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COVER

Illustrated by Andrew Atkins

Hesperilla mastersi mastersi Waterhouse, 1900 (9). This handsome

Skipper is distributed from southern Queensland to eastern Victoria, where

it is restricted to temperate and subtropical rainforests and dense coastal

thickets on cliff slopes. Adults fly from September to March but probably

only have one generation each year. The semi-spherical eggs are laid singly

beneath young leaves of the foodplant, Gahnia melanocarpa that grows in

dark gullies. The brightly striped larvae and elongate pupae are found in

tube-shaped leaf shelters within the foodplant and attached debris.

Published by

AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL PRESS

14 Chisholm Street, Greenwich,

N.S.W. 2065, Australia.

Phone: 43-3972

Printed by

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Volume 13, Parts 1,2

NOTES ON THE TAXONOMY AND BIOLOGY OF SPECIES OF PARASAR-

COPHAGA JOHNSTON & TIEGS AND BARANOVISCA LOPES (DIPTERA:

SARCOPHAGIDAE) ASSOCIATED WITH SPIDERS IN EASTERN AUSTRALIA

By B. K. Cantrell

Entomology Branch, Department of Primary Industries, Indooroopilly, Qld. 4068

Abstract

Parasarcophaga cyrtophorae sp. n. is described and distinguished from the closely

related species Baranovisca arachnivora Lopes and B. reposita (Lopes); the genus

Baranovisca Lopes is discussed. Observations on the association between P. cyrtophorae,

B. reposita and the spider Cyrtophora moluccensis (Doleschall) in Brisbane, Queensland

are presented.

Introduction

Baranovisca reposita (Lopes) was originally described in Parasarcophaga

Johnston & Tiegs from a single male from Sydney, New South Wales “feeding

іп a spiders cocoon”, an unusual habit for a species of Sarcophagidae. The

identification by Cantrell (1981) of a series of sarcophagid flied reared from

the egg cases of the spider Cyrtophora moluccensis (Doleschall) (Araneidae)

as P. reposita Lopes was thus based partly on conjecture because of host

similarity. However comparison of specimens with Lopes' description and

illustrations showed close resemblance. The incomplete holotype of P. reposita

(the terminalia preparation was not available at that time) was then examined

and found to be apparently identical to available specimens. With the

identification seemingly correct, P. reposita was redescribed, including inform-

ation on the female and the immature stages.

The redescription was made from specimens collected in Papua New

Guinea and Brisbane, Australia during 1980. Observations of spiders continued

in Brisbane in 1981-1985 and many more flies were recovered. The species

is easily recognized by its distinctive puparium (Fig. 20) which lacks the

deep posterior larval spiracular pit characteristic of most Sarcophagidae. The

spiracles are fully exposed and surrounded by an oval peritreme marking the

edge of the rudimentary pit of the third instar larva. Flies were usually found

as either mature larvae or puparia in the host egg cases, having fed on the

developing spiders eggs.

22 Aust. ent. Mag. 13(1, 2), April, 1986

In 1983, a single puparium with a deep spiracular pit was found in an

egg case. The female fly which emerged from it appeared to be identical in

appearance to females which emerged from “‘pitless” puparia, but it was not

possible to positively identify it. Collecting efforts were increased in 1984

and "pitted" puparia were recovered from two spider egg cases, from which

two male and two female flies emerged. Examination of the terminalia of the

males showed slight differences from those of specimens redescribed as

P. reposita by Cantrell (1981). Moreover, they matched perfectly the original

illustrations of the male terminalia of P. reposita made by Lopes (1959).

Cantrell (1981) assumed that the slight discrepancies between his

illustrations and those of Lopes (1959) were due to difficulties in drawing

the complex male terminalia. It is now apparent that the species redescribed

by Cantrell (1981) was a new species, and that the true P. reposita was the

species with a “pitted? puparium collected in small numbers in 1983 and

1984. Collecting in 1985 again produced low numbers of P. reposita, but

showed that the new species (described below as P. cyrtophorae) is more

commonly collected in the Brisbane area.

Lopes (1985) described a third species of Sarcophagidae known to be

associated with spider eggs in Australia, naming it as the type species of a

new genus, Baranovisca. The species is B. arachnivora Lopes, which was

reared from an egg case of Dicrostichus magnificus Rainbow (Araniedae) in

Sydney, New South Wales. He also transferred P. reposita (plus three non-

Australian species) to Baranovisca. The defining characters of Baranovisca

rely to a large extent on details of the male and female terminalia. The new

species described below could also be included in Baranovisca, but I refrained

from doing so, describing it instead in Parasarcophaga. The Australian

sarcophagid fauna contains a number of small genera (largely erected by

Lopes) differentiated by small differences in external morphology and

terminalia from the two large genera, Parasarcophaga and Tricholioproctia

Baranov. A thorough generic revision of the Australian Sarcophaginae is long

overdue and until this is done (and Baranovisca retained or not), I prefer to

adopt a conservative position for the species described below. Brown and

Shipp (1978) also discussed the generic composition of the Australian

Sarcophaginae following studies of wing morphometrics, and advocated the

use of fewer, larger, genera for this group.

Having examined specimens of B. arachnivora, B. reposita and P.

cyrtophorae it was possible to annotate distinguishing characteristics for each

species based on the male and female terminalia. All three species are otherwise

almost identical. Information on the relative abundance of B. reposita and

P. cyrtophorae in Brisbane, also of their biology and that of their host

(C. moluccensis) is presented below.

Abbreviations for specimen depositories are: AM, Australian Museum, Sydney;

ANIC, Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra; QDPI, Queensland Department

of Primary Industries, Brisbane; QM, Queensland Museum, Brisbane. Measurements of

body length and ratio (V/HW) of width of vertex at level of posterior ocelli to maximum

head width across eyes, both viewed dorsally, are expressed as means with ranges given

in brackets. Number of specimens measured is shown last.

Aust. ent. Mag. 13(1, 2), April, 1986 3

Parasarcophaga cyrtophorae sp. n.

(Figs 1-5, 14-16, 20)

Types.—Holotype д Brisbane, QUEENSLAND, 28.ii.1984, B. К. Cantrell, ex egg case of

Cyrtophora moluccensis (Doleschall), in QM. Paratypes, all same data as holotype except

as indicated; 1 9 (QM); 1 d, 1 9, 4.11.1984 (AM); 1 G, 1 ¥, 22.11.1985 (AM); 2 GG, 11413,

1.1985 (ANIC); 2 99, 12.11.1985 (ANIC); 1 d, 21.11.1981, R. Raven (QDPD; 1 $,

22.11.1981, R. Raven (QDPI); 1 д, 21.vi.1981 (QDPI); 1 9, 26.vii.1981 (QDPI); 1 d,

1 9, Feb. 1982 (QDPD; 1 d, 1 9, Mar. 1982 (QDPI); 1 d, 1 9, Aug. 1982 (QDPI); 1 д,

1 9, 7.11.1983 (QDPD; 2 dd, 2 99 (QDPD; 1 d, 1 9, 10.11.1985 (QDPI); 1 d, 1 9,

16-17.iii.1985 (QDPI).

Non-type specimens examined. —Many specimens of both sexes, all Brisbane, Queensland,

various dates between 1981-1985, from same host as holotype (QDPI), plus specimens

listed by Cantrell (1981) as Parasarcophaga reposita Lopes (misidentification).

Description

For a full description of this species, including the immature stages, see pp. 29-33

of Cantrell (1981) under the heading Parasarcophaga reposita Lopes (misidentification)

and Figs 1-5, 14-16, 20 below. Methods of differentiating this species from B. arachnivora

and B. reposita are given below.

Measurements

Body length (mm): 5 9.7 (6.8-12.6); 9 9.8 (6.8-11.4). V/HW: d 0.20 (0.19-0.22);

9 0.26 (0.24-0.28). (25 dd, 25 99). Note that these values differ from those given by

Cantrell (1981), being based on different specimens.

Figs 1-5. Parasarcophaga cyrtophorae sp.n. (1-4) male: (1) cerci, posterior view; (2)

сегсі, surstyli and aedeagus, lateral view; (3) tip of aedeagus, ventral view;

(4) abdominal sternite 5, ventral view; (Б) female abdominal sternites 6 and 7,

ventral view. All to same scale except Fig. 3.

4 Aust. ent. Mag. 13(1, 2), April, 1986

Etymology

The specific name alludes to the association between this fly and its only known

host, Cyrtophora moluccensis.

Baranovisca arachnivora Lopes

(Figs 6, 8, 10, 12)

Baranovisca arachnivora Lopes, 1985: 51. Holotype d (KS6986) in AM; type locality

Hornsby Heights, New South Wales.

Specimens examined.—Holotype; paratype 9 (AM), no locality label but associated with

holotype by label on holotype “Sarcophagidae male, female, parasitic in egg sac Dicro-

stichus magnificus". The egg case (AM) from which these specimens emerged was also

examined; it contains an additional male and female, both improperly emerged and

deformed, plus empty puparia.

Notes

This species can only reliably be distinguished from В. reposita and P. cyrtophorae

on terminalic characters (Figs 6, 8, 10, 12). The immature stages are unknown, but the

puparium has a deep posterior spiracular pit. The adult measurements given by Lopes

are accurate [Body length (mm): $, 9, 9.0. V/HW: d 0.17; $ 0.25.]

Baranovisca reposita (Lopes)

(Figs 7, 9, 11, 13, 17-19)

Parasarcophaga reposita Lopes, 1959: 65. Holotype б in ANIC; type locality Sydney,

New South Wales.

Baranovisca reposita: Lopes, 1985: 51.

Specimens examined.—Holotype; other specimens all Brisbane, QUEENSLAND, B. К.

Cantrell, ex egg case Cyrtophora moluccensis except as indicated; all in QDPI; 1 9,

14.1.1983, R. Haddrell; 2 dd, 15.11.1984; 1 9, 19.11.1984; 1 9, 21.11.1984; 5 99, 26.1.1985;

1 9, 3.ii1.1985; 1 9, 5.iii.1985; 1 д, 6.14.1985; 1 $, 8.11.1985.

Notes

This species is indistinguishable from B. arachnivora and P. cyrtophorae except

by examination of the terminalia. Whole larvae were not available, but first and second

instar exuviae recovered from a host egg case allowed examination of the cephalophary-

ngeal skeleton, while that of the third instar was recovered from an empty puparium.

These are shown in Figs 17-19 and are clearly distinguishable from the corresponding

photographs for P. cyrtophorae. In particular, note the lack of blunt cuticular spines on

segment 2 of the first instar larva and the absence of the ventral spine on the mouth-

hooks of the third instar larva as seen in P. cyrtophorae. Puparia of the two species are

also distinct as mentioned in the introduction.

Measurements

Body length (mm): d 9.6 (9.0-10.1); 9 8.6 (8.2-8.9). V/HW: d 0.21 (0.20-0.22); $ 0.26

(0.25-0.27). (4 dd, 10 99).

Species diagnosis

Adults of P. cyrtophorae may be distinguished from B. arachnivora and B. reposita

as follows:

ib, In the male by differences in the shape of the apical profile of the cerci (Figs 2,

6, 7) and ventralia of the aedeagus (Figs 3, 8, 9), also by the presence of more

numerous and longer terminal setae on the lobes of abdominal sternite 5 (St5)

(Figs 4, 10, 11).

Aust. ent. Mag. 13(1, 2), April, 1986 5

Figs 6 -13.

Baranovisca arachnivora (Lopes), left in each pair, and B. reposita Lopes,

right in each pair. (6-11) male: (6, 7) cerci (c) and surstyli (s), lateral view;

(8, 9) tip of aedeagus showing ventralia (v), ventral view; (10, 11) lobe of

abdominal sternite 5, ventral view. (12, 13) female abdominal sternites 6

and 7, ventral view. All to same scale except Figs 8, 9.

Aust. ent. Mag. 13(1, 2), April, 1986

In the female by the presence of a median decolourized area on the hind margin

of abdominal sternite 7 (St7) (entire in Baranovisca spp.) and by the more numerous

setae along this margin and that of St6. (Figs 5, 12, 13).

Adults of B. arachnivora and B. reposita are more difficult to separate:

In the male the cerci appear to be identical, but the shape of the surstyli in lateral

view (Figs 6, 7) and the ventralia (Figs 8, 9) differ. Note also differences in the

length of the terminal setae on the lobes of St5 (Figs 10, 11).

In the female, there are fewer setae on the hind margin of St6 in B. arachnivora

than in В. reposita (Figs 12, 13).

Larvae of В. arachnivora are unknown. but those of B. reposita and P. cvrtophorae

may be separated by differences in the shape of the cephalopharyngeal skeleton

(Figs 14-16, 17-19).

Figs 14-19. Cephalopharyngeal skeleton of larvae, lateral view. (14-16) Parasarcophaga

cyrtophorae sp.n.: (14) first instar; (15) second instar; (16) third instar.

(17-19) Baranovisca reposita (Lopes): (17) first instar; (18) second instar;

(19) third instar.

Aust. ent. Mag. 13(1, 2), April, 1986 7

Biology

During 1984 and 1985, egg cases of Cyrtophora moluccensis were

examined for the presence of sarcophagids; any larvae or puparia recovered

were reared to adults, when some were pinned and the others released after

being sexed. Records were kept which trace the history of each egg case

collected and the results are given in Tables 1-3. Spiders were observed at

four suburban sites in Brisbane at Indooroopilly, Mitchelton, Rainworth and

Yeerongpilly. Spiders were undisturbed until production of egg cases was

generally well advanced, so that most spiders were guarding two or more egg

cases when these were removed from the webs leaving the spider unharmed

and the web damaged as little as possible. Many spiders produced further egg

cases but these were not sampled.

In determining percentage predation, an egg case was considered to be

attacked even if it contained only a single fly larva. In such cases, and those

containing only a few larvae, not all the spider eggs were consumed so that

some spiders successfully hatched.

The method of entry by the fly larvae into the spider egg cases is

unknown. The cases are constructed in two halves held tightly together by

an outer layer of webbing, and entry is probably made at some point along

the join. Female flies were seen flying into webs and attempting to land on

the string of egg cases, presumably to’ oviposit. Once the spider noticed the

fly, she attempted to protect the egg cases by moving rapidly over them to

prevent the fly from landing. In the few encounters observed the fly eventually

left the web. Lubin (1974) gave greater details of observations on interactions

between P. cyrtophorae (listed as an unidentified species of Sarcophagidae)

and С. moluccensis in Papua New Guinea.

