AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE

Australian Entomological Magazine is an illustrated journal devoted to

entomology of the Australian region, including New Zealand, Papua New

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Cover: Phalacrognathus muelleri, design by Sybil Monteith.

Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988 1

AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE

EDITORIAL

At the request of Max Moulds the Entomological Society of Queensland

has agreed to take over publication of Australian Entomological Magazine

from Volume 15, 1988. Max has capably edited the Magazine from its

first issue in July 1972 until the final part (6) of Volume 14, published

at the beginning of 1988.

The Australian Entomological Magazine has provided an effective

medium for the publication of some categories of valuable observations

which might not otherwise have been published. In addition it has served

as an avenue for the publication of more detailed research.

Australian entomologists are further indebted to Max and Barbara Moulds

for compiling an accumulative bibliography of Australian entomology,

providing a valuable source of references to recent publications.

The Magazine will continue to publish articles from amateur and

professional entomologists and remain a vehicle for a wide range of

Australian entomological research manuscripts, notes and book reviews.

Contributions from neighbouring Pacific countries, especially Papua New

Guinea and south Pacific nations will be encouraged.

An editorial committee comprising Editor, Assistant Editor and Business

Manager will be responsible for the quality and production of the Magazine,

with assistance from others from time to time for non-editorial matters.

Articles will normally be submitted to two referees before being assessed

by the Editor and Assistant Editor for suitability.

For advice and suggestions on the format of the new series of the

Magazine, I am grateful to several contributors and in particular, to Patricia

Wellisch, Publications Officer, CSIRO, Division of Entomology, Canberra.

I would.like also to thank Sybil Monteith for the logo used for the cover

of the Magazine.

The original aims of the Magazine will continue with the production

of a publication of high standard. I look forward to continued support from

the subscribers and contributors who have helped to establish Australian

Entomological Magazine as a publication of international entomological

value.

D.P.A. Sands

2 ~" 475 f

С ls: {

5 =

(Editor)

LIBRARY

2, Aust. ет. Маг. 15 (1), 1988

FOUR ADDITIONAL ANTLION RECORDS FROM

BARROW ISLAND, WESTERN AUSTRALIA

(NEUROPTERA: MYRMELEONTIDAE)

C. N. SMITHERS

Australian Museum, College St., Sydney, N.S.W., 2000.

Abstract

Four species of antlions are recorded for the first time from Barrow Island, Western Australia,

Introduction

Smithers (1984) gave an account of the lacewings and antlions of Barrow

Island, listing sixteen species. New (1985) added three species of antlions

to the list. This paper records an additional four species, collected by МАН,

Butler, bringing the total number of species to ten. The material will be

deposited in the Western Australian Museum.

New Records

Heoclisis conspurcata (Gerst.). 1 male, 1 female, 1 without abdomen, 15-20.11.1983. W.H.

Butler. Previously known from Queensland, Northern Territory and mainland Western

Australia.

Cosina mclachlani (Weele). 1 male, 15-20.iii.1983. W.H. Butler. Previously known from

Queensland, Northern Territory and Western Australia.

Mestressa subfasciata (Banks). 3 males, 1 female, 15-20.iii.1983. 1 male, 1 incomplete

specimen, 12-23.v.1983. W.H. Butler. Previously known from Queensland, Northern Territory

and Western Australia.

Bandidus sp. near congestus (Gerts.). | male, 5 females, 2 incomplete specimens, 15-

20.11.1983. 1 male, 16-23.iv.1983. W.H. Butler.

The following ten species of antlions are now known from Barrow Island:

Myrmeleon pallidus (Esb. Pet.), Eophanes distinctus (Banks), Bandidus Sp.

near congestus, Bandidus sp. near pulchellus, Heoclisis acuta (Kimmins),

Н. fulvifusa Kimmins, H. fundata (Walk. Н. conspurcata, Cosina

mclachlani and Mestressa subfasciata.

Acknowledgement

I would like to thank Mr W. Н. Butler for collecting and allowing me to

study the material listed in this paper.

References

NEW, T.R. 1985. A revision of the Australian Myrmeleontidae (Insecta: Neuroptera). I.

Introduction, Myrmeleontini, Protoplectrini. Australian Journal Zoology. Suppl. Ser. 104: 1-

90, figs 1-339. II. Dendroleontini. Australian Journal of Zoology. Suppl. Ser 105: 1-170, figs.

340-1041. Ш. Distoleontini and Acanthoclisinae. Australian Journal of Zoology Suppl. Ser.

106: 1-159, figs 1042-1605.

SMITHERS, C.N. 1984. The Neuroptera of Barrow and nearby islands off Western Australia.

Australian Entomological Magazine 11: 61-68.

Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988 3

NANOPHYLLIUM PYGMAEUM REDTENBACHER

(PHASMATODEA: PHYLLIIDAE: PHYLLIINAE) A

LEAF INSECT RECENTLY RECOGNIZED IN

AUSTRALIA

D.C.F. RENTZ

CSIRO, Division of Entomology, G.P.O. Box 1700, Canberra, A.C.T 2601.

Abstract

A small leaf insect, Nanophyllium pygmaeum Redtenbacher, is recorded from rainforest in

Australia for the first time. The species was originally described from Papua New Guinea.

Notes on its biology, including culture in the laboratory, and its change in body form from

nymph to adult are presented.

The 1986 Australian National Insect Collection expedition to Iron Range

in northeastern Queensland yielded the first determinable Australian

specimen of the leaf insect Nanophyllium pygmaeum Redtenbacher. The

genus and species was described from Katau, New Guinea in 1907 in

Brunner and Redtenbacher's classic phasmatid work and the Australian

example agrees with the description and figures presented there. The male

is smaller and more slender than most other leaf insects but readily

identifiable as such by its peculiar legs and flanged abdomen (Figs 1, 2).

The first records of this genus from Australia were probably those of

G.B. Monteith, who collected a series of nymphs from Iron Range in Feb.

1976. But his specimens died as nymphs and could only be recognised as

species of Phylliinae. One of these specimens is preserved in the Queensland

Museum.

A single specimen collected as a nymph by the author was found at |

12? 44' S, 143° 14'Е, 3km ENE of Mt Tozer, nr Iron Range National Park,

northeastern Queensland, 29 June 1986. The specimen matured on 25

December 1986 and died on 19 January 1987. It was swept by hand net

from an isolated small shrub about 1.5 m from the ground, a few metres

from one of the many branches of the Claudie River. The nymph was

approximately 10 mm long. In captivity the individual had a strong tendency

to move upward and I suspect if its host shrub had been in contact with

a larger tree, the insect would have been seen in higher vegetation. Intensive

collecting over the following three weeks failed to yield a single additional

specimen. Interestingly, this was approximately the same locality where Dr

Monteith had collected his specimens.

The nymph was kept alive in the field by providing it with young leaves

of its unidentified "host" plant. It was transported to Canberra, where it

was offered the choice of a variety of plants but preferred the young leaves

4 Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988

Fig. 1. Mid-instar nymph of Nanophyllium pygmaeum Redtenbacher. Note

female-type characteristics of body shape and length of antennae.

Fig. 2. Adult male, same individual. Note change in characters noted above

and decidedly slender appearance.

Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988 5

of Pyracantha sp. (Rosaceae). The nymph was kept in a plastic cylindrical

cage with a wire screen top, with ample Pyracantha sp. foliage and water

was provided. Temperature was maintained at 25?C and the lighting

maintained on a 12 hour light, 12 hour dark regime. The food plants were

positioned so that they came into contact with the top of the cage to prevent

the nymph from inadvertently starving to death.

The nymph (Fig. 1) was thought initially to be a female. The broad,

flat appearance, yellow green colour and very short antennae being typical

of females of other phylliine species. It moulted several times apparently

at night, each time consuming its old exuvium. Prior to moulting, the insect

became sluggish and listless and did not feed. When the adult finally

appeared (Fig. 2) not only was it a very small phylliine (30 mm) but it

also seemed to change its appearance from male to female. The figures show

the same individual, Fig. 1 at middle instar and Fig. 2 at adult illustrate

the difference in body proportions, structure and antennal length.

The increase in number of antennal segments between nymph and adult

and the difference in colour and pattern is also graphically portrayed.

