CONTENTS.

Pars I.

Publ shed Feburary 25, 1898.

A Summary of Japanese Cicadidæ, with Description of a New Species

With'Plate Recess ee e o TUR Malsumung

On a New Species of Littoral Oligochæta (Pontodrilus matsushi-

mensis). With'Plate IL … = … = … … ee À. lieuka.

Ueber eine wenig bekantte eniheimische Schlange der Gattung Acha-

Enus (A®epinalis Peters): ee Fan ae seen cee a Namuye. 2.

Pars II.

Published June 22, 1898.

On the Affinity of our Wild and Domestic Silkworms. WithYPlate

RI ==. sucer octo: Mes COURT:

The Genera and Species of Rossellide. ... ... ... ... ... J. Ijima.

Preliminary Notice of New Japanese Echinoids. ... ... ... S. Yoshiwara.

Miscellaneous Notes. ote

On the Appearance of the oe Er in i Urega C Channel.—

Zoological Society of Tokyo.

Pars III.

Published October 10, 1898.

New or 1mperfectly Known Species of Karthworms. No.1.... S. Goto& S. Hatai.

The Body-cavities of the Star-fish. ... o... ... … e... 8 Goto. ...

On a New Rhizopod Parasite ot Man (Amada À Miurai n sp.). J. Dima.

Pars IV.

Published December 31, 1898

Notes on Some Embryos of Chlan:ydoselachus anguineus Garm

Warr elnte Vico ana ss ST. Nishikaun.

On Vermiculus limosus, a New Species of Aquatic Oligochæta. S Hatai....

Insects Collected on Mount Fuji... ... ... . … … … M Matsumura

On the Variations oftbe Proportional Lengths of the Head, etc. as

to the Total Length in our Commen Fel. ... ... ... C. Ishikawa ...

Bo -

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ANNOTATIONES

ZOOLOGICA JA PONENSES

SOCIETATIS ZOOLOGICE TOKYONENSIS

SERIATIM EDITA:

Mokumen, Peg “ars. -

pi Pci Cia OL

1898.

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SPECIAL NOTICE.

Volume I and its parts are no longer sold at the original price, but

will be charged for at the same rate as the succecding volumes and parts

(vide supra).

A Summary of Japanese Cicadide with

Description of a New Species.

By M. Matsumura.

Entomological Laboratory, Agricultural College, Sapporo.

With PI. I.

Japan is very rich in insect life. Cicadide, as well as many others

of the hexapod tribe, are found here, and the following sixteen species

are well known in this Empire. The species peculiar to Japan are

marked with a star.

1. Platypleura repanda, Fabr.

2. *Grapsaltria colorata, Stal.

3. *Cosmopsaltria opalifera, Walk.

4. Pomporia maculaticollis, Motsch.

5. *Pomponia japonensis, Dist.

Leptosaltria tuberosa, Sign.

7. *Terpnosia Pryeri, Dist.

8. *Terpnosia nigrocosta, Motsch.

9. Cryptotympana fascialis, Walk.

10. Cryptotympana pustulata, Fabr.

11. *Cicada flammata, Dist.

12. *Cicuda bihammata, Motsch.

13. Cicada clara, Motsch.

14. Cicada vacua, Oliv.

15. *Melampsaltria radiator, Uhler.

16. *Melampsaltria yezoensis, sp. nov.

LP y

2 M. MATSUMURA.

Of about 330 species of the described Cicadidæ in the world, fifteen

are known to occur in Japan ; but owing to insufficient descriptions I am

very doubtfal whether nos. 13 and 14 are not merely synonymic names

or altogether different species. Of the sixteen species mentioned above

nos. 6, 7, 8, 10, and 15 are confined to the Main Island; and the genus

Graptosaltria is peculiar to Japan.

1. Platypleura Kempferi (fig. 1, a, b).

Leltigonia Kempferi, Fabricius. Ent. syst. 1794.

Cicada Kemferi, Walk. List Hom. 1850.

Platypleura Kempferi, Butl. Cist. Ent. 1874.

Platypleura hyalino-limbata, Sign. Bull. Soe. Ent. Fr. 1881.

Platypleura fuscangulis, Butl. Cist. Ent. 1874.

This is a very common insect in Japan and is known as ni-ni zemi.

Its description given by Mr. L. Distant in his Monograph of Oriental

Cicadidæ is as follows :—

“Head, pronotum, and mesonotum dull ochraceous; head with

the following black markings :—a narrow transverse fascia on front, a

transverse fascia between eyes, forming a spot at area of ocelli,

continued on inner margin of eyes, two small discal spots, and a

fasciate spot anteriorly and posteriorly, the oblique furrows and the

lateral dilated margins black; mesonotum with 4 obconical spots on

anterior margin (the central ones shortest), a lanceolate discal spot

much widened posteriorly and a spot in front of each anterior angle of

the basal cruciform elevation, black. Abdomen black, the tympanal

coverings and posterior segmental margins dull ochraceous, head

beneath, sternum, and legs dull ochraceous; central sulcation and

posterior margins to face ; a fascia between eyes and face, some obscure

sternal spots, and a spot at base of operculum, black; abdomen beneath

blackish, with the posterior segmental margins ochraceous. Tegmina

with about the basal half opaque and creamy ochraceous, costalmembrane

with two fuscous spots, and the following fuscous fasciæ :—one basal,

one oblique, passing through centre of radial area and terminating at

JAPANESE CICADIDÆ. d

apex of lower ulnar area, and a broad, waved, and irregular fascia com-

mencing at apex of radial area and united with the preceeding fascia at

apex of lower ulnar area; between the second and third fasciæ are some

small fuscous spots and a semihyaline spot near end of radial area, and a

similar spot in lower apical area, remainder of tegmina hyaline, with a

broad subapical fuscous fascia extending to apex of third ulnar area, an

apical fuscous spot and some irregular small fuscous spots on the apices

of longitudinal veins to apical areas. Wings dark fuscous, overlapping

at centre, outwardly convex, but somewhat oblique at their lateral

margins; the face is considerably compressed with the central sulcation

broad and somewhat deep.”

Long. excl. tegm. 21-22 mm. Exp. tegm. 65-73 mm.

Hab.—-China and Japan.

This beautiful insect is found all over Japan from the Kurile Islands

in the north to Ryuku in the south, and from the variegated coloration of

its wing is very familar. It comes out early in June and its monoton-

ous ni-ni sound is heard until the end of September. Its voice is

heard from morn till night, and it always remains in the same place

unless disturbed by an enemy. Its pupal covering is easily dis-

tinguished from that of other species particularly by some earth always

adhering to it. According to L. Disrant this species is entirely

confined to Japan and China. I sent a specimen of this insect some

years ago to Mr. L. O. Howarp, entomologist to the Agricultural

Department of the United States and by his kindness it was handed on

to Prof. UHLER, president of the Maryland Academy of Sciences. It

was by him identified as Platypleura repanda, Linn. of Europe and

Asia( fig, 2, a, b). Ninteen specimens of this insect sent to the Columbian

Exposition by Mr. Nawa, under the name of Prof. MIrsUKURI, have also

been identified as P. repanda, L. Itis doubtful whether it is after all

the real repanda, because the Japanese insect is not only smaller in size

but also, according to the description and figures given by Mr. DISTANT

in his classic work, it differs much in its marking. However I have

placed this species on the plate for reference.

4 M. MATSUMURA.

2. Graptosaltria colorata (fig. 3, a, b).

Graptosaltria colorata, Stal. Berlin. Ent. Zeit. 1865.

This species is peculiar to Japan, and the only known representa-

tive of the genus. It is very common on the Main Island and in Ryukyu,

but much less so in Hokkaido. It is commonly known as aburazemi.

Its description is as follows :—

“ Head black; apex and base of front, anterior lateral margins,

a small spot behind eyes, and two large discal spots to vertex

castaneous ; ocelli and eyes ochraceous. Pronotum castaneous, the

anterior and posterior margins, and two narrow central longitudinal

fasciæ, blackish; extreme lateral margins castaneous. Mesonotum

black, with 2 faint obconical spots at centre of anterior margin; in some

specimens there are a few castaneous spots; cruciform elevation casta-

neous, with its centre and apical angles black. Abdomen above black.

Body beneath ochraceous, mottled with dark castaneous and blackish ;

opercula dull ochraceous, the outer margin and a subapical fascia

castaneous, a small pale spot near apex of lower apical area.”

Long. excl. tegm. 30-37 mm. Exp. tegm. 92-118 mm.

The females of this species are invariably larger than the males,

just contrary to what is known in the other species; and on examina-

tion each contains, according to Mr. Nawa, on the average 349 long,.

slightly curved eggs. It cries from morn till night, but chiefly towards

evening at sunset. It continnally changes its place ; sometimes resting

upon the telegraph-pole ; sometimes on the fence and at others on

bamboos, etc. This, like the preceeding species, is very common and is

easily distinguished by its reddish brown wings.

3. Cosmopsaltria opalifera (fig. 4, a, b).

Dundubia opalifera, Walker. List Hom. 1850.

Cosmopsaltria opalifera, Dist. Monog. Orient. Cicad. 1890.

This small species is also peculiar to Japan, and is commonly known.

JAPANESE CICADIDÆ 5

as tsukutsukuboshi. Its ground color is black, while the yellowish green

markings differ very much according to individuals. Its description is

as follows :—

“ Head and thorax above ochraceous; head with its lateral

striations and a spot near base of front, the area of the ocelli, and a large

irregular lateral fascia in front of eyes, black; pronotum with two

central black fasciæ somewhat hour-glass shaped, the furrows, a spot near

each lateral angle of posterior margin, and the extreme lateral margin,

black ; mesonotum with five large black fasciate spots, of which two are

obconical with their bases on the anterior margin, one large central

and subtriangular, and one somewhat broken occupying each lateral

area; abdomen above blackish, the tympanal coverings ochraceous.

Head beneath sternum, legs, and opercula ochraceous ; apices of anterior

femora, the apices of the tibie and tarsi, the transverse striations

and longitudinal sulcation to face, and the margins of the opercula

black; abdomen beneath castaneous, apex pitchy.

“ Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation brownish ; tegmina

with the costal membrane brownish-ochraceous, the transverse veins at

the bases of the second and third apical areas fuscated. The opercula

are short, narrowed and angulated at apices, and reach the third ab-

dominal segment.

“ Long. excl. tegm. £ 30 mm. Exp. tegm. 82 mm.”

It comes out in late summer or early autumn, and for this reason

the Chinese call it “ winter cicada,” it being the forerunner of winter.

It is very hard to catch on account of its agility, but at the time of

oviposition it seems to become very sluggish. Its screamings are heard

at first far up on high trees or in mountain regions, but gradually it

comes down, and abounds near human habitations and so becomes

familiar to all.

In Hokkaido specimens are much smaller and the species is here

more local, it specially prefering regions where willows abound, the

latter being probably its food plant.

6 M. MATSUMURA.

4. Pomponia maculaticollis (fig. 5, a, b).

Cicada maculaticollis, Motschulsky. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. 1866.

Pomponia Maculaticollis, Dist. Monog. Orient. Cicad. 1891.

This is an alpine insect, but in Tokyo it is often found near houses

and is as familiar as the former species. It is commonly known as

mimmin zemi, deriving its name from the tone of its ery. It is generally

distributed throughout Japan, and is also common in China, where it

presents a slight variation in color. Description as follows :—

“Head, pronotum, and mesonotum greenish-ochraceous. Head

with the transverse strie to front, the area of the ocelli, a larger spot at

inner margins of eyes, posterior margins of eyes, and a transverse linear

spot at anterior angles of vertex, black. Pronotum with two central

linear fasciæ, sinuated and ampliated anteriorly and posteriorly, a discal

spot on each side, the furrows, two transverse spots on outer margin,

and the extreme lateral and posterior margins, black. Mesonotum with

two central obconical spots, followed by some irregular markings on

each side of disk, a small rounded spot at anterior angles of basal cruci-

form elevation and two central lines on disk of same, black. Body

beneath and legs greenish ochraceous ; transverse strie to face, inner area

of eyes, central line to and apex of rostrum, femoral streaks, bases and

apices of tibie, outer and posterior margins of opercula, and basa] halves

of abdominal segments, black.

“ The opercula are broad, convex and overlapping ; the face has a

faint central longitudinal sulcation, and the rostrum extends to the

posterior cox®.

“Long. excl. tegm. 40-43 mm. Exp. tegm. 120-123 mm.”

Hab.—Japan and China.

It is very common in August, coming out quite late among cicadas,

and like the preceding species is somewhat difflcult to catch.

5. Pomponia japonensis (fig. 6, a, b).

Pomponia japonensis, Distant. Monog. Orient. Cicad. 1892.

This species very much resembles Pomponia fusca, Olivier of

JAPANESE CICADIDÆ.

continental India, only differing in the opercula being widely divided and

not meeting at the inner side, and also by the rostrum only reaching the

posterior coxæ, while in the species of Olivier it extends to the basal

segment of the abdomen. Its description is as follows :—

“ Head, pronotum, and mesonotum greenish-ochraceous. Head with

the avterior margins of front, an irregular central fascia to vertex

enclosing the ocelli, a large spot on inner side of eyes, and the anterior

lateral angle of vertex, dark olivaceous. Pronotum with a broad central

longitudinal fascia, two large oblique spots on each lateral area, and a

spot on the lateral margin, brownish olivaceous, mesonotum with seven

brownish-olivaceous spots ; two sinuate central ones, and a long spot on

each lateral area, two small spots of the same color in front of each anterior

angle of the basal cruciform elevation. Abdomen pale castaneous with

ochraceous pilosity. Head beneath, sternum, legs and opercula pale

greenish ; upper and apical areas of face, a spot near apices of femora,

apices of anterior and intermediate tarsi, apex of rostrum and a

triangular spot between the intermediate and posterior coxæ, dark

fuscous. Abdomen beneath dark ochraceous.

“ Degmina and wings pale hyaline; tegmina with the costal mem-

brane greenish, transverse veins at the bases of the second, third, fourth,

fifth, seventh and eighth apical areas infuscated, and a marginal series of

small fuscous spots situated at the apices of the longitudinal veins to

apical areas ; the venation is otherwise ochraceous, sometimes replaced

by black; basal cell and claval margin brownish-ochraceous. Wing with

the venation brownish-ochraceous ; claval margin darker in hue.

“ Long. excl. tegm. 7 36 mm. Exp. tegm. 88-92 mm.”

This beautiful species is also peculiar to Japan and is known

commonly as higurashi or kanakana zemi ; the latter name being derived

from its screamings. It is an alpine insect, many living in deep forests

where sunlight does not penetrate. Its voice is heard especially at sun-

rise and sunset. In Hokkaido it is very common near dwellings and is

the earliest cicada we meet with. It cries from morn till night with its

peculiarly accented tone.

8 M. MATSUMURA.

6. Leptosaltria tuberosa (fig. 7, a, b).

Cicada tuberosa, Signoret. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1847.

Dundubia tuberosa, Walk. List Hom. 1850.

Leptosaltria tuberosa, Stal. Berl. Ent. Zeit. 1866.

This is a somewhat rare insect resembling the haruzemi in its

general features, but differs from it in the smallness of its head, the

lateral margins of the pronotum being distinctly toothed, and the second

and third ventral segments in the male being furnished with distinet,

lateral tubercules. Description as follows :—

‘ Body above brownish ochraceous ; head with some lateral curved

fasciæ to front, some oblique fasciæ to vertex, area of ocelli and basal

margin blackish; pronotum with two central blackish longitudinal lines,

the anterior margin, the edge of lateral margin, and a spot near each

lateral area blackish, posterior margin greenish or ochraceous ; mesono-

tum with the following blackish markings :—-a narrow central longitudi-

nal fascia, on each side of which is a short curved fascia; these are

followed by a short triangular spot in front of the basal cruciform

elevation, and a fascia on each lateral margin uniting with the preceding

fascia at base. Abdomen with the segmental margins blackish.

“ Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation brownish; tegmina

with the costal membrane brownish, a blackish spot at base of upper

ulnar area, the transverse veins at the bases of second, third, fifth and

seventh apical areas infuscated, and a submarginal series of small fuscous

spots placed near the apices of the longitudinal veins to apical areas.

“ Opercula small, situated wide apart, their apices broadly convex.

“Long. excl. tegm. Z 27-32 mm. Exp. tegm. 72-79 mm.”

This is quite a widely distributed species known also in continental

India, Java, and other places. I have never seen it in this Empire and

only know of its existence here from figure and description. I am not

able therefore to describe its character.

7. Terpnosia Pryeri (fig. 8, a, b).

Terpnosia Pryeri, Distant. Monog. Orient. Cicad. 1892.

JAPANESE CICADIDÆ. 9

“J. Head black, thickly greyishly pilose with two ochraceous

-spots on posterior margin. Pronotnm ochraceous, thickly pilose with

two central longitudinal fasciæ, a curved linear spot on each side of disk,

the fissures and the inner lateral and posterior margins black ; a fuscous

spot on lateral margins at posterior angles, and a small central black

spot on posterior margin. Mesonotum dark ochraceous, with four

obconical black spots,—the central pair shortest—a central lanceolate

black spot extending from the cruciform elevation to near anterior

margin, and a very small spot on anterior margin between the outer

obconical spots. Abdomen pale castaneous, the posterior segmental

margins—widest at centre—black. Body beneath ochraceous, thickly

pilose; striations to face and sometimes fascial disk, apices and some-

‘times under surface of femora, bases of tibie, apices of tarsi, sternal spot

‘and extreme base of abdomen, black.

“Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous or

fuscous ; tegmina with the costal membrane ochraceous ; the transverse

‘veins at the bases of the second, third, fifth and seventh apical areas

infuscated.

“The rostrum reaches the posterior coxæ ; the face is obscurely

sulcate and striate.

“ Long. excl. tegm. £ 27 mm.; © 22 mm. Exp.tegm. J 67

mm.; 9 64 mm.”

This is also a species peculiar to Japan and appears to be quite

local in its occurrence, not being found in the southern provinces. It is

commonly known as haruzemi or matsumushi; the former name on

account of its early appearance, and the latter on account of its always

living on pine trees. Its coloration much resembles pine bark, and its

cry is often heard near dwellings, but it is very difficult to see.

It comes out in spring and its nearly monotonous sound of Jiwa-jrwa

may be heard from a good distance off.

8. Terpnosia nigrocosta (fig. 9, a, b).

Cicada nigrocosta, Motschulsky. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1866.

Terpnosia nigrocosta, Distant. Monog. Orient. Cicad. 1892.

10 M. MATSUMURA.

“ 2. Head ochraceous, marginal striations to front and the whole-

of vertex—excludiug two small spots near eyes and two basal spots —

black. Pronotum blackish; the lateral and posterior margins, a

central longitudinal fascia, and some discal macular markings,

ochraceous ; extreme edges of posterior and lateral margins, with three

marginal spots near each lateral angle and a central basal marginal spot.

black. Mesonotum ochraceous with a large central fused spot, au.

irregular fascia on each lateral area, and a large spot in front of the

basal cruciformelevation, black. Abdomen pale castaneous, with greyish

tomentose lateral markings, the base, —narrowly—the apical segment

and areal appendage, and a lateral series of segmental spots, blackish.

Body beneath ochraceous ; a central fascia and transverse striations to

face, sternal spots, opercula, femora, anterior tibie, base of posterior

tibie, base and apex of anterior and intermediate tarsi, and margins of -

the apical segment, black or blackish.

“Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation mostly fuscous ;

tegmina with the costal membrane ochraceous, its outer edge black ; the-

transverse veins at the bases of the second, third, fifth, seventh and

eighth apical areas infuscated, a series of small marginal spots on the

longitudinal veins to apical areas, a spot on venation at base of upper

ulnar area and the same at apex and anterior margin of basal cell, and a

claval streak, black.

“The rostrum reaches the posterior coxæ ; the face is very ob-

scurely sulcated and somewhat strongly transversely striate.

“ Long. excl. tegm. g 30-31 mm.; 2 23-26 mm. Exp. tegm.

d 77-80 mm.; 2. 72-88 mm.”

This very much resembles the preceding species, differing only by

its larger size, its color and the shape (best explained by figure) of its-

opercula, the fasciated abdomen and the relative length of the first and.

second apical areas to tympana, the first in 7. Pryeri being about twice as.

long as the second. Itis also peculiar to Japan. It is recorded that Mr.

LEWIS, the celebrated coleopterist, first procured a good series of the spe-

cimens of this species during his entomological journey in Japan. It has.

JAPANESE CICADIDÆ. qui

been taken at Chuzenji, Nikko, and therefore seems to be quite

au alpine insect. I think nikköharuzemi is the proper name for it.

9. Cryptotympana fascialis (fig. 10, a, b\.

Cicada fascialis, Walker. List Homop., Suppl. 1858.

Cryptotympana fascialis, Stal. Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Förn. 1862.

Fidicina nigrofuscata, Motsch. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. 1866.

“ g. Body above black, sparingly and finely pilose; tympana

castaneous, basal abdominal segment narrowly margined with greyish-

white pile, especially at the lateral margins; eyes dull obscure

ochraceous. Body beneath thickly clothed with greyish-white

pile; head, prosternum, lateral margins and a broad central fascia to

abdomen, dull olivaceous ; anterior and intermediate legs dull olivaceous

streaked with ochraceous, posterior legs ochraceous, femoral streaks and

apices of tibie olivaceous, opercula bright ochraceous; face with a

central longitudical fascia and the margins of head between face and eyes

dull ochraceous.

“Tegmina and wings hyaline, the venation olivaceous and fuscous ;

tegmina with the costal membrane olivaceous, the costal area blackish ;

transverse veins at the bases of the second and third apical areas slightly

infuscated ; base of tegmina not extending beyond basal cell (excluding

venation) blackish ; vein beneath, lower ulnar area reddish ochraceous ;

wings with less than basal half blackish.

“The opercula are about half the length of the body, subovate,

overlapping at their central basal margin, and their apices broadly and

convex rounded.

“Long. excl. tegm. g 45-49 mm. Exp. tegm. 120-125 mm.”

This is the largest cicada existing in this Empire, and though

common in Okinawa, is not found in the north. I have no informa-

tion about its character, but should like to hear about it from any one

who has travelled in that region. I am only acquainted with its figure

and description as given by Disrant, and it is said that PRYER has

collected it in Ryuku. This species is also found in Siam and China.

12 M. MATSUMURA.

10. Cryptotympana pustulata (fig. 11, a, b).

Tettigonia pustulata, Fabr. Mant. Ins. 1787.

Tettigonia atrata, Fabr. Mant. Ins. 1787.

Cicada atrata, Oliv. Ene. Meth. 1790.

Cicada nigra, Oliv. Ene. Meth. 1790.

Cicada pustulata, Oliv. Ene. Meth. 1790.

Cicada atrata, Sign. Rev. and Mag. Zool. 1849.

Fidicina atrata, Walk. List. Hom. 1850

Fidieina bubo, Walk. List. Hom. 1850.

Cryptotympana bubo, Stal. Ofv. Vet.-Ak. Förn. 1872.

Cryptotympana atrata, Stla. Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr. 1861. .

Cryptotympana nigra, Stal. Hemp. Fabr. 1869.

“&. Body above black; eyes ochraceous; mesonotum with

obscure central linear pale castaneous obconical spots, the cruciform

elevation also castaneous. Body beneath black ; head with the central

sulcation, apex and lateral margins of face, the outer and posterior

margins of opercula, margins of abdominal segments, and some scattered

sternal spots, ochraceous. Legs ochraceous, femoral streaks and bases

and apices of tibie black.

“Tegmina and wings pale hyaline, the venation ochraceous and

fuscous, tegmina with the costal membrane ochraceous, its extreme

basal costal edge black, the post-costal area black; less than basal third

of tegmina (excluding venation) black ; basal cell black, with an ochrace-

ous spot. Wings with less than basal half black. Body robust, but

moderately elongate ; opercula not half the length of the body, their

outer margins oblique and slightly convex, their inner margins strongly

oblique to apices, which are broadly and obtusely angulated.

“ Long. excl. tegm. J 44 mm. Exp. tegm. 125 mm.”

This large insect seems to be quite a tropical form, being found also

in the Malay Archipelago, Philippine Islands, Hongkong, and China;

in south Japan it is very common, but is not found in Hokkaido and the

northern parts of the Main Island. It eries only in the morning, but not

in the afternoon, making clamorous and deafening noise somewhat resem-

bling the sound of sha-sha. Like the preceding species, it is easily

distinguished from any other by its opercula being bright yellow. Mr.

Nawa found that it deposits its eggs in the half dead branches of

ae) ll

JAPANESE CICADIDE. 1:

mulberry-trees, and though I have not yet found their eggs, it seems to

me that willow is the food plant in the south. It is commonly known

as kumazemi.

11. Cicada flammata (fig. 12, a, b).

Cicada flammata, Distant. Monog. Orient. Cicad. 1882.

“®. Head, mesonotum and abdomen black, the pronotum red-

dish-ochraceous. Head with a spot at base and apex of front, a spot at

anterior angles of vertex and a spot behind eyes reddish-ochraceous ;

eyes ochraceous. Pronotum with two slender central black fascia,

narrowed, angulated and joined posteriorly ; inner edge of lateral and

posterior margins, outer edge of posterior margin and edge at lateral

angles, black. Mesonotum with two central obconical spots, the

margins of which are reddish ochraceous; the cruciform elevation

(excepting centre and angular apices) also reddish-ochraceous. Abdomen

with faint traces of a double longitudinal series of white pilose spots.

Body beneath dark castaneous, the sternum thickly clothed with greyish-

white pile ; space between eyes and face black, enclosing an ochraceous

spot on anterior margin ; legs ochraceous.

“ Tegmina and wings hyaline, the venation ochraceous and fuscous.

Tegmina with the base—not extending beyond basal cell—ochraceous, a

black linear streak extending about inner edge of costal membrane which

is ochraceous ; transverse veins at the bases of the second and third

apical areas, aud sometimes the interior of the upper apical area, in-

fuscated ; wings with the base narrowly ochraceous, and with an inner

and an outer claval ochraceous streak.

“ Long. excl. tegm. 2 40 mm. Exp. tegm. 120 mm.”

This is a common insect in Hokkaido and is often found near houses.

It comes out late in summer, especially in the month of August and

September, a little earlier than ésukutsuku boshi(Cosmopsaltria opalifera).

Its cry is heard from morning till night, especially during the hottest part

of the day, producing a noisy peculiar ght ghi sound, causing the listener

14 M. MATSUMURA.

at a distance to feel somewhat sleepy. It chiefly prefers oak trees. I

have not yet found this insect in other parts of Japan; it is probably

peculiar to Hokkaido. For this reason it is known as Yezozemi.

12. Cicada bihammata (fig. 13 a, b).

Cicada bihamata, Motsch. Etud. Ent. 1861.

“4g. Head black; a spot at base of front, the anterior marginal

angles of vertex, anda spot a little before posterior margin of eyes,

ochraceous ; ocelli and eyes dull ochraceous. Pronotum castaneous, its

margin ochraceous; a central black fascia containing a lanceolate

ochraceous spot and with a wide basal spot of the some color; lateral

margins inwardly and posterior margin inwardly and outwardly black,

the posterior marginal angle avd an oblique spot just before it also

black. Mesonotum black, with two discal angulated ochraceous fasciæ

united at anterior margin ; the lateral margins and the lateral sides and

angles of the basal cruciform elevation ochraceous. Abdomen above

blackish castaneous ; apical segments centrally marked with ochraceous.

Body beneath blackish, a spot on anterior margin of face, a marginal

spot between face and eyes, lateral margins of the prosternum, legs,

opercula and segmental margins ochraceous ; legs with blackish

markings.

“ Tegmina and wings pale hyaline. 'Tegmina with the venation

ochraceous and fuscous ; basal cell almost—sometimes partly—black ;

transverse veins at the bases of the second, third, fourth, fifth and

seventh apical areas infuscated ; base of claval area ochraceous.

“The opercula about half, or a little more than half, the length of

the abdomen, are divergent, with their apices broad, and convexly

rounded, their outer margins concavely sinuate and black at outer basal

margin.

“ Long. excl. tegm. ¢ 33 mm. Exp. tegm. 88 mm.”

This very much resembles the preceding species, but differs from

it in its small size, its being a little paler, and the date of appearance

JAPANESE CICADIDÆ. 1a

being much earlier in summer. Its cry also resembles that of the pre-

ceding species though it is not so loud. It frequents trees near

houses and is very common in Hokkaido. According to PRYER and

LEWIS this species is also found in Tokyo, but I have never come across

it. Isent this insect to America for identification a few years ago, and

it has been identified as Cicada Leechi, Distant, and is said to be found

also in China. But according to the description and figures given by

Distant it differs very much from that species, especially in the form

of the opercula and the abdomen not being ornamented with longitudinal

series of whitish pilose spots.