Fig. 20. Scanning electron micrograph of posterior portion of puparium, Parasarcoph-

aga cyrtophorae sp.n. Specimen platinum coated.

Aust. ent. Mag. 13(1, 2), April, 1986

C moluccensis is the only known host of the two species of sarcophagid

recovered during the survey (B. reposita and P. cyrtophorae). The spider

appears to be univoltine with mature females beginning to build obvious webs

in early summer (November-December) and producing eggs mainly in January-

March or April. It is not known whether the flies are also univoltine or if

they have alternative hosts or breeding dites during the long period when

eggs of C. moluccensis are unavailable.

Discussion

The three species of Sarcophagidae considered in this paper provide a

good example of the difficulties encountered in the taxonomic study of

Australian Sarcophaginae. Adult external morphology in this subfamily is

generally very homogeneous, making it difficult to produce workable keys.

The present generic concepts need to be revised using modern taxonomic

methods [such as those employed by Brown and Shipp (1978)], and until

this has been done there is little justification for the erection of further

genera (such as Baranovisca). When a generic revision of our Sarcophaginae

is eventually undertaken, the author responsible for it will be in a better

position to take appropriate action on the several small genera.

Regardless of their generic identity, the three species under discussion

are interesting because of their association with spiders, an unusual trait for

sarcophagids which normally utilize carrion and similar decomposing organic

matter as a larval medium. These are the only species of Sarcophaginae in

Australia known to have such a habit but the species of Baranovisca are as yet

poorly known, particularly in the immature stages (the immature stages of

the non-Australian species of Baranovisca are unknown). Cantrell (1981)

suggested that the broad blunt spines on segment 2 of the first instar larva of

P. cyrtophorae and certain other features of later instar larvae such as reduced

spination and absence of a deep posterior spiracular pit may be adaptations to

its predatory life style. However, from what is known of the immature

stages, Baranovisca spp. appear similar to typical. sarcophagids. Thus the

significance of the modifications in P. cyrtophorae remains uncertain, although

its success in the study area may indicate that it is better suited to predation

than, at least, B. reposita.

Table 3 shows the variability in rate of predation of C. moluccensis by

P. cyrtophorae at different sites. The cause of such great variation was not

investigated in this study. The table also illustrates relative abundances of

B. reposita and P. cyrtophorae in the study area. Lubin (1974, Table 4) listed

percentage parasitization of С. moluccensis by P.'cyrtophorae in Papua

New Guinea at rates ranging from 4.35% to 22.2%. The study area is the

known northern limit of B. reposita and the known southern limit of

P. cyrtophorae. The known southern limit of C. moluccensis is also southeast

Queensland. It would be interesting to study predation of egg cases of related

Aust. ent. Mag. 13(1, 2), April, 1986 9

TABLE 1

Summary of observations (pooled from all sites) on egg production and

predation in Cyrtophora moluccensis, Brisbane, 1984 and 1985.

Total Total Mean No. of %

Year no. по. egg per Range affected m

spiders cases spider ч egg cases predation

1984 57 166 2.91 1-6 21 16.2

1985 50 120 2.4 1-5 43 35.8

TABLE 2

Details (pooled from all sites) of predation of Cyrtophora moluccensis by Parasarcophaga

cyrtophorae and Baranovisca reposita, Brisbane, 1984 and 1985.

No. of Mean Sex

% No. Р

і egg er ratio of

Year Species ei BE EG 5 Range* оа

affected zc tors case adults**

1984 P. cyrto- 25 15.0 83 3.32 1-6 28 37

phorae

1984 B. rep- 2 1.2 8 4 3-5 2 2

osita

1985 Р, cyrto- 39 32.5 128 3.28 1-7 32 44

phorae

1985 B. rep- 4 3.3 13 3:25 1-7 3 8

Osita

* 10 puparia of P. cyrtophorae were recovered from a single egg case in 1982.

жж The discrepancy between the total of males plus females and the number of predators is because

some flies died as immatures and others had already emerged as adults and escaped before sampling

occured.

TABLE 3

Percentage predation of Cyrtophora moluccensis by Parasarcophaga cyrtophorae

and Baranovisca reposita at four sites in Brisbane, 1984 and 1985.

% predation* at each site

Year Species Indoor- Mitchel- а Yeerong-

оорШу item Rainworth pilly

1984 P. cyrto- 44.4 11.8 n.s. 10.0

phorae (7-18) (43-118) (7-30)

1984 B. reposita 0.0 1.2 n.s. 0.0

(7-18) (43-118) (7-30)

1985 P. cyrto- n.s. 35.0 57.1 32.5

phorae (39-92) (2-7) (9-21)

1985 B. reposita n.s. 3.0 0.0 4.0

(39-92) (2-7) (9-21)

n.s. = not surveyed.

ж Figures in parentheses indicate the total number of spiders webs examined followed by the

number of egg cases sampled for that site.

10 Aust. ent. Mag. 13(1, 2), April, 1986

spiders in New South Wales to determine the nature of the predator complex,

and if possible, find the host(s) of B. reposita.

B. arachnivora and B. reposita appear to be very closely related species

and it would be useful to have larger series of each for study so that their

relationship can be better determined. The type specimens of B. arachnivora

emerged from an egg case of D. magnificus. Unlike those of C. moluccensis

described above, egg cases made by this spider are larger, spindle shaped and

have no apparent weaknesses in their outer covering, and it is unclear how

the fly larvae gained entry. The single egg case examined was largely filled

with loosely woven silk and the egg mass appeared to be smaller than in

normal egg cases of C. moluccensis, perhaps indicating that D. magnificus is

not as suitable a host. Studies of further egg cases of D. magnificus would be

helpful in order to determine whether predation by B. arachnivora is a regular

event.

Elgar et al. (1983) studied the biology of C. hirta (L. Koch) in Brisbane

but apparently found no evidence of egg predation by sarcophagids. A single

egg case of C. hirta examined in the present study was also undamaged. Elgar

et al. (1983) found Stathmopoda arachnophthora. (Turner) (Lepidoptera:

Stathmopodidae) parasitizing eggs of C. hirta and commented that they knew

of no other reports of lepidopteran parasitism in this spider genus. This moth

was not noted in the present study but larvae of Pyroderces sp. (Lepidoptera:

Cosmopterygidae) were regularly recovered from egg cases from which

P. cyrtophorae had emerged. They appeared to be scavengers rather than

parasites but perhaps deserve further investigation.

Acknowledgements

I thank Mr & Mrs H. J. N. Callaghan of Mitchelton for permission to study spiders

on their property and for their tolerance of many spiders webs over extended periods of

time; the Mitchelton site provided much of the data in this study. Mr & Mrs G. J. Dash

allowed me to sample in their garden at Rainworth on one occasion. I am grateful to

Mrs M. Agnew for the scanning electron micrograph, Miss J. F. Grimshaw for photogra-

phic assistance and providing some egg cases of C. moluccensis and Mr M. R. Gray (AM)

for loan of specimens of, and information on, B. arachnivora.

References

Brown, K. R. and Shipp, E., 1978. Wing morphometric analysis of Australian Sarcoph-

aginae (Diptera: Sarcophagidae). Syst. Ent. 3: 179-188.

Cantrell, B. K., 1981. Redescription of Parasarcophaga reposita Lopes (Diptera: Sarcoph-

agidae). Aust. ent. Mag. 8: 29-35.

Elgar, M. A., Pope, B. and Williamson, I., 1983. Observations on the spatial distribution

and natural history of Cyrtophora hirta (L. Koch) (Araneae: Araneidae) in

Queensland, Australia. Bull. Br. arachnol. Soc. 6: 83-87.

Lopes, H. de Souza, 1959. A revision of Australian Sarcophagidae (Diptera). Studia Ent.

2: 53-67.

Lopes, H. de Souza, 1985. A new genus of Sarcophagidae (Diptera) based on an

Australian species living in spider egg cases. Aust. ent. Mag. 12: 51-53.

Lubin, Y. D., 1974. Adaptive advantages and the evolution of colony formation in

Cyrtophora (Araneae: Araneidae). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 54: 321-339.

Aust. ent. Mag. 13(1, 2), April, 1986 11

SOME EARLY STAGES OF CALOCHRYSA BANKS

(NEUROPTERA, CHRYSOPIDAE)

By T. R. New

Dept. Zoology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic. 3083

Abstract

Features of the egg, oviruptor and first instar larva of Calochrysa extranea (Esben-

Petersen) are described. These stages indicate a close relationship between Calochrysa

and Italochrysa, and confirm placement of the former іп the Italochrysini.

Introduction

Calochrysa Banks is one of the few chrysopid genera believed to be

endemic to Australia, where it is widely distributed (New, 1980). The genus

includes only the type species, C extranea (Esben-Petersen), and was allocated

by Brooks (1984) to the tribe Italochrysini. Nothing has hitherto been

reported on its early stages or biology and, in view of the increasing realisation

of the importance of features of the immature stages for assessing relationships

within the Chrysopidae, the egg, oviruptor and first instar larva are described

in this note. The sparse material available consists of only one egg and its

issue, and represents the sole output of a female adult captured at light in

March 1985. The female was one of two taken at Hurstbridge, Victoria,

representing a considerable extension of the known distribution of.Calochrysa

into the southeast of Australia.

The only other information available on early stages of Italochrysini

is limited to the genus Italochrysa Principi (Principi 1946, New 1983).

Measurements are given in millimetres, and drawings are from slide-

mounted material.

Calochrysa extranea (Esben-Petersen)

(Figs 1-9)

For synonymy see New (1980: 30).

Egg.—Elongate, tapered to narrow apex with prominent micropyle, laid on

simple stalk; very fine areolate sculpturing visible under high magnification.

Length 1.50, breadth 0.68, stalk 5.7. Pale bluish breen, changing to grey before

hatching.

Oviruptor (Fig. 2).—Moderately sclerotised; a prominent rounded and slightly

rugose anterior lobe; posterior elongate blade with incipient acute teeth.

First Instar (Figs 1, 3-9).—Body length, excluding mouthparts, 2.0; greatest

head width 0.45. Very pale, with part of vertex slightly browned as in Fig. 1;

abdomen predominantly colourless, setae pale. Strongly humped, with head

partially retracted. Head appendages short; palpi (Fig. 4) medially convergent,

about as long as mandibles, preapical segment with three or four setae,

apical segment narrow and tapered with few fine setae at tip; mandibles and

maxillae basally stout and strongly curved, short; apex of mandible (Fig. 5)

slender and incipiently serrate on inner edge; apex of maxilla (Fig. 6) narrowly

Aust. ent. Мад. 13(1, 2), April, 1986

Fig. 1. Calochrysa extranea (Esben-Petersen): first instar larva, dorsal aspect (setae om-

itted from left side, legs and pigmentation omitted from right side, scale in mm).

blunt, with about four short setae and fine filaments beyond these. Antenna

(Fig. 3) strongly tapered, about 1.3 times mandible length and about equal

to medial head length; a long terminal filament with one seta at base of this

and another, more basal, seta; irregular reticulate sculpturing. Dorsal labral

margin of head with four long, blunt, slightly ridged setae; two or three

shorter blunt setae anterior to each eye, and one blunt marginal seta behind

each eye; a long blunt seta on vertex behind each medial labral seta; three or

four minute pointed setae approximately in line along vertex behind inner

mandible base. Eyes in black surround.

Thoracic segments each with well-developed and dorsally-reflexed lateral

lobe, each lobe bearing six to eight long blunt setae arising from separate basal

tubercles. Abdominal segments I-VII each with tapered lateral lobe bearing

two or (VI, VII) three similar setae, one being conspicuously longer than

the other on segments I-V. Other conspicuous dorsal setae absent, but dorsum

of thorax and abdomen I-VI with dense vestiture of long slender filaments,

Aust. ent. Мад. 13(1, 2), April, 1986 13

| Figs 2-9.

Calochrysa extranea (Esben-Petersen): (2) oviruptor; (3-9, first instar) (3)

antenna; (4) labial palp; (b) apex of mandible; (6) apex of maxilla; (7)

abdominal apex, dorsal aspect; (8) abdominal apex, ventral aspect; (9) hind

tarsus, claw and empodium. (Scales in mm; 3-6, 9 to common scale; 7, 8 to

common scale.)

14 Aust. ent. Mag. 13(1, 2), April, 1986

some of them hooked (not shown in Fig. 1). Apex of abdomen as in

Figs 7, 8: dorsal setae predominantly blunt and ornamented, ventral setae

predominantly tapered. Legs with setae slightly ornamented; claw strongly

arched; empodium long (Fig. 9).

Material Examined.—Victoria, Hurstbridge, 1 egg ex female at light 16.iii.1985;

hatched after 6 days under uncontrolled conditions.

Discussion

The insect described above bears an extraordinary resemblance to the

corresponding stages of Italochrysa insignis (Walker) (New, 1983), and strongly

supports Brooks' (1984) alliance of the two genera. The anterior process

ot the oviruptor is longer and more rounded in Calochrysa than in Italochrysa,

but the whole structure is clearly of the same general pattern. It differs

substantially from the oviruptors of other Chrysopinae which have been

described in having the anterior process considerably enlarged.

The first instar larvae of the two genera share the following features of

likely phylogenetic value in defining larvae of the tribe Italochrysini:—

i Debris-carrying, with strongly developed dorsal entangling vestiture.

ii ^ Short body, with abdomen strongly humped and head partially retracted

into prothorax.

lii Jaws and palpi very short.

iv. Dorsal thoracic plates not developed.

v. Dorsal labral margin of head with few blunt setae; posterior half of

head with no long setae.

vi. Pronounced thoracic lobes on all segments, each with few long setae.

vii Anterior abdominal segments with lateral lobes each bearing two or

three long setae, these not hooked.

The main differences between the larvae are rather trivial: all major

setae of Calochrysa are relatively shorter than those of Italochrysa, and there

are minor differences in cranial seta pattern. Perhaps more notably, the major

lateral setae of Calochrysa are bluntly rounded rather than tapered.

The larva became coated with debris soon after eclosion. It was provided

with various Eucalyptus psyllids and scale insects and, although it was seen

to probe these, died within about a week. It is possible. in view of the

close resemblance to Italochrysa, that it may have a similarly-specialised

larval life in close association with ants (Principi, 1946).