The adult male lived for 27 days in the laboratory. Mr T. James (pers.

comm.), convener of the Phasmatid Study Group based in England, notes

that PAyllium spp. males live for only 2-3 weeks as adults; females live

much longer. The adult male of N. pygmaeum became very active and

attempted to fly which it did feebly when disturbed. The tegmina and wings

are shining black with a bluish overcast similar to some Hymenoptera and

it is my impression that the species may be a hymenopteran mimic. The

adult fed very little and remained motionless during the day unless disturbed.

Drawing from his experience in breeding four species of the related genus

Phyllium, Mr T. James informs that they produce non-adhesive eggs which ,

are randomly broadcast by the females. Seemingly, they eventually land on

the ground and if true with N. pygmaeum, this is the reason I was able

to find the young nymph on an isolated sapling. In the related subfamily

Necrosciinae, various species attach their eggs to stems or bury them in

the ground (John eft al. 1987).

References

JOHN, B., RENTZ, D.C.F. and CONTRERAS, N. 1987. Extensive chromosome variation

in the stick insect genus Sipyloidea Brunner von Wattenwyl (Phylliidae: Necrosciinae) within

Australia and descriptions of three new species. /nvertebrate Taxonomy |: 603-630

REDTENBACHER, J. 1907. In 'Die Insektenfamilie der Phasmiden'. (K. Brunner von

Wattenwyl and J. Redtenbacher, 1906-1908). pp. 181-338, pl. VII-XV. (Verlag Engelmann:

Leipzig.)

6 Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988

A NEW HOST PLANT FOR JUNONIA VILLIDA CALYBE

(GODART) (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE)

DAVID G. JAMES

Yanco Agricultural Institute, New South Wales Department of Agriculture,

Yanco, N.S.W. 2703

Abstract

A food plant for larvae of Junonia villida calybe (Godart), Arctotheca calendula (L.) is

recorded for the first time.

Larvae of the meadow argus butterfly, Junonia villida calybe (Godart)

feed on various native and introduced herbaceous plants. Recorded hosts

include species from the Plantaginaceae, Verbenaceae, Scrophulariaceae,

Gentianiaceae, Portulacaceae, Convolvulaceae, Goodeniaceae and Asteraceae

families (Common and Waterhouse, 1981). In the Asteraceae only Epaltes

australis Lessing has previously been recognised as a host for J. v. calybe.

During October 1986 females of J. v. calybe captured at Griffith, New

South Wales, readily oviposted upon another member of the Asteraceae,

Arctotheca calendula (L.) (cape-weed), when held in captivity. Larvae

developed successfully on this plant and produced adults. Another group

of larvae held in a field cage containing the commonly used host-plant

Plantago lanceolata (L.) (plantain), and A. calendula, utilised both species

as a food supply.

The extent of natural use of A. calendula as a larval host by J. villida

is unknown. However, in most years A. calendula is abundant in western

New South Wales during spring and may be an important host plant for

the migrating populations of J. v. calybe that occur at this time of year

(James unpub. obs.; Smithers 1985)

References

COMMON, L.F.B. and WATERHOUSE, D.F., 1981. 'Butterflies of Australia.' Revised edition.

Angus and Robertson, Sydney. 682pp.

SMITHERS, СМ. 1985. Migration records in Australia: 5 Lycaenidae and Nymphalinae

(Lepidoptera). Australian Entomological Magazine 11: 91-97.

Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988 7

A REVISED CLASSIFICATION OF THE GENUS

ATROPHANEURA | REAKIRT (LEPIDOPTERA:

PAPILIONIDAE)

D. L. HANCOCK

5 Northampton Crescent, Hillcrest, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe

Abstract

The classification of Atrophaneura Reakirt is revised. Pachliopta Reakirt (= Losaria

Moore, syn. nov.; = Balignina Moore, syn. nov.) is recognized as a subgenus, comprising

the coon and polydorus groups. A. hector (Linnaeus) is removed from the polydorus group

and included with A. antenor (Drury) in subgenus Pharmacophagus Haase (= Tros Kirby,

syn. nov.) The phylogeny and biogeography of the genus are discussed.

Introduction

The 45 species considered here were placed in two separate genera,

Pachliopta Reakirt and Parides Hübner (subgenus Atrophaneura Reakirt),

by Munroe (1961). This arrangement was disputed by Hancock (1980, 1983),

who recognized Atrophaneura as a distinct genus and placed Pachliopta

as a synonym of it. Munroe (1961) assigned the species to five species-

groups, which were accepted unchanged by Hancock (1980, 1983). Both

authors, however, noted that the position of A. antenor (Drury) from

Madagascar, may need to be revised. More information on this species is

now available, both from dissected material and data provided by Paulian

and Viette (1968). This information enables the systematic position of A.

antenor to be resolved.

Another anomalous species is the Indian A. hector (Linnaeus). Generally

included in the polydorus group, this species lacks the hypertrophied socii

and tegumen of the male genitalia seen in other species in the group (and

used as a generic character by Munroe 1961), and A. Лестог has relatively .

broader wings than the other members of the polydorus group. Examination

of the female genitalia (Fig. 1) shows this species to be closely related to

A. antenor, despite the very different shape of the male valvae. The shape

of the wings and tail support this arrangement. The female genitalia of these

two species share with both the coon and polydorus groups (Figs 2, 3) the

presence of an elongate, apically sclerotized ductus bursa. They differ from

both these groups in the much more elongate corpus bursa and signum.

With the removal of A. hector, the polydorus group becomes a very

homogeneous assemblage. This group is closely related to the coon group,

as noted by Hancock (1980, 1983), based on morphological characters of

the adults, and by Igarashi (1984), based on larval characteristics. Indeed,

Igarashi (1984) included both groups in the genus Pacliopta. even though

male genitalia characters do not agree with Munroe's (1961) diagnosis of

the genus. Based on the female ductus bursa, A. antenor and A. hector would

8 Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988

also be referable to Pachliopta and some authors may choose to recognize

this as a genus. Here however, Pachliopta and Pharmacophagus are both

regarded as subgenera of Atrophaneura, in line with earlier findings

(Hancock 1980, 1983). Whatever course is followed, the concept of

Pachliopta as a genus remains untenable unless both the antenor and coon

groups are included.

Classification

Genus Atrophaneura Reakirt

For a generic diagnosis see Hancock (1980, 1983). Although often |

considered to be a subgenus of Parides, the medial extension to the basal

suture on the pseuduncus seen in all species where the suture is entire

demonstrates the affinity of this genus with Troides Hübner and its allies.

The early stages also support the recognition of Atrophaneura as a separate

genus. Grey colour-forms of the larva occur in Atrophaneura, Troides,

Ornithoptera Boisduval and Trogonoptera Rippon, but apparently not in

Parides or other troidine genera.

Six species-groups are recognized here, placed in three subgenera. Only

available names have been listed in the respective synonymies, for

unavailable names see Hancock (1980, 1983).

Subgenus Atrophaneura Reakirt

Atrophaneura Reakirt, 1865, Proc. ent. Soc. Philad. 3: 446. Type species

A. erythrosoma Reakirt (= semperi C. & R. Felder).

Byasa Moore, 1882, Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1882: 258. Type-species

Papilio philoxenus Gray (= polyeuctes Doubleday).

Pangerana Moore, 1886, J. Linn. Soc. 21: 51. Type-species Papilio

varuna White.

Panosmia Wood-Mason and de Nicéville, 1887, J. Proc. Asiat. Soc.

Bengal 55: 374. Type-species Papilio dasarada Moore.

Karanga Moore, 1902, Lep. Indica 5: 157. Type-species Papilio nox

Swainson.

Male hind wing with inner marginal androconia (scent-organ) well

developed and woolly. Male genitalia with pseuduncus well developed, the

basal suture entire and extending for a distance down mid-line; socii and

tegumen not hypertrophied; valvae well developed, entire or weakly

emarginate dorsally and distally; harpe broad, serrate or toothed; aedeagus

short and stout, curved. Female corpus bursa rounded, the signum well

developed, elongate and relatively broad; ductus bursa short, stout and not

Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988 9

sclerotized (Figs. 4-5). The larva has a supraspiracular tubercle on the first

abdominal segment (Igarashi 1984).

There are two species-groups.

(i) latreillei species-group

Male hind wing with inner marginal fold narrow; tail well developed

and spatulate. Male valvae entire; harpe serrate or spinose; pseuduncus with

medial extension of suture short (figured by Hancock 1980). This group

contains 15 species from southeastern Asia and Japan (Igarashi 1984, Collins

and Morris 1985).