13. Cicada clara.

Cicada clara, Motsch., Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. 1886.

I have not yet seen this insect, and owing to lack of good descrip-

tion, it is not known whether it is merely a synonym or quite a new

form. The following description is given by Motschulsky.

“ Statura et color cicada orni sed thrace dorso magis nigro.

Elongata attenuata opaca, fusco-testaceo, capite thoraceque nigris,

-subtestaceo pictis, hoc lateribus viridi maculatis, pectore atro, pedibus

nigris testaceo annulatis; ¢, abdominis segmento, penultimo subtus

‘trapezoidale, ultimo attenuato, tympanis transversis femoribus anticis

bidentatis.

““&, Long. corp. 124 1.; lat. Exp. alar. 811.

Hab. Japan.”

14. Cicada vacua.

Cicada vacua, Olivier, Ene. Meth. 1790.

This also has not yet been identified. The following description is

given by Olivier :—

“ La cigale vuide.

“La tête, le corps et les pattes sont noir minime ou de couleur

fauve ; l’abdomen est vuide et comme transparent, son dernier anneau

16 M. MATSUMURA.

est garni de duvet blanc; les etuis et les ailes sont transparens comme-

du verre.

Hab.—“ Elle vient du Japon”.

15. Melampsaltria radiator (fig. 14, a, b).

Melampsalta radiator, Uhler. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 1896.

Mr. P. UHLER’s description of this species is as follows :-—

“Form of Cicada montata, Hagen, but a little broader, more

generally covered with silvery whitish scales, which easily rub off and

with the apical valvular ventral segment of the male short, ovate, not

tapering at tip, and with the opercula longer, forming curved lobes

which approach but do not touch on the middle line of venter. General

surface black, polished, with the venter pale fulvous. Vertex a little

broader than long, with the apex and base each with a yellowish spot,

the latter being placed in an oval cavity, the supra-antennal lobes

narrow, testaceous, frout moderately blunt, broadly margined with-

yellow, suleate on the middle line above, and over this is a large yellow

spot, the transverse carinate lines and grooves distinct, rostrum black,

reaching to the middle coxæ. Legs greenish, with the base and apex

of femora and some lines along their surface, knee tips, and sometimes.

the middle of tibie, base and tip of tarsi, besides the nails, and the three-

spines of anterior femora, black, the inner spine much longer than the-

others. Pronotum bordered behind and on the sides with greenish

yellow, mesonotum with a deltoid yellow spot each side of disk, connect-

ing with a slender line which continues back to the borders of the cross,

and from thence on the posterior and lateral carinate borders. Wing

covers with large and often irregular meshes, the apical series beginning

with a moderately short trangular one, and followed by longer curved

ones to the inner bend of the margin, the costal vein greenish yellow,

veins dark brown, yellow basally, and including the membrane, wings.

with brown veins, the inner area striped and margined with smoke

brown, the basal membrane reddish, a streak (margined with fuliginous).

JAPANESE CICADIDÆ. jy)

running out from it, pale plumbeous. The inner alulet is large, ovate,

bounded by a course vein and traversed by numerous long veins.

Abdomen long and narrow with the middle of venter striped with a

series of black spots.

“Length to tip of abdomen: Z 20mm.; P 22 mm. Spread of

wing-covers, 55-57 mm.

“ The female has a much longer and more slender spur at apex of

the tergum than in the male. In this species the two ulnar veins are

separated at their origin on the angle of the basal areole, and the inner

alulet (Schlussfeld) of the wing is broadly rounded and traversed by

eight or more very slender veins, forming long areoles.”

This is the smallest cicada found in Japan, and it is not only rare

but also very hard to collect, being found always on the stems of pine

trees which naturally protects it. Its cry very much resembles that of a

certain locust (Xiphidium), producing a monotonous chitch-chitche

sound, by which its presence is betrayed. It comes out in July and its

voice is heard to the end of October. It is truly an alpine insect being

always found in the mountain forests of the north.

16. Melampsaltria yezoensis, sp. nov.

Closely allied to M. radiator. Head and thorax above black,

sparingly covered with short yellowish metallic pilosity, sternum with

silvery short hairs. Basal joint of rostrum yellow; eyes dusky with

pale portion; legs testaceous with the following black markings :—fascia

of coxa, one or two spots of trochanter, two longitudinal fascie and tip

of femora, tip and longitudinal fascia of tibie, inner side of tarsi and tip

of claws, and the three spines of anterior femora. Sternum pale yellow

with some black markings, opercula pale yellow with the base black,

anterior and posterior margin of pronotum brownish yellow, the sides

pale yellow, a deltoid spot on each side of disk and sides. of mesonotum

yellow, the former not continued with a slender line which extends

back to the borders of the cruciform elevation. Abdomen black with

18 M. MATSUMURA.

smooth metallic yellow pilosity, posterior margin of each segment deep

yellow. Apical areas of wing covers (tegmina) beginning with a sub-

lanceolate one, two veins of second apical area being separated at their

origin on the angle of first ulnar area, two veins of fourth ulnar area not

separated at their origin, arising from common stalk on the basal cell.

Costal, basal and ulnar veins clivaceous, anal vein and apical margin

dusky, basal membrane beautiful cinnabar red. Wings, in certain

angles of reflection, beautiful purplish blue. The rest same as the former

species.

Long. excl. tegm. 26-27 mm. Exp. tegm. 67-69 mm.

Var.? A broad greenish yellow central fascia passes across the

pronotum, widened anteriorly to clavate form, posteriorly to equilateral

triangular form, bordered by a broad transverse greenish yellow fascia at

the posterior margin. Greenish yellow deltoid spot on each side of

mesonotum large, just like an inverted M, not continued to the cruciform

elevation; the latter being dull yellow and traversed by a central

brownish fascia. The com:non stalk of fourth ulnar vein on the angle

of basal cell not so long as in true yezoensis. General surface of the body

brownish black, sternum, venter, legs much paler than the typical form.

Probably this may be quite a different species, but as I have caught only

a single specimen, I couid not determine fully,

This is closely allied to the preceding species, but is much larger in

size and differs in its coloration and venation, and can easily be dis-

tinguished from it. I found this insect for the first time last summer in

Ishiyama in a forest of birch, its presence being betrayed by its voice,

which also resembles that of M. radiator. This is not so very rare a

species, but being of quite a local occurrence has passed unnoticed

through the ten years of my entomological collection in this part of this

island. I also heard its voice last year in the deep forest of Jozankei,

Abuta, Yamanaka, and Toya during a ramble in the latter part of

August.

JAPANESE CICADIDE. 19

Besides the species above enumerated «it seems to me that there

are two or more species which are to be found in some parts of Hokkaido,

not yet known to entomologists; for I have heard some unfamiliar

sounds of cicada somewhere ina deep forest of Jozankei as well as in

other parts. Upon opening the stomach of a trout which I caught last

year in Chitose River I found a specimen of a very peculiar species of

cicada without head and wing ; it is perhaps a new species, but can not

well be identified.

M. MATSUMURA.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE 1.

LIO a è N»

CRT

10.

Platypleura Kampferi, Fabr:

Platypleura repanda. L.

Graptosaltria colorata, Stal.

Cosmopsaltria opalifera, Walk.

Pomponia maculaticollis, Mots.

Pomponia japonensis, Dist.

Leptosaltria tuberosa, Sign.

Terpnosia Pryeri, Dist.

Terpnosia nigrocosta, Mots.

Cryptotympana fascialis, Walk.

Cryptotympana pustulata, Fabr:

Cicada flammata, Dist.

Cicada bihammata, Mots.

Melampsaltria radiator, Uhl.

Melampsaltria yezoensis, sp. nov.

Printed January 24, 1898.

Tas. I,

Annor. Zoou, Jap. Vou. Il. x

SANO

darli

I NG

On a New Species of Littoral Oligocheta

(Pontodrilus matsushimensis).

By AKIRA IIZUKA,

Zoological Institute, Science Coll., Imp. Univ., Tokyo.

With Plate II.

During a short excursion to Matsushima Bay, Province of Rikuzen,

last August I collected, among other annelids, an oligochæte referable to

the genus Pontodrilus, of which only five species* have been recorded

from other parts of the world, but as yet none from our coasts. As the

species in question presents some remarkable points of difference from

any of the known members of the genus, I think it worth while to

publish its description.

It is found burrowing in sand, under the half decayed leaves of

Zostera marina, along the shores of Matsushima Bay, from low tide

mark to a certain distance farther up, beyoud, as it seems to me, high

tide mark. There is no indication of its presence on the surface of the

sand, so that it can only be obtained by indiscriminate digging. I my-

self have obtained only a few specimens, but Mr. B. OnoDERA of Shiwo-

gama, a small town on the western side of the bay, bas been able to send

me a large number of them living in kind compliance with my request.

Most of the specimens before me are sexually mature.

* (1) Pontodrilus littoralis, Grube from the shores of the Mediterranean. (2) P.

bermudensis, Beddard from Brazil, Bermuda, and Jamaica. (3) P. hesperidum, Beddard

from Jamaica. (4) P. insularis, Rosa from the Aru Islands. (5) P. phosphoreus Duges

from North France.

29, AKIRA IIZUKA.

A. Characters of the adult animal.

In the living state, the annelid in question is of a white color with a

light pinkish tint; a single dorsal blood vessel is seen through the more

or less transparent wall of the body, as a bright red line running antero-

posteriorly and giving off lateral branches.

The body (fig. 1) is long and slender, measuring 90-110 mm. in

length, by 3-3.5 mm. in breadth. The number of segments varies from

100 to 105 according to individuals. The breadth of the body increases

from the first to about the sixth segment, and then remain nearly the

same until the seventeenth. The eighteenth segment has a pair of pad-

like longitudinal ridges, on which account it is wider than any other

segment. From the next succeeding segment (19th) the body tapers

gradually towards the last, or anal, segment.

The prestomium (fig. 2, pr.) is present, but small, being separated

from the first segment or the peristomium (fig. 2, per.) by two curved

grooves, which converge posteriorly.

The clitellum (fig. 2, cl.) is well developed all around the body,

occupying segments XII-XVII.

A pair of pad-like longitudinal ridges (figs. 1 & 3, p.) is developed

on the ventral side of the eighteenth segment. They hang out on

each side somewhat like the pads of a saddle. Its free edge is bent

inwards, z.e. mediad, so as to overhang the male pores which open on

that segment. The genital papilla (figs. 1 & 3, g.p.) occupies the

ventral median portion of segments XIX and XX, both of which con-

tribute to its formation. It is elliptical in outline, with the major axis

disposed transversely and has a central depression.

The set@ are short and simple, arranged in eight series longitudinally,

or in four pairs in each segment. The two sete composing each

ventral pair are nearer each other than those of the dorsal pair. From

segment XXI posteriorly, each seta is furnished at its side with a

shorter accessory one. No penial sete are found in the neighborhood of

the genital apertures.

ON A NEW SPECIES OF LITTORAL OLIGOCHATA. 23

The dorsal pores are absent.

The dorsal longitudinal blood vessel is single, giving oft nume-

rous lateral branches, or ventro-dorsal commissures. The two pairs

of the latter, situated in segments XII and XIII are dilated (hearts),

and are very conspicuous. A subneural blood-vessel does not exist in

the present species.

The septa between the segments V-XIII are much thickened.

In the alimentary tract the caleiferous glands are absent. The

gizzard is but very feebly developed. The intestine begins in the fonr-

teenth segment.

The nephridia are paired and commence in segment XIII. Their

pores open in frout of the outer of the ventral pair of sete, and their

funnels lie in the segment preceding that which contains the main mass

of the organ. In segment XIV, the nephridia serve as oviducts.

The spermathece (fig. 4, sp.) occur in two pairs, in segments VIII

and IX. Each spermatheca has a diverticulum in the same segment.

The spermathecal pores (fig. 1, sp.p.) are situated between segments

VII/VIJI and VIII/IX. They lie in front of and outside the outer

of the ventral pair of sete, surrounded by a conspicuous elevation of the

body surface, so that they may easily be recognized at a glance. The

elevations just mentioned as well as the two pads in segment XVIII,

and also the genital papilla, are not well developed and therefore difficult

to find in young specimens of 40 mm. or so in length.

The ovaries (fig. 4, 0.), present in one pair, lie in segment XIII, and

are connected with the peritoneal epithelium on the posterior side of the

septum between segments XII and XIII. The ova are of various sizes

but even the largest are furnished with little yolk, and they are never of

considerable size. I have also observed some detached eggs in the

cavity of segment XIII.

The oviducal pores (fig. 1, od.p.) open on segment XIV, in front

and a little outside, of the inner of the ventral pair of sete. The

funnels of the oviducts are situated in segment XIII.

24 AKIRA IIZUKA.

The testes (fig. 4, t.) are present in two pairs, in segments X

and XI.

The sperm-sacs (fig. 4, sp.s.) likewise in two pairs, are racemose

and lie in segments XI and XII. ‘The spermatozoa are in various

stages of development. Almost fully developed spermatozoa have also

been observed in the body cavity.

The funnels (fig. 4, f.) of the spermducts are, as usual, provided

with long cilia and lie in two pairs in segments X and XI. The vas

deferens (fig. 5, v.d.) runs posteriorly, on each side as far as segment

XVIII, where it enters the mass of the spermiducal gland (fig. 5, sp.

gl. g.) in the neighborhood of the junction of the glandular and muscular

portion: of the latter, eventually to open into the lumen of the gland

(figs. 5 & 6, sp. gl.'c.)

There is only one pair of spermidneal glands. They belong to the

tubular type (figs. 4 & 5) and occupy segments XVII-XIX, being

much convoluted. Each gland consists, as already mentioned, of a

glandular and a muscular portion, the latter leading to the exterior. At

first, on dissecting the worm, it appeared to me as if the vas deferens

opened at the junction of the two portions of the gland; but a close

examination of serial sections has shown that this is not the case. The

vas deferens is continued without interruption after joining the gland,

and runs in the midst of the glandular cells towards the posterior blind

end of the gland, tracing in general, the convolutions of the latter. It is

at this end that the vas deferens really opens into the lumen of the

gland. In other words the spermiducal gland is not a blind diverticulam

but a direct continuation of the course, of the vas deferens. | The

glaudular portion passes at the anterior end into the strongly muscular

portion. The latter gradually tapers towards, and finally opens extern-

ally at, the male pore inside the pad-like ridge on segment XVIII.

The wall of the vas deferens is composed of a single layer of dis-

tinctly nucleated cells, and its inner surface is provided with long cilia

(fig. 6, c. and w.v.d.) The glandular portion of the spermiducal gland

consists of two distinct layers, the inner columnar epithelial layer, and

ON A NEW SPECIES OF LITTORAL OLIGOCHATA.

the outer thicker layer of more granular pear-shaped cells. The lumen

is not ciliated. The part of the vas deferens enclosed in the spermiducal

gland traverses the outer layer of the wall, so that in sections of the

gland there appear two cavities, one that of the spermiducal gland and

the other that of the vas deferens,

The ciliated epithelial wall of the vas deferens passes rather

abruptly into the inner wall of the gland (fig. 6)

B. Systematic position of the new species.

From the above description, it is evident that this annelid belongs

to the family Cryptodrilidæ, as defined by F. E. Brpparp in his

“ Monograph of the Order of Oligocheta.” The generic determination

however offers some difficulty. The genus to which the present annelid

comes very closely in several respects is undoubtedly Pontodrilus,* to

which I refer it after all. But the one, by no means unimportant

descrepancy consists in the fact that that genus has the “ vasa deferentia

opening at the junction of the glandular and muscular parts,” whereas in

the present species, the vas deferens distinctly opens into one end of the

glandular portion of the spermiducal gland, the other end leading to the

male pore,—a condition which obtains in the genera Moniligaster and

Ilyodrilus, which however belong to families quite distinct from Crypto-

drilide. In all other points the present species tallies well with the

definition of Pontodrilus as given by BEDDARD. As the exact relation

of the vas deferens and the spermiducal gland in Pontodrilus has prob-

ably never been subjected to careful examination by means of serial

sections, the existing statement concerning it may be considered as open

* BEDDARD’s definition of Pontodrilus :—

“ Slender worms with eight sete per segment, in pairs, the sete of th> dorsal pair

being usually further apart than those of the ventral. No dorsal pores.

Clitellum complete XIII-XVII. Male pores XVIII. Spermiducal gland

tubular, vasa deferentia opening at junction of glandular and muscular parts.

No penial sete. Spermathece in VIII, IX, with single diverticulum. Gizzard

absent or rudimentary ; no caleiferous glands. Nephridia commence in segment

XIII or XV. No subnervian blood-vessel.”

26 AKIRA IIZUKA.

to doubt. I hold it highly probable that should known species of

Pontodrilus be subjected to renewed investigations, the same condition

as ascertained by me in the Japanese species will be revealed. With

this belief I have preferred to refer my specimens to Pontodrilus rather

than to create a new genus for its reception.

The species is certainly an undescribed one, so that I propose to

call it Pontodrilus matsushimensis.

In conclusion I wish to offer my thanks to Prof. IsımA for his kind

supervision of my work.

November 23rd, 1897,

ON A NEW SPECIES OF LITTORAL OLIGOCHATA.

od.p.

op.

per.

pr.

sp.

sp.gl.

sp.gl.c.

sp.gl.g.

sp.gl.m.

Sp.p.

Sp.s.

v.d.

w.v.d.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

Ciliation in vas deferens.

Clitellum.

Spermduct funnels.

Genital papilla.

Male pore.

Nuclei of the wall of vas deferens.

Ovary.

Oviduct.

Oviducal pores.

Opening of vas deferens into the spermiducal gland.

Pad-like ridges.

Peristomium.

Præstomium.

Spermathecæ.

Spermiducal gland.

Cavity of the glandular part of spermidueal gland.

Glandular part of the spermiducal gland.

Muscular part of the same.

Spermathecal pores.

Spermsacs.

Testes.

Vas deferens.

Wall of vas deferens.

Ventral view of Pontodrilus matsushimensis, noy. sp. 2/1.

Dorsal view of the anterior end. a, X 1 Zeiss.

Ventro-lateral view of the region succeeding the clitellum, showing the pad-like

ridges and the genital papilla. a, X 1 Zeiss.

Diagram showing the positions of sexual organs.

The left spermiducal gland seen from the left side, reconstructed from serial

sections. 50/1.

A section of a spermiducal gland showing the opening of vas deferens into the cavity

of the glandular part of the spermiducal gland. 7; hom. x 2 Zeiss.

Printed January 31, 1897.

Uy dir J

bee

Di Mii ae So

DABEI

ANNOT. ZOOL. JAP. VOL. II. |

. Luba del.

Ueber eine wenig bekannte einheimische

Schlange der Gattung Achalinus

(A. spinalis, Peters),

Von M. Namiye.

Zoologisches Institut der Kaiserl. Universität zu Tokyo.

Die folgende Beschreibung einer Achalinus-Art basirt sich auf

zwei Exemplare, welche im vorigen Jahre von meinem Freunde, Herrn

NOBUMARO TAKACHIHO, in der Nachbarschaft seiner Residenz. zu

Eihikosan in der Provinz Busen (Kiushiu) gefangen wurden. Der

genannte Herr teilt mir mit dass diese Schlange in Kiushiu nur sehr

selten vorkommt. Meines Erachtens stellt sie überhaupt eine ganz

seltene Species dar, welche bis jetzt nur ein einziges Mal an die Hand

eines Herpetologs gelang und deren Fundort auch mit Zweifel als Japan

bezeichnet war. In dieser Sachlage wird eine erneute Beschreibung der

mir vorliegenden zuverlässigen Materialien nicht ausser Stelle sein wird.

A, Kopf von oben, B, derselbe von unten, C, derselbe von links gesehe

30 M. NAMIYE.

Körper überall cylindrisch ; Kopf schmäler als der Mittelteil des

Körpers ; Kopf und Hals ohne deutliche Begrenzung ; Gaumen, Ober-

und Unterkiefer mit kleinen Hakenzähnen versehen, die alle von

gleicher Länge sind ; kein Giftzahn.

Kopfschilder wie folgt: 1 Frontalschild, 2 Internasalschilder, 2

Praefrontalschilder länger als die Internasalschilder, 2 Supraocularschil-

der, 2 Parietalschilder, 1 Rostralschild, kein Præocularschild, 1 Frenal-

schild verlängert bis zum Auge, 2 Temporalschilder deren Vorderteile

von Postocularschild nicht abgesondert sind, 2 Nasalschilder, 6 Supra-

labialschilder, 6 Sublabialschilder, 6 Inframaxillarschilder.

Schuppenreihen 23. Bauchschilder in einem Exemplar 163, im

anderen 166, von denen der eine Analschild etwas länger als der andere

ist. Postanalschilder 61 resp. 51 in einziger Reihe.

Kopf und Körper schwärzlich gelbbraun auf der Oberseite ; eine

schwärzliche Längsstreifung in der Mittellinie des Rückens vom

Hinterkopf bis zu der Schwanzspitze. Der Bauchseite ist gleichmassig

gelb, nur in der Mittellinie des Schwanzteils verläuft ein schwarzes

unregelmässig markirtes Streif. Ueber die Farbe der Bauchfläche sei

noch bemerkt dass sie im Leben heller ist, als bei den in Alkohol con-

servirten Exemplaren.

Gesammtlänge des einen Exemplars 408 mm., die des andern 405

mm., wovon 87 mm. resp. 75 mm. auf den Schwanz kommen.

Als ich zuerst ein einziges Exemplar dieser Schlange von Herrn

TAKACHIHO erhielt, der dasselbe unserem Institut zum Geschenk

brachte, wurde seine Bestimmung mir dadurch erschwert, dass sein

Frontalschild sich doppelt darstellte, eine Erscheinung die bei den

Colubriden als Ausnahme gilt. Da ich jedoch bald zufälligerweise

erfuhr dass noch ein zweites Exemplar sich bei Herrn TAKACHIHO

befinde, so wendete ich mich an ihn auch dasselbe mir zur Verfügung

stehen zu lassen. Dieser Bitte kam er bereitwilligst entgegen, wofür

ich hier meinen wärmsten Dank ausspreche. Dieses zweite Exemplar

nun zeigte einen einzigen Frontalschild, und so wurde es klar gelegt

dass das erste ein in diesem Verhältniss abnormes war—eine Ansicht

ACHALINUS SPINALIS, PETERS. aL

die schon vorher von Herrn DR. LEONHARD STEJNEGER, dem ich das

erste Exemplar zeigte, ausgesprochen wurde.

Von den bekannten Achalinus-Arten nun giebt es drei, deren

synoptische Merkmale im BOULENGER’ schen “ Catalogue” des Bri-

tischen Museums folgendermassen angegeben sind :

1. Scales in 25 rows; suture between the inter-

nasals longer than that between the præ-

NEE i aisi rufesceus.

Scales in 23 or 25 rows; suture between the

internasals shorter than that between the pre-

beata Se ors ty sar Sh a Oe NOIRS braconmert.

3. Seales in 21 rows; Suture between the inter-

nasals as long as that between the præfrontals ... spinalis.

Von diesen drei Arten kommen unsere Exemplare der dritten am

nähesten, einer Art, als deren Fundort “ Japan (?)” angegeben ist.

Jedoch bieten sie auch Verschiedenheiten dar; so in der Zahl der

Schuppenreihen und in der relative Länge der Internasal- und Præ-

frontalnähte. Was den ersteren Punkt anbetrifft so sei bemerkt dass

der Unterschied wohl der individuellen Variation zuzuschreiben ist;

der zweite Punkt dagegen scheint von grösserer Bedeutung zu sein.

Trotzdem sehe ich mich nicht veranlasst unsere Exemplare von A.

spinalis specifisch zu trennen, obgleich sie vielleicht auch als eine

Unterart derselben vorgestellt werden dürfen.

Abgedruckt 23. Februar, 1898.

CONTENTS OF VOL. I.

PARTES I et IT.

(Tab, I-II.)

MERDE VONVAB O ee Re a inno K

Pear-borer (Nephopteryx rubrizonella, Rag.) With PI. 1...................... M.

On l'wo New Species of Asthenosoma from Sagami Sea. With BREI see

Ghaetognaths of Misaki Harbor. With Pl. TIL... :.""....... "4... TT.

On the Accommodation of Some Infusoria to the Solution of Certain

Substances in Various Concentrations .......... uri À.

On Changes which are found with Advancing Age in the Calcareous

Deposits of Stichopus Japonicus, Selenka ........................ BE K.

Revision of Hexactinellids with Discoctasters, with Descriptions of Five

IVE Wa SPECIES ane. I RITO ee ite

Miscellaneous Notes.

PARS. III

(lab, IV-VIL.)

On a Mode of the Passage of the Eye in a Flat-fish ........................... at

On the Growth of the Ovum in Chetognaths. With Pl. IV................ 1

Notes on the Paludina-Species of Japan. With PI. V. ................ at

Dendrocoryne, Inaba, Vertreterin einer neuen Familie der Hydrome-

CAS Coton mae Vine At MS Lanes cits NI LO Ride S

On New Species of Malacobdella (M. japonica). With Pl. VII............. U.

Notes on the Breeding Habit and Development of Rhacophorus

SCR L Gunther Soest. McBee ne cape here digues hp Ss

Miscellaneous Notes.

PARS. IV.

Note on an Amphioxus obtained in Amakusa, Kyushu.......... H

On a New Species of Elasipoda from Misaki ................0..- nn K

Preliminary Note on the Development of the Pronephros in Petromyzon. 8.

Sur une nouvelle espèce japonaise du genre Lucernaria ..................... | A.

Sur une nouvelle espèce japonaise du genre Phoronis ....................... 2 A.

Miscellaneous Notes. Personal News.

for the Annotationes, ete.

. MirsuKURI.

MATSUMURA.

YOSHIWARA.

ATDA.

YASUDA.

MITSURURI.

Taian.

. NISHIKAWA.

SÄTDA,

. IWARAWA.

Goro.

TAKAKURA.

. IKEDA.

. NAKAGAWA.

. MITSURURI.

HATTA

OKA.

List of Publications received in exchange

CONTENTS.

A Summary of Japanese Cicadide with Description of a New Species.

With Pl. IL. rien AT een cesse ee owe all > SU 9

On a New Species of Littoral Oligocheeta (Pontodrilus matsushimensis)...A. Tizuka u... 21

Ueber eine wenig bekannte einheimische Schlange der Gattung

Achalinus. (A. spinalis, Peters)... rinite eee deere ...M. Namiye........- 21

it Di | K EI EI Bei =

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SENHOHE

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ANNOTATIONES

ZOOLOGICÆ JAPONENSES

AUSPICIIS

SOCIETATIS ZOOLOGIC4 TOKYONENSIS

SERIATIM EDITA,

Volumen II. Pars II.

Enter er

1898.

On est inslamment prié d'adresser tous les envois et toutes les cor-

EES” respondances destinées aux “ Annolationes” à Dr. Seıraro Goro, Ri-

DACTEUR, PREMIERE ECOLE SUPÉRIEURE, Tokio.

NOTICE.

The “ Annotationes Zoologiere Japonenses” are published quarterly, in

January, April, July, and October.

Terms of subscription—$2"—8s—=F10—=MB8 per annum; single parts 50€

=2s=F2.50=M2 each. Postage included in all cases.

Remittances from foreign countries are to be made by postal money orders,

payable in Tokyo to Seitaro Goto, First High School, Tokyo.

TO CONTRIBUTORS.

Articles may be written in English, German, French, or Italian.

Each contributor receives 50 copies of the reprints of his article gratis. Any

number of extra copies will be furnished at cost.

Contributors are particularly requested to specify the number of reprints

they want at the end of the manuscript. If not specified 50 copies will be deli-

vered.

Articles may be accompanied by simple illustrations, as far as possible in

lines and dots.

Communications are to be addressed to Seitaro Goto, Editor, First High

School, Tokyo.

SPECIAL NOTICE.

Volume I and its parts are no longer sold at the original price, but will be

charged for at the same rate as the succeeding volumes and parts (vide supra).

AUG 2 1298

ON THE AFFINITY OF CUR WILD AND

DOMESTIC SILKWORMS.

By C. SASAKI.

Professor of Entomology, Agricultural College, Imp. Univ., Tokyo.

With Pl. LIT.