References

Brooks, S. J., 1984. A redefinition of the Italochrysini (Chrysopidae), with the descript-

ion of a new genus from Nigeria. Neuropt. Int. 3(2): 79-88.

New, T. R., 1980. A revision of the Australian Chrysopidae (Insecta: Neuroptera). Aust.

J. Zool. Suppl. Ser. 77: 143 pp.

New, T. R., 1983. The egg and first instar larva of Italochrysa insignis (Neuroptera,

Chrysopidae). Aust. ent. Mag. 10(2, 3): 29-32.

Principi, M. M., 1946. Contributi all studio dei Neuroterri italiani. IV. Nothochrysa

italica Rossi. Boll. Ist. Ent. Univ. Bologna 15: 85-102.

Aust. ent. Mag. 13(1, 2), April, 1986 15

A SMALL PORTABLE LIGHT TRAP FOR COLLECTING

MICROLEPIDOPTERA

By I. F. B. Common

CSIRO, Division of Entomology, Canberra

Present address: 32 Katoomba Crescent, Toowoomba, Q. 4350

Abstract

A small portable, transparent light trap, using a 6 watt actinic light source operated

by a 12 volt battery, is described and figured. The trap segregates in separate compart-

ments larger fast-flying from small slow-flying insects and has proved to be especially

useful for the collection of microlepidoptera.

Introduction

Light traps are widely used for the collection of insects, especially to

monitor pest populations, but also for insect surveys and to provide museum

specimens. Whatever their use, the trapped specimens should be in good

condition to aid identification, and this is essential when traps are to provide

specimens for taxonomic study. Lepidoptera are especially vulnerable to

damage when large numbers of beetles and other hard-bodied insects are

collected with the moths in a small container. Microlepidoptera can often be

denuded when they share a light-trap container with large fast-flying Lepid-

optera. During the warmer months in Australia christmas beetles (Anoplogn-

athus spp.; Scarabaeidae), as well as bogong moths [Agrotis infusa (Boisd.)]

and other noctuid moths, are often attracted to lights in large numbers and

can rapidly destroy small soft-bodied insects with which they come in contact

before they themselves succumb to the killing agent used in the trap.

In order to lessen this problem, a transparent light trap was designed

(Common 1959) using a 125 watt mercury vapour discharge lamp operated

by a 240 volt generator or the mains supply. This excluded most of the

larger scarab beetles and segregated the few that did enter the trap from most

of the Lepidoptera. The principles of this design were later adapted for a

fixed weather-resistant light trap (Common and Upton 1964), which per-

formed well throughout the year at Canberra, Australian Capital Territory,

for a period of some 15 years. For use in field work, however, especially in

situations in which it is impracticable to operate a generator, a small trans-

parent trap has been designed, utilizing a 6 watt actinic blue fluorescent tube.

This trap has now been in use for a number of years and has proved to be

very efficient for the collection of microlepidoptera in most habitats.

I have observed consistently that fast-flying moths tend to circle а

light source and, when they come into contact with the lamp or the sides of

a trap funnel, fall into the trap. Slow-flying moths, on the other hand, and

especially microlepidoptera, tend to approach a light source up-wind close

to the ground. They often land on the ground or on low-growing vegetation,

intermittently walking or fluttering towards the light and sometimes remain-

ing motionless for a time on vegetation or leaf litter. In designing the new trap,

therefore, these behaviour patterns have been exploited to segregate as far as

16 Aust. ent. Mag. 13(1, 2), April, 1986

possible the fast-flying larger moths from the slow-flying microlepidoptera,

and to exclude scarab beetles. It had already been shown (Common 1959)

that a transparent trap collected far fewer Scarabaeidae than an opaque trap;

those scarabs that approached the light source tended to land on the ground in

the illuminated area surrounding the transparent trap and either became

immobile or crawled around beside the trap without entering it.

Description of the trap

The trap (Figs 1-3) is constructed of clear “Perspex” 3 mm in thickness

and is in the form of a rectangular box (I) 236 mm long, 152 mm wide and

154 mm high, open at the top with the edges bevelled inwards, and with a

line of 3 mm drainage holes drilled in the middle of the bottom. In each of

the four sides, 22 mm from the top, there isan elongate slot (H) 5 mm wide

and extending to within 20 mm of each corner. Above each slot a ledge (G),

which projects 8 mm, diverts into the trap insects that crawl upwards and also

prevents rain entering the slots. In a compartment (L) divided off by

"Perspex" at one end of the trap, the converter from a 6 watt, 12 volt battery

lantern is installed and wired to an inlet and outlet on the outside of the trap.

In the remainder of the bottom of the trap sits a rectangular tray (K) with

12 mm sides and two 12 mm walls that divide off a central elongate section

25 mm wide; a series of drainage holes drilled through the middle of this

section match those in the bottom ofthe trap. About 72 mm above the bottom

a second rectangular tray (J) with 25 mm sides sits on two strips glued to

c —rommooogo op

Fig. 1. The assembled portable light trap

Aust. ent. Mag. 13(1, 2), April, 1986

18 Aust. ent. Mag. 13(1, 2), April, 1986

each end of the trap. In the centre of this tray there is a slot 170 mm long and

17 mm wide, surrounded by 25 mm sides. A funnel (F) with the same outside

dimensions as the body of the trap sits on the top. This is rectangular with

25 mm vertical sides (D) above, which continue below at an angle of 52^ to

the vertical to an opening 170 mm long and 17 mm wide that rests accurately

on the edges of the central slot in the upper tray. On the inner surface of each

of the vertical ends of the funnel the holders (E) for the horizontal 6 watt

actinic blue tube are fitted, with wiring leading to the power outlet from the

converter. In each corner of the funnel a 16 mm square “Perspex” block (C),

with a 3.5 mm vertical hole drilled in its centre, is glued. A transparent,

slightly bent rectangular cover (A), 205 mm by 280 mm, has four folding

wire legs (B) 110 mm long which fit into the holes at the corners of the

funnel. The cover is placed in position only if rain threatens.

Discussion

The trap is operated on the ground so that the light source is visible

from above and the surrounding area is illuminated. A small area of soil,

slightly larger than the base of the trap, is cleared of vegetation and levelled,

and the trap is either placed firmly on the loosened soil so that insects cannot

crawl beneath it, or placed on a thin piece of particle board or cardboard.

Ants are sometimes a problem, but I have found that they can be discouraged

by spraying the soil beneath the trap and the lower side of the particle board

with a household spray before setting up the trap.

Tetrachloroethane is used as an anaesthetic or killing agent in the trap.

This is dispensed from three shallow aluminium dishes about 45 mm in

diameter. In each there is a 7 mm layer of vermiculite covered by a 7 mm

layer of plaster of Paris, through which there is a central hole stoppered by a

cork. Each dish is charged with about a millilitre of tetrachloroethane by an

eyedropper through the hole in the plaster, although more may be necessary

during warm weather. Two plaster dishes on the upper tray of the trap and

one on the lower have proved adequate. It should be remembered that

tetrachloroethane is a solvent of “Регѕрех” and a dish can inadvertently be

glued to the plastic if any solvent is left on the outside of the dish.

The trap is operated with a 12 volt acid motor-cycle battery or a 12 volt

nickel-cadmium rechargeable battery, either of which will give more than 10

hours of continuous light. However, in warmer weather when insects are abun-

dant, it is often desirable to limit the operating time with a time switch. This

also allows the trap to be operated for any desired period during the night.

Fast-flying moths and other insects that tend to circle the light enter

the trap through the funnel at the top and are directed to the lower storey

of the trap. Slow-flying moths that crawl up the sides of the trap enter it

through the slots near the top and are immobilized on the upper tray. The

5 mm wide slots normally prevent the entry of bogong moths and larger

species. The removable upper and lower trays allow the catch to be sorted

next morning without undue disturbance to the specimens collected.

Aust. ent. Mag. 13(1, 2), April, 1986 19

тот тоо

-—— ——— 178 mm

152 mm

Fig. 3. A vertical section through the light trap.

The low wattage actinic blue tube is very attractive to moths and other

insects but, since the light is not reflected to any extent by surrounding trees

and other objects, the trap is not noticeable to humans unless the light is in

their direct line of vision. This makes it very useful for sampling habitats close

to busy thoroughfares and human settlements. However, care should be taken

to select a position for the trap screened in some way from view. The compact

design and the light weight of the trap also make it useful for collecting in

habitats that are not accessible to vehicles.

Acknowledgement

Thanks are due to Mr Ian Sharp for the line drawings.

References

Common, I. F. B., 1959. A transparent light trap for the field collection of Lepidoptera.

J. Lepid. Soc. 13; 57-61.

Common, I. F. B. and Upton, M. S., 1964. A weather-resistant light trap for the collect-

ion of Lepidoptera. J. Lepid. Soc. 18: 79-83.

20 Aust. ent. Mag. 13(1, 2), April, 1986

SOME EARLY STAGES OF CHARAXES LATONA BUTLER

(LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE: CHARAXINAE)

By G. A. Wood

P.O. Box 122, Atherton, N. Qld 4883

Abstract

Two instars and the pupa of Charaxes latona Butler are described and a food

plant listed.

Introduction

Within Australian limits Charaxes latona is only known from the Claudie

River area (Common and Waterhouse, 1981). Specimens may be taken

throughout the year. Males frequent hilltops but females are more often seen

flying along roads and watercourses. While examining lauraceous plants at

Iron Range a single charaxid larva was found. This was raised on the netted

food plant and proved to be Charaxes latona.

Early stages

Third(?) instar. Head rough with two pairs of long horns, inner pair, top and

perimeter of head black, outer pair and remainder of head brown. Body

green, covered with minute yellow granules, dorsum of sixth segment with

a semicircular white area, margined black. Final segment with a pair of short,

brown, backward-pointing processes. Length 14 mm.

Final instar (Fig. 1). Head granulose, green, perimeter pale brown, with two

pairs of long horns and two pair of short pointed projections between these,

the horns and apex of projections dark brown. Body green, covered with

minute yellow granules. Sixth segment with a semicircular pink area margined

white and then black. Eighth and tenth segments bear subdorsal circular

patches of white, margined black. Granules within all black areas pale blue.

Final segment processes yellow, joining a yellow lateral line. Length 47 mm.

Pupa (Fig. 2). Stout, smooth, shiny, green, with two irregular white bands on

wing cases and pale white markings on remainder. Length 27 mm.

Larval food plant. Cryptocarya triplinervis R.Br. Lauraceae.

Notes

A single larva was found on the 12th July resting on a silken pad at

the centre of a leaf. I enclosed the branch in a netting bag and the larva

completed two more instars, pupating beneath the branch on 12th September,

the adult emerging on 28th September.

Acknowledgement

I wish to thank Mr B. P. M. Hyland, Division of Forest Research,

C.S.LR.O. Atherton, for identifying the food plant.

Aust. ent. Mag. 13(1, 2), April, 1986 21

Figs 1,2. Charaxes latona: (1) final instar larva at rest on food plant; (2) pupa.

Reference

Common, I. F. B. and Waterhouse, D. F., 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Second edition.

Angus and Robertson, Sydney. 682 pp.

22 Aust. ent. Mag. 13(1, 2), April, 1986

OBSERVATIONS ON L/PHYRA BRASSOLIS WESTWOOD

(LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE) IN NORTH QUEENSLAND

By S. J. Johnson and P. S. Valentine

P.O. Box 1085, Townsville, Qld 4810 ]

Geography Department, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811

Abstract |

Larvae of Liphyra brassolis Westwood (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) are recorded

feeding upon larvae of Oecophylla smaragdina F. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Descript-

ions are given of early instar larvae together with brief comments on habitat, larval

abundance and adult morphology.

Introduction

Since the discovery of the larvae of Liphyra brassolis in the arboreal

nests of Oecophylla smaragdina (Dodd, 1902) very little has been published

on the life history of this fascinating insect. In his original account, Dodd

observed a large larva of L. brassolis sieze a larva of O. smaragdina but he

disturbed the L. brassolis larva before it could feed. Subsequent publications

listing L. brassolis have presumed the larvae to be carnivorous on the

intermediate stages of O. smaragdina on the basis of this single observation.

(Waterhouse and Lyell, 1914; Waterhouse, 1932; Common and Waterhouse,

1981).

Further weight was given to this assumption by Chapman (1902)

when he described the mouthparts of larval L. brassolis as piercing type

mandibles within a suctorial tube formed by labium, maxillae and labrum.

Early instar larvae have not subsequently been encountered or described.

The description of one by Chapman (1902) was not of a larva of L. brassolis

but of a moth larva, most probably Cyclotorna monocentra (Cyclotornidae).

Dodd (1903) had inadvertently included the small moth larva with the

samples of L. brassolis larvae sent for description.

In June and July 1985, in a search of two locations in north Queensland,

the authors located all the intermediate stages of L. brassolis and successfully

reared several large larvae in the laboratory.

Field observations

On 14th June a search was made of O. smaragdina nests in a disused

citrus orchard of more than 150 trees at Dallachy creek 20 km north of

Cardwell, where larvae of L. brassolis were known to occur (H. Bosworth,

pers. comm.). Twenty-three final instar larvae and one pupa were taken, of

which all but one larva were confined to trees at one end of the orchard. A

peripheral tree on the corner of this area contained 14 larvae with a maximum

of 6 in one nest.

Waterhouse (1932) recorded pupal exuviae on Great Palm Island near

Ingham and as extensive citrus orchards were known to have been established

on the island, a search was undertaken on 15th July. Only a few scattered

Aust. ent. Mag. 13(1, 2), April, 1986 23

remnants of the original orchards remained, and one area comprising ten

stunted trees infested with O. smaragdina, contained a substantial breeding

colony of L. brassolis. Intermediate stages of L. brassolis were present in

five trees with the majority being found in only two trees.

One tree with five ant nests contained a total of twenty-seven final

instar larvae, pupae and fresh pupal exuviae as well as two first instar larvae.

A second small tree had two ant nests, one of which was devoid of ant

brood but contained two cast larval skins of L. brassolis. The second nest

had a few ant larvae and pupae and contained eight small pupae, four final

instar and two first instar larvae of L. brassolis.

Another small tree had a single small ant nest devoid of ant larvae and

pupae and within which were a cast larval skin and a dead advanced larva of.

