lnmited,: the back is more. streaked and the ‘colors are duller

The moults are identical.

Otocoris alpestris praticola Hensh. PrarrrE HorNep LARK

All plumages correspond to those of O. alpestris, darker colors

and lack of yellow being the chief differences aside from relative

size. The juvenal plumage is very dark brown above, spotted

with brownish white, and white below, heavily spotted on the

breast with dull black. In first winter and later plumages the

white superciliary lines, perhaps faintly tinged with yellow, are a

good diagnostic character.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 151

Otocoris alpestris leucolema (Coues). PaLtip Hornep

LARK

The adult plumages correspond to those of O. alpestris, paler

colors and larger size being the principal differences. The juvenal

plumage is nearly black above, spotted with pale buff and similar

below to O. a. praticola.

Pica pica hudsonica (Sab.). AMERICAN MaGPiE

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, and on throat, breast and crissum, dull black ; abdomen and feathers of hu-

meral tracts white, the latter with buff or dusky tinge. Wings, including coverts,

iridescent greens and blues, the latter chiefly on the secondaries and tertiaries,

the primaries white except on outer edge. Tail iridescent or metallic purples,

greens and blues.

A bird of June 22d, from eastern Washington, is in full juvenal

dress, the tail one-half grown.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult which involves the body plumage but not the wings nor

the tail. Young and old become practically indistinguishable.

A metallic purplish, greenish and bluish dress is assumed, the white of the humeral

tracts is more conspicuous and the rump becomes grayish white. The feathers

of the throat are white basally.

A Western specimen of August 18th is beginning the post-

juvenal moult and one of September 18th is in full first winter

plumage except an area of pulpy feathers on the mid-throat.

4. First NupTiaAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which is very

inconspicuous as is commonly the case in species with iridescent

plumage.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult and practically indistinguishable from first winter

dress.

6. Aputt NuprraL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

Female.—The plumages and moults correspond to those of

the male.

152 DWIGHT

CORVIDA

The Crows and Jays have but one moult annually, young

birds assuming adult plumage except for the flight-feathers at

the postjuvenal moult.

Cyanocitta cristata (Linn.). _BLuE Jay

1. Natat Down. Pale mouse-gray.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Pileum, flax-flower blue separated from the blue-tinged white forehead and white

superciliary line by a narrow black line. Nuchal collar continued across the

throat as a U-shaped band, lores and postocular streak black. Back and lesser

wing coverts mouse-gray, tinged with blue. Wings various shades of azure and

China-blue, brightest on secondaries and tertiaries which are broadly tipped

with white and narrowly barred with black. The greater coverts are obscurely

barred and are terminally white, forming a single wing band. ‘Tail centrally,

China-blue, barred with black, the outer rectrices largely white. Throat white.

Breast and abdomen laterally smoke-gray, centrally and on crissum, yellowish

white. Bill brownish black. Feet raw umber-brown becoming black with age.

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult early in August which involves the body plumage, the

wing coverts, and apparently the tertiaries, but not the rest of

the wings nor the tail. Young birds become practically indis-

tinguishable from adults.

Similar to the previous plumage but the blue of head, back and wing coverts now

distinctly barred with black and much brighter, and the crest feathers longer.

4. First NuprraL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which is

marked by the end of the breeding season, the blues becoming

grayish and the white edgings diminished.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult beginning the end of July. Not distinguishable

from first winter dress.

6. ApuLT NuptraL PLUMAGE acquired by wear, as in the

young bird.

Female.—Plumages similar to those of the male, the colors

duller, with less black and barring. Both sexes have identical

moults.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 1538

Perisoreus canadensis (Linn.). CANaApa JAy

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Everywhere brownish slate-gray, darker on the crown, paler on the abdomen and

crissum. The feathers are lighter basally and faintly tipped with brown produc-

ing an obscurely mottled effect. Lores, region of eye and forehead dull black.

Malar region whitish with a dull white spot anteriorly, Wings dull clove-

brown with plumbeous edgings on secondaries and inner primaries, all the

remiges tipped with grayish white, the greater coverts with smoke-gray. Tail

slate-gray tipped with brownish white. Bill plumbeous. Feet brownish black.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult in August which involves the body plumage but not the

wings nor the tail. Several birds kindly loaned me by Mr.

Wm. Brewster show different stages of the postjuvenal moult

which is completed in Maine before the end of August.

Old and young become practically indistinguishable.

Unlike juvenal dress. The back is brownish slate, neck whitish, crown and nape

brownish black with a large brown-tinged white areaon the forehead. Below,

drab-gray, white on chin, throat, lores, auriculars, sides of neck and crissum.

Above, dull black ; dusky beneath and behind the eye.

4, First NupriaL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which is in-

conspicuous in the soft, loose-textured feathers.

5. ApuLr WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult.

6. ADULT NupTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear.

Female.—In moults and plumages females are practically in-

distinguishable from males.

Corvus corax principalis Ridgw. NorrHERN RAVEN

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a-complete postnatal moult.

Everywhere dull lustreless brownish black, except wings and tail which have

greenish and purplish reflections. Bill and feet black except when very young.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult which involves the body plumage and wing coverts, but

not the remiges and rectrices. The glossy dress with the peculiar

154 DWIGHT

separated throat feathers is assumed and young and old become

indistinguishable.

4, First Nuptiat PLUMAGE acquired by wear, the plumage

becoming somewhat brown late in the season.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult, beginning, as shown by Greenland specimens,

early in July.

6. ADULT NUPTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear.

Female.—tIn plumages and moults the sexes are practically

alike.

Corvus americanus Aud. AMERICAN Crow

1. Natat Down. Grayish clove-brown.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Body plumage dull brownish black, wings and tail glossy black with greenish and

some purplish reflections. Bill and feet grayish black.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult in July which involves the body plumage and wing coverts

but not the rest of the wings nor the tail. The plumage be-

comes lustrous greenish black everywhere, and young birds are

practically indistinguishable from adults although averaging

greener. :

4, Frrst NupTriAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear, the feathers

becoming brownish and worn by the end of the breeding

season.

5. ADULT’ WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult beginning as early as the end of June, this bird

being one of the earliest species to begin this moult. Practically

indistinguishable from first winter dress, but purplish rather

than greenish black.

6. ApuLT NuptiAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the young

bird.

female.—The sexes are alike in plumages and moults.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 155

Corvus ossifragus Wils. FisH Crow

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Body plumage brownish black, wings and tail lustrous black with greenish reflec-

tions. Bill and feet grayish black becoming jet black.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult in July which involves the body plumage and wing coverts

but not the rest of the wings nor the tail. The full greenish

black glossy plumage, rather bluer than the last, is assumed,

old and young becoming indistinguishable.

4, First NupTiaAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which is not

very obvious even late in the season.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. Indistinguishable from first winter dress.

6. ApuLT NuptTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird. |

Female.—The sexes are alike in plumages and moults

STURNIDA

Sturnus vulgaris Linn. STARLING

1. Narat Down. Drab-gray.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Everywhere, including wings and tail, brownish mouse-gray, the wings with fawn-

colored edgings. Bill and feet pinkish buff,

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired during August in New

York city by a complete postjuvenal moult.

Everywhere bottle or purplish green with metallic reflections, the feathers above

with cinnamon terminal spots, smallest on the head, the feathers below with

white spots. Wings and tail greenish black edged with cinnamon, the wing

quills having a pale terminal spot bordered with black.

Young and old become practically indistinguishable, the cin-

namon spots and edgings averaging deeper in young birds.

4. Frrst NupTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear. A large part

156 DWIGHT

of the spotting is entirely lost and the shape of the feathers

changed thereby. Wear involves more of the feathers than the

terminal spot, their tips becoming lanceolate.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. Practically indistinguishable from first winter

dress ; the edgings narrower but deeper in color.

6. AputtT NurtiaL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

Female.—The moults and plumages are similar to those of the

male, females being somewhat duller and more heavily spotted.

ICTERIDA

The peculiarities of moult in this Family will be explained

under each species, most of them being subject to a complete

postjuvenal moult thereby assuming plumage practically adult,

like AZ. ater, S. magna, S. carolinus, Q. quiscula and its races.

A complete semiannual or double moult is peculiar to D.

orysivorus, While /. spurius and I. galbula undergo a limited

first prenuptial moult in winter which is not repeated a second

year.

Dolichonyx oryzivorus (Linn.). BoBoLinx

1, Natat Down. Buff. (plate V, fig. 1)

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, dull brownish black, median crown stripe, superciliary line, nuchal band

and edgings of the other feathers of back and wings buff deepest on nape ;

primaries, their coverts, secondaries and alulze tipped with grayish white. Be-

low, rich buff paler on chin and faintly flecked on sides of throat with clove-

brown, A dusky postocular streak. Bill pinkish buff, clay-color with dusky

tip when older. Feet clay-color becoming deep Vandyke-brown.

This plumage is worn but a short time and the postjuvenal

moult is well advanced by the end of July as shown by four

specimens in my collection.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult in July which involves the body plumage, tertiaries and

wing coverts, but not the rest of the wings nor the tail.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 157

Similar to the previous plumage, but darker above and yellower below, a rich ochre

or maize-yellow prevailing, palest on chin and abdomen, the sides of the breast

and flanks and under tail coverts conspicuously streaked with dull black veiled

by the overlapping feather edges.

The relative size of the feathers of this plumage and their

pattern is shown on plate I, where the feathers of a September

male are figured. They have been reproduced much darker

than their pale brown color would indicate. There is some

variation in the distribution of the black pattern of lateral feath-

ers of the ventral tract in young birds and this may be seen

on plate I, figs. 1-6, 19-22.

4. First NupTiaL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete pre-

nuptial moult.

Plumage almost wholly black, the body plumage veiled by long maize-yellow feather

tips. The nape is rich ochre and the scapularies white, the inner plumbeous,

both edged with olive-gray. The outer primary is edged with white, the two

adjacent with maize-yellow, the tertiaries, greater coverts and interscapularies

with wood-brown, Rump plumbeous, upper tail coverts white, both areas

veiled with olive-gray or olive-buff. Tail tipped with olive-gray, Bill black.

The terminal inch of the webs of the outer primaries is paler

as if the black color had not extended so far, but the borders

are, in May, less abraided than are many of these feathers when

the birds pass southward in September. It would be safe to

assume a prenuptial moult of the Bobolink from this fact alone

and a bird taken March 1, 1886 (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., No.

32783), near Corumba, Brazil, on the Bolivian boundary, proves

it, although this specimen is doubtless an adult. I have also

seen several caged birds which have undergone a complete moult

in the early summer. Spring birds reach New York about two

months after this moult and the fugaceous yellowish feather tips

have so worn away (see plate I, figs. 23-25, 28, 29) that the

specimens are chiefly black, white and buff, except on the abdo-

men, flanks and under tail coverts where the tips persist longest.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult beginning the end of July. Similar to first winter

plumage, usually whiter below especially on the chin and middle

of the abdomen, and above with richer brown edgings especially

of the tertiaries. The bill becomes clay colored or purplish. The

158 DWIGHT

chief differential character is however the presence of a few black

feathers, usually yellow tipped, irregularly scattered on the chin

and breast. A specimen from Jamaica, West Indies, September

25th (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. No. 42134), is an extreme example

with numerous black and mottled feathers, the black distributed

irregularly, varying from shaft streaks to asymmetrical blotches.

As these feathers all show wear similar to those adjacent, there

can be no doubt that all of them grow at the postnuptial moult.

I have seen a few autumnal adults, but they are excessively rare

in collections and their rarity is largely responsible for the ignor-

ance that has prevailed regarding the normal plumages of the

Bobolink which conform to the ordinary laws of moult and are

in no respect unique.

6. ApuULT NupTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete pre-

nuptial moult in midwinter. Differs inappreciably from first

nuptial dress, but it is probable that (as in other species) the

yellow edgings diminish with age. The classic Corumba bird

mentioned above and discussed at p. 122 of the present article,

was first described by CHAPMAN 90 and later figured in (Auk,

X, 1893, pp. 309-311, pl. vii.). ‘It is completing a perfectly

normal prenuptial moult, and seems to be an adult, because a

few old black feathers of the adult winter plumage are present and

the whiteness of the abdomen indicates the fading of feathers that

are nearly white over this area in adults in the autumn. At all

events the worn and faded feathers that remain on this specimen

are exactly where the last traces of moult are found in a normal

moult not only of this species but of all Passerine species examined

and there is not the slightest evidence of the supposed color

change to black without moult that has been alleged.

female.—The plumages and probably the moults correspond

to those of the male. In juvenal and first winter plumage the

sexes are indistinguishable. The first nuptial is no doubt ac-

quired partially at least by a prenuptial moult, judging by wear

and by a caged female examined when moulting the remiges, the

buff being paler than in first winter dress. The adult winter

plumage is practically indistinguishable from the first winter.

The adult nuptial is similar to the first nuptial. A bird seen by

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 159

STONE (96, p. 134), has assumed some black feathers on the lower

parts doubtless at the prenuptial moult and is probably an un-

usually vigorous bird approaching the plumage of the male as

sometimes occurs in other species.

Molothrus ater (Bodd.). Cowsirp

1. Natat Down. Olive-gray.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, including sides of head and neck, wings and tail, dark olive-brown, the

feathers edged with pale buff, whitish on the primaries. Below, dull white,

buffy on throat, breast and flanks much streaked with olive-brown. Chin

white or yellowish. Bill and feet raw umber-brown, darkening to black after

postjuvenal moult.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE -acquired by a complete post-

juvenal moult which begins about September first. Unlike the

previous plumage, chiefly black instead of brown, young birds

becoming practically indistinguishable from adults.

Above and below, lustrous black with iridescent green and purple reflections.

Head, nape and throat purplish clove-brown. Some birds show faint buffy

edgings.

4. First NuptiaAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear, which shows

very little, and chiefly in the paler brown of the head. I have

seen one specimen which retains a large part of the juvenal

plumage even to the wing quills and the brown feathers are ex-

cessively worn as compared with the black ones, acquired at the

postjuvenal moult.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a’ complete post-

nuptial moult in September. Adults are not distinguishable, as

a rule, from young birds in first winter. dress.

6. ApuULT NuPTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

female.—In natal down and juvenal plumage indistinguishable

from the male. Females assume a mouse-gray first winter plum-

age by a complete postjuvenal moult and this, modified by wear,

is the first nuptial plumage. All later plumages are similarly

mouse-gray with indistinct dusky streaks.

160 DWIGHT

Agelaius phoeniceus (Linn.). RepD-wincED BLACKBIRD

1. Natat Down. Pale mouse-gray.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, including sides of head, wings, tail, and lesser coverts (2. e., the so-called

‘«shoulders’’) dull brownish black (no red at this stage), the feathers edged

with buff, palest and narrowest on primaries, rectrices, head and rump, and

richest on scapularies and secondaries. Below pinkish buff, ochraceous on the

chin, thickly streaked (except on the chin) with brownish black. Obscure

superciliary line ochraceous-buff. Bill and feet olive-brown, black when

older.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

juvenal moult beginning towards the end of August. Resem-

bles previous dress, the general effect being that of a brown

streaked bird the black being heavily veiled by brown feather

tips and mottled orange ‘“shoulders”’ are acquired.

Entire plumage, including wings and tail, greenish black much veiled with buffy and

ferruginous edgings, palest below and faint or absent on primaries and rectrices.

Lesser wing coverts (‘‘shoulders’’) dull orpiment-orange each feather with

subterminal bars or spots of black. Median coverts rich ochraceous buff usu-

ally mottled with black subterminal areas chiefly on the inner webs, the shafts

usually black.

4. First NuptiaAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which is con-

siderable birds becoming a dull brownish black by loss of the

feather edgings and by fading. The mottled ‘ shoulder patches ”’

are characteristic of young birds, the amount of orange varying

greatly. The wings and tail show marked wear.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult beginning in mid-August, young and old becom-

ing practically indistinguishable.

Lustrous greenish black, feathers of head and back, greater wing coverts and ter-

tiaries edged more or less (according to the individual) with buff and ferrugin-

ous brown. SBelow, the edgings are paler or absent. The bright scarlet-ver-

milion ‘‘shoulders’’ are acquired together with the rich ochraceous buff

median coverts.

6. ApuLT NupTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which pro-

duces less marked effects than in the young birds. The ex-

posed edges of the buff median coverts fade to a dull white. The

more resistant nature of adult feathers is strikingly shown by

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 161

this species, the worn and faded remiges and rectrices of young

birds contrasting sharply with those of adults.

Female.—In natal down and juvenal plumage females differ

little from males, the juvenal dress perhaps averaging browner

above with less buff below and the chin narrowly streaked. The

first winter plumage is acquired by a complete postjuvenal moult

as in the male, from which the female now differs widely being

brown and broadly streaked. The first winter plumage is

hardly distinguishable from the adult winter and passes into

the first nuptial by wear which produces a black and white

streaked bird, brown above. A pinkish or salmon tinge is often

found in females in any of these plumages especially about the

chin and head and an orange or crimson tinge may show on the

“shoulders”’ of the older birds.

Sturnella magna (Linn.). Mrapow Lark

1. Narat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, clove-brown, the feathers broadly edged with buff palest on the nape, those

of the back having double subapical spots of russet. Median crown stripe, and

superciliary line cream-buff. Wings sepia-brown, the primaries and secondaries

obscurely barred on the outer web with darker brown and edged with pale

vinaceous cinnamon shading to white on the first primary, the tertiaries clove-

brown broadly edged with buff and having a row of partly confluent vinaceous

cinnamon spots on either side of their shafts producing a barred effect (the pat-

tern of a tertiary of this plumage contrasted with one of the first winter dress is

shown on plate II, figs. 15 and 16), the rest of the wing coverts obscurely

mottled with light and dark browns and edged with buff, the alulee with white.

The three outer pairs of rectrices are white with a faint dusky subapical shaft-

streak, the next pair largely white and the others hair-brown confluently barred

with clove-brown and whitish edged. Below, including ‘‘ edge of wing’’ pale

canary-yellow, nearly white on the chin, the sides of throat, breast, flanks, cris-

sum and tibize washed with pinkish buff, streaked and spotted with brownish

black which forms a pectoral band. Bill and feet pinkish buff, the former

becoming slaty, the latter dull clay color.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

juvenal moult beginning about September first after the juvenal

dress has been worn a long time, young birds and old becoming

practically indistinguishable.

ANNALS N, Y. AcaD. Sci., XIII, Aug. 28, 1g00—1I.

162 DWIGHT

Above, similar to the previous plumage, but all the browns even to the wing and

tail quills much darker, often black, and distinct barring rather than mottling,

the rule. The feathers of the back have large single subapical spots of rich

Mar’s-brown crossed by two faint dusky bars, and the primary edgings are

usually grayer. Below, a rich lemon-yellow (including the chin and a sup-

raorbital dash) veiled with buff edgings and a black pectoral crescent is

acquired completely veiled with deep buff and ashy edgings. ‘The streakings

below are heavier and darker, many of the feathers with subapical russet spots

and the buffy wash on the sides is deeper and pinker.

4, First NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which is exces-

sive by the end of the breeding season producing a dingy brown

and white appearance above with yellow and black below.

The subapical spots of the feathers of the back are almost en-

tirely lost by abrasion and the same force scallops out the light

portions of the tertiaries, wing coverts and tail. This is shown

on plate II, figs. 16 and 17. Neither the yellow nor the black

below fades very appreciably, but the shining denuded shafts of

the feathers project far beyond the abraided barbs. The yellow

seems even to be intensified by the loss of paler barbules.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in September. Usually indistinguishable from

first winter dress.

6. ApuLT NupTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

Female.—In natal down and juvenal plumage the sexes are

indistinguishable. Later the female differs only in slightly duller

colors and a more restricted black area on the throat. The

moults are exactly the same as in the male.

Icterus spurius (Linn.). ORCHARD ORIOLE

1. Nata Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, including sides of head and neck, pale grayish olive-green, buffy on rump.

Below, pale sulphur-yellow. Wings pale clove-brown, the primaries and sec-

ondaries narrowly edged with dull white, the median and greater wing coverts

with pale buff forming two indistinct wing bands. ‘Tail yellowish olive-green.

Bill pinkish buff, becoming deep wood-brown, the upper mandible slaty. . Feet

olive-gray, blackish when older.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 163

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning the end of July, which involves the body

plumage and wing coverts, but not usually the rest of the wings

nor the tail.

Differs little from the previous plumage, a brighter olive-green above and canary-

yellow below, the edgings of the wing coverts paler.

An unfortunate dearth of specimens in this greenish plumage

makes it impossible for me to say whether any precocious indi-

viduals, perhaps of the first brood, acquire tails mottled with

black or assume black or chestnut feathers about the wings or

body. It is almost certain, judging by analogy of moult and

by plumage that some do, as is the case apparently in other

species. Observations made on caged birds by Dr. BACHMAN

(39) also point to this probability, for he states that a young

bird of a first brood assumed the black throat by moult in

November, and the full black and chestnut plumage the fol-

lowing August, while a bird of a second brood assumed a

new green plumage in January, the black throat the follow-

ing August and the chestnut and black plumage in January,

wholly by moult. This evidence, although the unreliable testi-

mony of caged birds, is at least in confirmation of the sequence

of the plumages and indicates that a year is sufficient for the

acquisition of the adult dress.

The only bird I have seen showing prenuptial moult is one

taken in Nicaragua, February 23d (U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 91034),

which has new black feathers coming in on the throat and sides

of the head and green ones on the forehead and crown, as

already referred to by Stone (96, p. 137). There are a few old

black feathers on the throat, but it seems likely that these, the

worn mottled tail and a few chestnut feathers on the throat and

under tail coverts may represent individual precocity in a pre-

viously acquired first winter plumage, for the brown juvenal

primary coverts indicate a young bird. I have seen several

autumnal birds in first winter dress with a few black feathers on

the throat, although they had plain greenish tails. Without a

better series of birds in first winter dress than is now available

the relation of moults and plumages cannot be fully solved, but

164 DWIGHT

that moult will explain everything, I have not the slightest

doubt. In birds that suffer so great wear, it is well nigh impos-

sible to estimate the age of a feather from the amount of abrasion,

especially when the color is black.

4. First NuptiaAL PLuMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which apparently involves chiefly the throat and head and

perhaps the tail. The black throat is present in most spring

specimens, in some it is lacking or represented by a few black

feathers. Greenish tails are regularly found with such birds ;

those with chestnut feathers have tails mottled with black, these

signs of individual vigor or precocity going together and consid-

erable individual variation being apparent. The bill becomes

slate-gray. All of the plumage is so worn when the birds arrive

from the south that it is impossible to estimate how long the in-

dividual feathers have been subjected to wear, which seems to

be considerable. The primary coverts, a key to young birds,

are always brownish unless they have been partly renewed by

black, probably at the postjuvenal moult.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult apparently after the birds have migrated south

judging by the freshness of extra-limital specimens and the total

absence of local specimens. Contrary to general belief it is

likely that the chestnut and black plumage is assumed at this

moult. Several specimens from Guatemala without other data

show the end of a postnuptial moult from the greenish into the

chestnut dress, some of the new feathers still with sheaths and

the old worn greenish nuptial ones still in place among the au-

riculars and elsewhere. Both the black and the chestnut feathers

are broadly edged with greenish buff or brown, which probably

diminishes in amount with age giving a less veiled appearance,

in older adults.

6. ApuLT NupriaAL PLuMAGE acquired by wear through which

the edgings are largely lost. There is no prenuptial moult as

in the young bird. The frequency of a few greenish feathers on

breeding birds indicates their liability to be left over even at the

first postnuptial moult whichis usually so complete although it

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 165

is possible such feathers developed of a greenish color at this

season. There is not the slightest reason for believing in an ab-

normal color change without moult in this species even if I am

wrong in concluding the greenish plumage is worn but one sum-

mer. It may possibly be that no chestnut or black is assumed

by any birds until the first postnuptial moult and the second

winter plumage is still partly greenish with the mottled tails that

give rise to the unwarrantable idea of color redistributing itself

in old feathers, but until greenish autumnal adults (as determined

by cranial characters) having black throats, mottled tails, and

chestnut scattered on the abdomen are forthcoming, there is no

good reason for supposing that more than a twelve-month, as in

other species, is required to attain adult dress.

Female—The natal down and juvenal plumage are identical

with those of the male. Later the female undergoes the same

moults as the male, the one prenuptial which occurs being very

limited or even suppressed. Females always remain in a green-

ish dress like the male first winter plumage or at most assume,

when fully adult, a few black feathers on the throat.

Icterus galbula (Linn.). BALTrmorE ORIOLE

1. Natat Down. No specimen'seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, olive-brown, slightly orange tinged, brightest on head and upper tail coverts.

Wings clove-brown, the primaries narrowly, the-tertiaries broadly edged with

dull white, two wing bands at tips of greater and median coverts pale buff. A

terliary is figured on plate IT, fig. 8. Tail chiefly gallstone-yellow, centrally

much darker and brownish. Below, including ‘‘ edge of wing’’ ochre-yellow,

sometimes orange with ochraceous tinge, palest on chin and middle of abdomen,

brightest on breast and crissum. Bill pinkish buff, becoming slate-gray with

age. Feet olive-gray, black when older.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult beginning early in July which involves the body plumage

and the wing coverts but not the rest of the wings nor the tail.

Similar to previous plumage but dull orange brown above and much brighter orange

below, although lacking the black areas of the adult. The greater and median

wing coverts become dull black, white tipped, the latter and the lesser coverts

166 DWIGHT

orange tinged. There is much individual variation in the intensity of the

orange everywhere.

4, First NuprraL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves most of the plumage except only the

primaries, their coverts, and the secondaries. The tide of moult

often passes by wing coverts, alule, tertiaries or in fact any

feathers which often remain here and there worn and in sharp

contrast to new feathers adjacent, and the outer wing coverts

are frequently left over and sometimes a rectrix or two. The

full orange and black body plumage is assumed at this moult,

the tertiaries and wing coverts being broadly edged with white,

and the black and yellow tail is acquired. The orange is

usually paler than in adults and the black feathers of the back

are generally edged with orange. There is a Panama bird (Am.

Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 41939) showing the prenuptial moult in

progress on the back, forehead, occiput, sides of head and breast,

throat and chin, upper and under tail coverts, the two central

rectrices and the greater wing coverts ; and a Guatemala specimen

(Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.) also without date shows moult on the

head. Birds in this dress may be distinguished from adults by

the worn brownish primaries in contrast to the new black, white

edged tertiaries. Plate II, figs. 9 and 10 shows the difference

between a first nuptial tertiary which is new grown and an adult

nuptial tertiary which is really a worn adult winter feather.

Similar differences in the rectrix next to the middle pair are

shown by figs. 11 and 12, a large amount of black belonging to

the adult feather. I have seen one young bird in this plumage

with the orange mostly replaced by blood-red which invades

even the wing coverts and the black nape.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in July, the birds usually disappearing soon after.

Two males in my collection (J. Dwight, Jr., No. 6883, August

26th, and No. 6885,*September 13th, Long Island, New York),

are in fresh winter dress without trace of their recent moult.

Different from first winter dress, jet black wing quills and central

rectrices being assumed with rich orange and black body plum-

age. The feathers of the back are narrowly edged with dull

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 167

orange (absent in older birds) which also suffuses the median

and lesser coverts. The greater coverts, secondaries and terti-

aries are broadly edged with white. The variable black area of

the throat seems to increase in older birds.

6. ApuLtt NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear through which

the white wing edgings are largely lost (see plate II, fig. 10).

Yellow barbules are lost from the orange barbs so that the color

is perhaps intensified in some cases.

Female—The natal down and juvenal plumage are the same

as in the male and subsequent moults are the same but limited

in extent at the first prenuptial so that little or no black is as-

sumed on the chin, back and tail. The black on the chin of fe-

males is always very restricted in extent.

Scolecophagus carolinus (Miill.). Rusry BrLacksirp

1. NataL Down. No specimen seen. |

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Whole plumage slate-color washed on back and throat with sepia-brown. ‘Tail

darker with greenish reflections. Tertiaries and wing coverts edged with Mar’s-

brown. Bill and feet seal-brown, black when older.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

juvenal moult beginning in eastern Canada, the end of July,

young and old becoming practically indistinguishable.

Everywhere lustrous greenish black more or less veiled above with Mar’s-brown,

below with wood-brown. ‘The wings and tail are without edgings.

4. Frrst NuptiaL PLUMAGE acquired by wear through which

the veiling is almost or completely lost, birds becoming entirely

greenish or purplish black.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult beginning the middle of July. Not appreciably

different from first winter plumage, the veiling probably less the

older a bird grows. .

6. ApuLT NupTiaAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

female.—The natal down and juvenal plumage are the same

asin the male. By a complete postjuvenal moult the first winter

168 DWIGHT

plumage is assumed which is very like the juvenal but with

much Mar’s-brown above chiefly on the head and strongly

washed below with wood-brown, these colors edging slaty

feathers ; the lores and auriculars are dull black in contrast.

The first nuptial plumage is acquired by wear and later plum-

ages vary little from the first winter.

Quiscalus quiscula (Linn.). PuRPLE GRACKLE

1. Narat Down. Pale sepia-brown.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Whole plumage dull clove-brown, the body feathers often very faintly edged with

paler brown. Tail darker with purplish tints. Bill and feet sepia-brown,

black when older.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

juvenal moult early in August.

The iridescent black dress is acquired, old and young becoming indistinguishable.

Some birds assume metallic green heads and some blue, while

the backs are of all colors and patterns so that age can have

nothing to do with the varied colors of this species.

4. First NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which pro-

duces no noticeable effect as is regularly the case with iridescent

plumages.

5. Aputr WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult beginning the first of August. Indistinguishable

from first winter.

6. ApuLT NupTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

Female.—In juvenal dress the female is perhaps paler below

than is the male and usually indistinctly streaked. There isa

complete postjuvenal moult and later plumages differ from the

male only in being much duller and browner with few metallic

reflections. They also show more wear.

Quiscalus quiscula eneus (Ridgw.). BRoNnzED GRACKLE

Plumages and moults correspond to those of Q. guzscula, the

two forms in natal down and juvenal plumage being practically

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 169

indistinguishable. The bronzed back is assumed at the post-

juvenal moult, old and young becoming indistinguishable.

FRINGILLIDA

The types of moult in this large Family are almost as numer-

ous as the species. Many moult twice every year, the prenup-

tial being complete in at least one species, A. cawdacutus, and

partial in many, producing a large variety of curiously mixed

plumages. VP. domesticus, A. s. passerinus, A. henslowt (prob-

ably), A. maritimus, C. grammacus, M. fasciata, C. cardinals

and probably some others undergo a complete postjuvenal moult

more or less regularly. Several species pass their first breeding

season in the immature dress assumed at the postjuvenal moult,

exchanging it for the full adult dress at the first postnuptial moult.

The peculiarities of moult and wear, which in some species pro-

duce most startling changes in their apparent color and in the

shape of the feathers, will be discussed under the respective

Species..° The apparent’ brightening of-color:in. some of the

Finches and the Crossbills is also explained under each species.

Coccothraustes vespertinus (Coop.). EVENING GROSBEAK

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by acomplete postnatal moult.

Above, pale bistre, greenish tinged on back, wood- brown on rump and forehead.

Wings black narrowly edged with white; the tertiaries pale drab, their inner

borders dull black ; two or three inner secondaries terminally dull white with

dingy black apical blotches; inner greater coverts dull white on outer webs and

edged with canary-yellow. Tail black. Below, pale cinnamon or wood-brown,

merging into canary-yellow on throat and chin. NRictal and submalar streaks

dusky. ‘‘ Lining of wings’’ canary-yellow. Under tail coverts white. Bill

and feet in dried specimen dull brown. ;

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult in August in British Columbia which involves the body

plumage but not the wings nor the tail. The wing coverts are

renewed but not usually the tertiaries.

Bright olive-yellow washed with rich olive-brown, deepest about the head; crown

and nape black, forehead, superciliary stripe, rump and under tail coverts

70 DWIGHT

lemon-yellow. Young may be distinguished usually by the dusky inner margins

of the tertiaries but differ very little from adults.

4. First NupriaL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which removes

much of the wing edgings. Browner more worn remiges and

especially primary coverts with distinct edgings distinguish young

birds.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. Differs little from first winter dress, but fewer

edgings, and blacker primaries with their coverts and the ter-

tiaries white.

6. ApuLT NupTiaAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear.

female.—The moults and plumages correspond to those of

the male but the colors and markings are quite different. The

sexes are similar in juvenal plumage. In first winter dress

females are deep mouse-gray about the head, paler on the back

and grayish wood-brown on the rump. The primaries have a

white spot at their bases and the secondaries and tertiaries are

wholly drab-gray with dull black on the inner webs. The tail

has the inner webs of all the rectrices white and the upper tail

coverts have white spots. The first nuptial plumage is assumed

by wear and the adult winter dress by a complete moult, this

plumage being rather grayer than that of the first winter.

Pinicola enucleator (Linn.). Prine GROSBEAK

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult

Above, bistre, tinged on crown and rump with dull ochre-yellow. Wings and tail

clove-brown with pale buff edgings sometimes whitish especially on tertiaries

and tail. Wing bands indistinct, pale buff. Below, hair-brown or drab, washed,

especially on breast and sides, with ochraceous, the feather edgings wood-

brown. Bill and feet dusky pinkish buff becoming darker with age.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult beginning early in September in eastern Canada which

involves the body plumage and wing coverts but not the rest of

the wings nor the tail.

Above, chiefly pale olive-brown, sometimes with reddish or yellowish tinge

veiled with smoke-gray edgings, the crown, auriculars, rump and upper tail

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 171

coverts ochre to gallstone-yellow, often orange, the feathers dark centrally,

usually a sprinkling of brick-red feathers and sometimes the yellows completely

replaced by red, occasionally carmine. Below smoke-gray, the breast and

throat usually with some red and yellow not very pronounced. Wing coverts

tipped with white forming two distinct bands the Jesser coverts plumbeous and

ochre tinged.

4. First NupTiaAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear, apparently

brightening and assuming a golden sheen, this optical effect be-

ing due to loss of barbules, a similar loss taking place in Car-

podacus purpureus, under which species a full explanation is given.

5, ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. The pinkish plumage is assumed and young and

old become indistinguishable.

The back is clove-brown with olive-gray edgings, elsewhere geranium-red, the

wing bands and even primary edgings tinged with geranium-pink.

6. ApuLT NupriaL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird, which apparently intensifies the color by a gradual

loss of the distal barbules of each feather.

Female.—Plumages and moults are similar to those of the

male. In juvenal plumage the sexes are practically indistin-

cuishable. In first winter plumage duller than the correspond-

ing dress of the male; above, olive-brown with smoke-gray

edgings, the crown and rump ochre or dull olive-yellow, entirely

smoke-gray below. The first nuptial plumage is acquired by

wear. The adult winter plumage is similar to male first winter,

but duller with only a tinge of red at most on crown, rump or

breast. The adult nuptial plumage is. acquired by wear.

Passer domesticus (Linn.). Enciish SpARRow

1. Natat Down. Mouse-gray.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, hair-brown somewhat buffy, wings and tail slightly darker, and streaked

broadly with clove-brown on the back ; secondaries, tertiaries and wing coverts

edged with wood-brown. Below, mouse-gray darkest across jugulum and on

the sides, the chin and mid-abdomen nearly white. A dusky postocular stripe.

Bill and feet pinkish buff, the former becoming dusky and black before spring,

and the latter sepia-brown.

172 DWIGHT

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postjuve-

nal moult beginning the end of August.

Unlike previous plumage, the black chin and throat patch being assumed. Pileum,

rump and upper tail coverts smoke-gray, the feathers brownish edged and dusky

basally. The back streaked with black each feather partly Mar’s-brown and

edged with buff. Below, dull white tinged with French-gray on throat and

sides, the feather tips with buffy wash, the shafts faintly grayish ; the chin and

throat, loral and postocular stripe, black veiled with grayish or buffy edgings ;

sides of chin and throat and mid-abdomen nearly white ; auriculars olive gray ;

posterior part of superciliary line, postauricular and nuchal regions chestnut

veiled with buff edgings. Wings and tail dull black edged with pale cinnamon,

rich chestnut on the greater and lesser coverts, the median coverts white, buff

edged forming a wing band.

4, First NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which brings

the blacks, chestnuts and grays into prominence by loss of the

veiling feather edgings, and the buff wash is lost. The wing

bands, sides of throat and abdomen become noticeably

whiter.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult beginning the end of August. Differs very little

from first winter dress, the black of the throat usually more ex-

tensive and the buff less evident. The crown is usually grayer

and the median coverts whiter.

6. ApuLT NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

Female——In natal down and juvenal plumage females are in-

distinguishable from males. The first winter plumage is acquired

by acomplete moult, and is similar above to that of the male, more

washed with buff below and without the black throat and chest-

nut postauricular patches. The first nuptial plumage is acquired

by wear, the buff being largely lost and later plumages differ

very little from each other, the only renewal being at the post-

nuptial moult.

It would be interesting to know whether this species on its

“native heath’’ goes through the same sequence of plumages

and moults although there is no reason for supposing them to

have been modified through acclimatization since it was imported

into this country.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 173

Carpodacus purpureus (Gmel.). PuRpLe FIncu

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Plate IV, fig. 1 shows a juvenal plumage crown feather.

Above, wood-brown, broadly streaked with olive-brown and showing whitish streaks

if the feathers be disarranged so as to expose a lighter portion. Below, dull

white streaked with paler olive-brown, least on the chin, throat and middle of

abdomen and crissum, the last two areas often unmarked. An indistinct whitish

superciliary line. Wings and tail deep olive-brown, edged with pale buff

deepest and broadest on tertiaries and wing coverts. Bill and feet pinkish buff,

sepia-brown when older.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult beginning the end of August, which involves the body

plumage and the wing coverts, but not the rest of the wings nor

the tail.

Differs in general effect very little from the last, but the streaks are bolder, the

brown usually with a greenish yellow tinge merging into the buffy edgings.

Plate IV, fig. 2 shows a crown feather of this plumage newly

grown ; fig. 3, a similar feather after about eight months of wear.

When to apply the term first nuptial to this feather is a matter

not easy to determine.

4. First NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear through which

most of the buffy tints are lost, the edgings becoming whitish.

Males are brown streaked and indistinguishable from females in

most cases.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult beginning early in August all males assuming the

pink plumage.

Above, pale geranium-red (often carmine or brick-red), hoary on the pileum and

nape, the feathers of the back with dusky shaft lines and broad greenish buff

edgings. Below, a hoary geranium-pink blending into white on abdomen and

crissum, the flanks buffy with a few dusky streaks. Wings and tail clove-brown

the edgings tinged with pale brick-red.

Young and old now become practically indistinguishable.

Plate VII, fig. 1 represents a crown feather of this plumage

already showing wear which finally produces a feather like that

seen as fig. 2, the adult nuptial dress.

174 DWIGHT

6. ApuLT NuptTiaL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which pro-

duces a plumage largely bright rosy carmine decidedly brighter

to the eye than the winter dress. The explanation of this evi-

dent color change is, however, very simple. There is no pig-

mentary change, the brightening being wholly an optical delu-

sion. Under a glass of even moderate power it will be seen that

the whitish barbules of the reddish feathers of the winter dress

especially of the head and throat have worn away, leaving the

resistant carmine barbs bare and glistening. The remaining bar-

bules show as hoary spots and in winter plumage, of course, the

whole effect is hoary. This explanation, although at variance

with that offered by other writers is unquestionably the correct

one, and plate VII, figs. 1 and 2 show the change unmistaka-

bly. The bases of the feathers of this species are dusky, and

often show when the plumage is much worn or even disarranged.

Wear is considerable by the end of the breeding season and loss

of edgings helps intensify the reddish tints.

In captivity pink adults assume golden or bronzed feathers at

their first moult, never reassuming the pink dress. It is prob-

able that some ingredient of their food when in the wild state

is lacking and a deficiency of pigment results.

Female.—In natal down, juvenal, first winter and first nuptial

plumages indistinguishable from the male and later plumages

are brown streaked like the immature male. The moults cor-

respond to those of the male.

Loxia curvirostra minor (Brehm). AMERICAN CROSSBILL

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult

Above, streaked with olive-brown, the feathers with whitish edgings, an olive-green

tinge on the back and pale buff on the ramp. Wings and tail clove-brown the

feathers faintly edged with pale buff sometimes greenish tinged. Below, dull

grayish white thickly streaked with olive-brown. Bill and feet olive-gray,

black when older. The mandibles do not cross at first but in about three weeks

deflect as they grow to the right or left indifferently.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult which involves the body plumage but neither the wings

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 175

nor the tail. Birds in considerably worn juvenal dress taken in

New Brunswick, Canada, June 29th, July 21st and July 234d,

show a few new feathers of this plumage.

Everywhere a mottled mixture of bright yellows, greens and reds, the former pre-

dominating and the reds dull, but individual variation is great. The colors

are brightest on the head, rump, throat and sides of abdomen. The posterior

part of the abdomen and under tail coverts may be red tinged or yellowish

or they may fail to moult and remain brown streaked.

4. First NupriaAL PLuMAGE acquired by wear which is

marked by midsummer producing through loss of grayish bar-

bules a brightening of the whole plumage, as already explained

under Carpodacus purpureus. A worn reddish breast feather of

this plumage is shown on plate VII, fig. 4. In a year the

feather (fig. 3) which actually grew beside this one would also

lose its barbules and appear a brighter red, like fig. 4.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in September. The brick-red body plumage with

vermilion rump is acquired at this moult as shown by a speci-

men taken in New Brunswick, Canada, October 16th which has

renewed about three quarter of the mottled dress. Plate VII,

fig. 3, represents a new feather that had not lost its sheath and

was situated next to the worn one represented by fig. 4. It

seems probable that an entirely red plumage is not always fully

acquired until the second postnuptial moult. A reddish tinge

is observable in the faint edgings of wings and tail.

6. ApuLT NupTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which through

loss of barbules produces coppery and rosy reflections, to the eye,

brighter than those of the previous plumage.

Female.—In natal down and juvenal plumage indistinguish-

able from males. The first winter plumage acquired by a

partial postjuvenal moult which does not include the wings nor

the tail is olive-buff indistinctly mottled or streaked with olive

brown ; the rump bright olive-yellow. The first nuptial plum-

age is acquired by wear producing little change. The adult

winter plumage varies little from the first winter, the rump per-

haps brighter and the breast tinged with bright olive-yellow.

Old birds sometimes show dull red tints on these areas, but the

176 DWIGHT

brightest adults are greenish yellow as compared with the dullest

young males which are orange tinged.

Of 68 specimens of both sexes in my collection, the upper

mandible crosses to the right in 38 and to the left in 30.

Loxia leucoptera Gmel. WHITE-WINGED CROSSBILL

1, Nata Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired bya complete postnatal moult.

Whole plumage dull grayish white thickly streaked with clove-brown, the feather

edgings grayish, but buffy on back, rump and abdomen. Wings and tail dull

black, the primaries, secondaries and tertiaries narrowly, the tertiaries and wing

coverts broadly, edged with buffy white forming two distinct wing bands at tips

of greater and median coverts. Bill and feet brownish black.

This description is taken from two females in my collection

secured in eastern Canada, June 29th and July 16th. The birds

are decidedly blacker than Z. ¢c. mznor in corresponding plumage.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, probably in September, which involves the body plumage,

but neither the wings nor the tail.

The head, back, rump, throat and breast are varying shades of chrome-yellow with

an occasional dash of dull red, the scapularies and upper tail coverts black.

Lores, orbital region and forehead dull black.

4, First NupriaL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which to the

eye brightens the yellow by loss of the barbules of the feathers.

The mouse-gray basal portion of the body feathers is somewhat

in evidence.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. It is likely nearly all young birds assume the

full red adult plumage at this moult.

Rosy or hoary brick or geranium-red, the wings, tail and scapularies black. Wing

bands and tertiary edgings white. Abdomen smoke-gray and under tail coverts

dull white, rose tinged, both streaked with clove-brown. ‘The colors are much

pinker than those of Z. c. minor in corresponding dress and the white wing

bands distinctive.

6. Aputt NupTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear, which, to the

eye, brightens the rosy tints considerably by loss of the barbules

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK LZ

from a part of each barb. The general effect is that of a rosy

bird mottled with whitish spots.

Female.—In natal down and juvenal plumage indistinguish-

able from the male, no doubt, as is the case in allied species.

The first winter plumage, acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, not involving the wings nor the tail, is olive-buff, similar

to L. c. minor, from which it may easily be distinguished by

the wing bands, and besides it is more distinctly mottled and

streaked with deeper olive-brown. The first nuptial is simply

the previous plumage modified by wear. The adult winter

plumage is, of course, acquired by a complete postnuptial moult,

and shows a certain amount of yellow scattered through it, which

is somewhat brightened by wear becoming the adult nuptial

plumage. Females never become pink.

Acanthis linaria (Linn.). ReEpDPOLL

1, Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal

moult.

Above, streaked with sepia and clove-brown with whitish edgings ; rump paler but

also streaked. Wings and tail clove brown with whitish or buffy edgings ; the

coverts, wing bands and tertiaries edged with pale cinnamon. Below dull

white streaked with clove-brown and washed with buff on throat and sides.

Bill and feet of dry skin dull ochre.

Description from a specimen taken in Labrador, August 27th.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial post-

juvenal moult late in August, which apparently involves the

body plumage and wing coverts and not the rest of the wings

nor the tail.

Above, wood-brown, sides of head and rump paler, streaked with olive-brown, the

feather edgings often whitish. Crown dull crimson, usually coppery. Wings

and tail deep olive-brown, the feathers with whitish edgings. Below white,

washed with buff on throat, sides and flanks, streaked laterally and on under

tail coverts with olive-brown. A dull brownish black chin spot.

Some young birds may assume a few rosy breast feathers, but

they are characteristic of adults.

ANNALS N. Y. ACAD. SclI., Sept. 7, I9g00—12.

178 | DWIGHT

4, First NupriaL PLUMAGE acquired by wear, through which

much of the buff is lost, the birds becoming darker and whiter

with the crown spot a trifle brighter to the eye, due to loss of

the grayish barbules of the red barbs.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. The geranium-pink or rosy feathers of the

breast and rump are assumed. Otherwise similar to first

winter dress.

6. Aputt NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear through which

the rosy feathers appear brighter like the crown partly by loss

of barbules and partly by loss of the whitish edgings.

Female.-—The plumages and moults correspond to those of

the male, but the crown spot is duller and smaller, often bronzed,

and rosy breast feathers are seldom acquired.

Acanthis linaria rostrata (Coues). GREATER REDPOLL

The plumages and moults of this race correspond to those of

A. linaria, the subspecific characters prevailing even in the juve-

nal plumage, the colors darker and the streaking somewhat

heavier. The adults are large, with large bills and very white

rumps, sometimes with rosy tints everywhere.

Carduelis carduelis (Linn.). EvuRopEAN GOLDFINCH

The limited number of specimens examined of this introduced

species, now well established in Central Park, New York City,

forbids positive conclusions. I have not seen the juvenal

plumage, nor do I know the extent of the postjuvenal moult,

which undoubtedly takes place. Adults evidently have but

one moult annually, the postnuptial, and I believe the brighten-

ing of the red frontlet in spring is due to the loss of the fuzzy

barbules from brighter colored barbs. Descriptions from text-

books are unsatisfactory in solving the problems of moult, but

they seem to indicate the usual sequence of plumages and

moults in this species.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK £79

Spinus tristis (Linn.). AMERICAN GOLDFINCH

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above wood-brown, grayer on crown, yellowish on forehead. Below, including

sides of head primrose-yellow brightest on chin, washed on sides and flanks and

across the throat with deep buff. Wings and tail dull black whitish edged ;

secondaries, tertiaries, and wing coverts including two wing bands edged with

ochraceous buff the outer greater coverts usually partly white. Bill and feet

pinkish buff, becoming dusky with age.

38. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult beginning late in September which involves the body

plumage but not the wings nor the tail.

Similar to previous plumage but a deeper brown above and the yellow below re-

placed (except on the chin which is a brighter yellow) by pale olive-gray,

darkest on the throat and washed with wood-brown on the sides. ‘The crissum

and middle of the abdomen are white. Dull black, brownish or yellowish

edged lesser coverts (the ‘‘shoulders’’) distinguish young birds from adults

which have them bright yellow, the black of the wings and tail is besides less

intense, the wing bands are browner and the chin duller yellow.

4. First NupriaAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult during April and early May which involves the entire

body plumage but neither the wings nor the tail. The bright

canary and black dress is assumed, old and young distinguish-

able only by the brownish ‘shoulders,’ and the duller and

more worn wings and tail of the young bird. It is interesting to

note that the black wings and tail are assumed with the juvenal

plumage, the black crown at the prenuptial moult. ‘The effects

of wear are marked, for the white edgings due to fading are lost

by abrasion before the end of the summer so that the edges of

the tertiaries and secondaries become scalloped out, and very

little if any white remains when the postnuptial moult occurs.

This is illustrated by plate IT, figs. 4 and 5.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult beginning about the middle of September. Similar

to first winter but a richer deeper brown above, the crown, throat

and sides of breast more distinctly yellow, the edgings of the

wings and tail (which are jet black) paler and most important of

all the “shoulders”’ bright canary-yellow instead of brown.

Young and old now become indistinguishable.

180 DWIGHT

6. ApuLT NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves, as in the young bird, the whole body plu-

mage but not the wings nor the tail. Distinguishable from first

nuptial chiefly by the yellow “shoulders.”

Female.—Females have plumages and moults exactly corre-

sponding to the males, but the plumages are regularly much

duller and the prenuptial moults much less extensive. The

wings and tail are browner and there is no black upon the

crown. Ihave alarge series of this species taken every month

in the year including many specimens showing both sexes in

various stages of the double moult they regularly undergo.

Spinus pinus (Wils.). PINE SISKIN

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, olive-brown with buff tinged, or yellowish feather edgings and streaked with

clove-brown, Wings and tail deep olive-brown, basal portion of the remiges

and rectrices canary-yellow, the edgings of the primaries and secondaries paler

yellow, their tips whitish, the edgings of the rectrices faintly olive-yellow, the

wing coverts edged with ochraceous-buff forming two wing bands, the ter-

tiaries broadly edged with buff. Below primrose-yellow, palest on chin, thickly

streaked with clove-brown. Bill and feet pinkish buff, dusky when older.

This plumage is worn a long time, probably two months, the

postjuvenal moult beginning early in August as shown by a

specimen from eastern Canada, August 8th. It becomes con-

siderably worn and the buffy tints as well as the yellow below

are nearly lost before the moult begins.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult in August in eastern Canada which involves the body

plumage but not the wings nor the tail.

Differs very little from the previous plumage, birds being a paler brown above and

altogether without the yellow tinge below. They are dull white below with a

faint buffy tinge anteriorly and laterally and streaked with olive-brown; the

buffy wing coverts rapidly fade to dull white.

4. First NuptiaL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which pro-

duces a dingy white, brown-streaked bird.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 181

5. ApuLT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnup-

tial moult in August. Differs very little from first winter dress.

The wings and tail will average darker with more yellow and

the wing coverts have less buff and often a tinge of yellow.

6. Aputt NuptiaAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

Female.—Females have plumages and moults corresponding

to those of the males. They are indistinguishable from them in

natal down and juvenal plumage except that the extent and in-

tensity of the yellow in the wings and tail is less in most speci-

mens in juvenal dress. In later plumages this difference holds

and besides the birds are usually less heavily streaked and paler

‘than the males.

Plectrophenax nivalis (Linn.). SNOWFLAKE

1. Natat Down. - No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal

moult.

Above, including sides of head mouse-gray streaked faintly on the head, more

broadly on the back with dull black. Wings dull black ashy edged, second-

aries, basal part of primaries and wing coverts pure white, the tertiaries broadly

edged with Prout’s-brown. Tail chiefly white, the central rectrices wholly

clove-brown the others merely edged with it terminally. Below, dull white, the

throat, breast and sides mouse-gray, a brownish wash in the flanks. Bill pin-

kish flesh, feet dull black.

This description is taken from Greenland specimens.

White primary coverts terminally dusky distinguish young

males from adults, in which they are wholly white.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult early in August in Greenland which involves the body

plumage, but apparently not the wings nor the tail.

Above, wood-brown often russet tinged, darker on the crown, completely veiling the

black basal portions of the dorsal feathers and the white portions of those of

the head. Below pure white, a jugular band and the sides russet, its extremi-

ties and the auriculars Vandyke-brown.

4. First NupriaL PLumMaGE acquired chiefly by wear which

produces during the breeding season a plumage almost wholly

182 : DWIGHT

black and white. The feather edgings of the back are grad-

ually lost down to the black area, the individual feathers thereby

becoming sagittate instead of rounded, while abrasion and fad-

ing remove the browns that conceal the white. I do not find

that the black area of any feather corresponds, except approxi-

mately, to the points where the barbules of adjacent barbs last

cross as figured by CHApMaAN (96) and STone ('96, pp. 118-

119). Iam inclined rather to believe that chemical disintegra-

tion proceeds faster in the less pigmented extremities of the

barbs which certainly are not provided with heavier barbules at

the point where the feather tips cease to break away. Besides

wear, there is some renewal of feathers on the chin, throat and

sides of the head during February and March, as in many other |

species, but this perhaps scarcely deserves to be called a moult.

5. ApDULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired in Greenland by a com-

plete postnuptial moult late in July and in August. The wings

and tail are usually blacker than in first winter dress, the edg-

ings richer with less brown and more gray, the tertiaries edged

with a .deeper brown, the primary coverts wholly white; else-

where the brown is paler especially on the crown and jugular

band.

6. ADULT NupTiAL PLUMAGE acquired chiefly by wear and

partly by moult as in the young bird. Plumage wholly black

and white.

Female.—In juvenal plumage the female is similar to the

male, but with less white on the wings and tail, the greater

coverts brown, the primary coverts wholly dusky, and the sec-

ondaries with dusky edgings. Subsequent plumages and moults

correspond to those of the male. The wings and tail are regu-

larly duller, and the white of the wing restricted and mixed with

dull black. The chief differential character is found in the feathers

of the head and nape which are dull brownish black basally.

In winter plumages this black is veiled with rich brown, but

wear produces a streaked appearance in nuptial plumages. The

jugular band is usually faint in females. The characters given

distinguish females in any plumage from males, whether adults

or young birds.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 183

Calcarius lapponicus (Linn.). LapLranp Loncspur

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, including sides of head rich buff or clay-color streaked heavily with black.

Wings and tail deep clove-brown, tertiaries and greater coverts edged with

Mar’s-brown, white tipped, lesser coverts with white, primaries and tail with

pale cinnamon, outer rectrices terminally buffy white. Below, dull white,

washed with buff across the throat ; the chin, throat and sides streaked with

black. Bill and feet of dried skin dusky clay-color.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult beginning in Greenland early in August which involves

the body plumage, part of the wing coverts and not the rest of

wings nor the tail. Young and old become practically indis-

tinguishable in many cases.

Similar to the previous plumage. Above, wood-brown and cinnamon streaked with

clove-brown, the nape and sides of {neck chestnut concealed by wood-brown

edgings ; lesser coverts edged with wood-brown. Median crown stripe super-

ciliary line and anterior auriculars buff, posterior auriculars black. Below,

white, the feathers everywhere dusky basally, the sides of chin and a crescentic

area on the throat jet black veiled almost completely by long white edgings ;

the sides and flanks streaked with black.

4. First NupTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult beginning in March in the United States which involves

the anterior parts of the head, chin and throat. The black

feathers of these areas and the creamy white ones of the sides of

the head are acquired by moult contrasting with the chestnut

collar which is assumed by loss of feather edgings. This moult

does not usually extend to the posterior portion of the black

throat patch where old black feathers with partly worn-off edg-

ings are regularly found. Wear produces a distinctly black

and white streaked appearance above with the collar clear chest-

nut as if unveiled.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in August. Practically indistinguishable in many

cases from first winter dress, but the black on the chin and throat

is more extensive, and the colors richer and deeper, especially

the wing edgings.

6. ApuLT NupTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult as in the young bird.

184 DWIGHT

Female.—The plumages and moults correspond to those of

the male, but the black throat patch is never so extensive and

usually merely outlined with dull black streaks. The juvenal

plumage is indistinguishable from that of the male. The first

winter plumage is much veiled and streaked above with clove

and cinnamon brown, the nape vinaceous ; below it is white ob-

scurely black on the sides of the chin and with a small throat

patch, the sides and flanks black streaked. The first nuptial

plumage is chiefly the result of wear, a few white feathers being

acquired by moult on the chin. The adult winter plumage is

like the first winter dress with perhaps more black on the throat.

Calcarius ornatus (Towns.). CHESTNUT-COLLARED LONGSPUR

1. NataLt Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by acomplete postnatal moult.

Above clove-brown, the feathers edged with dull white and wood-brown producing

a streaked appearance. Wings, sepia-brown, the primaries terminally dusky,

the coverts edged with white forming a band at tips of the greater, which with

the tertiaries, secondaries and middle rectrices are edged with pale cinnamon,

the primaries with buff; tail largely white, the outer rectrices with only a

terminal shaft line of sepia. Bill and feet dusky pinkish buff, becoming

darker.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult which involves the body plumage, lesser wing coverts

and usually not more of the wings nor the tail.

Similar to previous plumage. Above, sepia edged with pale wood-brown concealing

black feathers on the crown and chestnut ones on the nape and sides of neck;

a partly streaked effect elsewhere. Lesser wing coverts black veiled with

whitish edgings. Below, throat and breast black much veiled with buffy white

edgings, the chin, flanks and crissum white tinged with buff. Auriculars wood-

brown, the posterior ones concealing black ; superciliary line and lores whitish.

4, First NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult in March which involves chiefly the head and throat.

The chin, auriculars and lores are renewed by moult, becoming

clay-colored and also part of the black area on the throat and

forehead, the rest of it becoming black by loss of the feather

edgings. The black portion of the auriculars and the chestnut

collar is exposed by wear, the superciliary line becoming whiter,

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 185

the abdomen paler and the back more distinctly streaked by the

same influence. There are few species in which the same color,

black, is produced by moult and by wear, but this one illustrates

it beautifully and the lines of demarcation between old and new

feathers vary according to the individual. When only part of

the chin is renewed by moult, the clay-color may be divided from

the black by a white band of worn faded feathers. Young and

old become practically indistinguishable.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. Differs from the first winter dress chiefly in the

larger areas of black, which often include the chin, and in the

richer darker colors especially wing edgings.

6. ADULT NupTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult as in the young bird.

Female-——The plumages and moults correspond to those of

the male from which the female is first distinguishable in first

winter plumage which is plain wood-brown streaked everywhere

with clove-brown, the wing coverts and tertiaries with whitish

edgings. The prenuptial moult is limited and in later plumages

very little if any of the black throat of the male is acquired.

Poocetes gramineus (Gmel.). VESPER SPARROW

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, including sides of head, wings and tail clove-brown, the effect, streaked

owing to the body feathers and wing coverts being dark centrally, bordered

with buffy, grayish and whitish edgings. The edgings of the tertiaries and the

lesser coverts (‘‘shoulders’’) are Mar’s-brown, those of the greater coverts

paler and the feathers tipped with white, those of the secondaries still paler,

those of the outer primaries and rectrices dull white; the outer rectrix largely

white. Below, dingy white streaked with clove-brown, beaviest on the jugulum,

merely flecked on chin and crissum. Feet and bill pinkish buff darkening little

with age.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult beginning the latter half of August which involves the

body plumage but not the wings nor the tail, young becoming

practically indistinguishable from adults.

186 DWIGHT

Similar to the previous plumage. Above, sepia-brown streaked with clove-brown

and tinged with walnut. Below, dull white, clearer on the chin, washed on

throat and sides with pinkish buff and streaked broadly on throat and sides

with clove-brown, walnut tinged and veiled with whitish or buffy edgings; the

chin flecked ; the breast, abdomen and crissum white.

4, First NupTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which is marked

and produces a brown-streaked plumage. The buffs and browns

are largely lost. A few new feathers may be assumed about

the chin in spring, but there is no evidence of a moult.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a.complete post-

nuptial moult beginning in mid-August. Practically indistin-

guishable from first winter dress, sometimes paler below, the

tertiary edgings rather darker.

6. ApuLT NupTriAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

female.—The sexes are practically alike in all plumages,

although the colors will average duller in »the female, and the

moults are the same. |

Ammodramus princeps (Mayn.). IpswicH SPARROW

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, buff, palest on the back, streaked narrowly on the pileum, nape and rump,

and broadly on the back with deep clove-brown, Below, pale yellowish buff,

paiest on chin, abdomen and crissum ; narrowly streaked on sides of throat,

across jugulum, on sides, flanks and thighs with clove-brown. Wings and tail

clove-brown the quills and coverts with whitish or pale cinnamon edgings, be-

coming russet on the tertiaries the proximal one white edged. Bill and feet

pinkish buff, the former becoming dusky, the latter slightly browner with age.

This description is based upon nine specimens in my collection

taken on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, in July and August.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult in August which involves the body plumage, and ap-

parently the wing coverts, but not the rest of the wings nor

the tail, young and old becoming practically indistinguishable.

Similar to the previous plumage. Above, chiefly drab-gray which edges feathers

clove-brown centrally bordered by a zone of Vandyke-brown so that the streak-

ing above is suffused. The nape and median crown stripe are yellowish. The

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 187

edgings of the wing coverts, secondaries and tertiaries are of a vinaceous cin-

namon which rapidly fades. Below, white, buff tinged on sides of head, across

throat and on sides, streaked on sides of chin, across jugulum and on sides and

flanks with russet bordered by clove-brown which is veiled by overlapping

whitish feather edgings. Superciliary line ashy gray. No yellow above the

eye.

4. First NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves the head, throat, and part of the breast,

and a few stray feathers of the other tracts but neither the wings

nor the tail. The chin and throat become whiter, the streakings

on them darker and the yellow of the superciliary line is ac-

quired. Elsewhere the buffy tints fade out and the streakings

become more prominent owing to the abrasion which exposes

the darker colors beneath the veiling. The prenuptial moult

begins in February lasting through March in the vicinity of New

York city, young birds and old becoming practically indistin-

guishable.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in August. Indistinguishable with certainty from

first winter dress but usually grayer or more hoary above, the

russet deeper on tne wings and everywhere less suffused with

buff. Some specimens are tinged with yellow above the eye.

6. ApuLT NupTiaL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult as in the young bird.

female.—The sexes are practically indistinguishable although

females will average rather browner and duller; and the moults

are identical, the prenuptial of the female however more limited

than that of the male.

Ammodramus sandwichensis savanna (\ils.).

SAVANNA SPARROW

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Similar in pattern and coloration to 4. princeps, but everywhere darker. Above

clay-color or deep buff prevails with dark streaking, darkest on pileum; the

wing feather edgings are darker than those of Arzncefs the secondaries and ter-

tiaries being walnut-brown. Below, and to a certain extent above, and about

the head, a buff suffusion replaces the paler yellowish tints of Ar7zzceps.

188 DWIGHT

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult beginning early in August, which involves the body plum-

age, and the wing coverts, but not the rest of the wings nor the

tail. Young and old become practically indistinguishable, the

young usually with more buff tints. |

Similar to 4d. princeps, but dark brown instead of gray prevailing above, the crown,

back and wing edgings much darker. Below with more buff on the throat and

about the head, the streakings decidedly broader and blacker.

4. First NuptriaAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult in March and April which involves the head, throat,

breast, often the anterior part of the back, the tertiaries and stray

feathers elsewhere even on the thighs, the abdomen, the lumbar

tracts and the tail coverts, but not the remiges nor rectrices. The

buffy winter tints are replaced by grayish ones and the yellow of

the superciliary line is acquired. Wear is soon marked.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in August. Differs little from first winter plum-

age, the buffiness less pronounced and the tertiary edgings a

deeper brown. Superciliary line sometimes tinged with yellow.

6. ADULT NupTiaAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenup-

tial moult as in the young bird.

Female.—The sexes are practically indistinguishable, although

usually, the yellow of the superciliary line is less bright in the

female and there is more buffy suffusion.

Ammodramus savannarum passerinus (Wils.).

GRASSHOPPER SPARROW

1, NataL Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, mottled and streaked with olive-brown, the edgings of the nape and median

crown stripe grayish, those of the back and rump buffy, the scapularies tipped

with spots of russet. Wings and tail olive-brown, edged with wood-brown or

pale cinnamon, the wing coverts and tertiaries tipped with white. The central

rectrices have a peculiar fused barring along the shafts. Below, white, streaked

across the jugulum and faintly on the sides with olive-brown. Edge of wing

white or faintly yellow. Bill and feet pinkish buff, the former becoming dusky,

the latter deep brown when*older, and dull ochre-yellow in dried skins.

(Plate IT, fig. 1, shows a new tertiary of this plumage. )

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 189

This plumage is worn a long time and is much frayed and

faded when the postjuvenal moult begins about the middle of

August.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

juvenal moult in August.

The pattern of nearly all the feathers is changed from that of the juvenal plumage,

the streaking of the pectoral band being’ lost, the barring of the tail replaced

by uniform brown, and the plain brown tertiaries acquiring apical sepia-brown

spots. (Plate II, fig. 2, shows a tertiary of this plumage and fig, 3 the effect

of wear uponit.) The feathers of the back are black with apical chestnut

spots edged with pearl-gray ; the nape lacks most of the black, and the pileum

most of the gray, of the previous plumage. The median crown stripe and the

edgings of the tertiaries and wing coverts are rich buff, of the wing quills and

tail olive-gray, the bend of the wing bright lemon. The wings and tail are

darker. Below, including sides of head and superciliary line, rich buff, deepest

on jugulum, very obscurely streaked with pale cinnamon, the middle of the

abdomen pure white.

4. Frrst NupTiAL PLuMaGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult at the south in April, which involves chiefly the chin, sides

of head and crown and a few scattering feathers of the other

tracts ; but not the wings nor the tail. The yellow superciliary

spot is acquired. Wear is more marked than 1s the slight moult,

which perhaps does not deserve the name, fading removing a

large part of the buff tints and abrasion fraying the feathers, so

that by the end of the breeding season even the terminal spots

of the tertiaries become gouged out as shown on plate II, fig. 3.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. Differs very little from first winter dress, the buff

less obvious and the colors deeper.

6. ApuLT NuptiaL PLUMAGE acquired apparently by a partial

prenuptial moult as in the young bird.

Female-—The sexes are practically indistinguishable and

have corresponding moults and plumages.

Ammodramus henslowii (Aud.). HENsLtow’s Sparrow

1. Natat Down. Smoke-gray.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above clay-color, streaked on head and back with black. the feathers with rounded

190 DWIGHT

central spots bordered with the clay-color. Wings and tail clove-brown edged

with clay-color, secondaries and tertiaries with russet, alulz with white. Be-

low, faint primrose-yellow, buffy on chin and throat, unstreaked or an occas-

sional streak at sides of throat. Bill and feet of dried skin raw umber brown

sometimes dusky and paler in spring specimens.

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

juvenal moult so far as may be judged from limited material for

comparison.

Pileum and nape yellowish olive-buff, lateral crown stripes and flecking of nape

black ; back chestnut, streaked with black the edgings pearl gray ; rump tawny

olive veiling black streaks: Below, dull white washed on sides of head, breast,

flanks and on crissum with clay-color, a jugular band of narrow black streaks

which extend broader on the flanks. Orbital ring pearl-gray. Wings and tail

darker than in previous plumage, the edgings largely russet or chestnut, the

alulee edged with drab. The tail is darker, the dusky stripes along the shafts

bordered with chestnut. <a

4. First NupriaL PLuMAGE acquired probably by a partial

prenuptial moult confined chiefly to the head and chin. In

species so much affected by wear it is not easy to be sure of a

moult without specimens which actually show it. The freshness

of many feathers in spring indicate it.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. Practically indistinguishable from first winter,

usually whiter below, of a greener tint about the head and the

- edgings of the back grayer.

6. ApuLT NupTiAL PLuMAGE acquired probably by a partial

prenuptial moult as in the young bird.

Female.—The sexes are practically indistinguishable, and the

moults correspond.

Ammodramus caudacutus (Gmel.). SHARP-TAILED SPARROW

1. Natat Down. Grayish wood-brown.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Everywhere rich buff brightest on superciliary and malar stripes and on jugulum ;

the back broadly, the jugulum and sides narrowly streaked with clove-brown.

Crown and wings nearly black, wing coverts and tertiaries broadly edged with

ochraceous buff, the secondaries with russet, the primaries and their coverts

with greenish tinged olive-gray, the alulz with white. Tail olive-brown with

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 191

clove-brown shaft streaks and indistinct barring. Auriculars dusky. Bill and

feet pinkish buff the former becoming dusky, the latter sepia-brown with age.

This plumage is worn from June to September when the post-

juvenal moult takes place in worn and faded birds.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult during September and early October which involves

almost the entire plumage except the primaries, their coverts,

and the secondaries, and apparently these also in some vigorous

individuals.

Unlike the previous plumage; the upper parts resembling 4. marit mus. Above,

dull brownish olive-green, an orange tinged patch on the nape, the feathers of

the back edged with pearl and cinereous gray, the crown rich sepia faintly

streaked with clove-brown, an indistinct median stripe cinereous gray. The

tertiaries are edged with buff, the secondaries and greater coverts with russet, the

lesser coverts with olive-yellow ; the edge of the wing is bright lemon-yellow.

The new tail has more olive and is less barred than the old. Below, dull white

washed on chin, across jugulum and on sides, flanks and crissum with ochra-

ceous buff, superciliary and malar stripes deeper buff; streaked on jugulum,

sides and crissum with clove-brown veiled by overlapping feather edgings.

Auriculars cinereous,

The buff everywhere fades rapidly and abrasion is soon marked

bringing the throat streaking into prominence. Birds become

much grayer above and much whiter below by fading and by

actual loss of the veiling feather tips. Several albinistic speci-

mens in my collection are in this plumage mottled with white.

4. Frrst NuprTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete prenup-

tial moult which occurs in March and April. I have seen sev-

eral specimens with the remiges partly grown, but this is usually

accomplished before the birds reach us although many show

renewal in the body feathers. A careful examination under the

glass shows that birds in May are in as fresh plumage even to

the wings and tail as when they leave us late in October and

November and it would be safe to infer a moult even if there

were no actual proof of it. Wear soon produces a faded ragged

bird dull brown above and dingy white below with dull streaks,

only the superciliary and malar stripes showing any buff.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult beginning late in August. Practically indistin-

guishable from first winter dress the colors averaging richer.

192 DWIGHT

6. ADULT NupTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete pre-

nuptial moult as in the young bird.

female,—The sexes are practically indistinguishable and the

moults identical.

Ammodramus caudacutus nelsoni Allen. NEtsSon’s SPARROW

Ammodramus caudacutus subvirgatus Dwight. AcapIAN

SHARP-TAILED SPARROW

The plumages and moults of these two races correspond ex-

actly to those of A. caudacutus. J have indicated their differences

of plumage in another paper (Auk, XIII, 1896, pp. 271-278)

and need only add that all these birds undoubtedly have two

complete moults every year, judging by a large amount of ma-

terial illustrating all plumages except the natal and juvenal of

A. c. nelsoni which is unknown in collections.

Ammodramus maritimus (Wils.). SEASIDE SPARROW

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, including sides of head and the tail, olive-brown narrowly streaked on

pileum, nape and upper tail coverts and more broadly on the back with clove-

brown. Wings dull black, primaries edged with olive-gray, secondaries with

russet, coverts and tertiaries with buff, alule with white. Below, dull white

washed with buff on sides of chin, on jugulum, along the flanks and on

crissum and narrowly streaked on jugulum and along the sides with clove-

brown. The supraloral space is greenish. Bill and feet pinkish flesh, the

former becoming slaty and the latter sepia-brown.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

juvenal moult beginning the latter part of August when the

juvenal plumage has become worn and faded as a result of fully

two months’ wear. Young and old become indistinguishable.

Unlike the previous plumage, less definitely streaked. Above, including sides of

head, wings and tail olive-green, pileum and back cinereous from the olive

and pearl-gray edgings, median crown stripe pure cinereous gray bordered by two

lateral stripes of olive-green obscurely streaked with black. The primaries are

edged with olive-green, the outer with white, the secondaries, tertiaries and

greater coverts with rich russet, the lesser with olive-yellow, the alulz with

white. The edge of the wing is bright lemon and a yellow spot is acquired in

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 195

the supraloral space, the superciliary line greenish. Below, dull white washed

across jugulum, on sides and crissum with buff, and broadly and rather indis-

tinctly streaked (except on chin and mid-abdomen which are pure white) with

olive-gray.

4. Frrst NuprrAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear. _ The plumage

of these birds when they reach the latitude of New York in May

is already ragged, and by the end of the breeding season the

feathers are in shreds, the plumage becoming a dingy brown

above and a mottled gray below the only distinctive markings

being a dirty white chin and yellow supraloral spots. The tat-

tered condition of this species illustrates how unfortunate it is to

base specific descriptions on breeding plumages.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult beginning in mid-August. The fresh plumage

assumed is in sharp contrast to the ragged one doffed and differs

very little from first winter except in the richness of the tints,

being a trifle darker and grayer with less buff.

6. ApuLT NupTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird. It is rather surprising that a species living in the

same environment as A. caudacutus and suffering equally from

abrasion due to coarse marsh grasses and reeds should have but

one moult in the year, while the latter has two.

fFemale.—The plumages and moults are identical, the colors

averaging somewhat duller.

Chondestes grammacus (Say). Lark SPARROW

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, deep olive-brown, including wings and tail, the feathers edged with pale

buff and dull white, producing a streaked effect on the back and head; the

greater coverts are edged with buff, the primaries and secondaries with pale

vinaceous cinnamon, an area of this color at the bases of the primaries forming

a spot beneath their coverts; the rectrices broadly tipped with white. Below,

dull white, the chin, throat, breast and sides flecked and streaked with deep

olive-brown. Superciliary stripes pale buff flecked with dull black ; suborbital

region white ; loral and rictal streaks and posterior auriculars black; anterior

auriculars sepia-brown. Bill and feet pinkish buff, the upper mandible be-

coming dusky, the lower, and the feet dull clay-color.

ANNALS N. Y. Acapb. Sci., XIII, Sept. 7, 1g00—13

194 DWIGHT

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

juvenal moult beginning in Kansas the middle of July, young

and old becoming practically indistinguishable.

Similar to previous plumage, but unstreaked below. Above, wood-brown, streaked

with black, the pileum laterally chestnut, anteriorly black, divided by a buff

median stripe, palest anteriorly. Wings and tail deep clove-brown, with cin-

namon edgings deepest on the tertiaries, palest on the indistinct wing bands.

Below, white, washed with wood-brown on sides, flanks and crissum, the sides

of the chin and a central spot on the throat, with rictal and loral streaks, black ;

auriculars largely chestnut ; malar, suborbital and superciliary stripes white, the

latter buff tinged.

4. First NuptiaL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult in March which involves the anterior parts of the head,

the chin and throat. This renewal supplies fresh feathers similar

to those they replace and the line of demarcation is obvious on

the throat by contrast of the clear white feathers next the old,

and only less obvious on the head. The chestnut of the auricu-

lars seems to be richer and the superciliary line whiter. Wear,

which is marked in this species, removes much of the wing edg-

ings, and the spot at the base of the primaries fades where un-

protected by their coverts.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnup-

tial moult in July in Kansas. Practically indistinguishable from

first winter dress, the colors, especially of edgings, averaging

Geeper:

6. ADULT NuPTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult as in the young bird. As all available spring specimens

appear to show fresh feathers, semiannual moult in both old

and young is the natural inference.

female.—The plumages and moults correspond to those of

the male. The juvenal plumage is indistinguishable from the

male. The first winter plumage is rather duller and the au-

riculars less distinctly chestnut. In later plumages the sexes

are practically alike.

. Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forst.). WHITE-cROWNED SPARROW

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 195

Similar to Z. a/bicol/is but with paler brown on the lateral crown stripes, paler edg-

ings, lack of chestnut and less heavily streaked below with duller black.

Above sepia-brown streaked with black the edgings of the back pale buff, the

central crown stripe and indistinct superciliary lines dingy white. Below,

grayish white, faintly washed with wood-brown on breast, sides and crissum-

streaked on throat, breast, sides and flanks with dull black. Wings and tail

deep olive-brown edged with Mar’s-brown, the coverts and inner tertiary tipped

with pale buff. Auriculars grayish. Feet clay-color and bill slaty in dried skin.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, probably in August on its breeding grounds, which ap-

parently involves the body plumage and the wing coverts partly

but not the rest of the wings nor the tail.

Above bistre, this effect from broad Vandyke-brown stripes which are chestnut lat-

erally and bordered with wood-brown ; median crown stripe wood-brown bor-

dered by burnt-umber stripes. (A few black feathers on the crown stripes are

occasionally acquired.) Wing coverts and tertiaries clove-brown edged with

Vandyke-brown or russet and tipped with yellowish white forming two wing

bands. Below, including sides of neck pale smoke-gray nearly white on chin

and abdomen and washed on flanks and crissum with wood-brown. Auriculars

wood-brown. Indistinct superciliary line dull buffy gray. The bill is pinkish

buff, drying darker. The feet dull flesh color.

4. First NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult beginning the end of March which involves chiefly the

head and chin and a few scattering feathers elsewhere. The

black and white crown is assumed which soon shows nearly as

much wear as the rest of the plumage. This becomes grayer

and the stripes clearer. Old and young become practically indis-

tinguishable.

5. Aputr WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. Differs from first winter dress in having a black

and white crown, lacking buff about the auriculars and being

everywhere grayer and scarcely different from nuptial dress.

6. Apuitr NuptiaL PLuMAGE acquired apparently by a partial

prenuptial moult as in the young bird. This dress differs so

very little from the adult winter that perhaps there is no regular

prenuptial moult in adults; but occasional new feathers are to

be found and unless more material proves the contrary there is

reason for believing in the moult. .

Female.—The female has corresponding plumages and moults

and is practically indistinguishable from the male in all plum-

£96 DWIGHT

ages, acquiring the black and white crown at the first prenuptial

mo ult. |

Zonotrichia albicollis (Gmel.). WHITE-THROATED SPARROW

1: Natat Down. Pale clove-brown.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, chestnut-brown, darkest on the head, streaked with dull black, median line

and superciliary line olive-gray buff tinged, the feathers of the back edged

with buff. Wings and tail deep olive-brown, the coverts and tertiaries chestnut

edged and buff tipped, the secondaries and rectrices edged with paler brown, the

primaries with brownish white ; edge of wing white. Below, dull white, washed

with buff on throat and sides and thickly streaked with clove-brown, the whiter

chin merely flecked, the abdomen and crissum unmarked. Bill slaty brown,

feet pinkish buff, both darker when older.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning in eastern Canada early in August, which in-

volves the body plumage and wing coverts but not the rest of

the wings nor the tail.

Unlike previous plumage except above. The back is more broadly striped and

edged with buff, the crown nearly black divided by a dull brownish or olive-

gray median line. Superciliary line dull white buff tinged, lemon-yellow an-

teriorly ; edge of wing pale yellow. Below, the chin is pure white with black

rictal and submalar streaks, the throat and breast ashy gray obscurely vermicu-

lated with clove-brown, a darker concealed central breast spot. Abdomen

white, the flanks and crissum washed with wood-brown and duskily streaked.

The more precocious young birds become indistinguishable

from adults, and there is great individual variation among them,

the whiteness of the chin patch, the grayness of the throat, and

the black and white of the crown showing all degrees of in-

tensity. As a rule, however, young birds are browner with

duller crown stripes and less purely gray breasts.

4. First NupriaL PLuMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult during April which involves more or less of the body

plumage, but usually confined chiefly to the head, throat and

breast and not involving the wings and tail. The black crown

and the postocular streak with pure white median and supercil-

iary stripes and bright yellow supraloral spot are acquired above ;

the white chin bordered by clear cinereous gray being the chief

feature below. The breast spot and vermiculation are lost if in-

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 197

volved by the moult, but frequently they are not reached, nor is

the posterior part of the crown nor the back and rump in most

cases. Insome birds the moult seems to be almost wholly sup-

pressed and they breed in worn autumnal dress. Young and

old as a rule now become practically indistinguishable.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in August. Differs from first winter in being of a

clearer gray on the throat with less buff and the vermiculations

more obscure, the crown and superciliary stripes whiter. The

breast spot is less obvious.

6. ApuLT NupTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves the same areas as in the young bird, and

produces a similar plumage richer with age and grayer on the

throat. As all spring specimens show signs of moult it is prob-

ably that both old and young moult twice a year. It is impos-

sible to tell them apart in every case in the spring, and hence the

difficulty in affirming a double moult after the first year.

Female.—The plumages and moults of the female correspond

to those of the male. In juvenal plumage males and females

are indistinguishable ; in first winter plumage females usually

have much paler brown crown stripes, the gray of the breast

brownish and streaked rather than vermiculated. The pre-

nuptial moult may be almost wholly suppressed in young birds

or so extensive that they assume the same first nuptial plumage

as the male. Older, the sexes are practically indistinguishable,

females probably averaging duller in general color.

Spizella monticola (Gmel.). TREE SPARROW

1, Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, streaked with sepia and clove-brown with tinges of chestnut on crown and

back. Wings and tail, deep olive-brown edged with grayish white, the coverts

and tertiaries with pale buff. Below dull white, grayish on the throat, yellow-

ish on abdomen and crissum, the sides washed with pale cinnamon, streaked

(except on abdomen and crissum) with dull black. Bill and feet dull sepia-

brown in dried specimens.

Description from a bird taken August 31st in Labrador.

198 DWIGHT

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult in August in Labrador which involves the body plumage

but apparently not the wings nor the tail, young and old becom-

ing indistinguishable.

Pileum chestnut, faintly edged in median line with buff, feathers of back black

bordered with zone of chestnut, the edgings rich buff, rump Isabella-color,

often grayish. White wing bands, the greater coverts and tertiaries (white

tipped) are edged with chestnut, the lesser wing coverts wholly olive-gray.

Below, dull white, the chin, throat, breast, sides of head and neck and super-

ciliary line pale French-gray, the sides washed with wood-brown, a conspicuous

clove-brown central breast spot.

4. First NupTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear, the buff

edgings of the back becoming grayish and the chestnut every-

where slightly paler. New feathers regularly grow on the chin

in March but apparently not in the other tracts and their ap-

pearance indicates, as in some other species, renewal rather than

moult, for they are very few in numbers.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-+

nuptial moult and indistinguishable from first winter dress.

6. ApuLT NupTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

Female,—The sexes are indistinguishable and the moults are

the same.

Spizella socialis (Wils.). CHIPPING SPARROW

1. Natat Down. Mouse-gray.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, wood-brown, grayish on nape and rump, heavily streaked with dull black,

faintly tinged on scapularies and crown with chestnut. Wings and tail dull

black, rectrices and primaries ashy edged, the secondaries and tertiaries chestnut

edged, wing coverts and tertiaries terminally edged with buff. Ill-defined

superciliary stripe, dull grayish white spotted with black. Auriculars wood-

brown. Dusky loral and postocular streak. Below, white, streaked except on

abdomen and crissum, with dull black. Bill and feet pinkish buff, the former

growing dusky and the latter wood-brown with age.

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult beginning the middle of August, which involves the body

plumage, and the wing coverts but not the rest of the wings nor

the tail.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 199

Similar above to the previous plumage, but with the chestnut crown veiled with buff

edgings and narrowly streaked with black. Below, uniform grayish white, un-

streaked, washed with buff on throat and sides. Superciliary line dull white

buff tinged. Loral, postocular and indistinct submalar streaks black.

4. First NupTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult in March and April, which involves chiefly the forehead,

crown, sides of head, chin and throat, little else of the body

plumage, and not the wings nor the tail. The chestnut crown,

bordered by the white superciliary lines, the white chin and the

adjacent cinereous gray are acquired by moult, abrasion bringing

the streaking of the back into prominence, the buff and chestnut

everywhere paler from gradual fading. Young and old become

practically indistinguishable.

5. ApuLT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult beginning in mid-August. Indistinguishable in

many cases from first winter dress, the tertiaries usually chestnut

edged to their tips, not buff, the greater coverts more often white

tipped, less buff about the head; the grays and chestnuts gen-

erally richer, and somewhat less streaking on the crown.

6. ApuLT NuptiaAL’ PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenup-

tial moult as in the young bird. The line of demarcation be-

tween old and new feathers can be made out in av birds in the

spring and summer, and all the new crown feathers are chestnut

without the terminal black spot characteristic of the winter

plumage, therefore, the prenuptial moult must occur regularly

in adults as well as young.

Female.—The sexes are practically alike in all plumages, and

the moults are similar, the prenuptial being more limited. The

first winter plumage is usually more washed below with brown,

the chin with more dusky edgings and the crown is less dis-

tinctly chestnut and more streaked, these streaks more frequently

remaining posteriorly than in the male after the prenuptial moult.

Spizella pusilla (Wils.). Fretp Sparrow

1. Natat Down. Mouse-gray.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

200 DWIGHT

Resembles S. socza/is, but the crown practically unstreaked and the streaking below

duller and restricted to throat and sides; the loral and postocular streaks are

lacking, the wing edgings are richer and deeper; and the lower parts are

washed with pale buff or brown. The orbital ring is not conspicuous. The

upper mandible is usually paler than in S. soczalis,

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning early in September, which involves the body

plumage, and the wing coverts but not usually the rest of the

wings nor the tail, although the middle pair of rectrices is oc-

casionally renewed. Old and young becoming practically indis-

tinguishable.

Above, including auriculars, walnut-brown, a faint grayish median crown stripe,

the back streaked with black, the edgings buff or pale cinnamon ; rump hair-

brown. Orbital region and sides of neck ashy, the orbital ring conspicuously

buff. Below dull white, jugular band and sides washed with pale cinnamon.

4. Frrst NupriaAL PLuMAGE acquired by wear. All the

cinnamon below is lost except a faint pectoral band, the sides of

the head and neck become clear ashy, and the upper parts

bright hazel with whitish edgings on the back, the wing bands

white. There is some renewal of feathers on the chin in April

but apparently not enough to deserve the name of a moult.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult beginning late in August. Practically indistin-

cuishable from first winter. ;

6. ApuLT NupTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

Female.—The plumages and moults correspond to those of

the male, the sexes being practically indistinguishable.

Junco hyemalis (Linn.). SLATE-cOLORED JUNCO

1. Natat Down. Slate-gray.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, drab, plumbeous on crown ; sides of head and nape streaked with dull black,

the feathers especially of the back edged with bistre. Wings and tail slaty

black edged with olive-gray, the tertiaries and wing coverts with dull cinnamon,

the greater coverts tipped with buff. Two outer rectrices pure white. Feet

pinkish buff, dusky when older. Bill dusky pinkish buff, flesh-color when older

and in dried specimens becoming dull ochre-yellow.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 201

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult in August and September, which involves the body plum-

age and the wing coverts, but not the rest of the wings nor the

tail.

Above, including wing coverts, sides of head, throat, breast and sides slaty gray,

darkest on the crown and veiled with bistre edgings, especially on the back,

more faintly with paler brown or ashy gray on thethroat. Abdomen and cris-

sum pure white, sometimes faintly washed with vinaceous cinnamon.

4. First NuprraL PLUMAGE acquired by wear through which

the brown and ashy edgings are finally lost, birds becoming

ragged but not much faded by the end of the breeding season.

A few new feathers are acquired on the chin early in April, but

no regular moult is indicated.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

_nuptial moult beginning the middle of August. Practically in-

distinguishable from first winter, but the tertiaries usually edged

with gray instead of faded cinnamon, the wings and tail blacker

and showing everywhere fewer brown edgings.

6. ApuLtt NupriaAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in-first

nuptial from which practically indistinguishable.

Female.—In natal down and juvenal plumage not distinguish-

moeston the male. The moults are the same. The first

winter plumage is similar to that of the male, but the gray

much paler and everywhere the plumage more veiled with brown.

The adult winter plumage is grayer than the first winter dress

and resembles the young male at like season, but is much

browner with the gray paler.

Melospiza fasciata (Gmel.). Sonc SPARROW

1. Natat Down. Sepia-brown.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Resembles Z. aldicollis, but lacks chestnut above, paler on crown and less streaked

below.

Above, including sides of head, wood-brown or sepia broadly striped on back, nar-

rowly on crown, nape and rump with dull black, the feathers centrally black

with a narrow zone of walnut and wood-brown and grayish edgings. Indistinct

median crown and superciliary stripes dull olive-gray with dusky shaft streaks.

202 DWIGHT

Rictal and submalar streaks black; orbital ring buff. Wings dull black with

walnut edgings, the wing coverts and tertiaries buff tipped. Tail olive-brown

broadly edged with walnut and indistinctly barred. Below, dull white washed

with pale or yellowish buff deepest on the throat and flanks and streaked on sides

of chin, throat, breast and sides with dull black. Feet and bill pinkish flesh,

becoming dusky with age, the lower mandible remaining partly flesh-color.

Twenty-seven specimens in this plumage show a good deal of

individual variation in the yellowness of the lower parts and the

amount of streaking. This plumage is worn several months

and fades considerably.

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial, sometimes

complete, postjuvenal moult during August, September and

October which involves the body plumage and the tail and very

often, part at least, of the remiges. The renewal of five or six

outer primaries occurs in nearly all young birds of this species and

is very likely characteristic of the first brood. This fact throws

light on the moult of the Indigo Bunting (Passerina cyanea) and

some others which have this peculiarity. The secondaries are

rarely found in moult, the tertiaries, alule and wing coverts

regularly so. I havea series of eighty-one birds at this stage,

besides the twenty-seven in juvenal dress, showing all stages of

the postjuvenal moult. With a few specimens only the renewal

of primaries, secondaries and even of rectrices, might easily be

overlooked as the new feathers are nearly of the same pattern

and color as the old and not in contrast as with the Indigo Bunt-

ing. My large series shows that the postjuvenal moult begins

in some birds, presumably those of first broods, by the middle of

August while others may show no signs of moult before the last

of September. The middle of September will find the former in

full first winter dress, while the latter will still show new feather

growth late in October or even November. It is worth noting

that the whole period of moult does not cover much over two

months in the great majority of cases.

This plumage resembles the previous, but is whiter below and richer in chestnut

streakings both above and below. ‘The lateral crown stripes are distinct with

black streaks, the median and superciliary stripes distinctly olive-gray. Below,

white washed with pale vinaceous cinnamon on sides of head, across jugulum

and on sides, and streaked, except on chin and mid-abdomen, with clove-brown

bordered with chestnut, the streaks becoming confluent at sides of chin and

on mid-throat forming three nearly black spots.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 203

Old and young become absolutely indistinguishable in most

cases, young birds with the wing edgings perhaps a trifle duller

and with a yellowish tinge.

4. First NuptTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which is

marked and by the end of the breeding season the birds are in

tatters. The buff is lost and the streaking below comes out in

strong contrast on a white ground.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult beginning usually about the middle of August and

completed before the end of September. Old and young can-

not be told apart with any certainty, adults however with wing

edgings that may perhaps average darker and browner and the

throat markings blacker. My series of twenty-three moulting

adults shows that age can only be determined with certainty by

osteological characters.

6. Aputt NuptiaL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird with the same results.

Females.—The sexes are practically alike and the moults

identical. In first winter plumage females are apt to be more

washed with brown or to have a yellowish cast when compared

with males in like dress. Females average later in their moult

than males. I have one taken September 22d that has little

more than begun the postnuptial moult.

Melospiza lincolnii (Aud.). Lincoin’s SPARROW

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal

moult.

Similar to JZ. fasciata, the wings and tail, especially the edgings and the crown, a

little darker ; but not so dark as JZ. georgiana and the chin faintly streaked.

Above, wood-brown the crown Mar’s-brown divided by an indistinct dull olive-

gray median line, streaked with black. Wings and tail black edged chiefly

with Mar’s-brown, the wing coverts and tertiaries with wood-brown. Below,

white faintly yellow tinged, washed with pale buff across throat and on sides,

flanks and crissum, and streaked with black except on the abdomen, the chin

also flecked. Superciliary stripe indistinct and dull olive-gray with dusky shaft

streaks. Bill and feet pinkish buff becoming dusky and drying to a dull clay-

color, the upper mandible slaty.