The wild silkworms, which are vulgarly called Kuwako, Kuwaoko, or Noraoko,

are widely distributed in almost all parts of our empire, where mulberry trees are

planted. They are more or less found on the trees every year, but they do no

greater harm than the other lepidopterous larve that are found feeding on the

same trees.

‘The eggs of the wild silkworms hatch out usually in the latter part of April,

nearly at the same period with our domestic form (Zombyx mori, L.). From the

end of June to July, they, becoming mature, spin a light yellowish cocoon

within a folded leaf. The winged insects may appear at the end of two or

three weeks after the formation of the cocoon, and lay eggs on branches or twigs

of mulberry trees. The eggs hatch out in from two to three weeks after they are

laid ; but the hatching is sometimes much delayed. Thus the growth of the larve

becomes very irregular, as we meet with various stages of their growth within the

same period, and consequently the winged insects begin to appear in September,

and continue to do so till November. The eggs deposited by these on the stems or

branches of mulberry trees, pass the winter and hatch out in the following

spring.

It seems however that the moth breed generally twice in a year, or even

more frequently in a more favorable condition.

On the wild silkworms, Mr. H. PRYER wrote some accounts in his catalogue

of the lepidoptera of Japan, in which he says: “Bombyx sp. Yokohama; a

wild form of the cultivated silkworm. The larva and imago are considerably

darker ; it spins a much lighter cocoon than the domesticated insects ; feeds on

the mulberry.” This is all that he wrote on the wild silkworm, and he did not in-

34 C. SASAKT.

stitute a detailed comparison with the cultivated form.

If we now compare the adult of our wild silkworm with Theophila mandarina,

which Mr. F. Moore has described in the extract of the Proceedings of the

Zoological Society of London, April 1872, we can not find any difference between

the two. His description is:—“ Female grey: fore wing with a well-defined

antemedian curved transverse brown band, and a transvers2 postmedian suffused

brown line, beyond which is a submarginal white-bordered recurved narrow line,

outside of which is a suffused brown patch below the apex; discocellular mark

indistinct : hind wing brown, with a whitish submarginal line, and two white

spots on abdominal margin : thorax brown, waist band grey; antenne fuliginous,

shaft grey.”

In the “ Bulletin des Soies et des Soieries”, 26 September 1885, in

T. WaRrpLE's Handbook of the Collection illustrative of the wild silks of India”

and also in “ Bolletino Mensile di Bachicoltura” No. 2, 1886, are mentioned

some accounts on 7heophila mandarina, but its specific characters are not

described.

In the following lines, I will mention the specific characters of the adult of

our wild silkworms as well as its eggs, larve, cocoon and pupa in order to com-

pare with those of 7 heophila mandarina, which is said to be commonly found on

mulberry trees in China.

If we now compare the adult of our wild silkworm with Theophila mandarina,

it will be found that both, agreeing in their specific characters, belong undoubted-

ly to one and the same species.

The adult of our wild silkworms has the following characters:—

Female light brownish grey; fore wing light greyish brown with two not

well defined recurved bands, of which the inner (antemedian) is brown, while the

outer (postmedian) is much lighter in color. The outer edge of the postmedian

band is bordered on its distal edge with a dark brownish line, along its outside

runs a white recurved line. A portion of the wing lying just below the apex is

slightly indentated, and the latter is bordered with a blackisb brown patch.

Discocellular mark lying between the two brownish bands indistinct. The

principal veins of the fore wing are six ; namely costal, subcostal, radial, medial,

cubital and anal, all of which arise near the base of the wing (fig 2). Hind

wing light brown with its outer half colored dark brown, and in the centre there

ON THE AFFINITY OF OUR WILD AND DOMESTIC SILKWORME. 35

runs a broad band lined with blackish rims. The abdominal margin blackish

brown with two small white markings. Antenne brown, pectinated, its teeth are

shorter than in the male, and its shaft greyish.

Length of the body 20 mm. Expansion of wings 44 mm. (fig. 1, a).

Male greenish brown, fore and hind wings brownish yellow. The two

brownish transverse bands, a discocellular mark and a dark brownish patch

bordering the indentation lying below the apex of the fore wing deeper in color

and much more distinct than in the female. The indentation deeper, the

markings of the hind wing more distinct, and the teeth of pectinated antenne

longer than in the other sex. Length of the body 15 mm. Expansion of wings

39 mm. (fig. 1, b).

The eggs are deposited in groups on the stems or branches of mulberry trees

They are oval, somewhat flattened, and of a light yellowish grey color. Their

longer and shorter axes are respectively 1.7 mm. and 1.5 mm. The lower surface

of eggs i.e. the one by which they are attached to mulberry trees, is flattened,

while the centre of the opposite surface is usually more or less depressed.

Larva of the first stage (that is before the first moult) is about 5 mm. in

length and has a quite different aspect from that of the following stages (fig. 3).

It has a large blackish head, while the body segments are light blackish. A

few segments which follow the head are broader than the latter; but the remain-

ing segments are gradually reduced in size towards the posterior end. The anterior

half of the 1st segment of the body is greyish white, and the 2nd, 4th, 6th, 7th

and 8th segments are decorated with greyish yellow symmetrical markings. Al-

though the remaining segments bear also similar symmetrical markings, these

are more or less indistinct.

On the subdorsal lines of each segment of the body except the 11th, there

lies a pair of turbercles provided with a few blackish long hairs bearing short

fine prickles ; while the 11th bears only a single hair bearing turbercle.

The supra- and infra-stigmatic as well as the basal lines of each segment

bear each a single tuberele, which bears also a few long hairs of the same nature

as those mentioned above.

After the first moult, the larva becomes naked by losing all its long hairs,

and the color as well as the markings are entirely different from those of the

previous stage,

36 C. SASAKI.

After the second stage there are no marked changes in both color and

markings till the larva becomes mature.

The mature larva is long cylindrical and 51 mm. in length. The head is

comparatively small, somewhat depressed, and light greenish yellow in color.

The body is light greenish brown in color, but it looks somewhat dusky, since it is

provided with several markings of different kinds, sizes, and colorations (fig. 4).

The principal markings of the body are:—the first body segment deep

greenish yellow in its posterior balf, the 2nd bears dorsally a large central green-

ish yellow, and two smaller lateral blackish, patches. ‘The front and lateral sides

of the central patch are tinged black. Tht boundary lines between the central

and the two lateral patches as well as the posterior edges of the same segment

are tinged crimson red. The 3rd and 4th segments deep greyish brown, and the

former is provided with a few decp folds. The body segments from 5th to 10th

bear each a x shaped deep greyish markings, which are either somewhat distinct

or obscure.

The 5th and 8th body segments bear dorsally a pair of oval patches of a

light dull brownish color. Each of the patches on the 5th segment (fig. 4, a)

is bordered with an imperfect blackish ring. In the centre of the patch lies a

black dot, while the rest of the patch which occupies the larger portion of it,

is marked witha few dull purplish elongated areas. The portion of the patch,

where the purplish long pieces are wanting, is usually provided with a variable

number of white dots. The patch of the 8th segment has a small central dull

purplish dot, and the remaining portions are occupied with 3 or 4 short rod-like

markings of the same color (fig. 4,b).

The cocoon is elongated oval or rather spindle shaped in form, and of a

light yellowish color. The length is about 30 mm. and the breadth 12 mm,

It is usually enclosed in a leaf of the mulberry tree, and hangs on the twigs.

The pupa is cylindrical, dark brown, about 20 mm. in length.

The adult of the domestic silkworm (Bombyx mori) is mostly white, and

larger than that of the wild silkworm. The fore wing is also white; but just

below its apex there lies a slight indentation exactly similar to the one found

on the fore wing of the wild silkworm moth. The ante- and postmedian bands as

well as the discocellular mark, are, in certain individuals, distinctly seen; but

a blackish brown patch bordering the indentation below the apex is entirely

ON THE AFFINITY OF OUR WILD_AND DOMESTIC SILKWORMS. BI

absent. The two bands and the discocellular mark above mentioned are colored

dull brown (fig. 5, b). In some specimens, each of the ante- and postmedian bands

is represented by 2 parallel recurved brownish lines and a discocellular mark is

still conspicuous (fig. 5, a). In others, the antemedian band is abscnt, and only a

single recurved light brownish line indicating the inner edge of the postmedian

band, and a light brownish discocellular mark are present (fig. 6, a & b). In still

others, the recurved line indicating the inner edge of the postmedian band has

almost disappeared, while the discocellular mark remains in the form of a faintly

colored dot (fig. 7, a & b). Finally even the discocellular mark disappears, and

there is no longer found any colored band, patch or dot, and the fore wing

looks entirely white (fis. 8, a & b). The venation of the fore wing is exactly

similar with that of the adult of the wild silkworm, both being provided with six

principal veins—costal, subcostal, radial, medial, cubital, and anal (fig 5, 0).

The hind wing is also white, and in its centre runs a light brownish band,

which is distinctly seen on the hind wing of the wild silkworm moth (fig. 6, b).

In some specimens a part of the band loses its color, while in others the band

nearly disappears ; but its position is still represented by a single recurved light

brownish line, indicating the other edge of the band (fig. 7, b). In still others,

there is no longer to be seen even a trace of the band. Further, the abdominal

margin of the hind wing is marked with a single blackish dot instead of three

which are regularly found on the same region of the hind wing of the wild silk-

worm moth. In some individuals, the blackish dot becomes very faint while in

others it entirely disappears (figs. 5, 6, 7, & 8).

The other characters are exactly same in the moths of both the wild and do-

mestic silkworms

The body of the female is larger than thatof the male, and the teeth of its

pectinated antenne are shorter than in the other sex.

The length of the female of our largest race is about 24 mm. and the ex-

pansion of wings 46 mm., while that of the male is about 17 mm. and the ex-

pansion of wings nearly same as in the female.

The eggs are almost exactly similar in form and size with those of the wild

silkworm moth, but they differ in their being purplish blue in the latter (in a

race of greenish cocoon they have a greenish shade).

Larva of the first stage about 4 mm. Coloration of the head and body as

38 C. SASAKI.

well as number and arrangements of tubercles on the segments, are also very

similar to those of the wild silkworm; but there are no colored symmetrical

markings on the body (fig. 9).

The mature domestic silkworm is long cylindrical, and the length of the

body of our largest variety measures about 65 mm. ‘The so called Kumako race

(race of two breeds) has a close resemblance to the wild silkworm both in its

coloration and the form and arrangement of its patches. Although this race

shows various modifications in color and markings, most of the individuals are

greyish brown, with a light greenish shade. ‘the first body segment is tinged

greyish yellow in its posterior half, just like the wild silkworm; 2nd has dor-

sally a central dark greyish brown patch with blackish lateral rims, and 2 lateral

blackish patches. The intervening line between the central and lateral mark-

ings is white, with a faint reddish shade. The 5th to 10th segments bear each

ax shaped light greyish yellow marking; but the latter is in most cases not so

well defined as in the wild silkworm (fig. 10, a, b, e).

The 5th and 8th body segments bear a pair of imperfect oval patches which

are also found in the wild silkworm. That on the 5th segment is light dull

brown, and one end of a black line which does not completely surround the patch,

runs in towards the middle of the patch, thus dividing it into two portions, inone

of which lie 4 or 5 dull purplish dots, while in the other a few white dots. The

patch on the 8th segment is elongated oval or more or less so. It is also light

dull brown, and is sorrounded by a blackish line. In this patch lies a variable

number of dull purplish dots arranged in a single series.

In the race Akabiki (a largely cultivated race of a single brced), the body is

white, and the posterior half of the 1st body segment is tinged yellow. The

markings of the 2nd as well as of the 5th and 8th segments are also distinctly

seen, but those on the latter two segments are more or less modified in different

individuals (fig. 11, a & b).

In the race Kimai (race of greenish cocoon), the body is also white, the

marking on the 1st body segment is light. The central marking on the 2nd

segment is light greenish yellow, while the two lateral markings on the same are

represented each by a simple greyish dot. Each marking on the 5th segment

which is oval and light greenish in color, contains a hook shaped, light greenish,

curved line instead of dull purplish dots. That on the 8th segment is either oval or

pre Eu eae

ON THE AFFINITY OF OUR WILD AND DOMESTIC SILKWORMS. 39

round and contains a single elongated dot of a light greenish color (fig. 12, a &

b).

The cocoon is elongated oval with a slight constrietion near its middle, but

in certain Chinese cocoons the constrietion is absent and the cocoon thus assumes

a spindle form. The color is either white, green or yellow. The spindle shape

and the greenish color of a cocoon, are points of very close resemblance to that of

the wild silkworm. The cocoon of the domestic silkworm are very variable in

size, but that of our largely cultivated race is about 33 mm. in length.

Thus the adult of the cultivated silkworm has exactly similar characters, i.e.

markings, venations de. with that of the wild form, but it differs from the latter

in the size and coloration as well as the lighter color of markings, but these are

unquestionably variations that occurred under domestication for a long interval

of time, and moreover, various transitional forms of the markings and coloration

prevalent among the adult of the domestic silkworm affords a strong evidence,

that the latter has been derived from the silkworm living wild still at present.

Further, the egg, larva, and cocoons are nearly same in forms, markings, and colo-

ration in both the wild and domestic forms, and the differences can be seen only

in a lighter coloration, more or less imperfect markings, and size.

The above mentioned facts lead us to conclude that the domestic silkworm

has been derived from the wild form which belongs to exactly the same species

with the Theophila mandarina described by Dr. F. Moor, and the latter is

nothing else than the ancestral form of our domestic silkworm.

40 CG. SASAKI,

EXPLANATION OF PL. III.

Bigs Mae Theophila mandarina, Moore, 2 Soil

Fig. 1, b. x N è .Yı.

Fig. 2. Fore wing of ditto showing venation. 1/1.

Fig. 2. Larva of the first stage of ditto. 15/1.

Fig. 4. Mature larva of ditto 1/1 ; a, patch on the 5th segment, b, same

on the 8th segment, slightly magnified.

Fig. 5, a. Bombyx morì 9. 1/1.

Fig 5, b. Ditto ni «Gf

Fig. 5, c. Fore wing of ditto showing venations. 1/1.

Fig. 6, a. Bombyx mori 2 A.

Fig. 6, b. Ditto ga 1/1.

15 ee Ee Ditto 2 24/1.

Fig. 8, b. Ditto à RTE

Fig. 9. Larva of the first stage of Akabiki race, 10/1 .

Figs. 10, and ditto a. Two forms of mature larva of Kumako race 1/1 ; b,

patch on the 5th, c, the same on the 8th segments, slightly

magnified.

Fig. 11. Mature larva of Akabiki race, 1/1 ; a, patch on the 5th; b, the

same on the 8th segment, slightly magnified.

Fig. 12. Mature Jarva of Kimai race 1/1 , a, patch on the 5th ; b, the

same on the Sth segment, slightly magnified.

Printed May 25th, 1898.

ANNOT. ZOOL. JAP. VOL. Il. TAB. Ill.

Fig.1. Fig.2.

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Lith.et Imp. E. Koshiba.

THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF ROSSELLIDÆ.

(Preliminary Notice.)

By Pror. I. IJIMA, Pr. D.

Having finished sometime since my studies of the Rossellid materials con-

tained in the Science College Museum, I propose to give here a brief notice of

the results arrived at with respect to the system of family Rossellidae. Taking

into account the characters of not only parenchymal microscleres, but also as far

as possible of megascleric elements, I have been led to divide the family into four

subfamilies, synoptically shown as follows :

a’. Dermalia not diffrentiaded into autodermalia and hypoder-

malia. No oxyhexaster present among intermedia...............A. Leucopsacine.

a’. Dermalia differentiated into autodermalia and hypodermalia.

Oxyhexaster generally present among intermedia.

b’. Without octasters.

ce’. With plumicomes; with or without oxyhexasters..........B. Lanuginelline.

c'. Without plumicomes ; oxyhexasters always present........c. Rosselline.

b’’. With octasters ; oxyhexasters always present........................ D. Acanthascine.

The definition of the family itself may remain as it stands (F. E. Schulze,

Revision d. Syst. d. Asconematiden u. Rosselliden. Sitz.-ber. k. pr. Akad. Ber-

lin, 1897).

A. LEUCOPSACINÆ.

Dermalia not distinguishable into autodermalia and hypodermalia, but con-

sist of large pentactins, which are but little differentiated from parenchymal

megascleric hexactins beyond the total absence of sixth, distally directed rays.*

Gastralia, hexactins or pentactins, or both. Parenchymal megascleres contain

large or medium-sized hexactins (except in Caulocalyx), together with diactins in

* This character of dermalia and the presence of well-developed hexactins as parenchy-

mal megascleres probably represent a more primitive condition than what we find in other

subfamilies.

42 I. IJIMA.

greater or less quantity. As intermedia there are only discohexasters or their

modification, usually in one or two kinds (macrodiscohexasters and mierodisco-

hexasters. )

Artificial Key to Genera and Species.

a’. Parenchymal megascleres extensively fused together

b’. Discohexaster in one kind. .......... DD Dan AT LE . Euryplegma auriculare.

b’’. Di cohexaster in two kinds (including “rhopa'aster”)...... Aulocalyx irregularis.

a/’, Parenchymal megascleres loose (excapt at surface of at-

tachment).

b’. Dermalia pronged................... RE res Caulocalyx tener.

b’’. Dermalia without prongs.

ec’. With hexactinose discohexaster.

d’. Rays of parenchymal hexactins straight.................. Leucopsaeus ort hodocus,

d’. Rays of parenchymal hexactius curved............ ee Leucopsacus skolindocus.

c’’. Without hexactinose discohexaster.

d‘. | Discohexastertintone RNA Pepe ee Placopegma solutum.

d’’. Discohexaster in two kinds (minute clavicome and

very large discohexaster with anchor-like termival

Gisce) ites. ee te ne RS ees ……….…... Chaunoplectella cavernosa,

LEUCOPSACUS, n. g.

Small, sack-like forms with smooth surface. Parenchymal megaseleres con-

sist chiefly of hexactins ; diactinie parenchymalia present, but play a subordinate

part. Intermedia are usually of two kinds: macrodiscoheraster hexactinose,

i. e., six-armed as in a regular hexactin ; each arm, or more properly terminal,

ends with an anchor-like umbel of 3—5, strong teetht ; length of arm 50—90 y.

mierodiscohexaster, of variable shape and size. Gastralia are usually hexactins,

differing in no way from those of parenchymalia.

1. L. orthodocus, n. sp.

Body ovoid, with stalk-like base ; 10 mm. long. Rays of dermal pentactins

and of parenchymal or gastral hexactins straight. Hexactinose macrodisco-

hexaster as already characterized. Microdiscohexaster 50—88 m in diameter ;

each short principal with 4—8 slender terminals, which together from a bell-

shaped perianth ; terminal dise with 5 or 6 minuts teeth.

Loc.: Sagami Sea.

+ The spicul here characterized has been figured by ScHhurze, Chall. Rep. Hex. Pl. LV,

fig. 8. In this peculiar modification of discohexasters the axial cross is confined to the centre.

THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF ROSSELLIDAE. 43

2. L. scoliodocus, n. sp.

Globular or ovoid sack, up to the size of a hazel-nut. Rays of dermal pen-

tactins straight, but those of parenchymal and gastral hexactins curved.

Hexactinose macrodiscohexaster as in foregoing species. Microdiscohexaster

spherical, 46—70 or more in diameter ; each short principal bearing 4—10,

straight or nearly straight terminals ; discs about equidistant at the peripheral

surface of the spicule, toothed. Of inconstant occurrence is a third modification

of discohexasters, which I should call clavicome. This most nearly resembles the

sigmatocome of ScauLze. Diameter 38—50 y ; principal takes about } of a ray

and bears a narrow perianth of very slender, terminally swollen terminals set in

a single whorl.

Loc.: Sagami Sea ; found attached to Hexactinella lorica, I). MS.

CHAUNOPLECTELLA, Ijima.

Thick-walled goblet of egg-like shape, attached by a short stalk-like base.

Parenchymal megascleres, chiefly hexactins and diactins with bent rays. Inter-

media, of two kinds : large macrodiscohexaster and small clavicome.

3. €. cavernosa, Ijima.

Tjima (Zool. Anz. p 250).

Loc.: Sagami Sea.

PLACOPLEGMA, F. E. Sch.

4. P. solutum, F. E. Sch.

Schulze (Hex. Ind. Oc., IE, p. 63, pl. VI. 11—77). (Rev. Asc. u. Ross,

p. 544).

Loc. : Bay of Bengal.

AULOCALYX, F. E. Sch.

5. A. irregularis, F. E. Sch.

Schulze (Chall. Rep. Hex., p. 174, pl. 174, pl. LX).—(Revision Asc. u.

Ross., p. 544).

Loc, : off Marion Island, SE of Cape of Good Hope.

44 I, IJIMA.

EURYPLEGMA, F. E. Sch.

6. E. auriculare, F. E. Sch.

Schulze (Chall. Rep. Hex.. p. 176. pl. CIT). (Rev. Asc. u. Ross., p. 545).

Loc.: NE of New Zealand.

CAULOCALYX, F. E. S.

7. €. tener, F.E.S.

Schulze (Chall. Rep. Hex., p. 172, pl. LXIX). (Rev. Asc. u. Ross, p.

549).

This species seems to occuppy an isolated position in this subfamily, parti-

cularly on account of the fact that hexactins are not known to occur among its

parenchymal macroscleres. The “aspidoplumieome” of this species is undoubted-

ly closely related to the plumicome of Lanuginelline and, in my opinion, also to

what I have called clavicome in Zeucopsacus skoliodocus and Chaunoplectella

cavernosa.

Loc.: W. of Tristan d’Acunha.

B. LANUGINELLINA

Dermalia with stauractinie or pentactinic autodermalia and larger pentacti-

nic hypodermalia. Gastralia, hexactins. Parenchymal megascleres consist 0}

diactins and of large or medium-sized hexactins. Plumicome always present

among intermedia, which for the rest consist of either discohexaster or oxyhexas-

er, or of both,

Artificial Key to Genera and Species.

a'. Firmly attached to solid substratum. No oxyhexaster...... Lanuginella pupa.

a’’. Rooted in loose bottom by basal tuft of anchor-like

spicules. Oxyhexaster present.

b’. Dermalia, stauractins. Intermedia in two kinds

(oxyhexaster, and plumicome)s Myst ore oe weer een ee Lophocalyx philippinensis,

b’’. Dermalia, pentactins. Intermedia in three kinds

(oxyhexaster, discohexaeter and plumicome)............... Melonympha velata,

LANUGINELLA, O. Schm.

8. L. pupa, O. Schm.

THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF ROSSELLIDAE, 45

O. Schmidt (Spong.—Fauna Atl. Geb, p. 13, T. II, 1,8)—W. S. Kent

(Mouthl, Mier. Journ. 1870, p. 247, pl. LXV, 1—7) :—Schulze (Chall. Rep.

Hex., p. 130, pl. LIII 3--5).—(Rev. Ase. u. Ross., p. 548).

Loc, : Atlantic; off Little Ki Island ; Sagami Sea

LopHocALYx, F. E. Sch.

9. L. philippinensis (Gray).

Rossella philippinensis, J. E. Gray (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., 1872, Ser. IV,

Vol. X., p. 137). &e.—Psetalia globulosa, Gray (ibid., 1873, Vol. XL, p. 234).

&e.— Lophocalyx philippinensis, Schulze (Chall. Rep. Hex., p. 153, pl LIL

1—2, pl. LIX). (Rev. Ase. u. Ross., p. 546).

Loc. : Philippine Islands ; Little Ki Island.

MELONYMPHA, F. E. Sch.

10. M. velata (W. Thoms.)

Rossella velata, W. Thomson (Depth of the Sea, p. 418, fig. 65). Schulze

(Chall. Rep. Hex., p. 143). — Melonympha velata, Schulze (Rey. Ase. u, Ross., p.

547).

Loc. : Strait of Gibraltar.

€. ROSSELLIN Æ.

Autodermalia variable, Pentactinic bypodermalia generally present, some-

times wanting. Gastralia, hexactins, sometimes pentactins Parenchymal

macroscleres, chiefly diactins, may however enclose medium-sized or small hexac-

tins. As intermedia, oxyhexasters absent or more generally present in one or

two kinds.

; Artificial Key to Genera.

a’. Hypodermal pentactin wanting.

b/. Sack-like or vase like forms without distinct stalk............... Awosaceus.

b’’. Body with gastral surface everted so as to form a large

part of the outer surface ; with long, tubular stalk............... Aulochone.

a’’. Hypodermal pentactin present.

b’. Intermedia, only oxyhexaster...........cssessesescsscesceess eo Bathydorus,

b’’. Intermedia include discohexaster besides oxyhexaster.

e’. Discohexaster in one kind,

46 I. IJIMA.

d'. Autodermalia; pentactins with boss-like rudiment of

distal sixth ray; occasionally hexactins..................... Hyalascus.

d’’. Autoderinalia stauractins or pentactins, or both; with-

out rudiment of distal ray and never hexactinic.

e’. Forms without distinct stalk...................... AL B Vitrollula.

e’’. Forms with long, distinct stalk........ ae Crateromorpha.

ce, Discohexaster in tworkindar tt NI E eee Rossella.

BArHYDORUS, F. E. Sch.

Autodermalia, diactins, stauractins or pentactins. Hypodermal pentactin

present. Gastralia, probably always hexactins. Parenchymal megascleres with

or without hexactins. Intermedia, oxyhexaster only.

Artificial Key to Species.

a’. Autodermalia, almost exclusively straight diactins............... B. baculifer.

a’. Autodermalia, predominatingly stauractins.

b’. General surface smooth, without diactinic prostalia.

c’. Cup-like forms, expanded above and without margin-

al fringe Aofzspieuless He a Re D. laevis.

c’’. Tubular forms, with a fringe of marginalia.................. B. finbriatus.

b’’. General surface with diactinic prostalia.

c’. Oxyhexaster with principals exceedingly shortened as

to, be’almost ‘anniilled:soecccs ence tance ee NEE B. stellatus.

c’’. Oxyhexaster with distinct cylindrical principals......... B. spinosus.

11. B. fimbriatus, F. E. Sch.

Schulze (Chall. Rep. Hex., p. 152, pl. LVIII). (Rev. Asc. u. Ross., p.

533).

Loc.: North Pacific.

12. 8. stellatus, F. E. Sch. i

Schulze (Chall. Rep. Hex., p. 152, pl. LIX 1—5). (Rev. Asc. u. Ross.,

p- 934).

Loc.: Messier Channel in Patagonia.

13. B. spinosus, F. E. Sch.

Schulze (Chall. Rep. Hex., p. 153, pl. LIX 6—9). (Rev. Asc. u. Ross., p.

534).

THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF ROSSELLIDAE. 47

Loe.: Pinguin Islands.

14. B. baculifer, F. E. Sch.

Schulze (Chall. Rep. Hex, p. 154, pl. LIX 10—18). (Rev. Asc. u. Ross.,

p. 535).

Loc. : South Pacific.

15. B. laevis, F. E. S.

Schulze (Hex. Ind. Oc., II, p. 57, T. VI[1-10). (Rev. Ase. u. Ross, p.

Loc.: Bay of Bengal.

VITROLLULA, n. g.

Autodermalia, stauractins or stauractins and pentactins. Hypodermal pen-

tactin present. Gastralia, hexactins and pentactins. Parenchymal megascleres

with or without hexactins. Intermedia, of oxyhexaster and discohexaster ; the

latter in one kind.

This genus is closely related to Crateromorpha, but is distinguishable by the

absence of distinct stalk to the sponge body,

16. V. fertile, n. sp.

Body ovoid or spindle-shaped, attached by one end to firm substratum ; small,

up to 15 mm. in total length. Autodermalia, of sparingly rough stauractins

with rays 180—340 y long. Hypodermal pentactin moderately large. Gast-

ralia, hexactins and pentactins occurring in a sparing number. Parenchymal

megascleres, chiefly diactins, but hexactins are of common occurence amongst

them. Intermedia of two kinds: Oxyhexaster, 120 y in average diameter ;

each short principal bearing 4—7, slender, straight, rough-surfaced, divergent

terminals. Microdiscohexraster, of usual shape, 26—30 y in diameter.

All specimens examined contained numerous larvae in various stages of

development. These are at a certain stage spherical, covered externally by

ciliated cell-layer and contain internally a mass of cells. Stauractinic spicules

are the first that appear in the periphery of the internal mass. Later, the

larvae are spindle-shaped, thickest nearer to one end.

Loc.: Sagami Sea.