Species: daemonius (Alpheraky), plutonius (Oberthür), alcinous (Klug),

latreillei (Donovan), polla (de Nicéville), crassipes (Oberthür), adamsoni

(Grose-Smith), nevilli (Wood-Mason), /aos (Riley & Godfrey), mencius (C.

& R. Felder, impediens (Rothschild), febanus (Fruhstorfer), hedistus

(Jordan), dasarada (Moore), polyeuctes (Doubleday).

(ii) nox species group.

Male hind wing with inner marginal fold very broad and rolled-up; tail

vestigial or absent. Male valvae weakly emarginate dorsally and distally;

harpe toothed (figured by Hancock 1980). This group contains 12

southeastern Asian species, placed here in two subgroups. A. tungensis Zin

and Leow (1982), described from Sumatra, appears to be a hybrid nox x

hageni.

priapus subgroup: Male with valvae dorsally rounded and pseuduncus

with medial extension of suture short. Hind wing with a distinct yellow,

blue or green postdiscal band enclosing black spots. Southern Burma to

Sumatra and Java. Four species: priapus (Boisduval), sycorax (Grose-Smith),

hageni (Rogenhofer), /uchti (Roepke).

nox subgroup: Male with valvae dorsally pointed and pseuduncus with

medial extension of suture elongate. Hind wing not as above. Northern India

and Taiwan to Sulawesi and Bali. Eight species: semperi (C. & R. Felder),

kuehni (Honrath), horishanus (Matsumura), aidoneus (Doubleday), varuna

(White), zaleucus (Hewitson), nox (Swainson), dixoni (Grose-Smith).

Subgenus Pharmacophagus Haase

Pharmacophagus Haase, 1891, Bibl. zool. 8: 15. Type-species Papilio

antenor Drury.

Tros Kirby, 1896, Handbk to Order Lepidoptera, Part 1, Butts 2: 305.

Type-species Papilio hector Linnaeus. syn. nov.

10 Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988

Wings relatively broad; tail very narrow, non-spatulate; male hind wing

with inner marginal androconia (scent organ) absent, the inner marginal fold

narrow. Male genitalia with pseuduncus reduced, the basal suture absent

or weakly present at sides, never present medially; socii and tegumen not

hypertrophied; valvae entire or vestigial; harpe relatively narrow or much

reduced; aedeagus long and slender, straight. Female corpus bursa elongate,

the signum elongate and narrow; ductus bursa long, slender and sclerotized

in apical portion (Fig. 1). The larva retains the supraspiracular tubercle on

the first abdominal segment (Woodhouse and Henry 1942, Okano 1983).

There are two species-groups.

(i) antenor species-group.

Fore wing with numerous white spots; hind wing with a postdiscal series

of three white spots towards the costa and scattered blue-green scales;

antenna red, the club straight. Male genitalia (Fig. 6) with valvae well

developed, entire; harpe relatively narrow and with a large tooth posteriorly;

pseuduncus short, broad, with two small dorsal tubercles but without a basal

suture (not absent beyond suture as previously noted).

This group contains only А. antenor from Madagascar. The female |

genitalia were figured by Paulian and Viette (1968), the larva by Okano

(1983).

(ii) hector species-group.

Fore wing with subapical and discal white bands; hind wing generally

with a postdiscal series of red spots (the three towards the costa being best

developed) but no metallic scales; antenna black, the club curved. Male

genitalia with the valvae vestigial; harpe thorn-like; pseuduncus short, broad,

with a trace of suture at sides (figured by Hancock 1980).

This group contains only A. Лестог from India, Sri Lanka and the

Andaman Is. Woodhouse and Henry (1942) recorded a specimen with the |

red hind wing spots suppressed and greenish-blue reflections present, and

described the larva in detail; the supraspiracular tubercle on the first

abdominal segment is small.

Subgenus Pachliopta Reakirt

Pachliopta Reakirt, 1865, Proc. ent. Soc. Philad: 3: 503. Type-species

Papilio diphilis Esper (= polydorus Linnaeus).

Losaria Moore, 1902, Lep. Indica 5: 184. Type-species Papilio coon

Fabricius. syn. nov. |

Balignina Moore, 1902, Lep. Indica 5: 187. Type-species Papilio |

neptunus Guérin-Méneville. syn. nov. |

Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988

Figs 1-7. Male and female genitalia. 1-5: Corpus bursa and ductus bursa of

Atrophaneura. 1: A. hector; 2: А. neptunus; 3: A. aristolochiae; 4: A.

polyeuctes; 5: A. varuna. 6-7: Male genitalia of Atrophaneura. 6: A. antenor;

7: А. neptunus. (p = dorsal view of pseuduncus).

12 Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988

Wings narrowed; male hind wing with inner marginal androconia (scent-

organ) reduced or absent, not woolly, the inner marginal fold narrow. Male

genitalia with pseuduncus often reduced, the basal suture absent or weakly

present at sides, never present medially; socii and tegumen often

hypertrophied; valvae dorsally emarginate or greatly reduced; harpe narrow

and longitudinal, or a transverse ridge; aedeagus long and slender, straight.

Female corpus bursa rounded, the signum short and broad; ductus bursa

long, slender and sclerotized in apical portion (Figs 2-3). The larva lacks

the supraspiracular tubercle on the first abdominal segment (Igarashi 1984).

There are two species-groups.

(i) coon species-group

Male hind wing with scent-organ present; tail petiolate. Male genitalia

with valvae dorsally emarginate but well developed; harpe narrow and |

longitudinal or a transverse ridge; pseuduncus with or without traces of

suture at sides; socii and tegumen not hypertrophied. Female corpus bursa

rounded; signum rounded, composed of spicules; ductus bursa sclerotized

for a relatively long distance (Fig. 2). This group contains four southeastern

Asian species, placed here in two subgroups.

neptunus subgroup: Male with valvae mitten-shaped and with a weak

dorsal emargination (Fig. 7; Hancock 1984); harpe a transverse ridge;

pseuduncus short and without suture; socii bent downwards. Hind wing with

postdiscal patches only. Malaya and Palawan to Sulawesi. Two species:

neptunus (Guérin-Méneville), palu (Martin). When viewed in incident light,

the black wing areas of A. palu have a violet sheen.

coon subgroup: Male with valvae strongly dorsoapically emarginate;

harpe elongate and longitudinal; pseuduncus elongate and with traces of

suture at sides; socii not bent downwards (figured by Hancock 1980). Hind

wing with discal and submarginal patches or spots. Assam and Hainan to

Andaman Is. and Sumatra. Two species: coon (Fabricius), rhodifer (Butler).

(ii) polydorus species-group

Male hind wing with scent-organ vestigial or absent; tail present or absent

but not petiolate. Male genitalia with valvae greatly reduced; harpe thorn-

like; pseuduncus with or without a vestigial suture at sides; socii and tegumen

hypertrophied (figured by Hancock 1980). Female corpus bursa rounded;

signum relatively short and narrow, striate; ductus bursa sclerotized for a

relatively short distance (Fig. 3). This group contains 12 Indo-Australian

species, although A. aristolochiae kotzebuea (Eschscholtz) is regarded as

a distinct species by some authors (e.g. Collins and Morris 1985).

Species: jophon (Gray), pandiyana (Moore), oreon (Doherty), liris (Godart),

polyphontes (Boisduval), schadenbergi (Semper), mariae (Semper), phegeus

Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988 13

(Hopffer), phlegon (C. & R. Felder), atropos (Staudinger), aristolochiae

(Fabricius), polydorus (Linnaeus).

Phylogeny and Biogeography

A reappraisal of the relationships of the subgenera and species-groups

of Atrophaneura can now be made. Based on outgroup comparison with

Troides, Ornithoptera and Trogonoptera, subgenus Atrophaneura appears

to be the most primitive, since these groups have several features in common,

such as the unsclerotized ductus bursa, well developed valvae, stout and

curved aedeagus, medial extension to the pseuduncus suture (except in

Trogonoptera, where the pseuduncus is reduced) and well developed scent-

organ on the male hind wing.