204 DWIGHT

The description is from two specimens secured by me in New

Brunswick, Canada, July 12th, with tails about one-third

grown.

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult in August in eastern Canada which involves the body

plumage and the wing coverts but not the rest of the wings nor

the tail.

Extremely like the previous plumage but with a greenish tinge above, the edgings

and median crown stripe paler. Below, whiter, the throat band deep pinkish

buff, a like tint on the malar bands which are bordered by black rictal and

submalar streaks, the sides, flanks and crissum grayer buff. The streakings

below*are narrow and black, merely flecking the white chin and not reaching

the white of the breast and abdomen. The superciliary line is deep olive-buff

extending on the sides of the neck.

4, Frrst NupTriaAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which produces

very little effect. Birds become slightly grayer and of a paler

brown above and the streakings below are a little more promi- —

nent, the buff fading a little.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in August. Practically indistinguishable from first

winter dress, the tertiary edgings perhaps darker and all the

colors richer.

6. ApuLT NupTiAL PLUMAGE .acquiréd by wear as in the

young bird. |

Female,—The sexes are practically indistinguishable in all

plumages, and the moults are the same in both sexes.

Melospiza georgiana (Lath.). Swamp SPARROW

1. Natat Down. Sepia-brown.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Similar to JZ. fasciata but darker especially on the crown, more washed with buff

below and more narrowly streaked with deeper black on the throat.

Above, cinnamon-brown, dull chestnut on the crown, streaked with black. No ob-

vious median crown stripe. Superciliary line olive-gray duskily spotted.

Wings and tail~black, edged largely with chestnut, the wing coverts and ter-

tiaries paler. Below, dull yellowish white washed with deep buff on sides of

chin, across jugulum, on sides, flanks and crissum and narrowly streaked with

black except on the chin and mid-abdomen. Bill and feet pinkish buff, the

former becoming dusky, the latter sepia-brown.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 205

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult beginning the end of August which involves the body

plumage and the wing coverts, but usually not the rest of the

wings nor the tail.

Above, similar to the previous plumage, the back and the lateral crown stripes show-

ing more chestnut ; a grayish nuchal band. Below, unlike previous plumage,

grayish white, cinereous on throat obscurely streaked with a darker gray,

washed on the flanks and often on the breast with olivaceous wood-brown ob-

scurely streaked or spotted with clove-brown. Rictal and submalar streaks

black bordering a grayish or yellow tinged chin. Superciliary line clear

olive-gray or yellow tinged ; postocular streak black ; auriculars bistre.

4, Frrst NupriaL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves chiefly the crown, chin and throat, but not

the wings nor the tail, The amount of renewal varies accord-

ing to individual, and may be quite extensive ; a few feathers of

most of the body tracts are usually renewed. Early April

specimens from the south show the prenuptial moult in progress.

The chestnut cap with black forehead, white chin, and clear cin-

ereous gray of the throat, sides of head and neck are assumed,

and a nearly complete renewal is indicated in some cases judg-

ing by the freshness of the feather borders.

5. ApULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in August and September. Practically indistin-

guishable in many cases from first winter, but usually with more

chestnut on the crown, the superciliary line and sides-of neck

a clearer darker gray, the chin not yellow tinged but white and

a grayer cast of plumage everywhere perceptible.

6. ADULT NuptiaL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenup-

tial moult as in the young bird. It seems to me that unless the

crown feathers are renewed by moult, more specimens would

show the black terminal spot which on feathers of the winter

plumage reaches to the forking of the first pair of barbs. It

is not an easy point to determine in species showing great wear,

although the line of demarcation between areas of old and new

feathers is usually marked.

Female.—The sexes are practically indistinguishable in all

plumages, but the female is usually duller and browner, the

crown with less chestnut and more streaked especially in the

autumn. The prenuptial moult is more limited.

206 PWIGHT

Passerella iliaca (Merr.). Fox Sparrow

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired no doubt by a complete post-

natal moult. I have been unable to obtain any. specimens at

this stage, but judging by P. zlaca unalaschensis the plumage

probably resembles the first winter dress, being browner with

paler edgings and more streaks above, and darker with heavier

dusky streaking below. The wings and tail (as seen in the next

plumage) are clove-brown with walnut-brown edgings, the wing

coverts probably with more buff than in first winter plumage.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult which involves the body plumage and wing coverts but

not the rest of the wings nor the tail.

Above, olive-brown, streaked broadly with burnt-umber, the wing coverts walnut-

brown, darker on inner webs and tipped faintly with pale buff. Below white,

the sides of the chin, the breast, the sides and flanks broadly streaked with

walnut-brown, the streaks coalescing on the sides of the chin and mid-throat ;

the anterior part of the abdomen with dusky spots.

4, First NupTiIaL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which produces

slight changes. A few new feathers are usually acquired about

the chin in March, possibly the beginning of a more extensive

moult. My latest spring specimen is April 8th.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. Practically indistinguishable from first winter

dress.

6. ApuLtt NupriaAL PLUMAGE acquired by. wear as in the

young bird.

Female.—The sexes are alike and the moults correspond al-

though females may average duller in colors.

Pipilo erythrophthalmus (Linn.). Towner

1. NATAL Down. Pale clove-brown.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, including sides of head, cinnamon-brown (often darker) somewhat ob-

scurely striped, broadly on the back, more narrowly on the crown, with deep

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 207

olive-brown. Wings dull black, the primaries with edgings and a patch at

their bases white, the tertiaries with broad edgings of buff and walnut-brown,

the innermost white edged, the wing coverts with buff or pale cinnamon edg-

ings. Tail deeper black than the wings, the three outer rectrices with sub-

terminal areas of white. Below, dull white, strongly washed with buff or pale

yellow, cinnamon tinged on breast, flanks and crissum, and streaked on the

throat and sides with dull black. Bill and feet pinkish buff, the former becom-

ing slaty black, the latter dusky sepia-brown. Iris, sepia-brown becoming

deep red during the winter.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning the middle of August, which involves the body

plumage, the wing coverts, the tertiaries and the tail but not the

primaries, their coverts, and the secondaries. Young and old

become almost indistinguishable except by the browner primary

coverts of the young birds.

Whole head, throat, breast, back, rump, wing coverts and tertiaries jet black ; ab-

domen pure white, the sides and flanks rich chestnut, the crissum cinnamon.

The upper tail coverts are usually edged with cinnamon and the back sometimes

has obscure Vandyke-brown edgings. ‘The tertiary endings are pale buff with

walnut, those of the inner tertiary nearly white.

4. Frrst NupTiaAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which is marked

by the end of the breeding season producing a ragged plumage,

but the black areas do not fade perceptibly and the chestnut flanks

fade but very little. The brown primary coverts are the distin-

cuishing feature of young birds.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult beginning early in August. Differs from first

winter dress chiefly in the blacker wings, especially the primary

coverts and deeper wing edgings. Old and young now become

indistinguishable.

6. ApuLT NuptTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear and differ-

ing from first nuptial by black instead of brown primary coverts.

A few feathers may be assumed by moult on the chin and else-

where, but they are insignificant in numbers.

Female.—In juvenal plumage olive-brown wings and tail re-

place the black ones of the male. The first winter plumage,

acquired by a moult of similar extent to that of the male, differs

in having the head, back, throat and breast, brown instead of

black. Adult and young females cannot be distinguished in this

298 DWIGHT

plumage. The first nuptial is acquired by wear and the adult

winter by a complete postnuptial moult. Subsequent plumages

do not differ, females never assuming the black areas of the

male.

Cardinalis cardinalis (Linn.) CArpDINAL

1. Natat Down. Mouse-gray.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, sepia-brown, wings darker and suffused with dull dragon’s-blood and brick-

red, the tail, crest and forehead largely brick-red, traces of black on lores and

chin. Below wood-brown, cinnamon tinged on throat, sides and flanks, Bill

and feet pinkish buff assuming when dry a dusky clay-color.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

juvenal moult beginning about the middle of August.

The scarlet plumage, practically indistinguishable from the adult, is assumed, but it

is usually much veiled with olive-gray. The bill assumes the reddish color of

the adult later.

4. First NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which produces

little difference in the color except that the red is more prominent

through loss of the gray edgings.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. Practically indistinguishable from first winter

dress, but with less veiling, and a reddish bill.

Female-—The moults and plumages correspond to those of

the male, but after the juvenal plumage, in which the sexes are

alike, is put aside, females are distinguishable by their brown-

ish dress brightened with dull red. The black of the head is

always dull.

Habia ludoviciana (Linn.). RosE-BREASTED GROSBEAK

1. Natat Down. . White.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, including sides of the head, olive-brown with cinnamon and whitish edgings.

Wings and tail darker, a white area at the base of the primaries, the rectrices

faintly buff tripped, the coverts edged with buff forming two nearly white wing

bands. Below, pure white usually a few olive-brown streaks on the sides of

the chin and throat. Broad superciliary lines and central crown stripe white,

buffy tinged. The edge of the wing is of a pale rose-pink; under wing

coverts duller, salmon tinged. Bill and feet pinkish buff becoming dusky.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 209

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult beginning the middle of August, which involves the body

plumage and the wing coverts, but not the rest of the wings nor

the tail.

Above, raw umber streaked with clove-brown darkest on the pileum which has a

central buff stripe, the feathers white at their bases. Below, ochraceous buff,

white. on chin and abdomen, streaked on throat, breast and sides with clove-

brown; a geranium-pink area on the jugulum veiled with ochraceous buff.

Auriculars sepia bordered with clove-brown. Superciliary stripe and suborbital

region white, tinged with buff, the lores grayish buff. The under wing coverts

bright geranium-pink, those of the edge of the wing black spotted, the lesser

coverts or ‘‘ shoulders ’’ with a carmine tinge. “Two wing bands buff.

4. First NupriaAL PLuMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult, late in the winter as indicated by South American speci-

mens, which involves the body plumage, the tertiaries, most of

the wing coverts and the tail, leaving often only the brown and

worn primaries, their coverts and the secondaries.

Above, including sides of the head and neck, wing coverts, tertiaries and tail,

black the body feathers with broad buff or wood-brown edgings, the coverts

and tertiaries tipped with white, the three outer rectrices with large white

terminal spots. The throat has a large geranium-red or pale crimson patch

extending into the chin and down the middle}of the throat. Less vigorous

individuals may assume a body plumage largely veiled with brown, a small

area of crimson, and only stray rectrices or wing coverts here and there are

replaced by black ones.

The individual variation is great and all sorts of mixed

plumages may be seen, the brown, worn wings and other left-

over feathers showing such specimens to be young birds.

5. ApuLT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult early in August. Easily distinguishable from first

winter dress by the jet black wings and tail. Adults are less

veiled, the brown deeper and the carmine more extensive often cov-

ering the whole throat and breast and invading the abdomen and

the crown. A few black spots laterally replace the streaking of

the young bird. The wing edgings are whiter than those of the

first winter dress. Young and old become practically indistin-

guishable except that some of the less vigorous individuals may

be deficient in depth of color.

ANNALS N, Y. Acap. Sci., XIII, Oct. 1, 1g00—14.

210 DWIGHT

6. ApuLtT NupTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves the body plumage but not the wings nor

the tail. Distinguishable from first nuptial by the black wings

and worn tail. The retained tertiaries and secondaries become

much worn and the terminal spots are gradually lost often leav-

ing gaps in their place. :

Female.—The female is streaked with brown and possesses

salmon-colored or cadmium-yellow under wing coverts in all

plumages. In first winter plumage, lacking the pink throat of

the male; the under wing coverts, regularly cadmium-yellow.

The nuptial plumages are acquired by wear alone or by a very

limited prenuptial moult.

Guiraca cerulea (Linn.). BLUE GRosBEAK

1. Natat Down. Brownish mouse-gray.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, bistre, grayish on the rump, russet tinged on the pileum, the feathers with

wood-brown or russet edgings. Wings and tail dull clove-brown, with wood-

brown edgings, two indistinct wing bands and narrow tipping of the tail buff.

Below rich clay-color, pale buff on the chin, abdomen and crissum. Bill and

feet dusky pinkish buff becoming darker

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning early in August, which involves body plumage

and wing coverts but not the rest of the wings nor the tail.

Similar to the previous plumage the browns everywhere darker and richer especially

noticeable on the median wing coverts which become deep hazel, the crissum

which becomes cinnamon or dusky-streaked and the lores which are dull sepia-

brown.

Further material may show that a few blue feathers are as-

sumed by some young males, at this moult.

4. First NupriaL PLuMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves a variable amount of the brown body

plumage and wing coverts, the tail wholly or in part and ap-

parently the outer primaries insome cases. A mixture of brown

and blue results, the key to the age of a specimen being the re-

tained brown primary coverts. The moult must occur in mid-

winter judging by the worn condition of spring specimens.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 211

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. The full blue plumage is assumed, veiled with

cinnamon feather tips on the head and back, a deeper band

across the throat, these edgings very pale elsewhere below.

The wings are black with blue edgings, those of the lesser and

median coverts rich chestnut, of the greater coverts paler, of the

tertiaries still paler; the tail darker than the wings and with

deeper blue edgings, the outer pair of rectrices narrowly tipped

with white. The lores are black.

6. ADULT NupTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear through which

the veiling is usually wholly lost, birds becoming almost com-

pletely blue except the wings and tail. The prenuptial moult of

the first year is evidently not repeated.

Female.—The plumages and moults correspond but the female

never acquires much blue, remaining ina brown plumage like

the male first winter. In first winter plumage the female is

pale cinnamon-brown darkest on the head and palest below

and on the rump; the wings and tail deep olive-brown ; the

wing bands pale chestnut, the one at tips of greater coverts

paler. The first nuptial plumage, assumed almost wholly by

wear, is paler, the brown fading. The adult winter plumage

usually shows a bluish tint in the wing edgings, the wings and

tail being darker than in first winter dress. More mature birds

may show blue feathers on the rump, crown, sides of head, sides

of throat and across the jugulum but do not often acquire a

plumage as bright as that of the male in first nuptial plumage.

Passerina cyanea (Linn.). Inp1iGo BuNTING

1. NataL Down. Brownish mouse-gray.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, including sides of head, dark sepia-brown, wings darker, the primaries and

secondaries edged with pale wood-brown, the coverts and tertiaries with pale

cinnamon. Tail pale clove-brown, more or less faintly edged with greenish or

glaucous blue. Below, dull white, washed with raw umber-brown on breast,

sides and crissum and narrowly streaked with sepia on the breast and sides.

Bill and feet pinkish buff, the former becoming dusky, the latter dull black

with age.

212 DWIGHT

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult beginning late in August which involves the body plum-

age, the wing coverts, sometimes the tail and sometimes five or

six distal primaries.

Similar to previous plumage but with very indistinct streaking and whiter below,

and not so brown above. Above, bistre often washed with Mars-brown, the

rump and upper tail coverts often dull blue, brown edged, the wing coverts edged

with cinnamon or russet, the lesser often with a bluish tinge, the others nearly

black, blue tinged. Below, dull white, washed on breast, sides and crissum

with wood-brown, often russet tinged and indistinctly streaked with olive-gray.

The renewal of the tail and primaries is a fact shown by several

specimens in moult and can probably be laid to individual preco-

city of southern-bred birds. Mr. Wm. Palmer has loaned me two

young birds (Nos. 3283, Sept. 17th, and 3655, Oct. 2d) taken at

Washington, D. C., both showing a postjuvenal moult in the rem-

iges and rectrices nearly completed, and I have seen a few other

similar birds.

Dull blue feathers veiled with brown edgings are found spar-

ingly on the chin and throats of some specimens, these birds

also showing precocity by bluer wing coverts. At this moult

the tail and part of the flight feathers sometimes acquire their

blue edgings, although this renewal is apt to be deferred till

late in the winter. A similar moult takes place in some Song

Sparrows (JZ. fasciata) but never deferred till winter. A new

body feather and a worn one of this plumage are figured (plate

VI, figs. 1 and 2) as they appear under the microscope, but

owing to difficulties in reproduction, fig. 2 does not resemble

fig. 1 as closely as the feathers themselves resemble each other.

4. Firsr NuptiAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult chiefly in February and March which involves a varying

number of body feathers, the tail, five or six of the distal primaries

sometimes all (but not their coverts except in some cases the

first), most of the wing coverts, the tertiaries and perhaps a stray

secondary, less often all of them. Two specimens (U. S. Nat.

Mus., Nos. 107844 and 107845) taken March 11th in the

Bahamas shows actual moult of the body plumage, coverts, pri-

maries and tail, the brown primary coverts remaining, and a num-

ber of other specimens “(many unfortunately without dates on

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 213

the labels) from Central and South America and the West Indies,

show abundantly the growth of new feathers, at the prenuptial

moult, when the greatest complications of plumage regularly

arise, not only in this species but in many others. In precocious

individuals the renewal may be nearly complete except usually

the primary coverts, secondaries and abdominal feathers and

there is an almost unbroken series to individuals that have only

renewed a feather here and there. This moult produces a variety

of birds, all with brown primary coverts, some specimens being as

bright blue as are adults; usually, the new blue body feathers, un-

worn and of peculiarly slender barbs sometimes white tipped, are

mixed in with the bleached much abraded feathers of the first win-

ter plumage. One of them is figured on plate VI, fig.3. Abra-

sion of the lower parts brings into view the dull blue or gray

bases of the old feathers, the buff edgings of which become faded

and nearly white. Two kinds of blue feathers are therefore

found not only here but on the rump and head, one bright and

new the other dull and worn. The renewal of the wing coverts

is very often incomplete and a mixture of blue and brown results.

The most surprising renewal is that of the distal primaries wth-

out their primary coverts, four to six being renewed sometimes

asymmetrically in the two wings by quills that have blue edgings

of various depth of color in contrast to the older and more

worn ones adjacent. Five or six seems to be the usual number

replaced, and their color is regularly darker than the old ones,

A new black tail edged with blue is assumed unless it has already

been acquired at the postjuvenal moult. Dull white feathers fre-

quently appear on the chin. The bill becomes slaty. It is natural

to assume that birds which acquired new wings and tail in the

autumn are the worn duller specimens we find in May, while

the brighter less worn birds are those which have acquired these

feathers at a more recent date. Both classes show recent growth

of the blue body feathers, and the slenderness of the barbs of

nuptial feathers as compared with the blunter ones of the winter

dress ought effectually to dispose of the superfluous idea that

color change without moult can take place in this species.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult.

214 DWIGHT

Strikingly different from first winter dress in the depth and richness of the brown

and the marked blueness of the wings and tail. Above, Mars- or mummy-

brown conceals the dull blue bases of the feathers except where these are

less broadly tipped as on the rump and upper tail coverts. Below, the brown

is paler and chiefly on the breast and sides, veiling bases that are cerulean-blue.

The chin, abdomen and crissum are almost white displaying better the con-

cealed blue. The wings and tail are black, edged with blue, the tertiaries and

coverts with Mars-brown, and the lesser coverts are almost wholly bright blue,

the others tinged with a darker shade; the primary coverts are black, edged

with blue which is apparently pale in the less precocious birds and deeper in

those more vigorous.

Adults and young become practically indistinguishable. The

birds with the brighter wing edgings are probably birds more

than one year old or possibly more vigorous individuals.

6. ApuLT NupTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves most of the body plumage, part of the wing

coverts and tertiaries, but not the rest of the wings nor the tail.

The less vigorous birds retain old worn wing coverts or stray

feathers scattered especially on the abdomen and crissum, else-

where assuming a greenish blue plumage purplish on the head.

The structure of these feathers differs from those assumed at the

postnuptial moult as may be seen under the microscope, but does

not differ from those acquired at the first prenuptial moult (see

plate VI, fig. 3). The blue of the head is always deeper than

elsewhere, and the feathers of the lores and interramal space are

black. Wear of adult birds has very likely given rise to the idea

of a color change without moult, as they do become preceptibly

bluer in a cage from gradual loss of the brown autumnal edg-

ings which conceal the blue beneath.

Female.—The plumages and moults of the female correspond

to those of the male, the prenuptial moult, especially the first, ap-

parently limited or sometimes suppressed. In juvenal plumage

practically indistinguishable from the male, but with little or no

greenish or bluish tint in the tail. In first winter plumage

browner than the male and lacking the blue tinge usually pres-

ent. In first nuptial plumage (which is in many cases appar-

ently the result of wear) a greenish tail and few greenish edged

primaries are assumed together with a few whitish feathers be-

low. In adult winter plumage, similar to first winter, but

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 215

with the wings and tail greenish edged, and lower parts less ob-

viously streaked. The adult nuptial plumage is attained chiefly

by wear.

It is scarcely necessary to add there is not the slightest evi-

dence of the color change without moult that has been claimed in

this species. I have examined large series which show the tran-

sition stages from one plumage to another and such evidence of

an abnormal color change as has hitherto been offered does not

accord with the simple facts.

Passerina ciris (Linn.). PainrED BUNTING

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal

moult. |

Above, olive-brown. Wings dull clove-brown with sage-green edgings, brownish

on the coverts. Tail dull olive-green. Below, pale grayish drab washed with

buff most marked posteriorly. Orbital ring pale buff. Bill umber-brown, the

upper mandible darker. Feet dark sepia in dried specimens.

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a postjuvenal moult

which seems to be complete, one specimen from South Carolina

taken October 13th being in this dress.

Above, bright olive-green or oil-green. Wings and tail deeper brown than in

juvenal dress, the coverts wholly oil-green and the remiges and rectrices edged

with a slightly paler shade, Below, olive-yellow becoming maize-yellow

posteriorly and dull lemon anteriorly. Orbital ring lemon-yellow.

Judging by spring specimens the individual variation is con-

siderable, some being yellower and some greener, a few acquire

a blue feather or two about the head and others even a few

reddish feathers below.

4, First NUPTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear. Young males

at this stage resemble the average adult female but may usually

be distinguished from them by browner more worn primary

coverts which do not show greenish edgings and are possibly the

retained juvenal coverts.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. The brilliant colors of this species are assumed

216 DWIGHT

by both young and old, but it is probable that year-old birds do

not acquire remiges and coverts wholly claret tinged like adults.

This accounts for the green feathers mixed with the others in

many specimens in which all the feathers are equally worn. The

claret and the greenish remiges and the body plumage are

equally fresh in November birds. The claret tinged tail is first

assumed at this moult.

6. ADULT NUPTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear. It is prob-

able that all birds with stray green remiges are birds of the second

nuptial stage, those with all of the remiges claret tinged of the

third nuptial. The primary coverts are usually claret tinged at

both stages and unlike the brown ones of the first nuptial period.

The full adult dress is certainly assumed at the second post-

nuptial moult and in some cases, if not many, probably at the

first.

female.—The moults and plumages correspond to those of

the male. In juvenal plumage the wings and tail are duller ; in

first winter dress, relative dullness prevails but the sexes scarcely

differ, and the first nuptial assumed by wear is characterized by

worn brown primary coverts as in the male. At the first post-

nuptial moult females assume bright green edged remiges,

rectrices and primary coverts and are even greener above and

yellower below than males in first winter dress. At the second

postnuptial moult or later ones birds tend toward the plumage

of the male developing blue or dull red feathers where brighter

areas occur in the male.

It follows that many males cannot be certainly distinguished

from females by plumage characters, but the absence of mixed

plumages of old and new feathers, as found in Passerina cyanea,

disproves any semiannual moult as in the latter species.

Spiza americana (Gmel.). DicKCISsSEL

1. Natat Down. _No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, clay-color, a few broad dull black stripes on the back, the crown bordered

laterally with obscure black stripes. Wings and tail dull black, the primaries

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 217

and rectriees with whitish, the secondaries with cinnamon, the tertiaries and

coverts (including two paler wing bands) with clay-colored edgings. Below,

cream-buff, clay-colored across throat, on sides and crissum. Superciliary

stripe ochraceous buff, auriculars sepia-brown; lores, rictal and submalar

stripes dusky. Bill and feet pale pinkish buff becoming dusky with age.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult beginning in Kansas early in July which involves the

body plumage, wing coverts and tertiaries, but not the rest of

the wings nor the tail.

Similar to previous plumage. Above, including auriculars sepia or wood-brown

narrowly and obscurely streaked on the pileum and broadly on the back with

black ; the tertiaries edged with cinnamon; the wing coverts almost entirely

cinnamon-rufous or rich russet. Below, the chin and abdomen pale buff,

the throat, sides and crissum deep wood-brown with obscure narrow black

streaks, two more distinct streaks bordering the chin laterally. Superciliary and

malar stripes and usually the jugulum dull ochre-yellow sometimes brighter,

** edge of the wing ’’ lemon-yellow; lores and subocular streak grayish.

4, First NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult in March and early April in Texas which involves the

head, throat and breast, but not the rest of the body nor the

wings and tail.

The grayish pileum tinged anteriorly with yellow, the plum-

beous auriculars and bright lemon of the superciliary and malar

stripes and of the breast and mid-abdomen, the white chin and the

black throat patch are acquired by moult, the browns of the

winter dress becoming gray from marked wear. The amount

of black and of yellow is variable; I have seen two specimens

with the throat patch Mars-brown. Young and old become

practically indistinguishable.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. Differs from first winter chiefly in possessing a

veiled black throat patch smaller than in nuptial dress. Adults

have more yellow and richer grayer wing edgings than young

birds.

6. ApuLT NupTiIAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult as in the young bird.

Female.—The plumages and moults correspond to those of

the male. In juvenal plumage females are indistinguishable

218 DWIGHT

from males. The first nuptial is acquired by a limited prenup-

tial moult. In subsequent plumages the throat remains pale

brown with lateral black chin streaks without the black patch of

the male and the colors elsewhere are regularly duller.

Calamospiza melanocorys (Stejn.) Lark BunTING.

1, Natat Down. Mouse-gray.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, clove-brown, the feathers with broad wood-brown edgings which are darker

on the crown and rump and form an indistinct median. stripe on the crown.

Wings deep olive-brown, the outer primaries usually dull black, everywhere rather

broadly edged with white, including the secondaries and the primary coverts ;

the greater coverts largely pinkish buff, forming a broad wing band. ‘Tail dull

black tipped with white spots, the outer pair of rectrices edged with white, the

the others with cinnamon. Below, white, tinged with cream-buff and streaked,

except on the abdomen, with dull clove-brown. Auriculars and lores dusky.

Bill and feet in dried specimen, clay-color,

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult which involves the body plumage and wing coverts, but

not the remiges nor rectrices.

Above, olive-brown with darker streakings. Below, white, streaked with clove-

brown, least on crissum, abdomen and throat, but the streaks aggregating into

a blotch on the breast. The chin dull black, entirely veiled with broad white

edgings. The greater coverts pale cinnamon forming a broad wing band. The

tertiaries and other wing coverts are edged with deep cinnamon.

Some young birds become indistinguishable from adults.

4. First NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult in April in Arizona which involves most of the body plu-

mage, tertiaries and wing coverts but not the rest of the wings

nor the tail. The jet-black dress is assumed, relieved by white

bands on the wings. Browner and more worn remiges with

traces of the edgings partly worn off distinguish young birds

from old, this feature being especially marked among the pri-

mary coverts.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult occurring during September in Mexico.

The wings and tail are much blacker than the first winter

dress and lack almost wholly the edgings of this period. The

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 919

edgings of the throat are less extensive and consequently the

chin is distinctly black, the color extending to the breast more

or less. The wing bands are a deeper cinnamon and so too

the edgings of the tertiaries.

6. ApuLtT NupTiaAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves most of the body plumage as in the young

bird from which it may be distinguished by the blacker remiges

and rectrices with absence of edgings.

Female.—The moults and plumages correspond to those of

the male. Practically indistinguishable from the male in juvenal

and in first winter plumage, although rather duller, and with

narrower wing bands. All later plumages resemble that of the

male in first winter dress, but some of the older birds are much

blacker and with broader streakings.

TANAGRIDA

The Tanagers are peculiar in their moults as might be ex-

pected with such highly colored birds. P. erythromelas acquires

the full red plumage at the first prenuptial moult, goes back to

a greenish dress at the postnuptial and continues to undergo a

semi-annual moult regularly from green to red in spring and from

red to green in fall. P. /udoviciana also moults twice every

year. P. rubra, on the other hand, has but one prenuptial moult,

a mere scattering of red feathers very often, and afterwards con-

tinues in the red plumage renewed only at the postnuptial moult.

Piranga ludoviciana (Wils.). Louisiana TANAGER

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, yellowish green obscurely streaked. Wings and tail dull black, edged

with olive-yellow, forming on the coverts two wing bands. Below, pale yel-

low with dusky streaks on the breast, similar to the young of other Tanagers.

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, in July in California, which involves the body plumage

and the wing coverts but not the rest of the wings nor the tail.

220 DWIGHT

Differs from previous plumage in being unstreaked and brighter colored. Above,

olive-yellow, brownish on the back, the wing bands strongly tinged with

lemon-yellow, the one at tips of greater coverts palest. Below, clear lemon-

yellow, a slight orange tinge often on forehead and chin,

4, First NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves most of the body plumage, tail, wing

coverts and tertiaries. The coverts.as in other species are ir-

regularly renewed, the brown worn primaries, their coverts,

the alula and secondaries in contrast to the new coverts and

tertiaries which are black, edged with canary-yellow and white

respectively. The back is black with smoke-gray edgings and

the rest of the plumage canary-yellow of variable depth accord-

ing to individual variation, the forehead and chin more or less

bright with cadmium-orange.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult and similar to first winter dress but of a richer yel-

low with jet-black wings and tail, the back black, with bright

olive-green edgings, the head and chin usually more deeply

tinged with orange, sometimes with dusky edgings on sides of

the chin and jugulum. Young and old become indistinguishable.

6. ApuLT NupTriAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves the same body areas as in the young bird

but not the wings nor the tail, consequently old and young may

be told apart during the breeding season by the brown wings of

the young bird, black ones of the old. An undated specimen

from Orizaba, Mexico (Coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 40842)

shows new nuptial feathers pushing from their sheaths on the

ctown, throat and back, the wings proving it to be an adult.

female.—The plumages and moults correspond to those of

the male. The juvenal dress is practically indistinguishable

from that of the male. The first winter plumage is rather duller,

being browner above and paler below. The first nuptial plu-

mage is acquired by a very limited prenuptial moult, such wing

coverts as are acquired being duller than those of the male and

the few orange-tinged feathers paler, the whole bird paler and

grayish. The adult winter plumage is brighter than the first

winter, and inadult nuptial plumage a few orange feathers may

appear acquired by prenuptial moult.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 221

Piranga erythomelas Vieill. ScARLET TANAGER

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, olive-yellow, including sides of head and neck, the back greener with dusky

edgings. Wings and tail dull brownish black, the secondaries, wing coverts»

tertiaries and rectrices edged with olive-yellow, whitish on the tertiaries and

primaries. Below, dull white, sulphur-yellow on the abdomen and crissum,

broadly streaked on the breast and sides with grayish olive-brown. Bill,

-.. pinkish buff, slate-black when older. Feet pinkish olive-gray, dusky when

older. Differs from P. Zudoviciana in the crown being darker and lacking

distinct wing bands.

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult beginning the middle of August which involves the body

plumage, and the wing coverts, but not the rest of the wings

nor the tail.

Differs from previous plumage chiefly in being unstreaked. Above, including sides

of head deep olive-yellow or pale clive-green. Below, citron-yellow, The

wing coverts are jet-black edged with olive-yellow, but frequently only a part of

them are renewed.

4. Frrst NuptiaL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult probably in March and April which involves the body

plumage, wing coverts, tertiaries and the tail but not the

primaries, their coverts, the secondaries and usually not the

alule. The body plumage becomes scarlet vermilion varying

in intensity sometimes pale or mixed with orange, usually paler

but often indistinguishable from the adult. The tibia become

‘black and red often retaining a few old greenish feathers. Black

tertiaries and black wing coverts without edgings are assumed

in sharp contrast to the worn brown flight feathers which mark

adults in nuptial dress. It is not unusual for only a part of

the wing coverts or tertiaries to be renewed and as a freak,

scarlet coverts are occasionally assumed. Greenish feathers of

the first winter dress left over are comparatively infrequent on

the body, the moult usually being quite complete.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult beginning early in August. Year-old as well as

adult birds acquire jet-black wings and tail which distinguish

them from first winter birds, and usually the yellow green is

deeper.

222 DWIGHT

6. ApuLT NupriaL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves the same body areas as in the young bird

from which easily distinguishable by the completely black wings.

The greater wing coverts are not renewed as at the first prenup-

tial moult. The tails show some wear as compared with those

of young birds. The vermilion body plumage will probably

average deeper.

Female.—The plumages and moults of the female apparently

correspond to those of the male, but the color is greenish at all

seasons. In natal down and juvenal plumage the sexes are indis-

tinguishable. In first winter plumage the female is greener with

less yellow and duller than the male and without black wing

coverts. The first nuptial plumage is yellowish and so fresh that

a prenuptial moult is indicated, probably more limited than that

of the male. At the postnuptial moult an orange tinged adult

winter plumage is acquired and sometimes black wing coverts

appear, seen in the adult nuptial plumage in which only the body

feathers are renewed by a limited prenuptial moult. ,

Piranga rubra (Linn.). SuMMER TANAGER

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, ruddy or yellow tinged sepia-brown with darker edgings and feather centres

producing a faintly streaked appearance. Wings deep olive-brown with olive-

yellow or greenish edgings, usually reddish tinged on the outer primaries, the

coverts duller, the tertiaries paler. Tail bright olive-green or olive-yellow often

reddish tinged basally, the shafts sepia-brown. Below, dull white tinged with

sulphur-yellow on abdomen and crissum, distinctly and broadly streaked on the

throat, breast and sides with deep olive-brown. Bill and feet pinkish buff be-

coming dusky clay-color, the feet darker.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult beginning in the South early in July which involves the

body plumage and the wing coverts but not the rest of the wings

nor the tail.

Unlike previous plumage, unstreaked. Above pale olive-green with a strong orange

tinge, reddish in many specimens. Below chrome-yellow often strongly tinged

with orange especially on the crissum and ‘‘edge of the wings.’’ The wing

coverts are edged with olive-green strongly tinged with yellow or orange accord-

ing to individual vitality. The orbital ring is usually chrome-yellow or paler.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 223

4. First NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves portions of the body plumage, wing coverts,

tertiaries and the tail. There is an unusual amount of individual

variation in the extent of this moult accentuated by the contrast

of the new vermilion or poppy-red feathers among the old green-

ish or yellow ones. Some birds become entirely red except for

the old greenish primaries, their coverts and the secondaries and

there are all sorts of intermediates ranging down to those with a

mere sprinkling of red feathers. The central quills only of the

tail may be renewed, sometimes only part of the tertiaries and

wing coverts, but in every case it is easy to see that the process

of moult has stopped at points where the checking of its normal

advance would produce the varied plumages found. The fresh-

ness of the red feathers compared with the green ones is also

easily demonstrable. I have also seen two undated specimens,

one from Guatemala, showing red feathers still in their sheaths

here and there among the brown ones.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in August. The full red plumage including the

wings and tail is acquired atthis moult. It will be observed that

this species does not revert to the greenish dress of the first

winter like P. erythometas.

6. ADULT NuptTiaAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which is not

very perceptible even on close examination of the feathers. The

color of breeding birds is pinkish or geranium-red when com-

pared with P. erythomelas. There appears to be no second pre-

nuptial moult in this species.

female—The plumages and moults correspond to those of

the male, but the plumage remains similar to that of the male in

first winter and the first and only prenuptial moult is mostly

suppressed. Adult females may be red tinged, but regularly

they are even yellower than the male in first winter dress.

HIRUNDINIDA

The Swallows, like the Flycatchers, afford in their moulting,

some problems that existing material scarcely suffices to solve,

224 DWIGHT

for with the exception of 7° dzcolor, they migrate southward in

the autumn before acquiring their winter dress, so that a mere

handful among hundreds of specimens examined, show signs of

moult before they have passed beyond the borders of the United

States. A few specimens from Mexico and Central America

show that both adults and young birds reach these countries in

worn nuptial and worn juvenal plumages respectively and two or

three more afford evidence of a mid-winter moult, the occurrence

of which has been previously affirmed by other observers.

From these meagre facts and from the study of the feathers,

which, on account of the metallic colors and the aérial habits

of the Swallows, show little evidence of wear, we may not

draw positive conclusions, but two at least may be reached with

considerable certainty. The first is that adult Swallows undergo

a complete postnuptial moult late in the fall, either while on

their southward journey or at its conclusion ; and the second is

that young Swallows undergo a complete postjuvenal moult (or

prenuptial perhaps in point of time) later than the postnuptial of

the adult. More specimens are needed to fix the limits of these

two moults, but I am of opinion that mid-winter birds in moult

will all prove to be young ones. It may perhaps be expedient

to call this a prenuptial moult and consider the postjuvenal sup-

pressed, but this is only a matter of convenience and would not

alter the facts nor disturb my scheme of plumages and moults

which has been devised so as to give clear expression to the

facts. These may be found discussed under each species, and I

hope a much larger fund of material may accumulate within a

few years now that I have pointed out the deficiencies in that at

present available for study.

Progne subis (Linn.). PurpLe Martin

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, including wings and tail, sooty or clove-brown, the forehead and a nuchal

band grayish, the feathers of the head and back indistinctly dull steel-

blue. Feathers of the wings with very narrow whitish edgings. Below, white,

mouse-gray on chin, throat, breast, sides and tibiz, the feathers of the chin,

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 225

lower breast and abdomen with narrow dusky shaft streaks. Bill and feet

brownish black.

This plumage is worn a long time and is still retained when

the birds leave for the south early in September.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired probably by a complete

postjuvenal moult. Similar to the previous plumage but darker,

the throat browner while scattered patches of steel-blue feathers

are acquired. A specimen (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 122944, ¢, Au-

gust 3d, Maryland), which from the date might be a year-old

bird, has partly renewed two proximal primaries, an outer rectrix

and some of the body plumage.

4. First NupTiaL PLUMAGE acquired apparently by wear

alone. It is impossible to estimate just when the feathers of this

plumage are assumed, because all the Swallows show very little

wear owing to their habits and to the structure of their feathers.

The immature mixed blue and gray plumage is peculiar to the

first breeding season.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult after the species has departed south. A specimen

in my collection (J. Dwight, Jr., No. 560, ¢, Connecticut, Au-

gust 16th) shows the proximal primary of each wing just sprout-

ing anda bird, perhaps P. s. hesperta (U. S. Nat. Mus., No.

128306, ¢, September 13th, Nicaragua) has renewed two proxi-

mal primaries and a few body feathers. The steel-blue plumage

is assumed and old and young become indistinguishable. A

white patch is exposed if the posterior feathers of the humeral

tracts be disarranged.

6. ApuLtT NuptraL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which pro-

duces practically no effect on the previous dress even late in the

summer. Florida specimens of March 11th to 14th are in fresh

plumage but show no direct evidence of recent moult.

Female.—The female has similar plumages and moults, but

is always duller than the male, lacking most of the steel-blue

above and all of it below. In juvenal plumage the gray collar

is much browner than that of the adult female and the under

tail coverts are grayish white with dusky shaft streaks instead of

ANNALS N. Y. ACAD. SclI., Oct. 1, I900—1I5.

226 DWIGHT

smoke-gray with whitish edgings. The lines on the breast are

broader. Later plumages are alike but females show more

wear than males.

Petrochelidon lunifrons (Say). CLirF SWALLow

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, including wings and tail clove-brown, the pileum and back greenish with

obscure metallic reflections, each feather edged with drab, a nuchal band

drab ; the whole rump and usually the forehead (on which are often scattered

a few white feathers), cinnamon. ‘The tertiaries are broadly and some of the

wing coverts narrowly edged with cinnamon. Below, dull white, strongly

washed on the throat, sides, and crissum with vinaceous cinnamon; the chin

and forepart of the throat showing a curious mixture of white, dull black and

cinnamon-rufous feathers, sometimes one color and sometimes the other pre-

dominating, the white perhaps entirely absent and replaced by black. Lores

and auriculars dull black. Feet dull sepia. Bill dull black.

This plumage is worn for some time, part of the edgings being

lost and it is not replaced before the birds depart southward the

end of August or early in September. Several specimens from

Central America still retaining this plumage, are dated Oc-

tober 20th.

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired probably by a complete

postjuvenal moult in the winter habitat so far as may be estimated

from the changes found in the plumage on the return of the

species in May. Wear is somewhat evident even in the wings

and tail although the resistant metallic feathers show little of it.

At all events the glossy blue of the head and back and the rich

chestnut of the chin and auriculars with the black throat spot

are acquired. The breast and throat feathers now have shaft

streaks and the cinnamon crescent on the forehead is con-

Spicuous.

4. First NupriaAL PLUMAGE acquired, in all probability,

wholly by wear.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult after the species has departed south. Evidently |

indistinguishable from the first winter dress. An adult female

(Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 40264) in worn nuptial dress, taken

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 227

in Brazil and without other data, retains only two old primaries,

the others and part of the body plumage being in process of

growth at the usual points.

6. ADULT NuPTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear.

Female.—The sexes are practically alike, although the female

usually has less black on the chin, and the moults are undoubt-

edly similar.

Chelidon erythrogastra (Bodd.). Barn SwaLtow

1. Nata Down. Smoke-gray.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, dull iridescent green (less often blue), browner on the pileum, the fore-

head russet and a faint nuchal band grayish. Wings and tail dull greenish

black, rectrices with large subterminal white spots, the outer pair with broad,

rounded apices reaching less than one inch beyond the central pair. (See

plate IT, fig. 20.) Below, pale cinnamon often vinaceous, the chin and

throat much deeper and russet tinged, a broad incomplete slate-black band

across the jugulum. Lores and auriculars dull black. Feet sepia. Bill

dusky except a pinkish lower mandible, wholly black when older.

This plumage is still worn, its pink tinge somewhat lost when

the birds leave for the south about the end of August.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired probably by a complete

postjuvenal moult. _

It is evident, as with the other species of Swallows, a com-

plete moult occurs before this species returns to our latitude in

the spring. Two specimens from South America, taken in Feb-

ruary, show primaries and tails with adherent sheaths and fresh

body plumage, but it is impossible to say whether they are

adults or young birds; and two others from Corumba, on the

boundary between Brazil and Bolivia, March 23d (Amer. Mus.

Nat. Hist., Nos. 31164 and 31166), are also in fresh new plum-

age. The new attenuated lateral rectrices (plate I, fig. 21)

extend fully one and one-quarter inches beyond the middle pair.

Greenish wings are acquired together with the metallic purplish

feathers of the jugular band. The chin and throat become

chestnut and the lower parts darker cinnamon. Old and young

become indistinguishable.

228 DWIGHT

4. Fikst Nuptiat PLuMAGE acquired apparently by wear

which produces little effect on the iridescent feathers, or possibly

by a complete prenuptial moult (if the postjuvenal is considered

as suppressed), as indicated by the specimens to which reference

has just been made.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult, after departure for the south. Probably indis-

tinguishable from first winter dress although I have seen no

birds identified as adults after the postnuptial moult. A speci-

men (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 28100, 9, October 3d, Ari-

zona) is still in worn nuptial dress.

6. ApuLT NupTiAL PLUMAGE evidently acquired by wear.

Female.—The sexes are practically indistinguishable in all

plumages, although the female in nuptial dress is often if not

regularly much paler below than the male.

Tachycineta bicolor (Vieill.). TREE SwALLow

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, including sides of head and neck, wings and tail sooty brown the tertiaries

slaty with faint grayish edgings. Below, pure white, a very faint incomplete

sooty collar on the jugulum. Lores dull black. Bill dull black. Feet pink-

ish buff becoming dusky with age.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postjuve-

nal moult beginning late in August and extending into October,

as shown by large series, young and old becoming practically

indistinguishable.

Unlike previous plumage. Above, iridescent green, sometimes with steely blue re-

flections. Wings and tail deep bottle-green slightly iridescent, the tertiaries

broadly tipped with white. Below, pure white slightly smoky gray on the sides.

A tertiary of this plumage is figured on plate II, fig. 6, and

the effect of wear may be seen by fig. 7.

4. First NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear only obvious

in the entire loss of the white tips of the tertiaries, one of which

is figured on plate II, fig. 7. The wings become a trifle

browner as the summer advances.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 229

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult beginning the middle of August. Practically indis-

tinguishable from first winter dress, possessing the same white

tipped tertiaries, but usually the head and back show blue rather

than green metallic reflections. This is the only one of our

Swallows that completes its moult before migrating southward.

It breeds early and moults early as compared with the others.

6. Aputt NuptiAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear through which

the white tips of the tertiaries are lost as in young birds, speci-

mens thus becoming wholly steel-blue above.

Female.—The female has corresponding plumages and moults,

but is usually duller with less iridescence and browner wings

and tail until the adult winter plumage is assumed which is

usually indistinguishable from that of the male.

Clivicola riparia (Linn.). Bank SwaLtow

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, including sides of head, brownish mouse-gray, most of the feathers edged

with pale drab. Wings and tail dull brownish black, the wing coverts and

tertiaries edged with pale cinnamon, the rectrices with grayish white. The

tail is rounded, only slightly forked and without the indistinctly barred or

‘‘watered’’ effect usual in the adult. Below, white, a broad pectoral band

mouse-gray, or dull clove-brown with cinnamon edgings, the chin tinged with

cinnamon, and flecked with faint dusky dots. Lores dull black. Bill dull

black. Feet sepia becoming black.

Birds migrate southward in this plumage before September,

some of the edgings having been lost by wear. A specimen

from Tehuantepec, Mexico, October 13th, still retains this dress.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired probably by a com-

plete postjuvenal moult. The new tail is more deeply forked

and is indistinctly barred. The chin is pure white without

spots and the collar is darker. Young and old evidently be-

come indistinguishable.

4. First NuptiaL PLUMAGE acquired evidently by wear,

which is very marked in this species as compared with the

Swallows of iridescent plumage. The wings and tail are darker

230 DWIGHT

than those of the juvenal plumage, and this points to their having

been completely renewed during the winter absence.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. This dress is assumed after the birds have moved

southward in the autumn.

6. ApuLT NupTiaL PLUMAGE acquired by wear.

Female.—The sexes are indistinguishable in all plumages, and

the moults are probably identical.

Stelgidopteryx serripennis (Aud.). ROUGH-WINGED SWALLOW

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, deep sepia-brown, edged with cinnamon-rufous. Wings and tail clove-brown,

the coverts, secondaries and tertiaries edged with cinnamon-rufous, The outer

edge of the first primary is without hooklets and therefore not rough to the

touch. Below, dull white, the breast and throat vinaceous cinnamon. Bill

and feet dusky flesh-color, becoming black.

There is some fading and loss of feather edgings before the

birds leave us in the autumn.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

juvenal moult after the birds have migrated southward in Sep-

tember, or very likely while they move leisurely along in flocks.

One young female (Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 71520, October

24th, Key West, Florida), shows six new primaries partly grown

in each wing and a few new body feathers. Judging by spring

specimens taken in May the plumage when fresh must be deep

sepia-brown, darker on the pileum, with dusky shaft streaks

and slightly paler, indistinct edgings. Wings and tail darker

than in juvenal dress, males acquiring the saw-toothed outer

primary. Below dull white with a brownish mouse-gray pec-

toral band.

4. First NuptiaL PLuMAGE acquired by wear which is much

more marked than in Swallows having iridescent plumage.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult after the birds have migrated southward. An

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 231

adult male (Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., No, 53251, September 2oth,

Arizona), has just begun the postnuptial moult, having renewed

three primaries of each wing and a few of the body feathers.

6. ApuLT NuptTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear.

Female.—The sexes are practically alike and the moults, no

doubt, correspond. The first primary is usually less distinctly

rough-edged. ,

AMPELIDA

Both species of Waxwings moult in the same way, having

only a single annual moult, young birds assuming their body

plumage by a postjuvenal moult which is partial.

Ampelis garrulus Linn. BOHEMIAN WAxwWING

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by acomplete postnatal moult.

Above, including lesser and median coverts, grayish hair-brown tending below to

heavy streaking on breast and abdomen which are grayish white centrally.

Crissum pale vinaceous cinnamon. Chin grayish with obscure dusky spotting

and bordered by dusky lateral lines. Lores and circumocular region black.

Wings dull black, the secondaries and primary coverts broadly tipped with

white, the inner primaries tipped with primrose-yellow on the outer web, the

outer two or three with white. The secondaries usually have about four waxy,

vermilion appendages, smaller and fewer than in adults. The crown feathers

are lengthened into an insignificant crest. Tail drab-gray, black subterminally

with a narrower terminal band of canary-yellow. Bill and feet black.

The wing pattern, much grayer tints and cinnamon crissum

distinguish young birds from those of A. cedrorum in correspond-

ing plumage. The description is from two birds taken on the

mukom shiver NOW. L.j-and kindly loaned me by Dr. L.-B.

Bishop.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult which involves the body plumage and wing coverts, but

not the remiges nor rectrices.

Everywhere rich drab, grayer below and on rump, fawn-color about the head. A

large black chin patch, the black extending to lores and forehead and _ bor-

dered everywhere by rich walnut-brown. “

232 DWIGHT

4. Frrst NupTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which is not

marked.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. Adults are somewhat grayer than young birds,

the primaries are edged with bright lemon-yellow and tipped

with white so as to form a sort of a terminal L and the waxy

appendages are more numerous, larger and better formed.

Young and old become indistinguishable.

6. ApuLT NupTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear.

Females. —The moults and plumages correspond to those of the

male. In juvenal dress the spots on the primaries are paler than

in the male and often wholly white, and the appendages few or

none. The black chin patch of later plumages is apt to be

smaller and duller than that of the male and the appendages

fewer, with paler spots on the primaries.

Ampelis cedrorum (Vieill.). CEDAR WAxwING

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, including sides of head and wing coverts, olive-brown. Below, paler with

darker broad fused stripes on the throat, breast, sides and flanks, the chin paler,

the abdomen and crissum dull white often yellow or buff tinged. A crest not

well marked is found on the crown. Anterior frontal feathers, lores and partial

orbital ring dull black ; posterior quadrant of orbital ring, submalar streak and

narrow superciliary line white or pale buff. Chin bordered laterally by dull

black. Wings and tail slate-black, the primaries ashy edged, occasionally

some of the secondaries tipped with bright vermilion wax-like appendages, the

tail terminated with a lemon-ye!low band, the rectrices also occasionally but

infrequently tipped with similar red appendages. Bill and feet sepia, becoming

black,

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult beginning in September which involves the body plumage

and the wing coverts, but not the rest of the wings nor the tail.

Similar to previous plumage, but the brown much paler and the streaking absent.

~ Above, including sides of head and throat silky drab merging into plumbeous

gray on the rump and paling on the crown where the feathers are basally white.

The crest marked. The abdomen and flanks are pale canary-yellow; the

crissum white. Chin black merging into the brown throat. Narrow submalar

stripe and part of orbital ring white. Forehead at nostrils, lores, superciliary

stripe and part of orbital ring black.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 233

4, Frrst NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which scarcely

shows in the soft, silky plumage till late in the autumn when

fading becomes apparent.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult usually begun in September. Practically indis-

tinguishable from first winter dress, the red wing appendages

perhaps more frequent.

6. ADULT NupTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the young

bird.

Female.—The sexes are practically alike in plumages and

moults, but the female usually has less black on the chin and

the wax-like tips probably less frequently develop.

LANIIDA

Our two Shrikes appear to moult the same, apparently having

a semiannual renewal in both young and old birds. Young

acquire full adult body plumage at the first prenuptial moult,

retaining the immature remiges until the first postnuptial.

Lanius borealis Vieill. NorrHERN SHRIKE

1. NaTaAL Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, brownish mouse-gray with indistinct dusky vermiculations, especially on the

rump. Wings black, a white area at bases of the primaries; the coverts, tertia-

ries and secondaries edged with wood-brown, or pale cinnamon mottled from

irregular extension of the color, and similar tipping on the rectrices which are

black, the lateral ones largely white. Below mouse-gray, nearly white on mid-

abdomen, indistinctly vermiculated, more marked on sides and crissum. Bar

though eye dull clove-brown ; lores grayish. Bill and feet dusky wood-brown

in dried skin.

Description from a bird taken in Labrador.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult which involves the body plumage, and wing coverts, but

not the rest of the wings nor the tail.

Above, French gray washed with brownish gray, the rump grayish white. Lesser

coverts cinereous gray, the median black, the retained greater coverts dull black

234 DWIGHT

buff tipped. Below grayish white with distinct dusky vermiculations except on

the chin, abdomen and crissum, ‘Tail black, the three outer rectrices with

much white. lLores grayish. Bar through eye dusky.

4. First NupriaL PLuMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult in March which involves the anterior part of the head,

chin and throat. A whiter chin and black lores are acquired,

young and old becoming practically indistinguishable. A good

deal of the vermiculation is lost by wear of the feather edges.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. Differs from first winter in having a white wing

band on the greater coverts, the tertiaries and secondaries with

white edgings, the wings and tail jet-black, including all the

coverts. The back is grayer without the brownish tint of the

young bird.

6. AbuLT NupTiaL PLUMAGE acquired apparently by a partial

prenuptial moult as in the young bird.

female—The plumages and moults correspond to those of

the male. Usually browner, especially the wings and tail and

with a brown transocular bar until the adult winter plumage is

assumed.

Lanius ludovicianus (Linn.). LoGGERHEAD SHRIKE

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, drab-gray, faintly vermiculated and with pale buff edgings; rump slightly

paler. Wings and tail black, a white area at the bases of the primaries, the

coverts and tertiaries buff tipped, palest on the tertiaries; the outer rectrices

largely white, the central ones buff, with terminal mottling. Lores, orbital region

and auriculars dull black. Below, dull white on chin, abdomen and crissum,

washed on breast and sides with very pale buff or drab, vermiculated with

dusky subterminal bands on each feather. Bill and feet dusky becoming black.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult in September and October, which involves the body

plumage, tertiaries, wing coverts and tail, but not the rest of the

wings.

Similar to previous plumage but grayer above and the vermiculations absent or very

indistinct on the breast. Above, plumbeous gray, paler on rump, the posterior

scapularies white. Wings and tail black except for the brown juvenal pri-

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 235

maries, secondaries and primary coverts, the lesser coverts plumbeous, white

tips to the new tertiaries and white terminal spots on the lateral rectrices, Be-

low, dull white with dusky vermiculations sometimes faintly indicated. <A

broad, black bar through the eye.

4. First NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult in February and March, which involves chiefly the chin,

throat and head, and a few scattering feathers elsewhere, but

neither the wings nor the tail. The whiter throat is the most

marked change produced. The wings and tail have become

brownish and show considerable wear.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in September. Practically indistinguishable from

the first winter dress, but the wings and tail will average blacker.

6. ADULT NupTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult as in the young bird.

Female.—The sexes are practically alike in all plumages, but

the black bar through the eye is usually duller in females, and

brownish until renewed at the first prenuptial moult.

VIREONIDA.

The Vireos all have a single annual moult, and in arboreal

species suffer very little from wear. V. xoveboracensis is peculiar

in having a complete postjuvenal moult, although I am not sure

this occurs in all specimens. Young birds become practically

indistinguishable from adults at the postjuvenal moult although

they do not assume adult wings and tail as a rule until the first

postnuptial.

Vireo olivaceus (Linn.). RED-EYED VIREO

1. Natat Down. Pale drab-gray.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, including lesser wing coverts, drab. Wings and tail olive-brown, edged

with bright olive-green, brightest on the secondaries and tertiaries. Below,

silky white, faintly tinged on the sides and crissum with primrose-yellow.

Superciliary stripe dull white; lores and postocular streak dusky. Bill and

feet pinkish buff, becoming slaty. Iris walnut-brown.

236 DWIGHT

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial post-

juvenal moult in August and September which involves the

body plumage, the wing coverts (often the tertiaries) but not the

rest of the wings nor the tail.

Similar to the previous plumage but olive-green replaces the drab and a gray cap is as-

sumed. Above, including sides of neck and edgings of wing coverts and auricu-

lars olive-green, the pileum slate-gray bordered by two lateral dull black stripes.

Superciliary line broad, grayish or buffy white. Transocular streak dusky.

Below, grayish white faintly washed on the sides with olive-green and on the

crissum with primrose-yellow.

In plumage young and old are practically indistinguishable in

the autumn, but the iris of young birds is brown while they

remain with us.

4, First NupriaL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which is

scarcely appreciable owing to the soft long-barbed feathers and

the habits of the species. Some fading is apparent late in the

season. The iris becomes dull red before the birds return in the

spring.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. Practically indistinguishable from first winter

except by the red iris but possibly will average richer olive-green

above with a grayer pileum, and less washed with buff below.

6. ApuLT NupTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear, as in the

young bird.

Fremale.—The sexes are alike in plumages and moults, the

females in winter dress often browner and duller than the males.

Vireo philadelphicus (Cass.). PHILADELPHIA VIREO

1. Natat Down. Pale drab-gray.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Similar to V. oltvaceus and V. gilvus, but darker above and distinctly yellow below,

Above, wood-brown, darker and olive tinged on the back and wing coverts.

Wings and tail clove-brown with olive-green edgings. Below primrose-yellow,

auriculars, orbital ring, and superciliary stripe buff-yellow. Lores and postocular

streak dusky. Feet pinkish buff, drying to dusky wood-brown, Bill pale bistre,

the under mandible pinkish, drying to a yellowish raw umber-brown. When

older the bill dusky and feet slaty. Iris deep hazel-brown.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 237

moult beginning the end of July which involves the body plum-

age and wing{coverts but not the rest of the wings nor the tail,

young and old becoming practically indistinguishable.

Similiar to the previous plumage but greener with a grayer crown, and brighter yellow

below. Above, dull olive-green, slate-gray on the pileum. Below pale canary-

yellow, whiter on middle of abdomen, Sides of head pale greenish or grayish

buff, superciliary stripe paler ; transocular streak dusky.

4. First NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear. The back

fades a little and becomes grayer, the yellow below, paler.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. Practically indistinguishable from first winter

dress, the yellow below usually paler with a larger area of white

on the abdomen.

6. ApuLtt NuptiaAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

Female.—The sexes are alike and the moults are the same.

Vireo gilvus (Vieill.). WAaARBLING VIREO

1. Natat Down. Pale wood-brown.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Similar to V. phzladelphicus but paler. Above wood-brown, very pale on pileum

and nape, darker and faintly tinged with olive on the back. Wings and tail

pale clove-brown edged with dull olive-green. Below, white, the crissum

tinged with pale primrose-yellow. Auriculars, orbital ring and superciliary

line white. Bill and’ feet pinkish buff, becoming dusky and slate-gray re-

spectively when older. Iris deep hazel-brown.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult beginning early in August which involves the body plum-

age and the wing coverts but not the rest of the wings nor the

tail, young and old becoming practically indistinguishable.

Similar to the previous plumage but greener above. Above, grayish olive-brown,

the pileum mouse-gray. Below, buffy white, palest on chin and abdomen,

washed on the sides and flanks with greenish primrose-yellow. Superciliary

line, suborbital region and orbital ring very pale buff. A dusky transocular

streak. Auriculars drab.

4. First NupTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which is slight.

The whole plumage becomes paler below and grayer above,

the buff tints being lost.

238 DWIGHT

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. Practically indistinguishable from first winter,

but with less buff in some cases.

6. ADULT NupTiaAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear, as in the

young bird.

Female.—The sexes are alike and the moults are identical.

Vireo flavifrons Vieill. YELLOW-THROATED VIREO

Ls NataAr. Down. . Drab:

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, smoke-gray. Wings and tail black, edged with olive-gray, the secondaries

and tertiaries with olive-green (the two inner tertiaries white edged), the

greater and median coverts with dull white forming two wing bands. Below,

silky white, the chin, throat and sides of head pale canary-yellow, the orbital

ring, ocular region and superciliary stripe still paler. Bill and feet pinkish buff

becoming dusky and slate-gray when older. Iris deep hazel-brown.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuve-

nal moult in August, which involves the body plumage and the

wing coverts but not the rest of the wings nor the tail, young

and old becoming practically indistinguishable.

Similar to previous plumage but greener above. Above, including auriculars and

sides of neck, bright olive-green, scapularies and rump, olive-gray. The lesser

wing coverts are edged with dull olive-green, the median and greater with

pure white, forming two broad wing bands. Below, bright canary-yellow ex-

tending to orbital region and superciliary stripe; abdomen and crissum white,

the flanks faintly washed with olive-gray.

4. Frrst NupriaL PLUMAGE acquired by wear, the olive

above fading a little, the yellow below hardly at all.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult, and practically indistinguishable from first winter

dress, the wing edgings, especially of the lesser coverts and of

the scapularies grayer.

6. ApuLT NupTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

Female.—The sexes and moults are alike.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 239

Vireo solitarius (Wils.). BLUE-HEADED VIREO

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, drab, tinged with green, pileum and auriculars drab-gray. Wings and

tail clove-brown edged with olive-green, the tertiaries with white, two wing

bands at the tips of the median and greater coverts white, yellow tinged. The

outer rectrices partly white. Below, pure white, tinged on flanks and crissum

with primrose-yellow. Obscure superciliary stripe, loral and orbital regions

white; a dusky anteorbital streak. Bill and feet pinkish buff, the former

becoming slaty, the latter plumbeous gray.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial post-

juvenal moult in August which involves the body plumage and

the wing coverts but not the rest of the wings nor the tail.

Young and old become practically indistinguishable.

Similar to the previous plumage but greener above and with a gray cap. Above,

olive-green (often mixed with gray), the pileum, nape, sides of head and tibiz

slate-gray. Below, pure white, strongly washed on the sides and flanks with

olive-yellow mixed with gray. Lores and orbital region conspicuously white.

Orbital ring interrupted anteriorly by deep slate-gray.

4. First NuptTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which pro-

duces little effect, the back becoming a shade grayer.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. Practically indistinguishable from first winter

dress, the gray above clearer and where the orbital ring is inter-

rupted, darker.

6. ApuLT NupTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

Female.—The female is apt to be duller especially in first

winter plumage, the head browner and with a buffy wash below ;

but many birds are indistinguishable from males. The moults

are identical.

Vireo solitarius plumbeus (Coues.). PLUMBEOUS VIREO

This remarkably distinct subspecies, characterized by extreme

paleness in all plumages, enjoys the same sequence of plumages

and of moults as V.. solitarius. In northern Mexico and in Ari-

240 DWIGHT

zona the juvenal dress is acquired chiefly during July. The

postnuptial moult is completed early in August as indicated by

several adults.

Vireo noveboracensis (Gmel.). WHITE-EYED VIREO

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, dull brownish olive-green. Wings and tail deep olive-brown edged with

bright olive-green, the tertiaries with pale buff, the greater and median coverts

with straw-yellow forming two distinct wing bands. Below, dull grayish

white, buffy on the throat, strongly washed on the sides and crissum with sul-

phur-yellow (sometimes buffy). Auriculars pale écru-drab ; supraloral and

orbital regions pale canary-yellow, a dusky loral streak. Bill pinkish buff, be-

coming dusky; feet paler, becoming plumbeous gray. Iris mouse-gray, be-

“coming white by the following spring.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

juvenal moult beginning about the middle of August. The

juvenal dress is worn much longer than that of the other Vireos,

becoming rapidly ragged from the thicket-loving habits of the

species and thus probably its complete renewal is a necessity.

Differs very little from the previous plumage. The olive-green is brighter above,

markedly edged on the pileum and neck with smoke-gray contrasting with the

back. The wings and tail are darker, the edgings of the wing coverts and

tertiaries pale straw-yellow. The throat is grayer and the yellow wash of the

sides brighter and greener.

Young and old become practically indistinguishable except by

the gray iris of the young bird.

4. Frrst NupTiIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which is marked.

The back becomes browner, and the gray is confined to the

neck, but the yellow below shows little change.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. Practically indistinguishable from first winter

dress, but the yellow about the head is apt to be richer and the

gray clearer. The iris is white.

6. Aputt NuptiaL PLuMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

Female.—The sexes are alike in all plumages and the moults

are the same.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 241

MNIOTILTIDA

Many of our Warblers undergo a semi-annual moult which

is often extensive at the time of the prenuptial moult. S. raticz/la

is perhaps unique among them in having a limited first prenuptial

moult which is apparently not repeated, although I suspect a

similar peculiarity may be found to prevail among several others.

The prenuptial period of moult seems to be a protracted one, be-

ginning even in November and extending into May. As most

of the species are in the tropics at this time we do not know

much about the changes in plumage except as we may judge

from somewhat worn specimens when they reach us in the

spring, and from a few extra-limital specimens. The types of

moult are numerous in this large family, but with one possible

exception (/cferia virens) the remiges and rectrices are retained

until the first postnuptial moult. The renewal at the prenuptial

moult varies greatly in amount and when confined to a few

feathers of the head and chin is very difficult to determine. As

a rule adult winter plumages and adult nuptial plumages are not

very different. The juvenal plumage is quickly replaced by the

first winter which is apt to resemble closely the female adult

winter dress. In many species the first prenuptial moult renders

old and young practically indistinguishable although such feath-

ers of the old plumage as remain throw much light upon the

age of doubtful specimens. Great confusion has existed as to

the first winter or ‘‘immature’’ plumage of many species and

still less has been known of the adult winter dress.

Mniotilta varia (Linn.). Brack aNnD WHITE WARBLER

1. Natat Down. Mouse-gray.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, wood-brown streaked with dull olive-brown, the upper tail coverts dusky ;

median crown and superciliary stripe dingy white. Wings and tail dull black,

edged chiefly with ashy gray, the tertiaries (except the proximal which is

entirely black) broadly edged with white, buff tinged on the middleone Two

buffy white wing bands at tips of greater and median wing coverts. The outer

two rectrices with terminal white blotches of variable extent on the inner webs.

ANNALS N. Y. AcaD. Scti., XIII, Oct. 17, 1g00—16.

242 DWIGHT

Below, dull white, washed on the throat and sides with wood-brown, obscurely

streaked on throat, breast, sides and crissum with dull grayish black. Bill and

feet pinkish buff, becoming dusky with age.

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult beginning early in July which involves the body plumage

and the wing coverts but not the rest of the wings nor the tail.

Similar to previous plumage but whiter and definitely streaked. Above, striped in

black and white, the upper tail coverts black broadly edged with white ; median

crown and superciliary stripe pure white. The wing bands white. Below, pure

white streaked with bluish black on sides of breast, flanks and crissum, the

black veiled by overlapping white edgings; the chin, throat, breast and ab-

domen unmarked.. Postocular stripe black ; the white feathers of the sides of

the head tipped with black,

4, First NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves a large part of the body plumage except

posteriorly, but not the wings nor the tail. The black streaks of

the chin and throat are acquired, veiled with white, and the

loral, subocular and auricular regions become jet-black. The

brown primary coverts distinguish young birds and the chin is

less often solidly black than in adults.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult beginning the first of July. Differs from first winter

dress in having the chin and throat heavily streaked with irreg-

ular chains of black spots veiled with white edgings, the wings

and tail blacker and the edgings a brighter gray.

6. AputtT NurtTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult as in the young bird from which the blacker primary cov-

erts and sometimes solidly black chin will serve to distinguish it.

A specimen (Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 50374, February 18th,

Tehuantepec, Mexico), evidently an adult, shows renewal on the

chin ; also an undated bird (Am. Mus., No. 39634, Yucatan).

Female.—TVhe female has corresponding plumages and moults,

the first prenuptial moult often very limited or suppressed. In

juvenal dress the wings and tail are usually browner with duller

edgings and the streaking below obscure. In first winter plu-

mage the streakings are dull and obscure everywhere, a brown

wash conspicuous on the flanks and sides of the throat. The

first nuptial plumage is gained chiefly by wear through which

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 243

the brown tints are largely lost, the general color becoming

whiter and the streaks more distinct. The adult winter plum-

age is rather less brown than the female first winter, the streak-

ings less obscure and the wings and tail darker. The adult

nuptial plumage, acquired partly by moult, is indistinguishable

with certainty from the first nuptial.

Protonotaria citrea (Bodd.). PRotTHONOTARY WARBLER

1. Natat Down. Brownish mouse-gray.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, dull brownish olive-green, yellowish on the back; in very young birds a

strong wash of Vandyke-brown prevailing which fades to gray. Wings and

tail slate-black, edged chiefly with plumbeous gray, the tertiaries (and some-

times the other quill feathers) with olive-green ; the coverts edged with yellow-

ish or greenish wood-brown palest at their tips. The rectrices are largely

white. Below, wood-brown, primrose-yellow on abdomen and crissum, rapidly

fading to brownish gray and white. Bill and feet pinkish buff becoming black.

Twelve specimens of various ages in my collection show

remarkable variations in the depth of the brown.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult in July which involves the body plumage and the wing

coverts, but not the rest of the wings nor the tail. Young and

old become practically indistinguishable.

Entirely different from the previous plumage. Chiefly of a bright lemon-yellow

deepest on the crown, olive-yellow on the back merging into white on abdo-

men and crissum and into piumpeous gray on rump and upper tail coverts.

Wing coverts plumbeous gray edged with olive-green which color also veils

the yellow crown.

4. Frrsr NupriaLt PLuMaGE acquired by wear which produces

very little apparent effect except by loss of some of the edgings.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. Practically indistinguishable from first winter

dress, but the wings and tail usually blacker and the edgings

clear bluish plumbeous gray especially noticeable on the primary

coverts.

6. ApuLT NupTiaL PLUMAGE acquired by wear and indistin-

guishable from the first nuptial.

244 DWIGHT

Female,—The sexes are alike, although the female is apt to

be of a paler yellow and the moults correspond.

Helinaia swainsonii Aud. SwaiInson’s WARBLER

1, Natat Down. -— No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, including wing coverts, pale cinnamon-brown. Below, paler cinnamon.

Wings and tail olive-brown edged with olive-green. Crown with two indistinct

lateral stripes pale brownish gray. A dusky transocular streak. Bill and feet

pale pinkish buff. Scarcely differs from Helmitherus vermivorus but rather

paler.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult which involves the body plumage and wing coverts but

not the remiges nor rectrices. Young and old become prac-

tically indistinguishable.

Above, bistre, greener on the back. Below, yellowish white, shading to olive-buff

on sides and flanks. Superciliary line indistinctly white ; a dusky line through

the eye.

4. First NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear. The head

becomes Mars-brown in contrast to the olive back, and below the

plumage is somewhat paler. |

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. Practically indistinguishable from first winter

dress.

6. ApuLrt NuPpTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear. as in the

young bird.

female.—TYhe moults and plumages correspond to those of

the male, and females are hardly distinguishable except by a

duller line through the eye.

Helmitherus vermivorus (Gmel.). WorM-EATING WARBLER

1. Narat Down. Brownish mouse-gray.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Whole body plumage and the wing coverts cinnamon, palest on the abdomen.

Wings and tail olive-brown edged with olive-green. Two indistinct lateral

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 245

crown stripes brownish mouse-gray. A transocular streak dusky. Bill and

feet pinkish buff remaining quite pale later.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning early in July, which involves the body plumage

and wing coverts but not the rest of the wings nor the tail.

Young and old become practically indistinguishable.

Resembles the previous plumage. Above, grayish olive-green, the lateral crown

stripes and the postocular streak black, the median stripe and the superciliary

lines pale buff-yellow or deep cream-color. Below, cream-color washed on the

throat with buff-yellow and on the flanks with olive-buff.

4. First NupTiaAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which is not

obvious, the tints fading slightly.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult beginning about the first of July. Adults are in-

distinguishable from young birds although sometimes paler.

6. ADuLT NuPTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

Female.—The sexes are alike in all plumages and the moults

are identical.

Helminthophila pinus (Linn.). BLuE-wincep WARBLER

1. NataL Down. Mouse-gray.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal

moult.

Entire body plumage olive-yellow darkest on the back and throat. Wings and tail

slate-gray largely edged with plumbeous gray, the tertiaries and coverts with

olive-yellow; the greater and median coverts tipped with white, yellow

tinged. KRectrices largely white. Lores dusky. Bill and feet pinkish buff

becoming dusky,

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning early in July, which involves the body plum-

age and wing coverts but not the rest of the wings nor the tail,

young and old becoming practically indistinguishable.

Similar to the previous plumage. Above, bright olive-green, lemon- yellow on the

crown veiled by greenish tips. Below, bright lemon-yellow, the crissum white

or merely tinged with yellow. Transocular streak black. Wing coverts plum-

beous gray, edged with olive-green, the greater and median tipped with white,

yellow tinged, forming two broad wing bands.

246 DWIGHT

4. First NupriAL PLuMAGE acquired by wear which produces

little change except to expose the concealed yellow of the crown

by loss of the greenish feather tips.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in July. Practically indistinguishable from first

winter dress, the yellow of the crown rather more conspicuous

and the yellow below a trifle deeper.

6. ApuLt NuptTiaAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

Female.—Indistinguishable from the male in juvenal plumage ;

in later plumages distinguished by the duller black of the trans-

ocular streak and by very little yellow on the crown.

I am able to throw little additional light on the supposed hy-

brids 7. leucobronchialis and H. lawrencei. Of two specimens

in my collection from the same brood and fed by a typical //.

pinus one (No. 4434,9, June 28th, New Jersey) is in the juvenal

dress of this species with many new yellow feathers of the first

winter plumage appearing, the other (No. 4433, ¢), is in similar

juvenal dress, but is acquiring on the throat the black feathers of

Ff, lawrencet.

Helminthophila chrysoptera (Linn.). GOoLDEN-WINGED

WARBLER

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, grayish or brownish olive-green. Wings and tail slate-black edged chiefly

with bluish plumbeous gray, the coverts and tertiaries with olive-green. Below,

pale olive-yellow, the throat dusky. Transocular streak dusky. Bill and feet

pinkish buff becoming dusky.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning early in July, which involves the body plumage

and wing coverts, but not the rest of the wings nor the tail,

young and old becoming practically indistinguishable.

Unlike previous plumage. Above, plumbeous gray veiled with olive-green edg-

ings; the crown bright lemon-yellow veiled posteriorly only. Below,

grayish white, with yellow edgings here and there, the chin, jugulum, lores

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 247

and auriculars jet-black veiled slightly with pale buff. Broad submalar

stripes joining at angle of the chin, and superciliary lines white. Outer half

of median and greater coverts bright lemon-yellow forming an almost con-

tinuous wing patch, lesser coverts plumbeous gray, edged with olive-green.

4. Frrst NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear, through which

the buff edgings of the black areas, the olive edgings of the

back and the yellow edgings below are almost completely lost,

the plumage becoming clear gray, white, yellow and black.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in July. Practically indistinguishable from the

young bird, the veiling usually less marked or absent, and black

occupying the whole interramal space which is white in the first

winter dress.

6. ApuLtT NuptiaL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

Female.—In juvenal plumage the sexes are alike. In first

winter and other plumages olive-gray, dusky on the lores and

auriculars, replaces the black areas of the male, and olive-yellow

marks the crown. Above, the plumage is greenish; the sub-

malar stripes are grayish.

Helminthophila. ruficapilla (Wils.). NasnvirteE WARBLER

1. Natart Down. Sepia-brown.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Pileum hair-brown, back darker, olive-tinged, and rump olive-green. Below, pale

yellowish wood-brown, straw-yellow on abdomen and crissum. Wings and

tail olive-brown broadly edged with bright olive-green, the median and greater

coverts tipped with pale buff-yellow forming two wing bands. Lores and

auriculars mouse-gray, the orbital ring pale buff. Bill and feet pinkish buff,

dusky when older.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning the middle of July, which involves the body

plumage and wing coverts, but not the rest of the wings nor

the tail. Young and old become practically indistinguishable in

many cases.

248 DWIGHT

Above, grayish hair-brown becoming bright olive-yellow on the rump and wing

coverts; a variable, small area of chestnut on the crown concealed by the

feather tips. Below, canary-yellow, brightest on the throat, breast and cris-

sum, slightly veiled by grayish feather tips, the flanks washed with brownish

olive-buff. Sides of head and neck smoke-gray. Conspicuous orbital ring

buffy white.

4. Frrst NupTiAL PLUMAGE acquired bya partial prenuptial

moult which involves chiefly the crown, sides of head and throat,

but not the rest of the body plumage nor the wings and tail.

The head becomes plumbeous gray, the edgings only half con-

cealing the rich chestnut of the crown. The orbital ring is

white and conspicuous. Wear is marked, bringing the gray of

the nape into contrast with the greenish back, later exposing the

chestnut of the crown.

5. ApULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnuptial

moult in July, and practically indistinguishable in many cases

from first winter dress, but usually the chestnut area on the

crown is larger and the color deeper, the gray areas darker and

the yellow below brighter.

6. Aputrt NuptiaL PLUMAGE acquired probably by a partial

prenuptial moult as in the young bird. It does not seem prob-

able that by wear alone the brownish gray tips of the chestnut

crown feathers and the brownish gray tints of the head in autumn

can become so decidedly plumbeous by spring, and besides the

most worn spring birds show comparatively little wear.

Female-—The plumages and moults correspond to those of

the male. The sexes are alike injuvenal plumage. In first winter

plumage, the chestnut of the crown is lacking or a mere trace.

In first nuptial plumage, acquired partly by a limited prenuptial

moult, the chestnut is increased although new feathers both with

and without chestnut grow on the crown. Two specimens from

Jalapa, Mexico, April 7th (Am. Mus., Nos. 68548 and 68549),

show pin-feathers on the crown and throat. The adult winter

plumage is practically like the male adult winter and later plum-

ages are very similar to those of the male, the gray and yellow

usually duller.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 249

Helminthophila celata (Say). ORANGE-cROWNED WARBLER

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, brownish olive-green. Wings and tail olive-brown, broadly edged with

bright olive-green, the median and greater coverts tipped with buff. Below,

greenish buff paler and yellower on abdomen and crissum. Lores and auricu-

lars grayish buff. Bill and feet pinkish buff, dusky when older.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult which involves the body plumage and wing coverts, but

not the rest of the wings nor the tail.

Above, bright olive-green, mostly concealed on the pileum and nape with pale

mouse-gray edgings that blend into the green. The crown brownish orange

concealed by greenish feather tips. Wing coverts broadly edged with dull

olive-green, sometimes the greater coverts with faint whitish tips. Below,

pale olive-yellow, grayish on the chin and sides of neck with very indistinct

olive-gray streaking. A dusky anteorbital spot. Lores, orbital ring and indis-

tinct superciliary stripe mouse-gray.

4. First NupTiaAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves chiefly the anterior part of the head and

the chin. A richer, half concealed, orange crown patch is ac-

quired ; the lores and adjacent parts become grayer, the anteorbital

spot darker. Wear makes birds greener above and slightly

yellower below. Young and old become practically indistin-

cuishable.

5. ApuLT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. Differs chiefly from first winter dress in possess-

ing a larger, more distinct crown patch. The color below is

uniform and paler.

6. ADULT NupTiaL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult, as in the young bird. Several March specimens, appa-

rently adults, show pin-feathers on the throat and head.

Female.—The sexes and the moults are -practically alike, al-

though the female is usually a little duller. In first winter plu-

mage, however, the crown patch is usually wholly lacking, and

the first prenuptial moult is more or less suppressed.

250 DWIGHT

Helminthophila peregrina (Wils.). TENNESSEE WARBLER

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Similar to H. rwficapil/a but lacking the brownish cast and with a faint dusky trans-

ocular stripe. Above dull grayish olive-green, the rump brighter. Wings and

tail clove-brown, the primaries whitish edged, the secondaries tertiaries and

wing coverts greenish edged with two yellowish white wing bands. Below

grayish buff rapidly fading when older to a greenish gray ; abdomen and cris-

sum pale straw-yellow. Trace of dusky transocular streak. Billi and feet

pinkish buff, dusky when older. .

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning about the middle of July in eastern Canada,

which involves the body plumage and the wing coverts, but not

the rest of the wings nor the tail, young and old becoming

‘practically indistinguishable.

Resembles the previous plumage. Above, bright olive-green, gray tinged on the

pileum. Below, olive-yellow darker on the flanks, the abdomen and crissum

white. Superciliary line and orbital ring buff. Transocular streak dull black.

4. First NuptiaAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves chiefly the head, chin and throat. The

ashy gray cap is acquired, the chin, throat and superciliary line

become white, the throat is tinged with cream-buff and the

transocular streak black. The yellow tints of the feathers re-

tained below are lost by wear.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in July. Practically indistinguishable from first

winter, but somewhat grayer above and whiter below.

6. ADULT NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired evidently by a partial

prenuptial moult as in the young bird. A specimen (Am. Mus.,

No. 39688) from Tehuantepec, Mexico, January 14th, shows

new growth of feathers about the head.

Female.—TVhe plumages and moults correspond to those of

the male. The sexes are alike in juvenal plumage. In first

winter plumage differs from the male in having the lower parts

more washed with olive-green. The prenuptial moult is less

extensive and the crown never becomes, even in later plumages,

as gray as that of the male, but always has a brown or green-

ish tinge.

—

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK

Compsothypis americana (Linn.). ParuLa WARBLER

1. Narat Down. Smoke-gray.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, including sides of head, brownish olive-gray ; indistinct superciliary stripe and

orbital ring white, yellow tinged ; faint dusky transocular streak. Wings clove-

brown, the edgings chiefly olive-green, bluish on the primaries and their coverts.

Two wing bands tipping coverts, white. Tail clove-brown edged with ashy

blue the outer rectrices with subterminal white blotches on their inner webs.

Bill and feet pinkish buff, the former becoming dusky, the latter deep sepia-

brown with age.

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning the middle of July, which involves the body

plumage and the wing coverts but not the rest of the wings nor

the tail.

Unlike the previous plumage. Above, including sides of head, bluish plumbeous

gray veiled by olive-green edgings, the back chestnut-tinged veiled by olive-

yellow. Below, canary-yellow on chin and throat, veiling a pectoral band of

pale chestnut, which is dusky on the jugulum and invaded by the gray of the

sides of the neck. The abdomen and crissum, white, veiled slightly with edg-

ings of canary-yellow, the sides and flanks faintly washed with cinereous gray

and pale chestnut. The wing coverts are bluish plumbeous gray, broadly

tipped with white yellow-tinged, forming two wing bands. Indistinct super-

ciliary line and large suborbital spot white. A dusky transocular streak.

Young and old become practically indistinguishable in many

cases, the young birds usually duller and especially lacking in

chestnut on the chin.

4. First NuptriaAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves chiefly the head, chin and throat, but not

the rest of the body plumage, the wings nor the tail. The ashy

blue crown feathers faintly dusky centrally, the blackish ones

of the sides of the head with a white spot above and below the

eye and the yellow or chestnut-tinged chin feathers as far as the

pectoral band or farther are assumed by moult. Wear brings

the back into contrast with the nape and whitens the lower parts.

The wings and tail are browner and more worn than in the adult,

especially the primary coverts.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnuptial

moult in July. * Practically indistinguishable from first winter

252 DWIGHT

dress in some cases, but usually bluer with blacker wings and tail,

with bluer wing edgings (especially the primary coverts), darker

transocular streak, the edgings above more scanty, the pectoral

band broader and both parts of it darker and the chin usually

tinged wich chestnut.

6. ADULT NupTiAL PLUMAGE acquired evidently by a. partial

prenuptial moult as in the young bird. The bluer wing edgings

and the blacker primary coverts constitute the only fairly con-

stant differences between young and old. Differs from adult

winter dress chiefly in the deeper blue of the head, blackness in

loral and ocular regions with a small white spot above and

below the eye, and in the unveiling of concealed tints elsewhere.

female.—N ot distinguishable from the male until the first winter

plumage is assumed when the chestnut of the pectoral band is

much restricted or lacking, and the upper parts are greener. The

first nuptial plumage is assumed by a limited prenuptial moult, a

female taken in Jamaica, West Indies, January 29th, showing

actual moult on the head and throat. The colors assumed are

duller than those of male in first nuptial dress but similarly dis-

tributed. The adult winter plumage resembles the male in first

winter dress but the primary coverts are usually bluer and the

chestnut more restricted. The adult nuptial plumage differs little

from this and later plumages are always duller than those of the

male.

The separation of northern birds into a subspecies known as

usne@ is based upon extremely slender characters, the variation

between individuals being greater than the differences described.

The first prenuptial moult usually produces americana especi-

ally if it does not extend to the chestnut portion of the pectoral

band. Later prenuptial moults probably produce wsnee with the

deeper colors peculiar to adults. If it were not that some young

birds also acquire deep colors, the matter would be less compli-

cated. |

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK - 2d:

Dendroica tigrina (Gmel.). Cape May WARBLER

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, dark hair-brown, olive tinged on the back. Wings and tail black, edged

chiefly with dull brownish olive-green, the coverts with drab and tipped with

buffy white. The two outer rectrices with subterminal white spots. Below,

including sides of head, mouse-gray with dusky mottling or streaking on the

breast and sides; the abdomen and crissum dingy white faintly tinged with

primrose-yellow. Bill and feet pinkish buff becoming dusky.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning early in July in eastern Canada, which involves

the body plumage and the wing coverts, but not the rest of the

wings nor the tail. :

Above, dull olive-green, each feather centrally clove-brown veiled with olive-gray

edgings ; the rump canary-yellow, the feathers basally black. Below, including

sides of neck, superciliary lines and spot under eye, canary-yellow, palest on ab-

domen and crissum, narrowly streaked on sides of chin, on the throat, breast and

sides with black which is veiled by grayish edgings; auriculars mouse-gray.

4. First NuptraL PLuMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves much of the body plumage but not the

wings nor the tail. The black crown, the streaks on the back,

the chestnut ear-patches and the streaked yellow of the throat

and breast are acquired. A specimen of January 30th from

Jamaica, W. I., shows new growth on the throat.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in July. Similar to first winter plumage but the

head black, the back streaked and everywhere veiled with smoke-

eray edgings. Below, whitish edgings obscure the black streaks,

the chestnut ear-coverts and the bright lemon-yellow areas. The

wings and tail are blacker than in first winter, the back is black,

either streaked or spotted, and the yellow below is deeper.

6. AvuLtT NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult as in the young bird. The change from the previous

plumage is so slight as to suggest the possibility of wear alone,

the amount of which is not, however, as strikingly variable in

different spring individuals as might be expected if the young

alone undergo a prenuptial moult. I confess I am in doubt,

with so little available material.

254 DWIGHT

Female.—Not distinguishable from the male until the first

winter plumage is assumed, which is duller and browner above,

and generally without yellow below, being dull white with gray

streaking. The first nuptial shows a little yellow assumed by

a limited prenuptial moult. The adult winter plumage is similar

to the male in first winter dress, the yellow below rather paler

and with less heavy streaking. Later plumages are duller than

those of the male.

Dendroica xstiva (Gmel.). YELLOW WARBLER

1. Natrat Down. Mouse-gray.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, pale olive-brown. Wings clove-brown broadly edged with bright olive-

yellow paling at tips of the quills, the edge of the outer primary bright lemon-

yellow. ‘Tail pale clove-brown, the inner webs of the rectrices lemon-yellow,

the outer edged with olive-yellow. Below, pale sulphur-yellow, unstreaked.

Bill and feet pinkish buff the former becoming slaty, the latter deep sepia-

brown.

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, early in July, which involves the body plumage and the

wing coverts, but not the rest of the wings nor the tail.

Similar to previous plumage but yellower and somewhat obscurely streaked below.

Above, pale yellowish olive-green, the edgings of the wing coverts paler. Be-

low, dull lemon-yellow obscurely, narrowly and sparingly streaked on the

throat and sides with pale chestnut.

The paler yellow lower parts, but slightly streaked, distin-

guish young birds from old.

4. First NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves most of the body plumage, the wing

coverts and the tertiaries, but not the primaries, their coverts, the |

secondaries, nor the tail. The whole plumage becomes golden

lemon-yellow, greener above and brightly streaked on the

throat, breast and sides with pale chestnut, somewhat veiled by

the feather edgings. The forehead and crown are yellower than

the back and usually chestnut tinged. The tertiaries and wing

coverts are broadly edged with bright lemon-yellow. An un-

dated specimen from French Guiana (Am. Mus., No. 39844),

PASSERINE BIRDS ‘OF NEW YORK 255

with worn, narrowly streaked breast-feathers shows pin-feathers

about the head, throat and back. This bird may be an adult

female, but the fact of moult is proved just the same. Young

and old become practically indistinguishable.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in July. Similar to first winter dress but the yel-

low richer, and streaked more or less heavily on throat and sides

with pale chestnut veiled by the overlapping feather edges. The

bill is usually darker. The primary coverts are darker and more

conspicuously edged. The crown is not orange or chestnut

tinged as in nuptial dress.

6. ApuLT NuptiaL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult as in the young bird, from which it is practically indis-

tinguishable save in some marked cases by the darker wings and

tail most obvious in the primary coverts. The yellowish orange

forehead and the chestnut streaks below, heavier than in adult

winter dress, are assumed at this moult.

Female.—Not distinguishable until the first winter plumage is

assumed, which is paler and lacks the -streaking of the male.

The first nuptial is assumed by a limited prenuptial moult, be-

coming yellower than the previous plumage and acquiring a few

obscure chestnut streaks below. The adult winter plumage re-

sembles the first winter, but the yellow is deeper and there are a

few chestnut streaks below, birds sometimes resembling quite

closely males in first winter dress. Later plumages differ little.

Dendroica cerulescens (Gmel.). BLACK-THROATED BLUE

WARBLER

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, including auriculars, olive-brown. Wings dull black, the primaries with a

large white blotch basally and edged with bluish plumbeous gray, the

secondaries, tertiaries and coverts with olive-green. Tail black with sub-

terminal white blotches on the outer rectrices and edged broadly with clear

bluish plumbeous gray. Below, dull brownish white, yellow tinged on throat

and abdomen. TLores and two submalar streaks dusky; superciliary stripe

yellowish white. Bill and feet pinkish buff, the former becoming black, the

latter sepia.

256 DWIGHT

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning late in July in eastern Canada, which involves

the body plumage and the wing coverts, but not the rest of the

wings nor the tail. Occasionally an old juvenal covert is retained

and sometimes one or more black tertiaries or black-spotted back

feathers are assumed.

Unlike the previous plumage. Above, bluish plumbeous gray bluest on the head,

and everywhere veiled with olive-green edgings. Below, white, tinged with

pale yellow or buff on the flanks; sides of head including superciliary line, the

chin, throat, sides of breast and abdomen and the tibiz black, veiled slightly

with ashy gray, the interramal space usually white. The wing covertsare black,

edged with bluish plumbeous gray. ‘There are usually a few white feathers on

the lower eyelid.

4. Frrst NupTriAL PLUMAGE acquired probably by an extremely

limited prenuptial moult confined to the head and chin. Blue-

gray crown feathers and black interramal ones are assumed by

moult, the greenish edgings above and the ashy ones of the black

areas being lost by wear which is marked. Young and old _ be-

come indistinguishable except by the brown worn wings and tail

most noticeable in the primary coverts of the young bird. A\l-

though most of the white interramal feathers are basally black

wear alone of this region could scarcely produce the uniformly

black feathers found on spring birds.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in July. Differs from first winter in being of a

bluer gray above without greenish edgings, the back often with

a few black spots, the crown with concealed dusky shaft streaks.

The black below solid, including the interramal space, the veil-

ing absent or slight, the primaries with a larger area of white.

The wings and tail are blacker and the edgings bluer, showing

well in the primary coverts. There is no white on the lower

eyelid. Young and old become indistinguishable.

6. ApuLT NupTIAL PLUMAGE acquired perhaps by a limited pre-

nuptial moult as in the young bird, wear producing no obvious

changes. The less worn, blacker wings with bluer edgings dis-

tinguish adults from young in first nuptial dress. The freshness

of crown and chin feathers, the former sometimes with blacker

shaft streaks than in autumn, point to a moult.

PASSERINE BIRDS.OF NEW YORK 257

Female.—The females have corresponding plumages and

moults. Even in juvenal plumage a difference from the male

can be observed in the dull brown wings and tail with greenish

instead of bluish edgings, and the white area at the bases of the

primaries is dingy and sometimes absent. In first winter plu-

mage the bird is olive-green above, and yellowish buff below ;

the wings and tail olive-brown, the latter without white blotches,

the superciliary line and the lower eyelid are buffy-white; the

lores and auriculars are a dull drab. The first nuptial plumage

is acquired apparently wholly by wear, which makes the bird

grayer above and whiter below. The adult winter plumage is

bluer above than the first winter, especially on the head, lesser

coverts and wing edgings, and paler below, the tail showing traces

of dingy blotches on the lateral rectrices. The white area of the

primaries is larger and whiter. The lores and auriculars are

dusky. The adult nuptial and later plumages are very similar

to the adult winter.

