NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

OFFICERS, 1905

President—J AMES F. Kemp, Columbia University. i

Recording Secretary—HErmon C. Bumpus, American Museum.

Corresponding Secretary——RicHARD E. Doves, Teachers College.

Treasurer—CHuAkLES F. Cox, Grand Central Depot.

Librarian—Ratru W. Tower, American Museum.

Editor—CHARLES LANE Poor, 4-East 48th Street.

SECTION OF ASTRONOMY, PHYSICS, AND CHEMISTRY

Chairman—ERNEST R. voN NARDROFF, 3600 Tompkins Ave.,

Brooklyn. —

Secretary—C. C. TRowpripGE, Columbia University.

SECTION OF BIOLOGY

Chairyman—W. M. WHEELER, Ameéticani. Museum.

Secretary—M. A. BiceLtow, Teachers College.

QV /

SECTION OF GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY

Chairman—Epmunp O. Hovey, American Museum.

Secretary—A. W. GraBau; Columbia University.

SECTION OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY

Chairman—F, J. E. WooppripGe, Columbia University.

Secretary—R. S. WoopwortH, Columbia University.

SESSION OF 1905

The Academy will meet on Monday evenings at 8.15 o'clock,

from October to May, in the American Museum of Natural

History, 77th Street and Central Park, West.

ANNALS

OF THE

NEW YORK

Sew ERMY OF SCIENCES

VOLUME XV

1904

Editor:

CHARLES LANE POOR

New York

Published by the Academy

The New Era Printing Company

Lancaster, Pa.

PABLE OF -CONTENTS OF Vor. XV.

1.—Crampton, Henry E., Recording Secretary. Rec-

ord of Meetings of the New York Academy

of Sciences, January, 1902, to December, 1902

2.—Crampton, Henry E., Recording Secretary. The

Organization of the New York Academy of

Sciences. (Appendix) . ;

-3.—Crampton, Henry E., Recording Secretary. Rec-

ord of Meetings of the New York Academy

of Sciences, January, 1903, to December, 1903

4.—Poor, Charles Lane. Researches as to the Iden-

tity of the Periodic Comet of 1889g—1896—1903

(Brooks) with the Periodic Comet of 1770

(exelll).

5.—Index

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Vou. XV Part I

ANNALS

OF THE

NEW YORK

ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Edior:

CHARLES LANE POOR

The New Era Printing Company

Lancaster, Pa.

[ANNALS N. Y. Acan. Sct., XV, No. 1, pp. 1-108, August 31, 1903. ]

RECORD OF MEETINGS

OF THE

NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

January, 1902, to December, 1902.

Henry E. Crampton, Recording Secretary.

BUSINESS MEETING.

JANUARY 6, 1902.

Academy met at 8:15 P. M., Professor William Hallock pre-

siding. The minutes of the last business meeting were read

and approved.

There being no business to come before the Academy, the

Academy adjourned at once.

RICHARD E. DOonGeE,

Recording Secretary.

4 RECORDS

SECTION OF ASTRONOMY, PHYSICS AND

CHEMITS Tika

JANUARY 6, 1902.

Section met at 8:20 P. M., Professor Hallock presiding. The

minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and approved.

The following program was then offered :

William Hallock, THe Macnetic DisturBANCE OF STEEL

WIRE PLUMB-BOBS.

William Hallock, A THERMOGRAPH FOR SOIL TEMPERATURE.

H. ©. Parker, THE VarRIATION OF Contact RESISTANCE

WITH CHANGE OF ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Professor Hallock stated that in the course of the work in the

very deep shaft of the Tamarack Mining Co. on Lake Superior it

had been found desirable to plumb down certain points from the

surface. The plumb-lines used were of No. 24 piano wire and

the weights were fifty pounds of iron. At first the lines were

16.33 feet apart at the top and they were later moved to 17.66 feet

The remarkable observation was made that in the first case they

were 0.08 feet and in the second case 0.07 feet farther apart at the

base than at the top. It was pointed out that a deflection of

such an amount could not be explained as due to the gravita-

tional attraction of the walls of the shaft for the nearer plumb-

bob. Professor Hallock suggested that the effect was probably

due to the magnetization of the wire and the consequent repul-

sion of the north poles at the bottom. In order to test the

possible applicability of this theory a number of experiments

were made in the research shaft at Columbia University which

gave much corroborative evidence. Two plumb lines, about

85 feet long, were suspended in the shaft. One was of copper

wire and the other of iron wire about 0.03 inch in diameter.

Lead weights were attached and it was found that the lines

were about +, in. closer together, at the bottom, when the

iron line was south of the copper than when it was north. Two

lines of iron wire were also used and the distance apart at top

RECORDS 5

and bottom measured. The deflections obtained were of the

same order of magnitude as those produced by the earth’s field.

The deflections thus obtained give evidence of magnetic forces

of sufficient magnitude to explain the deviations observed in the

plumb-lines in the Tamarack shaft.

Professor Hallock also described a form of recording ther-

mometer which he had lately devised. It consists of a large cop-

per bulb connected by means of capillary copper tubing toa

series of cells similar to those used in the construction of aneroid

barometers. The bulb, tube and cells were filled with oil and

the recording mechanism attached to the aneroid cells.

Mr. H. C. Parker gave the results of some experiments he

had made on the variation of contact resistance with change of

electromotive force. The resistance used in the experiments

consisted of oxide of manganese on cobalt glass, the new form

of standard high resistance described in a previous paper given

before the academy. The electromotive force employed con-

sisted of 1c, 50, and 100 dry cells, respectively. It was found

in every case that the resistance decreased with increase of elec-

tromotive force. This decrease might be only a small per cent.

or the resistance might be reduced to a small fraction of the

original value. Improving the contacts rendered this change

in resistance much less marked. It was suggested that this

decrease in resistance when the electromotive force was increased

might be due to a kind of coherer action taking place at the con-

tacts. Very high resistances measured by the electrometer

method were found practically to obey Ohm’s law. It was

pointed out that in such cases the contact resistance was prob-

ably only a small portion of the entire resistance.

Section adjourned.

Bie Rumas

Secretary.

SECITION..OF -BIOLOGY.

JANUARY 13, 1902.

Section met at 8.15 P. M., Professor C. L. Bristol presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and

approved.

6 RECORDS

The following program was then offered:

Franz Boas, THE RELATION BETWEEN THE VARIABILITY OF

CELLS AND THAT OF ORGANISMS.

Gary N. Calkins, DEGENERATION IN PARAMCECIUM AND SO-

CALLED REJUVENESCENCE WITHOUT CONJUGATION.

Henry E. Crampton, Natura SELECTION IN SAMIA CECROPIA.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Professor Boas, in his paper, which has been printed in full

in Sczence for January 3, 1902, established the following con-

clusions: ‘‘(1) The elements of organisms are more variable

than the organisms themselves. (2) The elements of organisms

vary in correlated groups. (3) The characteristics of the varia-

bility of an organism depend upon the correlations of its con-

stituent elements, so that a knowledge of these correlations will

enable us to determine the characteristics of the variability of

the organism.’ (4) It was also pointed out that skew distribu-

tion of variations does not necessarily indicate selection, or

instability of type, but may occur in stable forms.

Dr. Calkins presented the history of two individuals, A and

B, of Paramecium caudatum, from different localities, which

were isolated February 1, 1901. These were fed on twenty-

four hour hay-infusion and the number of divisions recorded at

periods of from one to three days throughout the year, one

individual being isolated each time. Conjugation occurred for

the first time, among the extras, in May. This period was fol-

lowed, in July, by well-marked degeneration of both 4 and 4,

which went so far that nearly all of the stock was lost. The

survivors were stimulated to renewed activity by treatment with

extract of lean beef. After three months of normal and active

divisions, another period of conjugation occurred. This again

was followed by degeneration and again the cultures were saved

by treatment with beef-extract. At the present date (Jan. 13),

A is in the 416th generation and 4 in the 375th generation,

and no conjugation has taken place in the direct line of the cul-

tures. Thus far the experiments have yielded the following

results: (1) Paramacium unquestionably passes through more

RECORDS 7

or less regular cycles of activity and weakness. (2) The period

of weakness is preceded by one of greater dividing-activity. (3)

The period of weakness ends in death, provided the diet (hay-

infusion) remains the same. (4) Beef-extract, without conjuga-

tion, restores the weakened functions of growth and division.

(5) Exogamous conjugation of A and JB, if followed by the

same diet (hay-infusion), does not restore these weakened activ-

ities, but is soon followed by death. (6) Exogamous conjuga-

tion between wild gametes, and followed by hay-infusion diet,

results in normal growth, division, and life. (7) Endogamous

conjugation does not differ from exogamous conjugation. The

ex-conjugants live and divide normally if fed for a time with

beef-extract, but die if fed directly with hay-infusion. (8) One

intra-cellular effect of beef-extract upon weakened Paramecium

is the formation of ‘‘excretory granules.’’ Another is the dis-

integration of the old macronucleus. (g) A few conclusions to

be drawn are: (a) a change of diet is necessary for the contin-

uance of vital activities; (0) the equivalent of parthenogenesis

in higher animals may be induced by change in diet ; (c) conju-

gation, by itself, does not “ rejuvenate’”’; (@) conjugation prob-

ably has some other significance than that usually accepted,

though what this significance may be is not indicated, thus far,

by the experiments.

Professor Crampton presented the results of a statistical

study upon pupz of Sama cecropia. Twenty-five characters

were determined for a lot of 456 pupz, the measurements were

tabulated, and the usual constants of the curves of variation

were ascertained, viz., the range, mode, mean, standard devia-

tion, and coefficient of variability. It was found that only 349

of these pupz produced perfect moths at the time of metamor-

phosis, the others being imperfect to a greater or less degree,

and therefore presumably eliminated as far as reproduction is

concerned. When, now, the former class was compared, sex

by sex, with the whole group of pupz, it was found to be a

selected class of the less variable individuals, while the more

variable ones were eliminated. Selection is therefore “periodic”

in the sense of Pearson. The fact of primary interest appears

8 RECORDS

when this case is contrasted with that of the introduced P.

cynthia. As reported last spring, selection in the latter species

is similarly of the less variable individuals, but is ‘‘ secular’’ as

well, that is, the perfectly metamorphosing pupz form a class

by themselves, with a type which differs from that of the whole

group. It was pointed out that the real basis of selection was

probably a correlative one, a physiological “ fitness’’ depending

upon the proper coordination or correlation of the various parts

of the organism.

Henry E. Crampton,

Secretary.

SECTION OF GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY.

JANUARY 20, 1902.

Section met at 8:15 P. M., Dr. A. A. Julien presiding. The

minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and approved.

The following program was then offered :

R. P. Whitfield, OssERVATIONS ON AND EMENDED DESCRIP-

TION OF HETEROCERAS SIMPLICOSTATUM WHITF.

R. P. Whitfield, Drescriprion or A NEw TEREDO-LIKE SHELL

FROM THE LARAMIE GROUP.

James Douglas, NoTEs oN THE Rio TINTO Copper DIsTRICT.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

In the first paper Professor Whitfield emended and elaborated

the description of the ammonite, eteroceras simplicostatum

which he gave originally in the Newton and Jenney Report on

the Black Hills;' the new observations being based upon ma-

terial collected in July, 1901, for the American Museum of

Natural History by Dr. E. O. Hovey. The present material

shows conclusively that the three genera, Hamutes, Ancyloceras

and Heteroceras, have no independent existence, because single

individuals possess the distinguishing characters of all three

genera combined. The fact that these genera were not inde-

1 Report on the Geology and Resources of the Black Hills of Dakota. With

atlas. By Henry Newton, E.M., and Walter P. Jenney, E.M., Washington,

1880, Paleontology by R. P. Whitfield.

RECORDS 9

pendent was suspected by the author when at work upon the

Newton material twenty-five years ago, and the compound

character of some ammonites has been stated by Professor

Alpheus Hyatt, but these seem to be the first specimens to be

described which actually show the combination in a single

individual.

Professor Whitfield’s second paper described a new Teredo-

like shell from the Laramie group of eastern Wyoming, collected

by Mr. Barnum Brown, of the American Museum. This teredo,

to which the author has given the name Xy/ophomya laramiensis,

is more than an inch in diameter, thus ranking as the largest

species of the family known.

These two papers may be found in full in the current volume

(Vol. XVI) of the Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural

History. :

The third paper of the evening was by Professor James

Douglas, and gave a description, illustrated by topographic

map and numerous lantern slides, of the famous Rio Tinto

group of the copper mines of the Huelva district in Spain.

These mines have been worked from time immemorial, the

earliest knowledge of them dating from the Phcenicians, who

occupied the country in the eleventh century, B. C. The

Romans also obtained a large amount of copper from these de-

posits, and it is an interesting fact that the slags which they left

are purer, that is, freer from copper, than those which are made

there to-day. The ore is a copper-bearing pyrite, carrying

some silica. The copper-bearing portions run irregularly

through the iron pyrites, and the Rio Tinto Company has re-

moved millions of tons of forty-two per cent. iron ore in getting

at its copper ore. The iron ore is not profitable at the present

time, although it may become so in the distant future. There

are some remains of the workings of the ancients here. At

Tharsis in particular the old shafts are very peculiarly con-

structed, one at least being spiral, to enable the miners to carry

the ore on their backs. Shelves are excavated at intervals in

the walls of the shaft to enable the men to rest their loads on

their weary journey to the surface.

10 RECORDS

The mines are worked now as open-air diggings in circular

terraces. They produce about two million tons of ore per year,

and it is estimated that there are one hundred and sixty million

tons in sight. Some silver-bearing galena is associated with the

copper ore. The old-fashioned method of roasting the ore

in heaps was kept up until 1893, but the ore is now leached by

means of water. This is a long process, requiring four years

for its thorough completion, but the copper is leached out so

that less than one fourth of one per cent. is left in the tailings.

The great bulk of the world’s supply of sulphuric acid is ob-

tained from the Rio Tinto pyrite, which is shipped all over the

world forthe purpose of manufacturing the acid. Five hundred

thousand tons per year are utilized in this way.

The paper was discussed by Dr. Julien and Mr. Howe, and

the section passed a hearty vote of thanks to Professor Douglas

for his kindness in giving the paper.

Epmunp O. Hovey,

Secretary.

SECTION ‘OF ‘ANTHROPOLOGY AND PSYGHOLOGY:

JANUARY 27, 1902.

Section met at 8:30 P. M., Professor Farrand presiding. The

minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and approved.

After opening the meeting, the chairman called on General

James Grant Wilson to preside.

The following program was then offered:

F. 8. Dellenbaugh, Ture Location or Historic Towns anp

“ Nations’ oF NEw MEXICO PRIOR TO 1630.

Harlan I. Smith, A Recentty DiscovERED EARTHWORK IN

OcEmMAw County, MICHIGAN.

John R. Swanton, MyrHoLocy AND ORIGIN OF THE HAIDA

INDIANS.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Mr. F. 8. Dellenbaugh explained his understanding of the

location of the historic towns and “ nations’”’ of the Rio Grande

valley in New Mexico prior to 1630. This differs radically

RECORDS 11

and entirely from the present accepted arrangement. He main-

tains that the location of Tiguex, rather than Cibola, is the key

to the correct solution of this problem, and from strong evidence

derived from Benavides, Espejo, Castaneda and others, he

locates Tiguex near San Antonio station. The site at Ber-

nalillo, for this central town, so long advocated by Bandelier

and his followers, he declares is impossible. With Tiguex at

San Antonio station, the famous ‘“‘ Seven Cities of Cibola,’’ which

Bandelier piaced on the site of modern Zuni, are thrown instead

into southwestern New Mexico, either on the Gila near Old

Camp Vincent, or Old Fort West, or between these and the

Florida Mountains, with the balance in favor of a site on the

Gila. Cicuyé, instead of being at Pecos, was apparently a

Tompiras town, either what has been erroneously called Gran

Quivira or some village of that locality. The Braba of Coro-

nado would fall in the vicinity of the present Cochiti, instead of

at Taos, and Tusayan instead of being at the Moki towns,

would fall in its position 20 leagues (50 or 60 miles) northwest

of the position of Cibola.

Mr. Harlan I. Smith presented a paper on the ‘‘ Hauptman

Earthwork,” in Ogemaw County, Michigan. The discovery of

this earthwork was first announced by him in Sczence, June 21,

1901 (p. 991). Personal observation in July enabled him to

correct its location somewhat. It is on Section 33 or 34, or

both E22 "Ne“(nstead:ofp21), K.1, E:- It was found to lie

in a lumbered pine area, and, unlike most such earthworks, far

from any watercourse. It is covered by dense undergrowth

and fallen timber. It is composed of a rounded embankment

of earth, about two feet high and twelve feet wide, encircling an

area about 197 by 177 feet; outside this is a ditch, two feet

deep, six feet wide at the top, but narrowing towards the bottom.

Signs of another embankment were seen outside the ditch, and

within the enclosed area were several hummocks which may

prove to be mounds or similar works. There are three open-

ings in the embankment. The antiquity of the work is indicated

by the presence of large pine stumps on the embankment and

in the ditch ; the largest stump measured thirteen feet four inches

in circumference.

12 RECORDS

An effort is being made to have this ancient work enclosed in

a state, county or township park. The land, now worth per-

haps less than $10 an acre, can easily be secured. If neglected,

the road to be built on the line between sections 33 and 34 will

probably destroy the work.

Dr. John R. Swanton reported some results of his investiga-

tions into the mythology and origin of the Haida Indians of

northern British Columbia. The whole Haida people is divided

into two clans, Raven and Eagle, each of which is strictly exo-

gamic with descent in the female line, and has its own crests,

its own names, its independent traditional centers of origin.

Each is subdivided into a number of families. The Raven clan

traces its origin from a single legendary ancestress, who is re-

puted to have emerged from the waters with the Haida island.

Some families of that clan, however, trace their descent from

other sources. The Eagle clan has much less traditional unity

of origin, and there are certain indications in the tradition that

this clan is of foreign origin or at least has received considerable

admixture of foreign blood. One important fact that seems to

point to the Raven clan as the indigenous element is the great

preponderance of Ravens among the supernatural beings of the

island.

R. S. WoopwortH,

Secretary.

BUSINESS MEETING.

FEBRUARY 3, 1902.

Academy met at 8:20 P. M., President Woodward presiding.

The Secretary reported from the Council as follows :

That the Council had nominated the three following Honorary

Members, to be voted upon at the forthcoming Annual Meeting.

James Dewar, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., Jacksonian Professor of

Experimental Philosophy, University of Cambridge, England.

William James, M.D., LL.D., Ph.D.,. Litt.D., Professor: of

Philosophy, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

Wilhelm Wundt, Ph.D., M.D., Professor of Philosophy, Uni-

versity of Leipzig, Germany.

RECORDS 138

That the Council had voted to nominate no corresponding

members.

That the Council had voted to nominate the following Fel-

lows to be voted upon at the Annual Meeting:

Maurice A. Bigelow, Herman C. Bumpus, O. B. Hay, E. O.

Hovey, W. D. Matthew, S. J. Meltzer.

The Recording Secretary read the list of nominations of

Officers prepared by the Council, and announced that it would

be mailed to members of the Academy two weeks before the

Annual Meeting.

The proposed bill for amending the Charter, which is here-

with appended! was submitted by the Council, with the recom-

mendation from the Council that it be approved by the Academy,

and that if approved the Academy authorize the Charter Revision

Committee to take such steps as are necessary to have the bill

enacted into law.

It was voted to approve the bill, and to give the Charter Re-

vision Committee the authorization requested.

Adjourned.

RIcHARD E. DoncE,

Recording Secretary.

SEGLRON OF ASTRONOMY, PHYSICS, AND

CHEMISTRY.

FEBRUARY 3, 1902.

Section met at 8:40 P. M., Professor Hallock presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and ap-

proved.

The following program was then offered :

Mr. G. B. Pegram, ExperimMENTAL METHODS OF STUDYING

RADIO-ACTIVITY.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

The paper of the evening consisted of a description of the

methods which have been employed in studying radio-active

substances, and also a brief summary of the more important

results which have been obtained.

1See Appendix.

14 RECORDS

The discussion of the paper was confined chiefly to questions

regarding these methods and results.

Section adjourned.

Epics Torts:

Secretary.

SECTION, OF -BIOLGGY,

FEBRUARY I0, 1902.

Section met at 8:15 P. M., Professor Stratford presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and ap-

proved.

The following program was then offered :

W. B. Scott, THE OriGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOUTH

AMERICAN MAMMALS.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Professor Scott began by expressing his great obligation to

Dr. F. Ameghino, as also to Dr. Moreno, Director, and to the

Curators of the La Plata Museum, for their kindness in giving

him the freest use of their collections, and enabling him to

examine all the types of the Santa Cruz mammals.

The fauna of every continent is made up of two elements,

the indigenous forms which were developed in that continent,

and the immigrants from other regions. In South America this

distinction is easy to draw, because of the remarkable series of

Tertiary deposits which are wonderfully rich in well-preserved

fossils. The Santa Cruz beds, which are referable to the lower

Miocene, contain an assemblage of mammals altogether different

from those of the northern hemisphere. The fauna consists of

Primates and Insectivora, very scantily represented, very nu-

merous Rodents (though all referable to the Hystricomorphs),

Marsupials, Edentates, and the peculiar South American hoofed

animals. The Edentates of this period represent the Gravi-

grada, Glyptodonts, and Armadillos, but no members of the

true sloths or Anteaters have yet been found, a lack of which is

probably due to climatic conditions. The Gravigrada, which

are very abundant, have forerunners of all the great Pleistocene

groups, but are, of course, much less specialized and are rel-

RECORDS 15

atively small in size. The Glyptodonts, though numerous and

well preserved, are not so easily brought into relations with

the later genera of the same group.

The paper concluded with a brief examination of the remark-

able Ungulates, all of which are peculiar to South America and

especial attention was called to Ameghino’s discovery, yet un-

published, that in Vesodon there are three sets of functional in-

cisors and canines. Incredible as such an observation may be,

it seems to be well established.

Henry E. Crampton,

Secretary.

SECTION OF GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY.

FEBRUARY 17, 1902.

Section met at 8:30 P. M., Dr. Alexis A. Julien presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and

approved.

The following program was then offered :

0. P. Hay, Tue Snout-FisHes oF Kansas.

A. A. Julien, THe Errecr or Various Kinps or Hone-

STONES ON THE CUTTING EDGE oF TOOLS.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Dr. O. P. Hay presented a brief history of our knowledge of

the genus Protosphyrena and a statement showing what por-

tions of the skeleton were still unknown. The parts which are

best known are the skull, especially the elongated snout, the

jaws, the shoulder-girdle and the caudal and the pectoral fins.

These parts have seldom been found associated, and there have

been established three series of species, one on the teeth, another

on the snout and a third on the fins. It is certain that, as new

collections are made and studied, some of these new species

will be reduced to synonymy. The author pointed out several

errors on the part of writers in the interpretation of different

elements of the skeleton and illustrated his points by means of

specimens.

In his impromptu paper Dr. A. A. Julien gave a summary of

16 RECORDS

the results of some recent investigations he had made on a series

of chisels which had been sharpened on several kinds of hones.

In the course of his remarks he said that the quality of a hone

depended on the size and shape of its component particles, and

upon the cement joining the whole together. An exception

was noted in the case of the novaculites from Arkansas, in

which the honing quality is due to the sharp edges of minute

cavities left by the solution of calcite ; and in the case of Turkey-

stone, in which the honing quality is due to veinlets of quartz

intersecting a rock which has been formed by silica replacing a

granular limestone. A microscopic study shows that the edge

ot a tool is not regularly serrated, part of it being smooth and

part undulatory. Viewed on edge the sharpest tools are prac-

tically straight, while the others are more or less irregularly

wavy. Viewed in the cross-section, a fine edge is seen to be a

perfect wedge, while the duller tools show a minute shoulder.

Epmunp O. Hovey,

Secretary.

‘ ANNUAL MEETING.

FEBRUARY 24, 1902.

The Academy met for the Annual Meeting at 8:15, President

Woodward in the chair.

Reports of the officers for the past year were called for and

presented in the following order :

The Recording Secretary read a report from the Correspond-

ing Secretary to the effect that no correspondence with Honor-

ary or Corresponding Members had been conducted during the

year.

The report of the Recording Secretary, filed herewith, was

read.

The accompanying report of the Treasurer was read and re-

ferred to the Finance Committee for auditing.

The accompanying reports of the Librarian and Editor were

read.

The following nominations for Honorary Members, selected

by the Council according to the By-Laws, were read, and the

RECORDS 17

Secretary was empowered to cast an affirmative ballot of the

Academy therefor, which was done.

James Dewar, M.A., LL.D., F.R.S., Jacksonian Professor of

Experimental Philosophy, University of Cambridge, England,

21 Albemarle St., London, England.

William) james; M.D:, LIL: Ph.D: Litt.D., Professor of

Philosophy, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

Wilhelm Wundt, Ph.D., M.D., Professor of Psychology,

Leipzig, Germany.

The following list of Fellows, nominated by the Council ac-

cording to the By-Laws, was read, and the Secretary was em-

powered to cast the affirmative ballot of the Academy therefor,

which was done.

Maurice A. Bigelow.

Hermon C. Bumpus.

Orr. Hay:

EO. Elovey:

W. D. Matthew.

5: ). Meltzer:

The President then appointed Professors Charles Lane Poor

and J. K. Rees as tellers; ballots were distributed, votes re-

ceived and counted, and the following list of officers elected :

President : J. McKeen Cattell.

First Vice-President: Nathaniel L. Britton.

Second Vice-President: Richard E. Dodge.

Corresponding Secretary : Bashford Dean.

Recording Secretary : Henry E. Crampton.

Wreasurer: Charles FE. Cox:

Librarian: Livingston Farrand.

Councillors : Franz Boas, Hermon C. Bumpus, D. W. Hering,

Frederic S. Lee, Charles Lane Poor, L. M. Underwood.

Curators: larson G, Wyar, Alexis A. julien, George F.

Konz, Wouis EH. Laudy, E. G...Love.

Finance Committee: John H. Caswell, John H. Hinton, C.

EX Ost:

Three nominations for resident membership were read and

referred to the Council according to the By-Laws.

18 RECORDS

The President and Recording Secretary elect then took the

Chair, and President Woodward delivered his Annual Address,

entitled ‘‘ Measurement and Calculation.”

At the close of the address a vote of thanks to the retiring

President was moved by ex-President Osborn, and carried.

Adjourned.

RIcHARD E. DopGE,

Recording Secretary.

REPORT OF THE RECORDING? SECRETARY.

During the last academy year the Council and the several

sections of the Academy have held their customary meetings,

and the academy work has progressed in many ways favorably

along the usual lines.

At the meetings there have been 68 papers presented, di-

vided as follows :

Anthropology 7. Paleontology 6.

Archeology 3. Photography 1.

Astronomy 4. Physics 8.

Botany I. Physiography 4.

Geology 9. Physiology 2.

Mechanics 3 Psychology 8.

Miscellaneous 3. Zoology 9.

There are at present 298 Resident Members, 92 Fellows, and

the election of six Fellows is pending.

At the May meeting, on recommendation of the Council, Dr.

Franz von Leydig, of Wurzburg, Germany, was elected an

Honorary Member, and in October, the Executive Committee

of the Council sent a letter of congratulation to Dr. Rudolf

Virchow on the occasion of his eightieth birthday. The Academy

has lost during the year one of its leading workers, Dr. Theo-

dore Greeley White, who died in July; a suitable minute con-

cerning Dr. White is printed in the Records for the year.

Twelve members of the Academy have been dropped from the

rolls for non-payment of dues.

RECORDS 19

The leading task that the Council has had to consider for

the year has been that of modifying the Constitution and By-

Laws to suit existing conditions. It was found necessary, in

order to bring this about, to have the charter revised, and by

vote of the Academy, February 3, a committee of the Council

was authorized to have a bill presented to the Assembly and

Senate of New York to this end. Word has just come of the

passage of the bill by both members of the legislative body.

In accordance with the bill a new Constitution must be adopted

by the Academy within three months, and a committee is al-

ready at work on this problem.

The other serious matter now under discussion by the Coun-

cil is the question of the method of printing the short papers of

the Academy, which will go into effect at the beginning of the

current volume of the ANNALS.

Respectfully submitted,

RicHarD E. DopGeE,

Recording Secretary.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER.

RECEIPTS.

Balance as per last Annual Report... $4,337.20

Mortgage on 113th St. property paid off 9,000.00

mcome srermanent Fundy sy22452 4.2 $489.70

co AVUCUDOMAPMING. 5222.5. sas 47.95

eS Publication: Puneet 3s ss 4s 98.45 636.10

ite Nemibershipeiee << sti 2 2 fect, 2k. 100.00

LRTI O WERSE SUAS Aas ane 25.00

PMMA DOCS TOS 2.375 «wi cps = sue mn) e 10.00

W 11251012) See ae Siesr s 50.00

» jG (G]Ohew A Opeth e peake tho srs Or 110.00

ty TiO Es eee cee ee SOF cee 2,225.00

- HOO 2 secs niet of alah quay eens 30.00 2,425.00

20 RECORDS

DISBURSEMENTS.

Invested in Bond and Mortgage @ 5 %

On 205) 587A Ss AVenle i. oer 12,000.00

Publication of Annals...... $1,499.12

Wess Salesaacrs..). 22 t.. 8 24750.» 1,251.26

Publication of Memoirs..... 530.97

SSMS AES ty n aaeyie tl roe 23022 497.75

Rent Ol ROOMIS: 232.0% 6h See eee 325.00

Dues to Scientific Alhance cr were 50.12

ecpenses of [reasuter..\i--,. eee 20.78

¢ Juibrariati;...cat eee 191.23

os Recording Secretagy tims. 211.94

(Generalibsxpenses)..). in .fyaest ater 51.90

WSC HUES. s5.5 iss G Aes ae BP es cae Se 34.25 $14.645.23

Balance, Cash onshlandiceeecwee 1,878.07

BALANCE SHEET.

FEBRUARY 24, 1902.

Dr. Cre

Renmmanent. und. < pee oe och eee $10,551.43

uplication: Fund... 2.2.4. obese 1,823.69

Aordubon, Fund. ..\. chs. iets cette 1,897.25

Invested in Bond and Mortgage at

BIDE COME as...) octet ity ae $12,000.00

Income Account (Due Permanent

JDC) PAIRED CO coo ees So FSO 394.30

Sagivon. Eland .:....7. 5. ae 1,878.07

plane oh Vee

CHARLES F. Cox,

Treasurer.

RECORDS 21

rea PrOR OF “thir LIBRARIAN.

The work in the Library during the past year has been

directed toward clearing up the accumulations in exchanges

during the period of financial stress through which the Academy

has been passing ; and the Librarian is glad to be able to state

that through the energy of the present assistant, Mr. W. M.

Erb, all material up to date is now sorted, catalogued and filed

on the shelves and open to reference to members of the

Academy.

The great need of the Library is still, as it has been for a

number of years past, an appropriation for the binding of books.

Hundreds of volumes of periodicals have now accumulated and

while every effort is made to preserve them intact considerable

injury and loss is unavoidable. A second need is adequate

cataloguing by expert hands. The usefulness of the Library

would be much increased if this could be provided. With the

limited appropriation at present at the disposal of the Librarian

it has seemed wiser to concentrate the energy upon keeping

the accessions in order rather than to divert any portion of the

funds to the two purposes suggested. The same policy will

doubtless be pursued during the coming year.

Respectfully submitted,

LIVINGSTON FARRAND,

Librarian.

REEOR TL OF THE EDITOR,

Volume XIII of the ANNALS, Parts 2 and 3, comprising four

papers, together with the Records of the Meetings of the

Academy, from January, 1900, to December, 1900, have been

printed and distributed. This completes Volume XIII of the

Annats, which consists of seven papers, together with the

Records forming a volume of 542 pages and 16 plates.