48 I. IJIMA.

17. V. namiyei, n. sp.

Slightly compressed sack with broad irregular base and a firm wall of

moderate thickness. Dimensions, 76 mm. high and 30—56 mm. broad. The

sponge has tendency to produce secondary oscula or persons by budding or divi-

sion. Autodermalia consist of stauractins and pentactins with stout, strongly

prickly rays, 99—165 y long. Gastralia, of pentactins anl hexactins, consti-

tuting a continuous antogastral layer. Parenchymal megascleres are exclusively

diactins. Intermedia: Oxyhexaster, 52—76 y in diameter; each very short

principal bearing 2—4, diverging, nearly straight, minutely prickly terminals.

Discohexaster spherical, 50—100 y in diameter; principals exceedingly short,

ach with 3—5 or more, slender terminals that end with distinctly toothed

dises.

But for the absence of a distinct stalk and the presence of hexactinic

antogastralia, this species might be put under Crateromorpha.

Loc.: Sagami Sea.

CRATEROMORPHA (J. E. Gray) Carter.

Autodermalia, hypodermalia and intermedia asin foregoing genus. Gast-

, fo) D

ralia, pentactins ; occasionally stauractins. Sponge-body with distinct narrow

stalk, which generally contains a system of anastomosing canals.

Artificial Key to species.

a’. Autodermalia, stauractins and pentactins.

b'. The wall with a system of anastomosing intercanals;

through-going passages present at the junction of bedy

with :8t8]k..: lea I ©. corrugata.

b’’. Without above-mentioned characters.

e''. Mierodiscohexaster spherical ; stalk with anastomosing

Canali A en cia C. meyeri.

c’. Microdiscohexaster with each bunch of terminals mak-

ing a prominence at surface ; «talk simply tubular ............ ©. thierfelderi.

Autodermalia, exclusively pentactins; hypodermal pentac-

tin‘unusuallyéthick ra ee sth coeter ee acta eee eee eee C. pechyactina.

a’, Autodermalia, almost exclusively stauractin; discohexaster

thick-rayed ARR RE Te eee n re C iumidz.

QU.

18. €. meyeri (J. E. Gray) Carter.

Carter, Gray, ete.—Schulze (Chall. Rep. Hep. Hex., p. 161, pl. LXT).

(Rev. Asc, u. Ross., p. 540).

THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF ROSSELLIDAE, 49

Loc, : Philippine Islands; Sagami Sea.

Besides typical ©. meyeri there occur in Sagami Sea two varieties :

a. C. meyeri var. tuberosa.

Larger than typical meyeri ; 200 mm. or more in height. The wall projects

externally in a number of small or large, irregularly rounded, hillock-like or

tubercle-like prominences. A large quantity of diactins «nters into the com-

position of hypodermal strands ; otherwise of essentially same spiculation as in

typical species.

3. Cy. meyeri var. rugosa.

Also larger than typical meyer ; almost a foot in height. The wall with

irregular prominences, while the general surface is extremely uneven on account

of numerous wrinkle-like ridges, Spiculation as in var. {ulerosa,

19. €. pachyactina, n. sp.

Shape and size like ©. meyeri var. tuberosa or rugosa. Sponge of rather

compact texture, with scanty narrow afferent apertures. Both autodermalia

and gastralia are pentactins. Hypodermal pentactins strong, unusually thick-

rayed (4 mm. thick with ray length of 23 mm). Intermedia as in C. meyer.

Loc.: Tosa Sea (Shikoku).

20. €. corrugata, n. sp.

Sponge-surface with numerous pit-like or irregular depressions leading into

a system of anastomosing intercanals. Through-going passages present at the

junetion of body with stalk, i. e., the latter divides into a number of branches at

the upper end. Up to about a foot in height. Autodermalia stauractins and

pentactins, the former predominating. Gastralia, mostly stauraetins. Inter-

media resemble those of C. meyeri or C. pachyactina.

Loc, : Sagami Sea.

21, C. thierfelderi, F. E. Sch.

Schulze (Chall, Rep. Hex., p. 164, pl. LXII 1-4). (Rev. Asc. u. Ross,

p. 540):—C. murrayi, Schulze (Chall, Rep. Hex, p. 164, pl. LXIIT).

Loe.: Little Ki Island.

22. C. tumida, F. E. Sch.

Schulze (Chall. Rep. Hex., p. 166, pl. LXVII and pl. LXVIII 2). (Rev.

Asc. u. Ross., p. 541).

50 1. IJIMA.

Loc. : Banda Islands,

AULOCHONE, F. E. Sch.

Autodermalia and gastralia, predominantly or exclusively pentactins. Hy-

podermal pentactins wanting. Parenchymal megascleres without hexactins.

Sponge-body with gastral surface everted to a great extent so as to form a large

part of the external surface ; with long tubular stalk.

23. A. cylindrica, F. E. Sch.

Schulze (Chall. Rep. Hex., p. 168, pl. LXVI and pl. LXVIII 1).— Cre-

teromorpha cylindrica, Schulze (Rex. Asc. u. Ross, p. 542).

Loc.: NE of Kermadee Islands.

24. A. lilium, F. E. Sch.

Schulze (Chall. Rep. Hex., pl 171, pl. LXVIII 3—7).—Crateromorphu

lilium, Schulze (Rev. Asc. u, Ross., p. 542).

Loc.: Meangis Islands, NE of Celebes.

HyALASCUS, Ijima.

Autodermalia, pentactins with distally directed sixth ray represented by a

knob-like boss ; occasionally genuine hexactins. Pentactin hypodermalia present.

Gastralia hexactins. Parenchymal megescleres, solely diactinic. Intermedia of

two kinds: Oxyhewaster with 1 or more and often all principals bearing only one

terminal (hemi-oxyhexaster and hexactinose oxyhexaster). —Discorevaster of

small or moderately large size. Sponge-body probably unstalked, vase-like.

This genus is decidedly to be taken up in ÆRossellinæ, notwithstanding the

occasional occurrence of hexactinie autodermals.

25. H. sagamiensis, Ijima.

Ijima (Zool. Anz., 1896, p. 251).

Loc. : Sagami Sea.

26. H. giganteus, n. sp.

Known to me by a very large fragment of light, cavernous texture. Effer-

ent apertures on gastral side as large as 18 mm. in diameter, covered over by an

irregularly meshed lattice-work consisting mainly of strands of hypogastral di-

THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF ROSSELLIDAE. DI

actins. Afferent apertures smaller. Spiculation similar to that of foregoing

species, but rays of autodermalia and autogastralia almost smooth at base; inter-

medial oxyhexaster 76—103 y in diameter ; discohexaster 60—76 {t in diameter,

with about 6 slender terminals to each principal.

Loc.: Sagami Sea.

RossELLA, Carter.

Autodermalia, stauractins or pentactins. Hypodermal pentactin present.

Gastralia, hexactins. Parenchymal megascleres may contain hexactins of me-

dium size or under. Intermedia consist of oxyhexaster and of two kinds of dis-

cohexasters (macrodiscohexaster and microdiscohexaster).

27. R. antarctica, Carter.

Carter (Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 409). Schulze (Chall. Rep.

Hex., p. 139, pl. LV). (Rev. Asc. u. Ross., p. 536).—Acanthascus grossularia,

Schulze (Chall. Rep. Hex., p. 145, pl. LVI).

Loc. : S. of Kerguelen Isl.; SE of Prince Edwards Isl.; Possession Isl.

28. R. longispina, Ijima.

Tjima (Zool. Anz., 1896, p. 253). Schulze (Rev. Asc. u. Ross., p. 538).

Loc. : Sagami Sea.

29. R. dubia (F. E. Sch.)

Acanthaseus dubius, Schulze (Chall. Rep. Hex., p. 147, pl. LVII 8—13).—

Rossella dubia, Schulze (Rev. Ase. u. Ross., p. 537).

Loe.: $, of Puerto Bueno, Patagonia.

AULOSACCUS, Ijima.

Autodermalia, stauractins or pentactins. Hypodermalia, only diactins ;

without pentactins. Gastralia, hexactins. | Parenchymal megascleres, only

diactins. Intermedia consist of oxyhexasters with tendency to become hemi-

hexactinose or even perfectly hexactinose, and of two kinds of discohexasters

(macrodiscohexaster and microdiscohexaster).

30. A. schulzei, Ijima.

Ijima (Zool. Anz., 1886, p. 252). Schulze (Rev. Ase. u. Ross., p. 543).

Loc. : Sagami Sea.

32 I. IJIMA.

31. A. mitsukurii, n. sp.

Autodermalia, stauractins with occasional pentactins ; rays stout, strongly

spiny, 110—176 y long Gastralia with rays twice or more than twice as long

as in autodermalia. Oxyhexaster with diameter of 100—130 y; occasionally

hemi-hexactinose, rarely hexactinose. Macrodiscohexaster spherical, 80—120 y

in diameter ; with no less than 5, moderately thick, straight terminals to each

very short but thick principal ; terminal dise small with minute marginal teeth.

Microdiscohexaster of usual shape ; diameter 20—23 „.—Thick-walled, sack-like

sponge with prostal needles and hillocky elevations on external side, so that it

closely resembles Acanthascus cactus.

Loc.: Sagami Sea.

D ACANTHASCIN 5,

Autodermalia variable. Hypodermalia with pentactins or exelusively diac-

tinie Gastralia, hexactins as a rule. Parenchymal megascleres exclusively

diactins. Intermedia consist of oxyhexasters and of two kinds of discohexasters,

octasl-rs and microdiscohexasters.

Key to Genera.

a'. Hypodermal pentactins present.

Lb’. Hypodermal pentactin not pronged. .….................….€{iurocalyplus.

b’/. Hypodermal pentactin pronged. ................... … renee Zehabdocalyptus.

a’’. Hypodermal pentactin wanting............rerserierezione.. nenne ACAMhASCus.

STAUROCALYPTUS, Ijima.

Paratangential rays of hypodermal pentactins not armed with hook-like

prongs.

Artificial Key to Species.

Antodermalia almost exclusively or predominantly pen-

tactins ; at least with a large number of pentactins.

b’. Octaster with radius of 72-145 /4. 8. doulingi.

b’’. Octaster with radius of 65—85 /4; autodermalia slen-

der-rayed, often stauractins...................................19. TOEFL.

a”. Autodermalia almost exclusively or at least predomi-

nantly stauractins.

b’. Octaster large, usually more than 200 /£ in radius...........S. glaber.

b’’. Octaster small, not larger than 100 /4 in radius,

THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF ROSSELLIDAE, 58

e'. Autodermalia with occasional pentactins and triac-

Ling Aras taint ly LOUK. <.sersadsee.coteenscbeeces oss erben S. heteractinus.

c’’, Autodermalia almost exclusively stauractins, strong-

IPTC ITA arene LISTINI I nn da ee onore S. microchetus.

a". Autodermalia, straight diactins......................... Ress S. pleorhaphides.

32, §. dowlingi (Lambe).

ÆKhabodocalyptus dowlingi, Lambe (Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, Sect. IV,

1893, p. 37, pl. III 2—2h). Schulze (Rev. Asc. u. Ross, p. 554). — Stauroca?y-

ptus dowlingi, Ijima (Annot. Zool. Jap., vol. I, p. 53).

Loc. : Strait of Georgia, Vancouver Isl. ; Sagami Sea.

33. S. roeperi (F. E. Sch.).

Rhabodocalyptus roeperi, Schulze (Chall. Rep. Hex., p. 158 pl. LXV).

(Rev. Ase. u. Ross., p. 553).—Staurocalyptus roeperi, Ijima (Annot. Zool. Jap.,

vol. I, p. 55).

Loc.: S. of Puerto Bueno, Patagonia.

34, $. glaber, Ijima.

Ijima (Annot. Zool. Jap., vol. I, p. 57).

Loc. : Sagami Sea.

35 $. microchetus, n “sp.

A rather thin-walled compressed sack of moderately firm texture. Length

95 mm.; breadth 23 mm. by 37 mm.; thickness of wall at middle 3 mm. A ffer-

ent apertures small, not over 1 mm. in diameter. —Autodermalia, stauractins

with attenuated, strongly prickly rays 85 in average length. Hyp>dermal

pentactins small, with paratangential rays only about 1 mm, long ; they are pro-

truded out of dermal layer and form a veil at about 1 mm. distance from the

surface. Gastralia, hexactins with rays similar to those of autodermalia. Some

parenchymal diactins as long as 20 mm. or more. Oxyhexaster 90—106 x in

diameter ; rays rather slender, 2—3 and occasionally only 1 terminal to a very

short principal. Octasters abundant near gastral surface, 114—136 y diameter;

terminals weakly bent S-like, 7—12 forming an outwardly expanded bunch;

principal thick, taking about 2/5 of the length of an entire ray. Microdisco-

hexasters of usual size and shape exceedingly rare,

Loc.: Sagami Sea,

54 I. IJIMA,

36. §. heteractinus, Ijima.

Tjima (Annot. Zool. Jap, vol. I. p. 56).

Loc.: Sagami Sea.

97. $. pleorhaphides, Ijima.

Tjima (Annot. Zool. Jap., vol. I, p. 58).

Loc.: Sagami Sea.

RHABDOCALYPTUS, F. E. Sch.

Paratangential rays of hypodermal pentactins armed with biserially ar-

ranged hook-like prongs.

Artificial Key to Species.

a’, Autodermalia, pentactins and stauractins ; octaster 30—

40 (2 In TAC1IUBA A e eee eee eee R. davsoni.

a’’. Autodermalia, predominantly stauractins ; octaster 90—

120 in radins EN ne ee ee ee RA R. victor.

a’’’. Autodermalia, predominantly straight diactins.

b/. (Octastor:65=88 Lin madiusı.e. stesse ee eee. R. mollis.

b’’. Octaster smaller, 33-55 // in radins... R. copillatus.

38. A. dawsoni (Lambe).

Bathydorus dawsoni, Lambe (Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, Sect. IV, 1892, p.

73, pl. IV 2 and pl. VI 2—2k).— Rhabodocalyptus dawsoni, Schulze (Rev. Ase.

u. Ross., p. 555).

Loc. : near Vancouver Isl.

39. A. victor, Ijima.

Ijima (Annot. Zool. Jap., vol. I, p. 52).

Loe.: Sagami Sea.

40. A. mollis, F. E. Sch.

Schulze (Chall. Rep. Hex., p. 155, pl. LXVI). (Rev. Asc. u. Ross., p.

552). —ljima (Annot. Zool. Jap., vol I, p. 50).

Loc.: Sagami Sea.

42. R. capillatus, Ijima.

Jjima (Annot. Zool, Jap, vol. I, p. 51).

Loc. : Sagami Sea.

THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF ROSSELLIDAE, Or

ACANTHASCUS, F. E. Sch.

Hypodermal strands consist exclusively of diactins.

42. A. cactus, F. E. Sch.

Schulze (Chall. Rep. Hex., p. 148, pl, LVII 1—7). (Rev. Asc. u. Ross., p.

551).—Ijima (Annot. Zool. Jap., vol. I, p. 48.

Loc. : Sagamı Sea,

{>}

43. A. alani, n. sp.

An ovoid, thick-walled goblet, 190 mm. high ; attached by a short stalk-like

base. Prostal needles unknown ; possibly not present.—Autodermalia exclusive-

ly pentactins with rather slender rays, 95—170 a long Hypodermal strands of

indefinite calibre. Gastralia, hexactins, not forming a continuous layer, Oxy-

hexasters large, with diameter of 144—190 y: ; terminals more or less slender,

unusually 3—+ to each extremely short knob-like principal ; central node spheri-

cal. Octasters with radius of 68—110 2; principal about as long as or longer

than terminals, of which 6—8 form an ontwardly expanded tuft. Microdisco-

hexaster of usual shape and size present in a sparing number.

Loc. : Sagami Sea.

Sei. Coll, May 13th, 1898.

Printed June 10th, 1898.

PRELIMINARY NOTICE OF NEW JAPANESE

ECHIKDIDS.

By S YOSHIWARA,

Zool. Inst., Science Coll., Imp, Univ, Tokyo.

Since the publication of my paper on Asthenosoma in Vol. I, Part I of this

periodical I have found many new species of echinoids from various parts of

Japan. ‘The following contains an account only of their important diagnostic

characters. The full paper will be published afterwards, with illustrations.

1. Cidoris (Slereocidaris) tenuispinus, nov. sp.

The general appearance of test and the form of spine at once distinguish

this species from other known members of the genus. Test is regularly arched

on abactinal side, but actinally it becomes suddenly curved from ambitus, and

has a slight concavity near peristome. The color of membrane is dark brown.

Basals are almost equal in both height and breadth, radials distinctly excluded

from basals. The interambulacrum is three times as wide as the ambulacrum.

The scrobicular area is elliptical in form even at ambitus, The mil'ares in each

interambulacral plate are very few. The interporiferous area of ambilacrum

earries four regularly arranged vertical rows of tubercles. The primary spines

are slender. The fully developed one appears from 3rd or 4th interambulacral

plate, so that the whole abactinal side seems to be almost devoid of primary

spines. The first is longest having the length of 47 mm. and a uniform breadth

of 15 mm., in a specimen having the test of 35 mm. in diameter. All spines are

grey and very indistinctly striated on the surface, and some being quite smooth.

Those near peristome are flattened, but never crenulated. The miliary spines are

very small, with a thick brownish membrane at the base.

Loc. : Sagami Sea.

2. Cidaris (Stereocidaris) microtuberculatus, nov. sp.

This greatly resembles $. grandis, Död. But each basal plate has a dis-

58 S. YOSHIWARA.

tinctly greater width than height. The inner plates of anal system are not very

small compared with outer plates ; width of interambulacrum generally greater

than that of ambulacrum, being 4—5.4 times as measured at ambitus from tests

of 25.5—66 mm. in diameters. Ambulacrum very slightly wavy, with very

slightly sunken poriferous zone, and never so strongly curved as in S. grandis,

Dod. Interporiferous area tuberculated with two outer and four inner longitudi-

nal rows, the latter carrying very small scaly spines less than one quarter as

long as the outer ones. All miliares on the test and abactinal system smaller in

size than in 8. grandis, Dod. Neck of primary spine white. Spines near peri-

stome not flattened even in comparatively young specimens (25.5 mm, diam).

Loc.: Sagami Sea.

3. Cidaris (Porocidaris) misakiénsis, nov. sp.

Test more flattened than in C. elegans, A. Ag. Covering membrane (es-

pecially on abactinal side) and the collar of spine deep brown. Basals not ex-

tending to peripheral margin of anal system. Both ambulacral and interambu-

lacral plates at ambitus without any bare median space. ‘There is one vertical

row of tubercles between the scrobicular circle and median interambulacral

suture. Primary spines white, with a brownish collar 4 mm. high in the longest

spine belonging to a test of 39 min. in diameter, which measured 100 mm.

Secondary spines brownish ; those on ambulacrum arranged in a single vertical

row in each zone.

Loc.: Sagami Sea.

4. Mespilia levituberculatus, nov. sp.

Test globular, reddish with yellow or green bare space. Actinal side not so

swollen as abactinal side, but not depressed. Primaries and secondaries very

small, not perforated or crenulated, thus differing from any other species of

Mespilia, arranged in each interambulacral zone in two horizontal rows (adoral

row having only secondaries) and in five vertical rows at ambitus. Ambulacral

pores three in number in each plate, forming two vertical rows. Poriferous zone

traversed by two regular or irregular vertical rows of tubercles. On the am-

bulacrum and interambulacrum there are found bare median spaces crowded

with brown pedicellariæ. On the actinal side, however, these bare spaces together

with the pedicellarie are absent. Spines longitudinally striated with orange

NEW JAPANESE ECHINOIDS, 59

stripes, and tipped with white. Near peristome they are flattened.

Beside the above mentioned characters, this species differs from M. globulus,

A. Ag. in having more tuberculated and higher basal plates, and in median bare

space being not so distinctly separated from the portion of tubercles; from A.

Whitmani, A. Ag. it differs in the height of its test, the number of tubercles at

ambulacrum, and the tuberculation of anal plates.

Loc. : Not uncommon in Misaki and Dsushi (Sagami), Kominato (Awa)

Gönoura (Iki).

5. Salmacopsis pulchellimus, nov. sp.

Test globular, ambital outline indistinct and circular. The general ground

color is green and red, not white and olive brown as in S. olivacea, Did, At

ambitus each ambulacral plate has ares of three ambulacral pores, forming two

vertical rows, extending to peristomal margin. In each plate of ambulacrum

there is one horizontal row of alternating primary and secondary tubercles com-

posed of three of the former and a few of the latter, and another horizontal row

lying on the upper side, composed of a small number of small secondaries, but

the part lying below the first mentioned horizontal row is entirely destitute of

tubercles. Surface of both interambulacral and ambulacral plates not smooth,

and the furrows converge from each pit to median primary tubercles. Tubercles

smooth, not erenulated, Spines longest at ambitus (5 mm. in a test of 21 mm.

in diameter), greenish, tipped and banded with light red color.

Loc. : Tomo (Bingo).

6. Echinostrephus pentagonus, nov. sp.

This species resembles greatly E. molare, A. Ag., but on examining many

specimens with the diameter varying between 19.5 mm. and 28 mm. I find the

following important differences which justify us in making a new species.

1. The anal system is covered with many miliares of very small plates,

2. There are only three pairs of ambulacral pores in each arc.

3. The whole abactinal system is naked, except the radials which have

only two secondaries on each plate.

4, The outline is distinctly pentagonal.

Loc. : Bonin Islands.

60 S. YOSHIWARA,

7. Echinus multicolor, nov. sp.

Test variegated. First in interambulacrum there appears a greenish color

which becomes suddenly brown at ambitus ; interporiferous area white on abacti-

nal side, but actinally banded with three or four broad brownish bands, leaving

narrow white spaces between. Anal plates not provided with tubercles. Two

or three small tubercles distributed on each plate of abactinal system. Interam-

bulacral plate at ambitus with four tubercles ; ambulacral plate with one primary

tubercle, and another smaller one which is present only on the inner side. Pori-

ferous zone with an irregular row of pores, three pairs forming an are, without

any tubercle between each pore. Spines longitudinally striated, tipped with

two or three violet stripes, longest one measuring 3 mm. in a test of 14 mm. in

diameter.

Number of coronal plate (which is 16), arrangement of ambulacral pores,

other structures of test, and the color of spine distinguish this species from all

known members of the genus.

Loc. : Akune (Satsuma),

8. Fibularia acuta, nov. sp.

The general outline is like that of a hen’s egg, pointed anteriorly, and broad

posteriorly. The height is not uniform ; the anterior part being higher than the

posterior and making the wall of actinostome very convex. Apical system lies

on the anterior side of test. Anus elliptical, equal in size with or larger than

the length of mouth (that is } the radius) and separated from the mouth by

about + the length of the radius. Ambulacral pores extending for 3 mm. in a

test 10 mm. long and 6.5 mm. broad, and reaching outwards more than è the

radius, and diverging greatly. On actinal side there are scattered tentacles

coming out from single pores. The tubercles are not closely distributed on the

actinal side as in 7, volva, Agass. The ridges are very slightly visible actinally

and this only at the median ambulacral and interambulacral lines. There are

no prominent miliares near actinostome as in F, volva, Ag., and F. australis,

Desm.

Loc.: Misaki (Sagami), Shigajima (Chikuzen).

9. Plesianthus ogasawaraénsis, nov. sp. x

Test elliptical, with a slightly undulati.g ambitus, differing from P, excelsior,

———

NEW JAPANESE ECHINOIDS, 61

Dod. The test (74 mm. by 86 mm.) is widest not only on the side opposite the

anterior extremity of the rosette, but also in the line drawn through its

posterior extremity. Actinal surface concave, not ffattened as m P.

excelsior, Did. Suture betwcen interambulacral and ambulacral plates distinet-

ly recognizable from external surface, while that of P. japonicus, Död. is entirely

invisible from outside. General ground color grey, poriferous zone reddish.

Ambulacral furrow reaches the ambitus, but very indistinet in P. clypeus, Död.

Spine with red stripes, thus differing from P. japonicus, Did. Tubercles fewer

than in the last mentioned species. P. subdepressus, Gray differs from the pre-

sent species in having the greatest width at the posterior part, in the test rising

suddenly at the extremities of ambulacral petals, in the lanceolate form of the

petals, and the yellowish-green ground color with deep carmin colored poriferous

zones ; }. humilis, Leske differs in having the uniform breadth of periostome ;

P. rotundis, A. Ag. differs in having a rather circular outline, spindle shaped

ambulacral rosette and the greatest width near centre. It is needless to give

the distinction between this and the remaining species.

Loe.: Bonin Islands.

10. Echinarachnis tenuis, nov. sp.

Ground color white to light violet, Outline pentagonal, with a strongly

wavy contour, Anus lying on the abactinal side ; the part of the test where it

lies not pointed, ‘Test extremely thin. Ambulacral rosette extending half the

radius and widely open. Ambulacral furrow almost unrecognizable. Suture

between each two plates visible from surface. Primary and secondary spines

have the greatest thickness of membrane. Diameter of the largest specimen 30

mm,

Loc. : Kominato (Awa).

Printed June 10th, 1898.

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

On the Appearance of the Grey Phalarope in Uraga Channel.

—According to SEEBOHM the Grey Phalarope (P. fulicarius) is a winter visitor

to the Kurile Islands “ but it has not yet been recorded from Japan proper.”

On the 27th Nov. ‘94 Mr. J. ©. HarrLAnD of Yokohama obtained one speci-

men in that neighborhood, and I have no record of any other examples taken

in Japan proper until the occurrence referred to below.

On the 8th of this month (April) the Yacht “ Golden H.nd” left Uraga for

Ukishima to see if possibly the Swifts (C. pacificus) had arrived at their breeding

place there. However we did not see any, and as a hard and cold north wind

was blowing we made for Misaki. On the way we saw several flocks of small

birds which we took to be Turustones (5. in/erpres).

Next day we sailed down to the Doketsuba off Sunosaki, and we found the

sea swarming with these same small birds, which on shooting we found to be

Grey Phalaropes. Some were white on the lower parts, others in their breeding

plumage or partly so. The numbers seen can only be described as myriads.

They were in flocks of four or five to a couple of hundred in every direction ei-

ther flying about or sitting on the surface of the water busily feeding. The

weather was cloudy and many other birds were about. Albatross, Shearwater,

Gaunet, Auks, Cormorants, and Divers (C. arctieus ? )—these latter were particu-

larly numerous.

On the night of the 9th it rained heavily, and next morning a strong south-

erly gale came up. By noon the wind decreased somewhat and at 2 o’clock

“ Gold Hind ” left Misaki for Yokohama. When rounding Tsurugisaki a tre-

mendous sea was running but the Phalaropes were still about in smaller numbers.

They were sitting on the sea but had to fly up whenever a huge comber threaten-

ed to come tumbling down on them. Inside Tokyo Bay we found it calm and

near Futsusaki there were a great many more of these Phalaropes.

I may add that the Misaki fisherman Kumariıchı was with us and he said

he had never seen these birds before. As fishermen are so accustomed to watch

the birds for indications as to the whereabouts of the fish it is not likely that he

would have failed to notice the Phalarope on a previous occasion, which tends to

show that the present occurrence is exceptional,

ALAN Owston.

64 MISCELLANEOUS NOTES.

Zoological Society of Toky o.—The monthly meetings of the Society

for October—March were held in the lecture room of the Zoological Institute

of the Imperial University. The following papers were read:

October 16 —Prof. IwAKAwWA on the “ Fresh-water and Land Mollusca of

South-Central Japan.” He pointed out the difference of the prevailing forms of

this part and those of the northern part with reference to the fresh-water forms.

Thus, Paludina cæylropis, the common form in the north, does not occur in the

south-central part, while / al. ingallsiana, the prevailing form of the latter is not

f und in the north; so also, the genus Dipsas which is very common in the north

is rather uncommon in south-central Japan, where it is mostly replaced by

Anodonta.

November 20.—Prof. Isnikawa on the “Spawning and Larva of Megal-

batrachus Sieboldii.”

December 18.—Mr. YosHIwARA on “ Japanese Echinoidea.”

January 29. —Mr. Tara reported on his collecting tour in Formosa.

Mr. Aıpa on the “ Fauna of the Western Coast of Izu.”

February 19.—Mr. YosHiwAra on “a Fossil Astriclypeus from Koshù.”

Mr. Iizuka on “the Annelids of the Northern Shove of the Bay of

Suruga.”

March 19.—Mr. Mıyasına on “ Veretillum floridum, n. sp.”

Mr. Aıpa on the “ Structure and Habit of the Manis from Formosa.”

ZOOLOGICAL SECTION.

E have always on hand for Scientific purposes and Ornaments of the household, well prepared

Skeletons and good stuffed Skins of Mammals, Birds, Reptiles and Fishes ; Birds?