I am of the opinion that the southern race described as cazrusz

may prove to be untenable, as the blackness of the back might

easily be due to age rather than locality.

Dendroica coronata (Linn.). Myrrre WARBLER

1. Natat Down. No specimens seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, the feathers centrally dull black, edged with drab and buffy brown, produc-

ing a streaked effect. Below, much whiter but similarly streaked, a tinge of pale

primrose-yellow on the abdomen, Wings and tail dull black, edged with drab,

palest 6n primaries and outer rectrices. Two very indistinct buffy white wing

bands. Upper and lower eyelids with dull white spots. Bill and feet dusky

pinkish buff, the former becoming black, the latter deep sepia.

Birds at this stage (see Auk, XVI, 1899, p. 217, plate III),

bear a striking resemblance to the young of Spznus pinius.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, in August in eastern Canada, which involves the body

plumage and wing coverts but not the rest of the wings nor the.

tail.

ANNALS N. Y. AcAD. Sct, XIII, Oct. 18, 1900—17.

258 DWIGHT

Entirely different from the previous plumage. Above, sepia-brown, grayer on the

back and obscurely streaked with black, the rump and a concealed crown spot

lemon-yellow, the upper tail coverts black, broadly edged with plumbeous gray.

Wing coverts black, plumbeous edged and tipped with white tinged with wood-

brown forming two wing bands. Below, dull white, washed with pale buff on

the throat and sides and obscurely streaked on the breast and sides with black,

veiled by whitish edgings. Sides of breast with dull yellow patches. In-

complete orbital ring and faintly indicated superciliary stripe white or buffy.

4. First NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves most of the body plumage and wing cov-

erts, occasionally a tertiary but not the rest of the wings nor the

tail. The black and gray of the upper surface, the white wing

bars and the yellow crown and rump are new, some of the old

upper tail coverts and a part of the feathers of the abdomen and

crissum being retained in many cases and less often those of the

back and elsewhere. Young and old become practically indis-

tinguishable although the young usually have browner and more

worn wings and tails, obvious in the primary coverts, but the

differences are not absolute.

5. ApuLT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult beginning late in July. Differs little from the

first winter dress, but the wings and tail are blacker with brighter

gray edgings, noticeable especially in the primary coverts. The

back is usually grayer and the lower parts whiter, with broader

streakings above and below.

6. ApuLT NupTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult, as in the young bird from which the adult is usually dis-

tinguishable by blacker wings and grayer edgings, especially of

the primary coverts.

Female.—The female has plumages and moults correspond-

ing to the male, from which she is not distinguishable until the

first winter plumage is assumed, and then not in all cases. The

black streaking of this dress is less obvious both above and _ be-

low than in the male, the plumage everywhere is browner, and

the crown patch very obscure. The first nuptial plumage is as-

sumed by a restricted moult, leaving behind many brown

feathers. The brown feathers of the lores and auriculars are

assumed by moult. The adult winter plumage is little different

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 299

from the first winter, the wings and tail rather blacker, the edg-

ings grayer and the streakings more obvious resembling the male

in first winter dress. The adult nuptial is acquired both by

moult and by wear. The most highly colored females are

almost always duller than the dullest males in corresponding

plumages. A large series of specimens taken every month in

the year shows clearly the changes by moult and by wear in

the plumages of this Warbler, which is the only one that ever

passes the winter in this latitude.

Dendroica maculosa (Gmel.). MaGnoriA WARBLER

1. Natat Down. Sepia-brown.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, dark sepia-brown, soon fading, usually paler on the crown and obscurely

streaked with clove-brown. Wings and tail dull black, chiefly edged with ashy

or plumbeous gray, the secondaries, tertiaries and wing coverts with drab, two

wing bands pale buff; the rectrices white on inner web of basal half. Below,

pale sulphur-yellow, dusky or grayish on the throat and streaked or mottled

except on the abdomen and crissum with deep olive-brown. Lores and orbital

region ashy brown. Bill dusky pinkish buff, black when older. Feet pinkish

buff, pale sepia when older.

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning early in July, which involves the body plumage

and the wing coverts, but not the rest of the wings nor the tail.

Entirely different from the previous plumage. Head and nape chiefly mouse-gray,

the back olive-yellow veiling black or dusky spots ; rump lemon-yellow, upper

tail coverts black, with broad plumbeous edgings. Below, bright lemon-yellow,

white on abdomen and crissum, with an ashy pectoral band and streaked ob-

scurely on sides of breast and on the flanks with black, veiled by overlapping

yellow edgings. Wing coverts black, e¢ged with gray or olive-green and tipped

with white forming two distinct wing bands. Broad orbital ring buffy white.

4. First NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves most of the body plumage, the wing

coverts and sometimes a few tertiaries, but not the rest of the

wings nor the tail. Young and old become practically indis-

tinguishable except by the wings and tail, especially the primary

coverts, all of which are usually browner and more worn than

in adults.

260 DWIGHT

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in July. Similar to the first winter dress but the

streaking below broader, and the wings and tail blacker with

grayer edgings ; but none of these differences are constant, and

a dull adult may easily be mistaken for a high-colored young

bird. Spotting on the back is more extensive and a solid patch

of black may be assumed.

6. Aputt NupriaAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves the same areas as in the young bird with

similar results. Black edging on the nape and a‘more solid

black patch on the back may be acquired, with less of the

greenish edgings that are common to young birds. . The wings

and tail being blacker, show less wear.

Female.—The plumages and moults of the female correspond

to those of the male, the prenuptial moult always more restricted

as is regularly the case with females of all species. The juvenal

plumage is the same as that of the male, the wings and tail and

their edgings duller. The first winter plumage is browner above,

especially on the pileum than that of the male, the yellow rather

paler below and the streaking scanty and obscure. The first

nuptial plumage resembles the previous dress but the throat is

distinctly streaked with black, the auriculars are blackish instead

of gray, tne orbital ring whiter and posterior part of the super-

ciliary line white. The adult winter plumage differs but slightly

from first winter, the wing edgings grayer and the streaks

broader, but duller than the male first winter. The adult nuptial

plumage has the pileum browner than in nuptial male plumage,

the streaks fewer and the black of the back merely streaks,

never solid.

Dendroica cerulea (Wils.). CERULEAN WARBLER

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, drab with rather darker edgings. Wings and tail dull brownish black

edged largely with bice-green, the primaries with bluish cinereous gray, the

tertiaries with grayish white, the coverts with drab, two wing bands white.

Below, grayish white, faintly tinged with primrose-yellow. Bill and feet pink-

ish buff becoming dusky.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 261

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning the middle of July, which involves the body

plumage and wing coverts, but not the rest of the wings nor the

tail.

Above, deep bice-green, partly concealing cinereous gray which is conspicuous on

the rump and upper tail coverts, the latter and the feathers of the back often

black centrally. The wing coverts with bluish cinereous gray edgings ; two

wing bands white, faintly tinged with canary-yellow. Below, white, strongly

washed except on chin, abdomen and crissum with primrose-yellow, the sides

and flanks streaked obscurely with dull black. Superciliary line primrose-

yellow ; lores and orbital regions whitish ; a dusky transocular streak.

4, First NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves much of the body plumage and wing co-

verts, but not the rest of the wings nor the tail. The grayish

cerulean blue, the black streaks on the back and the white

wing bands are acquired ; below, the plumage is white with a

narrow bluish black band on the throat and the sides distinctly

streaked. Young and old become practically indistinguishable,

except by the duller wings and tail of the juvenal dress.

5. Aputt WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in July. Differs from first winter in being much

bluer and whiter, the wings and tail blacker and the edgings

a bluer gray. Resembles the adult nuptial, but rather grayer on

the back and the throat band incomplete.

6. ApuLT NupTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult as in the young bird.

Female.—The plumages and moults correspond to those of

the male. In juvenal plumage the edgings of the wings and tail

are greener tinged than those of the male. In first winter plum-

age the green above is duller and the black of the back and tail

coverts is lacking; below there is more yellow and the side

streaks are obscure. The first nuptial plumage is acquired by

a moult limited chiefly to the head and throat which become

bluer and whiter respectively. Later plumages are brighter, but

green always replaces the blue of the male.

262 DWIGHT

Dendroica pensylvanica (Linn.). CHESTNUT-SIDED WARBLER

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JuVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, dark raw umber-brown, obscurely streaked or spotted on the back with dull

black. Wings and tail dull black, chiefly edged with ashy or plumbeous gray ;

the secondaries, and tertiaries with olive-yellow, the coverts with buff forming

two wing bands yellow-tinged. Below, pale umber-brown, grayer on the throat

and sides of head, the abdomen and crissum dull white. bill and feet dusky

pinkish buff, becoming black.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning late in June, which involves the body plumage

and wing coverts, but not the rest of the wings nor the tail.

Unlike the previous plumage. Above, bright olive-yellow concealing black spots

on the back and rump, the upper tail coverts black, tipped with cinereous gray

and olive-yellow. The wing coverts black, edged with olive-yellow, two

broad wing bands canary-yellow mixed with white. Below, grayish white,

pearl-gray on sides of head, throat, breast and flanks, a trace of chestnut strip-

ing the flanks terminating in a lemon-yellow spot. Conspicuous white orbital

ring.

4. Frrst NupTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves most of the body plumage and the wing

coverts, but not the rest of the wings nor the tail. Young and

old become practically indistinguishable, save for the browner

wings and tail of the young bird. The yellow crown, the black

and white about the head, the streaking of the back and the

lateral chestnut stripes of the throat and sides are acquired.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnup-

tial moult in July. Differs from first winter dress only in the

broad deep chestnut stripes on the sides, the greater amount of

black on the back and the slightly blacker wings and tail, with

brighter edgings.

6. ADULT NuptraL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult as in the young bird.

female.—The plumages and moults correspond to those of

the male, from which it is first distinguishable in first winter

plumage when the white below is duller the sides grayer and

the chestnut stripes altogether lacking. The first nuptial plum-

age, acquired by a limited moult, resembles that of the male in

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 263

like dress but is lacking in intensity of the colors. The adult

winter plumage resembles the first winter, but is brighter and

with a trace of the chestnut stripes like the male first winter

dress. In adult nuptial plumages, the black on the sides of head

and throat is regularly duller and the chestnut striping less heavy

than in the male.

Dendroica castanea (Wils.). BAy-BREASTED WARBLER

1, Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, including wings, tail and wing coverts, clove-brown, edged with pale bistre ;

two wing bands dull white. Below, white, thickly spotted with dull black,

Bill and feet pinkish buff becoming dusky.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, in July and August in eastern Canada, which involves the

body plumage and wing coverts but not the rest of the wings nor

the tail.

Similar to previous plumage but unspotted. Above, yellowish olive-green with dusky

streaks on the crown, a few concealed black spots on the back, the upper tail co-

verts cinereous gray. Wing coverts edged with olive-green and two broad wing

bands white tinged with yellow. Below, cream-color washed with straw-yel-

low on the throat and with a very little chestnut on the flanks.

Resembles D. striata but a yellower olive above, a buffier yellow below and a wash

of chestnut on the flanks, with less definite streaking above and none below.

4. First NuptiaALt PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves most of the body plumage and wing cov-

erts but not the rest of the wings nor the tail. The deep chest-

nut crown, paler throat and lateral stripes, black sides of

the head and forehead, olive-gray back streaked with black, the

rich buff patches on the sides of the neck and the black wing

coverts, plumbeous-edged and white-tipped, are all.assumed.

Young and old become practically indistinguishable, adults usu-

ally with darker wings and tail noticeable in the primary coverts.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in July. Similar to first winter dress, but the

crown, nape and back distinctly streaked with black, creamier

tints below and the flanks striped distinctly with chestnut, the

264 DWIGHT

wings and tail blacker and the edgings grayer rather than

greener as in the young bird ; a few chestnut feathers sometimes

appear on the throat and the crown.

6. ApuLT NupTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult as in the young bird.

Female.-—TYhe plumages and moults correspond to those of

the male. Distinguishable first in first winter plumage, which is

a clearer green without the crown streaks of the male, the black

spots on the back duller and usually even a trace of chestnut is

lacking on the flanks. The first nuptial plumage acquired by a

limited moult approaches in pattern and color that of the male,

but is much duller and the chestnut limited. The adult winter

plumage is similar to the first winter, but whiter below, with a

a wash of chestnut on the flanks and with crown streaks and the

dorsal spots. better defined, resembling closely the male first

winter dress, although usually rather duller. The adult nuptial

plumage is practically indistinguishable from the first nuptial, the

older birds with richer colors, but the chestnut is at most merely

a crown patch, a pectoral band and a wash on the sides.

Dendroica striata (Forst.). BLAack-poLtL WARBLER

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, including sides of head, olive-gray obscurely streaked or mottled with dull

black, Wings and tail clove-brown edged with dull olive-green, whitish on

the tail, tertiaries and wing bands. ‘Two rectrices with white terminal spots

on the inner webs. Below, dingy white mottled with dull black. Bill and

feet pinkish buff, the former becoming dusky, the latter sepia.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, in July and August in eastern Canada, which involves

the body plumage and the wing coverts, but not the rest of the

wings and the tail. |

Similar to previous plumage but unspotted, Above, including sides of head, olive-

green, olive-gray on tail-coverts, rather obscurely streaked, chiefly on the back,

with black. The wing coverts clove-brown edged with olive-green and tipped

with white, yellow-tinged. Below, very pale canary-yellow, white on abdomen

and crissum with a few obscure grayish streaks on the throat and sides, A

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 265

narrow and obscure superciliary line and orbital ring pale canary yellow ; the

lores whitish, a faint dusky transocular stripe. One or two black crown feathers

are occasionally assumed.

Resembles D. castanea and D. vigorsii but distinguishable from either of them by

the streaked back and duller colors.

4. Frrst NupTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves most of the body plumage, the wing

coverts and tertiaries, but not the rest of the wings nor the tail.

Young and old become practically indistinguishable. ‘The black

cap and black and white plumage are assumed, at first evidently,

somewhat veiled by whitish edgings. The early beginning of

the prenuptial moult is indicated by a specimen labeled Roraima,

British Guiana, November Ist, which shows active moult in

progress on the nape, back, abdomen and sides, where black and

white feathers are replacing yellowish ones.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in July. Similar to first winter dress but whiter

below, the streaking often distinctly black and extending to the

chin, which is spotted here and there; above the crown is de-

cidedly streaked or marked with stray black feathers ; the wings

and tail are blacker and the edgings darker and grayer especially

on the tertiaries. The slight sprinkling of black feathers is like

that found in Dolichonyx orizivorus and some other species in

the autumn.

6. ApuLT NupTiaAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult as in the young bird.

Female.—TVhe plumages and moults correspond to those of the

male from which it is first distinguishable in first winter plum-

age, but not in every case. Females are then a little greener

above and yellower below including the crissum, the streaks on

the sides extremely faint. The first nuptial plumage acquired

by moult is a little paler than the first winter, the head, back

and sides with distinct black streaks ; resembles the male in first

winter dress but more decidedly streaked. The adult winter

plumage is practically indistinguishable from first winter but

rather paler and with the wing edgings darker. The adult nup-

tial plumage much resembles the male in adult winter dress and

266 DWIGHT

is merely tinged with yellow and streaked on crown, back, sides

of chin, throat, and sides with black. The black cap and broad

streaking of the male are never acquired.

Dendroica blackburniz (Gmel.). BLAcKBURNIAN WARBLER

1. Natat Down. Sepia-brown.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, dark sepia-brown obscurely streaked on the back with clove-brown. Wings

and tail clove-brown edged with olive-buff, the tertiaries and coverts with white

forming two wing bands at tips of greater and median coverts; the outer three

rectrices largely white. Below, white, washed with wood brown or buff on

breast and sides, spotted, except on chin, abdomen and crissum, with dull

sepia. Superciliary stripe cream-buff, spot on upper and under eyelid white ;

lores and auriculars dusky. Bill and feet pinkish buff, becoming dusky later.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning early in August in eastern Canada, which in-

volves the body plumage and wing coverts, but not the rest of

the wings nor the tail.

Unlike the previous plumage. Above, deep yellowish olive-gray, flecked on the

crown and streaked on the back with black; obscure median crown stripe

straw-yellow ; rump and upper tail coverts black, edged with olive gray.

Wing coverts clove-brown edged with olive-gray and tipped with white forming

two broad wing bands. Below, straw-yellow brightening to orange-tinged

lemon on the throat, fading to buffy white on the crissum and narrowly streaked

on the sides with black veiled by yellow edgings. Superciliary stripe and

postauricular region lemon-yellow orange-tinged. Auriculars, rictal streak and

transocular stripe olive-gray mixed with black. Suborbital spot yellowish

white.

4. First NupriaL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves most of the body plumage (except posteri-

orly), the wing coverts and sometimes the tertiaries but not the

rest of the wings nor the tail. The full orange and black plum-

age-is assumed, young and old becoming practically indistinguish-

able, the orange throat equally intense in both, the wings and tail

usually browner in the young bird and the primary coverts a key

to age.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in July. Differs little from the first winter dress,

but the yellow more distinctly orange, the transocular and rictal

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 267

streaks, the crown and auriculars distinctly black, veiled with

orange tips, the streaking below heavier and broader, the wings

and tail blacker and the edgings grayer.

6. ApuLtT NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult as inthe young bird. Two specimens, apparently adult

males judging from blackness of the primary wing coverts and

other characters show this moult. One Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.,

No. 39748, from Bogota, Colombia, shows many feathers in

their sheaths; with No. 30330 from Quito, Ecuador, the moult

is less advanced.

female.—The plumages and moults correspond to those of

the male. In juvenal plumage the wing edgings are usually

duller the first winter plumage being similar to that of the male

but browner, the yellow tints nearly lost and the streakings ob-

scure and grayish. The first nuptial plumage assumed by a

more or less limited prenuptial moult, is grayer above and paler

below, except on the chin and throat where new pale orange

feathers contrast with the worn and faded ones of the breast.

The adult winter plumage is practically the same as the male

first winter, the auriculars and transocular stripe usually duller.

The adult nuptial plumage is brighter below than the first nuptial

and with more spotting on the crown, but the black head and

bright orange throat of the male are never acquired.

Dendroica dominica (Linn.). YELLOW-THROATED WARBLER

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above olive-brown with dull black streaking. Below, dull white, streaked with

clove-brown chiefly anteriorly. Wings and tail dull black, edged with hoary

plumbeous gray, the tertiaries with olive-gray. Outer rectrices with white spots.

Bill and feet brownish black.

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, early in June in Florida, which involves the body plumage

and wing coverts, but not the remiges nor rectrices.

Above, smoke-gray veiled with sepia-brown edgings, the feathers of the forehead ba-

sally black. Below, white with black streaking laterally, the chin and throat

268 DWIGHT

lemon-yellow, bordered with black which extends to auriculars, lores and fore-

head. Superciliary stripe white, anteriorly tinged with lemon-yellow ; white

postauricular patch. Wing coverts black, the greater and middle tipped with

dull white forming two wing bands.

4. First NupriaAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which is con-

siderable, birds becoming much grayer above and clearer white

below. Young birds have browner and more worn primary

coverts than do adults.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult, beginning near Washington, D. C., late in July.

Adults are grayer above with more black on the head and

whiter below, while the primary coverts are blacker than in

young birds. Young and old now become absolutely indistin-

cuishable.

6. ADULT NUPTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear.

female.—The plumages and moults correspond to those of

the male, females, however, being duller in colors, much washed

in autumn with brown above and below, and the black about

the head dull.

Dendroica virens (Gmel.). BLACK-THROATED GREEN WARBLER

1, Natat Down. Sepia-brown.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, sepia-brown or drab. Wings and tail dull black, edged with ashy or olive

gray ; two wing bands white; the outer three rectrices largely white. Below,

dull white, dusky on the throat, spotted on the breast and sides with dull olive-

brown, Indistinct grayish white superciliary line. Dusky transocular streak.

Bill and feet pinkish buff becoming black with age.

3. Frrsrt WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning the middle of July, which involves the body

plumage and wing coverts, but not the rest of the wings nor the

tail.

Unlike the previous plumage. Above, greenish olive-yellow, the upper tail coverts

ashy or plumbeous gray edged with olive-yellow. The feathers of the crown

and back especially have concealed black shaft streaks. The wing coverts

are black, edged with olive-green ; two broad white wing bands tipped faintly

with yellow. Below, faint primrose-yellow, white on the crissum ; the breast

and a spot on the flanks canary, the chin, sides of head and neck and super-

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 269

ciliary line bright lemon-yellow ; a variable area on the throat seldom including

the chin, black, veiled by long yellow edgings, the sides and flanks broadly

streaked and similarly veiled. Transocular and rictal streaks dusky; lores

grayish.

4. Frrsr NupTiaAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult, which involves chiefly the head, chin and throat and not

the rest of the plumage. The black chin is assumed and the

forehead becomes yellower by moult, wear removing the edgings

everywhere so that the streakings below and the throat become

jet-black. Young and old become practically indistinguishable,

except that the wings and tail of the young bird will average

browner and more worn with the edgings duller.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in July. Differs somewhat from the first winter,

the black of the throat extending uninterruptedly to the apex of

the chin, further down on the throat, and in broader stripes on

the sides ; the wings and tail are blacker and the edgings grayer,

especially on the tertiaries ; the concealed black of the back more

extensive. The veiling is conspicuous on the throat.

6. ApuLtT NupTiaL PLUMAGE acquired apparently by wear,

through which the veiling is almost completely lost, the yellow-

ish tips of the winter plumage barbs breaking off down to the

black portion or very near to it. As a// the black feathers of the

chin in adult autumnal birds are broadly tipped with yellow, and

some of these feathers. in spring show unbroken black tips

when they are examined under a glass, it is logical to assume a

limited replacement which scarcely deserves the name of a moult.

Female.—The plumages and moults of the female correspond

to those of the male. In juvenal plumage the sexes are prac-

tically alike. In first winter plumage the female is browner

than the male, without the black throat and the side streaks

obscure ; some specimens with much black may, however, easily

be mistaken for dull first winter males. The first nuptial plu-

mage differs very little from the first winter, wear bringing out

the streaking, while a few feathers are assumed by moult on the

chin. The adult winter plumage resembles the male first winter

and may have considerable black on the throat, and even the

270 DWIGHT

chin. The adult nuptial plumage is, in extreme examples, hardly

distinguishable from the male, but usually the black is much

restricted and the chin yellow, merely spotted with black.

Dendroica vigorsii (Aud.). Prne WARBLER

1. NataL Down. Sepia-brown.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, drab, shading to hair-brown. Wings and tail deep olive-brown the sec-

ondaries and rectrices with greenish gray edgings, the tertiaries and wing co-

verts edged with drab; two dull white wing bands. Below, olive-gray washed

with drab on the throat and sides and indistinctly mottled with deeper gray.

Orbital ring white. Bill and feet dusky pinkish buff becoming black.

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning late in July, which involves the body plumage

and wing coverts but not the rest of the wings nor the tail, young

and old becoming practically indistinguishable.

Entirely different from the previous plumage. Above bright olive-green veiled

with drab-gray edgings, the upper tail coverts grayer. Wing coverts black,

edged with greenish olive-gray ; two white wing bands. Below, including

superciliary stripe and orbital ring bright lemon-yellow, fading to dull white on

abdomen and crissum, veiled with whitish edgings, the flanks washed with drab-

gray, a few concealed dusky streaks on the sides of the breast. Lores and post-

ocular spot dusky.

4. First NupriaL PLUMAGE acquired by-wear which is ex-

cessive, birds becoming greener above and a greener yellow

below by loss of the edgings, the breast streaks being also ex-

posed.

5. AbDuLT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by acomplete postnup-

tial moult in July and August. Practically indistinguishable

from first winter dress, but usually yellower, the streaking more

abundant, the veiling diminished above, the wings and tail darker

on an average and the edgings darker and grayer.

6. ADULT NupTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

Female-—The plumages and moults correspond to those of

the male from which the female is first distinguishable in first

winter plumage which is much browner than that of the male,

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 271

being olive-brown above and pale wood-brown below with

scarcely a tinge of yellow. The first nuptial plumage is grayer

and shows much wear. The adult winter plumage is much yel-

lower than the first winter, and resembles the male first winter.

The adult nuptial is the same as the previous plumage plus

marked wear.

Dendroica palmarum (Gmel.).. PALM WARBLER

The plumages and moults correspond to those of D. fp. hypo-

chrysea, described below, a relative paleness and lack of yellow

being found in all the plumages. If the limited prenuptial moult

were to extend over the whole body this subspecies could hardly

be told apart from hypochrysea, the new feathers being equally

yellow in both and the chestnut cap of the same tint.

Dendroica palmarum hypochrysea (Ridgw.). YrELLow

PALM WARBLER

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, dull sepia-brown, streaked with clove-brown. Wings and tail clove-brown,

edged chiefly with dull olive-green, the coverts and tertiaries with drab cin-

namon-tinged ; the outer two rectrices with terminal white blotches on the

inner webs; no definite wing bands. Below, including sides of head, dull

white with dusky spots and streaks; chin and crissum faintly tinged with

yellow. Orbital ring dull white; transocular streak dusky. Bill and feet

pinkish buff, the feet darker and blacker than the bill when older.

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, in August in eastern Canada, which involves the body

plumage and the wing coverts, but not the rest of the wings

nor the tail.

Unlike the previous plumage. Above, yellowish sepia-brown, yellowish olive-green

on the rump and upper tail coverts, obscurely streaked with dull clove-brown,

the crown merely tinged with concealed chestnut. .Wing coverts clove-brown

edged with olive-green and tipped with cinnamon of forming wing bands,

Below, canary-yellow brightest on the crissum, obscurely streaked on throat

and sides with dusky chestnut everywhere veiled by overlapping whitish edg-

ings. Superciliary line canary-yellow, orbital ring buffy white ; transocular

streak dusky.

272 DWIGHT

4. First NuptiaL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves chiefly the crown, sides of head, chin and

throat and not the rest of the plumage. It is interesting to note

that a very few new feathers are acquired on nearly all of the

tracts except the alar. If they were in color contrast the effect

would be not unlike Piranga rubra or Icterus spurius. A rich

chestnut cap is assumed, contrasting sharply with the worn

feathers of the occiput, the lores become dull black, the auricu-

lars chestnut and the yellow of the chin and breast becomes

brighter with rich chestnut streaks on the sides of the throat

and breast. The streaking of the sides of the chin and across

the jugulum are darker. Elsewhere a few stray feathers are

acquired, as shown by a large series in actual moult, but most

of the plumage of the posterior parts of the body shows.a great

amount of wear, as might be expected in a species of terrestrial

habits. I have seen birds in moult in December and January,

from Jamaica, W. I., and I have taken similar birds in Florida

and Georgiain March and April and near New York city late in

April.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in August. Differs little from the first winter

dress, but of a richer brown above with darker wing edgings, the

chestnut more abundant on the crown and the streakings below

more conspicuous.

6. ApuLT NupTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult as in the young bird.

Female.—The sexes are very similar in all plumages, females

usually a little browner and with less yellow. In first winter

plumage with very little or no chestnut on the crown and later

practically indistinguishable, but undergoing the same moults as

the male, the prenuptial more limited.

Dendroica discolor (Vicill.). PRAIRIE WARBLER

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 273

Above, dull olive-green, browner on the pileum. Wings and tail clove-brown

edged with dull olive-green ; two wing bands buff. Below, dull brownish

white, pale straw-color on the abdomen. Sides of head drab ; eyelids white.

Bill and feet pinkish buff becoming dusky,

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning the middle of July, which involves the body

plumage and the wing coverts, but not the rest of the wings nor

the tail.

Unlike, the previous plumage. Above, grayish olive-green, an area of concealed

chestnut on the back. Wing coverts black, edged with olive-green ; two wing

bands white. Below, pale canary-yellow, streaked on the sides of the throat

and breast with dull black veiled by yellowish edgings. Malar stripe and

transocular streak grayish black ; orbital ring, suborbital region and obscure

superciliary stripe white, yellow tinged ; auriculars mouse-gray.

4. First NupTrAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves chiefly the crown, sides of head, chin and

throat but not the rest of the body plumage the wings nor the

tail as shown by specimens taken in Jamaica, W. I., November

27th, December 30th, January 3d, 13th, 19th, 24th and 31st.

The early date at which the prenuptial moult takes place is in-

teresting and explains in a measure why it is so difficult to de-

termine by examination of the feathers whether a moult has

taken place. The few feathers replaced suffer from wear almost

as much as those adjacent and when we first see such birds in

May the evidences of moult are often completely masked. The

black auriculars and transocular stripe and the yellow feathers

of the superciliary stripe, the chin and throat are assumed, wear

bringing the chestnut of the back into prominence. Young and

old become practically indistinguishable.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in July. Similar to first winter dress, but with

more chestnut on the back and the streaks below broader and

extending to the chin. The transocular stripe and auriculars

are darker ; the orbital region and superciliary line yellower.

6. ApULT NupTIAL PLUMAGE acquired apparently by a partial

prenuptial moult as in the young bird. Several specimens taken

in Florida in March and early April show pin feathers on the

head and throat. These birds, judging by the amount of chest-

Annats N. Y. Aca. Sci., XIII, Oct. 18, 1900—18.

274 DWIGHT

nut on the back and the streaks on the sides of the throat, ap-

pear to be adults.

Female.—The plumages and moults correspond to those of

the male. Indistinguishable from the male until the first winter

plumage is assumed, which is browner above and paler below

with fainter streaking; the auriculars and transocular streak

being grayer, the chestnut on the back a mere trace; the wings

and tail are duller. ‘The first nuptial plumage, acquired by re-

newal of a few feathers about the head and by abrasion of the

rest of the plumage with fading, differs very little from the first

winter. The adult winter plumage is similar to the first winter,

but yellower about the head, more distinctly and broadly streaked

below, and with more chestnut on the back; very like the

male first winter. The adult nuptial plumage, acquired partly

by moult, resembles the male adult nuptial, differing in paler

yellow, less extensive streaking, fainter chestnut of the back and

grayish instead of black lores and malar stripes. )

Seiurus aurocapillus (Linn.). OveEn-Brrp

1. Natat Down. Pale sepia-brown.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, including sides of head, cinnamon-brown, sparingly spotted with olive-brown,

the dusky lateral stripes faintly indicated on the crown. Wings and tail olive-

brown with olive-green edgings, the coverts slightly tipped with pale cinnamon.

Below, pale cinnamon, yellowish white on abdomen and crissum, faintly spotted

or streaked on the sides of the chin, on the breast and on the sides with olive-

brown. Bill and feet pale pinkish buff becoming very little darker when older.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning the end of June, which involves the body plum-

age, the wing coverts, and rarely the tertiaries, but not the rest

of the wings nor the tail. Young and old become practically in-

distinguishable.

Unlike the previous plumage. Above, brownish olive-green including wing coverts

and tertiaries ; the crown dull orange-ochraceous concealed by brownish edgings

and bordered by two black stripes extended on the nape. Below, pure white

sometimes washed faintly with pale buff or olive-gray especially on the sides

and flanks, the chin, abdomen and crissum sometimes faintly yellow tinged,

streaked boldly on the throat, breast and sides with black slightly veiled by

whitish edgings. A black submalar streak on either side of the chin. Con-

spicuous orbital ring, buffy white ; lores grayish ; auriculars obscurely dusly.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 279

4. First NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which is con-

siderable but produces little effect except to expose the crown

and bring the black streaks below into contrast with the white

background. It may be that there is a limited prenuptial moult,

but the new feathers occasionally found on April specimens are

probably individual renewal scarcely deserving the name of a

moult.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnup-

tial moult in July. Differs inappreciably from first winter, the

streaking below perhaps averaging blacker and the orange of

the crown deeper.

6. ApuLT NuptTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

Female.—The sexes are practically indistinguishable, the

female in first winter plumage usually with a paler median -

crown stripe.

Seiurus noveboracensis (Gmel.). WaATER-THRUSH

1. Natat Down. Deep olive-brown.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, deep olive-brown with cinnamon edgings. Wings and tail darker, the co-

verts tipped with pale cinnamon. Below, primrose-yellow heavily streaked on

the chin and less heavily on the throat, breast and sides with deep olive or

clove-brown, Indistinct superciliary line and orbital ring buff; transocular

stripe dusky. Bill and feet pinkish buff becoming dusky.

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning early in July, in eastern Canada, which involves

the body plumage and the wing coverts, but not the rest of the

wings nor the tail. Young and old become practically indistin-

guishable.

Similar to previous plumage. Above, yellowish olive-brown including wing coverts,

without edgings. Below, straw-yellow palest on the crissum, the flanks washed

with olive-brown, spotted on the chin and streaked, except on the mid-abdomen

and crissum, with black veiled by overlapping whitish edgings. Superciliary

stripe and orbital ring pale ochraceous buff; transocular streak deep olive-

brown; auriculars dusky,

276 DWIGHT

_ 4, First NuptriaL PLUMAGE acquired by marked wear, birds

becoming browner above and paler below, the veiling lost. It is

possible there is a very limited growth of new feathers about the

head, for the wear is disproportionately slight in some May

specimens when we consider the terrestrial habits of the species,

but the renewal hardly seems to deserve the name of a moult.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a connplete post-

nuptial moult in July. Practically indistinguishable from first

winter, the streakings below rather broader, the wings and tail

deeper in color.

6. ApuLT NupTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

Female.—The sexes are alike and the moults correspond.

Seiurus noveboracensis notabilis (Ridgw.). GRINNELL’s

WaATER- THRUSH

This darker subspecies has moults and plumages correspond-

ing to those of S. zoveboracensis.

Selurus motacilla (Vieill.). LourstAna WaATER-THRUSH

1. Natat Down. Deep olive-brown. .

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, deep olive-brown, without cinnamon edgings. Wings and tail darker, the

coverts faintly tipped with cinnamon. Conspicuous line above and behind the

eye dull white. Below, yellowish white, washed on the sides and crissum with

cinnamon and narrowly streaked on the chin, throat, breast and sides with dull

olive-brown. Bill and feet pinkish buff becoming dusky.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning early in July, which involves the body plum-

age and the wing coverts but not the rest of the wings nor the

tail.

Similar to the previous plumage. Above, deep olive-brown, much darker on the-

crown, which is bordered by conspicuous white superciliary stripes. The wing

coverts are dark and without edgings. Below, white, buffy tinged and strongly

washed on sides of the throat, flanks and on crissum with ochraceous buff.

The chin is faintly flecked, the breast and sides streaked with olive-brown.

Lower eyelid white ; anteorbital spot and postocular streak dusky.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 277

4. First NupTiaAL PLUMAGE acquired by marked wear

through which the buff tints are largely lost, the flecks of the chin

and the breast streaks diminished. Although specimens from

Jamaica, W. I., in December, and from Florida in March, show

a few new feathers on the chin, I doubt whether this is more

than mere renewal in a species subjected to much wear. It

is difficult to draw the line between moult and renewal except

by the study of larger series of winter birds than are now avail-

able.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in July. Practically indistinguishable from the

first winter dress.

6. AputtT NuptTiaL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which is

~ marked.

Female.—The sexes are indistinguishable and the moults

identical.

Geothlypis formosa (Wils.). KEnrucky WaRBLER

1, Natat Down. No Specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, including sides of head rich olive-brown. Wings and tail rather darker,

edged with deep olive-green, the wing coverts with wood-brown. Below, pale

raw umber-brown, Naples-yellow on the abdomen and crissum. Bill and feet

flesh-color, the former becoming dusky.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult in July which involves the body plumage and the wing

coverts, but not the rest of the wings nor the tail.

Similar to previous plumage. Above, olive-green including the wing coverts.

Below, including superciliary stripe, bright canary-yellow. The forehead,

crown, lores and auriculars are partly black much veiled by smoke-gray edg-

ings. :

4. First NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves a part of the head, chin and throat, but

no other areas. The black crown with plumbeous edgings, the

black lores, auriculars and a short extension on the sides of the

neck are assumed, together with the yellow feathers of the chin

De DWIGHT

and superciliary stripes. Young and old become indistinguish-

able.

5. ApDuULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnup-

tial moult in July. Differs from first winter in the crown being

grayer, the black areas more defined and the edgings clear

plumbeous gray, veiling the black much less.

6. ApuLtT NuptiAL PLUMAGE acquired apparently by a par-

tial prenuptial moult, as in the young bird, although wear alone

may modify the winter plumage after the first year. The ma-

terial I have examined is not conclusive upon this point.

Female.—In first winter and later plumages the female differs

chiefly from the male in the black markings being duller and re-

stricted.

Geothlypis agilis (Wils.). ConNecticur WARBLER

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult

in all probability. Birds in this plumage have never been ob-

tained, so far as I know, supposed ones proving to be something

else. We may expect a bird most resembling G. philadelphia,

uniformly brownish above and yellowish below, the throat and

chin perhaps as dark as the back, and no streaks.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult which apparently involves the body plumage and the wing

coverts and not the rest of the wings nor the tail.

Above, including wings and tail, brownish olive-green almost exactly like G. ¢v7chas,

but usually greener and grayer. Below, unlike G. ¢vichas, being canary-yel-

low, washed on the sides with pale olive-brown, and with broccoli-brown on

the throat often concealing cinereous gray, the chin wood-brown. ‘The orbital

ring conspicuously pale buff.

4. Frrst NuptiaLt PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult involving much of the head and throat, which become

clear plumbeous or ashy gray instead of brown, slightly veiled

with olive-brown on the pileum and with drab-gray on the throat,

the orbital ring white.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 279

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. Differs from first winter dress in being cinereous

gray instead of brown on the head and throat, palest on the

chin, and slightly veiled with drab-gray on the throat, and

olive-green on the crown. ‘The back is greener and the yellow

below rather brighter. The orbital ring is white. The birds

with deeper plumbeous throats are probably still older. This

dress differs but little from the nuptial, a fact not generally

known.

6. AputtT NupriaL PLUMAGE acquired perhaps by a partial

prenuptial moult as in the young bird or possibly by wear alone.

Some specimens taken in spring show fresher feathers about the

head than do others. Whether this denotes individual wear or

only renewal in young birds, cannot be determined positively

without more winter material.

Female.—In first winter plumage browner above and on the

throat than the male, but often indistinguishable. The first nup-

tial is acquired chiefly by wear. The adult winter is similar to

the first winter but rather grayer on the throat resembling the

male in first winter dress. The adult nuptial and later plum-

ages are never as gray as those of the male.

Geothlypis philadelphia (Wils.).. MourninG WARBLER

1. Nata Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Very similar to G. ¢richas but darker. Above deep olive-brown. Wings darker,

edged with olive-green, the coverts faintly edged with pale cinnamon. Tail

deep olive-green. Below, very deep grayish tawny-olive, abdomen and crissum

pale brownish Naples-yellow. Inconspicuous orbital ring pale buff. Bill and

feet pinkish buff becoming sepia-brown.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, in August in eastern Canada, which involves the body

plumage and wing coverts, but not the rest of the wings nor

the tail.

Above similar to G. ¢richas and to G. agz/is but greener than either, with a plumbe-

ous tinge about the head, and the yellow below brighter. There is usually a

little concealed black on the throat; the chin is yellowish white. The con-

280 DWIGHT

spicuous orbital ring and a supraloral line are pale canary-yellow, the lores

dusky.

4. First NuptiaLt PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves chiefly the head and throat. The plumbe-

ous cap, the black throat veiled with cinereous, the dusky lores

and the white orbital rings are assumed, the rest of the plumage

showing a good deal of wear. Old feathers may be found in

some cases persisting among the new.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in August. Similar to first winter dress, but with

a distinctly black chin and throat, much veiled with cinereous

gray edgings.

6. ApuLT NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult, as in the young bird. An undated specimen from Pan-

ama (Am. Mus., No. 39878), apparently an adult, judging by

old feathers, shows new growth on the head and throat.

female—The plumages and moults correspond to those of

the male. In first winter plumage the throat is browner and in

but slight contrast to the breast, scarcely distinguishable from

the male first winter dress of G. ages. The first nuptial plum-

age 1s acquired chiefly by wear. The adult winter plumage re-

sembles the somewhat grayer first winter male. The later

plumages are similar, no black being assumed on the throat.

Geothlypis trichas (Linn.). MAryLAND YELLOW-THROAT

1. Natat Down. Sepia-brown.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, pale olive-brown of variable depth, greenish on the upper tail coverts.

Wings olive-brown edged with olive-green, the median and greater coverts

faintly tipped with cinnamon. ‘Tail bright olive-green. Below, tawny wood-

brown, Naples-yellow on the abdomen and olive-yellow on the crissum. In-

conspicuous orbital ring pale buff. Bill and feet pinkish buff becoming deep

sepia with age.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning about the middle of July, which involves the

body plumage and the wing coverts, but not the rest of the

wings nor the tail.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 281

Unlike previous plumage. Above, deep olive-brown, greener on the upper tai!

coverts, the crown and forehead tinged with Mars-brown, the forehead fre-

quently with a very few feathers black basally. The wing coverts chiefly olive-

green. Below, bright lemon on the chin, throat and crissum, pale straw-

yellow on the abdomen, the flanks washed with olive-brown, and a very faint

buffy pectoral band. ‘The malar and auricular regions show traces of the black

‘¢mask’’ varying from a few black feathers to a considerable area always veiled

by ashy edgings. The black seldom invades the lores and forehead and never

the orbital ring as in the adult. The orbital ring is buffy white.

4. First NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves chiefly the forehead, crown, sides of head

and chin and not the rest of the plumage. These areas are

somewhat worn, as a rule, when the birds reach New York in

May, but specimens from Jamaica, West Indies, taken Decem-

ber 2d, January oth, 22d and 24th and February 4th show

actual moult in progress. It is not surprising that the feathers

assumed then should show considerable wear before May.

The black feathers of the ‘‘mask’’ are acquired, those of the

upper margin of this area broadly tipped with pearl-gray which

becomes ashy with wear. This gray band, posteriorly on the

crown, has its feathers tipped with Mars-brown and the basal

black gradually diminishes more posteriorly as the extent of

brown on each feather increases. There is a yellow tinge in

some of the feathers. The width of the band varies greatly.

The bright yellow chin is also acquired and young birds and

old become indistinguishable.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in July and August. Differs from the first winter /

dress in possessing a complete black ‘ mask,”’ which includes

the forehead, lores, orbital ring and auriculars, only the fore-

head and the auriculars being slightly veiled. The ‘mask’

has a distinct cinereous posterior border veiled on the crown

with Vandyke-brown. The yellow below is deeper and the

brown wash on the flanks darker in most cases. Six specimens

out of twenty-two in this plumage show a few white feathers in

the orbital ring usually confined to the lower eyelid, and three

out of twenty-three spring males show the same _ peculiarity

which seems to be purely individual peculiar possibly to the

younger birds.

282 DWIGHT

6. ApuLT NuptiAL PLUMAGE apparently acquired by wear,

although I think there must be a limited prenuptial moult if it

deserves the name. I have examined specimens of this species

taken every month in the year, but I have seen only a few young

birds showing actual moult in February, March and April. The

adult nuptial and winter plumages are so extremely similar that

wear alone might convert the latter into the former, but even

with the large series | have examined positive conclusions are

not possible.

Femalc.—The plumages and moults correspond to those of

the male? In juvenal plumage the sexes arecglike= int gar

winter plumage the female is much browner, the yellow of the

lower surface 1s wholly replaced by buff, and there is no black

about the head. The first nuptial dress is assumed by a limited

prenuptial moult (sometimes suppressed) illustrated by a speci-

men of February 4th. Later plumages differ little, except in

yellowness, from the first winter dress and no black is ever as-

sumed about the head.

Icteria virens (Linn.). YELLOW-BREASTED CHAT

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, grayish olive-brown. Wings and tail olive-brown, edged with dull brownish

olive-green. Below, ashy gray washed with olive-gray across the jugulum and

on the sides. Auriculars grayish and lores dusky with a trace of white above

the eye. Bill and feet pinkish brown, the former becoming slaty and the

latter black.

This plumage has been figured in colors (Awk, XVI, 1899,

pp. 217-220, pl: T1)).

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

juvenal moult after the middle of July. Two specimens exam-

ined show a complete moult in progress and the color and

shape of rectrices in the limited material at my disposal points

to this unusual moult, forthis is the only Warbler known to me

that renews wings and tail at this time.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 283

Unlike the previous plumage. Above, brownish olive-green, the wings and tail

darker than in juvenal plumage and with greener edgings. Below, bright

lemon-yellow, somewhat veiled with olive-gray, the abdomen and crissum dull

white, the sides washed with olive-brown. Lores, suborbital region and post-

ocular stripe dull black, veiled with ashy feather tips. Superciliary, suborbital

and malar stripes white.

Young and old become practically indistinguishable although

young birds are rather duller.

4. First NuptiaL PLuMAGE acquired by wear which is

marked, but produces little obvious effect, the browns and

greens fading somewhat, the yellow very little.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in July. Practically indistinguishable from first

winter dress, the black areas about the head averaging blacker.

6. AputtT NuptiAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

Female.—Differs very little from the male and has the same

moults. In first winter plumage the lores are merely dusky

and the yellow below is paler, these differences usually persist-

ing in later plumages.

Sylvania mitrata (Gmel.). Hoopep WARBLER

1. Natat Down. Pale sepia-brown.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, pale yellowish wood-brown, edged with Mars-brown, drab when older.

Wings and tail deep olive-brown, edged with olive-green, brightest on the sec-

ondaries and tertiaries, the wing coverts edged with pale wood-brown, often

darker. Below, primrose-yellow, washed with wood-brown on the throat, breast

and sides. ‘The three outer rectrices largely white on their inner webs. Bill

and feet pinkish buff becoming dusky.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult beginning the end of June which involves the body plum-

age and the wing coverts but not the rest of the wings nor the

tail. Young and old become practically indistinguishable.

The crown occiput, sides of neck, whole throat and part of the chin are jet-black

veiled with narrow edgings of lemon-yellow most marked on the throat. The

rest of the upper surface and the sides are bright olive-green; the forehead,

sides of head, anterior part of chin breast, abdomen and crissum are rich

lemon-yellow ; the forehead partly veiled with olive-green or dusky tips, the

lores with black ones.

284 DWIGHT

The replacement of the juvenal plumage of this species has

been minutely traced by PALMER, ’94, and his conclusions are

supported by the material I have at hand. Like many other

species popularly supposed to require several years for the at-

tainment of adult plumage, the male Hooded Warbler within

a few weeks assumes a dress differing very little from the adult.

Any specimens with partly black ‘“‘ hoods ”’ labelled in collections

as males have been incorrectly sexed. It seems to me the yel-

low deepens as the layers of growing feathers are superimposed

rather than there being an actual deepening of color in the later

bred birds as suggested by Mr. Palmer.

4. Frrsr NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which is not

very obvious, the black areas losing the veiling yellow tips.

The olive-green above becomes grayer and wear brings into

prominence a slight grayish collar bordering the black ‘“ hood.”’

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult the last cf June and in July. In some cases

scarcely distinguishable from the first winter but usually the

yellow edgings are absent or very obscure. The black occu-

pies the whole chin up to its apex and the yellow below is

richer:

6. ApuLT NupTiIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird, from which it is usually indistinguishable. The

black feathers of the adult winter plumage are more resistant to

wear than the yellow-tipped ones of the first winter, the barbs

of which will be found broken off near the black basal portion.

female.—The plumages and moults correspond to those of

the male, from which indistinguishable until the first winter

plumage is assumed. This lacks the black of the male and 1s

uniform olive-green above and lemon-yellow below, occasion-

ally one or two black feathers being assumed on the crown.

The first nuptial plumage acquired by wear is, of course, plain

olive-green and yellow. The adult winter plumage assumed by

a complete moult shows a variable amount of black about the ~

head and throat. How much of the black is due to individua]

vigor and how much to successive postnuptial moults is a ques-

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 285

tion not easily answerable. We know that some females in

the breeding season are almost indistinguishable from males,

and there are all sorts of intermediates from these mature birds

down to those of the worn first winter dress, which are guiltless

of black.

Sylvania pusilla (Wils.). Wurson’s WARBLER

1. Natat Down. Sepia-brown.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, sepia or hair-brown mottled with sepia. Wings and tail dull olive-brown

edged with olive-green; wing coverts paler and indistinctly edged with buff.

Below, primrose-yeilow washed with pale wood-brown on the throat and sides.

Bill and feet pinkish buff becoming dusky.

Resembles S. wz¢vrata but darker above and on the throat, with paler abdomen ;

also S. canadensis but with darker, greener edged wings and tail; and easily

mistaken for G. ¢vz has but less tinged with brown.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning early in July in eastern Canada, which involves

the body plumage and the wing coverts, but not the rest of the

wings nor the tail. |

Unlike the previous plumage. Above, including wing coverts, bright olive-green

the pileum black, veiled more or less with brownish olive-green feather tips.

Below, including sides of head and forehead, lemon-yellow, brightest on the

superciliary line and orbital ring.

4. Frrst NupriaL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves chiefly the head, chin and throat. The

clear black cap, sometimes with a few greenish edgings pos-

teriorly, is assumed, the structure of the feathers differing from

those of the previous plumage, and some yellow feathers are

renewed on the throat. The yellow below is resistant to fad-

ing, the back becoming grayer. Young and old become indis-

tinguishable. Several specimens from. Jalapa, Mexico (Am.

Mus., Nos. 68553 and 68554), taken in March, show pin-

feathers on chin and crown.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in July. Similar to the first winter, but the cap

clear black, sometimes slightly veiled posteriorly, the yellow

below perhaps averaging deeper.

286 DWIGHT

6. ApuLtr NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired perhaps by a partial

prenuptial moult or perhaps by wear alone. The wear of the

black feathers of the crown cannot be safely estimated, and I

have seen no birds while in the moult which at best is limited.

fFemale.—The plumages and moults correspond to those of

the male. The sexes alike in juvenal plumage. In first winter

plumage the cap is wholly lacking or sometimes suggested by

a few black feathers laterally. The first nuptial plumage is ac-

quired by a limited prenuptial moult, the crown becoming

partly black, concealed by greenish edgings. The adult winter

plumage is much like the male first winter. The adult nuptial

plumage differs little from the adult male nuptial. A March

bird from Mexico (Am. Mus., No. 68568), in moult, is apparently

an adult.

Sylvania canadensis (Linn.). CANADIAN WARBLER

1. Natat Down. Sepia-brown.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, sepa and, when older and faded, hair-brown. Wings and tail dull olive-

brown, faintly edged with dull olive-green ; wing coverts paler and indistinctly

edged with buff. Below, primrose-yellow washed with pale wood-brown on

the throat and sides. Bill and feet pinkish-buff becoming dusky. Practically

indistinguishable from .S. fzs7/la except by duller wing edgings.

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning early in July in eastern Canada, which involves

the body plumage and the wing coverts, but not the rest of the

wings nor the tail.

Above, cinereous gray, browner on the back, the crown yellow-tinged and sometimes

flecked with black; wing coverts uniform with the back. Below, including

supraloral line lemon-yellow, the orbital ring paler, a narrow ‘‘necklace’’ of

small black spots on the jugulum the black extending to the auriculars and

lores, slightly veiled by overlapping yellow edges ; the crissum dull white.

The black is very dull and much less extensive than in the

adult, some specimens hardly distinguishable from females.

4. First NuptiaL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves chiefly the head, chin and throat, and not

the rest of the plumage. New black, ashy edged crown feathers

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 287

are assumed contrasting with the worn occipital ones, while the

yellow or black ones assumed elsewhere are less obviously

fresh. Wear is soon quite marked, the upper parts becoming

crayer.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnup-

tial moult in July. Quite different from first winter dress, the

black “‘ necklace” being of heavy streaks and the black area on

the lores and crown larger ; black feathers with broad grayish

edgings are assumed on the crown, and the wing edgings are

apt to be grayer and bluish instead of greenish.

6. Aputt NupriaAL PLUMAGE acquired apparently by wear,

although it is likely there is some new growth. It seems to

me the edgings of the crown feathers of the most worn spring

specimens are grayer and longer than could result from wear,

which is considerable in this species. Winter material is needed

to be sure which condition regularly prevails.

female.—TVhe plumages and moults correspond to those of

the male from which the female is first distinguishable in first

winter dress. This is a little paler than that of the male with-

out black on the crown which is brownish in contrast to the

back and the ‘“necklace’”’ consists of obscure grayish lines.

The first nuptial plumage, acquired by a very limited moult, dif-

fers very little from the previous plumage which is modified by

wear. The adult winter plumage differs slightly if any from the

first winter ; it has a bluer gray tint on the back and the crown is

yellow-tinged rather than brown. The adult nuptial dress is

usually marked by the ‘‘necklace”’ and lores being more dis-

tinctly black and frequently dusky spotting on the forehead, but

the female may never be mistaken for the male except possibly

in a few rare cases.

Setophaga ruticilla (Linn.). American REpDsTaRT

i eNarar Down, —“Hait-brown.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, including sides of the head, deep sepia-brown. Wings and tail deep olive-

brown, the basal portion of the primaries, secondaries and outer rectrices pale

288 DWIGHT

lemon-yellow, the secondaries and tertiaries edged with dull olive-green, the

coverts with wood-brown paler at their tips. Below, pale primrose-yellow, hair

brown on the chin, throat and breast. Bill and feet dusky pinkish buff darken-

ing to brownish black when older.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult beginning early in July, which involves the body plum-

age and the wing coverts, but not the rest of the wings nor the

tail.

Unlike the previous plumage. Above, the pileum, nape and sides of the neck mouse-

gray, the back olive-green, often tinged with brownish orange, the upper tail

coverts clove-brown. The wing coverts become dull olive-green. Below, dull

white, ashy and pinkish buff suffusing the chin and throat, an orange-ochraceous

or deep chrome-yellow area on either side of the breast, the color tingeing the

breast and sides. Orbital ring, white.

4. First NupriAL PLuMaGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult, which involves chiefly the head and throat, where a few

black feathers in patches are acquired. A few may be found

scattered sparingly elsewhere and new white feathers on the

chin are the rule. The prenuptial moult is late, probably in

March and April, for growing feathers occur on birds taken near

New York city in May. Abrasion and fading make birds paler

above and whiter below. The distribution of black feathers is

not unlike that of the new feathers assumed by J/cterus spurius,

Piranga rubra and other less conspicuously colored species

like Dendroica palmarum, but in this species, which is unique

among our Warblers during the first breeding season in wearing

an immature dress strikingly different from the adult, the re-

newal is reduced to a minimum.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in July. The black and orange-red dress is

assumed, the black feathers often having a faint buffy edging.

Sometimes the orange basal part of the primaries or of the rec-

trices fails to develop and yellow, as in the first winter, takes its

place. One specimen in my collection has six secondaries and

the adjacent tertiary of one wing, and the rectrices with yellow ;

another has one secondary with yellow. Other than these I

have seen no evidence of failure to attain fully adult dress at

this moult.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 289

6. Aputr NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear. The abra-

sion of the black plumage is in places so slight that there might

be some replacement by new feathers, but it is not apparent.

Fading is not obvious, except of the flight feathers.

Female.—The plumages and moults correspond to those of

the male. First differs in first winter plumage which is browner,

the breast patches merely yellow tinged and the basal part of the

rectrices much paler yellow, this color usually absent from the

base of the primaries and reduced in extent on the secondaries.

Some specimens are much like males. The first nuptial plum-

age is acquired by a very limited, sometimes suppressed pre-

nuptial moult. The adult winter plumage is scarcely different

from the first winter, a little grayer on the back and the yellow

area on the wings greater. The adult nuptial plumage is ap-

parently the previous plumage plus wear.

MOTACILLIDA

The only species of Wagtail found in New York undergoes

a semiannual moult, the prenuptial being partial. It is a bird

which from its terrestrial habits suffers a good deal by wear.

Anthus pensilvanicus (Lath.). AMERICAN Pipit

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, hair-brown streaked with black, the edgings of the back pale grayish wood-

brown. Wings and tail clove-brown, edged chiefly with wood-brown, Isabella-

color on the greater coverts and tertiaries; the outer pair of rectrices nearly all

white the next pair broadly tipped with it. Below, creamy buff, palest anteriorly,

streaked on the throat and breast rather broadly and on the sides faintly with

clove-brown. Indistinct superciliary line and orbital ring buffy white ; auricu-

lars wood-brown. Bill and feet clay-color in dried skin the upper mandible

brownish black. :

Description from an Alaskan bird.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult in August which involves the body plumage but not the

wings nor the tail, young and old becoming practically indis-

tinguishable.

ANNALS N. Y. AcaD. Sct., XIII, Oct. 18, tqg00—19.

290 DWIGHT

Very similar to previous plumage, but darker above with less obvious streaking and

deeper pinkish buff below, the streaking heavier, forming a pectoral band and

extending to the flanks; an immaculate pale buff chin. ‘The superciliary line

extends behind the eye as a whitish band.

4. Frrst NupriaL PLuMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult, in April, involving most of the body plumage which has

suffered much from wear and become darker above with the buff

tints nearly lost below. The extent of the fading is surprising.

The new plumage is buff tinged but wear during the breeding

season produces a black and white streaked bird, the buffs being

wholly lost through fading.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. Indistinguishable from the first winter dress,

the wing edgings perhaps darker, and with less vinaceous tinge

below.

6. ApuLt NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult like the young bird.

Female.—The sexes are alike and the moults correspond.

TROGLODYTIDA

The members of this family have only an annual moult ex-

cept C. stellaris and C. palustris which are exceptional in under-

going a complete (or nearly so) prenuptial moult. The juvenal

remiges and rectrices are with these two exceptions worn till the

first postnuptial moult. All the seasonal plumages are very

much alike.

Mimus polyglottos (Linn.). Mockincpirp

1. Natat Down. Pale sepia-brown.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, grayish sepia-brown, somewhat mottled with darker brown. Wings and

tail black, the basal portion of the primaries, their coverts, and two outer

rectrices white; wing edgings wood-brown, the feathers paler at tips. Below,

dull white, spotted except on the abdomen and crissum, with dull olive-brown.

Lores, rictal and submalar streaks faintly dusky. Bill and feet dusky pinkish

buff becoming black.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 291

3.. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult in September, which involves the body plumage and the

wing coverts, but not the rest of the wings nor the tail, young

and old becoming practically indistinguishable.

Unlike the previous plumage lacking the streaking below. Above, including sides

of the head and neck mouse-gray palest on the head with faint brownish

edgings on the back and rump. Wing coverts with grayish edgings, tipped

with two dull white bands. Below, grayish white, pale smoke-gray on the

throat and sides, the flanks and crissum tinged with pale wood-brown. Lores

dusky, orbital ring white above and below.

4. Frrst NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which makes

the plumage grayer above and dingy white below, late in the

season.

5. ApuLT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in September. Practically indistinguishable from

first winter dress, the primary coverts usually whiter and colors

elsewhere clearer and deeper.

6. ApuLT NuptTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

Female.—The sexes are practically indistinguishable, and the

moults correspond.

Galeoscoptes carolinensis (Linn.). Carpirp

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, deep brownish mouse-gray, a little darker on the pileum. Wings and tail

nearly black, the primaries and secondaries edged with smoke-gray, the coverts

browner edged; the tail with ‘‘watered’’ barring very indistinct. Below,

pale mouse-gray indistinctly mottled with clove-brown, the throat and sides

faintly tinged with sepia, the crissum faintly Mars-brown. Bill and feet dusky

pinkish buff becoming black.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning early in August, which involves the body

plumage and the wing coverts, but not the rest of the wings nor

the tail, young and old becoming practically indistinguishable.

Similar to the previous plumage but much grayer and no mottling. Everywhere

clear slate-gray, much paler below and on the sides of the head and neck ; the

pileum black ; the crissum deep chestnut.

292 DWIGHT

4. First NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which pro-

duces little obvious change.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in August. Practically indistinguishable from

the first winter ; the wings and tail perhaps averaging blacker

and with grayer edgings.

6. ApuLT NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

Female.—The sexes are practically indistinguishable, although

the females are often duller and with browner pileum, wings and

tail.

Harporhynchus rufus (Linn.). Brown THRASHER

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, cinnamon-brown mottled or streaked with dull clove-brown. Wings and

tail deep cinnamon-rufous or russet; the tail with ‘‘ watered’’ barring ; the

wing edgings richer rufous; coverts dusky terminally and tipped with pale

buff forming two wing bands ; the tertiaries narrowly edged with pale buff ;

the alulz with white. Below, dull white, a buffy wash on the throat, sides

and crissum, streaked broadly except on the chin and mid-abdomen with dull

black. Billand feet dull pinkish buff, the former becoming slaty, the latter

dusky.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning towards the end of July, which involves the

body plumage, usually most of the wing coverts and not the

rest of the wings nor the tail, young and old becoming practi-

cally indistinguishable.

Similar to previous plumage but unstreaked above Above, rich deep cinnamon-

rufous; white below, streaked with black and washed on throat, sides and

crissum with ochraceous buff; the wing coverts cinnamon-rufous, the wing-

bands buffy white.

4. First NupriaL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which is

marked, although, until late in the season, the colors fade little

except the buff below, the streakings coming out clear on a

white ground.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 293

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in July and August. Practically indistinguishable

from first winter, the colors averaging darker, noticeable in the

edgings of the tips of the tertiaries and in the wings and tail.

6. ApuLT NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

Female.—The sexes are practically indistinguishable, and the

moults correspond.

Thryothorus ludovicianus (Lath.). Carotina WrReEN

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, including wings and tail, deep russet or cinnamon-rufous, the crown darker,

owing to faint dusky tips, the feathers whitish along their shafts; wings and

tail with narrow dusky barring, the coverts, chiefly the lesser, buff tipped.

Below, dull white, washed on the throat, sides, flanks and crissum with cinna-

mon tinged with wood-brown, the chin, submalar and auricular regions faintly

flecked or barred with dull black. Broad superciliary line dull white bordered

with dull black; postorbital stripe deep russet. Bill and feet pinkish buff be-

coming dusky.

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, in September, which involves the body plumage, wing

coverts and tail, but not the rest of the wings, young and old

becoming practically indistinguishable.

Similar to previous plumage, but darker. A rich chestnut or Vandyke-brown, Above,

the wing coverts with whitish terminal spots. Below deep cinnamon, except the

chin, lores, sides of head and superciliary lines which are nearly white; the

crissum with decided black bars. ‘The tail darker than the juvenal and barred

more irregularly.

4. First NuptiaAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear, the bird be-

coming rather paler, especially below, and ragged later.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in August and September. Practically indistin-

guishable from first winter.

6. ApuLtt NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

Fremale.—The sexes are practically indistinguishable, and the

moults correspond.

294 DWIGHT

Troglodytes aedon Vieill. Housz Wren

1. NataLt Down. Sepia-brown.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, Prout’s-brown, russet tinged on the rump and deep grayish sepia on the

pileum, sometimes very faintly barred. Wings and tail Prout’s-brown, darkest

on the wings, both with wavy, dusky barring, the palest areas on the outer.

primaries. Below, including sides of head, dull grayish white with dusky

mottling, washed strongly with russet on the flanks and crissum. Orbital ring

dusky buff. Bill and feet buffy sepia-brown, becoming darker.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning late in August, which involves the body plum-

age and wing coverts, but not the rest of the wings nor the

tail, young and old becoming practically indistinguishable.

Similar to previous plumage but darker and grayer with faint barring above, the

wing coverts, chiefly the lesser with whitish spots; below whiter without mot-

tling, the throat and sides obscurely barred with pale drab, the flanks and cris-

sum boldly barred with dull black which is bordered with russet.

4. First NupriaAL PLUMAGE acquired. by wear, excessive by

the end of the breeding season, which brings out the barring

more conspicuously and makes the bird grayer and paler, es-

pecially below.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in August. Practically indistinguishable from

first winter, perhaps averaging grayer with darker wings and tail.

6. AputT NupTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

Female.—The sexes are alike and the moults correspond.

Troglodytes hiemalis Vieill, WINTER WREN

1. Natat Down. Sepia-brown.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, Mars-brown russet-tinged, the crown feathers paler centrally. Wings

darker and tail ruddier, both duskily barred, alternating on the outer primaries

with pale buff, the coverts with whitish terminal dots. Below, pale cinnamon

with dusky and whitish mottling, the flanks and crissum deep russet. Orbital

ring and faint superciliary line dull buff. Bill and feet pale sepia-brown be-

coming darker.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 295

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning the middle of August, which involves the body

plumage and the wing coverts, and not the rest of the wings nor

the tail, young and old becoming practically indistinguishable.

Above, very similar to the previous plumage, the brown usually grayer with dusky

and whitish barring on the back. Below, pale cinnamon, the throat and breast

obscurely streaked with white, the flanks, abdomen and crissum distinctly barred

with russet, dull black and white alternating on each feather and producing a

dusky appearance. Orbital ring and superciliary line clear pale buff.

4. First NuptiAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear effecting but

little change in the colors except a slight paling.

5. ApuLT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by acomplete postnup-

tial moult in August. Practically indistinguishable from first

winter dress, perhaps grayer on an average, and more heavily

barred.

6. ApuLT NupTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird. ;

Female.—The sexes are indistinguishable and the moults are

alike.

Cistothorus stellaris (Licur.). SHoRT-BILLED Marsh WREN

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, dull black on the pileum and back, the nape sepia, the rump and upper tail

coverts russet ; streaked anteriorly with white, barred on the rump and wings

with black, white and cinnamon, palest on the primaries ; the tail drab, mottled

rather than barred with black. Below, including sides of the head, ochraceous

buff palest on the chin and throat and washed strongly on the sides, flanks and

- crissum with cinnamon, the feathers whitish centrally and terminally. Bill and

feet pinkish buff becoming deep sepia

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult beginning about the middle of August which involves

the body plumage and wing coverts, probably the tertiaries, but

not the rest of the wings nor the tail.

Similar to the previous plumage, the forehead largely sepia-brown and conspicuous

white stripes on the crown. Below, the ochraceous wash is deeper including

a pectoral band and a few black and white bars occur on the flanks. The ter-

tiaries are distinctly black, edged and barred with white, russet bordered.

296 DWIGHT

4. First NuptiaAL PLUMAGE acquired by a nearly complete

prenuptial moult, as indicated by the relative freshness of May

specimens and proved by others taken April 15th in Texas.

Limited material indicates that only a few of the outer primaries

are renewed in some cases, the same thing occurring in other

species. This plumage is much like the last, with perhaps less

barring, and shows considerable wear later.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in August. Indistinguishable from the first

winter probably averaging richer in its tints.

6. ADULT NupTiIAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete or

nearly complete prenuptial moult as in the young bird.

Female,—The sexes are alike and the moults are the same.

Cistothorus palustris (Wils.). Lonc-sittED Marsh WReEN

1, Natat Down. White (plate V, fig. 2).

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Crown, nape and part of back brownish black, a few faint white lines on the

nape ; the scapularies, rump and upper tail coverts Prout’s-brown often russet

tinged. Wings and tail dull black, the tail barred, the tertiary edgings mostly

black, the coverts and secondaries brownish edged, the primaries paler with

indications of barring. Sides of head dusky; a faint whitish superciliary line.

Below, white, washed on sides of breast and flanks and on crissum with pale

cinnamon, Bill and feet dusky pinkish buff becoming dusky.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning about the middle of August, which involves

the body plumages, the wing coverts, and the tertiaries, but not

the rest of the wings nor the tail, young and old becoming

practically indistinguishable. This plumage may easily be mis-

taken for the juvenal.

Similar to previous plumage, but the brown rustier above, a brown median line divid-

ing the black crown; the anterior part of the back is black with distinct white

streaking ; the superciliary line white; the tertiaries duskier and more mottled.

Below, the cinnamon wash is deeper with sometimes a pectoral band and there

is obscure whitish and dusky barring on the sides, the crissum distinctly barred.

4. Frrst NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete prenup-

tial moult as indicated by the relatively unworn condition of

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 9 i

the feathers when the birds arrive in May. Although I have

no positive evidence of this moult, spring birds are in quite as

fresh plumage as those of autumn and I do not believe the

latter could be so little affected by wear during the winter

months as not to show more of it on their return. This plum-

age is the same as the last, perhaps whiter below and with less

obvious barring on the flanks and crissum and it becomes badly

frayed before the end of the breeding season.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in August. Practically indistinguishable from first

winter but the wings and tail usually grayer, the tertiaries and

wing coverts more heavily barred.

6. ApuLT NupriaL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete pre-

nuptial moult the same as in the young bird.

Females.—The sexes are alike, the female perhaps averaging

a littie duller, and the moults are the same.

CERTHIIDA

There is only the annual moult in the one species found in

New York. Young birds appear to get a new tail at the post-

juvenal moult retaining the remiges until the first postnuptial.

Certhia familiaris americana (Bonap.). BRrowN CREEPER

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a.complete postnatal moult.

Above, including sides of head, streaked or mottled with bistre, sepia and wood-

brown, the rump russet, the feathers centrally pale brown on the crown,

whitish on the back. Wings clove-brown, reduced to a line on the outer web

of the tertiaries; the coverts edged with pale buff, which also edges sub-

terminally the secondaries and tertiaries, these as well as the primaries being

crossed by a midway bar besides, and all are tipped with pale smoke-gray.

Tail pale wood-brown, dusky along the shafts and narrowly barred. Below,

dull white, flecked on the chin, throat and sides with pale sepia, the crissum

faintly cinnamon tinged. Lores and auriculars dusky ; indistinct superciliary

line grayish white. Bill and feet pinkish buff, dusky later.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning early in August in eastern Canada, which in-

298 DWIGHT

volves the body plumage, wing coverts, and the tail, but not the

rest of the wings, young and old becoming practically indistin-

cuishable.

Similar to previous plumage. Above darker, the ramp much rustier, the crown and

back with white shaft streaks, wing covert edgings whiter. Below, silky white,

the crissum faintly cinnamon ; tail olive-brown on the inner webs, Isabella-

color externally, a faint barring discernible, the middle pair of rectrices more

broadly and less distinctly barred than in juvenal plumage.

4, First NuptiaL PLuMaGE acquired by wear, birds becom-

ing rather dingy below and somewhat faded above.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in August. Practically indistinguishable from first

winter, rather darker and richer.

6. ApuULT NupTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the young

bird.

female.—The sexes are alike in plumages and moults.

PARIDA

All the members of this family have only the annual moult.

They are peculiar in assuming a juvenal plumage closely re-

sembling the pale nuptial plumage which results from extreme

fading of the winter dress.

Sitta carolinensis Lath. WuitrE-BREASTED NUTHATCH

1. Narat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, cinereous gray with faint dull black edgings, pileum and hind neck dull

black faintly edged on the nape with pale buff. Wings dull black, the prim-

aries white basally and with a dash of white on the middle of their outer bor-

ders; the secondaries, tertiaries and coverts edged with cinereous gray, the

greater coverts tipped with ashy gray, ‘Tail jet black, the two central rectrices

cinereous gray, the outer pairs with subterminal white blotches. Below, includ-

ing sides of head and neck and superciliary line, grayish white usually faintly

pinkish tinged ; the crissum partly pale cinnamon; the loral, auricular and

malar feathers with dusky tips. Bill and feet dusky pinkish buff, the bill be-

coming bluish slate-gray, the feet deep sepia.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning the middle of July, which involves the body

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 299

plumage and wing coverts, but not the rest of the wings nor the

tail, young and old becoming practically indistinguishable.

Similar to the previous plumage. The pileum and hind neck glossy greenish black,

the back a brighter, bluer cinerous gray w7¢Hout dusky edgings ; the lower sur-

face everywhere creamier and ‘washed with pinkish buff, the flanks, crissum and

tibiae Mars-brown.

4. First NupriaAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear, the lower

parts fading to dull grayish white except a tinge of pale russet

on the flanks, crissum and tibia. Worn adults bear a striking

resemblance to birds in juvenal dress.

5. ApuLT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in July. Practically indistinguishable from the

first winter.

6. ApuLtT NupTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the young

bird.

Female.—The plumages and moults correspond to those of

the male. First distinguishable from the male in juvenal plum-

age, the pileum being deep plumbeous gray, the hind neck dull

black ; the wing coverts, edgings of the secondaries and the

lower parts are strongly tinged with pale russet, the crissum with

Mars-brown. The first winter plumage lacks the glossy black

cap of the male, its place being taken by dull black mostly veiled

with plumbeous gray; the back is of a duller gray ; the wing

coverts and secondary edgings are faintly tinged with russet;

below same as the male. Females never, even in later plum-

ages, acquire enough black on the cap to be mistaken for males.

Sitta canadensis Linn. RED-BREASTED NUTHATCH

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, bluish plumbeous gray, with a few faint black edgings, the pileum and trans-

ocular bands reaching the hind neck, dull black, superciliary lines extending to

the hind neck, white speckled with black. Wings dull clove-brown, the ter-

tiaries plumbeous, the alule black, the coverts and quills edged with pale

cinereous gray, palest on the primaries. ‘Tail black with subterminal white

spots on the outer rectrices, the two central quills plumbeous. Below, pinkish

buff, the crissum pale cinnamon, the breast sometimes with a few faint dusky

edgings ; the chin and adjacent sides of head white with dusky edgings, es-

300 DWIGHT

pecially in the malar regions. Bill and feet dusky pinkish buff, the bill be-

coming slaty (except flesh-color at base of lower mandible), the feet becoming

grayish black.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning the end of July in eastern Canada, which in-

volves the body plumage but not the wings nor the tail, young

and old becoming practically indistinguishable.

Similar to previous plumage. Above, a darker bluer plumbeous gray, the pileum

and transocular stripes glossy black, the superciliary lines, sides of head and

chin clear white without speckling. Below, rich tawny ochraceous buff, deepest

on the sides and crissum, the under tail coverts terminally white.

4. First NuptriaAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear, the fading

so marked that breeding birds resemble those in juvenal dress.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in July. Practically indistinguishable from first

winter.

6. ApuLT NupriaAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the young

bird.

Females.—The plumages and moults are similar to those of

the male. In juvenal plumage the pileum is largely plumbeous

instead of black. In first winter dress, the pileum becomes

blacker, veiled by plumbeous edgings, and the lower parts are

paler. In later plumages the cap never becomes as black as

that of the male.

Sitta pusilla Lath. BrowN-HEADED NUTHATCH

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by acomplete postnatal moult.

Above, dull slate-gray, the pileum pale mouse-gray, a partly concealed dull white

spot at base of neck. Wings clove-brown, the greater coverts and tertiaries

edged with wood-brown, the primaries and secondaries with dull white. Tail

black, the middle pair of rectrices and tips of the outer ones plumbeous gray,

a dingy white area on the outer webs of the lateral pairs. Below, dull white,

a pale pinkish buff wash on the breast, abdomen and crissum. Line through

eye and auriculars deep mouse-gray. Bill and feet pale sepia-brown becoming

black.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, in July in Florida, which involves the body plumage and

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 301

wing coverts, but not the remiges nor rectrices, young birds and

adults becoming practically indistinguishable.

Above, deep plumbeous gray, the pileum Prout’s brown, the concealed nuchal spot

clear white. Below, rich deep pinkish buff, white on chin and sides of head

and neck and plumbeous gray on the flanks. Line through eye and auriculars

deep Mars-brown.

4. First NupTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear. The pinkish

tint below is lost and the top of the head becomes curiously

mottled, the brown remaining dark where protected by the

overlapping feathers but fading to a dull white at the tips which

become much abraded. The wear is far greater on the crown

than in the black-headed species.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult, beginning in Florida by the end of June. Young

and adults are scarcely distinguishable, adults averaging deeper

in color especially the wing edgings.

6. ApuLT NUPTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear, as in the

young bird.

Female.—The sexes are practically indistinguishable in all

plumages, and the moults are the same.

Parus bicolor Linn. Turrep TiTMOUSE

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, brownish mouse gray. Wings and tail slightly darker, obscurely edged with

olive-gray, greenish tinged on the secondaries and tertiaries, brownish on the

coverts. Below, dull grayish white, faintly tinged with pinkish buff, deepest on

the flanks. Forehead merely dusky and crest insignificant. Bill and feet

dusky pinkish buff becoming black when olier.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, late in August, which involves the body plumage and

wing coverts, but not the rest of the wings nor the tail, young

and old becoming practically indistinguishable.

Similar to previous plumage, but dull cinereous gray above, deepest on the crown,

and grayer below, the sides and flanks deep russet or Mars-brown. The lores

and postocular region decidedly white, with black forehead and a distinct crest.

4. First NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear which shows

chiefly in the fading of the flanks.

302 DWIGHT

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult, in the South in August. Practically indistin-

guishable from first winter dress, the wing edgings perhaps

richer and darker on an average.

6. ApuLT NupTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

Female.—The plumages and moults correspond, the sexes

usually indistinguishable, although the female will average

browner and the frontal black patch brownish and duller.

Parus atricapillus Linn. CHICKADEE

1. Natat Down. Pale mouse-gray.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, mouse-gray ; the pileum, chin and throat dull black. Wings and tail dull

slate-gray edged with dul) or ashy white, the primary coverts with olive-gray.

Below (except chin and throat), dull white, washed on the sides and crissum

with pale pinkish buff; lores, suborbital region, auriculars and sides of neck

pure white. Bill and feet pinkish buff, the bill becoming slate-black, the feet

-grayish clove: brown.

3. Firsr WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning after the middle of July, which involves the

body plumage and wing coverts, but not the rest of the wings

nor the tail, young and old becoming practically indistinguish-

able.

Similar to previous plumage except that the flanks and crissum are strongly washed

with pale pinkish wood-brown, which also tinges the back, and the posterior

black, throat feathers are more veiled with white edgings. ‘The pileum is of a

deeper black which extends further on the hind neck.

4. Frrst NupriAL PLumMaGE acquired by wear, through

which the brownish wash fades to pinkish buff, like the juvenal

dress, as early as March, and by June is nearly all lost. The

wing edgings are considerably diminished by abrasion. The

plumage above is grayer.

5. ApuLT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in July and August. Practically indistinguish-

able from first winter dress, possibly grayer.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 303

6. ApuLtT NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

Female.—The plumages and moults correspond to those of

the male, females practically indistinguishable, but averaging a

little browner black on the cap and the wash on the sides paler

in all plumages.

I have examined large series of this species taken every

month in the year.

Parus carolinensis Aud. CAROLINA CHICKADEE

1, Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired bya complele postnatal moult.

Very similar to same stage of P. atricapil/us but with olive-gray, narrower, incon-

spicuous edgings on the secondaries. Above, mouse-gray, the pileum black.

Wings and tail dull black, the edgings olive-gray. Below, the chin and throat

dull black, the breast and abdomen dingy white, a wash of pale pinkish buff on

the sides and crissum. Lores, suborbital and auricular region and sides of

neck pure white. Bill and feet dusky pinkish buff becoming slaty.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, in the South apparently in July, which involves the body

plumage and wing coverts, but not the rest of the wings nor the

tail, young and old becoming indistinguishable.

Much like the previous plumage, but the flanks and crissum with a darker wash,

and the gray of the back, pinkish-tinged. The posterior feathers of the black

area of the throat are somewhat veiled with white edgings. The pileum is

blacker.

4. First NupriaLr PLumaGe acquired by wear through which

much of the pinkish wash on the sides and crissum is lost and

the plumage above becomes grayer.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. Practically indistinguishable from the first

winter dress.

6. ApuLT NupTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

Female-—The sexes are practically alike, the females often

browner and the black cap duller ; the moults correspond.

304 DWIGEEE

Parus hudsonicus Forst. HupsoNIAN CHICKADEE

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, brownish mouse-gray, the pileum pinkish drab-gray. Wings and tail dull

slate-gray whitish edged, the coverts edged with pale wood-brown. Below,

including suborbital region and auriculars dingy white and washed on the sides

and crissum with pale cinnamon, the chin and throat dull black. Biull and

feet dusky pinkish buff, becoming slate-black.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning early in August in eastern Canada, which in-

volves the body plumage and wing coverts, but not the rest of

the wings nor the tail, young and old becoming practically in-

distinguishable.

Similar to previous plumage, the pileum darker and the back browner, contrasting

but slightly with the cap; the flanks, sides and crissum rich Mars-brown ; the

black on the throat deeper and the white of the sides of the head and lower

parts clearer.

4. First NupriaAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear, the flanks,

sides and crissum becoming cinnamon through fading, the back

grayer and the cap paler. The plumage becomes ragged by

the end of the breeding season, due no doubt to the species living

among spruces and suffering by abrasion from the harsh foliage.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in August. Practically indistinguishable from

first winter dress.

6. ApuLT NuptTiaAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

Fremale.—The sexes are alike and the moults correspond.

SYLVIIDA

The Kinglets have an annual moult, the young males of

both species assuming the colored crown patches at the postju-

venal moult. /oloptila cerulea has a semi annual moult.

Regulus satrapa Licht. GoLDEN-CROWNED KINGLET

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 305

2. JUVENAL PLuMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, olive-brown, greenish tinged on the back and mottled with dusky edgings,

the pileum, auriculars and lores dull black or clove-brown ; grayish superciliary

stripe interrupted by black extending upward from the lores ; suborbital stripe

dull white. Wings and tail deep olive-brown, most of the coverts, tertiaries,

secondaries and rectrices edged with bright olive-green, the greater coverts

tipped with buffy white, the tertiaries with pale olive-gray; the secondaries

are crossed by a dusky bar on their proximal third and are basally white, yel-

low tinged. Below dull grayish white, a few dusky edgings, and tinged faintly

with pale buff on the throat, sides and crissum. Bill and feet dusky pinkish

buff, dusky later.

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning in eastern Canada early in August, which in-

volves the body plumage, the lesser wing coverts chiefly and

not the rest of the wings nor the tail, young and old becoming

practically indistinguishable. The young bird acquires the

Orange crown.

Similar to the previous plumage. Above, olive-green, olive-gray on the nape and

sides of neck. The crown with a broad median stripe of cadmium orange

bordered by lateral streaks of lemon-yellow and these by black. The orbital

ring is blacker and the superciliary line whiter, less interrupted by black,

broader behind the eye and the white extending across the forehead. Below,

browner, largely olive-buff or gray,

4. Frrst NupriaL PLUMAGE acquired by wear not marked till

late in the breeding season. The orange crown feathers are

very resistant to wear and always look fresh.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in July. Practically indistinguishable from first

winter.

6. ApuLT NuPTiAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in.the young

bird.

Female.—The plumages and moults correspond to those of

the male. In juvenal plumage the pileum usually has less black

than that of the male and is sometimes wholly olive-gray in-

cluding lores and auriculars. The first winter plumage lacks

the orange crown stripe, its place being taken by pale lemon-

yellow, and the orange of the male is never assumed in any

plumage.

ANNALS N. Y. AcAD Scli., XIII., Oct. 31, 1900—20

306 DWIGHT

Regulus calendula (Linn.). Rusy-cRowNED KINGLET

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal

moult.

Above, including wings and tail, clove-brown, the crown and back with faint dusky

mottling. Wing edgings olive-green, those of the tertiaries grayer. , Below,

dull buffy white, browner on the abdomen and crissum, Bill and feet dusky

pinkish buff, nearly black later.

Similar to R. satrapa but darker, the crown uniform with the back and no super-

ciliary line.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, in the far North, which involves the body plumage, and

the wing coverts, but not the rest of the wings nor the tail,

young and old becoming practically indistinguishable. The

“ruby ’’ crown is assumed by the young bird.

Above, including sides of head and neck, grayish olive-green brightest on the rump

and edgings of the wings and tail, the coverts and tertiaries tipped with white

or buff. Median stripe on crown and occiput scarlet vermilion or orange. Be-

low, olive-buff, browner on the sides, A conspicuous orbital ring white, inter-

rupted with dull black above and below.

4. First NupriaL PLUMAGE acquired by wear, the back be-

coming grayer and the tertiary edgings mostly lost. A few new

feathers often appear in the spring indicating a tendency toward

a prenuptial moult.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. Practically indistinguishable from first winter

dress.

6. ADULT NuprTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

female.—The plumages and moults correspond to those of

the male. Females are somewhat browner in autumn and lack

in all plumages the red crown spot of the male.

Polioptila cerulea (Linn.). BLuE-GRay GNATCATCHER

1. Natat Down: No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 307

Above, drab or smoke-gray. Wings clove-brown the tertiaries broadly white edged.

Tail black, the two outer rectrices chiefly white, the third with terminal white

spot. Below, grayish white, faintly buffon abdomen. Lores and orbital ring

grayish white. Bill and feet pinkish buff, becoming black later.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning in Louisiana the middle of July, which in-

volves the body plumage and wing coverts but not the rest of

the wings nor the tail.

Similar to previous plumage but dull bluish plumbeous gray above with a brownish

wash on the back, and pearl-gray below, whiter on abdomen and crissum.

4. Frrst NuptiaAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult, in February, which involves chiefly the anterior parts of

the head, chin and throat. The black frontal band and supra-

loral lines are acquired, the crown becoming bluer and the chin

and throat deeper gray. Young and old become indistinguish-

able.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. Differs from first winter in having the black

frontal band and supraloral lines; the blue and gray tints are

also richer.

6. ApuLT NupTiAL PLUMAGE acquired apparently by a partial

prenuptial moult as in the young bird.

Female.—In juvenal and first winter plumages indistinguish-

able from the male. With less blue and without black frontal

band in all subsequent plumages.

TURDIDA

The uniform rule is an annual moult for all the species of this

family with the postjuvenal moult incomplete. The Thrushes

are peculiar, especially females, in frequently failing to renew

the spotted wing coverts at the postjuvenal moult, so that old

and young may usually be told apart by this character during

the succeeding twelve-month. The natal down remains at-

tached for a longer period than in most other species of Pas-

serine birds.

308 DWIGHT

Turdus mustelinus Gmel. Woop TurusH

1. Narat Down: Mouse-gray.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, deep raw umber-brown, paler on the crown and nape, the rump olive,

spotted on crown and nape with tawny olive, tips of the wing coverts and a few

linear streaks on the back also tawny olive. Wings and tail tawny olive-brown,

the wing coverts with slightly paler edgings. Below, pure white, tinged with

buff on the jugulum and sides, heavily spotted on the throat and breast and less

obviously on the sides with large rounded black spots. Auriculars dusky, lores

ashy, orbital ring white and prominent. Bill and feet pale pinkish buff becom-

ing slightly darker with age.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning the end of July, which involves the body plu-

mage, the lesser coverts, usually a part of the other coverts, but

not the rest of the wings nor the tail. Young and old often be-

come indistinguishable.

Similar to previous plumage but without streaks on the back and whiter below with

larger spots. Above, russet, brightest on the crown, olive tinged on the rump.

Below, white, heavily spotted with black, a wash of pale buff on the throat.

Orbital ring white and conspicuous.

4. First NuptiaL PLUMAGE acquired by wear, the buff wash

being mostly lost and the spots becoming rather duller. There

is no obvious fading, above.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in July and August. Practically indistinguish-

able from first winter dress, averaging a little darker and the

wing edgings uniform with the wings without terminal edgings

Of SPOES.

6. ApuLT NupTiaAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

Female.—The sexes and moults are alike.

Turdus fuscescens Steph. Wutrson’s THRUSH

1. NataL Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, including sides of head, deep raw umber-brown with dusky edgings and

large guttate spots of tawny olive. Wings and tail tawny olive-brown the greater

PASSERINE. BIRDS-OF NEW: YORK 309

coverts and tertiaries edged with tawny olive and darker tipped. Below, white,

strongly tinged on jugulum, less strongly on the chin, breast, sides and crissum

with tawny olive, heavily spotted or barred on the jugulum, faintly on the

breast and anterior parts and sides of the abdomen with clove-brown, the

feathers also barred with a subterminal tawny band. Submalar stripes dusky.

Bill and feet pinkish buff, remaining pale when older.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning the middle of July, which involves the body

plumage, and lesser coverts but not the rest of the wings nor

the tail.

Similar to the previous plumage but without the spotting above and the barred effect

below. Above, uniform deep russet or pale mummy-brown, Below, white,

olive-gray on the sides and flanks, and strongly tinged on the throat, neck and

jugulum with pale ochraceous buff ending abruptly on the breast, and sparsely

spotted on the jugulum and sides of the throat with pale sepia deltoid spots, a

few still fainter on the breast. Lores grayish white with dusky edgings ; or-

bital ring similar and not conspicuous.

Young birds may usually be distinguished from adults by

the terminal buff spots of the retained juvenal wing coverts.

4, First NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear, the buff be-

low and the spots fading a little, and the russet above becoming

erayer.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in July. Young heretofore distinguishable by

juvenal plumage, wing edgings and tippings become indistin-

guishable from adults, which lack them. Adults are of a deeper

less yellowish brown above.

6. ApuLT NupriaAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear -as in the

young bird. 7

Female.,—The sexes and moults are alike.

Turdus alicie Baird. GRAY-CHEEKED THRUSH

1, Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, greenish olive-brown, wings and tail darker, the pileum, back, wing coverts

(except primary and greater) and rump with buffy white linear shaft streaks.

Below, white, very faintly tinged with pale buff on the breast and sides, the

breast and throat spotted with black tending to barring cn forepart of abdomen

310 DWIGHT

and flanks. Sides of head pale buff, black spotted; submalar streaks black ;

distinct orbital ring rich buff. Bill and feet clay-color in dried skin, the upper

mandible sepia. ‘This dress is grayer and with less buff than the correspond-

ing plumage of 77 w. sqwatnsoniz.

Description from an Alaskan bird.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired apparently by a partial

postjuvenal moult, in August in the far North, which involves

the body plumage and lesser wing coverts, but not the rest of

the wings nor the tail.

Above, similar to corresponding plumage of 7. a. swatnsoniz, the olive-brown usu-

ally darker with less yellowish tinge, especially on the head. Below, with

no buff except a faint wash on the jugulum ; the sides of the head and breast

are therefore much grayer and the orbital ring distinctly white. The buffy

edgings or terminal spots of the retained juvenal wing coverts are usually dis-

tinctive of the first winter dress.

4. Frrst NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear, birds becom-

ing very slightly grayer above.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. Usually the edgings of the wing coverts are

uniform in color with the wings and the upper parts will aver-

age darker than in first winter dress. Young and old now be-

come indistinguishable.

6. ApuLT NupTiaAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the.

young bird. Distinguishable in many cases from first nuptial

by lacking the buffy wing edgings or spots which however may

be less obvious at this stage on account of wear.

Fremale.—The sexes and moults are alike.

Turdus alicie bicknelli (Ridgw.). BicKNELL’s THRUSH’

The moults and plumages correspond to those of 7: alice.

A buffiness, which is lacking in 7: alicz@, characterizes all

plumages but plumage differences are extremely small at every

stage.

Turdus ustulatus swainsonii (Cab.). OLIVE-BACKED THRUSH

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 311

Very similar to 7: a/icie but browner above and with more buff below and about

the head, the linear spots deeper buff. Above, olive-brown, wings and tail darker,

the feathers of the pileum, back, lesser, median and sometimes part of greater

coverts and the rump with linear shaft streaks or terminal spots of buff. Below,

strongly washed with buff on throat, breast and sides, and heavily spotted with

black on the breast and sides of throat, the fore parts and sides of whiter ab.

domen indistinctly barred. Sides of head buff, spotted with black ; orbital ring

distinct, pale ochraceous buff; submalar stripes black. Bill and feet dark

pinkish buff remaining pale when older.

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning the middle of August, which involves the body

plumage, the lesser coverts and not the rest of the wings nor

the tail.

Similar to previous plumage but unstreaked above and less spotted below. Above,

uniform yellowish olive-brown ; below, together with the superciliary stripe and

distinct orbital ring, rich ochraceous buff, becoming abruptly white on the

breast, abdomen and crissum, the sides washed with pale olive-gray, and chains

of deltoid clove-brown spots on the throat and breast, paler on the fore part of

the abdomen. Spotted wing coverts remaining of the juvenal dress are charac-

teristic, except in precocious individuals. The tail uniform in color with the

back easily distinguishes this species from 7. a. fa//asiz, and the more spotted

breast and striking orbital ring distinguish it from 7. fuscescens.

