Australian Entomological Magazine is an illustrated journal devoted

principally to entomology in the Australian region, including New Zealand

and Papua New Guinea. It is designed for both amateur and professional

entomologists and is published bimonthly. Six parts comprise each volume.

SUBSCRIPTIONS

All subscriptions are payable in advance and should be forwarded to:

Australian Entomological Press,

14 Chisholm Street,

Greenwich, N.S.W., 2065,

Australia.

Individual Subscriptions

$13.00 per annum Australia, New Zealand & New Guinea

A$14.00 per annum overseas

Institutional Subscriptions

$17.00 per annum

COVER

Illustrated by Warren Reilly

Depicts a female wolf spider (family Lycosidae). The spider is draging

her egg cocoon which is attatched to the spinnerets. When the young emerge

they ride on the back of the female for several days, clinging to special

club-shaped hairs, until they disperse.

Published by

AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL PRESS

14 Chisholm Street, Greenwich,

N.S.W. 2065, Australia,

Phone: 43-3972

Printed by

Graphic Associates

F10, Oi Man Commercial Complex,

Kowloon, Hong Kong

Austtalian Entomological

Magazine

Aust. ent. Mag.

Volume 11, Part 1 ^ june, 1984

PD — ¢

s Z "n oQ

| 26 JUL 1984

NEW AUSTRALIAN RECORDS OF PSYLLIPSOC

COMMENT ON THE SPELLING OF PSOCATHROPOS RI

(PSOCOPTERA: PSYLLIPSOCIDAE)

By C. N. Smithers

The Australian Museum, 6-8 College St., Sydney, N.S.W. 2000

Abstract

New records are given for Psyllipsocus ramburii S.-L. and Psocathropos microps

(Enderlein) is recorded for the first time from Australia. Inconsistent spellings of

Psocathropos Ribaga are discussed and the correct spelling determined.

Introduction

The Psyllipsocidae are a family of Psocoptera in which the adults have

3-segmented tarsi, long antennae (more than 20 segments) in which some

segments are secondarily annulated, 2-segmented labial palps and a strong

posterior spine on each paraproct. In winged forms the pterostigma is not

more heavily sclerotized than the rest of the wing membrane and veins Cu;

and IA end together at the wing margin. The female gonapophyses are

reduced but the external valve is broad, membranous and setose. Most species

of Psyllipsocidae are pale and live in protected situations in the dark. They

shun bright light and are usually found in nature in caves, termite nests and

under stones and are often also found in buildings, especially in cupboards

and drawers. Two species, Psocathropos lachlani Ribaga and Psyllipsocus

ramburii Selys-Longchamps have been recorded from Australia, the former

from Queensland and the latter from all states except Queensland and the

Northern Territory (Smithers 1964, 1972, 1975, 1979).

2 Aust. ent. Mag. 11(1), June, 1984

This note presents several new records of P. ramburii and the first for

Psocathropos microps (Enderlein) from Australia.

New records

Psyllipsocus ramburii Selys-Longchamps

The complicated synonymy of this species is dealt with by Smithers

(1967).

This is a parthenogenetic, polymorphic species with a range of forms

from pale specimens with small eyes occurring in caves and other dark places

to brownish specimens with well developed eyes in brighter habitats. Wing

development varies from micropterous to macropterous states, the variation,

at least in part, being due to environmental conditions, including crowding.

Crowding during development tends to lead to macroptery (Badonnel 1959).

New Records. NEW SOUTH WALES : 2 nymphs, guano, Cliefden, Murder Cave,

2.iv., P. A. 1 9, 9 nymphs, New Cave, Belubula, near Orange, 4.ix.1965, G. D.

Edwards. 4 9, on bench, Australian Museum, xii.1960, ? coll. 7 9, Chatswood,

14.11.1962, J. V. Peters. 1 9, in millet broom, Lismore, 7.ii.1972, W. E. W.

VICTORIA: 10 99, 1 nymph, Cave N1, Nowa Nowa, 18.vi.1974, E. Hamilton-

Smith. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: 1 nymph, Abrakurrie Cave, 13.1.1964, P.

Aitken. 4 9, Weebubbie Cave, Nullarbor, 27.xii.1964, E. Hamilton-Smith.

3 9, Abrakurrie Cave, Nullarbor, 30.xii.1965, G. S. Hunt. QUEENSLAND:

1 9, Riverston Cave, 8.ii.1974, E. Hamilton-Smith

This species has a very wide distribution. It has been recorded from

Europe (widespread), North Africa, Britain, Ireland, Guam, Central and

southern Africa, United States, Afghanistan, Australia, New Zealand, Chile

and Cuba.

Psocathropos microps (Enderlein)

Axinopsocus microps Enderlein, 1903. Zool. Jb. Abt. Syst. 19: 3; pl. I, figs 10-18.

Psoquilla microps (Enderlein). Enderlein, 1908. Zool. Anz. 33: 776.

Psocatropos lesnei Badonnel, 1931. Ann. Sci. nat. Zool. (10) 14: 254, figs 30-37.

Psocatrops microps (Enderlein). Badonnel, 1944, Rev. franc. Ent. 11: 59.

New records. NORTHERN TERRITORY: 1 G, 2 9, ex carpet, Darwin, 10.v.

1980, L. Radunz. 3 6, 5 9, ex flour from Singapore, Darwin, 21.v.82, B.

Gower. 2 6, 2 9, 2 n, same locality, 24.v.82, B. Gower. This species has been

recorded from Africa, Madeira, Java, Taiwan, Madagascar, Thailand, Cuba,

Jamaica and Reunion.

Comments on the spelling of Psocathropos Ribaga

Ribaga (1899) erected Psocathropos for P. lachlani Ribaga which he

described and illustrated from Naples, Italy. Subsequently this species has

been recorded, either under its original name or as Psocinella slossonae Banks,

from North America, Hawaii and Australia. Six other species are now regarded

as being congeneric with it. These were originally described as Dorypteryx

Aust. ent. Mag. 11(1), June, 1984 3

astizi Brethes (South America), Axinopsocus microps Enderlein (very

widespread), Gambrella pilipennis Enderlein (India, Seychelles, Madagascar,

Aldabras), Vulturops floridanus Corbett and Hargreaves (North America),

V. termitorum Townsend (South America) and Granthakita cuttackae Behura

and Dash (India).

There are about fifty papers in which members of the genus (mainly

P. lachlani and P. microps) are mentioned in more than trivial fashion but

the spelling of the generic name has been inconsistent, some authors using

Psocathropos and others Psocatropos. Stability in nomenclature is important;

both P. lachlani and P. microps occur in domestic situations and stored

products and are of potential or actual economic significance and the names

are likely to be required by entomologists engaged in economic work. An

attempt to establish stability is made here through study of the history of

the names,

Ribaga (1899) used Psocathropos lachlani in his text but Psocathropos

Laclani in the caption to his figures. The latter is clearly an error as Ribaga

states that the species is named for “Robert MacLachlan”, the English

neuropterologist. That author actually spelt his name McLachlan or M'Lachlan.

When Banks (1900) described Psocinella slossonae he compared it with

Psocathropos and Enderlein spelt Psocathropos the same way when comparing

it with his Axinopsocus micropos (Enderlein 1903). Later, however, Enderlein

(1904) listed the genus as Psocatropos Ribaga in a synopsis of his classification

of the order and used the same spelling in several papers between then and

1927. He later reverted (Enderlein 1931) to Ribaga's spelling when presenting

a key to related genera. Badonnel (1932) mentions that Enderlein had

pointed out to him that Psocathropos lesnei Badonnel was. probably

synonymous with Psocathropos microps. Williams (1932), Zimmerman (1948),

Gurney (1949, 1950), Mockford and Gurney (1956) and Thornton (1964,

1981) all used Ribaga's spelling. Pearman (1936), in his outline classification

of the order, was apparently undecided and listed the genus as Psocat(h)ropos

although he later (Pearman 1960) used Psocathropos. In more than thirty

other papers, representing the work of many authors, the spelling used is

Psocatropos and this certainly has been the commoner form. These authors

have, presumably, been following Enderlein's 1904 usage.

Ribaga did not explain the origin of the name. The change from

Psocathropos to Psocatropos seems first to have occurred in Enderlein's

synopsis (1904). It is not clear whether this was accidental or deliberately

done because he wished to correct Ribaga's spelling to conform with the

classical spelling of Atropos, the name of another genus which, combined

with Psocus, probably provided the basis for Ribaga's name. If the change

was deliberate it is an unjustified emendation under the “Code”, even

though the classical origins of the name do not require an “h”. If it was

accidental then it and subsequent usages are all to be regarded as incorrect

4 Aust. ent. Mag. 11(1), June, 1984

subsequent spellings. In any case, in terms of the Code the correct spelling

is Psocathropos.

Acknowledgement - a i

I would like to thank the several collectors of the material listed in this

paper for entrusting me with its study.

References

Badonnel, A., 1932. Contribution a l'etude de la fauna du Mozambique—Voyage de

M. P. Lesne (1928-1929). 7e note. Supplement aux Copeognathes. Bull. Soc.

zool. Fr. 57: 105-117, 14 figs.

Badonnel, A., 1959. Developpement des ailes de Psyllipsocus ramburi Selys-Longchamp:

essai d'interpretation. Bull. Soc. zool. Fr. 8(1): 91-98, 2 figs.

Banks, N., 1900. A new genus of Atropidae (Psocinella n.g.). Ent. News 11(4): 431-432,

illustr.

Enderlein, G., 1903. Neue Copeognathen aus Kamerun. Zool. Jb. Abt. Syst. 19: 1-18,

pl. 1.

Enderlein, G., 1904. Untitled note. Zool. Zbl. 11(3): 84-89.

Enderlein, G., 1931. The Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905...

C XB tee VIII. Die Copeognathen fauna der Seychellen. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.

(Zool.) (2)19: 207-240, 52 figs., pls 14-16.

Gurney, A. B., 1949. Distributional and synonymic notes on Psocids common to Europe

and North America with remarks on the distribution of Holarctic insects

(Corrodontia). J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 39(2): 56-65.

Gurney, A. B., 1950. Psocids likely to be encountered by Pest Control Operators.

National Pest Control Assoc. U.S.A.

Mockford, E. L. and Gurney, A. B., 1956. A review of the Psocids, or book-lice and

bark-lice of Texas (Psocoptera). J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 46: 353-368, 53 figs.,

1 map.

Pearman, J. V., 1936. The Taxonomy of the Psocoptera: Preliminary sketch. Proc. R.

ent. Soc. Lond. (B) 5: 58-62.

Pearman, J. V., 1960. Some African Psocoptera found on rats. Entomologist 93: 246-

250, 6 figs.

Ribaga, C., 1899. Descrizione di nuovo genere e di una nuova specie di Psocidi. Riv. Pat.

veg. Padova 8: 156-159, pl. 7.

Smithers, C. N., 1964. New records of cave and mine-dwelling Psocoptera in Australia.

J. ent. Soc. Qd 3: 85.

Smithers, C. N., 1967. A catalogue of the Psocoptera of the World. Aust. Zool. 14(1):

1-145.

Smithers, C. N., 1972. A collection of Psocoptera (Insecta) from Western Australia

including four new species. Aust. Zool. 17(1): 15-23, 25 figs.

Smithers, C. N., 1975. New Psocoptera records from Australian caves. Aust, ent. Mag.

2(3): 45-46.

Smithers, C. N., 1979. Three new species and some new records of Psocoptera from

Tasmania. Aust. ent. Mag. 6(4): 61-68, 12 figs.

Thornton, I. W. B., 1964. Air-borne Psocoptera trapped on ships and aircraft. Pacific

Ins. 6(2): 285-291, fig. 1.

Thornton, I. W. B., 1981. The Psocoptera of the Hawaiian Islands. Parts I and II.

Introduction and Nonendemic Fauna. Pacific Ins. 23(1-2): 1-49, 26 figs.

Williams, F. X., 1932. Two immigrant Psocidae in Hawaii. Proc. Hawaii Ent. Soc. 8: 8.

Zimmerman, E. C., 1948. Insects of Hawaii. Honolulu. 2 vols. (Corrodentia: 2: 217-252,

figs 121-137).

Aust. ent. Mag. 11(1), June, 1984 5

OVIPOSITIONAL BEHAVIOUR OF SPHODROPODA TRISTIS

SAUSSURE (MANTODEA: MANTIDAE)

By R. C. Chapman* and J. Balderson;

*23 Gosford Street, Mt Gravatt, Qld 4122 `

+CSIRO, Division of Entomology, P.O. Box 1700, Canberra City, A.C.T. 2601

Abstract

Females of the mantid Sphodropoda tristis Saussure dig holes in sandy soil, in

which they lay oothecae. The possibility of similar behaviour in other Australian mantids

and the finding of an ootheca under a rock is discussed.