The various differentiating characters of Pharmacophagus and Pachliopta

all appear to be derived, as is the loss of the lateral supraspiracular tubercle

on the first abdominal segment of the larva in Pachliopta. This tubercle

is present in Atrophaneura, Pharmacophagus and the Troides group (Igarashi

1984), and also in Parides and Battus (Scopoli) (Moss 1919). Although more

detailed information is required, it appears that the larvae of both

Pharmacophagus.species have a pair of black-tipped tubercles on the

prothorax, whilst the pupae have the lateral expansions of the thorax reduced.

In Atrophaneura and Pachliopta these prothoracic tubercles are wholly red,

whilst the lateral expansions of the pupae are more pronounced.

The elongate corpus bursa and shape of the signum, plus the postdiscal

spots and narrow tail of the hind wing, suggest that antenor and hector

represent sister-groups. The reduced valvae of the polydorus group, different

from the vestigial condition seen in A. hector, represent an extreme

development of the dorso-apical reduction seen in the coon group, and

these also appear to be sister-groups. Larval characters support this .

arrangement. The suggested phylogenetic relationships of the six species-

groups are shown in Fig. 8.

Having established the relationship of the various subgenera and groups,

some interesting biogeographical hypotheses can be proposed, which amend

the discussion by Hancock (1980, 1983). It is very likely that the Troides

lineage radiated from Sundaland, suggested by the presence there of both

Trogonoptera and Troides subgenus Ripponia Haugum & Low and the

existence of Ornithoptera in the New Guinea region. Based on pattern

characters, particularly the extent of the yellow areas on the hind wing and

the iridescent scaling on the underside, Ripponia is considered to be more

primitive than subgenus Troides, forming a link with Ornithoptera (Hancock

1983).

Atrophaneura appears to have radiated from further north, with the

unspecialized latreillei group centred in southern China and neighbouring

14 Aust. ent. Маг. 15 (1), 1988

areas, but not in India. A spread to Sundaland appears to have resulted in

the differentiation of Pachliopta. In the present author's opinion, a taxon

is more likely to undergo change whilst colonizing a new environment than

in one where it has stabilized, hence the numerous specializations seen in

Pachliopta support the suggestion that it is the colonizer. The coon group,

with its less reduced valvae and non-hypertrophied tegumen and socii

appears to be less specialized than the polydorus group, suggesting a

latreillei

nox

antenor

hector

coon

polydorus

Fig.8. Phylogenetic relationship of the species-groups of Atrophaneura. |

Character sets: 1: Male scent-organ well developed and woolly; suture at base of

pseuduncus entire; harpe broad; aedeagus short, stout and curved; ductus bursa

short, stout and unsclerotized. 2: Male scent-organ reduced or absent; suture at

base of pseuduncus absent medially; harpe narrow; aedeagus long, slender and

straight; ductus bursa long, narrow and apically sclerotized. 3: Tail narrow;

corpus bursa elongate; signum elongate and narrow; larva with a supraspiracular

tubercle on first abdominal segment. 4: Tail petiolate, spatulate or absent: corpus

bursa rounded; signum short and broad; larva without a supraspiracular tubercle

on first abdominal segment. See text for characters delimiting species-groups.

Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988 15

Sundaland origin for the subgenus. At a later stage this colonization was

repeated by the nox group of subgenus Atrophaneura, again accompanied

by some character specialization, such as loss of the tail, expansion of the

scent-organ and reduction of the valvae. The priapus subgroup, with its less

reduced valvae and short medial extension of the pseuduncus suture (as seen

in the /atreillei group), appears to be less specialized than the nox subgroup.

This suggests that the лох group radiated from Sundaland rather than from

further north.

An early offshoot from Pachliopta apparently reached India as

Pharmacophagus and from there it spread to Madagascar. The Sundaland

ancestor then split into two, to give the coon and polydorus groups. The

original Pachliopta ancestor in Sundaland apparently adapted to drier forest

types than Atrophaneura, perhaps as a result of competition with the already

established Trogonoptera and Troides. This presumably assisted in its

dispersal into India and Madagascar. А. hector is known to be migratory

(Woodhouse and Henry 1942).

The Old World troidines appear to have been closely associated with

southeastern Asia for a considerable period of time. They probably arrived

there at the same time Cressida Swainson reached Australia, both evolving

from South American ancestors during the tectonic break-up of continental

Gonwanaland. As such they provide strong biological evidence for the

suggestion (apparently no yet fully embraced in biogeographical studies) that

southeastern Asia, including southern China, was a part of Gondwanaland,

closely associated with India and Australia. Geological and palaeontological

evidence for this were provided by Ridd (1971) and Cooper (1980)

respectively.

Acknowledgement

I am grateful to Lt. Col. J. N. Eliot (UK) for supplying material of A.

neptunus for dissection.

References

COLLINS, N. M. and MORRIS, M. G., 1985. "Threatened swallowtail butterflies of the World,

the IUCN Red Data Bodk.' IUCN, Gland & Cambridge.

COOPER, M.R., 1980. Palaeobiogeography and the reassembly of Gondwanaland. South

African Journal of Science 76: 35-37.

HANCOCK, D. L., 1980. The status of the genera Atrophaneura Reakirt апа Pachliopta

Reakirt (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Australian Entomological Magazine 7: 27-32.

HANCOCK, D. L., 1983. Classification of the Papilionidae (Lepidoptera): a phylogenetic

approach. Smithersia 2: 1-48.

HANCOCK, D. L., 1984. A note on Atrophaneura palu (Martin) 1912. Papilio International

1: 71-72.

16 Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988

IGARASHI, S., 1984. The classification of the Papilionidae mainly based on the morphology

of their immature stages. Tyó to Ga 34: 41-96.

MOSS, A. M., 1919. The Papilios of Para. Novitates Zoologicae 26: 295-319, 3 pls.

MUNROE, E. 1961. The classification of the Papilionidae (Lepidoptera). Canadian

Entomologist, Suppl. 17: 1-51.

OKANO, K., 1983. The revision of classification on the genera of Papilionidae in the World

(preliminary report). Part 1: with description of a new genus. Tokurana 5: 1-75.

PAULIAN, R. and VIETTE, P., 1968. Insectes Lépidoptéres Papilionidae. Faune de

Madagascar 27: 1-97, 19 pls.

RIDD, M. F., 1971. South east Asia as а part of Gondwanaland. Nature, London 234: 531

533.

WOODHOUSE, L. С. О. and HENRY, С. M. К., 1942. 'The Butterfly fauna of Ceylon.’

Ceylon Journal of Science. Colombo, 172pp.

ZIN, S. Z. and LEOW, K. F., 1982. A new species of Atrophaneura butterfly from Sumatra.

Malayan Nature Journal 35: 285-290.

Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988 17

NEW LOCALITIES AND BIOLOGICAL NOTES FOR

THE GENUS ONTHOPHAGUS LATREILLE

(COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) IN AUSTRALIA

КЛ. STOREY! and T. A. WEIR?

Department of Primary Industries, P.O. Box 1054, Mareeba, Qld 4880.

? CSIRO, Division of Entomology, G.P.O. Box 1700, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601

Abstract

New distribution records are given for 25 species of Australian Onthophagus Latreille, as

well as biological and descriptive notes for some species.

Introduction

The scarabaeine genus Onthophagus Latreille is the largest genus of dung

beetles in the world and also in Australia, which has 173 described and

at least 30 undescribed species. Matthews (1972) revised the Australian

species which has stimulated interest in the group.

Storey (1977) described six new species and work by the present authors

on the description of other new species is continuing. Allsopp (1975, 1977,

1978), Williams (1979) and Williams and Williams (1982, 1983a, 1983b,

1983c, 1984) have published various papers on regional scarabaeid faunas

including Onthophagus, covering parts of coastal New South Wales and

southeastern Queensland, with notes on seasonal activity and food

preferences.

This paper lists many new localities for 25 species of Onthophagus with

notes on the biology and morphology of some. Most of the new records

are from northern Queensland, especially the Atherton Tableland and Cape

York Peninsula. Pitfall traps baited with human faeces were one of the most

effective means of collecting this genus (Matthews 1972) but light traps,

and more recently flight intercept traps, have been very effective in obtaining

rare species.

For convenience, the species are placed in the order used by Matthews

(1972). 'The majority of specimens on which the records are based are housed

in either the Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, A.C.T. or the

Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Mareeba, Qld.