4. Frrst NuptiaL PLUMAGE acquired by wear through which

much of the buff tint is lost, and the upper parts become grayer.

There is very little actual abrasion evident until late in the breed-

ing season.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult beginning the middle of August or not before the

first of September. Differs in most cases from first winter dress

in lacking the retained tell-tale wing coverts of the juvenal

plumage and the upper parts will average deeper in color. The

wings and tail will average darker and the coverts are without

terminal buff spots. Young and old become. indistinguish-

able.

6. ADULT NuPTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the young

bird, from which in most cases the lack of retained wing coverts

distinguishes adults.

Female.—TVhe sexes and moults are alike.

312 DWIGHT

Turdus aonalaschke pallasii (Cab.). Hermit THrusH

1. NataL Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, including sides of head, sepia or olive-brown, the rump russet, and every-

where spotted with large buffy white guttate spots bordered with black. The

wings rather darker, the coverts and tertiaries with small terminal buffy spots.

Tail burnt umber-brown. Below, white faintly tinged with buff, spotted with

deep black, on sides of neck, across the breast and on the flanks and crissum,

the throat and breast, the fore part of the abdomen and flanks faintly barred.

Bill and feet dull pinkish buff remaining pale when older. Compared with

corresponding plumage of 7. w. swaznsoniz, the brown above is deeper with

larger, paler spots, while below there is much less buff tint and the spots are

blacker. The reddish tail is, of course, distinctive.

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

mouit, beginning late in August, which involves the body plum-

age, most of the lesser and median coverts, but not the rest of

the wings nor the tail.

Similar to previous plumage but without spotting above and the black spots below

fewer. Above, including sides of head olive tinged mummy-brown, burnt-

umber on rump and upper tail coverts. Below, white, tinged faintly with buff

on throat and breast, with olive-gray on the sides and spotted heavily on the

throat and faintly on the breast with large deltoid black spots. Lores and sub-

malar lines black; orbital ring pale buff. The buff spotted coverts retained dis-

tinguish young from adults.

Above, most resembles 7. fascescens, the tail however ruddier; also resembles 7:

a. Stvainsonit, but browner above, the throat spots larger and the tail distinctive.

4. First NuptiaL PLUMAGE acquired by wear, the upper

surface becoming rather grayer and the buff below mostly lost.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in August and September. Averages darker and

lacks the tell-tale coverts and tertiaries of the first winter dress.

Young and old become indistinguishable.

6. ApuLT NupriaAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird, from which it is usually distinguishable by the wing

coverts.

Female.—The sexes and moults are alike.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 313

Merula migratoria (Linn.). AMERICAN ROBIN

1. Natat Down. Mouse-gray.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Pileum clove-brown with faint whitish shaft streaks ; back, lesser and median wing

coverts mouse-gray, each feather with elliptical shaft streaks of pale wood-

brown, edged with dull black ; rump paler with dusky barring. Wings and

tail (except as described) clove brown with whitish edgings, the two outer

pairs of rectrices terminally blotched with dull white, the others sometimes

tipped. Below, tawny ochraceous, lighter or darker according to individual,

sometimes ochraceous rufous, the chin, mid-abdomen and crissum white, the

sides of the chin streaked, the throat, breast and abdomen heavily spotted with

black, becoming edging or barring posteriorly ; under tail coverts white, basally

dusky. Auriculars and lores black, obscure superciliary line ochraceous buff,

orbital ring paler. Bill and feet dull pinkish buff, becoming dusky.

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, beginning late in August and extending through Sep-

tember and part of October, which involves the body plumage,

wing coverts and tertiaries, but not the rest of the wings nor

the tail.

Similar to previous plumage, but without spots above and below. Above, including

wing coverts, pale grayish olive-brown, veiling dull black on the pileum; the

throat, abdomen and sides tawny or pale ochraceous rufous, much veiled by

broad white edgings, grayish on the throat; the chin and fore-throat white,

streaked with dull black, malar stripe and forehead tinged with ochraceous ;

lores and auriculars dull black ; superciliary line and orbital ring white. Pos-

terior abdomen, crissum and tibize white, the tail coverts slaty basally. Wing

coverts grayish olive-brown, brownish edged and palest terminally.

4. First NupfiAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear through which

much of the white edging below is lost so that birds become

redder, without veiling, the concealed black of the pileum is

brought out and the streaking on the chin becomes clear black

and white.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult in August and September. Usually distinguish-

able from first winter dress by being grayer above, the head

blacker and less veiled; below the ochraceous rufous is richer,

less veiled and even invading the chin the streaks of which are

broader ; the lores and auriculars are blacker than in the young

bird and the spots tipping the lateral rectrices are whiter and

larger.

314 DWIGIIT

6. ApuLT NupTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the young

bird.

Female.—The sexes are usually indistinguishable in most

plumages although the female is duller in first winter and first

nuptial plumages, the black about the head brownish, the wings

and tail browner with less distinct tail blotches.

Hesperocichla naevia (Gmel.). VaArrep THRUSH

1. Natat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, olive-brown, plumbeous on rump; very faint whitish shaft-streaks. Wings

and tail clove-brown with ochraceous bands edging the quills and tipping

the coverts, Below, ochraceous buff, whiter on abdomen, a pectoral band

and edgings of throat and breast, olive-brown. Supra-auricular line buff.

3. First WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult which involves the body plumage and wing coverts but

not the rest of the wings nor the tail, young and old becoming

practically indistinguishable. It is worthy of notice that this is

another species which shows parti-colored feathers at the junc-

tion of two areas of different colors.

Similar to previous plumage, but deeper tints. Above, deep plumbeous gray with

brownish edgings, darker on the pileum, the wing coverts broadly tipped with

deep orange buff, forming two wing bands. Below rich orange buff, the abdo-

men and crissum chiefly white mixed with buff and olive-gray, the sides with

olive-gray edgings. <A black pectoral band, somewhat veiled with gray, orange

tinged.

4. First NuptriaAL PLuMAGE acquired by wear, which pro-

duces slight effects birds becoming grayer above.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. Scarcely differs from first winter dress, the

colors deeper and the pectoral band broader and blacker.

6. ApuLtT NuptiaL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

Female.—The plumages and moults correspond to those of

the male. Indistinguishable injuvenal dress, however, especially

wings and tail. In first winter plumage duller and browner,

the faint pectoral band mouse-gray and the crissum grayer.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK ole

Saxicola cenanthe (Linn.). WHEATEAR

1. NataL Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired bya complete postnatal moult.

Above, mouse-gray, browner on the back and white on the rump, the feathers with

dusky terminal edgings and with central whitish spots. Wings dull black,

lesser coverts like the back, other coverts, secondaries and tertiaries with cinna-

mon edgings, paler at the tips of the primaries. Tail basally white, terminally

dull black, tipped with pale cinnamon. Below, dull white, the feathers of the

chin, throat and breast with dusky terminal edgings. Bill and feet brownish

black in dried specimens.

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult which involves the body plumage, but not the wings nor

the tail.

General color cinnamon, paler on chin, superciliary stripes, and under tail coverts.

Lores obscurely black.

4. Frrst NuptiAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves the body plumage, but not the wings nor

the tail.

Smoke-gray above, with white upper tail coverts and superciliary stripe and a black

transocular line. Below, white, tinged, chiefly on throat, with pale cinnamon.

The worn wings and tail with remains of the brown edgings

of the juvenal plumage distinguish young from old birds.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult. Similar to first winter dress, but the edgings

not so brown and the wings, primary coverts especially, and

tail, blacker. A specimen from Roumania (Am. Mus. Nat.

Hist., No. 54069, $, July 5) is passing by moult from the gray

nuptial to the brown winter dress, four of the proximal primaries

and a part of the body plumage already renewed at this early

date.

6. ApuLr NuptiaAL PLUMAGE acquired by a partial prenuptial

moult which involves only the body plumage, as in the young

bird. The blacker less worn wings and tails without signs of

buffy edgings, whiter forehead and clearer white of lower parts

less washed with cinnamon, all help to distinguish old birds

from young ones.

316 DWIGET

Female.—The moults and plumages correspond to those of

the male, the plumages duller, and the prenuptial moult often

limited in extent. The transocular line is obscure in first winter

dress, and dull black in subsequent plumages.

Sialia sialis (Linn.). BLUEBIRD

1, Narat Down. No specimen seen.

2. JUVENAL PLUMAGE acquired by a complete postnatal moult.

Above, slaty mouse-gray, the back lesser, median and a few inner greater coverts

with white guttate spots bordered with sepia, the crown and rump much grayer

and unspotted but sometimes with obscure dusky transverse barring. Wings

and tail dull azure-blue, the shafts and tips of remiges and rectrices dusky with

faint whitish edgings; tertiaries and greater coverts edged with pale chestnut.

Below, dull white, mottled on throat, breast and sides with sepia, the feathers

centrally white bordered by the sepia and a rusty suffusion. Auriculars dusky

mouse-gray mixed with white; lores grayish; conspicuous orbital ring pure

white. Bill and feet dusky pinkish buff becoming deep sepia. First primary

and outer pair of rectrices without the white edging of the female.

3. Frrst WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a partial postjuvenal

moult, in August and September, which involves the body

plumage, wing coverts, tertiaries and tail, but not the rest of the

remiges. 7

Unlike the previous plumage and wholly blue and chestnut, Above, including sides

of head, orbital ring and wing coverts, deep azure or purplish cobalt-blue, often

campanula-blue on the crown, veiled everywhere with pale chestnut edgings,

the tertiaries and wing coverts faintly whitish edged. Below, pale chestnut,

white on abdomen and crissum, the anterior part and sides of the chin dull

white mixed with a little blue. Tail brighter blue than in juvenal plumage,

the rectrices without dusky tips or whitish edgings.

4. First NupriAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear, through

which the edgings of the back are lost and the color becomes an

ultramarine or azure blue depending somewhat upon the angle

at which the light strikes the plumage. The chestnut below

fades.

5. ADULT WINTER PLUMAGE acquired by a complete post-

nuptial moult beginning about the middle of August. Practi-

cally indistinguishale from first winter dress, the colors usually

somewhat richer and the chin bluer.

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 317

6. ApuLtt NupTIAL PLUMAGE acquired by wear as in the

young bird.

Female.—The plumages and moults correspond to those of

the male. In juvenal plumage the female is similar to the male,

but the outer primary and outer rectrix have white outer webs,

the blue is everywhere very much duller, and replaced with

brown on the tertiaries and wing coverts, the edgings duller

and the quills with duskier tips. In first winter plumage the

blue is obscure and confined to the wings, tail and rump, the

back is dull grayish chestnut, grayer on the crown. The sides

of head are gray and white mixed, the orbital ring white.

Below, the throat, breast and sides are reddish cinnamon, tinge-

ing also the grayish white chin; abdomen and crissum dull

white. The first nuptial plumage is acquired by wear and

usually shows a little more blue as the edgings are lost. The

adult winter plumage is practically indistinguishable from the

first winter but a little bluer above and ruddier below and the

adult nuptial is the same, modified by wear.

Postscript—Al|though my paper was read on March 13,

1899, and placed in the editor’s hands on July 11, 1899, owing

to unforseen delays, no proof reached me until nearly a year

later, on June 1, 1900. However, thanks to the courtesy of the

editor, I have had opportunity to revise the whole paper up to

this date, and a portion of it to a still later date, so that it has

lost nothing by the long delay in publication, and now consti-

tutes a complete study of the moults and plumages of the Pas-

serine birds of the State of New York.

New YORE City, Oct. 8, 1900.

318 DWIGHT

BIBLIOGRAPHY

The bibhography includes titles of papers and notes on the moult

and immature plumages of the foregoing species ; and on the devel-

opment, structure and colors of feathers in general, but especially of

Passerine species. ‘Titles of general works and of papers on feathers

other than Passerine have, as a rule, been excluded. Every title has

been verified excepting those marked with an asterisk.

Alix, E. ;

65 Essai sur la forme, la structure et le développement de la

plume

Bull. des Sct. de la Soc. philomatique (Paris), 6° sér. II.

1865. pp. 209-233 -+ 1

Alix, E.

‘74 ~~ Sur les plumes ou rémiges des ailes des oiseaux. [Abstract. ]

Bull. des Sct. de la Soc. phitom. (Paris), 6° sérs XI. 1674

p- Io

Afllen], J. A.

84 ~— Jeffries on the epidermal system of birds. _ [ Review. |

Ak, I.” 1884v_ pp. 982, 268

See Jetimes, Je A. 8e

Afllen], J. A.

89 Sharpe’s catalogue of the birds inthe British Museum...

Volume X. [Review. ]

Auk, Il. 1885. pp. 365-368

A[llen], J. A.

86 = Beckham on the plumage of Regulus calendula. | Review. |

Auk, Wi 1886... 268

see Beckham, "C7 W.,, 765

Allen, J. A.

86 - ‘* Aptoso-Chromatism.’’ [ Review. ]

Auk, Vl. 1386.2 “pps Auras ear A

see: Hoxie, We, 736

A[llen], J. A.

93 ~=«-Keeler on the ‘ Evolution of the Colors of North Amer-_

ican Land birds.’ [Review. ]

Auk, X. 1893. pp. 189-95

mee Keeler, (C.F. 7 ae

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 319

Afllen], J. A.

93. = Beddard’s ‘ Animal Coloration.’ [ Review. ]

Auk, X. 1893. pp. 195-199

See Beddard, F. E., ’92

Allen, J. A.

93 ~=[Reply to ‘The Evolution of the colors of North Amer-

ican land birds. <A reply to criticism.’ |

Auk, X. 1893. pp. 377-80

See Keeler, C. H., ’93

Afllen], J. A.

93-95 Newton’s dictionary of birds. [Parts I, II, III]

Auk, & 89%. pp. 357-60; 7a XL xrs04. pp. 56

-6e; wid. XII. 13805. pp. 169,270

See Newton, A., and Gadow, H., ’93—96

Allen, J. A.

"94 = First plumages

Auk, XI. 1894. pp. 91-93, col’d pl. Il

A[llen], J. A.

95 =Sharpe and Wyatt’s monograph of the swallows. [ Review. ]

Aik, XWice 1895. PP. 373-375

See Sharpe; IR: B., ahd Wyatt, C. W., ’85=94

Allen, J. A.

96 = Alleged changes of color in the feathers of birds without

moulting

Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hiist., VIII. 1896. pp. 13-44

Reviewed by Dwight, J., Jr., Agk, XI. © 1896... pp.

LOG, 167

Allen, J. A.

‘96 «= Gatke’s ‘ Heligoland.’ _[ Review. |

Hue, Silly pi8g6. pps 1375833

mee taatkes. 1G 795

Alfien], J. A.

98 ~=s- Hair and feathers. [Review. ]

Auk, XV. 1898. pp- 207

see: Kangsley, J. S., 797

Altum, B.

59 Ueber den Bau der Federn als Grund ihrer Farbung. Ein

Beitrag zur Pterologie

Journ) jf. Ora, Ts rés4e Vi left, no.r2:; Erinner-

ungsschrift. 1855. pp. xix—xxxv

320 DWIGHT

Altum, B.

54 ~=Ueber die Farben der Vogelfedern im Allgemeinen, iiber

das Schillern insbesondere

Naumannia. 1854. pp. 293-304

Altum, B.

‘67 ~—s- Aberrationen [in der Farbung der Vogel]

Journ. f. Orn, XV 1867. ~ “pp. 85=s89

American Ornithologists’ Union.

95 Check list of North American birds prepared by a com-

mittee of the American Ornithologists’ Union

second. and. Revised Edition. «évo.. \pp.x1,1372.. © New

York. 1895

[Anon—‘‘ An Old Bushman.’’]

66 ~=On the change of plumage in the common Crossbill (Zoxza

curvirostra), with a few remarks on their breeding and

other habits

Intellectual Observer, VIIl. 1866. pp. 188-196

Aristotle (384-322 B. C.)

Opera omnia (ffistoria animahum Lib. Ill, cap. 12),

Venitiis, 1497—editio princeps and many later

Bachman, J. .

’°39. ~=Observations on the changes of colour in birds and quadru-

peds :

Trans. Amer: Philos.) Soc- Gehila.), i. Seb. as Ok:

PP: 297-3239

Barrows, W. B.

°84 = Abnormal coloration in a caged Robin

Awe, \V. 1864. p..ge

Barrows, W. B. .

°85 = Abnormal coloration in a caged Robin

Auk, We. 885-2 Pp 303

Beckham, C. W.

°85. ~=Remarks on the plumage of Regulus calendula

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII. . 1885. pp. 625-628

Reviewed by Allen, J. A.;Awz, WI: 1886. “p. 268

Beckham, C. W.

’°86 ~=Changes in the plumages of Geothlypis trichas

“uk, ti. 1886. ‘pp. 27e%.250

Beckham, C. W.

°86~=—Ss First plumage of the Summer Tanager (Piranga rubra)

Awe; NIN 1886, sp. 487

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 321

Beckham, C. W.

Beddard,

Bicknell,

"78

Birtwell,

1900

Birtwell,

1900

Blyth, E.

"36

Blyth, E.

"37

Bock.

iad

Bock.

253

Scarcity of adult birds in autumn

Ak, INT? ESS 7... DD. FO~.d0

banal =

Animal coloration

romeo, pp. vi, 288,. -London,’ 1892

Reviewed by Allen, J. A., 4uk, X. 1893. pp. 195-199

Ee P.

Evidences of the Carolinian fauna in the Lower Hudson

valley. Principally from observations taken at Riverdale,

N. ¥.

Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, WI. 1878. pp. 128-132

Poi.

The occurrence of aptosochromatism in Passerina cyanea

Science, n. ser., XI. Ig00. pp. 292-299

Ee.

Aptosochromatism

Pop. S;, XXXIV. 1900. ppx 64, 65

Observations on the various seasonal and other external

changes which regularly take place in birds, more particu-

larly in those which occur in Britain ; with remarks on their

great importance in indicating the true affinities of species ;

and upon the natural system of arrangement

Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist., 1X. 1836. pp. 393-409

(continued with new title), pp. 505-514

On the reconciliation of certain apparent discrepancies ob-

servable in the mode in which the seasonal and progres-

sive changes of colour are effected in the fur of mammalians

and feathers of birds ; with various observations on moult-

ing

Charlesworth’'s Mag. Nat. Hist. (London), I. 1837.

Pp. 259-203, 300-311

Ausfallen der Mauser bei einem Vogel [Zmderiza lapponica]

in der Gefangenschaft

JOUTNS fo Oe Ne” T5925 As. 207

Zu der Frage tiber die Mauser [bei Emberiza laponica]

Journ: fiOri eV, «Ea A229 B, 383

ANNAIS N. Y. ACAD. Sci. XIII., Oct. 31, rq00—21.

322 DWIGHT

Bogandow, A.

56 Note sur le pigment des plumes d’oiseaux

Bull. Soc. Imp. Natur. de Moscou, XXX. 1856, I. pp.

459-462

[Abstract with title] ‘‘ Die Farbstoffe in den Federn (Mit

Zusatz von Dr. C. Gloger)’’

journ. J. Orn., Vi... 1858. -pp--31I-315

Bogandow, A.

58 Etudes sur les causes de la coloration des oiseaux. [Ab-

stract. |

Compt. vend. del Acad; des Sa. Faris), AW 1. siege:

pp. 780, 781 —

Abstract in Rev. et Mag. de Zool., X. 1858. pp. 180, 181

Noticed by Lubach, D., Album d. Nat. 1858. pp. 53, 54

Noticed by Merkel, ., Corresp. ds Nam Ver. 28

LO Ss ps. cs, or

Bonaparte, C. L. and Schlegel, H.

50 Monographie des Loxiens

ato. pp. xvil, 55, col’d. pls. 54.. Leidén et Dusseldort-

1850

Brehm, C. L.

53 Gegen Schlegels Meinung iiber die Verfarbung des Gefie-

ders

Journ. Js 3Orn., A. 1858.) pp. 3474351

Brehm, C. L.*

‘57 = Einige Bemerkungen tiber Herrn Schlegels Sendschreiben

an die im Julius 1852 in Altenberg versammelten deutschen

Ornithologen iiber den Federwechsel und das Sich-Ausfar-

ben des Gefieders

Allgem. deutsche naturhtst. Zeitung, III, n. f.. 1857. pp.

241-258, 281-296

Brewster, W.

‘78-79 Description of the first plumage in various species of North

American birds

Bull, Nut. Orn. Clo, lil. 1878: pp. 15=23, 50-604,

I15-123, 175-182; zbzd., 1V. 1879. pp. 39-46

Brewster, W.

81 ~—sA singular cage plumage of the Rose-breasted Grosbeak

Bull. Nutt. Ora, Club, Vi. 188i. pps 10

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 323

Brewster, W.

81 On the relationship of Helmninthophaga leucobronchialis

Brewster, and Helminthophaga lawrencet Herrick ; with

some conjectures respecting certain other North American

birds -

Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VI. 1881. pp. 218-225

Brewster, W.

82 ~=Notes on some birds and eggs from the Magdalen Islands,

Gulf of St. Lawrence

Bull, Nutt. Orn. Club, VII. 1882. pp. 253-256

Brewster, W.

83° = Ruby-crowned Kinglet [Regulus calendula]

O77, and Obl, Vill 1883. p.56

Brewster, W.

84 ~—A singular specimen of the Black-and-white Creeper [ JZ7z-

ottlta varia |

Auk, I. 1884. pp. Igo—-192

Brewster, W. ;

85. = Swainson’s Warbler [/e/naia swainsont? |

Auk, Il. 1885. pp. 65-80

Brewster, W.

87 = * Scarcity of Adult birds in Autumn.’ [Letter. ]

Awe, IV: 1387. pp. 268, 269

Bronn, H. G.

"91-93 Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-Reichs

See Gadow, H. and Selenka, E., ’91-93

Brooks, W. K.

"4 A feather

Pop. Sct. Monthly, 1V. 1874. pp. 686-694, figs. 1-6

Brown, N.C. |

’°83. =Immaturity vs. Individual variation

Bull. Nutt. Orn. Clib, VII. 1883. pp. 46-48

Brown, N.C.

83. = Individual variation in color in the European Crossbill

Bilis Wail. “Orn: Cito, NUT. A883. p. 12

Bulley, R. H.

’°86 = =Immature dress of IWelospiza palustris

Age, Wil 1880- pr 277

Butler, A. W.

93. Further notes on the Evening Grosbeak

Ankh, X. “1893. Pp. 155-157

324 DWIGHT

Cabanis, J.

‘47 ~~ Ornithologische Notizen

Wiegmann's Arch. f.. Naturg:, XIN, Bd v1847.. 9 pp:

186—256, col’d pls. IV, V ; and pp. 308-352

Cartwright, G.

1792 <A journal of transactions and events during a residence of

nearly sixteen years on the coast of Labrador

3°vols.,-4to: -[See Vol. 1, p.'278.4 - Newark; 1792

Chadbourne, A. P.

‘97 The spring plumage of the Bobolink with remarks on

‘Color-change’ and ‘ Moulting’

Auk; XIN... 1807.» pp) 134=146, pla:

Chapman, F. M.

90.» =Onthe changes of plumage in the Bobolink (Dolchonyx

oryztvorus )

Auk, VIL 1890. “pp. 120-124

Chapman, F. M.

92 ~—s- Preliminary study of the grackles of the subgenus Quzscalus

Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. tist:, \V 2 1892. pp-1—2o,4map

Chapman, F. M.

93, =~ On the changes of plumage in the Bobolink (Dolchonyx

OryZtvorus )

Auk, X. 1893.- pp. geo—31 5, plo Vil

C{hapman] F. M.

_95 Dwight on the Ipswich Sparrow. _ [ Review. ]

Auk, XM... 1895: 9 pp. Ba senso

seerDwight; J. Jno 205

C[hapman], F. M.

.96 The structure and life of birds. [Review. |

Auk, XI 1806.. pp: 68,69

see Headley, 5 W565

Chapman, F. M.

96 =On the changes of plumages in the Snowflake (Plectrophe-

max nivalts )

Bull. Amer.. Mus. Wat. Fast, Vil. 2896. 9 pps G—1 2

Bes 20 2202

Reviewed by Dwight, J., Jr. Aus, XIII. 1896. pp. 165,

166

Chapman, F. M.

‘97 ~Remarks on the spring moult of the Bobolink

Auk, XIV. 1897. pp. 149-154

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 325

Chapman, F. M.

98 Notes on birds observed at Jalapa and Las Vigas, Vera

Cruz, Mexico

Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., X. 1898. pp. 15-43,

pl. te

Chapman, F. M.

99 ~+Report on birds received through the Peary expeditions to

Greenland

Gul, Amer. Mus. Nat. fist., X11. 1899: pp. 219-

244, figs. 1-8

Clement, C.

‘76 ~=Note sur la structure microscopique des plumes

Bull. Soc. zool. de France, 1. . 1876. pp. 282—286,, figs.

1-6

Clement, C.*

‘76 ~=Sur les palettes terminales des rémiges et des rectrices du

Jaseur de Bohéme [Ampelis garrulus|

Bull. Soc. a étude sct. nat. de Nimes, IV. 1876. pp. 95,

Clement, C.*

‘77 ~+La couleur des plumes

Pll, SOC. eludes set. wat. de Nimes, NV. wT p< Pp..5I

—56, pl. I

C[lope, E. D.]

Evolution of the colors of North American land birds

[ Review. ]

Amer. Nat., XXVIII. 1893. pp. 547-549

See icecler-C. 1... 93

Coues, E.

"12 Key to North American birds. Roy. 8vo

GSU CUO. a2 an eee Boston. 1872

2nd OR Wes ee Renee ha ere Ce 1884

3d See te itil gee St as 1887

4th OF etch ee Tat awe. 1890

[Coues, E. |

"15 [Stieda’s Bau der rothen Blattchen des Seidenschwanzes |

[ Notice. ]

New Vork Independent, XXVIII. Aug. 12th, 1875. p. 8

pee Stieda,sh25 72

326 DWIGHT

Coues, E.

'76 = On the number of primaries in Oscines

Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, 1: 1876. pp. 60-63

Coues, E.

"18 = Pipilo erythrophthalmus with spotted scapulars

Bull Natt. Ora: Clie, IV 4893." pire hin

Coues, E.

‘78 Melanism of Zurdus migratorius.

Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, SIL 2398. ppa4A jade

Coues, E.

83, «Note on ‘‘ Passerculus caboti’’ [| Melospiza palustris]

Bull, Nutt. Orn: Clg, NIL 8833. Ge

Coues, E.

83. = Susceptibility of a bird to color

Bull. Natt...Orn.. Clo, NIM. F 1833" 2 108

Coues, E.

90 Handbook of field and general ornithology. 8vo._ pp.

343, illus. London, 1890

Coues, E.

95 Géatke’s Heligoland. [ Review. ]

Auk, XIl. 1895. pp. 322-346

see Gatke, i; 95

C[oues], E.

‘97 ~=Newton’s dictionary of birds. Part IV. [Review. |

Auk, XIV. 1897. pp. 234-244

See Newton, A., and Gadow, H., ’93-96

Cuvier, F.

’°25. Observations sur la structure et le développement des

plumes

Mém. du Muséum, XIII. 1825. pp. 327-368 (pl. 1)

Ann. des St. nat, sét. %, 1X. 1826. pp. 113-154; pl. 44

[ Reprint. |

Froriep's Noétizkt, XVo 1820... nO. 317. “pperrzi—138

no. 318. pp. 145-154

Reviewed in Aauss, Dull. Sa. udt,.X. "1829. » pp» 386

399

Dallas, W. S. .

On the various modes of coloration of feathers. ['Trans-

lation. |

See mato. Vio5 6.6

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 227

Davies, H. R.

88 —s Beitrag zug Entwickelungsgeschichte der Feder, Vorlaufige

Mittheilung

Morph. Jahrb. (Leipzig), XIV. 1888. pp. 369-371

Davies, H. R.

89. = Die Entwickelung der Feder und ihre Beziehungen zu an-

deren Integumentgebilden

Morph. Jahrb. (Leipzig), XV. 1889. pp. 560-645, pls.

XXITI-XXVI

Deane, R.

‘76 ~=Albinism and melanism among North American birds

Bull. Nutt. Orn. Clib, 1. 1876: “pp. 20—24

Doebner.*

“65 Ueber die Farbenveranderungen der Saugethiere und Végel

namentlich in Weiss und Schwarz

L001. Gorl., Vi. 1805. Pp. 2=12

Dresser, H. E.

‘79 On the change of colour in birds, etc. [Translation. ]

see Meves, W., 55

Dutrochet, R. J. H.*

‘19 ~=—- De _ la structure et la régénération des plumes

Journ. de Physique, LXXXVIIIL. 1819. p. 333

Dwight, J., Jr.

87° =Anew race of the Sharp-tailed Sparrow (Ammodramus

caudacutus )

Hawn, IV. 21867. pp. 232-230

Dwight, J., Jr.

(90 The Horned Larks of North America

Auk, VII. 1890. pp. 138-158, map

Dwight, J., Jr.

95 The Ipswich Sparrow (Ammodramus princeps Maynard)

and its summer home

Memotr No. 1, Nutt. Orn. Club. 1895. pp. 1-56, col’d.

pl.

D[ wight], J., Jr.

‘96 +=Chapman on the plumage of the Snowflake. [ Review. ]

Auk, SUI. 2396.) ppowhs, 266

see Chapman, F. M., ’96

328 DWIGHT

D[ wight], J., Jr.

96 = Allen on alleged changes of color in the feathers of birds

without moulting. [ Review. ]

Ave; RIE 18962 pp: 66,167

see Allen, syA., 96

Dwight, J., Jr.

‘97 ~—S«A study of the Philadelphia Vireo (Vireo philadelphicus)

Auk, XIV. §897: pp..250-272, cold pl-cil

Dwight, J., Jr.

99. = Sequence of plumages ; illustrated by the Myrtle Warbler

(Dendroica coronata) and the Yellow-breasted Chat

(leteria virens )

Auk, XV I.) 1399. pp. 217-220, col:d pl. 1th

Dwight, J., Jr.

1900 ‘The plumages and moults of the Indigo Bunting (Passerina

cyanea)

Selence, N. Ser., Xl. “Apr. 20, 1900. pp) 627-020

Engel, J.

56 = Ueber Stellung und Entwicklung der Federn

Sttzungsber. ad. Katserl. Akad. ad. Wissensch. Math.-

naturwiss. Classe (Wien), XXII. 1856. pp. 376-393,

pls. I-V

Everett, A. H.*

66 ~=6 Die Farbung des Vogelgefieders

Aus der Natur (Leipzig), XXXVI-(o..f. SIV). Wee6:

Pp. 410-414

Everett, A. H.*

‘77 ~=Farbenanderungen

Ornith. Centralol.,(Leipug), Ll..9 2877.4 speate5

Fatio, V.

66 ~=—- Des diverses modifications dans les formes et la coloration

des plumes

Mém. Soc. de phys. et @ hist. nat. de Genéve, XVIII, pt. 2.

1866. pp. 249-308, col’d pls. I-III

[ Prelim. extract] Archives des sct. phys. et nat. (Genéve),

nouv. périodeX XV. 1866. pp. 244-254. English transla-

tion by W. S. Dallasin Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d ser.,

XVII. 1866. pp. 361-367

[Extract] Act. Soc. helvet. de sct. nat., 50° sess. (Neficha-

tel). 1866. pp. 95-98

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 329

Reviewed in /ntellectual Observer, X. 1867. pp. 377-

386; zbed., XI, 1867. pp. 172-175

Ficalbi, E.*

‘90 =Sulla architettura istologica di alcuni peli degli uccelli con

considerazioni sulla filogenia dei peli e delle penne

Atti Soc. Toscana di sct. nat. (Pisa), XI. 1890. pp. 227

Fleming, J.

‘17 ~=Hybernation of animals

Edinb. Encyclop. (Brewster), XI. 1817. p. 388

Fleming, J. ‘

20 = =On the changes of colour in the feathers of birds indepen-

dent of moulting. (With note by Professor Jameson ap-

pended. )

Edinburgh Philos. Journ., UW. 1820. pp. 271-276

Frauenfeld, G. von

"03. = Ueber Farbenveranderung bei Vogeln

Verhanadl. d@. zool.- botan. Vereinsin Wren, III. 1853. pp.

30-45

Frauenfeld, G. von*

‘73, ~~ Ueber Farbenveranderungen [bei Végeln]

Gozed. Werf (Berlin), Il. 1873. pp: 88,.39, 98, ‘99,

Eio, 0T7

Furbringer, M.

°88 Untersuchungen zur Morphologie und Systematik der

Vogel, zugleich ein Beitrag zur Anatomie der Stiitz- und

Bewegungsorgane

2 ‘vols... 4t0:; Amsterdam. 1888. pp. xlix.. 3751. — pls.

XXX. [Federn. pp. 1006-1014]

Gadow, H.

82, = On the colour of feathers as affected by their structure

Proc. Zool. Soc. [London] 1882. pp. 409-421, pls.

XXVII, XXVIII

83s [French translation by H. G. de Kerville.]* Sur la struc-

ture des plumes et de ses rapports avec leur coloration

Bull. Soc, amts des sect. nat, de Rouen, XIX. 1883.

Gadow, H.

’°88 ~=Remarks on the numbers and on the phylogenetic develop-

ment of the remiges of birds

Proc. Zool. Soc, [London] 1888. pp. 655-667

330 DWIGHT

Gadow, H. and Selenka, E.

‘9193 Dr. H. C. Bronn’s Klassen und Ordnungen des Thier-

Reichs. Sechster Band, Vierte Abtheilung. Végel

[.- Anatomische ‘Theil, Leipzic.. 2393. pp. tees, ple dete

II. Systematische Theil, Leipzig. 1893. pp. vii, 303 +1

[Federn, II Theil. pp. 521-588]

Gardiner, E. G.

84 ~=Beitrage zur Kentniss des Epitrichiums und der Bildung

des Vogelschnabels

Archiv. f. mikros. Anat., XXIV. 1884", pp, .2890—3338;

pls. XVII and XVIII

Also Jnaug.-Diss., Leipzig. 1884

Gatke, H.

54 Einige Beobachtungen iiber Farbenwechsel durch Um-

farbung ohne Mauser

Journ J. Orn. LS 5A. pp.e 21-327

Gatke, H.*

60 Ueber Umfarbung von Voégeln

Bericht tiber der XIII Vers. der deutsch. Orn. Ges. (Stutt-

gart). 1860. pp. 63-65

Gatke, H.

91. +=Die Vogelwarte Helgoland. [R. Blasius, editor.] 8vo.

pp. 609. Braunschweig. 1891

95 ~=[English translation], ‘‘ Heligoland as an ornithological

observatory.’’ Edinburgh. 1895

Reviewed by Coues, E. Awk, XII. 1895. pp. 322-346

Reviewed by Allen, J. A. dAvz, XIII. 1896. pp. 137—

153

Reviewed in /dzs, 7th ser., 1). ‘1é00. pp. a45—843

‘99 -~—s- [Second edition in press. |

Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, I.

"41 ~Ueber die Mauser der Végel und insbesondere iiber Weib-

chen mit mannlichem Gefieder

froriep’s Neue Notizen aus ad. Gebiete ad. Natur- u. Feil-

kund. (Exfuth wu. Weimar), XX) 184. wag ser, one.

PP- 421, 33-39; NO. 422, pp. 49-53

Gerbe, Z.

‘77 ~—s Sur les plumes du vol et leur mue

Bull. Soc. zool. de France, UW. 1877. pp. 289-291

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 331

Gloger, C. W. L.

53. = Andeutung fiir die Physiologen in Betreff der Verfarbung

des Gefieders

“earm, -. Orns, 1... 1853. Pp: 212

Gloger, C. W. L.

63 = Zur Erklarung der Verfarbung des Gefieders

Journ. f. Orn., 1.. 1853. p.p 268-276

Gloger, C. W. L.

[Bock’s] ‘* Zu der Frage iiber die Mauser ”’

ee i (OF so No BIOL. § Pe 45%,

Gloger, C. W. L.

54 ~=Einiges Weitere iiber das Umfarben des Gefieders

Wousn. f- Orn., Il. AssA. Ppi3k2—317

Gloger, C. W. L.

61 Richtige Ansicht eines nordischen Zoologen iiber die Farbung

der mannlichen Kreuzschnabel

ourd.fvOrn., UX. 1861. p3-78

Goodchild, J. G.

’°86 Observations on the disposition of the cubital coverts in

birds

Proc. Zool. Soc. (London). 1886. .pp.. 184-203, 37

illustrations

Gredler, V.*

‘73, ~=Ueber Farben-Abanderungen bei Végeln, zumal Albinis-

mus und Melanismus

Zool. Gart. (Frankfurt-a.-M.)}, XIV. 1873. pp. 74, 75

Hadfield, H. |

62 = Of the change of plumage in the Crossbills and Pine Gros-

beak

Zoologist, XX. 1862. pp. 8033, 8034

Haecker, V.

90. ~=Ueber die Farben der Vogelfedern

Arch. f. mikros. Anat., XXXV. 1890. pp. 68-87, col’d

pl. dV. (Reprint, pp: 123.

Harting, P.

66 = Veranderingen in de kleuren der vederen van de vogels

Album der Natuur (Haarlem). 1866. p. 42

Headley, F. W.

95. = The structure and life of birds

Sv; pp. xm 412, tllus- London: 1895:

332 DWIGHT

Reviewed by Chapman, F. M. Awk., XIII. 1896.

Pp- 68,769

Heinroth *

98 Mauser und Verfarbung des Federkleides der Vogel

Sitzungsber. Gesell. Naturf. Freunde (Berlin) 1898. no.

I. pp. 9-15.

Henshaw, H. W.

°84. The Shore Larks of the United States and adjacent territory

Auk, 1, 1884. pp. 254-268

Holland, T.

60 = Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Federn

Journ. f. Orn., VIII. 1860. pp. 341-347, 432-441, pl. I

Holland, T.

‘63 ~=Pterologische Untersuchungen

Inaug.-Diss. Philos. (Greifswald). 1863. pp. 1-40 ?;

also Journ. f. Orn., XII. 1864. pp. 194-217

Homeyer, HE. F. von

53. ~=Ueber den Federwechsel der Vogel; mit Riicksicht auf

H. Schlegels Sendschreiben an die Ornithologen-Versamm-

lung zu Altenburg.

Naumannia. 1853. pp. 64-78

Homeyer, HE. F. von

"05 Ein ferneres Wort tiber das Ausfarben

Journ. Fe Orn., NIN.° “8855. pp. T3217

Homeyer, E. F. von

566 ~=Noch ein Wort iiber die Verfarbung

Journ. J: Orn., IV. 3856. pps 226q-132

Howe, R. H., Jr.

96 ~=Abnormal plumage of a Pine Grosbeak [ Pinzcola enucleator|

Auk, XIN. 1896.) 5176

Hoxie, W.

°86 = =Aptoso-Chromatism

Orn: and Ool., XY. 1886. pp. 4G, 5°

Reviewed by Allen, -J/:A:, Avéz; II.) 1886." pp. azz,

414

Jacquemin, E.

36 = De lordre suivant lequel les plumes sont disposées sur le |

corp de |’ oiseau

Compt. rend: de lt’ Acad. des Sciences (Paris). 1836. p.

374

we)

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 33

Jeffries, J. A.

81! On the number of primaries in birds

Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, Vi. 1881. pp. 156-163

Jeffries, J. A.

‘82 Krukenberg on the coloring matter of feathers. [Review. ]

man Niue. Orn. Clas, Vil, 1332." pps i154, 115, 177,

ypoe

See Krukenberg, C. F. W., ’31-82.

Jeffries, J. A.

82. =The colors of feathers

Bun, Nutt Orn. Ciao, Vito 1882. pp. 126-135, pl. 7

[=pl. 1]

Jeffries, J. A.

83. The epidermal system of birds

roe. Dostn. sgn. War. Hist, XX t.. 1883; Pp. 203=

241

Reviewed by Allen, J. A., Azz, 1. 1884: pp. 182,°183

Jeffries, W. A.

‘19 Af giothus exilipes in Massachusetts

Bu, Nuit. Orn. Club, 1V. 1879. p. 121

Jencks, F. T.

83. [Crest of ] Ruby-crowned Kinglet

Orn and Ool., VINI. ‘188%. p. 44

[Jencks, F. T.]

84-85 Color of birds’ eyes

Random Notes on Natural History, 1. 1884. No. 1,

Peed pk > No. 4, peosINo. 6, p:.3 3 707d. 11

ESo5-) Oh p. 50; No,"8, p..6g 5 .No: 10, p. 75

Jones, L.

‘97° The Oberlin [Ohio] Summer Grackle [Quwéscalus guiscula

eneus| Roost

Wilson Orn. Chapt. Agassiz Assoc. Bull. No. 15.

1897. pp. 37-56, 2 maps

Keeler, C. H.

‘93 = Evolution of the colors of North American land birds

Cala. Acad. Sct., Occasional Paper, No. 3. (San Fran-

cisco.) 1893. pp. i-xii, 1-361, col’d pls. 19

Reviewed by Allen, J. As, Auk, X. 1893. pp. 189-

195, 377-380

oot DWIGHT

Reviewed by Cope, E..D:, dimer. Wats, XVII 2608.

PP. 547-549

Keeler, C. H.

93 ~The evolution of the colors of North American land

birds—a reply to criticism. [ Letter. ]

Auk, X.’ 1893. . pp. 37 3=377

Keibel, F.

96 = Otogenie und Phylogenie von Haar und Feder

Ergebnisse ad. Anat. u. Entwickl. (Merkel u. Bonnet.)

Wiesbaden, V (for 1895). 1896. pp. 619-7149, figs.

c=T3

Kerbert, C.

Ueber die Haut der Reptilien und andere Wirbelthiere

Archiv. f. mikros. Andt., XW. 18777 pps 2eqg=262,

pls. XVITI-XX

Kerville, H. G. de

83. Sur la structure des plumes, etc. _[Translation. ]

see Gadow, Hi, 732

Kingsley, J. S.

‘97 ~= Hair and feathers

Am: Nat., XXXII. 389072 pp. 767-777, Hes ee

Reviewed by Allen, JA‘, Awz, XN. } 1308: Sp. 207

Klee, R.

86 = Bau und Entwickelung der Feder |

Leitsthr. f. Naturwiss..- (Haile), Ata, sets V4 ee

1886. pp. 110-156, pls. 3 and 4 (folded)

Also /naug.-Diss. Halle. 1886. 3 leaves, pp. 1-47, pls.

3 and 4 (folded) 7

Knight, 0. W.

"96 The Pine Grosbeak in captivity

Aur... <li 2800." pp. 21-24

Kolliker, A.

87° ~~ Ueber die Entstehung des Pigmentes in den Oberhautge-

bilden

Lettschr.. f. Wiss. ZOd.,~ XIN T3867. pee Es- foes

pls. XXXVII and XXXVIII (V6gel, fig. 14-16)

Krukenberg, C. F. W.

‘81-82 Die Farbstoffe der Federn. Erste [-Vierte] Mittheilung

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 335

Vergleichend-physiol. Studien (Heidelberg). I Reihe, V

Abth, “ader.. pp. 72-99, pl. Lif: Ii Reihe, I Abth.

Loosvoapm, e5e—170 > EieAbth. 1882. pp. «1-42; i

Abth. 1882. pp. 128-137

heviewea by jelimes, J. A. Bu7/ WV. O.C., Vil. 1882.

Phra, 270:

Landois, H.

°88 = Das Dunennestkleid der Vogel besteht nicht aus Dunen

Zool. Anzeiger (Leipzig), XI, 1888. p. 703

Langdon, F. W.

"19 The White-rumped and Loggerhead Shrikes in Ohio

Bul.. Nutt. Orn. Cito, IN. \187o “Pp. 120

Lescuyer, F.

°83. Considérations sur la forme et la coloration des oiseaux

Trav. de Acad. Nat. de Rheims, UXXI. 1881-82.

(1883.) pp. 1-52 and index

Leverkthn, P.

90 Ueber Farbenvarietaten bei Vogeln

VOUrt J SOF. XXXVI. 1890. pp. 168-232

Loomis, L. M.

93. Notes on the plumage of some birds from upper South

Carolina

Auk, x.) “1603; Pp. EFI-155

Lubach, D.

; Kleuren der vogelvederen. _[ Notice. |

Album der Natuur, Haarlem. 1858. pp. 53, 54

See Bogdanow, A., ’58

Mc Callum, G. A.

85 [ Possible causes of ] Albinism

High, WN 1065+.) PP. bL2, 114

Mc Cormick, L. M.

93 =A Hybrid Tanager [Piranga rubra + P. erythromelas|

AU, 2. LOO? . Pp. i202," 203

Martin, L.

03 =Zur Verfarbung des Gefieders, namentlich bei Anas nigra

Journ: f. Orn., I. 1853. pp. 206—212

Maurer, F.

92 Haut-Sinnesorgane, Feder- und Haaranlagen, und deren

gegenseitige Beziehungen, eine Beitrag zur Phylogenie der

Saugethierehaare.

336 DWIGHT

Morph. Jahrb., XVI. 1892. pp. 717—804, pls. XXTV—

XV Lieve Tess 1a. text

Maurer, F.

95. ~~ Die Epidermis und ihre Abkémmlinge

Ato. pp. i=ix, 1-352, pls..o, figs: im text'23.—-Leipzig,

1895

Reviewed by Seydel, O., ’96

Mearns, E. A.

‘78 ~~ A description of unusually developed individuals of three

species, and remarks on uncommon plumages in several

others, taken near West Point, N. Y.

Bull. Nutt. Orn: Clb til; 2898. ppp to —72

Mearns, E. A.

‘78-81 A list of the birds of the Hudson Highlands with annotations

Bull. Lisséx. Inst, “X. 1878." “pp. 166—17o ¢ 37077. eae

1879. pp. 43-52, 154-167, 189-204 ; zbzd. XII. 1880.

pp- 11-25, 109-128; zézd. XIII. 1881. pp. 75-93; also

Addendum, Aw, VII. 1890. pp. 55, 56

Mearns, E. A.

"79 Notes on some of the less hardy winter residents in the

Hudson River Valley

Bull. Nutt. Orn: Club; AV. 1879: pps 33-37

Meckel, A.

"15. ~Ueber die Federbildung

Arth. f. ad. Phystol, (Ral “v~Aulenrieth, idle) oie

1815. pp. 37-96, pl. 3

Megnin, P. (ed. M. Reichenow)*

’°80. =Das Ausfallen der Federn bei Vogeln

Ormuth. Centralbl., V. 1880. pp. 99g-I00

Meijere, J. C. H. de

"95 ~~ Ueber die Federn der Végel, insbesondere iiber ihre Anord-

nung

Morph. Jahrb. (Leipzig), XXIII. 1895. pp. 562-591,

figs. I-20

Merkel, E.

‘58 ~=Das Pigment der Vogelfedern

Correspondenzblatt des Naturf. Ver. (Riga), X. 1858.

Pp- 13, 14

See Bogdanow, A., ’58

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 3907

Meves, W.

95 =Om fargférandringen hos foglarna genom och utan rug-

" ening

Oefvers. Kon. Vet.-Akad. Foérhand. (Stockholm), XI

(for 1854): .1S55. pp: 258=266, col’d pls: Ill, IV

‘55 [German translation] Ueber die Farbenanderung der

Vogel durch und ohne Mauser

wemrn: Ff. Orn, Vil. - 18552) pp: 4230-248, col’d pls. 1

and 2

‘79 ~=—- [English translation by H, E. Dresser.] On the change of

colour in birds through and irrespective of moulting

Zoologis?, 3rd ser., Ll. rS7o. pp. :8i—s9, col’d pls. 1x

and 2

Merriam, C. H.

"T17 ~<A review of the birds of Connecticut, with remarks on

their habits

Trans. Conn. Acad., IV. 1887. pp. 1-165 +1

Miller, G. 8., Jr.

‘97 ~=Some abnormal color markings [of several North Amer-

ican birds]

Auk., XIV. 1897. pp. 275-278

Mitchell, H. P.

96 = Nestling down.

Wilson Orn. Chapt. Agassiz Assoc. Bull., No. 9. 1896.

PP- 2, 3 :

Miller, J. W. von

53. ~=Ueber den Farbenwechsel der Vogel

Journ. F-- Orn. kk 1853. - ppios2j=3388

Muller, J. W. von

‘59 Des changements qui s’opérent dans la coloration des

oiseaux

Kev. et Mag, de Zool., set..2, Vil. 1855. pp. 123~821,

161-167

Muller, K.*

‘78 Beobachtung iiber den Federwechsel der Stubenvégel

Zo0al, “Gart,, AVX. 1878... spp. 357-348

ANNALS N. Y. AcAD. Sci., XIII, Oct. 31, 1900—22.

338 DWIGHE

Newton, A. and Gadow, H.

'93—'96 A dictionary of birds. [Part I, 18933; Part Il, 1893;

Part III, 1894; Part IV, 1896]

8vo. London. pp. xu, 72g and 1088, illus.

Reviewed) by Allen, J. -A., vz, XS siSes5) eps 7

3603 do, XI. - 18948) pp 56-60; ido. AE taser

pp: 169, 170, andiGoués, J oXIV. “2807-5 pp. 234248

99 -~—SA dictionary of birds . . . Cheap issue, unabridged [2nd

ed.], New York

Reviewed, by. Allen, J. A.j Avs, XVII) a090e. p. 47

Nitzsch, C. L.

33 Pterylographia Avium

4to., Hale. 1833

Nitzsch, C. L.

40 System der Pterylographie . . . mit einem wichtigen Zu-

satze . . . von Hermann Bauermeister

AtO:, dalle; (1840

67 [English translation by P. L. Sclater (Ray Society reprint) |

Nitzsch’s Pterylography. .4to... pp: x, 61, pls:aice

London. 1867

Ord, G.

’°30 Some observations on the moulting of birds

Trans. Amer. Phitos: Soc; new sero, Lil 1233073 Dn:

292-299

Palmen, J. A.

80 ~=—s- [ Russian title—‘‘ The Periodical Changes and Homologies

in the Dress of Birds’? ]

‘* Proc. Zool. Section of 6th Congress of Russian Natur-

alists and. Physicians 18so- “part Li pprro2, 163.)

Reviewed in Zool. Anzeiger, II. 1880. pp. 237-239

Palmer, W.

94 ~=Plumages of the young Hooded Warbler

uk, XI. 1894. pp. 282-291, figs. 1-4

P[almer]. W.

96 = Stone on the molting of birds. [Review]

Auk, XIIT. 91896. pp, 240-244

see Stone, W 5-406

Palmer, W.

"98 Oursmall Eastern Shrikes

Auk, XV. 1898. pp. 244-258

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 339

Palmer, W.

99 The avifauna of the Pribilof Islands

‘<The Fur Seals and Fur Seal Islands of the North

Pace Ocean. .1s99.., pt. “iy ppt: 355-431, pls:

XXXVITI-XLI

Peck, E. M.

1900 ‘The Plumage of the Blue Jay ( Cyanocitta cristata)

Western Ornith., V. 1900. pp. 1-6, 28-33, 48-52.

[Not yet concluded |

Pelzen, A. von

65 =~ Ueber Farbenabanderung bei Vogeln

Verhandl. &. kats.-kinigl. zool.-bot. Gesell. (Wien), XV.

1865. pp. 911-946

Pernitza, E.

‘71 = Bau und Entwicklung des Erstlingsgefieders beobachtet

am Hiihnchen

Sitzungsber. a. Kats. Akad. ad. Wrssensch. (Math. -natur-

ws. (Classe), LX, 2pt. 1872... pp. 439-4409, pl. I.

Porter, L. H.

"92, =Abnormal Plumage of Hadia ludoviciana

Auk, UX. 1892), * P7302

abl, H.

‘97 ~=Pigment und Pigmentzellen in der Haut der Wirbeltiere.

Ergebnisse d. Anat. u. Entwickl. (Merkel u. Bonnet),

Wiesbaden, V (for 1896). 1897. pp. 439-470

Rathbun, 8S. F., and Wright, F. 8.

'- “12 — Hooded Warbler in Western New York

Bull. Nutt. Orn. Cltb, IV. 1879. pp. 116-117

Reichenbach, L. ;

‘55 [Bemerkungen iiber Herr Altum’s ‘‘ Ueber den Bau der

Feder als Grund ihrer Farbung. Ein Beitrag zur Pterolo-

gie’’ ]

Journ. firm, Wc 1854. Ni Hett, wo. 12, Krinnerungs-

schriit. £355. pp- 2L1,, £2

Renshaw, G.

‘98 ~=Experiments on the Colours of the Nonpareil Finch (C)-

anospiza cirts )

Zootogist, atu ser, 11s” 1898. pi 23

Ridgway, R.

| Late breeding of the Blue Grosbeak ( Guzraca cerulec)

Bull, Wall. Orn» Clad, Vi. . 1886. ps 53

340 DWIGHT

Ridgway, R.

°86 On two abnormally colored specimens of the Bluebird

(Stata stats )

Auk, I: «1886. pp. 28258232

Ridgway, R.

’°86 A nomenclature of colors for naturalists and compendium

of useful knowledge for ornithologists

r2mo. pp: 128, pls--I-XVII, (d-X .cold), Bostom

1886

Ridgway, R.

90 =A _yellow-crowned Regulus calendula

Agk, Vil. 1800.) ~p. 2092

Riidiger, E.*

"78 Farbenwechsel der Vogel

Gefied. Welt, VII. 1878. pp. 475-477

Russ, K.*

99 Die Fremdlandischen Stubenvoégel

4 vols. 1899

Samuel, S.

‘10 Die Regeneration [der Federn]

Arch. f. path. Anat) Berlin), lL. (42, xX). “1rézo. | po

SP 3704

Sauermann, C.

°89. =~ Ueber die Wirkung organischer Farbstoffe auf das Gefieder

der Vogel bei stomachaler Darreichung

Arth. f. Anat. u. Phys. (Phys. Abth.) (Geipzig). 1889.

PP- 543-549

Sauermann, C.*

‘90 Unter welchen Bedingungen werden organische Farben bei

der Fiitterung in das Gefieder der Vogel angenommen ?

Ornith. Verein (Wien.).> .18606=, (ppie7 65.02

Schlegel, H.

52. ~=Sendschreiben an die am 6 Julius 1852 zu Altenburg

versammelten Naturforscher

Naumannia, Il, Heft 2. 1852. pp. 19-40

Schlegel, H.

53. Over den groei en de kleurveranderingen der vederen van

de vogels

Verschlag. en Meded. ad. Kon. Akad. Amsterdam, I.

1853. pp. 329-345

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 341

Schlegel, H.

55 ~=[Ueber meine Verfarbungstheorie]

LVaumannia. 1855. pp. 249-251

Schrenk, G.

48 De formatione pennae.

Diss; maug. , Ato. pp. °32 -—-' 1, pl. I.. Dorpati Livon-

orum. 1848. [Also Mitaviae. 1846]

Schroeder, J.*

‘77 ~=Erfahrungen bezuglich des Farbenriickschlages

Blitter f. Gefliigelsucht, XI. 1877. pp. 39-40

Schroeder, R.

80. = Pterographische Untersuchungen

Diss.-inaug. 8vo. pp. 36. Halissaxonum. 1880

Selater, P. L.

Nitzsch’s Pterylography

pee: Nitzsch,, C. Ty 707

Scott, W. E. D.

’79 Late fall and winter notes on some birds observed in the

vicinity of Princeton, N. J., 1878-79

Bull, Nutt. Orn. Club, IV. 1879. pp. 81-85

Selenka, E.

"91-93 See Gadow, H. and Selenka, E., ’91-93

Severtzov, N.

63 = Microskopische Untersuchungen iiber die Verfarbung der

Federn zum Hochzeitskleide bei einigen Végeln, nebst

Betrachtungen iiber das Verhaltniss derselben zur Mauser

Bull. del Acad. imp. des Sct. de St. Pétersbourg, V1. 1863.

PP- 330-346

[Reprint in] JZélanges biologique, 1V. 1861-65, 1865.

PP te So4

Seydel, O.

"96 = [Review of Maurer’s] Die Epidermis und ihre Abkémm-

linge

Morph. Jahrb., XXIV. 1896. pp. 356-358

see Maurer, F., ’95

Sharpe, R. B. and Wyatt, C. W.

85-94 A monograph of the Hirundinidz or Family of Swallows

2 vols. 4to. London. 1885-1894

342 DWIGHT

Shufeldt, R. W.

90 =Notes upon Coccothraustes vespertina as a cagebird

Auk, Vil-~ x800. \) pp. 93-05

Shufeldt, R. W.

‘91 =A female Piranga rubra assuming the plumage of the male

Aue Vil. | 18914, pp- 215-310

Shufeldt, R. W.

‘97 ~=Notes on the moult and certain plumage phases of Prranga

rubra

Awk, XIV. .i1867-. pp: Ao6,;.407

Skillen, J.

94 The change from winter to spring plumage in the male

Bobolink (Dolichonyx oryztvorus )

Auk; Xl, L894. YP. se

Stieda, L.

69 Ueber Bau und Entwickelung der Federn

St. Petersh; med. Zeitschr., XVIL.- 1369. pp. 185-102

Stieda, L.

"72 Ueber den Bau der rothen Blattchen an den Schwingen des

Seidenschwanzes (Ampelts garrulus )

Arch. f. mikr. Anat.,VIII. 1872. pp. 639-642, figs. 1-3

[Abstr. by E. Coues.] 1. Y. dudependent, Aug. 12,1875

Stone, W.

96 The molting of birds with special reference to the plum-

ages of the smaller land birds of Eastern North America

Proc. Acad. Nat. *Sei., (ehila.)> 1896.” pp, Tes—T6 ye

piss Vv

Reviewed by Palmer, W., Auk, XIII. 1896. pp. 240-

243

Notice in 7475, 7th ser,, V. “18e9.. ps 400

Stone, W.

‘97 = Spring moult in Spenus pinus

AUR, SAV 2 1807. Hp. B26

Stone, W.

99. +~=Winter plumages : —IIlustrated by the Rose-breasted Gros-

beak (Zamelodia ludoviciana)

Auk, XVI. 1899. pp. 305-308, pl. IV

Stone, W. .

1900 Report on the birds and mammals collected by the MclIl-

henny expedition to Point Barrow, Alaska

Proc. Acad. Nai. Sc. (Pnila.}. “1900, pp. 4-49

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 343

Streets, T. H.

83. =A study of the immature plumage of the North American

Shrikes, to show their descent from a common progenitor

Amer. Nat., XVIT. . 1883. pp. 389-391

Studer, T.

‘73 Die Entwicklung der Federn

Inaug.-Diss., Bern. 1873

Studer, T.

‘78 ~=Beitrage zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Feder

Lach fs Wiss “Lo0r., XX, Telit 4.) 1878. pp. 421—

436, pls. XXV, XXVI

Sundevall, C. J.

43° Om foglarnes vingars

Kon. Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl. 1843. pp. 303-384, pls.

1 a

[German translation] ‘‘ Ueber die Fliigel der Végel’’

jour: J. O77, 1. 1355. “pp: 118-168, pl. 1 (folded)

[English translation] ‘‘ On the wings of birds ”’

does, sth ser. IV: 1886. pp. 389=457,: pls. XX, XI

See also /szs. 1846. pp. 324-366

Thompson, E. E.

94. = Hybrid Prnzcola enucleator + Carpodacus purpureus

Age, WI) i894. pp. 1-3, col’d pl..I

Townsend, C. H.

82, =Remarkable plumage of the Orchard Oriole [Zeterws spurius]

Buu, Nu, Ora. Clad; Vile" 1882? sp. 181

Trotter, S.

87 ~=The significance of certain phases in the genus He/mi-

thophila

Auk, AV. “18897>. pp..307—210

Tschusi (-Schmidhoffen), V. von *

66 ~=—s Beitrage zur Farbenveranderung der V6égel in Weiss u.

Schwarz

Verhandl. ad. kats.-kinigl. zool.-bot. Gesell. (Wien), XVI.

1966...) pp. 223,222

Tyrer, R.*

"77 ~—Ueber die Vertarbung des Kreuzschnabels

Geofed.< Welle Vix 1877. pps 209, 216

344 DWIGHT

Waldeyer *

’°82. Untersuchungen iiber die Histogenie der Horngebilde,

insbesonders der Haare und Federn

Beitrage sur Anat. u. Embryol. als Festschrift fiir Jacob

flenle, Bonn. 1882

Wayne, A. T.

91. + =An abnormal specimen of the Nonpareil (Passerina cirts)

Aug, NU. 28o%.° sp.-305

Weinland, D. F.

56 = Zur Verfarbung der Vogelfeder ohne Mauserung

fOUrn. f. Orn. gIV.e “1856, 7 pp. tess b26

Weinland, D. F.

'56-'59 The cause of the change of color in the feathers of birds,

and in the hairs of Mammalia, and the manner in which

this change is effected

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., V1. 1856-59 pp. 34-37

Weiske, H.*

89. ~=Untersuchungen iiber die Qualitat der Vogelknochen und

Federn in verschiedenen Altersstadien

Landwirthschaftlichen Versuchsstationen, XXXVI. 1889.

| tAared

Wheelwright, G. ;

62 = On the change of plumage in the Crossbills and Pine Gros-

beak

Zoologist, XX. 1862. pp. 8001, 8002. Quoted from

‘‘?iveld’’ (newspaper), March 22, 1862

Wheelwright, G.

63 ~=Change of plumage in the Crossbills

Zoologist, XXI. 1863. p. 8492

Quoted from ‘‘ /ve/d’’ (newspaper), November 15, 1862

Whitear, W.

"18 Remarks on the changes of the plumage of birds

Trans. Linn. Soc... CLosdony XU. “pt. .g5) ere to. pp.

524-526

Wray, R.S.

‘87 On some points in the morphology of the wings of birds

Proc. Zool. Soc., (London.) 1887, pp. 343-357, pls

XXIX-XXXII (XXX and XXXII col’d)

PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK 345

Wray, B.S.

°87 On the structure of the barbs, barbules and barbicels of a

typical pennaceous feather

Jhis, Sth ser., V. 1887. pp. 420-423, pl. XII

Yarrell, W.

33. = [Observations on the changes of plumage in birds. ]

Hro0e. £001. Soc. (London. ) 1833. pp: 9;: ro.

Yarrell, W.

33, [On the laws that regulate the changes of plumage in birds. ]

Proc. Zool. Soc. (London.) 1833. p. 56

Yarrell, William

°35 Observations on the laws which appear to influence the as-

sumption and changes of plumage in birds

Trans. Zool. Soc. (London.) I. 1835. pp. 13-19

[Preliminary mention in] Proc. Zool. Soc., I. 1833.

Pp: 9, 1e;-56.

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PLATT

DWIGHT—PLUMAGE AND MOULT

Photograph showing the natural size, pattern and wear of the prin-

cipal feathers of Dolichonyx orystvorus, a Passerine bird. They are

all from males and some of the buff winter feathers have printed so

much darker than they actually are that they, unfortunately, appear

to be black.

Figs. 1-6. Throat, September .2d 50). D. Jr. No. a aeqer

7.2 otiddile mectrix 66 6 rT, BS

8. Secondary, 66 c< 66 6

Q. Tertiary, ‘é ‘6 ‘6 ‘é

LO. ,seriiMary,, ‘é ‘< ‘< «6

11. Dorsal feathers, se “< &< 66

12. Scapulary, << “6 6 6

13. Greater covert, 6é é & cc

14. Median covert, 2 «“ 6 rT,

15-16. Lesser coverts, Zz « «6 6

I7. Crown, 66 66 ‘ec cc

16. > Forehead, «6 “6 < &<

19-20. Side, 66 és bie ie

21. Flank, panes 6 66 6

23 steast. ‘6 c< 6 &

23. New black breast feather, March 1st (Amer. Mus.

Nat, Hist., Now g2372,)-

24. Worn black breast feather, May 17th (J. D.) jr No:

2164).

25. Much worn black breast feather, July 2d (J. D., Jr.,

Norwi2270)

26. New buff abdominal feather, Sept. 2d (J.- D:, Jr.,

7 No. 5.2253):

27. Worn buff abdominal feather, March 1st (Amer. Mus.

Nat.: Hist., No:t32872):

28. Partly worn black abdominal feather, May 17th (J.

Diy Jr. No. 21649;

29. Much worn black abdominal feather, July 2d (J. D.,

jr.,2No. 1227):

( 348 )

AN NWAIES Nosy, ACAD SCL. - -xXIu, PLATE f.

9e VW

5 16 17

. ~ = v

, ia 7 : : ‘

7 a e

me ‘

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’

ee TE WE.

(349 )

< i” 7 al

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* 72 ad ra, Sey Poe

— al Seo :

a : ?

PLATE AM

DwIGHT—PLUMAGE AND MOoULT

Photograph of feathers, natural size, from birds of various species

illustrating some seasonal effects of moult and wear. The numbers

are those of male specimens in my collection.

Fig.

aly

20.

2].

Ammoaramus savannarum passerinus. Juvenal Plumage

tertiary, Sept. 16th (No. 63):

Ammodramus savannarum passerinus. First Winter

Plumage tertiary, Sept. 17th (No. 3468).

Ammodramus savannarum passerinus. First Nuptial

Plumage tertiary, June 19th (No. 2904).

Spinus tristis. First Winter Plumage tertiary, Jan. 13th

(No. 6356).

Spinus tristis. First Nuptial Plumage tertiary, Aug.

26th (No: 387).

Tachycineta bicolor. Adult Winter Plumage tertiary,

Aug. 24th (No»6075):

Lachycincta bicolor. Adult Nuptial Plumage tertiary,

May 12th (No.°749):. |

Icterus galbula. _Juvenal Plumage tertiary, July 28th

(No, 536).

Icterus galbula. First Nuptial Plumage tertiary, May

15th (No. 627). ;

Icterus galbula. Adult Nuptial Plumage tertiary, May

17th (No. 2702).

Icterus galbula. First Nuptial Plumage, tip of rectrix,

May 15th (No. 627).

Icterus galbula. Adult Nuptial Plumage, tip of rectrix,

May 17th (No. 2163).

Sturnella magna. First Winter Plumage, breast feather,

Oct. 2d.(No. 5746)

Sturnella magna. First Nuptial Plumage, breast feather,

July 16th (No. 3389).

Sturnella magna. Juvenal Plumage tertiary, July 7th

CNo:- 1237).

Sturnella magna. First Winter Plumage tertiary, Oct.

20. CNO.piA Gy:

Sturnella magna. First Nuptial Plumage tertiary, July

16th (No. 3389).

Tyrannus tyrannus. Juvenal Plumage, tips of first and

second primaries, Aug. 30th (No. 6098).

Tyrannus tyrannus. First Nuptial Plumage, tips of first

and second primaries, April 7th (No. 6458).

Chelidon erythrogastra. Juvenal Plumage, lateral rectrix,

Aug. 6th (No. 1991).

Chelidon erythrogastra. First Nuptial Plumage, lateral

rectrix, May 22d (No. 2185).

( 350 )

Hp ws

ACAD.

ANNALS N.

PEATE

DwIGHT—PLUMAGE AND MOULT

Photograph showing location of the Pteryle or Feather Tracts of

a Passerine bird. Natal Down or neossoptiles may be seen at the

tips of the juvenal feathers which are just breaking from their follicles.

- The specimen a young Robin (Merula migratoria), five days out of

the egg, is photographed life size.

Fig. 1. Superior Aspect of the Feather Tracts.

Alar or Wing Tract.

Humeral or Shoulder Tract.

Capital or Head Tract.

Dorsal or Spinal Tract.

Lumbar or Thigh Tract.

Crural or Leg Tract.

Caudal or Tail Tract.

oO NRO NH

Fig. 2. Inferior Aspect of the Feather Tracts.

re AlareTract:

3. Capital Tract (lateral view. )

5. Ventral or Inferior Tract (dividing into two lateral

bands).

7 (Crural Tract

(352)

EAA ies NY? ACAD Stl. XIIt- PALEY.

PLATE: LV.

( 353.)

ANNALS N. Y, AcAbD. Scr:, XIII, Oct. 31, 1900-23.

PLATE LY

DwiIGHT—PLUMAGE AND MOoULT

Carpodacus parpureus.—Photomicrographs illustrating some of the

plumages. (Enlargement about 20 diameters. )

Fig. 1. Juvenal Plumage, crown feather, showing loose struc-

ture. (J. Dwight, Jr., No.-1288, July 2ad_)

Fig. 2. First Winter Plumage, crown feather, nearly new. (J.

Dwight, Jr:, No.§223,-Oct. 17th.)

Fig. 3. First Nuptial Plumage, crown feather which is identical

with a first winter feather plus wear, no moult inter-

vening. (J. Dwight, Jr., No. 260, April 23d.)

( 354 )

ENNALS: Ne Ye ACAD: SCE» :200t PEATE A

SS “Sy

ae = ~

SL.

PRA TEON

DwIGHT—-PLUMAGE AND Mouwuim

Photomicrographs illustrating Natal Down adhering to tips of Ju-

venal Plumage feathers. A

Fig. 1. Dolchonyx oryztvorus, crown feather bearing Natal

Down. Specimen in the collection of J. Dwight, Jr.,

No. 1943, July 28th. (Enlargement about 5 dia-

meters. )

Fig. 2. Ctstothorus palustris, crown feather bearing Natal

Down. Specimen in the collection of J. Dwight Jr.,

No. 4214, Aug. 20th. (Enlargement about 15 dia-

meters. )

ANNAN. YoOAC AD. SCh. XII. PLATE V.

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PLATE Vi

DWIGHT—PLUMAGE AND MOULT

Passerina cyanea.—Photomicrographs illustrating some of the

plumages. (Enlargement about 20 diameters. )

Fig. 1. First Winter Plumage, brown throat feather, newly grown.

(J. Dwight, Jr., No. 2451, Sept. 23d, }

Fig. 2. First Winter Plumage, gray throat feather, worn. (U.

S. Nat. Mus., No. 107845, March iith,) This figure

does not do the actual feather justice.

Fig. 3. First Nuptial Plumage, blue throat feather, new. It was

still clasped by its sheath, and was growing beside the

gray feather shown as Fig. 2.

( 358 )

ANNALS NAY. AGAD: SCL Xith Riga bE Vi.

HH aa

sail ee

“

i i

aS my iim. o

a %

PEATE, Vaal

DwIGHT—PLUMAGE AND MOouULT

Photomicrographs illustrating the apparent brightening of color in

certain feathers. See explanation on pages 80, 173-175. (Enlarge-

ment about 15 diameters. )

Fig. 1. Carpodacus purpureus. Adult Winter Plumage, crown

feather sightly worn. (Collection of J. Dwight, Jr.,

No. 894, Oct. 29th.)

Fig. 2. Carpodacus purpureus. Adult Nuptial Plumage, crown

feather, equivalent to Fig. 1 plus wear and consequent

loss ofbarbules. (J. Dwight, Jr., No. 3616, July 7th. )

Fig. 3. Loxia curvirostra\minor, Adult Winter Plumage, newly

grown breast feather (the sheath was adherent). (J.

Dwight, Jr., Now 1529,Oct.. 16th.)

Fig. 4. Loxta curvirostra minor. First Nuptial Plumage, worn

breast feather. It was situated beside the one just

shown (Fig. 3), which it closely resembled when first

developed, a year previously.

( 360)

PLATE Vi.

PIN NS IN. Yo ACAD. SCI.

[ANNALS N, Y. Acap. Sci., Vol. XIII, No. 3, pp. 361-38v, Jan, 12, 1901. ]

Tae rSeCIION: Al SCHOEARIE, N.Y.

JOHN J. STEVENSON

(Read October 16, 1899)

CONTENTS

PAGE

RENEE UNEP 50.007) rn dictate, Ss ada ors ca abe a toramabl eg ade eo aNe WaslOAGe ohn Weenie enielcvune ce des 361

The Hudson ; its relation to the Medina Formation at southern localities....... 362

ENE A wr a cles Gee ce erie ete dc ree Se eo apeinid saat wd 'ow's wale 363

The Onondaga; represented by the Waterlime ; and its relation to the Niagara

SRC pne) RUCIEEDERS SEMIGE S255 a5 ole ngtantenswew depen ae tesa ncluceccww'ssamdeon -deneeee 364

Be LeL OGL. -h ITS SUBOIMSIONS © ine mo capekn cove amned Salsion bed sdeeeepnsesvaevavadace 366

Sieworicuany + its relation, to. the Pelderbere ... ..iivsreenessa5 «vaoseecdveccnceecesas see 374

ie Cotniterous [Onondaga |]; and! tS subALVISIONS . 2.52.20. ..0cssece sssnseooseosee 375

MEET RUNCORN. conve Nader dah teasnerses ah nt estab ned cesictceaccteuns Fesleepsrbecwaanleadusrasins 377

Sea GNE AICS OT CONIEGIGEE 0 55 5. < Seats vs apna dewesgand Sree Watsiwieg dsebsls ¥eebe’ Seal 377

Appendix : Glacial action in the Schoharie Valley, by Archibald E. Stevenson 378

INTRODUCTION

The Schoharie River rises on the easterly side of the Catskill

mountains, flows westwardly across the rugged area, then turns

northwardly and finally enters the Mohawk river near Amster-

dam, about one hundred miles from its source. It cuts the

Helderberg escarpment at little more than a mile below the vil-

lage of Schoharie in the county of the same name.

The Helderbergs are practically the northwestern border of

the mountainous synclinal area known as the Catskills, the

southeasterly border being the Shawangunk mountains. The

section shown in the wall, as seen for many miles along the

- Delaware and Hudson railway, extends from the Hudson to the

Hamilton, while the Chemung is reached at from one to four

miles from the escarpment’s edge. The succession is shown in

such detail at many places that this Helderberg scarp from near

ANNALS N. Y, Acab. Sci., XIII, Jan. 12, t901—24.

(361)

362 STEVESNON

Albany to Sharon Springs has always been a favorite ground for

students. Prof. James Hall made his first journey along its face

in 1832 and three generations of Gebhards. have followed him

as industrious collectors along the Schoharie and its tributaries.

Recent studies have been made by Prof. C. S. Prosser and Mr.

N. H. Darton, which have gone far toward removing uncertainty

respecting the relations of some of the beds.

Schoharie Valley is a broad indentation of the Helderbergs

extending without material contraction for about five miles above

Schoharie village. At that distance, however, the Marcellus

has passed under the stream, and the hard beds of the Hamilton

form the walls of the valley. The writer’s study was confined

to the immediate vicinity of Schoharie village, where, on both

sides of the valley, the section extends from the Hudson to the

Corniferous, while the Hamilton can be reached at barely a mile

away. The object of the study was to compare the section be-

low the Corniferous with that in south-central Pennsylvania.

Many details were obtained during the examination, which are

given here for the use of collectors who may visit the locality.

THE HUDSON, MEDINA AND CLINTON

The Hudson is represented indifferently at Schoharie, the ex-

posures on the west side near the bridge and near the edge of the

escarpment as well as the outcroppings along the east side of the

valley north from the village being insignificant. But the beds

are better shown along the Delaware and Hudson railway from

Central Bridge to Esperance in this county where they are gray-

ish to drab shales and sandstones, making up the low rounded

hills northwestward from the escarpment. The thickness is

very great, for, according to Mr. Darton, a boring near Alta-

mont showed it 3,480 feet.

The Medina is unrepresented, and the Oneida, so massive in

the Shawangunk, is wanting. The Hudson is succeeded by a

shale, which is well shown on the west side of the river at a lit-

tle way above the bridge, but very imperfectly on the valley

road and on the point of West mountain. This, regarded as the

THE SECTION Ad SCHOHARIE, N.Y. 3638

equivalent of the Clinton, is somewhat variable in color, weathers

dirty white and contains much nodular pyrite accompanied by

barite. The same characteristics appear at Howes cave, five

miles west from Schoharie. The pyrite was mined near Scho-

harie thirty years ago, but the venture proved unprofitable.

The exposures at Schoharie are incomplete but the thickness

cannot exceed thirty feet.

There is here a very striking contrast with the section of south-

ern Pennsylvania and of other localities farther southward.

The Hudson shales, in Evitts mountain, Bedford county, Penn.,

mostly yellow in color, contain some sandstones near the top,

where the color changes and physically there is a gradual passage

to the lower or red Medina. Rafinesquina alternata, Plectam-

bonites sericea, Rhynchotrema capax and Leiopteria radiata pass

upward into the red Medina. The conditions in southwestern

Virginia are the same. On the northern side of Big Walker

mountain in Bland county, near Sharon Springs, as well as in

Lyons gap through the same mountain in Smyth county and Hay-

ter’s gap through Clinch mountain in Russell county, exposures

are especially good, as they show a fossiliferous bed at about one

hundred feet below the white Medina, in which Rhynchotrema

capax, Actinopteria emacerata, Leiopterta radiata, a Modiolopsis

a large linguloid form and fragments of Orthoceras occur abund-

antly. The Oneida seems to disappear in south-central Penn-

sylvania and thence southward the passage from Ordovician to

Silurian is gradual at most of the exposures.

THE NIAGARA

The Niagara limestone is represented by the Coralline lime-

stone of the older reports, which, at the complete exposure on

Schoharie river above the bridge, is a massive rock in three layers |

averaging in all six feet. The upper portion is very dark on fresh

surface, the lower portion less so, but both weather light gray.

This limestone is well exposed along the west side of the river

for an eighth of a mile above the bridge and at several points

below the bridge; it can be followed easily to Howe’s cave,

364 STEVENSON

where it underlies the ‘Cement rock”’ of the Waterlime. The

only exposure on the east side is that near the African church,

but the rock is present along this hill northward and in the Fox-

kill valley eastward, as the stone fences hold fragments of it in

abundance. Some portions are crowded with /avosites niag-

arensis and Stromatopora concentrica but other forms are rare.

Occasionally one finds a nest of Rhynchonella lamellosa with

Arypa reticularis and Pterinea securiformis, all well preserved.

Besides these are some univalves and cephalopods but for the most

part they are indefinite and in some cases even the genus cannot

be determined satisfactorily.

THE ONONDAGA

The Onondaga, of Dana, is represented only by the Water-

lime. The Salina shales, so thick in western New York and per-

sistent in southward even to the Baltimore and Ohio railroad’ in

Maryland, have no representative here. The physical change

from Coralline (Niagara) to Waterlime is sufficiently sharp in

that the color changes abruptly from very dark brown (the

‘“blackrock”’ of the Cement quarries) to dark gray or dull brown

while the fracture becomes more earthy and ragged, though the

weathered surface of the two rocks is very similar.

The Waterlime is not well exposed at any point near Scho-

harie. The space between fhe Coralline and the Tentaculite on

the east side is apparently not more than 15 feet, but it is certainly

greater on the west side of the river upon the Gebhard farm,

where there is a good exposure for more than six feet above the

Coralline. The succession is fairly well shown at the Howe’s

cave cement tunnel, where, in descending from the Tentaculite

limestone, one finds

L. Mlagey. and -shaly limestone... sce one ee at.

Bees SIME, LOCK 2 soa c ctu 2 Jee aos ane ee a0"

27a Cement TOCK. | 5. ce ged cacao con ee eee 6’

1 Gr bane AER Fic heh et oe ach hank 20) 16”

1 As ascertained by I. C. White.

THE“SECTION. AT SCHOHARIE, N.Y: 365

The upper portion of No. 1 is shown at the entrance to Howe's

cave, and at the grinding mill as well as in an excavation near by

once occupied by a kiln. The middle portion for about 6’ is

concealed, while the lower portion is exposed at the tunnel. The

flaggy layers are from 6” to 1’ thick and _ hard, yielding a good

building stone, which was used in the older part of the Cave

hotel. The greater part of the mass, however, is made up of

layers from one to two inches thick, separated by lamine of

shale. The rock weathers light gray with trace of blue, but is

brownish gray on the fresh surface: The “blue rock” is evi-

dently a hydraulic limestone, light blue in color, with irregular

fracture and too calcareous for cement. The “cement rock,’

which forms the base of the mass, varies little from 6’ and is in

three layers. It is darker than the last, more ragged in fracture

and is the cement rock of the works in Ulster and Schoharie

counties.

At Howe’s cave, calcite occurs in little patches between the

““Blue’’ and “Cement,” sometimes in sufficient quantity to be

annoying. Near Schoharie, it has been obtained at Clarke’s

cave as well as near the Table rock, both on the west side of the

river. Near the latter locality, strontianite is associated with the

calcite. Several tons of the former mineral were shipped, but

the deposit did not prove to be of economic importance as the

streaks are too variable. No attempt has been made at Scho-

harie to utilize the rock in the manufacture of cement, though

the character is apparently the same as at- Howe’s cave, where

preparations are making for an output of 2,000 barrels per diem.

While the color and composition of the rock prove a decided

change in physical conditions from those prevailing during the

Niagara, still that change must have been comparatively unim-

portant, since it did not suffice to cause local destruction of the

fauna. At Howe’s cave, /:7vosites niagarensis passes upward

from the Coralline and persists in the lower three feet of the

‘““cement,’’ being so abundant in some of the headings as to unfit

the rock for use. According to Professor Hall, Hadysites catenu-

faria passes from Niagara to Waterlime in Herkimer county. At

Schoharie, Mr. W. D. Gebhard has obtained some of his best

366 STEVENSON

‘“Coralline ” forms from the lower layers of the Waterlime ; and

certainly some specimens in the New York University museum,

collected many years ago by John Gebhard, Jr., are in rock

showing the color and fracture not of Coralline but of Waterlime.

It is sufficiently evident that, while the great mass of Salina shale

was in process of deposit in central New York and in much of

the Appalachian region, the conditions within this portion of New

York changed so gradually as to bring about only a slow disap-

pearance of the fauna. There is a steady increase of calcareous

matter from the bottom to the top of the Waterlime. No fossils

were found in the, lower portions of No. 1, but, above the middle,

Spirifer vanuxemi and Leperditia alta were obtained from the

thicker layers, showing that the passage to Helderberg was quite

as gradual as that from Niagara.

The Waterlime is the cave rock of this region.

THE HELDERBERG

The Helderberg (Lower Helderberg) was divided by the

older geologists into

1. Tentaculite Limestone.

2. Lower Pentamerus Limestone.

3. Catskill or Delthyris Shaly Limestone.

4. Scutella Limestone.

5. Upper Pentamerus Limestone.

The succession being in ascending order.

This succession is distinct in southern Pennsylvania and even

in southwest Virginia, though in the latter area the upper beds

are quite silicious. The formation is termed the Lewistown

limestone in the Pennsylvania reports.

1. The Tentaculite Limestone

The passage from Waterlime to Tentaculite is marked in

the Schoharie region by an abrupt change in color, the latter

being the ‘ Blue limestone,” with blue so deep in the lower lay-

ers as to appear almost black. The succession in descending

order is

THE SECTION AT SCHOHARIE, N. Y. 367

Tentaculite limestone.

1. Limestone, bluish, irregularly bedded, layers 2’

te ae Ne FE xc hats Re ee Re einige vse cere side 2-0.

2. Limestone, bluish, irregularly bedded, often

sub-concretionary, the layers separated by very

MM SCS gear as oinawieneemee ree taeceel 66%20 et GY

s. Limestone, deep blac, in two layers, 2’ 3’’ and

2’ 6’’, separated by 2” of clay, massive, brittle,

conchordal fracture, fetid odor. .....¢0........%.. Ayer”

4. Limestone, thin layers with laminz of shale... 5’

5. Limestone, blue to bluish-black, massive......... aia

6. Limestone, bluish, irregular, sub-concretionary

SURG RUE sree aman krcttnn tebe cataract siness/- no's 2}

7. Limestone, thin bedded, with laminz of shale 5’ 8”

5) Wimestone, imdayers about 17’ thick. ..40-.i...-% x

g. Limestone, bluish-black, ragged fracture, mas-

Sie; SUM Uee WIANELS: cmd. vase oematiaie 4 on Seems oes

mrallyas’ 5’’ thick.

This section is seen in an almost continuous exposure on the

east side, where quarries have been worked for a quarter of a

mile below Schoharie village, and there are many partial ex-

posures within half a mile above the village. The only com-

plete exposure on the west side is along the road ascending

West Mountain. Occasional outcrops were seen on Foxkill and

Cobleskill east and west from the Schoharie and the great quar-

ries at Howe’s cave exhibit the same order. At one time, the

massive beds were quarried either for building or for ornamental

stone, but they are used no longer, as planes of bedding developed

on exposure and caused unsightly seams. The weathered sur-

faces in the quarries show that the massive beds are laminated

though the surface of fresh fracture shows no trace of such

structure.

The lowest bed was quarried most extensively as it yields

blocks of large size. The rock is brittle, rings when struck but

has a very ragged fracture. Fossils are comparatively rare, only

Spirifer venuxeni and Leperditia alta having been seen. But

the half-burned rock is clearly a mass of fossils, mostly of the

368 STEVENSON

forms mentioned with some 7enztaculites. No. 8 varies little in

thickness and not atall in character. The upper surfaces of the

layers are crowded with 7entacultes gyracanthus, which at many

localities are in perfect condition. No. 7 is more irregular in its

bedding. Thin laminz of limestones in the shales separating

the thicker layers are crowded with fossils, seldom in good con-

dition. The predominating forms are Zaphrentis, Stromatopora,

Spirifer vanuxemi, Leiopteria aviculoidea, Tentaculites gyracan-

thus, Leperditia alta, Beyrichia and minute univalves. The deli-

cate crinoid, Homocrinus scoparius, is said by W. D. Gebhard

to belong in the upper portion of this division, but no fragments

of it were found. No. 6 contains many Stromatopora, some of

which are large, one colony having been seen which weighed

more than 75 pounds. No. 4 resembles No. 7 and contains

the same fossils in the same condition. No. 3 resembles Nos. 5

and g. It yields the Spzrifer and Letopterta well preserved but

LTentaculites is rare. No. 2 is very fossiliferous, and the speci-

mens obtained from the harder parts are very good; Stropheo-

donta varistriata occurs abundantly and a fine pygidium of

Dalmanites micrurus was found near the top. No. 1 contains

few fossils aside from fragments of crinoidal stems, which are

shown on the weathered surface. Besides the forms mentioned,

some of the massive beds contain Ovthoceras ; no specimens

were found in place but several were obtained from the waste

piles. Irregular markings occur on the surfaces of the higher

beds which may be looked upon as mats of fucoids, shrinkage

cracks or trails ; all appear to be chafed or water-worn as though

the rock had been at the water’s edge.

There is no transition from the Tentaculite to the Lower Pen-

tamerus. The former is blue, brittle, laminated or thin-bedded ;

the latter is bluish gray, massive, extremely tough and refrac-

tory. The best blocks of Tentaculite bear little strain ; some, 15

inches thick, in the Schoharie cemetery have broken on irregular

foundations under the weight of comparatively small monuments,

but the Lower Pentamerus is reported to beara pressure of 19,-

000 to 26,000 pounds to the square inch.

THE. SECTION “Al SCHOHARIE, N. Y. 369

2. Lower Pentamerus Limestone

The Lower Pentamerus consists of 33 feet of hard, massive

limestone below and 32 feet ' of alternating hard and somewhat

softer limestones above. The lower portion forms a bold cliff,

which is distinct on both sides of the Schoharie valley to two

miles above the village, where it passes under the river at less

than half a mile below Davis’s dam. It is equally distinct west-

wardly to Howe’s cave and eastwardly along the face of the

Helderberg for many miles. The rock is excessively hard, or

better, tough, very difficult to break with the hammer. The

bedding is evident, but there is a subordinate structure, so that

the rock seems to be made up of irregular lenses separated by

coatings of clay. This structure is very apparent on the weath-

ered surface, and is recognizable without difficulty in the un-

weathered rock. The weathered surface is very irregular and

suggests a loose structure, but in Mix & O’Reilly’s quarry at

Schoharie, building-stone of the best quality has been obtained

at five feet back from the face. The rock has been exposed to

attack from both sides in that quarry, for the joint planes have

been converted into open fissures, whose sides are weathered as

thoroughly as is the exposed cliff. The clay film may be a

cementing material for the lenses. The color is dull grayish on

the cliff face, which is often coated with drip lime, but internally

the color has more of blue, though wholly different from the

blue of the Tentaculite. The full thickness of this portion is

not shown on the east side, but is exposed on the west side

of the valley, along the road ascending West mountain. The

character of this portion is the same as at Howe’s cave, where,

however, no use is made of the rock except in preparation

of road metal.

‘The upper portion of the Lower Pentamerus is not exposed

in satisfactory detail near Schoharie. An imperfect exposure

was found in a dry waterway in the park back of Schoharie

village on the east side, and another in a similar waterway on

the west side, about 200 yards south from the schoolhouse.

' These measurements are by barometer.

370 STEVENSON

The succession at both places is that of thin limestones varying

in hardness but with very little trace of shale. No exposures

were seen in open fields on the east side, but the harder beds

are shown on the schoolhouse hill south from the waterway just

mentioned, where the decayed outcrop gives opportunity to see

the fossils.

The toughness of the lower portion is such that fossils can be

obtained in very few places; even where decay has gone on for

a long period, the result is little more than mere separation

of the lenses, leaving the limestone itself as refractory as before.

A few layers, however, are more readily treated and yield nu-

merous strophomenoid forms, one of them being evidently the

Stropheodonta of the Tentaculite. Szeberella galeata is found

abundantly with the valves separate. Uncinulus mutabilis, At-

rypa reticularis are common; rude fragments of Orthoceras and

pygidia of Dalmanites occur, and fragments of crinoidal stems

are not rare. In the upper division the same forms are present,

but the Szeberella is less common. A layer within two or three

feet from the top is characterized by the Lepadocrinus gebhard..

A continuous outcrop of more than 200 feet in the field south

from the schoolhouse shows the stems in great abundance, but

complete specimens are very rare, barely a dozen examples

having been obtained during almost seventy years of collecting

by three generations of Gebhards. This horizon is exposed in

the park near Schoharie village. One of the higher layers con-

tains great numbers of Jariacrinus stems, some of which are

more than a foot long.

3. The Delthyris or Catskill Shaly Limestone

The immediate contact between the Lower Pentamerus and

the Delthyris was not seen, there being a concealed interval

of from two to five feet between characteristic beds. The thick-

ness of the Delthyris by barometer is from 85 to g5 feet. The

mass is a succession of limestone beds, one to three feet thick

separated by beds of calcareous shale varying in like manner.

The limestones are bluish to dark gray, some of them very light

gray. Many of them are somewhat argillaceous and most of

THE SECTION AT SCHOHARIE, N. Y. 371

them weather light gray. The shales are hard but weather

readily. As a whole the rocks wear away easily so that the

place of the Delthyris is marked by a slope between cliffs made

by the Lower and the Upper Pentamerus. This slope on the

east side of the valley is long and gentle so as to be cultivated

and there are few satisfactory exposures ; but the slope is com-

paratively steep on the west side and an almost continuous ex-

posure is found on the schoolhouse hill in a little waterway.

Imperfect exposures only were found on West mountain near

Murphy’s, though there one finds the best exhibition of the

uppermost beds. The most extensive exposure is on the west

side of Schoharie river below Davis’s dam, where one sees all

the beds, except the topmost, as they descend to the river ;

when the water is low, a horizontal space of 25 to 100 feet is

bare.

The lower portion for about fifteen feet is siliclous and con-

tains much chert. It is shown on the schoolhouse hill where it

can be followed for a long distance ; but a proper understanding

of the structure of this portion can be gained only at the Davis

dam locality, where the broad surface shows the interlacing of

the cherty masses. The fossils in this part are numerous and

beautifully preserved ; they are all silicified but cannot be re-

moved except by weathering. The rock is refractory and is

apt to break at the wrong place for the collector. The highest

beds are soft calcareous shales best shown on West mountain at

the Murphy place, where for a hundred feet or more they have

rotted away leaving a recess under the Scutella-Pentamerus cliff.

The Delthyris is fossiliferous throughout and in many of the

beds perfect specimens are the ordinary condition. Owing to

the readiness with which the softer beds weather, specimens are

set free in great number. Some forms are present throughout.

At Davis’ dam Spirifer macropleura makes its appearance in

the cherty beds and persists to the top of the series. It was

not found in the highest shales at the Murphy locality. Azry-

pina imbricata and Coelospira concava are rare in the upper

shales though abundant in the beds below. The most char-

acteristic forms occurring throughout the Delthyris are Zaph-

372 STEVENSON

ventis helderbergie, Leptena rhomboidalis, Stropheodonta beckit,

Orthothetes woolworthana, Rhipidomella oblata, Dalmanella sub-

carinata, Spirifer macropleura, S. cyclopterus, S. perlamellosus,

Meristella arcuata, Eatonia medialis, Stenochisma formosa, Un-

cinulus nucleolatus, Platyceras elongatum, Phacops logani, Dal-

manites and Lichas in fragments. Orthoceras fragments are

many but obscure.