І. brassolis. Numerous eggs, in groups of up to six, were present on the

undersides of exposed sections of trunk and branches of several trees. The

distribution of larvae between nests is shown in fig. 1.

6 [Г] Great Palm Island

* S БЕ) Dallachy Creek location

BOL

са

S Ы3

887

$74

Ша S$ 0 w 8 O Dh PR du B

Numbers of Juvenile Stage Liphyra per Oecophylla nest

Fig. 1. Density of Liphyra brassolis larvae in nests of Oecophylla smaragdina.

First instar larva (Fig. 2)

Oval shaped, 6 mm long and 4 mm wide and flattened. Dorsum

yellow with dorsolateral lines of 7 reddish spots and medially 3 transverse

grooves. А concentric pair of reddish brown submarginal lines. Marginal

fringe white, composed of thin, radially arranged chords with club shaped

ends forming a finely sculptured edge and capable of close appression to

leaf surface. Ventral surface white, bearing mid ventrally, the head, thoracic

legs and abdominal prolegs.

Second instar larva

Similar to first instar but colour becoming brownish yellow and marginal

fringe thickened and reddish brown in colour. Length 10 mm and width

6 mm.

24 Aust. ent. Mag. 13(1, 2), April, 1986

1 mm

DM — س‎

Figs 2, 3. First instar larva and prepupa of Liphyra brassolis.

Prepupa (Fig. 3)

Resembling final instar larva but becoming swollen and convex

anteriorly while retaining the upturned posterior margin. Duration 5-6 days

after which posterior surface expands dorsally. Pupal duration at a constant

temperature of 25 degrees C. ranged from 27-32 days and at room temperature

at Townsville was 30-46 days. The egg was described by Waterhouse and

Lyell (1914) and the final instar larva and pupa by Chapman (1902).

Laboratory observations

Larvae returned to the laboratory were introduced into transparent

plastic cylinders containing small colonies of O. smaragdina. Most wandered

within the cage for 24-48 hours before either pupating or commencing to

feed. The L. brassolis larvae that fed, located and remained in close proximity

to aggregations of ant larvae and pupae attended by adult ants.

When foraging, the L. brassolis larvae located ant larvae with their

antennae and larger prey were given a light coating of silk. The prey was then

grasped by the tarsal claws of the thoracic legs, withdrawn under the project-

ing rim and held along the ventral midline so that one end of the prey was

presented to the mouthparts (Fig. 4). The ant larva was then consumed by

vigorous chewing of the mandibles combined with a pharyngeal suction to

ingest liquid contents. In most cases the prey larva was entirely consumed but

with an occasional large prey larva a small remnant was discarded.

Small ant larvae were eaten either singly or in adherent clusters by

being seized in the mouthparts without the use of the forelegs. Only ant

larvae were eaten; ant pupae when encountered were rejected by being

pushed to one side with the head.

Aust. ent. Mag. 13(1, 2), April, 1986 25

Adult

Adult males emerging from pupae from both locations exhibit exten-

sive melanic colouration of the upperside and underside of both fore and

hind wings. Females have slightly broader dark margins to the wings and more

prominent dark cell spots on the hind wings. An adult male from Townsville

taken in January and a female from Darnley Island in May have the more

extensive orange areas on all wings normally associated with L. b. major.

Discussion

In both habitats, L. brassolis larvae were found in О. smaragdina nests

in citrus trees growing in a cleared area in open forest and riverine rainforest.

It has been the experience of the authors and others (H. Bosworth and

J. Young pers. comm.) that larvae are more often encountered in ant nests

in single isolated trees. It is not thought that female L. brassolis are attracted

to citrus trees but Lokkers (1982) in a study of the behavioural ecology of

green tree ants, at Townsville, discovered that ants are more likely to occupy

areas of higher tree density. It is possible that orchards provide an appropriate

tree density for the development of successful colonies of О. smaragdina.

In both locations the L. brassolis larvae were confined to only a few

ant „nests in some of the available infested trees. The exceptional numbers of :

larvae in two of the’ nests at Great Palm Island had undoubtedly resulted

ЖЩ. € BN c

Fig. 4. Mature larva of L. brassolis ingesting a larva of O. smaragdina.

26 Aust. ent. Mag. 13(1, 2), April, 1986

from larval congregation at diminished food supply. No explanation can be

given for the spatial distribution of L. brassolis larvae between trees. Within

some trees the presence of L. brassolis larvae in a particular ant nest appeared

to be determined by the position of the nest relative to the oviposition site.

The feeding and successful rearing of numerous larvae of L. brassolis on

larvae of O. smaragdina confirms the original suspicions of Dodd. The

finding of first instar larvae within ant nests would indicate that all larval

instars feed upon ant larvae. The finding of a dead larva in a nest devoid of

ant larvae and stunted pupae in nests almost exhausted of ant larvae would

indicate that L. brassolis larvae have an exclusive diet of O. smaragdina larvae.

The postulation by Chapman (1902) that L. brassolis larval mouthparts

were suctorial was an accurate interpretation. When the mandibles are

retracted beneath the labrum, the broad cardines of the maxillae close the

preoral cavity laterally from labrum to labium. The circular orifice thus

formed is well adapted to enclose the end of cylindrical prey larvae. The

dentate mandibles are effective cutting and chewing appendages enabling

ingestion of the cuticle of prey larvae.

Waterhouse and Lyell (1914) described L. b. melania based on 3 dark

males from the Northern Territory but it is now known that there is no

geographical basis to this colour form. Examination of more specimens from

summer generations may indicate if there is any seasonal basis to this melanic

colouration.

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank Mr H. Bosworth for providing access to his orchard

and Mr G. Jones for assistance with photography.

References

Chapman, T. A., 1902. On the larva of Liphyra brassolis Westw. Entomologist 35:

252-255.

Common, I. F. B. and Waterhouse, D. F., 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Revised edition.

Angus and Robertson, Sydney. 682 pp.

Dodd, F. P., 1902. Contribution to the life-history of Liphyra brassolis, Westw.

Entomologist 35: 153-156.

Dodd, F. P., 1903. The young larva of Liphyra brassolis, Westw. Entomologist 36:

211-212.

Lokkers, C., 1982. Behavioural ecology of the green tree ant Oecophylla smaragdina

ocrescens (F.) in Townsville, north Queensland. Unpublished BSc (Hons)

thesis, James Cook University, Townsville.

Waterhouse, G. A., 1932. What butterfly is that? Angus and Robertson, Sydney. 291 pp.

Waterhouse, G. A. and Lyell, G., 1914. The butterflies of Australia. Angus and Robert-

son, Sydney. 239 pp.

Aust. ent. Mag. 13(1, 2), April, 1986 27

STUDIES ON THE MIGRATION OF DANAUS PLEXIPPUS (L.)

(LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE) IN THE SYDNEY AREA

By David G. James

Biological and Chemical Research Institute, N.S.W. Department of Agriculture

P.M.B. 10, Rydalmere, N.S.W. 2116.

Abstract

Field data on migration of Danaus plexippus (L.) in the Sydney area are presented.

Autumn migration is predominantly coastward, with butterflies following northerly,

north-easterly, easterly and south-easterly flight paths. Limited data indicate the possib-

ility of return southerly migration following dispersal of overwintering colonies.

Introduction

In North America wanderer butterflies, Danaus plexippus (L.) vacate

summer breeding grounds during autumn and migrate south-south westwards

to overwintering areas in California and Mexico (Urquhart and Urquhart

1977, 1978). During spring, the butterflies begin a north-north easterly return

migration repopulating the summer breeding areas with individuals that may

have travelled up to 6000 km (Urquhart and Urquhart 1979). In 1963 the

Australian Museum in Sydney with the assistance of field cooperators, began

a tagging programme to investigate D plexippus migration in eastern Australia.

To date no large scale directional movements have been discovered, although

a unidirectional flight was observed in April 1963 south of Sydney close to

overwintering sites (Smithers 1965). A summer extension and winter contract-

ion of range does occur in eastern Australia (Smithers 1977), but the

importance of long distance migration is unknown. A D. plexippus tagging

project in New Zealand gave no indication of seasonal long distance move-

ment or migration although some long flights were recorded (Wise 1980).

Data from earlier studies strongly indicate that autumn migration to

overwintering sites is a feature of D. plexippus biology in New South Wales

(Smithers 1965, 1977; James 1982, 1983, 1984a, b, c). However, information

on the extent and orientation of migration is lacking. Evidence for post-

overwintering migration is scanty although a northerly movement has been

reported (Common and Waterhouse 1981). This paper presents intormation

on migratory and non-migratory movements of D. plexippus 1n New South

Wales. Field observations of migration are reported together with data on

dispersal of butterflies from migratory and overwintering colonies. Information

on orientation of migrants and non-migrants is also presented.

Methods

Migrating D. plexippus observed during 1981-84 were recorded together

with information on location, time, direction of flight and weather. Migrating

D. plexippus are characterised by purposeful and sustained leisurely flight,

often within a few metres of the ground (Urquhart 1960). A single direction

is maintained with flight continuing over obstacles, such as trees and buildings,

28 Aust. ent. Мад. 13(1, 2), April, 1986

rather than around them. When captured and released, migrants return to

their original course. This contrasts sharply with the flight shown by non-

migrants which is often of a rapid flapping nature. When confronted by

obstacles, or released after capture, non-migrants invariably deviate from their

original course. |

During 1980-82 butterflies were tagged at migratory or over-wintering

cluster sites as described elsewhere (James 1982, 1984b, c). Inclusion ofa

telephone number on tags enabled retrieval of information on movement after

leaving cluster sites.

TABLE 1

Field observations of migrating D. plexippus in the Sydney area 1981-84.

Date Location Direction Weather Remarks

1981

12.iv Watsons Bay E sunny 22C, E wind 1 heading seawards

13.iv Vineyard NE o’cast 25C, W wind 2,5 min. apart

25.iv- Freemans Rch. NE sunny 22C, W wind 1

20.viii Rydalmere S sunny 21C, calm 1 post-cluster

21.viii ^ Rydalmere S sunny 19C, calm 1 post-cluster

22.viii Windsor 5 sunny 17C, calm 1 post-cluster

1982

12.iv Freemans Rch. NE sunny 23C, NW wind 1

14. iv Cobbity NE sunny 26C, calm 1

24.iv Luddenham NE sunny 28C, calm 1

26.iv Campbelltown NE sunny 20C, calm 6, 2 min. apart

26.iv Bulli NE sunny 22C, E wind 1

26.iv N Wollongong NE sunny 22C, E wind 2, 5 min. apart

26.iv Currans Hill NE sunny 23C, SW wind 2, 5 min. apart

1983

8.v Glossodia N sunny 24C, NW wind 1

1984

29.ii Regentville NE sunny 22C, S wind 1

1.iii Faulconbridge N sunny 18C, S wind 1

6.iii Parramatta N sunny 24C, NE wind 1

6 iii Toongabbie SE sunny 24C, NE wind 1

7 Aii Emu Plains E sunny 24C, NE wind 1

14.iii Blacktown N sunny 21C, W wind 1

14.iii Blacktown sunny 21C, W wind 1

15.iii Ryde N sunny 24C, SW wind 1

21 .iii Picton N o'cast 20C, S wind 2, 5 min. apart

23.iii St. Marys NE o'cast 23C, SE wind 2, 5 min. apart

25.iii Castle Hill NE o’cast:20C, NE wind 1

6.iv Faulconbridge E sunny 17C, NE wind 1

7.іу Camden NE sunny 24C, calm 6, 10 min. apart

7.iv Cobbity N o'cast 21C, calm 1

21.iv Merrylands E sunny 19C, NW wind 1

27.iv Rydalmere E sunny 18C, W wind 1

4.v Toongabbie E o’cast 18C, calm 1

Aust. ent. Мад. 13(1, 2), April, 1986 29

TABLE 2

Data on movement of D. plexippus after leaving cluster sites

3 Recapture Direction

Tagging Cluster Betan and and distance Remarks

date from cluster

12.iv.81 Picton The Oaks 10 km N Autumn

20.iv.81 northerly

12.iv.81 Picton Werombi 15 km N migration.

2.v.81 Picton cluster

2.v.82 Camden Menangle Park 7 km N 1981 & Wallacia/

26.vi.82 Camden clusters

23.v.82 Camden Camden ]kmN 1982 were

9.vi.82 migratory during

25.v.82 Wallacia Wallacia 3.5 km N ‘April/May (James

13.vi.82 1982,1984a, b)

25.17.82 Camden Picton 10 km SW e.

21.vii.82 Mid-winter

9.v.82 Camden Yerrinbool 35 km SSW post-cluster

9.vii.82 return

6.vi.82 Camden Tahmoor 15 km SSW migration

17.vii.82

An earlier study reported data on the extent of movement shown by

mass-released reproductive (non-migrant) and non-reproductive (migrant) D.

plexippus (James 1983). Data on flight orientation on butterflies in this study

are presented here.

Results

Field observation of migrating D. plexippus

Observations on migrating D. plexippus are summarised in Table 1.

Twenty eight of the 31 observations occurred in autumn and were of

butterflies flying in an easterly, northerly, or most commonly, north-easterly

direction. The remaining three observations of butterflies flying southward,

occurred in late winter and were possibly post-cluster movements. Most

observations occurred during warm, sunny weather with little or no wind.

Butterflies were often observed flying into light headwinds.

Movement of D. plexippus after leaving cluster sites

Information obtained on the movement of D. plexippus after leaving

cluster sites is shown in Table 2. Only eight of more than 3,500 butterflies

tagged in clusters during 1980-82 were subsequently recaptured away from

the sites, Three tagged in the 1982 Camden overwintering colony were

recaptured 10-35 km south west of the site, after the colony had broken up.

Five butterflies tagged in autumn migratory colonies were recaptured 1-15 km

northward before the dispersal of overwintering clusters.

30 Aust. ent. Mag. 13(1, 2), April, 1986

Flight orientation of migrant and non-migrant D. plexippus i

Data on flight orientation of 55 non-migrants and 103 migrants

recaptured after autumn release and presented as percentages of butterflies

recovered in the four major compass sectors are shown in Fig. 1. The few

butterflies that flew true north, south, east or west were equally divided

between adjacent sectors. Non-migrants radiated relatively evenly from a

central point while migrants showed a clear preference for easterly flight

orientation.