New Records and Biological Notes

O. carmodensis Blackburn

WESTERN AUSTRALIA: 2-6km SE Broome, 14-18.xii.1975, R.I. Storey.

Matthews (1972) examined only the type and two old specimens of this

species. New records came to human faeces.

18 Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988

O. prehensilis (Arrow)

QUEENSLAND: Iron Range, Cape York Peninsula, 3-10.iv.1975, M. Walford-Huggins;

15.04S, 145.07E, Mt Webb Nat. Pk, 27-30.iv.1981, J. Feehan; 15.035, 145.09E, 3km NE

of Mt Webb, 30.iv.-3.v.1981, J. Feehan; 15.24S, 145.03E, Hazelmere Station, 24km WNW

of Cooktown, 8.v.1981, J. Feehan; Station Ck, 16km NW of Mt Molloy, 14-15.iv.1973, К.І.

Storey; Davies Ck, via Mareeba, 10-11.1у.1973, R.I. Storey; Tolga, 15-20.111.1985, 23-

30.x.1985, 6-13.xi.1985, 20.1.1986, J.D. Brown; 12km W of Herberton, 11-15.1.1979, R.I.

Storey; Watsonville, 22-27.111.1980, КЛ. Storey; 3-14km along Mt Spec Rd, Paluma, 10-

11.1у.1973., R.I. Storey.

This species was previously known only from the unique type, collected

at Kuranda. Extensive trapping on the Atherton Tableland area has produced

a good series of this species and some modifications to the description given

by Matthews (1972) are warranted: total length 9.6 - 12.4 mm; in the male,

the degree of the effacing of the frontal clypeal carina is variable from totally

effaced to almost totally intact, and the elytra of some specimens are more

nitid than others; the female is like the male except the frontal clypeal carina

is stronger but still partially effaced in some, and the elytra are often more

nitid with only a trace of a sericeous texture in some.

This species is very close to O. glabratus Hope but is easily separated

from it and others in the g/abratus group by the characters given in

Matthews’ (1972) key. О. muticus Macleay is commonly taken with O.

prehensilis on the Atherton Tableland but can be separated by the more

nitid pronotum and more prehensile tarsal claws.

Trapped with human faeces and taken at light traps, from Paluma north

to Iron Range.

О. muticus Macleay

QUEENSLAND: Granite Gorge, Mareeba, 10.xi.1986, N. Bryde.

This is one of the few records of this commensal species taken on

domestic animals. It is common in November attached to the hairs on the

rumps of goats.

O. peramelinus (Lea)

QUEENSLAND: Watsonville, via Herberton, 22-27.111.1980, R.I. Storey; 12km W of

Herberton, 29-30.xii.1978, К.І. Storey; Tolga, 15-28.iii.1985, 23-30.x.1985, 13-20.xi.1985,

7.11.1986, 3.11.1986, J.D.Brown.

Matthews (1972) gave the distribution as northern New South Wales

and southern Queensland. Specimens are recorded here from the Atherton

Tableland in northern Queensland. These specimens are identical to southern

specimens except the major males have the basal pronotal horn less

developed, though still prominent, and some have а few setae on the lateral

margins of the pygidium. The presence of a slight depression along the

posterior margin of the pronotum helps to separate this from related species.

Taken at human faeces and in light traps in open forest.

Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988 19

O. jalamari Matthews

NORTHERN TERRITORY: Mary R. Crossing, Arnhem Highway, 27-30.xi.1978, R.I. Storey.

QUEENSLAND: Laura, 30.xi.1974, A. and M. Walford-Huggins.

Matthews (1972) described this species from a series taken at Humpty

Doo in the Northern Territory.

O. fissiceps Macleay

QUEENSLAND: Einasleigh К. Crossing, via Mt Surprise, 6-7.1.1980, ЕЛ. Storey; Gilbert

R. Crossing, 72 km E of Croydon, 11.1.1973, R.W.G. Jenkins.

Matthews (1972) gave the distribution of this species as the northern

parts of the Northern Territory and Western Australia.

O. bicavicollis Lea

NORTHERN TERRITOR Y: 12.48S, 132.42E, Nourlangie Ck, 8km N of Mt Cahill, 21.v.1973,

E. Matthews.

QUEENSLAND: 15.16S, 144.59E, 14km W by N of Hopevale Mission, 7-10.v.1981, J.

Feehan; 15.245, 145.03E, Hazelmere Station, 24km WNW of Cooktown, 8.v.1981, J. Feehan.

Matthews (1972) saw no recent specimens of this colourful species at

the time of his revision. Since then several series have been taken from

western Arnhemland and the Cooktown area, taken at cow dung in open

pasture and at human faeces in closed forest.

O. macrocephalus Kirby

QUEENSLAND: 8km N of Landsborough, 24-25.xi.1973, КЛ. Storey.

Known from Victoria and New South Wales, this is the first record of

this species for Queensland, in traps baited with human faeces in wallum

country.

O. capellinus Frey

QUEENSLAND: 27km E of Foysayth, 24.xii.1977, R.I. Storey; Watsonville, 7-15.ii.1976,

R.I. Storey; 7km S of Herberton, 18.1.1979, КЛ. Storey; Shanty Ck via Mareeba, 31.1.1978,

LC. Cunningham; Southedge via Mareeba, 3-8.11.1976, 15.11.1977, R.I. Storey; Mareeba,

18.11.1977, К.Н. Halfpapp; Mt Mulligan Plateau, 700 m, 15-19.iv.1985, К.Н. Halfpapp;

Walkamin, 23.1.1984, 8-15.111.1985, J.D. Brown; Tolga, 8-15.11.1985, 1.iv.1986, 15-28.1.1985,

3.11.1986, 10.11.1986, 17.11.1986, 20.1.1986, J.D. Brown.

Matthews (1972) examined six specimens from Silver Plains, Sellheim

and Mt Molloy in northern Queensland. Numerous specimens from the

Atherton Tableland and adjacent areas are now known. The series from

Watsonville were taken in live mushrooms and in a pitfall trap baited with

decaying fungi. These appear to be the only specimens for which any

ecological data are available, most others being taken at light. It is possible

that this and the related species O. picipennis Hope and O. wigmungan

20 Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988

Matthews are mycetophagous, which may account for their rarity in

collections despite extensive trapping with excrement baits within their

range.

O. rufosignatus Macleay

QUEENSLAND: 15.035, 145.09E, Зкт NE of Mt Webb, 30.iv.-3.v.1981, J. Feehan; 15.175,

145.13E, Ikm N of Rounded Hill, 5-7.v.1981, J. Feehan; Cape Flattery Rd, 28.x.1981, R.I.

Storey; Petford, 27-29.1.1978, R.I. Storey; 16km W of Mt Garnet, 14-15.1.1976, К.І. Storey;

Einasleigh R. via Mt Surprise, 6-7.1.1980, R.I. Storey; Mt. Mulligan Plateau, 15-19.iv.1985,

К.Н. Halfpapp; 12.455, 143.17E, 8km E of Mt Tozer, 8.vii.1986, T. Weir.

Matthews (1972) recorded this species from the coast of Queensland from

near Brisbane to at least Mt Carbine, as well as the northern parts of the

Northern Territory and Western Australia. Further collecting has shown it

to occur as far north as the Iron Range area (Mt Tozer) in open forest,

heath on sandy soil and pasture. Trapped with human faeces.

O. yiryoront Matthews

QUEENSLAND: 6km SW of Kuranda, 10.xii.1984-15.1.1985, 15.1.-20.11.1985, Storey and

Halfpapp; 1.5km NW of Cape Tribulation (site 1), 23.ix.-7.x.1982, Monteith, Yeates and

Thompson.

Recorded previously only from a few specimens from El Arish and

Cairns, this species has since been taken several times in flight intercept

traps, including the first non-coastal capture near Kuranda.

O. vilis Harold

NORTHERN TERRITORY: South Aligator R., Arnhem Hwy, 11.xii.1982, A. Walford-

Huggins.

QUEENSLAND: Little Laura R., near Laura, 24.xii.1978, КЛ. Storey; Lake Boronto

(=Wincheura), Newcastle Bay, Cape York, 30.i.-4.ii.1975, С.В. Monteith.