Eggs and Nests; Shells and Insects.

Also we prepare Specimens in Spirit of Land and Marine Animais.

All our Specimens are collected by experienced Collectors and mounted by Skillful Taxidermists.

We collect any kind of Animals immediatly on order.

We have also for sale Instruments and Reagents for Zoological studies and Taxidermists’

and Collectors’ use.

We have the honor of being favored with orders from the Imperial Museum, the Depart-

ment of Commerce and Agriculture, the Imperial University, Middle and Normal

Schools, both private and government.

Specimens are sent on prepayment of price

Payments are to be directed to YONEKICHI KOMEY AMA, Proprietor.

Chlamydoselachus _... ca ses vi, es ... Yen 50.00

» 9.00—30 00

10.00— 20.00

Megalobatrachus maximus

Machrocheira Kiimpferi 5

Metacrinus ... SA ee Rs on “ee …. 9 200— 4.00

Euplectella imperialis » 3.00—10.00

Hyalonema » 1.00— 6.00

Papilio mikado D 00

Lune rel BE potiation En

DOBUTSU-HYOHONSHA,

NO. 1, GOKENCHO, KANDA, TOKYO,

JAPAN.

CONTENTS.

On the Affinity of our Wild and Domestie Silkworms.

With Pl. III. È : GC! Sasaki, SETS 33

The Genera and Species of Rossellide.. Mono Lo Dino. rs: 41 |

Preliminary Notice of New Japanese Echinoïds u... er. nn. Miane. DEA |

Misellaneous Notes_ if ee pet DER ern... 63

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(©)

NOV 19 1898

H ® A

ANNOTATIONES

ZOOLOGICA JAPONENSES

AUSPICIIS

SOCIETATIS ZOOLOGIC4 TOKYONENSIS

SERIATIM EDITA,

Volumen Il. Pars III.

TOO.

PUBLISHED OCTOBER Io 1808.

On est instamment prié d'adresser tous les envois et toutes les cor-

£& respondances destinées aux “ Annotationes” à Dr. SFEITARO Goro, R£- |

DACTEUR, PREMIERE ECOLE SUPÉRIEURE, Torto.

NOTICE.

The “Annotationes Zoologicæ Japonenses” are published quarterly, in

March, June, September, and December.

Terms of subscription—$2°°=8s=F10=M8 per annum; single parts 506

=2s=F2.50=M2 each. Postage included in all cases.

Remittances from foreign countries are to be made by postal money orders,

payable in Tokyo to Seitaro Goto, First High School, Tokyo.

TO CONTRIBUTORS.

Articles may be written in English, German, French, or Italian.

Each contributor receives 50 copies of the reprints of his aricle gratis. Any

number of extra copies will be furnished at cost.

Contributors are particularly requested to specify the number of reprints they

want at the end of the manuscript. If not specified 50 copies will be delivered.

Articles may be accompanied by simple illustrations, as far as possible in

lines and dots.

Communications are to be addressed to Seitaro Goto, Editor, First High

School, Tokyo.

SPECIAL NOTICE.

Volume I and its parts are no longer sold at the original price, but will be

charged for at the same rate as the succeeding volumes and parts (vide supra).

NOV iS 1898

NEW OR IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES OF

EARTHWORMS. NO. 1.

By SEITARO GOTO, Professor, and SHINKICHI HATAT, Assistant.

First High School Tokyo.

In this series of papers we purpose to describe new or imperfectly known

species of earthworms collected from various parts of the Japanese Empire; and

at the outset we wish to state clearly the respective part which each of us has

taken in the work. For the practical portion of the work as well as the deter-

mination of new species the credit is entirely due to the junior writer (H), while

for a general supervision of the work and the form in which the results are pre-

sented the senior writer is alone responsible. ‘The species will be described with-

out any definite order, as their study is completed. In the present paper we

have put together only the species of the genus Pericheta that have come into

our hands.

The following characters, which are, unless otherwise stated, common to all,

have been omitted in the following descriptions: (1) Gizzard in VIII-IX;

(2) ovaries in XIII oviduct pore in XIV; (3) spermduct pores in XVII.

1. ? Perichæta Sieboldii, Horst.

We mention this species, the oldest known to science from Japan, with a

query, because, strange to say, we have not yet come across any specimen exact-

ly answering to its descriptions given by European writers They all agree

in stating that the spermathecæ are situated in VI/VII, VII/VIII, and

VIII/IX, and the number of seta between the male genital pores are given as

13,* while for the spermathecal region it is given as 76 by Rosa and 80 by

Horsr.f Now the numerous specimens which we regard as belonging to P.

Sieboldii all present this difference that, the spermatheex lie in V/VI,

* Rosa, D.—Die exotischen Terricolen des K. K. naturbistorischen Hofmuseums (Wien),

1891, p. 401; “Die männlichen Geschlechtsöffnungen am 18. Segment liegen in der 14.

B rstenlinie.”

Tt We have not been able to gain access to Horer's original description, and have there-

tore relied «on references by later writers.

66 S. GOTO AND S. HATAT,

VI/VII, and VII/VIII, therefore one segment anteriorly than is stated to be

the case by previous writers, while the number of setze lying between the male

pores we have observed to be 14-19, and the same in the spermathecal region

to be about 60. The last two points cannot, in our opinion, be regarded as of

much systematic importance, as we have learot from our experience, that they

are rather freqnently subject to variation. It must sound presumptuous in us to

suppose that all the previous observers have fallen into the same error; but it

must at the same time be admitted as a strange circumstance that we have never

met with any specimen answering to the description ot previous writers, although

we bave made a rather extensive collection in the same locality whence the

specimens of the European writers are known to have come or have presumably

been collected. On the cohtrary there have come under our obs rvation at least

more than two hundred specimens differing from P. Sieboldii in a single charact-

„er of systematic importance, viz. the position of the spermathecæ mentioned above.

These worms are very common in this part throughout the warmer months of

the year, and the are widely distributed, since we have specimens also from Sen-

dai, Shizuoka, and Tsugaru. They are therefore the most likely to be represent-

ed in any chance collection of earthworms from this part of Japan ; and we know

that P. Sieboldii is represented in all the European collections of earthworms

made in Japan, of which we have record (Leyden, Vienna, Oxford, Berlin). It

would be preposterous to suppose that all the specimens in Europe presented pre-

cisely the same variation. We therefore await the result of a renewed examina-

tion on the part of European students.

2. Perichceta fusca'a, n. sp.

Length of body 150 mm., breadth 5 mm. ; number of segments 110 ; dusky

colored on the back, lighter colored on the ventrum. Qlitellum XIV—XVI,

without sete. ‘Towards the two extremities of the body the boundary lines be-

tween the segments are very distinct and the sete are longer ; number of setæ

smaller in the anterior segments, being 24-25 in the spermathecal segments and

about 35 in the more posterior segments. First dorsal pore XIII/XIV; sper-

mathecal openings four pairs, V/VI, VI/VII, VII/VII VILI/IX; V, VI,

VII, VIII with a pair of genital papille behind the cheetal line ; oviduct pore

single; male openings on the top of papille; XVII, XVIII, XIX, XX with a

dair of genital papille situated inside the line of the male pores and behind the

NEW OR IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES OF EARTHWORMS. 67

chætal line; male pores separated by 9

Vv sete.

Intestine begins in XV; intestinal coca

VI one pair în XXVII; thickened septa V/VI

— VII/VIII in front of the gizzard, and

VII X/XI—XIII/XIV behind it, septum IX/X

very thin and transparent, septum VIIT/IX

VIII ab-ent. Spermathecæ four pairs, in MT,

VIL VIII, IX, with diverticula longer than

the sac and enlarged at the blind end. Testes

oud in X, XI; sperm reservoir in RIERTT:

ee ovary small, close to the ventral body wall.

Ovisacs (receplaculum ovorum) two pairs, in

ae XIII, XIV, with the proximal portion at-

tached to the septa between these segments :

VE and the next preceding. Prostate gland

small, and only slightly lobulated. Last

heart in XIII.

Loc.— Kamakura.

3. P. campestris, n. sp.

Length of body 120 mm., breadth 6

mm., number of segments 77. Clitellum

VII

XIV—X VI, without set. Number of set

Me Wo) oie in the spermathecal segments 35, but in

XVHI there are 47; generally speaking

XVII there are fewer setæ in the more anterior seg-

ments, First dorsal pore XIII/XIV. Sper-

XVIII mathecal pores two pairs in VII/VIII,

VIII/IX ; VII, VIII with a pair of genital

XIX

ersssnzeeessnezanee-) papillae lying close to the spermathecal pores

and behind the chætal line. Oviduct pore

single. Sperm duct openings on papille, separated by 7 sette; XVII, XVIII,

XIX with a pair of genital papillæ behind the cheetal line.

Intestine begins in XV ; intestinal cœca one pair, in XXVI, large, extend-

68 S. GOTO AND S HATAT.

ing for 4 segments anteriorly, and with the anterior end usually winding. Thick-

ened septa V/VI—VII/VIII in front of the gizzard, and X/XI—XIII/XIV be-

hind it; septa VIIT/IX, IX/X wanting. Spermathecæ two pairs, in VIIT, IX,

with small diverticula, blind end enlarged. Testes in X, XT; sperm reservoirs

in XI, XII. Ovisacs two pairs in XIII, XIV, small. Prostate gland lobate,

oceupying XVII—XX. Last heart in XIIL

Loe.-- Kamakura,

4. P. kamakurensis, n. sp.

Length of body 120 mm., breadth 6 mm., number of segments 79. Clitel-

lum XIV--XVI, without sete. Number of

(0000200000030) sete in the spermathecal segments about 33.

First dorsal pore XI{/XIII. Spermathecal

pores three pairs in V/VI, VI/VII, VII/V-

III; VI, VII, VIII with a pair of genital

VT N°) papille behind the chætal line. Oviduet

pore single. Sperm ducts opening on papil-

VII

ke, the pores being separated by 10 seta;

XVII

one pair of genital papille on the same and

«e the preceding segments behind the chætal

line and inside the male pores.

Intestine begins in XIV ; one pair of intestinal ceca in XXVII, extending for

three segments anteriorly. Thickened septa V/VI—VII/VIII and X/XI—

XII/XIII ; no septa in VIII/IX, IX/X. Spermathecæ three pairs, in VI, VII,

VIII, with diverticula. Testes in X, XI; sperm reservoirs in XI, XII, with

the dorsal surface lobed. Ovary small; ovisacs in XIII. Prostate gland some-

what rectangular, with shallow furrows on the surface, small, extending through

XVII, XVIII; sperm duct without any terminal bulb. Last heart in XIII.

Loc.—Kamakura, Tokyo.

5. P. parvula, n. sp.

Length 32 mm., breadth 2 mm., number of segments 48. Clitellum XIV

—XVI, without sete. First dorsal pore XI/XII. Spermathecal pores three

pairs, in V/VI, VI/VII, VII/VIII; no genital papilla in this region. Sperm

NEW OR IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIFS OF EARTHWORMS. 69

duct pores could not be observed ; no genital papilla around them. Color of al-

coholic specimens dusky.

Intestine begins in XVI; one pair of intestinal ceca in XXVIII, elongated,

extending through four segments anteriorly. Thickened septa V/VI—

VII/VITT and X/XI—XV/XVI; septa VIII/IX, IX/X wanting. Spermathe-

cæ three pairs, in VI, VII, VIII, without diverticula. Testes in X, XI; sperm

reservoirs in XI. XII. Ovary comparatively large; ovisac absent. Prostate

gland wanting. Last heart in XIII.

Loc.— Kamakura.

6. P. heteropoda, n. sp.

Length 100 mm., breadth 4 mm., number of segments 72 ; all the segments

except the first and the last of the same

breadth. Color brown, except the clitel-

lum, which is yellowish. Clitellum XIV

Gé —X VI, without sete. Sete of segments II

— XII thicker and longer ; their number

vir in the spermathecal segments 32. First

dorsal pore X/XI Spermathecal pores

VITI four pairs, in V/VI, VI/VII, VII/VIII,

VIN/IX ; VI, VIF VIII, IX, with a

Ix pair of genital papille in front of the

chetal line. Sperm duct pores separated

by 12 sete ; no genital papille in this region; margin of the pores slightly ele-

vated.

Intestine begins in XVII; one pair of intestinal cœca in XXVI, extending

for three segments anteriorly. Thickened septa V/VI—VII/VIII and X/X1

—XV/XVI; septa VIII/IX, IX/X wanting. Spermathecæ 4 pairs, in VI,

VII, VIII, IX, with diverticula which are not convoluted but with the blind

end simply enlarged. Testes in X, XI; sperm reservoirs in XJ, XII. Ovary

large ; ovisac absent ; oviduct also large and very easy to observe. The two

vasa efferentia unite near the septum XII/X II; prostate gland absent; terminal

bulb present situated a little in front of the external male pore. Last heart in

XIII.

70 S. GOTO AND 8. HATAI.

Loc.—Tokyo, Tokorosawa (about 20 miles N.W. from Tokyo), Kamakura.

7. P obscura, n. sp,

Length 80 mm., breadth 4 mm., num-

00492080 041 0 0 0 è è è ee

BL ber of segments 76. Clitellum XIV—XVI,

“dal without sete, not glandular and with the

same appearance as the other segments ; each

Er elitellar segment with a transverse granulate |

ridge on the ventral side. Number of sete in

the spermathecal segments 35—38. First

uns dorsal pore X/XI. Spermathecal pores 3

pairs, in VI/VII, VII/VIII, VIII/IX, on

di taste) top of papille directly in front of the inter-

segmental line.* Sperm duct pores separat-

ed by 14 sete ; segment XVIII with two pairs of genital papille, one in front

of chætal line and the other behind it ; segment XIX with one pair of similar

papille behind the chætal line.

Intestine begins in XV ; one pair of intestinal ceca in XXVI, very small,

extending for 2 segments anteriorly. Thickened septa V/VI—VlIı/VIII and

X/XI—XIV/XV ; septa VIIT/IX, IX/X wanting. Spermathecæ 3 pairs, in

VII, VIII, IX, with diverticula, finger shaped and straight. Testesin X, XI;

sperm reservoirs in XI, XII. No ovisac. Prostate gland small, extending

through only 2 segments, lobed, rectangular ; no terminal bulb on the sperm

duct. Last heart in XIII.

Loc.—Kamakura.

8. P. scholaslica, n. sp.

Length 155 mm, breadth 5 mm., number of segments 127. Clitellum

XIV—X VI, without sete. Number of setæ in the spermathecal segments 39

—48, posterior to IX 48 in each; in preclitellar segments the ventral seta are

larger than the dorsal, but in postclitellar segments they are all of the same

size; in the nine segments immediately in front of the clitellum as well as in

* In the upper portion of the aceompanying cut the spermathecal openings have by over-,

sight been represented like genital papilla.

NEW OR IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPFCIES OF EARTHWORMS, 71

6—7 segments immediately behind it the cheetal lines are more prominent and

the intersegmental lines more distinct. Color of clitellum in alcoholic specimens

brown, the rest grey Spermathecal pores 4 pairs, in IV/V, V/VI, VI/VII,

VII/VIII; no genital papille in this region. Sperm duct pores separated by

8 sete; genital papille wanting.

Intestine begins in XV; one pair of intestinal coca in XXV, extending

forwards as far as XXIII. Tbickened septa VI/VII, VII/VIII and X/XI—

XIV/XV ; septa V/V', VIII/IX, IX/X absent. Spermathecæ 4 pairs, in V,

VI, VII, VIII. In the single specimen of this species that’ has come under our

observation only the spermatheca on the left side of VII was provided with a

minute diverticulum ; which is probably a departure from the rule. Testes in

X, XI; sperm reservoirs in XI, XII. Ovisacs two pairs, in XIII, XIV, very

small. Prostate gland large, 2-lobed, directly opening into the sperm duct without

the med.ction of a duct. Last heart in XIII.

Loc.—Tokyo.

9. P. decimpapillata, n, sp.

Length 150 mm., breadth 4 mm. number of segments 115, of uniform

| breadth throughout. Clitellum XIV—XVI, without sete. Number of sette

in the spermathecal segments 36. First dorsal pore XI/XII. Spermathecal

pores 3 pairs, in V/VI, VI/VII, VII/-

VIII; VII, VIII with a pair of genital

papille behind the chætal line. Sperm du-

VII SL ELL ELITE

2-00}

ct pores on papillæ, separated by 10 sets ;

ae five pairs of genital papi le in the vicinity,

two pairs in XVII behind the chætal line,

XVII two pairs in XVIII inside the male pores,

one in front of, and the other behind, cheetal

XVIII line, and one pair in XIX in front of the

ch:etal line, these in XVIII being in a line

RIX

with the inner pairof the preceding segment.

Intestine begins in XV; one pair of

intestinal coca in XXVI, extending for three segments anteriorly. Thicken-

ed septa V/VI—VII/VIII and X/XJ—XIII/XIV; septa VIII/IX, IX/X

absent. Spermatheca 3 pairs, in VI, VIJ, VIII, with very small diverticula.

72 S, GOTO AND S. HATAT.

Testes in X, XI; sperm reservoirs in XI, XII. Ovisacs one pair, in XIIT.

Prostate gland large, extending through 5 segments, XVI-XX, lobate. No

terminal bulb on the sperm duct.

Loc.—Tokyo.

10. P. flavescens, n. sp.

Length 120 mm., breadth 6 mm., number of segments 126. Clitellum

XIV—XVI, swollen, without sete. Anal segment comparatively long

Number of setze in the spermathecal segments constant, viz. 20; these as well

as the anterior segments with larger but

fewer sete than the posterior segments,

>> en which are provided with more but small-

er sete, there being 40—50 in each.

First dorsal pore in XIII/XIV. Sperm-

athecal pores 3 pairs, in VI/VII, VI

I/VIU, VIII/IX; Vil with one pair of

genital papille behind the chætal line,

VIII

IX LEE OT RON)

VIII with two pairs, one in front of, and

the other behind, the cheetal line, IX with

XVIII

one pair in front of the ehætal line ; there

being 4 pairs in all in this region. Sperm duct pores on top of papille, sepa-

rated by 7 sete ; 4 pairs of genital papille in XVIII, two external and two

internal; the internal pairs lying inside the male pores, close to the chætal line,

one in front of, and the other behind it; the external pairs are also situated in

front and behind, but lie slightly external to the male pores; the papille

around each male pore occupying the four corners of a trapezoid with the paral-

lel sides parallel to the long axis of the worm and the shorter side turned

inward.

Intestine begins in XV; one pair of intestinal ceca in XXV, extending

for three segments anteriorly. Thickened septa IV/V—VII/VII and X/XI

— XII/XII!; septa VIII/IX, IX/X wanting. Spermathecæ 3 pairs, in VII,

VIII, IX, with large vesicular portions and short ducts ; only the pair in VIII

with minute diverticula. Testes in X, XI; sperm reservoirs in XI, XII.

Ovisacs in XIII. Prostate gland large, occupying XVII—XIX, 2-lobed,

NEW OR IMPERFEOTLY KNOWN SPECIES OF EARTHWORMS. 73

with shallow furrows on the surface. No terminal sac on the sperm duct. Last

heart in XIII.

Loc.—Tokyo.

11. P. producta, n. sp.

Length 140 mm., breadth 6 mm, num-

ber of segments 120. Clitellum XIV—

ie XVI, without sete. Number of sete in

VII VI 30, in VII 35, in VIII 39, in IX 31,

in the more posterior segments 40—45 ‘

preclitellar sete large. First dorsal pore

in XIII/XIV. Spermathecal pores 3

XVIII

pairs, in VI/VII, VII/VIII, VIII/IX;

genital papille three pairs, one pair in

VII behind the chætal line, two pairs in VIII, one in front of, the other behind,

the chætal line. Sperm duct pores slit-shaped and not opening on papille;

therefore difficult to make out, separated by 8 sete; genital papille 3 pairs in

XVIII, one pair in front of the chætal line, in a line with the male pores, and

two pairs, internal and external, behind the chætal line, the external pair being

in a line with the male pores.

Intestine begins in XV ; one pair of intestinal cœca in XXV, extending for

three segments anteriorly. Thickened septa V/VI—VII/VIII and X/XI—

XIII/XIV ; septa VIII/IX, IX/X absent. Spermathecæ 3 pairs, in VII, VIII,

IX, with large vesicular portions and short ducts, without diverticula. ‘Testes

in X, XI; sperm reservoirs in XI, XII. Ovaries comparatively large; ovisacs

small, in XIII, XIV. Prostate gland wanting ; no terminal bulb on the sperm

duct. Last heart in XIII.

Loc.— Tokyo.

| As cases of variation occurring in this species we may mention four speci-

mens which differed from the above in the following respects: (1) clitellar seg-

ments with about 40 sete, (2) number of sete in the spermathecal segments 45,

in III 30, in XX 48, (3) setæ small and of uniform size everywhere, (4) sperm

duct pores on top of papille, and separated by 10 sete. We think that these

differences are hardly entitled to specific distinction.

74 S. GOTO AND 8. HATAT,

12. P, micronaria, n. sp.

Length 66 mm., breadth 3 mm, number of segments 106. Clitellum

XIV—X VI, without sete. Number of sete

in the spermathecal segments 28-32, more

posteriorly 35. First dorsal pore in XI/

XII. Spermathecal pores 4 pairs in V/VI

—VII/IX ; no genital papille in this region.

XVIII

Sperm duct pores large, on top of papille,

separated by 8 sete; two pairs of genital

papille in XVIII just inside the lines of the male pores, each pair close to the

intersegmental lines.

Intestine begins in XV ; one pair of intestinal cœca in XXVI, extending for

two segments anteriorly, Thickened septa V/VI—VII/VIII and X/XI—

XII/XIII. Spermathee: 4 pairs, in VI—IX ; only the pair in VIII with

minute diverticula, No ovisac. Prostate gland in XVII—XX. Testes in X,

XI; sperm reservoirs in XI, XII, comparatively small. Last heart in XIII,

Loe.—Tokyo,

13. P. vittata, n, sp.

Length 100 mm., breadth 6 mm., number of segments 68. In the dorsal

aspect, the chætal lines are light grey and

the rest dark brown, thus appearing banded;

we in the ventral view of uniform light grey.

Clitellum flesh-red, XIV—XVI, without

sete. Number of sete in III 35, in VII 57,

in VIII 59, in XVIII 60. First dorsal pore

in XIII/XIV. Spermathecal pores 6 pairs, on top of papille, 3 pairs in both

VIII

VII and VIII, those of the same segment being situated in the same transverse line

and in front of the chetal line.* Sperm duct pores could not be detected exter-

nally.

Intestine begins in XVI; one pair of intestinal cœca in XXVI, with five

secondary ceca, of which the most dorsal is longest and the more ventral ones gra-

* The punctatedcircles in the accompanying cut represent the spermathecal openings and

not genital papillæ, as might be inferred from analogy with other cuts.

NEW OR IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES OF EARTHWORMS, 75

dually become shorter. Thickened septa V/VI—VII/VII and X/XI—

XV/XVI. Spermathecæ 6 pairs, three in VII and three in VIII, without

diverticula, ‘Testes in X, XI; sperm reservoirs in XI, XII, very small, only the

dorsal edges projecting on either side of the intestine. Ovaries as well as ovisacs

comparatively large, in XIII. The two vasa efferentia unite in XII; the vas

deferens can be traced sometimes as far back as XVIII or more backwards, the

extremity being usually club-shaped. Last heart in XIII.

Loc.—Tokyo, Kamakura,

Among the numerous specimens of this species that have come under our ob-

servation two presented the following points of variation: (1) first dorsal pore

in XII/XIII, (2) spermathecæ only in VIII, and the pores neither on top of

papille nor in the segment but in the intersegmental line between VII and VIII,

14. P. grossa, n. sp.

Length 240 mm., breadth 8 mm., number of segments 141. Near the two

ends of the body the chætal lines are more prominent and the intersegmental lines

more distinct, Clitellum XIV—XVI, with-

out sete. Number of setæ in the spermathe-

= cal segments 53-57, in the more posterior

segments 60-70. First dorsal pore in XIIT/-

N td NO ee. Spermathecal pores 4 pairs, in V/VI-

fi..............) VHI/EX ; no genital papille around them.

ISO ® © Sperm duct pores on top of papillæ, separat-

POE ego] ed by 9 sete; XIX, XX, XXI each with a

® pair of genital papille behind the chætal

line,

Intestine begins in XV ; one pair of intestinal ceca in XXVI, very long,

extending for 6 segments anteriorly. Thickened septa V/VI-VII/VIII and

X/XI—XIV/XV ; septa VIII/IX, IX/X wanting. Spermathecæ 4 pairs, in

VI, VII, VIII, IX, with tubular, convoluted diverticula longer than the pouches.

Testes in X, XI ; sperm reservoirs in XI, XII; both testes and the reservoirs

large. Ovary large; no ovisac. Prostate gland lobate, in XV—XIX, Last

heart in XIII.

Loc.— Kawaguchi (Prov. Kai).

76 Ss. GOTO AND S. HATAL

15. P. schizopora, n. sp.

Length 78 mm, breadth 4 mm., number of segments 96. Clitellum XIV —

XVI, without sete, but with distinct intersegmental lines and with the same color

as the rest of the body. Set: fewer in the anterior segments, 33 in III, 44 in IV,

53 in V, and thereabout in the more posterior segments. First dorsal pore in

XII/XIII, Spermathecal pores one pair, in VII/VII,

#3, distinct and slit like, with a slightly elevated margin. Cvi-

duct pores one pair, the two being separated by about 1

mm, Sperm duct pores could not be observed. No geni-

tal papilla anywhere.

Intestine begins in XV ; 5 pairs of intestinal cœca in

XXVI, the most dorsal pair being longest, and thence decreasing towards the

ventrum. Thickened septa V/VI—VI/VII and X/XI—XIV/XV; in VII/-

VIII there are a few oblique muscles but no distinct septum; septa VIII/IX,

IX/X absent. Spermathecz one pair, in VIII. In the single specimen observ-

ed, the spermatheca of the left side had three diverticula, two of which were

shorter than the pouch and had vesicular extremities, while the third was long

and finger-shaped ; the spermatheca of the right side had only one finger-shaped

diverticulum ; that of the left side probably represents the normal condition.

Tests in X, XI ; sperm reservoirs in XI, XII, very small. Ovisacs in XIII

No special feature about the oviducts except that they are entirely separate. No

prostate gland ; the sperm duct can be traced only as far as XIV. Last heart in

XIII,

Loc.—Tokyo.

16. P. Takatorii, n. sp.*

a 5” Length 314 mm. breadth 8

0009 i e®® mm., number of segments 120. Ven-

XVII RE vale ia CRE

©) a

09° TIO) tral and dorsal sides very different

in color, the former being yellowish

brown and the latter light grey. Clitellum XIV—XVI, without seta, of

* Dedicated to Mr. Y. Takatori of the Agricultural Department of the Government cf For-

mosa, whose kindness in complying with our request to collect aad send earthworms is here

gratefully acknowledged. We owe this as well as the next following species to him. ~

Te, -

NEW OR IMPERFECTLY KNOWN SPECIES OF EARTHWORMS. 17

uniform light yellow. Number of setæ fewerin the anterior segments; in the

spermathecal segments 51, behind them about 65. First dorsal pore in XI/XII.

Spermathecal pores two pairs, in VII/VIII, VIII/IX; with two or three genital

papille on the posterior margin of the next preceding segment. Sperm duct

pores on top of papille, each surrounded by 8 genital papille arranged by fours

on the two sides of an isosceles triangle with the base turned externally.

Intestine begins in XV ; one pair of intestinal cœca in XX VI, extending for

3 segments anteriorly. Thickened septa V/VI—VII/VIII and X/XI—XIII/

XIV ; septa VIII/IX, IX/X wanting. One pair of spermathecæ in VIII, with

two finger-shaped, more or less winding diverticula of unequal lengths, and ano-

ther pair of similar spermathecæ and three pairs of small accessory spermathecæ

without diverticula in IX ; the accessory spermathec being situated internally

to the well-developed ones. Testes in X, XI; sperm reservoirs in XI, XII.

Ovisacs in XIII. Prostate glands lobate, in XVII—XXI. Last heart in

ELLE

Loc.—Taipei-fu (Northern Formosa).