Volume XIV of the Annats, Part 1, has also been printed

and distributed, and this Part consists of four papers of 84 pages

and 5 plates. Volume XIV, Part 2, containing the Records

of the Meetings of the Academy for the year January, I9o1,

22 RECORDS

to December, 1901, is now in press, and will be distributed to

the members within a very short time.

Volume II, Part 3, of the Memoirs, entitled “ Palzontolog-

ical Notes,” by Bashford Dean, 4to, pages 87-123 ; plates 3 to

8, has also been printed and distributed. This J/emotr was in

part paid for out of the Audubon Fund.

When the Editor was appointed, in December, 1900, the

funds of the Academy available for publication had been ex-

hausted, and the year was begun with a large deficit. During

the year the accounts have been straightened out, the deficit

met, and the year will close with practically a clean balance

sheet. Respectfully submitted,

CHARLES LANE Poor,

Editor.

PRESIDENDTS: ADDEPSS:

MEASUREMENT AND CALCULATION.

In my address of a year ago I sought, in a summary way,

and by concrete illustration, to indicate how science originates

in and advances with observation and experiment. I would now

invite your attention to a similar consideration of the role which

measurement and calculation play in the higher developments

of science.

All sciences are at first qualitative. They pass in their

growth from the fact-gathering stage of unrelated qualities to

the orderly stage of related qualities and thence upward to the

stage of quantitative correlation under theory. Such, at any

rate, has been the course of all sciences hitherto developed, and

it seems safe to predict that such will be the course of those

which may arise in the future. The recognition of this fact is

of prime importance. It helps us to understand the great rela-

tive diversity in perfection among the sciences; it affords a

basis for rational optimism with respect to the continued

progress of science ; and it ought to make the specialists of the

older sciences less contemptuous than they sometimes are in

their attitude toward the newer ones which have not yet passed

the ‘ rock-naming and bug-hunting stage.”

RECORDS 23

Whenever a quantitative relation between the factors of phe-

nomena is observed, then measurements may be made in re-

sponse to the question, What is the magnitude of the relation,

if constant, or what are the extent and law of variation of the

relation if it is not constant ? When the law of relation is known,

related quantities are subject to calculation, the measured values

of some of them sufficing, through computation, to give the

values of the others. All calculations, therefore, presuppose a

knowledge of the laws of connection of related quantities or

quantitative theories of the phenomena considered.

Measurements and calculations are of all grades of definite-

ness, ranging from the smallest probabilities of the doctrine of

chances up to the rigorous certainties of mathematical deduc-

tion. Thus the degree of precision attainable in the measured

and computed quantities of a science is commonly taken as a

gauge of its perfection. But it would be a mistake to infer

complete perfection from the precision attainable in one or

more branches of science. Astronomy, for example, is a mar-

velously perfect science in certain of its branches, but never-

theless some of its fundamental constants, notably the gravita-

tion constant and the aberration constant, are known with only

a low degree of precision." Whether any quantity may be

1The gravitation constant is the factor by which the product of two masses

divided by the square of their distance asunder must be multiplied in order to ex-

press the force exerted by those masses on one another. Thus, if m, and m,

denote two masses, s their distance asunder, / the force of attraction between them,

and & the gravitation constant, then

MMs

ie 9he

It should be remarked that 2 is not a mere numeral, as many eminent writers on

the law of gravitation would seem to imply, but that it is the cube of a distance

divided by the product of a mass and the square of a time ; or that its dimensions

are shown by the exponents in (Z+8J/—-17—?) if Z, M7, T denote the units of

length, mass and time respectively.

It should be remarked also that the above expression of Newton’s law of gravi-

tation lacks the precision essential for mathematical calculations, To make the

statement definite and general, 7, and , must be regarded as infinitesimals, so

that the resultant attraction between two finite bodies requires, in general, a sum-

mation, or integration, for its exact expression. A widespread error exists in the

notion that the above equation is exact if the distance s is the distance between the

24 RECORDS

measured or calculated with precision depends, in general, on

the degree of complication of its connections with other quan-

tities, and on the applicability of methods already applied in

the determination of other quantities. Frequently, a quantity

may be measured directly ; but it oftener happens, either by

reason of the inapplicability or of the disadvantage of a direct

method, that resort is had to an indirect method.

It is a remarkable fact, illustrating the essential unity which

pervades the apparent diversity of nature, that all of the numer-

ous quantities with which physical science has to deal may be

expressed in terms of a certain very limited number of arbi-

trarily chosen quantities, or units. The units most commonly

used, and those which seem best suited to the present require-

ments of science, are the units of length, mass and time. All

other quantities, however complex, may be expressed readily in

terms of these arbitrarily assumed fundamental quantities. It

is by no means certain, however, that these units will best

satisfy the requirements of science in the future. On the con-

trary, it seems rather probable that advancing knowledge will

find some other system of units preferable, if it does not find

several different though interconvertible systems essential. We

have, in fact, already attained two such diverse systems in the

units of electromagnetic science.

The study of such systems by the aid of the theory of dimen-

sions, which shows algebraically how the assumed units enter

into more complex quantities, is very instructive, not only to

the mathematical physicist, but to the general student of physical

science.' To illustrate this idea by some simple examples, it is

centers of gravity of the masses. This is true, indeed, for the class of bodies called

centrobaric, like homogeneous spheres ; but masses in general are not centrobaric,

The gravitation constant is in C.G.S. units, about 667 Io—1!?, with some un-

certainty in the last significant figure.

The aberration constant, which is (if it is nothing more than a kinematical

quantity) the ratio of the velocity of the earth in its orbit to the velocity of light

multiplied by the number of seconds in a radian, is about 20.5” with some uncer-

tainty in the next significant figure. ‘

1 Designating the units of energy, length, mass and time by 2, Z, JZ, 7 re-

spectively, the dimensions of some of the most frequently used quantities in me-

chanics are shown in the following tables. In the first of these length, mass and

RECORDS 25

well known that all quantities used in rational mechanics are

commonly expressed in terms of length, mass and time. But

these quantities might be expressed equally well, so far as alge-

braical statement is concerned, in many other ways. Thus we

might take energy as one of the fundamental quantities instead

of either length, mass or time; in which case our mechanical

TABLE I.

Quality. c 7 | Length Factor. Mass Factor, | Time Factor,

ICI GREE enter in aeaeaeaiiatebacns soda dcantie Vina DES | fi

Pecel eratlomamecsatesasecncnes osnaes soeerenee Tia M° 1

TE S)¥ tind BA Gee et an Be Ee nee Toa Se he

Wiomiemttinaweee re. rac< sea ce soncesencesn es eye on Aire ig?

ECM eeee eee de eis Se natetonabena'esctes I fae Secu 2 MEA ie

OW CU iets fea vacdunstecsccesdtes's sue aisoensoees Y ie eee Nie eS a

TaB_e II.

Quality, Energy Factor.| Mass Factor, Time Factor.

BB ICILV A ee stat. nasace see xccatatchasohes <ieses E+% M-~% Ze

(Necelerationenceseae niece aetioreecteaten: Tita M-% f=

ORC CH ere nase ere ee he ce aceemeceschenscuent Vas: Mt+% If

Moment ttiessree dascemancesescearieemracessiec Toa M+ % aD

IME ayis cane Aooatle ss cSedausedoaeondansuscmes sos Pci? nae | i fi

TRoNG Hei? snc Gn B ECP BACHCR ELLE © T OeeoDEDDoeeeee Jase M° oe

‘TAsrE DIF

Quality, | Energy Factor. | Length Factor, | Mass Factor.

| | — =

Wisloviby react haha hosp agli soem cots Pacpn dase Ets 1M Ihe ls

INccelerationuntes sees ste ccieesee cere tcsca Ei stias 2 et, ey got

IBONCEA ss ceek esac = csakevesssseceeescces sce. sae 7 ie Mo

Momentus yaeeeawetaccctanesseseneseatecrs's Bs oN | M+ y

BIRRTOR oie s oiyavnes loses wan tes saskaesoaaseess ns tee az

OEE Ea teon seen esata nce teexeascl oie Era | Yo a ic eld

quantities would be expressed in terms of energy, length and

- mass ; or ofenergy, length and time; or of energy, mass and time.

A consideration of these simple systems shows us, among other

things, that rational mechanics might have been developed along

time appear explicitly ; in the second length does not appear explicitly ; and in the

last, time does not appear explicitly. A glance at the exponents (dimensions) of

the symbols shows clearly how definite the meanings of the terms force, energy,

power, etc., may be in comparison with the utter ambiguity attaching to them in

common parlance.

26 RECORDS

lines of thought very different from the lines followed by our prede-

cessors ; and the fact that we do not visualize equally clearly all

these systems shows the experience of humanity with physical

phenomena has been extremely limited. Most curious and in-

structive are the system in which length does not appear explicitly

and the system in which time does not appear explicitly. May

we not see in these systems opportunities respectively for the

development of those individuals of our race who seem to possess

no realization of distance or no conception of time ?

Confining attention to the simpler and more familiar units of

length, mass, and time, and to a few of the more complex quan-

tities expressed thereby, let us first consider briefly the present

status of these fundamental units and the possibility of maintain-

ing their invariability. The standards of length and mass which

are now universally adopted in science are the meter and the kilo-

gram respectively, carefully intercompared copies, or “ proto-

types,’ of which have been distributed by the international

bureau of standards to the nations contributing to the cost

thereof. The United States possesses two copies of each of

these prototypes, and they are, as a matter of fact, our effective

working standards, even for the production of standard yards

and pounds. It is to be hoped, therefore, that the end of the

barbaric system of ‘“‘ weights and measures,”’ we have inherited

from an unscientific ancestry, is near at hand, and this not so

much in the interest of men of science as in the interests of those

less well fitted to struggle with the ingenious intricacies of the

British system.

These prototype meters and kilograms are known in terms of

the adopted standards, and hence in terms of one another, with

a degree of precision which verges close to the limits of the con-

stancy of matter itself. Thus the lengths of the meters are

known with an uncertainty expressed by a probable error of

only one part in five millions. This degree of refinement cor-

responds to about one hundredth of an inch in a mile, or to

about nineteen miles in the mean distance of the earth from the

sun. But this admirable precision is greatly surpassed by that

of the kilograms, whose uncertainty falls to one part in five hun-

RECORDS 27

dred millions. It is well known, of course, that the operation

of weighing by means of the balance secures a precision superior

to that of every other species of physical measurement ; but it

is not easy to visualize directly the five-hundred-millionth part

of a kilogram. One may get a tolerably definite idea of this

magnitude, however, by observing that with the degree of pre-

cision in question it would be essential in comparing two kilo-

gram masses to keep the pans of the balance closely at the same

level, for a centimeter difference in their altitudes would be ap-

preciable by reason of the variation of the attraction of the earth

with distance from its center.’

For present purposes, therefore, our standards of length and

mass leave little, if anything, to be desired. But it is a matter

of great importance to the future progress of science that these

standards be preserved for an indefinitely long period; and al-

though such a contingency seems remote enough now, one can

hardly suppress the query as to what would happen to us if our

standards should be lost, or if they should unexpectedly prove

unstable with the lapse of time. It is quite certain that our

standard of length could be recovered with a high degree of

precision if such a calamity should befall us during the next

ten thousand, or possibly during the next hundred thousand

years. Numerous bars of other metals than the alloy used in

the construction of the prototype meters are known in terms of

the latter. Many base lines scattered at widely separated points

of the earth’s surface are also known in terms of the meter with

a precision of about one part in a million; and although the

1 Denoting the mass of a kilogram by 7, and the mass of the earth by m,, the

weight of #z, by w, and the distance from the balance to earth’s center by s (since

the earth is nearly centrobaric), the Newtonian law gives

mm,

Oo Rk aale =.

whence the relation of a small change Aw in w to the corresponding change As in

s is expressed by

Since Azw/w is here 1/500,000,000, and since s is about 630,000,000 centimeters,

As = = 0.63 centimeter.

28 RECORDS

foundations of the earth are far from stable, we can hardly ex-

pect such lines to become systematically shorter or longer in so

brief a terrestrial interval as a million years. Better still, prob-

ably, is the check on the invariability of the meter afforded by

Professor Michelson’s measurement of it in terms of the wave-

lengths of particular rays emitted by the metal cadmium.’ In

this, apparently, we have a cosmic standard, although it remains

to be proved that the wave-lengths used will remain invariable

in the unexplored parts of the universe into which we are

journeying along with the solar system at the rate of some

kilometers per second.

Our standard of mass is likewise connected directly with

various masses which may serve as checks on its stability, and

indirectly with the masses of definite volumes of many substances.

It is especially well known in terms of the mass of a cubic deci-

meter of water at a standard temperature. It is less definitely

known in terms of the atomic masses of the so-called elements,

and it is roughly known in terms of the enormous though slowly

varying mass of the earth.? But, on the whole, our standard

1See Tome XI, Zravaux et Mémoires du Bureau International des Poids. et

Mesures, Paris, 1895. It is remarkable that the ratios of the three wave-lengths

used to the meter were measured with a precision requiring seven significant figures,

the uncertainty amounting to a few units only in the last figure. Thus the values of

the wave-lengths used (designated as red, green and blue respectively) are as fol-

lows, in microns, or millionths of a meter :

0.643,847,2,

0.508,582,4,

0.479,991,1.

2Tf we could measure the gravitation constant with a precision extending to five

significant figures, the mass of the earth would at once become known to the same

degree of precision, provided only that the law of gravitation is exact to the same

number of figures, For I have shown that the product of that constant and the mean

density of the earth is known with a precision expressed by five significant figures.

Thus, calling the gravitation constant 4 and the mean density of the earth p,

kp = 36,797 X 10-1! / (second)?.

This relation may be otherwise expressed by the following theorem: Let 7 be the

periodic time of an infinitesimal satellite which would revolve about the earth close

to the equator (assuming no atmospheric resistance). Then the theorem asserts that

Apt? = 3r

where 7 is the ratio of the circumference to the diameter of a circle. The value of

ris 1 hour, 24 minutes, and 20.9seconds. See Astronomical Journal, Vol. XVIII.,

No. 16.

RECORDS 29

of mass must be regarded as less secure than our standard of

length, although the prototype kilograms are less likely to

change in mass with the lapse of time than the prototype

meters are to change in length; for while such a general varia-

tion in volume as is known to occur in metals, especially alloys,

need not affect the former, it would almost certainly affect the

latter.

Our unit of time is also known with a definiteness that meets

in most cases the highest demands of science at the present

epoch. The period of rotation of the earth, or the sidereal day,

is the standard interval of time, though it has been found con-

venient for many purposes to use the shorter interval of a mean

solar second, of which there are 86,164.1 in a sidereal day.

That the earth rotates with wonderful regularity is a fact of the

highest importance to science. Without that regularity the

development of sidereal and planetary astronomy, with all they

have entailed, would have been impossible except by the dis-

covery of some other equally trustworthy timekeeper. But the

laws of mechanics, which show us plainly why the earth rotates

with such remarkable regularity, also show us that its period

of rotation is subject to sources of disturbance, some tending to

increase and some tending to decrease that period, whose effects,

though too minute to be appreciable in such intervals as are

known to human history, must certainly become considerable

in the course of terrestrial history. Thus, the contraction of

the earth due to secular loss of heat tends to shorten the day,

while accumulations of meteoric dust and tidal friction tend to

lengthen it.’ There exists also a graver source of disturbance

1] have discussed the effects of secular cooling and meteoric dust on the length

of the day in a paper published in the Astronomical Journal, Vol. XXI., No. 22,

July, 1901. From this paper it appears that the change in length of the day from

secular cooling cannot be perceptible during any such brief interval as that of human

history (twenty centuries, say); but that in the course of complete cooling, or in a

million million years, say, the change in length of the day may amount to as much

as six per cent. of its original length.

From the same paper it appears that accumulations of meteoric dust will only

begin to be perceptible in their effects on the length of the day when the process of

secular cooling has been substantially completed. In a subsequent number of the

Astronomical Journal (Vol. XXII., No. 11), Dr. G. Johnstone Stoney has shown

that if the compression produced by a layer of meteoric dust is taken into account

the effect will be still less than that just indicated.

30 RECORDS

in the slow rising and sinking of the crust of the earth in different

latitudes so often pointed out by geologists. Such movements

are only partly compensating in their effects on the day, and it

seems highly probable that they may cause irregularities amount-

ing to a few seconds in a century without entailing any note-

worthy fluctuations of the relative positions of the land and sea.'

It appears, then, that our time unit is the least stable of the

three fundamental units and hence the most in need of checks

on its stability. Various other standards of time have been pro-

posed, but none of them meets the requisites of permanency

and availability. The interests of astronomical science espe-

cially demand that efforts be made to find in the solar system

some better timekeeper than the earth. Possibly the fifth satel-

lite of Jupiter may serve as a control on the constancy of rota-

tion of the earth.

Turning now to a consideration of the more complex quanti-

ties which are expressed in terms of length, mass and time, we

enter the boundless fields of physical science in which measure-

ment and calculation have revealed to us all ranges of magnitudes

from the vanishingly small to the indefinitely large. It is in

these fields that we learn something definite concerning the

limitations of our senses; for while measurements alone carry

us but a little way along lines of research, calculation discloses

not only the unseen, but also, in many cases, phenomena which

are quite beyond the reach of any direct sense perception.”

To begin with quantities near the lower limit of determination,

think, for a moment, what is going on in the air which for the

present is the main medium of communication between us. No

one has ever seen the particles of the atmosphere in the sense

that we have all seen the particles, or corpuscles, of the blood.

But we probably know more about the molecules of gases than

1 See ‘‘ Mathematical and Physical Papers of Lord Kelvin,’’ Vol. III, pp. 333-

335, Cambridge University Press, London, 18go.

2The reader may be referred to a very instructive paper by Dr. G. Johnstone

Stoney, entitled ‘‘ Survey of that Part of the Range of Nature’s Operations which

Man is Competent to Study.’’ Sviestifie Proceedings of the Royal Dublin Society,

Vol. IX, No. 13; Phrlosophical Magazine, Fifth Series, No. 294, November, 1899;

published also in Report of Smithsonian Institution for 1899.

RECORDS dL

we do about blood corpuscles. By actual count it is known

that there are four to six millions of the latter in a cubic milli-

meter; and with equal definiteness calculation shows us that

there are about a million million million molecules in a cubic

millimeter of the air around us. Notwithstanding this appar-

ently crowded assemblage, the individual molecules move about

in the liveliest manner, their average speed being about five hun-

dred meters per second, and this in spite of the fact that the

average length of an unimpeded journey is barely visible by the

aid of the best microscopes. Each molecule must therefore

collide with its neighbors astonishingly often, the encounters

occurring, in fact, about five thousand million times per second."

More surprising still than the properties of assemblages of

molecules forming gases are the properties of the individual

molecules, especially when they are made up of two or more

atoms. Such miniature systems, comparable, probably, in com-

plexity with the Martian and Jovian subsystems of the solar

system, exhibit degrees of constancy which rival the invariable-

ness of the fixed stars themselves. This is particularly the

case with their rates of vibration as disclosed by the spectro-

scope. These rates afford one of the most delicate tests of the

properties of matter, whether it is found on the earth or on the

most distant star; and yet the vibrations, which recur with a

regularity equal to, if not surpassing, the regularity of the rota-

tion of the earth, are executed at the rate of some hundreds of

millions of millions per second.” Herein, perhaps, we may find

a cosmic unit of time as well as a cosmic unit of distance,

though both appear to be inconveniently small for terrestrial

purposes.

But the smaller bodies of the universe do not end with mole-

1 See, for example, ‘‘ The Kinetic Theory of Gases,’’ by Dr. Oskar Emil Meyer,

translated by Robert E. Baynes, Longmans, Green & Co., New York, 1899.

2 The number of vibrations per second corresponding to any given wave-length

of light may be easily computed, For the velocity of light is about 300,000 kilo-

meters, or 3 >< 10! microns per second, and this divided by the wave-length in

question gives the number of vibrations per second. ‘Thus the average wave-length

of the cadmium rays used by Professor Michelson (cited above) is about half a mi-

cron. The material sources'of. these rays must vibrate, therefore, about six hun-

dred million million times per second.

32 RECORDS

cules and atoms of gases. Recent investigations point to the

conclusion that there is another order of bodies of much smaller

dimensions and possessing still more wonderful properties.

These have been called corpuscles.' Their density is only

about one thousandth as great as that of the lightest gas, hydro-

gen; they are freely given off by several of the so-called radio-

active substances; and they move about with speeds of the

same order as the velocity of light. It appears not improbable

that they play a most important role in cosmic as well as in ter-

restrial physics, and the amount of attention being given to

them justifies the hope that their study may illuminate many

obscure corners in the realm of molecular science.

Passing per saltum from the smallest measurable and calcu-

lable quantities to those with which we have an every-day fa-

miliarity, I would direct your attention to the great number of

articles of commerce which are now weighed, measured and

rated with precision and sold at a cost which, a half century ago,

would have been thought quite impossible. Standard yards,

meters, pounds and kilograms, and pocket time-pieces that will

run within a few seconds per day, are available at prices within

the reach of all who need them. Screws and screw gauges

which will easily measure a hundredth of a millimeter (or four

ten-thousandths of an inch) are articles of trade; beautifully

true spheres of steel or bronze may be had fora few cents each ;

helical springs of the finest steel and of remarkable uniformity

are sold for a dollar a dozen; while articles like wire, tubing,

sheet metal, and an indefinite variety of tools and machinery are

made with a degree of perfection and at a cheapness of cost

which would have been regarded as quite unattainable by the

1 See a paper by Professor J. J. Thomson, ‘‘ On Bodies Smaller Than Atoms,”’

Popular Science Monthly, August, 1901.

See also a paper by Professor John Cox on ‘‘ Comets’ Tails, the Corona and the

Aurora Borealis,’ Popular Science Monthly, January, 1902.

A fact of great interest in connection with the ‘‘ corpuscles ’’ considered in these

two papers is the repulsion of light impinging on bodies, the amount of which has

been actually measured recently by several observers. This repulsion between the

sun and the earth is very great, amounting to about a hundred million million dynes ;

but the gravitational attraction between these bodies is about forty million million

times as great as that repulsion.

RECORDS 33

founders, for example, of the New York Academy of Sciences.

The ready availability of, and the constant demand for, all these

products to meet the daily needs of the complex civilization of

our time affords a sufficient answer to him who would question

the efforts spent in attaining those products or the efforts applied

in subjecting new objects of study to the rigorous tests of meas-

urement and calculation.

But the principles of measurement and calculation are not

limited in their application to external objects, or to the proper-

ties of what we are sometimes pleased to call ‘‘ gross matter.”’

They apply equally aptly in many ways to man himself, and it

is clear that with advancing civilization we may confidently ex-

pect such application to be greatly extended. While we have

not yet attained formulas which will comprehend the vagaries of

the individual, we have many formulas which will accurately ex-

press the resultant of those vagaries as manifested in racial types.

A life insurance company, forexample, may not assert at the be-

ginning of a year that any individual of ten thousand men of the

same class will die within the year, but it may assert with prac-

tical certainty that a definite number of this class will die within

the year. Such “ facts and figures”’ are trite enough, of course,

but what we commonly fail to see and appreciate is the solid

basis on which they rest, and how greatly it would be to our

advantage to extend the same sort of reasoning that has built

up great systems of fire and life insurance into other departments

of human affairs. Most people, I fear we must infer, are like

Thomas Carlyle, still scoffers at statistics, and few, even of the

educated, have any adequate conception of the order which the

principles of probability will bring out of the apparent disorder

of statistical data.

Of the larger objects of the universe to which measurement

and calculation have been applied with success, the earth easily

surpasses all others in interest and importance. So great has

been this success that one may assert that we know more of the

earth than we do of any other body to which science has given

attention. Its size, its shape, the amount and arrangement of

its mass, its magnetic properties, its speeds of rotation and trans-

34 RECORDS

lation, its precession and nutation, and the lately discovered

wabbling of its axis of rotation are all known with a definite-

ness which is truly surprising when one considers its magnitude

and the degree of complexity of those properties. That the

eight thousand miles in its diameter should be known within a

few hundred feet, that the two hundred millions of square miles

in its surface should be known within a few hundred square

miles, or that the acceleration of gravity at any point on its sur-

face should be known within a few millimeters per second per

second, are results little short of marvelous when one reflects

that they have all been attained within the brief interval of two

hundred and fifty years. It would be quite wrong, however, to

consider these achievements of geodesy as marvelous from the

point of view of science. They are, rather, just such results

as persistent scientific investigation has always produced, and

such as we may safely predict will be uniformly produced by

persistent scientific investigation in the future. The element of

the marvelous comes in only when one takes account of the

fact that these grand results were attained by a very small num-

ber of men, mostly members of academies, struggling, like our

own, to maintain an existence, in whose work the general pub-

lic took little interest, and whose names, even now, are much

less known than the names of the obscure philosophers and the

obscene poets of antiquity.

Geodesy is undoubtedly the most advanced of the sciences in

which measurement and calculation have attained a high order

of certainty. It has made modern commerce possible, and it

seems destined to play a still more important role than it has

hitherto in the advancement of terrestrial affairs. It has also

made modern astronomy possible, for the certainty of its data

enables us to measure not only the dimensions of the solar sys-

tem, but also the approximate dimensions of the visible universe.

Not less important to the progress of science and to the gen-

eral advance in human enlightenment are the achievements of

the allied science of geology. It cannot boast, as yet, like

geodesy, of a high degree of precision in measurement and calcu-

lation, for it deals, in general, with phenomena which have not

RECORDS 390

yet been reduced to simple laws. But, on the other hand, its

subject-matter is more obvious and tangible, and it appeals

therefore more forcibly and continuously to the average mind.

No science seems comparable with geology in the completeness

with which its history and its main processes are contained in

the subjects and objects of investigation. Whoso would read

the story of the earth’s crust will find it written and illustrated

in infinite detail in the rocks themselves. No vivid or perfervid

imagination of the historian has concealed the facts or misin-

terpreted their sequence ; they are all recorded with a truthful-

ness that shames the straightest human testimony and with a

permanency which permits comparison and verification in end-

less repetition.

Geology illustrates more clearly, perhaps, than any other

science the value of measurement and calculation when the

order only of the quantity sought can be attained. The deter-

mination of the fact, for example, that nothing short of a million

years is a suitable time unit for measuring the age of the earth,

was an achievement whose importance can hardly be overesti-

mated ; indeed, our race may yet require decades, if not cen-

turies, to appreciate its full significance, for in spite of the great

advances in our times it appears probable that not one in a

thousand of the good people with whom we live realizes how

profoundly definite acceptance of such a fact must modify

thought.

A criticism which the devotees of the so-called humanistic

learning often apply to such matters of fact, and which is still

occasionally accepted by men of science, helps us to see the

absolute need of countless recurrences to the evidence so well

exhibited in the crust of the earth. ‘Ah!’ says the humanist,

“‘T observe that the physicists and the geologists do not agree

on the age of the earth. Some say it is ten million years,

others that it cannot be more than two hundred million years,

and others that it cannot be less than a thousand million years.

I conclude, therefore, that so long as your doctors disagree in

this manner, we may continue to accept the age recorded in our

sacred books.” ‘Thus easy is it to mistake the order of a quan-

tity for the quantity itself.

36 RECORDS

When we pass from terrestrial limitations to celestial phe-

nomena the field for measurement and calculation is immensely

enlarged, though the results attainable are less easy of ready

appreciation. The Jovian, the Saturnian and the Martian sub-

systems, which have been pretty thoroughly explored by the

observer and the computer, present to us the type, apparently,

not only of the solar system, but of the galaxy of systems

within telescopic view. And the surveys of the heavens now in

progress indicate likewise that isolated stars are the exception

rather than the rule, and that the visible stars are generally at-

tended by one or more satellites, which are probably oftener

dark than bright bodies. Visual and photographic measure-

ments have, in fact, united in recent years in the demonstration

that the number of material bodies: in the universe is enormously

greater than we have hitherto imagined. Here again, however,

as in the case of the geological phenomena just referred to, we

must be content to a great extent for the present with a knowl-

edge of the order of the quantities measured and calculated.

But to be able to state what is the order of the distances which

separate the fixed stars from one another, the order of the

volume of the visible universe, the order of the quantity of mass

in that volume, and the order of the time unit requisite for the

expression of the historical succession of celestial events, seems

little short of a stupendous contribution to knowledge when one

reflects on the obstacles, material and intellectual, that have

stood in the way of its attainment.

The distances asunder of the stars are so great that the hun-

dred and ninety odd millions of miles in the diameter of the

earth’s orbit about the sun make an inconveniently small base

line for the measurement of the least of those distances and a

hopelessly inadequate one for the measurement of the greatest

of them. It would appear more fitting, in fact, to express such

distances indirectly in the number of years it takes light moving

at the rate of 300,000 kilometers per second to traverse them.

Assuming with Lord Kelvin that the visible universe is com-

prised within a sphere whose radius is equal to the distance of

a star whose parallax is one thousandth of a second, this dis-

vy)

RECORDS

tance would require light about three thousand years to pass

over it, while the average distance asunder of the visible stars

is considerably less, but still of the same order. Lord Kelvin

has shown also in a profound mathematico-physical investiga-

tion recently published’ how we may assign limits to the amount

of mass in the visible universe. It appears from this investiga-

tion that there are something like a thousand million masses of

the magnitude of our sun within that universe. The figures

for this amount of mass have little meaning to most of us when

expressed in ordinary units. The mass of the earth, for exam-

ple, with its 6,000 x 10" metric tons,” is a mere trifle, for the

sun has about 327,000 times as much mass as the earth. The

mass of the sun therefore is the obviously convenient unit in

this case ; and we have only to imagine our solar system sur-

rounded by a thousand million such suns, each in all probability

attended by a group of planets, to get a sufficiently clear idea

of the quantity of mass within visual range of our relatively

insignificant terrestrial abode. And the time scale for the

varied events which take place in the interaction of these mil-

lions of suns is not less imposing when expressed in familiar

terms. A million years is the smallest unit suitable for esti-

mating the history of a star, although the record of that his-

tory is transmitted to us through the interstellar medium by

vibrations whose period is so brief as almost to escape detection.

Measurements and calculations have thus made known to us

a range of phenomena which is limited only by our sense per-

ceptions, sharpened and supplemented by the refinements of

mathematical analysis. In space and mass relations these phe-

nomena exhibit all gradations from the indefinitely small to the

indefinitely large; and in time they point backward to no epoch

which may be called a beginning and forward to no epoch

which may be called an end. Dealing chiefly with those as-

pects of phenomena which possess permanence and continuity,

1«On Ether and Gravitational Matter through Infinite Space,’? PAz/osophical

Magazine, August, 1901. ‘‘On the Clustering of Gravitational Matter in any Part

of the Universe,’’ ature, Vol. 64, No. 1669.

2The metric ton of 1,000 kilograms, or 2,205 pounds, is about the same as our

**long ton’’ of 2,240 pounds.

38 RECORDS

or at least a permanence and a continuity compared with which

all human affairs appear ephemeral and fleeting, measurement

and calculation tend to raise man above the level of his environ-

ment. They bid him look forward as well as backward, and

they assure him that in a larger study of the universe lies

boundless opportunity for his improvement.

But while that sort of knowledge which has been reduced

to quantitative expression has done more, probably, than all

else to disclose man’s place in and his relations to the rest of

the universe, it would appear that mankind makes relatively

little use of this knowledge and that we are not yet ready, as a

race, to replace the indefinite by the definite even wherein such

substitution is clearly practicable. It is a curious and a puz-

zling, though perfectly obvious, fact that mankind as a whole

lives less in the thought of the present than in the thought of

the past, and that as a race we have far more respect for the

myths of antiquity than we have for the certainties of exact

science. Our ships, for example, are navigated with great suc-

cess by aid of the sextant, the chronometer, and the nautical

almanac; but what company would dare set Friday as the day

for beginning the transatlantic voyage of a passenger steamer ?