4. The Scutella Limestone

Resting upon the shales closing the Delthyris is a limestone,

eight feet thick, light blue, slightly granular and containing vast

numbers of crinoidal stems, whose white color contrasts mark-

edly with the blue of the rock. For two feet at the bottom this

Scutella limestone is in layers one to two inches thick, but,

above, it becomes more nearly massive. It forms the lower part

of the upper limestone cliff, which stands out on both sides of

the valley to a short distance above Davis’ dam, about two miles

and a half above Schoharie village. This cliff is less conspicuous

than that below, as the rock is less resistant, but its place is dis-

tinct. The most notable fossils are the shield-like bodies of As-

pidocrinus scutelliformis, which in some cases are almost three

inches in diameter. The stems accompanying them are from

one-fifth to one-third of an inch in diameter, but they can hardly

belong to Scufel/a, as in that form the pit for attachment is very

small. Other fossils are abundant, most of them forms which

are found in the Delthyris. The brachiopods, except Atrypa

reticulatus, usually have the valves separated.

5. The Upper Pentamerus Limestone

This has been united by Professor Hall with the Scutella

under the name of Becraft limestone, as the two limestones appear

to be hardly distinct enough in some other localities to deserve

separate names. In the Schoharie area, however, they are

easily distinguished by the color of the fresh surface, although

the weathered surface shows no difference. The Upper Penta-

merus forms the upper portion of the second cliff on both sides

of the valley and can be reached at many places up to its disap-

THE SEGHOW AT (SCHOMARIE, N. Y. 373

pearance above Davis’ dam. The color is bluish gray, much

darker than that of the Scutella but much lighter than that of

the Lower Pentamerus. Like the latter, it is somewhat irregu-

lar and roughly lenticular in structure, but less so. The upper

layers are easily broken and resemble the Scutella in color as

well as in general appearance. They are crinoidal and carry

Zaphrentis almost to the top, where they seem to contain little

more silica than the lower beds. These upper layers include

some thin shaly beds, thus differing from the lower portion,

which at most localities is rather massive. The thickness as

measured on the schoolhouse hill is approximately 22 feet.

Exposures on the east side of the valley are not complete, only

the lower portion being shown at most localities. Erosion on

that side both before and during the glacial period was much

more extensive than on the west side. Good measurements can

be obtained on the Schoolhouse hill and on West mountain,

both on the west side.

The Upper Pentamerus is richly fossiliferous ; in some layers

only separated valves even of Atrypa and Rhynchonelloid forms

can be obtained, but in others the specimens are well preserved

and abundant. Some forms are present throughout ; Leptena

rhomboidalis, Schizophoria multistriata, Spirifer concinnus, Mer-

stella princeps, Atrypa reticularis, Welsonia ventricosa, Steno-

chisma formosa, Uncinulus nobilis, Steberella pseudogaleata ; but

beside these are many forms, the writer having obtained Revs-

seleria, 2 sp.; Rhynchonelloid forms, 4; Mertstella, 3. sp.;

Spirifer, with Orthis, Leptena, Stropheodonta, Platyceras, Or-

thoceras, Trochoceras, Favosites, Chetetes, Stromatopora and L1-

chenalia. The Favosites helderbergi@ is most abundant about

midway and is often associated with chert. Where the rock is

in proper condition, as at the Brown farm northeast from Scho-

harie and above Davis's dam, the Upper Pentamerus affords a

series of fossils as interesting and as well preserved as those of

the Delthyris. Specimens rarely weather free in good condition

as they are not silicified, but the limestone is much more tract-

able than the Delthyris and specimens can be broken from the

rock, almost as good as those of the Delthyris.

374 STEVENSON

THE ORISKANY SANDSTONE

The Oriskany is thin at Schoharie, not more than ten feet.

The contact with Upper Pentamerus was not seen but on the

schoolhouse hill and on West mountain the concealed space is

not more than 18 inches. The rock is rarely found in place as

it decays readily and the crop becomes covered. One exposure

on the schoolhouse hill shows 7 feet. On West mountain the

interval from the highest observed layer of the Pentamerus

to the top of the Oriskany is barely 12 feet. The rock is bluish

gray, slightly calcareous sandstone with much ferruginous mat-

ter as cementing material. Unweathered, it is very hard, but

weathered it is rusty yellow and very tender.

The change from Helderberg to Oriskany is abrupt at Scho-

harie and according to Mr. Darton’s observations it seems to be

equally so throughout the region. Professor Hall once stated

in conversation that the break at this horizon is one of the best

defined in the State of New York. ‘But the case 4s “dittereat

farther south in the Appalachian region. The transition is very

gradual in southern Pennsylvania, there being as the transition ~

bed a silicious limestone, 20 feet thick, very cherty, whose

whitened fragments occur abundantly on every Oriskany ridge

in Bedford county. This bed contains the Helderberg Favosites

along with such typical Oriskany forms as Sferifer arenosus

anc /~vulyostoma ventricosum. The section is almost complete

at Hyndman, where the quarries are extensive. This tran-

sition bed is persistent southward, being present as the attenuated

representative of the Oriskany and Helderberg at several lo-

calities in the Valley of Virginia, where those formations thinned

out against the old shore-line. The intimate relation between

these formations seen in southern Pennsylvania is equally clear

in southwestern Virginia, where, however, the Helderberg be-

comes silicious in the upper portion and the Oriskany contatns

so many Helderberg forms that the writer during his first exam-

ination of the region thought it the Helderberg. In New

York the Oriskany does not contain crinoids, but such forms

are by no means rare in Maryland and southward.

THE SECTION AT SCHOHARIE, N. Y. 315

Fossils abound in some layers of the Oriskany. They are

not obtained readily from unweathered rock and the weathered

rock affords usually only casts, which, however, show the in-

terior structure with extreme accuracy. Sometimes where the

decay has not caused complete removal of calcareous matter, ex-

quisite specimens are found, showing shell structure and internal

appendages of brachiopods. ‘The forms are not numerous at

Schoharie, but many of them are such as to be attractive museum

specimens. Those commonly obtained are Spirifer arenosus, S.

arrectus, Metaplasia pyxidata, Meristella lata, Rensseleria ovoides,

Megalanteris ovalis, Rhipidomella musculosa, Eatonia singularis,

Stropheodonta magnifica, Hipparionyx proximus, Anoplotheca

Habellites, Platyostoma ventricosum.

Lamellibranchs are not rare, but they are seldom obtained in

good condition. The only forms passing up from the Helder-

berg are the Zatonia and Leptena rhomboidalis, the latter very

rare.

THE CORNIFEROUS

Everywhere throughout this region there rests upon the Oris-

kany a mass of shale, grayish, from 95 to 105 feet thick (by ba-

rometer). This is the Cauda Galli grit, the Esopus shales of

Darton, and forms the slope above the Upper Pentamerus cliff on

both sides of the Schoharie valley. Its bottom layer, 3 to 5

inches, is hard and forms the floor of the bench, protecting the

softer Oriskany, whose wasting has formed a subordinate slope

Much of the shale is fissile, this being shown on West mountain

where the slope is abrupt ; the upper portion is rather harder and

is jointed so as to come out in blocks, 3 or 4 feet by about 2 feet

and 8 to 12 inches thick. The Spzvophyton is most abundant in

the upper part. The exposures near Schoharie are all imperfect,

the best being on West mountain: there are very few on the east

side where the pre-glacial erosion was very extensive.

The Schoharie Grit, between the Cauda-Galli and the Cor-

niferous limestone, is rarely more than 6 feet thick and is ex-

posed at very few localities. It is an excessively hard silicious

limestone, containing much ferruginous matter and dark brown

376 STEVENSON

on the fresh surface. Weathered, it resembles the Oriskany, but

is darker. It is so hard as to suggest that silica is the cement-

ing material. But the iron leads to disintegration and the rock

wastes away, so that its outcrop is concealed by heavy blocks of

Corniferous, between which debris has accumulated. The only

outcrop discovered is on the northwest face of West mountain,

but the presence of the rock is shown on both sides of the valley

by the fragments strewn about the fields. The unweathered

rock is so hard as to yield nothing to the collector, but several

layers are extraordinarily rich in individuals of a few types,

which can be procured easily from weathered fragments. The

ordinary forms belong to Stropheodonta, Pentamerella, Atrypa,

Orthoceras, Cyrtoceras, Trochoceras and Gomphoceras. Cephalo-

pods are the prevalent forms. <Aérypa reticularis is the most

common of the brachiopods and its casts as well as those of

Stropheodonta are in admirable condition for study.

The Corniferous limestone caps West mountain and the

schoolhouse hill on the west side of the valley and is easily

followed to where it passes under the river near Borst’s dam,

about four miles above Schoharie. It is quarried extensively at

the lime-kilns below the dam. It is imperfectly shown on the

east side at several places within two miles anda half above

Schoharie village, but, above that, the valley is eroded in Cauda-

Galli and the bluff is covered with debris from the Hamilton.

The Corniferous is known as the ‘“‘ Top gray limestone.’ It is

gray, brittle and contains much chert in lenses and irregular

layers. The older geologists divided it into Onondaga and Cor-

niferous, but chert appears to be characteristic of both divisions

and the older name should be applied to the whole. The thick-

ness in schoolhouse hill is not far from 30 feet but it is greater at

the limekilns where the whole is shown. Fossils are abundant

but only a few forms are likely to be obtained by the collector.

Cyathophylloid corals, avosites and Syringopora are the char-

acteristic types; Gyroceras trivolvis is obtained occasionally at

the limekilns; <Aztrypa reticularis attains large size as it does

also in the same limestone further west in this State. Some of

the layers contain many trilobites.

THE SECTION AT SCHOHARIE, N. Y.

uO)

THE HAMILTON

The Hamilton is reached on the west side at little more than

a mile above Schoharie, while on the east side it caps the hill

at about the same distance east from Schoharie. The Marcellus

with its Goniatite limestone comes down to the river at Middle-

burg, five miles above Schoharie, where the Hamilton sandstones

form a bold cliff. The shales contain Liorhynchus limitaris in

profusion while the limestone is rich in Gonzatites, Orthoceras

and Nautilus. The Hamilton sandstones have yielded many

species of lamellibranchs. No measurements of these beds were

made.

LOCALITIES FOR COLLECTORS

The impression prevails that as the Schoharie region has been

a collecting ground for three-fourths of a century, it must be

practically exhausted ; but this is wholly erroneous. It is quite

true that weathered specimens free from the rock are no longer

to be had plentifully but the writer discovered that the old lo-

calities repay careful work as well as they did thirty years ago,

when he first collected there.

The Coralline limestone is well shown near the African church

in Schoharie and fragments of the rock in excellent condition

are plentiful in stone fences along the lower road leading north-

ward from the village.

The Tentaculite is fully exposed in the long line of old

quarries from the cemetery northward, in all of which the waste

piles are very large. The 7entaculites are in best condition in

an old quarry at the south end of the village.

The Lower Pentamerus cliff is broken at several places be-

tween the cemetery and the point where it crosses the Middle-

burg road, less than a mile south from Schoharie, and it is

quarried extensively just north from the village. The upper

layers are shown on the west side in a field barely one-fourth of

a mile south from the schoolhouse.

The Delthyris gives good returns on the road leading to Mr.

Brown’s house, northeast from the village ; in a watercourse

ANNALS N. Y. Acapb. Sci., XIII, Jan. 14, 1Ig01—25

378 STEVENSON

near the schoolhouse on the west side, and especially in the long

exposure on the west side of the river below Dayvis’s dam ; the

topmost shaly beds are best reached under the Upper Pentamerus

cliff on the Murphy farm, West mountain.

The Scutella is available on the Brown property, at the upper

side of the ‘‘ Gallows field’’ and on Stony run, all on the east

side ; at Murphy’s and the schoolhouse hill on the west side.

The Upper Pentamerus is well shown and easily worked on

the Brown property, and especially at the ‘‘ Rocks” above

Davis’s dam, on the east side; while the exposure on the

schoolhouse hill on the west side is especially good, as the in-

dividual layers are exposed over a broad space.

The Oriskany is best on the schoolhouse hill where large

weathered fragments occur along a line of more than a quarter

of a mile. But one needs heavy tools here, as the smaller frag-

ments have been utilized.

The Schoharie grit can be found on the northwest side of

West mountain and in the fences on the east side along Stony

brook. The best localities for Corniferous are on West moun-

tain, schoolhouse hill and the limekilns. |

As a locality for study of simple stratigraphy, preliminary to

the study of more complicated structure such as that of Kings-

ton and Rondout, the Schoharie valley is unexcelled, and it is

to be commended to the attention of instructors in field geology.

APPENDIX

Glacial Action in Schoharie Valley

ARCHIBALD E. STEVENSON

The hills on each side of Schoharie valley rise about 500 feet

above the river. The slopes on the western side are very steep,

even those of the Delthyris and Caudi Galli being climbed with

some difficulty ; but the slopes on the eastern side, with the ex-

ception of the Pentamerus cliffs, are so gentle that they are cul-

tivated.

THE SECTION AT SCHOHARIE, N. Y. 379

Above Schoharie the contrast is not so strong, for there cul-

tivated benches are seen also on the west side. For the most

part, the river runs near the foot of the western hills. The val-

ley contracts at five miles above Schoharie, where it is enclosed

in the harder rocks of the Devonian.

Messrs. Mix and O'Reilly recently opened a quarry at a lit-

tle north from Schoharie, where the stripping exposed a glaci-

ated surface of the Lower Pentamerus, and showed well the

character of the till.

The striz are shallow, some as slight as though they had been

made with a pin. The strongest scratches are not more than

1/20 of an inch deep, and 1/10 of an inch wide. The general

surface is highly polished. ‘The striza appear to be in two sys-

tems, the stronger of which varies from N. 55° E. to N. 73° E.,

the most marked running N. 66° E. The other is not so strong,

its stria varying three or four degrees north or south of east.

An interesting feature of the surface in this quarry is the oc-

currence of two abrupt steps, one about 21% feet high, running

N. 45° E., and the other, not so high, N. 66° E. These must

have existed before the ice invasion, as the former is but slightly

rounded at the upper edge, while the face is unpolished, whereas

the face of the latter is highly polished.

The extreme thickness of till shown is ten feet ; the bowlders

are large in the lower part, often two feet in diameter, but de-

crease in size toward the top, where they are mere pebbles of

two or three inches. They are of foreign material, the large

ones being gneiss, while very many of the smaller ones are ap-

parently from the Hudson shales, which are exposed within a

mile or so northward ; all are more or less water-worn.

The clay is slightly calcareous, and small stalactitic deposits

are frequently found in its cavities. This till was followed up

the valley to the old cemetery quarry, where it rests upon the

Tentaculite limestone, which, also, is covered with striz.

The Upper Pentamerus, on this side, at more than 100 feet

further up the hill, shows also a glaciated surface on the Brown

property with striz following the same general directions as

those on the Lower Pentamerus.

380 STEVENSON

On the west side of the valley, a striated surface of Lower

Pentamerus, corresponding to that on the east side, is reached

at less than half a mile north from the bridge; while the till is

shown at about the same distance south, on the Middleburgh

road, where it makes a very cold soil. On this side an angular

bowlder of much sheared gneiss, measuring 4 by 6 by 5 feet,

was seen, at 370 feet (by barometer) above the river, on the

Caudi Galli slope and near it another of gneiss, about half as

large. Water-worn fragments of gneiss are scattered over the

surface everywhere from the river to the hill tops, while angular

fragments of transported rocks seem to be rare.

The distribution of the till and the direction of the striz seem

to show that the valley, as it now appears, has practically the

same shape as before the ice invasion. The several benches of

harder rock must have existed in the earlier time as now on the

east side, where they are separated by the long gentle slopes of

softer rocks; for, far back from the river, the Upper Pentamerus

bench is scratched, while lower down and nearly one third of a

mile nearer the river we have the Lower Pentamerus beautifully

striated, while lower yet we have the benches of Tentaculite and

Coralline well polished and covered with till. The cutting done

by the ice must have been comparatively small; bowlders of

Pentamerus and Tentaculite were not seen up the valley above

the horizons of those rocks. This weakness in cutting is shown

also by the peculiar form of the benches in Mix and O’Reilly’s

quarry.

NoTe.—Since this paper was read, Messrs. Clarke and Schuchert have published

their scheme of the New York Series, in which are revived some of the older

names, for which certain terms used in this paper will: become synonyms.

‘*Hudson’’ is synonymous with ‘‘Lorraine’’; ‘‘ Waterlime’’ is the ‘‘ Rondout

Waterlime”’ of Clarke and Schuchert; ‘‘Tentaculite’’ is synonymous with

‘¢ Manlius’? Vanuxem; ‘‘ Lower Pentamerus’’ and ‘‘ Delthyris ’’ will be replaced

by the newer terms ‘‘ Coeymans’’ and ‘‘ New Scotland ’’ of Clarke and Schuchert.

November 22, 1900. Tp. Jie:

New YorK UNIVERSITY, NEw York Ciry, October, 1899.

[ANNALS N. Y. Acap. Sci., VoL. XIII, No. 4, pp. 381-386, Jan. 14, Igo1.]

NOTES ON PASSAMAQUODDY LITERATURE

J. DyNELEY PRINCE

(Read February 24, 1899)

CONTENTS

PAGE

Source ah amiormation- herein: PuUblShe diyicenjccevereere wacwosnweseshoniees scadee lice veweve oe 381

Recreations of the Passamaquoddy and Penobscot Indians..............206 sseeeeeees 381

Se eMMVe LINO MGUOKAMIINY ) . doctars amteeene aa come cw haiatt wine Sesion «Mc sncvex ce cnis's <deiici 382

PANTONE Oil ALVA VEL ioe saraceceie sales dab Vale cate sidsbeldete dete ostana onelb sas etceiu'clen’e'ss 382

Games: Bagter by clowns molmibigons ))...0.ic0..cavewersens oct .ccevrseaseetesese 383

PU UMMSS ) coe cnet detect np ce sleok ees op pe ndbcicen tap Putesionsecsegettiest bocteu seve 384

IEAELOSS (UMHS POSS SEUNG )) ciaiere a6/nein stone se sniegigeseavi Hee ole cn eeebenicesecte stiens 384

eee a Meew ine ALIN” “(TOOLING a 5 sg chatalas Wie dienes on ov Uarecee SO cubano wa deeases dtd atelaictees' 384

Witchcraft, Passamaquoddy Witch song, ‘‘ The song of the drum’’.............. 385

pena ore FOL CUA LIOIAS 5 Sas ohin:s aeqcte ots ones vnek se saccade ase Gdaiele aa tateW nase saeendiewe 386

SOURCE OF INFORMATION HEREIN PUBLISHED

Like the material previously published by the writer, pertain-

ing to the wampum records (PRiNcE, ’8 ) and to the Wada-

naki history (PRINCE ’8 _ ), the following notes were gathered at

Bar Harbor, Maine, from the Passamaquoddy Indians who spend

the summer there. They have been arranged chiefly from papers

prepared for me in Indian and English by Louis Mitchell, for-

mer member of the Maine Legislature for the Passamaquoddy

tribe.

ReCKEAIIONS OF THE PASSAMAQUODDY AND

PENOBSCOT INDIANS

STORY-TELLING. Recreation was never allowed among the

Passamaquoddies and Penobscots except during the winter

months when the deep snows made sport and war impossible.

Perhaps the favorite amusement of the younger people was story-

(381)

382 } PRINCE

telling (hookautin), at which many of the old men and women

were adepts. A group of young indians would often gather ina

wigwam and listen with eager interest for hours to the protracted

tales of some professional narrator (zofathooket). A great num-

ber of these stories of love, war, and witchcraft still exist in the

memories of older indians, and, as the tribe diminishes year by

year, are bound to perish unless collected by those who feel an

interest in the history of the aborigines of America.

EXAMPLE OF NARRATIVE. The following narration of con-

stancy in a Wadbanaki girl, which is, of course, much abridged

from the original, is a fair specimen of their style.

Long ago in the village of Lusigantook,' there lived a beauti-

ful maiden whose heart many a young man had tried in vain to

win. Finally, however, she succumbed to the charms of a brave

and successful young hunter, who had long been in love with

her, and, in spite of the ill luck of his fellows, ventured to send

to her the zojzqguetsettastt or ‘old woman who carried proposals

of marriage.’ Greatly to his delight, he received a favorable

reply, and he accordingly determined, indian fashion, to win

even greater fame as a hunter. He, therefore, told her that he

would not marry her until he had gone on a hunt which should

last two years. The girl agreed to his proposal and promised

to remain true to him at all hazards, adding that even if he never

returned she would stay single all her days, a vow which the

young man echoed with equal fervor. Not long after his de-

parture, the village of Lusigantook was attacked and destroyed

by Mohawks?’ who carried away all the young girls as prisoners

and among them the hunter’s promised bride. When the vic-

tors reached their own territory, they tried in vain to persuade

our heroine to marry one of their braves, even threatening to

burn her alive when she obstinately persisted in her refusal.

Many of her tribeswomen had yielded to the inevitable and mar-

ried Mohawk warriors, but she preferred the stake to breaking

1 Lustgantook is the Passamaquoddy form of the Abenaki Alsigéntegw, the name

of the St. Francis River in the P. Que., Canada, where the Adenakis, akin to the

Penobscots, now reside (see PRINCE, ’98). The name probably means ‘‘ river where

no habitations are.’’ The indians of St. Francis call themselves Alstydntegwiak.

2 Canadian Iroquois, see PRINCE ’98, p. 376, note 5.

PASSAMAQUODDY LITERATURE 383

her vow. The Mohawk chief, however, would not listen to the

cruel counsel!’ of his men and gave the girl a longer time in

which to make up her mind, intending, as she was of so brave

a nature, to marry her to one of his best warriors, in order

that their children might become a race of heroes. When the

wandering lover returned and found his home in ashes and his

bride carried away, after singing his vengeance song,” he gathered

together a mighty host of Wadanaki and started northward to

the Mohawk country, bent on avenging his tribe’s defeat and his

own loss. After successfully surprising the chief Mohawk vil-

lage and slaughtering many of the offending tribe, he found and

rescued his loved one, who showed her gentle nature by inter-

ceding for the Mohawk prisoners whom her lover wished to

burn and torture.

BARTER BY CLowns (xolmihigon) Games. On long winter

evenings when the Passamaquoddies wished to pass away the

time, they frequently used to amuse themselves by engaging in

a game of barter which was carried on by clowns in the follow-

ing manner: Two parties assembled in separate wigwams where

each dressed one of their number in an absurd manner as a xol-

muhigon or clown. This person, carrying some article of more

or less value, such as a pair of snow-shoes, a garment, etc., pro-

ceeded with the entire company to the wigwam where the second

party was waiting, and with many absurd gestures and contor-

tions, offered to exchange the article in question for something

else, inviting bids like a modern auctioneer. The point of the

joke lay in the witty songs sung by the zol/mihigon in praise of

his wares which nearly always induced the listening company in

the second wigwam to pay for the article offered with another of

much greater value. Thus, a canoe was not uncommonly ex-

changed fora wooden spoon! As soon as one exchange had

been effected, the first xolmzhigon and party retired to the orig-

inal wigwam, where they received a similar visit from the second

company. This simple amusement was often kept up far into

the night, the wittier o/mhigon and his company, of course,

coming out winners at the end of the game.

‘ For the character of the Iroquois’ see PRINCE ’98, p. 377, note Io.

2 Gewajintowagon.

384 PRINCE

BALL (Zwiss). The Wabanaki were also very fond of games

of ball, one of which called ¢wess was played a great deal by

women. They made a large ball of finely picked hemlock twigs

which were bound together in the shape of a cocoanut. To

this they fastened a light deer-thong some six feet in length, at

the end of which was tied a short sharp-pointed stick. The ob-

ject of the game was to swing the ball or ¢zwzss and strike it on

the rebound with the stick.

Lacrosse (e/ni-epesskeuhdin). A much more active game was

that called e/nz-cpesskeuhdin which greatly resembled the present

lacrosse in principle, practically the only difference being that

the Passamaquoddy game could be played by any number of

people, so long as both sides had the same number of players.

The game was begun by two men standing face to face and en-

deavoring to drive the ball in opposite directions by means of

bats. As soon as the first cast was made, the game became

general and each party tried to drive the ball to a goal which

their opponents defended. The number of goals necessary to

make a game was optional. When the ball-game was over the

losing party always had a chance to recover their prestige by

choosing one of their number to engage in a foot or canoe-race

with a member of the winning side. This form of sport was the

inter-tribal game generally played among the Wadbanaki when

one tribe visited another.

PULL-HAIR BALL (Zoohon). Another very popular ball-game

was foohon or pull-hair ball, which the Passamaquoddies enjoyed

perhaps more than any other sport. Two sides were formed,

equal in number, as in ¢/n2-epesskeuhdin. The ball was then

thrown in the air, amid cries of ‘‘ toohe / toohe! toohe/’’ Theman

who caught it endeavored to run with it to his side’s goal, but

unless he was very agile, was pursued by his opponents who

tried to pull his long hair in order to make him drop the ball.

The players of his own side, of course, defended him as much

as possible. When the ball fell, it was immediately caught up

again and the sport was resumed.

PASSAMAQUODDY LITERATURE 385

WITCHCRAPT

The Passamaquoddies, like all North American Indians, are

firm believers in witchcraft. A class of wizards and witches

(medolin)' existed among them who were thought to have ac-

quired miraculous powers by means of a special ascetic training.

MITCHELL relates in his manuscript Passamaquoddy papers in

apparently perfectly good faith that it was no uncommon feat

for medolin to sink up to their knees in hard ground in the

presence of a number of people. He states that the magician

always took seven long steps, at each of which he sank up to

his knees in the hardest earth. This feat, called guetkeosag, is

mentioned by Leland in his ‘“‘ Algonquin Legends ”’ (LELAND, p.

341). MrrcHELt states also that the sedolim had the power to

change themselves into any sort of animal, adding ‘‘ This is no

superstition, but is a fact witnessed by many members of the

tribe.’ The following witch-song in six sense-stanzas is an

illustration of their belief in the power of magic over nature.

Passamaquoddy Witch Song, “ The Song of the Drum ”

Lil nolbin naga n tetlitemen pek- I sit down and beat the drum, ’

holagon. Nitutle-wiguotahan we- and, by the sound of the drum,

yisesek . . . pehutenek naga ona I call the animals from the moun-

pechioo wuchowsenel w chiksitma- tains. Even the great storms

gon w pekholagon. hearken to the sound of my drum.

Nolbin naga n'tetlitemen pekhola- 1 sit down and beat the drum,

gon. Pechtoo mechkiskak petagik and the storm and thunder an-

n'tasttemagok pekhola(gon) naga swer the sound of my drum.

na k cht applassemwesitt chenisoo TVhe great whirlwind ceases its

w’ chiksitmun w pekholagon. raging to listen to the sound

of my drum.

Lolbin naga nbegholin, Nitte 1 sit down and beat the drum,

Chebelaque wpechiyan naga and the spirit-of-the-night-air®

w chiksitmagon w pekholagon. El- comes and listens to the sound

taguak pechite k’ chi Wuchowsen of my drum. Even the great

'Cf. Ojibwe médéwin << witchcraft.’’

2 Magical drums were generally inscribed with mysterious figures and pictures.

3 The Chebelaqgue was conceived of as a supernatural monster consisting solely of

head and legs, without a body. It was always seen sitting in the crotch of a tree.

386

w’ chenekla oneskee naga w chick-

sttmun eltaguak wn’ pekholagon.

Nolbin naga n'tegtemen w pekhol-

agon. Pechioo te Lumpeguinwok

moskapaswok naga w chiksitmu-

nia Mm pekholagon naga na At-

wusknigess chenague tehiye naga

zw chiksitmun w pekholagon.

Lolbin naga w tegtemen w pekhol-

agon naga k cht Appodumken

o moskatintena negem w chiksit-

mun w pekholagon.

Pesaguetwok, petagtytk, wuchow-

senel, machkiskakil, Atwussknt-

ess, applassemwesitt, Lumpeguin-

wok, Chebelaque; mestoo mame

petaposwok nachichiksitmunia el-

taguak w pekholagon.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Leland, C. G.

PRINCE

Wuchowsin* will cease moving

his wings to hearken to the

sound of my drum.

I sit down and beat the drum,

and the spirit-under-the-water ’

comes to the surface and listens

to the sound of my drum, and

the wood-spirit * will cease chop-

ping and hearken to the sound

of my drum.

I sit down and beat the drum,

and the great Appodumken* will

come out of the deep and hearken

to the sound of my drum.

The lightning, thunder, storms,

gales, forest-spirit, whirlwind,

water-spirit and _ spirit-of-the-

night-air are gathered together

and are listening to the sound

of my drum.

OF CITATIONS

85 =Algonquin legends of New England: or myths and folk

lore of Micmac, Passamaquoddy and Penobscot tribes

3279 p., Boston. 1635

Prince, J. D.

98 = The Passamaquoddy wampum_ records

Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., 36: 479-495

Prince, J. D.

98 Some Passamaquoddy documents

Annals N. Y, Acad. Sct., 15: 369-377

' Wuchowsin was the storm-bird which sits in the north and makes the gales by

the movement of its wings.

2 Lumpeguin was the ordinary water-spirit.

’ Atwusknigess was an invisible being who roams the forest armed with a stone

hatchet with which he occasionally fells trees with a single blow.

The Indians ac-

counted in this way for the sudden fall of an apparently strong tree.

*The Appodumken, like the Lampegu’n, dwelt under the water.

He had long

red hair and was the favorite bugaboo used by Indian mothers to frighten the

children away from the water.

[ANNALS N. Y. ACAD. Sci., VoL. XIII, No. 5, pp. 387-418, Jan. 14, 1901. ]

mm RECONNOISSANCE OF THE ELIZABETH

ISLANDS

ARTHUR HOLLICK

(Read May 15, 1899)

[Plates VIII-XV]

CONTENTS

: PAGE

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INTRODUCTION

Location and Names

The Elizabeth Islands, as understood by that name at the

present day, comprise the group which extends in a southwest-

erly direction, fora distance of about sixteen miles, from Wood's

Hole, Mass., forming the barrier between Buzzard’s Bay on the

north and Vineyard Sound on the south; although formerly

Martha’s Vineyard and its adjoining islands of Chappaquidick

and No-Man’s Land, seem to have been included under the

same name. The principal islands of the group are five in num-

ber, besides which there are numerous smaller islands, some of

them but little more than isolated heaps of bowlders. Begin-

ning at the eastern end the five are known, in sequence, as Naus-

hon, including Nonamessett, Uncatina, Pine Island, Buck Island

(387)

388 HOLLICK

and the Weepeckets ; Pasque ; Nashaweena ; Penikese, including

Gull Island; and Cuttyhunk. Together they constitute the

Town of Gosnold and are included with Martha’s Vineyard in

the County of Dukes, State of Massachusetts.

The names by which the islands are known are of indian ori-

gin, but nearly all have undergone more or less change or

modification since the time of the aboriginal designations. In an

old history of the region' may be found the following informa-

tion relating to them:

MopERN NAMES INDIAN NAMES

Elizabeth Islands. Nashanow Islands.

Naushon, Naushuan. Katomuck.

Nonamessett, Monomessett. Nanomeesett.

Uncatina, Onkatonka. Uncatincett.

Pasque, Pesque. Peshchameesett, Pesquineese.

Nashaweena.

Penikese, Peniquese.

Cuttyhunk. Poocutohunkunnoh.

The latter also appears to have been known as the original

Elizabeth Island, before the name was made to include the en-

tire group.

It may perhaps also be of interest to note that the name Buz-

zard’s Bay is said to have been derived from ‘ Buzzardet’”’ or

little buzzard, the name under which the fish hawk was formerly

known and which were very abundant there.

The name Weepecket:is supposed to be a corruption of

“ Wabacuck,” the Indian name for the bald eagle.

General Information

The islands had attracted my attention and had aroused my

curiosity and interest for some time, partly because little or

nothing had been written in regard to them’ and partly for the

'The History of New Bedford, Bristol County, Massachusetts, etc. Daniel

Ricketson. New Bedford, 1858.

2The earliest reference which I have been able to discover is entitled ‘‘ Notices

on the Geology of Martha’s Vineyard and the Elizabeth Islands,’’ by EDWARD

HItcHcock, in Am. Journ. Sct., vii. (1824), 240-248, but the geological features

were merely noted by him in passing by the islands and they are exceedingly brief

and superficial.

RECONNOISSANCE OF THE ELIZABETH ISLANDS 389

reason that definite information in relation to them was necessary

as a logical sequence to my previous investigations in the vicinity,

on Long Island, Block Island, Martha’s Vineyard and Nan-

tucket. This entire region was recognized as having been in-

volved in one series of cause and effect, especially during the

Quaternary and modern periods, so that any new facts in regard

to any portion of the region would be of importance in arriving

at final conclusions in regard to the whole.

When I came to look into the matter, however, I found that

the proposed trip was not without certain difficulties. Each

island is owned by some one individual, family or corporation,

with the exception of Cuttyhunk, upon which there are a number

of separate holdings, hence there is no line of public travel to or

through the group, no public conveyances and no houses of

public entertainment, except in connection with Cuttyhunk, and

consequently any stranger desiring to explore the group must be

dependent upon the good will and courtesy of the owners for

both transportation and subsistence.

As soon as my object became known, however, every possi-

ble facility was placed at my disposal, and in this connection I

wish to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. J. Malcolm Forbes ;

to Mr. J. Crosby Brown and other members of the Pasque Island

Cig to Mr, Edward B. Merrill; to; Mr. Geo. S. Homer ; and

to Mr. Wm. A. Woodhull and other members of the Cuttyhunk

Club, for facilities and courtesies extended to me respectively on

Naushon, Pasque, Nashaweena, Penikese and Cuttyhunk, without

which facilities and courtesies the’ trip as finally accomplished

would have been impossible.

Itinerary of the Trip

The trip occupied exactly a week, from August 10, 1898, to

August 16th, inclusive. It was begun at the eastern end, at

Wood's Hole, from whence the Forbes’ steam launch was the

means of transportation from the mainland to Naushon, where

accommodation was provided for me at the farm house.

August 11th was spent on foot, exploring Nonamessett and

Uncatina.

390 HOLLICK

August 12th a horse and wagon was placed at my disposal,

by which means I was enabled to drive through Naushon, from

end to end, under the guidance of Mr. Frederick H. Lambert,

the overseer, and to reach Pasque by rowboat on the same day,

where the Pasque Island Club extended its privileges to me.

August 13th was devoted to an exploration of Pasque on

foot, after which a sailboat was provided on which I was trans-

ported to Nashaweena, where I was received as the guest of Cap-

tain John E. Johnson, the representative of the owner.

August 14th was spent on horseback, under the guidance of

Captain Johnson, traversing the shore line of Nashawena, with

occasional diversions inland.

August 15th was occupied in sailing to Penikese, where about

three hours were given to an examination of the island on foot,

and thence, again by sailboat, to Cuttyhunk, where I was the

guest of the Cuttyhunk Club.

The remainder of the 15th and part of the 16th of August

were utilized in field work on Cuttyhunk, after which the regu-

lar steamboat was taken to New Bedford.

DESCRIPTION, OF THE ISEANDS

[Map, Plate XV.]

Naushon

This island, owned by the Forbes family, is the largest of the

group, having a length of about eight miles and averaging about

one and one-half mile in width. Uncatina and Nonamessett

are joined with it by means of causeways. It is the only one

from which the trees have not been removed, and, fortunately,

those who have been in possession since the early days—the

Winthrops, Swaynes, Bowdoins and Forbes—have keenly ap-

preciated the beauty of natural surroundings and in consequence

the larger part of the island is yet covered by a forest growth of

primeval wildness, which is jealously preserved from either the

destructive attacks of the utilitarian or the conventionalizing of

the landscape architect. Even the few roads, which of necessity

RECONNOISSANCE OF THE ELIZABETH ISLANDS 391

have been laid out, are to a great extent but little more than

well-cleared wagon tracks, which follow the natural winding

contours of the surface, or occasionally curve or twist in an un-

expected manner, in order to avoid the destruction of, or to

bring into view, some striking feature, such as a large tree or

bowlder.

The forest growth was a revelation, as most of it had all the

appearance of never having been disturbed by civilization. The

trees are in every stage of growth, from seedlings and small sap-

lings to those which are in their prime or past it, while lying on

the ground, where they have fallen naturally, are the decaying

trunks of former generations.

Taken as a whole the arborescent flora is similar to that of

the mainland adjacent, and there is as much difference between

it and that of Martha’s Vineyard, only about four miles distant,

as there is between the flora of the New Jersey highlands and

that of the pine barrens. There are a few scattered individuals

of Pinus rigida Mill., and P. sylvestris L. has been introduced

and planted to a considerable extent, but aside from these two

species the trees are almost wholly deciduous, consisting largely

of Fagus Americana Sweet., Quercus alba L., Q. rubra L., @.

velutina Lam., and a plentiful sprinkling of Ostrya Virginiana

(Mill.) Willd. There are a few good sized individuals of //ex

opaca Ait., widely separated, and Cytessus scoparius (L.) Link.

has been planted over quite extensive areas, formerly denuded, in

order to secure a quick growth of vegetation. This did not ap-

pear to be in a very thriving condition however, and in places

large patches had apparently died out completely. The arbor-

escent feature, however, which is sure to attract immediate atten-

tion is the great abundance of beeches. In certain sections there

are acres of the forest where this tree monopolizes fully nine-

tenths of the growth, and a complete tree census of the island

would undoubtedly show it to be in a considerable majority.

On the outskirts of the forest, or where isolated individuals or

clumps of trees occur, a remarkable effect of the winds may be

seen. The branches on the side exposed to the unbroken

winds are short and stunted, while to the leeward they are

392 HOLLICK

elongated and stretch out often to extraordinary lengths. The

trees present the appearance of having been artifically trimmed

on the windward side so that only half the tree remains. This

feature is particularly conspicuous on windward slopes, where

the long leeward branches of large trees often extend out and

droop until they rest upon or nearly touch the ground thirty or

forty feet distant from the trunk, while where the trees grow in

hollows or depressions the force of the winds checks the upward

growth as soon as it reaches the level of the surrounding hills,

leaving a remarkably uniform surface over the entire mass of the

tree tops.

Another peculiar effect is also produced by these conditions

in the relative heights of trees. The trunks of those which grow

in the bottom of any depression are tall, while those on the

sides are successively shorter and shorter, according as their

location approaches the summit, although the diameters of the

trunks may vary but little. Many individuals may thus be

singled out in which the lateral extent of the branches is out of

all proportion to the height or diameter of the trunk, giving’a

most weird and peculiar appearance to the tree. These phe-

nomena due to wind action are particularly conspicuous on the

south side of the island, which is exposed to the full force of the

ocean storms. [Plate VIII. ]

The denuded areas present but few botanical features which

differ from those of similar morainal areas on the adjoining main-

land. They are wind-swept and almost destitute of any con-

spicuous vegetation except for patches of AZyrvica cerifera L., and

stunted growths of Vaccinium and Gaylussacia. Futhamia

Caroliniana (iL) Greene seemed to be about the most abundant

or conspicuous herbaceous plant in such situations, at the time

of my visit.

A species perhaps wortny of special mention is a form of

Plantago major L., found on Uncatina. It was in considerable

abundance, although apparently restricted in its habitat to a zone

located just above high-water mark. My attention was at once

attracted to it by reason of its lanceolate 3-nerved leaves and

the fact that the entire plant was more or less covered by a

RECONNOISSANCE OF THE ELIZABETH ISLANDS 393

short hoary pubescence. More extended examination may

prove it to be worthy of varietal rank.

The island is composed of a series of rounded morainal hills,

with a maximum elevation of 160 feet. Many of the depressions

are amphitheater-like in form, in some of which there are swamps

or ponds, often without visible outlets. One of these is occupied

by West End Lake, a body of clear fresh water, some 45 acres

jn area, the surface of which is usually about 5 feet above tide

level, while the bottom is said to be about 75 feet below. At

the time of my visit a considerable stream was flowing from it,

although this was stated to be not always the case and due to

the unusually wet season and recent heavy rains. In its gen-

eral features it is strikingly like Lake Ronkonkoma on Long

Island and is evidently caused by similar morainal conditions.

Its limited drainage area would, alone, be insufficient to account

for the almost uniform level maintained by the water, but the

depth of the basin, and its nearness to tide water at once sug-

gests that seepage may account for it, augmented at time of rains

by surface drainage, when it overflows. If the depth quoted is

correct, the bottom is lower than that of any portion of Buzzard’s

Bay adjacent.

In several localities, notably in the vicinity of Tarpaulin Cove,

the accumulation of bowlders is especially conspicuous, both for

numbers and size, and they may be seen to advantage either

where they are completely exposed on the shore [Plate IX] or

partially so in the adjacent hills, interspersed with patches of

stunted Myrica cerifera L. [Plates X, XI]. ‘“ Fern Rock”’ is

animmense bowlder, partly fractured and covered by a luxuriant

growth of Polypodium vulgare L., situated in a dense wood not

far from West End Lake.

The general topography of the island is characteristically

morainal and the larger part of the bowlders are granitic.

Around the more sheltered north shore and in the coves and

inlets, away from violent wave action, the beach shingle largely

retains its original angular character as glacial drift material and

there is but little observable difference between it and material

freshly washed out from the adjoining sloping banks, from the

ANNALS N. Y. AcapD. Sci., XIII, Jan. 14, 1901—26.

394 HOLLICK

base of which there is a uniform grade to the water’s edge. On

the exposed southern shore however the shingle is rounded and

water-worn and in places is thrown up into extensive ridges,

beyond ordinary high-water mark, by wave action during storms, .

often masking the base of the adjacent bluffs and causing an

abrupt line of demarkation between the irregularly wave-tum-

bled, rounded beach shingle, and the steep face of the eroded

moraine, with its angular ice-transported fragments. It is along

this shore that erosion is proceeding most extensively, as may

be readily seen in the steep escarpments of the bluffs which face

it, and also in the rapid descent to deep water, as evidenced by

the location of the submarine contours.

Inasmuch as these islands, considered as a whole, seemed to

bear every indication of being simply a partly submerged and

gradually disintegrating ridge in the morainal region south of

the New England shore line, it was recognized that theoretically

they ought to have the same general structure as the similar but

larger ridge to the south, represented by Long Island, Block

Island, Martha’s Vineyard and Nantucket. In other words that

the superficial morainal material ought to be found resting, upon

a superstructure of Cretaceous strata. A careful search was

therefore made for plastic clays and also for the ferruginous clay

concretions and hardened fragments, which are invariably found

under similar conditions in the islands mentioned. Such con-

cretions were finally found on Nonamessett, and by tracing them

up a bed of plastic clay, some of it highly lignitic, other portions

brightly colored in reds and yellows, was found at the base of a

bluff on the south shore, near the eastern end. No organic re-

mains, other than the lignite were found, but the lithologic iden-

tity of the concretions and plastic clays with those of Gay Head,

Block Island and Glen Cove was unmistakable. At no other

locality was any indication of either the clays or the concretions

discovered, although this is hardly to be wondered at consider-

ing the limited time given to the exploration."

1 The only reference which I have seen in regard to the occurrence of Cretaceous

clays in the Elizabeth Islands is in a paper on ‘‘ Glacial Brick Clays of Rhode Island

and Southeastern Massachusetts,’’ by N. S. Shaler, J. B. Woodworth and C. F.

RECONNOISSANCE OF THE ELIZABETH ISLANDS 395

Considered from the social standpoint the island constitutes a

magnificent domain, easy of access and yet unspoiled by the de-

structive elements of civilization. Itis a place in which deer and

other wild creatures roam and breed freely amid. natural sur-

roundings and the general impression is that of a home of mod-

ern luxury and culture located in a wilderness, such as one

would never expect to find in this part of the United States.’

Pasque

This island, owned by the Pasque Island Club, an organiza-

tion devoted to striped bass fishing, has an area of about 1%

square miles and is entirely treeless, except for a small clump

of Pinus sylvestris L., which was planted near the club house, at

the eastern end. It is a dome-shaped portion of the moraine,

somewhat elongated in an east and west direction, with a maxi-

mum elevation of about 120 feet through the central axis and

sloping irregularly in all directions to the shore line. In conse-_

quence there are no very high bluffs anywhere exposed and no

sections of any extent are available for study.

Swamps occupy many of the depressions, in which Clethra

alnifolia .. and Decodon verticillatus (.) Ell. are conspicuous

and Oxycoccus macrocarpus (Ait.) Pers. is plentiful. The hills

are bare and wind-swept, resulting in a sort of turf composed. of

stunted herbaceous plants of several species, as well as grass, of

which Solidago nemorals Ait. and Aster ericoides L. are the

most prominent constituents. Chrysopsis falcata (Pursh) E#l.,

Sericocarpus linifolius (L.) B.S. P., Heeractum Canadense Michx.,

Hf. Gronovii L. and Gyrostachys gracits (Bigel) Kuntze, were also

in sufficient abundance to be specially noticed.

The general superficial geological conditions are identical with

Marbut, in the 17th Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, Part I.,

pp. 951-1004, where they are incidentally mentioned on pp. 962 and 983, without,

however, giving any exact locality. On the latter page is also figured a theoretical

section through Buzzards’ Bay, Naushon, Vineyard Sound and Martha’s Vineyard.

1 Those who are interested in this phase of the subject may find a reference to the

social life of the island in Oliver Wendell Holmes’ ‘‘ Autocrat of the Breakfast

Table,’’ Chapter II., and an illustrated popular account by Gustav Kobbé in the

Century Magazine, LVI (Sept., 1898), 753-759.

396 : HOLLICK

those of Naushon, but the entire absence of arborescent vegeta-

tion has caused the effects of rain and wind erosion to be more

pronounced. Wherever the turf is destroyed erosion is rapid

and depressions are soon formed by the removal of the finer ma-

terial, leaving the bowlders prominently exposed.

Around the shores the effects of wave and wind action are

very pronounced. In places where depressions have been

reached by tide water, in the gradual recession of the shore

line, these are often dammed by an accumulation of wave-thrown

shingle and the result is the formation of a swamp or pond.

[Plate XII.] The dam is constantly pushing further and fur-

ther inland and every stage in the evolution and final oblitera-

tion of such a swamp or pond may be seen. Often the old

swamp deposit, with the water seeping through, may be found

exposed on the slope of the beach at low tide—the sole réminder

of these former conditions. Occasionally dune sand accumu-

lates on the dams and vegetation obtains a foothold, in which

case a compact barrier beach results.

Bolted firmly to the bowlders on the shore and in the adja-

cent water, and extending out for a considerable distance, are

the fishing stands, each one provided with a seat, on which

the fisherman may sit, and any description of the island would

be incomplete without at least a brief reference to this feature.

[Plate XIII. ]

Nashaweena

This island, owned by Mr. Edward B. Merrill, is next in size’

to Naushon, having a length from east to west of about three

miles and an average width of about one mile. The greatest

elevations are about 125 feet, in a series of scattered hilltops, lo-

cated towards the southwestern part of the island. Good sections

of about 60 or 70 feet are exposed in the bluffs on the south

shore near the west end, which show stratified, grayish, sandy

clays, similar to those which are prominent in Mohegan Bluffs

on Block Island and at Montauk Point on Long Island, and on

which the superficial bowlder till rests—the entire series repre-

senting the varying conditions which obtained during the Qua-

RECONNOISSANCE OF THE ELIZABETH ISLANDS 397

ternary period. The probable age and conditions of deposition

of these strata are well discussed in the report on “ Glacial Brick

Clays, etc.,’’ previously quoted.

Although there is constant general erosion and_ recession

of the coast line on all sides, there are places where land

has evidently been making in recent times. ‘This is noticeably

the case at the east end of this island, where the former shore

may be traced around the borders of the low swamp land in

that vicinity, by means of the old beach shingle, now almost

entirely hidden by extensive dune deposits. This was appar-

ently a cove or embayment, before Quick’s Hole had been

broken through, and doubtless the formation of that channel

so altered the previous conditions that new tidal currents were es-

tablished and deposition began in places where erosion had pre-

viously prevailed. Quick’s Hole, as well as each of the other

channels between the islands, apparently began as coves on op-

posite sides of the land, the shore lines of which gradually pro-

eressed inward, by reason of subsidence and erosion, until they

finally met, when, a break once made, tidal scouring soon

caused the formation of a channel. The relative locations of

and conditions in connection with Tarpaulin and Kettle Coves,

on Naushon, indicate such a series of present and future effects.

Nashaweena supports some quite extensive clumps of stunted

trees, which are mostly massed in the depressions and on the

sheltered slopes of the northeastern portion. The sheltered

areas are more numerous and larger than on Pasque and vege-

from that of Naushon, except for the greater relative abundance

of oaks as compared with beeches. One or two holly trees

were noticed, but I was unable to ascertain whether or not they

were native. Probably the most conspicuous botanical feature

was the masses of C/ethra in the swamps. Water lilies were

very abundant in the shallow ponds and mushrooms were to be

found in nearly all the pastures. The only plant collected, how-

ever, to which particular attention need be called, was a single

specimen of Centaurea arenaria Bieb., an introduced species,

which I believe has not heretofore been reported from the United

States.

398 HOLLICK

Except for one farm house there is no human habitation on

the island, which is a complete wilderness, utilized only as a

sheep range, but serving occasionally as a refuge for some of

the deer from Naushon, which at times swim over from there.

Penikese

This little island, now owned by Mr. Geo. S. Homer, is about

ly square mile in area, and is probably most widely known as

having been, during one period of its history, the home of

Agassiz’s school. It rises from the shore line on all sides to a

height of some 85 feet near the center, and is about as barren

and unattractive a pile of gravel and bowlders as can well be

imagined. The only plant sufficiently conspicuous to attract my

attention, was Solanum rostratum Dunal, which was growing in

abundance around the ruins of the old school.

Certain species of terns breed there in immense numbers, and

while wandering over the nesting grounds I saw perhaps a

score or more of this season’s young ones hopping and fluttering

over the grass and stones, evidently unable to fly. Several were

picked up in order to examine them, and in each instance it was

found that one or both wings were aborted. The number of

these cripples was evidently considerable, as I saw the dead bodies

of many others. All, of course, must have died of starvation as

soon as they were finally deserted by the old ones. At the time

of my visit the entire colony was yet there and the frightened cries

of the cripples at once attracted all the birds in the vicinity, who

formed a vast whirling cloud, hovering close overhead, indi-

viduals from the mass every now and then making closer down-

ward swoops and all joining in making a deafening noise. It was

a sight alone worth a journey to the island to see.

Cuttyhunk

This island is the only one of the group which is divided

amongst a number of owners. It has an area of about 1%

square miles and a maximum elevation, near the center of the

eastern end, of about 150 feet. This elevation forms a bold

headland, which slopes abruptly to the adjacent shores, while at

RECONNOISSANCE OF THE ELIZABETH ISLANDS 39

its western end it merges into the central ridge which gradually

becomes lower and lower until it reaches tide level. As these

hills are absolutely destitute of trees, the sky line from almost

any direction is peculiarly sharp and conspicuous. [Plate XIV,

Fig. I.]

A sand spit of recent deposition is a prominent feature at the

eastern end, which extends almost to Nashaweena, from which

it is separated by Canapitsett Gut. As in the case of the similar

deposit mentioned at the eastern end of Nashaweena, it is prob-

ably due to the eddies and currents which were established sub-

sequent to the formation of the passage between the islands. Fac-

ing the southern and western shores there are precipitous bluffs,

in which good sections are exposed. The material is entirely of

glacial origin, but bowlders are fewer than on the islands to the

eastward. The finer deposits are of grayish sandy clay, for the

most part distinctly stratified.

Except for the few trees planted in the vicinity of the little

settlement at the eastern end, the island is absolutely treeless,

although there is abundant evidence that at one time it was well

wooded. Near the western end, on the south shore, is a de- -

pression once occupied by a swamp, one edge of which is ex-

posed by the breaking away of the bluff. In the bottom of this

depression may be seen numerous large stumps and logs, buried

in a peat-like mass of fine vegetable debris, and subsequent micro-

scopic examination of specimens collected showed these to be

oak and beech.

In the “ History of New Bedford, etc.,’’ previously mentioned,

there are numerous references to Bartholomew Gosnold’s ac-

count of the island, which he called ‘Elizabeth Island.’ In

Gabriel Archer's journal of Gosnold’s voyage he says: ‘On

the north side, near adjoining unto the island of Elizabeth, is an

islet in compass half a mile, full of cedars, by me called Hill’s

Hap.” [Penikese.| He also notes that Elizabeth Island

[Cuttyhunk] was covered with trees—‘ oaks, ashes, beeches,

walnut, witch-hazel, sassafras, and cedars, with divers other un-

known names.”

In the account of the voyage written by John Brereton he

400 HOLLICK

also describes Cuttyhunk as thickly wooded, principally with

beech and cedar. They also found, he says: ‘ red and white

strawberries, as sweet and much bigger than ours in England,”

also raspberries, gooseberzvies and whortleberries. He next

mentions the ‘‘ great store of deer and other beasts, as appeared

from their tracks”’ and finally states that they all grew fat on

the young sea fowl which they found in nests upon the banks

and in low trees.

CONCEUSION®S

If the superficial facts, as previously outlined, be considered

in connection with the adjacent submarine contours,' it may be

readily seen that a comparatively slight elevation would com-

pletely drain the channels which now separate the islands from

each other and from the mainland and would convert the entire

series into a long peninsula, consisting of a range of morainal

bills extending in a southwestern direction from Wood’s Hole.

In order to emphasize this point I have prepared the accom-

panying map [Plate XV] of the islands, showing the location of

the 8-fathom contour,” together with the few other soundings of

greater depth in Buzzard’s Bay and Vineyard Sound. From this

it may be seen that if the 8-fathom contour be considered as the

shore line of a previous period in the history of the region, not

only would the islands form a continuous ridge of land, but this

ridge would be considerably extended both in length and width

and Buzzard’s Bay would be almost obliterated.

If the windings of the contour be followed around it is evident

that the indication of the first break which was made through

the ridge is at Quick’s Hole and that the area which includes

Nashaweena, Cuttyhunk and Penikese formed one island before

Pasque and Naushon had been separated from each other or

from the mainland. Penikese was apparently the next to be

isolated, then Cuttyhunk and Nashaweena, then Pasque and

finally Naushon.

1See Coast Survey Chart No. 112. Vineyard Sound and Buzzard’s Bay.

2 NoTE.—My reason for taking the 8-fathom contour was because a contour of

any greater depth would almost entirely eliminate Buzzard’s Bay as a former feature of

the region.

RECONNOISSANCE OF THE ELIZABETH ISLANDS 401

From the location of the islands and the general character

and arrangement of the material of which they are composed, it

is evident that they represent a partially submerged morainal

ridge, probably a portion of the later, northern branch of the

terminal moraine, represented by Orient Point on Long Island,

Plum Island, Gull Islands and Fisher’s Island. Thatthese repre-

sent a more recent stage of glacial action than Montauk Point,

Block Island and Martha’s Vineyard is also strongly indicated

by the almost total absence of Cretaceous material, which is so

characteristic of the earlier or southern branch of the moraine.

Nearly all of this material, on account of its incoherent char-

acter, would almost inevitably have been eroded on the first ad-

vance of the ice sheet over the Buzzard’s Bay and Vineyard

Sound area, and subsequently incorporated in the first moraine,

as we find to be the case on Martha’s Vineyard. A precisely

similar case is also presented by the eastern end of Long Island,

where the older branch of the moraine, represented by Montauk

Point, contains practically all of the eroded cretaceous material,

while the more recent branch, represented by Orient Point, con-

tains almost none.’

Under the circumstances we may consider it as peculiarly for-

tuitious that the limited exposure of plastic clay on Nonamessett

has been preserved, while the close proximity of this to the main-

land indicates that there may yet remain some isolated patches

which have resisted or escaped erosion, farther up the old estuar-

ies, where theoretically the formation once extended.

Whether the ridge represented by the Elizabeth Islands was

caused by an inequality in the crystalline rocks beneath we are

hardly in a position to say, but reasoning from analogy the

probabilities are against this idea and the inferential relations be-

tween these rocks, the Cretaceous clays and the Drift deposits,

according to the facts now in our possession, I have endeavored

to indicate in the accompanying section from New Bedford to

Martha’s Vineyard. [Plate XIV, Fig. 2.]

1 For more extended discussion of this phase or the subject see: Zyans. V. Y.

Acad. Sci., XII (1893), 189-202 ; 222-237; XIII (1893), 8-22; (1894), 122-

132; XV (1895), 3-10; XVI (1896), 9-18 and Aun. N. Y. Acad. Sci., XI

(1898), 55-88.

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PLATE VIII.

Sketch, showing bowlders and wind-contorted trees, south side of

Naushon. Page 392.

(404)

ANNALS: NY. ACAD SCI. * VOL. 2XIIh PLATE Vili

fe GEE REY

fa 40 eo

yosedes,

ane VOY Ferurt “Aa

——

—

PLATE IX.

View of the shore at Tarpaulin Cove, south side of Naushon,

showing bowlders. Page 393.

( 406 )

ANNALS N.Y. ACAD: SCI. VOL: XII, PLATE. Ix.

rr.

ay,

—

’

o “Ly

PLAVE xX.

View of a portion of the morainal hills, near Tarpaulin Cove,

showing bowlders. Page 393.

( 408 )

ANNALS NO Y?ACAD: SCI. “VOG.2cII. PLATE X,

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PEACE xl

( 409 )

ANNALS N. Y. AcAD. Sci., XIII, Jan. 14, 1901—27

PLATE XI.

View of a portion of the morainal hills, near Tarpaulin Cove,

showing bowlders and patches of stunted AZyrv7ca cerifera L. Page

393:

(410 )

ANNALS N. Y. ACAD. SCI. VOL, AITI: PLATE AI.

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PLATE XII. — |

(411) | |

PLATE XII.

View of a portion of a depression, occupied by a swamp and

dammed by a barrier beach. South shore of Pasque. Page 396.

(412)

ANNALS IN. Y¥“SACAD- SCL VOL. XI, PLATE 211;

PLATE XIII.

Sketch, showing bowlders and stands for striped bass fishing, south

shore of Pasque. Nashaweena in the distance. Page 396.

(414 )

AN NALoUN: Y,ACAD: SCI: VOL. 2TH. PEALE sii;

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(415) | |

; ,

PLATE XIV.

Fic. 1. Sketch, showing the sky line of the central morainal

ridge of Cuttyhunk, from northeast to southwest. Page 399.

Fic. 2. Geological section, from New Bedford to Martha’s

Vineyard, showing the theoretical relations between the Cretaceous

clays, the crystalline rocks below and the Quaternary deposits

above. Page 4or.

( 416 )

ANNA NY ACAD Sel VOECWxATEE PEAT RAY,

C5 NBS AG. SCE 20 FER E

Tal SR eg og ZT MAH

Line SV aA7 FTN

Tel

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Tele Ne it, ke :

(417) |

PATER ove

Outline map of the Elizabeth Islands and vicinity, showing the

location of the 8-fathom contour. Pages 390 and 4oo.

(418 )

ANNALS N: Y; ACAD. SCIY VOLS AIT PRAT AV:

MAP

THE ELIZABETH ISLANDS

AND VICINITY

SHOWING THE LOCATION

OF THE

Round Hill EIGHT FATHOM CONTOUR

Point Ow

ARTHUR HOLLICK

Kettle Cove

‘

Tarpaulin ‘

Cove /

, 2

West End Lake

len Kese

Nout D

[ANNALS N. Y. Acapb. Scl,, VoL. XIII, No. 6, pp. 419-430, Jan. 14, IgoI.]

Pei VINARY NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF

SsamPENTINE AND - TABE.AT EASTON, PENNA.

«FE. By Peer

[Plate XVI; text figures 4, 5 |

(Read January 30, 1900)

The band of pre-Cambrian rocks which extends across the

northern part of New Jersey in a southwesterly direction, crosses

the eastern border of the State of Pennsylvania between Easton

on the north and Kintnersville on the south. The band is here

broken into a series of parallel ridges consisting chiefly of horn-

blende gneiss with intervening valleys of dolomites of post-Al-

gonkian age.

The northernmost of these ridges is the southwestern exten-

sion of Scott’s Mountain in New Jersey and crosses the Dela-

ware river just north of Easton. On the Pennsylvania side of

the river it is known as Chestnut Hill. Just across the river on

the New Jersey side it is known as Marble Mountain.

Chestnut Hill is a rather sharp, even-crested ridge, having a

maximum altitude of 700 feet above tide, and having a general

trend of S. 60° W. It diminishes in altitude toward the south-

west, and at a distance of four and one-half miles from the Del-

aware river disappears under the post-Algonkin dolomites.

This, with two other similar ridges north and west of Bethle-

hem, twelve miles distant, constitutes the only recurrence of

pre-Cambrian rocks in Pennsylvania north of the Lehigh River.

A description of it as regards composition and structure will

constitute the substance of this paper.

Chestnut Hill is composed of a dense hornblende gneiss with

distinct bedding planes which dip at an angle of from 40° to 60°

to the southeast. Interstratified in the gneisses are beds of car-

(419)

420 PECK

bonates of varying thickness (5 feet to 30 feet) consisting usu-

ally of a mixture of pink calcite and gray dolomite but occa-

sionally consisting wholly of either the one or the other. .

Hornblende (usually tremolite), phlogopite, and occasionally

fault

SOIR ie Te |

Fic. 4. Section No. I, taken along Bushkill Creek. O-= Post-Algonkian dolo-

mites‘; 7 Tremolite beds presumably altered form of C which = calcite-dolomite

beds ; Gw=pre-Cambrian gneiss.

pyroxene occur so abundantly in these beds as locally to replace

all or nearly all the carbonates, so that locally they become al-

tered to a nearly pure tremolite rock with streaks or patches of

phlogopite or pyroxene or containing at time considerable

amounts of the original carbonates. These tremolite beds are

confined to the southeastern slope of Chestnut Hill, and at the

southwestern extremity of the ridge lie for the most part at or

near the contact of the post-Algonkian dolomites on the pre-

Cambrian gneisses. Here, as can be seen in the cut made by

the Bushkill Creek, all three, viz., the dolomites, the tremolite

beds and the pre-Cambrian gneisses dip uniformly to the south-

east and are apparently conformable. (See Fig. 4.)

The explanation of the occurrence here of beds of tremolite

would seem to be simple. In the first place the post-Algonkian

dolomites are more or less silicious as the following analysis

shows :

510, = ee

Pe and Als. 2792

CaCO, =i ato

MgCO, (= 40.54 100.38

Immediately below them come the beds of carbonates which are

usually highly dolomitic and may have contained original silica.

Underlying these in turn are the pre-Cambrian gneisses which

with their included quartz lenses and granite intrusions could

furnish free quartz enough by infiltration to transform the beds

SERPENTINE AT EASTON 2 421

of carbonates over into silicates of lime and magnesia, and it

is not impossible that the overlying post-Algonkian dolomites

may have played some part in the formation of these tremolite

beds. This process of transformation was doubtless greatly facili-

tated by dynamical forces resulting from faulting, as will appear

later.

Into these, what we may term altered pre-Cambrian sediments,

viz., the gneisses with their interstratified bed of carbonates, have

been intruded in this limited area at least two kinds of eruptives.

The first and by far the most abundant is a coarse hornblende

granite, which occurs in the form of lenses and bosses, the

principal outcrop of which lies on the southeastern slope of

Chestnut Hill just across the Delaware River trom the south-

ernmost extremity of Marble Mountain. It varies from a very

coarse to a fine grained rock and is for the most part highly

feldspathic, consisting almost wholly of orthoclase but containing

varying amounts of quartz and an occasional blade of dark green

hornblende. In the contact zone the hornblende predominates,

replacing locally nearly all the quartz and feldspar.

The other eruptive, an augite syenite, occurs in much smaller

quantities but presents some points of interest which had best be

enumerated here. It appears as a much altered type in the

serpentine-tremolite rocks, to be described later, lying in the

northern part of the granite area above described. It appears

again in the same manner in a series of dykes cutting across the

beds of gneiss at the northern end of the Bushkill cut. Its

principal occurrence, however, is at a point one-half mile east

of Walter’s Station on the Bushkill Creek, where some six dis-

tinct outcrops appear along an obscure fault (marked M. N.)

which has the same trend as the gneiss ridge south of it. It oc-

curs in the post-Algonkian dolomites and may have been in-

truded in the form of a dyke along which slipping subsequently

took place, or it may have been faulted up from below.

Macroscopically the rock consists of an abundance of dark

green augite with very little feldspar which gives the rock a very

basic appearance. It is for the most part fine grained but is oc-

casionally quite coarsely granular, almost granitoid in texture

422 PECK

and shows about equal amounts of feldspar and augite with a

sprinkling of biotite scales.

In microscopic thin section the rock is seen to have as its

most prominent constituent hypidiomorphic augite, having the

peculiar green tinge of the soda bearing variety. On separa-

tion with Toulet’s solution it gave the following analysis :

SIO; 2350155

EO 22)

ele

Fe,0, )

ALO AS — 26.06

MgO = tTII.0o

C20" "7719.70

NaO Pe Is Fo

K,;0 — eae 99.36

which shows an approach to an zgirine augite.’

The allotrimorphic feldspars, as a rule about equal in quantity

to the augite, consist usually of microperthitic intergrowths of

albite or oligoclase and orthoclase. The feldspars generally »

show a wavy extinction due to pressure and frequently the con-

fused, patchy intercrystallization seen in many syenites contain-

ing nearly equal amounts of both soda and potash. On isolation

the feldspars were shown by an alkali determination to contain

8.04% of potash and 4.55% of soda.” The last constituent of

importance is biotite which in one locality quite replaces the

augite and the rock thus becomes essentially a mica syenite.

Magnetite occurs in but limited quantities. Long prisms of

apatite are quite abundant in places and were as usual among

the first crystals to form, being included in both the biotite and

augite.

1 This separation and analysis was made by Mr. Fred H. Moffit, post-graduate

student in geology and assistant in chemistry in Lafayette College, Easton, Pa.

2 This determination was also made by Mr. Fred H. Moffit.

SERPENTINE AT EASTON 423

An analysis of the rock as a whole gave the following :

DIO. = .53.50

Al,O,; == 13-56

He... = 1.48

FeO) = 4.75

Gao 1 §s720

MeO = §8:93

KIO = 2 27387

Nav 1" "3108

P,O; = -17

MmPO*%s 492

LO” ==)),1433 4SBivSl.,.2-80:"

98.37

On comparing this with analyses of other syenites, it is found

to contain about the average amount of SiO,, to be low in

A1,O,, but unusually high in magnesia and lime, having of the

two together over 17%, while most syenites contain only from

2% to 6%. In this respect it resembles Weed and Pirsson’s

shonkonite of the Highwood Mountains, Montana. In general,

however, it quite closely resembles some of the finer grained

augite syenites of Norway, described by Professor Brogger as

occurring in connection with the nepheline syenites of the Chris-

tiania region, for which reason perhaps it would seem natural to

associate it genetically with the well-known nepheline syenite

of Beemerville, N. J. A careful search for other occurrences

of the rock in the region about has failed to discover it.

The serpentines and talcs of Chestnut Hill are all of them

associated with a system of faults which follows the trend of the

_tidge. Within a distance of two miles north and two miles

south of Easton there are four distinct thrust faults, all of them

of types described by Mr. Bailey Willis in his ‘ Mechanics

of Appalachian Structure’’ as occurring in “The District of

Folding and Faulting of Virginia, Tennessee and Georgia.”’ ”

1This analysis was made by Mr. Richard K. Meade, assistant in chemistry in

Lafayette College, Easton, Pa.

2Thirteenth Annual Report, Part II, of the Director of the U. S. G. S. for

the year ’9I-’92.

424 PECK

The first of these faults extends along the northwestern side of

Marble Mountain and Chestnut Hill and constitutes the bound-

ary line between the pre-cambrian and the post-Algonkian (Plate

XVI. A-€.). It is a typical break thrust fault: At A there is a

branch fault given off which runs along the southeastern slope

of Chestnut Hill to a point 4 where it appears to die out. It is

along this branch fault A which cuts, as it were, diagonally

across the ridge that all the talc and serpentine deposits of the

region, with one exception, occur.’ It partakes here more of

the nature of a stretched thrust and all of the rocks involved in

the faulting are so sheared, stretched and profoundly altered as

often to be recognized with difficulty. The granites, for exam-

ple, have every particle of their feldspar constituent sheared into

a stringy, almost fibrous variety of sericite, not a trace of the

original feldspar remaining, while the quartz remains as lenticular

or film-like patches but crushed almost to a powder. The horn-

blende alters for the most part to serpentine, in fact the richly

hornblendic granites seem to furnish one source of serpentine.

‘The calcite-dolomite beds shear to a slaty, foliated, talcose mass

consisting of a mixture of talc, tremolite, serpentine, with occa-

sional seams of tremolite (?) asbestos, imbedded in a fibrous car-

bonate of lime (aragonite?), the fibers of both minerals lying

parallel to each other and normal to the walls of the seam ; or

without shearing, become changed to beds of nearly pure white

tremolite. The phlogopite which is developed locally in large

quantities in connection with these beds, sometimes in huge

crystals a foot in diameter but usually in rather finely granular

masses, alters quite uniformly to serpentine and constitutes the

chief source of that mineral in the Easton quarries. Huge

masses of it weighing many tons are removed from time to time,

consisting quite wholly of phlogopite mica in different stages of

alteration to serpentine. Locally these masses of phlogopite

become changed to the very finest variety of ‘“‘ Royal”’ of “ Vic-

toria Serpentine”? which occurs here in such abundance as to

1 The principal occurrences of talc and serpentine are indicated by a widening of

the fault lines along which they occur and quarries from which they have been taken

are numbered I-7.

SERPENTINE AT EASTON 425

rival the famous Connemara quarries of Ireland and excite the

wonder of men of lifelong experience in the quarrying of decora-

tive stones. One variation of this phlogopite serpentine is ex-

citing considerable interest among architects. It consists of

numerous rose-colored dolomite crystals scattered in masses of

serpentine, which mixture when sawn and polished presents a

most exquisitely beautiful combination of colors. This particular

variety has been called “‘ Verdolite ’’ (Contraction of Verd-antique

and dolomite), by Mr. William B. Read, president of the com-

pany now owning the quarries. This company, known as ‘‘ The

Verdolite Company,” was formed for the purpose of purchasing

and operating the quarries lying in the northern half of the

granite area on the southeast slope of Chestnut Hill ridge and

designated on the sketch map (Plate XVI.) as quarries No. 2,

3and 4. These are the important quarries of the region. From

No. 3 (Richard’s quarry so called) is taken the best quality of

serpentine. This quarry is directly on the highway and within

two miles of the Lehigh Valley R. R. station. Between 3 and

4, a few hundred feet up the hill lie heavy ledges of verdolite and

two or three hundred feet farther takes one into quarry No. 4

(known as Williams’ quarry). This last named quarry has been

excavated in a nearly pure tremolite rock which lies in heavy

beds nearly 50 feet thick and dipping south under granite, which

constitutes the hanging wall and lying on granite and gneiss to

the northward. Evidently this rock has been faltered into its

present position by thrusts from the south. The shearing to

which it has been subjected has partially altered the tremolite to

talc along the shearing planes, which rock has for years been

quarried and ground for commercial purposes. Scattered through

this finely crystalline, sometimes massive white tremolite rock,

are seams and irregular aggregations of what was originally

phlogopite or pyroxene, now altered thoroughly to a beautiful

apple-green serpentine (Williamsite) which contrasts beautifully

with the white tremolite. The relation of the tremolite to the

serpentine and verdolite, in fact the relation and occurrence of all

of the rocks under discussion, can be seen in Fig. 5 which is

constructed along section line II]. From fault line AZ are given

ANNALS IN; Y> ACAD. (Sci, XLT; Feb.12; toor —28

426

granite; 7

Post-Algonquin dolomites ; 27

5 Section No. II, taken diagonally across Chestnut Hill at its eastern end.

Fic,

tremolite beds with included Verdolite ( /”) and Serpentine (5); g7 = pre-Cambrian gneiss with interstratified calcite-dolomite beds (C).

PECK

off two well defined and a third more poorly

defined branch faults which intersect the

granite, along the northernmost of which

occur quarries 3 and 4. Here as explained

the tremolite (7) beds lie dipping to the south

between two granite walls. Along both the

hanging and the foot wall, in close prox-

imity to the granite, have developed (by in-

filtration of silica from the granite?) large

quantities of phlogopite, under the hanging

wall mixed with pink dolomite and constitu-

ting verdolite (VY), on the foot wall altered

to royal serpentine (§). More or less ser-

pentine is found scattered through the

tremolite. The serpentine as usual is not

continuous but occurs in irregular masses

varying from a few pounds to many tons in

weight.

One other occurrence of talc should be

mentioned, viz., that at 6, along the northern

boundary of the augite syenite. It lies on

the fault M. N. and is developed on the

contact of the augite syenite on the post-

Algonkian dolomite. The best of it consti-

tutes the finest quality to be found in the

region. Its origin, as it would seem from

the manner of its- occurrence, ‘is different

from that at the other localities. Here the

post-Algonkian dolomites seem to have been

the rocks to suffer change, the augite sy-

enite remaining perfectly fresh and unaltered

throughout, while the change from talc at

the contact outward towards the dolomite

is a gradual one. With the exception of a

few cubes of iron pyrites, the entire product

of the metamorphosis here is talc, there

being no serpentine and no tremolite.

SERPENTINE AT EASTON } 427

One point more should be mentioned regarding the occurrence

of the tremolite beds in the Anthony’s Nose granite area. After

the formation of the fault 44, which cut diagonally across the

pre-Cambrian ridge, the two dislocated ends, viz., Chestnut Hill

on the southwest and Marble Mountain on the northeast seem

to have been thrust by each other along the fault plane AZ,

the tremolite beds as well as the Anthony’s Nose granite on the

southeastern slope of Chestnut Hill being made to override the

under thrust end of Marble Mountain in a series of thrust faults

by which the tremolite beds became faulted in between granite

walls, while the tremendous shearing to which the rocks were

subjected brought about the alterations which have been de-

scribed. That there has been crustal shortening in a direction

at right angles to the principal folding is shown by a series of

more or less parallel faults running at right angles to the series

already described. In the southern limits of the city of Phillips-

burg are two thrust faults which hade to the east, and which

bring the pre-Cambrian gneisses to the surface in two masses

separated by about thirty feet of post-Algonkian dolomite. The

Pennsylvania Railroad in traversing this mass has blasted all the

way through in the dolomite, being the line of least resistance, and

leaving either wall of the cut as gneiss. Two other faults cut-

ting at right angles across the southwestern end of Chestnut

Hill can be made out. The force producing this transverse

series of faults could be called into requisition in explaining the

thrusting by each other of the dislocated ends of the Chestnut

Hill ridge and at the same time the curved branching thrusts

which intersect the granite.

LAFAYETTE COLLEGE, EASTON, PA., January, 1900.

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Sketch map of the vicinity of Easton, Penna., showing the occur-

rence of serpentine and talc and their relations to the main geologic

features of the region.

gn = pre-Cambrian gneiss. gr= granite. xxx = augite syenite.

The principal occurrence of tale and serpentine are at points num-

bered 1 to 7 and are represented by thickenings of the fault lines.

AB, €te., are fault lines:

I and IJ are lines along which sections are taken. See figs. 4 and 5

on pages 420 and 426 of text.

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[AnnaLs N. Y. Acap. Sci., VoL. XIII, No. 7, pp. 431-516, Feb. 12, IgOl. |

RECORD OF MEETINGS

OF THE

NEW YORK

ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

JANUARY, 1900, TO DECEMBER, 1900

RICHARD E. DODGE

Recording Secretary

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pEaNaALs N.Y; ACAD. Sci., ATL,.No:.7, pp. 431--516, Feb. 42, I901,]

RECORDS OF MEETINGS

OF THE

NeW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

January, 1900, to December, 1900.

RicHarp E. DoncGe, Recording Secretary.

SECTION OF BIOLOGY.

JANUARY 8, 19OO.

pechonumets at O:15..P. M.. Professor F.S. Lee presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and ap-

proved. The following program was then offered :

David Griffiths, SrrucrURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE

SORDARIACE.

F. S. Lee, THe SurvivaL oF MuSsCLE AFTER SOMATIC

DEATH.

Wm. J. Gies, THe INFLUENCE oF PROTOPLASMIC POISONS ON

THE FORMATION OF LYMPH.

Bashford Dean, ON THE Ecc or THE MyYXINE GLUTINOSA.

F. B. Sumner (By Title), Kuprer’s VESICLE IN RELATION

TO GASTRULATION AND CONCRESCENCE.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Mr. David Griffiths spoke of the structure of certain species

of the Sordariaceze and briefly reviewed the work which has

been done on the group. Certain species were taken as types

of the principal genera, and their life history traced; Sordaria

jfinicola, Podospora coprophila, Hypocopra equorum and Sporormia

intermedia being spoken of specially. Some time was devoted

(433)

434 RECORDS

to a discussion of the much mooted question of fertilization in

this and kindred groups. The principal methods of spore dis-

tribution were outlined.

Professor Frederic §. Lee said that the duration of the life of

voluntary muscle in mammals after the death of the individual

has not been well known. Under the author’s direction,

Messrs. Adler and Bulkley have been investigating this in cats

and rabbits. In each experiment the animal was killed, a par-

ticular muscle was excised and stimulated by electric shocks at

five-minute intervals and the resulting contractions were

recorded. ‘The muscles used were the solews (deep red) and the

tibialis anticus (pale). Each survived several hours, the maxi-

mum for the red muscle being 14 hours and 37 minutes, and

for the pale 12 hours and 20 minutes. It is known that in

comparison with white muscle-fibers red fibers contain rela-

tively more sarcoplasm, which is nutritive in function, and

relatively less fibrillar substance, which is the contractile part.

This may perhaps account for the longer survival of the red

muscle. So far no constant difference in duration has been ob- |

served between the cat and the rabbit. In both the red and the

pale muscle the decrease of irritability was gradual, but occa-

sionally in the édzalis there was a sudden fall at the end of

about one hour, the irritability then continuing at a low ebb for

hours, but with a gradual decline. The sudden fall may have

been due to the early death of the white fibers, which, inter-

mingled with red ones, occur in the pale muscle. Besides the

theoretic interest, the above results have a practical bearing,

since they show that mammalian muscle can readily be used

for experimental purposes in the physiological laboratories.

This is now being done at Columbia University.

Dr. William J. Gies reported upon the changes which may

occur in lymph after the administration of protoplasmic poi-

sons. Quinin did not interfere with the usual influence of dex-

trose, although it did suppress the action of leech extract.

The results with dextrose, therefore, indicate that the increase

in the quantity of lymph following its injection in large quan-

tity is due mainly to physical factors. In the case of leech ex-

RECORDS 435

tract, on the other hand, there is an interference with the action

of the physiological factors that appear to be responsible for

the changes usually brought about by this lymphagogue. That

the increase in the amount of lymph after large quantities of

dextrose have been injected is not due primarily to increased

capillary pressure, as is held by Cohnstein and Starling, was

shown in one of the experiments in which quinin caused the

death of the animal, and yet from which the lymph continued

to flow for three hours. After injecting arsenic, which is said

very greatly to increase the permeability of the blood vessels,

especially those of the portal system, there was little in the flow

and character of the lymph resembling the usual effect of lym-

phagogues. It appears, therefore, that Starling’s hypothesis of

increased capillary permeability does not fully account for the

action of lymphagogues, and that the mechanical theory of

lymph formation fails as long as it does not explain the most

striking phenomena of the process—those following the injec-

tion of Heidenhain’s lymphagogues or Asher’s ‘ liver stimu-

would explain them.

Dr. Bashford Dean described the condition in seven eggs

which he had received from Professor A. E. Verrill. These

had been collected in 1880 on the Newfoundland banks in water

of go and 150 fathoms. The egg membranes were regarded

as more specialized than those of Bdellostoma.

Francis E. Lioyp,

Secretary.

SECTION OF GEOLOGY: AND MINERALOGY.

JANUARY 15, IQOO.

Section met at 8:15 P. M., Mr. G: F. Kunz presiding. The

minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and approved.

The following program was then offered :

F. B. Peck, On SERPENTINES AND TALCS IN VICINITY OF

EASTON, PENNSYLVANIA.

436 RECORDS

J. J. Stevenson, C. E. BERTRAND’S THEORY RESPECTING THE

ORIGIN OF CERTAIN COALS.

H. Ries, Nore oN OccURRENCE OF ALLANITE IN THE YOSE-

MITE VALLEY.

The following report was presented by Professor J. J. Stev-

enson, in behalf of the Committee appointed November 20,

1899 in reference to the death of Sir J. William Dawson, of

Montreal. On motion of Professor D. S. Martin, the report

was adopted.

J. William Dawson was born in Pictou, Nova Scotia, October

13, 1820; educated at Pictou College and Edinburgh Univer-

sity. Upon his return to Nova Scotia he was chosen Instructor

in Natural History by Dalhousie College, and shortly after-

ward was appointed Superintendent of Instruction for the Prov-_

ince. When thirty-five years old he became Principal of Mc-

Gill University, Montreal, then a struggling corporation, with

no endowments, few professors, and a wretched equipment.

Through his efforts, the struggling college developed into a uni-

versity with equipment in many respects unsurpassed, with a

large corps of professors, an enthusiastic body of students, and

a generous endowment.

His contributions to geology are of the first rank. The store

of facts accumulated during his term as Superintendent of In-

struction was published under the title’ of ACADIAN GEOLOGY,

a volume of about one thousand pages. In later years much

of his study was given to palazobotany ; we are indebted to

him for the discovery of many of the earlier forms of land

plants, and for the elucidation of many matters respecting rela-

tions of Paleozoic and Mesozoic forms. The phenomena about

Montreal led him to investigate Pleistocene problems ; his nu-

merous papers upon such questions were summarized in a vol-

ume published in 1893.

Sir William’s labors were incessant. He published many

volumes on topics more or less related to geology ; he was ac-

tive in efforts to foster science, to advance the interests of higher

education, and to improve the condition of his fellows. He was

a consistent Christian, living his belief, respected and beloved

RECORDS 437

by all who had dealings with him. Honors came to him

abundantly ; he was President of both the American and the

British Association, as well as of the Geological Society of

America, and the Royal Society of Canada.

Feeble health came to him in 1892, and soon necessitated

the relinquishment of his university duties. Strength never re-

turned to him; but he failed gradually until on November 1g,

1899 he passed away, leaving an untarnished name, and a

record which is one of the brightest. His memory will be

cherished as that of a conscientious man, and an unselfish

worker in science. ‘]. J. STEVENSON

Chairman.

The Chairman called attention to the coming meeting in

Paris this year, of the Eighth Session of the International Geo-

logical Congress ; described the proposed excursions, and sug-

gested the earnest cooperation of the Section by delegates, con-

tribution of papers, and financial aid. On motion by Professor

J. F. Kemp, the matter of representation of the Academy was

referred to the Council for action.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

In the discussion that followed the paper by Professor Peck,

Professor Kemp stated that in the talc deposits on the west side

of the Adirondacks, described by Professor Smyth, the deriva-

tion of the talc had been attributed to the magnesian limestone

or intrusion of a magnesian silicate rock. Professor Peck re-

plied that he considered the tremolite rock to be due to the al-

teration of a siliceous dolomite ; the talc, possibly to the inter-

change of silica from the Pre-Cambrian gneisses, and magnesia

from the adjacent dolomite limestone. The serpentine and

‘‘viridolite’’’ had indeed been subjected to much shearing and

fracture, but had been solidly recemented, so that they could

be quarried out in large blocks, free from cracks, sometimes of

twenty tons weight, in the case of the “ viridolite.”’

In the discussion of Professor Stevenson’s paper, Professor

F. E. Lloyd remarked that the cells of alg, to whose accumu-

438 RECORDS

lation Bertrand and Renaud mainly attribute the formations of

these coals, are exceedingly delicate and often mucilaginous.

Those of sphagnum are much thicker, solid and woody, and yet

a large quantity of this is required to produce much deposit of

carbonaceous matter in swamps.

The chairman inquired whether freezing or the introduction

of silty waters might cause the precipitation of ulmic acid re-

ferred to by these authors. Professor Stevenson stated that

ulmic acid so precipitated would tend to carry down suspended

matters and to clear the waters.

Dr. Ries stated that while in the Yosemite Valley in Septem -

ber, 1899, his attention was attracted by a black, coaly looking

mineral in the pegmatite veins on the northwestern side of the

valley. On closer inspection the mineral proved to be allanite,

and as it has not yet been recorded from this region, it seems

of interest to note the fact.

The rocks forming the walls of the Yosemite are a grano-

diorite, according to Turner (a7th Ann, Rep: U; SG) Ft ae

p. 710). Traversing this in many directions are veins of peg-

matite, which are sometimes straight and unbroken, at others

curved, branched, or even broken into. These pegmatite veins

are very prominent on the face of El Capitan and also in the rock

forming Eagle Peak. It was in the talus at the foot of the lat-

ter that the allanite was found, and while the mineral was at

times abundant in the pegmatite blocks, still none of it was

noticed in the grano-diorite. In only one instance was a dis-

tinctly bounded individual found, and on this a combination of

orthopinacoid and base were recognizable. The other speci-

mens were irregularly bounded grains that varied from a six-

teenth to a quarter of an inch in diameter.

In addition to the quartz, muscovite and orthoclase present

in the pegmatite, there were a number of radiating masses of

epidote, which were evidently of primary origin; but in two in-

stances the epidote occurred as a coating on hornblende and

then seemed to be secondary. None was found in association

with the allanite.

In conclusion it may be said that it is interesting to find that

RECORDS 439

allanite is evidently not the rare mincral that it was formerly

considered to be, and that a careful watch is beginning to show

its presence at many localities in the United States.

ALExIs A. JULIEN,

Secretary.

Sa TION OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY.

JANUARY 22, I9OO.

Section met at 38:15 P. M., Dr. Franz Boas presiding. The

name of one candidate for resident membership was read and

referred to the Council according to the by-laws. The follow-

ing program was then offered:

Clark Wissler, Some PHENOMENA OF INDIRECT VISION.

J. McK. Cattell, On Retations oF TIME AND SPACE IN

VISION.

E. P. Buchner, On NuMBER Forms.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Mr. Wissler described experiments that were made by ex-

posing small letters or numerals in the indirect field of vision,

while the attention of the observer was fully occupied with

objects in the direct field. The subjects were not conscious

of seeing the characters presented in the indirect field, indeed,

one of the subjects whose results was reported did not know

until several tests had been made that the characters were

there at all. In spite of this failure to receive conscious ex-

pressions from the letters and figures, two subjects were found

who could by association and afterwards by memory, give in

a large number of cases the correct numeral or letter. These

subjects made their associations in the form of visualized images.

Many of the errors made were similar to those made in normal

vision. Thus, ¢ was mistaken for 0, 75 for 55, etc. It was

held that the experiments suggest a relation between normal

phenomena and the abnormal as seen in the hysterical eye, and

440 RECORDS

that they point out a way to a more complicated experimenta-

tion in induced automatic movements.

Professor Cattell’s paper described experiments on the per-

ception of moving surfaces, which show that a time series may

be perceived as a spatial continuum, and explained that the same

phenomena held in the ordinary vision of daily life. Although

the eyes, head and body are in continued movement, and the

images on the retina are constantly shifting, the field of vision

appears to be distinct and stationary. Thus, if one glances

along a row of books, images follow one another on each reti-

nal element in rapid succession, but these successive and rapid

changes result in the perception of a space continuum, a@// the

objects being distinct and arranged side by side.

Professor Buchner described, with the aid of sketches, the

fixed visualizations experienced since childhood by a woman 35

years ofage. There are three distinct, uncolored, tridimensional

forms. The first is half fan-like in shape, lying almost entirely

to the left of the mental point of regard, and includes the num-

bers from 1 to 100. The second includes the names of eight

days, from Sunday to Sunday. The third has the names of the

twelve months from January to December. The paper pointed

out the elements which must appear in any theory of the gene-

sis of the phenomena to which this group belongs.

CHARLES H. Jupp,

Secretary.

PUBLIC LECTURE:

UNDER AUSPICES OF THE SECTION OF BIOLOGY.

JANUARY 29, 1900.

Professor G. H. Parker, of Harvard University, delivered a

lecture on THE Neuron THeEory IN THE LicHT oF RECENT

DISCOVERIES.

The lecturer gave a summary of the development of our

knowledge of the histological structure of the nervous system,

and contrasted with the neuron theory as widely understood

RECORDS 44]

that of Apathy’s which declares the absolute continuity of the

nervous system by means of the fibrilla in the nerve cells and

fibers as demonstrated by his method of technique. ‘The lec-

ture was closed by a criticism of Apathy’s interpretation of his

preparations.

Francis E. Lioyp,

Secretary.

BUSINESS MEETING.

FEBRUARY 2, I9OO.

Academy met at 8 P. M., Professor M. I. Pupin presiding.

The minutes of the last business meeting were read and ap-

proved.

The Secretary reported from the Council as follows:

The following nominations of officers for the ensuing year,

drawn up in accordance with the rules :

President, Robert S. Woodward.

First Vice-President, Charles A. Doremus.

Second Vice-President, Franz Boas.

Corresponding Secretary, William Stratford.

Recording Secretary, Richard E. Dodge.

Treasurer, Charles F. Cox.

Librarian, Livingston Farrand.

Councillors: Daniel W. Hering, Harold Jacoby, Frederic

>. Lee, M. I. Pupin; Edward L. Thorndike, L. M. Underwood.

Curators: Harrison G. Dyar, Alexis A. Julien, George F.

Kunz, Louis H. Laudy, William D. Schoonmaker.

Finance Committee: Henry Dudley, John H. Hinton, Cor-

nelius Van Brunt.

The following nominations for Fellows were made in accor-

dance with the by-laws, which say ‘“ candidates may be nomi-

nated by the Council, in writing, at a business meeting in Jan-

uary or February, and shall then be balloted for at the subse-

quent annual meeting ”:

ANNALS N. Y. ACAD. Sci., XIII, Feb. 12, 1901—29.

442 RECORDS

Drew. 5: ‘Day,

James Douglas,

Jonathan Dwight, Jr.,

Marshal A. Howe,

Charles H. Judd,

B.4G> Love:

Albert. W. Trotter,

Henry S. Washington,

Theodore G. White.

The following nominations were made for Honorary and

Corresponding Members, in accordance with the by-law that

“Honorary and Corresponding Members may be nominated

by the Council, in writing, at the business meeting in January or

February, and elected at the subsequent Annual Meeting.”

HONORARY MEMBERS.

Julius Hann, University of Graz, Austria.

Henry A. Rowland, Johns Hopkins University.

Edward C. Pickering, Harvard University.

H. Poincaré, Sorbonne, Paris.

E. B. Tylor, Oxford, England.

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

Professor A. DeLapparent, University of Paris; Paris, France.

Professor W. H. Holmes, National Museum, Washington,

DAC,

Professor Kakichi Mitsukuri, Imperial University of Japan,

Tokyo.

Professor Geo. H. Parker, Harvard University, Cambridge,

Mass.

Professor C. R. Van Hise, University of Wisconsin, Madi-

son, Wis.

Professor Sho Watase, Tokyo (Univ. of Chicago).

The Council has voted to appoint Professor J. J. Stevenson

delegate to the International Geological Congress, to be held

in Paris in 1900; and Professsor Charles A. Doremus delegate

to the International Chemical Congress. The Academy has

voted to subscribe to these Congresses.

RECORDS 443

The Council has voted to change the title of the Section of

Astronomy and Physics, so as to read Astronomy, Physics and

Chemistry.

The Anthropological Club, which has hitherto coéperated

with the Academy in the meetings of the Section of Anthro-

pology and Psychology, has been superseded by the American

Ethnological Society, which has been revived. This Society

will continue to codperate with the Academy, as before.

Professor Kemp, as Chairman of the Reception Committee,

has made the following report to the Council :

The American Museum authorities have kindly agreed to

assign us one of the east wing rooms, 60x 80, for Wednesday

and Thursday, April 25th and 26th, at an expense to us for fit-

tings, etc., as last year, not to exceed $200.