а) b)

NW NE

50v 96

MOS N

W. E

SW SE

Fig.1. Orientation of migrant (a) and non-migrant (b) D. plexippus. Data represents

percentages of recaptures máde in north-east, north-west, south-east and south-

west sectors after autumn mass releases.

Discussion ;

The data presented here, although limited. are consistent in indicating

that a coastward migration of non-reproductive D. plexippus occurs during

autumn in New South Wales as suggested by earlier studies (Smithers 1965,

1977; James 1982, 1983). Observations suggest that a northerly or north-

easterly direction is most often taken, while the orientation data indicate

major north-east and south-east movement. Some evidence for a return

south-westward migration, following the break-up of overwintering colonies,

was obtained from field observations and the recapture of butterflies tagged

in winter clusters.

The relatively small populations of D. plexippus in New South Wales

makes autumn migrants less noticeable than they are in North America

(Urquhart 1960). However, the large population in autumn 1982 resulted in

an abundance of migrants in south-western areas of the Sydney basin, with

many found dead on the roads. Most migrants flew alone, although on a

number of occasions some were following the same route, a few minutes

apart. The majority of migrants followed a north-easterly course. The data on

flight orientation of autumn released non-reproductive D. plexippus also

Aust. ent. Mag. 13(1, 2), April, 1986 31

indicate a substantial coastward movement. North easterly movement was

also shown by nine migrants recaptured at distances of 10-380 km after

release near Canberra (James 1983). In contrast reproductive butterflies show

no preference in tlight orientation.

Only three of more than 3,500 butterflies tagged at cluster sites were

recovered after overwintering colonies had dispersed. These three showed

south-westerly movement of 10-35 km, which is considered to have represent-

ed a return migration. If there is a strong south to south-west post cluster

movement, it would result in butterflies entering relatively sparsely populated

tableland areas thus greatly limiting the probability of recapture. The direct

observations of three butterflies migrating southwards in August 1981 provides

further evidence of a return southerly movement.

These results, together with earlier data (James 1982, 1984b) demon-

strate that a regular north to north-east migration of D. plexippus occurs

during autumn in New South Wales. This results in the withdrawal of

butterflies from southern and western areas of New South Wales, and their

accumulation in milder coastal areas where overwintering colonies are formed.

From limited data, it is postulated that some return southerly movement

occurs in mid-late winter when clusters disperse.

References

Common, I. F. B. and Waterhouse, D. F., 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Revised edition.

Angus and Robertson, Sydney. Pp. i-xiv, 1-682, illustr.

James, D. G., 1982. A transient non-breeding population of Danaus plexippus (L.)

(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) near Picton, New South Wales. Aust. ent. Mag.

8: 96-99.

James, D. G., 1983. Induction of reproductive dormancy in Australian monarch butter-

flies, Danaus plexippus. Aust. J. Zool. 31: 497-504.

James, D. G., 1984a. Phenology of weight, moisture and energy reserves of Australian

monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus. Ecol. Ent. 9:

James, D. G., 1984b. Migration and clustering phenology of Danaus plexippus (L.)

(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in Australia. J. Aust. ent. Soc. 23: 199-204.

James, D. G., 1984c. Population and general biology of non-reproductive colonies of the

monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) in New

South Wales. Aust. J. Zool. 32: 663-670.

Smithers, C. N., 1965. A note on overwintering in Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera:

Nymphalidae) in Australia. Aust. Zool, 13: 135-136.

Smithers, C. N., 1977. Seasonal distribution and breeding status of Danaus plexippus (L)

(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in Australia. J. Aust. ent. Soc. 16: 175-184.

Urquhart, F. A. and Urquhart, N. R., 1977. Overwintering areas and migratory routes of

the monarch butterfly (Danaus p. plexippus, Lepidoptera: Danaidae) in North

America, with special reference to the western population. Can. Ent. 109:

1583-1589.

Urquhart, F. A. and Urquhart, N. R., 1978. Autumnal migration routes of the eastern

population of the monarch butterfly (Danaus p. plexippus L., Danaidae:

Lepidoptera) in North America to the overwintering site in the Neovolcanic

Plateau of Mexico. Can. J. Zool. 56: 1754-1764.

Urquhart, F. A. and Urquhart, N. R., 1979. Vernal migration of the monarch butterfly

(Danaus p. plexippus, Lepidoptera: Danaidae) in North America from the

overwintering site in the Neovolcanic Plateau of Mexico. Сап. Ent. 111: 15-18.

32 Aust. ent. Mag. 13(1, 2), April, 1986

BOOK REVIEWS

The leafhoppers and planthoppers edited by L. R. Nault and J. C. Rodriguez.

September 1985. 500 pp., illustr. John Wiley & Sons. Distributed in

Australia by Jacaranda Wiley, Brisbane. Price $137.90.

This book contains a wealth of information and is the culmination of

contributions to a symposium held in honour of Dwight M. De Long by the

Entomological Society of America. The Preface states “Our intent was to

produce a book that would not only serve to introduce the subject matter

to the student or investigator about to study leafhoppers and planthoppers for

the first time, but would also be useful to specialists already in the field. The

systematics and morphology of these homopterans are discussed and keys to

the most economically important groups are included with illustrations.

Internal morphology, sensory mechanisms of feeding, nutrition and symbiosis,

acoustic communication, host plant resistance, transmission of plant patho-

gens . . . are among the important topics discussed." These aims have been

achieved admirably. Twenty-four authors, all prominent workers in their

field, have written the 19 comprehensive, review-like chapters. The scope of

the text is broad and I have no doubt it would contain something of special

interest to every reader. Each chapter is accompanied by an extensive list

of primary literature references concerning the chapter topic. There is no

wasted space throughout the 500 pages of this book, it is written in an easy

to understand style, is adequately illustrated and I found no typographical

errors. While I am a homopterist I do not work on either leafhoppers or

planthoppers; nevertheless I found this book of considerable interest and a

valuable reference. Despite the price I have no hesitation in recommending

The leafhoppers and planthoppers to others and believe it should be in the

library of every teaching and research institution concerned with entomolog-

ical investigation.

Max MOULDS

A guide to the genera of beetles of South Australia. Part 4. By E.G. Matthews.

1985. 68 pp., illustr. South Australian Museum, Adelaide. Price $10.50.

This may well be the most popular of the four parts of this series so far

published. It contains, in addition to 15 other families, the Buprestidae or

jewel beetles which are popular amongst amateur coleopterists and naturalists.

There are three colour plates of jewel beetles in addition to the many black

and white beetle figures which are included in all parts; in this part there are

108 such figures. The illustrated keys of Part 4 fill 28 pages, the beetle

illustrations another 22 pages and the text discussing families another 11.

The four parts of this work now form a valuable and comprehensive reference

to the South Australian beetle fauna. I am sure all interested in this field will

find Part 4 particularly useful and like many others I look forward to Part 5.

C. HOLMES

Aust. ent. Mag. 13(1, 2), April, 1986 33

SOME NEW RECORDS OF PSOCOPTERA FROM

NORFOLK AND PHILLIP ISLANDS

By C. N. Smithers

The Australian: Museum, College Street, Sydney.

Abstract

Cerobasis questfalicus, Lepinotus patruelis and Propsocus pulchripennis are record-

ed for the first time from the Norfolk-Phillip Island group. Eight species are recorded

for the first time from Phillip and one from Norfolk Island. Eleven of the total of

nineteen species appear to be endemic to the islands.

Introduction

Work on the insects of Norfolk Island and nearby Phillip Island has

increased in recent years largely due to interest in the conservation of the

fauna of these now very different islands. Smithers and Thornton (1974)

gave an account of the Psocoptera which included fourteen species from

Norfolk one of which was also recorded from Phillip. Smithers (1980)

recorded another from Phillip and later (Smithers, 1981) provided a summary

of records which included sixteen species, one of which was found on both

islands and one of which was still known only from Phillip.

A recent collection of nearly 600 specimens, now in the Australian

National Insect Collection includes three additional species. Table 1 gives a

summary of the known occurrence of species on the islands. In the table the

"endemic" column includes species which have not yet been recorded from

anywhere other than Norfolk and/or Phillip Island.

Comments

Of the nineteen species listed sixteen are known from Norfolk and ten

from Phillip. Nine are known from Norfolk but not from Phillip and three

are known from Phillip but not Norfolk. Brief comments on habitat prefer-

ences were made by Smithers (1981). Little need be added other than to

mention that C. questfalicus, L. patruelis and P. pulchripennis are probably

all litter inhabitants on the islands.

The extent of collections made between 1968 and 1984 make it unlikely

that many more species will be found on the islands.

Material of species previously unrecorded from Norfolk and Phillip Islands

TROGIIDAE

Cerobasis questfalicus (Kolbe). 3 9, 1 nymph, Phillip Island, Upper Long Valley, 26.iii-

2.iv.1984, J. E. Feehan.

Lepinotus patruelis Pearman. 1 д, 1 9, Norfolk Island, Broken Pine Track, N.LN.P.,

15.xi.1984, L. Hill. 1 9, Norfolk Island, Rocky Point Reserve, 14.xi.1984, L. Hill.

ELIPSOCIDAE

Propsocus pulchripennis (Perkins). 2 д, 1 9, Phillip Island, Moo-oo Beach, 20-24.xi.1984,

T. A. Weir. 1 9, Phillip Island, Upper Long Valley, 20-24.xi.1984, T. A. Weir.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank the several collectors who contributed the material studied

for this paper and Ms J. Cardale for making it available to me from the A.N.I.C.

Aust. ent. Mag. 13(1, 2), April, 1986

TABLE 1 3.

Summary of Psocoptera records for Norfolk and Phillip Islands.

Norfolk Island Phillip Island TP.

е Present ndemic

Previously Ed Previously jp, ANIC

recordea material recorded materiai

ی ت لس‎ ————————

LEPIDOPSOCIDAE

Pteroxanium ralstonae x x х

Pteroxanium evansi x x x x

Pteroxanium insularum x x x x

Lepolepis graemei x x x x

TROGIIDAE

* Cerobasis guestfalicus E

* Lepinotus patruelis x

CAECILIIDAE

Caecilius pacificus x x x м

Caecilius insulatus x x

ECTOPSOCIDAE

Ectopsocus briggsi x x

Ectopsocus insularis x x x х

Ectopsocus inornatus x x x

Ectopsocus richardsi x

PERIPSOCIDAE

Peripsocus milleri x х х

Peripsocus norfolkensis x x х x

PSEUDOCAECILIIDA E

Heterocaecilius variabilis x x №

PHILOTARSIDAE

Haplophallus emmus x x x

ELIPSOCIDAE

* Propsocus pulchripennis x

PSOCIDAE

Blaste lignicola x x

MYOPSOCIDAE

Myopsocus australis x x

Totals 15 14 2 9

16 10 11

References

Smithers, C. N. and Thornton, I. W. B., 1974. The Psocoptera (Insecta) of Norfolk

Island. Rec. Aust. Миз. 29(8): 209-234.

Smithers, C. N., 1980. A redescription of Ectopsocus richardsi (Pearman) (Psocoptera:

Ectopsocidae) based on Australian material. Gen. appl. Ent. 12: 13-15.

Smithers, C. N., 1981. Synopsis of localities and key to the Psocoptera of Norfolk

Island. Aust. ent. Mag. 7(6): 85-88.

Aust. ent. Mag. 13(1, 2), April, 1986 35

BOOK REVIEW

Natural History of Eyre Peninsula edited by G. R. Twidale, M. J. Tyler and

M. Davies. Published 12th November, 1985. 229 pages, illustr. Royal

Society of South Australia (Inc.), Adelaide. Price $18.50

This book is the fourth in a series of regional natural histories of

South Australia published by the Royal Society of S.A. Like its predecessors

the standard of presentation and content is high. The authors of the eighteen

chapters are all recognised experts in their fields and the book is an authorit-

ative account of the natural history of the region. There are two chapters on

insects—Ch. 15, Distribution Patterns of Some Beetles by E. С. Matthews

and Ch. 16, Moths and Butterflies by P. B. McQuillan and R. H. Fisher.

Other chapters mainly concern other animal groups, vegetation, climate and

geology. It is a fascinating and informative text to be recommended to all

interested in the natural history of this region. However, it is slightly

disappointing to see that none of the reptile, fish and insect photographs are

in colour, as this greatly assists in the identification of species. South

Australian naturalists, in particular, are indeed fortunate to have this and the

other titles in the series available to them.

R. B. LACHLAN

AN ACCUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF

AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGY

Compiled by M. S. and B. J. Moulds

BAKER, G. L., BROWN, G. R. and PIGOTT, R.

1982. Dirhinus rufricornis (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Chalcidae: Dirhininae), a parasite

of Diptera, two of which are primary parasites of Orthoptera. Aust. ent. Mag.

9(2, 3): 27-32, text-figs 1-6.

BAKER, G. L. and PIGOTT, R.

1983. Parasitism of the Australian plague locust Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker)

(Orthoptera: Acrididae) by Prionyx saevus (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)

Aust. ent. Mag. 10(5): 67-74, text-figs 1-8.

BELLES, Xavier and LAWRENCE, John F..

1984. Ptinosphaerus, a new genus of Ptinidae (Coleoptera) from northern Queens-

land. Aust. ent. Mag. 11(2): 35-37, text-figs 1-5.

BROTHERS, Denis J.

1984. Gregarious parasitoidism in Australian Mutillidae (Hymenoptera). Aust. ent.

Mag. 11(1): 8-10.

BROWN, J. and BROWN, D.

1982. Three recent records of Hypolimnas misippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

from the north coast of New South Wales. Aust. ent. Mag. 9(4): 41.

CHAPMAN, R. C. and BALDERSON, J.

1984. Ovipositional behaviour of Sphodropoda tristis Saussare (Mantodea: Mantidae).

Aust. ent. Mag. 11(1): 5-7, 1 text-fig.

COLLESS, Donald H.

1981. Musca cassara Pont (Diptera: Muscidae): a first record for the Australian

mainland. Aust. ent. Mag. 8(2, 3): 23.

COLLINS, Leanne and SCOTT, John K.

1982. Interaction of ants, predators and the scale insect, Pulvinariella mesembryant-

hemi, on Carpobrotus edulis, an exotic plant naturalized in Western Australia.

Aust. ent. Mag. 8(5): 73-18, 2 tables.

36 Aust. ent. Mag. 13(1, 2), April, 1986

SMITHERS, C. N. and HOLLOWAY, G. A. —

1982. Aggregation of adults in two Australian species of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera).

Aust. ent. Mag. 9(1): 4-6, 1 text-fig.