From time immemorial tradition has dominated reason in the

masses of men. Each age has lived, not in the full possession

of the best thought available to it, but, rather, under the sway

of the thought of some preceding age. We are assured even

now, by some eminent minds, that the highest sources of light

for us are nearly all found in the distant past; and a few go so

far as to assert that modern science is merely furbishing up the

half-lost learning of ages long gone by.

The work of academies and other scientific organizations is

therefore nowhere near completion. Great strides toward intel-

lectual emancipation have been made during recent times, but

they have served only to enlarge the field for, and to increase

the need of, that sort of knowledge which is permanent and

verifiable. Measurement and calculation have furnished an

invaluable fund of such knowledge during the two centuries

just past, and we have every reason to anticipate that they will

RECORDS 39

furnish a still more valuable contribution to such knowledge in

the centuries to come. R. S. Woopwarb.

PUBLIC EE CIURE:

On February 26, a public lecture was presented under the

auspices of the Section of Biology, by Professor Bashford Dean,

of Columbia University, entitled “‘ Journeyings of a Naturalist

through Japan and the Philippines.”

Professor Dean referred to the zoological relations of the

Japanese archipelago with the adjacent continent on the one

hand, and with the island series on the other; z. ¢., first, the

Aleutian, second, through the Bonin Islands with the region of

New Guinea, and third, through the Liu Chiu Islands with

Formosa and the Philippines. The importance of the Line of

Blakiston separating the Hokkaido from the southern islands

was emphasized.

Special attention was called to the favorable facilities for

zoological work which are offered in the region of Misaki, near

the mouth of the Bay of Yokyo, and to the work of the Marine

Laboratory of the Imperial University in this region. Dr.

Dean had an opportunity of examining the centers of animal

artificialization, an art in which the Japanese have been so emi-

nently successful. Especially praiseworthy is the method of

oyster-culture practiced in the Inland Sea near Hiroshima ;

hardly less interesting were the establishments in which varie-

ties of gold fish are propagated, and even more striking were

those for the cultivation of the breed of Tosa fowls, in favor-

able specimens of which the tail features attain the great length

of fifteen feet. Success in the maintenance of this breed ap-

pears to be due to the selection of those fowls in which moult-

ing occurs irregularly, and the effort is made to suppress en-

tirely the moult in that region of the fowl where long feathers

are to be produced. In referring toa journey in the Philip-

pines, Professor Dean described many interesting experiences,

particularly, those at Maujuyod, where living specimens of

Nautilus were obtained. Henry E. CRAMPTON,

Secretary.

40 RECORDS

SECTION. OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND PSY CHOLOGN#

FEBRUARY 28, 1902.

Section met at 8:30 P. M., R. S. Woodworth presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and

approved.

The following program was then offered :

J. H. Bair, QuANTITATIVE RELATIONS BETWEEN MoToR AND

SENSORY ASSOCIATIONS.

J.B. Miner, InvoLunrary MuscuLar RESPONSES TO RHYTHMIC

STIMULI.

Clark Wissler, THE ErGoGrRAPH : COMPARATIVE RESULTS

WITH SPRINGS AND WEIGHTS.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Mr. J. H. Bair reported on some quantitative studies in sen-

sory and motor association. His experiments have been carried

out by aid of a typewriter, the subject reacting to different stimuli

by striking different keys. Curves were presented showing the

rate of formation of association. If, after the stimuli have been

presented many timesin the same order, the order is then

changed, the association is interferred with, and the more so the

firmer it has become. If the typewriter keys are interchanged,

so that the reaction to each stimulus must be changed, this inter-

feres still more with the association. These results showed,

then, that the association of definite sense impressions with defi-

nite motor reactions was more persistent than the association of

sense impressions with other sense impressions following in

serial order, or than the association of movements with other

movements following in serial order.

In the discussion of this paper, several other facts were men-

tioned, showing the importance of motor reactions in the for-

mation of association. Professor Thorndike had observed that

good visualizers, who are able to picture mentally a page of

printed matter that they have read, yet cannot read off the

pictured words ; apparently because the visual images are not

associated with motor responses.

RECORDS 4]

Mr. J. B. Miner spoke on “ Involuntary Muscular Responses

to Rhythmic Stimuli.” He described some experiments con-

ducted by himself at Columbia and Minnesota universities, in

which tracings were obtained for non-voluntary hand and head

movements when the subjects listened to a series of uniform

sounds. It has been noted by Thaddeus L. Bolton and others

in their investigation of rhythm that such a series of sounds ap-

pears not uniform, but as if coming in groups of two or more

sounds. The muscle responses obtained correspond with this

perception of rhythm, one wave coinciding with each rhythmic

group. The movements recorded strikingly agree with another

phenomenon of rhythm in that a motor wave shows for each

stimulus when the sounds came slowly (forty per minute), but

when the rapidity of the sounds was increased the wave encom-

passed two, three and even four sounds. This agrees with the

introspective observation that the subjective group includes

more units as the sounds come more rapidly. On the basis of

the data of muscular responses Mr. Miner believes that an ad-

equate physiological explanation of rhythm may be formulated,

while organic rhythms alone would not furnish a completely

correlated activity.

Dr. Clark Wissler reported some ergograph experiments

showing that the contracting muscle presents a power series

which is constant, whether the resistance is applied by a spring

or bya weight. While this power series is weakened by fatigue,

the resistance value of any point in the muscle series is the same

for a weight or for a spring. In other words, there appears no

difference between the fatigue produced by weights and springs

when estimated in terms of the muscle series.

R. S. WoopworTH,

Secretary.

BUSINESS MEETING.

MARCH. 3,::1902.

Academy met at 8:25 P. M., Professor Hallock presiding.

The minutes of the last business meeting were read and

approved.

492 RECORDS

The following candidates for resident membership, approved

by the Council, were duly elected :

Frederic Peterson, M.D., 4 West 5oth street.

Adolf Meyer, M.D., Pathological Institute.

George I. Finlay, Columbia University.

S. Alfred Mitchell, Ph.D., Columbia University.

Adjourned.

Henry E. CRAMPTON,

Recording Secretary.

SECTION—OF ASTRONOMY, PHYSICS AND

CHEMISTRY.

MARCH 3, 1902.

Section met at 8:30 P. M., Professor Hallock presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and

approved.

The following program was then offered :

C. C. Trowbridge, THE Puysicat NATURE OF PERSISTENT

METEOR TRAINS.

S. A. Mitchell, OsservaTIONS ON THE FLASH SPECTRUM AT

THE SUMATRA ECLIPSE.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Mr. Trowbridge gave a list of forty meteor trains which had

remained visible to the naked eye for from two minutes to over

one hour, all of them seen by reliable observers. Several

tables were exhibited, giving the size, shape and color of re-

cently observed meteor trains.

Mr. Trowbridge gave his views as to the most probable com-

position of meteor trains, and presented several hypotheses

which might account for their long-continued luminosity. These

are the following: (1) Incandescence of the particles of the

train; (2) phosphorescence of the train; (3) clectrical dis-

charges; (4) Reflection of the light from the sun, moon, or

stars, by the particles of the train; (5) electrons striking the

meteoric dust or the air particles in or about the train, causing

RECORDS 43

a fluorescent glow similar to that in a Crookes tube. The

source of the electrons may be either the highly-heated meteor

—in which case the long-continued luminosity of the train

must be accounted for by a retardation of the fluorescence pos-

sibly due to the low temperature — or the electrons may come

from the sun —in which case the explanation would be sim-

ilar to that lately given by Arrhenius for the light of the au-

rora. The author stated that this last hypothesis has not, to

his knowledge, been previously advanced. The balance of evi-

dence seemed to show that the luminosity of the persistent

trains must be primarily caused by energy of an electrical

nature. The subject is one of practical importance owing to

its bearings on meteorology.

The paper by Dr. Mitchell gave the results of observations

on the flash spectrum, made by him at Sawah Loanto, Sumatra,

during the eclipse of May 18, 1901. Through the courtesy of

the Astronomical Director of the Naval Observatory, Dr.

Mitchell became a member of the expedition sent out by the

government to observe this eclipse. The spectroscope em-

ployed was a Rowland objective plane grating of 15,000 lines,

used in connection with a ccelostat. The weather experienced

at Sawah Loanto was like that at almost every other astronom-

ical station in Sumatra, cloudy during totality. Through the

clouds, nevertheless, a spectrum of the flash at the third con-

tact was obtained, which showed 374 bright lines between /

and H. Investigations into the reasons for the differences in

intensities in the flash and the Fraunhofer spectrum, showed

that the intensities depended upon the heights to which the re-

versing layers of the different metallic elements around the sun,

extend. It was found possible to arrange the elements in three

groups according to their atomic weights.

Comparisons were made with Norman Lockyer’s list of “en-

hanced”’ lines, or those stronger in the spark than in the arc,

to confirm, if possible, Lockyer’s idea that the “enhanced”

lines play an important role in the chromosphere spectrum.

Fifty-seven per cent. of the ‘“‘enhanced”’ lines of titanium were

found in the flash, but at the same time all of these lines cor-

44 RECORDS

respond without exception to strong lines in the sun. On the

other hand, so many cases were found where a strong ‘ en-

hanced ”’ line was not marked in the sun by a strong Fraunhofer

line, nor by any line in the flash spectrum, that Lockyer’s

opinion does not seem to be supported.

Ei Roms

Secretary.

SECTION *OF BIOEOGX:

MARCH 10, 1902.

Section met at 8:20 P. M., Professor Bashford Dean presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and

approved.

The following program was then offered :

Henry F. Osborn, THE Four PuyLa oF TITANOTHERES.

Bashford Dean, THe Earty DEVELOPMENT OF SHARKS FROM

A COMPARATIVE STANDPOINT.

Maurice A. Bigelow, THr CyroLoGicAL PHENOMENA OF

MATURATION AND FIRST CLEAVAGE IN THE CIRRIPED EGG.

C. C. Trowbridge, THE Errecr OF THE WIND oN BirpD

MIGRATION.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Professor Osborn presented some results recently obtained

for the U. S. Geological Survey Monograph. The lower Oli-

gocene Titanotheres prove to belong to four distinct phyla, to

which the prior generic names 7itanotherium, Symborodon,

Megacerops and Brontotherium may be applied. The chief dis-

tinctions are found to be in the dolichocephalic or brachycephalic

form of the skull, in the shape, length, position and mechanical

relations of the horns, and in the number and form of the incisor

and canine teeth. Each genus obviously had distinctive modes

of fighting, locomotion and feeding. Titanotherium extends

from the base to the summit of the Lower Oligocene. It is

distinguished by its long narrow skull, short horns, powerful

canines, vestigial incisors. /egacerops, on the contrary, is

broad-skulled, short-horned, with obtuse canines, and with at

least one upper incisor. Symborodon is distinguished by the

RECORDS 45.

narrowing of the anterior portion of the premaxillaries, reduc-

tion of all the anterior teeth, and by elongate horns placed im-

mediately over the eyes. In Brontotherium, the horns are by

far the largest and most powerful, and acquire an extreme an-

terior position, absorbing the free portion of the nasals; all the

upper cutting teeth persist; great buccal plates are evolved ;

and the skull measured along the base line is extremely brachy-

cephalic. The four types were illustrated by models and

diagrams.

Professor Bashford Dean considered briefly some points in

the development of sharks, and attempted to reduce the type

of the early development of the recent types to that of their

holoblastic ancestor. This form probably occurred within the

strict limits of the group Elasmobranchii — for the absence of

clasping organs in the palzozoic genera of Acanthodians and

Cladoselachids predicates external fertilization, and eggs many

in number and of small size. In the line of this comparison,

reference was made to the early development of the Japanese

‘“pavement-toothed”’ shark, Cestracion japonicus, in which, as

the author showed in a recent number of the “ Annotationes

Zoologice,”’ surface furrows are present traversing the yolk,

and are best interpretable as reminiscent of holoblastic cleavage.

In the peculiar type of early development in Chimera, total

cleavage is suppressed until about the time of gastrulation,

when cleavage furrows appear in the region of the lower pole

and come to divide the egg into a number of distinct blasto-

meres, only one mass of which, however, become enclosed in

the yolk-sac of the embryo. The remaining blastomeres, by a

process of continued division, provide nutriment for the embryo,

via gills and gut. Dr. Dean announced the presence in

Chimera of a true archenteric invagination, occurring early and

at some distance from the margin of the blastoderm. It is

small in size, and has a distinct cellular floor. Its (anterior)

dorsal wall was compared to the dorsal lip of the archenteron

of sharks, as described by Rickert and others. The ventral

wall of the archenteron of modern types of sharks has thus

lost its cellular character during the process by which the em-

46 RECORDS

bryo acquired a more perfect and specialized (canogenetic)

mode of obtaining nourishment from the yolk.

The paper by Dr. Bigelow dealt chiefly with protoplasmic

movements and associated displacements of the yolk-materials —

in various cirripede eggs during maturation and first cleavage.

The telolecithal distribution of the egg-substances, the forma-

tion and disappearance of a yolk-lobe, and precleavage move-

ments associated with differential distribution of the entoblastic

materials were described. Finally, a turning of the first cleav-

age spindle from a transverse to an oblique axis of the ellipsoidal

egg was compared with similar more extensive movements in

nematode eggs.

Mr. ©. C. Trowbridge presented the results of systematic

observations on the effect of the wind on the migration of hawks

and many other birds along the Atlantic coast. The principal

points of the paper were illustrated by means of diagrams giving

the directions taken by the migrating birds under the influence

of different winds. It was shown that a knowledge of meteor-

ology was necessary in considering this subject, because the

effective winds depend on storm centers travelling eastward.

In one case, in the height of the southward migration, a storm

center off the coast of Maine caused northerly winds through-

out 800,000 square miles in the eastern portion of the United

States and Canada, the velocity of the wind area averaging 20

miles per hour. A former paper on the subject was briefly re-

viewed, in which the author showed that flights of hawks and

other land birds during the migrations were due to the crowd-

ing of the birds in a narrow coast-line path by the wind. The

recent observations, now, warrant the conclusion that hawks

and many other birds regularly depend on a favorable wind as

a help in their migratory movements, and as a rule, migrate

only when favorable winds occur. A brief account was given

also of a retrograde movement of migrating swallows in the

spring, evidently due to a return flight of the birds after they

had been blown far out of their course by a strong wind from

the west.

An election of sectional officers being held, Professor Bash-

RECORDS 47

ford Dean was elected Chairman, and Professor H. E. Crampton

Secretary for the coming academy year.

Henry E. CRAMPTON,

Secretary.

SECTION OF GEOLOGY. AND MINERALOGY:

MarcH 17, 1902.

Section met at 8:20 P. M., Dr. A. A. Julien presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and

approved.

This being the annual meeting of the Section, the first busi-

ness of the evening was the election of officers for the ensuing

year. Professor R. E. Dodge nominated Prof. J. J. Stevenson

for chairman and Dr. E. O. Hovey for secretary. On motion

of George F. Kunz, W. H. J. Sieberg was directed by unani-

mous vote of the Section to cast one affirmative ballot for the

nominees. He did so and they were declared elected.

The following program was then offered :

George F. Kunz, Exuisirion oF SPECIMENS.

THE CENTENARY OF JOHN PLAYFAIR’S DEFENSE OF JAMES

Hurton’s THEORY OF THE FORMATION OF RIVER VALLEYS:

MEMORIALS BY PROFESSORS STEVENSON, KEMP AND DODGE.

Richard E. Dodge, An INTERESTING LANDSLIDE IN THE

Cuaco Canon, NEw Mexico. Illustrated with lantern slides.

Richard E. Dodge, Arroyo Formation. Illustrated with

lantern slides.

Gilbert van Ingen, THe AusaBLeE CuHasm, NEW York.

Illustrated with lantern slides.

George F. Kunz gave an exhibition of specimens illustrating

the finding of epidote, grossularite garnet and twinned crystals

of quartz of the Japanese type, associated with chalcopyrite,

malachite and other ores of copper in a contact vein in limestone

in the Green Monster Mining Co.’s mine near Solzer, Prince of

Wales’ Island, Alaska.

RECORDS

MEMORIALS OF HuTTON AND PLAYFAIR.

Prof. Stevenson after speaking of the conditions prevailing in

in British geology prior to the publication of Hutton’s memoir

in 1785, gave briefly the characteristic features of Hutton’s doc-

trines, and accounted for the ease with which his work could be

misunderstood and misinterpreted. He described the conflict

to which the memoir led, and emphasized the bitterness of those

who opposed the doctrines on theological grounds. The pre-

paration of Playfair’s work was due as much to a desire to

defend Hutton as to support his theory. Playfair appealed to

those opponents whose knowledge of the theory had been

derived chiefly from attacks made upon it. For them he

showed that the theory was beautiful, symmetrical and in no

sense inconsistent with the Scriptures. In dealing with the

other class of opponents, led by Kirwan and DeLuc, he used

vigorous language, exposing their ignorance and insincerity, and

denouncing the virulence with which they had given a theologi-

cal turn to the controversy. In defending Hutton’s theory,

Playfair brought his own great resources to bear, now correct-

ing errors, now elaborating the doctrine, and in some places

hardly anticipating some of the great works of later days.

The inviting style gained many readers for Playfair’s book,

among them Greenough and his associates, who founded the

Geological Society of London, that theory might be replaced

by observation. Hutton’s theory obtained final triumph in

1830, when Lyell published his “ Principles.” Playfair’s work

hastened the birth of geology as now understood by a full

quarter of a century, and finally divorced our science from

cosmogeny.

Professor Kemp’s memorial was more in the nature of a re-

view of Hutton’s personal history. He said in part: James

Hutton was born in 1726, and, after his school and university

course, entered a lawyer’s office to prepare for the bar. He

disliked the law, however, and gave up the study after a year.

Being greatly interested in chemistry, he took up the study

of medicine, attending lectures at Edinburgh and Paris and tak-

ing his degree at Leyden in 1749. The career of a physician

RECORDS 49

did not attract him much, after all his preparation, and in 1752

he went to Norfolk to learn agriculture. There his mind first

turned definitely to mineralogy and geology. In 1754 he set-

tled on his ancestral estates in Berwickshire, where he remained

fourteen years, with occasional visits to Edinburgh and more

distant parts of the kingdom. In 1768 he gave up country

life and removed to Edinburgh to devote himself entirely to the

study of geology and kindred sciences. His untiring industry

enabled him to accomplish a marvelous amount of work in

chemistry and finally to elaborate his essays in geology, revo-

lutionizing that science and, with the elucidation given his work

by Playfair’s “Illustrations of the Huttonian Theory of the

Earth,” raising it to the high plane which it has occupied ever

since. Modern geology dates from the publication in the spring

_ of 1802 of John Playfair’s explanation, elaboration and defense

of Hutton’s theories.

Professor Dodge, in his memorial of Playfair, said in brief :

To James Hutton we owe many fundamental truths now rec-

ognized in physiography, and to John Playfair we owe the eluci-

dation of these ideas, and their amplification.

The doctrine that rivers are the cause of their valleys, and

the proof thereof is perhaps the most important foundational

idea that we owe to the combined labor of these two geological

worthies. Playfair’s clear exposition of the possible origin o1

river terraces, his acute description of the relation of lakes to

rivers, his analysis of the varied forms of shore-lines, and his

emphasis of the importance of initial shore-lines, all clearly ex-

ploited in his illustrations, deserve to take rank with the much

quoted passage on rivers and their valleys, as being accepted

geographical truths far in advance of their time.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Richard E. Dodge, An INTERESTING LANDSLIDE IN THE

Cuaco Canon, New MExico.

On a high mesa to the southeast of the Chaco Cajon, and

about four miles below Putnam, New Mexico, is a series of

stone monuments about five feet high and four feet in diameter.

50 RECORDS

These monuments stand on the edge of the rim rock of an old

escarpment nearly 300 feet high. The rim rock of the escarp-

ment is a coarse brown sandstone capped by about two feet of

thin-bedded dark-brown sandstone containing shark’s teeth.

The face of the escarpment has recently slipped along a series

of joints running approximately parallel to face of escarpment,

and in a general direction of S. 30° E. The recesses between

slipped blocks can be sounded to a depth of over fifty feet, and

are wider at base than top as a rule.

In the slipping an ancient rock “ hogan’”’ 20 feet in diameter

has slid 2.5 feet vertically and 8.3 horizontally without displac-

ing the rock walls to any serious extent.

Richard E. Dodge, Arroyo FORMATION.

An arroyo is a steep-sided, narrow gulch cut in a previously

filled gravel and adobe valley in the arid West.

The study of process of formation of arroyos, some of which

have been under observation for several years, seems to show

that the work has changed from aggradation to degradation

because of some influence that has caused the focusing of the

running water. Such a concentration of water is made possible

by overfeeding of the land, which removes the help of roots in

holding soil particles, combined with the habit of cattle to move

in processions along trails that make natural channels for

water.

The study of the rate of valley filling or erosion is difficult,

because of the tendency of arroyos cut in adobe to maintain

nearly vertical walls, and because a fallen block of adobe may

be sealed over in the next flood, so that it looks in place. This

problem is of especial importance, because the adobe deposits

in some places contain relics of human occupation to a depth

of many feet. The exact or even the approximate antiquity of

the deposits cannot be definitely determined, because of the

several ways in which the order of events in such a case may

be interpreted.

Gilbert van Ingen, THE AusABLE CHASM.

This paper was a description of the geological and physical

features of this celebrated locality, which incorporated the results

RECORDS 51

of the author’s own observations with those which had been

arrived at and published by others.

EpmunpD O. Hovey,

Secretary.

SECON OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY:

MARCH 24, 1902.

Section met at 8.30 P. M., Livingston Farrand presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and

approved.

The name of one candidate for resident membership was read

and referred to the Council according to the By-Laws.

The following program was then offered :

Clark Wissler, THE Growru or Boys.

W.S. Kahnweiler, A Trip rHrouGH FRENCH INDO-CHINA

TO THE ANGKOR WaT.

On motion of Professor Boas, the Section reélected Living-

ston Farrand as Chairman and R. S. Woodworth as Secretary.

Dr. Clark Wissler reported on the growth of boys. The

annual physical measurements of some three hundred school

boys were correlated to discover tendencies and directions of

growth. It appeared from the data that growth was rather

uniform, as for example, when a boy’s legs were growing rap-

idly, his arms were also growing at a corresponding rate. By

correlating the stature with its increment for the following year

it was seen that the sign of correlation changes when the puber-

tial maximum of growth is crossed. This means that boys

who are growing rapidly at twelve, for example, continue to

grow rapidly until fourteen or fifteen, when they slow down,

while those growing slowly before this period now grow rap-

idly. Thus it appears that the point of pubertial maximum

rate of growth, as determined by mass measurements, is really

the point dividing the boys who mature early from those who

mature late. The relation is yet more in evidence when the

annual increments are correlated without regarding the abso-

lute measurements. The results as a whole seem to show that

52 RECORDS’

the rate of growth in any particular year is of no special sig-

nificance except as an index of the relative maturity of the

individuals concerned.

Mr. W. 8. Kahnweiler reported on a trip that he made last

summer through French Indo-China to the Angkor Wat. His

paper was illustrated with lantern views of the trip, and of the

architecture and sculpture of the ancient temple. The history

of the temple was briefly outlined. R. S. Woopworts,

Secretary.

BUSINESS MEETING.

APRIE. 7, 1902:

The Academy met at 8.15 P. M., President Cattell presiding.

The minutes of the last business meeting were read and

approved.

The President stated that the Academy was coéperating with

the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, Columbia Uni-

versity, and other scientific societies, in tendering a reception

to Lord and Lady Kelvin on the evening of April 21; and

that the members of the Academy would receive due notice

with regard to tickets, etc.

The Committee on Constitution reported the document filed

herewith,' which was read by the Recording Secretary. It was

stated that a special meeting of the Academy, to take action

upon this Constitution, would be called for some evening of the

week of April 21st.

The Academy then adjourned. Henry E. Crampton,

Recording Secretary.

SECTION OF - ASTRONOMY; PHYSICS AND

CHEMISTRY.

APRIL 7, 1902.

Section met at 8:30 P. M., Charles Lane Poor presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and ap-

proved.

1See Appendix.

RECORDS 53

The following program was then offered :

Percival Lowell, MopERN Mars.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Map making began with Beer and Madler in 1840. Since

then many charts have been constructed of the planet. Some

of them are so old as to have been more or less forgotten,

some are so new as not yet to be known. Collection and com-

parison of such of these maps as have marked advances in the

subject lead to some not uninteresting conclusions. Such are

presented in the accompanying series.

The series consists of twelve maps :

PGCE ANCE Wadler: sigs. . tse. Spey sous 1840

CISC CM h gore rat ia zie se she) wn eieoh setoesla Bhs 1864

Fe DAWESEDNG EROCLOM sates o.4 Sinldce Wie ota este 1867

Ae Resume my hlamimarions <2 2\s-\.0.8 4) « 1876

Fra SIG Mia MING acs acts is:e ‘stave niece greees ® apenas 1877

OM DMA MALG LITE LP eters oq 6:4. 20c a es aysraue seis, Ao 1879

Vira SIGMA IAMCMU ye fa, 4s, ae sh aCe \n ayaa e she ads 1882

SPP CUTE PAG SNA oy crha ieee csler tote wage ao wher aha lang 1884

Game OIe ine se Aa acre aisles e E8il OS suare a sai ele 1894

Motu Were Wer sence shoes occ, a7 Wn aia ols thasahd sharers 1897

TRE SMRUE MMe Lees sd. eto lek a eon. 8h 6) 3 ab loos ope at al ne 1899

MARE OW CI ets cr abst Pesels a sls lee) wf sav av os wafers. one 19OI

These maps fall naturally into three groups, dividing the his-

tory of areography into as many stages.

I. Those from 1840-1877.

II. Those from 1877-1892.

III. Those from 1892-1902.

The maps of the first group are characterized by large

patches of light and dark areas. Maps 1-4 show these patches,

and by their agreement prove that the patches are permanent

in place. For the maps are the work of different observers

made at different epochs of time.

The maps of the second group are distinguished by a net-

work of fine, straight lines covering the bright areas of the

54 RECORDS

disk, the ‘canals’? of Mars. This was the work of Schiapa-

relli.

The maps of the third group are differentiated by a similar

system of ‘‘canals’’ in the dark regions. This is the work since

Schiaparelli. It has resulted in a complete change in the belief

as to the character of these ‘‘seas”’ ; the permanency of the

lines showing that the background must be land not water.

Inspection of the series results in three directions :

That the whole series are in fundamental agreement. The

basic features appear directly throughout the first period, and as

a groundwork upon which subsequently discovered detail is im-

printed in the second and third.

The second deduction from these data is that the almost in-

conceivable regularity in the ‘‘canals’’ was an evolution in per-

ception forced upon Schiaparelli by the objects themselves ; not

a feature imputed by him to them. His first map in 1877

showed them as arms or inlets of the sea penetrating the con-

tinents to great distances, but not characterized by remark-

able regularity of form. His second map in 1879, shows

them narrower, straighter, and in every way more peculiar. His

third map, in 1882, presents them as of geometric precision ; as

he himself remarks, as if laid down by rule and compass. His

fourth map shows that they afterward kept such a character.

Had this precision been of his devising, they should not have

gained in it as time went on and as his eye grew versed in de-

cipherment. That they did so, implies that the recognition was

forced upon him from without.

The third deduction is that the evolution in detail marks the

series, and can be traced steadily on from the beginning to the

end. The additions made in each period find themselves super-

posed upon the work of the period before. Similarly each map

of any given period adds to its predecessor and is corroborated

and extended by its successor. Thus a chain of evidence is

made by them whose strength depends upon this very inter-

twining of results.

S. A. MITCHELL,

Secretary.

RECORDS 55D

SECTION: OF - BIOLOGY.

Section met at 8:15 P. M., Professor Bashford Dean presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved.

The following program was offered :

J. H. McGregor, THE ANCESTRY OF THE ICHTHYOSAURIA.

A. G. Mayer, Cotor PATTERNS IN LEPIDOPTERA.

C. C. Trowbridge, THE Function oF INTERLOCKED EMARGI-

NATE PRIMARIES IN SOARING FLIGHT.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Dr. McGregor accepted Baur’s view that the Ichthyosauria

are derived from Permian Rhynchocephalia, but stated that in

a study of the Belodontia he had found new evidence as to the

nature of the intermediate forms. The latter group is of un-

doubted Rhynchocephalian origin, and may almost be con-

sidered as a subdivision including forms modified for aquatic life.

A comparison of Belodonts and Ichthyosaurs shows that both

have evolved in the same direction, though modification has

proceeded further in the Ichthyosaurs, which were marine in

habit. Almost all of the skeletal features of the two orders are

reducible to a common type, and, although not directly ances-

tral, the Belodonts must be considered as standing very near

the line of descent of the Ichthyosaurs ; the two orders prob-

ably had as a common ancestor some aquatic Rhynchocephalian

of the upper Permian or lower Trias. The Ichthyosauria are

thus brought into relation with the Archosaurian branch of the

Reptilia.

Dr. Mayer presented the results of his study of the color

patterns of 1,173 species of lepidoptera: 453 Papilio, 30 Orni-

thoptera, 643 Hesperide, and 47 Castiva. Counting sexual

differences, 1,340 individual insects were examined ; 542 Papilio,

59 Ornithoptera, 688 Hesperide, and 51 Castiua. The num-

ber of rows of spots, bands, or combination markings upon the

wings were counted, and as well the number of spots in each

individual row, and the number of interspaces over which each

56 RECORDS

band extended; the results show that each row of spots or

bands exhibits a decided tendency to be of uniform color

throughout, that rows very rarely break at or near the middle

of their extent, and that the end spots of a row are more variable

than those spots near the center. ‘‘ Frequency polygons”’ were

obtained from the above-mentioned data, for the rows of mark-

ings, for the number of spots in each row, and for the extent of

bands measured in interspaces. Eight such frequency polygons

were determined for the spots and bands on the upper and

lower surfaces of the wings in the group of Papilio Ornithoptera.

Of the four representing the conditions in the fore-wing, three

exhibit two well-marked maxima, the numbers being arranged

in descending series on either side of each. These maxima are

three and nine spots, or bands extending over three or nine

interspaces. If, now, Papilio be divided into the three sub-

genera Papilio s. str., Cosmodesmus, and Pharmacophagus, and

be still further separated into the African, Indo-Australian,

Europ-Siberian, and American forms, it is found that the insects

of the subgroups still display the tendency to have three or

nine spots, or bands extending over three or nine interspaces.

This is not a matter of correlation, for only 32 of the 453 species

of Papilio display doth three and nine spots upon their fore-

wings. It is somewhat difficult to explain this condition upon

the hypothesis of natural selection, owing to the fact that

Papilios of widely separated regions show the same tendency to

produce these two maxima in the same manner. The Hes-

peridze and Castiva show no such tendency, hence it is not uni-

versal for Lepidoptera. If it be due to natural selection acting

upon /apilios and restricting them to this condition, such selec-

tion must be universally operative in the case of Papilio, but not

in the other species. It is easier, therefore, to assume a race

tendency in Papzlo to produce either three or nine spots upon

the fore-wing, or bands extending over three or nine interspaces.

Other results, quantitatively expressed, were brought out by the

author.