17. P. candida, n. sp.

Length 150 mm, breadth 6 mm., number of segments 95. Color dark brown

on the dorsal side, light grey on the ventral side, and the two colors n.eeting in a

line on the lateral side ; with metallic lustre;

VE chætal lines faintly white. Clitellum XIV—

XVI, without sete. Sete somewhat widely

vil se»ssssssssssesss.ssl separated from each other; in II there were

20, sete, in III 32, in IV 34, in VII 44, in

Me VIII 46, in XVIII 44. First dorsal pore in

XIII/XIV. Spermathecal pores two pairs,

MER in VI/VIJ, VII/VIII ; one pair of genital

papille in front of the chætal line in VI,

VII, VIII. Sperm duct pores separated by

12 seta ; two pairs of genital papillæ directly inside the male pores, one on either —

side of the chtal line.

Gizzard in JX—-X; intestine begins in XV ; one pair of intestinal coca in

XXVII, extending for two segments anteriorly. Thickened septa VI/VII—

78 8. GOTO AND S. HATAI.

VIII/IX and X/XI-XIII/XIV ; septa IX/X, X/XI wanting. Spermathecz

two pairs, in VII, VIII, with diverticula more than 3 times as long as the pouches.

Testes in X, XI; sperm reservoirs in XI, XII. No ovisac. Prostate gland

large, lobate, in XVII—XXII; terminal portion of the sperm duct S-shaped.

Last heart in XIII.

Loc.—Taipei-fu (Northern Formosa),

The principal characters of the species here described are summarised in the

a ljoined table.

Printed September 30th, 1898.

AP US COLO, eee ere eee

TPN COQINMPESUNIS Mes

PF. kamakurensis. severe

P. \eleropoda.

obscure...

Ps 0NO ASCA enr

P. decimpupillata. ......... +

URTTAVESCENS venendo

P. producta. ......

DÉMO MER on none

J EEO ee onto ReOneED

EGNOS insect s-aeaswaiveae neat

JEN ODER OE pen eee

MIE o

Panda sea,

Breadth

No. of. Sete in Sete be- ; Ist. dorsal Last Recept. Termin. Commene | intestinal

spermath |tween male Clitellum. Genital papille. | Spermatheere. Prostate, Gizzard. Thickened septa.

segments. | segment. | pores. pore. heart, oyorum. sac. intestine. | Coeca.

ta si 2 V, VI, VII, XVII | 2 x SSL, et : el ae VIVI—VII/VIIL

IN) | PL = B53 Ole exe SAVA XVII, XIX.” ip VI, VIL. | XIN/XIV. XII. | gjy | XVI} 0 | VIM-IX.| XV. XXVIL IL Sa.

77 35 7 |XIV-XVI|VI VILXVII, XVII, I, VII VII XXI, | XI | xy’ (XVII. | © |VIO-IX.| XV. | XXVI. X/XIXIL/XIV,

‘i i s VI, VII, VII. - E : | eee | UV MANIERE

79 33 10 | XIV—XVI. XVII XVIII. VI NOT, VDO POUR NTM SITES AYITUE 0 VISI XIV. | XVI, ea

ee VI we 3 si V/VI—VII/VIII,

48 24 © | SIV saat, 0 vt WANE, WSO, SEI IP dun 0 0 0 | VICI-IX | XV. [XXVII x/XI_XV/XVI.

5 = > VI, VII, VII SS È È x V/VI—VII/VII,

117 32 ce NS5vi iaia P Clear sm | pa ila XVIL| ev. an

3 = en x de V/VI—VII/V

7003637 1 | SOV aye, VITE fe Ro i au D | 0 vin av xvi zn 5 I

2 IV, VI, VII ER NEN

127 0918| 8. xy XL 0 | Yin. D con cure I Soi | vini zu o EN UN

E a 3 VII, XVII da NR 3 a VIVI—VII/VII,

115 36 10 XIV XVI: VE IL XIX 2 Me AVANTI XOXO EXT x | SV 0 VINES | RG | OA XXI XIMU/XIV.

Se 3 | È IV/V—VII/VIII,

126 20 7 |XIV—XVI.| VII, VII, IX, XVI. pi Ure: Ta fare Sar ben 70 via ave POS RE xN/xut

2 : V/VI—VII/VII,

120 | 35—39 DENON SALE, VALLE DSSYADDE VII, VII, IX. | XIIIXIV.| XIII a 0 DM VINES NAN, |} FON XXI NIL RLY,

- = RIE V/VI—VI1/VIII

162 Ss x Poi Enr | ve RISI

x | NV AI

68 57 O) PINS 0 VV SITA i xo 0 1) VIDE OVNI) ET ue

$ 7 V/VI— VII/VIII,

ui vi) eee ee ay uri o via vera nav

V/VI—VI/VII,

96 53 ON DRIVE STE 0 VII. OR CU | Sanuk 0 SDR DAS agp NU OV

V/VI—VII/VII.

120 51 8 |XIV—XVI. XVIII. VIII, IX. STAI tà ixus evil Sio VIE DR | POS PE

VI/VII—VIUIIX,

95 | 44-46 1 RIV SV VIVI VALLO \J01U: VIVI Del TE 0 Devi MANO CSG av III

THE BODY-CAVITIES OF THE STAR-FISH.

By SEITARO GOTO,

First High School, Tokyo.

In a paper on the metamorphosis of Asterias pallida (1) published a short

while ago I have come to conclusions, which are in several respects contradictory

to those arrived at by others from a study of other species. In particular, my

results, while confirming those of MacBRiDe (2) in many essential points, could not

at the same time be reconciled with them in several not unimportant details. To

see if these differences are to be explained by the principle of personal equation

or are really due to differences of species I obtained some material of Asterina

gibbosa from the Zoological Station of Naples and have made a close comparison

with the species formerly studied by me. The result was that, while the embry-

ological differences of the two species are not so great as might be inferred from a

comparison of the published accounts, yet are in some respects decidedly conspicu-

ous.

The enterocæl of an adult star-fish consists, aside from the axial sinus and

some other smaller cavities, of two compartments entirely separated from each

other by a continuous and somewhat complicated mesentery, one lying on the

aboral side of the gut and the other mostly on the oral side. The former I have

called the epigastric enterocæl, and the latter may be called the hypogastric entero-

cel. In this paper I shall, in the first place, describe the relation of these two

cavities to the larval body-cavities in Asterina gibbosa and compare it with what

obtains in Asterias, and then treat of some of those accessory cavities above refer-

red to ; confining our attention to general features and reserving the details for

another paper accompanied by plate, to be shortly published in the Journal of

the College of Science, Imperial University of Tokyo.

The various entercælic cavities that arise during development and their

genetic relations to the four portions of.the larval enterccel in As‘erias pallida may

be diagrammatically represented as follows:

80 SEITARO GOTO.

Right Anterior Ent’c’l.... Right Ant. Ent’el.

Left Ant. Ent’c’l.

Hydroc«l,

. 6 DISTA Epigastric Ent’c’l,

Right Posterior Ent’e’l.... } Right Post, Ent’c’l...

} Ent’el.=Axial Sinus.

Left Anterior Ent’c’l......

Secondary Left

Left Post. Ent’c’l....... ) Post. Enel} Hypogastric Ent’cl,

Left Posterior Ent’c'l...... | Besiesphge Enten re er

Dorsal Sac.

As an explanation of this diagram the following may be added. The two

anterior enterocoels unite at a very early stage, and the hydrocæl is formed from

the left enteroccel at about the same stage. The united anterior cavities remain

in the adult animal as the axial sinus. The two posterior enteroccels unite on the

ventral side, but very soon about one-half of the right posterior enterocæl is cut

off from the rest by the formation of a secondary septum; this is the epigastrie

enterocæl. The remaining single cavity is what I have called the secondary left

posterior enterocæl, and is destined to form a large portion of the hypogastrie

enterocæl. "The pericesophageal enterocæl is budded out from the left posterior

enterocæl after its union with the right. The dorsal sac also arises from the left

posterior enterocæl, but at a very early stage. ‘The cavity whose names are

printed in full-face are those that persist in the adult star.

Turning now to Asterina gibbosa we see that the epigastric enterocæl is form-

ed by a precisely similar process as in Asterias. MACBRIDE (2) calls it “right

posterior” enterocæl, as does Bury for Bipinnaria asterigera (3) ; but careful ob-

servation shows that it is something quite different from the right posterior entero-

cœl of the larva. It is true that on the right side there is no natural boundary

line between the anterior and posterior enterocæls, but I think there is n) valid

objection to the criterion I adopted in my paper on Asterias, viz. to regard the

transverse plane passing through the pore-canal as the boundary line between the

two enteroccels, the anterior and posterior. With this criterion in mind, if we look

on the right side of a larva of Asterina gibbosa in about stage D of MacBripe itis

very plain that the mesentery separating the “ right posterior ” enterocoel of Mac-

BRIDE runs very obliquely from the postero-ventral corner of the larva anteriorly

towards the pore-canal. This obliquity of the course of the mesentery was ob-

served long ago by Lupwic, and is correctly represented in several of his figures

(4, figs. 31 and 32). Again, the accompanying cut, which represents the vent-

ral portion of a transverse section through the region under consideration of a

THE BODY-CAVITIES OF THE STAR-FISH, 81

larva in an intermediate stage between stages C and D of MacBripE, proves the

same fact still more conclusively. Here one

sees the primary mesentery dividing the left

posterior from the right posterior enteroccel

still persisting but considerably thinned out,

while at a short distance from it on the right

side there has been formed a second septum

by the apposition of the peritoneal walls.

a epigastric enterocæl, b portion The primary mesentery subsequently ruptures

of the right posterior enterocæl cut P y i Ve I Tap

ne, m tle rest, c left posterior and leaves no trace, while the secondary sep-

enter:ccel.

tum is gradually completed and finally be-

comes a true mesentery by ingrowth of the mesenchyme and the consequent

separation of the two secondarily formed cavities. The one lying entirely on the

right side is the epigastric enteroccel, and the other lying mostly on the left side

and extending on to the ventral side is the secondary left posterior enterocæl. It

is evident from what has been said that the latter is equal to the left posterior

enterocæl of the larva plus about one-half of the right posterior enterocæl of the

same. This is also true of Asterias pallida.

The circular enterocel and a portion of the perihæmal system arise in

Asterina gibbosa in a very different way from what takes place in Asterias pallida.

According to MAcBRIDE the entire perihæmal system of authors, viz. the circular

enteroccel plus the perihæmal system of the present writer, arises in the form of

five interradial out-pocketings of the secondary left posterior enteroccel. Accord-

ing to my observations there are only four interradial out-pocketings from the

secondary left posterior enterocæl, viz. in interradii 4-5, 2-3, 3-4, and 5-1.* In

interradius 1-2 the out-pocketing is replaced by the axial sinus (anterior entero-

cel). The four out-pocketings, after being completely divided off from the

secondary left posterior enteroceel, grow towards, and unite with, each other and

with the axial sinus, and forms a complete ring. This ring is subsequently divid-

ed into two concentric portions by the formation of a septum; these are the two

perihsemal ring-spaces of authors. Before the formation of this secondary septum,

however, the peripheral portions of the four out-pocketings and the oral portion

* Adopting MacBripr’s notations.

82 SEITARO GOTO.

of the axial sinus grow outwards (i.e. towards the periphery of the disc) in two

horns, which again grow in, each towards the next adjoining radius and there be-

come apposed to similar horns from the next interradii. These horns lying in

the radii unite with the other portions of the perihæmal system, which have a

quite different origin.

The portions of the perihzemal system lying peripherally from whithin the first

pair of tube-feet arise in Asterina gibbosa in exactly the same way as the entire

system does in Asterias pallida, viz. as separate solid masses of mesenchymatous

cells lying in pairs on the oral side of the radial water-vascular tubes, between the

successive pairs of tube-feet. These solid masses subsequently acquire lumen and

growing towards each other unite. The radial septum, i.e. the septum between

the members of each pair, is never absorbed. This would seem to reduce our

conception of the origin of the perihsemal system to chaos, but in the face of ob-

served facts we should only wait for a higher generalisation to bring harmony

into the subject. It may be added that we have parallel cases in other groups,

where the same organ arises differently in different species (collar-cavity in En-

teropneusta, certain organs in the bud-development of ascidians).

In conclusion I must refer to the so-called “ dorsal sac.” MacBrripr claims

to have proved the origin of this organ from the right anterior enteroccel, and he

therefore regards it as the homologue of the hydroccel on the left side and calls

it the “right hydrocel.” To support his opinion he refers to certain abnormal

larva in which there were pore-canals on both sides of the body, the one on the

right side opening into the supposed right hydroceel. Ihave not had the good

fortune of coming across any similar abnormality ; but the observation of normal

larvee has led me to a very different conclusion, entirely confirmatory of my ob-

servation on Asterias.

The cavity in question arises in fact from the anterior end of the left post-

erior enteroccel. Its right end is closely apposed to the wall of the right posterior

enteroccel, as in Asterias, but there is at no time any connection between the two.

Its origin from the left posterior enteroccel is, on the contrary, very distinct and

unmistakable. The series of sections that I shall reproduce in my full paper

will, I think, put the matter beyond doubt. MacBrıpe’s idea of the homology

in question is thus entirely deprived of its ground.

The differences above sketched between Asterias vallida and Asterina gibbosa

THE BODY-CAVITIES OF THE STAR-FISH. 83

may be shown by the adjoined cuts, in which the four smaller squares represent

the four portions of the larval enteroccel. The broken lines represent the parti

tions, real or imaginary, that obtain in the larva, and full lines the partitions

that obtain in the adult. The names of the different cavities are written within

the parts of the larval enteroccel from which they arise.

Posterior. Posterior.

Ent. periæs.

Sac. dor. |

ES) Ent pi si 4 4

A @ E;

H a

eus

Ean cil Ye

Ù .

Sin'ax

Anterior. Anterior.

Asterias pallida. Asterina gibbosa.

Ent. perices. ... … ... …… «ee «e» Pericesophageal enteroceel

Einem e Circularienterocoele

BOPEPISAT Mn. eed eam Epigastric enterocel.

WES PO sie ee cee Gee) eos) ses) eee evs, Secondary/left posterior enterocæl.

Cav. perihæm part.... ... ... ... ... ... Perihæmal cavities partly.

DIN Axel eta camped Rees Axial sinus,

Tt may be added that this diagram may be directly derived from nature by

viewing the larva from the ventral side and supposing the body to be cut open

in the dorsal mid-line and spread out flat, and imagining the larval enterocæls as

squares.

LITERATURE CITED.

1) Goto, S—The Metamorphosis of Asterias pallida, wit Special Reference to the Fate of the

Body-cavities Journ. Coll. Sci, Imp. Univ., Tokyo. Vol. X, Pt. UI. 98.

2) MacBride, E. W.—The Development of Asterina gibbosa. Quart, Journ Mic. Sci. Vol. 38,

Pt. III. 795.

3) Bury, H.—The Metamorphosis of Echinoderms. Quart. Journ. Mic. Sci. Vol. 38, Pt. I.

"95.

4) Ludwig, H—Entwicklungsgeschichte der Asterina gibbosa Forbes. Zeitsch. f. wiss. Zool.

Bd. 37. ’82.

Printed September 30th, 1898.

ON A NEW RHIZOPOD PARASITE OF MAN (AMŒBA

MIURAI N. SP.)

By Prof. I. IJIMA, Pb. D.

The Rhizopod parasite of man, reported on in this paper, apparently repre-

sents a hitherto undescribed species of Amoebzea. I take pleasure in proposing to

call it Amaba miurai after Prof. K. Miura of the Medical College, Imperial

University of Tokyo, who first discovered it and kindly handed over to me the

materials for study and description. The patient, who harbored the parasite,

was a married woman, Yuki Ishiwatari by name and twenty-six years of age.

She resided in the Prefecture of Kanagawa until she was taken into the Univer-

sity Hospital at the end of November last year. Her disease consisted at first in

abdominal tumors which could be felt from outside andin ascites-like accumula-

tion of fluid in the abdominal cavity. Later the affliction increased the degree of

malignance and extended itself into the left pleural cavity. The patient finally

succumbed in August of the present year. Asthe result of clinical and post

mortem examinations Prof. Miura has arrived at the conclusion, that he had to

do with a case of peritonitis and pleuritis endotheliomatosa. For the details of this

case from medical standpoint I refer those interested to a fortheoming paper of

Prof. Miura himself, which will appear in the “ Mittheilungen aus der medicini-

schen Facultät der Kaiserlichen Universität zu Tokyo.”

It was in the serous fluid-accumulation of the peritoneal as well as of the

pleural cavity that the Amcebz were found in abundance. Only during a period

of about two days, shortly before the patient’s death, they were also present in the

fæces concomitantly with hæmorrhage in the intestine ; at other times the fieces

were free of them.

The discovery reminded us at once of Leydenia gemmipara Schaudinn, a

human parasitic Rhizopod discovered two years ago in Berlin under almost iden-

tical cireumstances* However, it was evident without going into discriminating

* y. Leyden and Schaudinn: Sitz ber. d. k pr. Akid. d Wiss. Berlin, 1895, XXXIX.

86 I, IJIMA.

Ameeba miurai Jj.

Ali figures magnified 500 times. Figs. 1—5 and 8 drawn from fresh state; figs. 6, 7 and

9, after treatment, with acetic acid.

Fig. 1.—A living specimen. with the surface in slow wave-like motion. Below, the villous

knob beset with short pseudopodia. Internally, two vacuoles with sharp contour, two nuclei

represented by ill-defined clear spaces and a few oil-like corpuscles.

ON A NEW RHIZOPOD PARASITE OF MAN. 87

comparisons that the present Amoeba represents a form quite distinet from the one

just mentioned.

The serous fluid, obtained from time to time by repeated punctures, was al-

ways of the same nature and appearance, well agreeing with v. Leypen’s ac-

count (loc. cit.) of the ascites-fluid in which Leydenia gemmipara was found. It

was of a dark-reddish color on account of a large proportion of the blood it con-

tained. When left standing for a few hours in a vessel, it separated into a serum

f yellowish eolour with greenish fluorescence and a thick sediment of dark-red

color. ‘The latter, when examined under the microscope, revealed the usual ele-

ments of a blood-coagulum (red and white blood-corpuscles, fibrin net-work) be-

sides a variable number of what appeared to be endothelial cells in the process

of fatty degeneration and a multitude of peculiar bodies, the Amoba to be pre-

sently described (vide annexed half-tone cuts).

These were by no means uniform in appearance. While some showed a very

characteristic shape and were evidently alive, others were abnormally vacuolated

more or less swollen and apparently dead or nearly so. It is a noteworthy fact

that both dead and living specimens were found together even in the fluid exa-

mined on warm stage immediately after extraction.

Individuals in living and consequently normal state (figs. 1—3) were found

always isolated, never adhering together in clusters. The body of such is habi-

Fig. 2—Same as above, the pseudopodia on the knob extended filament-like. Nucleus not

visible. Vacuoles and oil-like corpuscles as in fig. 1.

Fig. 3.—Another living specimen, in which the villous knoh is bounded against the main

body by a shallow ring-groove. Several vacuoles within ; above these the nucleus is indicated

by the clearer appearance of the sarcode.

Fig. 4.—A fresh specimen in the first stage of becoming morbid, but still showing some

pseud podia. The knob bearine the latter is being encroached upon by the vacuoles which are

enlarging themselves by imbibition.

Fig. 5.—Small, probably young specimens. a, with uneven surface ; neither vacuole: nor

oil-like corpuscles present, but with nucleus indistinetly recognizable at centre. db, biscuit-sha ped

and the two nuclei so disposed as if in proc»s3 of cell-divisinn; several small vacuoles and a

few oil-like corpuscles at the middle. c, the surface uneven and with pseudopodia-like pro-

cesses ; a single small vacuole and a scanty number of oil-like corpuscles present. d, spherical,

with three vacuoles and a fair number of oil-like corpuscles In all the above figures the vil-

lous knob is either concealed from view or not develope! at all. e, with unmistakeable knob but

without villi or pseudopodia ; no vacuole ; numerous oil-like corpuscles around the nueleu .

Fig. 6.—A specimen treated with dilute acetic acid solution. P eudtpodig on the knob

retracted ; three nuclei made distinctly visible ; no vacuole.

Fig.7.—A similarly treated specimen with two nuclei. The knob is either concealed or

obliterated, The vacuoles have lost sharpness ot contour. The accumulation of imbibed fluid

has caused the pellicle to heave up, pustule-like, at several places.

Fig. 8.—Portion of a large mass formed by the cohering together of dead, strongly vacu-

olated individuals. Seen in fresh state.

Fig. 9.—A similar cluster of dead individuals, seen after treatment with acetic acid (great-

ly swollen but nuclei made distinct).

88 + J, IJIMA,

tually spherical or more frequently ellipsoidal, characterized by having at one

pole a small rounded protuberance, which on close observation is found to bear

on its surface a number of fine processes, the pseudopodia, elosely set and extend-

ed to a greater or less degree. The protuberance is apparently the same struc-

ture as the “ villous knob ” or “ Zottenanhang ” which has long been known to

characterize the hind end of certain species of Amœbæa (Amæba vıl’osa Wallich,

Am. fluida Gruber, Pelomyra villosa Leidy).*

The size of the body is variable within certain limits. Large specimens

have a diameter of 38 y, while the smallest may measure not more than 15 y

across. They never attain the size of Am. fluida (80—90 y, according to

GREEFF), which, of all the Amoeba species known to me seems to come nearest

to the present one in several respects.

The sarcode is, apart from its enclosures, clear and uniformly finely granu-

lar, without perceptible differentiation into the ectoplasm and the endoplasm

except at the villous knob. The substance of the latter is clearer and hyaline,

without enclosures of any kind. I think I may say that it represents the main,

if not the entire, mass of the ectoplasm of the present species, localized as it were

at the spot in questien. This view also coincides with the fact that the general

surface never involves itself in any considerable movements.

The villous knob may be papilliform or hemispherical in shape, measuring

about 10 y across at the base, At other times it is only a gentle elevation and

under certain circumstances, may even be entirely retracted or obliterated. On

small specimens, such as represented in fig. 5 a—d, I have frequently missed the

knob. It is possible that in some of such cases it was simply concealed from view,

being situated at a position turned away from or towards the sight; in certain

other cases however I was convinced of its absence. In these latter cases, short

* Am. villosı is a fresh-water species first discovere.l and described by WaALLIcA in En-

gland (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1863). Whether the forms reported under the same name by

i EıDY (Fresh-water Rhizopods of N. America, 1879) and by MéBrus (Khizopodenfauna der

Kieler Bucht ; Abh. d. k. pr. Akad. d. Wiss. zu Berlin, 1888) were correctly identified, seems

to require corroboration—Am. fluida is a marine species first de cribed by GRUBER (Z. f. w.

Z. Bp. 41, p. 219) and later more preci-ely by Grerrr (Biol. Centralbl. BI. 12, p. 374). This is

a species that seems most to resemble Am. miurai.—Pelomyxa villosa was de:cribed by Ley in

his ‘‘ Fresh-water Rhizopods of N. America,” p 75.—All these species hive in common with

Am. miurai the characteristic villous knob, though it can not be said that this structure is

strictly confined to the species mentioned. As to the specific distinction between Am miurai

and the three specie: above cited let it suffice to mention here that the latter are all much

larger in size, are capable of active, typically amaboid or flowing motion with the main body

and inclose in the endosare crystals, pigments or peculiar bodies such as are not obs-rved in

Am. miurai.

ON A NEW RHIZOPOD PARASITE OF MAN. 89

villi-like pseudopodia were sometimes found emanating in irregular distribution

from tlie general surface (fig. 5, a & c), what might be expected to occur in im-

mature individuals so long as these would be naked and the ectoplasm not con-

centrated into a knob.

It sometimes happens in life that the villiform pseudopodia are entirely re-

tracted. The knob then presents a smooth surface (fig. 5, e), as it does always

when acted upon by reagents (fig. 6). Otherwise it is beset with shorter or

longer pseudopodia as the case may be. When short, the pseudopodia are gene-

rally conical in shape and comparatively thick though minute (fig. 1). By

focussing up and down the microscope, it was easy to observe the knob-surface

closely studded over with them. When fully extended (fig. 2), they may reach

5 pin length and are extremely fine, broadest at base an | thinned out towards

end. They then seem to radiate forth in tolerably straight course. Although I

do not remember having ever seen them branch or anastomose, yet I do not feel

myself sufficiently warranted to exclude the possibility of such occurrence. The

actual movement of the pseudopodia, whether molecular or otherwise, could not

be watched in continuous succession, what is sufficiently accounted for by the

slowness of motion combined with the fineness and the hyaline nature of the

pseudopodia. On the other hand, by examining the same living object at inter-

vals of several minutes, I could plainly observe, under favorable circumstances,

the variation in the degree of contraction or elongation of the filamentous struc-

tures under consideration,— evidence enough that the-e are to be seen in the light

of pseudopodia and not of immobile villi. The same view has been put forward

by Greerr* for the identical structures of Am. fluida.

The so-called villous knob passes usually, though not always, insensibly into

the main body. Not unfrequently, however, there were cases in which the two parts

were separated externally by a tolerably sharp line of demarcation (fig. 3). This

was brought about by the presence of a shallow ring-groove surrounding the

basis of the knob, The appearance then is as if cither the knob-base has just

slightly sunk into the main body or the latter has elevated itself in a low wall

around the former. This is without doubt only a temporary condition arising

from a certain state of contraction of the sarcode.

* GREEFF : Biol. Centra]lb]. Bd. XII, p. 377,

90 I. IJIMA,

To all appearance the villous knob is naked, i.e., devoid of an external en-

veloping membrane The same can not be said of the main body. An indubit-

able, double-contoured membrane is indeed not directly demonstrable jin. either

fresh or prepared specimens under ordinary circumstances. ‘The contour-line of

the main body appears sharp but is simple. Nevertheless, it often happens after

death that the entire Amoeba is blown out into a thin-walled yesicle by the ex-

cessive enlargement of the väcuoles contained, then to remain in that state for a

considerable length of time, giving an impression as if the tension of a special

superficial layer resisted its speedy bursting. Again, should the animal be left

for some time in a dilute solution of acetic acid, the fluid imbibed into the sar-

code frequently accumulates itself in the form of yacuoles just under the surface

and heaves up from below a pellicle in a pustule like manner (fig, 7). These

appearances have led me to infer that a thin elastic layer of a firmer consistency

than the internal sarcode covers the whole surface, interrupted only at one spo}

by an opening through which the pseudopodia-producing ectoplasm is protruded

knob-like into the exterior. This would be exactly the sam» state of things as

has been described in certain near allies of the present species, e. g, in Amaba

fluida by GREEFF, in the genus / lagiophrys by ARcHERt and PeNARDÎ, a con-

dition that leads over to that seen in the soft-shelled, monothalamous and

monostomatous Rhizopods. In Am. fluida the membrane should be thicker and

more distinct than in the present species.

The main body is not altogether incapable of changing its form but unlike

its known nearest allies Am. villosa and Am. fluida, the motion is so slow and

limited in extent that it requires close observation to perceive it. The shape

may change from spherical into ellipsoidal or vice vers: and at times assume a

somewhat irregular outline. In one case I have observed a slow wave-like

movement of the surface, so that the latter presented a slightly verrucose appar-

ance (fig. 1). A “ flowing” motion of the sarcode or such active transformation

of the body into lobate pseudopodia as is aseribed to Am. villosa or Am. fluida,

was never noticed. On the contrary, the various enclosures retained tolerably

constant relative positions all the while during observation. It seemed as if the

* GREEFF: loc. cit, p. 375. ‘

+ ARCHER: Quart. Jour. Micr. Sci. Vol. XI,

i Pexarp: Mém. Soc. Physiq. H. N. Genève, T. XXXI, No. 2.

ON A NEW RHIZOPOD PARASITE OF MAN. 91

sarcode were not of sufficiently fluid nature as to allow of a. far-reaching change

in the body-form. So then, Am, miurai must be said as being of a very sluggish

habit. On this account and from consideration of certain fact to be mentioned

further on but which indicated that the Amceba was not fit for prolonged existence

in the serous fluid containing it, I have raturally questioned myself if the forms

I have considered as normal and healthy were really such and not already in the

first stage of contraction. But I think this doubt can be done away with as being

unfounded, for, were the animal in any way pathologically affected, the power of

emitting and retracting those delicate pseudopodia on the knob should be the

first to disappear.

The enclosures in the main body are the nucleus, the vacuoles and the

minute oil-like corpuscles. They occur in the finely granular sarcode without

any definite rule as to their positions.