Matthews (1972) stated that this rare species was known only from a

few old specimens taken at the tip of Cape York Peninsula and one from

Cairns. Nothing was known of its habitat or food preferences. In 1975 several

specimens were taken burrowing in and under the fruits of Syzygium

rubrimolle B. Hyland (Myrtaceae) in the Bamaga area by D.J. Rogers. Since

then, it has been taken in Syzygium suborbiculare (Benth.) on northern Cape

York Peninsula, and also in the fallen fruit of Siphonodon pendulus F.M.

Bailey (Siphonodontaceae) near Laura. There now seems little doubt that

fruit are its preferred food, making it the first carpophagous Onthophagus

recorded in Australia. Although Williams and Williams (1983a, 1983b,

1983c) recorded 0. dunningi Harold in a pitfall trap baited with rotting

watermelon and several other scarabaeines responding to apple core baits,

it seems doubtful that true carpophagy is involved with these species. This

species is also recorded from the Northern Territory for the first time.

Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988 21

O. gangulu Matthews

QUEENSLAND: 40 Mile Scrub via Mt Garnet, 20-21.xi.1976, ЕЛ. Storey.

Known previously from the Rockhampton area and Carnarvon Gorge

(Matthews 1972).

O. yungaburra Matthews

QUEENSLAND: Wallaman Falls, 18-19.iv.1976, К.І. Storey; Kirrama Ra. via Kennedy, 17-

18.1у.1976, К.І. Storey; Wongabel S.F. via Atherton, 10.xi.1983-9.1.1984, Storey and Brown;

Tully Falls S.F., 20-21.iv.1973, КЛ. Storey; Windsor Tableland, 9.ix.-4.xi.1976, КЛ. Storey.

Previously known only from the type locality, Yungaburra.

O. rubescens Macleay

QUEENSLAND: Cooktown, 27.iv.1981, J. Feehan; 7km NW of Cooktown, 14-15.1.1978, R.I.

Storey; Einasleigh К. via Mt Surprise, 6-7.1.1980, R.I. Storey; Davies Ck via Mareeba, 4-

8.11.1976, R.I. Storey; Southedge via Mareeba, х1.1976-11.1977, R.I. Storey; 36km W of

Georgetown, 31.11.1976, R.I. Storey; 150km E of Hughenden, 26-30.111.1976, ЕЛ. Storey;

12.43S, 143.16E, 7km ENE of Mt Tozer, 6.vii.1986, T. Weir.

Matthews (1972) recorded this species from northern parts of Western

Australia and the Northern Territory, and in Queensland as far north as

Atherton. Subsequent collecting has extended its range to the Iron Range

area (Mt Tozer).

О. waminda Matthews

QUEENSLAND: 15.478, 145.17E, Moses Ck, 4km N by E of Mt Finnigan, 14-16.x.1980,

T. Weir; Mt Lewis, 20km SW Mossman, 1000m, 10.vii.-l.viii.1982, S. & J. Peck; 13km

up Mt Lewis Rd, 29.iv.-2.v.1976, КЛ. Storey; 40km УУ of Ingham, near Wallaman Falls,

22.vi.-7.viii.1982, S. & J. Peck, 600m; Wallaman Falls, 18-19.iv.1976, R.I. Storey; Kirrama

Ra. via Kennedy, 17-18.iv.1976, R.I. Storey; Windsor Tableland via Mt Carbine 26.xii.1983

-24.1.1984, Storey and Halfpapp.

Matthews (1972) gave the distribution as the south eastern edge of the

Atherton Tableland. Further collecting has extended this range north to near

Cooktown and south to inland from Ingham. Specimens were taken at human

faeces and flight intercept traps in closed forest up to 1000 metres.

O. parrumbal Matthews

QUEENSLAND: 7.5km NNW of Kuranda, 20.ii.-20.iii.1985, Storey and Halfpapp; 5km NNW

of Kuranda, 20.11.-20.111.1985, Storey and Halfpapp; 4km NNW of Kuranda, 15.1.-20.11.1985,

Storey and Halfpapp; Tinaroo Ck Rd, 25km SE Mareeba, 11.iv.1976, R.I. Storey; Southedge

Res. Station, via Mareeba, 5.1.1976, К.І. Storey; Watsonville, 7-14.1.1976, К.І. Storey; 43km

У of Mt Garnet, 15.xi.1976, R.I. Storey; Mt Molloy, 18.11.1980, L.C. Cunningham; Station

Ck, 17km NW of Mt Molloy, 14.iv.1973, КЛ. Storey; Saltbag Ck, 8km S of Mt Carbine,

14.iv.1973, R.I. Storey; Saddlebag Ck, 12 km W of Mt Molloy, 14.iv.1973, R.I. Storey; Cow

Bay, north of Daintree R., 26.iii.-2.v.1983, Storey and Cunningham.

22 Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988

A mainly mycetophagous species recorded for the first time in the

Atherton Tableland area, in closed and open forest situations. Taken in fresh

mushrooms, traps baited with mushrooms and flight intercept traps.

O. kiambram Storey

QUEENSLAND: Binna Burra, Lamington Nat. Pk, 25.111.-4.1у.1985, J. & N. Lawrence.

NEW SOUTH WALES: Gloucester R, Barrington Tops Nat. Pk, 12-14.xi.1981, T. Weir;

Dorrigo Nat. Pk, 28.11.-4.111.1980, A. Newton and M. Thayer; Dorrigo Nat. Pk, 2.xii.1967,

E. Matthews (paratypes of O. tuckonie Matthews); Gibraltar Range Nat. Pk, 5.xii.1967, E.

Matthews (paratype of O. tuckonie Matthews); Wiangaree S.F., 29.11.-3.111.1980, A. Newton

and M. Thayer; Wiangaree S.F., 10-12.1.1983, T. Weir and A. Calder; Richmond Range S.F.,

13-14.11.1983, T. Weir and A. Calder; Beaury S.F., 15-17.1.1983, T. Weir and A. Calder.

Storey (1977) gave the distribution as southeastern Queensland near

Cunningham's Gap and Bald Mountain via Emu Vale. The records above

have greatly extended this southwards to Barrington Tops. Williams and

Williams (1983a, 1983b, 1983c) gave many other records from the

intervening areas of coastal New South Wales. Specimens have been taken

at human faeces, squid, malt and at flight intercept traps in rainforest.

O. asper Macleay

QUEENSLAND: 17km S of Mt Carbine, 28.v.1977, A. Macqueen; 40 Mile Scrub via Mount

Garnet, 22.xi.-21.xii.1985, 10.1.-25.11.1986, Storey and Heiner; Davies Ck via Mareeba, 4-

8.11.1976, R.I. Storey; Southedge Res. Station via Mareeba, 1.x.1976-10.ii.1977, R.I. Storey;

Mt Mulligan Plateau, 15-19.iv.1985, К.Н. Halfpapp.

Matthews (1972) gave the distribution as Queensland from Gayndah to

Charters Towers, mostly in inland localities with an annual rainfall less than

750 mm. New records extend this distribution some 400 km northwards.

At Southedge Research Station near Mareeba, where dung baited pitfalls

were run fortnightly from Feb. 1976 to Feb. 1977, O. asper was only taken

from November through to February, whereas the related O. ocelliger Harold

occurred in all months except June, July and August.

O. clypealis Lea

QUEENSLAND: 97 km E of Hughenden, 9.xii.1978, R.I. Storey; 40km W of Georgetown,

9.1.1978, R.I. Storey and LJ. Titmarsh; Wrotham Park via Chillagoe, 27.x.-10.xii.1976, 28-

29.1.1978, R.I. Storey.

Matthews (1972) examined only five specimens of this species, of which

only one was from Queensland (Mutchilba). Numerous specimens have been

taken since in inland areas with reddish sandy soil from the southern part

of Cape York Peninsula as far south as east of Hughenden. The Wrotham

Park and Hughenden localities were forest dominated by Eucalyptus miniata

A. Cunn. (Myrtaceae) growing оп гей soil. Trapped with human faeces and

taken at light.

Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988 23

O. planicollis Harold

QUEENSLAND: 40km W of Georgetown, 9.xi.1978, R.I. Storey and IJ. Titmarsh; Cooktown,

27-28.х1.1976, К.І. Storey; Janie Ck, 12km S of Old Mapoon Mission, 30.xi.1983, A. Walford-

Huggins.

Matthews (1972) gave the distribution as the east coast of Cape York

Peninsula, from Torres Strait south to Cape Bedford. New records are south

and southwest of this. Taken at light and in traps baited with human faeces.