Mr. Trowbridge gave the result of observations on flying

birds for the purpose of showing that the emarginate primaries

RECORDS 57

of hawks, eagles and certain other birds are interlocked in

flight. The speaker referred to his original paper on the subject

in which the theory was set forth, which was presented by the

late Professor W. P. Trowbridge before the National Academy

of Sciences and the New York Academy of Sciences. The

paper created some discussion in Science at the time, partici-

pated in by Dr. Elliot Coues, Professor Newberry, Professor

Trowbridge and others. Mr. Trowbridge showed by a number

of diagrams and photographs that the primary feathers of a

number of birds are emarginate near their ends, and that the

webs of the feathers are so shaped that when they are over-

lapped, a curved and rigid aéroplane is formed at the end of the

wing, which, he considered, is of considerable advantage in

swift sailing flight. The emarginations of the primaries of

hawks and eagles are particularly pronounced, and permit firm

interlocking. A table of observations was given, showing that

the interlocking of the primaries does take place, the data hav-

ing been obtained at New Haven during the autumn flights of

hawks along the Connecticut coast. It appears that in the case

of one species of hawk examined, ten wings out of forty had

all five primaries interlocked, and that the number of wings

having 60 per cent. of the primaries interlocked was twenty-

nine, or 72 per cent. of the total number, forty. It was concluded

that emarginate primaries of hawks and other birds are inter-

locked in flight on the following grounds: (1) It has been found

that the webs of such feathers of hawks that had just been

killed usually show deep notches where they have rested against

one another, which notches could only result from habitual

interlocking of the primaries; and (2) in every case of over

twenty-five hawks killed while flying and examined immediately

after they fall some primaries were interlocked (several slightly

wounded birds not included). In the case of nineteen perfect

specimens on one species, 67.9 per cent. of all emarginate pri-

maries (190) were found to be interlocked. While it is not pos-

sible at present to show when the emarginate primaries are

interlocked in flight the indications are, however, that this occurs

when the wing is partly flexed, as in the case of hawks sailing

58 RECORDS

rapidly through the woods and flying in a strong wind. The

important functions of interlocking appear to be: (1) To make

more rigid the outer portion of the wing, that part of the aéro-

plane formed by the primaries, and (2) to produce a curve of

the wing which enables the bird to have a better control of its

swift flight through the air than the unlocked condition would

permit. The end of the bird’s wing when the primaries are in-

terlocked becomes shaped somewhat like the blade of a pro-

peller screw. The interlocking also would keep the primaries

extended without muscular exertion on the part of the bird.

Considerable discussion was aroused by Mr. Trowbridge’s

paper. Dr. Jonathan Dwight, Jr., presented a series of argu-

ments against the theory of the speaker, to the effect, in brief,

that in the absence of a proper controlling musculature, any

such interlocking as that described could be brought about only

by accident ; that habitual interlocking would bring about, fur-

thermore, conspicuous wearing of the vane in the areas of con-

tact, a phenomenon not observed in emarginate primaries ; and

that he concluded from his extensive studies upon feathers and

feather structure, that habitual interlocking did not take place.

Mr. Frank Chapman, with a series of fine lantern slides of

birds in actual flight, demonstrated that in some soaring birds,

at least, which possess emarginate primaries these feathers are

certainly spread and not interlocked. Mr. Chapman agreed

with Dr. Dwight that the facts tend to support Allen’s theory

of the origin of emargination, namely that aérial friction wears

down the web; and that no such function is to be attributed to

emarginate primaries such as that ascribed by Mr. Trowbridge.

Prolonged discussion followed, participated in by Mr. Trow-

bridge, Dr. Dwight, Mr. Chapman, Professor Dean, Professor

Crampton and others. Henry E. Crampton,

Secretary.

SPECIAL» BUSINESS? MEETING:

APRIL 24, 1GO2.

The Academy was called to order at 8:15 P. M., by President

Cattell. Professor Richard E. Dodge was elected Recording

Secretary, pro tem.

RECORDS 59

The President stated the object of the meeting, and that a

notice had been sent by the Recording Secretary to all resident

members and fellows entitled to vote, in accordance with the

requirements of Section 5 of the amended charter.

The proposed constitution, filed herewith,’ was then read by

the Recording Secretary, pro tem., and on motion of Professor

R. S. Woodward, seconded by Professor Francis E. Lloyd was

unanimously adopted.

The academy then adjourned.

RICHARD E. DODGE,

Recording Secretary, pro tem.

SECTION OF GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY.

APRIL 24, 1902.

Section met at 8:30 P. M., Professor J. J. Stevenson presid-

ing. The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and

approved.

The following program was then offered :

Lea McI. Luquer, ON THE DETERMINATION OF THE RELA-

TIVE REFRACTIVE INDICES OF MINERALS IN ROCK SECTIONS BY

THE BECKE METHOD.

Austin F. Rogers, THE MINERALS OF THE JopLiIN, Mo.,

LEAD AND Zinc DISTRICT.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Lea McI. Luquer stated that in most schemes for the optical

determination of minerals in rock sections, the birefringence and

resulting interference colors are made the basis of the scheme of

classification. It is also desirable, however, to bring into con-

sideration an approximate knowledge of the indices of refrac-

tion, and where the relative differences in the indices of two ad-

joining minerals is required, the method devised by Becke is

found to be very convenient. This method depends upon the

principle of the total reflection of light, and with proper adjust-

ment of the microscope, which is to be focused sharply on the

1 See Appendix.

60 RECORDS

dividing plane between the two minerals, it is possible, by

slightly raising the objective, to observe a “ bright line”’ on the

side of the mineral having the higher index of refraction.

The main precautions to be observed are, that the cone ot

incident light be small, the sections very thin, the cementing

material not much lower in refractive index than either of the

minerals to be determined, and the plane of contact nearly ver-

tical and clear. When the contact plane is much inclined, the

method cannot be applied.

By this method very slight differences in refraction can be dis-

tinguished ; as for example, between quartz sections cut parallel

and at right angles to the optic axis; in which the difference

= 0.009, = 1.553, = 1.544.

Dr. Luquer’s paper has been published in the School of Mines

Quarterly for January, 1902, pp. 127-133.

Austin F. Rogers stated that the minerals of the Joplin Dis-

trict include sulphur, galena, sphalerite, covellite, greenockite,

wurtzite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, marcasite, quartz, cuprite, pyrolu-

site, limonite, calcite, dolmite, smithsonite, cerussite, aurichalcite,

hydrozincite, malachite, azurite, calamine, muscovite, chryso-

colla, allophane, pyromorphite, barite, anglesite, leadhillite, cale-

donite, linarite, gypsum, goslarite, chalcanthite, melanterite,

copiapite and bitumen, all of which have been found by the

writer.

Lamellar twinning has been observed in galena, the twinning

planes being vicinal tetragonal trisoctahedra. Covellite is found

replacing sphalerite. Wurtzite occurs in distinct hemimorphic

crystals — the first instance of the kind to be reported. Twin

crystals of marcasite are common, among them cyclic fivelings.

Quartz crystals are rare and small. Calcite presents an in-

teresting field for crystallographic study, about twenty-four

types, with a total of twenty-nine crystal forms, having been

noted. Twinning according to all of the four laws for calcite

have been observed. Some distinct crystals of aurichalcite con-

firm D’Archiardi’s observations that the mineral is monoclinic

RECORDS 61

and that the axial angle is not 90°. Calamine occurs in doubly

terminated crystals which show their hemimorphic character

plainly. Seamon’s theory as to the formation of calamine from

“tallow-clay’’ is not in all cases applicable. The rare copper-

lead basic sulphates, caledonite and linarite occur at one mine at

Galena, Kansas. This mine also furnishes covellite, cuprite and

aurichalcite.

The observed paragenesis generally follows this order : dolo-

mite, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, marcasite, pyrite, barite,

calcite. The total absence of certain silicates and the rarity and

small size of the quartz crystals strongly precludes the theory

that the lead and zinc ores have been brought up from great

depths by hot water.

Attention was called to the coincidence in the location of the

ore deposits of this and neighboring districts and the border

areas of the Ozark uplift, as pointed out by Haworth.'

A fuller discussion of the minerals noted in this paper and

their occurrence will be found in the forthcoming Lead and

Zinc Report of the University Geological Survey of Kansas.

Section adjourned at 9:40.

EpmunD O. Hovey,

Secretary.

SeChON-OF ANTEROPOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY.

APRIL. 28, TOOL.

Section met at 8:25 P. M., Livingston Farrand presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and

approved.

The following program was then offered :

Robert MacDougall, Two ExperIMENTS IN COLOR VISION.

J. BE. Lough, Memory or ScHooL CHILDREN.

J. McKeen Cattell, Inrensiry or LiGHT AND THE ERROR OF

PERCEPTION.

E. L. Thorndike, Sex DIFFERENCES WITH RESPECT TO VARI-

ABILITY.

1 Bull. Geol. Soc. Amer., II: 231, 1900.

62 RECORDS

W. Bogoras, ETHNOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN NORTHEAST-

ERN SIBERIA.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

The paper by Professor Robert MacDougall, in his absence,

was read by title. He found (1) that the subjective intensity

and saturation of a given constant objective color increases with

the retinal area illuminated by it. This increase is most marked

in case of green, least marked in case of red. A similar phe-

nomenon appears in the grays. The apparent difference in

brightness between a patch of gray and a light or a dark back-

ground is increased by enlarging the patch. (2) A given area

of illumination ‘produces a stronger subjective effect when this

area is divided and distributed over the retina than when it is

compact. This is perhaps because the area of irradiation is

increased by distributing the area of illumination.

Professor J. BE. Lough reported some experiments on the

memory of school children. He had tested 682 school girls,

ranging in age from g to 15. The method employed was the

same as that used by Lobsien in a similar investigation of the

school children at Kiel. A list of ten words was read to the

pupils, who then wrote down as much of the list as they could

remember. This was repeated with new classes of words until

eight lists had been given. These experiments show: (1) That

memory improves but slightly between the ages g and 15, being

62 per cent. at 9 and 64 per cent. at 13 and 15. This is in

sharp contrast with the results obtained by Lobsien — 38 per

cent. at 9, and 75 percent. at 13. (2) That the amount remem-

bered depends upon the class of words composing the list —

names of colors having an average of 87 per cent., names of

concrete things 75 per cent., words connected with tactile ex-

periences 70 per cent., emotions 68 per cent., sounds 58 per

cent., abstract words 50 per cent., numbers 45 per cent. (3)

That the usual retardation at 12 with accelerations at 13 is shown

in each class of words, with the exception of emotions, where

there is a marked retardation at 13, with acceleration at 14.

(4) That in each of the lower grades of school (4A—5B) the

RECORDS 63

brighter pupils have the better memory, while in each of the

higher grades (6A—7B) the duller pupils have the better memory.

In discussing this paper, it was remarked by Professor Thorn-

dike that grammar school girls of 14 to 15 do not fairly represent

all girls of that age, since the brighter individuals are apt to leave

the grammar school before reaching 14 years.

Professor Cattell, in a paper on the “ Intensity of Light and

the Error of Perception,” described experiments in which 211

shades of gray between white and black were sorted out into

the order of brightness. The steps were smaller than can be

perceived, and there was consequently an error of displace-

ment, measuring the just observable difference. For the more

accurate observers the error was six cards or about 0.03 of the

range between white and black. Observers differ within the

extremes of about 1:2. The just observable difference in-

creases with the magnitude of the stimulus, but not in direct

proportion as required by Weber’s law. The increase is more

nearly in proportion to the square root of the magnitude, which

the speaker has found to hold in other cases and has elsewhere

attempted to explain.

Professor E. L. Thorndike presented results bearing on the

question of “Sex Differences with Respect to Variability.” A

large number of psychological tests of school children has

afforded him the opportunity of comparing the variability of

boys and girls, as classes, and, on the whole, there is practically

no difference between them.

Dr. W. Bogoras reported some results of his recent obser-

vations, undertaken for the Jesup North Pacific Expedition, in

northeastern Siberia, among the Chuckchi, Koryak and Kam-

chadal peoples. These he found to resemble each other strongly

in the structure of their languages and in their folklore. What

is especially interesting is the striking similarity, almost iden-

tity, between some of their traditions and some of those cur-

rent among the North American Eskimos and the Indians of

British Columbia. It is not, however, the Asiatics living nearest

to Bering Strait, but more southerly tribes, that show most evi-

dence of kinship with the Indians. R. S. WoopwortTH,

Secretary.

64 RECORDS

BUSINESS MEETING.

May 5, 1902.

The Academy met at 8.15 P. M., President Cattell presiding.

The minutes of the last regular business meeting, and of the

special business meeting of April 24, were read and approved.

The Secretary reported from the Council as follows: That

arrangements had been made with the authorities of the Amer-

ican Museum of Natural History whereby the Academy would

meet in rooms of the Museum during the coming year ; that

the Committee on the Constitution was considering necessary

modifications of the by-laws, and would report at the meeting

in October; and that the Committee on the Budget for 1902

had presented the report, filed herewith, which had been adopted

by the Council.

The following candidate for membership, approved by the

Council, was duly elected:

Miss Ida H. Ogilvie, New York City.

The Academy then adjourned.

Henry E. CRAMPTON,

Recording Secretary.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE. ON THE BUDGE,

To THE CouncIL, NEw YorK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES:

Gentlemen — Your Committee, appointed for the purpose of

formulating the Budget for the Academy “year,” March 1 to

December 31, 1902, presents the following estimates. The

income for the above period is estimated at $3,000.00.

Rent, Chemist’s Club (March 1 to May 30)....... $ 125.00

IBecpenses, CCOLGING SSCL nie urs cele te enemas crete le 300.00

cf AES ASLATN cs ale yo felt ey pk ten eee teeth oa Eee 300.00

oY A EASUITEN. soc, shee aushend miee lees wees acai 45.00

Dues Serentihic Alliance vs ws, ncoudols cece tie eee ae 40.00

General VE RBeNSES He wip oo acs apie ual os 100.00

RECORDS 65

2 GULRON bs Boss eee Cae ee ORE EEERRI Oey OMT Pace oe 1,000.00

Masao 2s see aR eres pe Ue Sets) 3h $1,910.00

SSUONUIS.. fies i cham none ee me teats ithe es a's $1,090.00

Respectfully submitted,

J. McKeen CaTTELL,

CHARLES LANE Poor,

Henry E. CRAMPTON.

SECTION OF ASTRONOMY, PHYSICS AND

CHEMISTRY.

May 5, 1902.

Section met at 8:30 P. M., Charles Lane Poor presiding,

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and ap-

proved.

The following program was then offered :

R. W. Wood, AnomMatous DISPERSION AND ITS BEARING ON

ASTROPHYSICAL PROBLEMS.

W.S. Day, An ExpERIMENT RELATING TO THE APPLICATION

OF LAGRANGE’S EQuaTIONsS OF MOTION To ELECTRIC CURRENTS.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Dr. Day’s paper was as follows :

The experiment was analogous to one mentioned by Max-

well in his ‘‘ Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism,” Section

574, Volume II. Maxwell’s experiment was made for the

purpose of discovering whether or not, in the expression for

the kinetic energy of an electric current, there was a term de-

pending on the product of the current and the velocity of the

conductor. Ina single linear circuit having only one degree

of mechanical freedom, the expression for the kinetic energy of

the system in the most general case would be of the form:

TH1/# + Kiy+ ily

in which ~ is the velocity of the mechanical coordinate, 7 is the

current, / is a quantity of the nature of a mass, Z is the self-

66 RECORDS

induction of the circuit, and XA is the coefficient of the term

consisting of products. Just what mechanical codrdinate is to

be represented by « is partly a matter of choice. Maxwell

chose one whose velocity means a motion of the wire in the

direction of its length. There is one other codrdinate which

seems to be geometrically possible, although it is not one that

is naturally suggested by the most satisfactory hypotheses now

in vogue as to the nature of an electric current. This other

coordinate is one such that its velocity means a rotation of the

wire carrying the current around its axis of figure. If x has

this meaning, then if the coefficient A is not zero, Lagrange’s

equations of motion show that if a current is suddenly started

or stopped in a wire there would be an impulsive torque acting

on the wire. The experiment was performed to look for such

an effect, if it existed. A straight piece of aluminium wire 30

cm. long and 0.25 cm. in diameter was suspended by a quartz

fiber in such a way that it was free to rotate, and by means of

mercury cups, a current could be passed through it at pleasure.

No effect of the kind considered was detected. If the value of

K expressed in C.G.S. electromagnetic units, and referred to a

centimeter of the wire, had been as great as 0.00002, it could

have been detected.

5, 7A, MircHELg

Secretary.

SECTION, OFS BIOLOGY.

NAY" 12; noo?

Section met at 8:15 P. M., Professor Dean presiding. The

minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and approved.

The following program was then offered :

Edmund B. Wilson, CeLtt-LINEAGE AND THE STUDY OF

HoMOLOGIES.

Gary N. Calkins, ArririciIAL PARTHENOGENESIS IN PARA-

MCECIUM.

Francis B. Sumner, FurtTHER EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES UPON

Fish DEVELOPMENT.

RECORDS 67

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Professor Wilson pointed out that in the analysis of cell-

homologies, as in genetic homologies in general, the essential

criterion is that of common ancestral descent. Cell-homologies

may be merely incidental or secondary to regional homologies

of the egg, and, owing to the plasticity of cleavage-forms, may

be more modified than other forms of homology, even becom-

‘ ing obliterated. It was proposed to denote as eguzvalent those

cells giving rise to homologous structures, irrespective of their

origin ; while those cells which are alike in ontogenetic origin

and position may, irrespective of their fate, be termed /omo-

blastic. The term homology is applicable in cleavages of like

pattern which have been derived from a common ancestral type,

and in which the corresponding cells are both homoblastic and

equivalent. When the cells, though homoblastic, wholly

change their equivalence, or when the cleavage-pattern itself

wholly changes, the original homology disappears.

Dr. Calkins presented the following results: The experi-

ments in cultivating Paramecium caudatum through long

periods seem to indicate that, after continued feeding on the

same diet, two originally different lines become so similar in

chemical composition that conjugation is practically ineffectual.

To illustrate, so-called “ wild’’ conjugations were captured, and

the ex-conjugants after separation were treated with the regular

culture medium; 84 per cent. of these continued living. In

the regular culture series (now, May 13, in the 567th and

523d generation, respectively), out of 48 exogamous ex-conju-

gants, only three continued to live, z.¢., about 6 per cent.;

while of the 32 endogamous ex-conjugants only two continued

to live, again about 6 per cent. The high percentage of fertile

wild, and the low percentage of fertile cultivated forms give

reason for the assumption that after continued treatment with

the same diet, the conjugants get no new chemical compound

by exchange of nuclei, and therefore no ‘“ rejuvenation” takes

place. Experiments with different kinds of reagents are now

in progress to ascertain, if possible, what is needed to make

such sterile conjugations fertile.

68 RECORDS

Dr. Sumner described his further experiments upon the eggs

of Exocetus, Salvelinus, Batrachus, and two species of Fundu-

lus. The methods employed were cautery and impalement with

glass needles. The results tended to prove that there is early

established in the embryo a definite region of growth, and that

the elongation of the body occurs through cell-multiplication in

this region. Additions from the germ-ring or other portions of

the blastoderm play at most a subordinate role. Destruction

of this region of growth led to cessation of embryo formation,

although the blastoderm continued to spread. On the contrary,

destruction at an early period of the entire embryonic sector of

the blastoderm was followed by the regeneration of a new

“embryonic shield.”’

Henry E. CRAMPTON,

Secretary.

SECTION OF GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY.

May 19, 1902.

Section met at 8:15 P. M., Dr. A. A. Julien presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and

approved.

The following program was then offered :

George E. Ashby, Some IncLusions IN MICA AND THEIR

RELATION TO THE PERCUSSION FIGURE.

George I. Finlay, GrorocicaL OBSERVATIONS ALONG THE

NORTHERN BOUNDARY OF MONTANA.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Mr. Ashby was able to show by a most interesting series

of specimens and lantern slides that definite geometrical rela-

tions exist between the percussion figures and the inclusions of

magnetite common in mica. The percussion figure often bisects

the same angle between the skeleton rays of magnetite.

Mr. Finlay dealt with the stratigraphy and petrography of

the district along the 49th parallel of latitude west from the

great plains. The sedimentary series is of Algonkian argillite,

RECORDS 69

sandstone and limestone. Intrusive and extrusive flows of dionite

and biabase were observed and a few dikes of diabase were

noted. The structure of the range at this point is simple, be-

ing that of a very gentle syncline, except for the anomalous con-

tact along the eastern face of the Rocky Mountains between the

Algonkian sediments above and the Cretaceous sandstones im-

mediately below. This condition is brought about by over-

thrust faulting along a warped plane dipping very gently to the

west. GEORGE I. FINLAY,

Secretary, pro tem.

BUSINESS MEETING.

OcTOBER 6, 1902.

The Academy met at 8:30 P. M., President Cattell presiding.

The minutes of the last business meeting were read and ap-

proved.

The Secretary reported from the Council that, in accordance

with the provisions of the new Constitution, a new set of By-

laws had been draughted by a special committee, and had been

accepted by the Council. By direction of the Council, these

By-laws were to be acted upon at the present meeting of the

Academy. The Secretary then presented the new By-laws,

which, by vote, were adopted. A copy is filed herewith."

The following candidate for active membership, approved by

the Council, was duly elected :

Alexander S. Farmer, C.E., 140 Rodney Street, Brooklyn.

The Academy then adjourned. Henry E. Crampton,

Recording Secretary.

SECTION OF; ASTRONOMY, PHYSICS AND

CHEMISTRY:

OcTOBER 6, 1902.

Section met at 8:45 P. M., Professor Hallock presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and ap-

proved.

1See Appendix.

70 RECORDS

The following program was then offered :

Informal Reports of the members upon work during the

summer in matters of interest to the section.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

George F. Kunz exhibited a section of the tusk of the ele-

phant Tip that was killed several years ago because he had be-

come so cross. The section of the tooth showed a large cavity

amounting to a couple of cubic inches —near the end of the

conical cavity at the root of the tooth. It was suggested that

possibly this cavity represented an ulceration of the tooth, and

that the bad humor of the elephant was really due to a bad

tooth. After discussion by Professor Cattell and others, it was

apparently the opinion of those best qualified to know, that this

cavity was not the result of any such ulceration, and that prob-

ably the elephant would not suffer from toothache in any case.

William Hallock made an informal report upon barometric

and boiling point observations made during the ascent of Mt.

Whitney during the month of August. He called attention to

the use of the boiling point apparatus as checking the barometer

and the necessity of taking into consideration the temperature

and humidity of the air, as well as the simple barometric pres-

sure. He also referred to certain interesting lava fields on

Whitney Creek to the southwest from Mt. Whitney.

G. B. Pegram gave an interesting account of the work done

at the magnetic observatories in this country, and especially at

the one at Cheltenham, Md., with which he was connected

during the summer vacation.

Dr. D. 8. Martin referred to the interesting minerals exhibited

at the Exposition of the South at Charleston, and showed a sam-

ple of the ash from Mt. Pelee which was brought to Charleston

on one of the incoming vessels. He will report upon this sub-

ject in the section of mineralogy later on.

Di Ss Maran,

Secretary, pro tem.

RECORDS ta:

SECTION. OF BIOLOGY.

OCTOBER 13, 1902.

The section met at 8:15 P. M., Professor Bashford Dean pre-

siding.

The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved.

The Secretary presented a letter from the Recording Secre-

tary of the Academy, calling attention to the fact that sectional

officers were to be elected at the November meeting, the officers

then chosen to take office at the first meeting in January follow-

ing. It was also stated that the election of a Chairman by the

section constituted his nomination to the Council as a candidate

for Vice-President.

The following nominating committee was appointed by the

Chair to report at the next meeting: Professors Bristol, Lee,

Lloyd, Drs. Mayer and Calkins.

The scientific program consisted of a series of reports by

members of the section upon their work during the summer.

Professor E. B. Wilson spoke of some of the results of his

successful work, carried on at first at the Beaufort, N. C. Fish

Commission Station, and later at the South Harpswell Labora-

tory in Maine. Complete embryological material of Rezz//a had

been obtained, after several years’ efforts. Important results were

also obtained by experiments upon the regeneration of the large

claw in Alpheus, the conclusions of Przibram being confirmed,

and the influence of the nervous system being determined. At

South Harpswell experimental work was carried on upon the

development of the normal eggs, of isolated blastomeres, and

of egg-fragments of the worm Cerebratulus, a form extremely

favorable for experimentation. In conclusion, the favorable

character of the fauna in general in this region was pointed

out.

Professor F. 8. Lee reported the results of investigations upon

the effect of alcohol on muscular work in Gonionema, which

agreed in essentials with his earlier work upon the effect of

alcohol on frog muscle. It was pointed out that the effect

72 RECORDS

might be due to the withdrawal of water from the muscle, or

to the action of the small number of ions present.

Dr. O. P. Hay described his summer’s work upon the fossil

fishes of the American Museum of Natural History, particular

attention having been given to the Cretaceous forms. Work was

also carried on upon the turtles.

Professor A. W. Grabau spoke of his collecting expeditions

for Silurian and Devonian fossils. _He mentioned also an inter-

esting case of non-conformity at Rondout, which he had been

able to explain. Explorations of the Palaeozoic coral reefs of

Wisconsin were also described.

Dr. G. N. Calkins referred to the investigations which had

been carried on at the Marine Biological Laboratory, under his

direction, upon the sporozoa associated with cancerous growth.

It was found that the genus Laszophre when introduced into the

body of a toad would cause the production of a tumor. Dr.

Calkins’s personal work upon Paramecium had been continued,

the action of various salts upon this form receiving particular

attention.

Dr. M. A. Bigelow reported upon his observations upon the

power of young birds to distinguish different colors, of interest in

connection with the problem of insect coloration. Much of the

summer had been utilized in the preparation of a manuscript for

a laboratory manual.

Mr. Naohide Yatsu described the results of his experiments

upon the eggs of the common starfish, which were carried on

at Woods Hole. Artificial parthenogenesis was induced by

ether, and larvz were reared up to the eighteenth day.

Mr. Raymond Osburn described the location and work of

the Vancouver Island Laboratory of the University of Minne-

sota, where he had spent the summer. His particular in-

terest concerned the invertebrata and birds of the Vancouver

region.

Professor Crampton referred to the work of the Woods Hole

Laboratory, and mentioned briefly his work at the Bayshore

Laboratory upon the development of Azd/a and of his experi-

ments upon moths.

RECORDS 73

Professor Dean reported progress upon several lines of re-

search. A paper dealing with Japanese oyster-culture had

been prepared for the government, and experiments upon in-

duced fossilization by means of calcium phosphate had been

pursued. The embryology of Chimera had received special

attention, a conclusion of particular interest being that the

breaking up of the extra-embryonic yolk is due to supernu-

merary sperm-nuclei. F

Henry E. CRAMPTON,

Secretary.

SECTION OF \GEOLOGY AND- MINERALOGY.

OcTOBER 20, 1902.

Section met at 8:15 P. M., Prof. J. J. Stevenson presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section was read and ap-

proved.

Vhe following program was then offered :

William H. Hobbs, Grorocy oF THE RIVER CHANNELS

ABOUT MANHATTAN ISLAND. ;

James F. Kemp, ComMMENTS ON THE GEOLOGY OF BINGHAM

CaXNon, Uran. Illustrated with lantern slides and specimens.

Wallace G. Levison, Exnisirion oF SPECIMENS OF GNEISS

AND SERPENTINE FROM THE SOUTHERN END oF MANHATTAN

ISLAND.

Before the scientific program of the evening was taken up,

the Section proceeded to the election of officers for the year

1903, in accordance with the provisions of the new constitution

of the Academy.

James F. Kemp.was nominated for chairman, and, there

being no other nominations, the Section, by unanimous vote,

directed the Secretary to cast one affirmative ballot for the

nominee, and Professor Kemp was declared elected.

Edmund O. Hovey was nominated for Secretary, and, there

being no other nominations, the Section, by unanimous vote,

directed Professor R. E. Dodge to cast one affirmative ballot

for the nominee, and Dr. Hovey was declared elected.

74 RECORDS

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Wallace Goold Levison exhibited to the Section four speci-

mens of gneiss obtained from the bedrock in certain deep ex-

cavations at the southern end of Manhattan Island. One of

these was collected July 20, 1902, from a depth of fifty feet

below the surface at the corner of Broad and Exchange Streets ;

the second was collected in the excavations at 40 Exchange

Place, forty-five feet below the surface, on July 25; two

others were collected at 43-49 Exchange Place, forty-five feet

below the surface, on July 25. Mr. Levison also showed

several specimens of serpentine from boulders found in excava-

tions for the Stock Exchange building on Broad Street, be-

tween forty and sixty feet below the surface, on June 19.

In the absence of the author, the paper by Professor William

H. Hobbs was read in somewhat condensed form by the Secre-

tary of the Section. The paper was accompanied by a wealth

of detailed observations too extensive for reproduction, but a

summary of his conclusions is as follows:

In his introduction the author called attention to the unusual

opportunities now offered for studying the geology of Manhat-

tan Island through the numerous great engineering works in

progress. The waterways surrounding the island are deep

cafions, with a depth of nearly two hundred feet in the East

River and three hundred feet or more in the North River, now

partly filled with drift deposits, the amount depending upon the

velocity of the tidal currents.

In 1865 Stevens advanced the theory that the river channels

followed lines of faults (‘‘ longitudinal and transverse fractures ’’).

Newberry regarded the East River as the lowest reach of the

Housatonic River before it discharged its waters into the Hud-

son, which was then the outlet of the Lorentian series of lakes,

and he considered the Harlem River with Spuyten Duyvil

Creek a smaller tributary of the Hudson. Dana believed that

the relatively easy solution of certain beds of limestone deter-

mined the position of the river channels. This view of Dana’s

has been supported by Kemp and F. J. H. Merrill, while

Gratacap rejects the theory advanced by Stevens.

RECORDS 75

Professor Hobbs finds that no correspondence can be estab-

lished between the directions of the belts of limestone or dolo-

mite and of the New York water front, except within the stretch

from Kingsbridge to Macomb’s dam bridge. Along this line

too the observed facts point to the occurrence of a narrow strip

of limestone dropped down between vertical faults. The sec-

tions of the Harlem River which are furnished by the bridges

across it show clearly that it is not a simple erosion valley re-

sulting from cutting by the stream. The bed of the stream is

marked by sudden changes of level, and the Harlem seems to

have chosen its course quite independently of ridges of the

harder gneiss. Under the East River limestone has been found

at but two localities under the channel east of Blackwell's

Island, and in one of the drill holes underneath the Manhattan

pier of the East River bridge No. 3. The limestone east of

Blackwell’s Island is enclosed between parallel fault walls, and

appear to have been dropped down along them. The numerous

occurrences, however, of gneiss, and gneiss only along, in and

under the East River Jeave little doubt that the main portion of

the bed is composed of this rock.

Regarding the bedrock beneath the North River, compara-

tively little is known, but the origin of its channel is sufficiently

accounted for by its position along the contact of the Newark

system with the crystallines. This contact seems surely to be

a fault border, on account of its markedly rectilinear extension,

the great scarp of basalt, the much inferior position of the

newer terranes, and the evidence derived from the borings along

the route of the proposed tunnel of the Pennsylvania, New

York and Long Island Railroad Company.

The author holds that the directions of the channels of

Spuyten Duyvil Creek and Harlem and East Rivers have been

determined largely by lines of joining and displacement. Man-

hattan Island borders directly upon the Newark area, in which

the existence of a network of faults has been established by the

work of several observers, and the network probably extends

beyond the limits of the area. The striking rectilinear outlines

of the island, especially of the northern half of it, and its topo-

76 RECORDS

graphic development are favorable to the view that it represents

an orographic block left standing between down-thrown strips >

of the crust. The rectilinear gorge of the upper Harlem

between Washington Heights and Fordham Heights is con-

tinued, so far as its western wall is concerned, some two and a

half miles south of the river. It is parallel to the direction of

the scarp of the Palisades and of the Hudson. Besides the

cross fractures indicated by the different parts of the Harlem

River which were pointed out by Stevens, several other cross

fractures on and about Manhattan Island were pointed out by

the same author. Dana also considered that the Manhattan-

ville cross valley was formed by a cross-fracture. A consider-

able number of faults has been definitely established. Their

directions correspond in general to the elements in the courses

of the river channels. The exceptions to this rule are the

fissures in the East River east and west of Blackwell’s Island.