STOREY, В. |. and LAMBKIN, T. A.

1983. Notes on the life history of Bindahara phocides yurgama Couchman (Lepid-

optera: Lycaenidae). Aust. ent. Mag. 10(2, 3): 35-38, text-figs 1-6.

TERAUDS, A., RAPLEY, P. R. L., WILLIAMS, M. A., IRESON, J. E., MILLER, L. A.,

BRIEZE-STEGEMAN, R. and McQUILLAN, P. B.

1983. Insect pest occurrences in Tasmania, 1981/82. Tasm. Dept. Agric. Insect Pest

Survey 15: [1-11], 1-31.

THEISCHINGER, Günther

1982. New and little known dinotoperline stoneflies from Australia (Insecta: Plec-

optera: Gripopterygidae). Mem. Qd Mus. 20(3): 489-525, text-figs 1A-27E.

1983. The adults of the Australian Megaloptera. Aquatic Insects 5(2): 77-98, text-

figs 1-108, 1 map.

1983. The genus Stenoperla McLachlan in Australia (Insecta: Plecoptera: Eusthen-

iidae). Aust. J. Zool. 31(4): 541-556, text-figs 1-60.

1984. New and little known stoneflies (Plecoptera: Gripopterygidae) from Queens-

land and Victoria. Aust. ent. Mag. 10(6): 93-98, text-figs 1-20.

THEISCHINGER, G. and WATSON, J. A. L.

1984. Larvae of Australian Gomphomacromiinae, and their bearing on the status of

the Synthemis group of genera (Odonata: Corduliidae). Aust. J. Zool. 32(1):

67-95, text-figs 1-99.

TOWNS, D. R.

1983. Terrestrial oviposition by two species of caddisfly in South Australia (Trich-

optera: Leptoceridae). J. Aust. ent. Soc. 22(2): 113-118, text-figs 1-5.

TURNBULL, I. Е. and HOWELLS, A. J.

1983. Integumental chitin synthase activity in cell-free extracts of larvae of the

Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, and two other species of Diptera.

Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 36(3): 251-262, text-figs 1-5.

WALLACE, M. M. H. and HOLM, E.

1983. Establishment and dispersal of the introduced predatory mite, Macrocheles

peregrinus Krantz, in Australia. J. Aust. ent. Soc. 22(4): 343-348, text-figs 1 & 2.

WATSON, J. A. L. and THEISCHINGER, G.

1984. The Australian Protoneurinae (Odonata). Aust. J. Zool. Suppl. Ser. 98: 1-51,

4 tables, text-figs 1-129.

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CONTENTS [ MAY? y

CANTRELL, B. K. Notes on the taxonomy and biólogy of species o

Parasarcophaga Johnston & Tiegs and Baranovisca Lopes (Diptera:

Sarcophagidae) associated with spiders in eastern "Australia Блоб. AL,

COMMON, I. F. B. A small portable light trap for collecting micros „е

Ё 98, б

lepidoptera ТЕТ" 15

JAMES, David G. Studies on the migration of Danaus plexippus (L.)

(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in the Sydney агеа............ 27

JOHNSON, S. J. and VALENTINE, P. S. Observations on Liphyra

brassolis Westwood (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in north Queens- .

Тапан Rn eiie vn ТУГЛА У etin em tue a 22:

NEW, T. R. Some early stages of Calochrysa Banks (Neuroptera,

Chrysopidae) ЧЫ А ЕРОТ ҮГЕТ ДЕ: 11

SMITHERS, С. N. Some new records of Psocoptera from Norfolk and

Phillip;Islands? Е ТАМ T ep Serene ren Sq: PR 33

WOOD, С. A. Some early stages of Charaxes latona Butler (Lepidoptera:

INymphalidaeGharaxinde)MER CERTI | Г 77 ne 20

BOOK REVIEWS—The leafhoppers and planthoppers — Natural history

of Eyre Peninsula — Beetles of South Australia, Part4 ...... 32,35

RECENT LITERATURE — An accumulative bibliography of Australian

entomology. Compiled by M.S.andB.J.Moulds........... 35

ЕМПОМОТОСТОАТЯМОШОЕБИ ТЕТЕ inside back cover

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VOLUME 13, PARTS 3, 4

JULY, 1986

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COVER

Illustrated by Andrew Atkins

Hesperilla mastersi mastersi Waterhouse, 1900 (9). This handsome

skipper is distributed from southern Queensland to eastern Victoria, where

it is restricted to temperate and subtropical rainforests and dense coastal

thickets on cliff slopes. Adults fly from September to March but probably

only have one generation each year. The semi-spherical eggs are laid singly

beneath young leaves of the foodplant, Gahnia melanocarpa that grows in

dark gullies. The brightly striped larvae and elongate pupae are found in

tube-shaped leaf shelters within the foodplant and attached debris.

Published by

AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL PRESS

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N.S.W. 2065, Australia.

Phone: 4323972

Printed by

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Australian Entomological;

Magazine;

Aust. ent. Mag. ү 1 (JUL 1986

Volume 13, Parts 3, 4

аа;

July; 1986

THE HAWK MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA: SPHINGIDAE) OF

CHRISTMAS ISLAND, INDIAN OCEAN

By M. S. Moulds

Research Associate, Australian Museum, 6-8 College St, Sydney, N.S.W. 2000

Abstract

Details are recorded from three collections of hawk moths from Christmas Island

previously unstudied. The known species from the island are listed and two species,

Macroglossum prometheus Boisduval and Hippotion depictum Dupont are recorded for

the first time.

Introduction

Christmas Island, Indian Ocean, lies some 360 km south of the Indon-

esian island of Java and 1400 km from Western Australia. It is isolated from

other landmasses and although small (approximately 137 sq km), is covered

for the most part in lush tropical rainforest ideally suited to hawk moths.

Although Ridley (1891) briefly records a “Sphingida, sp.” the first

specific listing of hawk moths is that of Hampson (1900) who records five

species. Tweedie (1933) reports on taking three of the species listed by

Hampson and later Pendlebury (1947) records two additional species making

a total of seven species known from the Island. There has been no further

mention of Christmas Island hawk moths by any author.

Recently the island was visited by Mr Robert B. Lachlan (RBL) who

collected many insects including a number of hawk moths which he kindly

allowed me to study. Additional material is also now available in the collect-

jons of the Australian National Insect Collection (ANIC) and Western

Australian Museum (WAM). From all this material I summarise below the

hawk moths now known from Christmas Island including two previously

unrecorded species, Macroglossum prometheus Boisduval and Hippotion

depictum Dupont.

List of species

Agrius convolvuli (L.)

Material examined.—1 9, Christmas Is., 29.1.1985, R. B. Lachlan (RBL). 2 6d, Settlement,

5, 15.x.1964, Т. G. Campbell; 1 9, Settlement, 25.x.1964, Mr Maxwell (ANIC).

38 Aust. ent. Mag. 13(3, 4), July, 1986

There are records for January, March, April and October but reported by Pend-

lebury (1947) as “fairly common all through the year".

Psilogramma menephron menephron (Cramer)

Material examined.—4 99, Christmas Is., 21,23,25.1.1985, К. B. Lachlan (RBL, MSM).

1 G, Settlement, 25.x.1964, T. G. Campbell (ANIC).

There are records for October, December and January. Listed by Hampson (1900)

as Pseudosphinx discistriga Walker.

Cephonodes picus picus (Cramer)

Material examined.—1 9, Blowhole, 29.vi.1961, G. F. Mees, WAM Reg. No. 85/1123; 1 d,

? Christmas Island, WAM Reg. No. 85/1124 (WAM). 4 GG, 1 9, Christmas Is., 12,13.1.1985,

К.В. Lachlan (RBL, MSM). 8 GG, 7 99, Settlement, 2-25.x.1964, T. С. Campbell (ANIC).

Recorded by all previous authors. Pendlebury (1947) adds that it is *common

in open spaces through the dry weather”. There are records for Sep.-March, May.

Listed by Hampson (1900) as C. hylas (L.). C. picus is clearly distinguished by the

spines present at the bases of the fore tibia which are absent in C. hylas.

Gnathothlibus erotus erotus (Cramer)

Material examined.—1 5, 1 9, Silver City, 6.ix.1969 and 3.x.1969, S. Slack-Smith and

A. Paterson, WAM Reg. Nos 77/216 and 85/1122 (WAM). 3 GG, 2 99, Christmas Is.,

16,20,25,29.1.1985, К. B. Lachlan (RBL, MSM). 1 9, Settlement, 15.x.1964, К. Ashley;

1 9, Settlement, 13.x.1964, D. Cougle; 1 9, Settlement, 12.x.1964, T. G. Campbell

(ANIC).

А common species recorded for July to January, March and May.

Daphnis placida placida (Walker)

Material examined.—1 d, Settlement, 2.x.1964, T. G. Campbell (ANIC).

Previously recorded only by Pendlebury (1947). Specimens have been taken

during October, January and March.

Macroglossum prometheus prometheus Boisduval

Material examined.—1 9, ? Christmas Island, WAM Reg. No. 77/218 (WAM).

Previously unrecorded from Christmas Island. The WAM specimen which matches

perfectly the specimen figured in Bell and Scott (1937) bears a question mark on its

locality label but most likely did come from the Island. This is a common species in Java

(Dupont and Roepke 1941) but a rarity in Australia where it is known only from

subspecies lineatum Lucas occurring in the extreme north east of Northern Territory

and north-eastern Queensland (Moulds 1985).

Hippotion velox (Fabricius)

Material examined.—2 dd, Flying Fish Cove, 27.vi.1961 and 7.vii.1961, С. Е. Mees,

WAM Reg. Nos 77/209 and 77/210 (WAM). 2 dd, 1 9, Christmas Is., 23,25.1.1985, R.

B. Lachlan (RBL, MSM). 4 dd, 1 9, Settlement, 5-19.x.1964, Т. С. Campbell; 1 d,

Settlement, 21.x.1964, D. Powell (ANIC).

There are records for all months from June to April. Recorded by all previous

authors; listed by Hampson (1900) as Chaerocampa vigil (Guér.).

Hippotion depictum Dupont

Material examined.—2 dd, 6 99, Christmas Is., 16,24,26,29,30,31.1.1985, R. B. Lachlan

(RBL, MSM). 1 д, 2 km WSW of Waddle Hill, x.1964, L. Hill (ANIC).

Previously unrecorded from Christmas Island.

Aust. ent. Mag. 13(3, 4), July, 1986 39

Theretra latreillei lucasii (Walker)

Material examined.—2 dd, Christmas Is., 27,29.1.1985, К. B. Lachlan (RBL).

Hampson (1900) and Pendlebury (1947) record a single specimen each taken in

December and May respectively.

Discussion

The sphingid fauna of Christmas Island is clearly allied to that of Java

rather than to Australia. All species so far known from Christmas Island

are abundant in Java (cf. Dupont and Roepke 1941) while only A. convolvuli

occurs in Western Australia.

I would expect the sphingid fauna of Christmas Island to be consider-

ably larger than that now known. The food plants, or plants closely related,

of many Javanese hawk moths occur on the island (compare plant list of

Ridley 1906, with Dupont and Roepke 1941) and it would not be unreason-

able to expect the associated hawk moths. Further collecting during, and

immediately after, the wet season should not only add to the list of known

species but should also reveal the larval food plants used by these moths on

Christmas Island. For the benefit of intending collectors I provide below a

key to last instar larvae of the species known from Christmas Island compiled

from a study of exotic material.

Key to last instar larvae

It should be noted that the colour of larvae of a given species can

often show considerable variation, both in the arrangement of markings

and in ground colour. For most species two principle colour forms occur,

a predominantly green form and a predominantly black (sometimes brown)

form.

l. Abdominal segment 1 (and often other abdominal segments with a

subdorsal “eye spot" (dorsal to spiracle) .................. 2

— Abdominal segment 1 without an “eye spot" (not to be confused with

a spot that may surround spiracle)

2. "Eye spot" on abdominal segment 1 similar in size and colour to “еуе

spot" on at least two other segments .... Gnathothlibus erotus erotus

— “Буе spot’ on abdominal segment 1 unique, clearly of different pigment-

ation from any other abdominal “eye spot" that may be present. ... 3

— “Буе spot” on abdominal segment 1 without red pigmentation .... 4

4. Caudal horn curved forwards, long (about equal to body diameter);

"eye spot" on abdominal segment 1 only, the other segments clearly

withoutiseyelspotsuP ИИ ЛГ ККК Hippotion velox

— Caudal horn straight or nearly so, short (less than half body diameter);

subdorsal “eye spots" or blotches on abdominal segments 1-7, those

on segments 2-7 similar but clearly different from that on segment 1. . .

ar neret reali вою ове 5-5 B3 Hippotion depictum

40 Aust. ent. Mag. 13(3, 4), July, 1986

55 sCaudalfhorntcurvedibackwardsm e c EET snl settee ethane en eee 6

— Caudal horn either straight, almost straight, or gently curved in a

shallow4iS ^T Ages MORE OTT Py КЛОН quens 7

6. Head with each cheek bearing at least one distinct, dark, vertical

ресе иаа Лр E pata Agrius convolvuli

— Head of uniform colour without vertical stripes ...............

Daphnis placida placida

7. Dorsal shield (immediately behind head) as a distinct sclerotised plate,

slightly raised, clearly visible to naked eye and coarsely granulated with

short blunt spine-like tubercles that are clearly vivible to naked eye;

thoracic segments smooth, without tubercles . . Cephonodes picus picus

— Мої with above combination of characters................. 8

8. Large larva (up to 90 mm long); always greenish in colour (never brown

or black) with whitish oblique lateral stripes on abdominal segments;

caudal horn coarsely granulated by spine-like tubercles, some much larger

than others and clearly visible to naked eye..................

ve s E Arend, e OVE, qr p Psilogramma menephron menephron

— Small larva (up to 45 mm); either green, brown or black and always

without oblique lateral stripes on abdominal segments; caudal horn

finely granulated to naked eye, the tubercles all of similar size. ..... .

‚ТЕ, SOU Paina He t TE S У Macroglossum prometheus prometheus

Acknowledgements

I am especially grateful to Mr Robert Lachlan for allowing me to study his private

collection and for his gift of duplicate specimens. Dr E. S. Neilson and Mr E. D. Edwards

(ANIC) and Dr T. F. Houston (WAM) kindly loaned me material from collections in

their care.