Although Key (1970) stated that the ootheca of Rhodomantis "is

formed beneath the surface of sandy soil” there appear to be no published

observations of this behaviour. A female of Sphodropoda tristis Saussure has

been twice observed by R. C. C. to lay oothecae in soil at Mt Gravatt,

Brisbane The observations are recorded below.

On 24 February 1981, a female mantid was observed under recently

completed house extensions. It was lying on a sandy part of a former lawn,

1 m in from the outer edge of the extension. The tip of the abdomen was

placed in a hole and was exuding a white frothy substance. Two hours later

the mantid had disappeared and the hole was filled with loose sand. Two

days later an ootheca was found at the site, buried 2 cm below the surface.

The following afternoon, a mantid, possibly the same one, was found

on an area of dry turf 1 m from the original site and, again, 1 m from the

outer edge of the extension. It had dug and apparently abandoned a conical

hole 2 cm deep with surface diameter of 2 cm. When found the mantid was

3 cm away digging a second hole, using its forelegs alternately, much like a

dog digging, throwing the soil backwards and sideways. Grass roots seemed

to hinder this excavation. At a depth of 3 cm the mantid turned and extended

its abdomen into the hole but then, evidently, became disturbed by the

observer.

The mantid ran quickly towards the outer edge of the extension but,

when deterred by the observed, it returned under the extension to a sandy

area 1 m from the former location. This site was less than 0.5 m from the

edge of the extension and in close proximity to a croton shrub (Codiaeum

sp.). The mantid immediately began digging very swiftly and within 3 minutes

had dug a hole to a depth of 3 cm. It then turned and extended the end of

its abdomen into the hole and remained in this position for almost 2 hours,

occasionally twitching its abdomen or flexing its forelegs. During this period a

frothy white ootheca was being exuded into the hole (Fig. 1). The mantid

eventually withdrew its abdomen and lay motionless at full length beside

the hole for 3 minutes before filling it with sand. It accomplished this by

using its mid and hind legs in a scrabbling sideways motion to push loose

sand into the hole. After 3 seconds of leg movement the mantid rested for

1 minute. It repeated this process 9 times, completely filling and smoothing

6 Aust. ent. Mag. 11(1), June, 1984

V x7

Fig. 1. Sphodropoda tristis Saussure, 9, laying its ootheca in a hole it had dug in the

ground.

over the hole which was then indistinguishable from the surrounding sand

patch. The ootheca from this site was dug out 2 days later.

All the activities recorded were within 1 m of the outer edge of the

extensions which were 2 m above ground level. The ground had been

previously covered by a couch grass lawn top-dressed with sand, and largely

disturbed during the building activities. The withered and dying remaining

grass was interspersed with small sandy patches.

The two oothecae are dark brown, 2.5-3.0 cm long and are flattened

in the dorso-ventral plane. In each the egg-line is obscure and somewhat

flattened and deformed. Apart from deformation through being laid in the

soil and being encrusted with sand grains, the oothecae are similar in size

and composition to a large ootheca of Mantis octospilota Westwood, a genus

with species found in Europe, Africa, Asia and North America. The S. tristis

female from the last site was captured and is now preserved in the Queensland

Museum together with its ootheca.

Sphodropoda tristis Saussure is a medium-sized mantid (length ca. 6

cm), widespread in northern and inland Australia. It seems to be essentially

a shrub dweller although very early instars of the various species of

Sphodropoda and also of Pseudomantis, a genus with species of somewhat

similar size and habits, are frequently found at a low level or running freely

Aust. ent. Mag. 11(1), June, 1984 7

on the ground. Adult females of some species of Sphodropoda are short-winged

and flightless but others are frequently caught at lights.

On 16 September 1981 Dr D. C. F. Rentz found an ootheca on the

underside of a stone ca. 2 cm in the ground at Karagullen near Kelmscott,

Western Australia. Unfortunately, nymphs emerged and died during a period

when the ootheca was not under observation and thus could not be reared

to the stage where positive identification could be made. They appear to be

either a species of Pseudomantis or another species of Sphodropoda.

The females of Rhodomantis, the genus which Key (1970) recorded as

forming oothecae in the soil, are very short-winged and are usually found on

low grasses or free-running on the ground. The short-winged females of

Coenomantis and the small females of Bolbe (length ca. 1 cm) and Cliomantis

(length ca. 1.5 cm) are also ground dwellers. It is probable that they, too,

lay their oothecae in the ground.

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank Dr G. B. Monteith for initiating contact between the

authors, Dr D. C. F. Rentz for helpful comments and suggestions, Dr P. B.

Carne for critically reading the manuscript and Mr J. P. Green for preparation

of the illustration.

Reference

Key, K. H. L., 1970. Mantodea (Praying Mantids). Chapter 16, pp. 294-301 in: The

Insects of Australia. A textbook for students and research workers. Melbourne

University Press, Melbourne.

VANESSA ITEA (F.) (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALINAE) OVIPOSITING

ON PARIETARIA DEBILIS G. FORST. IN AUSTRALIA

By K. L. Dunn

Department of Zoology, Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T.

Larvae of the Australian admiral butterfly, Vanessa itea (F.) utilise both the native

Urtica incisa and the introduced U. urens as food plants and in Tasmania larvae have also

been recorded feeding on the introduced ornamental Soleirolia soleirolia (all family

Urticaceae) (Common and Waterhouse, 1981).

On 18 September 1983, a specimen was observed ovipositing on another member

of the Urticaceae, Parietaria debilis G. Forst. at Ginninderra Falls, New South Wales. The

eggs were deposited in a pair on the undersurface of a petiole, near the leaf base.

P. debilis has been recorded as a larval food plant for this butterfly in New

Zealand (Sharell, 1971).

Acknowledgement

I thank Dr P. G. Ladd, Dep. of Botany, A.N.U. for identification of the plant.

References

Common, I. F. B. and Waterhouse, D. F., 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Revised edition.

Angus and Robertson, Melbourne. 682 pp.

Sharell, R., 1971. New Zealand insects and their story. Collins, Auckland and London.

258 pp.

8 Aust. ent. Mag. 11(1), June, 1984

GREGARIOUS PARASITOIDISM IN AUSTRALIAN MUTILLIDAE

(HYMENOPTERA)

By Denis J. Brothers

Department of Entomology, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 3200 South Africa

Abstract

“Ephutomorpha” ignita (Smith) and “E.” submetallescens Turner develop greg-

ariously on their mud-nesting hymenopterous hosts. The implications of this type of

development in the biology of mutillids are briefly discussed.

Introduction

Wasps of the family Mutillidae develop as parasitoids on the enclosed

and inactive immature stages of other wasps, bees, flies, beetles, moths

(Brothers, 1972) or cockroaches (Mickel, 1974). (The last host relationship

is not proven since Mickel suggested that the mutillid was utilising an evaniid

parasitoid of cockroach oothecae rather than developing directly on the

cockroach eggs. He could find no evidence of evaniid exuvia in oothecae

from which mutillids had emerged, however, and it does not seem to me

necessary to postulate such a complicated relationship, particularly in view of

the range of hosts previously recorded for Mutillidae.) In all cases thus far

noted, each host specimen or “protein packet” has produced a single mutillid

specimen, although the deposition of more than one egg on a single host is

apparently not uncommon (Mickel, 1928; Brothers, 1972). Evidence of the

development of more than one mutillid on a single host specimen in two

closely related species of Australian Mutillidae is thus of considerable interest.

Observations

During a recent visit to Australia, I discovered six female specimens of

"Ephutomorpha" ignita (Smith) which had been reared from the cocoons of

Pison spinolae Shuckard (Larridae), a mud nester, by E. F. Riek in 1950

(two females and three host cocoons) and 1952 (four females and one host

cocoon). (Although the mutillids mentioned in this paper are referred to the

genus Ephutomorpha, this is done merely for convenience and in accordance

with past practice. They are actually members of one of the numerous new

genera to be described for the Australian fauna.) This host relationship was

confirmed by a further two females of “E.” ignita reared by E. McC. Callan in

1972. All specimens were collected in Canberra, A.C.T. Although such

corroborated host records are of considerable interest per se, examination of

the four host cocoons proved even more interesting. Each cocoon, about 13

to 15 mm long, has a hard and rather brittle wall and contains four cocoons

of the mutillid. Three of the host cocoons (1950) had been opened artificially

for investigation of the contents, and these contain dead mutillid larvae or

pupae in addition to some empty mutillid cocoons. One such host cocoon

had been opened when the mutillid larvae had barely started spinning, so that

Aust. ent. Mag. 11(1), June, 1984 9

it is impossible to be sure that it contained four mutillids, but such is my

impression. The fourth host cocoon (1952) contains no dead mutillids and

has a single exit hole of about 1.5 mm diameter in its anterior end, through

which all four mutillids must have emerged. The mutillid cocoons are typical

for the family, being thin-walled, papery and pale brown in colour. They are

arranged somewhat irregularly in the host cocoon, but are more or less parallel

to each other along the long axis of the host cocoon. Measurement of size is

difficult, but the mutillid cocoons are approximately 7 to 9 mm long, and the

associated females are all about 7 mm in length.

A second species, closely related to “E.” ignita, shows a similar relation-

ship with its host. This is “Ephutomorpha” submetallescens Turner, which

was reared from mud nests of Abispa sp. (Eumenidae) by H. Hacker in 1912

(four females and two males) and by E. C. Dahms in 1961 (three females and

one male) and 1966 (five females). All of these specimens were collected in

Brisbane, Queensland. Although no host remains have been preserved, Dahms

informed me that more than one specimen had emerged from a single cell of

the host, up to about four per cell. That four specimens may have emerged

from one cell is further indicated by the fact that four of the five specimens

from 1966 emerged on the same day. (Some of the specimens escaped during

the course of experiments on sex attraction, however, and have not been

preserved).

I have also examined two specimens, a male and a female, of an

apparently undescribed species closely related to “E.” ignita and “E.” subme-

tallescens, These specimens were reared from a single mud nest by T. F.

Houston in 1964 in Adelaide, South Australia, and both emerged on the same

day, but there is no indication as to whether they emerged from the same

cell or not.

Discussion

The above observations have lead me to conclude that it is probable

that the Australian mutillids comprising the group including “E.” ignita and

“E,” submetallescens are parasitoids of mud nesting Hymenoptera, and that

up to about four mutillids may develop on a single host individual.

The effects of such a situation of gregarious parasitoidism are varied.

It means that a female need find fewer hosts for production of a certain

number of offspring than must a female of a species which requires a different

host individual for development of each mutillid. This must be particularly

advantageous when individuals of the host are rare or widely dispersed.

Despite this advantage, multiple parasitoidism in Mutillidae seems to be rare.

Even mutillids which utilise mud nesting Hymenoptera elsewhere, such as

species of Dolichomutilla and Sphaeropthalma (s.s.), do not produce more

than one individual per host specimen (Brothers, pers. obs.). This rarity may

be due to the behavioural characteristics of the mutillid larvae. Most previous

work has indicated that mutillid larvae are very voracious, will consume all

10 Aust. ent. Mag. 11(1), June, 1984

available food, and will often even finish off a second (and even third) host

individual if this is offered just before the first has been consumed (Brothers,

1972; Ferguson, 1962). The many instances where more than one egg is laid

on a single host, and yet only one mutillid is produced, must involve the

destruction of all but one of the eggs or larvae by the survivor, probably

because of its voracity. This behaviour must be modified in gregarious

parasitoids to enable the sibling larvae to coexist without attacking each

other.

Gregarious parasitoidism must also have a marked influence on the size

of the mutillids produced, since size is strongly affected by the amount of

food consumed by the larva. Ferguson (1962) was able to produce particularly

large specimens of two species of Photopsis by overfeeding, and Mickel (1924)

showed that Dasymutilla bioculata (Cresson) had a bimodal size distribution

because it was a parasitoid of two host species which differed in size. It is

thus to be expected that the size of an individual mutillid of a species which

is a gregarious parasitoid will be determined not only by the size of the host

individual utilized, but also by the number of mutillid individuals developing

on the host. Unfortunately, the material available to me is insufficient to

indicate whether such a relationship actually holds or not. Sizes in the species

involved do not seem to vary more than in other mutillids, but this may be

because the number of mutillids produced per host individual is rather

constant, or else because the number of mutillids produced per host may

somehow be influenced by the size of the host.

Acknowledgements

My studies in Australia (mainly collection of specimens) and Europe (type com-

parisons) were supported by grants from the Australian Biological Resources Study, the

Council for Scientific and Industrial Research of South Africa, and the University of

Natal. I particularly thank the Division of Entomology, CSIRO, Canberra, A.C.T. for their

generous provision of facilities. Dr I. Naumann and Mr E. C. Dahms, amongst others,

generously allowed me free access to the collections in their care, viz., Australian

National Insect Collection, Canberra, and that of the Queensland Museum, Brisbane.