The nucleus is generally invisible in the fresh or living state, at most only

indistinetly indicated by an ill-defined, somewhat clearer space in the sarcode

(figs. 1-5). When treated with the acetic acid, it comes forth with all the desi-

rable distinctness (figs. 6,7 & 9). It occurs in twos or threes almost as often as

it docs in a single numbcr. Round, oval or kidney-like in shape, it is bounded

by a distinct nuclear membrane. The diameter measures 8—15 y. The nuclear

fluid is faintly granular, somewhat clearer than the sarcode and encloses within

one or more prominent nucleoli, generally one in number.

The vacuoles are. perfectly clear and form very conspicuous objects in fresh

specimens, being very sharply outlined against the sarcode. They are inconstant

as to their number and size. In some, notably smaller, individuals (fig. 5, a & e;

fig. 6), they were found to be even entirely missing. But the majority of individu-

als showed them in numbers of one; two, three or several (see figs.). I think

none of these vacuoles is pulsatile. Once a vacuole in a specimen, the first

examined from a freshly taken abdominal fluid, was seen to vanish from view as

slowly as it again reappeared; but then I was at a loss to decide, whether or

not, the phenomenon was simply due to that vacuole getting alterLately it to and

out of the focus as the object slowly rolled about under the cover-glass. Treated

with acetic acid, the vacuoles lose the boldness of contour, while the large vesicu-

lar nucleus, hitherto concealed, is made perfectly clear. In the number, size and

non-contractility of the vacuoles the present species seems to agree exactly with

Am. fluida as described by GREEFF.

92 I. IJIMA.

The oil-like corpuscles are small yellowish, highly refractive spherules of by

no means uniform size. They are probably nutritive matter in reserve and

identical with similar bodies that are so commonly met with in the body of other

Aauœbze, Some individuals contained only a small number of these corpuscles,

others in fair abundance. Also cases were not wanting in which not a trace of

them was to be found.

Crystals and extrinsic matter, such as food-particles, &e., were not met with

in the sarcode. Nor was the animal ever seen in the act of taking in food, which

process, in my opinion, could only take place by means of the villiform pseudo-

podia at the knob. Whether the latter, like the similar organ of Pelomyra,

served at times fur prehension, I have not been able to ascertain.

The above is the description of Amæba miurai in what I consider its normal

living state. Now besides such individuals, the serous fluid also contained a large

quantity of peculiar cells, which were unmistakably nothing else than dead, at

any rate much changed, bodies of the same animal. These are usually globular

or more or less irregular in shape and of about the same size as normal individuals

or larger on account of their swollen state. They are fuund either isolated or

clinging together in variable numbers and forming conglomerate-like clusters (figs.

8 & 9). Sometimes such clusters are as large as to present a dimension of almost

half a millimeter. The cells are characterized by having one or several large

vacuoles that press the scanty protoplasm and the nucleus between them or against

the peripheral wall. They ofien present the form of thin-walled strongly distend-

ed vesicles. ‘The protoplasm contains the same oil-like corpuscles as the normal

specimens; the nuclei, made visible after treatment with acetic acid, are

likewise exactly the same. ‘The villous knob and with it the pseudopodia have

disappeared, leaving no trace whatever. A similar swelling was observed by

GREEFF in Am. fluida when left in certain liquids, the enveloping membrane then

showing a gap at the position where the villous knob has disappeared. Such a

gap was not visible in my objects, what was probably largely due to the thinness

of the membrane.” The cells have not the slightest power of active motion and

I think no one, who sees them, will hesitate to consider them as dead and as

being prevented from speedy bursting and collapse only by the presence of an

enveloping membrane. The existence of transitional stages between the normally

ON A NEW RHIZOPOD PARASITE OF MAN, 93

conditioned Ameba and the cells in question definitely establishes the derivation

of the latter from the former. In fig. 4 is represented a specimen which is

evidently on the verge of becoming morbid. It still shows signs of life inasmuch

as it possesses some pseudopodia, but the knob is stretched out to a great extent by

the vacuoles that are eneroaching upon it. Indication is not wanting that a part

of the swelling contents has protruded itself hernia-like through the opening of

the enveloping membrane. Should the pseudopodia in such a specimen cease to

exist with the extinction of life and the body swell somewhat more as the result

of imbibition, the metamorphosis into the state of the above described cells would

be completed.

As already mentioned, both the living and the dead individuals were found

together even in the freshest fluid, still warm and guarded against injurious in-

fluences. Care was taken to sterilize all the wares and instruments that were to

come into contact with the fluid and observations were made by means of a

microscope to which was fixed an arrangement that effectually kept the prepara-

tion at the normal body-temperature. Examined under such precautions, every

preparation made of a drop of the fluid always contained the Ameba in the two

conditions referred to, in such a number that it hardly ever needed a much pro-

longed search to come across one or the other kind, even though the power used

were a moderately strong one. Preparations of the sediment, that formed itself

after standing for some time, of course contained the parasites in much larger

proportions, the majority of which were dead and adhering together in clusters.

In the fluid kept overnight, they were almost all, if not without exception, dead

and much swollen up. It is important to mention that it made no difference on

their mortality whether the fluid was allowed to cool or kept in a warm chamber

at the body-temperature ever since its extraction. Let it be also mentioned here

that I have not been able to observe the mode of reproduction, beyond what is

suggested by the possession of more than one nuclei or the occasional occurrence

of biscuit-like forms (fig. 5, b).

The above observation tends to show, in my opinion, that fhe serous fluid was

not a medium fit for the parasite to continue its vigorous existence, —that the real

place of its parasitism is to be sought somewhere else than in the fluid that

contained it. The parasites were evidently dying off in the serous fluid while

94 I. IJIMA.

still within the patient’s body-cavity. Above all then, the tissues of the tumors

suggest themselves as most likely the proper home of the parasites, whence they

might have fallen into the fluid-accumulation of the body-cavity or into the

alimentary canal by rupture. At the post mortem examination, which was under -

taken eighteen hours after death, Prof. Miura found a number of dead, swollen

and motionless Amœbæ on the surface of the tumors. Further results of his

extended researches on the pathological parts remain yet unknown to me. It is

hoped that in his fortheoming report he will be able to bring forward facts which

will help to clear up the question of the relation that the parasites bore to the

patient’s disease.

In conclusion I wish to express my thanks to Prof. K. Miura for supplying

me with both materials and informations, without which I could never have been

able to complete this report.

Tokyo, Aug. 31st, 1898.

Printed October 8rd, 1898.

CONTENTS.

New or Imperfectly Known Species of Eathworxs.

NO Te see ene o) S. Goto & S. Hatai. 65

The Body-cavities of the Star-fish........................... Cros 0)

On a New Rhizopod Parasite of Man (Amoeba

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ANNOTATIONES

ZOOLOGICE JAPONENSES

AUSPICIIS

SOCIETATIS ZOOLOGICÆ TOKYONENSIS

SERIATIM EDITA,

Volumen II Pars IV.

TOO.

PUBLISHED DECEMBER 3I, 1898.

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FEB 9 1899

NOTES ON SOME EMBRYOS OF CHLAMYDOSELACHUS

ANGUINEUS GARM.*

Br T. NISHIKAWA.

Fisheries Bureau, Department of Agriculture and Comnterce, Tokyo.

With PI. IV.

So far as our present knowledge is concerned Chiamydoselachus anguineus is

confined in Japanese waters to the sea of Sagami ; but we are not able to point

out the precise part where the shark lives. We only know that it is occasional-

* Having been asked to look thronch and prepare for publication Mr. NisnizAaw+'8

manuscript on the embryo: of Chlamydoselachus, I have prepared the following notes, which

though confessedly fragmentary, deserve ı erhaps to he put on record as referring to a rather

rare form. The n anuscript had been finished in Jure of the last year, and hence no reference

is made to Corre T's paver recen'ly piblished (On Chlamydoselachus anguineus A remark-

able Shark found in Norway.) Mr. NisHiKAwA tells me, however, that the female genital

organs of Chlumydoselachus are essentially like those of other sharks, and I can confirm his

statement from a passing examination of a specimen brought some time ago to my laboratory.

CoLLerr’s description of these organs appears to me irrelevant.—S, Goro.

96 T. NISHIKAWA.

ly brought to the Tokyo market by fishermen from Boshi, on the eastern side of

the Bay of Tokyo, and also that it is sometimes, though very rarely, caught by

the fishermen of Misaki. The ordinary fishing apparatus must be ineffective

against such sharp teeth, and it must be largely by chance that specimens of

this interesting shark are occasionally brought up from the deep. Nevertheless

I have been able to obtain a few developmental stages, and I propose in this

paper to make a few notes on them.

Chlamydoselachus anguineus is viviparous, and the breeding season is spring,

extending from about the end of March to the beginning of June. The left ovi-

duct is always rudimentary,* but the nidamental gland of the right side is better

developed than that of the opposite side. The right oviduct is very much dis-

tented and contains from 3—12 eggs, these numbers being the limits observed in

seven specimens. The oviduct is only about 60 cm. long, and one can imagine

the degree of its distension when as many as twelve eggs, each 11—12 cm. long,

are contained in it.

The egg is ellipsoidal, and varies between 6.5—7.5 cm. in its shorter diameter

and 10.2—12.4 cm. in its longer diameter, the measurement being made in the

physiological solution of salt (fig. 1 & 2). It bears a stumpy excrescence at one

end and a slightly recurved flattened process, about 3.5 cm. long, at the other.

The capsule is light brown and transparent. The space between the capsule

and the yolk-sac is, in earlier stages, very insignificant, being confined mostly

to the two poles of the egg, and is filled with the white, which is very fluid.

The yolk is of a pinkish color, and the yolk-sac is very delicate. Hence it fre-

quently happens that the contents of an egg get all mixed np during transporta-

tion.

The blastoderm has a yellowish red color, as in other sharks. The earliest

stage that I have been able to obtain was nearly circular in form and had the

NA of 1.3 mm. The next stage was a blastula, with a distinct segmentation

cavity, whose floor was bounded by what has been termed “ periblast ” with fine.

ly granular yolk, and merocytes, with vacuolated cytoplasm, due perhaps to the

dissolution of the contained oil drops, and many nuclei. One end of the blastula

was thicker than the other, and is evidently the “embryonic end” of BALFOUR,

* When no eggs are contained there is no Deren difference in size between net ven

oviducts.—S. G

NOTES ON SOME EMBRYOS OF CHLAMYDOSELACHUS ANGUINEUS GARM, -97

and the “anterior end” of Rickerr. On the surface of the blastoderm the

cells are arranged epithelially. Most cells of the blastoderm are rich in yolk

granules, but at the bottom of the blastoderm they

have only a coarsely granular cytoplasm. The

blastodermic cells are added from the periphery

by the merocytes with fine yolk granules, as may

be seen from cut 1, which has been composed from

two consecutive sections, I have also found a cell

simply resting on the floor of the segmentation

cavity ; but I cannot say for certain whether it ori-

ginated from the periblast or from the blastoderm.

Besides the stages mentioned above I have also

obtained a gastrula, which was oval in form and 3

mm. in length. I have nothing special to add about it, as it was like the gas-

trula of any other shark,

The youngest batch of embryos was obtained from a specimen 170 em. long,

which was brought to the University on the 26th of May (1896). There were

six embryos 32, 35, 43, 48, 50, and 60 mm. long respectively. Each embryo

was attached to its large yolk-sac by means of an umbilical cord, which allowed

considerable movement to the embryo. The circulation in the yolk-sac could be

clearly traced and is reproduced in figs. 1 and 2. On leaving the umbilical cord

the artery and the vein run in opposite directions. The former receives on its

course a number of smaller veins from the two poles of the yolk-sac, and divides

finally into three main branches. The artery runs for some distance without

giving off any branch, and then divides into two main vessels, which after run-

ning for a short distance parallel to each other, forms at last, on the opposite

side of the yolk-sac, an elongated, irregularly shaped arterial ring, from which

numerous small vessels radiate towards the periphery. The arterial ring just

mentioned is still wide apart in the embryo of 32 mm., but in one of 43 mm. its

two halves almost touch each other ; but in other respects there is no change

in the circulation. The embryos themselves are transparent, and the large

liver-lobes with their blood vessels, the cardinal veins, and the trunk vessels can

be seen from outside.

The embryo of 32 mm., the smallest one I have got thus far, may be com-

pared with BALFour’s stage M. The umbilical cord is 7 mm, long and 2.5 mm:

98 T. NISHIKAWA.

across. All the fins are clearly visible, and the nasal sacs are to be seen as

two small pits. ‘There are seven pairs of visceral clefts opening to the exterior,

of which the second is widest and the hindmost smallest. The first cleft has

now commenced to be metamorphosed into the spiracle. The upper jaw is still

in the form of a transverse ridge, and its two halves are still widely separated

in the median line. The external gills have begun to appear on each visceral

arch, including the spiracle ; and those of the second slit, or the first gill cleft of

the adult are longest.

The head of this embryo is very different from that of the adult. In the

dorsal or ventral aspect the snout is pointed, but in profie it is rounded; and

there is a small depression between the fore and mid-brain (fig. 3), so that the

head is already more or less compressed dorso-ventrally. In the dorsal view the

ducti endolymphatici can be seen at the level of the first gill arch (fig. 6), and

NOTES ON SOME EMBRYOS OF CHLAMYDOSELACHUS ANGUINEUS GARM. 99

Cut 2.

Four transverse sections passing through the region of RATHKE's and SEFSSEL's pouches,

of the embryo of 32 mm. There are 47 sections between A & B, 19 between B & C, and 17 be-

tween C & D, each equal to 10 y.

their external openings can be readily recognized from outside. In sections it is

seen that the epiblast surrounding the openings is thickened. There is as yet

no Cloacal opening, but its position is marked by a distinet prominence, where

the wall of the alimentary canal and the skin are in close contact. In the ven-

tral view of the head a pit can be seen in the median line directly behind the

depression separating the two halves of the upper jaw (fig. 5). This is RarHKe’s

pouch, or the pituitary involution, which is closely connected with the infundi-

bulum. In cut 2 I have reproduced some of the transverse sections passing

through this region. In A both the pituitary involution and the infundibulum are

to be seen, the former extending for 36 sections (each=10 y). About 0,405

mm. behind the posterior border of RATHKE’s pouch there is another involution,

100 T. NISHIKAWA.

which, however, cannot be distinctly observed from outside. This is SEESSEL’s

pouch, and is seen in sections in C & D; it is in close contact with the

hypochorda.

The anlage of the lateral line is clearly visible on either side of the body. It

is very narrow for the greater part of its length, and it stops short at about the

middle of the tail, where it is thickened and presents a club-shaped termination.

Throughout the greater part of the lateral line there is a lumen, which is slit-

shaped in cross-section, but at the

posterior extremity it is absent. In

the anterior part where the lateral

Cut 3. nerve is in close contact with the

Cross-section through the “ growing point” anlage of the lateral line the lumen

of the lateral line. Zeiss 4 BB. opens to he exterior sat LS

points. Cut 3 is a cross-section through what may be called the “growing point”

of the lateral line. The backward growth of the club-shaped termination of the

lateral line is caused by the multiplication of the cells of the deeper part of the

superficial layer of the epiblast.

The spiral valve of the intestine makes its appearance as a folding of the

intestinal wall.

The embryo of 35 mm. presents no markedly different features from the one

just described. The club-shaped termination of the lateral line has only proceeded

nearer the tail end.

The embryos of 43, 48, and 50 mm. all resemble in their general features.

The external gills are longer and the jaws are more conspicuous. Figs, 7 and 8

are two drawings of the front part of the embryo of 50 mm. It may be noticed

that the openings of the nasal sacs are no longer circular, as it was in the em-

bryo of 32 mm. ‘The head is now much compressed dorso-ventrally. The

spiracles have changed considerably and are now seen as a pair of small pits.

The ducti endolymiphatici and their external openings are clearly visible. The

second visceral clefts, or the first gill slits, tend to unite on the ventral side.

The embryo of 60 mm. corresponds to BaLrour’sstage Q. The dorso-

ventral compression of the head has proceeded so far that its form is essentially

that of the adult. The spiracles are no longer visible on the outside; the lower

jaw has grown forward, and the mouth has been reduced to a slit-like opening.

The flaps of the first gilt arches, or the opercular flaps have grown together on

NOTES ON SOME EMBRYOS OF CHLAMYDOSELACHUS ANGUINEUS GARM. 101

the ventral side, and has reached the definitive condition. In short, the em-

ryo is now essentially like the adult, with the exception of the external gills.

102 T. NISHIKAWA.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

Fig. 1. Anegg with embryo of 43 mm., seen from the embryonal side. Nat. size.

» 2. Diito, seen from the anti-embryonal side. Nat. size.

2 È Different views of the embryo of 32 mm. Zeiss 2 a,.

= HE:

sd & } Different views of the embryo of 50 mm. Zeiss 2 a,.

” )

Printed December 25, 1898.

ANNOT. ZOOL. JAP. VOL. Il.

Lith el Imp. E. Koshiba.

ON VERMICULUS LIMOSUS, A NEW SPECIES OF

AQUATIC OLIGOCHÆTA.

By S. HATAI,

First High School, Tokyo.

The present species is very common in the muddy gutters and ditches of our

city, occurring together with Limnodrilus, Tubifex and other Limicolae. It

creeps about on the lower surface of fallen leaves and other objects and rarely

buries the anterior part of its body in the mud, as do most others ; nor does it

swing the posterior half of its body like the latter. The general color is tinged

with a milky white and the intersegmental lines are blood red. It is very

sluggish, and on being pinched never executes those writhing contractions, but

simply retracts its body. These peculiarities serve to distingnish the present

species readily from its cohabitants.

As measured on specimens killed with Perenyi’s fluid after stupefying with

weak alcohol, the body is 50—70 mm. long and 0.5—1 mm. wide. The segments

number from 120 to 150 in sexually mature individuals. In the anterior part

the body is cylindrical, but posteriorly it is somewhat flattened; the width

gradually increases till about the middle of the body, but thenceforward it

gradually diminishes. The prostomium is eylindrical and comparatively long.

The clitellum is totally absent even in sexually mature specimens,—one point

of difference from the known species of the genus, Vermiculus pilosus Goodrich.

The sete are aggregated in bundles, which are arranged in four rows along

the length of the body. Each bundle occupies in each segment the four corners

of a square, and consists of 5—6 sete in the anterior part and 2—3 in the

posterior part; the sete being all of the same size. Each bundle contains

besides one or two small developing sete in its setigerous sac. The seta are all

of the same form, being sigmoid and furcate at the end, There are no penial

set.

The minute cilia-like processes on the body surface, supposed by GooDRICH

to be of a cuticular nature, can be observed with high powers ; but in the present

species they are closely set only in the posterior part of the body and gradually

* Translated and edited by S. Goro.

104 8. HATAI.

XIII

XIV

Cuts

a. Atrium, Ov. Ovary, Ovs. Ovi-sac, Sep. Septum,

Sp. Sperm-sac, Sp.c. Spermiducal chamber,

Spf. Sperm-duct funnel, Sp.th. Spermatheca, #. testis.

decrease as we proceed anterior-

ly. From the fifth segment on

they appear to be entirely

absent.

The ccelomic corpuscles are

very numerous in segments II—

X and hides the internal organs.

In segment XI they are few, and

gradually decrease in the more

posterior segments, being very

few in the”segments next the

anus.

Tbe septa are thick ; they

are all set transversely to the

alimentary canal, and are not

funnel-shaped as is the case in

the anterior segments of most

other Oligochaetes.

Genital System.

The genital organs present

several points of difference from

those of V. pilosus. I shall there-

fore describe them separately.

1. Testes—One pair of

testes are attached to the pos-

terior face of septum IX/X, but

a small portion of each testis

projects into segment IX. The

form varies according to deve-

lopment, but the posterior portion

is usually finger-shaped.

2. Sperm-sac.—This is a

single large sac extending from

segment IX to segment XIII,

ON VERMICULUS LIMOSUS., 105

the larger portion of which lies on the dorsal side of the alimentary canal. In

segment IX the posterior septum forms on the left ventral side an evagination

towards the anterior, and this evagination is directly continued into the sperm-

sac, which is very voluminous and is situated on the dorsal side of the intestine,

in the median line. Of V. pilosus GOODRICH says (2, p. 261), “The sperma-

tozoa are shed at an early stage of development into segment 10, and the

er anterior septum of this

segment soon bulges out,

forming a sac—the anterior

sperm-sac. Later on this

ar Sp. :

Pere Un, sperm-sac pushes its way

\ 1 across segment 9, through

its anterior septum into seg-

È ment 8. The hinder wall

i TE of segment 10 also bulges

I See È . .

XI Dep. out, forming the posterior

À | sperm-sac.” In the new

species before us these to

XII À

À sacs have become one and

I continuous. The walls of

SRI the sperm-sac are exactly

like those of the ovisac to

i --- es 39. :

Or be pre:ently described, and

XIV 5

i are covered with peritoneal

i | cells on, both surfaces. The

XV ! c

z hinder end of the sperm-

sac projects into the cavity

of the ovisac.

3. Ovary.—One pair

attached to ‘the anterior

Weve. <DIV. septum of segments X and

Cut 2. almost reaching the pos-

D.V. Dorsal Vessel, int. intestine, Cvs. Ovisac,

Sep. Septum, Sp. Sperm-sac, J.C. Ventral Cord,

V.V. Ventral Vessel,

terior septum when fully

developed, in which case

the peritoneal covering is also very indistinct.

106 8. HATAI.

4. Spermatheci.—One pair in segment X, spindle-shaped, and situated

between the two testes, on either side of the intestine. ‘The single coalesced duct

opens to the exterior on the ventral median line, directly behind the interseg-

mental line IX/X. ‘The internal surface of the sac is lined with a non-ciliated

epithelium, which is followed by a layer of longitudinal and of circular muscle

fibres, The external surface is covered with peritoneal cells. No spermatophores

could be observed in the spermatheczæ.

5. Oviduct—In V. pilosus the oviduct is stated to be rudimentary, being

represented by a pair of depressions of the 12th septum. In the present species

no trace of the oviducts could be observed either in transverse or longitudinal

sections,

6. Ovisac (Keceplaculum ovorum).

—One pair in segment XIII, being

formed by the backward bulging out,

on the left dorsal side, of the anterior

septum, and extending sometimes into

the 15th segment but sometimes stcp-

ping short in segment XIV. The

mouth of the sac is very large and

opens, as a matter of course, into the

colom of segment XII. The anterior

part cf the ovisac encloses, as already

stated, the hinder end of the sperm-

sac, but the posterior part is slender.

The ripe ova are found not only in the

ovisac but also floating in the cœlom

of this region. (In V. pilosus the ovi-

sac opens into the cœlom of segment

XI)

7. Sperm-duct—This is very dif-

ferent from that of V. pilosus. ‘The

te)

funnel is relatively large and bores

Cut 3. septum IX/X ; it is continued into a

a. Atrium, Pe. Peritoneum, Sep. Septum, slender duct, which, after running on

FRS ae the inner side of the ovary till about the

ON VERMICULUS LIMOSUS. 107

middle of segment X, curves slightly towards the median plane and opens into

the atrium. The latter has a spacious ellipsoidal cavity and opens slightly in

front of the sete directly into the common sperm-duct chamber below the ventral

cord, which is, as GOODRICH says, to be regarded as an invagination of the

body-wall. In immature individuals the atrium is followed by a slender duct-

like portion, but as the genital organs approach maturity the invagination of

the body-wall becomes greater and the dorsal wall of the duct-like portion is

converted into the roof of the sperm-duct chamber, and the atrium comes to

open directly into the latter, Even in mature specimens the sperm-duct cham-

ber is sometimes very small and the duct-like continuation of the atrium persists:

The internal surface of the funnel as well as of the duct is lined with ciliated

epithelium, but in the atrium the cilia are absent and the cells are taller and

glandular. ‘The outer surface of the whole organ is covered with peritoneal

cells, which are conspicuously taller around the atrium, Between the inner and

the outer epithelium there is a layer of circular and longitudinal muscle fibres‘

which are most strongly developed around the atrium and very thin in the funnel

and the duct. There is no penis.

Alimentary Canal.

The alimentary canal is simple as in other Tubificidæ. ‘The mouth lies on

the ventral side of segment I ; the pharynx is large and lies in segment II; the

cesophagus is slender and extends through segments III and IV, the intestine

beginning in segment V. ‘The lumen of the iniestine is about equal to that of

the œsophagus, but as the former is surrounded by hepatic cells it appears exter-

nally thicker than the cesophagus. On the dorsal side of the pharynx there is a

group of goblet-shaped unicellular glands with long necks opening into the basal

portion of the ciliated epithelium of the pharynx. The ventral wall of the

pharynx is very thick and is concave towards the ventrum. The œsophagus

and the intestine are lined by a ciliated epithelium, which is followed by a layer

of circular and of longitudinal muscle fibres. The intestinal wall is very rich in

blood-vessels. In sections these are seen to be situated between the internal epi-

thelium and the layer of circular fibres, and are traversed by connective tissue

trabeculzæ.

108 S. HATAI.

Nephridium.

The nephridia are present in segments VII—IX and in all segments

posterior to XII inclusive except the last. In each nephridium we may dis-

tinguish three portions, the internal tubular portion, the middle enlarged portion,

and the external tubular portion. The middle portion makes up by far the

larger part of the whole organ, and reaches nearly the posterior septum of the

segment on either side of the intestine ; externally it is continuous with its fellow

on the opposite side of the body, al-

though the nepbridial canals of the

two are entirely separate. The ex-

ternal tubular portion opens to the

exterior on the outer side of the ven-

tral seta-bundle. ‘The funnel is very

small, and is somewhat sagitate or

globular according as the ciliated

process is thrown out or drawn in;

the latter being formed by the ventral

margin of the funnel. (In V. pilosus

itis formed by the dorsal lip of the

funnel.) The internal surface of the

funnel as well as its margin is thickly

covered with long vibrating cilia, and

during life the ciliated process is con-

tantly thrown out and drawn in.

Sections show that there is a trans-

verse constriction at its base, upon

which it is folded when drawn in.

There is only one nephridial

canal of small fealibre, which winds

back and forth several times in the

enlarged middle portion. ‘The por-

tion lying between the nephridiopore

Cut 4.

and the middle portion, sends out

Ceat. Canal to the exterior, re. Nephridial x > ER R

canal, n.f. Nephridiostome, np. Nephridiopore. several blind diverticula. The walls

of the canal consist mostly of a syn-

ON VERMICULUS LIMOSUS, 109

citium, and the cell boundaries can be recognized only in the peripheral part.

Here and there the canal is enlarged and forms the ciliated ampullæ,

Vascular system.

The main part are the dorsal and ventral vessels. The dorsal vessel divides

into two in the prostomium, and these two vessels after dividing several times

supply the brain and the body-wall of the most anterior part. The lateral

vessels, which arise from the dorsal vessels, are very small in segments I, II, and

III; they gradually become larger in segments IV—X, in which last segment

they are considerably dilated. ‘The largest lateral vessels lie, however, in seg-

ment, XI, and from this on the lateral vessels are exceedingly small and just

recognizable. ‘The dorsal vessel alone beats, although the ventral vessel also ex-

ecutes some inconstant pulsatory movements. In each segment the dorsal vessel is

provided with a group of valvular cells, which are also present in the constricted

portions of the lateral vessels. ‘These valvular cells are more numerous in the

larger vessels; they are pear-shaped and contain a granular substance. The

Cut 3.

D.V. Dorsal vessel, /.D.V. Lateral dorsal vessel, L.V.V. Latera!

ventral vessel, V.V. Ventral vessel,

110 S. HATAI.

dorsal lateral vessels are gradually enlarged from segment IV backwards, and

the number of constrietions also increases.

The dorsal vessel divides into two also in the anal segment, in which it

ramifies greatly.

The ventral vessel, like the dorsal vessel, sends out a pair of lateral vessels

in each segment, which are continued into the corresponding vessels from the

dorsal trunk, not directly as in most other oligochætes, but by the intermediation

of smaller vessels.

The ventral vessel divides into two in segment III ; these two branches pro-

ceed forwards and curving towards the dorsum in the first segment become

continuous with the single dorsal vessel. A little in front of the point of

separation of the two vessels just mentioned, these are united by a transverse

vessel, from which is given off in the median line a branch which itself divides

into two in segment I. These two vessels break up into smaller branches, which

become continuous with the corresponding vessels of the dorsal side. Besides

the lateral vessels corresponding to those of the dorsal vessel, the ventral vessel

sends out another set of lateral vessels, which always alternate with the former.

The branching of the lateral vessels of the dorsal and ventral vessels is dis-

similar. The dorsal lateral vessels divide successively, while in the ventral

lateral we can recognize one main trunk, from which a number of smaller

branches are given off symmetrically on either side.

In only a few among the many specimens that I have observed have I been

able to demonstrate valvular cells in the ventral vessel; but their position is

very variable, and they are mostly confined to the anterior part of the body.