References

Bell, T. К. D. and Scott, Е. B., 1937. Moths. Sphingidae. In: The fauna of British India

including Ceylon and Burma. Vol. 5. Taylor and Francis, London. 537 pp.,

15 pls. [Facsimilie reprint, 1976, Today and Tomorrow's, New Delhi.]

Dupont, F. and Roepke, W., 1941. Heterocera Javanica. Fam. Sphingidae hawk moths.

Nederl. Akad. v. Wet., Verk. Tweede Sectie, 40(1): 1-104, pls 1-23.

Hampson, George F., 1900. Lepidoptera Phalaenae. In: Andrews, C. W., A monograph

of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean). British Museum, London. Pp. 63-74, pl. IX,

figs 1-7, 9-15.

Moulds, M. S., 1985. A review of the Australian hawk moths of the genus Macroglossum

Scopoli (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Aust. ent. Mag. 12(5): 81-105.

Pendlebury, H. M., 1947. Lepidoptera (Heterocera). Bull. Raffles Mus. 18: 58-73.

Ridley, H. N., 1891. A day at Christmas Island. J. Straits Brch R. Asiat. Soc. 23: 123-140.

Ridley, H. N., 1906. An expedition to Christmas Island. J. Straits Brch R. Asiat. Soc.

45: 121-271.

Tweedie, M. W. F., 1933. Some insects from Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. Bull.

Raffles Mus. 8: 98-100.

Aust. ent. Mag. 13(3, 4), July, 1986 41

A NEW SPECIES OF L/ODROSOPH/LA DUDA

(DIPTERA: DROSOPHILIDAE)

By I. R. Bock

Department of Genetics and Human Variation, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic. 3083

Abstract

Liodrosophila macera sp. nov. is described from north Queensland.

Introduction

The genus Liodrosophila Duda contains about 50 species, largely of

Oriental and Australian (New Guinea, north Queensland) distribution. The

species are typically small dark flies with metallic colorations on the front

and mesonotum; the scutellum is typically velvety black. A full diagnosis is

given in Bock (1982), with notes on the five known Australian species.

A single specimen recently received from the Australian National Insect

Collection (ANIC), С.5.1.К.О. Division of Entomology, Canberra, represents

a species hitherto unknown from Australia and not referable to any other

described species. The specimen is missing a few macrochaetae, but is very

distinctive and easily sepaiable from other known species. It is described

below in the form used previously for Australian Drosophilidae (Bock 1982).

Liodrosophila macera n. sp.

Type.—Holotype 9, 15: 17S 145: 13E 1 km N of Rounded Hill, Qld. (south road side

track), 7.x.1980, D. H. Colless (ANIC).

Distinguishing features.—Arista fan-like; body slender; wing with pattern of

pale spots against darker background; head and thorax with reduced setation

as described below.

Body length.—2.5 mm.

Head.—Arista very large, with 7 long apically curved rays above and 2 straight

rays below plus small terminal fork, rays long basally progressively shortening

apically. Front 1.3 times broader than long, glassy blackish brown with

metallic tinge (except for dull narrow band on each side characteristic of

genus), smoothly rounded on to occiput. 2nd and 3rd antennal segments

dusky. Carina very prominent, rather noselike but almost squared at lateral

and ventral margins. Face glassy. Palp small, dusky tan, with apical bristle.

Cheek linear. Eye with trace only of fine pile; greatest diameter of eye

oblique. Single orbital bristle only present, slightly reclinate. Ocellar bristles

large. Postverticals absent. Single vertical bristle only present.

Thorax.—Mesonotum blackish brown, glassy with metallic tinge, very finely

punctate, with patch of very fine whitish scales posteriorly between dorso-

central bristles tapering anteriorly towards mid-line. Two weak rows of

acrostichal hairs present in extended lines of single pair of large dorsocentral

bristles. Scutellum velvety black; posterior bristles broken off but clearly

large; anterior scutellars very short and fine, almost vestigial, close to posterior

42 Aust. ent. Mag. 13(3, 4), July, 1986

Fig. 1. L. macera, wing.

bristles. Pleura glassy blackish brown with strong violet metallic tinge, with

single large sternopleural bristle. Haltere pale tan with anterior darkening.

Legs largely pale tan, darker apically on femora and on tibiae; fore-femur

darker brown; fore-tibia almost black.

Wing. (Fig. 1)—Slender, weakly brownish with pattern of pale spots, especially

3 large spots between 2nd and 3rd longitudinal veins, single spot between

3rd and 4th veins at level of posterior crossvein, and adjacent spot about

latter. Anal vein absent. C-index 2.3; 4V-index 2.5; 5X-index 1.9; M-index

0.6. Heavy setation on costa weak, on 3rd costal section on basal ca 0.5.

Length 2.0 mm.

Abdomen.—Tergite 1 tan anteriorly, black posteriorly. Remainder of abdomen

shiny black.

Female genitalia.—Egg guide strong, apically pointed with a few small teeth.

Relationships.—This species most closely resembles L. formiciformes Bock,

also known from north Queensland, especially in possessing a fan-like arista,

a large carina, similar body (including eye) with wing shapes, and similar

coloration (although the fore-leg in formiciformes is paler). L. macera differs

from formiciformes in possessing a smooth front and face, only 1 pair of

dorsocentral bristles, large ocellar bristles and a patterned wing (front and

face finely punctate, 2 pairs of dorsocentral bristles, minute ocellars and clear

wing in formiciformes). There seems little doubt that the two species are

closely related. ;

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements are due to Dr D. H. Colless and Miss Z. Liepa of the

C.S.I.R.O. Division of Entomology for provision of the material.

Reference

Bock, I. R., 1982. Drosophilidae of Australia V. Remaining genera and synopsis. Aust.

J. Zool, Suppl. Ser. 89.

Aust. ent. Mag. 13(3, 4), July, 1986 43

NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF BUTTERFLIES FROM THE

ISLANDS OF THE GREAT BARRIER REEF, QUEENSLAND

By B. G. Duckworth and J. McLean

Australian Museum, 6-8 College Street, Sydney, N.S.W. 2000

c/- 13 Ware Avenue, The Causeway, MS 1, via Yeppoon, Qld 4703

The published records of butterflies from the Great Barrier Reef islands

are scattered. Lists have been compiled for Hinchinbrook Island (Reeves,

1978), North-West Island (Musgrave, 1926; Reeves, 1969), Heron Island

(Chadwick, 1963; Fletcher, 1973), Erskine Island (Reeves, 1971), Masthead

Island (Turner, 1934; Hacker, 1975) and Hoskyn Island (Reeves, 1973).

Casual records can be found in Banfield (1908; 191 1), Barrett & Burns (1951),

Borch (1926), Butcher (1937), Carpenter (1953), Common & Waterhouse

(1981), Heatwold er al. (1981), McNeill (1937), Peters (1969), Reeves (1979),

Smithers (1983), Stephenson, Stephenson and Tandy (1931), Waterhouse

(1932, 1934) and Waterhouse and Lyell (1914). From 1978-1984, one of us

(J.M.) collected butterflies from a number of Great Barrier Reef islands

including several for which there are apparently no records. These records are

summarized in Tables 1 and 2 together with a listing of those species

previously recorded.

The northern-most island on which McLean made his collections was

Lizard Island, north of Cooktown. South of Lizard Island, at least one island

from most of the island groups has been sampled. Islands were sometimes

visited more than once but seasonal samplings were not undertaken. The

southern-most island collected was Lady Musgrave Island.

In Tables 1 and 2, islands are listed in geographical groupings from north

to south. The species are named and the list arranged systematically as in

Common and Waterhouse (1981). Butterflies have been recorded from Great

Barrier Reef islands as far north as Stanley Island in the Flinders Group, NW

of Cape Melville. The islands of Torres Strait are not included in this paper.

No differentiation has been made between continental and coral cay islands.

The ecology of the different island types would have to be fully studied in

terms of host plant availability. This has not been undertaken at the present

time.

All specimens taken by McLean are housed in the Australian Museum.

It is hoped that this paper will encourage and assist other collectors to

publish their records from these and other islands to help fill the gaps in our

knowledge of island faunas.

Acknowledgement

We thank Dr C. №. Smithers and Mr M. S. Moulds for support and help

in the preparation of this paper.

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Aust. ent. Mag. 13(3, 4), July, 1986

References

Banfield, E. J., 1908. The confessions of a beachcomber. Unwin, London, 336 pp.

Banfield, E. J., 1911. My tropic isle. Unwin, London. 315 pp.

Barrett, C. L. and Burns, A. N., 1951. Butterflies of Australia and New Guinea.

N. H. Steward, Melbourne. 187 pp.

Borch, C. H., 1926. North Queensland swallowtails. Victorian Nat. 43(4): 125-126.

Butcher, A. D., 1937. Insecta. In Lady Julia Percy Island. Reports of the expedition of

the McCoy Society for field investigation and research. Proc. R. Soc. Vic.

49(2): 399-400.

Carpenter, G. D. H., 1953. The genus Euploea (Lep. Danaidea) in Micronesia, Melanesia,

Polynesia and Australia. A zoo-geographical study. Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond.

28(1): 1-184.

Chadwick, C. E., 1963. Some insects and terrestrial arthropods from Heron Island,

Queensland. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 87(2): 196-199.

Common, I. F. B. and Waterhouse, D. F., 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Angus and

Robertson, Sydney. 682 pp., 49 pl.

Fletcher, B. S., 1973. Observation on a movement of insects at Heron Island, Queensland.

J. Aust. ent. Soc. 12(2): 157-160.

Hacker, H., 1975. Insects on Masthead Island, May 1934. Qd Nat. 21(3-4): 65-66.

Heatwole, H., Done, T. and Cameron, E., 1981. Community ecology of a coral cay,

a study of One-Tree Island, Breat Barrier Reef, Australia. Monographicae

Biologicae 43. 379 pp.

McNeill, F. A., 1937. Notes on the gregarious resting habit of the danaine butterfly,

Danaus melissa hamata W. S. Macleay, in the Whitsunday Islands off the E.

coast of Queensland. Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 12(8-9): 108.

Musgrave, A., 1926. The biology of North-West Islet, Capricorn Group. (E). Insects.

Aust. Zool. 4(4): 241-246.

Peters, J. V., 1969. Notes on the distribution of Australian Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea

(Lepidoptera). Aust. Zool. 15(2): 178-184.

Reeves, D. M., 1969. Notes on some butterflies from North West Island, Capricorn

Group. Qd Nat. 19(4-6): 103-105.

Reeves, D. M., 1971. Notes on some butterflies from Erskine Island, Capricorn Group.

Qd Nat. 20(1-3): 54-55.

Reeves, D. M., 1973. Notes on some butterflies from Hoskyn Island, Bunker Group.

Qd Nat. 20(4-6): 118-120.

Reeves, D. M., 1978. Dragonflies and butterflies from Hinchinbrook Island. Qd Nat.

22(1-4): 50-51.

Reeves, D. M., 1979. Presidential address: An island love affair. Qd Nat. 22(5-6):

106-111.

Smithers, C. N., 1983. Migration records in Australia. 3. Danainae and Acraeinae

(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Aust. ent. Mag. 10(2, 3): 21-27.

Stephenson, T. A., Stephenson, A., and Tandy, G., 1931. The ecology of Low Isles.

Scient. Rep. Gt Barrier Reef Exped. 1928-29. 3(2): 35-68.

Turner, A. J., 1934. No title. (Notes on insects on Masthead Island, Qld.). Jn

Н. Hacker, in Exhibits. Minut. ent. Soc. Qd. June 1934, 20: 1-2.

Waterhouse, С. A., 1932. Notes on Australian Papilionidae Part 1. Papilio aegeus

Donovan. Descriptions of a new female form and two aberrations. Aust.

Zool. 7(3): 195-197, pl. 11.

Waterhouse, G. A., 1934. Australian Hesperiidae V. Notes and description of a new

form. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 59(5-6): 411-415.

Waterhouse, G. A. and Lyell, G., 1914. The butterflies of Australia. Angus and Rob-

ertson, Sydney. 239 pp., 42 pls.

Aust. ent. Mag. 13(3, 4), July, 1986 49

NEW SPECIES NAMES IN TIPULIDAE (DIPTERA).

By Pjotr Oosterbroek

Institute of Taxonomic Zoology (Zodlogical Museum), University of Amsterdam,

Platage Middenlaan 64, 1018 DH Amsterdam 1004, Netherlands

Abstract

Five new names for species of Tipulidae, one in Tipula, one in Nephrotoma, and

three in Limonia, are proposed to replace preoccupied names.

——— M — € ÓÓ—À

In preparing the Tipulidae part for the Catalogue of the Australian/Oceanian

Diptera, to be published by the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, a number of

species names turned out to be preoccupied. The new names proposed for these species

are as follows:

Tipula vanewrighti nom. nov. for Tipula lateralis Walker, 1848: 70, preoccupied by

Meigen, 1818: 174.

Named after Richard I. Vane-Wright in honour of his work on Holorusia and

related genera (Vane-Wright, 1967). This north-west Australian species was assigned to

Holorusia by Vane-Wright, but was provisionally placed in Tipula (Acutipula) by

Dobrotworsky, 1974.

Nephrotoma walkeri nom. nov. for Pachyrrhina tenuis Walker, 1865: 106, preoccupied

by Loew, 1863: 297.

The highest number of insect species, described by one man, Francis Walker, is

about 20,000. Large numbers of insect species were described as well by Maurice Pic

(c. 15,000), Edward Meyrick (c. 15,000), Charles P. Alexander (c. 11,000), Edmund

Reiter (c. 10,000), Johann C. Fabricius (9-10,000) and Thomas L. Casey (9-10,000).

Limonia (Dicranomyia) pictithorax ssp. veenmani nom. nov. for Dicranomyia pictithorax

ssp.argentifera Alexander, 1924: 565, preoccupied by de Meijere, 1911: 29.

Named after the Veenman word processor on which the Tipulidae part for the

above mentioned catalogue was written. {

Limonia (Discobola) milleri nom. nov. for Tipula fumipennis Hudson, 1892: 48, pre-

occupied by Butler, 1875: 355.

Named after David Miller for his work on New Zealand entomology.