The following chairmen of sub-committees have consented to

serve :

Anthropology, Franz Boas.

Astronomy, J. K. Rees.

Botany, D. T. MacDougal.

Chemistry, C. E. Pellew.

Micetricity, Geo. F. Sever.

Psychology, J. McK. Cattell.

Geology and Geography, Richard E. Dodge.

Metallurgy, H. M. Howe.

Mineralogy, L. McI. Luquer.

Palzontology, Gilbert van Ingen.

Physics and Photography, William Hallock.

Zoology, C. L. Bristol.

The following candidates for resident membership, approved

by the Council, were duly elected :

Charles L. DuVivier, 22 Warren Street.

Ludwig Riederer, 145 West 94th Street.

James S. Peabody, Mixed High School.

Francis B. Sumner, College of the City of N. Y.

F.C. Waite, University Heights, N. Y.

RICHARD E. DopbGE,

Recording Secretary.

444 RECORDS

SECTION OF ASTRONOMY, PHYSI¢s An

CHEMISTRY:

FEBRUARY, 5, IQOO.

Section met at 8:35 P. M., Professor M. I. Pupin presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and ap-

proved.

The following program was then offered :

J. K. Rees, Report oN NoveMBeR Meteors. (Read by Dr.

S. A. Mitchell.)

J. K. Rees, THE VARIATION oF LATITUDE AND THE COon-

STANT OF THE ABERRATION OF LIGHT, AS DETERMINED FROM

Six AND ONE-HALF YEARS OBSERVATIONS MADE AT THE COLUM-

BIA UNIVERSITY LATITUDE OBSERVATORY. (Read by Professor

H. Jacoby.)

Geo. N. Bauer, THE PARALLAX OF 4 CASSIOPEIA AND THE

PosITIONS OF 56 NEIGHBORING STARS, AS DEDUCED FROM THE

RUTHERFURD PHOTOGRAPHIC MEASURES.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Professor Rees, in the first paper, stated that arrangements were

made by the Columbia University Observatory to observe and

photograph the meteors during the week of November 12-18,

1899. At West Point Dr. S. A. Mitchell, assisted by Messrs.

Bauer and Jenkins, was provided with a Rowland concave grat-

ing andtwo cameras. No photographs however were obtained.

At Bayport, L. I., Mr. C. A. Post placed his observatory and

his services at the disposal of the Columbia Observatory staff.

Six cameras and two telescopes were in use. On one plate in

a camera provided with a Goerz lens, a photograph taken on

November 15th, between 16 h. gm. 30sec. and 16h. 40m. 44

sec. when pointed near Procyon, showed a meteor trail. Dr.

Elkins of the Yale Observatory, will measure this plate.

A number of students and others watched for the meteors

for the purpose of counting them at West Point, New York

and Bayport, with the result as shown in the following table :

RECORDS 445

Date. Time (Standard). Number of Leonids.

1899. meteors.

(At West Point.)

gta. NS, Th. DR Mm: tO ESM. SO: Mi ccivsccenavacansesaovaness 5 I

eee aes Al BON. COV nA SO Tisha ctctexccacneusencnse wee I oO

ae oP. ae ihe tO Ey Th. OWA, cash acess detereseos fe) fe)

Bere ee i, tee £OV ES Ie! AD Pica eviccs ge acneesagatesis 17 12

Meets.) OM. to TAN. 20 Meysc2si.ecis PT ETT ere 5 I

(At New York City. )

emetke 2h: GSM. to TSG: -@ Mil... cisse.scasesneseseses 68 68

(by Misses Harpham, Proctor and Tarbox).

igen Se Pk 4a 05... fo: FON. AG! WI. ..32,.6.9she5h.cawdsncteess 36

(by Mr. and Mrs. Woods).

(At Bayport).

TO ES ee RR Gries co ea oe te Al CR Le 6: Be 39

Professor Rees, observing casually while attending to the

photographic apparatus at Bayport, observed a first magnitude

Leonid at 15 h. 29 m. on November 15th, between the two lowest

stars in the handle of the dipper. At 15 h. 39 m. he observed

another first magnitude Leonid under Sirius. At 17h. 15.5 m.

a fine Leonid trail lasting 3 seconds was seen over Procyon.

At 17 h. 30 m. a very bright Geminid was seen 20° south of

Regulus.

Professor Rees stated in his second paper that observations

of latitude had. been made at the new site of Columbia Univer-

sity from April 24, 1893, to the present, and will be continued

until May 1, 1900. The observers were Professors Rees and

pacoby, aid Dr. H.-S. Davis. A zenith telescope made by

Waunscaff, of Berlin, was employed throughout. Its aperture

is 80 mm. and its focal length is I meter. Four groups of stars

were used having mean right ascensions of about 6 h., 14 h.,

18 h., and 22 h. respectively. Each group contained 7 stars.

Up to the present time, 6516 pairs have been observed on 758

nights. From the observations, a curve was drawn showing

the latitude. This was compared with the curve required by

Dr. S. C. Chandler’s formula (As¢. Jour., No. 446). From 1896

the observed epochs of maxima and minima seem to follow the

computed time.

These observations give for the constant of aberration of light,

the value

446 RECORDS

20, AOA == 64 4000!

Mr. Bauer, in his paper, stated that the star under con-

sideration has a large proper motion and measurements of its

parallax have been made by various methods and observers.

The present determination is based on 28 Rutherfurd photo-

eraphic plates, and the method of position angle was used in

measuring them, as Professor Jacoby has already made a re-

duction using the method of distance. Eleven independent de-

terminations were made, giving a value of

0" 236+. 0. COTA:

Professor Jacoby found by the method of distance 0/’.275 +

o’’.024, these results agree even better than might have been ex-

pected. In forming the catalogue of 56 stars about » Cassi-

opeiz, the usual corrections for refraction, precession, nutation,

aberration, proper action, etc., were applied. Since the coor-

dinates were measured in distance and position angle, these

were then converted into difference of right ascension and de-

clination. After finding the positions for the epoch 1872.0 the

precession and secular variation were computed and tabulated.

Wm. S. Day,

Secretary.

SECTION OF: BIOLOGY:

FEBRUARY 12; 1900.

Section met at 8 P. M., Dr. Bashford Dean presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and ap-

proved. |

The following program was then offered :

J. H. MacGregor On tHE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SKULL IN

CERATODUS.

F. B. Sumner, Kuprer’s VESICLE IN RELATION TO GAS-

TRULATION AND CONCRESCENCE.

G. S. Huntington, Some MuscLe VARIATIONS OF THE PEC-

TORAL GIRDLE.

RECORDS 447

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

J. H. MacGregor gave a brief preliminary report on the de-

velopment of the skull in Ceratodus, the Australian lung-fish.

The research is made conjointly with Professor Bashford Dean.

Only the early stages of the chondrocranium have as yet

been studied ; but it is noteworthy that these early stages show

even closer resemblance to the amphibian skull than does the

adult. The suspensorium is ante-stylic from the first, and the

union of quadrate to cranium by ascending and otic processes

is exactly as in urodele amphibia. The hyomandibular appears

later than the body of the hyoid arch, and has no connection

with the jaw. The trabule are widely separated, leaving a

large ventral fontanelle, also an amphibian character. ihe

palatopterygoid bar is almost entirely suppressed. The one

character which is entirely fish-like is the otic capsule.

Dr. Sumner’s paper brought out the following points :

I. The generally accepted account of gastrulation in the Tele-

osts, as proposed first by Gotte, was shown to be incomplete,

in so far as it failed to give a true account of the hypo-blast.

II. A view of Kupfer’s vesicle was maintained, closely

similar to that proposed by the great morphologist, after whom

this structure has been named.

III. The present author has arrived, on purely morphological

grounds, at a view of concrescence identical with that proposed

by Kopsch on the basis of the latest experimental work.

Dr. Huntington’s paper dealt specifically with the retro-

clavicular group of supernumerary muscles, for the purpose of

determining their mutual relationship and common derivation.

The new muscle, here described for the first time, completes a

series of retroclavicular aberrant muscles which represent dif-

ferent stages in migration and recession of the typical mam-

malian-sterno-chondro-scapularis. The members of this group

appear, therefore, as myo-typical reversions representing per-

sistent portions of this muscular plane, with secondary skeletal

attachments, depending upon the degree of recession.

Francis E. Lioyp,

Secretary.

448 RECORDS

SECTION OF GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY:

FEBRUARY 19, I9QOO.

Section met at 8:15 P. M., G. F. Kunz presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and ap-

proved.

The following program was then offered :

Henry S. Washington, THE Macner Cove Lacco_irtu,

ARKANSAS.

SUMMARY OF PAPER.

The structure of the complex is described and, from:the

evidence of the form of the area, the relations to the surround-

ing shales, the presence of an overlying zone of metamorphosed

rock, the arrangement of, and the serial petrographical and

chemical characters of the main rock types, with other minor

points, the conclusion is drawn that the igneous complex is

probably a laccolith, and certainly a unit; and that the main

component abyssal rocks are not due to successive injections, as

was suggested by J. F. Willidms, but are the result of a dif-

ferentiation 27 sztw of the mass of magma.

The main rock types are described, some new analyses being

given, and they are shown to form a regularly graded series of in-

teresting rocks, ranging from basic Jacupirangite, through ciotite-

ijolite, typical ijolite, shonkinitic syenite and leucite-syenite, to

foyaite. This serial, and common genetic character is shown

both mineralogically and chemically. It is probable that the

dikes of tinguaite and nepheline-porphyry are aschistic, while

those of monchiquitic rocks are diaschistic.

The arrangement of the abyssal rocks is shown to differ rad-

ically from most other cases of differentiated laccolithic masses

and dikes, in that there is progressive increase in acidity toward

the periphery. One or two other instances of this are men-

tioned, the most closely analogous being the laccolith at Umptek

in Kola (Finland).

An explanation of this is given, based on a process of frac-

tional crystallization or freezing of the magma, and the idea ap-

RECORDS 449

plied to other cases. It is suggested that the laccoliths and

similar magmatic masses, which have been studied, may be re-

ferred to three distinct types, the differences between which

would be satisfactorily accounted for by the hypothesis.

In the ensuing discussion, Dr. Washington pointed out that

the specimens of the rocks, represented by his analyses, had

not been selected in a radial line, but in various directions at

increasing distances from the central mass of basic constitution.

The following specimens were exhibited by the Chairman :

Corundum from Raglan Township, Ontario, Canada.

Variously colored sapphires from a new locality, Clear Creek,

Granite County, Montana.

Corundum from a serpentine dike at a new locality, Corun-

dum Hill, Plumas County, California.

Professor R. E. Dodge announced the death of Dr. Hans

Bruno Geinitz, on December 30, 1899. The Chairman briefly

discussed the character and work of Dr. Geinitz, and, on motion,

Professor Stevenson was appointed a committee to prepare a

minute on this great loss to the Academy and to science.

ALEXIS A. JULIEN,

Secretary.

SEeCLLON (OF vANTHROPOLOGY.. AND, PSY

GHOLOGY:.

FEBRUARY 23, I9QOO.

Section met at 8:15 P. M., Dr. Franz Boas presiding.

The following program was then offered :

Carl Lumholtz, Sympouism oF THE HuIcHoL INDIANS.

A. L. Kroeber, Sympo.ism or THE ARAPAHOE INDIANS.

F. Boas, THE GrowrTuH oF CHILDREN.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Dr. Lumholtz stated that the Huichols are a small tribe of

about four thousand souls living in the southwestern part of

Mexico, on a spur of the Sierra Madre. Their country being

450 RECORDS

difficult of access, they have been left comparatively untouched

by civilization, and thus preserved their ancient beliefs and cus-

toms intact to the present day. The paraphernalia of the war-

rior of ancient’ times, z. ¢., of the gods of the present ‘race:

furnish the principal symbolic objects by which prayers are ex-

pressed, and the most important of these articles is the cere-

monial arrow left as a sacrificial offering in the temples and

considered a carrier of prayers. It is painted and otherwise

decorated with symbolic emblems, and attached to it are repre-

sentations of other paraphernalia of the warrior, as the front

shield and the back shield, the latter being also viewed as the

mat or bed of the god. Frequently the object of the prayer is

incorporated in an attachment to the arrow. The vivid imagi-

nation of the people makes them see analogies in the most

heterogenous phenomena. ‘They see serpents in the sky, the

clouds moving through space, the wind sweeping over the fields,

the rain falling down, even in their girdles and ribbons. Cer-

tain insects which appear during the wet season are identical

with corn, and corn is identical with hikuli, and hikuli with deer.

The same tendency to consider heterogeneous objects as iden-

tical may be observed in the fact that a great variety of objects

are considered as plumes. Clouds, cotton-wool, the white tail

of the deer, the deer’s antlers, and even the deer itself “are

plumes, and the serpents are believed to have plumes. Natur-

ally, much ambiguity is found, and there are few symbols that

express always the same meaning; nor is an idea always ex-

pressed by the same symbol. Although this gives a certain

individuality to the symbolic objects, we can always trace the

connection between the thought to be expressed, and the sym-

bol expressing it.

In Mr. Kroeber’s paper it was shown with the aid of lantern

slides that the decorative art of the Arapahoe Indians is through-

out realistic (z. ¢., pictorial) or symbolic. Geometric patterns

occur, but rarely, and the general character of the art is sug-

gestive rather of pictography. Symbols representing animal

life, physical nature and abstract ideas predominate.

Professor Boas showed that a series of measurements of chil-

RECORDS 45]

dren repeated at annual intervals proves that the variations of

growth must be interpreted as mainly due to acceleration and

retardation of growth, combined with hereditary influences,

which determine the amount of annual growth. It has shown

that it is possible to determine the essential elements which de-

termine the amount of annual growth by admission of regulated

measurements. These result in a determination of (1) the rela-

tion between final development and development of any given

period ; (2) the typical development at a given period; and (3)

the variability of the series in regard to period.

CHARLES H. Jupp,

Secretary.

ANNUAL MEETING.

FEBRUARY 26, IQOO.

The Academy met for the Annual Meeting at 8:15, President

Osborn in the chair, who opened the meeting with the following

address :

Members of the New York Academy of Sciences :

You are welcome to the 81st annual meeting of the Acad-

emy. We must congratulate ourselves upon our increasing

strength which we trust is keeping pace with the rapid develop-

ment of the City of New York as a scientific centre. This is

not an institution for popular scientific education—a duty we

may well leave to the Schools, the Universities, the Museums,

and the recently established scientific parks. Our main object

is the centralization of the best scientific thought of the city.

In cordial cooperation with the several other scientific societies,

this object should constantly be kept in view. We meet for

high thinking and the encouragement of research. The rise of

this Academy in the esteem of the people of this city and of

similar academies abroad, will depend, not upon our scientific

organization, which we now believe to be well nigh perfect,

thanks to the careful efforts of the last few years ; but upon the

scientific discoveries which are stimulated and made known

here. We all stand for plain living. The votaries of science

452 RECORDS

do not need an elaborate meeting place; but there is a certain

stimulus in the scientific atmosphere of the historic associations

which cluster around this Academy, which we shall lack until

we secure a building of our own. We ask the intelligent peo-

ple of this city, who owe everything they possess to the appli-

cations of science, fortwo large funds. First, an endowment

fund for the publication of our researches ; this fund should

not be less than $60,000. This, in my judgment, is of more

pressing importance than the building.

Secondly, we ask for a building fund for a suitable meeting

place, which we propose to share with the other societies of the

Scientific Alliance. To this fund one of our Patrons, Mrs. Es-

ther Herrman, has already generously contributed.

Upon the whole the sections of the Academy have gained

steadily in strength. We regret that the disbandonment of the

Philological section became necessary. At the same time we

appreciate the fact that the Anthropologists have recently orga-

nized an Ethnological Society, but will continue to hold part of

their meetings with us ; this branch of science, stimulated by

the expeditions of the American Museum of Natural History,

promises to be very strong. We have added Chemistry to the

subjects covered by the Astronomical and Physical section.

During the past year I regret to say that some of our most

distinguished Honorary Members have passed away. Among

these are the veteran chemists, Professor Bunsen, of Heidel-

berg, and Sir Edward Frankland, Foreign Secretary of the

Royal Society of London. We also mourn the loss of Sir

William Dawson, the eminent geologist and palzontologist of

Canada; and of Professor Geinitz, who long held a leading

position in Germany. I must refer to the death of Sir William

Flower, Director of the British Museum of Natural History, as

a personal loss, for I had the pleasure of esteeming him among

my warm friends. He rendered great services to the study of

mammals and to the development of scientific museums.

In retiring from the Presidency, I desire to express my warm

appreciation of the honor you have conferred upon me, and |

trust you will give equally cordial support to my successor.

RECORDS 453

The minutes of the last Annual Meeting were then read and

approved.

No report of the Corresponding Secretary was given.

The report of the Recording Secretary, which is filed here-

with, was then read and approved.

The accompanying report of the Treasurer was read and re-

ferred to the Finance Committee.

The accompanying reports of the Librarian and Editor were

accepted, and votes of thanks passed for. the work of the

Librarian and Editor.

The following nominations for Honorary Members were

read, as selected by the Council:

Julius Hann, Ph.D. Professor of Meteorology, University

of Graz.

Edward Charles Pickering, LL.D. Paine Professor of Prac-

tical Astronomy, Harvard University.

Jules-Henri Poincaré, F.R.S. Professor of Mathematical

Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Paris.

Henry Augustus Rowland, LL.D. Professor of Physics,

Johns Hopkins University.

award Burnett Tylor; DiC: L., LLD., F.R.S. Professor

of Anthropology, University of Oxford.

Brief addresses in reference to the candidates were made as

follows :

Dr. Hann, Professor Richard E. Dodge.

Professor Pickering, Professor J. K. Rees.

Professor Poincaré, Professor Woodward.

Professor Rowland, Professor Hallock.

Professor Tylor, Dr. Franz Boas.

The Secretary was then empowered to cast one ballot for the

list as read.

The following list of corresponding members was nominated

by the Council, and the Secretary was instructed to cast one

ballot for their election, which was done.

Albert De Lapparent, Professor of eeaetacier, Ecole Libre

de Hautes Etudes, Paris.

William Henry Holmes, Curator, United States National

Museum, Washington, D. C.

454 RECORDS

Kakichi Mitsukuri, Ph.D., Professor of Zoology, Imperial

University of Tokyo.

George Howard Parker, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Zool-

ogy, Harvard University.

Charles Richard VanHise, Ph.D. Professor of Geology, Uni-

versity of Wisconsin, |

Sho Watase, Ph.D., Professor of Histology, Imperial Univer-

sity of Tokyo.

The following list of resident members was nominated as

Fellows, by the Council, and the Secretary was instructed to

cast one ballot for their election, which was done.

Dr. W. S. Day, Secretary Section of Astronomy, Physics and

Chemistry.

James Douglas, Pres. American Institute of Mining Eng1-

neers.

Jonathan Dwight, Jr., Ornithologist.

Dr. Marshall A. Howe, Curator of Columbia University Her-

barium.

Professor Charles H... Judd, Professor:of “Psychology Nae

University.

Dr. E. G. Love, Entomologist.

Alfred W. Trotter, Civil Engineer and Mining Expert.

Dr. Henry S. Washington, Petrographer.

Dr. Theodore G. White, Palzontologist.

The President then appointed as tellers, Mr. Kunz, Professor

Lloyd, and Dr. White, to take charge of the election.

Dr. E. G. Love was nominated as Curator in place of Mr. W.

D. Schoonmaker, who was not eligible.

Ballots were distributed, votes received and counted, and the

following list of officers elected.

President—Robert S. Woodward.

First Vice-President—Charles A. Doremus.

Second Vice-President—Franz Boas.

Corresponding Secretary—William Stratford.

Recording Secretary—Richard E. Dodge.

Treasurer—Charles F. Cox.

Librarian—Livingston Farrand.

RECORDS 455

Councillors—Daniel W. Hering, Harold Jacoby, Frederic S.

Lee, M. I. Pupin, Edward L. Thorndike, L. M. Underwood.

Curators—Harrison G. Dyar, Alexis A. Julien, George F.

Founz, Lous H. Laudy; E.G. Love.

Finance Committee—Henry Dudley, John H. Hinton, Cor-

nelius Van Brunt.

The President-elect then took the chair, and after a brief

address, introduced the retiring president, who gave his presi-

dential address, entitled: THE GEOLOGICAL AND FAUNAL RE-

LATIONS OF EUROPE DURING THE TERTIARY PERIOD, AND THE

THEORY OF THE SUCCESSIVE INVASIONS OF THE ETHIOPIAN FAUNA.

The Academy then adjourned.

RicHARDY E. DonceE,

Recording Secretary.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER.

February 26, 1900.

RECEIPTS.

Balance on hand, as per last annual Re-

TCTs, eae ea $1,489.85

Enecome.hermanent Fund: 22... - 2.4 «: 4.20.14

Publication Pund 2. 222... 5.5% gO.00

‘ Pendmipon: BP Und. .= 2. 3 4 es 89.86 600.00

ieicyMiembpership: Pees). 222... 6 eas os | 200.00

tetit@M Mees. wal ne ly She ed a hs ead 80.00

MOU DWES, TSO5 Seis si a Be cs 10.00

a BOO er tes Sarasa 10.00

e BOO ER alter ott ae aicher ate 65.00

a TS Oo cho ges ais Davia ew Ks ee 150.00

as EO OOM nue 8 haa Cee di tie = 2,340.00

: BO OO mS ise in, 8 caer le oe 50.00 2,625.00

Heotal SINECeIptS:. 05% 2 at tb ees Ptr ah oon Sc

D1SBURSEMENTS

Posto Publications... c.. 25). $1,250.45

ISess received from salés..7. 130.85

$1,119.60

456 RECORDS

Rent<of-: Roomsvei, ie

Expenses of Officers:

Recording - Secretary: 2... 2. $363.09

Librarian nee ce 278.48

Treasurer Ween eee ae 43.81

Sectional and*General Expenses: 227...

Cost-of Ikechmres. 7.01.0. ieee earn

Cost of 6th Annual Reception. .

Preliminary Expenses of 7th anal

FCCCEPUIOM f.'5.. 5% sc se pete ea ee

Balance new on Band:.7. 52...

440.00

685.38

28.11

66.48

366.17

50.00

B27 eae

DETAILS OF PERMANENT FUND.

Balance, as per last Annual Report.....

Life Membership Fees rec. during year.

Initiation Fées; réc: durine sean. 4. ee

Balance now on hand, for Invest-

Ment.

DETAILS OF GENERAL INCOME ACCOUNT.

GREDIT:

Received. from Annual Duese 2]...

Income of Permanent Fund... ee

me Pubhcation Bundt sons >

DEBIT.

Deficiency brought over from last year..

NetiCost-ol, Publications) 3s eet

ett, Ol PRO OINS:..3.. 50. 2am eee

Mpetses: of Ofhcers ic) ) ie 2 eae

Sectional and General Expenses oa. sx

Costiot Wwectures o.<0.05 Gyancenae renee:

Cost 6th Annual. K.éception: <6 -9is.5

Balance, Surplus: 2 ti epee seeeeeme

$281.55

1,119.60

440.00

66.48

: 360. 17

$2, 23058 II

$1,468,68

200.00

80.00

$1,748.68

$2,625.00

420.14

gO.00

$3,135.14

$2,987,29

ft Sage

RECORDS 457

SUMMARY.

Balance to credit of Permanent Fund... $1,748.68

es ey te Audubon: Funds «. | 100.00

Total, awaiting investment...... $1,848.68

Accumulated Income of Audubon Fund

awaiting appropriation by the Council. 292.58

Balance to credit of General Income a/c

Pwatlable for future- expenses... -..-.. 147.85

$2,289.11

Less, amount advanced for Prelim-

inary Expenses of 7th Annual Re-

DELS CUNGR aN es oie enon de see 50.00

Balance, cash on hand... 2... ..... $2 ,230:1%

It appears from the foregoing figures that the total expenses

of the Academy for the year were $429.40 less than its avail-

able income, so that a deficiency of $281.55 was wiped out,

and a surplus of $147.85 created in General Income Account.

ASSETS.

Reered Melee ge epee a tieorws Sone Yes oe $2,230.11

Investments in Bonds and Mortgages @

5p :

Pepeecemanent Mundy... 04.2.6. $8,402.75

ave Puplication Pund ............ 1,800.00

Al Gea OM: PUNE 2.5955 os les es 1,707.25 1£2,000,00

Annual Dues in Arrears : ipa)

1S CL 0S) aet oe ee ae ee a 40.00

Thr tied sot gate be he 2 Salers 130.00

A 0 cc ee ae ee 200.00

BEM SANG Crone vii iste dots, Shay gee Sear re saeer tans 4.50.00 820.00

JOSE LS cab es OE Saree ee area ara oe $15,059.11

POPIMOMIME ASL “VEOT «ttn. ps ars oie ge «dw et 14,109.85

(SAVANE (eet a ee a ore nee ae $ 949.26

rot ACOR,

Treasurer.

ANNALS N. Y. Acab. Sci., XIII, Feb. 12, 1g01—30,

458 RECORDS

REPORT OF THE RECORDING SECRE PAna.

FEBRUARY 26, 1900.

The last Academy year has been one of progress, but has

not been marked by any striking events that make it noteworthy.

The attendance at the meetings has continued pleasing, and in

every way the work of the Academy has continued along the

lines previously adopted.

During the last year there have been seven meetings of the

Council, six Business meetings, thirty Sectional meetings, four

Public Lectures, and one Public Reception. At the Sectional

meetings and Lectures there have been presented a total of

eighty-two papers, which may be classified as follows :

Anthropology 7. Paleontology 6.

Archeology 3. Petrography 5.

Astronomy 5. Philology 4.

Botany 2. Physics 8.

Blectrictty ol = Physiography 1.

Descriptive Geology 5. Physiology I.

Economic Geology 3. Psychology 9.

Mechanics 2. Unclassified 1.

Mineralogy 3. Zoology 15.

Ornithology 1.

There are at present a total of 333 members, and there have

been elected during the last year 16, of whom 7 have not yet

qualified. There have unfortunately been 13 resignations. It

is with regret, also, that the Academy records the: death or

seven Honorary Members.

There are pending for consideration this evening five nomi-

nations for Honorary Members, six for Corresponding Mem-

bers, and nine for Fellows.

The Annual Reception and Exhibition was held in April, in

the American Museum of Natural History, and like its prede-

cessors, was extremely successful. For the first time since the

Reception has been held in the American Museum it was pos-

RECORDS 459

- sible to have an unoccupied room, whereby there was no con-

fusion between the Academy and Museum exhibits. The same

plan will be followed during the coming year. The Academy

feels that it owes a great deal to the President and Trustees of

the American Museum of Natural History, for their kindness

and courtesy in allowing the Annual Reception to be held in

the Museum, under such favorable auspices, and at such a

moderate expense to the Academy.

A few changes have been made during the last year in the

organization and management of the sections. It is with regret

that the Academy has seen the Sub-Section of Philology dis-

continued because of lack of public interest in the meetings. It

is with pleasure that the Council has added to the field of

operations in the Section of Astronomy and Physics by incor-

porating therewith work in Chemistry. Mention should also be

made of the extremely satisfactory and pleasing work which is

being accomplished by the Section of Anthropology and Psy-

chology.

During the last two years the Anthropological Club has been

cooperating with the Section of Anthropology and Psychology

in their meetings. This Club has lately been superseded by

the Ethnological Society, which has been revived. The Eth-

nological Society will continue to cooperate with the Section of

Anthropology and Psychology, and it is hoped that strength

may be acquired by both organizations through this mutual as-

sistance.

The Council feels that the success and increased interest

evident in the meetings since the removal of the meeting place

to this building is a very pleasing feature in the Academy’s

work. Almost without exception the meetings of the different

sections have been individually and as a whole largely increased

in attendance during the last year and a half. Many faces that

were never seen at the other meeting places are now regularly

seen at the sections that most interest them.

The work of the Recording Secretary’s office has been sys-

tematized, and in many ways improved during the last year, so

that the necessary and frequent details are managed more

efficiently and with less expenditure of energy and time.

460 RECORDS

The needs of the Academy remain asa yearago,many. The

particular need is for a larger publication fund, which will make

it possible for the Academy to publish a number of large and

important papers which it is now obliged to refuse, owing to a

lack of funds. A publication fund would be one of the best en-.

dowments that the Academy could receive.

The other great need of the Academy, as it is the need of all

the other scientific societies in the city, is a permanent meeting

place, at which the library could be housed, and where members

would have freedom at all times. The Academy trusts that the

beginning of a fund of this sort, so kindly started last year by

Mrs. Herrman, may be increased in the near future.

No changes in the policy or plan of procedure of the Acad-

emy are anticipated for the coming year.

Respectfully submitted,

RiIcHARD E. DODGE,

Recording Secretary.

REPORT OF, THE” LIBRARIAN

FEBRUARY 26, 1900.

The Library of the Academy consists in round numbers of

g,000 volumes. The total number seems a small one; but it

will be recalled that the value of the Library consists largely

in its sets of scientific periodicals. Hardly five per cent. of the

volumes are in separate title. On the shelves of the Library are

now about 8,500 volumes; the remainder, consisting of Con-

sular, Signal and Patent Offices reports, educational, health, and

statistical State publications, have been placed for the present,

at least, in storage; they are so disposed, however, that they

are accessible on short notice. The following statistics may be

added: ._Bound ‘volumes; ,Quarto, 505; @ciave,.6,115." ae

bound volumes, Quarto, 220; Octavo, 950.

At the beginning of his term of office, the Librarian found the

room, 507 Schermerhorn Hall, provided with cases for the re-

ception of the collection. The books, it will be remembered,

RECORDS 46]

had up to this time been stored in the basement of Schermer-

horn Hall, pending the provision of the class rooms, and fur-

nishings of Columbia University. His first duty, therefore, was

to attend to the time-consuming work of unpacking the Library,

arranging it on the shelves, revising the catalogue, and adjust-

ing the entire matter of serial publications. The last-named

task proved in many ways the most difficult, since owing to the

moving of the University, the serial publications had accumu-

lated since 1896 or 1897. Recalling that the Academy has

upwards of 800 Societies on its exchange list, it is easily seen

that the mass of exchanges was represented by a small moun-

tain of periodicals in all languages, in almost hopeless confusion.

The receipt of the exchanges had also to be acknowledged. At

the present time the following items are noted as having been

accomplished :

The volumes have been arranged on the shelves, the latter

have been numbered, and all serial publications—the greatest

part of the Library—can be readily found by reference to the

shelf numbers now placed in the card catalogue. The card

catalogue has been carefully revised, it having been found that

the subject and locality titles had been unsatisfactorily arranged.

The room of the Library has been suitably lighted. One hun-

dred volumes have been bound and added to the shelves. For

the convenient grouping of the incoming periodicals, a large

case has been prepared and the present stock of pamphlets

(periodicals) has been classified and are in large part placed in

order in this case. A geographical arrangement has been found

most convenient. Suitable labels will be put in place, different

colors representing different countries, so that the visitor can

find the recent numbers with the least possible loss of time.

There are many things left undone which I intended to do.

I had in mind the publication of a catalogue of the collection,

to be sent to the members of the Academy. This I had

hoped to bring up to date; but unexpected difficulties found in

the classification of the periodicals have prevented me from

carrying out the plan. I was also in hopes of having all sepa-

rate pamphlets and odd volumes recorded by shelf numbers in

462 RECORDS

the card catalogue. The most that I have succeeded in doing

in the last matter is the arrangement of these volumes or

pamphlets on definite shelves, according to their subjects, a

grouping which will, I think, temporarily, at least, serve a useful

purpose. Thus, the visitor who wishes to determine whether a

separate book or pamphlet isin the library, say on the subject of

Zoology, will be told that if an octavo he will find it in case

27,-or if-a)-quarto: in. case 41, Shelves 1.and 2) oft4 and’ 6 aan

the book is, as is usually the case, entered in the card catalogue,

the visitor will have no difficulty, I think, in thus securing his

book with very little loss of time.

Respectfully submitted,

BASHFORD DEAN,

Librarian.

REPORT? Ot) ECE SED TIO Rs

FEBRUARY 26, 1900.

The Editor desires to make the following report for the past

Academy year:

Volume XII of the Annats, Part I, comprising 3 papers of

89 pages, with 4 figures, has been printed and distributed.

Parts [I and III of Volume XII will be issued together, making

a total of 14 papers and about 600 pages in the complete

volume. Of these numbers 4 to g have been issued as author’s

separates.

Six numbers, in all about 250 pages, are already in hand for

printing in Volume XIII.

Volume-If, Part I of the Memoirs entitled.“ The se-Called

Devonian Lamprey, Pal@ospondylus gunni, with notes on the

systematic arrangement of the fish-like vertebrates,’ Bashford

Dean, 4to, pp. 1-32; pl. I (litho), January 20, 1900, has been

distributed ; and Volume II, Part II, entitled ‘‘The Egg of the

Hag-Fish, AZyxine glutinosa,’ Bashford Dean (7 typewritten

pages and 1 plate), is in press.

RECORDS 463

The following is the list of papers already issued as sepa-

rates, soon to appear in the remaining parts of Volume XII.

Arthur Hollick—‘‘ Some Features of the Drift on Staten

Island, N. Y.,” pp. 91-102 (July 7, 1899), pl. I(map) ; Richard

Weil—‘ Development of the’Osszcula Audita in the Opossum,”’

pp. 103-118; pls. II and III (zinc) (July 7, 1899); Fred-

erick J. H. Merrill—‘“ Origin of the White and Variegated

Clays of the North Shore of Long Island,” pp. 113-116 (July

8, 1899); Hubert Lyman Clark—‘ Further Notes on the

Echinodermata of Bermuda,” pp. 117-138, pl. IV (zinc); R. P.

Whitfield—“ List of Fossils, Types, and Figured Specimens

used in the Palzontological Work of R. P. Whitfield, showing

where they are probably to be found at the present time,” pp.

139-186 (Nov. 15, 1899); John Duer Irving—‘ A Contri-

bution to the Geology of the Northern Black Hills,” pp. 187-

340; pls. V-XVI, text figures 5—20 ( Dec. 18, 1899). The

following papers also to appear in Volume XII, are still in

press; author’s separates have not been issued. Walter C.

Kretz—‘‘ The Positions and Proper Motions of the principal

stars in the Cluster of Coma Berenices, as deduced from meas-

urements of the Rutherfurd Photographs,’ about 150 printed

pages; W. M. Rankin—‘‘ The Crustacea of the Bermuda

Islands, with notes on the collections made by the N. Y. Uni-

versity Expedition in 1897 and 1898’’ ; about 40 pages text

and plate XVII. Louis H. Gray—“ Contributions to Avestan

Syntax, The Conditional Sentence’”’ ; 30 printed pages. Wil-

liam E. Ritter—‘‘Some Ascidians from Puget Sound ’’; collec-

tions of 1896; 30 pages text and three colored lithographed

plates, nos. XVIII-XX. Records, about 40 pages.

The edition of the ANNALS has been increased from 1000 to

1250, and during the year the mailing list has been extensively

revised and straightened out. There is necessarily some delay

in the issuing of the papers, owing to the necessary slowness

in reading the proof of certain articles; some changes to be

made in the mode of publication with intent toward insuring

regular time of appearance of the parts of the ANNALS is abso-

lutely necessary.

464 RECORDS

The work of the Editor has on the whole progressed satis-

factorily.

Respectfully submitted,

GILBERT VAN INGEN.

Editor.

BUSINESS “NEGET PNG:

MARCH 5, I900.

Academy met at 8 P. M., President Woodward presiding.

The minutes of the last business meeting were read and ap-

proved.

The Secretary reported from the Council as follows :

That the delegates to the Scientific Alliance for next year

were President Woodward, Mr. Cox and Professor Doremus.

That the Academy had voted to secure, if possible, photo-

graphs of the past presidents of the Academy, to be framed and

hung in the Library.

That Professor Osborn had been elected a deiceate to the In-

ternational Congress of Geology.

The following candidate for resident membership, approved

by the Council, was duly elected:

W. D. Matthew, American Museum of Natural History.

RICHARD /E. DovpGE

Recording Secretary.

SECTION OF ASTRONOMY, PHYSICS AND

CHEMISTRY.

MARCH 5, 1900.

Section met at 8:20 P. M., Professor M. I. Pupin presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and ap-

proved.

The name of one candidate for resident membership was read

and referred to the Council according to the By-Laws:

The following program was then offered :

RECORDS 465

R. 8S. Woodward, An AccoUNT OF THE JUBILEE OF SIR

GEORGE G. STOKES.

A. C. Longden, ResisrANce or THIN Fitms DEposITreD By

KATHODE RADIATION. SELENIUM RINGS.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

The Jubilee, described by Professor Woodward, was held on

the 1st, 2d and 3d of June, 1899, on the fiftieth anniversary of

the professorship of Sir George G. Stokes at Cambridge. Stokes’

most important scientific work was done between 1842 and 1855.

In fluid motion he showed that the conditions under which the

equations of motion were integrable, were the conditions that the

motion should be irrotational. He made researches concerning

the elastic solid theory of light. He made advances in the

theory of physical geodesy. He showed that the shape of the

earth’s surface should determine the law by which gravity varied

from place to place. He cleared up a good many obscurities

in the work of Fourier in regard to Fourier series.

The Jubilee began with the Rede lecture, delivered by Pro-

fessor Cornu of the Ecole Polytechnique, on the ‘‘ Wave Theory

of Light,” and its influence on modern physics. Beside dinners,

garden parties, etc., the most important ceremonies were the

presentation of addresses by the delegates representing about

seventy institutions, and the conferring of the honorary degree

of Doctor of Science upon Messrs. Cornu, Darboux, Michelson,

Mittag-Leffler, Quincke and Voigt. At the dinner which ended

the celebration, Sir George Stokes made a speech in the course

of which he said that he wished he had done more scientific

work, but that if he had, he might not have been there to cele-

brate his jubilee.

Mr. Longden, in the second paper of the evening described

his method of depositing thin metallic films on, glass, and showed

some specimens. These films can be used as high resistances

instead of the very expensive wire resistances ordinarily used.

Films of gold or platinum can be deposited, which have not

the lack of durability of alloys. At the same time, unlike the

metals in the form of wire, they have very low positive or even

466 RECORDS

negative temperature coefficients. The films are deposited from

a kathode of the same material by the discharge of electricity

through a vacuum, and can be deposited in any thickness de-

sired, and of any metal, gold and platinum being however the

most convenient. The speaker showed a gold film of varying .

thickness in different parts, the thickest part showing the green

color like gold leaf when viewed by transmitted light, and the

color varying through blue to violet as the film became thinner.

In the third paper the speaker stated that at the suggestion

of Mr. C. C. Trowbridge, he had attempted to deposit a thin

conducting film of selenium, but he was unsuccessful as the

film deposited was non-conducting. He obtained, however, a

film of varying thickness which exhibited the phenomenon of

Newton’s rings in a beautiful manner.

The section then proceeded to the election of sectional of-

ficers. The motion was made and passed to take an ‘‘ informal”

ballot. The informal ballot was taken. For Chairman, Pro-

fessor Pupin received three votes, and Professor Hallock six

votes. For Secretary, Dr, Day received nine votes: The mo-

tion was then made and passed that this ballot be regarded as

the formal ballot. Professor Hallock was therefore declared

elected Chairman and Dr. Day, Secretarv.

The section then adjourned.

Wy. S. Day,

Secretary.

SECTION OF BIOLOGY.

MARCH 12, I9OO.

Section met at 8:15 P. M.,. Professors lS. ee presicdins:

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and ap-

proved.

The name of one candidate for resident membership was

read and referred to the Council according to the By-Laws.

The following program was then offered :

E. L. Thorndike, Menrat Lire oF ANIMALS.

D. T. Macdougal, Sympiosis or Roots AND FUNGI.

RECORDS 467

R. Ellsworth Call, THE NewsurGc Masropon anp Its As-

SOCIATED FAUNA.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Dr. Thorndike described some of the features of the mental

life of the monkeys, contrasting their behavior and abilities

with those of other mammals. He presented evidence show-

ing the importance of the use of the fore-limbs, delicate dis-

crimination in vision, and incessant general activity as factors in

the mental development of the monkeys. He also reported in

detail some observations concerning their formation of various

intelligent habits, which hint at a near relationship to the human

methods of learning.

Mr. Maedougal stated that the roots of an extremely large

number of plants form asssociations with fungi in such manner

that a felt of hyphz a millimeter or more in thickness covers

the surface, or the fungus may penetrate the tissues and develop

coils and clumps of hyphz in the cortex, from which a number

of tubes extend out into the soil.

Roots alone may absorb only minute quantities of the com-

plex products of decomposition of organic matter, but fungi

derive almost their entire supply from such sources. The

union of the root and fungus result in the latter yielding some

of the absorbed humous products to the higher plant. The

fungus in turn receives more or less shelter and certain carbo-

hydrates which it uses as food to advantage.

Associations of such symbiotic nature are followed by degen-

erations of the stele and of the general structure of the root

stems, and leaves of the higher plant.

Dr. Call referred to the general geological structure of the

region about Newburg, which is Hudson River group rock,

for country rock, surmounted with a heavy deposit of glacial

till. The remains of the mastodon which were under dis-

cussion were in the upper portion of the till, partially imbedded

in it, and capped with from four to six feet of a black soil rich

with vegetable debris. The locality is in a depression of con-

468 RECORDS

siderable extent, and had, at one time, been a beaver dam, as

was indicated by the numerous remains of beaver-gnawed sticks

and logs, which were found during the excavations.

Associated with the mastodon bones were a number of

species of fresh-water mollusca, among which the following

were recognized: Lzmuea stagnalis, Linn.; Limnophysa humus,

Say; /hysa heterostropha, Say ; Planorbella campanulata, Say ;

Gyraulus parvus, Say ; Valvata tricarinata, Say ; Valvata sincera,

Say; Ammzcola limosa, Say ; and Prsidium cquilaterale, Prime.

All but the species of Physa were abundant. The Lzmuea

stagnalis were very large, larger than are now found in recent

stations.

The shell-marl was a later deposit than that in which the

mastodon remains were found. The place was a peat bog, but

never one_of great extent nor of great depth.

None of the large leg bones of the mastodon have been found,

and the small ones of but a single foot. The animal was not

found at the place where it died, but where it had likely floated

after partial dismemberment.

At the close of the scientific program, Prof. Patrick Geddes,

of the University of Dundee, was invited by the Chairman to

present a plan for the formation of an International Association

for the Advancement of Science, Arts, and Education, the first

assembly of which is to meet at Paris, 1900.

On motion of Professor E. B. Wilson, the thanks of the

section were extended to Professor Geddes for his exposition of

the plan, with the request that he communicate the matter

formally to the Council of the Academy.

The application of Dr. M. A. Howe for the Newberry Fund

Grant was read, and referred to a committee consisting of

Professor F..E. Lloyd, Professor €, 1s, Bristol) and- Dr GaN:

Calkins.

The election of sectional officers was, on the motion of Dr.

G. N. Calkins, postponed one month.

Francis E. Lioyp,

Secretary.

RECORDS 469

pe llON OF GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY.

MARCH 19, 1900.

ection met at 8:15 P. M., Mr. Geo. F. Kunz presiding.

The following program was offered :

Henry B. Kummel, Tue Parisapes. Illustrated by lantern

slides.

John C. Smock, On THE PROTECTION OF THE PALISADES.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

A summary was read of the information thus far collected in

regard to the Geology of the Palisades of the Hudson River,

illustrated by numerous views, many of them taken by Mr.

Prince, of Orange, N. J. Most of the details of the paper will

be found in the 1897 Report of the State Geologist of New

Jersey. Observers are nearly all agreed that the Palisades are

an intrusive trap sheet, which has cooled at great depths. The

basal contact is observable at 1g localities, in 15 of which the

trap is unconformable upon the sandstone and shales beneath,

and is penetrated by tongues of the latter, and in three is ap-

parently conformable. The altitude of the lower contact in-

creases from the south to the north, where it reaches 200 feet

elevation. The upper contact. is seen in six localities. At

three of these, dikes penetrating the overlying shales occur at

the contacts ; in two the contact is unconformable, and in one

conformable. In every instance the beds superjacent to the trap

are metamorphosed. In no locality of the Palisades range

proper does the upper contact of the trap show any of the

characteristics of surface cooling. Well-borings at Fort Lee

penetrate 875 feet of the trap, and the total thickness probably

exceeds 950 feet, much erosion having taken place. Subsequent

to deposition of the overlying sandstones the area was tilted,

and the sandstone wasted away by erosion of many streams,

the vacant channels of which are still present. The largest of

these stream-gaps was one and a half miles wide, and is just

north of the New Jersey State boundary. The cutting of gaps

470 RECORDS

throughout the dissected tilted peneplain which remains was very

uniform, and indicates that the former land level was 220 feet

lower than the present. If this is the case, we have an instance

of rivers beheaded close to their mouths. In addition to the

wild beauty of the Palisades escarpment, the timber of this tract

is the most luxurious and valuable of the State of New Jersey,

although its area is much less than that of the pine groves to

the south.

followed with an account of the efforts expended on the protec-

tion of the Palisades from devastation by quarrymen. Legislative

prohibition of such destruction is retarded by (1) lack of inter-

est in the matter on the part of residents in southern New

Jersey ; (2) prospects of the future commercial value of the

riparian lands at the base of the cliffs, for purposes of shipping

and manufacturing, which the removal of a portion of the cliffs

would render available ; (3) the present value to the State of its

quarrying interests along the water front; (4) the income de-

rived from riparian grants of these lands by the State to the

quarrymen, which income is devoted to the maintenance of the

public schools, the approximate value to the State for this pur-

pose of the lands from Fort Lee to the State border being about

one million dollars. This clash between the interests of the

schools and the preservation of beautiful scenery 1s the most

serious obstacle with which legislation against defacing the

Palisades has to contend.

“In the face of these obstacles it is evident that the whole-

sale absorption of this territory for a purely sentimental object

is impossible. The opposition to such a scheme could only be

broken by years of fighting, and in the meantime the destruc-

tion of the cliffs and wooded slopes will continue with ever-in-

creasing extent.”

As a compromise, Professor Smock suggested that an inter-

state commission of New Jersey and New York lay out a drive-

way along the base of the Palisades, quarrying, manufacturing,

and shipping interests to be confined to the water-side of the

driveway, and the cliff side to be permanently preserved intact

RECORDS reef

after the drive is completed. Edinburgh, Quebec, and Sterling

were cited as exhibiting rocky heights whose grandeur was en-

hanced by the fringe of manufactories at their base, such build-

ings lending a basis to the eye by which to measure the pro-

portions of the cliffs. Cliff defacement is also in progress upon

the New York Palisades, where are the grandest wooded slopes

and highest peaks. There is no need of encroachment on the

cliffs in either State, for there are many other places where as

good road material exists in equally great quantities, and can be

mined at practically the same expense.

‘““ Whatever is done should be done at once, or else we shall

have lost a great part of the scenery which we wish to preserve,

and this must be done without destroying, or coming in contact

with the large public and private business interests that are in-

volved.”

In discussion Mr. Kunz voiced the sentiment that the oppo-

sition to legislation arose more with officials at Trenton than

with residents of southern New Jersey, and felt that smoke and

other nuisances from factory settlements along the cliff would

be seriously detrimental. Were a restricted park created, the

value of residential property would in a few years benefit the

State many times over the value of the riparian grants. Rail-

road tunnels might be permitted a distance of a few miles apart,

with commercial villages at their water front terminals. The

stone from such tunnels would defray the cost of quarrying.

Dr. Levison suggested that the removal of portions of the

talus would increase the apparent height of the cliffs, if blasting

of the latter could be prevented. Dr. Hovey described the

similar trap formations of Connecticut.

The Secretary announced that this section and the Biological

section had been requested to nominate candidates before April

2oth, for the grant of the Newberry Research Fund, the grant

this year being restricted to those working in botany and geol-

ogy. Authority was granted to the chairman and secretary of

the section to make such nominations to the Council.

The Chairman announced the course of lectures on ‘ The

472 RECORDS

Principles of Geology,” to be delivered at Johns Hopkins Uni-

versity in April, under the G. H. Williams Memorial lectureship,

by Professor W. C. Brogger, of Christiania; also the receipt of

the program of the International Geological Congress, at which

the Academy will be represented by Professor J. J. Stevenson.

The chair also announced the death of Dr. Oliver P. Hubbard,

one of the earliest members of the Academy.

On motion of Professor R. E. Dodge, a committee of three

was appointed to draft resolutions on the death of Dr. Hubbard,

and the chair appointed Dr. Julien, Professor Stevenson and

Dr. Hovey such committee.

Professor Stevenson presented the following minute upon

the life of Dr. H. B. Geinitz, whose death was announced at the

February meeting :

‘“ Professor Hans Bruno Geinitz, for many years an Honorary

Member of this Academy, died January 23, 1900, in the 86th

year of his age. His work as a geologist began very early, for

in 1837, when only twenty years old, he published a paper on

the Muschelkalk. From that time until within a few weeks of

his death, brief notices, memoirs and volumes appeared in rapid

succession. [here seemed to be no limit to his capacity for

hard work. He studied the Cretaceous, Triassic and Carbonif-

erous in detail, and his works on the coal fields of Saxony and

Germany were marvels, when published, half a century ago.

His papers on palaontology—vertebrate and invertebrate—and

palzeobotany, are numerous and important.

He was put in charge of the Royal Mineralogical Cabinet in

1846, and retained the position until 1898. The collections in-

creased rapidly, so that in 1857, the Royal Cabinet became the

Royal Museum, which, in later years, was one of the chief at-

tractions for foreign visitors. In addition to his other labors he

was Professor of Mineralogy in the Royal Polytechnic School of

Dresden, from 1850 to 1896, serving meanwhile upon numer-

ous government commissions.

Professor Geinitz was a typical student, caring little for things

of this world, devoted to geology and his family. He was

genial, sincere, a tender father, a generous friend. By his death

RECORDS 473

German science has lost one of its most conscientious workers,

and Saxony one of its most respected citizens.”

Dr. Alexis A. Julien and Dr. Theodore G. White were unan-

imously elected Chairman and Secretary, respectively, of the

Section for the ensuing year.

After a vote of thanks to the lecturers of the evening, the

meeting adjourned.

THeopore G. WHITE,

Secretary.

SEGTION OF -ANTHROPOLOGY AND PSY-

CHOLOGY-

MarcH 26, 1900.

Section met at 8:15 P. M., Professor Cattell presiding.

The following program was offered :

A. L. Jones, THE SymBoLic CHARACTER OF GEOMETRICAL

ForMs AS A PRINCIPLE OF EXPLANATION.

R. 8S. Woodworth, THe Fatigue ofr VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT.

E. L. Thorndike, Wrser’s LAw 1n JUDGMENTS oF COoMPARI-

SON WITH A MENTAL STANDARD.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Among the attempts to explain formal beauty that of Lipps

in his Raumasthetik is the most striking. He maintains that

the zsthetical value of beautiful geometrical forms is due to

the fact that they symbolize the activity of mechanical forces

working themselves out freely ; that we sympathize with the

forces thus represented and receive pleasure when their action

is unhindered ; that the forces and laws of their action are not

consciously recognized but are merely /e/t or known uncon-

sciously. His explanation involves some questionable met-

aphysics. The action of mechanical forces is no doubt an

important element in many beautiful objects, but it remains to

be proved that it is sufficient to explain all formal beauty in ob-

qects:

ANNALS: N. V. AcAD, Sci.,. XIL1, Feb.r3, I90I—31.

474 RECORDS

Dr. Woodworth stated that the fatigue movement may be

studied in reference to the loss in force, in accuracy, or in speed.

In each of these respects experiments show that a movement

may be continually repeated for hundreds and even thousands

of times with only a comparatively slight loss of efficiency.

The ergographic curve given by Mosso for force of movement

is to be abandoned absolutely as a true picture of the curve of

fatigue. This fact has been of late recognized in some able

articles by Treves, working in Mosso’s own laboratory; but is

best brought out by the use of Cattell’s spring ergograph.

One of the great causes of fatigue in force, and also in speed of

movement is the failure of the muscles to relax completely be-

tween successive contractions. If care is taken to secure this

relaxation, 1,000O—I,500 maximal ergographic contractions can be

made with a loss of only Io per cent. of the initial force. From

the slowness of fatigue of various modes of voluntary move-

ment, the inference follows that the fatigue o nerve centres is

not rapid, as Mosso and Lombard have supposed, but slow in

progress. This view is confirmed by tests of prolonged, hard

and monotonous work of a mental kind. The quick and over-

mastering fatigue of common experience is not so much actual

inability and loss of function, as it is disinclination, resulting

from disagreeable sensations and emotions, and from impulses

to change.

The third paper by Dr, Thorndike presented the resuits of

some experiments on the accuracy of discriminations of weight,

length, and area, by subjects who judged by the aid of mental

standardsonly. Within the limits chosen (40-12 gr., 4-12 ins.,

20-60 sq. cm., and 2-12 sq. irs.), the accuracy of discrimina-

tion was found to decrease very slowly, very much more slowly

than Weber’s law or even the law of the combination of errors

would allow. The theory proposed to account for this was that

our judgments of amount or of difference are of complex origin,

and may be made on various grounds. Inso far as the ground

is an accurate mental standard, the sensations corresponding

to large amounts may be associated with the proper judgment

nearly or quite as readily as small amounts. In so far as the

RECORDS 475

ground is a combination of feelings or judgment, the inaccuracy

of judgment may vary, because of the combination of errors, as

the square root of the amount. In so far as the ground is the

mere mental shock of difference, the inaccuracy of the judg-

ments may vary in some more direct relation to the amount.

CHARLES H. Jupp,

Secre lary.

BUSINESS. MEETING.

APRIL 2, 1900.

Academy met at 8:23 P. M., President Woodward presiding.

The minutes of the last business meeting were read and ap-

proved.

In the absence of the Secretary of the Academy, the Presi-

dent requested Dr. W. S. Day to act as Secretary pro tem.

The following Candidates for resident membership, approved

by the Council, were duly elected:

@iarles Bergen Davis, 321 West 124 Street.

Miss Esther Byrnes, 85 Hancock Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Wo. S. Day,

Recording Secretary pro tem.

peCLON OF ASTRONOMY, PHYSICS AND

CHEMISTRY:

APRIL. 2), 1900.

Section met at 8:25 P. M., Professor W. Hallock presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and ap-

proved.

The following program was then offered:

William Hallock, OvERToNEs oF A TuNING ForK.

William Hallock, Nore on Speciric GRAVITY WEIGHINGS.

M. I. Pupin, A New FArApMETER.

C. E. Furness, CaraALoGuE oF Stars WITHIN ONE DEGREE

OF THE NorTH POLE AND THE OPTICAL DISTORTION OF THE

HELSINGFORS ASTROPHOTOGRAPHIC TELESCOPE.

476 RECORDS

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Professor Hallock stated that the first regular overtone of a

tuning fork is about two and a half octaves above the funda-

mental, but Lord Rayleigh pointed out that when the amplitude

of the vibration became so great that the restoring force was no

longer proportional to the displacement, the octave appeared, as

indicated by theory. Lord Rayleigh recognized the presence

of the octave with his ear and by the use of a resonator. Pro-

fessor Hallock obtained direct evidence of this effect by means

of a photograph of a manometric flame, the capsule of which

was resting against the prong of the fork.

In a paper on “ Specific Gravity Weighings,’’ Professor Hal-

lock spoke of a number of points in which the ordinary opera-

tions could be improved. It is very convenient to use the

principle of the Jolly balance in which there is a pan always

immersed to hold the body when weighing it in water. The

effect of capillarity on the supporting wire which at best lessens

the sensibility of the balance, can be avoided by sending a series

of little waves across the surface of the water while weighing.

To get rid of bubbles in little corners of irregular bodies, these

bodies may be held under the tap at the sink and moistened

with water before immersion or, still better, they may be moist-

ened with alcohol and then with water before immersion.

Professor M. I. Pupin described a new faradmeter, which he

had devised, an instrument for measuring the capacity of a con-

denser. ‘This instrument is essentially a Wheatstone’s bridge,

using alternating currents, in which one leg of the bridge con-

sists of two resistances in series and the other leg consists of

two capacities in series, one of the two being that of a standard

condenser, the other being the unknown capacity to be meas-

ured. In the bridge connecting the two points, one between

the two resistances, the other between the two capacities, is a

telephone. If the two separate circuits, each containing one of

the two capacities, are arranged so that the capacity reactance

is by far the greatest part of the impedance in that circuit, then

silence in the telephone will be obtained when the two resist-

RECORDS 477

ances are to each other inversely as the two corresponding ca-

pacities. The apparatus has been employed in the Columbia

University laboratory and gave complete satisfaction. It is

capable of a tolerably high degree of accuracy, but its principal

merit is its convenience.

Professor J. K. Rees presented a paper by Miss C. E. Fur-

ness on “ A Catalogue of Stars Within One Degree of the North

Pole and the Optical Distortion of the Helsingfors Astropho-

tographic Telescope.’’ The paper gave the results of measure-

ments on 65 stars. By using stars near the Pole, the same

group of stars can be taken at different angles with reference to

the object glass of the telescope. At Helsingfors the Pole is

sufficiently far from the horizon to avoid trouble with refraction.

From the measurements, the distortion of the Helsingfors lens

was found to be not appreciable.

Wm. S. Day,

Secretary.

SECTION OF BIOLOGY.

APRIL 9, 1900.

Section met at 8:15 P. M., Professor F. S. Lee presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and ap-

proved.

The following program was then offered :

M. A. Bigelow, EmpryoLocy oF LEPpas.

F. E. Lloyd, THe Genus Lycorpopium IN NorkTH AMERICA.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Mr. Bigelow’s paper was based upon the results of an inves-

tigation recently completed, which was undertaken with the

view to applying the cell-lineage method in an accurate study

of the cleavage and the formation of the germlayers in Lepas

and other Cirripedes.

Four species have been studied, but the only complete series

of embryonic stages was obtained from Lepas anatifera.

478 RECORDS

The cleavage of Lefas is totally unequal and regular. Stages

of 2, 4,8, 16, 32; and 64 cells are normally formed Celle an

a given generation may anticipate their fellows in division, but

no second division of such cells takes place before all other cells

have completed corresponding cleavages and become of the

same generation.

The first cleavage is nearly parallel to the long axis of the

ellipsoidal egg. The egg is divided into an anterior ectoblastic

cell and a posterior yolk-bearing macromere. The second

cleavage is at right angles to the first, both cells dividing, and

from the yolk-macromere is cut off a second ectoblastic cell.

The third cleavage is essentially perpendicular to the first two,

dividing all of the cells, and a third ectoblastic cell is separated

from the yolk-macromere, which is now mesentoblastic. Thus

by the first, second and third cleavages three cells are sepa-

rated from the yolk. These three cells contain all the ecto-

blast, and by repeated division they form the blastoderm. The

fourth cleavage separates the mesoblast from the ectoblast,

which is now represented by the yolk-macromere.

The 16-cell stage is composed of fourteen ectoblastic cells

which largely surround the entoblastic yolk-cell. The single

mesoblast cell lies in the blastoderm at the posterior edge of

the blastopore, where the entoblastic yolk-cell is still exposed

to the exterior. By the fifth cleavage all these cells are divided,

the two mesoblastic cells still remaining on the surface. Dur-

ing the sixth cleavage the two mesoblastic cells sink beneath

the blastoderm as it closes over the blastopore. At the same

time four cells of the blastoderm, lying at the anterior and lateral

edges of the blastopore, divide perpendicularly to the surface.

Four cells are thus formed, beneath the blastoderm, and they

are apparently added to the mesoblast. The entire mesoblast

then originates from one cell which is separated from the ento-

blast in the fourth cleavage 16-cell stage, and from four other

cells which are derived from the ectoblast in the sixth cleavage

forming the 62-cell stage.

The course of the cleavage as sketched above has been de-

termined to be quite constant. Cells of definite origin in the

RECORDS 479

early cleavage stages, are the ancestors of cells which occupy

particular positions in later stages. Following Conklin’s

terminology (’97) the cleavage may be characterized as “ de-

terminate.’”’ This conclusion is completely opposed to the re-

sults of the earlier investigators of cirripede development.

Gastrulation is of the epibolic type, and is the result of the

extension of the ectoblastic blastoderm over the entoblastic

yolk-macromere. The blastodern usually closes over the

blastopore during the sixth cleavage (62 cells). The blastopore

is identified as marking the ventral and posterior of the future

embryo.

In the general features of the late development of the embryo

the results of this investigation confirm those of some earlier

workers. :

On account of the discomfort caused by the low temperature

of the room the second paper of the evening was omitted by

general consent.

On motion of Professor F. E. Lloyd, a committee of one

was appointed to communicate with the Recording Secretary in

regard to the unsatisfactory heating arrangements, with a re-

quest that a complaint be lodged against the culpable parties.

Mr. Lloyd was asked to serve as the committee.

Adjournment followed.

Francis E. Lioyp,

Secretary.

GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY.

NPRIT. LO, 1 OOO:

pecion met at 6:20 P. My Dr. A. A. Julien presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and ap-

proved.

The following program was then offered :

R. Ellsworth Call, Some Pretiminary Notes ON CRYSTAL

Growrus IN Mammortna Cave. (Illustrated by Lantern Slides.)

EK. O. Hovey, ScENERY oF THE Harney PEAK DISTRICT IN

THE Brack Hits, S. D. (Illustrated by Lantern Slides.)

480 RECORDS:

E. 0. Hovey, BroGrapHicaL Notice oF PRoFESSOR OLIVER

P. HUBBARD.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Dr. Call’s mineralogical notes were preceded by a brief res-

umé of the geology of the vicinity of Mammoth Cave. The

strata making the geologic section are nearly horizontal, and

all the rocks forming the cavern are of sub-carboniferous age.

The region of the cavern is capped with sandstones of the

Chester Group, 500 feet thick. Under these are oolitic and

other limestones, in which the cavern is excavated to a thickness

of over 350 feet. The drainage level of the cavern is deter-

mined by the present level of Green River. Five different

levels have existed during geologic time. No eypsiferous strata

are known in the region. The overlying sandstone is usually

quite ferruginous ; but no pyrite occurs in either strata. Sec-

ondary crystallization has occurred in many of the stalactites,

causing them to simulate the fibrous appearance sometimes as-

sumed by aragonite. The stalactites of recent origin almost all

have a downward-projecting tree root as their origin of fixation,

or are beneath sink-holes. The chief objects of mineralogical

interest are the gypsum crystals, which cover the sides and

ceilings of certain avenues in the cavern, in the upper of the

five levels only, and not in any levels now occupied by streams.

These crystals are sometimes curiously and remarkably con-

torted, and the terminations of the crystal masses are often re-

curved in a direction contrary to the direction of gravitation.

Occasionally the gypsum assumes a botryoidal form, but is

commonly found as needles or aggregated in loose masses of

fibrous crystals. The gypsum crystals occur only along cracks,

and are built up by increase from the base, while the calcium-

carbonate stalactites are always built up by additions to their

surface or terminations. It is difficult to account for the large

amount of sulphur needed by assuming its origin in organic

bodies, such as plants and the forests which are of abundant

growth in the region, and have been abundant for geological

ages. The origin of the carbon dioxide necessary for the great

RECORDS 481

work of solution which has been accomplished is likewise found

in the decaying vegetation. The origin of the sulphuric acid

required to produce these enormous quantities of gypsum

crystals, which have fallen so abundantly as to fill up certain

avenues, is still problematic. Only one other mineral is found—

flocculent crystals of magnesium sulphate, pendant from the

ceiling of two or three small rooms. There are no calcite or

quartz crystals.

The paper was illustrated by lantern slides, showing the pe-

culiarities of the stalactite and gypsum formations.

Professor Kemp in discussion, suggested that the small per-

centage of sulphur present in the limestones themselves might,

after solution of the latter, aggregate sufficient sulphur to afford

gypsum along the crevices. Dr. Julien and Professor Steven-

son each cited cases in the Caribbean and Bermuda Islands

where the amount of vegetation now or formerly growing on

the surface was insufficient to accomplish the solution required

for the great caves which exist in the coral limestones, both of

Tertiary and recent growth in the islands.

Dr. Hovey’s paper was read by Professor Kemp, owing to

the former’s unavoidable absence. After a brief resume of the

geology of the Black Hills District, a series of views was shown

illustrative of the extraordinary erosion forms of the schists

and pegmatites of the Harney Peak District. His views also

showed the tin mines of the Black Hills, in which spodumene

crystals of large size have recently been obtained as a valuable

source of Lithium, as a commercial product. One spodumene

crystal here obtained was thirty feet long. The granite veins

have also been described by Van Hise.

Discussion followed concerning the occurrence of extra-

ordinarily large crystals of other minerals.

The biographical notice of Professor Oliver P. Hubbard,

prepared by Dr. Hovey, was read by the Secretary, and will be

published with an accompanying list of Dr. Hubbard's publica-

tions, in the American Geologist.

Professor Stevenson, in behalf of the committee appointed to

482 RECORDS

prepare a minute respecting the late Professor Hubbard, offered

the following :

“Qliver Payson Hubbard was born in Pomfret, Conn.,

March 31, 1809, and died in New York, March 9, 1900. After

graduating at Yale College in 1828, he remained in that insti-

tution as assistant to Professor Silliman until he began his study

of medicine, which he completed in 1837, when he received the

degree of M.D. from the South Carolina Medical College at

Charleston.

“Prior to his graduation in medicine, he was made Professor

of Chemistry, Pharmacy, Geology, and Mineralogy in Dart-

mouth College. In 1871, the Chair was restricted to Chemistry

and Pharmacy, and no longer required his full time, so that he

was able soon afterwards to make New York his home during

much of the year. In 1883, he felt that he has already passed

the age when one should retire from a professorship, and re-

signed his position, becoming professor emeritus. Thereafter

he remained in New York.

‘His youthful love of sctence led him to Yale that he might

study under Professor Silliman, then the prominent teacher of

science in our country. His first publication, entitled ‘Geo-

logical and Mineralogical Notices,’ having reference to locali-

ties in Northern New York, appeared in the American Journal

of Science in 1837, and was followed in 1838 by a somewhat

more elaborate article upon the White Mountains. He attended

the 1841 meeting of the Association of American Geologists

and Naturalists and read a paper of capital importance upon the

slates of Waterville, Maine, in which he discussed the markings

upon the slates, and indicated their organic origin, which he re-

garded as proving their great age. He was present also at

the third meeting, and took a prominent part in the discussion

of the ‘ drift,’ so that he was appointed member of the commit-

tee to prepare a report upon that subject for the next meeting.

‘He was elected Secretary of the Association for 1833, and, with

Benjamin Silliman, Jr., served in the same office for 1844. His

duties at Dartmouth were exacting, so that for many years he

published few extended papers ; but he made many brief com-

RECORDS 483

munications to societies, all of which were characterized by

keen discrimination, and many of them were important contri-

butions.

“ Dr. Hubbard joined this Academy in 1874, and at once be-

came so active that when Mr. Browne, who had been Record-

ing Secretary from 1839, resigned in 1875, Professor Hubbard

was chosen as his successor. He retained this office until 1885,

when he became Vice-President. At the death of Dr. New-

berry in 1892, he was made President ; but he served for only

one term, declining reélection because of his advanced years.

From 1874 until 1893 he rarely failed to attend the meetings,

when in the city, and he always presented something of inter-

est bearing upon matters under consideration. His manner

was courteous to the last degree, and he understood well how

to discuss without disputing.

‘Professor Hubbard's individuality was very decided ; though

so gentle and considerate in his manner, he always held posi-

tive opinions, and, when necessary, did not hesitate to express

them. His shrewd common sense made him a good counsel,

and his advice was sought in many directions. He was a

member of the New Hampshire legislature in 1863-4; but one

year’s experience in that kind of work sufficed, and he declined

to be a candidate for reelection. His quiet humor and his

store of reminiscences made him a delightful companion. He

retained his mental vigor to the last, and only two months ago

he published an article correcting errors in a recently published

work. When ninety years old, he attended the New York:

meeting of The Geological Society of America, and remained

throughout an afternoon listening to severely abstract papers,

with as much interest apparently, as though he were just begin-

ning his work.

‘Professor Hubbard was almost the last link binding our

time with that of the early geologists. Hall and Dana died

within the last half decade, and there remain only Boye and

Lesley of those who attended the earlier meetings of the Asso-

ciation of American Geologists. He passed away in a ripe old

age, his life full of good works, and his name absolutely un-

484 RECORDS

stained. This Academy owes him much, and here his name

should be cherished.

“<(Signed),

“|. Jc STEVENSON;

‘AREXIS A.) JULIEN. ~

THEODORE G. WHITE,

Secretary.

SECTION OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND, PYsCHOLe Gy

APRIL 23) £000:

Section met at 8:15 P.M., Prof. J. McK. Cattell’ preside:

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and ap-

proved.

The following program was then offered :

Dr. Livingston Farrand, REcENnr RESEARCHES IN CENTRAL

AUSTRALIA,

Dr. Franz Boas, THE Eskimo oF CUMBERLAND SOUND.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Dr. Farrand’s paper called attention to certain points of partic-

ular significance in Messrs. Spencer and Gillen’s book, ‘“‘ The Na-

tive Tribes of Central Australia,’? which appeared last year.

Special emphasis was laid on the suggested origin of the religious

side of totemism as indicated in the “ Intichiuma’’ ceremonies of

the Arunta tribe, which are directed apparently solely towards

the end of increasing the supply of the totem animals and plants

of the district, each totem group being charged with the treat-

ment of its own totem object and its multiplication for the bene-

fit of the other members of the tribe. The well-known prohi-

bition against killing and eating the totem seems to hold in this

region, but tradition and ceremony point to a time when this

was not the case. This economic explanation of the custom is

he first satisfactory one yet offered and is plausible for the

tribes under discussion even though it may not hold for other

RECORDS 485

parts of the world. The social aspect of totemism with its

marriage regulations still remains a problem.

The material on which Professor Boas’ paper was based

was collected by Captain James Mutch. A full version was

given of the myth of the creation of land and sea animals, anda

description of the beliefs of the people in regard to souls and in

regard to a series of heaven and underground worlds which are

the abodes of the deceased. A number of taboos were

described, and their explanation as given by the Eskimos was

stated. They believe that the transgression of a taboo pre-

scribed after the death of an animal causes the transgression to

become fastened to the soul of the animal, which goes down to

the mistress of the lower world, where the transgressions make

the hands of the deity sore. This enrages her, and she causes

famine and misfortunes of all kinds.

Cranes i) Jupp,

Secretary.

PUBLIC: LECTURE:

APRIL 30, 1000,

Under auspices of Section of Astronomy, Physics and

Chemistry.

Professor William Hallock, THe Nature of THE ATOM AS

INDICATED BY RECENT SPECTRUM ANALYSIS.

This is the age of effects. Formerly people were discovering

laws. The Zeeman effect is the one which has given most in-

formation recently on the subject of the nature of the atom.

Chemical investigations brought us to the atomic theory. The

complex nature of the atoms was shown by the spectrum analy-

sis of Bunsen and Kirchhoff. They showed that in its number

of modes of vibration, the atom was more complicated than a

musical instrument. Faraday discovered the rotation of the plane

of polarization of light by the magnetic field. He tried and

failed to get any effect of the magnetic field on the source of

light itself, the vibrating atom. Zeeman finally succeeded a few

486 RECORDS

years ago in obtaining this effect called after his name. It

shows itself as a splitting up of the lines of the spectrum into

double, triple and more complex lines, when the source of light

is placed in a strong magnetic field. The Zeeman effect, to-

gether with J. J. Thomson’s experiments and speculations, give

us the idea of the atom being composed, in part at least, of cor-

puscles, one of which, being detached, forms the negative ion of

the cathode rays and other phenomena, while the part left be-

hind, having a much greater mass, forms the positive ion. In

these corpuscles we may have the primeval material from which

all other matter is composed.

The lecturer showed a number of lantern slides of photographs

of the Zeeman effect and of the various kinds of apparatus by

which it is investigated.

Wy. S. Day,

Secretary.

BUSINESS SIZE TING

May 7, 1900.

Academy met at 8:15 P. M., Professor William Hallock pre-

siding.

The minutes of the last business meeting were read and ap-

proved.

The Secretary reported from the Council as follows:

The appointment of Dr. Theodore G. White as Acting Editor.

The establishment of a series of rules for publication.

The vote of the Council to secure photographs of past presi-

dents of the Academy, to be hung in the Library.

The vote of the Council to extend their thanks to Professor

Kemp for his valuable services as Chairman of the Exhibition.

The vote of the Council to send the thanks of the Academy

to President Morris K. Jesup for his courtesy and kindness in

allowing us to use the Museum for the Annual Exhibition, and

through President Jesup to the employees of the Museum, for

their cordial assistance and good will.

RECORDS 487

The Secretary also announced that Professor Henry F. Os-

born had been made a Life Member of the Academy.

The following candidates for resident membership, approved

by the Council, were duly elected:

hie 1. Gies, Ph.D., 437 West 5oth Street.

Charles Henry Davis, 99 Cedar Street.

RicHARD E. DonGeE,

Recording Secretary.

Se MON OP ASTRONOMY, PHYSICS AND

CHEMISTRY,

WAY -7,- 1900.

Section met at 8:30 P. M., Prof. Wm. Hallock presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and

approved.

The following program was then offered.

Bergen Davis, THE BERNourLitI EFFECT IN STATIONARY

SOUND WAVES.

R. W. Wood, Cotor PHoroGraPpHs AND SouND WAVE PuHo-

TOGRAPHS, EXHIBITED BY PROFESSOR HALLOCK.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

The experiments described by Mr. Davis were in three groups,

those with a sound wave anemometer, those with the use of

empty gelatine medicine capsules instead of cork dust to show

the Kundt figures, and those concerning the longitudinal motion

of a cylinder closed at one end, across the stream lines in a

stationary sound wave.

The stationary sound wave was that produced by a stopped

organ pipe, provided with a glass panel for observation, when it

was sounding its first overtone. A thin rubber diaphragm near

the central node prevented air currents due to the blowing of

the pipe. The cups of the miniature anemometer were made by

488 RECORDS

dividing No. 2 gelatine capsules longitudinally so as to form half

cylinders and mounting them on card-board arms, the anemom-

eter rotated with ten revolutions per second in. the loop of the

wave and came nearly to rest in the node. The rate of revolu-

tion at various positions along the wave varied approximately

according to a sine curve. The maximum amplitude of the wave

as calculated from the above rate was 0.57 cm.

The Kundt’s figure experiment was performed by emptying a

box of No. 5 gelatine capsules into the middle of the loop. They

arranged themselves in rows across the pipe. Each capsule at-

tracted its neighbor at the ends and repelled it at the sides. The

experiment is quite striking.

The motion of a cylinder perpendicularly to the stream lines

was obtained by using a capsule from which the cap had been

removed. Such a capsule moved in the direction of the closed

end with considerable force. This was also shown by making a

small mill with a capsule at the end of each of four card-board

arms. The rates of revolution in various parts of the wave made,

when plotted, nearly a sine curve. The force acting normally

to the closed ends of the cylinders was measured with a torsion

balance. The square roots of the torsion deflection gave when

plotted an approximate sine curve. The experiment was per-

formed in air, illuminating gas, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen.

The torsion deflections were directly proportioned to the densities

of the gases. Prof. William Hallock first suggested the cause

of this effect, showing that it was due to the principle of Ber-

nouilli, that a gas in action is less dense than the same gas at

rest. The vibrating air has considerable velocity while the air

difference of density on the two sides of the closed end of the

cylinder. The author used this principle to determine the am-

plitude of vibration. Prof. R. S. Woodward assisted him in

applying the proper hydrodynamical principles, and he calculated

that the change in density was such as to give a pressure of 21

dynes per square centimeter, while the amplitude was 0.33 cm.

This agrees closely with the value obtained with the sound wave

anemometer.

RECORDS 489

Professor Hallock exhibited some color photographs and some

sound wave photographs taken by Prof. R. W. Wood, of the

University of Wisconsin.

Ws. S. Day,

Secretary.

SC h@ON. OF BIOLOGY.

May 14, 1900.

mection amet at 6:2 FP. M.; Professor F. 5. Lee presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of the Section were read and

approved.

The name of one candidate for resident membership was read

and referred to the Council according to the By-Laws.

The following program was then offered :

J. E. Kirkwood and W. J. Gies, Some CuHEmicat NoTEs ON

THE COMPOSITION OF THE COCOANUT.

Frederic S. Lee and C. C. Harrold, THe SIGNIFICANCE OF

CARBOHYDRATES IN MUSCLE.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

The authors of the first paper have carried on qualitative work

on the ungerminated nut, preparatory to a study of the digestive

processes during germination. The chief constituents are cel-

lulose and fat. Some soluble carbohydrate is present, besides

globulin and proteose, but no albumin or pepton. Only amylo-

lytic ferments have so far been found. The milk of the nut is

normally acid, probably due to acid phosphate. It contains an

earthy phosphate, reduces Fehling’s solution, sours on stand-

ing, and acquires much the odor and physical appearance of

soured cow’s milk. It shows only small quantities of proteid

and fat.

The meat of the average nut contains from two to three grains

of globulin, which may be obtained in crystalline form. The

authors have made three preparations by the usual methods.

The nitrogen averages for these were 17.91%, 17.81%, 17.68% .

The ash for the same, 0.13%, 0.41%, 1.05%.

ANNALS IN; Yo ACAD,. S01. 7.4111 Feb. -83, 190132.

490 RECOKDS

From the meat of twelve nuts it was possible to separate a

little more than three grains of proteose by the usual method.

The average of three closely agreeing determinations of nitrogen

was 18.57%; of the ash it was 1.71%.

The quantitative relationships of these and other constituents

will be subjects of combined investigation.

Dr. Curtis drew attention to the irritation of the mucous mem-

brane of the bladder and urethra caused by drinking too freely

of cocoanut milk. Dr. Gies in answer to a question stated that

the food content of the cocoanut is small.

The second paper was a continuation of the senior author’s

study of the nature and causes of muscle fatigue. Of the two

supposed causes of fatigue, loss of substance necessary to con-

traction and poisoning by so-called fatigue products, the present

work deals with the former. It is well known that the drug

phlorhizin causes the removal of the carbohydrates from an

organism to which it is administered. The authors find that it

induces decided evidences of fatigue in the muscles of fasting

cats. A well phlorhizinized muscle is comparable to a normal

muscle in the late stages of fatigue. This effect seems to be

due not to a specific action of the drug on the protoplasm of the

muscle cells, but to the loss of carbohydrate from the muscle.

This conclusion is rendered probable by the fact that when an

animal. has been put well under the influence of phlorhizin, the

administration of sugar (dextrose) counteracts the effect of the

drug, removes the evidences of fatigue and restores the muscle.

It seems probable that the loss of carbohydrate is an important

factor in the early stages of muscle fatigue.

Incidentally some observations on rigor mortis have been

made. A muscle well under the influence of phlorhizin may

begin to go into rigor five minutes after death and rigor is com-

plete very early. This confirms the conclusions of others that

there is a close connection between rigor and carbohydrate. A

muscle irrigated with dextrose is capable of giving fully as many

contractions as, or even more tnan a normal muscle without

dextrose.

The election of .sectional officers resulted in the election of

RECORDS 491

Prof. C. L. Bristol, of New York University, as Chairman, and

Pion lt . .. Lloyd, of. leachers: College,.as Secretary for the

ensuing year.

Francis E. Lioyp,

Secretary.

pee HON OR GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY.

MAY 21; L600:

Section met at 8:15 P. M., Dr. Alexis A. Julien presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and

approved.

The following program was offered :

George I. Finlay, A New OccurreNcE oF NEPHALINE-

SYENITE AND ASSOCIATED DIKES IN THE STATE OF TAMAULIPAS,

MEXICO, WITH A REVIEW OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF THESE ROCKS

IN NorTH AMERICA.

Benjamin F. Hill, A ConrrisuTion TO THE GEOLOGY OF A

PART OF SonorA, MEXIco.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

The rocks described by Mr. Finlay were sent by Mr. E. D.

Self to Professor Kemp of Columbia University. The nephaline-

syenite is a very light colored rock, containing, besides abundant

nephaline and anorthoclase, small patches of the dark colored

silicates. Under the microscope these are seen to be egerine-

augite intergrown with hornblende, and accompanied by magne-

tite and apatite. ‘Titanite is abundant, with the faces (1-2-3)

well developed and some zircon occurs. The tinguaite asso-

ciated with this syenite is a holocrystalline porphyritic dike rock

with large phenocrysts of orthoclase, twinned on the Carlsbad

law, tabular in habit, parallel to the clinopinicoid. The ground

mass, which gives the rock an even, dark green color, consists

of a felt of tiny blades of agerine and orthoclase. The egerines

are at times grouped together in bundles around small patches

of biotite.

492 RECORDS

Mr. Finlay then briefly discussed the distribution of similar

rocks in the various portions of the United States, and exhibited

a very instructive series of comparative charts of the chemical

composition of the rocks examined and those of allied groups,

the charts being constructed on the principles of the graphic

method devised by Professor Hobbs, as worked out by Mr.

Finlay.

The second paper, that of Mr. Hill, also treated of Mexican

rocks, and the same geographical maps were employed to illus-

trate both papers. Little has been written about the coal bear-

ing rocks and their associated eruptives in the State of Sonora,

Mexico. The work done by Professor Dumble and his asso-

ciates has thrown considerable light on some of the problems.

In the district investigated are representatives of nearly all the

formations from the Archzan granites to the Quarternary sands

and gravels. The most important division, however, is the

Triassic. The slates, sandstones, quartzites, etc., with coal

seams, make up the lower or Bananca division of the Triassic,

while an immense series of associated eruptives, including ande-

sites, dacites, tuffs, andesitic conglomerates, etc., is considered

the upper division. To the series of eruptives the name of Lista

Blanca has been given. The Lista Blanca has hitherto been

considered post-Cretaceous.

In addition to the pre-Cretaceous eruptives, there are numer-

ous intrusives and flows of diorites, rhyolite and basalt, and in

one instance, trachite. It is probable that these are mostly of

Tertiary age. The diorites exert a very noticeable effect on the

formation of the ore bodies of the region.

Specimens of all the eruptives were brought to New York

and studied by Mr. Hill in thin section under the microscope.

A series of chemical analyses of the type rocks was made and a

very clear relation established between the magmas of the dif-

terent flows. The remainder of the paper dealt with details of

the petrographic characteristics of the rocks.

Both papers were discussed by Professor Stevenson, Professor

Kemp, Dr. Julien, and Dr. White.

THEODORE G. WHITE,

Secretary.

RECORDS 493

-BeriOoN OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY.

May 28, 1900.

Section met at 8:30 P. M., Prof. J. McK. Cattell presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and ap-

proved. |

The following program was then offered :

Dr. G. B. Germann, THe AcourREMENT OF Moror Hapits.

Dr. C. H. Judd, Srupies rn VocaL EXPRESSION.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

The first paper reported some experiments in which the author

measured the degree of perfection attained in rapid naming of

one hundred color squares arranged in regular order, by the

time required to read the whole series. Results were presented

for the rapidity of reading at different stages of practice and after

different intervals of discontinuance of practice.

The second paper reported changes in pitch during the articula-

tion of single words. The pitch was determined by means of

enlarged records of diaphragm vibrations which were compared

with the tracings made by a standard tuning fork. Twenty

records were reported. In general the accented syllable was

higher in pitch than the unaccented syllables, though this was

not true in such words as abhorrent and abnormal. The final

syllable in the twenty records showed a very general tendency

to fall off in pitch. The amount of change in such words as

educing and illusion will appear from some cases of the former.

The three syllables were as follows, case I, 161, 244, 171 (end

of the syllable being at 131); case II, 157, 265, 185 (end of

syllable 125); case III, 172, 248, 166 (end of syllable 123).

Other records did not show such marked changes. One of the

word abasement is as follows: 103, 130, 140.

GaAs, 1. Jupp,

Secretary.

494 RECORDS

BUSINESS MEETING.

OCTOBER I, I9OO.

Academy met at 8:15 P. M., President Woodward presiding.

The minutes of the last business meeting were read and ap-

proved.

The Secretary reported from the Council as follows :

The resignation of Mr. Gilbert van Ingen as Editor, and the

extension on the part of the Council of a cordial vote of thanks

to Mr. van Ingen for his successful services as Editor.

The adoption of a time limit for all papers presented before

the Academy, said time limit to be printed on the announcements

in each case.

The following Candidate for resident membership, approved

by the Council, was duly elected : |

Richard H. Cunningham, M.D., 200 West 56th Street.

RICHARD E. DODGE,

Recording Secretary.

SECTION OF AS TRONOSLY “Po YStes 2a.

CHEMISTRY.

OCTOBER I, I9QOO.

Section met at 8:35 P. M., Prof. Wm. Hallock presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and ap-

proved.

The following program was then offered :

E. R. von Nardroff, On tHE APPLICATION OF FIZEAU’S

METHOD TO THE DETERMINATION OF THE VELOCITY OF SOUND.

(Illustrated. )

J. K. Rees, Sctenriric INSTRUMENTS AT THE Paris EXxXposiI-

TION. (Informal report.)

W. Hallock, A Pecutrar LiGHTninG DISCHARGE.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Professor von Nardroff used as a source of sound a very shrill

whistle giving sound of a short wave length beyond the limits of

RECORDS 495

hearing. He overcame the effect of irregular disturbing reflected

and diffracted waves by using sound of considerable intensity and

a flame only slightly sensitive. The sound after passing between

the teeth of a rapidly revolving wheel, fell on a concave spherical

mirror made of wood some distance away, and was reflected back

through the teeth at the opposite end of a diameter of the wheel,

and came to a focus on a sensitive flame just behind the wheel.

The author gave a neat demonstration of the working of the

apparatus and showed with great ease how with increasing speed

of the revolving wheel the flame was alternately shielded from

and exposed to the sound. The slightest disturbance of the

adjustment of the mirror threw the flame away from the mirror

in a marked manner. He stated that the method could prob-

ably not be used to compete with other accurate methods here-

tofore employed, but it supplied a beautiful illustration of Fizeau's

method of measuring the velocity of light.

Prof. J. K. Rees gave an interesting account of some of the

scientific instruments at the Paris Exposition. The great tele-

scope was not finished, although this fact was not yet generally

known, and it was impossible to tell yet whether it was to be a

success or not. The German exhibit was superb. The Ger-

mans had a method, which ought to have been generally adopted,

of arranging the instruments with one kind by the different

makers in one case, instead of a complete line by each maker

in a case by itself. An ingenious modification of Foucault's

pendulum was seen at the Paris observatory. It was only one

meter long, but it showed the fact of the rotation of the earth

after the lapse of fifteen seconds.

Professor Hallock described a peculiar lightning discharge he

had observed at Lake Champlain. The flash came unexpectedly

from a cloud about two miles from where the main shower was

falling. It struck ona mass of rock, and on examining this it

was found that instead of there being one or a few places where

the lightning had struck, it was covered with innumerable little

spots, each one indicating where a part of the flash had struck.

WM. S. Day,

Secretary.

496 RECORDS

SECTION OF BIOLOGY,

OcTOBER 8, IgOO.

Section met at 8:15 P. M., Prof. C. L. Bristol presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and

approved.

The evening was devoted to REPORTS OF SUMMER WORK BY

‘MEMBERS OF SECTION.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Prof. E. B. Wilson reported that he spent the summer at

Beaufort, N. C., where he prosecuted experimental researches

upon the eggs of Toxopneustes. Loco’s experiments upon the

eggs of arbacia were confirmed, and further facts of great interest

were determined. Later in the season Professor Wilson visited

Woods Holl, Mass., Mt. Desert, Me., and the Bay of Fundy.

He drew attention to the very great difference between the Beau-

fort and Bay of Fundy faunas. The transparent pelagic annelid

was collected in the latter locality.

Dr. D. T. MacDougal spent the summer in studying the flora

of Priest Lake, which stands at an elevation of 3,000 feet in

northern Idaho. He was especially concerned in studying the

effect of air temperatures on the distribution of plants.

Prof. H. F. Osborn visited the British Museum and the Mu-

seum of Comparative Anatomy in the Jardin des Plantes, Paris.

The latter has, under the hand of Dr. Filhol, reached a high

degree of effectiveness. At the British Museum Professor Os-

born examined the remains of the new Patagonian sloth Neomy-

lodon, a form said by Ameghino to be still extant, though by

some claimed to be extinct.

Mr. F. B. Sumner gave an account of experiments carried on

at the Marine Laboratory at Naples. The work of Mr. Sumner

was directed towards determining the validity of his confluence

theory of the origin of the embryo in fishes. The results are

regarded as confirmatory.

The work in the Bermuda Islands carried on in previous

RECORDS 497

summers by the expeditions from the New York University

under the direction of Professor Bristol was continued this sum-

mer. Mr. F. C. Waite was this year a member of the party, and

reported the finding of much valuable and interesting material

not heretofore collected.

Dr. M. A. Howe also worked in the Bermudas during the

first half of the summer, going later to Edgartown, Marthas

Vineyard, and to Sequin Island, Maine. He was especially con-

cerned with the collection of marine alge. Dr. Howe reported

the collection of a large number of alge, and described the gen-

eral floral features of the islands.

Dr. H. E. Crampton stated that the summer session at Woods

Holl had been a successful one.

Mr. M. A. Bigelow, while at Woods Holl, confirmed his re-

sults on Lepas and added a number of new observations. He,

with Dr. Crampton, carried on a study of the ponds along the

southern shore of Marthas Vineyard, with a view to studying

the variation in their fauna.

Prof. F. BE. Lloyd spent six weeks in company with Prof. S.

M. Tracy in a preliminary study of the flora of the Mississippi

sound, islands, and delta. <A full series of plants was collected.

Professor Lloyd described the leading features of the vegetation

of that region.

Francis E. Lioyp,

Secretary.

SECTION OF GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY.

OCTOBER 15, IQOO.

Section met at 8:15 P. M., Dr. A. A. Julien presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and ap-

proved.

The names of two candidates for resident membership were read

and referred to the Council according to the By-Laws.

The following program was then offered :

Gilbert van Ingen, PaLteozoic FAUNAS oF NORTHWESTERN

New JERSEY.

498 RECORDS

Theodore G. White, THE GLens Faris, N. Y. SECTION OF

THE LOWER ORDOVICIAN.

Henry S. Washington, THE Rocks or LAKE WINNEPESAUKEE,

Daniel S. Martin, MiInERats Founp at HAppam, MAINE.

Alexis A. Julien, THE GEOLOGY OF CENTRAL CAPE Cop.

Richard E. Dodge, PHysioGRAPHY OF THE REGION OF THE

COLORADO CANON.

Also notes by J. J. Stevenson and E. O. Hovey.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Mr. van Ingen described the work of the party belonging to

the Geological Survey of New Jersey, which, during the past

two summers has been engaged in tracing the outcrops of the

Paleozoic formations, and collecting fossils. Of this party, Mr.

Kimmel, the assistant State geologist, traces the boundaries and

works out the tectonics, while Dr. Weller, of the University of

Chicago, collects fossils at localities indicated by Mr. Kummel.

During July, Mr. van Ingen spent a week with this party in the

field at Newton. Newton is situated on the shales of the Trenton

Group, there extensively quarried for slates. To the east is a

low ridge of limestone which presents the same appearance as

the Barnegat limestone along the Hudson river.