The author went on to cite a number of faults which have

been disclosed by numerous borings and tunnels, and in closing

called attention to the fact that the buried rock surface in the

lower part of the city (south of Twenty-third street), as well as

that below the area of the Harlem flats (north of One Hundred

and Tenth Street and east of Eighth Avenue) is characterized by

the most abrupt changes of level. In his opinion the area of

these portions of the island represent orographic blocks de-

pressed by faults, reefs of gneiss and limestone rising along the

Harlem area, while reefs of gneiss alone characterize the southern

district.

Professor Hobbs’ paper was discussed briefly by Professors

Kemp, Dodge and Stevenson, and it was evident that the

author's theory would not be accepted without considerable

further investigation.

At the outset of his paper on Bingham Canon, Professor

Kemp stated that the article was not a formal one for publica-

tion, and that he did not wish to forestall in any degree the

forthcoming Bingham folio by Mr. Boutwell of the United States

Geological Survey. He then described the geological forma-

tions in the vicinity of the large mines. These formations em-

RECORDS ie

braced the great section of quartzite with smaller exposures of

limestone and with intruded masses of eruptive rocks which

range from pronounced porphyries to granites. At least three

kinds of eruptives can be distinguished. The author described

in outline the faults and geological relations of the ores, and

stated that the ores especially favored the contact of the erup-

tive rocks with the quartzites. The evidences of contact meta-

morphism between the porphyries and the limestones were

commented upon. The ores in the great porphyry dike on the

claims of Colonel Wall were described, and were stated to be

secondary in their origin ——that is, they probably were intro-

duced in solution into a mass of crushed eruptive rock. The

data for the paper were gathered in connection with the field

instruction given to a class of students the past summer. The

paper was illustrated by means of lantern slides, maps and

specimens. EpmunD O. Hovey,

Secretary.

See LON OF ANTEHROEOLOY -AND’ PSYCHOLOGY.

OcTOBER 27, 1902.

Section met at 8.15 P. M.

At the preliminary business meeting Professor Edward L.

Thorndike, of Teachers College, Columbia University, was

elected as Chairman of the Section for 1903.

The program of the evening consisted of anthropological re-

ports of summer work. Dr. Clark Wissler described his re-

searches among the Sioux Indians in the interests of the Amer-

ican Museum of Natural History, paying particular attention to

their decorative art as compared with that of surrounding tribes.

Dr. A. L. Kroeber, of the University of California, spoke of the

field work carried on by that institution under his direction,

dwelling particularly upon the distribution of linguistic stocks

in California and the correspondence between linguistic and cul-

tured areas.

Dr. Maurice Fischberg, of New York, outlined a study in

which he is engaged involving the measurements of, and collec-

78 RECORDS

tion of information regarding the Jews of New York. Immi-

grants are examined particularly with regard to racial peculiari-

ties and observations on several generations in the same families

are made wherever possible. Dr. Fischberg discussed briefly

certain preliminary results from his research, promising fuller re-

ports at a later date.

Dr. Farrand closed the program with a few remarks on his

work during the summer on the Sahaptin stock of Indians for

the American Museum of Natural History.

LIVINGSTON FARRAND,

Secretary, pro tem.

BUSINESS MEETING.

NOVEMBER 3, 1902.

The Academy met at 8.20 P. M., Professor Charles L. Poor

presiding. The minutes of the last business meeting were read

and approved.

There being no business to come before the Academy, it was

voted to adjourn.

Henry E. CRAMPTON,

Recording Secretary.

SECTION. OF ASTRONOMY, PHYSICS AND

CHEMISTRY:

NOVEMBER 3, 1902.

Section met at 8:30 P. M., Charles Lane Poor presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were dispensed with.

The following program was then offered :

G. B. Pegram, ExprrRIMENTS ON THE ELECTROLYSIS OF

RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES.

SUMMARY OF PAPER.

When a solution of a thorium salt is electrolyzed, using plat-

inum electrodes, a temporary radioactivity is imparted to the

anode rather than to the kathode, which is remarkable in view

RECORDS 79

of the tact that in the air near dry thorium compounds a nega-

tively charged body, corresponding to the kathode, becomes

radioactive, while a positively charged body, corresponding to

the anode, is not made active. The activity of the anode used

in the electrolysis of a thorium nitrate solution can become much

more intense, for a given extent of surface, than that shown by

a thick layer of thorium oxide.

The solution under electrolysis rapidly loses its power of im-

parting radioactivity, so that after four hours of electrolysis with

a current of half an ampere, a solution of 20 g. of thorium ni-

trate in 100 c.c. water had lost 95 per cent. of its power of im-

parting activity to the anode. This radioactivity of the anode

increases for a while after being taken out of the solution, then

its intensity falls off at the rate of half its value in eleven hours,

which has been shown by Professor E. Rutherford to be the

rate of decay in the case of surfaces made active by exposure to

the emanation from a dry thorium compound. The radiation

is not homogeneous, as is shown by a study of its absorption

by successive layers of metal foil.

The activity of the anode seems to increase directly with the

concentration of the solution for short periods of electrolysis,

but its relation to the current strength and the duration of the

electrolysis appears to be less simple.

Solutions containing radium impart activity to both anode

and kathode, but this activity decays very rapidly, falling off

half its value in about 35 minutes.

S. A. MITCHELL,

Secretary of Section.

SPCLION “OF BIOLOGY.

NOVEMBER IO, 1902.

The Section met at 8:15, P. M., Professor Bashford Dean

presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved.

The Nominating Committee appointed at the October meet-

ing presented the following nominations :

80 RECORDS

For Chairman and candidate for Vice-President, Professor

Bashford Dean.

For Secretary, Dr. M. A. Bigelow.

The Secretary was authorized by vote to cast a single affir-

mative ballot for these nominees. This was done, and the can-

didates declared duly elected.

The scientific program consisted of a lecture by Professor

R. T. Jackson, of Harvard University, entitled ‘‘ Localized

Stages in the Development of Plants and Animals.”’

SUMMARY OF PAPER.

Professor Jackson showed that in the study of organisms

marked stages in development are found throughout life from

the young to adult and old age. Such stages are of the high-

est importance in phylogenetic studies as affording the key to

genetic relations.

In addition to stages in the direct development, in many

plants and animals stages exist in localized parts throughout

the life of the individual, which are directly comparable to

stages found in the young, and to the adults of simpler and

more primitive fossil or living types.

Localized stages are typically seen in organisms that grow by

progressive addition of similiar parts, in which the young or

growing part temporarily or permanently presents characters

which are closely comparable to characters found in the young

and adults of simpler types.

In plants localized stages are seen in the distal and proximal

areas of the leaf, in suckers, ‘‘ witches’ brooms,” late, sickly or

otherwise feeble growths, and, as shown by Cushman (Amerz-

can Naturalist, November, 1902) in spring growths and leaves

below the flower. The last mentioned are particularly striking

as they present a localized senescence, repeating stages in in-

verse order of sequence from that seen in the seedlings.

In animals localized stages are seen in the newly-added dorsal

inter-ambulacral plates of the corona of Strongylocentrotus and

other sea-urchins. In young plates of the stem of some crinoids,

(Platycrinus, Pentacrinus) and as pointed out by Grabau, in the

RECORDS 81

distal ends of the arms of Zucrinus and Platycrinus. The septal

suture of Ammonites show striking localized stages, in that a

progressive complexity of the septum is traceable in passing

from the dorsal to the ventral border which series is comparable

to the progressive complexity seen in passing from the young to

adult, and from primitive to specialized types in the geological

series. . HeEnNryY E. CRAMPTON,

Secretary.

SECrTON OF GEOLOGY <AND. MINERALOGY.

NOVEMBER 17, 1902.

Section met at 8:15 P. M., J. J. Stevenson presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and

approved.

The following program was then offered :

A. W. Grabau, Limestone REGIONS oF MICHIGAN.

SUMMARY OF PAPER.

The limestones considered are of middle Devonian age, and

constitute the bedrock of the northern portion of the lower

peninsula of Michigan. They are of great economic importance

on account of their purity. They are chiefly used in the manu-

facture of Portland cement, and for chemical purposes. Through-

out them isolated reefs are found, which show all the char-

acters of modern coral reefs. The corals and coralines are in

the place they grew, while on all sides of them the fragmental

limestone derived from the erosion of the reefs is found. This

constitutes most of the bedded limestone of the region. On the

flanks of the reef it has a steep dip, while away from it, the dip

becomes low. The bedded limestone shows all the character of *

sandstones, but runs as high as 96 or even gg per cent of CaCO,,.

The fossils in the limestones show a mingling of Corniferous

and Hamilton types, in the lower beds. <A migration from this

region to the Ontario and New York region is indicated.

Illustrated with diagrams and specimens.

J. F. Kemp,

Secretary, pro tem.

io)

RECORDS

SECTION OF ANTHROPOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOG

NOVEMBER 24, 1902.

Section met at 8:15 P. M., Professor Farrand presiding.

The minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and

approved.

The following program was then offered :

J. B. Miner, Time INTERvAts BOUNDED BY VARIED STIMULI.

J. H. Bair, THE GENERAL PRACTICE CURVE.

R. T. MacDougall, On tHE RELATION OF REACTIONS TO

CERTAIN SECONDARY STIMULI.

SUMMARY OF PAPERS.

Mr. J. B. Miner presented the results of some experiments

on the perception of time intervals bounded by varied stimuli.

Intervals of one, two, three, four and six seconds bounded by

sounds, lights, or one sound and one light, were given the sub-

ject, who then endeavored to reproduce the interval by taps on

a telegraph key. For intervals bounded by sounds, the repro-

duced interval changed from plus to minus at a point between

intervals of two and three seconds. There is very little differ-

ence between intervals bounded by sounds and those bounded

by lights ; but a considerable difference is given when the inter-

val is bounded by a sound followed by a light or vce versa.

The same interval bounded by varied stimuli seemed to the

subjects to be longer than where bounded by like stimuli.

Memory of intervals bounded by varied stimuli required more

effort. Mr. Miner believed that this represented the difference

in difficulty of muscular adjustment on which the memory of

the time interval depended. The increase in variability with

the longer intervals followed the law suggested by Cattell and

Fullerton, rather than Weber’s law.

The paper by Mr. Bair, on the general practice curve, was

read in his absence by Mr. Miner. This paper was based on

experiments made with a pack of 48 cards (six different pictures

and eight of each picture). The cards when dealt in the same

RECORDS 83

order and then immediately after in a different order required a

longer time for the second order. If dealt 2, 3, 4, 5--- times

in the same order before dealing in some new order, the succes-

sive practices in the same order followed the law of the practice

curve, which is an asymptotic approach to a physiological limit ;

and at the same time dealing the cards in any order required also

less and less time. This shows that practice in one order gives

practice ability in another order antagonistic to it, and the more

practice in one order the greater the ability to respond quickly

to the new order.

Professor MacDougal reported upon a series of experiments

showing the influence of variations in visual stimulation upon

reactions to auditory signals. Reaction time was shorter in

darkness than in light, in weak light than in strong light, and

in colored than in neutral light. Reaction time was more con-

stant under neutral than under colored light, and changes in

quality of light were followed regularly by increased rapidity of

reactions. These changes were apparently due to changes in

the attentive condition of the reactor, not to any immediate

organic influence of the intensity or quality of the light.

James E. Loueu,

Secretary.

BUSINESS MEETING:

DECEMBER 1, 1902.

The Academy met at 8:20 P. M., President Cattell presiding.

The minutes of the last business meeting were read and ap-

proved.

The Secretary reported from the Council as follows: that

the Council had voted to nominate the following as candidates

for Fellows, to be voted upon at the Annual Meeting: E. F.

Buchner, Esther F. Byrnes, R. H. Cunningham, A. W. Ches-

ter, William Dutcher, H. C. Dyar, G. I. Finlay, John Eyer-

man, W. J. Gies, A. W. Grabau, J. D. Irving, Gustav Lang-

mann, H.R. Linville, J. E. Lough, R. T. MacDougall, T. C.

Martin, Adolf Meyer, S. A. Mitchell, H. C. Parker, F. Peter-

S84 RECORDS

son, J. C. Pfister, J. D. Prince, H. G. Piffard, M. I. Pupin, Ivan

Sickels, M. A. Starr, -G. T. Stevens, C. A. Strone; iat

Sumner, W. G. Thompson, C. C. Trowbridge, J. F. Woodhull,

E. R. VonNardroff: that the Council had prepared a list of

nominations for officers (which was read), which would be mailed

to members or the Academy one week before the Annual Meet-

ing.

The Secretary read a letter from the Secretary of the Scien-

tific Alliance, relating to the establishment of The Herrman

Fund for scientific research. A copy of the letter is appended.

The Academy then adjourned.

Henry E. CRAMPTON,

Recording Secretary.

SECTION OF ASTRONOMY, PHYSICS AND

CHEMISTRY.

DECEMBER I, 1902.

Section met at 8:30 P. M., Charles Lane Poor presiding. The

minutes of the last meeting of Section were read and approved.

The following program was then offered :

G. W. Ritchey, REcENT REsULTs IN ASTRONOMICAL PHOTOG-

RAPHY WITH THE FoRTY-INCH REFRACTOR AND WITH THE Two-

FOOT REFLECTOR OF THE YERKES OBSERVATORY.

SUMMARY OF PAPER.

Mr. Ritchey exhibited with the lantern some excellent pho-

tographs taken by him with the instruments of the Yerkes

Observatory. The two-foot mirror of silver on glass was

ground some time ago by Mr. Ritchey himself, and the mount-

ing of it was made in the observatory workshop from his

designs. Since the reflector was mounted two or three years

ago, many exceptionally fine photographs have been taken of

star groups, clusters and nebulz, which rival those superb

photographs of Keeler. Especially interesting were the photo-

graphs of ova Persei, which showed the changes in the nebu-

losity which surrounds this interesting new star.

RECORDS 85

Another important piece of work taken up by Mr. Ritchey

was the application of a color screen to celestial photography,

thereby adapting a visual telescope to photographic work.

Such a screen was used with the great forty-inch refractor of the

Yerkes Observatory, and photographs were exhibited showing

the excellence of Mr. Ritchey’s work with this giant object

glass. S. A. MITCHELL,

Secretary.

SECTION OF BIOLOGY.

DECEMBER 8, 1902.

The Section met at 8:15 P. M., Professor F. E. Lloyd pre-

siding.

The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved.

The Secretary presented a letter from the Recording Secre-

tary, regarding the establishment by the Scientific Alliance of

the Herrman Research Fund, stating also the method of pre-

senting and forwarding applications for grants.

The following program was then offered :

Edmund B. Wilson, On THE RELATION BETWEEN LocaLiza-

TION AND CLEAVAGE AS ELUCIDATED BY EXPERIMENTS UPon

MEROGENY.

A. W. Grabau, THe PHYLOGENY OF THE FUSID®.

SUMMARY OF: PAPERS.

Professor Wilson presented the results of his experiments

upon the eggs of Cerebratulus, which dealt with the problem of

germinal localization. It was found that isolated blastomeres

of the two-cell stage developed by partial cleavage, but that

dwarf larva of a normal structure were finally produced. The

upper part of a blastula, however, produced a larva which

lacked a perfect archenteron ; and a ventral portion of a blas-

- tula became a pilidium which was devoid of an apical organ.

The development of egg-fragments obtained prior to the initial

cleavage, furnished particularly illuminating results. An egg-

fragment obtained before maturation, and fertilized later devel-

86 RECORDS

oped by total cleavage into a perfect larva of dwarf size. It

thus appears that localization is progressive, being practically

absent before the initial cleavage, appearing in the two-cell

stage, and becoming greater in the different regions of the blas-

tula. The relation between cell-division and differentiation was

discussed. It is expected that this paper will be published in

full at an early date.

Professor Grabau showed that the Fuside are among the

more highly accelerated types of marine gasteropods of the

modern fauna. /wsvs itself dates back to the Eocene, oc-

curring in the Paris and Hampshire basins. The American

Eocene species generally referred to /usus are shown by their

protoconchs to be more nearly related to Plewrotoma although

their adult form is like that of the typical Fusws. The proto-

conch of Fuss is highly accelerated, showing riblets on the last

portion. The typical conch ornamentation appears abruptly.

The earliest stage is characterized by round whorls, rounded

ribs extending from suture to suture, and simple spirals. These

are the characters of the adult of the most primitive Eocene

species, and also appear in the young of all later species. The

next stage is characterized by the appearance of an angulation

on the whorl, and a concentration of the ribs on the angle. In

the next stage the ribs are replaced by tubercles, and these later

unite to form a keel. This gives the type of the genus /usus

colus. Inthe old members of this species the keel is lost, and

the whorls become rounded. Finally in highly accelerated

types the adult is marked by the rounded keelless whorl, while

many of the intermediate stages are dropped out. Thus / /on-

gicauda has dropped the tubercled and keeled stage through a

process of acceleration in development. This may be consid-

ered as phylogerontism. In every genetic series of the Fusidz

types occur, which in their adult conditions, show characters

comparable to one or the other of the stages found in such

types as /. colus. In the chronogenesis of each series it is

found that types whose adults are comparable with the earliest

stage of F. colus appear first. All Eocene species of Fasus for

example are of the simplest type. The more complicated

RECORDS 87

types, whose adults correspond to later stages in the ontogene-

sis of /. colus, appear progressively later and later in time, while

at the same time primitive species persist to some extent. A

number of distinct lines of divergence or radiation have been

found within the genus /wsus, each paralleling the F. colus

series, so that for each member of this latter series a corre-

sponding member can be usually found in each of the other

series. Similar series have been worked out among the Eocene

Clavilithoids, and a number of other Eocene and later groups.

The ontogeny of hundreds of individuals has been worked out

with reference to the shell structure, and these data have served

as the basis for the determination of the phylogeny of the prin-

cipal series among the Fuside.

Henry E. CRAMPTON,

Secretary.

ANNUAL MEETING.

DECEMBER I5, 1902.

The Academy met for the annual meeting at 8:15 P. M.,

President Cattell in the chair.

The reports of the officers for the past year were called for

and presented as follows :

The Recording Secretary stated for the Corresponding Sec-

retary, that no correspondence had been carried on.

The report of the Recording Secretary, filed herewith, was

read.

The report of the Treasurer, filed: herewith, was received too

late for presentation.

The accompanying reports of the Librarian and Editor were

read.

No nominations for honorary members or corresponding

members were presented.

The following list of candidates for Fellows, nominated by

the Council according to the By-Laws, was read ; the Secre-

tary was empowered to cast an affirmative ballot of the Academy

therefor, which was done:

io)

Edward F. Buchner,

Esther F. Byrnes,

R. H. Cunningham,

Albert W. Chester,

William Dutcher,

Harrison G. Dyar,

John Eyerman,

George I. Finlay,

Wm. J. Gies,

Amadeus W. Grabau,

John D. Irving,

Gustav Langmann,

H. R. Linville,

J. E. Lough,

R. T. MacDougall,

T. Cumerford Martin,

Adolph Meyer,

S. A. Mitchell,

Herschel C. Parker

Frederick Peterson,

}2C. Paster

H.C, Pittard,

John: D, Pune,

Michael I. Pupin,

Iyan Sickels,

M. Allen Starr,

George T. Stevens,

C2 Aw Strong,

F. B. Sumner,

W. Gilman Thompson,

C. C. Trowbridge,

E. R. VonNardroff.

John F. Woodhull,

’

The election of officers for the coming year was then held.

Tellers were appointed, ballots were distributed, the votes re-

ceived and counted. The following officers were elected :

President, J. McKeen Cattell.

Vice-Presidents : Section of Geology and Mineralogy : James

F. Kemp. Section of Biology: Bashford Dean. Section of

Anthropology and Psychology: E. L. Thorndike. Section of

Astronomy, Physics and Chemistry, C. L. Poor.

Corresponding Secretary, R. E. Dodge.

Recording Secretary, Henry E. Crampton.

Treasurer. C.-F. Cox.

Librarian, Livingston Farrand.

Editor; GC. i. Poor:

Councillors : (Three years), Franz Boas, H. C. Bumpus ;

(two years), D. W. Hering, N. L. Britton; (one year), E. B.

Wilson, G. F. Kunz.

Finance Committee : John H. Caswell, John H. Hinton, C.

A. Post.

Vice-President Kemp then took the chair, and President

Cattell presented his annual address, entitled ‘‘ The Academy of

Sciences.”

RECORDS . 89

At the close of the address, a vote of thanks was. moved by

Professor Wilson, seconded by Professor Osborn, and carried.

The Academy then adjourned. HEnry E. Crampton,

Recording Secretary.

REEOR EOF THE RECORDING SECRETARY.

The present report deals with the work of the Academy from

February 24, 1902, to December 31, 1902.

During this period twenty-three meetings of Sections of the

Academy were held, at which four public lectures and forty-

two stated papers were presented. The subjects were distrib-

uted as follows :

Section of Astronomy, Physics and Chemistry —

Astronomy, 2 papers, 2 lectures.

Physics, 3 papers.

5 papers, 2 lectures.

Section of Biology —

Paleontology, 2 papers.

Zoology, IO papers, 2 lectures.

FZ papers, 2 lectures.

Section of Geology and Mineralogy —

Geology, 5 papers.

Mineralogy, 4 papers.

Physiography, 2 papers.

II papers.

Section of Anthropology and Psychology —

Anthropology, 3 papers,

Psychology, II papers.

14 papers.

Total, 42 papers, 4 lectures.

At present there are 300 Active Members, and of these 96

are Fellows, while the election of 33 Fellows is pending. Dur-

ing the period under consideration four members (J. Woodbridge

Davis, Dr. Benjamin Lord, Kev. E: A. Hofiman;.D:D., LL.D,

90 ; RECORDS

and Walter Shriver) have died. Five members have resigned,

and one has been dropped ; the total loss for the year is there-

fore ten. Eleven new members have been elected, one of them

a life member, and three have been reinstated. There is there-

fore a net gain of four.

An important change has been made in the method of publi-

cation. Hereafter each article will be published as a separate

brochure, to be distributed to those members who shall signify

a desire to receive the publications. Together with the pro-

ceedings of the Academy, all articles will be published in col-

lected form, when sufficient to make a volume of about 600

pages. By this procedure prompt publication is assured.

The past year has witnessed two events of primary impor-

tance to the Academy. In the first place, an entire formal

reorganization has been effected. At the time of the last An-

nual Meeting (Feb. 24) a new charter had just been granted

to the Academy by Act of Legislature; and by this instrument,

which replaced that of 1817, greater freedom for activity and

general expansion had been accorded the Academy. Pursuant

to its requirements, a Committee of the Council was constituted

for the purpose of drawing up a new Constitution and new

By-laws; these have been prepared, accepted by the Council,

and adopted by the Academy in business session. While the

changes which have been made are more in the letter than in

spirit, certain advantageous modifications have been introduced

in matters of organization, terminology, and procedure. Among

these may be mentioned the change of title of Resident Mem-

bers to Active Members, the abolition of the restriction to the

number of Fellows, the representation of the Sections in the

Council by making their Chairmen, Vice- Presidents of the Acad-

emy, the constitution of the Editor as an officer, and the intro-

duction of stated limitations to the terms of office of the Presi-

dent, Vice-Presidents and Councillors. In the By-laws, changes

have been made in the mode of electing Active Members, now

nominated directly to the Council, in the establishment of a

class of Non-resident Members, and in the chapter relating to

sectional organization.

RECORDS Of

The second event of importance is the change in the place of

meeting. After several years of a somewhat roving existence,

the Academy has found shelter with the American Museum of

Natural History, where it is hoped it may remain for some

time. The acknowledgments of the Academy are due to the

Director and other officers of the Museum, for the courtesy and

interest which have made this step possible.

Henry E. CRAMPTON,

Recording Secretary.

RE PORE, OF ThE EAS URE Rt

RECEIPTS.

Balance as per last Annual Report.. $1.878.07

Panwtal- wes fOr WOOO c. «svecr i os es §> ~ 10:00

“ ss TOY tere, cists oy arrose 10.00

: ; WOO Oise ote secre ss 10.00

ey 3 OOO rem sAa a oe as 30.00

: & MO OOr mec aes oes 50.00

: ; TG OM Ber tee rsa en acim = = 110.00

; 11 OF ee eee 1,965.00

i Ua telco a eee 30.00 2.20 OO

nti brAc OtNe CES: ha Sepa a esis aha oes ooe$ eee 6 35.00

ite Wiembership Peer i... wes 2 100.00

Interests tO» June 30 On SE Ann's

Avenue Mortgage of $12,000.... 292.00

SaleSnOie ODIICALIONS. nest. ott are'a' : 11.62

$4,032.19

DISBURSEMENTS.

Expenses of Recording Secretary... $ 200.25

es es as Librarian ... 166.65

¢ as Wreasubenecs 28.97

Generale <penses in. jcc. 5 3) had see 82.50

Levon qieria (aa 01 0¥2 Ke ees epee aeaeeree erera Raeg 22261

MB CE BMC ie daisy goon ih a Sees am toe thers 25.00

Duesetor Scientihe: Alliance... 2..-1- 50.12 876.10

Balance-on Hands, .'... $3,750.00

92 RECORDS

BALANCE SHEET.

DECEMBER 15, 1902.

Dr.

Invested in Bond and Mortgage.... $12,000.00

Casbron: Hand. 2. cetl es a 3,750.09

$15,750.09

Cr.

Permanent. Hind i.5:4-<2.00 <0 - ne xy $10,686.43

Pubheation® Fund <x: <.. 4.oras.<36 55% 1,823.69

PRRIGHMO MN FUMIE co. sas, F con sie rd ons 1,897.25

Income, Permanent Fund... 2’: . .. 219.37

Pubheation Fund .:-..2.% - 36.56

- Anduhon Puhid o% 5s - 36.57

(General Income ‘Account -.\2'. >. 2%. 1,056.22

$15,756.09 $15,756.09

CHARLES F. Cox,

Treasurer.

REPORT OF THE LIBRARIAN.

The work of the Librarian during the past year has been

concentrated upon the proper cataloguing and preservation of

exchanges. This task.has been chiefly in the hands of the Li-

brarian’s assistant, Mr. W. M. Erb, by whose energy the work

has been kept practically up to date. As much attention as

possible has also been given to the proper arrangement and care

of the volumes already in the possession of the library. Efforts

are being made to fill out the gaps in serial publications of value

with very gratifying results.

The total number of exchanges on the Academy’s list at

present is 410; of these 313 are foreign and 97 from the United

States and Canada.

The total number of volumes, parts of volumes and pamphlets

received during the year is 2,400.

RECORDS 93

The total number on the mailing list of the Academy is 720,

ot which 292 are members, 410 exchanges and 8 subscribers.

The great need of the library at present is, as for some years

past, an appropriation for binding, serious but unavoidable injury

and loss constantly resulting from the insufficient protection

afforded by the present arrangements.

Respectfully submitted,

LIVINGSTON FARRAND,

Librarian.

REFORT OF THE EDITOR.

During the last year, owing to lack of funds, no scientific

papers were published by the Academy. In March, the

Academy issued Part 2, Volume 14 of the Annals, containing

the Record of the Meetings of the New York Academy of

Sciences, January, 1901, to December, 1901, by Richard E.

Dodge, Recording Secretary. This was issued as a separate

(No. 5, Volume 14, pages 85 to 163) and was mailed to every

member of the Academy.

There is now a good balance in the hands of the Treasurer,

to the credit of the publication fund, and publication of scientific

papers may be resumed.

CHARLES LANE Poor,

L:ditor.

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS.

THE ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Twenty-three centuries ago, when the first and fairest flowers

of civilization were in blossom, Plato and his friends met together

in an Athenian garden to talk of the things that appeared to

them to be beautiful, good and true. The garden was called

“The Academy,” and the word has ever since maintained the

high traditions of its origin, uniting the ideas of friendly social

intercourse and the search for truth. The philosophy of Plato

was passed on to his disciples, so that we read of fourth and

fifth academies; it was transplanted to Rome, where Cicero

named his country house ‘The Academy,” and to Alexandria,

where mystical neo-platonism long resisted the dogmatic rational-

ism of the church.

As part of the Italian renaissance, when civilization was once

~ more young, vigorous and beautiful, as in the Greek period, the

word “ academy”’ was revived and used to name a society of

scholars. Cosimo dei Medici, the Elder, established at Florence

in the fifteenth century a Platonic Academy, and academies of

letters by the hundred flourished in Italy during the sixteenth

century. In 1560 there was established at Naples by the ver-

satile Giambattista della Porta the first academy of sciences —

Academia Secretorum Nature —to which only those were ad-

mitted who had contributed to the advancement of science or

medicine. The academy at Naples was suppressed on the ac-

cusation that it practised the black arts; but soon afterwards

there was established at Rome, with Galileo as one of its mem-

bers, the Accademia det Lincet, which was later revived and is

now one of the great national academies.

The mere word “ academy ” is of course unimportant ; societies

of scholars are not always called academies, nor are all academies

societies of scholars. The beginnings of associations for the ad-

vancement of knowledge are to be found in savage tribes, de-

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS 95

veloping with the state of civilization, usually in the form of

guilds of priests, until we reach the Greek period, whence we

date our philosophy and our science. The culture of Greece

was carried to Alexandria, where Ptolemy Soter, supposed to be

the son of Alexander the Great, established the beginning of the

povescov, based on the four corner-stones of science and cul-

ture, the university, the academy, the library and the museum ;

and this institition maintained its prestige for centuries. We

have here an association of scholars that surpasses anything to

be found in Greece or Rome, and one indeed that approaches

an ideal more nearly that any existing institution. Supported

by the government, we find men of science living together and

working together, a system of lectures, a library of 600,000 titles

and the like. To these conditions we may attribute the work of

Aristarchus, Eratosthenes, Hipparchus, Ptolemy, Archimedes,

Euclid, Herophilus and others, who in many ways established

the principles of science. Similar if less important centers of

learning arose in Bagdad, Damascus and elsewhere ; and there

was a series of Arabian astronomers, physicians and mathe-

maticians who never permitted the torch of learning to become

extinct until it was merged in the dawning light of modern

science.

The records of Roman history are chiefly of wars and poli-

tics; but its institutions still dominate the world. The names

of Pliny, Galen and Lucretius prove that science was cultivated.

It is said that there were twenty-eight public libraries in Rome

in the fourth century ; and the schools of the Roman Empire

never became extinct. Rome was the center whence first em-

pire and then the church spread civilization throughout Europe.

The removal of the seat of empire to Byzantium, the ever-re-

curring invasions of the barbarians from the north and the ten-

ets of the Christian church are supposed to have extinguished

learning and culture; and the period from the decline of the

Roman empire to the revival of learning in Italy is called the

dark ages. But perhaps these centuries are only dark in so far

as they are obscured from our sight. It may seem absurd for

an amateur in history to make an assertion contrary to the com-

96 PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS

mon views; but the scientific man, saturated with the doctrine

of evolution, is loth to accept a spontaneous generation of cul-

ture at the period of the late Italian renaissance. Students of

medieval history are indeed beginning to date back this period

of awakening to the thirteenth or even to the eleventh century ;

but there appears to be much evidence for a gradual extension

of civilization and culture throughout Europe from the sixth to

the eleventh centuries.