Dr R. M. Miller and an anonymous reviewer commented on the manuscript.

References

Brothers, D. J., 1972. Biology and immature stages of Pseudomethoca f. frigida, with

notes on other species (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae). Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull.

50: 1-38.

Ferguson, W. E., 1962. Biological characteristics of the mutillid subgenus Photopsis

Blake and their systematic values (Hymenoptera). Univ. California Publs Ent;

27: i-iv, 1-92.

Mickel, C. E., 1924. An analysis of a bimodal variation in size of the parasite Dasymutilla

bioculata Cresson (Hymen.: Mutillidae). Ent. News 35: 236-242, pl. 6.

Mickel, C. E., 1928. Biological and taxonomic investigations on the mutillid wasps. Bull.

United States nat. Mus, 143: i-x, 1-351, pl. 1-5.

Mickel, C. E., 1974. Mutillidae miscellanea: taxonomy and distribution. Arn. ent. Soc.

America 67: 461-471.

Aust. ent. Mag. 11(1), June, 1984 11

THE LIFE HISTORY OF CHAETOCNEME PORPHYROPIS (MEYRICK

AND LOWER) (LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERIIDAE: PYRGINAE)

By G. A. Wood

P.O. Box 122, Atherton, N. Qld 4883

Abstract

The life history of Chaetocneme porphyropis is described and larval food plants

listed.

Introduction

The purple brown-eye skipper butterfly, Chaetocneme porphyropis

(Meyrick and Lower), is confined to the rain forests of northern Queensland

between Innisfail and Daintree and on the Atherton Tableland. Its life history

has been previously unknown. The observations recorded here were made

over a number of years, on specimens in the wild and larva raised on potted

plants exposed to the elements.

Life history

Egg (3 examined). Translucent whitish, domed, slightly higher than wide,

] mm at base. Shell with 21 coarse, vertical ribs.

First instar. Head granulated, at first red, later turning brown. Divided by a

median, longitudinal, groove and bearing two blunt apical points. Body red

and finely haired, prothorax brown or black. Length 4 mm.

Third instar. Head brown, paler centrally and bearing two swollen horns,

orange at their apex. Body uniform orange-brown and covered with small

white spots. Each segment bears a subdorsal pair of orange, elongate patches,

longitudinal in direction. Prothorax pale brown. Length 14 mm.

Final instar (Fig. 1). Head as in third instar but paler centrally. Body as in

third instar but paler and spots and patches less well defined. Length 32 mm.

Pupa (Fig. 2). Smooth, head bears a short projection which is roughly

spherical at the tip, pale yellowish with small brown spots. Wing cases bear a

patch of white and pale brown, margined with dark brown. The white area is

posterior to the smaller brown area and consists of waxy scales. Length

25 mm.

Food plants. The food plant most often selected is Neolitsea dealbata

(R.Brown) Merr., but Litsea leefeana (F.Muell.) Merr. and Cryptocarya sp. aff.

C. rigida are also used. All belong to the family Lauraceae.

Notes. Eggs are laid singly on the upper side of mature leaves. First instar

larva construct a shelter by eating out a horse-shoe shaped section of leaf and

bending the centre piece backwards. This process is accomplished by construc-

ting a silken hinge at the attached end of the isolated section, which gradually

raises the piece until it has travelled through 180 degrees. Larva assume a

hunched posture beneath the roof of the shelter and feed at night. Immature

foliage is not used in shelter construction as it loses its shape upon drying. I

have not observed Chaetocneme porphytopis to construct the domed, igloo

type shelter, sealed along its entire perimeter, apart from a hole eaten in the

12 Aust. ent. Mag. 11(1), June, 1984

Figs 1, 2. Chaetocneme porphyropis: (1) final instar larva; (2) pupa.

hinge, that is constructed by Chaetocneme beata (Hewitson) and Netrocoryne

repanda expansa Waterhouse on the same plants. As the Chaetocneme

porphyropis larva grows, further shelters of the same type are constructed

but these differ from the first instar shelter in that the isolated end is anchored

by a silken thread. Some larva have been observed to detach and caste away

old shleters. Late instar larva construct shelters by cutting out the centre of

one leaf and bending it down upon another. The centre piece is anchored at

eight or more places and pupation occurs within the final shelter. Pupa are

suspended beneath the roof of this shelter by a cremaster and “Y” shaped

central girdle, the fork of which supports the pupa. Pupal duration is from

two to five weeks.

Adults are on the wing throughout the year, being most numerous in

October/November and April/May. There are two generations annually which

overlap considerably, life cycles taking from 18 to 35 weeks. Adults fly in

the late afternoon and are most often seen along rainforest edges feeding at

flowers.

Acknowledgements

Thanks are extended to B. P. M. Hyland and A. K. Irvine, Division of Forest

Research, C.S.I.R.O., Atherton, for identifying the food plants.

Aust. ent. Mag. 11(1), June, 1984 13

A SIMPLE PENETROMETER FOR LABORATORY AND FIELD USE

By A. D. Wright and S. C. Fuller

CSIRO, Division of Entomology, Private Mailbag No. 3, Indooroopilly, Qld, 4068

Abstract

An inexpensive and easily constructed penetrometer is described and compared

with other designs.

Introduction

Penetrometers have often been used to relate feeding preferences of

phytophagous insects to the mechanical hardness of plant tissues and

penetrometer designs have ranged from very simple to fairly complex. We

used selected features of earlier designs in a penetrometer to measure the

hardness of the epidermis of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.)

Solms., because none of the earlier designs possessed the combination we

required of simple construction, low cost, easy operation in the laboratory

and the field, and the ability to repeat measurements with standard errors

less than 10% of means with a sample size of ten.

Previous designs

The penetrometer devised by Williams (1954) to relate feeding pre-

ferences of acridid grasshoppers to leaf hardness was very simple and has

been widely used (Tanton, 1962; Taylor and Bardner, 1968; Thomas, 1974).

A leaf to be tested was placed across the mouth of a specimen tube and held

taut by pressing a cork, penetrated by a glass capillary tube, into the

specimen tube. A pin was placed into the capillary tube with the point resting

on the leaf and sand was added to a receptacle attached to the head of the

pin. The weight of sand needed to cause the pin to penetrate the leaf was

measured. Different aspects of this basic design have been improved by various

workers.

Leaf mounting

Thomas (1974) used glue to secure delicate leaves to the bottom of the

cork to prevent stretching, while Feeny (1970), Beckwith and Helmers (1976)

and Wint (1979) prevented stretching by clamping leaves between two flat

surfaces.

Penetration

Feeny (1970), Beckwith and Helmers (1976) and Wint (1979) used

a flat-ended rod rather than a pointed pin to simulate the shearing and

tearing actions of insect mandibles. However, a pointed pin may be more

appropriate for simulating penetration by hemipteran mouthparts.

Application of force

While Feeny (1970) continued to use sand to apply weight, Wint

(1979) avoided having a separate weighing operation by using measured

volumes of water. In designs unsuitable for use in the field, Cherrett (1968)

applied force with a spring and pulleys while Beckwith and Helmers (1976)

used a lathe carriage driven by an electric motor.

14 Aust. ent. Mag. 11(1), June, 1984

Description of the new design

The penetrometer (Fig. 1) consisted of a burette (not shown) which

delivered water into a receptacle (a) which was fixed to a pin-holder with

pin (b). The pin was introduced into a guide block (f) fitted with a glass

capillary tube (e) which also penetrated the centre of the upper plate (d) of

a leaf-holder. When a leaf was clamped between the upper (d) and lower (g)

plates of the holder, the pin rested on the leaf surface until the weight in the

receptacle was sufficient to force the pin through the leaf.

. Receptacle

. Pin holder

c. Lead washer

Upper plate

. Capillary tube

Pin guide block

. Lower plate

. Locating peg

Fig.1 The penetrometer

The burette accurately controlled water flow and measured the volume

(i.e. weight) delivered. Preloading the receptacle with lead washers (c) of

known weight allowed a greater range of hardness to be measured. The

chuck-type pin-holder enabled easy exchange of pins of different diameters

and its shank extended up inside the receptacle to locate preload washers.

The points of pins were ground off to form a flat end to simulate shearing by

mandibles of weevils and caterpillars which attack water hyacinth in Australia.

This also made the moment of penetration easily discernible because flat-

ended pins were found to penetrate more suddenly than pointed pins.

The leaf-holder was made of clear perspex to enable accurate position-

ing of leaves, necessary to avoid areas of leaf damage. The capillary tube (e)

minimised friction on the pin which, after penetration, passed through a

small hole in the lower plate of the holder. The upper and lower plates were

aligned by locating pegs (h) and held together by clamps. During use the

Aust. ent. Mag. 11(1), June, 1984 15

guide block, made wider than the top plate, was clamped to a rigid stand.

The lower plate was not used when measuring the hardness of robust

structures, such as petioles of water hyacinth, which were simply held against

the upper plate by hand.

Representative results

The repeatability of measurements was tested by finding the weights

necessary to cause penetration at ten different places on a single sheet of

carbon paper. Carbon paper was used because it required approximately the

same weight for penetration as the epidermis of water hyacinth and because

under the microscope it appeared to be of more uniform texture than

alternative papers. With a pin of 0.85 mm diameter (0.57 mm? cross section),

the mean weight required was 153.82 gm with a standard error of 2.27 or

1.576 of the mean, well within the limits of repeatability required. Table 1

presents typical measurements of water hyacinth hardness using the same pin

and shows that variances were greater than with the carbon paper but, with

one exception, standard errors were still within 1096 of means.

TABLE 1

Estimates of the epidermal hardness, in gm required for penetration, of the laminae and

petioles of the youngest five leaves of ten water hyacinth plants.

Leaf tL Lamina. — -.5.-* Petiole

ition S.E. as % S.E. as %

pos Mean S.E. eu Mean S.E. a Tanga

1 108.6 3.25 2.99 162.0 16.90 10.43

2 116.6 4.96 4.26 218.4 5.96 2.73

3 112.3 2.72 2.42 233.2 5.83 2.50

4 112.8 3.47 3.08 232.4 6.85 2.95

5 113.9 4.59 4.03 241.8 8.36 3.46

References

Beckwith, R. C. and Helmers, A. E., 1976. A penetrometer to quantify leaf toughness

in studies of defoliators. Environ. Ent, 5: 291-294.

Cherrett, J. M., 1968. A simple penetrometer for measuring leaf toughness in insect:

feeding studies. Econ. Ent. 61: 1736-1738.

Feeny, P., 1970. Seasonal changes in oak leaf tannins and nutrients as a cause of spring

feeding by winter moth caterpillars. Ecology 51: 565-581.

Tanton, M. T., 1962. The effect of leaf "toughness" on the feeding of larvae of the

mustard beetle Phaedon cochleariae Fab. Entomologia exp. appl. 5: 74-78.

Taylor, W. E. and Bardner, R., 1968. Leaf injury and food consumption by larvae of

Phaedon cochleariae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and Plutella maculipennis

(Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) feeding on turnip and radish. Entomologia exp. appl.

11: 177-184,

Thomas, P. A., 1974. Some investigations into the biology of Paulinia acuminata (De

Geer) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) with particular reference to the biological

control of Salvinia auriculata, M.Phil. Thesis, University of London.

Williams, L. H., 1954. The feeding habits and food preferences of Acrididae and the

factors which determine them. Trans. R. ent. Soc. Lond. 105: 423-454.

Wint, G. R. W., 1979. The effects of the seasonal accumulation of tannins upon the

growth of Lepidoptera larvae. D.Phil. Thesis, Oxford University.

16 Aust. ent. Mag. 11(1), June, 1984

NESTING BEHAVIOUR OF A LYRODA PREDATOR

(HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE) ON TRIDACTYLUS

(ORTHOPERA: TRIDACTYLIDAE)

By Howard E. Evans and Allan W. Hook

Department of Zoology and Entomology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins,

Colorado, 80523, U.S.A.

Abstract

Lyroda species near minima Turner has been found preying upon Tridactylus

mutus Tindale in south-eastern Queensland. Nests are dug either in firm clay or in sandy

soil not far from the muddy margins of pools where the prey occur.