COMPARISON OF THE TWO SPECIES.

V. pilosus Goodrich. V. limosus, n. sp.

Clitellum ....... XXIII. Wanting.

Sperm-duct. ...... Of uniform calibre throughout ; only Gradually increases in calibre

the middle portion appear swollen, | backwards; opens into a dis-

owing to the tall peritoneal cells tinct atrium.

surrounding it ; no atrium.

Nephridium....... Begins in segment VI. Begins in segment VII.

Oviduct............. Rudimentary. Absent. 3

Sperm:sac. …....… Anterior sperm-sac in segment IX; A single sperm-sac extending

none in X; posterior sperm-sac through segments IX—XIII.

extending through segments XI—

XII.

OM Formed by the posterior septum of Formed by the posterior sep-

segment XI, tum of segment XII.

Cilia-like process... Uniformly present. Absent in the anterior portion,

thickly set in the posterior

portion.

ON VERMICULUS LIMOSUS. olo:

In view of the characters of the new species above set forth we must read in

the generic diagnosis given by BEDDARD “ Clitellum X—XIII or absent” instead

of “ Clitellum X—XIII.”

Literature on Vermiculus,

BEDDARD, F. E—A Monograph of the Order of Oligochæta. 1895. P 271.

GoopricH, E. S.—Note ona New Oligochæta. Zool. Auzeiger, XV. 1892. Pp, 474

476, 2 fig.

—On the Structure of Vermiculus pilosus. Quart. Jour. Mic. Sc, XXVII,

N.S. 1895. Pp. 253 - 267, pl. 26—28.

Printed December 25, 1898.

INSECTS COLLECTED ON MOUNT FUJI.

By M. MATSUMURA.

Entomological Laboratory, Agricultural College, Sapporo.

Mt. Fuji as a collecting ground is noted from former days since the French

Jesuits, as Abbé David and others trod the unbeaten path of entomological

field, somewhat more than thirty years ago.

The time which is yearly allowed the public to ascend the mount, is from

the latter part of July to the middle of September, especially for the purpose of

religious devotion. Many foreign as well as native entomologists visit it every

year. ‘There are many insects which are peculiar to this mountain, and the

species which are commonly found here are found to be rarer as we come down to-

ward the foot. Thecla ibara, T. orsedice, Niphundus fusca, Psychostrophia nela-

nargia, Schistomira funeralis (Bekkochö), Carabus fujisanus, Panorpa leucoplera,

etc. are all noted insects here ; while many others have a close resemblance to

those of Hokkaido.

I visited Mt. Fuji on July 21st and stayed there three days, devoting my

time to the collection of insects. To say the truth, it was too early for collect-

ing, and the noted insects known to be found here were not captured in my net,

with a few exceptions. During my rambles I found Zarobo to be one of the best

places for collecting, Here many trees and shrubs flourished, many flowers

blossomed constantly and attracted gorgeous papilionids, such as Fapilio deme-

trius, P. alcinous. "The other common lepidopterous insects found near around

here were the diurnals as Neptis Pryeri, Lycena Pryeri, Terias lela, Syntomis

thelebus, Abraxas eurymedes, Vithora agrionides. At night many heterocerous

insects came to the light. Among them were the following ones: Chærocampa

elphenor, Spilosoma seratopunctata, S. menthastri, Cymatophora 2 sp., Icterodes

jaguaria, Hypena rhombalis etc. As I ascended from “ Tarobe ” about five

cho, I found that trees and shrubs suddenly gave way to dwarf shrubs and

weeds, and next when I came to a place about 4,000 feet high no plants

were to be seen except Ontade—Polygonum polymorphum var. japonicum,

and a few shoots of a thistle, Lenicus sp. The Polygonum were matted here and

there on the volcanic ashy soil and a few hypenid moths only flew away as they

were disturbed, On ascending still further I came to the region occupied by

114 M. MATSUMURA.

reddish volcanic rocks and sands. Here there was no vegetation at all. But still

there were found geometrid moths as Elphos latiferaria, Boarmia meota, that flew

away from about my feet as I trod up the course. Then I came to the place,

commonly called Rokugome, where large blocks of rocks abounded and where I

got Calosoma mikado accidently as I overturned a small stone. Here again I

caught 7hecla smaragdina, which I at first regarded as a new species, but on re-

flection was convinced, must be a variety of the above named species. Just at

this time I saw a lycænid butterfly flying about the scattered stones, but the

slope being 45° quite prevented me pursuing it. During this time which was

spent for the travel from Rokugome to the top, where the shrine stands, I could

catch no insect, being quite overcome by the very tiresome travel.

After starting from “ Tarobo ” at 4 o’clock in the morning we reached the

top at 2 o’clock in the afternoon. The collection on the top was very poor and

only the following insects were netted :—Argynnis Paphia, À. nerippe, Pompilus

bioculatus, Mallophora anicius, Endorasimyia indiana, Gn? sp?, Musca corvina,

M. domestica, Leucorrhina fujisana. Among these the most common insect was

Mallophora anieius (Shioya-abu). It was met everywhere we went, being easily

discerned by its peculiar buzzing sound. If alights upon a stone awaiting for

booty. It the prey comes within its reach, it darts off and clasps it with its feet.

The top of the mount was very cold and after one night’s stay we were

glad to descend, the more so on account of the scarcity of insects.

On the whole the field which is commonly called Susono, containing the

large area between Gotenba and “ Tarobo,” is very rich with the hexapod tribe,

especially the moths ; but mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians seem to be

very scarce ; no mammals came across my path, and only two kinds of birds fell

within my vision. One was a kind of swift called Cypselus pacificus, which was

to be seen two or three in number on the mountain top, cutting the air with a

loud cry ; the other was a kind of lark, probably the species called Alauda japo-

nica found at a sandy slope about 7,000 feet high. |

The following insects were caught on Mount Fuji.

HYMENOPTERA.

Apide.

Bombus lapidarius, L. Illig. Mag. V. 169.

INSECIS COLLECTED ON MT. FUJI. 1315)

Megachile centuncularis, Latr. Hist. Nat.

i Vespide.

Polistes hebreus, Saus. Mon. Guépes.

Polistes yokohame, Rad. Hor. Soc. Ent. Ross.

Monobia biangulata, Saus. Syn. Am. W.

Crabronide.

Cerceris unifaciata, Sm. Cat. Hym.

Ammophila infesto, Sm. J. E. S.

Ammophila sp.

I have never seen this species before. It may be a new species. But as

I have not yet been able to identify it I cannot speak with certainty. Q

Length 28 mm.— general form is much like A. sabulos7,. but the abdomen is

steel blue and the petiole glittering black except the lower part of the 2nd

petiolewhich is red.

Ammophila sp.

This is very much like A. impatiens of Australia (Tran. Ent. Soc. 1878),

except the face not being pubescent with silvery hair, and the first joint of the

apical abdomen not being ferrugineous. This is a very common species on the

sandy road as is also the former species.

Pompilide.

Pompilus biveulatus, Kirby. P. Z. S. 1893.

Scoliade.

Scolia quadrifasciata, Fabr. Syst. Piez.

Myrmicide.

Leptothorax molesta, Say. Bost. Jour. Nat. Hist.

Lasius fuliginosus, Latr. Hist. Nat. Fourm.

Aphænogaster famelica, Sm. T. E. S. 1874.

Fornicide.

Polyrhachis sexspinosus, Latr. Hist. Nat. Fourm. 1874.

116 NM. MATSUMURA.

Polyrhachis lamellidens, Sm. T. E. 8.

Camponotus ligniperdus, Latr. var. obscuripes, May. B. A. F. A. 1878.

Camponotus vitiosus, Sm. T. E. S. 1874.

Ichneunonide.

Anomalon sp.

Campoplex sp.

Tenthredinide.

Hylotmia pagana, Danz. Fauna Germ, 1293.

Allantus, n. sp.

This is not described in the “ List of Hymeaoptera ” Vol. 1. of Kirby 1882,

nor in any other paper we have yet found. Probably it may be a new species.

Length 12 mm.—black with a violetious luster, labrum pale white, middle of

autennæ and the basal 3 segments of the abdomen at the venter pale gey ;

wings fuscous.

COLEOPTERA.

Cicindellide,

Cicindelia japonica, Guer. Rev. Zoolog. 1847.

Curabide.

Calosoma mikado, Bates, Geod. 235.

Stuphylinide.

Staphylinus paganus, Sharp. T. E. S. 1874.

Lucanide.

Macrodorcas rubrofmoratus, Sn. V. Vollh. Tijd. E, 1868.

Scarabide.

Bolbocerus nigroplagiatum, Wat. T. E. S. 1875.

Apogonia major, Wat. T. E. S. 1875.

INSECTS COLLECTED ON MT. FUJI,

Anomala testaceipes, Mostch. Et. Ent. 1860.

Onthophagus ater, Wat. T. E. S. 1875.

Elateride.

Lacon binodulus, Motsch. Et. Ent. 1860.

Telephoride.

Macrolycus flavellatus, Motsch. Reise. Amur. 1860.

Luciola vitticollis, Kies. Berl. E. Z. 1874.

Tenebrionide.

Plesiophthalmus eneus, Motsch, Et. Ent. 1861.

Mordellide.

Mordellistena signatella, Mars. Ann. France. 1876.

Chrysomelide.

Melasoma œnea, L. Syst. Nat. 1767.

Sphenoraia melanocephala, Jac. P. Z. S. 1885.

LEPIDOPTERA.

Papilionidæ.

Papilio demetrius, Cram. Pap. Ex.

Papilio alcinous, Klug. Neu. Schmett.

Pieride.

Terias leta, Boisd. Sp. Gen.

Colias hyale, L. Syst. Nat.

Lycenide.

Niphandus fusea, Butl. P. Z. S. 1881.

Thecla smaragdina, Brem, Lep. Ost-sib.

Polymmatus phleas, L. Syst.iNat.

Lyccena argiades, Pallas, Reisen.

117

118

M. MATSUMURA.

Lycena argia, Men, Cat, Mus. Petr.

Lycena argiolus, L. Syst. Nat.

Lycena Pryeri, Mur. Ent. Mon. Mag. 1873.

Nymphalide.

Apatura ilia, Schiff. S. V. 1776.

Limenitis sibylla, L. Syst. Nat.

Neptis Pryeri, But. T. E. S. 1871.

Neptis aceris, Lepechin, Reise.

Neptis lucilla, Schiff. S. V. 1776.

Vanessa cardui, L. Syst. Nat.

Vanessa c-aureum, L. Syst. Nat.

Argynnis paphia, L. Syst. Nat.

Argynnis nerippe, Feld. Wien: Ent. Mon. 1862.

Satylide.

Mycalesis gotama, Moore. Cat. Lep. 1857.

Ypthima baldus, Fabr. Syst. Ent.

Satyrus dryas, Scop. Ent. Carm.

Lethe sicelis, Hew. Ex. Butt.

Neope callipteris, Buth. Ann. & Mag.

. Hesperide.

Pterygaspidea sinica, Feld. Wien. Ent. Mon. 1862.

Daimio tethys, Men. Enum. 1855.

Isoteinon lamprospilus, Feld. Wien. Ent. Mon. 1862.

Pamphila pellueida, Murrey, Ent. Mon. Mag. 1875.

Pamphila varia, Mur. Ent. Mon. Mag. 1875.

Hesperia sylvanus, L. Syst. Nat.

Hesperia flava, Murrey, Ent. Mon. Mag. 1875.

Sphingide.

Hemaris radians, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. 1856.

| Macroglossa bombyl ins, Boisd. Sp. Ger. Lep. 1876.

Deilephila Galii, Fabr. Sp. Ins. (Larvæ).

INSECTS COLLECTED ON MT. FUJI. 119

Cherocampa elphenor, L. Syst. Nat.

Zygeenide.

Syntomis thelebus, Fabr. Ent. Syst.

Pryeria sinica, Moor. An. & Mag. 1877.

Arclidæ,

Stigmatophora flava, Brem & Grey. Schmet Nord. China.

Spilosoma seratopunetata, Motsch. Et. Ent. 1860.

Spilosoma menthastri, Fabr. Ent. Syst. 1853.

Bireta pallida, But. A. M. N. H. 1877.

Bombyeide.

Clisiocampa neustra, L. Syst. Nat. (Egg).

Gastropacha pini, L. Syst. Nat. (Larva).

Numenes disparilis, Staud. Rom. Men.

Liparide.

Lymantria aurora, var. fusca, Leech. P. Z. S. 1887.

Cymalophoride.

Cymatophora sp. (N. sp. ?)

Primaries fuscous, costal margin broadly grey, tinged with a pinkish shade,

orbicular grey, outlined in fuscous with a center of the same color ; reniform close-

ly in contact with the orbicular, is also grey out-lined in fuscous with a central

same colored line and a same colored mark basally ; outer side of the reniform

is of a white color with a denticulated fuscous line transversely ; toward the

outer margin there are two black obscure, transverse bands, one of them being

bordered with a grey internally ; secondaries also fuscous a little deeper to-

ward the outer margin. Wing Exp. 51 mm. Corp. L. 20 mm.

Cymatophora sp. (N. sp. ?)

Primaries long narrow, grey with greenish and reddish shades, mottled with

many small reddish brown punctures, double curved bands near the base reddish

brown, orbicular absent, reniform black nearly crescent form, costal margin

mottled with blackish markings, waveline (“Wellenlinie”) black internally

120 M. MATSUMURA,

bordered by a brownish green band, with a few violet tinge in a certain light;

secondaries greyish, shining.

Wing Exp. 39 mm. Corp. L. 12 mm.

Geometriformide.

Catocala sp. (N. sp. ?)

Somewhat resembles that of the noctuid moth, Triphenopsis lucilla, Butl.

in its general aspect. Wing Exp. 48 mm. Corp L. 22 mm. Reniform white

and very large.

Dendrometride.

Spilopera debilis, But]. Typ. Lep. Het. 1878.

Cherodes dictynna, Butl. Typ. Lep. Het. 1878.

Deroca phasma, Butl. Typ. Lep. Het. 1878.

Boarmia meota, Butl. T. E. S. 1861.

Elphos latiferaria, Walk. Typ. Lep. Het. 1878.

Abraxas eurymedes, Motsch. Et. Ent.

Vithora agrionides, Butl. Typ. Lep. Het. 1878.

Icterodes jaguaria, Guen. Phal. 1857.

Icterodes fraterna, Butl. Typ. Lep. Het. 1878.

Abraxas languidata, Walk. Cat. Lep. Het. 1862.

Thalassodes ambigna, Butl. Typ. Lep. Het. 1878.

Phytometride.

Scotosia certata, Hübner. Pap. Tab.

Pyralide.

Marmorinia amphidecta, Butl. Typ. Lep. Het. 1878.

Hypena rhombalis, Guen. Delt. 1854.

Hypena zilla, Butl. Typ. Lep. Het. 1878.

Herminia albomaculatis, Brem. Lep. Ost-sib. 1864.

DIPTERA.

Tipulide.

Phachyrhina sp.

INSECTS COLLECTED ON MT. FUJI. 10241

Tabanide.

Tabanus yokohame, Bigot. Mem. Soc. Z. F. 1891.

Tabanus striatus, Fabr. Ent. Syst.

Asilide.

Mallophora anicius, Wk. List. Brit. Mus. 1854.

Promachus yezonicus, Bigot. Bull. Ent. Fr. 1887.

Fromachus sp.

Dasypogon japonicum, Bigot. Bull. Sec. Ent. 1887.

Laphria auricineta, V. d. Wulp ? Tijd. V. Ent. 1872,

Therevide.

Thereva marginula, Meig. Sys. Besch.

Syrphide.

Syrphus balteatus, de Geer. Mém. 1780.

Syrphus ribesti, L. Syst. Nat.

Syrphus sp.

Eristalis nemorum, Fabr. Ent. Syst.

Eristalis tenax, L. Syst. Nat.

Endoiasimyia indiana, Bigot. Ann. Soc. Ent. 1874.

Cheilosia sp.

Gn? sp?

I have never seen nor heard of this dipterous insect before, and could not

find any allied genus which exactly coincides in its character, neither in Mei-

gen’s “ Systematische Beschreibung” nor in any other book to which I have

access. Form of the antennæ and the thorax is very much like that of the genus

Chrystorm, But the venation is quite different, rather resembling that of the

genus Eristalis, the third longitudinal vein bring curved much. It is the only

specimen I have ever caught and so can not be sent away to be identified. I wilj

now describe its character briefly.

Corp. L. 16 mm.

Wing Exp. 30 mm.

Antenne black, antennal peduncle and the vertex purplish, face, collar,

isdes of the thorax, scutellum except the dish, 4 curved marks on each side of the

122 M. MATSUMURA.

abdomen, and the legs yellow; thorax æneus with 2 longitudinal greenish yellow

streaks ; abdomen black, apical margin of each segment more or less dull yellow;

wings hyaline with a fawn shade especially at the costal margin.

It was caught at the top of the mount about 12,000 feet high where the in-

sect rested upon a reddish voleanie stone, warmed by the vapors that arise from

the internal heat.

Muscide.

Muses corvina, Fabr. Spec. Insect. 1781.

Musca domestica, L. Faun, Suec. 1833.

Cyrotonewra sp. ?

Sarcophaga sp.

This much resembles the species S e rraria, L. but can be easily distin-

guished by the colors of the venation.

Cynomyia violacea, Macg. Suit. a Bull. 1834.

Echinomyia fera, L. Syst. Nat.

APHANTPITHRA,

Pulicide.

Pulex irritans, L. Syst. Nat.

REBEYIN C/HIOXTEAY

Pentatomide.

Halyomorpha pieus, Fabr. Ent. Syst. (Nymph).

Acanthosoma distinetum, Dall. Brit. M. List. 1851.

Coreide.

Homecerus punctipennis, Uhl. Proc. Acad. Ph. 1860.

Lygeide.

Pamera hemiptera, Scott. A. & M. 1874.

Cicadide.

Pomponia japonensis, Dist. Monog. Orient. Cicad, 1892,

iti

INSECTS COLLECTED ON MT, FUJI. 123

NEUROPTERA.

Panorpide.

Panorpa macrogaster, M’Lach. An. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1872.

Leptopanorpa Ritseme, M’L. An. Soc. Ent. Belg.

Hemorobıde.

COhrysopa intima, M’L. A. S. E Belg.

Osmylus sp.

PSEUDONEU ROPTERA.

Libellulide.

Diplax elata, Selys. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1872.

Thecadiphax crotica, Selys. Var. fastigiata, Selys. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 1883.

Leucorrhinia fujisana, sp. nov.

ish yellow, wings hyaline, costal margin orange yellow, also the menbranule and

the basal half of the wing. Pterostigma greyish yellow (length 3 mm.). Re-

ticulations black, but the costal, the basal and the menbranule yellow ; anticu-

bital cells 8 ; post-cubitals 10 ; the triangles show nothing unusual, This beautiful

insect is very common at the top of the mount resting upon the warm heated

rocks, but is not to be seen any where as we come down to the level.

Pseudothemis nigrifrons, sp. nov.

Abd. 3 35 mm. Post. wing § 39 mm. This much resembles P. zonata,

Burm., but differs ; first, wings are transparent with a purplish luster ; secondly,

pterostigma large (4 mm. long); thirdly anticubitals 19 ; posteubitals 13 ; fourth-

ly head with the face glittering black, the part of the pronotum streaked with a

broad yellow band longitudinaly which is divided in the middle by a narrow

black line ; fifthly, the third and the fourth abdominal segments are not wholly

yellow, but interrupted by black lines and marks, the fifth segment also with a

yellow mark at the venter ; sixthly the superior caudal appendage is yellow ex-

cept at the base.

Epophthalmia elegans, Hagen. Brauer. Vog. Nov.

Gomphus Pryeri, Selys. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg, 1883.

124 M. MATSUMURA.

Cordulegaster Sieboldu, Selys. Monog. Gomph.

Calopteryx atrata, Selys. Syn. Calopt.

Mnais strigata, Hagen. Syn. Calopt.

November 17th, 1898.

Printed Deesmber 29, 1898.

Tokushima,

Shikoku

Asahigawa,

Mimasaku.

Idsu

Lake Biwa

z—

SUR

Tokyo.

u Den.

Hirobuchi Pond

He O2 co Co

Kogawara Pond.

Hidaka.

—

Ha Co bo

T.L. Head. G.O.D. G.0.-V. D-A. C.M. P. T.L. Head.

377

379

366

378

389

470

494

625

Actual Length in mm,

101

105

113

112

111

107

112

118

117

140

a a ex

_ (I

12.99

13.47

14.54

12.82

13.38

13.41

13 33

13.46

14.0!

1370

12.27

11.57

11.91

11.71

11.07

11.01

12.80

11.49

12.58

11.97

12.04

12 68

12.50

10.9)

13 03

13.42

1281

14.28

12.66

11.11

11.02

12.35

12.17

12.09

32.07

11:42

1170

10.85

12.06

12.56

12,85

1247

11.62

12.45

12.95

11.25

11.90

1266

11.39

11 81

12.18

12.14

12.45

11.27

11.64

12,99

12.63

11.04

12.46

13.33

11.04

12.45

1285

11.88

12.40

12.84

10.32

11.21

11.04

11.34

11.30

11.14

11.38

12,22

11.20

13.22

12,31

11.70

11.54

12.19

Total Length.

16.71 26:70

17.14 2770

18.18 29.35

18:46 28.71

18.68 2803

17.80 26.09

17.38 28.09

19.92 26.92

17.57 27.79

18.75 28 24

1892 27.11

18.82 26.08

17.87 25.10

16.79 2656

18.45 25,83

18.21 24.70

18.05 2850

20.00 28.27

17.97 27.19

1995 28.38

17.26 21.49

16.41 26.11

1805 2673

1792 2649

17.04 26.31

17.82 27.08

19.45 27.91

20.43 26.81

16.66 26.00

17.90 28.28

18.44 26.66

1951 30.08

18.55 26.37

18.85 27.71

1876 27.17

20.61 27.01

19.29 28.39

16.79 2790

17.58 25.63

19.26 25.12

19.04 28.33

18.82 26.11

17.11 26.01

1698 26.41

WPA AI

16.17 25.00

18.57 26.19

1703 2707

18.14 27.42

19.82 27.00

16.38 26:05

18.21 26.72

15,47 25.66

16.16 27.81

16.00 25.81

16.93 26.35

18.17 28.42

18.47 26.56

18.55 26.66

18.55 27.27

15.46 25.69

18.18 28.61

19.23 28.15

18.60 26.09

18.73 28.60

17.38 29,97

18.50 27.75

17.94 25.67

18.89 28.04

17.61 25.37

18.84 26.08

18.57 25.71

19.44 28.05

17.77 27.22

17.21 27.04

1878 27.77

25.65 29.07

17.06 20,72

19.63 27.93

19.04 27.61

Length of Head etc. in percent. of the

G.0.-D. G.0.-V. D.-A. C.M. P. G.0.&D.

10:87

1029

10,60

11.02

9.84

9.02

10.47

9.32

10 68

10.60

Eris

DIS

Seen

He ee

des alo

oie

Chan Sie

wise oe Ee

cip 2er, le

ol ale

Homme ei be di

clara

alecleglo

de cia cle

dd pl pd ed pt bd

\ re

IO pete colo

En bi bi bi Vo nd

Ke ais

persona

vu ababri

tao daga

lm,

Nar

FBS SH b+ we),

N SEE

jf alone ua”

nn Di Do

la AIH STE

GI ça)

ni lei pt jet jen het

vi apres)

i ale Sace]

o be] bop:

‘aule

Daum Ee

Pau ae

rec

CETTE

Rreerres

eier

lecito cotone

D pi ie Dei de ju D pi eu pe

she]

Length of Head con: With respect to the

tainea in the Dis- proportional Leng-

tance between ths of the Head &

Dist. her So: and

GO EV.

aw san

235 »

5 ”

225 ”

157 »

235 ”

a ”

175 ”

257 »

255 } vulgaris,

2} Between bost. & vulg.

3, vulgari:

235 garis.

24 bostonienais.

2.2, Between Lost, & vulg.

25% vulgaris.

22» bostoniensis.

20 vulgaris.

239 bostoniensis.

235 ae

DEL

23° Essen ost. & vulg.

225 vulgaris.

225 vulgaris,

255 ”

235 ”

23 vulgaris.

213 Between bost. & vadg.

DE bostoniensis.

933 vulgaris.

25, vulgaris.

222 bostoniensis.

211 vulgaris.

Dr Between bost. & vulg.

gis

2s bostontenzis»

RAU | a

2—

233

235

2,8, ia

235 } ”

227 ”

22 vulgaris.

25 ”

2,5 »

234

22 bostoniensis.

24, vulgaris.

2x ”

235 7

275 ”

; 2x ”

te ”

EN sn

237 ”

205 »

25 2

223 ”

211 ZN

245

Pasi ”

dii

2— vulgaris.

22 Between ah & vuly.

230 bostoniensis.

22, vulgaris.

245 bostoniensis.

28. / Between Lost. & vulg.

222 bostoniensis.

D CA isa

pane

276

217 _ Between Lost, & vulg.

247 vulgaris.

233 bostoniensis.

+ LL

Note.—T.L =Total Length ; Head=the Dis

D.=the origin of the Dorsal Fin; V.=Vent.; A.

tower jaw to the angle ofthe mouth; P.=the length ofthe Pectoral Fin.

tance between the tip of the lower jaw and the upper edge of the gill-opening; G.0.=Gill Opening ;

=the origin of the Anal Fin; C.M.=the Cleft of the Mouth, taken from the extremity of the

”

wk Ù

o ViTa

ON THE VARIATIONS OF THE PROPORTIORAL LENGTHS

OF THE HEAD, etc. AS TO THE TOTAL LENGTH

IN OUR COMMON EEL.

By Dr. €. ISHIKAWA.

Imperial University of Tokyo.

Some years ago while looking over the collection of eels from Lake Biwa, it

struck me that the amount of variations occurring among the individuals taken

from one and the same locality is very great, a fact which induced me to con-

clude that the two species of eels— Ang. vulgaris and bostoniensis might simply

be varieties of a single species.*

As I made these observations I was quite ignorant of similar and more ex-

tended observations of M. C. Darestef who came to the same conclusion long

before me, and it may therefore of be no use to beat over the same ground

again. But in order to see the exact amount of variations occurring among the

specimens taken from different parts of our Island, and to determine whether the

two varieties are peculiar to certain localities, the following measurements were

made :—

* C.IsurxAwA: A Preliminary Note on the Fishes of Lake Biwa, Zool. Magazine Vol.

VIL No. 82. 1895.

tT Comptes-rendus of the Academy of Sciences, Paris.

126 ON THE VARIATIONS OF THE PROPORTIONAL LENGTHS IN THE EEL,

From these measurements it will be seen that all the specimens from Toku-

shima in the Island of Shikoku, are of the vulyaris type. The same is the case

with a single specimen taken in the river Asahi in Mimasaku, while coming over

to the northern side of the mountain range, we find among 5 specimens from the

Lake Jinzai, Idsumo, 1 bostoniensis, 2 doubtful specir standing between the

two, and 2 vulgaris. A similar state of things appears to occur in Lake Shinju,

a little way east of Jinzai. Here among four specimens, two are of the type

bostoniensis and the other two of vulgaris. Further east in Tottori, Hoki, the bosto-

niensis type appears, to become less. Of the five specimens taken in the vicinity

of the town, one only proved to lie between the two varieties, while the four

others were of the vulgaris. In Saikawa, Imaegata, in the Province of .Kaga,

and in Lake Biwa, all lying further east from Tottori, we still find some bosto-

niensis. The vulgaris type appears, however, to preponderate more and more,

and in Tokyo, judging from only three specimens kept in the museum, we find

more vulgaris than bostoniensis. The same appears to be the case with the speci-

mens collected north of Tokyo. Of 21 specimens from Lakes Hirobuchi and

Shinai, both lying very near to each other, only 1 bostoniensis was found, while

all the others proved to be vulgaris. But further north in Lake Kogawara in

Rikuoku the bostoniensis appears to become more mumerous; 3 out of the 10

specimens taken from that lake being bostoniensis while two stand between the

two varieties. Lastly the specimens from Hidaka in Hokkaido, show more

bostoniensis than vulgaris.

The above tables are of course made from too few specimens to draw any

conclusion as to the distribution of the two types of Anguilla in our country. It

seems, however, that the type Lostoniensis occurs more in the south-western and

in the northern provinces, while in the central portion, vulgaris is the predomi-

nent type.

Printed December 30, 1898.