The upper part of this limestone has yielded trilobites, probably

Dikellocephalus, indicating that this portion is of upper Cambrian

age. At other localities a trilobite described by Weller as Lzos-

tracus Jerseyensis, shows that the rock there is also Cambrian,

probably of the middle or upper division. In the vicinity of

Franklin Furnace good specimens of Olenellus cf. thompsoni

were found at localities described by Foerste. Further to the

east of Newton, on the other side of the Cambrian .ridge, is a

wide belt of Ordovician rocks, Trenton limestone overlaid by a

thick series of shales. The limestone contains the typical Trenton

fauna, Rajfinesguina, Plectambonites, Pterygometopus, etc., and is

very like that found at Rosetown, Ulster county, and at Rochdale,

Dutchess county, N. Y. The shale has few fossiliferous beds,

but occasionally one of the more sandy layers contains Dad-

RECORDS 499

manellr testudinaria, Plectambonites and Rafinesquina, the same

combination found in the Hudson shales at Poughkeepsie and

at Rondout. At one locality was found a fauna with Ampyx

and Hlarpes. In eastern New York these genera of trilobites

are found only in the Chazy limestone, and the discovery is of

great interest in that it indicates the presence of this formation

at a distance of almost 250 miles south of what has hitherto

been recognized as its southern limit. Further to the northwest,

along the Delaware river, were found the Silurian and lower

Devonian formations. The finest section is seen in the face of

the cliff of the old Nearpass quarry, about five miles south of

Tri-States, where all the formations from the upper Ordovician

to the Esopus shale of the lower Devonian appear, with numer-

ous fossils. At Otisville the Shawangunk grit is finely exposed

ina large quarry. All the evidence at hand points to the con-

clusion that this formation, of a thickness of at least a thousand

feet, was formed as a flood plain deposit. Its characteristics,

except color, are the same as the New Jersey and Connecticut

valley Triassic sandstones. Ripple-marks, sun-cracks, cross-

bedding, channel-fillings, etc., are abundant. In the railroad

cut west of Otisville the grit lies upon the Hudson shales, with

coincident dip. On the contact there occurs a few inches of

clay, which next the shale is quite free of pebbles, while next

the grit it is filled with quartz pebbles. This was interpreted to

be residual clay caused by the decomposition of the shale,

through subaérial agencies, before it became covered by the

erit. The old notions regarding rock-formation required the

presence of a body of water in which the sediments might be

deposited. Several of the geological subdivisions showed char-

acters which would not have been present had these formations

been laid down under water, for this mode of origin results in a

sorting of the rock-forming materials, and no sorting is detected

in these grits. Flood plain deposits are very irregular, both as

to stratification and sorting of materials, and these features are

well exhibited in the grits. Other formations that are probably

flood-plain deposits are parts of the Potsdam sandstone in eastern

New York, the Medina sandstone, the sandstones of the Cats-

500 RECORDS

kill group, and many of the sandstones of the coal measures of

Pennsylvania and the Mississippi valley, in fact the greater part

of the ‘“‘ barren Measures.”

Dr. White described his recent detailed study of the faunas

of sucessive strata at Glens Falls, and their relations to similar

studies along the lake Champlain valley to the north, and the

Mohawk and Black River valleys to the west. The section

forms a low anticline along the shore of the Hudson. At the

base is seen the Calciferous sandrock, containing Ophileta and

fucoids. Conformable upon this is a layer a few inches thick, of

barren black shale, which is very much crushed, and then the

same beds of the ostracod-liperditia, and their associated corals

and peculiar forms of Strophomena, as have been found in the

lowest Black River zones on Button Island in Lake Champlain.

The zones of Parastroplia and Triplesia occurring near this por-

tion of the series in localities to the north and west, were not

found here. The succeeding coral beds of Columunaria were well

developed. Above these are the cross bedded gray beds, which

in some recent reports have been considered to represent the

Birdseye limestone, which seems to be lacking in this locality,

unless met with at this unexpectedly high position. The upper

portion of the section, which is of lower Trenton age, shows no

unusual forms. The tendency of the lowest and uppermost por-

tions of the Ordovician sections in the region to wear away and

appear wanting, owing to their prevailing softness, was com-

mented on. ; ,

The remarks of Dr. Washington were in the nature of a

preliminary report on work done by Professor Pirsson and him-

self on Mount Belknap and Red Hill, near Lake Winnepesaukee,

N. H. The rocks of Mount Belknap are shown to be promi-

nently a quite uniform alkali syenite, which is cut by many dikes

of camptonite and allied rocks, and of bostonites, aptites, and

syenite porphyries. These dikes also cut the surrounding por-

phyritic gneiss. At one place, near the border, is a mass of

basic hornblende-gabbro, with large, poikilitic phenochrysts of

brown hornblende. A syenite breccia also occurs. At Red Hill

similar syenite, formerly described by W.S. Bayley, occurs on

RECORDS 501

' the summit, while toward the periphery, nepheline appears as a

constituent, and a true foyaite is developed. The mass is also

cut by dikes, both camptonitic and syenitic. The region is to

form the subject of a petrographic study by the two geologists

in the near future.

_ Professor Martin described a visit which he paid during

the summer to the noted mineral locality at Haddam, Maine, and

the manner in which the choicest specimens occur there, in veins

of albitic pegmatite, with tourmaline, muscovite, and quartz along

the contact with the wall of gneiss. The mica plates along the

contact are often two feet in diameter.

Dr. Julien briefly reviewed the observations and opinions

of Mitchell, Davis, Shaler, and others on the geology of Cape

Ann, with especial reference to the district from Chatham to

Yarmouth. In the stratified deposits of sands and gravels which

underlie the plain south of the morainal ‘“‘backbone”’ of the

cape, the more frequent intercallation of clays was pointed out,

and their occasional disturbance and flexure. Striated pebbles,

although much water worn, are quite largely interspersed. The

discovery of true glacial silt at some depth, in one locality, in-

dicates that the ice sheet rested there, instead of floating. The

kettle-shaped hollows and pond basins were shown by the

speaker to be largely connected with the damming of surface

streams, and some observations on the pre-glacial drainage

valleys and topography were discussed. The identification

of certain transported fragments of quartz-porphyry with out-

crops of the same near Marblehead indicate a pre-glacial move-

ment from N.N.W. toS.S.E. To the fifteen changes of level

' which have been recorded, a final small elevation probably should

be added, judging from the low terrace along this part of the

coast. Examples of the faceted pebbles were exhibited and pro-

voked considerable discussion among those present, as to the

origin of such pebbles.

Professor Dodge recounted his pleasure in visiting the region

of the Grand Cafion, in company with a party during the past

summer, and in finding the physiography so graphically illus-

trated in the drawings in Powell’s reports to be a most faithful

502 RECORDS

and non-diagrammatic portrayal of the features themselves. He

then described the striking examples of gigantic geo-physical

results seen in the Great Kaibab monocline. He also described

the appearance of the great basin of ‘‘ Lake Bonneville.”’

Remarks on foreign localities visited by them during the last

summer were made by Professor Stevenson and Dr. Hovey.

THEODORE G. WHITE,

Secretary.

SECTION :OF ‘ANTHROPOLOGY AND ESYCrOLoGr.

OCTOBER 22, 1900.

Section met at 8:15 P. M., Prof. J- McK. Cattell presiding:

The evening was devoted to reports of summer work by Dr.

Franz Boas, Dr. Livingston Farrand, Dr. A. Hrdlicka, Dr.

F. W. Putnam and Prof. R. E. Dodge.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

The papers gave accounts of anthropological investigations

made during the summer in the Vancouver Islands, Oregon,

New Mexico, Arizona and California.

CuarRLes H. Jupp,

Secretary.

BUSINESS MEETING:

NOVEMBER 5, 19OO.

Academy met at 8:15 P. M., Professor Hallock presiding.

The minutes of the last business meeting were read and ap-

proved.

The Secretary reported from the Council as follows:

The appointment by the Council of Prof. Charles Lane Poor

as Editor of the Academy publications, in place of Mr. van Ingen,

resigned.

That the Council had voted to formulate a budget for the

ensuing fiscal year, and to recommend to the succeeding Connay

that there be no annual reception in Igol.

RECORDS 503

The following candidates for resident membership, approved

By the Couneil, were duly elected: Prof. Charles Lane Poor,

4 East 48th street; Riccardo Bertelli, 409-415 Forsyth street.

RIcHARD E. DonGE,

Recording Secretary.

SHC LION OF ASTRONOMY, PHYSICS AND

CHEMISTRY:

NOVEMBER 5, I9QOO.

Section met at 8:30 P. M., Prof. Wm. Hallock presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and ap-

proved.

The following program was offered :

F. L. Tufts, Flow orf Air at DIFFERENT PRESSURES THROUGH

GRANULAR MATERIALS.

SUMMARY OF PAPER.

The experiments described by Mr. Tufts were made in con-

nection with others on the transmission of sound through the

same materials. Three different materials were experimented

on, composed of lead shot of three sizes, the diameters of the

shot being respectively 4.37 mm., 2.79 mm., and 1.22 mm. The

shot was placed in a tube and air was forced through at different

pressures, the rate of flow of air being measured by a gas meter,

and the pressure differences by a water manometer. It was

found that for a given size of shot and a given pressure gradient,

the rate of flow was independent of the length of the column of

shot through which the air flowed. The rate of flow, however, in

the three cases experimented with did not increase as rapidly as

the pressure gradient. This was more noticeable with the coarse

shot than with the finer. For pressure gradients of about 0.01

cm. water pressure per centimeter of length of material, the rate

of flow through the coarsest shot was ten times the rate through

the finest, while for a pressure gradient fifty times as great, the

rate of flow was a little less than three times as great in the

BOF RECORDS

coarsest as in the finest. With each size of shot the space oc-

cupied by air was about 39 per cent. of the total space occupied

by the shot.

Wm. S. Day,

Secretary.

SECTION OF BIOLOGY:

NOVEMBER 12, I9OO.

Section met at 8:15 P. M., Prof C. 1 Bristol presidime:

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and ap-

proved.

The name of one candidate for resident membership was read

and referred to the Council according to the By-Laws.

The following program was then offered :

F. C. Waite, THE BERMupDA Toap.

H. F. Osborn, THr PHYLOGENY OF THE RHINOCEROSES IN

EUROPE.

H. L. Clark, FurrHErR Notes oN BERMUDA ECHINODERMS.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Bufo agua was introduced into the Bermudas from British

Guiana about 1885, and is now common throughout the colony.

This is the largest Anuran known, specimens 155 mm. in length

having been taken in Bermuda. It breeds there in brackish

marshes ; elsewhere in fresh-water pools. The spawning time

in Bermuda is not known, but young were found in July.

Bermuda is the northern limit of its range, which includes

many of the Lesser Antilles (introduced), southern Mexico,

Central America, and South America south to Ecuador on the

west coast, and to Argentina (38° S.) on the east coast.

There is a general belief that it is venomous. ‘The secretion

of its cutaneous glands causes ulceration of mucous membrane,

and opaqueness of the cornea. Subcutaneous injections cause

convulsions, followed by death in frog, fowls and dog.

' During the discussion which followed, the facts were brought

out that this toad is a clumsy animal, jumps high rather than

RECORDS 505

far, and is very active at night. It is destructive to insects, and

is a pest in Bermuda, where it attacks cats and dogs fatally.

Professor Osborn reported a continuation of his investiga-

tions upon the PHYLOGENY OF THE RHINOCEROSES OF EUROPE.

These animals appear to fall under the law of early divergence,

and to constitute at least six separate series or phyla which, so

far as known at present, are not genetically related to each

other, but undergo a more or less parallel development as fol-

lows: Diceratherune, Aceratheriine, Brachypodine, Ceratorhine,

Atelodine, Khinocerotine. The chief criteria in distinguishing

rhinoceroses are the proportions of the skull, whether dolichoce-

phalic or brachycephalic, the proportions of the limb in reference

to cursorial or aquatic habits and the position of the horns; sub-

sidiary to these features are the types of tooth structure. The

origin of the rhinoceroses is still obscure, although it appears to

be possible to derive the Diceratheriine from certain Eocene

Hyracodontide. This study will be published in full in the

Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, and it

constitutes a part of the continuation of the author’s memoir on

the extinct rhinoceroses.

Mr. H. L. Clark’s paper was read by Professor C. L. Bristol.

In this paper Mr. Clark gave an account of the Echinoderms

collected by the party of zodlogists from the New York Univer-

sity in the summer of 1899, together with a summary of his

own observations during April of that year. It is to be con-

cluded from an abundance of observations that the distinctions

hitherto thought to exist between Szichopus diaboli and Acan-

thomela are not to be regarded as valid, and the forms described

under these names must be referred to S. Modi. Twenty-nine

species are listed.

Mr. Waite called attention to the fact that the madreporic

body in Asterzas tenutspina branches forming 1-4 bodies in each

animal, thereby making orientation difficult.

Francis E. Lioyp,

Secretary.

ANNALS N. Y, ACAD. ScI., Vol. XIII., April 16, 1901—33.

506 RECORDS

SECTION OF GEOLOGY AND MINERALE OGA

NOVEMBER IQ, I9QOO.

Section met at 8:15 P. M., Dr. A. A. Julien presiding.

The following program was offered :

J. F. Kemp, Recent ProGrRess IN INVESTIGATION OF THE

GEOLOGY OF THE ADIRONDACK Recion. — Illustrated with speci-

mens and diagrams.

A. A. Julien, Norges oN THE ORIGIN OF THE PEGMATITES

FROM MANHATTAN ISLAND AND FROM NortH Caroiina. _ Illus-

trated with specimens and diagrams.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Professor Kemp outlined the area of crystalline rocks in the

northern part of New York State and illustrated its distribution

by means of maps. Three principal classes of rocks are present.

First, those certainly igneous in their nature, including the lab-

radorite rocks, the basic gabbros and the trap dikes. Second,

those certainly sedimentary, best illustrated by the crystalline

limestones. Third, great areas of gneiss of uncertain origin.

Regarding the first class, we now know quite accurately their

distribution and the results obtained by the speaker, by H. P.

Cushing and C. H. Smyth were briefly reviewed. A short de-

scription was given of the augite-syenite first discovered by Cush-

ing near Loon Lake, but which has since been found to be

widely distributed in the regions further south. Some notes

were also given regarding the ages of the trap dikes and their

distribution.

Recent additions to the knowledge of the sedimentary rocks,

involve the recognition of quite large amounts of quartzites in a

considerable number of new localities. Besides these, small

beds of limestone have been discovered in the southern areas,

especially in Warren and Washington counties, which are thor-

oughly interstratified with the gneisses and which leave no escape

from concluding that the gneisses are also sedimentary in their

origin and that a regularly stratified series of rocks is present.

RECORDS 507

This conclusion removes many of the gneisses from the group

of uncertainties.

The speaker also briefly enumerated the discovery of new

outliers of Cambrian and Ordovician strata in the midst of the

crystallines ; taking up the small but early discovered area at

Wellstown, Hamilton county, he added some new and important

facts and interpretations. He also noted the distribution of the

glacial striations throughout the eastern mountains and noted

their nearly uniform bearing to the northeast. In conclusion,

he described the physiography as being due chiefly to a series

of faulted blocks which afford a very characteristic saw-toothed

sky-line.

Dr. Julien opened his paper with a discussion of several of

the later theories of the origin of pegmatites in common accepta-

tion. That of igneous intrusion, urged by Brogger, seems to

cover facts which are not met with in the pegmatites of Manhat-

tan Island, western Massachusetts nor western North Carolina.

Brogger’s theory and the pneumatolytic theory of Lehmann,

Williams and Crosby, explain but imperfectly the most import-

ant occurrences of pegmatite occurrences in schists, especially

evidences of their development zz /oco. Dr. Julien then sum-

- marized his own theory of metasomatic aggregation which he

originally advanced at the meeting of the American Association

for the Advancement of Science in June, Ig00. In this he at-

tributed the origin of the pegmatites of Manhattan Island entirely

to molecular rearrangement of the material of the schists by the

action of mineralizers in the vicinity of lamination planes and of

fissures.

After a description of the main features of the pegmatites of

Manhattan Island, with the help of specimens and diagrammatic

drawings of outcrops and cross-sections, the speaker advanced

the following chief conclusions :

1. The existence of a certain series of pegmatite development,

at least two, but probably indefinite in number, marked by a

succession of intersections. Of these the oldest is by far the

most extensive, intercalated among the pliation-seams, and co-

incident with the strike. These pliation-seams cut the schists in

508 RECORDS

all directions and inclinations, but their courses are mostly com-

prised in the northeast quadrant. A few, which are gathered in

partially concentric groups of curved planes, also present their

convexity toward the northeast.

2. Every pegmatite occurrence on the Island, without excep-

tion, retains more or less structural evidence of having begun its

existence as a vein, segregated from a magma or igneo-agueous

emulsion. Even the notable dike near 205th Street, crossing

the dolomite, retains the vein structure, perfectly in places and

imperfectly throughout.

3. Contact-phenomena are confined mainly to the earlier

alteration along seams, to projection of veinlets rather than in-

trusion apophyses, and, at one dolomite intersection, to a thin

selvage of phlogopite and tremolite.

4. The vein-structure, often well preserved, presents distinct

lamination, correspondent deposits on the two walls, comb-struc-

ture, passage from less to more acid minerals toward the centre,

and final concentration of minerals of the rarer elements in as-

sociation with the significant matrix, smoky quartz, along len-

ticular bands, often. near arcentral suture:

5. Some of the most prominent features, and those by which

the simplicity of the problem has been disguised, are the results

of pressure upon the original veins through organic movements

of the stratum of schists, viz., fissuring, faulting, crushing, shear-

ing with development of mica (aptite), re-fusion and development

of new phenocrysts (granite-porphyry), and generation of reaction

borders outside of each wall of a vein. When flowage has taken

place and some transference of the crushed vein material along

the plane of the vein, the appearances of a dike begin. Many

of these results may be distinguished along the course of the

same vein at intervals of a few yards or rods, but in the most

characteristic dikes the vein structure is rarely, if ever, completely

obliterated.

Both of the papers presented were discussed by Professor

Martin, Dr. Hovey, and others.

THEODORE G. WHITE,

Secretary.

RECORDS 509

PeoliON OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY.

NOVEMBER 26, I9OO.

Section met at 8:15 P. M., Prof. J. McK. Cattell presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section was read and ap-

proved.

The name of one candidate for resident membership was read

and referred to the Council according to the By-laws.

The following program was then offered :

R. S. Woodworth, Paris ConGress oF PSYCHOLOGY.

Clark Wissler, CorRELATION OF ANTHROPOMETRIC TESTS.

E. L. Thorndike and R. 8. Woodworth, Errecrs or SPECIAL

TRAINING ON GENERAL ABILITY.

C. H. Judd, Movements or WRITING.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

The report of the Paris Congress presented by Dr. Wood-

worth was more detailed than the published accounts, and also

suggested certain questions in regard to the enlargement and

control of American representation at similar congresses in the

future.

The paper by Mr. Wissler reported some results of a series

of mental and physical tests upon students in Columbia and

Barnard College. The young women of Barnard College were

found to be superior to Columbia freshmen in the tests for time

of perception, naming of colors and resistance to pressure ; they

were equal to the freshmen in rate of fatigue, perception of

weights, sensation areas, perception of size and logical memory ;

they were inferior in size of head, strength of hand, reaction

time, association time and auditory memory. There is some

probability that the young women are superior in perception of

pitch and inferior in movement time. With the freshmen who

repeated the test in their senior year an improvement was found

in all except sensation areas and perception of size, though the

difference in some cases is slight. It was also found that the

seniors showed a decided tendency to hold the same relative

510 RECORDS

rank as when freshmen, thus indicating a general advancement

of the group during college. life. In correlations it appeared

that logical memory and length of head are related character-

istics, but length of head also correlates with lung capacity and

strength of hand. The work has not gone far enough to say

which of these has the most weight. Attempts to correlate re-

action time and the other tests of quickness gave no results.

Dr. Thorndike presented the results of certain experiments on

the EFFECTS OF SPECIAL TRAINING ON GENERAL ABILITY. These

experiments were performed jointly by Drs. Woodworth and

Thorndike. The results of a number of experiments show that

when any mental function is trained in connection with certain

data, the improvement is not of the function in general. If dif-

ferent data are used there will be less or even no improvement

shown. The general theory that the mind equals a number of

special abilities, independent to a degree hitherto unsuspected,

was supported further by the great variability in our judgments

of slightly differing magnitudes.

The fourth paper was on the Movements of Writing. These

movements were analyzed by means of tracers attached to the

hand, back of the fingers, and to the arm, back of the wrist.

The written words give the sum of all the movements of arm,

hand, and fingers. The hand tracer gives only arm and hand

movements, omitting finger movements. The arm tracer shows

arm movements only. The general result of this analysis shows

that the arm carries the hand forward and participates only to

a very small degree in the formation of the letters and words.

The gross movements, especially those which are upward and

forward, in the formation of the letters, are performed by the

hand. All the finer-curves and more delicate lines of the letters

are formed by the fingers. The muscular coordinations of the

different individuals tested, while differing greatly in detail char-

acteristics, all show this general type of movement. No results

were presented from subjects who write naturally with a full

arm movement.

CHARLES H. Jupp,

Secretary.

RECORDS OL]

BUSINESS MEETING.

DECEMBER 3, I19OO.

Academy met at 8:15 P. M., Professor Wm. Hallock presid-

ing.

The minutes of the last business meeting were read and ap-

proved.

The Secretary reported from the Council as follows :

That Professor Poor had taken active charge of the editorial

work of the Academy ; also that the Council had appointed a

committee to secure, if possible, a publication fund.

The following Candidates for resident membership, approved

by the Council, were duly elected:

O. P. Hay, American Museum of Natural History.

E. O. Hovey, American Museum of Natural History.

(Dr. Hovey to become a life member.)

RICHARD E. DonaGeE,

Recording Secretary.

PT ONOnY, PILYSICS AND CHEMISTRY.

DECEMBER 3, 19OO.

Section met at 8:20 P. M., Professor William Hallock presid-

ing.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and ap-

proved.

The following program was offered :

E. R. von Nardroff, DETERMINATION OF THE WAVE LENGTH

OF SOUND BY THE GRATING MEtuHop. (Illustrated.)

W.G. Levison, A Mereruop oF PHOTOGRAPHING THE ENTIRE

CORONA ON ONE PLATE, EMPLOYED AT NEWBERRY, S. C., FOR

THE TOTAL SOLAR EcLipsE oF May 23, 1900. (Illustrated.)

W. G. Levison, THe Action or CANADA BALsaM ON PHOTO-

GRAPHIC GELATINE PLATES.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

As a source of sound the author of the first paper used a

miniature steam whistle made of brass and operated by a current

512 RECORDS

of air from a tank of compressed air. The sound produced in

this way was inaudible on account of its high pitch, the wave

length being only about three-eighths of an inch. The whistle

was placed at one of the conjugate foci of a parabolic metallic

mirror, a sensitive flame being placed at the other conjugate

focus. A transmission grating made of wood and resembling

somewhat a portion of a picket fence was then interposed in the

path of the reflected sound waves, and it was found that when

the sensitive flame was shifted to one side, as many as four posi-

tions of maximum effect were obtained on each side of the cen-

tral beam of sound. With this apparatus, the wave length of

sound, when the waves were short like those used, could be

measured within one per cent.

Mr. Levison’s method consisted in the use of a specially con-

structed color screen most dense at the centre and fading off to

clear glass at the edges, which was placed close to the photo-

graphic plate. The size and density of the screen was adjusted

as nearly as possible so that the image of the inner corona made

by a suitable lens fell on the part of the plate covered by the

screen while the image of the outer corona passed through the

clear glass. The color screen was made from a lens of colored

glass with sharp edges, which was cemented into a recess in a

plate of clear glass ground to receive it. Two screens were

made, one of orange-yellow glass and one of dark greenish-

blue glass. In testing these screens at the time of the eclipse,

an arrangement of telephoto-lenses was used, but unfortunately

the exposure was not long enough to give any image at all of

the outer corona through the clear glass, although a consider-

able impression of the inner corona was produced through the

orange-yellow glass, but none through the bluish-green glass.

This should give some idea of the relative actinometric intensity

of the light from the inner and from the outer corona.

Mr. Levison also presented a short note on the action of

Canada balsam on photographic plates. In making the experi-

ments with color screens he noticed that Canada balsam that

had been baked hard, when placed in contact with a sen-

sitive plate, or separated from it by a layer of carefully selected

RECORDS 513

black paper and allowed to remain a week or more, affected the

plate in the same manner as light, the part affected developing

black. He verified this effect by a number of experiments. In

the author’s opinion, this effect seemed likely to be caused by

true Becquerel rays, as it passed through the black paper which

is perfectly opaque to ordinary light.

WILLIAM S. Day,

Secretary.

SECTION, OF: BIOLOGY.

DECEMBER IO, IgOO.

Section met at 8:15 Pe. M., Professor C. L. Bristol presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and ap-

proved.

Professor Lloyd offered his resignation as Secretary of the

Section, because he is soon to leave for Europe ona leave of

absence from Teachers College. On the motion of Professor

Wilson, seconded by Dr. Calkins, a vote of thanks was tendered

to the secretary for his interest in furthering the work of the

Section.

The following program was then offered :

G. N. Calkins, Some INTERESTING PROTOZOA FROM VAN CorT-

LANDT PARK. —

H. E. Crampton, ELiminaTIon IN LEPIDOPTERA.

E. B. Wilson, THE CHEMICAL FERTILIZATION OF SEA-URCHIN

Eaes.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Four genera of Protozoa which are usually regarded as inter-

mediate forms between the classes of Protozoa were considered.

These were: Nuclearta, intermediate between the Rhizopoda

and the Heliozoa; MJastigomeba, intermediate between Masti-

gophora and the Rhizopoda; A/utcilia, intermediate between

the Mastigophora and Ciliata, and Actinobolus, intermediate be-

tween the Ciliata and the Suctoria. The method of feeding in

the latter form was also described for the first time. All of these

Bilas RECORDS

forms, together with 54 other genera and a great many species

(100 to 150) were found in the waters of Van Cortlandt Park

during the past fall.

The second paper was designed to be the first of a series

dealing with the problems of variation and selection in Lepidoptera,

and especially in the Saturnid moths. The particular questions

here considered are as to the relative variability of eliminated and

surviving pupz and moths of Pr/osamta cynthia, and as to the

relative variability of males and females. From a lot of 1,090

cocoons from arestricted locality, 310 living and 632 dead pupe

were obtained, the remainder being shrivelled or abnormal

larvae and pupe.. The living pupz were compared with an

equal number of dead pupz with reference to certain body-char-

acters (length, length of bust, width, depth, frontal stature and

sagittal stature of bust), and to certain characters of a typical

organ, the left antenna (length, breadth and stature). It ap-

pears that the surviving males are slightly less variable than the

eliminated males, and that the surviving females are far less

variable. From the living pupz but 180 perfect moths were

obtained. The males were from pupa which were far less

variable than pupz producing abnormal moths; but the females

were from relatively more variable pupz, though the latter were

much less variable than eliminated female pupz of the preced-

ing group. The paper will be published in full.

Professor Wilson presented the results of a study of the

phenomena of development in the unfertilized eggs of Zexepneu-

stes when treated with solutions of magnesium chloride by

Loeb’s method. The results confirm Loeb’s conclusion that the

embryos arising from these eggs are produced without fertiliza-

tion by spermatozoa, conclusive proof being given in the fact

that during cleavage the number of chromosomes is half the

usual number, namely, 18 instead of 36. The mitotic phe-

nomena differ in many details from those occurring in fertilized

eggs, but show astriking general parallelism to them. The asters

may be only two in number (cleavage asters), but as a rule

there are many other asters (cytasters) that have no connection

with the nucleus. Like the nuclear asters, however, the cytas-

Lt) |

RECORDS D1t

ters contain centrosomes and may progressively multiply by

division. Cytasters and centrosomes are formed also in enucle-

ated fragments obtained by shaking unfertilized eggs to pieces

before treatment by the magnesium solution, and these asters

may likewise multiply by division.

These facts seem to leave no doubt of the formation of func-

tional centrosomes de xovo and independently of the nucleus.

Evidence was adduced to show that the asters may operate as

centres of cytoplasmic division, independently of the nucleus. It

was also shown that the magnesium eggs show numerous

gradation in the mitotic process between complete division and

partial mitosis.

Francis E. Liovp,

Secretary.

GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY.

DECEMBER 17, I9OO.

Sechom met at 8:15 P. M., Dr. A. A. Julien presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and ap-

proved.

The following program was offered :

E. O. Hovey, ExursiTion oF LANTERN SLIDES ILLUSTRATING

SOME OF THE QUARTERNARY DEPOSITS OF THE HUDSON RIVER

VALLEY, AND SOME MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECTS.

D. 8. Martin, Nores on THE GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY OF

THE VICINITY OF BALTIMORE, MARYLAND.

W. G. Levison, MINERALS FROM THE JONES’ FALL QUARRIES,

NEAR BALTIMORE, MARYLAND.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Dr. E. O. Hovey exhibited several series of slides on geolog-

ical subjects recently prepared by him for Professor Bickmore.

The first series illustrated the clay deposits ot the Hudson River

Valley, and the process of manufacturing those clays into bricks ;

the second series comprised the outcrops of the Cortland series

516 RECORDS

of rocks along the Hudson, the included schists, and the Tomp-

kins Cove Limestone quarries. The third series illustrated the

character of the sand dunes of Newburyport and Plum Island,—

the dissected drumlin at Great Boar’s Head, New Hampshire,

and the gneissoid granite with dikes at Isle of Shoals.

The slides were further discussed by Professor Kemp, Dr.

Julien, and Dr. Levison.

Professor Martin discussed the geology of the Jones’ Falls

valley, north of Baltimore, Md. The rocks are principally white

hornblendic gneiss, cut by pegmatite dikes,—the latter contain-

ing many minerals. The crystallines decomposed with great

rapidity, forming a reddish soil. Professor Martin also com-

mented on the excellent museum of local geology maintained by

the Maryland Academy of Sciences, which illustrates all the

formations of the State from the base of the Archean to the

Catskill. The use of the term Catskill in describing the rocks

called by that name in Maryland was called to question, and

was discussed by Drs. Call, Hovey, Julien, Kemp, White, and

Professor Stevenson, the latter defining the Catskill as a condi-

tion arising at the closing period of the Chemung in certain

localities, and not marked by characteristic fossils nor worthy of

a position as a division of the geological time scale.

Dr. Levison exhibited a number of minerals from the pegma-

titic development in the Jones’ Falls quarries near Baltimore,

Md. Among them were albite, laumontite, garnet, epidote,

thulite, and zoisite.

The meeting adjourned at 10 P. M.

THEODORE G, WHITE,

Secretary.

GENERAL INDEX TO VOLUME XIII.

Names of authors in heavy face type.

Generic and specific names in z¢a/ics.

BUM CSVALKS c,.2savcacndesasicdsecdenlecaett 57 | eeimegnino; ref... 5.6.3.2. Bt, 54: 55» 499

AUIGSEs councmiscescSavcasetwneade eat 23 American Ethnological Society.. 443

RAOUL shin viv ow vate wdaheanddesene 505 || Ammicola limosa Say.........00ceses 468

ACCOUNT, AN, OF THE JUBILEE OF ZAC NLCLS sie gaiciaicrep ci seme «i aan ves 2 231-3

SIk’ GEORGE G. STOKES, R. S. BA er AV ONL Saat oa aetna dele sino 27, 28

WOE WATE 20. i... cctciirccsewsceesess 465 UMS TERTIOMRIN co disseute heel sia eis «e 23

eT ETULIE: <6 ined cone sanatdsdainee cies OS 3 | et PED MECUA ON ON ceinicaincrendaee Slowes ovaned 22

EMEA CUML x o.i00s% 8 <nasiene sis tecesnes DOT IOV er aia vare daiaec neplova Aest 2 eo ote sone 499

WA PRIN AILS Ca oaawan vans nee 24 Amylolytic ferments in cocoanut... 489

A. goudryi Rames.....i......+. 20 | ATOPY MOGOUS it Mavete cesses Aree 58

WAR LILCOSTOUME sacs danlatn cute Some 225) OE = 2 AMY MOC OMMGI, vanes skies case tense 24

PAV OMLOMOISC as. vane des 20, 23, 24 Ancestry of Gypse Artiodactyla..... 18

A OE EE ee eee POM EA RL ELI O DN LE Ss Sent sass rete aiaiely Plecind.n as 8 19

PL CELKADACCYIUIM.. cowaiaidsnas-ss 22 ‘Vype of premolancs.. (2.2.0... 3 15

PMG HCA GLANILES < ovcaccvacevessancecs e's AOZ\ CA IWCHUGN CHIME ce -cttddece van necesannd ees 26

Acid prosphate in cocoanut........ MEO CAR CHIOD OE Crs. cosin nee aeataais ahtcalweie ni 30

ACQUIREMENT, THE, OF MOTOR | Harliest: Muropeai;..2..024- <2 23

PAGS. G. 5. Germann.....:.. 493 ) Andesites..,........ nase donnie aan eotke 492

POV Oct aii eie stn baitaio vl ban asics BN NGC Sy Sea. Gace ees amteimin tak wea 23, 59

VCEUVOOPLEV IR CULACEV ALE .rccesessevnns 363 | ANIMALS, MENTAL LIFE OF, E. L.

Gudams, leith: ref..sisccte..scccees 37 Thorndike Se ores een ee 466, 467

PST TROLS £0 oecidd doe daskcvonnwsoeediaas He 4. Anneli, APElRIC 202. .om.dee. esecs dae 496

Advance of Moult in the Feather WAGON LEAR OSE cerseeh niches oe mae, Coats vis se 57

Maths aie ok Sicbkclaead seevadee BA—08 ARO QIUPIAE. co an damon ntmn sende xis 22, 56

MEPSTIMNGAU PILE. 2.0 ..224.5 sens de-saeent 491 | Anoplotheca flabellites........cccsee00 375

African fauna into Europe, Theory Anoplotheres..02 ¥.-se¥e tated saa, Osa be: 56

of successive invasions.............- BG=O:| AmOTtnOClaSer se. tee rice ne ema ce aeeses 491

Age, Determination of, by osteo- _ Antarctica, The Continent ........... 51-6

logical characters (moults)...... 76—6:| Antelope inj EUrOpe css... csenccseees 57

AIR, FLOW OF, AT DIFFERENT | AORTA SC OILERS vated cee Sede duces eney 58

PRESSURES THROUGH GRANU- Anthracothertum ...cccceees 22, 23, 27,050

LAR MATERIALS, F, L. Tufts..503-4 PR HUD POLL EMME Sata scaieg anasto: 23, 24

(Tj 1S) ee SE ey 391, 395 | Ln, UAL ren oatcews sae divtieses 23, 24

PAULO SE! SACHS sc) wee stee Unvose ees 20,742 \ -Amthiopoid apes 5... cise. se.08 Sad. Sos 58

Alanidze Scuiseaacnv as Awuhe ogaadtenteunideeions 148-51 | ANTHROPOMETRIC TESTS, CORRE-

cl CEs eee See: Se Ben ERAN SE 422, 516| LATION OF, Clark Wissler.....509-10

EMIDICIC PESUIAUIES, 5. codeine mintmen ee seaie ROW | AUNT OPE MEASSOME seine. ctotansses Semen 32

Albumen, None in cocoanut ........ WOO) SMTA ce. danlan tea Wetene davies owe nce coe 504

EPS OLECHUES svvscalewe avons spew eent BORA: NAMES ero taaahy Loeace Ree ostssmes 422, 491

TMDL Sorcha <x Somaisehn snaie 24% BA WApese AMERTODOIG., 5.0. acevs<scee soe 8

EMEA ELIS. Of. Fon iacbicawmataraiteteeietas 437 | Appodumker, Passamaquoddy...... 386

MEAPINGN: 5. sro cent cde tones sites AO7 | Apilest sae Attar evdivassse Ne 500, 507

ER ALIIS YVONNE 405 cawvadanteeeate cesoecds BOO! Aug LAIN Wega tee oa.ce a comaw eels dee Sane’ 26

ALLANITE IN THE YOSEMITE VAL- Upper Olieocene:....2.5)..5. 00. 23-4

LEY, NOTE ON, H. Ries...436, 438-9 | Arabacia, Eggs Ober rad ac eernaees ssknas 496

AitenProf..; rel, .:2.. AG, Hosaka GOaige | PAM OMILE. coco: ence. casceevesseeesesaass 424

Allotrimorphic feldspar .............. 422| ARAPAHOE INDIANS, SYMBOLISM

ALON DOE Dian ticks ape Padma eata a Dee ae OF THE, A. L. Kroeber.......449, 450

518 INDEX.

Archer Gabriel}: els, sees eee 399 | Bagshot Sands, Lower................ 12

AT CHIC PESTON s-oxnne’ sie oone one ete 50) Bald (Bagless tous aaeen ence 388

Arctocyon (Clenodon) Corrugatus Ball, Passamaquoddy Indians......... 384

(Torres One) vce epet ns aoeenen taut Io Barnard and Columbia Freshmen,

Arctocyyon gervaisit (Cernaysien).. 10) Psychological tests................. 509-10

A PVUN GUUS Bae nateeeceort tere Io Barter by clowns, Passamaquoddy

AT LOCVONTAL S pag seteescterece enneete 13 TMGI ANS Svat cine eo Wee eatee neces 383

A} (CC@nmaysheny a. sa.cesetans see 10 | Barton clays of England.............. 16

AY LOPE a wc siete reeem a tliese y= see ace 55-6 Bartonien, American parallel of..... 16

Center of primitive orders......... 50 Bartonien, Middle Eocene appar-

Divided into mesions. 22.) .<ccs0c0 50, 51 ently equivalent to Lower Bridger 16

One of Zodlogical divisions of Bauer, George rian ret. eee 444

WOUUG unc eeoreae PESTO SE 47, 48| Bauer, George H.; THE PARAL-

AP LLOMLYS,. cinoma canaiseenws sees in Seree toe 36 LAX OF “ CASSIOPELZ AND THE

Fh TET IOU A. tka rcrndansoNeateaaae 40 POSITIONS OF 56 NEIGHBORING

PUPREMTOM WOMS Penns ee swaecta seme acer 14 STARS AS DEDUCED FROM THE

ALEVE PlOSHGUE vncnivesvews Peas en 12 RUTHERFURD PHOTOGRAPHIC

AP OUES =D TIZWULES,. onan stance reeeenscel ar meee NIBASU RIES. 7 Asccns acne socom 444, 446

A: SE SLL CMET SA su tina tee aeeeee ee 23 Sasa votes san eae aon 492

Arnusien-PHOCEME ic... sasaseeseeeher 30)| Bay of Fundy,* Paunas:.225g.ne set 496

Arsenic, Effect on blood vessels..... 435:\ Bayley, W.0S: 5 tel site eee oe 500

ATLIOG ACY TA Gos ce): sascianie oben oegen vans 56 | Bdellostomale 200) use eee 435

OUIGES Ut tai ac nevk muah on tae dane ES. | DearS: ciyicuaaius steele Rapa eee ee J S58

Arunta tribe, Australia ............... A484 | Beaufort, N.C: Fauna wseee-ceeaee 496

PRE VAC OLE 2. wat Aopacimviect apices seater Aa, |"Beequerel taysiccaxsssuue: eee seee eee 513

PN SD EGUOS 05 sca dade tae Seddeane seas emotes A24.| Becraft- limestones s.J..20.4.0 ae eae 372

Ash wBliza beth dsc... scehecescteaoees 3900) ;)Beéddard: :réf ..5.:200.cepeee eee 51.

ALS. Ti COCOANUES 2 ccc eeremenm eee 489 Beeches in Elizabeth Ids...391, 399, 4c 0

msher >) relic. .je5< sce savteeaneasrenceetet 434 BERMUDA ECHINODERMS, FURTH-

Aspidocrinus sculelliforMts.......+0+ 372 ER NOTES ON, H. L Clark, 504, 505

Asperericbides Visi veonsedes eee 395| BERMUDA TOAD, THE, F. C.

ASLETUAS LENUIS PING oc iro, ssatesece seek 505 INV AICO. os acirtanes astaceutte caaeeeee 504-505

BSters ote aaac ear eewes Seon homies 514| BERNOULLI EFFECT, THE, IN STA-

ISOS soars Sie Satin Ree ase ee eee 33 TIONERY SOUND WAVES, Bergen

Astien Pliocene. <2syacmt saccse See GO| IDIAVAS 1520506 Seo acs as eee eee 481-8

Middle Pliocene n.s.c.eeeeceee 32-3 | Bertelli, Riccardo, Res. Mem....... 503

ALClOdINE 2..0sanen: eh ee aniees Le 505 | Bettrand, (C. ‘sscrel: 2. eee 436, 438

ATOM, THE NATURE OF THE, AS BERTRAND’S C. E., THEORY REs-

INDICATED BY RECENT SPEC- PECTING THE ORIGIN OF CERTAIN

TRUM ANALYsIS,Wm. Hallock.

485-6

Monte the Ony 4 heer dees wem sete 485-6

Atwuskniges, Passamaquoddy....... 386

ACT ed raid Ra A osc aca sae 373,370)

A. reticularis.....364, 379, 373, 376

She WETECRLUE LES hele recnhouats ae aoe 372

Atry PIM THPTICA 0. velccvdeedarcoses B7K |

Aucites Eypidiomorphic. 10.2.0 422

Augite syenite,

421, 422, 423, 426, 430, 506

AUSTRALIA, CENTRAL, RECENT

RESEARCHESIN, Dr. Livingston

SVE cin 01/6 (a at a nem Se ie 484-5 |

Australian long -fishiv.:5.5....2..+ssese0s

Australian, one of three zodlogical

GNVISIONS it cp eeaeacedsedwanteysse sents

Autumn, Preponderance of young

ies ety iB age ctewciapeaiecchca'. oe ees

Aymard; re

447

128-9

Coats, J. J. Stevenson...436, 437-8

| Beyrich:s 76h. oeerec ance 8, 59

Beg Kit BUG Susie | netics he Re 368

Bibliography of Passerine Birds, 318-345

Bibliography of Tertiary Mammal

ELOWIZONS cA f2 Poe ce So nada eee 59-64

Bickmore; Prof.;srelsr.c2.snse- sete 515

Bieb 5, ref, .c..cccasonno nessa meee ones 397

Big. Walker MimisoMas:usiets. kaa 363

Bigelss fet c crs vies eee 395

Bigelow, M. A.; EMBRYOLOGY

|) OR GBR AS... Seenvsireateasceeenteeet 477-479

‘Bigelow, M. A.; REPORT ON

SUMMER, - WORK ints cnet eeenenee 497

| BIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE OF OLIYER

P. Huspparp, E. O. Hovey.

480, 481

‘Biological Triumph in reconstruc-

tion of AmtarctiCa. ssccest assess 51

INDEX. 519

BIRDS, PASSERINE, OF NEW YORK, Byrnes, Miss Ester, Res. Mem..... 475

THE SEQUENCE OF PLUMAGES |

AND MOULTs OF THE, Jonathan [Geb teeies. 26st) cassstportsesei aloes 29

MONAT, MIS icc vce shebaese: daveeesl 73-360 | Cadibona, Lignites of.............00+. 22

Pardseye limestone... .... ....-c.0002es5 500 | COTE OIRE INO 2 cs sdee Sivck ada Meddats 24

2 ER ere erro cer 36 | Czenogzea. One of zoological di-

PRICES oss 05 i xak osx va rsalieree’ BOA err VISHONG aoce. Aes ccace i taecevadbigsess 47

Coal kA] ONE tear ne ee am ee 364 | Calamodon europaeus Riitimeyer..... I2

Blanford, Wm, 1: ref., | Calcatre de Montabuzard............ 26, 28

BO, 375 Ali 40; SL; 56, py erates 59 | Calcarye grasster DEAS, .i..ic0csece0ses 14

lo ON 389, 394, 396, 401 | older than Mauremont........... 18

me ANIMEStONE, .6i.cs0c0eseecnecelaunss 366 | WE SINE OWL. crekcdsccdssnsaveoase 16

PMORUINCKS Ssciatis 25%! cas\noneacianeat eons 364, 365 | Calcaires de 1’ Armagnac...........- 28

le ae A fy 502 TC DNSS ONO TA, ORE: SOR ae 28

Second Vice-Pres. ..........+. 441, 454 | Ze UNCUT RON win se savant sheeacces cn 28

Boas, Franz; THE ESQUIMO OF | CES BOLESAE TOMY, saa cceciniaan sess 10

CUMBERLAND SOUND.........0. 484, 485 | et marnes de Ronzon, Phos-

Boas, Franz; THE GROWTH OF phates parallel with......... 22

CML DREN, .cccuacascoe's 449, 450-451 | Calciferous sandrock ...............0.. 500

2) TL GNSS Co ae Bi CA NeMOtre cur chactee ck raced faces titciks ens 481

MINEIAGIEGS Sysco cc bascn ie asec eves 0G, |\Galeite-dolomites aif. 22-ceenee. wees ts 424

Of Heidenheim, Beds of........ 17 | Calcite, Howe's: Cave,.N. Y........ 365

PI UTIORCCUECHON: ins vctvasstcese) vases Hay |"“Caloitey Mamie: & xy. peagh fee sane tacaaews 420

MA MOPL ELI MOS: 2.6% sdusiaceendee es -- 44 | Calcium-carbonate. ........ Pare tetas 480

De PUL CUEN TUS. 2 os dis oundasetes 36 | Calkins, G. N.; SoME INTEREST-

PRMLOWPLIS SS, roe hows nce weeks jets .-40, 44 ING PROTOZOA FROM VAN CorT-

BESTE P@UNCS 3215 be alias wal\cxewat sdesdesenen BOO bp UAT MAR Kiss a. eae eendetetatise 413-14

Boule, M.; ref....... A; 6; °24, 34535559 | Call, R. Ellsworth, SomE Pre-

(SRC 2 AA ee 38| LIMINARY NOTES ON CRYSTAL

DOWOGIMS. TNCs 2. doa letsess save 390, GROWTHS IN MAMMOTH CAVE,

eS Ene os dossin a ticociss Goes cu tecees 485 | 479, 480-481

Bra: hyodus Bidet chane vtze lect ahe ene sets 27 | Call, R. Ellsworth, THE NeEw-

Pe MOMOIDAUS. Satcwccssiesane tuners 26, 27| BURG MASTODON AND Its Asso-

PERCE YP OMIM iss cnusvarecccdesdeiseecnte ROS. de CIATED AUNAA...0. carat sae 467-8

[BTEC 70) 0) 0.5 a ir B72, 97552370. | CambHAM. xccscrs ose sant onset ncahs 498, 507

Rrackisehe Schichten:...s620.s.5.c00+ DGNGamMelss. ,csshas satenmenliuackeee ee sat onne

Brereton, John } ref... <00.:-<«: 30G)| Camptonitery. csi... scent testa .500, 501

Bridger, Lower, Middle Eocene, | CANADA BALSAM, THE ACTION

Bartonian, apparently equivalent | OF, PHOTOGRAPHIC GELATINE

ERE oni Atego ein Sse ocstonae ve ned 16, PLATES, W.G. Levison, 511, 512-3

Bristol Prot.?C. 51; refi2.:.:... AQT sy SOR) COPE a uk sw one tovacanesetestades scm: 18

Brogger, Prof. W. C.; ; ref. | CBRE LP aco ated see Bea totes 40

423, 472, 507 | C4 Valpes\\ GVO PER oon. 40

SG PIMA ts Hels. cats sbas eee des oct D7 Camty Fos. nstiv ceca S02, 17 26, 50

roy, i). CrOsby.> Leb. c. cise sine daves ss 389 | CAPE CoD, CENTRAL, THE GEOL-

BSHOMMME SHEL. 2.52 oudussiate.keaseee aes 483)) OGY ATA; A. Julien......:.: 498, 501

Buchner, E.. P.; On NumpBer Capillarity, How avoided in speci-

BRIN S. Gotacetwiaaine Ghseice wears one 439, 440| fic gravity weighings.......... .... 476

Bam Sek od «ann d nba va geeee ero Og, | CODED MOON reenter sjie weisthaass sale is xo 508 36

MAMAS a diecoe- 2 bua tesareni nec kes ORs COg7 Canes nc ate tes eee aves ion slnr sas ece 36

UO HeGSvOt- Sind ...<<vspcocnetioe ssc 27 | Carbohydrate in cocoanut..............- 489

Bp lleyyg el.: a. ee sotecreak Send scseek 434 | CARBOHYDRATES, THE SIGNIFI-

PMP AT, FO TOL S455 yc taen oe de nae 42, 59| ‘CANCE OF, IN MUSCLES, F. S.

Bunsen, Prof.; Death of. ;......2.. 452)| ) dee .and-C.iC, -Harrold...... 489, 496

HOUSE ociaxcindahitatet he tOesmonwehs OG t | Car DOmncha RG se ceyc un ce vecaie se ose den 488

Burdigalien, Langhein or, Lower In WamMMNGth Cave: .c.ccen sessease 480

PIGCEM CS Fh, oe stead Ans Mae dhen ce 36—6' | Garbonatesol lime... oi5:....000csccece0. 424

BPPARAUOC Ls snot es tv action a entee csc: Boo.) Catbomatesc. 17.8. c.ccespsas<- 419, 420, 421

Buzzards Bay.. ........ S551 6304) GOS ROO COSC IHOTY voc sccncscsscoevere vavees 17

520 INDEX.

Castor. sustteceadeessce sours ack Ar ,. Chrome@somes. so: suse ts ete 514

CATALOGUE OF STARS WITHIN |); Chrondroeranmarn , . roe eee 447

ONE DEGREE OF THE NORTH | Chepsocklovide & sei vacate Sen ame ae 55

POLE AND THE OpricaL DiIs- | Chrysopsts faiata ( Purst.) Ell...... 395

TORTION OF THE HELSINGFORS Ciliatar of ost Rae ee eee ee hie

ASTROPHOTOGRAPHIC TELE- Ciotiteijoliters:2: cesta oe eee 448

SCOPE; Miss'C. F.. -Purhess475,. 477 |.Gitnipedes. 5.2.27... os ieee 477

Cats,, Electriesletiect ony. 2o% ---.: 434.) Clacton: eli 2m acccs basen 40

Cats from Europe inthe Miocene... 58 Clark, H. L., FURTHER NOTES ON

Catskill or Dethyris Shaly Lime-

stone

Cattell, J Mck..;

Cattell, J. McK.; ON THE RELA-

TIONS OF TIME AND SPACE IN

WISTS: Gered ok oe correct sacmeiteats 439, 440

Gand ar Gea ce Sot mice 375.370

Cedars: Elizabeth Ids)... 122.2: 399, 400

Cellulose m cocoanut 232 .6.. ec Jaesenc 489

GemieMt TOK saai68 oo ota caanemees 364, 365,

Centaurea arenaria Bieb..,..........- 397

WENIPROS@NICS 5 Joete.c qeesdteneaeeeenese 514

@ephalopods. . ccctecimencosceeonans 364, 367

CERATODUS, ON THE DEVELOP-

MENT OF THE SKULL IN, J. H.

MacGregor...... .. Ras oseeaese 446, 447

(erate ince we vac05.s tae eee 505

(Cernaysien) The Torrejon and

Thanetien nearly parallel......... Io-II

Geni hirdes: soca dae ee ken te ee 297-8

CET VIG ee Se Poss wana srsceen eae eee 58

Gerdus (Alces) datefrousac28. hn. 40

ON POLST ORE ik eames gece 40

CG. Caprealus ty pus 7... ees she 40

CN CLAD eat iad ns eae 36, 39, 40

CUP ISUL AU ease neg a kets 4!

Cx SCF WEAIN Ei rosh bes Sa torrie oen 39

CRUG ECET OSs atin tna aa vote soonest 40

Co Mesacer0s RiDerniectoccis sas 39

(Cesserastcls GNLGUUS 200 Pe detowe 16

ASIN ei latentae Setaens sek ewes: ae 33

Chandler, Dr. Si Cigutekicassesaee 445

Chappaqtidick ld so2 pci. Fone hae oe 387

Chazy HmestOne@:.-.u.o.ses sxu9s- eens 449

CLEP NOG UE soar ache a 58 an Sense wana beene 385

CRETI OLE GE of: es aimat ei Nai dhigts Som Nene 18

CHEMICAL FERTILIZATION, THE,

SFA URCHIN EcGcs, E. B.Wil-

SOI MaMa iswi Sapo wpdp sion ohs a0 SEEN 513, 514

CHEMICAL NOTES, SOME ON THE

COMPOSITION OF THE COCOA-

NUT, J. E. Kirkwood and W.

MGS eels 2 icbaannsagacuisne ete 489-90 |

Ao ena Seer sits cos nn ah oot 361

Ci ee eee eee eee ey ae 6 Skit by Soc 376

Chestnut Hill, Pa., pre-Cambrian

FISE S eet e Pece iacate ls Jee 419-427

CHILDREN, THE GROWTH OF, F.

449, 450-I

366, 370-2, 377-8 |

361, 516 |

BERMUDA ECHINODERMSG.....504, 505

Clarke: nels... acme eae ocho ee eee 380

Clark? s Cave NivY. 3.2 c.ctoe ee 365

Clinch, Mins Nias.t2:25 Sach ee 363

Clinopinicoid: cz /cmectnccth eaves 491

Clinton, The Hudson and Medina..362-3

Clowns, Barter by Passamaquoddy

Indians -. .in. sa ase eee 383

CUANED voids wa ate ane io eee 397

C. .ainifolta Na. oo eae 395 .

Coalm Sonora;s Mex. i.7-e-cnseeeee 492

COALS, CERTAIN, RC. E. BER-

TRAND’S THEORY RESPECTING

THE ORIGIN OF, J. J Steven-

436, 437-8

ee a ee

ode Grin niow AGP aaRt ne talc eee ee 397

Cocoanut, Little food” in.s.5-.28e 490

Cocoanut milk, Effect of drinking.. 490

COCOANUT, SOME CHEMICAL NOTES

ON THE COMPOSITION OF THE, J.

E. Kirkwood and W. J. Gies..489—90

COEOEPIF A. CUMEOOD A vevcans ates eee 371

Coe VIIA Shc seus, soos eee Ree 380

Cohnustein : reli. ee 435

Collectors, localities for, eaahaee

SGCUIOM Ss <5 Maree Mee eae 377-8

Color Facts ws. Color Theories

(Moults and Plumages)......... 116-24

COLOR PAOTOGRAPHS AND SOUND

WAVE PHOTOGRAPHS EXHIB-

ITED BY ProF. HALLocK, R. W.

Wood 43.4) 1.6 eee eee 487, 489

/COLORADO CANON, PHYSIOGRA-

PHY OF THE, R. E. Dodge,

498, 501-2

Columbia and Barnard Freshmen ;

Psychological tests:..2...0.- aaa 509-10

COLUOULAIN EA oon een nee ee 500

Comparison of the Eocene of

America ‘and Furope. <i. ..ss- ses g-21

CORDWGFEM DE. ve Secana: Sopecbe ee ees II

| Conglomerat de Meudon.,.........00+. 12

Conklin: : ‘rel; gs20, 2s eee eee 479

| Connemara . quarnies,..4.c.075:-.c8ee 425

Continent Antarctica,............-.0 51-6

CONTRIBUTION, A, TO THE GEOL-

OGY OF A PART OF SONORA,

Mexico, Benj. Pill ..2. 491-492

Cope, Ey. D.:5\ref......2053 9) TEs, E 55059

INDEX.

521

Bere mn sce hee TP iu dees gs ste a Bie mater IO AGteS 2 tedatnacceetaaen rooetvgneess 492

Coralline limestone....... ... 3603, 377, 580 | Dalmanetla subcarinata LAN winch cs xe 372

Sorals, Cyathophylloid:.. 2... 6i0.«oess 376 LD, TES OFA. oc tae vids ose ack. 499

Corniferous, The...........e02- Rng LO) OLLI CS soos dink im O¥ A Winn aie iomnns 370. 372

Dornu, Prof. ; is Se 465, Eke LEER USS Sa Sy cot 0 we sink waa ok 368

Corona, A MeTHOD OF PHOTO- DYES OC 2 a 364, 483

GRAPHING THE ENTIRE, ON ONE DRAENOR TEE carve nn sions, vino agen buees 465

PLATE, EMPLOYED AT NEW- Darton, Prof. N. H.; ref..362, 374, 375

BERRY, .o- C., FOR THE. TOTAL Darwin, BE Se inated as - x amass 46, 47

SOLAR ECLIPSE OF MAY 23, ESO GUD Ee tag iS 55 sn Pith sinning ee aanhio’s 57

mace, . VV ..G. LeEVISOn......:. 511, 512) Davis, Bergen, THE BERNOULLI

CORRELATION BETWEEN TERTIARY | EFFECT IN STATIONARY SOUND

Hor1zoNS OF EUROPE AND LR A WSS) eae ne 487-8

AMERICA, H. F. Osborn........ 1-64 | Davis, Charles Bergen, Res.

CORRELATION OF ANTHROPOMET- IVES aie ais Sclertcind ais insrenira sla 475

"ric Tests, Clark Wissler......509-10 Davis, Charles Henry, Res.

BOTT GM ee. a. b rncat ee oes dann 449 | li LUI a hs EN ee REY en 487

MOE oe dacnitias ao), Sew devin ounces PRZ=U5 Gi Waviss Fico .5 Leb. 2.2 cies ceasc ses 445

Ce AU RT A COIACUS... ccvaveneses'ss Ty AVES Oct Barats ae a cs a antes ps 501

BREF EIMS .chocnat i gu snesedsnsss 12 | Dawkins, W. D.; ref..4, 36, 38, 40, 60

IAI OW: 5..n vo sack saane ns osadener 12, 13, 14 Dawson, Sir William, Death of, 452

PAU OUPEL 62 ah ne nningitnis Suns. iap 0s 12 REPORT on DeaTH OE, J.. J.

Couches Sauméatres & congertes...... 32 | SteVeMmsOMiey.5), cs. 50.004: 436-437

MEMO Ses NC oy se iiuste decnpieceeaecs 193) Way, dr. W.-5.Pellow scsces, 442, 454

Csi EE = Ree ee eee 404 Pel cain tin Noahs ide Cet 466

Treasurer Academy.......... 441, 454 | | Dall, WW alliaamnc ays - rele cc ousasecact 60

Crampton, H. E.; ELIMINA- | Dean, Dr. Bashford ; (el Eee oe 447

TION OF LEPIDOPTERA......... 5ESs 514. Dean, Bashford, ON THE Ecc

Crampton, H. E.; Report on or THE MXxvINE GLUTINOSA,

Summer Work........... eet a Gales 497 3, 485

(Cig ei Nit 71 he ee 40 Decodon verticellatus (L). Ell...... 395

PR MNU tebe Sats v Statin cle chen ede < Ra Weer, iragulines: cs .caskees cose dc8 58

ASSO NS ee to.\\de-~Lapperent,.A.; ref...5, 10, 12,23;

Cretaceous animals now only in ie 2a) 29, 201.22, 02,

OTR MMNCIN CA. 0a) cna digs ciswiewe wines 53 Cor MCMIE ee iiek, cade caeans 442, 453

Cretaceous; Elizabeth Ids., | PUTT ara eae ucts Satnnit eee ce 373, 380

394, 401, 416) Delthyris or Catskill Shaly Lime-

RETMOUG 52. sic Sais os oie vane CCR yi ey eae Co) | ee 366, 370-2. 377-8

CRO) oe ee a re B07) Deperet, C. vel_ AOC OTe F728,

Crystalline rocks ; New York.. .506, 507 | 2 20,241, "28. ZO 2B Tat A 36;

eta MNS Soi ds lamaicey baveniow ee cass 516| > 38,

Dra AD cs Sec ota rd wide s Vowapeten nace Zi pera yo-Tel. «snc. aesee eee wes 53

CUMBERLAND SOUND, THE ESs- DETERMINATION OF THE WAVE

QUIMo OF, Dr. Franz Boas..484, 485 LENTGH OF SOUND BY THE

Cunningham, Dr. R. H., Res. GRATING METHOD, E. R. von

Pee nINS 218. mecha ton bat mheasbtuadd seas 494 Wag GORs Sccree ee ces dict eawedees 511-12

UES, EA 6: 094,57 VEL tones cna dus ares AQ a EVGA .6...52 yet snatutivce se abarestars 379

Cuttyhunk Id., (ID CREDOSE ad ate netinene Wt vets caticnsnses os 8 434

388, 389, 390, 398-400, 416) GGL OMaMUSClEy 6.5 cigs ncn’ ances 490

SEU Vlas COMM co. ste ccananoit +25 Dyis 20, 050 | LCOLGLALTULIE 4 wwakexdeclnccssseseneese 505

Cyathophylloid CORI SS 2 eases ann. 376 | Diceratherium minutum....iccccees 23,528

IES eh Bo anit sosara cls Ai closets sin al fo BRO EP Sete BAe oe es avian e'na ivioinv wasn se 26

NI OIE on Be re Ra's bai siheC a ak 22 | Didelphyidz, Relation of, to Mar-

Ree IU ARICIEN he is de natal Vrhxdnoidateaias BOd ee CSUE aN eel at Core pidcoe loi ants nc 53

CoE SUS en eRe area ie A he OTe 1 2 re 498

FSUSEIESZES SCOPQKIUS Nu o aie nine banciasmalp 391 | Dinotheres, First, of HULOPE,..2565 57

ANNALS N. Y. ACAD. SCL.,

Vol. XIII, April 16, 1901 —34.

hod

DIEROEM APU Medea nee donee cata swe 27,

DDG OOCRILCUT arm Ata eee 20,27, 32

DL) SATANEEUTIE Nec cccn excise tae 32

D: minding | Cuvee 20

IDIOKItES 2h ce seeed eee ear et eae ee 492

Disintegration or wear on feather..78-82

Dissacus (Morejon yer cs cee. ne oe 10

Dodge, Prot. (R. E.3 ref... 7... 449, 502

Dodge, R. E., PHYSIOGRAPHY OF

THE REGION OF THE COLORADO

GANONA Ree ieee ae ete 498, 501-2

Dodge, R. E.; Recording Sec-

ME UAT stercterereleteciareicrei- ron seicleleis'e eiersisieiele.s 441, 454

DOCH OPUMECUSS fence aa sicins Sei atme ees 33 |

Dotlom louis rete. 3h ssa ee 53, 60

Dolomite ses. ssssk ALG, A245 ,.A 37507

CoE ae esr acre eas aeRO incor 420

PAOrbigmy sett: sk acestcacateoss 8

Doremus, Charles A.; ref.,

441, 454, 464 |

Doremus, C. A.; Delegate Int'l

Cheme(Cone ce cht. capssgeece aver 442

d Do's eRe eye seer ANG ty PRA ROLE acct 57

Douglass, James; Fellow........ 442, 454

Doumillérewet: a: ooo Raa 26, 28

Drift Deposits: Elizabeth Ids...... 401

LO OPI IEE US§ ics Sun seane senacen ateg 28

Dudley, Henrys: rely tee 'ee 441, 454

DBE OILTS Lo seo aches ge a A OEE 53

Dumble. Prot. refs... sce. cco, 492

iOunienil sek. Va sseatee see cae 8

YH a Kaa oan ay naar ECD A Leen Be 38

Diavernoy sc fee: ve aieee. oe eee 20

Du Vivier, Charles L., Res. Mem. 443

Dwight, Jonathan, Jr.; Fellow,

442, 454.

Dwight, Jonathan, Jr., THE SE-

QUENCES OF PLUMAGES AND

MOULTS oF THE PASSERINE

BIRDS OF NEW “YORK 3..032-2.6.. 73-360

Dyar, Harrison G., Curator...441, 455 |

EASTON, PENNA., PRELIMINARY

NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF

SERPENTINE AND TALC AT, F.

ENEOMIULGER Resi a wate wie xa tetas eens 275

PR UCAUAUIS 21 ss train ih eaeee ance 372

LE SCM MIDIS eo be ci o5% Soden ees 375

ECHINODERMS, BERMUDA, FURTH-

ER NOTES ON, H. L. Clark...504, 505 |

Editor N. Y. Ac. Sc., Annual Re-

INDEX.

Egerkingen and Lissien, Fissure

Formations, Younger than the

Wasatel®..:ceagnt st oaceoneet veces 13-4

Egerkingen Beds more recent than

Puerco, Torrejon or Wasatch....,11-12

Egerkingen rich in Eocene primates, II

Ecc OF THE MYXINE GULUTINOSA,

ON THE, Bashford Dean.....433, 435

EE lasmol her tiitt sac ccen teens oe 32, 36

Electricity, Effect on muscle......... 434

Elephas Antiquus,

36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43

FE MTEL UT CALUSS Soe ona eee 39

LE OR ENTCTUSIS ce, eee eae 37

Ey. Mervidton ais cap: 33, 30;°39,.39

£.. primigenius ...36, 38, 41, 42, 43

LE CRORONIICTIU. pitas See 36, 39, 40

|; LEASE, wackacelelsee dewuntaeemncdaeeaceeee 29

| ELIMINATION OF LEPIDOPTERA,

HH, -. Crampton. ee .513, 514

Elizabeth Id., Origin of name...... 399

| ELIZABETH ISLANDS, A RECON-

NOISSANCE OF THE, A. Hol-

LiGke e. eb ee eee eee 357, 418

Elizabeth Ids, Description........ 390, 400

| General inioamabion Seton tere 388-9

Elizabeth Ids, Location and Names,

. 387-8

Part. of Ni, Morame 222s o 394

(Hilkins: Dr set. eee 444

E]ni- epesskenhdni, Passamaquoddy 384

Blothere:ws+ Ph nss20. ee eee oe sae 27, 58

POUGUM CRAUTIE he ht AB baie tee 22 27

Embryo of Fishes, Origin of......... 496

| EMpryoLocy oF Lepas, M.A

Bigelow.7.:2 >. .c-s a eee 477-9

|\ PRA CN GLAEs \., Stas oset Acct aa eee 26

| Leaatelovom., wis, Ai eeckie se eee nee 22

| Eocene, French, Geographical

(= Characteristies’ ‘of 5.0.2 iroealent He 07

Eocene, Comparison of American

[. “and: Haropeaniinovceeenee eee 2a

Eocene, Lower, Wasatch and

Suessonien (Sparnacien Yprés-

jen,) truly parallel. 2 acne cae 12-13

Eocene, Middle, Bartonien, Equi-

valent to Lower Bridger........... 16

Eocene, Middle, Lutétien, Paral-

lel with Wind River: Fauna ...... 14-16

'Eocene, Middle, Composite Im-

_ perfectly Stratified Fissure De-

posits of, to Middle Eocene Age..19—21

[1248 Utes echelon ae 462-4 Eocene, Upper, separates Nearctic

DBR TATI LMR DORE AN PRA oat OPEL 11; 54|. tzomPalceareticidauna.:2,.----re 18

Edentates,aianliest. 72.5 oes.ccdce eee 23 Eogzea one of zodlogical divisions

EFFECTS OF SPECIAL TRAINING ON of world, 7422s ete ees, seen 47

GENERAL ABILITY, E j as Epidote: <ic.eecteeec eee eee eee 428, 516

Thorndike and R. S. Wood- | Repelcheuadhiedes eee eee 30

elit aay Ret «A ae ae 509, 510! Eyuid@ of Bridger...............0000 16

INDEX. 523

PETA os euk sakes punnivgtere teas cya Sols 36, Fauna, Central N. Y., Disappear-

E.. (asinus) hemiones.... vec. 7A NRE itelodre) Rega eee eee ee Pe epee ee 3606

EN COROIMS 8, bein nen 36, 40, 43, 44 | Fauna, Superb, of Upper Eocene.. 17

MER PEIONZO SI 9 eae eine a sagturd Baeese| Fauna, UVentOn \i.c<,itidsa< tas cobvdes 498

Equus beds in America...... Beiovenne 461 Fauna Parallel, The Puerco with-

PR SOOTAD MIC! CUNVE<..cwhiSs<adens vvets's 474 NORM y eee aeS ack Sok bhains co ae Feat 9

PENS POI edna ce) doeadeedadew viv dtnen's 40 | Faunal parallels control zodlogical

SC MUSISMALCS ic Misti. fSedcedemaease es 375 Bl eres ead scans waisee Shik. Manan ney ees 47

EsQuimMo, THE, OF CUMBERLAND | FAUNAL RELATIONS OF EUROPE

SouND, Dr. Franz Boas..,...484, 485 | AND AMERICA DURING THE TER-

LS SD SEV eae es ea 40| TIARY PERIOD, AND THEORY OF

ReMi eisete haue ad Wen throbs teens 13| THE SUCCESSIVE INVASIONS OF

EXHIBITION OF LANTERN SLIDES | AN AFRICAN FAUNA INTO EU-

ILLUSTRATING SOME OF THE (> ROPE CEP. OSDOLEN. 2... 0.00. 45-64

QUATERNARY DEPOSITS OF THE Faunas of Beaufort and Bay of

Hupson: RIVER VALLEY AND Ie tie CLIN ety eeesen RE Giohs calcein aifan'e'v'ea 496

SOME MISCELLANEOUS SUBJECTS, | Fauas, Glenn Falls, N. Y.......... 500

Bee OO) PE OVE sisson neianck doe de- anes 515-6 | FAUNAS, PALEOZOIC, OF NORTH-

wtaga Agéiem Lemoine. -..2.00.060+0 13| ERN NEw JERSEY, Gilbert van

PA G20 000M... onl scsistw sods AN AMS EM es eaeceedes cadets 497, 498-500

REO Mte ESA oa ais Se cicte SA scans Wasa o wecleseee S |° Haun pltocene TECENE”. -..nj..2- 5000 33

MMUICAY, StAMIPIED 2%. jace.-se2r0002e BU ORS Re es cea teat ooes B73. 3745 376

Mica s WONTON, 22. .0bsgencwntenes Zi LS CULATU CPUS st ohie ies prende 373

Punecopian <“FESION) aac eves ses 50 | LTE PIL P UF CMSUS peice ola Atawion ela 364, 365

eR OLOZ OLD YS cli, dais Sold wales oie Us 00s 11 | Feather Disintegration or Wear,....78-82

Matasiatic: Families. .:.......... ede ties 58 Feather Loss, Protective Sequence

mame. VIlOCeNe! Of;,4.15.0cavese aoe 24-30 Tsetse eh 5 ek Se 83-4

OWS ES Of: 6 ca ciiah ce satsese eb 21~24 | Feather Tracts, Advance of Moult

EEMOCENG Of: 2553225 seed tetas ade'ds GO>a4) | Meld Spans stice5: . cased ei seaeasiodo oe 424

European Correlation in Tertiary eAAUEN ee aia aun Seca LaSuc rere ies wees omeeE 205,30

Mammal) ElOrizonsic3.2./sce.caccecee 4-5 | DF OULU Site ath tao Ua epens sewer 40

European Tertiary,Classsfication of.. 7-9 Pe ea PS P2120... x dence es 43

ezramim Carolinia Liss... ...c0s.0- 392 es CIE R S8. etch fewer oe casera 36, 40

Bavatiia ss TESS. 60) ec non ee 40 ee OPUS aati dae shah <disaee 43

Evitts Mtn., Pa., Hudson Shales | Lee SPU ic cmtas =scpfte dekarsiiatOsie'e 36, 40

IPS Coe See eye ees, it ee OEY BCCI TE AUTOS: 26 ok sheik tant gtsme cose ncmrsbie se 23

[DN 2a CE oh a nee eee achao’ g0)) Mithol, qo. ; ret,

Pea, Gerd 2: Tol ae EES, LOy 20, .22,, 28)

Fagus Americana Sweet.........+05 200+) "555 575-014-496

Families and Orders, Adaptive Ra- Finlay, George I., A NEw Oc-

GE O19 0) BEES a” ae i ae 49-51 CURRENCE OF NEPHALINE-SY-

FARADMETER, A NeEw, M. I. ENITE AND ASSOCIATED DIKES

Eppinle.. c Te lekeade se 475, 476-7 IN THE STATE OF TAMAULIPAS,

SUIT Ta 6 A 2) Its pd GE See aE 485 MEXICO, WITH A REVIEW OF

Farrand, Dr. Livingston, Libra- | THE DISTRIBUTION OF THESE

ETT 2 ea eR NE SY AL Re I 441, 454 Rocks IN NORTH AMERICA...... 491-2

Tete A aes ge sas acer 502 | Fish Hawk at Buzzard’s Bay........ 388

Farrand, Dr. Livingston, ReE- SSI Slee ae Ack Avan Poelace io cone 401

SEARCHES IN CENTRAL AUSTRA- | Fishes, Origin of Embryo..... .. 496

1 eA, Sn ee a Sr aoe aay On Be 484-5 | Fissure Deposits, Composite, Im-

Rat eocoanut..22.: 2067 o 2202 489, perfectly Stratified, of Middle

atiowes Causes: Of ..25.6. 0S nse 474 Eocene to Middle Oligocene Age 19-21

FATIGUE, THE, OF VOLUNTARY Fissure Formations, Egerkingen and

MOVEMENT, R. S. Wood- Lissien, younger than Wasatch,.13-14

SOREL Mads haart Ag ener ete te 473, 474.| FizEAu’s METHOD, ON THE AP-

Faults, in, Chestnut Hill, Pas...2%. 423-4 PLICATION OF, TO THE DETER-

Fauna, African, Theory of Succes- | MINATION OF THE VELOCITY OF

sive Invasions into Europe...... 56-9, Sounp, F. R. Von Nardoff.....494-5

524 INDEX.

Fiying xodiemts:!4 ssc: saawes ese tocestea 56 , GEOLOGY, A CONTRIBUTION TO

Flora}. Massissippiti.cscs-cccenceaceeere 497 THE, OF A PART OF SONORA,

F.ow oF AIR AT DIFFERENT PRES-

SURES THROUGH GRANULAR Ma-

TERIAL, Blue Punts: wears ae 503-4 |

Flower, Sir William, Death of.. 452

Porbes,:J--Malcolimi; nefs:s cc. .2e- 384, |

Forest Beds:of Normandy. ...:.....: 38, 39 |

Forms, Simultaneous Introduction

of New sine Evolutionisic se. t<cscs 7 |

Forsythy Major. feta oee 62

Foucalts*pendualumit..4.2-0.20 snc 495

HOWaIes: 68. Atco e ree co atte 448, 501

Frankland, Sir Edward, Death

SAO ep eee et PP Pt VERO at Maps Re ears 452

French Eocene, Characteristics of.. 17

SPAMMING a oS Aenrrnctele cS Se vials Veceaisionial 169-219

Fionstentims beds of, .2i.0cnsasseceeen: 7,

MINIC OIA S ie ah ten costes ase vee eae ee 368, 500

FUNGI AND ROooTs, SYMBIOSIS OF,

DL awNMiacDourales. 3. 2iees 466, 467 |

Furness, Miss C. E ; CATALOGUE

OF STARS WITHIN ONE DEGREE

OF THE NoRTH POLE AND THE

OPTICAL DISPROPORTION OF

THE HEISINGFORS ASTROPHOTO-

GRAPHIC. (MELESCOPES....css0.e: 475, 477

IF URTHER NOTES ON BERMUDA

ECHINODERMS, H. L. Clark..504, 505

Gabbros, (Rasicn’. ackenatetee ace nanee 506

Gailland, sos rete sed ape 29, OI

Game, Wild, on Naushon Id........ 395

OSI Beeb cance Scot en ee 24

Gardner s Web ek wow wei ncsecneeaueee 12

Garnet...... . Neo sd Male ean aes 516

Gaudry, Prof. Albert; ref.,

Ai Os lSy 22,123). 268 20722 168

Gay ilead:. Mlizabeth ldsiy 5 3.c.ca:. 394 |

NG OSL LASSE CEOS Mad) is Ligaen ee det oes 392

Gebhand, Johns: ref-2.8 cannes tee 306

“Gebhards Thess refi. 20.e 302, 270

Gebharian W.-Di; crelins.oi0ass. 365, 368

Geddes? Prot) Patrick ret... 2 468

Geinitz, Dr. Hans Bruno, Death |

rah ie 2 aint Fe Reais leg eae en 449, 452

Minute on; J. J. Stevenson..472-3

(CIC iSO NOT EG [Nea ee ayer oe eA me ae Fe 445 |

Genus LycoropiumM, THE, IN

NorTH AMERICA, F. E. Lloyd 477 |

Geographic Changes of Pleistocene 37-8

GEOLOGICAL, THE, AND FAUNAL

RELATIONS OF EUROPE DURING

THE TERTIARY PERIOD, AND

THE THEORY OF SUCCESSIVE IN-

VASIONS OF THE ETHEOPIAN

PAUNA rds te OSDOMM... cccksaae

MeExico, 38 ..F. ails. .c3 28-408, .492

| GEOLOGY OF JONEs’ FaLis VAL-

LEY, Mob. DoS. Martine 6. 2 See

GEOLOGY OF THE ADIRONDACK

REGION, RECENT PROGRESS IN

THE INVESTIGATION OF THE,

JP apis itch eee 506-7

GEOLOGY, THE, OF CENTRAL

Cape Cop, A.A. Julien!.1..498; 50%

Geometric Art, None among Ara-

PAhOESs. .nee.b reco ea-btocee eee 450

GEOMETRIC FORMS, THE SyYM-

BOLIC CHARACTER OF, AS A

PRINCIPLE OF EXPLANATION, A.

Ty. JONMESir conic cade Pe ee mc 473

CEOMYIDE he kites einen hod eee eee eee 58

GLONE CUSSPINUTE <i seeceeseee eer 29

|Germann, Dr. C. B., THE Ac-

QUIREMENT OF MoTor HABITS... 493

Gervais';. refi..:.4, 5,093, 2055 UO by no

GOWA/INIAUESOI A. «whe saeee ee eee 393

Gies, Dr Wo J; 3 Ress Meme

Gies, W. J. and Kirkwood, J.

E., SOME CHEMICA:, NOTES ON

THE COMPOSITION’ OF THE Co-

COANUD 32.5 ent Sandae doe See 489-90

Gies, W. J., THE INFLUENCE OF

PROTOPLASMIC POISONS ON THE

FORMATION OF LYMPH.....433, 434-5

(Gall, Dr. Theéeodoresretsh. nese 47

Gillen sires 2. cde eos tee eee 484

Gwatles an. UrOpec..ce nue ee eae 57

Glacial Action in Schoharie Val-

LeVian jcckeeaeeesdbas hace anes neee 378-80

Glacial Advance, Theory of Sec-

ond or Mids 55 assets eee 42

Glacial and Interglacial or Mid-

PICiStOCene aias chee oe ee 9Q-

Glacial Sections ; Elizabeth Ids... 399

|Glauconie de la Fére; Oldest

European Fossil yBeds.{. st -..2e- 10

| Glen Cove, Elizabeth Ids............ 394

GLEN FALLS, N. Y. SECTION, THE,

OF THE LOWER ORDOVICIAN,

TG WBS Ss enon eae 498, 500

Globulin cocoamite > este, clea 489

Gneiss......421, 425, 427, 501, 506, 516

Flornblendeskcoe eee 419

Porphyriticy Aegan. cteceeeeneeee 500

Pre ( ambrian.....420, 421, 430, 437

Gneissoid granite........... Si eae 516

| COmPhOCEE AS BELLI SID Sewscnnee 376

| Goniatite: limestone).et..n..2.2 Ske B77

Gosn ld, Bartholomew ; ref..... 399

| Gosnold), Townvot it:igyeeades cee 366

Gotte weft. cise eet eet 447

Granodiorite ; Yosemite..... ....... 438

INDEX. 525

(2:0 a 424, 425, 426, 427, 430) Halysites catenular td. .....cccceererere 365

Granite hornblende... ..vcsierisse sevens AGA Waamiton: TNE, Guess rccbaw~. vhs eax Ae 277

Granite-porphyry. os... .0ssentess ses 507 | Hann, Julius, Hon. Mem...... 2, 453

Piremites, ATCHCAM: 0s seacenmnste dens 492 | EHAMGSe waite adamalieelea ts kebansinda vad 58

GRANULAR MATERIALS, FLOW OF | HARNEY PEAK DISTRICT IN THE

AIR AT DIFFERENT PRESSURES BLACK HILLS, 5. D., SCENERY

GRATING METHOD, DETERMINA- Harrold, C..C..and Lee, F. S.,

TION OF THE WAVE LENGTH THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CARBO-

OF SOUND bY THE, E. R. Von MVDRATES IN MUSCLE. ....0. 489, 490

PEO cs doc et ew niswsneaan seaseuaceie IMA lego Aes aie hee ab aha wis sdknntsyis hhibecn de aes 499

Grauen Siisswassere Molasses... BO pit LOD OU: oe acaccaveae’ tose SIn5s

Gaayity, Variation in Lawsof,.:...:. 465 | Day, O. P.,; Res. Mem.............0. 511

Great Kaibab monocline.............. BOO: da mtekes (rats |W Avaca naps odes vine une 363

Grés de Cesseras ( Herault)......... pols re Vole reel a (0) ok ee 55

Older than Maurimont......... Cito ta (ue) ai er Ae a 29

Bee Asse. DEMS. 025 s0- cose ncensseens DAG | SAGER STEM dan ost ae ats Sens dial dos cu vials aw Eg 9

Griffith, David, STRUCTURE AND Hleideninaln ss reli 2 eoese ext asa. 435

DEVELOPMENT OF. THE SorR- \ PACRDUCLES sateen .atodioe aaa wader nee ties « 16

BORN ACO IE siaicoks Goa ogntncaat twanSeens 433-5 TRAILED BIDS aici asniciw's shescas Oh x 15

eae Cauda. Galli... i..caccecsna os 375,376 PIS GCP AVOR Dia she yale cerca. «+ vio aie’ 15

DIG MOMANIC! Mz Jona acces nas wise 3755 378 TLE GIEV ORIN eA oe aoe syactene dah 15

Shawangunk Pts ots neta otee 499 FL DUET IMPULES a. OS cbse vi cen oe ows 15

RPE AS, -ALPQI coven sa snvortues D279 2G) | PAO UILERCWPS Son. 5 cuando an anna dusesmes 15-10

GROWTH, THE, OF CHILDREN, F. | Helderberg; PWG ii0. fees... 50 366-73, 374

ERA eae diansnascniswncveset: AWG, A50—A51 | Helderbergs: 4.532 Janes 361, 362, 366

enn JS S05 ee ee eee Boo, 408 | PHelioz0a si: <2..c< 1 lalccaseasnce etaeswas 513

WN eA si deat die eurodia’ woe as'w a sedece > 29 Helvetien, Middle Miocene........ 28-9

Gypse Artiodactyla, Ancestry of..... 18 IPG CONG cost ckisnarapecncabcaeeses Diy 25

Gypse contemparancous with Cimia.. 19) | LLePlod ort... «wrens ceseoennsrsvasecneens 13

Gipse de. Montmartre... tiasdessses 17 | Hering, D. W., Councillor......441, 455

Gyps-; Specialized and Differen- Herman, Mrs. Ester, Contribution

Ee 200 (A DEG 18 to Balding « Fimdsi..3i.235..5-2 452, 460

Gypsiferous Strata, None in Mam- | Herkimer County, N. Y., Water-

FER OMNE AVC aerate cata cinsidmtnteda82 AGG) Aime at ote Shia 2h Shecssueperstt 365

Gypsum; Mammoth Cave........ 480, 481 | Heterohyus armatus Gervais......... 15

GYFAULUS DPATOUS SAY ...0s 0.6 cnwevsees 468 | Mieracium Canadense Nichx........ 395

Cs EEO IEES scrchrnoinasend arm semee tts 376 | | FIGNG KOROUI Liss ch rec be wd. ver ¥s 395

Gyrostachys gracilis __( Bigel) [Hal i. F.5. CONTRIBUTION TO

ONS 6S open ccamnpehe eg cesses tos 395| THE’ GEOLOGY OF A PART OF

| CoSONOR A. IME XICO.6 cas. Roewae 491, 492

HADDAM, MAINE, MINERALS h Printtons Jotmubl. 9 -nefen...:-2c. 441, 455

rome AT, I. SrWlartin.<.,49 8 SOL | L2PPO7 10022 so nceewis wavlcewsedcrssvacens 30, 33

fall, Prof. James ; ref., | SA BROCE SoG deen shee abies posal s at 33

202,-305,-37 29 3745 403 | HL, PYOXUMUS.. weveeverseees ase 375

Hallock, Prof. William, ref., | Eippotamil im Murope..........0. "ssi 57

HOC,(A7 0, AST, AOS: ASO || LP POLAMUS,.. saa cdign We so ada on vinseanee 36

Hallock, Prof. William, A PE- FRPP TERUG? cosa wiowes soa 8e 38, 40

CULIAR LIGHTNING DISCHARGE, WaShcnoteli tee aa er ea ee 223-231

494, 495 | Hitchcock, Edward; ref..........- 388

Hallock, Prof. William, Nore BIO DDS, (Pret..? Tel soc ccc.ccnsecn reese 492

ON SPECIFIC GRAVITY WEIGH- PERGSINES oo Vel irininnca tit ceanemace 28

Naas ops cs eee Reais vs ng ee ee ae Aq Gord (OPEPGO MOAI seKEli 6. son gcnesseveewss seat = 28

Hallock, Prof. William, OvEr- 'Hollick, Arthur, A RECONNOIS-

TONES OF A TUNING ForK....475, 476| SANCE OF THE ELIZABETH Ips..387-418

Hallock, Prof. William, THE | Holly Trees; Elizabeth Ids......... 397

NATURE OF THE ATOMS AS IN- |_Holmes, O. WN. 5) TOL, .cueuseras ante 395

DICATED BY RECENT SPECTRUM | Holmes, Prof. W. H., Cor. Mem.,

AU SIS Ses ncenc inst vice ccueene tin 485-6 | 442, 453

626 INDEX.

Holocrystalline porphvrites rock... 491 LT, BUSTNLEUS, Meee NS eee 27

EtomerssGeo. Svs tel-posesoenase 387, 389. LT. ACLUCIECUS San Secreto omnes A 27

LLOMOCYENUS SCOPATAUWS... 1002 invcacnee 368 | LT, DElamRUS::, fae cee ahi eee 23

Homoplasy or Parallelism, Law of.. AQ) LDV OLE te ee eee ee 27

Hookautin ; Passamaquoddy Esra 382, Hypidiomorphic augite............... 422

Horizons, Tertiary, Paraliels be- Aypocopra COUMOFUMG wach vate scadeastides 433

CWEEN: Ko sete essa oeteeacee 3-44 | Hyrachyus intermedius......1..0.04.. 16

Horoblende £esce- A20;, A438, 491, 500 |\\Lyracodontide nn ss .ate ee ee 58, 505

Hornblende=gabbros3x. 2.2.2 .<..su. 500: S27 7acoided ia. eae 57

PINCISSt a ME Nace a ere 419, 516 | Ungulates related to.............. 54

OV AMILC BS. Ser crtcletencs aqraiteisc asi 42s A24)| LIVEOCOCMELUIE oh each Serene en I5

TAGES = sine d/ aa haee eeemoortenee ae wee 5S |LLyr AColertieMiivc, sates eo ae 15

Hovey, E. .O., EXHIBITION OF | TL LepOCIIU TE. enamine ane 12

LANTERN SLIDES ILLUSTRATED | LIV SEER Sc ocratlcieo oe Tea ete ee 25 942

SOME OF THE QUARTENARY DE-

POSITS OF THE HUDSON RIVER Ice Age Ris Boe eee 34

VALLEV, AND SOME MISCELLA- Ficteridaeica: cc... staat en aeectoe Steere 156-69

NEGUS SUBIHETS 7.2.2: aot rseece 515-6) eneous rocks)...04 eeu ae eee 506

Hovey; is; 9., Life’ Meme. ....26 5 Da | Lj OLIGO eames ceaat ncn cosines eee aes 448

Hovey, £. O:; tel., | Lae OPACd Ate. dns, sake une 391

471,498, 502,507, 516:| Tfends els. ire coe eee 40

Hovey, E. O., BIOGRAPHICAL INDIRECT VISION, SOME PHE-

NoricE OF PROFESSOR O. P. NOMENA OF, Clark Wissler,

PWS AIS x 2 Ns Stoo ence beacon 480, 481 | 439-40

Hovey, E. O., SCENERY OF THE Indo-Malayan ‘‘region’’............ 50

HARNEY PEAK DISTRICT IN THE | indrodon “(Torrejon)s.-.q nese eeee fe)

BLACK ILS. Ss Dao seemses 479, 481 | Infra Vongrien, Lower Oligocene... 22-3

Howe, MarshalA., Fellows 3.442545 A. 27secls0 07 ack tense sais tan ee 18

Howe, M. A., REPORT ON SUM- | Interglacial and Glacial, or Mid-

MER: WORK! ew iectnwateneceeae ates AQT." Pleistocene ines eee eee 30-44.