Introduction

Lyroda is a genus of nearly worldwide distribution, regarded by Bohart

and Menke (1976) as perhaps the most primitive genus in the large subfamily

Larrinae. There is considerable morphological diversity in the genus as well

as a certain amount of ethological diversity. The North American L. subita

(Say) preys on Gryllidae and nests are initiated from the walls of pre-existing

cavities in the soil; Kurczewski and Peckham (1982) have recently reviewed

what is known of this species. The Asiatic L. japonica Iwata uses grouse

locusts (Tetrigidae) and also nests in pre-existing holes (Iwata, 1976) or

evidently sometimes in burrows dug from the soil surface (Tsuneki and lida,

1969). L. formosa (Smith) and L. madecassa Arnold are also reported to prey

on Tetrigidae (Bohart and Menke, 1976).

Lyroda is well represented in Australia, although only five or six of the

numerous species have been described. We report here on the behaviour of

several individuals observed at Blunder Creek, in the southern part of the city

of Brisbane, during the summer of 1979-80. This small species (about 6 mm

long) cannot be identified with certainty, but is very similar to minima

Turner, though possibly specifically distinct (A. S. Menke, pers. comm.).

Voucher specimens have been placed in the Australian National Insect

Collection, Canberra, and at the U.S. National Museum, Washington, U.S.A.,

in the hope that the species name can be clarified when the genus receives

the revisionary studies it deserves.

Results

On 30 December 1979, several Lyroda females were seen along a clay

bank overlooking a small, stagnant pool. They walked rapidly with the

abdomen in constant up and down movement. In mid-morning one female

began to dig in slightly sloping soil. The firm clay was loosened with the

mandibles, then dragged out in small lumps as she backed from the burrow

3-4 cm, leaving the pellets in a small circle about the entrance. At 1055 h

(E.S.T.) she was spending 8-12 seconds in the burrow each time, only 2-3 s

outside as she deposited the pellets. At 1150 h she stayed in 15 s, at 1215 h

about 18 s, reflecting the increasing depth of the burrow. At 1230 h she

made a quick, partial closure of the entrance and walked in irregular circles

Aust. ent. Mag. 11(1), June, 1984 17

about the nest and then walked off towards the nearby pool. At 1240 h she

returned over the ground with her first prey and entered the nest directly,

without putting the prey down. Another prey was brought in at 1315 h, again

from the muddy edge of the pool. This time she made short, hopping flights

as well as carrying the prey over the ground, holding the prey with her

mandibles, slung beneath her body.

At 1400 h this female was seen digging again at the same spot; at 1407 h

she stopped, closed the entrance, and walked off. This nest was excavated at

1430 h and found to contain two cells. The burrow was oblique, 8 cm long,

reaching a newly prepared cell containing one prey and no egg at a vertical

depth of 6 cm. Just beyond, at 7 cm, was a cell that had been closed off,

containing three prey, one of them bearing the wasp's egg attached behind

the left fore coxa and lying across the sternum, its other end wedged under

the right fore coxa. Burrow diameter was 1.5 mm; cells measured about

3x 3 mm.

This female returned with another prey while the nest was being

excavated and was collected. All prey in this nest and in a second similar nest

dug the same day proved to be adult Tridactylus mutus Tindale (pygmy mole

crickets, Tridactylidae). Without exception they were very lightly paralyzed,

and in fact several escaped by jumping away when the cell was opened.

On 9-16 March these wasps once again appeared in abundance, evidently

members of a second generation. We had recently excavated a Sphex nest

nearby, and left a flat heap of sand about a meter in diameter. This was

adopted as a nesting site by at least ten Lyroda females, which made slightly

deeper nests in this more friable substrate. These wasps scraped soil from the

burrow with their fore legs and left it outside the entrance in a small tumulus

measuring about 2 x3 cm, about 0.2 cm deep in the center. Burrows measured

9-14 cm in length (x = 10.6, n = 5), cells 6-9 cm deep (x = 7.6, n = 5). All prey

(n = 19) were Tridactylus mutus, but at this season all were immature and 4

to 6 were used per cell. Some nests appeared to have more than one cell, but

the nests were so close together that it was difficult to be sure which cells

belonged with each nest. It appeared that each female made a fresh nest each

day, as two nests marked as fresh on 15 March had received final closures

the following day. In both cases only the lower third of the burrow had been

packed with sand, the upper part being more or less open

Discussion

This species of Lyroda is the first of its genus to have been found to

use Tridactylidae as prey, although other Larrinae (some of the smaller

species of Tachytes) use tridactylids. The very light paralysis of the prey has

been noted by others who have studied species of Lyroda (Iwata, 1976;

Kurczewski and Peckham, 1982), and placement of the egg is consistent with

what is known of other species. All of the nests we observed were started

from the surface of flat or slightly sloping soil. It is interesting to note that

this species is able to dig in firm clay or in much more friable sand, employing

18 Aust. ent. Mag. 11(1), June, 1984

a different method of removing soil from the burrow in each case. Both

nesting sites were within 3 meters of the muddy edge of a pool where pygmy

mole crickets occurred in abundance. The mode of prey transport, on foot or

in short, hopping flights, doubtless placed restrictions on the distance that

could be traversed from the source of prey.

Acknowledgements

These studies were conducted while the senior author held a research

fellowship in the Department of Entomology, University of Queensland, and

the junior author a grant for dissertation research from the National Science

Foundation, U.S.A.

References

Bohart, R. M. and Menke, A. S., 1976. Sphecid wasps of the World. A generic revision.

University of California Press. 695 pp.

Iwata, K., 1976. Evolution of instinct. Comparative Ethology of Hymenoptera. Amarind

Publ. Co. 529 pp.

Kurczewski, F. E. and Peckham, D. F., 1982. Nesting behaviour of Lyroda subita Say

(Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 84: 149-156.

Tsuneki, K. and lida, T., 1969. The biology of some species of the Formosan Sphecidae,

with descriptions of their larvae (Hymenoptera). Etizenia, Occ. Publ. Biol.

Lab. Fukui Univ. No. 37: 21 pp.

BOOK REVIEW

Natural History of the South East. Eds M. J. Tyler, C. R. Twidale, J. K. Ling

and J. W. Holmes. Published November, 1983. Royal Society of South

Australia, Adelaide. Occasional Publication No. 3. xiii, 237 pages, illustr.

Price $15, plus $2.50 posted. Available direct from the Society, State

Library Blg, North Terrace, Adelaide, S.A. 5000.

This is a text outstanding both for its content and value for money. It

is the third in a series that the Society has produced and the most ambitious.

The book is an authoritative account of the natural history of the south-

eastern portion of South Australia. Thirty-two authors have combined to

produce 22 chapters concerning subjects such as geology, climate, vegetation,

tribal man, mammals, birds, reptiles, fishes and invertebrates. The invertebrate

chapters are: “Spiders, scorpions and other arachnids” by D. C. Lee (3 pp.);

"Freshwater and some terrestrial invertebrates" by W. Zeidler (18 pp.);

“Myriopods, insects and allied forms” by G. F. Gross (9 pp); and “Butterflies”

by R. H. Fisher (8 pp.). Primary references are provided at the conclusion of

each chapter.

Obviously the depth of detail is restricted in a work of this kind butthe

authors have all achieved a remarkable degree of specificness. For example

Lee's chapter mentions over 40 species by name, Zeidler over 60 species and

illustrates over 50, Gross over 70 and Fisher over 40 with 29 figs of eggs,

larvae, adults and food plants.

' I have no hesitation in recommending this book; for those who live in

South Australia I consider it a must on the natural history shelf.

M.S. MOULDS

Aust. ent. Mag. 11(1), June, 1984 19

AN ACCUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF

AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGY

Compiled by M. S. and B. J. Moulds

FIELD, Frank

1978. Construction and dismantling of the web of an orb-web spider. Q.N.C. News

[Newsl. Qd Nat. Club] 105/106: 9.

Aracnida: Araneus ?heroine

FITT, G. P.

1981. Ecology of northern Australian Dacinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) II. Seasonal

fluctuations in trap catches of Dacus opiliae and D. tenuifascia, and their

relationship to host phenology and climatic factors. Aust. J. Zool. 29(6):

885-894, 1 table, text-figs 1-3.

FOSTER, G. G., KITCHING, R. L., VOGT, W. G. and WHITTEN, M. J.

1975. Sheep blowfly and its control in the pastoral ecosystem of Australia. In

Kikkawa, J. and Nix, H. A. (eds.), Managing terrestrial ecosystems. Proc. ecol.

Soc. Aust. 9: 213-229, tables 1-3, text-figs 1-5.

GARNETT, S.

1981. The Lockerbie Scrub: A case for Australia's most northerly rainforest. Habitat

9(5): 3-5.

Coleoptera: Mecynognathus daemeli

GOODING, Charles George Llewellyn

OBITUARY. Latrobe Valley Nat. 194: 4.

GOODYER, G.

1976. Wireworms true and false. Agric. Gaz. N.S.W. 87(4): 46, illustr.

Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae

GREEN, A.

1981. Golden orb-weaver spiders (Nephila sp.) in Tasmania. Tasmanian Nat. 67: 12-13.

GREENSLADE, P. J. M.

1979. A guide to ants of South Australia. South Australian Museum, Adelaide.

Special Educational Bulletin Series. Pp. i-ix, 1-44, illustr.

GREENSLADE, P. J. M. and MOTT, J. J.

1980. Ants of native and sown pastures in the Katherine area, Northern Territory,

Australia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Proc. 2nd Australas. Conf. Grassland

Invert. Ecol.: 153-156, tables 1-3, text-figs 1-3.

GROSS, G. F. and MATTHEWS, E. G.

1976. Insects of South Australian homes and gardens. S. Aust. Year Book 1976: 11

pages plus 8 pages illustr.

Reprinted as a booklet, 1976, Pp. 1-11, plus 8 pp. illustr.

GUARD, Roger

1981. Butterfly and moth breeding in your own garden. N. Qd Nat. 45 (No.178):

8-11.

HADLINGTON, P. W. and JOHNSTON, J. A.

1982. An introduction to Australian insects. 4to. New South Wales University Press,

Kensington. Pp. i-viii, 1-116, illustr.

HANCOCK, David L.

1983. Classification of the Papilionidae (Lepidoptera): a phylogenetic approach.

Smithersia 2: 1-48, tables 1-3, text-figs 1-40.

Smithersía is published by The National Museums and Monuments of Zimbabwe.

HARSLETT, Jean

1981. A lesser observed butterfly seen on the Mount Cordeaux day. Granite Belt Nat.

123: 6.

Lepidoptera: Heteronympha mirifica

HAUGUM, J. and LOW, A. M.

1981. The Ornithoptera updated (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Tokurana (Acta Rhop-

alocera) 2: 1-29, pls 1-6.

20 Aust. ent. Mag. 11(1), June, 1984

HODGENS, Eugene

1979. Spiders. Circ. ent. Sect. R. Zool. Soc. N.S. W. (n.s.)3: 4. [Cyclostyled, foolscap]

McALPINE, David

1980. The cup moths. Aust. nat. Hist. 20(1): 15-18, illustr.

1981. Acalyptrate flies. Jn: H. F. Recher and W. F. Ponder (eds), Lord Howe Island.

A summary of current and projected scientific and environmental activities.

Australian Museum, Sydney. Occasional Rep. Aust. Mus. 1: 21.

1981. Note on the dendrobium beetle. Orchadian 6(10): 229.

Coleoptera: Stethopachys formosus

1981. Amazing orchids of southern Australia. Aust. nat. Hist. 20(6): 181-184, illustr.

Diptera and Hymenoptera

1982. The acalyptrate Diptera with special reference to the Platystomatidae. Jn:

J. L. Gressitt (ed.), Biogeography and ecology of New Guinea. Vol. 2. (Series

Monographiae Biologicae, Vol. 42.) Junk, The Hague. Pp. 659-673, tables

] & 2, text-figs 1-10.

Reference is made to the Australian fauna.

McLAUGHLIN, J. H. and FRYZ, Ben

1984. Life and death of a cicada. Geo 6(1): 104-119.

Homoptera: Cicadidae: populat style notes mentioning several species.

McQUILLAN, P. B.

1981. A review of the Australian moth genus Thalaina (Lepidoptera: Geometridae:

Ennominae). Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 105(1): 1-23, 1 table, text-figs 1-63.

MATILE, Loie

1981. A new Australian genus of Keroplatidae with pectinate antennae (Diptera:

Mycetophiloidea). J. Aust. ent. Soc. 20(3): 207-212, text-figs 1-9.

NAUMANN, I. D.

1981. A new species and additional records of Leucospis Fabricius (Hymenoptera:

Leucospidae) from Australia. J. Aust. ent. Soc. 20(3): 223-228, text-figs 1-16.

1982. Systematics of the Australian Ambositrinae (Hymenoptera: Diapriidae), with

a synopsis on non-Australian genera of the subfamily. Aust. J. Zool., Suppl.

Ser. 85: 1-239, tables 1 & 2, text-figs 1-535.