It is a long way from the love passages of the Phzdrus to

those of the Vita Nuova, from the fawn of Praxiteles to the

madonna of Giotto, from the Phrygian mysteries to the order of

St. Francis. The Christian church is said to have been inimical

to culture and science, but to it we owe the establishment of

monasteries, schools and libraries throughout Europe. It is

natural that the civilizations of Athens and of Rome should

have become merged in the surrounding peoples. We might

as well wonder why Shakespeare did not give rise to a line of

poets, as to wonder why the Athens of Pericles was not perma-

nent. When Rome came in contact with the peoples of the

north, an average resulted which was in the end an extension

of civilization. The barbarians who overran Italy and sacked

Rome were themselves converted to Christianity, and the tradi-

tions of culture were carried beyond the Rhine and the English

Channel.

Boetius, whose birth coincided with the fall of the western

empire, wrote on science as well as on philosophy. From his

death, in 525, education and learning were in the hands of the

church. Gregory the Great, pope from 590 to 604, encour-

aged primary education ; and monasteries, being at once schools,

libraries and academies of learned men, were established every-

where under the early popes. Bede, born about 673, wrote

on astronomy and medicine. At his school at Jarrow in North-

umbria there were 600 monks in attendance besides strangers

from a distance. Alcuin, born about the year that Bede died,

went from the directorship of the school at York to establish

the palace school for Charles the Great, making the court of

the emperor more nearly an academy of sciences and letters

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS SE

than has happened elsewhere in history. Alfred the Great in

the following century also cultivated letters at his court, and

himself wrote on scientific as well as on literary subjects. He

established schools throughout his dominion, including an

academy at Oxford.

The traditions attributing the University of Paris to Charles

and Oxford University to Alfred are discredited ; but the schools

they supported and established certainly did not become extinct,

but developed into the medieval universities. The curriculum

of the monastic and cathedral schools may appear narrow and

trivial—the well-known seven arts, the elementary trivium—

grammar, rhetoric and dialectic, and the more advanced quad-

rivium—music, arithmetic, geometry and astronomy ; but if we

compare it with the curriculum of the American or English

college of a few years ago we should cast no stones. Indeed,

when we try to picture the state of affairs, the invasions of the

Northmen and Saracens, the wars and pillages, we can but ad-

mire the spirit that maintained schools and libraries in the

monasteries, the academies of sciences and arts of the time.

The Roman Church, the Holy Roman Empire, civic life and

independence and finally the universities were the offspring of

the so-called dark ages.

The medical school of Salerno, whose beginnings are traced

to the ninth century, seems to have descended directly from the

Greco-Roman period. It was secular in character, extending

its privileges to Jews and women. It is of interest to scientific

men that the first university should have been a school of medi-

cine, but it must be admitted that it did not contribute consider-

ably to the advancement of science —at Alexandria the living

human body was dissected, at Salerno Latin hexameters were

written on the urine — nor has its imperfectly known organiza-

tion the interest for us that attaches to the universities of

Bologna and Paris.

The medieval university is certainly one of the most notable

institutions known to history. It appears almost incredible that

10,000 students from all parts of Europe should have frequented

Bologna, when traveling was as expensive, difficult and dan-

98 PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS

gerous as was the case in the thirteenth century. The guilds

or trades unions of the students and teachers represent a kind

of organization that is of peculiar interest to those of us who are

concerned with the conduct of modern scientific societies. The

present period is marked by combinations of labor and of capital,

such as have not previously existed, but the guilds of the mid-

dle ages had a more complete organization, and the universities

of scholars have no modern counterpart. It seems to me that

we men of science suffer both in position and in character from

the dependence to which we submit, and that we could with ad-

vantage learn from the studium generale of the middle ages.

The centers at Bologna and Paris developed almost simul-

taneously. Bologna was primarily a law school and Paris a

theological school. The former was more strictly professional,

and its students were mostly men of maturity, already holding

positions in the church or state. The universities of students,

representing different nationalities, obtained control and imposed

their authority on the masters and on the city. The school at

Paris was less professional in the sense that theology and_phi-

losophy were the liberal studies of the age. There was at Paris

from the time of Abelard a vast number of teachers gathered

together from all quarters ; and the formation of a university ot

masters was followed in the thirteenth century by the complex

organization of nations and faculties.

Migrations from Bologna established universities throughout

Italy, while the influence of Paris led to the universities of Ox-

ford and Cambridge, of Prague and of the various French cities.

Science in the modern sense of the word did not play an im-

portant part in the medieval university; but Roger Bacon,

born in 1214, was intimately associated with Oxford and Paris,

and doubtless found encouragement as well as_ persecution

at these universities. The promise of Bacon was not ful-

filled for more than two centuries ; but there was a slow growth

of science at the universities. Copernicus found masters at

Cracow, Bologna and Padua and was himself professor at Rome.

Kepler and Galileo filled chairs at universities ; they bring us

to the period of the organization of academies of sciences. ,

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS 99

Francis Bacon in his Vew Atlantis, published in 1627, pic-

tures Solomon’s House as an ideal academy of sciences. I have

already referred to the establishment of actual academies of sci-

ences in Italy during the sixteenth century. They were origi-

nally clubs of scientific men or men interested in science who

met together to discuss and perform experiments. Like the

early universities the academies were at first independent of the

state ; but they subsequently received charters and appropria-

tions of money. In the sixteenth and the first part of the

seventeenth century academies of sciences were founded through-

out Europe. The period was marked by extraordinary scientific

progress which was greatly stimulated by the interchange of

ideas made possible by the academies. The state of science

was such that each member could understand and take interest

in the work of all the others. Intellectual curiosity was wide-

spread, catholic and naive.

The Royal Society of London and the Academy of Sciences

of Paris arose at about the same time and under similar circum-

stances. At Paris a club counting among its members Desear-

tes, Gassendi and Pascal met at a private house for some thirty

years, until an academy of sciences was finally organized by Col-

bert on the model of the Académie Frangaise established earlier

under the auspices of Richelieu. The seven original members

included Huyghens, who was called to Paris. They received

pensions from the king and grants for instruments. The acad-

emy was reconstituted in 1699 with fifteen active members,

three each in geometry, astronomy, mechanics, anatomy and

chemistry. The academy of sciences became part of the Insti-

tute of France in 1795; at which time it was divided into

ten sections in each of which were six members and six as-

sociates in the provinces, the sections being: (1) mathematics,

(2) mechanics, (3) astronomy, (4) experimental physics, (5)

chemistry, (6) natural history and mineralogy, (7) botany

(8) anatomy, (9) medicine and surgery, and (10) agriculture.

An eleventh section — geography and navigation — was added

in 1803 with three members. As constituted since 1833, the

Institute of France contains five academies : (1) Frangaise, (2) In-

100 PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS

scriptions et belles-lettres, (3) Sciences, (4) Beaux-arts and (5)

Sciences morales et politiques. The academy of sciences con-

tains eighty members and the other academies forty. Each re-

ceives a pension. As we all know, the intellectual life of France

has been centered largely at Paris and in the academies.

The Royal Society of London resulted from a club that held

meetings as early as 1645 ; it was finally organized in 1660 and

charteredin 1662. The membership was larger and less exclu-

sive than in the case of the Paris Academy, and there has not

been a division into sections. Under the existing statutes fifteen

fellows are elected annually, and the membership numbers

about 450. The fellows do not receive pensions as in the con-

tinental academies, but pay dues. The society, however, ad-

ministers a government fund for research (£4,000 annually),

and has in many ways cooperated with the government. There

has been this year established a British Academy for the Pro-

motion of Historical, Philosophical and Philological Studies.

The Accademia del Cimento, begun in-Florence in 1657, and

the Collegium Curiosum begun in Altorff, Franconia, in 1672,

are types of the scientific clubs of the time. Somewhat later

academies were established in various centers—the Berlin

Academy in accordance with the plan of Leibnitz in 1700 and

the St. Petersburg Academy by Peter the Great in 1724. The

members receive salaries from the government; at St. Peters-

burg these are liberal, so that at one time eminent foreigners,

such as Nicholas and Daniel Bernoulli, were attracted to St.

Petersburg by membership. Similar academies were established

in the capitals and other cities of the continent — at Stockholm,

Copenhagen, Munich, Madrid and elsewhere. These imperial

and royal academies were patronized by kings and princes and

were part of the court life of the time.

The American Philosophical Society, modeled by Franklin

on the Royal Society, had its beginnings at Philadelphia in

1743; and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, mod-

eled by Adams on the Paris Academy, was established at Bos-

ton in 1780. Both institutions were originally of national scope

and still maintain this character to a certain extent. Academies

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS 101

more local in character were subsequently established in differ-

ent cities, the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences,

founded at New Haven in 1799, being the oldest of these.

Our own academy of sciences was organized in 1817 as the

Lyceum of Natural History in the City of New York. The

National Academy of Sciences was incorporated by Congress

in 1863. It was born into a world that has changed, and we

may hope progressed, since the golden age of academies. The

differentiation of the sciences, the dispersal of our men of sci-

ence over a wide area and the general trend of democratic in-

stitutions are not favorable to the academy of the type that

flourished in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.

The nineteenth century witnessed an extraordinary develop-

ment of scientific activity throughout the world. Each science

has had its great leaders who have established new fundamental

principles and new lines of investigation, while the workers in

the ranks are now a great army. I have had occasion during

the past year to compile a biographical catalogue of the living

men of science of the United States. On my preliminary list

there are eight thousand who have published scientific papers,

with a few exceptions, admitted because they are engaged

in teaching or other scientific work of some importance. I

estimate that the scientific men of the world number about

50,000, not counting those physicians, engineers and others

who do not directly contribute to the advancement of science,

nor those who are engaged in historical, philological and

other studies, not commonly included in the natural and exact

sciences.

Under these circumstances scientific organization has been

compelled to adjust itself to new conditions. The two great

developments have been the establishment of large national

associations holding migratory meetings and of special societies

for the several sciences. The German Congress of Scientific

Men and Physicians was established in 1828 and the British

Association for the Advancement of Science in 1831. There

are similar associations in other European countries, in Austral-

asia and in South America. Our own association was estab-

102 PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS

lished in 1848, being a continuation of the Association of

American Geologists and Naturalists, founded in 1840.

The Linnean Society for zodlogy and botany was founded in

London in 1788 and received a royal charter in 1802. The

Geological Society of London was established in 1807, and the

Royal Astronomical Society in 1820. These societies were off-

shoots from the Royal Society, and were a necessary result of the

differentiation of science and the increase in the number of men of

science. At the time, however, they were supposed to weaken

the Royal Society, its president, Sir Joseph Banks, saying, ‘‘ All

these new-fangled associations will finally dismantle the Royal

Society, and not leave the old lady a rag to cover her.”

The scattering of scientific men in this country delayed the

establishment of special societies. The American Association

was divided into two sections in 1875 and into nine sections in

1882. The American Chemical Society was established in

1876, and we now have national societies for the principal

sciences—mathematics, physics, chemistry, astronomy, geology,

botany, morphology, ornithology, anatomy, physiology, bacteri-

ology, pathology, psychology and anthropology.

New York city and members of our academy have done their

share in establishing and supporting these societies. The Torrey

Botanical Club, begun in 1870, was the first of the special

societies. The Chemical Society was established in this city

and has its headquarters here. The American Mathematical

Society began as the New York Mathematical Society and still

has its main center in New York, as has also the American

Physical Society. The secretaries of the American Physiolog-

ical Society and of the American Psychological Association are

officers of our academy, and the secretary of the American

Geological Society was formerly one of our most active mem-

bers. The societies for civil, mining, mechanical and electrical

engineering have their headquarters in New York city.

Apart from scientific societies this city has, during the past

fifteen years, witnessed an unusual, perhaps unparalleled, devel-

opment of its scientific and educational institutions. Columbia

University has become one of the dozen great universities of

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS 103

the world. Its new grounds and buildings, costing $8,000,000,

are but a symbol of its educa-

tional position. New York Uni-

versity, with its beautiful new site

and buildings, has grown in equal

proportion. The City College is

erecting new buildings, and high

schools have been established.

Our libraries have been consoli-

dated, the building for the great

public library is in course of

erection and numerous branch

libraries have been founded.

The American Museum of Nat-

ural History has more than quad-

rupled the value of its buildings

and collections, and the Metro-

politan Museum of Art has

equally increased its galleries

and endowment. The Botanical

Garden, the Zoological Park and

the Aquarium have arisen as by

miracle. Hospitals, asylums and

all kinds of public institutions

have increased even more rapidly

than the wealth of the city. In

spite of Tammany Hall, in spite

of reform administrations, our

public, educational and scientific

institutions have developed in a

way that has perhaps never been

equalled hitherto or elsewhere.

In this marvelous development

(

LS]

N.Y. Univers

Columbia

Lib rary

there are two failures that we

A gs avyLuUmMN

must all regret — one, the sta-

tionary condition of our Academy

of Sciences, the other, the dispersal of our institutions over such

104 PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS

an area as to detract greatly from their usefulness. All the

way from the Battery to the Bronx — some twenty miles as the

trolley car goes — separated by almost impassable streets and

overshadowed by tenements and apartment houses, our institu-

tions may be found or at least looked for. Fifteen years ago

the city had a great opportunity, but no leader being at hand it

was lost. The situation of some of our scientific institutions is

shown on the one chart ; what might have been is shown on the

other.

The city could have bought the blocks from the American

Museum to the North River for about $10,000,000. These

remaining one half park, half the part of Central Park between

the American and the Metropolitan Museums might have been

used as a site for public buildings without decreasing the

= E

et % 5 ee

5S 3 abies paar cat

=e g Sale ae | Pubbtie

Sts oe $ Institutions

Col (eee

[

MMU, Central

Statin

Central

City

Hall,

etc.

East Rivet

amount of open space, while at the same time greatly increas-

ing its value for all the purposes of a park. The plan shows

what might have been done on the west side. The wasteful

duplication of libraries and the rest would have been avoided,

and there would have been a strengthening through cooperation

for which it is not easy to find words. The site of the_ park

and buildings would, of course, have been above the thorough-

fares, and all the buildings would have been within five minutes’

ride on an underground railway.

The cross arm of Central Park should have extended to the

East River, and there should have been a park along the river,

facing Blackwell's Island and corresponding to Riverside Park.

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS 105

Hospitals and eleemosynary institutions could have been built

on this arm of the park and facing it, while the various institu-

tions for the defective classes would have been on the islands in

the East River. The cross arm of Central Park would always

have been near the center of population of the city, and if it had

been made a center for its intellectual and higher social life a

gain would have resulted which it would scarcely be possible

to overestimate. Fifteen years ago this could have been done

as far as the west side is concerned with little or no expense to

the city ; now it would cost $30,000,000. I should gladly ex-

pend one third the yearly income of the city for the purpose ;

as Iam helpless and harmless I suppose there is no danger that

I shall be put in the institution on Ward’s Island.

The atrophied condition of the New York Academy of Sciences

is as lamentable as the dispersal of our scientific institutions, but

fortunately it is not so irremediable. The university, the library,

the museum and the academy are, as I have already said, the

four corner-stones of science and culture. They should be parts

of one over-institution, and should, in my opinion, be one of the

chief cares and adornments of the state, being no less essential

than the police or army and the courts. As the institutions of

the city can not now be brought together, we must do the best

we can to give the Academy the position it should have. It is

immaterial whether the institution be called the New York

Academy of Sciences or the Scientific Alliance of New York.

We must have an institution that will coordinate the scientific

work accomplished in the city. We must have a building for

our meetings and other work, and should have as part of it or

adjacent to it a club-house. The building should be situated

near the Museum of Natural History, this being without doubt

the most central position. Let us get money from millionaires

if we can, but it seems to me that for the honor of the city the

building should be built by the city. I see no; reason why it

should not be part of the American Museum. The large lecture

halls could be used in common, and we should need only two

or three rooms of moderate size, one seating about a hundred

people, for ordinary society meetings, and others for a commit-

106 PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS

tee room and a room for the archives and secretariats of the

different societies. The libraries and any collections there may

be could with advantage be merged in those of the museum.

Such rooms, if part of a wing of the museum, would cost the

city perhaps $100,000. Then we should collect one or two

hundred thousand dollars for a club-house to be placed across

the street.

A few words remain to be said in regard to the functions of

an academy of sciences under the conditions that obtain at the

beginning of the twentieth century. Libraries, laboratories and

museums are no longer our charge. We are primarily guilds

of scientific men. The organization of science in America

toward which I believe we are moving is this: We shall have a

national society for each of the sciences; these societies will be

affiliated and will form the American Association for the Ad-

vancement of Science, which will hold migratory meetings.

Winter meetings will be held in large centers where all the

societies will come together, and summer meetings will be held

at points of educational and other interest when the societies

will scatter somewhat. The council of the American Associa-

tion composed of delegates from all the societies will be our

chief deliberative and legislative body. Our national societies

will consist of local sections, and these sections will unite to

form an academy of sciences. The men who are in one neigh-

borhood and engaged in the same kind of work are the natural

unit. They should unite on the one hand with those in other

neighborhoods to form a national society ; they should join on

the other hand with the men of science of the same neighbor-

hood to form an academy of sciences. This plan of organiza-

tion may appear to be almost too logical for a world that is

somewhat careless of logic, but it is in part already realized.

It will in my opinion result as a necessary condition from the

state of affairs. Our academy has already contributed to it,

and it seems to me that we should continue to do consciously

what we have hitherto done rather blindly.

We have two main external functions —our meetings and

our publications. For both of these the men of science inter-

PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS 107

ested in the same subjects are the natural group. We neednot

increase the number of our sections; but should allow subsec-

tions for each of the sciences, letting those who are immediately

concerned meet as they find it most advantageous. These

groups should maintain their own autonomy, and we should

not require the members to join the academy, least of all so

long as our present dues are maintained. The academy should

provide convenient places for meeting, arrange for joint meet-

ings of several groups, provide general lectures of interest to

more than one group, support a club-house, give receptions and

exhibitions and the like.

In regard to publications I am somewhat heterodox. Pro-

ceedings and transactions were an important function of the

academy of the eighteenth century, but there is no longer any

_ excuse for printing researches on utterly diverse subjects in one

volume, because the authors happen to be members of the same

academy. We might as well make up volumes according to

the cranial index of the contributors. The national society for

each science should directly or indirectly have charge of the

publications in that science. We need in every science: (1) A

series of monographs, each of which should be published as a

unit, (2) a “‘ Centralblatt’’ containing abstracts of the literature

with a complete bibliography, and (3) a journal for shorter

articles, general discussions, critical reviews, etc. The abstracts

and bibliography should be an international undertaking, each

country contributing its share. What is now printed in the

annals, transactions and proceedings of our academies, should

be contributed to the series or journals. In the series of psy-

chological monographs, which I am glad to say exists, should,

for example, be printed any monographs that are prepared by

our members, and if the academy has funds for publication, it

should share the expense. These monographs can be parts of

our proceedings and can be given to those members who are

interested. Their existence will be known to every specialist

throughout the world. They will be purchased by individuals

and libraries, and will ultimately become self-supporting. It is

to be hoped that the academies of the country will unite in a

108 PRESIDENT’S ADDRESS

plan of this character, and that our academy will initiate the

movement. .

When we review the whole subject of the history and present

status of the academy of sciences we must, I think, come to

the conclusion that the function of the modern academy is now

modest. Libraries, museums, research laboratories, govern-

ment departments and universities have developed in a way that

leaves no excuse for the academy of sciences to attempt com-

petition with them. The university in its modern form seems

to me most suitable for the central institution, and when our

universities are controlled and supported by the state and when

there is only one university in a region, it seems to me that the

university should administer the libraries, museums, research

laboratories and the like, and that the academy of sciences will

be essentially a part of the university. The national and local

societies for each branch of science are the natural groups for

meetings and discussion and for publication. Membership in

an academy as an honor, the presidency as a distinction, foreign

members, medals, prizes and the like, seem to me to belong

to the childhood of science. So long as we are still in this

state let us rejoice in our innocence, but what is charming in

the child is intolerable in the man.

Has the academy of sciences then played its part in the

world? Must it, like the mastodon and elephant, give way to

organisms better suited to a changed environment? I have al-

ready indicated that I believe the academy to have important if

modest functions, and have stated what I think them to be.

They are essentially those of a guild. We need a center in

each community for organization and social intercourse. As

capitalists unite in corporations and laborers in trades unions,

so men of science should unite in their academies. We should

not profess unselfish philanthropy, but we may reasonably

claim that whatever is accomplished to improve the condition

of men of science, to increase their influence or to forward

their work is of benefit to the community and for the welfare

of society.

J. McKeen CATTELL.

THE ORGANIZATION

OF THE

NEW YORK

ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

ORIGINAL CHARTER, ORDER OF COURT, AMENDED

CHARTER, CONSTITUTION, BY-LAWS

AND LIST OF MEMBERS

(APPENDIX, VOL. XV, PART 1)

EDITOR

CHARLES LANE POOR

1903

[Annas N. Y. AcaD. Sct., Vol. XV, Part I, pp. 109-152, September 2, 1903.

SHE ORGANIZATION OF TE NEW YORK

ACADEMY OF “SCIENCES.

THE ORIGINAL CHARTER.

AN ACT TO INCORPORATE THE

LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK.

Passed April 20, 1818.

WHEREAS, The members of the Lyceum of Natural History

have petitioned for an act of incorporation, and the Legislature,

impressed with the importance of the study of Natural History,

as connected with the wants, the comforts, and the happiness of

mankind, and conceiving it their duty to encourage all laudable

attempts to promote the progress of science in this State — there-

fore,

Be wt enacted by the People of the State of New York repre-

sented in Senate and Assembly, That Samuel L. Mitchill, Casper

W. Eddy, Frederick C. Schaeffer, Nathaniel Paulding, William

Cooper, Benjamin P. Kissam, John Torrey, William Cumber-

land, D’Jurco V. Knevels, James Clements and James Pierce,

and such other persons as now are, and may from time to time

become members, shall be, and hereby are constituted a body

corporate and politic, by the name of Lyceum or NATURAL

HisTory IN THE City oF New York, and that by that name

they shall have perpetual succession, and shall be persons

capable of suing and being sued, pleading and being impleaded,

answering and being answered unto, defending and being de-

fended, in all courts and places whatsoever; and may have a

common seal, with power to alter the same from time to time ;

and shall be capable of purchasing, taking, holding and enjoy-

ing to them and their successors, any real estate in fee simple

9b ORGANIZATION

or otherwise, and any goods, chattels and personal estate, and

of selling, leasing, or otherwise disposing of said real or personal

estate, or any part thereof, at their will and pleasure : Provided

always, that the clear annual value or income of such real or

personal estate shall not exceed the sum of five thousand dol-

lars: Provided, however, that the funds of the said corporation

shall be used and appropriated to the promotion of the objects

stated in the preamble to this act, and those only.

2. And be it further enacted, That the said Society shall, from

time to time, forever hereafter, have power to make, constitute,

ordain, and establish such by-laws and regulations as they shall

judge proper, for the election of their officers; for prescribing

their respective functions, and the mode of discharging the same ;

for the admission of new members ; for the government of the

officers and members thereof; for collecting annual contribu-

tions from the members towards the funds thereof; for regulat-

ing the times and places of meeting of the said Society; for

suspending or expelling such members as shall neglect or refuse

to comply with the by-laws or regulations, and for the manag-

ing or directing the affairs and concerns of the said Society :

Provided such by-laws and regulations be not repugnant to the

Constitution and laws of this State or of the United States.

3. And be it further enacted, That the officers of the said So-

ciety shall consist of a President and two Vice-Presidents, a

Corresponding Secretary, a Recording Secretary, a Treasurer,

and five Curators, and such other officers as the Society may

judge necessary ; who shall be annually chosen, and who shall

continue in office for one year, or until others be elected in their

stead; that if the annual election shall not be held at any of

the days for that purpose appointed, it shall be lawful to make

such election at any other day; and that five members of the

said Society, assembling at the place and time designated for

that purpose by any by-law or regulation of the Society, shall

constitute a legal meeting thereof.

4. And be it further enacted, That Samuel L. Mitchill shall

be the President ; Casper W. Eddy the First Vice-President ;

Frederick C. Schaeffer the Second Vice-President ; Nathaniel

ORGANIZATION 113

Paulding, Corresponding Secretary ; William Cooper, Record-

ing Secretary; Benjamin P. Kissam, Treasurer, and John

Torrey, William Cumberland, D’Jurco V. Knevels, James

Clements and James Pierce, Curators ; severally to be the first

officers of the said corporation, who shall hold their respective

offices until the twenty-third day of February next, and until

others shall be chosen in their places.

5. And be it further enacted, That the present Constitution of

the said Association shall, after passing of this Act, continue to

be the Constitution thereof; and that no alteration shall be

made therein, unless by a vote to that effect of three-fourths of

the resident members, and upon the request in writing of one-

third of such resident members, and submitted at least one

month before any vote shall be taken thereupon.

State of New York, Secretary's Office.

I certiFy the preceding to be a true copy of an original Act

of the Legislature of this State, on file in this Office.

ARCHED CANERBELE:

Dep. Sec’ y.

Asany, April 29, 1818.

ORDER OF COURT.

ORDER OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK

TO CHANGE THE NAME OF

THE LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY IN THE

CITY OF NEW YORK |

THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

WHEREAS, in pursuance of the vote and proceedings of this

Corporation to change the corporate name thereof from ‘“‘ The

114 ORGANIZATION

Lyceum of Natural History in the City of New York” to ‘‘ The

New York Academy of Sciences,” which vote and proceedings

appear of record, an application has been made in behalf of said

Corporation to the Supreme Court of the State of New York to

legalize and authorize such change, according to the statute in

such case provided, by Chittenden & Hubbard, acting as the

attorneys of the Corporation, and the said Supreme Court, on

the 5th day of January, 1876, made the following order upon

such application in the premises, viz :

At a special term of the Supreme

Court of the State of New York,

held at the Chambers thereof,

in the County Court House, in

the City of New York, the 5th

day of January, 1876:

Present — Hon. Gro. C. BARRETT, /ustice.

In the matter of the applica-

tion of the Lyceum of Nat-

ural History in the City of

New York to authorize it to

assume the corporate name

of the New York Academy

of Sciences.

On reading and filing the petition of the Lyceum of Natural

History in the City of New York, duly verified by John S. New-

berry, the President and chief officer of said Corporation to

authorize it to assume the corporate name of The New York

Academy of Sciences, duly setting forth the grounds of said

application, and on reading and filing the affidavit of Geo. W.

Quackenbush, showing that notice of such application had been

duly published for six weeks in the State paper, to wit, Zhe A/-

bany Evening Journal, and the affidavit of David S. Owen, show-

ing that notice of such application had also been duly published

in the proper newspaper of the County of New York, in which

ORGANIZATION 115

county said Corporation has its business office, to wit, in the

Daily Register, by which it appears to my satisfaction that such

notice has been so published, and on reading and filing the

affidavits of Robert H. Brownne and J. S. Newberry, thereunto

annexed, by which it appears to my satisfaction that the appli-

cation is made in pursuance of a resolution of the managers of

said Corporation to that end named, and there appearing to me

to be no reasonable objection to said Corporation so changing

its name as prayed in said petition: Now on motion of Gros-

venor S. Hubbard, of Counsel for Petitioner, it is

Ordered, That the Lyceum of Natural History in the City of

New York be and is hereby authorized to assume the corporate

name of The New York Academy of Sciences.

Indorsed: Filed January 5, 1876.

ee COBY. WM. WALSH, Clerk.

Resolution of THE ACADEMY, accepting the order of the Court,

passed February 21, 1876.

And whereas, The order hath been published as therein re-

quired, and all the proceedings necessary to carry out the same

have been had, Therefore :

Resolved, That the foregoing order be and the same is hereby

accepted and adopted by this Corporation, and that in con-

formity therewith the corporate name thereof, from and after the

adoption of the vote and resolution hereinabove referred to, be

and the same is hereby declared to be

THE NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

116 ORGANIZATION

THE AMENDED CHARTER.

MARCH IQ, 1902.

CHAPTER I8I OF THE Laws OF 1902.

An Act to amend chapter one hundred and ninety-seven of

the laws of eighteen hundred and eighteen, entitled “‘ An act to

incorporate the Lyceum of Natural History in the City of New

York,” a corporation now known as the New York Academy

of Sciences and to extend the powers of said corporation.

(Became a law March 19, 1902, with the approval of the

Governor. Passed, three-fifths being present.)

The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate

and Assembly, do enact as follows :

Section I. The corporation incorporated by chapter one

hundred and ninety-seven of the laws of eighteen hundred and

eighteen, entitled ‘‘ An act to incorporate the Lyceum of Natural

History in the City of New York,” and formerly known by that

name, but now known as the New York Academy of Sciences

through change of name pursuant to order made by the

supreme court at the city and county of New York, on Janu-

ary fifth, eighteen hundred and seventy-six, is hereby author-

ized and empowered to raise money for, and to erect and main-

tain, a building in the city of New York for its use, and in

which also at its option other scientific societies may be admitted

and have their headquarters upon such terms as said corpora-

tion may make with them, portions of which building ‘may be

also rented out by said corporation for any lawful uses for the

purpose of obtaining income for the maintenance of such build-

ing and for the promotion of the objects of the corporation ; to

establish, own, equip, and administer a public library, and a

museum having especial reference to scientific subjects ; to pub-

lish communications, transactions, scientific works, and _peri-

odicals ; to give scientific instruction by lectures or otherwise ;

to encourage the advancement of scientific research and dis-

covery, by gifts of money, prizes, or other assistance thereto.

The building, or rooms, of said corporation in the city of New

York used exclusively for library or scientific purposes shall be

ORGANIZATION 1 8

subject to the provisions and be entitled to the benefits of sub-

division seven of section four of chapter nine hundred and eight

of the laws of eighteen hundred and ninety-six, as amended.

Section II of said chapter one hundred and ninety-seven of

the laws of eighteen hundred and eighteen, entitled “An act

to incorporate the Lyceum of Natural History in the City of

New York,” is hereby amended so as to read as follows :

Section II. The said corporation shall from time to time

forever hereafter have power to make, constitute, ordain, and

establish such by-laws and regulations as it shall judge proper

for the election of its officers; for prescribing their respective

functions, and the mode of discharging the same; for the ad-

mission of new members; for the government of officers and

members thereof ; for collecting dues and contributions towards

the funds thereof; for regulating the times and places of meet-

ing of said corporation ; for suspending or expelling such mem-

bers as shall neglect or refuse to comply with the by-laws or

regulations, and for managing or directing the affairs or con-

cerns of the said corporation: and may from time to time alter

or modify its constitution, by-laws, rules and regulations.

Section III. Section three of said act is hereby amended so

as to read as follows:

The officers of the said corporation shall consist of a presi-

dent and two or more vice-presidents, a corresponding secre-

tary, a recording secretary, a treasurer, and such other officers

as the corporation may judge necessary ; who shall be chosen

in the manner and for the terms prescribed by the constitution

of the said corporation.

Section IV. Section V of said act is hereby amended so as

to read as follows:

SEecTION V. The present constitution of the said corporation

shall, after the passage of this act, continue to be the constitu-

tion thereof until amended as herein provided. Such constitu-

tion as may be adopted by a vote of not less than three quarters

of such resident members and fellows of the said New York

Academy of Sciences as shall be present at a meeting thereof,

called by the Recording Secretary for that purpose, within forty

118 ORGANIZATION

days after the passage of this act, by written notice, duly mailed,

postage prepaid, and addressed to each fellow and resident

member at least ten days before such meeting, at his last known

place of residence, with street and number when known, which

meeting shall be held within three months after the passage of

this act, shall be thereafter the constitution of the said New

York Academy of Sciences, subject to alteration or amendment

in the manner provided by such constitution.