Limonia (Libnotes) subfasciatula nom. nov. for Libnotes subfasciata Edwards, 1926:

137, preoccupied by Alexander, 1924: 563.

References

Alexander, C. P., 1924. New or little-known Tipulidae (Diptera). XXIII. Australasian

species. Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (9)13: 561-579.

Butler, A. G., 1875. Contributions to the Diptera of New Zealand. Cist. Ent. 1: 355-356.

Dobrotworsky, N. V., 1974. The Tipulidae (Diptera) of Australia. XI. The genera

Holo usia Loew, Tipula Linnaeus, Nephrotoma Meigen, Megistocera Wiede-

mann and Brachypremna Osten Sacken. Aust. J. Zool., Suppl. Ser. 25: 63-74.

Edwards, F. W., 1926. Fauna Buruana Diptera. Suborder Nematocera. Treubia 7: 134-

144.

Hudson, G. V., 1892. An elementary manual of New Zealand entomology. Being an

introduction to the study of our native insects. 128 pp. Newman, London.

Loew, H., 1863. Diptera Americae septentrionalis indigena. Centauria quarta. Berl, ent.

Z. 7: 275-326.

Meigen, J. W., 1818. Systematische Beschreibungen der bekannten europdischen zwei-

flügeligen Insekten. 1: xxxvi, 332 pp. Forstmann, Aachen.

50 Aust. ent. Mag. 13(3, 4), July, 1986

de Meijere, J. C. H., 1911. Studien über Südostasiatiache Dipteren. V. Tijdschr. Ent.

54: 21-79.

Vane-Wright, R. L, 1967. A re-assessment of the genera Holorusia Loew (7 Ctenacros-

celis Enderlein), Ischnotoma Skuse and Zelandotipula Alexander (Diptera:

Tipulidae) with notes on their phylogeny and biogeography. J. nat. Hist.

4: 511-547.

Walker, F., 1848. List of specimens of dipterous insects in the collection of the British

Museum. (part). 2: 231-484, 3: 485-687, 4: 688-1172. British Museum,

London. А н

Walker, F., 1865. Descriptions of new species of the dipterous insects of New Guinea.

J. Proc. Linn. Soc. Lond. 8: 102-130.

BOOK REVIEW

Biological Control in Agricultural IPM Systems edited by Marjorie A. Hoy and Donald

C. Herzog. Pub. August, 1985. 589 pages, case bound. Academic Press, Florida

and London. Price US$49.50.

Ever since the spectacular early successes of classical biological control of insect

pests and weeds the approach of augmenting or conserving natural enemies in agricultural

systems has been enthusiastically researched as a component of integrated pest manage-

ment (IPM) systems.

This book arose out of a symposium of the same name held at the Citrus Research

and Education Centre, University of Florida, June 4-6, 1984. Its aim was not simply to

discuss aspects of biological control but in the words of the editors to “scrutinise very

carefully the current status of biological control in our agricultural IPM systems . . .”.

The book is thus not simply a compendium of biological control research but attempts

to determine why, despite being viewed as a cornerstone of IPM, research on biological

control has so rarely been implemented.

In its 31 chapters the book provides an extensive overview of the current state of

biological control of arthropods, weeds, nematodes and plant pathogens in IPM systems

and of research techniques applicable to many aspects of the field. After a general

introduction (4 chapters) covering historical aspects of biological control, the current

status of IPM in agriculture and cost-benefit analyses, there are sections on biological

control of arthropods (14 chapters), weeds (2 chapters), plant pathogens (4 chapters)

and nematodes (1 chapter). Finally the current status and limits to biological control are

examined in five representative cropping systems; citrus, vineyards, alfalfa, cotton and

soybean. Despite this multitude of chapters and authors, the editors have done an

excellent job in limiting overlap in subject matter. Topics covered include: the inter-

action of biological control with resistant crop varieties and selective pesticides; improved

establishment, recognition of biotypes and genetic improvement of natural enemies;

estimating the abundance and impact of natural enemies and their incorporation into

crop/pest models. In addition some chapters provide critical analyses of current systems

based on augmentation of predators and parasites and cost-benefit analyses of IPM and

biological control programs in general. As well as providing comprehensive reviews of

particular areas each chapter lists specific recommendations for future research, develop-

ment and implementation of biological control systems.

Although the chapters are too numerous to summarise individually some high-

lights are an historical account by Huffaker in which he laments that “Тат more has been

said about the possibilities than about proven, large-scale commercial utilization" of

biological control systems. Herzog and Funderbunk provide an interesting discussion of

interaction between biological control and other elements of IPM systems such as

resistant plant cultivars and cultural practices. They point out that augmentation of

natural enemies may not always be compatible with strategies which alter the physical or

Aust. ent. Mag. 13(3, 4), July, 1986 51

chemical properties of the crop plant. King et al provide a thorough and critical

analysis of 8 systems based on the augmentation of predators and parasites. They

demonstrate that despite technical feasability, the economics of augmentative releases

are rarely addressed and often prove unacceptable relative to alternative systems based

on pesticides.

Overall the book provides a useful coverage of current research directions but

also emphasises the need for future funding, research and most importantly implement-

ation of biological control as a component of IPM systems. Although dealing exclusively

with US systems, the approaches and literature reviews should be of value to many

workers in this field and to entomologists with a general interest in pest dynamics and

control.

G. P. FITT

AN ACCUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF

AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGY

Compiled by M. S. and B. J. Moulds

ATTIA, Е. I., HAMILTON, J. T. and FRANZMANN, В. A.

1979. Carbamate resistance in a field strain of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera:

Aphididae). Сеп. appl. Ent. 11: 24-26. 1 table.

ATTIA, F. I., SHIPP, E. and SHANAHAN, С. J.

1979. Selection response of a resistant strain of Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lep-

idoptera: Pyralidae) to malathion. Gen. appl. Ent. 11: 46-48, 2 tables.

1979. Anautosterilization technique for the Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina

(Wied.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Сел. appl. Ent. 11: 27-30, 1 text-fig.

BISHOP, A. L. and HOLTKAMP, R. H.

1980. Heliothis species on three yarieties of lucerne infested with blue-green aphid

Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji. Gen. appl. Ent. 12: 10-12, 2 tables.

CHADWICK, C. E. and NIKITIN, M. 1.

1979. Insects and other invertebrates intercepted in quarantine in New South Wales. ,

Part 3. New records for the years 1966-1969. Gen. appl. Ent. 11: 51-56.

Psocoptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera

CLIFT, A. D.

1979. Activity of chlordimeform hydrochloride and amitraz mixtures with Bacillus

thuringiensis against Heliothis armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Gen. appl. Ent. 11: 21-23, 1 table.

CLIFT, A. D., LOUDON, B. J. and TOFFOLON, R. B.

1980. Occurrence of paedogenetic cecidomyiids (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in casing

layer materials used in the Australian mushroom industry. Ger. appl. Ent. 12:

49-50, 1 table.

FLETCHER, M. J.

1979. Notes on Australian Flatidae (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea) including a new syn-

onymy. Gen. appl. Ent. 11: 67-71, text-figs 1-12.

GOODWIN, S.

1982. Chemical control of bunch mite, Brevipalpus lewsii McGregor (Tenuipalpidae),

on grapes in New South Wales. Gen. appl. Ent. 14: 41-44, 4 tables.

GOODWIN, S., GOODYER, G. and RYALL, K.

1982. Chemical control of Desiantha diversipes (Pascoe) (Curculionidae: Erirrhininae)

on strawberry runners. Gen. appl. Ent. 14: 52-56, 4 tables.

GOODYER, G. J.

1982. Laboratory assessment of insecticides against the common armyworm, Myth-

imna convecta (Walker), and southern army worm, Persectania ewingii (West-

wood) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Gen. appl. Ent. 14: 33-34, 1 table.

52 Aust. ent. Mag. 13(3, 4), July, 1986

HOUSTON, K. J.

1983. Inheritance of colour pattern in Phrynocaria gratiosa (Mulsant) (Coleoptera:

Coccinellidae). Сел. appl. Ent. 15: 19-30, 2 tables, text-figs 1-20.

WELLS, A.

1983. New species in the Australian Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera), with observations

on relationships and distributions. Aust. J. Zool. 31(4): 629-649, text-figs 1-46.

1984. Hydroptila Dalman and Orthotrichia Eaton (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) from

the islands of New Guinea and New Britain, with observations on relation-

ships. Aust. J. Zool. 32(2): 261-282, text-figs 1-50.

WILLIAMS, Geoff

1981. Records of the carrion beetle Diamesus osculans Vigor (Silphidae: Coleoptera)

from New South Wales. Aust. ent. Mag. 8(4): 47.

1982. A note on Buprestidae (Coleoptera) observed at lights. Aust. ent. Mag. 8(6): 81.

WILLIAMS, G. A. and WILLIAMS, T.

1982. A survey of the Aphodiinae, Hybosorinae and Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scar-

abaeidae) from small wet forests of coastal New South Wales. Part 1: Nowra

to Newcastle. Aust. ent. Mag. 9(4): 42-48, 2 tables, 1 text-fig.

1983. A survey of the Aphodiinae, Hybosorinae and Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera:

Scarabaeidae) from small wet forests of coastal New South Wales, Part 2:

Barrington Tops to the Combyne Plateau. Victorian Nat. 100(1): 25-30, table

1, text-figs 1 & 2.

1983. A list of the Buprestidae (Coleoptera) of the Sydney basin, New South Wales,

with adult food plant records and biological notes on food plant associations.

Aust. ent. Mag. 9(6): 81-93, 3 tables, 1 text-fig.

1983. A survey of the Aphodiinae, Hybosorinae and Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera:

Scarabaeidae) from small wet forests of coastal New South Wales, Part 3:

Buladelah to Taree. Victorian Nat. 100(3): 98-105, text-figs 1-3.

1983. A survey of the Aphodiinae, Hybosorinae and Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera:

Scarabaeidae) from small wet forests of coastal New South Wales, Part 4:

Lansdowne State Forest. Victorian Nat. 100(4): 146-154, text-figs 1 & 2,

pls 1-3, tables 1-3.

1984. A survey of the Aphodiinae, Hybosorinae and Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera:

Scarabaeidae) from small wet forests of coastal New South Wales, Part 5:

littoral rainforests from Myall Lakes to Crowdy Bay National Park. Victorian

Nat. 101(3): 127-135, 2 tables, text-figs 1-3.

WILSON, C. G. and SWINCER, D. E.

1984. Hyperparasitism of Therioaphis trifolii f. maculata (Homoptera: Aphididae) in

South Australia. J. Aust. ent. Soc. 23(1): 47-50, 2 tables, 1 text-fig.

WILSON, L. T., BOOTH, D. R. and MORTON, R.

1983. The behavioural activity and vertical distribution of the cotton harlequin bug

Tectocoris diophthalmus (Thunberg) (Heteroptera: Scutelleridae) on cotton

plants in a glasshouse. J. Aust. ent. Soc. 22(4): 311-317, 4 tables, text-figs 1-3.

WOOD, G. A.

1981 First record of Apaturina erminea (Cramer) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from

Australia. Aust. ent. Mag. 8(1): 16.

1984. The early stages of Philiris fulgens kurandae Waterhouse and Philiris diana

papuana Wind and Clench (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Aust. ent. Mag. 10(6):

81-83, text-figs 1-4.

1984. The life history of Chaetocneme porphyropis (Meyrick and Lower) (Lepidopt-

era: Hesperiidae: Pyrginae). Aust. ent. Mag. 11(1): 11-12, text-figs 1 & 2.

WOODROFF, S. and MAJER, J. D.

1981. Colonisation of ants on the exposed banks of the Canning Dam Reservoir.

Aust. ent. Mag. 8(4): 41-46, 3 tables.

ZALUCKI, Myron P.

1981. Temporal and spatial vatiation of parasitism in Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepid-

optera: Nymphalidae: Danainae). Aust. ent. Mag. 8(1): 3-8, 3 tables, 1 text-fig.

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CONTENTS |

BOCK, I. R. A new species of Liodrosophila Duda (Diptera:

Drosophilidae) ey. eure н ORITUR Care

DUCKWORTH, B. G. and McLEAN, J. Notes on a collection of

butterflies from the islands of the Great Barrier Reef, Queens- 1

land TS E O.

MOULDS, M. S. The hawk moths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) of

Ghristmas sland sel ndiatin © Ce a0 E 37

OOSTERBROEK, Pjotr New species names in Tipulidae (Diptera).... 49

BOOK REVIEW-Biological control in agricultural IPM systems ..... 50

BEETLES OF SOUTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA, Fascicle 7 (pp. 101-

116): Lucanidae (cont.); Trogidae; Scarabaeidae (part) . . centre liftout

RECENT LITERATURE — An accumulative bibliography of Australian

entomology. Compiled by M. S. and B. J. Moulds ........... 51

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range of quality equipment and a wide selection of entomological books.

MAIL ORDERS A SPECIALTY

WRITE OR RING FOR OUR FREE CATALOGUES

yi WAU ECOLOGY INSTITUTE

Located at 1,200 m altitude in north-eastern New Guinea this institute has access

to a wide range of environments, from sea level to 3,000 m ina few hours drive or one

day's walk. A branch station is at 2,360 m. Visiting entomologists are welcome by

advance arrangement and accommodation is availableat both the Institute and branch

station. There are some laboratory facilities, reference collections, a zoo; and transport

may be available. Ecological research is encouraged as well as collaboration with other

institutions. Inquire of Manager for rates: P.O. Box 77, Wau, Papua New Guinea.

ISSN 0311-1881

AUSTRALIAN | ^

ENTOMOLOGICA

MAGAZINE

Aust. ent. Mag.

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Edited by M. S. Moulds

VOLUME 13, PARTS 5, 6

FEBRUARY, 1987

, Australian Entomological Magazine is an illustrated journal devoted

principally to entomology in the Australian region, including New Zealand

and Papua New Guinea. It is designed for both amateur and professional

entomologists and is published bimonthly. Six parts comprise each volume.

SUBSCRIPTIONS

All subscriptions are payable in advance and should be forwarded to:

Australian Entomological Press,

14 Chisholm Street,

Greenwich, N.S.W., 2065,

Australia.

Individual Subscriptions

$16.00 per annum Australia, New Zealand & New Guinea

$A17.00 (US$13.00 or Stg.£ 8.50) per annum overseas

Institutional Subscriptions

$20.00 (US$15.00 or Stg.£10.50) per annum