NEBOISS, Arturs

1981. Tasmanian caddis-flies Fauna of Tasmania Handbook No. 4. University of

Tasmania, Hobart. 8vo. 180 pp., 600 text-figs, 163 maps.

NEW, T. R.

1981. The oak leaf-miner, Phyllonorycter messaniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gracill-

ariidae), in Melbourne. Aust. J. Zool. 29(6): 895-905, 1 text-fig., tables 1-4.

1982. A reappraisal of the status of the Stilbopterygidae (Neuroptera: Myrmeliont-

oidea). J. Aust. ent. Soc. 21(1): 71-75, text-figs 1-18.

1982. Lepidoptera from Uromycladium galls on Acacia. Aust. J. Zool. 30(2): 357-

364, tables 1-6.

OTTE, Daniel and ALEXANDER, Richard D.

1983. The Australian crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllidae). Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia

Mon. 22: 477 pages, 400 text-figs.

PAGEL, Diane

1979. Spider notes . . . number 1. Darling Downs Nat. 2(2): 25, illustr.

Aracnida: Dinopis bicornis

1979. The hammock-web or crinoline spider (Stiphidion facetum). DarlingDowns Nat

2(3): 34, illustr.

1980. Animal of the outing Elanda Plains Easter 1980. Darling Downs Nat. 3(2): 9-10.

Aracnida: Phrynarachne sp., Hedana Valida, Larinia Phthisica

1980. Outing to Goombungee—2/8/80. Darling Downs Nat. 3(2): 11.

Aracnida: Tent Spider, Argyrodes sp.

PAULIAN, Renaud

1977. The Australian Ceratocanthidae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea). J Aust. ent. Soc.

16(3): 261-265, text-figs 1-21.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTICES

All notices are printed free of charge. Persons submitting notices

need not be a subscriber to the journal. Items for insertion should be

sent to the editor who reserves the right to alter or reject notices.

WANTED. Copy of D'Abrera, "Butterflies of the Australian Region". Russell

Mayo, 140 Riverview St., Lane Cove, N.S.W. 2066. Ph. (02) 428 2649.

FOR SALE. Mercury vapour lamp, 250 watt clear glass type, plus choke with

long lead to G.E.S. lamp holder, plus one extra lamp holder. Cost $140,

sell $100. Enquiries to Editor please (Ph 487 2792). I am storing the

equipment pending its sale for country entomologist.

WANTED. Carabidae, Cicindelidae and Tenebrionidae from Australia. Can

exchange for specimens of all families from Europe, Africa, Madagascar.

Cesare Iacovone, via Paolo Giovio 9, 00179 Roma, Italy.

“TRADEWING’’—butterflies, beetles and other insects. Well established mail

order business for sale. Total price $2000 (includes $1000 worth of

stock) Please write for details, 56 McCormack St, Cairns, N. Qld, 4870.

WANTED. Copy of P. B. Carne, 1957—Systematic Revision of the Australian

Dynastinae. CSIRO, Melbourne. Will pay fair price. Ian Faithfull, 83

Easey St, Collingwood, Vic., 3066.

AUSTRALASIAN BUTTERFLY COMPANY

P.O. Box 330, Lane Cove, N.S.W. 2066, Australia

Phone: Sydney (02) 428 2552

SUPPLIES OF BUTTERFLIES, MOTHS AND BEETLES

Please write for our catalogue of species available

NOTES FOR AUTHORS

Matter submitted for publication should, preferably, be type-written, double

spaced and in duplicate.

All papers will be refereed and the editor reserves the right to reject any paper

considered unsuitable.

Papers longer than six printed journal pages will normally not be accepted.

Papers will only be accepted if a minimum of 50 reprints is purchased. Reprints

are charged at the following rates per page: $14 for 50 copies, $18 for100 copies and

$24 for 200 copies. There are no free reprints.

Illustrations: Black and white photographs must be submitted at the size they

are to appear in the journal. Line drawings should be about twice their required size.

Colour plates are offered to authors at the following subsidized prices: first plate $265;

additional plates $185 each. Photographs are best submitted as colour transparencies

although paintings are also suitable. Plates using two or more photographs are more

expensive; thus where a number of set specimens are to be illustrated on a plate such

specimens are best photographed on a single slide.

Address papers to: The Editor,

Australian Entomological Magazine,

14 Chisholm Street,

Greenwich, N.S.W. 2065.

CONTENTS

BROTHERS, Denis J. Gregarious parasitoidism in Australian-Mutillidae c7 C NZ d

(Hymenoptera) = "9C METTRE: Dr ff

CHAPMAN, R. C. and BALDERSON, J. Oviposition behaviour of

Sphodropoda tristis Saussure (Mantodea: Mantidae) ........ 5

DUNN, K. L. Vanessa itea (F.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalinae) ovipositing

on Parietaria debilis G. Forst. in Australia

EVANS, Howard E. and HOOK, Allan W. Nesting behaviour of a

Lyroda predator (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) on Tridactylus (Orth-

optera:'Tridactylidae) 7093 27 299 Teen eeu a uro 16

SMITHERS, C. N. New Australian records of Psyllipsocidae, with

comment on the spelling of Psocathropos Ribaga (Psocoptera:

Psyllipsocidae). 2 it PET 1

WRIGHT, A. D. and FULLER, S. C. A simple penetrometer for

laboratory and field use

WOOD, G. A. The life history of Chaetocneme porphyropis (Meyrick

and Lower) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Pyrginae)........... 11

BOOK REVIEW- Natural History of the Southeast, Royal Society of |

SouthzAustraliaiIncze $25 A er RT ten E 18

RECENT LITERATURE — An accumulative bibliography of Australian

entomology. Compiled by M. S. and B. J. Moulds .......... 19

ENTOMOLOGIGATINO TICES Sitesi een een ne inside back cover

NEW BOOKS

ZOOLOGICAL CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIA

50 volumes to be published over ten years

When complete it will consist of a published list of every named animal species

known to occur in Australia. Information for each species will include syn-

onymy, a brief summary of geographical distribution and ecological attributes,

and introductory references to literature on ecology, physiology and genetics.

Currently available Vol. 1: AMPHIBIA & REPTILIA. Price $18.00 plus postage.

We will advise you personally as each volume becomes available—if interested

please let us know.

BUTTERFLIES OF THE NEOTROPICAL REGION

Part 2 — Danaidae, Ithomiidae, Heliconidae, Morphidae

Bernard D’Abrera

Anticipated publication date — Mid 1984

Pre-publication price $150 which includes postage

Australian Entomological Supplies

35 Kiwong St, Yowie Bay, N.S.W. 2228 Phone (Sydney) 524 4614

BRANCH: 14 Chisholm St, Greenwich, N.S.W. 2065. Ph. (Syd.) 43 3972

PSS. 3

ISSN 0311-1881 248

e] oO?

AUSTRALIAN

087

Aust. ent. Mag. | | |

Edited by M. S. Moulds

VOLUME 11, PART 2

JULY, 1984

Australian Entomological Magazine is an illustrated journal devoted

principally to entomology in the Australian region, including New Zealand

and Papua New Guinea. It is designed for both amateur and professional

entomologists and is published bimonthly. Six parts comprise each volume.

SUBSCRIPTIONS

All subscriptions are payable in advance and should be forwarded to:

Australian Entomological Press,

14 Chisholm Street,

Greenwich, N.S.W., 2065,

Australia.

Individual Subscriptions

$13.00 per annum Australia, New Zealand & New Guinea

A$14.00 per annum overseas

Institutional Subscriptions

$17.00 per annum

COVER

Illustrated by Warren Reilly

Depicts a female wolf spider (family Lycosidae). The spider is draging

her egg cocoon which is attatched to the spinnerets. When the young emerge

they ride on the back of the female for several days, clinging to special

club-shaped hairs, until they disperse.

Published by

AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL PRESS

14 Chisholm Street, Greenwich,

N.S.W. 2065, Australia.

Phone: 43-3972

Printed by

Graphic Associates

F10, Oi Man Commercial Complex,

Kowloon, Hong Kong

Australian Entomolofical

Magazine

Aust. ent. Mag.

Volume 11, Part 2 July,

A REMARKABLE POLYMORPHISM OF MATURE LARVAE OF

ZIZINA LABRADUS (GODART), COMMON GRASS BLUE BUTTERFLY

(LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE) FROM THE SYDNEY AREA

By A. Sibatani

CSIRO Molecular and Cellular Biology Unit, P.O. Box 184, North Ryde, N.S.W. 2113

Abstract

Polymorphism in body colour of mature larvae in Zizina labradus (Godart)

ranging from white to red, green and dark purple became apparent upon rearing larva on

an artificial diet. In field populations this polymorphism seems to be largely obscured by

the dominant green colour which seems to be derived from the colour of the foodplant.

Initial attempts to select for the white, red and green colour of the larvae were

unsuccessful. The frequency of the red larvae increased significantly at the expense of

the white and other pale-coloured larvae when the larvae were reared under red or green

ambient light, whereas yellow and blue ambient lights had no effect. I suggest that the

phenotypic decision of red versus white in the larval body colour may be made

epigenetically, although some genetic predisposition to any body colour is not ruled out.

Introduction

Currently I am using Zizina labradus (Godart) [alternatively, Zizina o tis

labradus (Godart)];as experimental material in developmental biology, and rear

the larvae on an artificial diet. By so doing I have uncovered extensive

polymorphism in the body colour of the mature larvae of this species, which

seems to be largely obscured in field populations owing to the intense green

colour of the larvae, presumably resulting from chlorophyll in the foodplant.

The breeding of this species on the artificial diet is easy. A systematic approach

- 4 APR 1986

22 Aust. ent. Mag. 11(2), July, 1984

to the phenomenon of colour polymorphism thus revealed may yield valuable

information about the nature of larval polymorphism in lycaenid butterflies.

Observations reported in this paper are a research by-product and only

preliminary. I do not at the moment intend to pursue the subject further.

Materials and Methods

Butterflies. Local populations in North Ryde, Lindfield, Wahroonga and

Seaforth (all Sydney suburbs) were used, with a population at Mount Wilson,

Blue Mountains, New South Wales, as additional material.

Artificial diet. This is essentially based on the recipe of Shorey and Hale

(1965): mix Solution A containing 25 g lentil flower (besan used in Indian

and Burmese cooking), 7 g dry yeast, 3.1 g alfalfa meal (optional), 0.7 g

ascorbic acid (stored in a deepfreezer), 0.44 g Nipagin M (a fungicide) and

0.22 g sorbic acid in 70 ml water with Solution B containing 2.8 g agar-agar

dissolved in 70 ml boiling water, cool to 60°C and then stand in a 60° water

bath to prevent solidification. Portions of this mixture are poured into

obliquely held, transparent, plastic breeding-jars (6.7 cm inner diameter,

7.8 cm deep) with white or blue, non-transparent screw-lids, wetting one

side of the wall and about two-thirds of the bottom; excess liquid may be

poured back to the mother mixture. The jars are cooled and dried by standing

at room temperature for one hour and the lids replaced. The jars thus

prepared can be stored at room temperature for several weeks. Storage in a

refrigerator or freezer is not practical because of the heavy condensation.

The young larvae usually settle on the dry plastic surface at the edge of the

food-layer on the upright side wall and feed. Alternatively, the solutions may

be mixed and poured into a tray, loosely covered and left overnight, then

shredded, further dried again overnight, and finally stored in jars in a

refrigerator (see Morton, 1979). In this way the diet can be kept for up to

several months and used in small portions as required.

Breeding. Female butterflies, freshly collected in the field in early afternoon,

were brought back to the laboratory and up to 10 insects were put in a

transparent, plastic cylinder with metal ends (20 cm diameter and 31.5 cm

high; Australian Entomological Supplies) under illumination with eleven 20W

fluorescent lamps held vertically in a U-shaped array for a period of 12 hours

(0500-1700). Because of the lamps the temperature of the oviposition

chamber rose to 29°C in a room at 25-27"; overheating was avoided by

appropriately adjusting the distance of the chamber from the lamps. Sucrose

solution (576) in a small beaker holding a fluted filter paper and 3-6 stalked

clover leaves (foodplant) in 1-2 watered flask/s were provided. Oviposition

(mostly on the underside of the leaves) was very active on the day following

capture, yielding up to 35 eggs per female under favourable conditions, but

both egg laying and egg viability declined on later days.

Aust. ent. Mag. 11(2), July, 1984 23

Fig. 1. Selected examples of various body colours in mature larvae of Zizina labradus

(Godart) from Sydney area (x 4.1).

The eggs were dislodged with a small spatula and collected in small

plastic Petri dishes (60 mm). If necessary, they were counted under a dissect-

ing binocular microscope on a section paper fitted to the lid of a Petri dish.