A new section is hereby added to said act to be known as

Section VI thereof, which shall read as follows:

Section VI. The said corporation shall have power to con-

solidate, to unite, to cooperate, or to ally itself with any other

society or association in the city of New York organized for the

promotion of the knowledge or the study of any science, or of

research therein, and for this purpose to receive, hold, and ad-

minister real and personal property for the uses of such con-

solidation, union, cooperation or alliance, subject to such terms

and regulations as may be agreed upon with such associations

or societies.

Section VI. This act shall take effect immediately.

STATE OF NEw York,

OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF STATE.

I have compared the preceding with the original law on file

in this office, and do hereby certify that the same is a correct

transcript therefrom, and the whole of said original law.

Given under my hand and the seal of office of the Secretary of

State, at the city of Albany, this eighth day of April, in the year

one thousand nine hundred and two.

Joun T. McDonoucu,

Secretary of State.

ORGANIZATION 119

CONSTITUTION.

ADOPTED, APRIL 24, 1902.

Article I. The name of this Corporation shall be The New

York Academy of Sciences. Its objects shall be the advance-

ment and diffusion of scientific knowledge, and the center of

its activities shall be in the City of New York.

ArtTIcLE II. The Academy shall consist of four classes of

members, namely: Active Members, Fellows, Corresponding

Members and Honorary Members. Active Members shall be

the members of the Corporation who live in or near the City of

New York, or who, having removed to a distance, desire to re-

tain their connection with the Academy. Fellows shall be

chosen from the Active Members in virtue of their scientific at-

tainments. Corresponding and Honorary Members shall be

chosen from among the men of science of the world who have

attained distinction as investigators. The number of Corre- |

sponding Members shall not exceed two hundred, and the num-

ber of Honorary Members shall not exceed fifty.

Article III. None but Fellows and Active Members who

have paid their dues up to and including the last fiscal year,

shall be entitled to vote or to hold office in the Academy.

ArtTIcLE IV. The officers of the Academy shall be a Presi-

dent, as many Vice-Presidents as there are sections of the

Academy, a Corresponding Secretary, a Recording Secretary,

a Treasurer, a Librarian, an Editor, and six Councillors. The

annual election shall be held on the third Monday in December,

the officers then chosen to take office at the first meeting in

January following.

There shall also be elected at the same time a Finance Com-

mittee of three.

ArtIcLe V. The officers named in Article IV shall consti-

tute a Council, which shall be the executive body of the Acad-

emy with general control over its affairs, including the power

to fill ad interim any vacancies that may occur in its offices.

Past Presidents of the Academy shall be ex-officio members of

the Council.

120 ORGANIZATION

ArtTIcLe VI. The President and Vice-presidents shall not be

eligible to more than one reélection until three years after re-

tiring from office ; the Secretaries and Treasurer shall be eligi-

ble to reélection without limitation. The President, Vice-pres-

idents and Secretaries shall be Fellows. The terms of office of

Councillors shall be three years, and these officers shall be so

grouped that two, at least one of whom shall be a Fellow, shall

be elected and two retired each year. Councillors shall not be

eligible to reelection until after the expiration of one year.

ArTIcLE VII. The election of officers shall be by ballot,

and the candidates having the greatest number of votes shall

be declared duly elected.

ArtTIcLE VIII. Ten members, the majority of whom shall be

Fellows, shall form a quorum at any meeting of the Academy

at which business is transacted.

ArticLe IX. The Academy shall establish By-laws, and may

amend them from time to time as therein provided.

ARTICLE X. This constitution may be amended by a vote of

not less than three fourths of the fellows and three fourths of

the active members present and voting at a regular business

meeting of the Academy, provided that such amendment shall

be publicly submitted in writing at the preceding business

meeting, and provided also that the Recording Secretary shall

send a notice of the proposed amendment at least ten days be-

fore the meeting, at which a vote shall be taken, to each fellow

and active member entitled to vote.

ORGANIZATION 121

BY-LAWS.

ADOPTED, OCTOBER 6, 1902.

CHAPTER I.

OFFICERS.

1. President. It shall be the duty of the President to pre-

side at the business and special meetings of the Academy ; he

shall exercise the customary duties of a presiding officer.

2. Vice-Presidents. In the absence of the President, the senior

' Vice-President, in order of Fellowship, shall act as the presid-

ing officer.

3. Corresponding Secretary. The Corresponding Secretary

shall keep a corrected list of the Honorary and Corresponding

Members, their titles and addresses, and shall conduct all cor-

respondence with them. He shall make a report at the Annual

Meeting.

4. Recording Secretary. The Recording Secretary shall

keep the minutes of the Academy proceedings ; he shall have

charge of all documents belonging to the Academy, and of its

corporate seal, which he shall affix and attest as directed by the

Council ; he shall keep a corrected list of the Active Members

and Fellows, and shall send them announcements of the meet-

ings of the Academy ; he shall notify all Members and Fellows

of their election, and committees of their appointment; he

shall give notice to the Treasurer and to the Council of matters

requiring their action, and shall bring before the Academy

business presented by the Council. He shall make a report at

the Annual Meeting.

5. Zreasurer. The Treasurer shall have charge, under the

direction of the Council, of all moneys belonging to the

Academy, and of their investment. He shall receive all fees,

dues, and contributions to the Academy, and any income that

may accrue from property or investment; he shall report to

the Council at its last meeting before the Annual Meeting the

names of members in arrears; he shall keep the property of

rZ2 ORGANIZATION

the Academy insured, and shall pay all debts against the

Academy the discharge of which shall be ordered by the

Council. He shall report to the Council from time to time the

state of the finances, and at the Annual Meeting shall report

to the Academy the receipts and expenditures for the entire

year.

6. Librarian. The Librarian shall have charge of the library,

under the general direction of the Library Committee of the

Council, and shall conduct all correspondence respecting ex-

changes of the Academy. He shall make a report on the con-

dition of the library at the Annual Meeting.

7. Editor. The Editor shall have charge of the publications ~

of the Academy, under the general direction of the Publication

Committee of the Council. He shall make a report on the con-

dition of the publications at the Annual Meeting.

CHAPTER II.

COUNCIL.

1. Meetings. The Council shall meet once a month, or at

the call of the President. It shall have general charge of the

affairs of the Academy.

2. Quorum. Five members of the Council shall constitute a

quorum.

3. Officers. The President, Vice-Presidents, and Recording

Secretary of the Academy shall hold the same offices in the

Council.

4. Committees. The Standing Committees of the Council

shall be : (1) an Executive Committee consisting of the President,

Treasurer, and Recording Secretary ; (2) a Committee on Pub-

lications; (3) a Committee on the Library, and such other

committees as from time to time shall be authorized by the

Council. The action of these committees shall be subject to

revision by the Council.

CuapTer III.

FINANCE COMMITTEE.

1. The Finance Committee of the Academy shall audit the

ORGANIZATION 123

Annual Report of the Treasurer, and shall report on financial

questions whenever called upon to do so by the Council.

CHAPTER IV.

ELECTIONS.

1. Active Members. (a) Active Members shall be nominated

in writing to the Council by at least two Active Members or

Fellows. If approved by the Council, they may be elected at

the succeeding business meeting.

(4) Any Active Member who, having removed to a distance

from the City of New York, shall nevertheless express a desire

to retain his connection with the Academy, may be placed by

vote of the Council on a list of Non-resident Members. Such

members shall relinquish the full privileges and obligations of

Active Members. (Vide Chapters V and X.)

2. Fellows, Corresponding Members, and Honorary Members.

Nominations for Fellows, Corresponding Members and Hono-

rary Members may be made in writing either to the Recording

Secretary or to the Council at its meeting prior to the Annual

Meeting. If approved by the Council, the nominees shall then

be ballotted for at the Annual Meeting.

3. Officers. Nominations for Officers, with the exception of

Vice-Presidents, may be sent in writing to the Recording Sec-

retary, with the name of the proposer, at any time not less

than thirty days before the Annual Meeting. Each section

of the Academy shall nominate a candidate for Vice-Presi-

dent, who, on election, shall be Chairman of the section; the

names of such nominees shall be sent to the Recording Secretary

properly certified by the sectional secretaries, not less than

thirty days before the Annual Meeting. The Council shall

then prepare a list which shall be the regular ticket. This list

shall be mailed to each Active Member and Fellow at least one

week before the Annual Meeting. But any Active Member or

Fellow entitled to vote shall be entitled to prepare and vote an-

other ticket.

124 ORGANIZATION

CHAPTER V.

FEES AND DUES.

1. Fees and Dues. Every Active Member shall pay an ini-

tiation fee of $5 within three months after his election, or such

election shall be void. The annual dues of Active Members

and Fellows shall be $10, payable in advance at the time of the

Annual Meeting; but new members elected after ey 1 shall

pay $5 for the remainder of the fiscal year.

Non-resident Members shall be exempt from dues, so long

as they shall relinquish the privileges of Active Membership.

(Vide Chapter X.)

2. Members in Arrears. Vf any Active Member or Fellow

whose dues remain unpaid for more than one year, shall neg-

lect or refuse to pay the same within three months after notifi-

cation by the Treasurer, his name may be erased from the rolls

by vote of the Council. Upon payment of his arrears, how-

ever, such person may be restored to Active Membership or

Fellowship by vote of the Council.

3. Renewal of Membership. Any Active Member or Fellow

who shall resign because of removal to a distance from the City

of New York, or any Non-resident Member, may be restored by

vote of the Council to Active Membership or Fellowship at any

time upon application without payment of an initiation fee.

CHAPTER VI.

PATRONS AND LIFE MEMBERS.

1. Patrons. Any person contributing at one time $1,000 to

the general funds of the Academy shall be a Patron, and, on

election by the Council, shall enjoy all the privileges of Active

Members.

2. Life Members. Any Active Member or Fellow contribut-

ing at one time $100 to the general funds of the Academy shall

be a Life Member, and shall thereafter be exempt from annual

dues. Any person becoming a Life Member immediately upon

his election as an Active Member shall be exempt from an initia-

tion fee.

ORGANIZATION 125

CHAPTER VII.

SECTIONS.

1. Sections. Sections devoted to special branches of science

may be established or discontinued by the Academy on the

recommendation of the Council. The present sections of the

Academy are the Section of Astronomy, Physics and Chemistry,

the Section of Biology, the Section of Geology and Mineralogy,

and the Section of Anthropology and Psychology.

2. Organization. Each section of the Academy shall have a

Chairman and a Secretary, who shall have charge of the meet-

ings of their Section. The regular election of these officers

shall take place at the October or November meeting of the

section, the officers then chosen to take office at the first meet-

ing in January following.

3. Affiliation. Members of scientific societies affiliated with

the Academy, and members of the Scientific Alliance, or men

of science introduced by members of the Academy, may attend

the meetings and present papers under the general regulations

of the Academy.

CHAPTER VIII.

MEETINGS.

1. Business Meetings. Business meetings of the Academy

shall be held on the first Monday of each month from October

to May inclusive.

2. Sectional Meetings. Sectional meetings shall be held on

Monday evenings from October to May inclusive, and at such

other times as the Council may determine. The sectional

meeting shall follow the business meeting when both occur on

the same evening.

3. Annual Meeting. The Annual Meeting shall be held on

the third Monday in December.

4. Special Meetings. A special meeting may be called by

the Council, provided one week’s notice be sent to each Active

Member and Fellow, stating the object of such meeting.

126 ORGANIZATION

CHAPTER IX.

ORDER OF BUSINESS.

1. Business Meetings. The following shall be the order of

procedure at business meetings :

1. Minutes of the previous business meeting.

Report of the Council.

Reports of Committees.

. Elections.

. Other business.

2. Sectional Meetings. The following shall be the order of

procedure at sectional meetings :

1. Minutes of the preceding meeting of the section.

2. Presentation and discussion of papers.

3. Other scientific business.

3. Annual Meetings. The following shall be the order of

procedure at Annual Meetings:

1. Annual reports of the Corresponding Secretary, Record-

ing Secretary, Treasurer, Librarian, and Editor.

2. Election of Honorary Members, Corresponding Mem-

bers, and Fellows.

. Election of officers for the ensuing year.

4. Annual address of the retiring President.

rt ASS (OSs 1)

CHAPTER X.

PUBLICATIONS.

1. Publications. The established publications of the Acad-

emy shall be the Aznals and the Memoirs. They shall be

issued by the Editor under the supervision of the Committee on

Publications.

2. Distribution. One copy of all publications shall be sent

to each Patron, Life Member, Active Member and Fellow, jpro-

vided, that upon enquiry by the Editor such Members or Fel-

lows shall signify their desire to receive them.

3. Publication Fund. Contributions may be received for the

publication fund, and the income thereof shall be applied toward

ORGANIZATION 127

defraying the expenses of the scientific publications of the

Academy.

CHAPTER XI.

GENERAL PROVISIONS.

1. Debts. No debts shall be incurred on behalf of the Acad-

emy unless authorized by the Council.

2. Bills. All bills submitted to the Council must be certi-

fied as to correctness by the officers incurring them.

3. l/nvestments. All the permanent funds of the Academy

shall be invested in United States, or in New York State securi-

ties, or in first mortgages on real estate, provided they shall not

exceed sixty-five per cent. of the value of the property. All

income from patron’s fees, life membership fees, and initiation

fee shall be added to the permanent fund.

4. Expulsion, etc. Any Member or Fellow may be censured,

suspended or expelled, for violation of the Constitution or By-

Laws, or for any offence deemed sufficient, by a vote of three

fourths of the Members and three fourths of the Fellows pres-

ent at any business meeting, provided such action shall have

been recommended by the Council at a previous business meet-

ing, and also, that one month’s notice of such recommendation

and of the offence charged shall have given the Member ac-

cused.

5. Changes in By-Laws. No alteration shall be made in ~

these By-Laws unless it should have been submitted publicly in

writing at a business meeting, shall have been entered on the

Minutes with the names of the Members or Fellows proposing

the same, and shall be adopted by two thirds of the Members

and Fellows present and voting at a subsequent business meet-

ing. :

128 ORGANIZATION.

LIST OF MEMBERS

OF THE

NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

June 1, 1903.

LIST OF FELLOWS AND ACTIVE MEMBERS.

JUNE I, 1903.

F = Fellows; L = Life Members; P = Patrons.

Adams, Edward D. (L.), 455 Madison Avenue.

Adler], M.).; 22 Bast 62d sitect:

Allen, J. A. (F.), American Museum of Natural Histo ry.

Allis, Edward Phelps, Jr., Ph.D. (F.), Palais Carnoles Men-

tone, France.

Amend,.B. G. (F.), 120 Hastobh Street.

Anderson, A. A., 80 West 4oth Street.

Andreini, Jose M., 29 West 75th Street.

Anthony, R. A. (L.), 591 Broadway.

Arnold, E. S. F. (F.), M.D., care of Edward M. Wright, 280

Broadway.

Astor, John Jacob, 23 West 26th Street.

Bailey, James M. (L.), 77 Madison Avenue.

Beach, Frederick C., 361 Broadway.

Beard, Daniel C., 204 Amity Street, Flushing, Long Island.

Beck, Fanning, C. T. (F. L.), 78 East 56th Strect.

Beers, M. H., 408-410 Broadway.

ORGANIZATION 129

Berry, Edward W., Haws Building, Passaic, N. J.

Bickmore, Prof. A. S., Ph.D. (F.), American Museum of Nat-

ural History.

Bien, Julius, 140 Sixth Avenue.

Bigelow, Maurice A., Ph.D. (F.), Teachers College.

Biggs, Charles, 13 Astor Place.

Blake, Joseph A., M.D. (F.), 437 West 59th Street.

Bliss, Prof. Charles B. (F. L.), Hockanum, Conn.

Boas, Dr. Franz (F.), American Museum of Natural History.

Bolton, H. Carrington, Ph.D. (F. P.), Cosmos Club, Washing-

ton, D.C;

Boyd, James, 408 West 26th Street.

Bristol, Prof. Charles L. (F.), University Heights.

Bristol, John I. D., 1 Madison Avenue.

Britton, N. L., Ph.D. (F. P.), N. Y. Botanical Garden, Bronx

Park.

Brown, Hon. Addison, LL.D. (F. P.), 45 West 89th Street.

Brown, Alfred S., 160 West 76th Street.

Brown, E. C., 741 St. .Nicholas Avenue.

Brownell, Silas B. (F.), 322 West 56th Street.

Bryan, Walter, M.D., 215 St. John’s Pl., Brooklyn.

Buchner, Prof. Edw. F. (F.), University of Alabama, Univer-

sity, Ala.

Bumpus, Prof. Herman C. (F.), American Museum of Natural

History.

Burnett, Douglass, 42 Livingston Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Byrnes, Miss Esther F., Ph.D. (F.), Girls High School, Brook-

lyn, N. Y.

Calkins, Prof. Gary N., Ph.D. (F.), The Beresford, West 81st

Street.

Casey, Major Thomas L., U.S. A. (F. P.), P. O. Drawer 71, St.

Louis, Mo.

Caswell, John H. (F.), 11 West 48th Street.

Cattell, Prof. John McK. (F.), Columbia University.

Chamberlain, Rev. L. T., M.D., The Chelsea, 23d Street, bet.

7th and 8th Avenues.

130 ORGANIZATION

Chandler, Prof. Chas. F., Ph.D., M.D. (F.), Columbia Uni-

versity.

Chapin, Chester W. (P.), 34 West 57th Street.

Chapman, Frank M. (F.), American Museum of Natural His-

tory.

Cheesman, Timothy M., M.D. (F.), Garrisons, N. Y.

Collingwood, Francis (F.), Elizabeth, N. J.

Conkling, Hon. Alfred R., 27 East 1oth Street.

Constant, S. Victor (L.), 420 West 23d Street.

Cooper, Hon. Edward, 12 Washington Square, N. Y.

Cox, Charles F. (F.), 54. Hast 67th Street

Crampton, Prof. Henry E. (F.), Columbia University.

Cunningham, Richard H., M.D. (F.), 200 West 56th Street.

Curtis, Prof. John G., M.D: (F_),°327) West 58th Sirect,

Daily, W. H., 32 Old Jewry, London, E. C., England.

Davies, Wm. G., 34 Nassau Street.

Davis, Charles H., 99 Cedar Street.

Davis, William H., Columbia University.

Day, Wm. S. (F.), 551 West End Avenue.

Dean, Prof. Bashford, Ph.D. (F.), Columbia University.

Delafield, M. L., Jr. (L.), care of Jos. L. Delafield, 35 Nassau

Street.

Devereux, W. B., 99 John Street.

Devoe, F. W., 101 Fulton Street.

DeWitt, W. G., 88 Nassau Street.

Dickerson, Edward N., Washington Life Building, 141 Broad-

Way.

Dix, Rev. Morgan, D.D., 27 West 25th Street.

Dodge, Prof. R. E., M.A. (F.), Teachers College, West 120th

Street.

Dodge, Hon. Wm. E. (P.), 262 Madison Avenue.

Donald, James M., Hanover Nat. Bank, 11 Nassau Street.

Doremus, Prof. Chas. A., Ph.D. (F.), 59 West 51st Street.

Doremus, Prof. R. Ogden, M.D. (F.), 241 Madison Avenue.

Douglas, James (L.), 99 John Street.

Douglass, Alfred, 170 West 59th Street.

ORGANIZATION 131

Draper, Mrs. M. A. P., 271 Madison Avenue.

Drummond, Jsaac W., M.D., 436 West 22d Street.

Dudley, P. H. (F.), 80 Pine Street.

Dunham, Edward K., M.D., 338 East 26th Street.

Dutcher, William (F.), 525 Manhattan Ave.

Du Vivier, Charles L., 22 Warren Street.

Dwight, Jonathan, Jr., M.D. (F.), 2 East 34th Street.

Dyar, Harrison G. (F.), U. S. National Museum, Washing-

fon. DG.

Elliott, Prof. A. H., Ph.D.( L.), 4 Irving Place.

English, George L., 201 East 16th Street.

Eno, Wm. Phelps, 111 Broadway.

Eyerman, John (F.), Easton, Pa.

Fargo, James C., 56 Park Avenue.

Farmer, Alexander S., 140 Rodney Street, Brooklyn.

Farrand, Prof. Livingston, M.D. ( F.), Columbia University.

Fi¢gld, C. de Peyster ( P.), 21 East 26th Street.

Finlay, George I. ( F.), Columbia University.

Foley, Ernest, 108 East 62d Street.

Ford, James B. (L.), 4 East 43d Street.

Franklin, Fred. W., 346 Broadway.

Brssell Ajo.) 530) Pith Avenue:

Gallatin, Frederick, 670 Fifth Avenue.

Gies, Prof. William J. ( F.), 437 West 59th Street.

Gould, Edwin ( P.), Dobbs Ferry, N. Y.

Gould, Frank J., Irvington, N. Y.

Gould, George J. ( P.), 195 Broadway.

Gould, Miss Helen M. (P.), Irvington, N. Y.

Grabau, Prof. Amadeus W. ( F.), Columbia University.

Green, Hon. Andrew H., 214 Broadway.

Hall, James P., Tribune Building, Editorial Rooms.

Hallock, Prof. William ( F.), Columbia University.

Havemeyer, William F., 29 West roth Street.

132 ORGANIZATION

Hay, O. P., Ph.D. ( F.), American Museum of Nat. Hist.

Heller, Max, 312 West goth Street.

Hering, Prof. Daniel W. (F.), University Heights.

Herrman, Mrs. Esther (P.), 20 West 72d Street.

Herter, Christian A., M.D. (F.), 839 Madison Avenue.

Hewitt, Edward R., Garden City, L. I.

Finton, John EH. °M-Di-(F~ Pia Westte2d Stree

Hitchcock, Miss F. R. M., Ph.D. (F.), 4038 Walnut Street,

Philadelphia, Pa.

Hitchcock, Romyn, 20 Broad Street.

Hoffman, S. V., Morristown, N. J.

Hollick, Arthur, Ph.D. (F.), N. Y. Botanical Garden, Bronx

Park.

Holst, 1. J. RK. 52 Union Square, i

Holt, Charles, 255 West 45th Street.

Holt, Henry (L.), 29 West 23d Street.

Hoppin, Wm. W., 111 Broadway.

Hornaday, Wm. T. (F.), 183d Street and Southern Boulevard.

Hovey, Edmund Otis, Ph.D. (F.), Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.

Howe, Prof. Henry M. (F.), Columbia University.

Howe, Marshall A. (F.), N. Y. Botanical Garden, Bronx Park.

Hoyt, Alfred M., 1 Broadway.

Hubbard, Walter C., Room 25, Cotton Exchange.

Huntington, Geo. S., M.D. (F.), 50 East 73d Street.

Hyde, B. Talbot B. (L.), 82 Washington Street.

Hyde, E. Francis, Hotel Netherlands.

Hyde, Fr. E., M.D. (.)) zo West 53d Street:

Hyde, Henry St. J., 210 East 18th Street.

Iles, George (L.), 5 Brunswick Street, Montreal, Can.

Irving, John D., Ph.D. (F.), U. S. Geological Survey, Washing-

ton;.2).2€.

Jacobi, Abram, M.D. (F.), 110 West 34th Street.

Jacoby, Prof. Harold (F.), Columbia University.

James, D. Willis, 40 East 39th Street.

Jesup, Morris K., 197 Madison Avenue.

ORGANIZATION 1338

Julien, Alexis A., Ph.D. (F. P.), Columbia University.

Kane, S. Nicholson, Knickerbocker Club.

Kemp, Prof. James F. (F. L.), Columbia University.

Kendig, Rev. A. B., 69 Centre Street, Brookline, Mass.

Kennedy, John S., 6 West 57th Street.

Keppler, Rudolph (L.), 28 West 7oth Street.

Keyser, Samuel K., 14 East 36th Street.

Kunz, George F. (F.), care of Tiffany & Co., 15 Union Square.

Lamb, Osborn R. (L.), 356 West 22d Street.

Langdon, Woodbury G., 719 Fifth Avenue.

Langmann, Gustav, M.D., 121 West 57th Street.

Laudy, Louis H., Ph.D. (F.), Columbia University.

Lawrence, Amos E., 1 West 81st Street.

Lawton, James M. J. (L.), care of Mr. Joseph Seeley, Produce

Exchange Building.

ieeao, Es Garera PS Brazilian; Consulate, 17; State Street:

Medeties Ernest), 7bhe). 471 West pasd Street:

Medouss, Albert Ke; Ph.D: (F-),-99 John Street:

Wee, Prot. Frederic S: (F:), 437 West Soth Street.

Leeds, Prof. A. R. (F. P.), g00 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J.

Lembke, Chas. F., 21 Union Square.

Levison, W. Goold, Ph.D. (F. P.), 1435 Pacific Street, Brook-

lyn; Ne ¥-

Lichtenstein, Paul, 48 Exchange Place.

Linville, H. R., Ph.D. (F.), 60 West 13th Street.

Lloyd, Prof. Francis E. (F.), Teachers College, 120th Street,

West.

Eoeb, Prof. Motris, Ph.D. (F.), 118 West 72d Street.

Loeb, Solomon, 37 East 38th Street.

Lough, Prof. J. E. (F.), School of Pedagogy, N. Y. University,

ove, HG. PhoD. (F.), 80 Hast.5 5th’ Street.

Low, Hon. Seth (L.), Columbia University.

Luquer, Lea McL. (F.), Columbia University.

Lusk, Prof. Graham F., N. Y. Univ. and Med. College.

McClintock, Emory (F.), Mutual Life Insurance Co., 32 Nassau

Street.

134 ORGANIZATION

McCook, Col. J. J. (L.), to West 54th Street.

McKim, Rev. Haslett, 9g West 48th Street.

McMillin, Emerson, 40 Wall Street.

McNulty, Prof. John J., 17 Lexington Avenue.

MacDougall, Prof. Robert (F.), School of Pedagogy, N. Y.

University.

MacHaughton, James, 16 Central Park West.

Maitland, Alexander, 45 Broadway.

Marble, Manton, Bedford, Westchester Co., N. Y.

Marston, Edwin S., 291 Clinton Avenue, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Martin, Prof. Daniel S. (F. L.), 756 Quincy Street, Brooklyn,

1. a

Martin, T. Cumerford (F.), The Monterey, West 114th Street.

Mathew, W. D., Ph.D. (F.), Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

Mason, Wm. L., 170 Fifth Avenue.

Mayer, Alfred Goldsborough, Ph.D., 34 Plaza Street, Brooklyn.

Mead, Walter H. (P.), 67 Wall Street.

Meltzer, S. J., M.D. (F.), 166 West 126th Street.

Merrill, Fred. J. H. (F.), N. Y. State Museum, Albany, N. Y.

Meyer, Adolph, M.D. (F.), Pathological Institute.

Meyer, Thomas C., Union Club.

Miller, Geo. N., M.D., 811 Madison Avenue.

Mitchell, Edward, 31 East 50th Street.

Mitchell, John Murray, 17 Broad Street.

Mitchell, S. Alfred, Ph.D. (F.), Columbia University.

Morgan, J. Pierpont, 219 Madison Avenue.

Mortimer, W. Golden, M.D., 504 West 146th Street.

Moses, Prof. Alfred J. (F.), Columbia University.

Munsell, C. E., Ph.D., 2110 Horatio Street.

Niven, William, P. O. Box 681, High Bridge, N. Y.

Nott, F. J., M.D., 544 Madison Avenue.

Ogilvie, Miss Ida H. (L.), Sherman Square Hotel.

Olcott, E. E. (L.), 38 West 39th Street. |

Osborn, Prof. Henry F., Sc.D., LL.D. (F.), 850 Madison

Avenue.

ORGANIZATION 135

Parker, Prof. Herschel C. (F.), Columbia University.

Parsons, John E., 111 Broadway.

Patten, John (L.), 19 Liberty Street.

Peckham, Wheeler H., 685 Madison Avenue.

Pell, Mrs. Alfred, 206 Madison Avenue.

Pellew, Prof. Chas. E. (F.), 68 East 54th Street.

Peterson, Frederic, M.D. (F.), 4 West 50th Street.

Pettigrew, David Lyman, Box 75, Worcester, Mass.

Pfister, ‘J. C. (F.), Columbia University.

Phoenix, Lloyd, 21 East 33d Street.

Pierson, Israel C. (F.), 21 Cortlandt Street.

Piffard, Henry G., M.D. (F.), 256 West 57th Street.

Pitkin, Lucius (F.), 47 Fulton Street.

Poor, Charles Lane, Ph.D. (F.), 4 East 48th Street.

Post, C. A. (F.), 16 Exchange Place.

Post, George B. (F.), 11 West 21st Street.

Prime, Temple (P.), Huntington, L. I.

Prince, Prof. John D. (F.), 31 West 38th Street.

Prudden, Prof. T. Mitchell (F.), 437 West 59th Street.

Pupin, Prof. M. I., Ph.D. (F.), Columbia University.

Quackenbos, Prof. J. D., 331 West 28th Street.

Rees, Prof. John K. (F.), Columbia University.

Reuter, L. H., M.D., Merck Building.

Ricketts, Prof. Pierre de P. (F.), 104 John Street.

Riederer, Ludwig, 251 West 95th Street.

Ries, Heinrich (F.), Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

Riley, R. Hudson, Bensonhurst, N. Y.

Robb, Hon. J. Hampden, 23 Park Avenue.

Rogers, Henry H., 26 East 57th Street.

Rusby, Henry H., M.D. (F.), 809 De Graw Avenue, Newark,

N. J

Russak, Frank, 46 Exchange Place.

Schermerhorn, F. A. (L.), 61 University Place.

Schuyler, Philip, Nevis, Irvington P. O., N. Y.

136 ORGANIZATION

Senff, Charles H. (P.), 300 Madison Avenue.

Shiland, Andrew, Jr., 262 West 78th Street.

Shultz, (Chas-'S:, Hoboken; NEE

Sickles, Ivan, M.D. (F.), 17 Lexington Avenue.

Sieberg, W. H. J., Hotel Winthrop, 7th Ave. and 125th Street.

Sloan, Samuel (P.), 26 Exchange Place.

Smith, Ernest E., M.D., Ph.D., 262 Fifth Avenue.

Starr, Prof. M. Allen (F.), 5 West 54th Street.

Stetson, Francis Lynde (L.), 4 East 74th Street.

Stevens, George T., M.D., 22 East 46th Street.

Stevenson, Prof. J. J. (F. 12))503 West Mind Awente:

Stokes, James, 49 Cedar Street.

Stone, Mason A., 161 Broadway.

Stratford, Prof. Wm., Ph.D. (F.), 17 Lexington Avenue.

strong, Prof. Chas. A., Ph.D. (F.), Lakewood, N- j.,)Box 208.

Stuyvesant, Rutherford (F.), 246 East Fifteenth Street.

Sumner, Francis B., Ph.D. (F.), 17 Lexington Avenue.

Taggart, Rush, 319 West 75th Street.

Watlock, John, Jr°(E. Le RROs Boxcst94:

Terry, James (L.), New Haven, Conn.

Thompson, Prof. W. Gilman (F.), 44 East 34th Street.

Thorndike, Edw. L., Ph.D. (F.), Prof., Teachers College.

Townsend, Charles H., New York Aquarium.

Tows, C. D., 34 West 52d) Street.

Tripler, Chas. E., 121 West 89th Street.

Trotter, Alfred W. (F.), 71 Broadway.

Trowbridge, Chas. C. (F.), Columbia University.

Tuckerman, Alfred, 1123 Broadway.

Underwood, Prof. L. M., Ph.D. (I.), Columbia University.

Van Beuren, Fred. T., 21 West 14th Street.

Van Brunt, Cornelius (F.), 319 East 57th Street.

van Ingen, Gilbert (F.), N. Y. State Mus., Albany, N. Y.

Van Slyck, George W. (L.), 120 Broadway.

Von Nardroff, E. R. (F.), 360 Tompkins Avenue, Brooklyn.

ORGANIZATION 137

Wainwright, John W., M.D., 177 West 83d Street.