O. macleayi Blackburn

QUEENSLAND: Fraser L, 31.xii.1973, A. Macqueen.

Matthews (1972) gave the distribution from the north coast of New South

Wales to Bundaberg in Queensland including Bribie I. and North Stradbroke

1. This new record is from Fraser Island, the largest and northern most

offshore sand island in southeastern Queensland.

O. pillara Matthews

QUEENSLAND: 26km up Tinaroo Creek Rd, 10.xi.-23.xii.1982, 23.xii.1982-12.1.1983, 12-

28.1.1983, 28.1.-16.11.1983, 16.111.-12.1у.1983, Storey and Brown; 18km up Davies Ck Rd, 2-

18.11.1983, 12.iv.-14.v.1983, Storey and Titmarsh; Wongabel S.F., 6km S Atherton, 10.xi.-

1.xii.1983, Storey and Brown.

Originally described from a short series taken at The Crater near

Herberton. This unusual rainforest species has proved to be one of the most

common Onthophagus species taken in flight intercept traps set near that

locality, where it is active from September through to June. It has still not

been taken in bait traps and its biology is unknown.

O. bornemisszai Matthews

QUEENSLAND: Cunningham’s Gap, 18.1.1973, R.I. Storey.

NEW SOUTH WALES: Yabbra Forest Rest Area, 7km S of Urbenville, 2.xii.1982, B.

Halliday; 28.225, 153.05E, Wiangaree S.F., 1050m, 10-12.1.1983, T. Weir and A. Calder;

28.485, 152.59E, Richmond Range S.F., 600m, 13-14.ii.1983, T. Weir and A. Calder; 28.295,

152.32E, Beaury S.F., 700m, 15-17.1.1983, T. Weir and A. Calder; 32.085, 151.27E, Allyn

R., Chichester S.F., 10-11.xi.1981, T. Weir.

Matthews (1972) described this species from three localities in coastal

New South Wales: near Eden, Batemans Bay and south of Kempsey.

Williams and Williams (1983a, 1983b, 1983c) gave further records within

this range and extended the distribution westwards to the Barrington Tops

area. Allsopp (1975) recorded it from closed forest at Ravensbourne in south-

eastern Queensland. Further records are given here, all some distance from

the coast, and three are from closed forests at altitudes up to 1050 metres.

Specimens were taken in wallaby, pig and human faeces, in closed and open

forest.

24 Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988

O. bunamin Matthews

QUEENSLAND: 15.475, 145.14E, Shiptons Flat, 16-18.v.1981, J. Feehan; Iron Range, 15-

21.iv.1977, R.I. Storey; Lockerbie Scrub, 7-14.iv.1977, КЛ. Storey; 12.435, 143.18E, Пкт

ENE of Mt Tozer, 11-16.vii.1986, T. Weir; 12.435, 143.16E, 7km ENE of Mt Tozer,

6.vii.1986, T. Weir.

Matthews (1972) gave the distribution of this species as lowland coastal

areas of northern Queensland from Sarina to Daintree. Subsequent collecting

has extended this range northwards to Lockerbie at the tip of Cape York

Peninsula. All specimens, except one, were taken at human faeces in open

forest.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank John Rogers and Geoff Monteith for information on

hosts of O. vilis, Neil Bryde for specimens of O. muticus from goats, John

Clarkson for botanical advice and Allan Walford-Huggins for the loan of

specimens.

References

ALLSOPP, P.G., 1975. Dung Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) collected in the Toowoomba

district, south-east Queensland. Australian Entomological Magazine 2: 47-49.

ALLSOPP, P.G., 1977. Further records of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from the

Toowoomba district. Australian Entomological Magazine 3: 101-103.

ALLSOPP, P.G., 1978. Records of Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera) from Charleville, Queensland.

Australian Entomological Magazine 5: 35-37.

MATTHEWS, E.G., 1972. A revision of the scarabaeine dung beetles of Australia. I. Tribe

Onthophagini. Australian Journal of Zoology Suppl. Ser. 9: 1-330.

STOREY, R.L, 1977. Six new species of Onthophagus Latreille (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

from Australia. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 16: 313-320.

WILLIAMS, G.A., 1979. Scarabaeidae (Coleoptera) from the Harrington district of coastal

northern New South Wales, with special reference to a littoral rainforest habitat. Australian

Entomological Magazine 5: 103-108.

WILLIAMS, G.A. and WILLIAMS, T., 1982. 'A survey of the Aphodiinae, Hybosorinae and

Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from small wet forests of coastal New South Wales.’

Part |: Nowra to Newcastle Australian Entomological Magazine 9: 42-48.

WILLIAMS, G.A. and WILLIAMS, T., 1983a. 'A survey of the Aphodiinae, Hybosorinae,

and Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from small wet forests of coastal New South

Wales. Part 2: Barrington Tops to the Comboyne Plateau. Victorian Naturalist 100: 25-30.

WILLIAMS, G.A. and WILLIAMS, T., 1983b. 'A survey of the Aphodiinae, Hybosorinae

and Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from small wet forests of coastal New South

Wales. Part 3: Bulahdelah to Taree. Victorian Naturalist 100: 98-105.

WILLIAMS, G.A. and WILLIAMS, T., 1983c. 'A survey of the Aphodiinae, Hybosorinae

and Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from small wet forests of coastal New South

Wales. Part 4: Lansdowne State Forest. Victorian Naturalist 100: 146-154.

WILLIAMS, G.A. and WILLIAMS, T., 1984. 'A survey of the Aphodiinae, Hybosorinae and

Scarabaeinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from small wet forests of coastal New South Wales.’

Part 5: Littoral rainforests from Myall Lakes to Crowdy Bay National Park. Victorian

Naturalist 101: 127-135.

Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988 25

MIGRATION AND BEHAVIOUR OF NON-

REPRODUCTIVE DANAUS PLEXIPPUS (L.)

(LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE) IN THE BLUE

MOUNTAINS, NEW SOUTH WALES

DAVID G. JAMES

Yanco Agricultural Institute, New South Wales Department of Agriculture,

Yanco, N.S.W. 2703.

Abstract

The behaviour and movement of mass-released, non-reproductive Danaus plexippus (L.) in

the Blue Mountains, New South Wales was studied during autumn and winter 1984. An easterly

migration into the Sydney basin occurred during warm weather in March and April. Movement

of up to 75 km was recorded and three individuals were recovered from an overwintering

colony of D. plexippus at Wallacia. The advent of cooler weather during May-July inhibited

Jong distance movement, resulting in the formation of a local population which displayed

behaviour characteristic of overwintering, non-reproductive D. plexippus.

Introduction

Wanderer or monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus (L.) overwinter in

the Sydney area of New South Wales as reproductive or non-reproductive

individuals (Smithers 1965, James 1979, 1981, 1984a). Non-reproductive

populations form when newly-emerged butterflies experience cool, cloudy

conditions during late summer and autumn (James 1983). These individuals

subsequently migrate coastward and establish overwintering colonies at sites

in the Sydney basin and Hunter Valley (Smithers 1965, James 1982, 1983,

1984b, 1984c). Circumstantial evidence indicates that many butterflies in

these colonies originate from highland and tableland areas to the west and

south-west of Sydney, such as the Blue Mountains (see James 1982, 1983,

1984a, 1984b). In addition, a recent study (James 1986a), showed that

migrating D. plexippus during late summer and autumn in Sydney, invariably

travel in a northerly to easterly direction. However, despite widespread

tagging of populations over the past two decades (Smithers 1972 and pers.

comm., James 1984a), no direct evidence of the origin of individuals in

overwintering colonies has been obtained.

This study presents data on the migration and behaviour of mass released,

non-reproductive D. plexippus during autumn and winter 1984 in the Blue

Mountains.

Methods

Due to the practical difficulties of rearing sufficient numbers of butterflies to generate

meaningful results, individuals from wild non-reproductive populations were used in this study.