Howe's Cave, N. Y., | Intichiuma ceremonies) 7.24. een 484

363,'°964, 365,: 36755360) noting. case eee cae een 376

Rinrdlieka fDri os. ikebonues eae 5O2)| SronuPyHitess.cAscce pn cossaec ae senM eee 426

TIUBBARD, . PROF. 0. 2:5. -Bio- issel: ;mefie 22 ce ssa ene 15

GRAPHICAL NOTICE OF; E. O. Essel danas As. Aes 14

ELONVEYe cdcetheu are eettne eae 480, 481 | ZsseZ older than MWauremont......... 18

ON? (THE SWULEE OF}. ayn sie Jacupirau site... o.casunsecheescem eee 448

SteVensomis Wi.5a8 vite cee 481-4 | Jacoby, Harold, Conncillor.. 441, 455

CULUIGSGIAW hone uk. tbe aa tnte asses eae: 380 | FOL Aire Sock hac ater as eae 444, 445, 446

bludsonshialies:) 22004 a0: eee. ca 370,409) JASers KOR se ca5.cusnteasencenee tees iyi

Hudson, The, Medina and Clin- | fenkins 7 rer lesa ke eee 444

LOM Spates aster canee nies oka 362+ | Jerboa tts oct ear ae ceca eens 57

HUICHOL INDIANS, THE, SYMBOL- | gesup; Moris, K-30 retises ececcees 486

IsM OF, Carl Lumholtz......... 449- en Dae A..L.; THE SYMBOLIC

Humboldt : peice, ssccrcneoaeae sace we 46| CHARACTER OF GEOMETRICAL

Huntington, G.S., Some Mus- ForRMS AS A PRINCIPLE OF Ex-

CLE VARIATIONS OF THE PEC- PLANA TION Gea ecseee ends cence 473

MORAG BRD LB 5. iia. cteaceenteee 446, 447| JONES FALLS VALLEY, MbD..,

Jee OU bd Ion aban =) RRA en eR POR Flgipy se GEOLOGY OF, D. S. Martin...... 516

UL LIED yee ahois enon RA dashes nc who bawe 36, 41 | Johnson, Cap. John E.; ref......... 39°

dn onoewtal \ Speled ini nats 43) Jourdanssrel, 6h pyecheceeeeaeeese 29

PAO ACNE ety k Madan tack eodstiogs 36, 40 | Judd, Charles net Fellow.....442, 454

Eby nar ctOs reste spencer slau eek oes os 28, 33|Judd, C. H.; MOVEMENTS OF

Hyenodictis (Cernaysien )..........+. L041 WRITING Eyees etoeee dere 509, 510

FLY CROD Ore hao eta wtseonioces 18 | Judd, C. H.; STUDIES IN VocaL

Pay eMOdONtGA: co wetsceceneecssctantess 22 EXPRESSION ba So aktundtbe uetosteee 493

EL VATOR SE. eee Renin. isos ca nea 488 | Julien; At AcerCuratorntin ae 441, 455

VAPOR SLAPEUS. 1 Re adele Geeta Pace anisaioee ae? BO |) PUG el Rieti aee mee eee 92, 493, 516

INDEX. O27

Julien, A. A.; NOTES ON THE PAUTHOMMLES ceux cat she steckes’ oo ane tes, ben 516

ORIGIN OF THE PEGMATITES Wor epee seen meth enuie dda oo have eee aes 17

FROM MANHATTAN ISLAND AND

FROM NORTH CAROLINA...506, 507-8 |

Julien, A. A.; ON THE LIFE OF

i. TIO BEART) .; . <sccieceboncpeasce 481-4

Julien, A. A.; THE GEOLOGY OF |

GEMrR Ads CAPE CODs ca i<csns<08 498, 501

ULL OS, Saas ee hict hse cdatdedestiece oie

KATHODE RADIATION, RESISTANCE

OF THIN FILMS D&POSITED BY,

: DU wae swe one 441, 455

Vee, EF... S.-and Harrold, C..C::;

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CARBOHY-

DRATES IN MUSCLE, -.. cc. ..00e. 489, 490

Lee, F. S:;; THE SURVIVAL OF

MUSCLE AFTER SOMATIC D EATH,

i 433, 434

PE LEIATIM iN TOly, Ap ele cine Sosigsc adseseh es 507

Oar e ee acs Ces Sunecnctncee, codus 28

WPCA eV ECs ete eieaiessvenavasseees 5

SELENIUM RINGs, A. C. Long- | Letopteria aviculoided............00+- 308

C1 29 ee Gee ee eee 465-6 SGI SLES i a SE OP 363

MPET AMMEN Keo os cis a ian.d ha ous See Uacew eee aera) etka Wiehiadetst ot ixesd 25

memp, Prof. J. F.; ref., MELO ATZERET Se eect Aran Oaiat af s eaes Stent 36

AST, 400, 491. 2492, 510)| Lemoine, Dr. Victor; ref ..4, 10,13, 14

Kemp, J. F.; On Tatc Deposits PISCMIOGaR ete n sce ys tac sigscete tess t en. 58

SOF ADIRUNDACKS Set aeoniees a arelahe PI GA el Sou 6 Ne ae coke a ee ee 445

Kemp, J. F.; RECENT PROGRESS | LeOrRYMChUS WAL ATES, <.0ccsvserdevs ae 377

IN INVESLIGATION OF THE Lepadocrinus Peoharde....g..c.vvexease 270

mn GEOLOGY OF THE ADIRONDACK [LEAP OS a sca cies 6 dette dantacsigda ss 477, 478, 497

MP SGLOIN cis Sos veinctavienies deo ods seine 506-7 | LE MMVI CRE a kints Steed shocsees 477

Kirkwood, J. E. and Gies, W. J.; TBI BELOW) coco nde cans dasste se sealant. 477-9

SOME CHEMICAL NOTES ON THE VLG PEP ULE OULD isn ston aisraaa 366, 367, 368

COMPOSITION OF THE COCOANUT, LEPIDOPTERA, ELIMINATION OF,

489-90| H. E. Crampton..............: 513, 5L4.

imobbe, (Gustav; ref. :.......5 ss. 395

Kroeber, A. L.; SYMBOLISM OF

THE ARAPAHOE INDIANS..... 449, 450 |

Kiimmel, Henry B., THE PALI- |

NE ye ye goa eis aaa a 2 aid Secs Sins 469-70

POUUMALIPER TCL. ce catc.c: cicohens vanenehe 498

SIGE 'S TSTLE. oo. coves se'sed ess ce 487, 488

UOUUE ACRE GG) Ere ee 395

eA, Gre Ryo. TEES. Seacacves goes oe 471 |

MGA Gia: ae fora cee t andreas eal 441, 455

KUPFER’S VESICLE IN RELATION

TO GASTRULATION AND CONn-

CRESCENCE, F. B. Sumner,

433, 446, 447 |

FEaGTive Pana) LiStiwceccccscsscpehes 29

eA PrAd OLS LOCKS. iy .ce eb ce siasiaooes sos 506

MELE TOE L AGILE IOC Oe Neti onn dese dine’ ne 28 |

LACCOLITH, THE MAGNET COVE,

ARKANSAS, Hes. Washington 448-9

Lacrosse : Passamaquoddy Indians.. 384 |

Lambert, Fredereck H.; ref......... 390°

Lamellibranchs bese Se ee erence 375 |

Langhein or Burdigalien, Lower

TOG ENG ls 2. o oomunrtieactreanwnaeecle 26-8 |

Taanehein Miocene... ¢..2.. 00.56.04 s< 2A 25 |

LIFT Cola, ay parti SS Se aa af ++233-5 |

Wate Teta shee csne sia teacs sa ton eseuse 28 |

|e hf: Seen nee Are oe cgie Ce Ae ne 514 |

Laudy, Louis H., Curator........ 441, 455°

Lepsius, Prof.-R.: ref.,

6, 21, 24, 27, 29, 30, 40, 62

LE CDUEWE ac diug ha nd ben onedsiskenves sees 373

LE Fhombordas..< sas 370, 3725 373

LC PtOd ON ne coegest eon cbs aiossmait ie cawewe 57

LPL OTIUGIIS TEs cite Wlaete Senne bide tie oe 22

LIC PUS aiccde sian aeopee pai caabeatlawine’dailhe 36

Lo, CEMIAUS.. oosizc See, Pe 42

TE SOOUTCUUIS. | acer cnpteuee en a7

Te Sley A Nes on eae ca eee oe cain cteck 483

VW IUCUGITE=SVENING j..mcn-ardekpsestaseosses 448

Wevisony Wn, Gee Wein. ck Gesae see 471

| Levison, W.G.; A METHOD OF

PHOTOGRAPHING THE ENTIRE

CORONA ON ONE PLATE, EM-

PLOYED AT NEWBERRY, S. C.,

FOR THE TOTAL SOLAR ECLIPSE

OP WAY 23, SOOM esc tie esecoee: Sir, 512

| Levinson, W.G.; THE ACTION

OF CANADA BALSAM ON PHOTO-

GRAPHIC GELATINE PLATES,

511, §12-3

Lewistown liméstone................+. 366

Librarian N. Y. Ac. Sc., Annual

PE OOM rates end vba tye ta dk ose e4s xs 460-2

UE MOe NO, Shaan sce scp Obes! xan « (372

WET CHEMUGLUTL TIE A AO ide ha bsidcwssvas saeient 373

Light, Elastic Solid Theory of...... 465

LIGHTNING DISCHARGE, A PECU-

LIAR, William Hallock...... 494, 495

528 INDEX.

Ltenites AC 1a DeareUge vesicaeas --- 17, Long Island.................. 389, 394, 396

Bib’ SOUSONATS #7 oj.) dcogsnae deat 1 52) 'Longden, A. C.; RESISTANCE

DE SIVILE. sos ca Bein ie tak sae sesatet ets 28| oF THIN FILMS Deposuren BY

DE VOCE ye sing aeiere see dacgapie tah oes 23, 24| KATHODE RADIATION. SELEN-

Ligurien distinct from Upper Amer- | STIIME! SIRTINGS 18. ory aire ds tones sarees 465-6

ical) UOCENG pe wes. eee beer 18 | Lophiodocherus peront of Argiles-

Lilies, Water; Elizabeth Id......... 307 0 eiacligmitess.).cusee oa aeea ems 15

| Bh Leama ge Ares APs at Ares aarnens A23 | LOPRtOL OM. cbiap « sorcoe ome sseaaceee 13,145.50

Garhonate Ole. tau tesa uesctese 42 L. cesserasstcum Filhol......... 16

SUC Ate Ole sa ee Nn cele cece 420 | LP ESCH S nS en ee v2

Limestone svnsc1 eect 498, 499, 500, 506. LL arlee oes eta ome 12, 13

Limestone; Becralts. io. sdencaaeaewecs aT LO VAY CUVOCH SE Oe Re 17

Bide een Mae enn soot nn nator 366 | L. occitanicum Gervais ........ 16

Catskill or Delthris, L. rhinocerodes Riitimeyer:... 18

366, 370-2, 377-8 of Heidenheim related to Lau-

Coralie tect esos 263.) 37 75.3004 {EC ty Pena sane-cosee eee 17

Crystalline. eastcn teas ece arena OO |) Lophdagowriad jane, a tecu ame eee 13, Bb, 20

Flagay and Shaly..... 304.) OTPAING Wie eras \iac es corte oan eee mn ae

Cemiativenncctcsceeecesose teas 377 | wove, Hs Gy -Pellow eee 442, 454

MME WIStOWiOnils: 2 nake eae ote. 366 | Lower Bagehot Sans cues wo teeeatces 12

Lower Pentamarus, ‘Lower Bridger, Middle Eocene,

366, 369-70, 377-9, 380, Bartonien, apparently equivalent

Mammoth Caves yc. ..aasdsncee AS80'|. Othe? .5.2.6c0a carcueeenae ee meee 16

INI gO ata eho h eee re ecaes Seal Lower Eocene, Wasatch and Sues-

Seutellate 4c cosen daemon 366, 372, 378 sonien (Sparnacien, Yprésien)

Mentaculitey. 2.2... 366, 3775 370; 300)” truly, parallel Fors: sees ee 12-13

MOP UO STAY <1 don eee ee ee 376 Lower Miocene, Langhein or Bur-

Upper Pentamerus, |.) yeligellienty. <5. 2. scnacete psa nsree eee 26-8

366, 372-3, 378, 379, 380!

Linnen stagmales imal. 6p.)sescan ie 468

Limnophysa humilis Say. ...ccccccees 468 |

“Linownerium Nari. o.ccsweecnnses Ir |

LUST ACUS JOFSEVENSIS. ance jeteuvaten 498 |

TRAD DS Sek. eel eon aene cer ence 473

Lissien and Egerkingen, Fissure

Formations, Younger —_ than |

Wasatch | occslsvcc lps ta ceinisints sneiee I 34 |

Middle “Eocen€ 2:5. acess. sce

Stat lameay,.2:.ces soeace a wes ss eet as

DST REODOTE each dutenrs, My oete Hake Tee 27 |

WILO PORN a9. ci nats eon nenacbe nace. tou 54 |

LITERATURE, PASSAMAQUODDY,

_ NOTES ON, J. Dyneley Prince. 381-6 |

Lithium, Black | (rf) Eye Rage oe 481 |

Ploy oe mig GEL, Snscacedecieene A327, 513)

Lloyd, F. E.; THE Genus Ly- |

COPODIUM IN NORTH AMERICA,.. 477

Lloyd, F. E.; REPORT ON SUM-

HES Rigs Merce) e.ttes, ore tian icectainie 6 497

WOUSIIR ID, MAUNA (Ol, caccloey ven eseen 2a

Localities for Collectors; Scho-

ATG eV EUIMEN, Bio. hu ciate cis views vile ad euion 377-8

i De fo aida Sie 5M ee ee a 514 |

Loess, Inter- or post-glacial, SEe |

ern nae Ses eeacassteeninens 44 |

POM Para oll.) ki nh esses yccuas 474

London Clay es tala 6 A 3 ola psea tb aes 12

TORDTUVEN vane ws Meena an canisantsnans 12

| Lydekker, R.;

| Lyell ;

Lower Oligocene, Infra Tongrien,.22-23

Lower Pentamerus Limestone,

ee 368, 369-70, 371. 373, 378, 379;

380

Lower Pleistocene =i. s, ssccccemae eee 35,°30

| Lower Pliocene, Messinien.......... 31-2

PIAISANGLER.:.2..ac¢recae emma een 32

_Lumholtz, Carl; SYMBOLISM OF

THE PLUICHOL INDIANS. 2.223 449-50

7 Lumpeguin; Passamaquoddy...... 386

Lustvontock, Passamaquoddy...... 382

| Lutétien formation not equivalent

to Bridger Beds. fa n.sa-tatasenoce

Lutétien, Middle Eocene, parallel

with Wind River Fauna.,........ 14-16

Lutétien substage of Parisien stage.. 14

eee Ree ED fenton ta eco e 2 8) N 28, 36

D2, WERE AAT Ra eed eee 40

LycopopiuM, THE GENUS, IN

NorTH America, F. E. Lloyd. 477

refs,

5. 6, 135 21, 27, 37.47, 48, 51, 53: 58:

ROL. Setauket acest eee eee 8, 40

LymPH, THE INFLUENCE OF PRO-

TOPLASMIC POISONS ON, W. J.

Giesr a Gace teiane 433, 434-5

Lyons: GapiV aia Gite rset cae 363

Maack, ‘GMs tetera ce 62

MACACUS JLOFENTUIOUS. cictnpecentuneese 33

INDEX.

MacDougal, D. T.; SUMMER

WorK AT PRIEST LAKE, IDAHO 496

MacDougal, D. 1I.; SyMBROsIS

OF ROOTS AND FUNGI........ 466, 467

MacGregor, J. H.; ON THF DE-

VELOPMENT OF THE SKULL IN

BR PONUS 6 Vols. cccelcoasns Sige 446, 447

MMO BUS. ci vecdacceee ace. us 36

MRE POTMEP TANG £50205. elds Dee lae 28

SE he ooo aha coset ast e ee 423, 437

RR OE oo iaatsc de ee ee head ARES AST

Magnesium sulphate.................. 481

MAGNET COVE LACCULITH,

Martha’s Vineyard,

387, 388, 390, 394; 395s 40%, 412, 497

KANSAS, H. S. Washington,

448-9

MENLO SE Fo, yn uintisdcecs-aecdee 422, 491

miajer, Dr; Forsyth ; ref.....:..... 6

Pralapasye “ TESION ? 7. ..2855aciens aes 5

| eee er ae 38

Mammal Horizons, Tertiary, Bib-

BBP EA PTY. So... sd2sasccee ces -+--2 +2085 0=04

MAMMAL Horizons, TERTIARY

OF, EUROPE AND AMERICA,

CORRELATION BETWEEN, H.F.

as ee ere ee 1-64

Mammal, Northward Origin of...... 53

fearmmalian..“* realms”? ....0.¢..2.2.:2 50

MAMMOTH CAVE, SOME PRELIM-

INARY NOTES ON CRYSTAL

CROWTH IN, R. E. Call.....: 480-481

Man, contemporaneous in America

MMP MMO PG: < 2258505. c0kn ceases nes oe 44

awh (PACES: Gir hw ods Je ck ceca 239

Oldest European remairs of... 4!

NNER Foe gi acely. Sdive dda chiar xsuce 53

LE ee SE ee 380

os ES Sahel reheat eae eee 24

Oe Cen eee 9) eens 394, 395

RRM REET UMEIES 8222 255 x Secd ede ive acsetes ss 370

Wtarmes eT Orleanats. si... <5 ses00s 26 |

es is 7227 | ges ee a 17,

Marnes et Calcaires de Ronzon,

Phosphorites parallel with......... 22

L_) SS) 7g 72 Saeed Re eee EF, 13, 19

Marsupials, Evolution of............. 52

Relation of Didelphyidz to.... 53

Peeterdtd: BOS i rer nh ltt A 507

Mariin, D. S.; GEOLOGY OF

Jonr’s FALLs VAL pee Nip le: 516

Martin, D. S.; MINERALS FOUND

AT HADDAM. MAINE. 20. .02.. 498, 501 |

Maryland Academy of Sciences,

PIT Oise Sint cecal we enn Ceres 516

Dunes SUITES =F WEN CS: 3.2L ts ated 17

OEE OPPS. G8 = oa de evnn ee wade atu 5'3

PASE OD MOE. 5 Siccs avai esiesess-bs< 513

Mastodon angustidens. .....0000 0002. 20° 27"|

529

LE OF UOTILEIUSES «nica sitnnddans 33

A | eo eee : 33

Mastodons, Earliest in n Europe yoga 57

MASTODON, THE NEWBERG, AND

ITs ASSOCIATED FAUNA, R. E.

OE | | a es ee 467, 468

Matthew, W. D-: ref.....:.5: 10, 46, 62

Pees RIE, sued eeevn cies ceases 464

DUE UPIT ETE. 222 ons ode Se cemsa sic sesso 9

Mauremont: General Characters... 18

Of Upper Eocene Age ......... 18

NMaryemes) Pasta. oii .ccs..scnes eves 30

Mayer-Eymar, C.; ref......... 8, 12, 62

Meade, hachard Ka. 2.5 nsec siesasces 423

DIMM E ee ee oo ca aabecces 385

Medina Sandstone... ..22..-s.cccseeess 499

Medina, The Hudson, Clinton and 362-3

Medolin ; Passamaquoddy ........... 385

NTE CEP OG 21 bie S22 eee cock vos'oestue sce 36

IM REC OW MBE oo wes rethin wtidn binds 37, 44

ATES GIRTILETIS GUGLISE eS caese. sie ces eee 375

DICT? TO GUS 3. vce coc pvecceteshezh<ss% 40

Mentscotherum (Wasatch).........+. II

MENTAL LIFE OF ANIMALS, E. L.

PPhiGridake 22. er Base ct: 466, 467

DLP ESCCU ATH? cob ne oa tea neko nat 373

DE) EP EMGTE coon ooke irae sks se os 373

A aa sek Side 375

Es HIIIEE DS eos nga teat Pa hada ota 373

Micrrians el. 2: 5.0.00. cess os as 48

Merrill, Edna (Oe | See ee 389, 396

Mesodonta a et ae ae EERE oe 53, 54

Mesonychidz (Cernaysien)......... fo)

Messioien, Lower Pliocene......... ar, 32

wPNGCENG %. 3:4. ce acdsee ds babes 31

Metaplasia Py t@atla 2c cccs sedans 375

METHOD A, OF PHOTOGRAPHING

THE ENTIRE CORONA ON ONE

PLATE, EMPLOYED AT NEw-

BERRY, S. C., FOR THE TOTAL

SOLAR EcLipsE. oF MAY 23,

1900, W. G. Levison............ 511-2

NICE EMU CUR pA in nsw btidesews St Se 33

WRG AAGs As dots ust setess kona Stee. 507

PVEteasoyetitte ae. 225e" 52802 2c cnc ast wee 422

Wee Os ER 7 2 as aE 465

jy Tels ak =) SN Rn er 395

Micros) ops of the Bridger............ 15

WU OUSS UG a Ee 8 oy cctcn die : 24

DIGRESS OL ARETE AOS iin sou. ons 29

Molasses, Freshwater, of the Alps... 21

| Mollusca, Freshwater, at Newburg,

Ls Re CA ce Be be oe ee 468

| Wonehiquitic POCkS:.iss.sc..--<e: 26.2. 448

Monocline, Great Kaibab............ 502

Misnomessetiy Pde. 05.05.25. coast oe 388

Vonotremes enter Notogea........... 53

IE IR AIMIOOUE S Socctece eboccncdcede neces 29

WT OEPEM ee re RO Ss vad acs Ji cake én 8, 9

530 INDEX.

Montpellier infer ;s...fa.0.s:ve. ee $2.) Mimiotiltidae <saths pte ee 241-89

SUpPOR ser. ease sans ace nora BRA MAGULOLORS IS dence te, Pe eR ee 363

ae Hels sai eaaeus cescaa oes Bi | Mofiit,, Freds"Hi wivette- ta. 2b. 5. ee 422

torainal hills, Elizabeth Ids.....393, 401 | Mohegan Bluffs, Black Hills, Sec-

are of Cape ANIINS, hats Sees ees 501 tO (Abi ybe es Gast eee eS aerate 396

Misreno)s: retin. ate eee aan 51 | Moults and plumages, Sequence of,

Mos ach carnee buote cme Ms cs teaen ca dutsicns 40 IOI-116

MoSS0:sarel.2 sh-cccks ose sa 474 | MouLts, THE SEQUENCE OF PLU-

Motacillides: Seccutees stasis tne 289-90} MAGES AND, OF THE PASSERINE

Moths xnatinid: tod aeaapectcs ca tcncnes 14, Brrps oF New York,® Jona-

Moror Hasits, THE ACQUIRE- |. than Davie ht, ro. ee 73-360

MENT OF, G.*B.. Germann.:....: 493 | MOVEMENT, VOLUNTARY, THE Fa-

Moult, Advance of, in the Feather TIGUE OF, R. S.Wooaworth..473, 474

pe Leb oe Fee eens ee eae 84-98 | MOVEMENTS OF WRITING, C. H.

Classificahonsols essa. .oe acest E3025) dd. 24-421 aoe 509, 510

Migration alter... 5.2596. o<.0 oes 126-8 | Multituberculates..................:.008 10

Outdoor study. of... s.v.chia:: 524-30: |) Miumtjacs*......e<00 ees eee 58

BRO GES Ssh te eee, eee Sac eRe 82-687) Meridien. csc, bos eacosae eee ee 22

Tadeor ‘study: of ». .cscivss. cena 74-82 | Muschelsaradstetts.. ov .<<cs0s0ancondsee oF

Seasons Of 7 ses oces eee: 124-6 | MUSCLE, THE SIGNIFICANCE OF

Moults and early plumages of young CARBOHYDRATES IN, F. S. Lee

Dit Sree, cbse. Gs cos eee ee 98—1er | “and@2C. Harrold: a: -.. 489, 490

Moults and plumages of N. Y. Muscle, THE SURVIVAL OF, AFTER

SPCClESM Sat 55 conker eee 130-318} Somatic DEATH, F. S. Lee..433-435

Middle Miocene, Helvétien......... 28-9 -| Muscowites: ..9 2:2 oe 438, 501

Middle Eocene, Bartonien, equiva- Myrica cer ifera Wipe eats 392,303, 416

lent. towlower Wsrdver., |x.) ae 16'| D2yrodes teniqits, Ate wn eee 42

Middle Eocene, Composite, Im- | MYXINE GLUTINO;A, ON THE EGG

perfectly Stratified Fissure De- OF THE, Bashford Dean.....433, 435

posits of, to Middle Oligocene |

[a2] ee nee Pe ee UN AEE Re teontnt 19-21 | Vagelfluh, Switzerland .............. 21

Middle Eocene Lutétien, parallel Natittncket, 23 .2500.2 i. .cnens eee 389, 394

with Wind River Hanne eet 14-6 | Nashanow [dsx:: oi cescahee see 388

Middle Oligocene Age, Composite _Nashaweena Id.,

Imperfectly Stratified Fissure De- 388, 389, 390, 396-8, 400, 414

posits of Middle Eocene to........19-21 | NATURE, THE, OF THE ATOM AS

Middle Pleistocene............sscs000 35, 36| INDICATED BY RECENT SPEC-

Middle Bliocene, Astien. 2.2.27 32-3| TRUM ANALysIs, Wm. Hal-

Mid- Pleistocene, Glacial and Inter- lo@k 22: 04 ais dieces eee eee 485-6

Glacial ior soos. gece eee 39-44 | Naushon Id.,

Mieration aftersMioult. 222.2 ¢-nanceecd. 126-8 | 387,388,389, 390-5, 396, 397, 404, 406

Milk of cocoaiiits ssc slvcdjossheeees ASO MMe Ut lah Ge ek. 5 eee 377

MR ee Te inte 2 site Marente am ener 391 | Nearctic and Palzearctic Faunze, in

Milne- Edwards ; Teh ee 25, 55 Evolation 254. coset ncaa ene oss 7

MINERALS FOUND AT HADDAM, Nearetic “region. Corea 51

MAINE; D.S. Martin ...0.<. AOS, 50%. | Nerrodasy plies 2. oon. 5am ieeet 57

Miocene, Lower, Langhein or Bur- IV ZCVONMEGMES Sox todo Gee a 22

GIVE Ion poy ails aan ope, Ae: oer ee 26-8 | Nehring, A. ; ref...... 355 a0. 41, 42, 62

Miocene, Middle, Helvétien......... 28=0.| WVZ0G@G = Deieccth antaseee Gee meee 48, 50, 54

MEMOCene Oh HL ULOpe ics 56520009 occ orem 24--9| LVeontylogotnnt etek ise ee 496

Miocene, Upper, Tortonien ......... 29 | Neoplagianlax compared with P-

Miolania in South America........... 51 TORUS 5. dio, eben sereee a ae ae ee IO

IUICETSET 60) Lied: eee ee 497 | NEPHALINE-SYENITE AND ASSO-

WECTIOU TEL evans simineduneds ac booed 501 CIATED DIKES IN THE STATE OF

Mitchell, oowis sets 03.60% 381, 385 | TAMAULIPAS, Mexico, A NEw

Mitchell. Dir: Ac Tels sncccuss 444. OCCURRENCE OF, WITH A RE-

Mitsukuri, Prof. Katichi, Cor. VIEW OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF

Whemiee ts hac dee esoren a bhaseace 442, 454 THESE ROcKsS IN NORTH AMER-

Mittac=Lemer s-telicssccesscte ee sahs 405 ICA, GoD. inlay 2.24 teas 491-2

INDEX. 531

Paves ANNC ia se aceip adn ain's beste deste somes ROL QHOMMAL AS. Javon sisnee causes seveweedes peed “ 370

EpUAline-pOrphayry is: a. csee a's seen’ 448 .0 idl 1 1 CHR A ee oP Se 304-6

renie tihe-Syenite. 322..5.. Jie. dstees.=s AM MOORE hy date inci snaeadea <bat Cxkend aol 480

NEURON, THEORY, THt, IN THE NO IOL A seks cue aah: Bibs ak wa widien eV EARS 500

LIGHT OF RECENT DISCOVERIES, Orders and Families, Adaptive

ee tds WALKER, «a5 008. cab astra 440-1 PR ACAAMIOT OL, acmacits esse anasets viv aves 49-51

PSM eELy,. Js). 5 Wels tt. ee ASS I MOTCOW UCLA 34 hia oics'coecswile siks veeee ove 363, 507

NeEwsurG MASTODON, THE AND ORDOVICIAN, LOWER, THE GLEN

ITS ASSOCIATED FAUNA, R. E. Fauis, N.Y. SECTION OF, T. G:

OLDIES 0 Se ee a 467-8 NODE os Ae ad eS eee ee 498, 500

REMC OL... Jus Viececastes «desina se ADE | OPEOPUECLI SG as o's seens adcacea cies nauess we 28

New York, Central, Fauna of...... 366 | Oriskany sandstone........ 374-5, 376, 378

New York species, Plumages and OPI aterm adstutsSaelgee leave sb eehok A A738

PRETO C4 358: Sere cscs wal ededs wate 130-318 | Orthoceras,

Memtan:s RINGS... ... scdcacctsat canes 466 303-3005 370, 372, 3735°378, 377

BOTA LLG... seas acccs oceasvaes 362-4, 300 | Orthoclase...........-.«- 421, 422, 438, 491

Mmreren in COcoanut............4.-499, 490 | Orthopinacoid ............s.cceccceceeees 438

Nojiquetsettasit : Passamaquoddy... 382 | Ortholetes woolworthana...........++ 372

Nolmigon : Passamaquoddy......... B32 2) WOCAMIIN s GEL snare cere nce ates bose 51

Nonamessett Id........ BRT IoGL OO, GOO OPM PO DMS. Oo oc cade Seo tnos den siciee 32

Uomwledt (OTAS. ... catksoetiigdieoe eset 39,34 Osborn, i. . ref..c7, 10,40, 53, 464

Notathooket : Passamaquoddy...... 382 Mites Wieiiae scraccsehc cS seaca care 487

NOTE ON SPECIFIC GRAVITY Osborn, H. F.; COKRELATION BE-

WEIGHINGS, Wm. Hallock..475, 476 TWEEN TERTIARY MAMMAL Ho-

NOTES ON PASSAMAQUODDY LIT- | | RIZONS OF EUROPE \ND AMERICA I-64

ERATURE, “J.D. Prince. .2:..:: 381-6

Notes on the Origin of the Pegma-

tites from Manhattan Island and

from North Carolina, A. A. Ju-

PMR ree Mees. Rate Sales tonie div cat 506, 507-8 |

EEE Tp a OE ee II |

BINS 2h ES an ee 47, 48, 50

Predlet = 7el 2, scccccsceess Pied inet Nae F762) |

NOVEMBER METEORS, REPORT ON,

MINIM E CS oe ab Sota cdaeaaehadiee 444-5

NOTA Ea LOE a oe 513

NUMBER Forms, ON, E. P. Buch-

MME Te a hosts ee sai heise: giove See celswiare-als 439, 440 |

Wake Riizabeth VdsSh.. 5... ccacasckecdedes 399

Obere Meeres Molasse..cccccccccccecses 27

MbmIngen eds... ocvodee re acc dete ove 29

Olenellus ch. thompsont.....cccceeeees 498

Oligocene Age, Middle, Com-

posits, Imperfectly Stratified Fis-

sure Deposits of Middle Eocene

Ri eerste as ah seem Seba wiceeeet eects Io-21

Oligocene, Lower, Infra Tongrien 22-3 |

Mieocene of Europe... s.i fetes: 21-4

Oligocene, Upper, Aquitanien....... 23-4

JIT Tipe ea Re ery 422

DOPED eo tn Bae a Gna sattaeen eR Ose Moe 33

ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE

SKULL IN CERATODUS J. H.

MUACG TESOL, «.c. Sacenate ins oR 446, 447

ON THE PRuUTECTION OF THE PALI-

SADES, J. Gi /Clark)..t2.22 469. 470-1

Math, MCs, oa, ateraln ack daub ted 262, 363

ialeatouma Wd °,. Oi ahaa, a a 388

Osborn, H. F.; FAUNAL RELA-

TIONS OF EUROPE AND AMERICA

DURING THE TERTIARY PERIOD

AND THEORY OF THE SUCCES-

SIVE INVASIONS OF AN AFRICAN

FAUNA INTO EUROPE:....,<...2.2- 45-64

Osborn, H. F.; PRESIDENT’S AN-

NUAL ADDRESS. Jaa cess sasce cects 451-2

| Osborn, H. F.; REPORT ON SUM-

MER WORKS (Ain. faseeeeeee ana 496

Osborn, H. F.; ScIENTIFIC PUB-

EICAPIONS® ORL soacw seas eaeuevenwee es 65-72

Osborn, H. F.; THE GEOLOGICAL

AND FAUNAL RELATIONS OF

EUROPE DURING THE TERTIARY

PERIOD, AND THE THEORY OF

THE SUCCESSIVE INVASIONS OF

THE ETHIOPIAN FAUNA ........... 455

Osborn, H. F.; THE PHYLOGENY

OF THE RHINOCEROS IN EUROPE,

504, 505

Osteological Characters, Determi-

MANOR Hage DYtsers. tvtcess os ese de 76-8

Ostracod- Liperditia......... eee 500

Ostrya Virginiana (Mill) Willd... 391

Outdoor study of Moult............ 124-130

OVERTONES OF A TUNING Fork,

WY tii re AOC. ibis. fo coe oot 475, 476

BTU Bie wear cece te fsncusclecwee: winedaues 36

ORO ALAS Saniuddeys veekedeases 39

Oxycoceus macrocarpus (Ait) Pers. 395

PGE UO BUS. Bade Se bvancls obacte wesw 13, 18

ae WLMTNIL EL be od Ra cn cks hawene 15

532 INDEX.

PY POY UULUS., variace ste anaee 15, Passerine Birds; Bibliography....318—345

Lo) WUCHDER So suse Pia bane eae I5 | PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK,

Paleeareties ees ahateadess coeeure eee 51 THE SEQUENCE OF PLUMAGES

Palzalctic and Nearctic Faune, AND MOULTS OF THE, Johna-

in Eevolutioniiet. ewan. srecenceees 7 than Dwight Ji.05. G.e 73-300

PAO WEF USAYPUS Tae) eta ve ees 22 | Pataponian slothiesyasee cece 496

POMBO gE inn Pie nae rch 36'| Pavlow,,..Mime. nels. .2.n.ceeee 6

DPOTROMETESS NRBEN rod seek than eda 12, 14| Peabody, James S., Res. Mem...... 443

P. gigantea (Muirancourt, P@ecaries. 233.c.cassmweteesonceeeees aie 59

DIS) ts Hist son tees oe Soba 12, 14| Peck,” F:. B::: ‘PRELIMINARY

Palzontological test for zoological NOTES ON THE OCCURRENCE OF

GistHb uO seuss. ob eos ko een 47 SERPENTINE AND TALC AT EAS-

Paleontology, Need of Interna- TON,, PENNA; ;:..:...-419, 4130, 435, 430

tional Nomenclature in,........... 3-4| PECTORAL GIRDLE, SOME MUSCLE

SEQUEL OVUTUUCEUS OR doa ccih santeen: Gees 23 VARIATIONS OF THE, G. S.

PUR GT ELF OBUS ssa elaine Bre re 22 FLUNEEE 2325.0 tescnueharceeeeneen 446, 447

CULOT VN eee ccinnandsceresnemesemecaenee 33:| Pegmaltitie:.co ai. csese omens sateen 51

DRO OM Dao sadaierd nlite eaeete ae see 33 AL DINIG 25 25-5 a er ne te 501

POP CORULON Lee 2S, eee mee eee 33 Yosemite “Valley. ss2.vece bore 438

Palesomieres:, 60. JAcaie <n Oe 58| PEGMATITES FROM MANHATTAN

Palertapirus boxovillanus........++ 16 ISLAND AND FROM NORTH

PWUE OP CT TIMED AS coca haa sagas ee eanene 22 CAROLINA, NOTES ON THE

PVC OP MEV EWI boi Sova A poe cas ee 18, 19 ORIGIN OF THE, A. A. Julien,

PALEOZOIC FAUNAS OF NORTH- 506, 507-8

WESTERN NEw JERSEY, G. van Pelagic sannelidts.cgedee ee see 496

Tne One... Se ec dee 407,/498=500-|-Penck> > ref.o.0s esse eee 35

Palisades an intrusive trap sheet... 468] Penikese..... .......-... 388, 398, 399, 400

PALISADES, ON THE PROTECTION Peniquese dies. seasons ee 388, 389

OF THE, J. C. Smock.....469, 470-71 | Penobscot Indians, Recreations of..381—4

PALISADES, THE, H. B. Kummel, PeRTMERCTI A Ne, sac eeee eae ree 376

469-70 | Pentamerus Limestone, Lower, 366,

(Paice fax hak ericsson eee 58 368, 369-70, 371,373> Sis s70%

Pan Qoluns) cane ses-acnto aces Meeeeeeaees 57 380

Earliest ..:... Rae Mee Sear See 23 Upper; 366, 371; 372-3, 374;

Pappenhetne BEG) 2.8 siadsevetace tan 17 378, 379. 380

PARALLAX, THE, OF pz CASSIO- Pepton, Noné in cocoanut... -cen--= 489

PEL® AND THE POSITIONS OF 56 PHA EVTUTI aia aide EE 22

NIGHBORING STARS, AS DE- Peniphieny..ci5.scsseenescw-eccees eetee 5or

DUCED FROM THE RUTIIERFURD Peri phy chi sivcine Siaeen ato gaat aee ete II

PHOTOGRAPHIC MEASURES, PEFESSODDCLY LAs... 2 nd Daatae oes 19

Genwbh- EB amerintes. ere 444, 446 Ps, Pliepla ase ag Ge ee 15

Parallélism«or homoplasy, Law of.) 40:| Paphieiwon: tax sasceeean en eee 33

POLENUOPUUD: . haath Vencod as aeaas vyeaees 5O0'|, Perrier vceicae. 23 een eee 33

Pail dove cess eecnntestcaneais Dereetcs 298-300 | Peshchameesett Id.............00.00005 388

PARIS CONGRESS OF PSYCHOLOGY, Pesque Td. cxUeueice arenes cceeeee ste 388

ieee VVOOGWOrths 0.0 s.ehaee 509°) Pesquinese Tdi J.0c.ea4acteeantoeneness 388

Parisienstocene as) se he 8 | Peters ; ref........... en Pe eee yc 28

Parisien Stage, Lutétien substage Peyvolles sctvvince Pus oka tadeeet eden 38

Rhie DASE Olen cee eS. eee eee E4)| PHACOps Ton ZARD v1.0 eee eee 372

Parker, G. H.; THE NEURON PREMACOLUST Rissa eae sos TEE Agee II

THEORY IN THE LIGHT OF RE- Phenocrysts::j..0sen saeeacen eae 507

CHNPSEDISCOVE RUNS. 6:0 3 ee! 440-1 Potkiliticy , scree = rons 500

ParkerjG. Hs; Cor.. Mem. si:.: 442, 454 | PHENOMENA, SOME, OF INDIRECT

Pasque Id., Vision, Clark Wissler......... 439-40

388, 389, 390, 395-6, 400, 412, 414| Philosamta cYNthia .....0.0 seeceesseees 514

Passamaquoddy Indians, Recrea- Phlogopite..420, 424, 425, 426, 507

ORIG OFs..< .cpianss Sones ths 2s PR 3, Meee 381-4 | Phlothzin, Effect on Muscle......... 490

Passamaquoddy Literature, Notes PPROCHOR. 1 shine Sen te nee Sesevese 445

Ont oD APHMGEs. oft ot wi isies 381-86 Phosphate in cocoanut. ...........0668 489

INDEX. 533

Phosphorites......... WiieAemsctxees) «9EQ| PASSERINE Binps or NEw YorK,

CTE OY, | oes dsecnenronenncevnss 17,20} THE SEQUENCE OF, Jonathan

Phosphorites parallel with Marnes MONCTON ST eek anak sa vecadu et 73, 300

et-Calcaires de Ronzon..:..,...... 22|Plumages and Moults, Early, of

PHOTOGRAPHIC GELATINE PLATES, BY MMS ESAS go wen cia ve v's lv AS g8-IOI

THE ACTION OF CANADA BAL- |Plumages and Moults of N. Y.

SAM ON, W. G. Levison, | OR ee GS re eee ee 130-317

511, 512-3 | Plumages and Moults, Sequence of,

PMR ree at bole vicars cinveewtwewwiene vicosioere st 505 101-16

Phylia, Allied, in similar stages of | POMAPOV] COPY OPRUG. 0s vases. seas 433

PRINTERS 14282 Cis advise» fae. aie 2)<b=7 | Pohiie ; ref... .. wa, 30, 30, 40, 41, 42; 03

PHYLOGENY, THE, OF THE RHI- Poitkilitie phenoctysts...........0.2..- 500

NOCEROSES IN EuROPE, H. F. Poincare, .El., Elon. Mem......... 442, 453

PESO wos a5 uae ee vanaaten nesses 504, 505 | Polypodium vulgare Li. cicccecseceees 393

Meee roa co nies an os Svnioceigicvabiwte owe 468 | Poocutohunkunnoh Id................. 388

P. heterostropha Say ..........+. 468 | Poor, Charl<s Lane, Editor ..502, 511

PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE REGION OF | Jee) 1 ee 503

THE COLORADO CANON, R. E. | ORD yTitie TOCK 6k sek scans. vsicse nes 491

a Ce Be) Ce Ree AGS, 500-2.) Porphyry SYEMILC. ...22-6:06seneseene-eee 500

Pickering, Edward C., Hon. Mem., Post-Algonkian dolomites,........420, 426

AAD, AGS | POSt-CretaCe OWS << 57 cddandecesessedeetdaiss 492

RECs roe irnibitais <u vas ye 8 Vaebae bemcice 387 | Postglacial, Upper Pleistocene...... 44

1 ISOC E LO | re eee SO GLAS. oarue vec dadhert oo e uad ae Vleaee 422

SI UCSIIES: Ma. .dlowa ‘carves 294.305 | Potsdam sandstones... c..0.ss052 0.50% 00's 499

PEES OME ATED, Seals sc ch vas asceoces 4a 500) Powell sometets. 2... catate ene est +. 501

Pisidium equilaterale Prime......... 468 | Pre-Cambrian gneiss........420, 427, 437

Placentals, Relation of Creodonta Pre-Camibrian rocks ....3.cccoserscsees 419

PATON ce B oN cin Seesao sa ssa nedineas erase) Pere-Cretaceousy:.2, cc secteen en ves se oe 492

Plaisancien, Lower Pliocene......... 32) Preglacial, Elephas Meridionalis

MG CCRE 8522. ee cut saetawss aces SE. lh, jPCWO: sesenncaees BR eer try Pee 38-9

Peat SOMAIOR LG .. oo i 0ni2.a asevan de 392 PRELIMINARY NOTES ON THE OCc-

Plantorbella Campanulator Say..... 468 | CURRENCE OF SERPENTINE AND

MePEP AUR 6 ot dots ciclo aa Guach + taieett cnan'se 373 TALC AT EASTON, PENNA, F. B.

POA AREGIUI <oicctlss vce wlowvadone CUA ow ao, ee ee ee 419-30, 435, 436

FICUS ICE (0) 9) es a or Pave restw iene rel... cle ccs ehiccaw ts seane 4

Platyostoma ventricosum. .....0+6. ER LM a a) ee A 10, 19

PL CMHIVOMUESIS G5 voce dad sec tevens 493; 406: | Prinee, J. Di 5 ref. 0. 381, 382, 468

eI CIE tat Sod, cas cata ass esdees 363 | Prince, J. Dyneley, NoTes ON

PICIstOGeNnEe Ceposits,.;....0.0. bavsesae. 35-7| PASSAMAQUODDY LITERATURE..381-6

Pleistocene, Fullness of European Pr abascii ian Re ip oiecsissmencdee bs 26, 54

Inivestigationvofrs Ay sastvedeetsenes BAN Pr Omer Dallasin oe .4i shuns denddae bestows’ 26

Geographic changes. ............. AU =o |sRbOSeMpttalstagcuars had evasaeben ess ono <= 2

Pleistocene, Mid-Glacial or Inter- WWE OPLIEOLAICUDL. Fcak net as oP vse 18

GHEVGT Sean Pett ie ern eo Ee 30244 |\Prosser, Prof. C.S.- ref. ......... 362

pleistocene.of Furope... isJss.is<2<0-%2 34-44 | LEOLAPUFUS COUMOMICBS A ocuatdedn enene 23

Pleistocene, Upper, Middle, Lower, | Peoteid In COCOANNMtioecci..cee01 as 0~5 489

25% 36:| Proteose im-cocoanut. .. 2... 20.....- 489, 490

Upper; Postglacial «...2..0022.00% AAs WARP OLOMM DIE gird cvip accor ae se tavewsls's fe)

Me AAP OPS bcc intaena toss cm suncebany pee 10|, Protoplasm-of muscles. .........:..... 490

PLCUPASPLAONNEIUME «\. co Sad Von's caaeees 10| PROTOPLASMIC Poison, THE IN-

Pliocene, Lower, Messinien.. ........ 31-2 FLUENCE OF, ON THE FORMATION

Lower, Plaisancien............... 32 oF LympH, W. J. Gies.....433, 434-5

Wididle. “Astten: siseussc. bees oot 32-3 | PRoTOzOA, SOME INTERESTING,

Iobene Of Putopenss.cesscueccdtnees 30-4 FROM VAN CORTLANDT PARK,

Eliocene, Upper, Siciliem 2..si2.c:<.. 33-4 eB. GANRAINS f och nprsicsavasccens 513-4

PAMONMIGDALES:,..\ csica.scanteiedsatee dace BUN FOUMIeM PLUM DUCR: o.oo acssucs wuss dant 13

LRN MPAS, oe eictoriondovionsase Sehiaes toot 31, 32, 57 | PSYCHOLOGY, PARIS CONGRESS OF,

Fliopitiecus:...:.:...¢ ee er 28 Res: Woodworth. ...;......... . 508

PLUMAGES AND MOULTS OF THE ETAT ULE: SECHELL OV INES. 25 cade ntestoses 364

534 INDEX.

Per VE OMCLOPUS e aagseee ues us tector 403 | Rames;3.3 rele us sk sees eee 20, 63

Ptilodus (Yorrejon) compared with PONE AN sisnkesicsaapsicpe qet see Ree ees 24

Neoplagrantax, | Cernaysien,).0%.25) GIO) Marcas array. Weaes tae eeee peaeeee 36

Publications, Scientific of H. F. Os- R, LE BULHLE RE area 40, 42, 43

DOE cpaneteas Sess cen oceania ooeee O5—72)) Nappen fla lecrnsa.5 eece ene ae

PUECTCO! f, ccs eee ee ees eee 10.| Rayleieh,. Lord.) Bs

Base of American Eocene.. ... Q)| Read, Wile: vem. eee eee 425

Fauna oldest of Europe......... 9 | Kealms, Mammalian, distinguished

Without/asparalileltis. sc. s0cs< 9 from, Resions i 7.va.5 sn canse ae ace 50

Puerco, Torrejon or Wasatch, Eger- RECENT PROGRESS IN INVESTIGA-

kingen beds more recent than..... II-2 TION OF THE GEOLOGY OF THE

Pull-hair ball, ae gee Gas In- ADIRONDACK REGION, J. F.

GIA GOV Aer te eee oe en ea aeewe sete 384) sKempiiie.. Meee 506-7

WD cea Ce ae mone ee at ceena aes ena 514 | RECENT RESEARCHES IN CENTRAL

Pupin,. Wl. 1:;-Councillor. 7. 441, 45 5 AUSTRALIA, Dr. Livingston

Pelee MR Cadet ace te ee 466 Farrand... s:cfovcs<dap eee eee 484-5

Pupin, M. I.; A NEw Farap- RECONNOISSANCE, A, OF THE

ETE Riva scrcivamulas eel avia.s seis be 475, 476-7 ELIZABETH ISLANDS, Arthur

ws De sree. s.6ss cas ateete aceon ee 395 Bhoiighe... ccncotir tan hoes .387-418

Putian. Or. Powel. kee..6e 502! Record of Meetings of the New

NOU Bi ia sincshinscthnonte Vaaataenee eae 370 York Academy of Science, Jan.,

TED ULUUME AiO oe Sehcalais aoa aroonn eee 368 1.900=DE¢.;. FQOORs.35 es 431-516

Pyrite; Mammoth Cave.....c..<0sceo 480 | Recording Secretary, Annual Re-

pymitese lvom..2, yess. . eee 426 port; Medic VOO0r 2.ce serene 458-460

Pyrotherium fauna of South Amer- Recreations of the Passamaquoddy |

UC adeeb. He ok si diee'e, Suis reee ee 54| and Penobscot Indians......... 381-384

PV EOREME, J, usa vache cccsenceeceaemens A20, 425 | Riees, sy >i Kereta cee tee eee 477

Rees, J. K.; REPORT ON NOVEM-

Oarizs detalii. beeen ee 420, 421 BER METEORS: Moe) ees ec ee eee 444-5

Ouiartz eaystals. 2%... d0<Seeat semen 481 | Rees, J. K.; SCIENTIFIC INSTRU-

Quartz) Smokyics: <a es.cessoaancectee 508 MENTS OF THE PARIS EXPoslI-

Quarizitiescc9,. ..ccsherewst eer cera 492, 506 TION, . Heike Soe ate seen aces 494, 495

Quartz-porphy fy 09. ssaoes-tecee cee eans 501 | Rees, J. K.; THE VARIATION OF

Ouatertarys. 08 vaceteee 396-7, 416, 492 LATITUDE AND THE CONSTANT

QUATERNARY DEPOSITS OF THE of the ABERRATION OF LIGHT,

Hupson RIVER VALLEY AND AS DETERMINED FROM SIX AND

SOME MISCELLANEOUS SUB- ONE-HALF YEAR’S OBSERVATION

JECTS, EXHIBITION OF LANTERN AT COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY OB-

SEIDES (LLLUSTRATING< 4.0: SER VATOR Vinson ord beer Bae 444, 445

EL OVE ihre ctor fs Honea see eaesmab ones 515-6) Regions, Mammalian, as distin-

MENSTER ie Tel. .lns 12. cone eee 17 guished from realms) .c-2c-5.e ee 50

Omer Gs CIO G. Vs hope tn ad seeeees 3OF | eer Ultss:c.0 32 cc uence ea ree eeee 445

CHOON Socinee in RSI 391-| Renaudis) refs: o.es..ee are eee 438

O. wewwing Tain, i.ceenccstee BOL |" Memsseler tay. in eee ces sae aesee eee 373

Query, Phosphorites du ...... 20 ARS OUOLA CS. ks tea a tid 375

Quetkeosag : Passamaquoddy........ 385 | RESISTANCE OF THIN Fr_Ms DE-

Quick’s Hole : Elizabeth Ids., For- POSITED BY KATHODE RADIA-

ERE BIOM MO igs 6 Seo a,c oP tines ac ae 397, 400 TION, SELENIUM RINGS, A. C.

Ounce rele. siheviucs ates aes 465 LOnNngGen.- 5.7 s..css neces 465-6

Quinin, Effect of, on dextrose ...... A34 | Rhinocras Qutiguulaliss.c tissue es ee 43

Le Aurela 03051525 .3 ee 27

Risbiiter eee eens. ie oe eh 58 RO DICOvRUS Fe 57

Rabbits : Electricity on muscles of, Te OLCULOF A <9 stead isle eseeen eee 32

PALL) 101 5121 0 Rae ae 434 KE OF ACKY BUS 2.55 sea cteed neater 7, 32

FNACRGOM Se of tier daapiolast ta bSchlon haat 58 LE CLIUSEUS, 228 CR orcs agian 33, 36

Radiation, Adaptive, of Orders and Ree, EHAFUSSI aE. 5c ax eR 32

Families ; Tertiary Mammals......49—51 L CPLOW TE UAUS eo oe Sean sin eee 33

IG OHESG UIE 4 o di tocee kanes rms 498, 499 Re MCP CRA aca ese 36, 39, 40, 41, 42

DN MUI OUMLL Ds Fehetinnsnanvnla’ 508 363 R DACHY SNOT... th san eee 32

INDEX 535

Te. SCUSQUIENSES, in” seadcc DTP. SD SAtUTBIG MOUS: << veces cccence cavddes <i 514

Ue SCRICLEYTIOCHETD 3. von wasane er 32 | SCENERY OF THE HARNEY PEAK

NS 802. a alae ah osiicants stoa tear ee nes 43| DisTRicT IN THE BLAcK HI115s,

Mee RMON TCHSIS s.0 on ena stan Supiews 28 S. Dy, Of Hovey...<...:. 479, 481

eee LLOUPOMILU ILLES hein ccainetes 36, 39, 43 | Scharff ; a een tetas vide ose nine ser 37

Rhinoceros, ‘Tertiary of Europe Schiz phoria multistriata ......+..- . 373

MUM IUETICA = .< 5 Soeccitcenescat er aise 5 | SCRIZOIMCYLUML PIISCUTI. aceeonse sosees 23

OL UTOP ESSA c ac kshences cores sanees 57 | Schlosser, M..; ref.,

Rhinoceroses, Cursorial............... RS Ae pO, Oo. NO; 11,27, 30, 35; 30, 43, 63

Rhinoceroses in Europe, The Phyl- | SCHOHARIE, N. Y., THE SECTION

meeny, ofthe, H. fF. Osbom.:.504, 505 | AT, J. J. Stevenson............. 361-80

ME ROOGPOUIOLE ois ca sivas cnes sadinwn ths ene BOG | MCMUCMELE 52 TEL i) cn. 06 cal snus Pen 2,

Rhipidomella mMasculosa.......0cceeee 375 | SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS AT THE

RMD eet coos caceedestenaty alt ee 472) - PARIS EXPOSITION, J..K. Rees,

Rhynchonella lamellosa..cccccccvceee 364 494, 495

PUMP MCMOMELLOI:....25) acieeseesessasceres 373 | SCIENTIFC PUBLICATIONS OF H. F.

OMVIRHOLKCING COPAK 02.05 cacssencee-i BOGW MMOPBO MMe atainee facitmevclssyasetleacas 65, 72

“LEG, Nee ee BOA; SClALCES Tel: o: see se cce ses cottess'ss 46, 47, 48

Rhytina in North Pacific: .24.....0.s FRc) eOtte Melt ctaty gress hue -ceods eso 5, 40, 56

SULIPSCY CCG |? AA nee 513 Scute/la limestone...... 306, 472% 373, 378

feaceretson, Daniel; refi: /.....2.. SO | SEA“ COWS eran oe Saran che ect- eines mane duce 53

Reiderer, Ludwig, Res. Mem....... 443 | SEA-URCHIN Eccs, THE CHEMICAL

eee cis aes va5.culoGacs sethec= ts, Soa 29| FERTILIZATION oF, E. B. Wil-

Ries, H.; NorE ON OCCURRENCE

OF ALLANITE IN THE YOSEMITE

513, 514

ee ee ay

Second or mid-glacial advance,

UL: CT! a ee pee are MeO. nb. O) |) ieory Ol <. 45in 2. Seaeategeie. one 42

Rigor Mortis, Influence of phlorizen | SECTION, THE, AT SCHOHARIE, N.

Speer ABC ck vein ahiweace Det eset 400: |" “VJ. JeStevenson: 320.255. 361-80

Rocks, THE, oF LAKE WINNEPE- SELENIUM RINGS. RESISTANCE OF

SAUKEE, H. S. Washington, THIN Fi_Ms DEPOSITED BY

49%, 500~I KATHODE RADIATION, A. C.

MRAP EEE Eaten estes sheen heatioss ne 54 WOME CSIs 5: oeah kins teens wee ees 465-66

REPELS Pot arieela gage Ne okee tel otaees 10 Selonodont Artiodactyla. ......cic..00s fe)

guinea ee cee Madson des tots os EO poGiL, HDi nett. oe. ace a acess 491

ROP OUM CLINE Gc saineas bphan koe si nso tan ves 22 Semn pithecus monspessulanus ...... 32

R. pleuroceros Duvernoy........ 20 | SEQUENCE, THE, OF PLUMAGES

R. velaunum Aymard........... 20' AND MOULTS OF THE PASSERINE

ROOTS AND FUNGI, SYMBIOSIS OF, Birps’ or “IN. Y-;* Jonathan

Dit. MacDougal ...s.060s:. BOGy AGT ||). Die Rite Yt ta. cane tcanesseoved: 7 3-360

PMA EL ONDE Fe Brae ots hc re ue Kee ane ee 22. : BPD ETIMUE. Sis ae aha aawsdatialher se gan cece 424

Wise ME PCOFIUNUMNG awed an civnceeteans 3 | Sexrecocarpus lintfolius (L.) B.S.P.. 395

Rowland, Henry A., Hon. Mem. 442, fat SERPENTINE AND TALC, PRE IMI-

RUTHERFURD PHOTOGRAPHIC | NARY NOTES ON THE OCCUR-

MEASURES, THE PARALLAX OF RENCE OF, AT EASTON, PENNA

pe CASSIOPFIZ AND THE Po- Bij Be Peckhe atta. 410-30, 435, 436

SITIONS OF 56 NEIGHBORING pshaler, IN}. Sri febe ones. dosccces 394, 501

STARS, AS DEDUCED FROM THE, Shales,

BenwH, Batiet, 2... sc0i-.c 444, 445 366, 370-72, 375, 377-8, 379, 498, 499

Rutimeyer, L.; ref........ WD TO TA Os solellamatly 5. ieee aseisaandtsrssencee es 468

PMMOMINGINtes {aah ceae tees -ctacewdes se 23, 448

Sabre stoothtigerirom- Amenca..... So") sicilien Ploceme:...,...............++ 30, 33-4

Saiga prisca (tartarica) ......00-0+ BO PAS lh SUMPROLUTU CD ra tah acniesys Senne see pases 17,19

ee os, vagtn ater ah neue teed sake Bar| OCU CE MANE GREAT. soa les 92 aoe se vine tne 370

Palas SHALES! s\ 25. auc hewebane snake 364, 366 | 5. pseudogaleata Eni Ae ee eer 573

VATE SHOME!: 20, 2c ii bcc sasncets ostenb ee OG es OMe SMA cask ensue Sos ielekeke sec sk vers 420, 426

TISKAMY Se... shen BAe SUT Oe STO POUCHES irae ra tA Uenedeanede css tens. 421, 491

DS OMS AM in ct sae a Sudeaanastidehions 255020 27 |silliman, Profsy ref... ...-..-..0005+- 481

Sapphires; Momtama..., Jccccsedss2e0s PAM MNUUGL AMIN So pcer sed teke.. seve <dessc<s 363, 499

SIAC COMI ASIA +36 hs Vice ot eS oe tae BRAN eR ale Sahel Necks Sev le Localv ss 25,26, 27

536 INDEX.

S1aopea Breviclca vad x. sedsastuseens TA.) Stemmann 5: ref: 056 cee 43, 64

S. (Stypolophus) viverrina,,...(3-14 | Stenochtsma formosa...cce-cserees 272, aye

SEFC ag sh tbaic Gen emacs hae ee 53 Stevenson, J. J.; ref.,

SUPRISE So, 22 eben awn eee Ree 445

SKULL IN CERATODUS, ON THE

DEVELOPMENT OF THE, J. D.

MacGrep or... .cstotea se 446, 447

Smock, J. C., ON THE PROTEC-

TION OF THE PALISADES....469, 470-I

Smyth selec, Jac coaster 437, 506

Sotssonien (Mayen-Eymar).......... 12

Solanum rostratum Dunal........... 398

Solidage nemorales Nite... c0sgieses 395

SOMATIC DEATH, THE SURVIVAL

OF MUSCLE AFTER, F. S. Lee...433-5

SOME MUSCLE VARIATIONS OF THE

PECTORAL GIRDLE, G. S. Hunt- |

BEVESEON Se eo oes Poem atk pontine 446, 447 |

SOME PRELIMINARY NOTES ON

CRYSTAL GROWTHS IN MAmM-

MOTH CAVE, R. E. Call...479, 480-1 |

SONORA Mexico, A CONTRIBUTION

TO THE GDOLOGY OF A PART OF, |

| Sel eae = (1 | ae en Se 491, 492

OPE DELE JEM COLD a 5 sce Se on tena ee 433 |

SORDARIACEZ&, STRUCTURE AND

DEVELOPMENT OF THE, D.

Gopi ths06. Sowden oe 433-5.

SOUND, DETERMINATION OF THE

WAVE LENGTH OF, BY THE

GRATING METHOD, E. R. Von

Nasdofft 5.2: sie Jace ooo 511-2

SOUND, ON THE APPLICATION OF

FIZEAU’S METHOD TO THE DE-

TERMINATION OF THE VELOCITY

Or FR. Won Nardoff,..-..2 494-5

SOUND WAVE PHOTOGRAPHS AND

CoLOR PHOTOGRAPHS, Ex-

HIBITED BY PROF. HALLOCK,

487, 489.

SOUND WAVES, STATIONARY, THE

BERNOUILLI EFFECT ON, Ber-

PON DAMIS ceisler dea ecndan oer 487-8 |

Sparnacien Lapparent........2. 2... 12 |

SPECIFIC GRAVITY WEIGHINGS,

NoTE oN, Wm Hallock.....475, 476 |

Sy OLeL Tae! ean dc) eee Sees a 51, 53, 494 |

AC RRLIME Nor Pa aids soa ce a tag Unile/atier 438 |

SLT) a Q73%

OPT CHOSU Sa eniiw.s as vn deine 374, 375 |

LEARN He alow sis acnie aes 375 |

LOPE LOLS. grat tia ec sn sien telew a2 373

Mt UCU LVF acacia ex asemciee 272

Ds WEL OR ODN CLE sins onicenine xe BUEy Ape

Be METULDIEILOSUS vs van asenesniaass B72

VIA MUSCIIE was nae ss 366, 367, 368

SSCA OO NOE: a ash rists cat (Oath om oss 375

SDOFEQED BUTCH MICLIOLA. a aiicocann asenes 433

SGUGIOMON VATTIETSC. 2603s cecces suse 27

442, ae 492, 493, 502, 516

TRAND’S "THEORY, RESPECTING

THE ORIGIN OF CERTAIN COALS,

436, 437-8

Stevenson, J. J.. ON THE DEATH

CF SIR WILLIAM DAWSON......... 436-7

Stevenson, J. J., ON THE LIFE

OPO: P.. FLUBRA RIE a= See 481-484

Stevenson, J. J.. ON THE LIFE

Pi) Sa ORD DE ae 78 no bg ee ne 472 -3

Stevenson, J. J., THE SECTION

AT SCHOHARIE, N. Y......2,<0+--301-00

Stichopus adiabolt.......... is ini: Aleasee 505

Das PROBE ce oe, ea tak ed Sen ee 505

SToKES, SIR GEORGE G., AN Ac-

COUNT OF THE JUBILEE OF, R.

S. Woodworth) s.2..55.--ee 464

SCROMIALODOT Aes: 140s scene 368, 373

Ss, COMCONINICES, sss eae 364

SEF OPNCODOULA Recazaane Seas 370;, 3735370

Ss. GOCHEE aces hate sh oe ee 372

S. WASH CD 86> on ome 375

Se WET ASIPIAL Ee 2 ee eee 368

SEM OPHOT CME. iene nih Se ies oe he 500

| STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF

THE SORDARIACEZ, D. Grif-

te, MIS = e222 Sena ea cy eee ea ene 433-5

studer, “Theo:t rel. 25.2.5 54s 35, 64

STUDIES IN VOCAL EXPRESSION,

Niles, Sai ed bos A eae pe ee we S 493

SEY JOLOPMUE 5 cscnianisins ch avoatentaen eee 14

SACL ONC oe ea ten hee Ee 513

\SSMESS S6het sd). ee ee eee 8, 28

| AEA SSOULEE Bie i cots cpa te See 8, 12-13

Sumner, F. B.; KUpPFER’s VESI-

CLE IN RELATION TO GASTRULA-

TION AND CONSECRESCENCE,

433, 446, 447

Sumner, F. B.; Report on Sum-

mer W eile Pe Seay at er See ee 496

|Sumner, F. B.; Res. Mem ........ 443

SURVIVAL, THE, AFTER SOMATIC

DEATH, Fis de OCs cost: eee 433-5

SOS. 55. Bad cah va aseaae aces ae eee 29

Ss C2 YMAMLLUS. ca cesane SSspaeee 32

Se, SOMO Spek a tke sh oom eee 36, 40

Syenite...... 422, 423, 448, 491, 500, 501

SYMBIOSIS OF ROOTS AND FUNGI,

D.T ..MacDoupalac bene 466, 467

SYMBOLIC CHARACTER, THE, OF

GEOMETRICAL FORMS AS A

PRINCIPLE OF EXPLANATION, A.

L...JOMES 5 o..2e.d ison ence tras 473

SYMBOLISM OF THE ARAPAHOE IN-

DIANS, A. L. Kroeber......... 449, 450

INDEX

SYMBOLISM OF THE HUICHOL IN- |

DiANns; Carl Lumholtz.......... 449-50

TOL As 25 cacssatinvayenscwnsevet 52 376

Table Rock, N. Y., Calcite at...... 365

SPEMGG.: FSSQUIMIO, 0.00.42 ecceccoes natiase 485

BRPEMTOOIEL So. . doe gnnauaascncease sass 12, 54)

TALC AND SERPENTINE AT EASTON, |

PENNA., PRELIMINARY NOTES

- ON THE OCCURRENCE OF, F. B.

eS Sep cok tiie via esa 419-30, 435, 436 |

PTA OTU SS 75 3cb les ecces ssn ek sone ens 219-23

SUNN, soe iss on si oss ub eescessbies cries 58

SI aU AS gone ct aia'c sale un canasnie sa sainnvacie’ 15, 16

TAPIrUs ATVETNENSIS 0.0000 cveraneceees 33

BEDPISCUS 504 ivcbnaesatiestsanjsevitenes 32

MMT LOLERIES ono cons narcesusenesaseusicues Te

RP CPEACIIEIES occ sc cece ondic nec 364, 369, 370

Tentaculite limestone.....3060-8, 377, 379

Tentaculites 2YVACANINUS .....11ee eens 368

erns Elizabeth Tds......:........- 398

TERTIARY MAMMAL HORIZONS OF

EuRoPE AND AMERICA, CoR-

RELATION BETWEEN, H. F. Os-

537

Wstenis,, AMStralig’ ssc vesevss, ceveedvee 484

Toulars tefici.... peeabex Dac tky dace oa 28

OMT ONANING Ee) Listes sae nl te vevesneaaes 501

WAR OGUOMUIALS pndavecsetss ofncnk nasauhnire 54

Tomopreustes, EP gs Of... 15.04.00. 0000 496

(PIG INTEt, sancawwatrnametsconaseeadsen cen 492

Lee ey a (So 2 a 497

FLA Due thi tbtentatt aerg.beheerich apni 468, 506

Treasurer N. Y. Ac. Sc., Annual

Report, HER., FQOO! ws.cewvevaseree 455-7

Tremolite,

420, 421, 424, 425, 426, 427, 507

PRTC VES F TEL cscicen carne ewe sancveeaeene 474

ULSI Oe aes iene aga reer Cee 492, 499

Trigonolestes br achystonus ... 1.000005 15

RVODItGR: teaaaacsdaccy nies none 376, 498, 499

DG TIAN IO) Rela ESE Se eon ten eer Pa 500

TROCHOC IS Hot p caawads sie ties ness 373; 379

Drop lod yiies 2. cceag seca as cena esswase'ss 290

TPES TOMEI TUT conan asassscsasanstacav 36

Tis CUTOUT Lea tas cea divamcw enns See 40

DPMS ate ona cist nae spin sie wa’ 34

Trotter, Albert N.,* Fellow ...... 442, 454

"Trowestart,.<Hea 1s.5 Geljccsesescas «o. 9

SUPERIAPOORE ci 38 copes souk «Peas eees te F-64 | Trowbridge, C. Cy ref. ...t54.05.. 466

MCC ON oon vo sc vinncs clodeceidieevedoinss 2

OES so 22

MOEICUSLES S53 ini anlaceineS sie cies asus sins 514

POM AMC MEN 5. b<.celaevence ser tnenas sas 85, 10,, FE

Thanétien (Cernaysien) and Torre-

merjon nearly parallel)... i. .c..20-..85 10-II

Mmmomoson, J. Ju; ref.....20.--..... 486

Thorndike, E. L. and Wood-

worth, KR. S:; EFFECTS OF

SPECIAL TRAINING ON GENERAL

PP EMOMIG -ocaacs obehvanscaseaenea 509, 510

Thorndike, E. L.; MENTAL LIFE

DER OP MGT NGA LG. Coots dus. due ads: a 466, 467

Thorndike, E. L.; “WEBER’S

LAW IN JUDGMENTS OF COoM-

PARISON WITH MENTAL STAN-

ee es eboney 4a—5

Thorndike, E. L., Councillor

441, 455

BREN or ap hicti cana pnoriecesencsaea lentes 516

DARREN SDILACUS 555 St oceoseas soamevehs nn 434

dunanmesy, Black THillse...3..2s008..< 481

SITES Aes «02 Sikieain'e ccesin sad vases 448, 401

“PLUS 2 ee ee 491

MRA IOTER OS 6 Se ous Gat nvastincen bade es 58

mmrrock, Grays jive. icc. si.ceke ae 40

Toap, THE BeEermupésA, F. C

ANGE ii) Bisa ateitaaemenint 504-5

DOUULRAIUME COPE cocfare Gosnceotiaces II

WOON ATVCM het ve a caae's av cicelng 3 spe «9.40 21, 22-3

SGLEO| OU aud dbo) i dadhinemedhendsneaanee IO-12

UOT 4.5 a vs cdenss. sie ne awanedacses 2AT 25.20

Tufis, F. L.; FLrow oF AIR AT

Dir ERENT PRESSURE THROUGH

GRANULAR MATERIALG..,.......00- 503-4

TUNE AND SPACE IN VISION, ON

RELATION OF, J. McK. Cattell.

439, 440

TUNING FORK, OVERTONES OF,

Wim, ov Gk eva oscaesc ove cee 475, 476

‘Tyler, i. Bt, Hon. Meni. 2.2.5 442, 453

A vlopOdain, .. sSrsxccenctsaaecaesee ss Bee 05 50

MUG PORe eis aueerccltrete nee amtateciee crete de 54

Uinta contemporaneous with Gyfse 19

Wiim> Beds) of: #22. scs-ss0unseeneeesis iF

Lae FASS catcctdans cael asitesireat os 438

Uncatina. Id...... 387, 388, 389, 390, 392

WinCatiM Cette... srapaks .wedteenctee cerns 388

OWCURUMUS. TAMIA BIAS siniscinsasasegees 370

OR ROBT cco antionsecabcassve 373

Ch AECOLATNS Ne cSceawii eke aneus 272

Underwood, L. M., Councillor..441, 455

Nba Gina See cn ceae saacp nc wemcwcestene ves 10-11

Wintyalliviest fh gadetccdecustescasbeses 364, 368

OUSAUTE POUMRUUS Tesi tie ih vaso dsione 28

(CO SE MRC go BAER Se ie nee 29

Fp AIDS IR Ce hinasen suteemee 40

TROPUCIVGRSISE cae ss scuesecticess 33

CE EEOR dia do eleguctern oe S00 seaive 40

CE SPECS alt seagauice based aeotas 36, 40

COUT A. Banda th <6 canbe cs eevee vaess 392

VOUlwara SINCETA SHY oi... .isessenessse 468

ANNALS N. Y. AcAD. Sci., Vol. XIII, April 18, 1901—35.

538

Vi. TCAFINALE BY bea ae

VAN CORTLANDT PARK, SOME IN-

TERESTING PROTOZOA FROM, G.

N.. Calkins :3).2c G.cet te 513-4

Van Hise) Cake rel aa 481

Cor. "Memiizssec ciceres costes: 442, 454

van Ingen, Gilbert ; Editor....494, 502

van Ingen, Gilbert; PALEOZOIC

FAUNAS OF NORTHWESTERN

NEW? JERSEY 4 :ccchens2. 497, 498- ee

Vanuxeimn sei oe seo nko 80

Werdolitex ms. sccter scone rece 425, 426, is

Verrill, Prof. A. E. ; Tele aoe ee 435

V GRILLE EA eee ea era cess te cicavawe vee 33

VIUGIIBI CES renee se ieas te dsans sense taste 33

VEDI AICAT ED vas conc conktanpasssieos on 23

Winiclolite sees. scant ceca tecceasnceeee 437

VISION, ON RELATIONS OF TIME

AND SPACE IN, J. McK. Cattell,

439, 440

Wa WeTTO bees. a siSates ts nde tc adoreasenes 18

VocAL EXPRESSION, STUDIES IN,

Ora) OSe8) (Lis Ke Ran eee Sk Od 493

IViGKE Eis Wels. 25) vcs. Wea seen ee- seca 465

Von Nardoff, | cag) Se DETERMI-

NATION OF THE WAVE LENGTH

OF SOUND BY THE GRATING

NEE TEOD ye ....s Sennintewe. ee staeeseeees 511-12

Von Nardoff, E. R.; ON THE

APPLICATION OF FITZEAU’S

METHOD TO THE DETERMINA-

TION OF THE VELOCITY OF

eee ee tee Setter eeesesesesesesese

94-5

yon Zittel, K. A. >....4;.5, 6, 8,124,)04

WWAWA CHCl) )y vecwatc. naoesotaeeat nee 388

Wabanki girl, Narration of......... 382-3

Waiter. °C. 7 Tebocnisetie 497, 505

EVES, ACH 3225 esseanenstee seen 443

Waite, F. C.; THE BERMUDA

MGA TGs a he ceeeccscndens ccoaket ees 504-5

Wallace, Alfred; ref......... 375 495053)

Wasatch 1I-14

Washington, H. S.; Fellow...442, 454

Washington, H.S.; THE Mac-

NET COVE LACCOLITH, ARKAN-

Washington, H. S.; THE Rocks

OF LAKE WINNEPESAUKEE, N.

Ee ee ay atk CS cues 408, 500-1

Watasé, Prof. Sho; Cor. Mem..442, 454

Niisterlimies fees sie se 364, 365, 366, 380

Wave and Wind, Effect of 6

WAVE LENGTH OF SOUND, DETER-

MINATION OF, BY THE GRATING

METHOD, E. R. Von Nardoff,

511-12

WEBER’S LAW IN JUDGMENTS OF

COMPARISON WITH A MENTAL

weer eeeee

INDEX

STANDARD, E. L. Thorndike,

473, 474-5

Weed & els. cae e cosestenen econ 423

Weithofer, As: “refec.so.ssi oe 23, 64

Weller; Stuart wefl.7..05. ae 498

West Mtn.,

362; 367, 371,373, 3745 375,379) a70

White, Dr. T. G., Acting Editor... 486

Fellow. 1.20. ceeee eee 432, 454

VELL ncwisas eaters ee aoeeee 473, 492, 516

White, Dr. T. G.; THE GLEN

Fatis, N. Y. SECTION OF THE

LOWER ORDOVICIAN.........20 498, 500

Williams, G. H., Memorial Lec-

fUTESHUD: J. ct sven caren ee eee 472

Williams, J. ch 3 Teh nee 448, 507

WilNiamsite.:.&2-Ciice. cae eee 425

Willis; Batley scef<s) eee 423

Wilson, E. B.; SUMMER WoRK

AT BRAUFORT: INONGL om cee 496

Wilson, E. B.; THE CHEMICAL

FERTILIZATION OF SEA-URCHIN

MI GGS es tdi nee nec oce ten aeee 513, 514-5

Wrilsone wentribosa 2.0. 25h eee 373

Wind, ‘Hilfects of, ts-.75.c-se os 391-2, 396

Wind River Fattnas:\.53.. 5.52 eee 14-16

WINNEPESAUKEE, THE ROCKS OF

LAKE, H. S. Washington 498, 500-1

Wissler, Clark, CORRELATION

OF ANTHROPOMETRIC TESTS...509—10

Wissler, Clark, SomE PHENOM-

ENA OF INDIRECT VISION...... 439-440

Witchcraft ; Passamaquoddy........ 385-6

Woldnch, Jt; reit...2... 35, 42, 64

Wood. R. W.; CoLor PHOTO-

GRAPHS AND SOUND WAVE

PHOTOGRAPHS, EXHIBITED BY

PROFESSOR HALLOCK........... 487, 489

Woodhull, Wm. A.; ref......... 389

Woodworth, R. S.; president of

ACAdeMyies sco dakuaacekihone andes 441, 454

Ret ots oe wee as 40, 64, 464, 488

Woodworth, R. S.; AN ACCOUNT

OF THE JUBILEE OF SIR GEORGE

GC. “SPORES: cies ecee sew cee eee 465

| Woodworth, R.S. and Thorn-

dike, E. L.; EFFECTS OF SPECIAL

TRAINING ON GENERAL ABIL-

LEY Gasls<se duatecena icon neared 509, 510

Woodworth, R. S.; PAris Con-

GRESS OF PSYCHOLOGY... .5-<<: 509

Woodworth, R.S.; THE FATIGUE

OF VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT..473, 474

Woodworth; J. B=) rel. 2. 394

Wortman ; ref : abies ois Sgatisimeaee aaah 9, 10

WRITING, MovEMENTS OF, C.H.

H fee co (Pana Si eRe CEE e oe ee 509, 510

KiphodowtS Res cusvaceeee te eeeae oes 56

INDEX 539

Yosemite }Valley, Note on the Oc- [pBOOMALt = TEL, jigs ssdiv sean edcaas 485, 486

currence of Allanite in, D. PLITCOI 5 otc sn aden ones ice an eeee Oke AgI

Me ee eres vastevecusscieneadls ASDe AIO—O!| 2 OISILG, tea ccwansavigne~siwer vwansdenncadars 516

Ypresien, Sparnacien Suessonien, Zoological evolution, Principles

Lower Eocene and Wasatch eaters) tonne ocicdaeteuwak 48, 49

TTI Gece 1 a eee Bees 12-13 Zoological regions and lanes of

TOES SS Ce ae an i ae 52

PALES v5 nce ca aetden wens ees 368, 373 Zoological, Three divisions in the

ee REMTEW OETA. jc. navndceadanes Sa me WOME cera pedet vp iesinadsdctaceatecs 47

SPECIAL INDEX OF SPECIES FOR THE PAPER ON “THE

SEQUENCES OF PLUMAGES AND MOULTS OF

THE PASSERINE BIRDS OF NEW YORK”?

BY JONATHAN DWIGHT, 7k:

Acanthis linaria..........4: SI, .133,77-6

A TNATIG GOSNV ATE Sass, vacase oe 127

AEF OSLIOLA en tiscwelwns neue dideees 133

Agelaius pheniceus....80, 92, 133, 160-1

ATQUG A EFUENSES noes ack seck sincsos 135, 149

Ammodramus caudacutus,

81, I12, 134, 169, 190-2

A. caudacutus subvirgatus,

134, 192

A, henslowii.........134, 169, 189-90

ois

A. princeps,

III, 126, 134, 186-7, 188

A. sandwichensis savanna,

134, 187-8

A. savannarum passerinus,

80, 134, 188-9, 350

Ampelis cedrorum....77, 133, 231, 232-3

A ROTI UNUS ee Senet Sein 133, 235-2

Anthus pensilvanicus ........ 535, 289-90

Calamospiza melanocorys....... 134, 218-9

Calcarius lapponicus,.....131, 135, 183-4

Go) OV UGLUS ete apcunceesees 135, 184-5

Cardinalis, cardinalis....... i132, 169, 208

Carduelis, carduelis......... 132, 135, 17S

Carpodacus purpureus,

81, 118, 134, 173-4, 175, 354, 360

Certhia familaris americana,

133, 297-8

Chelidon erythrogastra,

103, 132, 227-8, 350

Chondestes grammacus...135, 169, 193-4

Cistothorus palustris,

81, 89, 112, 134, 290, 296-7, 356

C. stellaris.,.....112, 134, 290, 395-6

CUEMEQUEIGIPOFIG 2 sscne cies 132, 229-30

Coccothraustes vespertinus.....133, 169-70

Compsoshypis americana,.......135, 251-2

COMIODUSEOPERIIS sin isan sd tvsnivt 133, 143-4

ORES AAS ROR ee 128, 133; 144

Corvus AMETICANUS.......00 125.038). 154

C. corax principalis ...... 133, 153-4

NOESY POLS aha 0'2 Sg tdliin ska siks Bg3, 155

CY OMOEA CHISTAIO cans duvicwensn ass 133) 152

CYAMOSPIZA CYANEA.... .eeceveceees aan 89

caudacutus nelsont.134, 135, 192 |

maritimus...81, 132, 169, 172-3

Dendroica BIE pe ene 134, 254-5

D: blachout nage Aor vnc 135, 266-7

LIS CRT cc ca ceg nae ee 134, 260-1

DDS COTUIESCER Sn kere eee 134, 255-7

DD COSTANED nes 134, 263-4, 265

D. coronata...111, 126, 134, 257-9

Ds. QISCQIOF 52 ce ee 272-4

DD Omni te. Sia ee eee 133, 267-8

DE MOCUul OSA Baw remains 134, 259-60

D. palmarum....112, 135, 271, 288

D, palmarum hypochrysea,

135, 271-2

D. PensylVAntCa...ocrseeee- 134, 262-3

LDDs SEPLOUD Re ace aden 135, 264-6

DD: LECH, NR sre oe hein 134, 253-4

LD: VIL OSU ee, 133, 265, 270-1

DOH ee ee 134, 268-70

Dolichonyx oryzivorus, 81, 112, 118,

I21, 125, 134, 156-7, 265, 348, 356

Empidonax flaviventris.......00+ 122) 445

LE ARUNI UTS Ae use 133, 147-8

Pl, AEDELGE LILOF EI Ss a Sechee oee 146-7

EB OUESCEWS 5c as eet en ee 146

Galeoscoptes Carolinensts....... 133, 291-2

GeO pEP iS EWS ie Me Seana 135, 278-9

Cis. SOW MOS scm Mnstn tae 135, 277-8

G. philadelphiass.s.ccccx. 135, 279-80

CTR Eee 135, 279, 280-2

QU ALE COPFUIED a ase 134, 210-11

Habia ludoviciana, ;

80, 90, 97, 103, 121, 134, 208-10

Flarporhynchuts vrufus...ccceves 133, 292-3

LLM AtG SWOLRSONEE: <scundowa, wdexe 133, 244

Flelmitherus vermivorus..125, 133, 244-5

Flelminthopila celata..........0.004 135, 249

FL. CNY SODLENG).: Fasecen tek 133, 246-7

LL AGWPENECER Ce eae tac 246

LT, leucoOvoncHialis..< dunt 246

FP sere grant eata cae 135, 250

LL, PUR ha oa ge en cee 127, 43%

LL PU fC OP OM tin case a 135, 247-8

Flesperocichla MEV ics ciecdtiwons 134, 314

LECTEE CA PUS ick S eepen ck 132, 241, 282-3

(540)

INDEX 54]

Icterus galbula, CT SLURES Aisin sdd.20¥ yinha scene pos 95-6

90, 97, 103, 121, 134, 165-6, 350 Fr ASPUIES nace vst uauvee Sore thn one 94-5

Ll, spurius PIE CRUISE chess uw sod eons wenn oe 97

So, Del, 194, 162, 272; 288 Ed PLTIOH AUER tees ctncakcthxhreaes 93

; : P. lumbates seu femorales...... 97

DOT ONG TT 133, 200-1

OUISCHLUS CAEUS vcansicecves vuainssecnes 133

DBRS COFERLUS oo ccccscveesscsses 135, 233-4 Q. QUISCULA ....eeeveeeeeens 132, 168-9

L. ludovictanus..........0. 135, 234-5 OC QUISCUIA BHEUS.cacsccnsnesees 168-9

Loxia curvitostra minor,

134, 174-6, 177, 360| Regulus calendula..........cecceee. 133,300

Wi LEUCOPLENE os. 00s cscecvens 134, 176-7 Fs PURO 1 2? 1)]7 EE RE 133, 306

Weospica fasciata, 77,100, 118, 125, | Saxzcola Enanthe, .......ceseoees 135, 315-6

132, 169, 201-3, 212 SEV OTIS PREOC = a5 caans asnnan'a cs 136, 142-3

WIAD gf at 7: a ee 135, 204-5 | Scolecophagus carolinus,

EA PEPECOUMU 0 on'ads ave aaias 133, 203-4 132, 156, 167-8

Merula migratoria...84, 134, 313-4, 352 | Securus aurocapillus...... 127, 133,1274—5

Milvulus tyrannus .....ceecccees 134, 137-9 POPE LUELA EAGT) [a See ne 133, 276-7

Mimus polyglottos.. 0.0 ccsc0s. 133, 290-1 S. MOVEDOVACENSTS....000000. 133, 275-6

ZOLA VATU ccc sanenioaccesss 134, 241-3 S. noveboracensis notabilis,

MLOUOUIEF US QLET ov ccaseves seas 122, 156, 159 533,276

Myr iarchus crinttus....cccc0 vee 136, 141-2 | Setophaga ruticilla......... 85, 134, 287-9

SUGTID ST QUES: Since cemes wooden 109, 134, 316-7

Otocoris alpestris....77, 131, 132, 149-50 Sella CANAAENSTIS. «0.044.000 133, 399-400

O. alpestris leucolema......... I51 S. CAPOUMENSTS...00eeeeeeees 133, 298-9

O. alpestris praticola .i......... 150| Ss DUS... ereeeenseeeeeees 133, 300-I

Qe TEUCOIPTIG <<. mevocccecndecescs 132 | SPUMUS PINUS. .....0eeeeeeeeeereees 133, 180-1

DI ILUCOUD: sania vivcdceses (uascadsens 132 Spinus tristis, 77, 92, 111, 112, 125, 126,

Es 134, 179-80, 350

Parus atricapillus........... 77, 133, 302-3 Spiza AMETUCOMA 22.00 eveeeeres 134, 216-8

PRO LERUOL: a sinane okasetce-dee 133, 301-2 | SPezella monticola........... 78, 133, 197-8

PP. COFONIENSIS ... .0snese006 E23, 305 S. pusilla .. .......125, 133, 199-200

ER MUASOMICUS 26s adie saasdes 133, 304 S. SOCLALIS. ......0000001 12, 135, 198-9

Passer domesticus......... 132, 169, 171-2 | Séelg¢dopteryx serripennis...... 132, 230-I

PRO SSEF OUD BUACO nia bans arcige cds 133, 135, 206 | S“ernella magna,

P. iliaca unalaschensts. .......00045 206 60, 132, 156, 161-2, 350

IE IRCTUIEE CUFIS soi Sccos conc ius v8 133, 215-6 | SéU7NUS VULZATIS....4..0600eeeees 132, 155-6

P. cyanea 85, 112, 118, 121, 134, | SV/vanta canadensts........... 135, 286-7

200, 211-15, 216, 358 a mutrata AUOCOOSOO ORE 127, 133, 283-5

PEFUSOVEUS CONAAEMSIS. winssece vere 132,.153 Se PUSULA.....cvececereceeees 135, 385-6

Petrochelidon lunifrons ........ 132, 226-7

Pica pica hudsontca. ......000 0.000: 133, 151 | Zachyciucta bicolor,

Pinicola enucleator ......c..c000. 134, 170-1 126, 132, 224, 228-9, 350

Pipilo erythrophthalmus..125, 133, 306-7 | Thryothorus ludovicianus..........+. 293

Pirang erythromelas.......+. EO2), 128, 134 | Troglodytes RveMGUts. vocscesnccessesss: 133

P. ludoviciana, Dears fi27) |e a ee 294-5

134, 219-90; 221—2, 223 | LuUrdus QHct@s. cvisicesees vas 134, 309-10

P.rulra, 35, Ol, 1t2, 115, 134, TRU AE GICRIEL wi cace cénes 134, 310

210, 222-3, 272, 288 T. aonalaschke paillasit ...134, 312

Plectrophenax nivalis 80, 131, 135, 181-2 MA TUSESCEMS Ss dss sheds 134, 308-9

Poltoptita c@rula....cc.c.0. 135, 304, 306-7 T. TRUSONINUS os cianes ses 125, 133, 308

P00CELES FVAMINEUS oo eiceceeceees 133, 185-6 T. ustulatus swainsonii......... 134

RORUE SOUS. cacsavass éisccaxbhode ts 133, 224-6 | Zyrannus tyrannus,

DA SUULS HESPEFLE. Si cewsnuoks seavneae 225 103, 134, 139-40, 350

UF OLOUNGHIA CUTER... ..éacessinscses 133, 243-4 Dis UPTUCLIIS «eke cenatecns 2s 134, 140-1

OTP L ON CEPELUG Ss dis. d0 tse aevigs neace 93-4

Mee CEL OLIS ne votn ds sete tosv edn tak O67.) Vi720 lQU1fP ONS cece vecasecesses 133, 238-9

542 INDEX

V. noveboracensts...... 109, 132, 240 .

V OUNGCEUS. can: 109, 133, 235-6 | Zonotrichia albicollis,

V. philadelphicus. ...c..0 133, 236-7 III, 126, 131, 196-7

VF, SOURLATUDS fonda? ean 123, 239 Ly MEUCOT DIDS Prada 135, 194-5

Paice yx

Pale lt vide fo

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Pan? © wd:

oie

VOL. XIII PART I

ANNALS

OF THE

NEW YORK

ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

/ Editor:

GILBERT VAN INGEN

The New Era Printing Company,

Lancaster, Pa.

NEW “YORK"ACADEMY OF SCIENGES

OFFICERS, IQOO—IQOI

President—RoBERT S. Woopwarb, Columbia University.

Sccretary—RIicHARD E. Donce, Teachers College.

— Corresponding Secretary—W™. STRATFORD, College of the City

of New York.

Treasurer—CHARLES F. Cox, Grand Central Depot.

Librarian——LivINGSTON FARRAND, Columbia University.

Editor—G1LBERT VAN INGEN, Columbia University.’

SECTION OF ASTRONOMY AND PHYSICS

Chairman—Wn. Hariock, Columbia University.

Secretary—Wn. S. Day, Barnard College.

SECTION OF BIOLOGY

Chairman—Cnuas. L. Brisrot, New York University.

Secretary—Francis E. Lioyp, Teachers College.

SECTION OF GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY

Chairman—ALExIS A. JULIEN, Columbia University.

THEODORE G. Wuite, Columbia University.

Secretary

SECTION OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY

Chairman—J. McKeen Catre.y, Columbia University.

Secretary —CHARLES H. Jupp, New: York University.

SESSION, 1900-1901

The Academy will meet on Monday evenings at 8 o'clock,

from October Ist to May 27th, in the rooms of the American

Society of Mechanical Engineers, at 12 West 31st Street.

VOL. XIII PARTS II AND III

ANNALS

OF THE

NEW YORK

ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Editor:

CHARLES LANE POOR

The New Era Printing Company,

Lancaster, Pa.

NEW YORK ACADEMY .OF SCIENCES

OFFICERS, IQOO—IQOI

President—RosBert S. Woopwarb, Columbia University.

Recording Sccretary—RiCHARD E. Donce, Teachers College.

Corresponding Secretary—W™M. STRATFORD, College of the City

: of New York.

CHARLES F. Cox, Grand Central Depot.

Librarian——LIVINGSTON FARRAND, Columbia University.

Editor—CuHARLES LANE Poor, 4 East 48th Street.

Treasurer

SECTION OF ASTRONOMY, PHYSICS, AND CHEMISTRY

Chairman—Wwn. Hattock, Columbia University.

Secretary—Wwm. S. Day, Barnard College.

SECTION OF BIOLOGY

Chairman—Cuas. L. Bristot, New York University.

Secretary-—HENRY E. Crampton, Barnard College.

SECTION OF GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY

Chairman—ALeExis A. JULIEN, Columbia University.

Secretary— THEODORE G. Waiter, Columbia University,

SECTION OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY

Chairman—J. McKren Catrett, Columbia University.

Secretary—CuARLES H. Jupp, New York University.

SESSION, 1900-1901

The Academy will meet on Monday evenings at 8.15 o'clock,

from October Ist to May 27th, in the rooms of the American

Society of Mechanical Engineers, at 12 West 31st Street.

‘

—_

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PUBLICATIONS

NEW YORK ACADEMY: OF SCIENCES

[Lyceum or Naturav History 1818-1876]

The publications of the Academy consist of two series, viz :—

(1) The Annals (octavo series), established in 1823, contain

the scientific contributions and reports of researches, together

with the records of meetings, annual exhibitions, etc.

Publication of the Transactions of the Academy was discon-

tinued with the issue of Volume XVI, 1898, and merged in the

Annals. A volume of the Annals will hereafter coincide with

the calendar year and will be distributed in: three parts, during

the year. The price of current issues is one dollar per part or

three dollars per volume. Authors’ reprints are issued as soon

as the separate papers are printed, the dates SePeerae above the

title of each paper.

(2) The Memoirs (quarto series), established in 1895, are is-

sued at irregular intervals. It is intended that each volume shall

be devoted to monographs relating to some particular depart-

ment of science. Volume I is devoted to Astronomical Mem-

oirs, Volume II, to Zoological Memoirs, etc. The price is one

dollar per part, as issued.

All publications will hereafter be sent free to fellows and

members who desire to receive them, but other fellows and

members will only receive the Records, issued as a separate

from the Annals. The Annals will be sent, as before, to

honorary and corresponding members desiring them. Ls

Subscriptions. and inquiries concerning current and back

numbers of any of the publications of the Academy should be

addressed to ‘Tue Liprarian

New York Academy of Sciences

| Columbia University

New York City.

PRICES OF PUBLICATIONS

Annals of the Lyceum (Vols. I-XI), . . . per Vol., $5.00

Proceedings ‘‘ Sua Ea Lewes ot yl ow SY en 5.00

Trans. of the Academy (Vols. I-XVI), . . ‘ “ 5.00

Annals ‘“ “ (Vols. I-X), OR ret ones Ga

Annals‘ . (Vol. XI e¢ seq.), 3.00

Memoirs ‘“ ae ae IPt.t; Vol. II, Pt. 11), per

PATS oe fr eS, 1.00

CONTENTS OF ‘VOL. xa PARTSIT AND A

3.—Stevenson, John J. The Section at Schoharie,

i, 2, ie Re Rit etna eae ae

4.—Prince, J. Dynely. Notes on Passamaquoddy

Literature. . sa he SER SANS Sak Oe

5.—Hollick, Arthur. A Reconnoisance of the Eliza-

beth Islands. (Plates VIII-XV)

6.—Peck, F. B. Preliminary Notes on the Occur-

ence of Serpentine and Talc at Easton, Penna.

(Plate XVI; Figs. 4, 5)

7.—Dodge, Richard E., Recording Secretary. Rec-

ords of Meetings of the New York Academy

of Sciences, January, 1900 to December, 1900

8.—Title Page and Index for Volume XIII.

PAGE

. 361-380

381-386

. 387-418

. 419-430

431-516

PUBLICATIONS

NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

[Lyceum or Narurat Hisrory 1818-1876]

The publications of the Academy consist of two series, viz :—

(1) The Annals (octavo series), established in 1823, contain

the scientific contributions and reports of researches, together

with the records of meetings, annual exhibitions, etc.

Publication of the Transactions of the Academy was discon-

tinued with the issue of Volume XVI, 1898, and merged in the

Annals. A volume of the Annals will hereafter coincide with

_ the calendar year and will be distributed in three parts, during

the year. The price of current issues is one dollar per part or

three dollars per volume. Authors’ reprints are issued as soon

_ as the separate papers are printed, the dates appearing above the

title of each paper.

(2) The Memoirs (quarto series), established in 1895, are is-

sued at irregular intervals. It is intended that each volume shall

be devoted to monographs relating to some particular depart-

ment of science. Volume I is devoted to Astronomical Mem-

oirs, Volume II, to Zoological Memoirs, etc. The price is one

dollar per part, as issued.

- All publications are’ sent free to fellows and resident members

and to such honorary and corresponding members as express a

desire to receive them.

Subscriptions and ‘inquiries concerning current and back

numbers of any of the publications of the Academy should be

Beccd to THE EDITOR

New York Academy of Sciences

Columbia University

New York City.

PRICES OF PUBLICATIONS

Annals of the Lyceum (Vols. I-XI), . . . per Vol., $5.00

Proceedings “ Sere set Uh eies ans gm EE LOO

Piane.-otthe academy (ViolseI—XVI\e 0. 5.00

Annals “ ef (opaieuiana) neem Ses oto fs 6.00

Annals “ “ PMOL 7e see.) 3.00

Memoirs ‘‘ tf (Vol. I, Pt. I, Vol. II, Pt. I), per

Regn meee Nar Pace et ea! hoe ot LIOO