Waller, Prof. Elwyn, Ph.D. (F.), 7 Franklin Place, Morristown,

INA

Warburg, F. N., 18 East 72d Street.

Ward, Delancey W., 247 Sanford Avenue, Flushing, N. Y.

Washington, H. S., M.D. (F.), Locust, N. J.

Waterbury, John I., Morristown, N. J.

Whitfield, Prof. R. P. (F.), American Museum of Natural

History.

Whitman, Alvord A., 305 West 78th Street.

Wicke, William, 36 East 22d Street.

Wiener, Joseph, M.D., 1046 Fifth Avenue.

Wiggin, Frederick H., 55 West 36th Street.

Wills, Chas. T., 156 Fifth Avenue.

Wilson, Prof. Edmund B., Ph.D., LL.D. (F.), Columbia Uni-

versity.

Wolff, Alfred R., 15 West 89th Street.

Wood, William H. S., 45 East roth Street.

Woodbridge, Prof. F. J. E. (F.), Columbia University.

Woodward, Prof. R. S. (F.), Columbia University.

Woodhull, Prof. John F., Ph.D. (F.), Teachers College, West

120th Street.

Woodworth, R. S. (F.), N. Y. Univ. Med. College, Bellevue

Hospital.

Wortman, J. L. (F.), Yale Univ., New Haven, Conn.

Younglove, John, M.D., 407 Jefferson Avenue, Elizabeth, N. J.

Zabriskie, George, 21 Broad Street.

138 ORGANIZATION

PATRONS.

JUNE I, 1903.

Bolton, H. Carrington, Cosmos Club, Washington, D. C.

Britton, Dr. Nathaniel Lord, Director Botanical Garden, Bronx

Park, New York City.

Casey, Major Thomas L., P. O. Drawer 71, St. Louis, Mo.

Chapin, Chester W., 34 West 57th Street, New York City.

Dodge, William E., 262 Madison Avenue, New York City.

Field, C. de Peyster, 127 Water Street, New York City.

Gould, Edwin, Dobbs Ferry, N. Y.

Gould, George J., 195 Broadway.

Gould, Miss Helen, Dobbs Ferry, N. Y.

Herrmann, Mrs. Esther, 59 West 56th Street, New York City.

Hinton, John H., M.D., 41 West 32d Street, New York City.

Leeds, Prof. Albert R., g00 Hudson Street, Hoboken, N. J.

Levison, W. Goold, Ph.D., 1435 Pacific Street, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Mead, Walter H., 67 Wall Street, New York City.

Senff, Charles H., 300 Madison Avenue, New York City.

Sloan, Samuel, 26 Exchange Place, New York City.

ORGANIZATION 139

HONORARY MEMBERS.

JUNE I, 1903.

1887. Agassiz, Alexander. Director Museum Comparative

Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

1898. Auwers, Arthur. Professor of Physics and Mathe-

matics, University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.

1889. Barrois, Charles, M.D. Professor of Geology, Uni-

versity of Lille, President Geological Society of France, Rue

Pascal 37 -Lille, France.

1898. Brooks, William K. Professor of Invertebrate Zool-

ogy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.

ige7. Wallinger, Kev. Wm. Henry. DID DW Se:;. Di Cu,

DED Sel ix. Ingleside) Lee, Mondon Soe.) England:

1899. Darwin, George Howard, M.A., F.R.S., Professor of

Astronomy, Trinity College, Cambridge, England.

1876. Dawkins, W. Boyd. Professor of Geology and Pale-

ontology, Victoria University, Owens College, Manchester,

England.

1876. Geikie, Sir Archibald, F.R.S. Former Director Gen-

eral of Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland, 28

Jermyn Street, London S. W., England.

1889. Gibbs, Wolcott, LL.D. Professor Emeritus of the

Application of Science to the Useful Arts, Harvard University,

Newport, R. I.

1898. Gill, David, LL.D., F.R.S. His Majesty’s Astrono-

mer, Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope, Africa.

1889. Goodale, George Lincoln, M.D., LL.D. Professor of

Natural History and Botany, Harvard University, Cambridge,

Mass.

food. paaeckel, Ernst, .M.Dy; PhD, "Se). 1D: Pro-

fessor of Zoology and Director of Zoological Institute in the

University of Jena, Jena, Weimar, Germany.

1889. Hall, Asaph. Professor of Mathematics (retired), U. S.

Navy, Norfolk, Conn.

1899. Hann, Julius, Ph.D. Professor of Meteorology, Uni-

versity of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

140 ORGANIZATION

1864. Hartlaub, Gustav, M.D. Assistant Director, Museum

of Natural History, Bremen, Germany.

Toos.. Hill, Geo. W., LL.D. ~ West Nyack IN. Y-

1896. Hubrecht, Ambrosius, A. W. Professor of Zoology

and Comparative Anatomy in the University of Utrecht,

Utrecht, Netherlands.

1670.~ Kelvin, The Right) ion Word. iG@l ono

G.C.V.O. President of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 28

Chester Square, London, England.

1896. Klein, Felix, Ph.D. Professor of Mathematics in the

University of Gottingen, Wilhelm Weber, Strasse 3, Gottingen,

Germany.

1876. Lang, Victor E. von. Professor of Physics in the

University of Vienna, Secretary Imperial Academy of Sciences,

Vienna, Austria.

1887. Langley, Samuel Pierpont, LL.D. Secretary of —

sonian Institution, Washington, D. C.

Faos. Lankester, Ey Ray, Law: P.R IS, Wirector = brisk

Museum of Natural History, Cromwell Road, S. W., London,

England. |

1880. Lockyer, Sir Norman, L.D:, FR:S- Professervef

Astronomy in the Royal College of Science, Solar Physics

Observatory, South Kensington, England.

1901. Leydig, Prof. Franz von. Professor in the School of

Medicine, Bonn, Germany (retired), Wurzburg, Germany.

1898. Moissan, Henri. Professor of Chemistry in the Uni-

versity of Paris, Rue Vauguelin 7, Paris, France.

1898. Nansen, Fridtjof, M.D. Professor of Zoology in the

Royal Fredericks University, Christiania, Norway.

1891. Newcomb, Simon. Professor of Mathematics (re-

tired), U. S. N., 1620 P Street, Washington, D. C.

1898. Penck, Albrecht. Professor of Geography in the

University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

1898. Pfeffer, Wm. Professor of Botany in the University

of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.

1900. Pickering, Edward Charles, LL.D. Paine Professor

of Practical Astronomy, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

ORGANIZATION 141

1900. Poincare, Jules Henri, F.R.S. Professor of Mathe-

matical Physics, Faculty of Science, Paris, France.

1899. Rayleigh, Lord, LL.D., F.R.S. Professor of Natural

Philosophy in the Royal Institution of Great Britain, Albemarle

Street, W., London.

1898. Reusch, Hans H., M.D. Professor of Geology;

Head of Norwegian Geological Investigations, Christiania,

Norway.

Hoo veekoscoe, oltre henry Enteldeiore. 1, EL. De PORES,

Vice Chancellor University of London, 10 Braham Gardens,

London S. W., England.

1887. Rosenbusch, Karl Henry Ferdinand. Professor of

Mineralogy and Geology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg,

Germany.

reoo. Lhomson, Joseph, John, Se Dee EL Ds LR.S. \Pro-

fessor of Experimental Physics in Cambridge University, Caven-

dish Laboratory, Cambridge, England.

ro00, Dylon Edwardiburett, LED, DC. Ess: »Pro-

fessor of Anthropology, Balliol College, University of Oxford,

Oxford, England.

oye. Young, Charles, Aucustus,, LL.D: | Professor «of

Astronomy in Princeton University, Princeton, N. J.

1898. Zittel, Karl Alfred Ritter von. Professor of Geology

and Paleontology in the Royal Bavarian Ludwig-Maximilian

University, Munich, Germany.

142 ORGANIZATION

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS.

JUNE I, 1903.

1883. Abbe, Cleveland. Professor of Meteorology in Colum-

bian University, Editor Monthly Weather Review, Weather

Bureau in the Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C.

1883. Abbott, Charles Conrad, M.D. Trenton, N. J.

1883. Acosta, Antonio Gordon y, M.D. President of the

Dispensaries of Havana, San Nicolas 54, Havana, Cuba.

1898. Adams, Frank D. Professor of Geology in McGill

University, Montreal, Canada.

1891. Aguilera, Jose G. Escuela de Mineria, Mexico, Mex.

1890. Alexander, Wm. DeWitt. Surveyor General of the

Hawaiian Islands, Honolulu, Hawaii.

1899. Andrews, C. W., M.D. Ass’t Keeper of Geology,

British Museum of Natural History, Cromwell Road, London

Sree ng.

1876. Appleton, John Howard, M. A. Professor of Chemis-

try, Brown University, 209 Angell Street, Providence, R. I.

1899. Baker, J. G. Keeper of the Herbariums and the

Library, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, England.

1898. Balfour, I. B. Professor of Botany in the University

of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.

1878. Bell, Alexander Graham. President National Geo-

graphic Society, Washington, D. C.

1889. Beaumont, J. Vineland, N. J.

1867. Berthoud, Edward L., M.A., M.E. Golden, Jeffer-

son Co., Col:

1883. Bertrand, Emile. Professor of Geology in the Ecole

des Mines, Paris, France.

1897. Bolton, Herbert, F.R.S.E. Curator and Secretary,

Bristol Museum, Bristol, England.

1899. Boltzmann, Ludwig. Professor of Physics in the

University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.

1863. Bombicci-Porta, Cav. Com. Louis. Professor of

Mineralogy and Applied Geology in the University of Bologna,

Bologna, Italy.

ORGANIZATION 143

1899. Boulenger, G. A. Assistant Keeper in Zoology, Brit-

ish Museum of Natural History, London, England.

1874. Brandegee, T.S. San Diego, California.

1884. Branner, John G., Ph.D., LL.D. Professor of Geology

and Vice-President of the Leland Stanford Jr. University, Stan-

ford University, Cal.

1894. Branner, Bohnslor, Ph.D. Professor of Chemistry,

Bohemian University, Prague, Bohemia.

1874. Brewster, William. Ornithologist, 145 Brattle Street,

Cambridge, Mass.

1899. Brogger, W. C. Professor of Geology and Mineral- |

ogy in the Royal Fredericks University, Christiania, Norway.

1876. Brush, George Jarvis. Professor of Mineralogy, Yale

University, New Haven, Conn.

1876. Caldwell, George Chapman. Professor of Chemistry

in Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

1876. Carmichael, Henry, Ph.D. Analytical Chemist, 12

Pearl Street, Boston, Mass.

1898. Carruthers, Wm. C., M.D. Consulting Botanist

Royal Agricultural Society of England, British Museum, Lon-

don, England.

1898. Chamberlin, T.C. Head Professor of Geology in the

University of Chicago, Chicago, IIl.

1876. Chandler, W. H. Professor of Chemistry, Librarian

of Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa.

1876. Clarke, Frank Wigglesworth, Chief Chemist U. S.

Geological Survey, Washington, D. C.

1891. Clerc, L. Professor of Botany, Ekaterinburg, Russia.

1877. Comstock, Theo. B., Sc.D. (President Mining Co.).

535 Stimson Block, Los Angeles, Cal.

1868. Cooke, M. C., M.A. Former Keeper of Herbarium,

Royal Botanical Garden, Kew, 53 Castle Road, Kenlish Town

N.W., England.

1876. Cornwall, H. B. Professor of Analitical Chemistry

and Mineralogy, Princeton University, Princeton, N. J.

1880. Cory, Charles B. Professor of Natural History, Field

Columbian Museum, Chicago, Ill., 160 Boylston Street, Boston,

Mass.

144 ORGANIZATION

1877. Crawford, Joseph, Ph.G. 2822 Frankford Avenue,

Philadelphia, Pa.

1866. Credner, Hermann, Ph.D. Professor of Geology and

Paleontology in the University of Leipzig ; Director of Geolog-

ical Survey of the Kingdom of Saxony, Leipzig, Germany.

1895. Cushing, Henry P. Professor of Geology in Western

Reserve University, Adelbert College, Cleveland, O.

1890. D’Achiardi, Antonio, Ph.D. Professor of Mineralogy

in the University of Pisa, 12 Via San Martino, Pisa, Italy.

1879. Dale, T. Nelson. Geologist of the U. S. Geological

Survey ; Instructor in Geology and Botany in Williams Col-

lege, Wiiliamstown, Mass.

1870. Dall, Wm. Healey, M.A. Curator Department of

Mollusks in the U. S. Nat. Mus., Smithsonian Institution,

Washington, D. C.

1885. Dana, Edward Salisbury, Ph.D. Professor of Physics

in Yale University, 119 Grove Street, New Haven, Conn.

1898. Davis, Wm. M., Sturgis Hooper. Professor of Geol-

ogy, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

1894. Deane, Ruthven. President Illinois Audubon Society,

30 Michigan Ave., Chicago, II.

1899. Depéret, Charles, Ph.D. Professor of Physical Geog-

raphy in the University of Lyons, Lyons, France.

1890. Derby, Orville A., F.G.S. Chief of Geographical and

Geological Commission, Sao Paulo, Brazil.

1899. Dollo, Louis, Ph.D. Conservateur Musée Royal

d’ Histoire Naturelle, Brussels, Belgium.

1876. Drown, Thomas Messinger, LL.D. President of

Lehigh University, South Bethlehem, Pa.

1868. Duns, J., D.D., BOR .S a9 (Professor of Naturals see

ence in College of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland.

1876. Elliot, Henry W. Naturalist and Artist, U. S. Geol.

Survey, Lakewood, Cuyahoga County, O.

1880. Elliott, John B. Professor of Theoretical and Practical

Medicine in Tulane University, New Orleans, La.

1869. Engelhardt, Francis E., Ph.D. Chemist to Syracuse

Board of Health, 7 Clinton Block, Syracuse, N. Y.

ORGANIZATION 145

1878. Ernst, A., Ph.D. Professor of Natural History in the

University of Caracas and Director of Museum, Caracas, Vene-

zuela.,

1879. Fairchild, Herman LeRoy, B.S. Professor of Geology

in the University of Rochester, Rochester, N. Y.

1887. Fensi, Sebastiana. Florence, Italy.

1879. Fittica, Friedrich Bernhard, Ph.D. Professor of Chem-

istry in the University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.

1885. Fletcher, Lazarus, M.A., F.R.S. Keeper of Minerals

in the British Museum, 36 Woodville Road, Ealing, London

W., England.

1899. Fraas, Eberhard, Ph.D. Trustee of Kgl. Naturalien-

Kabinet, Stuttgart, Germany.

ogo, Franchet, A:, PhD. Paris); France.

1879. Fritzgartner, Reinhold, Ph.D., M.E. State Geologist

of Honduras, Director National Mint, Tegucigalpa, Honduras.

1670. (Gilbert; G», Ke. “Geologist of the U-)S:i-Geological

Survey, Washington, | Dies Ge

1858. Gill, Theodore N., M.D. Professor of Zoology, Co-

lumbian University, Washington, D. C.

1876. Gilman, Daniel C., LL.D. President of the Carnegie

Institution, Washington, D. C.

1865. Goessmann, Charles A., Ph.D., LL.D. Professor of

Chemistry in the Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst,

Mass.

1888. Gooch, Frank Austin. Professor of Chemistry in

Yale University, New Haven, Conn.

1883. Grattarola, Guiseppe. Professor of Mineralogy,

School of Pharmacy, Florence, San Marco, Florence, Italy.

1868. Greenleaf, R. C. Honorary Professor, Military and

Public Hygiene in the University of California, care of Surgeon

General, U. S. A., Washington, D. C.

1883. Gregorio, Marquis Antonio de, Ph.D. Editor of the

Annals of Geol. and Palaeon., Palermo, Sicily, Italy.

1877. Groth, Paul Heinrich. Professor of Mineralogy in

the Royal Bayr. Ludwig-Maximilians University, Hamburg,

Germany.

146 ORGANIZATION

1890. Gudeman, Edward, M.D. Associate Professor Clas-

sical Philology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.

1898. Hale, George E. Professor of Astronomy and

Physics in the University of Chicago, Yerkes Observatory,

Williams Bay, Wis.

1882. Hesse-Wartegg, Count Ernest von. New York,

NY.

1867...Hitchcock, C. H., LEAD: > Professor of \Geolosy mim

Dartmouth College, Hanover, N. H.

1900. Holmes, William Henry. Curator U. S. National

Museum (Anthropology), Washington, D. C.

1890: Hoskold, H. D., C. ct NE. F.GSs.” \DirectonsGen-

eral National Department of Mines and Geology, Santa Fe

2043, Buenos-Ayres, Argentine Republic.

1877. Howard, Thomas D., Jr. Perth Amboy, N. J.

1899. Howes, G. B., LL.D., F.R.S. Professor of Compar-

ative Anatomy, Zoology, University of London, London, Eng-

land.

1876. Hyatt, James, Sc.D. Stanfordville, Duchess Co., N. Y

1896. Iddings, J. P. Professor of Patrology in the Univer-

sity of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.

1875. Iles, Malvern W. Metallurgist, Globe Smelting Co.,

Denver, Colorado.

1899. Innes, Walter, M.D. School of Medicine, Cairo,

Egypt.

1892. Jack, Robert L. Director Geological Survey of

Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland.

1899. Jaeckel, Otto, Ph.D. Professor Geology in Konig-

lichen Museum fiir Naturkunde, Invalidenstrasse 43, Berlin,

Germany.

1883. Jannettaz, Pierre Michel Edouard. Instructor of

Geology in School of Architecture, Boulevard Saint Germain

86, Paris, France.

1876. Johnson, Samuel W., M.A. Professor Emeritus of

Agricultural Chemistry in Yale University, 24 Turnbull Street,

New Haven, Conn.

1876. Jordan, David Starr, M.D., Ph.D:, LED: “President

of Leland Stanford Jr. University, Stanford University, California.

ORGANIZATION 147

1876. Koenig, George A., Ph.D. Professor of Chemistry

and Metallurgy in the Michigan College of Mines, Houghton,

Mich.

1899. Kohlrausch, Friedrich, Ph.D. (Prof.). President of the

Physikalish-Technische Reichsanstalt, Charlottenberg, March-

strasse 23, Berlin.

1887. Koltzoff-Massalsky, Princess Helene. Florence, Italy.

1890. Kroutschoff, Baron K. de. St. Petersburg, Russia.

1888. Kukio, Baron R. Privy Counsellor and President-

General of the Imperial Museum of Japan, Tokio, Japan.

Wego. KulibingS:; MB. \- Mining) Dept.; St Petersburg;

Russia.

1890. Lacroix, Alfred. Professor of Mineralogy in the

Museum of Natural History of Paris, Rue Cuvier 57, Paris,

France.

1876. Langley, John W., Ph.D. Professor of Electrical

Engineering in the Case School of Applied Science, Cleveland,

Ohio.

1900. L’apparent, Albert de. Professor of Mineralogy,

Geology and Physical Geography, Ecole Libre des Hautes

Etudes, Paris, France.

1876. Lattimore, S. A. Professor of Chemistry, in Univer-

sity of Rochester, 271 University Avenue, Rochester, N. Y.

1890. Laussedat, Col. Aimé. Director of the National Con-

servatory of Arts and Sciences, Rue St. Martin 292, Paris,

France.

1876. Le Jolis, Auguste Francois. Directeur de la Societe

National des Sci. Nat. et Math. of Cherbourg, Rue de la Duche

29, Cherbourg, France.

1894. Libbey, Wm. Jr. Professor of Physical Geography,

Princeton University, Princeton, N. J.

1899. Liversidge, Archibald, Ph.D. Professor of Chemis-

try, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales.

1869. Mackie, Simon F., M.A. Salt Lake City, Utah.

1876. Macloskie, George. Professor of Biology in Prince-

ton University, Princeton, N. J.

noo: Malle ‘John William). MDL Phi. e:D:F-R.S.

148 ORGANIZATION

Professor of Chemistry in the University of Virginia, Charlotte-

ville, Va.

1871. Mann, Charles Riborg. Associate in Physics, Uni-

versity of Chicago, Chicago, III.

1867. Matthew, George F., Sc.D., LL.D., F.R.S.C. Curator

of Natural History Museum Society New Brunswick Museum,

St. John N. B., Canada.

1874. Maynard, Charles Johnson. Naturalist of Newton

Natural History Society, 477 Crafts Street, West Newton,

Mass.

1974. Mead, Theodor Luquer, ‘CE Oviedo, Mala,

1888. Meek, Seth E., Curator, Department of Zoology, Field

Columbian Museum, Chicago, IIl.

1892. Mendizabal-Temborrel, J. de. Sociedad Alzate,

Mexico.

1374. Merriam, Clinton Tart), M.D. (Chief of U.S: 381e-

logical Survey, Washington, D. C.

1898. Merriman, Mansfield, C.E. Professor .of Civil Engi-

neering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pa.

1890. Meyer, A. B., M.D. Director of the Royal Zoologi-

cal, Anthropological and Ethnological Museum, Dresden,

Germany.

1885. Michie, P. S. Professor of Mathematics at the U. S.

Military Academy, West: Point, N. Y.

1900. Mitsakuri, Kakichi, Ph.D. Professor of Zoology, Im-

perial University of Tokyo.

1878. Minot, Charles Sedgwick, LL.D. Professor of His-

tology and Human Embryology in the Harvard Medical

School, Boston, Mass.

1876. Mixter, William Gilbert. Professor of Chemistry in

the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University, New Haven,

Conn.

1890. Moldehnke, Richard G. G., E.M., Ph.D. Consulting

Metallurgist, Box 432, N. Y. City.

1895. Morgan, C. Lloyd, A.M. Professor of Anatomy,

University College, Bristol, England.

1864. Morse, Edward S., Ph.D. Director of the Peabody

Academy Science, Salem, Mass.

ORGANIZATION 149

1898. Murray, George R. M.,:M.C. Keeper of Botany,

British Museum, London, England.

Netto, Ladislaus. Professor of Mathematics, Hes-

sische-Ludwigs University, Giessen, Germany.

1866. Newton, Alfred, F.R.S. Professor of Zoology and

Comparative Anatomy in the University of Cambridge, Mag-

dalen College, Cambridge, England.

1882. Nichols, Henry Alfred Alford, M.D., M.R.C.S. Med-

ical Officer of Public Institutions, Domincia, Br. West Indies.

1884. Nicolis, Enrico de. Professor and Custodian in Museo

Civico, Verona, Italy.

1881. Niles; Wm. H. Emeritus Professor of Geology and

Geography in Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston,

Mass.

1880. Nolan, Edward J., M.D. Recording Secretary and

Librarian of the Academy Natural Sciences of Philadelphia,

Logan Square, Philadelphia, Pa.

1879. Ober, Frederick A. Ornithologist, Smithsonian Insti-

tution, Washington, D. C.

1876. Ordway, John M. Professor of Chemistry and Engi-

neering, Tulane University, New Orleans, La.

1898. Ostwald, Wilhelm, Professor of Chemistry, University

of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.

1866. Packard, Alpheus Spring, M.D. Professor of Zool-

ogy and Geology, Brown University, 275 Angell Street, Provi-

dence: kT.

1900. Parker, George Howard, Ph.D. Professor of Zodlogy

Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.

1876. Peckham, Stephen F., M.A. Chemist, 286 Broad-

way, N. Y. City.

1876. Perkins, Maurice F. Professor of Analytical Chem-

istry Union College, Schenectady, N. Y.

fes2) -rhene, john Samuel, LED!) 5\Carlton Terrace;

Oakley Street, London, England.

1883. Pisani, F. Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy in

the Naples University, Naples, Italy.

1368. Post) Rev) George’ &., M.A., M.D) Professor _ of

Surgery in the Syrian College, Beirut, Syria.

150 ORGANIZATION

1871. Potter, W. B. Mining Engineer, 1225 Spruce Street,

St. Louis, Mo.

1894. Poulton, Edward Bagnall. Professor of Zoology,

Oxford University, Oxford, England.

1876. Prescott, Albert B. Professor of Organic Chemistry

and Director of the Chemical Laboratory in the University of

Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

1877. Prime, Frederick, Ph.D. Secretary American Philo-

sophical Society, Philadelphia, Pa.

1868. Pumpelly, Raphael. U.S. Geological Survey, New-

post, kK. I.

1876. Pynchon, Thomas Ruggles, D.D., LL.D. Professor

of Moral Philosophy in Trinity College, Hartford, Conn.

1876. Randall, Burton A. Clinical Professor of Ear Diseases,

University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.

1888. Reade, T. Mellard, F.G.S. Park Corner, Blundell-

sands, Liverpool, England.

1876. Remsen, Ira, M.D., Ph.D., LL.D. President of Johns

Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.

1874. Ridgway, Robert. Curator Division of Birds in the U.

S. National Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.

1886. Robb, William L. Professor of Physics in Trinity

College, Hartford, Conn.

1879. Russell, Israel Cook, LL.D. Professor of Geology

in the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.

1876. Sadtler, Samuel P.,)Ph.D. Professor of ‘Chemista,

Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pa.

1876. Schaeffer, Charles A. President of the University of

Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.

1899. Schlosser, D. Max, Alte Akademie, Munich, Germany.

1867. Schweitzer, Paul, Ph.D., LL.D. Professor of Agri-

cultural Chemistry in the University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo.

1898. Scott, W. B. Professor of Geology, Princeton Uni-

versity, Princeton, N. J.

1876. Scudder, Samuel H., Entomologist and Palaeontologist,

Cambridge, Mass.

1894. Sedgwick, W. T. Professor of Biology, Massachu-

setts Institude of Technology, Boston, Mass.

ORGANIZATION 151

1876. Sherwood, Andrew. Assistant State Geologist in

Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania, Mansfield, Penn.

1885. Slosson, Charles. Buffalo, N. Y.

1883. Smith, J. Ward. 144 Monmouth Street, Newark, N. J.

18g5. Smyth, Charles H., Jr. Professor of Geology and

Mineralogy in Hamilton College, Clinton, N. Y.

1890. Spencer, Rev. J. Selden. Tarrytown, N. Y-

1896. Stearns, Robert E. C., Ph.D. Associate in Zoology

U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C.

. Stevens, Walter LeConte. Professor of Physics, Wash-

ington and Lee University, Lexington, Va.

1876. Storer, Francis H. Professor of Agricultural Chemis-

try in Bussey Institute, Harvard University, Jamaica Plain,

Mass.

1885. Tagore, Rajah Sir Sourindro Mohun. Mus. Director

(Oxon.), Calcutta, India.

1893. Thomson, J. P. President Royal Society of Queens-

land, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

1876. Thurston, Robert Henry. Director Sibley College,

Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

1885. Thwing, Rev. Edward P. President of the Western

Reserve University, Cleveland, O.

1899. Traquair, R. H. Keeper of Natural History Depart-

ment of Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh, Scotland.

1877. Trowbridge, John. Rumford Professor of the Appli-

cation of Science to Useful Arts in Harvard University, Cam-

bridge, Mass.

1670, Luttle, DUK. UsS. Mint; Philadelphia, Pa.

1871. Van Hourck, Henri, M.D. Professor of Botany and

Director of Botanical Gardens, Rue de la Sante 8, Antwerp,

Belgium.

1867. Verrill, Addison Emery. Professor of Zodlogy in

Yale University, 86 Whaley Avenue, New Haven, Conn.

1890. Vogdes, Anthony Wayne. Captain 5th U. S.

Artillery, Fort Wadsworth, Staten Island, N. Y.

1900. Van Hise, Charles Richard, Ph.D. Professor of

Geology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis.

AS ORGANIZATION

1898. Walcott, Charles Doolittle. Director of the U. S.

Geological Survey, Washington, D. C.

1876. Waldo, Leonard. Metallurgist and Electrical Engi-

neer, 71 Broadway, N. Y. City.

1888. Ward, Henry Augustus, LL.D. Rochester, N. Y.

1876. Warring, Charles B., Ph.D. 288 Mill Street, Pough-

keepsie, NZ Y.

1900. Watase, She, Ph.D. Professor of Histology, Imperial

University of Tokyo.

1887. Weber, Thomas. Kelleyville, Ireland.

1883. Weisbach, Albin, Ph.D. Professor of Mineralogy in

the School of Mines, Freiberg, Saxony, Germany.

1897. Weller, Stuart, Ph.D. Assistant in Paleontologic

Geology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.

1874. White, I. C., Ph.D. State Geologist, Morgantown,

W. Va.

1898. Whitman, C. O. Head Professor of Zoology and

Director of the Marine Biological Laboratory of the University

of Chicago, Chicago, IIl.

1898. Williams, Henry Shaler. Professor of Geology in

Yale University, New Haven, Conn.

. Winchell, N. H., M.A. Professor of Geology in the

University of Minnesota, State Geologist, 120 State Street.

Minneapolis, Minn.

1866. Wood, Horatio C., M.D., LL.D Professor of Materia

Medica University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa.

1899. Woodward, A. Smith, M.D. Assistant Keeper of

Geology, British Museum of Natural History, London, England.

1869. Woodward, Henry, LL.D., F.R.S. Keeper of Geol-

ogy in British Museum, 129 Beaufort Street, Chelsea, London

S. W., England.

| 1874. Wright, Albert A. Professor of Geology and Zool-

ogy in Oberlin College, 123 Forrest Street, Oberlin, O.

1876. Wright, Arthur Williams. Professor of Experimental

Physics in Yale University, 73 York Square, New Haven, Conn.

1876. Yarrow, Harry Crecy, M.D. Professor of Dermatol-

ogy, Columbian University, Washington, D. C.

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- Organization of the New en ‘Academy of E

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Tre

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THE ORGANIZATION

OF THE

NEW YORK

ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

ORIGINAL CHARTER, ORDER OF COURT, AMENDED

CHARTER, CONSTITUTION, BY-LAWS

AND LIST OF MEMBERS

—

(APPENDIX, VOL. XV, PART 1)

EDITOR

CHARLES LANE POOR

1903

THE ORGANIZATION

OF THE

NEW YORK

BCADEMY OF SCIENCES

ORIGINAL CHARTER, ORDER OF COURT, AMENDED

CHARTER, CONSTITUTION, BY-LAWS

AND LIST OF MEMBERS

(APPENDIX, VOL. XV, PART 1)

EDITOR

CHARLES LANE POOR

1903

THE ORGANIZATION OF THE NEW YORK

ACADEMY, OF <S@ILENCES:

THE ORIGINAL CHARTER.

AN ACT TO INCORPORATE THE

LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY IN THE CITY OF NEW YORK.

Passed April 20, 1878.

Wuereas, The members of the Lyceum of Natural History

have petitioned for an act of incorporation, and the Legislature,

impressed with the importance of the study of Natural History,

as connected with the wants, the comforts, and the happiness of

mankind, and conceiving it their duty to encourage all laudable

attempts to promote the progress of science in this State —there-

fore,

Be it enacted by the People of the State of New York repre-

sented in Senate and Assembly, That Samuel L. Mitchill, Casper

W. Eddy, Frederick C. Schaeffer, Nathaniel Paulding, William

Cooper, Benjamin P. Kissam, John Torrey, William Cumber-

land, D’Jurco V. Knevels, James Clements and James Pierce,

and such other persons as now are, and may from time to time

become members, shall be, and hereby are constituted a body

corporate and politic, by the name of Lyceum oF NATURAL

History IN THE City oF New York, and that by that name

they shall have perpetual succession, and shall be persons

capable of suing and being sued, pleading and being impleaded,

answering and being answered unto, defending and being de-

fended, in all courts and places whatsoever; and may have a

common seal, with power to alter the same from time to time ;

and shall be capable of purchasing, taking, holding and enjoy-

ing to them and their successors, any real estate in fee simple

4 ORGANIZATION

or otherwise, and any goods, chattels and personal estate, and

of selling, leasing, or otherwise disposing of said real or personal

estate, or any part thereof, at their will and pleasure: Provided