Immediately prior to hatching, a fresh clover leaf was placed in the Petri

dish, or the dish containing eggs was placed in the lid of the breeding jar

standing upside down to let newly hatched larvae crawl up to the food. The

24 Aust. ent. Mag. 11(2), July, 1984

procedures seemed to affect only slightly the viability of the egg, which was

86-98% under optimum conditions.

The newly hatched larvae were placed in rearing jars with a very small

paint brush at a desired density (20 per jar was adequate) and held at 23 .

Cannibalism was reduced at this temperature by keeping the lid loose to

lower humidity (Morton, 1979) from the third instar on, and also by reducing

the population density to 10, 5 or even less per jar with the growth of the

larvae. The young larvae were thus gradually thinned out by transferring to

new jars after 1-2 weeks, especially when they moulted on the lid. Alternat-

ively, fresh pieces of shredded diet were attached to the side wall of the jar

whenever food became dry or scarce. The egg, larval and pupal stages lasted

5-6, 32 and 8-10 days, respectively, and about 50% of the larvae survived to

produce adults. Viability could be increased to above 80% by rearing each

larva separately.

Mating. Artificial lights were largely insufficient to elicit mating behaviour

with this species. When placed in a wire cage measuring (60 cm)? the butterflies

mated readily (mostly within 30 minutes) upon exposure to sunlight (usually

in the late morning) in the absence of strong draught. Copulation lasted for

about 30 minutes. Females started laying eggs on the second day after

copulation. I suspect that females prevented from vigorous flying tended to

yield less viable eggs.

Results

The young larva was colourless, but started to show the first sign of

colour patterns, consisting of the median dorsal and other longitudinal lines,

at the second instar. Thereafter the larvae gradually acquired body colour

and enhanced patterning. These patterns aside, the body colour of larvae

diverged gradually and, at the fifth instar, ranged from an almost pure, even

sometimes shiny, white, through light grey-brown, pale red, wine red to dark

purple, and also through pale green and green to almost shining emerald or

bluish green. Examples are shown in Fig. 1. These colours appear to be

largely due to pigmentation of the epidermis, but the emerald green larvae

(and pupae; see below) apparently had green haemolymph. The dark-purple

colour may be due to a combination of the red epidermis and green haemo-

lymph, but this point was not ascertained. The cuticle did not contribute to

the colour. The Blue Mountain population showed a slightly different trend

of patterning with many individuals having more pronounced pale areas on

both sides of the dorsal median line compared with those from the Sydney

population.

The proportion of various colour-forms was roughly stable in the

Sydney population, intermediate ones usually predominating. The green and

Aust. ent. Mag. 11(2), July, 1984 25

red colours were carried over in early pupal stages. Pupae also varied in the

intensity of dark stripes and brown dusty stipples. I have so far not found

any correlation between adult sex or phenotype and larval colour type.

Attempts were made to select for white, red, dark purple and green

larvae, but the F, and F, failed to show any effect of selection. Rather the

parental phenotypes tended to be reduced in proportion among the progeny.

The possible effect of environmental factors on body colour was

therefore tested. First, newly hatched larvae of mixed family lines were

placed in coloured plastic containers with translucent lids. A green container

yielded all green larvae and a red one yielded all red larvae, while yellow and

beige containers gave mixed populations. But the small sample size precluded

any definite conclusion. In another experiment, eggs and rearing jars

containing larvae were placed inside plastic rearing cylinders with transparent

plastic side walls covered with coloured cellophane sheets. Red, yellow, green

and blue cellophanes were tested together with a control without cover under

illumination of two 40W horizontal fluorescent lamps from 0500 to 1700

(Eastern Standard Time) but with lingering summertime daylight and room

lights for night cleaning for several hours more. The results shown in Table 1

apparently indicate that the frequency of red body colour increases at the

expense of white and other pale body colours under the influence of red and

green ambient lights, but the yellow and blue ambient lights do not share

this effect. The green body colour, on the other hand, does not seem to be

enhanced by any colour of the ambient light. Of course, these results are

only very preliminary and need verification with more carefully and systemat-

ically designed experimentation. But generally speaking, the appearance of the

body colour seems to be environmentally affected and therefore epigenetica-

ly regulated, rather than genetically controlled as a first approximation, at

least in part.

TABLE 1

Frequency of each different body colour in mature larvae of Zizina labradus reared on artificial diet

under ambient lights of different colours (frequency shown as a percentage of the total number of larvae).

Colour of ambient light

Colour of larva Control

(White) Red Yellow Green Blue

White 1595 0% 13% 0% 21%

Grey-brown 15 0 13 3 26

Pale green 8 7 13 7 5

Green 15 20 25 7 16

Pale red 15 0 21 0 5

Red 23 60 17 83 26

Dark purple 8 13 0 0 0

Total number

of larvae 13 15 24 30 19

For experimental conditions, see text. Test for overall heterogeneity of the sample: X? = 54.46 (P < 0.01),

26 Aust. ent. Mag. 11(2), July,.1984

Discussion J

Extensive larval polymorphism in a natural population of an Australian

lycaenid [Theclinesthes albocincta (Waterhouse)] has been reported by Grund

and Sibatani (1975). Some polymorphism in natural populations of Z. labradus

larvae in Australia has also been noted by Common and Waterhouse (1972,

1981) and Fisher (1978), who state that the larvae are of “various shades of

en”.

Ur In populations of Z. labradus larvae feeding on clover, the colour,

variation appears to be rather limited because they are all green in body

colour, with occasional variants of dark coloration presumably corresponding

to the wine red or dark purple form found among larvae raised on the

artificial diet. A series of research projects, requiring little instrumentation,

could be undertaken on the genetic, epigenetic, ecological and biogeographical

aspects of the polymorphism. Moreover, such studies could be combined

with isozyme analyses now widely used in population genetics. An important

point would be to ascertain whether or not the colour polymorphism of the

larva as reported here is a “natural” phenomenon that is largely obscured by

the chlorophyll of the food plants or a phenomenon actually induced by

the artificial diet employed here. A further interesting question would be to

determine the selective significance of the polymorphism which is largely

obscured or, in the case of green forms, apparently made redundant by the

green colour contained in the natural food plant.

The same artificial diet as used here was accepted by all newly hatched

larvae of Candalides absimilis (Felder) (Lycaenidae) from eggs laid on wisteria

in the Sydney area. Only a minority of them survived to emerge as normal

adults and so far no larval polymorphism has been detected.

Acknowledgements

I am indebted very much to George Rothschild of CSIRO Division of

Entomology for his assistance in the artificial diet regime, to Ian Franklin for

statistical analysis, Peter Watt for his technical assistance and Graham Rock-

well for improvement of the manuscript.

References

Common, I. F. B. and Waterhouse, D. F., 1972. Butterflies of Australia, Angus and Rob-

ertson, Sydney, 498 pp.

Common, I. F. B. and Waterhouse, D. F., 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Second edition.

Angus and Robertson, Sydney, 682 pp.

Fisher, R. H., 1978. Butterflies of South Australia, Handbooks Committee on behalf of

the South Australian Government, [Adelaide] , 272 pp.

Grund, R. and Sibatani, A.,1975. The life history of a hitherto unrecognised lycaenid

species: Theclinesthes albocincta (Waterhouse) from South Australia. Aust. ent.

Mag. 2: 99-103. ;

Morton, A. C., 1979. Rearing butterflies on artificial diets. J. Res. Lepid. 18: 221-227.

Shorey, H. H. and Hale, R. L., 1965. Mass-tearing of the larvae of nine noctuid species

on a simple artificial medium. J. econ. Ent, 58: 522-524.

Aust. ent. Mag. 11(2), July, 1984 27

THE SPECIFIC STATUS OF TRAPEZITES PRAXEDES (PLOTZ)

(LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERIIDAE): PREVIOUSLY CONSIDERED

TO BE A SUBSPECIES OF 7. MAHETA (HEWITSON)

By D. P. A. Sands! , C. G. Miller? , J. F. R. Ker? and A. F. Atkins*

‘Division of Entomology, CSIRO, P.M.B. 3, Indooroopilly, Old 4068

235 Uralba Street, Lismore, New South Wales 2480

329 Hipwood Road, Hamilton, Queensland 4007

‘Division of Entomology, CSIRO, P.O. Box 1700, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601

Abstract

Trapezites praxedes (Plotz) is shown to be a species distinct from T. maheta

(Hewitson) based on morphology of the adults and immature stages. Both species are

sympatrically distributed over part of their range in southeastern Queensland and

northeastern New South Wales.

Introduction

Two subspecies of Trapezites maheta (Hewitson) (Hesperiidae) have

previously been recognised from eastern Australia.

Hewitson (1877) described Hesperia maheta from Queensland and Plótz

(1884) described a similar taxon, Telesto praxedes, from Port Jackson

(Sydney, New South Wales). Waterhouse (1932) and Evans (1949) considered

praxedes to be the southern subspecies of T. maheta, an arrangement followed

by recent authors including Common and Waterhouse (1981).

During the past ten years specimens considered to be T. maheta and

T. praxedes have been collected at the same localities in southeastern

Queensland and northeastern New South Wales (Fig. 1). An examination of

the morphology of adults and immature stages has revealed that the two taxa

represent different species.

One of us (Sands) has examined the male genitalia from the holotypes

of Hesperia maheta in the British Museum (Natural History) and Telesto

praxedes in the Zoologisches Museum of the Humboldt University, Berlin,

East Germany. These observations confirm that the holotypes of maheta and

praxedes represent distinct species.

Trapezites maheta (Hewitson)

(Figs 2, 3, 6, 8-19)

Hesperia maheta Hewitson, 1877; p. 80.

Trapezites maheta (Hewitson), Meyrick and Lower 1902, p. 89, Waterhouse 1903,

pp. 54-56.

Trapezites maheta maheta (Hewitson), Waterhouse 1932, p. 220; 1937, p. 112; Evans

1949, p. 209; Common and Waterhouse 1981, p. 114.

Type.— Holotype d labelled “Queensland” in British Museum (Natural History), London.

28 Aust. ent. Mag. 11(2), July, 1984

QUEENSLAND

Blackbutt

M A

Bene

Toowoomba

Burleigh[Heads

PK, se,

TU SEN

NEW SOUTH WALE

A avi Bay

Casino

Grafton

Fig. 1. Sympatric distribution of two Trapezites spp. in eastern Australia; (A) 7; maheta

(Hewitson), (^) T. praxedes (Plotz).

Figs 2-5.7rapezites spp. undersides: (2, 3) T. maheta (Hewitson), (4, 5) T. praxedes

(Plotz); (2, 4) males, (3, 5) females.

Aust. ent. Mag. 11(2), July, 1984 29

Trapezites praxedes (Plotz)

(Figs 4, 5, 7, 20-31)

Telesto praxedes Plotz, 1884, p. 378.

Telesto phlaea Plotz, 1884, p. 378: syn. Waterhouse 1903, pp. 54, 55.

Trapezites maheta praxedes (Plotz), Waterhouse 1932, p. 220; 1937, p. 112; Evans 1949,

p. 209; Common and Waterhouse 1981, pp. 113, 114.

Type.— Holotype č labelled “praxedes Pl type", “praxedes 5065 type", “Port Jackson

Leach" in the Zoologisches Museum, Humboldt University, Berlin.

Figs 6-7. Male genitalia: (6) T. maheta (Hewitson), holotype; (7) T. praxedes (Plotz).

(a) with near valva removed. (b) valva, slide mounted.

Distinguishing characters

Adult males of the two species differ in size, T. praxedes being usually

larger than T. maheta (Table 1). However, T. praxedes specimers from southern

New South Wales are not as large as northern populations and these do not

differ significantly in size from T. maheta. The colour of the upper side of the

30 Aust. ent. Mag. 11(2), July, 1984

two species is somewhat variable, but beneath both sexes of T. maheta

(Figs 2, 3) are paler than T. praxedes (Figs 4, 5). Beneath, the apex of

the fore wing and the ground colour of the hind wing differs in both

sexes of the two species: in T. praxedes these areas are uniform purple-brown

whereas in T. maheta they are variegated grey-brown. Moreover, the costal

area beneath is darker than the subterminal area in T. maheta but is the same

colour in T. praxedes. On the hind wing of males of T. maheta an area

corresponding to the orange median band above is distinctly grey-orange

whereas this is only slightly paler than the ground colour of T. praxedes. A

useful character which enables separation of males of the two species is the

size and position of the two median spots on the hind wing beneath. The

anterior spot in T. maheta is larger and rounded, averaging 1.72 mm (n = 10)

whereas in T. praxedes, it is often crescentic and averages 1.11 mm (n = 10)

when measured between the base and termen. The two median silvery spots

are more basally located in T. maheta than in T. praxedes, and with their

size differences these constitute the best characters for separating worn

specimens. The row of hind wing postmedian spots, which diminish in size

towards the apex, tends to be better developed in T. maheta than in T.

praxedes, and two ringed subapical spots, present in male specimens of

T. maheta, are often small or absent in T. praxedes.

TABLE 1

Fore wing lengths and ratio of measurements of valvae from the genitalia

of male Trapezites spp. from southeastern Queensland (n = 10 each sp.)

rm EE EAE NALE unc: Ain

Fore wing Valva

length (mm) ratio width/length

Mean Range t S.E. Mean Range + S.E.

o a Rena

T. praxedes 16.9 15.8-19.2 0.137 0.376 0.360-0.390 0.005

T. maheta 14.9 13.9-15.6 0.209 0.428 0.403-0.447 0.008

The valvae of the male genitalia differ considerably in their relative

widths (Table 1) and in shape (Figs 6, 7). In T. praxedes the inner ventral

fold, or harpe is developed with an upturned, subapical rounded lobe, whereas

in T. maheta the dorsal edge of the harpe is not produced and the proximal

edge is subtriangular, not rounded. Both species have the gnathos typically

developed as two, broad ridges covered in granulation. However, in T. praxedes

they are apically swollen and rounded whereas in T. maheta they are weakly

convex. No differences in the female genitalia of the two species were

observed.

There are also differences between immature stages of the two species:

the eggs of T. maheta have an average of 15 vertical ribs (Figs 8, 9) while in

T. praxedes there are an average of 19 (Figs 20, 21). First instar larvae of

Aust. ent. Mag. 11(2), July, 1984 31

A ATKINS ABE

Figs 8-19. Immature stages of Trapezites maheta (Hewitson) from Casino, N.S.W.: (8, 9)

egg, dorsal and lateral; (10, 11) first instar larva, dorsal and lateral (12, 13)

mature larva, dorsal and lateral; (14) setae of mature larva; (15) head of final

instar larva; (16) pupal cap; (17) setae of pupa; (18, 19) pupa, dorsal and

lateral.

32 Aust. ent. Mag. 11(2), July, 1984

9 Mens 3

Figs20-31. Immature stages of Trapezites praxedes (Plótz) from Casino, N.S.W.: (20, 21)

egg, dorsal and lateral; (22, 23) first instar larva, dorsal and lateral (24, 25)

mature larva, dorsal and lateral; (26) setae of mature larva; (27) head of final

instar larva; (28) pupal cap; (29) setae of pupa; (30, 31) pupa, dorsal and

lateral.

Aust. ent. Mag. 11(2), July, 1984 33

both species (Figs 10, 11, 22, 23) are pale green with 3 dorsal, longitudinal

stripes, but areas of pale brown are present at the base of the setae in

T. praxedes. The second to fifth instar larvae are pinkish-grey to olive green

with prominent brown dorsal stripes in T. maheta (Figs 12, 13), but are

uniform reddish-brown with inconspicuous stripes in T. praxedes (Figs 24,

25). The head possesses light brown stripes in T. maheta (Fig. 15) but in

T. praxedes (Fig. 27) the head is dark brown with lighter brown dorsal spots.

The cremaster of the pupa is shorter and blunter and the pupal cap is

more developed in T. maheta (Figs 16, 18, 19) than in T. praxedes (Figs 28,

30, 31). Both the setae of the mature larvae and the pupae differ in shape

between the two species (Figs 14, 17, 26, 29).

Distribution

Both species occur sympatrically from Cooloola, southeastern Queens-

land to Grafton in northern New South Wales. T. praxedes extends its range

to eastern Victoria and T. maheta to Kuranda and the Atherton Tablelands

(Common and Waterhouse, 1981).

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Messrs M. De Baar, I. G. Morhaus and J. Macqueen

for access to records from their collections and to Mr R. I. Vane-Wright,

British Museum (Natural History) London and Dr H. J. Hannemann, Zoolog-

isches Museum, Humboldt University, Berlin, DDR for loan of type specimens.

References i

Common, I. F. B. and Waterhouse, D. F., 1981. Butterflies of Australia, Revised edition.

Angus and Robertson, Sydney. 682 pp. e"

Evans, W. H., 1949. A catalogue of Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia and Australia in the

British Museum (Natural History). xix + 502 pp., 53 pls. British Museum

(Natural History), London. s

Hewitson, W. C., 1877. Description of twenty-five new species of Hesperidae. Ann. Mag.

nat. Hist. (4) 19: 76-85.

Meyrick, E. and Lower, O. B., 1902. Revision of the Australian Hesperidae. Trans. Proc.

Rep. R. Soc. S. Aust. 26(2): 38-129. '

Plotz, C., 1884. Die Hesperiinen-Gattung Telesto Bsd. und ihre Arten. Stettin. ent. Ztg

45(10-12): 376-384. j

Waterhouse, G. A., 1903. Descriptions and notes of Australian Hesperidae, chiefly

Victorian. Victorian Nat. 20(4): 52-57. :

Waterhouse, G. A., 1932. Australian Hesperiidae. II. Notes and descriptions of new

forms. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 57(3-4): 218-238.

Waterhouse, G. A., 1937. Australian Hesperiidae. VII. Notes on the types and type

localities. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 62(3-4): 107-125.

34 Aust. ent. Mag. 11(2), July, 1984

FIRST RECORDED BREEDING BY THE TROPICAL MIGRATORY

LOCUST, LOCUSTA MIGRATORIA MIGRATORIOIDES R. & F.,

IN THE AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY

By G. Nicolas and R. A. Farrow

Centre Nationale de Recherche Scientifique, Orsay, France, and ]

Division of Entomology, CSIRO, P.O. Box 1700, Canberra City, A.C.T. 2601, Australia

Abstract f :

The discovery of a nymph of the tropical migratory locust (Locusta migratoria

migratorioides R.&.F.) in Australian Capital Territory is the first recorded instance of

breeding by this species in the Southern Tablelands.

Observations Aeae a OT

Grasshopper nymphs, principally of yellow-winged locus astrimar,

(F.)], were sale from pasture at ‘Glenloch’ (149°4'E 35 16 S, altitude 620 m) 2.5

km WSW of Black Mountain, Canberra, on 23 April 1981. The sample contained a single

third-instar female tropical migratory locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides R. & F.

(Farrow & Colless 1980) [7 Locusta migratoria L. (Key 1938)] which moulted to an

adult on 13 May 1981. Although occasional adult migratory locusts have been reported

in the Australian Capital Territory (Farrow 1978), this is the first time successful breeding

by this species has been confirmed for the Southern Tablelands. The record also represents

the most southerly confirmation of breeding in Australia, although occasional adults have

been observed to 35 50 S along coastal New South Wales in areas where breeding is

assumed to occur (Farrow 1978). This multivoltine species normally overwinters in the

egg stage in temperate inland Australia but the non-diapause eggs do not survive the low

winter temperatures encountered on the Tablelands (Farrow 1978 and unpub. data):

the parent(s) of this nymph would have to have emigrated from quasi-permanent breeding

populations to the north-west earlier in the 1980/81 season. Such immigrations into the

A.C.T. were last observed in April 1976 during the first recorded plague of this species in

Australia (Farrow 1978), but these arrivals were too late in the season to have success-

fully bred before the onset of winter.

The implied immigration into the A.C.T. in 1981 was unexpected because of the

rarity of the migratory locust in potential source areas during the 1980/81 season: a

single female was collected from Trangie in central western New South Wales on 20 Sep-

tember 1980, while sampling in this region in February 1981 yielded fewer than a dozen

individuals (densities locally not more than 10 h™), mostly in the foothills of the

Warrumbungle Ranges some 400 km north of the A.C.T.

There are few examples of the extent of nocturnal migration of the solitary phase

of this locust in Australia and this record confirms that long range migration may also

occur during recessions (when populations are at extremely low densities) as it does

elsewhere in the tropics (Farrow 1974). The existence of such migrations also helps

explain the occasional sightings of this species in other areas unsuitable for permanent

breeding such as far western New South Wales (Farrow 1978).

References

Farrow, R. A., 1974. Comparative plague dynamics of the tropical Locusta. Bull. ent.

Res. 64: 401-411.

Farrow, R. A., 1978. Causes of recent changes in the distribution and abundance of the

migratory locust (Locusta migratoria L.) in Australia in relation to plagues.

Commonw. Scient. ind. Res. Org., Div. Ent. Rep. No. 9: 1-32.

Farrow, R. A. and Colless, D. H., 1980. Analysis of the interrelationship of geographical

races of Locusta migratoria (Linnaeus) (Orthoptera: Acrididae), by numerical

taxonomy, with special reference to subspeciation in the tropics and affinities

of the Australian race. Acrida 9: 77-99.

Key, K. H. L., 1938. The regional and seasonal incidence of grasshopper plagues in

Australia. Bull. Coun. scient. ind. Res., Melb. 117: 1-87.

Aust. ent. Mag. 11(2), July, 1984 35

PTINOSPHAERUS, A NEW GENUS OF PTINIDAE

(COLEOPTERA) FROM NORTHERN QUEENSLAND

By Xavier Bellés* and John F. Lawrencet

«Instituto de Quimica Bio-Organica Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas,

Barcelona, Spain

1Division of Entomology, CSIRO, P.O. Box 1700, Canberra City, A.C.T. 2601

Abstract

A new genus Prinosphaerus, with a single new species P. marginicollis, is described

from northern Queensland and compared with Pitnusand other genera of Ptinidae.

Introduction

The Australian ptinid fauna consists of about 70 species, including 18

autochthonous Ptinus, 43 Ectrephinae, Pitnus australiae Lea, and several

introduced species in the genera Ptinus, Niptus, Trigonogenius, Mezium, and

Gibbium (Hinton, 1941; Lawrence and Reichardt, 1969; Lea, 1917, 1923).

The present paper describes a remarkable new species from Cape Ynrk

Peninsula, which appears to be related to Pitnus australiae but differs from

this and all other species of Ptinidae by having sharp lateral edges on the

pronotum (compare Figs 2 and 3).

Ptinosphaerus gen. n.

Type-species.—Ptinosphaerus marginicollis sp. n.

Eyes small, oval, convex. Antennae 9-segmented, more or less filiform,

with last segment elongate and club-like; insertions moderately widely

separated, with a flat, even space between them. Maxillary and labial palps

with last segment subacuminate. Prothorax strongly transverse; anterior edge

strongly rounded; sides subparallel, with distinct, acute, lateral edges (Fig. 2);

posterior edge weakly rounded; disc moderately convex, finely punctate.

Scutellum not visible. Elytra slightly longer than wide; sides strongly rounded;

disc strongly convex, with seriate punctation. Hindwings absent. Procoxae

(Fig. 2) narrowly but distinctly separated by sternal process, which extends

ventrally almost to coxal apices. Mesocoxae widely separated, the distance

between them about 1.5 times as long asgreatest coxal diameter. Metasternum

strongly transverse; metacoxae slightly more widely separated than mesocoxae.

Legs fairly slender, with. femora slightly thickened at distal end; all tarsi

5-segmented in both sexes. Visible portion of abdomen about 0.8 times as

long as basal width, strongly and abruptly narrowed at apical third; sternite

6 (4th visible sternite) much shorter than the others, its lateral portions

produced posteriorly and partly enclosing base of sternite 7.

Ptinosphaerus.marginicollis sp. n.

(Figs 1-2, 4-5)

Types. -,; Holotype, Grindle (?) Beach, south of Portland Roads, near Iron Range (12°42's

143 18 E), QUEENSLAND, 16.x.1968, on beach, probably among seaweed (D. D.

Giuliani) (ANIC No. 82). Paratypes, 2, same data as holotype (ANIC, X. Belles Collection).

36 Aust. ent. Mag. 11(2), July, 1984

pum

Mot a A

Dri ES

A AN

y YN

AA D

L 3

Figs 1-3. (1) Ptinosphaerus marginicollis sp. n., male, dorsal view; (2) same, cross-section

of prothorax; (3) Pitnus australiae Lea, cross-section of prothorax.

Black. Surface more or less shining. Vestiture consisting of moderately

sparse and evenly distributed, fine, suberect, curved, yellow hairs. Antennae

relatively short, less than half as long as body; segments longer than wide,

progressively shorter from 1 to 8; segment 9 longer than preceding two com-

bined; antennae separated by distance 1.5 times as great as the length of

antennal segment 1, the space between them flat and even. Pronotum about

0.7 times as long as greatest width; punctation fine and moderately sparse;

interspaces smooth. Elytra about 1.1 times as long as greatest combined width

and 2.1 times as long as pronotum; elytral punctation coarse, the punctures

forming regular rows, usually joined by transverse impressions; fine sculptur-

ing consisting of irregular, minute, scratch-like markings. Aedeagus with

median lobe, as seen from side (Fig. 5) forming broad curve and acutely

pointed at apex; parameres (Fig. 4) abruptly narrowed at apical third,

subacute at apex, which bears several setae.

Length 1.0 - 1.1 mm.

Discussion

Ptinosphaerus appears to belong to the Sphaericus group of genera

(Sphaericus, Niptus, Wollastonella, Pitnus), as defined by Bellés (1982), but

it is easily distinguished by the short and broad prothorax with sharp lateral

edges, a feature unique in the Ptinidae (compare Figs 2 and 3). It resembles

Pitnus and differs from other members of the group in having the abdomen

sharply narrowed posteriorly and in the structure of the aedeagus. It differs

from Pitnus species, not only in the sharp lateral pronotal edges, but in having

Figs 4, 5. Ptinosphaerus marginicollis, aedeagus, (4) dorsal view; (5) lateral view.

a much shorter and broader prothorax, which is about two-thirds as wide as

the combined elytral width, and a vestiture of much finer hairs. Pitnus

australiae is further distinguished from Prinosphaerus by the 8-segmented

antennae (9-segmented in New World species). Although the collector (in litt)

said that specimens of P. marginicollis may have been associated with dead

seaweed, it is also possible that they occurred among dune vegetation; Lea

(1923) reported that Pitnus australiae was found on saltbushes (Atriplex)

near beaches in Western Australia and South Australia.

References

Bellés, X., 1982. Idees sobre la classificació supragenérica de la familia Ptinidae (Col-

eoptera). I Sessió Conjunta d'Entomologia, Institució Catalana d'Historia

Natural, Societat Catalana de Lepidopterologia, Barcelona, 1981, pp. 61-65.

Bellés, X., 1982. Datos para una revisión del tribu Sphaericini. Los generós Niptus J.

du Val y Wollastonella Lucas (Col., Ptinidae). Eos. 58: 23-28.

Hinton, H. E., 1941. The Ptinidae of economic importance. Bull. ent. Res. 31: 331-381.

Lawrence, J. F. and Reichardt, H., 1969. The myrmecophilous Ptinidae (Coleoptera)

with a key to Australian species. Bull. Mus. comp. Zool. Harv. 138(1): 1-28.

Lea, A. M., 1917. Notes on some miscellaneous Coleoptera, with descriptions of new

species. —Part III. Trans. Proc. R. Soc. S. Aust. 41: 121-322, pls. 12-15.

Lea, A. M., 1923. The flora and fauna of Nuyts Archipelago and the Investigator Group.

No. 11—The Coleoptera of Pearson Island. Trans. Proc. R. Soc. S. Aust. 47:

355-360, pl. 31.

38 Aust. ent. Mag. 11(2), July, 1984

NOTES ON A SLEEPING AGGREGATION OF PRIONYX GLOBOSUS

(F. SMITH) (HYMENOPTERA: SPHECIDAE)

By E. McC. Callan

13 Gellibrand Street, Campbell, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601

Abstract ,

. A sleeping aggregation is reported for the first time in Australia of the sphecine

wasp Prionyx globosus (F. Smith).

Some solitary bees and wasps occasionally spend the night, and periods of inclem-

ent weather, in sheltered situations or on vegetation in small, loose sleeping aggregations;

and a few congregate in large, compact sleeping clusters. Gregarious sleeping may involve

both sexes or only males. Its function remains obscure, but aggregations may provide

some protection from predators. Rayment (1935), in discussing clustering of solitary

bees in Australia, concluded that their temperature was increased. ;

Gregarious sleeping in both sexes of the sphecine wasp Prionyx has been described

in North America (Linsley, 1962) and in Europe (Carayon, 1967). A sleeping aggregation

is now reported for the first time in Prionyx globosus (F. Smith), which is endemic to

and occurs commonly throughout Australia.

The biology of P. globosus was discussed by Chandler (1928), and Evans et al.

(1982) recorded 5 species of acridid grasshoppers as prey. I have often seen this wasp

in suburban gardens in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, individuals flying low

over bare ground, males being more active and apparently outnumbering females. i

On 10 February 1981 I observed a sleeping aggregation of P. globosus, which

had evidently just settled down for the night, in a garden at Kambah, a South Canberra

suburb. The wasps were seen as the light was fading at about 1830 hours. Most of them

were already immobile, but a few still moved restlessly seeking a roosting place.

About 20 or more wasps were loosely clustered, relatively close to each other

but not in actual contact, on a small dead shrub of Grevillea brevicuspis Meissner

(Proteaceae) at about 0.5 m from the ground. They were disposed up and down several

vertical stems, which they grasped firmly with their legs, but not with their mandibles.

Their sleeping postures agreed closely with descriptions and illustrations of other species

of Prionyx elsewhere. The quiescent wasps were inconspicuous against the brownish

stems and finely-divided dead leaves of the plant. An adjacent living shrub of G. glabrata

(Lindley) Meissner bore no sleeping wasps.

Ten wasps were captured, 6 being males and 4 females. The males ranged in

length from 8.0 to 11.2 mm, and the females from 11.7 to 13.0 mm. InP. globosus the

sexes differ markedly in size; the males are much smaller than the females, the smallest

male I have seen being 7.0 mm and the largest female 16.0 mm long.

In northern hemisphere species of Prionyx sleeping aggregations have been

recorded congregating in the same place night after night. I do not know whether at the

site I observed at Kambah the wasps returned to roost on successive nights.

Acknowledgement

Dr I. D. Naumann confirmed the identity of P. globosus and kindly measured the

specimens, which are in the Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Canberra.

References

Carayon, J., 1967. Un “dortoir” d'Hymenopteres en Provence. Annis Soc. ent. Fr. (N.S.)

3: 743-755.

Chandler, L. G., 1928. Notes on two grasshopper-wasps. Victorian Nat. 45: 176-181.

Evans, H. E., Hook, A. W. and Matthews, R. W., 1982. Nesting behaviour of Australian

wasps of the genus Sphex (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). J. nat. Hist. 16: 219-225.

Linsley, E. G., 1962. Sleeping aggregations of aculeate Hymenoptera. Ann. ent. Soc. Am.

55: 148-164.

Rayment, T., 1935. A cluster of bees. Endeavour Press, Sydney. 752 pp.

Aust. ent. Mag. 11(2), July, 1984 39

BOOK REVIEWS

How to write and publish a scientific paper by Robert A. Day. Second edition, 1983.

8vo. xv, 181 pp. Institute for Scientific Information, 3501 Market St, Philadelphia,

PA 19104, U.S.A. Price: paperback US$11.95, clothbound US$17.95.

For all scientists, students, and science writers who have ever struggled with any

aspect of writing—or getting into print—a scientific paper, this book means relief. It's a

beautifully organised cookbook that literally tells you how to meet the sometimes

mysterious demands of scientific publication. And the book does so in a refreshingly

readable, humorous, and direct manner.

The second edition promises to be as popular as the first (sales of the first edition

exceeded 60,000 copies). The general outline and flavour of the original have been preser-

ved, but much new material has been added. What has been most judiciously retained

is Day's sense of humour, his congenial view of some of the vagaries of science writing,

and the practice of science. Comments such as the following are liberally sprinkled

throughout this well organised book making it a pleasure to read and consult: “33 /37%

of the mice used in this experiment were cured by the test drug; 331/396 of the test

population were unaffected by the drug and remained in a moribund condition; the

third mouse got away." (from Ch. 8, How to write the Results) and “I once edited a

manuscript containing the sentence: *A large mass of literature has accumulated on the

cell walls of staphylococci.’ ”

I have only two minor criticisms. Prices quoted for colour printing "typically

$1,500 to $2,000 for a color plate" are grossly exaggerated—today modern offset print-

ing techniques have drastically reduced the cost of colour from the not so long ago days

of letterpress and blocks. In future editions I think it would be useful to enlarge upon

the very brief paragraph concerning pen-and-ink illustrations. Mention could be made

of apparatus such as a camera lucida, squared graticules and pens. Often biologists,

especially entomologists, find that they have no alternative but to draw their own map,

simple wing figure or genitalia section, etc.

Definitely buy this book if your budget allows—I’m sure you won't regret it.

Plant resistance to insects. (American Chemical Society Symposium Series, 208). Edited

by Paul A. Hedin. 1983. 8vo. 375 pp., illustr., case bound. Based on a symposium

sponsored by the A.C.S., Division of Chemistry, at the 183rd Meeting of the

A.C.S. American Chemical Society, 1155 Sixteenth St., N.W. Washington, D.C.

20036, U.S.A. Price US$53.95.

This twenty-chapter volume explores recent findings of foremost researchers.

The book is divided into four sections, each of five chapters: Ecological and Histo-

chemical Aspects, Biochemical and Physiological Mechanisms, Insect Feeding Mechan-

isms and Roles of Plant Constituents. Examples of chapters within these sections are

Physiological constraints on plant chemical defenses, Natural inducers of plant resistance

to insects, Chemical basis for host plant selection and Multiple factors in cotton con-

tributing to resistance to the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens F. A comprehensive

index is appended.

The papers are of a high standard summarizing results of international signif-

icance. The text, while of general interest, is essential reading for entomologists, plant

breeders and geneticists, genetic engeneers, research planners for crop protections,

and agricultural economists, because it covers the most recent views on plant/insect

interactions.

do Aust. ent. Mag. 11(2), July, 1984

AN ACCUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF

AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGY

Compiled by M. S. and B. J. Moulds

STEINAMNN, H.

1981. A revision of the Indo-Australian Gonolabis Burr, 1900 species (Dermaptera:

Carcinophoridae). Folia ent. hung. 42(2): 187-195.

STEWART, D. J.

1981. Travelling in ‘wait-a-wnile’ country. Victorian Ent. 11(4): 41-46. ,

Lepid.: many butterfly spp. mentioned; extends dist. of Tagiades japetus janetta

STEWART, William E. i

1982. An analysis of geographic variation of the adults of the Australian genus

Diphlebia Selys (Odonata: Amphipterygidae). Aust. J. Zool. 30(3): 435-460,

tables 1-8, text-figs 1-14.

SYMMONS, P. M. and LUARD, Elizabeth J.

1982. The simulated distribution of night-flying insects in a wind convergence, Aust.

J. Zool. 30(2): 187-198, text-figs 1-7.

Orthoptera: Chortoicetes terminifera

THEISCHINGER, G. 4

1982. A revision of the Australian genera Austroaeschna Selys and Notoaeschna Till-

yard (Odonata: Aeshnidae: Brachytroninae). Aust. J. Zool., Suppl. Ser. 87:

1-67, text-figs 1-188.

THOMSON, J. A., JACKSON, M. J. and BOCK, I. R.

1982. Contrasting resource utilisation in two Australian species of Drosophila Fallen

(Diptera) feeding on the bracken fern Pteridium Scopoli. J. Aust. ent. Soc.

21(1): 29-30, text-figs 1-3.

TIMMS, B. V.

1982. A note on the warm ponds, Lakes Entrance, Victoria. Victorian Nat. 99(2):

71-75, tables 1-3, text-fig. 1.

ODONATA (no spp. ident), HEMIPTERA (Naucoris congrex), TRICHOPTERA

(Oecetis sp), DIPTERA (Cheronomus sp), COLEOPTERA (Antiporus femoralis)

TURNER, Sue

1982. Processionary caterpillars. QNC News (News Letter Qd Nat. Club) 131: 8.

Lepidoptera: Orchogaster contraria

VALENTINE, P. S.

1978. Conservation and national parks in the Townsville region. Jn Hopley, David:

Geographical studies of the Townsville area. Mon. Ser. Geog. Dept. James Cook

Univ. Occasional Paper No. 2: 83-93.

1980. Cape Cleveland butterflies. Brolga 10(3); pages unnumbered.

Brolga is the news bulletin of Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland,

Townsville Branch.

1981. In search of Zetona. Brolga 11(5): 3-4, illustr.

Lepidoptera: records the butterfly Zetona delospila from Hughenden Gorge.

Brolga is the news bulletin of Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland,

Townsville Branch.

Van BEURDEN, E. K.

1980. Mosquitoes [Mimomyia elegans (T. aylor)] feeding on the introduced toad Bufo

marinus (Linnaeus): implications for control of a toad pest. Aust. Zool. 20(3):

501-504.

VICKERS, R. A.

1982. Some aspects of reproduction in Pectinophora scutigera (Holdaway) (Lepid-

optera: Gelechiidae). J. Aust. ent. Soc. 21(1): 63-68, text-figs 1-3.

1982. Rates of development of the immature stages of Pectinophora scutigera (Hold-

away) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) with data on the head-capsule widths of

field and laboratory reared larvae. J. Aust. ent. Soc. 21(1): 69-70, table 1,

text-fig. 1.