During March-July 1984 D. plexippus were obtained at weekly or fortnightly intervals from

cluster sites at Camden, Picton and Wallacia in the Sydney basin (see James 1979, 1982,

1984a) and transported to Hazelbrook in the Blue Mountains. Following sexing, examination

26 Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988

of condition and tagging (see James 1984c), the butterflies were released en masse, usually

within 24 hours of capture. The release site at Hazelbrook, 17 km east of Katoomba at an

altitude of 650 m, was a tree-sheltered clearing on a south-facing slope. Trees were

predominantly Eucalyptus spp. and the principal host plant of D. plexippus in the Sydney

area, Gomphocarpus fruticosus (L.) (Asclepiadaceae), occurred commonly at the site. A

thermograph situated 1.5 m above ground level provided a continuous record of temperature.

Observations on behaviour of butterflies at the site were made throughout the study, but

particularly during the first two days following each release. Particular attention was paid

to flight behaviour and dispersal from the site. Observations were also made on feeding,

sun-basking, mating, courtship, roosting and oviposition behaviour. Temperature and weather

conditions were recorded for all observations on behaviour.

An indication of degree of fidelity to the site by released butterflies was obtained by

the recapture of tagged individuals. These individuals also provided information on direction

and distance flown by migrants, as well as data on condition and longevity. Known sites

of overwintering colonies of D. plexippus in the Sydney basin were inspected regularly for

the presence of mountain-tagged individuals, and weekly recaptures were made of butterflies

remaining at the release site.

Results

A total of 2,741 butterflies was released at the site from 24 March to

2] July and 79 (2.996) were recaptured. Examination of data from each

release indicates that migration occurred most effectively during March and

April. Long distance (20-75 km) recaptures comprised 50% of total

recaptures of butterflies released during these months (Table 1). Recaptures

from releases made during May-July were predominantly local (« 5 km),

or occurred at the site. During June and July a small, but noticeable pool

of individuals persisted at the release site. This was indicated by an.

increasing incidence of recaptures at the site together with multiple

recaptures of at least five individuals. In addition, sightings of tagged D.

plexippus by members of the public or myself, were common within a radius

of 5 km from the site during June-August.

Twelve butterflies (15.296 of recaptures) were recovered from distances

ranging from 12-75 km, and were considered to be migrants (Table 2). AII

long distance movements occurred in a generally easterly direction into the

Sydney basin. Three of the 12 recaptures were made at a single overwintering

site at Wallacia, 30km southeast of the release point (see James 1979).

Recaptures of migrants were made at intervals of 1-140 days after release,

and all individuals were in a good condition when caught.

The behaviour of butterflies after release appeared to be strongly

influenced by prevailing temperature and weather conditions. Sunny weather

and ambient temperatures greater than 15°C resulted in rapid dispersal of

released butterflies during March and April. During May-July when daily

maximum temperatures generally remained below 15?C, dispersal flight

behaviour was inhibited. When overcast conditions coincided with cool

temperatures, flight activity was prevented. During sunshine at all

Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988

-l

Table 1. Release-recapture and site temperature data for D. plexippus

liberated at Hazelbrook during March-July 1984.

Number of recaptures

Daily mean

Release No. Total At site « 5km > 10km temp. °С

period released (96) (% of total) (96 of total) (96 of total) Max. Min.

24.111-7 У 1168 18(1.5) 4(22.2) 5(27.8) 9(50.0) 19.6 10.8

15.v -2 .vi 1249 39(3.1) 18(46.1) 19(48.7) 2(5.1) 15.3 8.7

16.vi-28.vii 324 22(6.8) 16(72.7) 5(22.7) 1(4.5) 11.2 5.4

Totals 2741 79(2.9) 38(48.0) 29(37.0) 12(15.0) 15.4 8.3

Table 2. Release-recapture data for migrant D. plexippus released at

Hazelbrook during March-June 1984.

Notes

Date Date Location of

released recaptured recapture

3l.iii l.iv Springwood (20km E)

3.11 14.iv Parramatta (75km E)

31.iii П.у Wallacia (30km SE)

14.iv 24.v Wallacia (30km SE)

14.iv 20.vi Londonderry (30km ENE)

14.iv 3.ix Londonderry (30km ENE)

30.iv 24.v Wallacia (30km SE)

30.iv 30.vi Penrith. (33km E)

30.iv 21.vii Warrimoo (26km E)

13.v ПУН Faulconbridge (12km ENE)

26.v 7.х Valley Heights (25km E)

16.vi 22.vi Springwood (20km E)

24h between release and recap.

recap. in overwintering colony

20 weeks between release & recap.

recap. in overwintering colony

19 weeks between release & recap.

28 Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988

temperatures below 20°С much open-winged basking occurred, with most

individuals adopting a characteristic inverted V posture by holding the

forewings down towards the body. Following release, most individuals

congregated in large groups (50-200) on nearby trees; a characteristic

behaviour of non-reproductive D. plexippus (Urquhart 1960). These

formations persisted overnight when dispersal was slow. In addition, the

small resident population that occurred during June and July invariably

roosted in small groups of 2-6 individuals and often remained inactive by

day.

Flight activity of butterflies in the days following each release was

observed to be primarily of two readily distinguishable types. Individuals

either flew within the release area with movement punctuated by turns,

glides, feeding, basking and roosting, or they embarked upon rapid, easterly

and uninterrupted (within visual range) flights which were considered to

be dispersal flights. Occasionally high speed courtship flights were seen,

but these never resulted in the loss of individuals from the site. Feeding

upon flowers was commonly observed and one female was seen ovipositing

on G. fruticosus.

Discussion

This study provides evidence of an easterly migration of non-reproductive

D. plexippus during March-May 1984 from the Blue Mountains into the

overwintering area of the Sydney basin. Long distance movements (210 km)

occurred mainly during warm days in March and April and ceased with

the advent of cool-cold days in June and July. The latter conditions were

associated with the formation of a non-migratory local population which

exhibited non-reproductive overwintering behaviour such as communal

roosting and site fidelity.

An autumn coastward movement of D. plexippus in New South Wales

as part of a seasonal extension and contraction of range in eastern Australia

was first suggested by Smithers (1977). Subsequent studies by James (1983,

1984a, 1984b, 1986), also indicated a tablelands to coast movement of non-

reproductive D. plexippus prior to the establishment of overwintering

colonies in the Sydney basin. However, this study provides the first data

on pre-wintering migration of individual D. plexippus. Due to difficulties

in locating sufficient numbers of wild mountain butterflies, or breeding an

adequate supply of non-reproductive laboratory stock, butterflies were taken

from clusters in the Sydney basin and transferred to the release site in the

Blue Mountains. It was considered unlikely that this procedure would

substantially alter natural behaviour of the butterflies. Migrants taken from

transient or unstable cluster populations (James 1982, 1984b) would continue

to display the same pattern and phenology of movement when transferred

Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988 29

to the study site, less than 50 km away. They were in effect, taken back

a "few steps" from the position they had reached when captured. One

individual recovered in the Wallacia overwintering colony after release in

the mountains was originally obtained from the same colony a few weeks

earlier.

Due to the relative scarcity of host plants, summer abundance of D.

plexippus in western areas of New South Wales is never great. The

occurrence of larger populations in these areas would undoubtedly make

interpretation of the seasonal movements of D. plexippus a lot easier.

However, the data presented here together with the earlier work of Smithers

(1977) and James (1983, 1984a, 19845, 19862), provide reasonable evidence

for a coastward movement of non-reproductive D. plexippus during autumn,

in central and. southern areas of New South Wales. Most overwintering

colonies are found in the Sydney basin, although they have been recorded

as far south as Nowra (B. Holloway pers. comm.). The choice of specific

overwintering sites which are used annually, raises a number of interesting

questions. Are overwintering sites situated on migration "routes" These may

occur as a result of the valley and hill topography of the Tablelands

funnelling migrants into well defined migration "corridors". Do site

colonisers produce an attractant pheronome creating a "zone of attraction"

for later migrants? It is interesting to note that the three butterflies recovered

in the Wallacia overwintering colony were the only migrants that moved

southeast.

This study also provides further evidence for the role of temperature

in the migration of D. plexippus. James (1984b) showed that migration was

enhanced by warm (> 20°С) days and cold (< 1090) nights, and was

progressively inhibited as days cooled during autumn. A similar phenology

occurred in the current study; migration occurred mainly in the warmer

months of March and April, and was reduced or absent in the cooler

conditions of May-July. A small resident population persisted at the site

during June-July and showed behaviour characteristic of overwintering, non-

breeding populations such as communal roosting and reduced flight activity

(James 1979, 1984c). In addition, it was clear from numerous reports from

other people and personal observations that a fairly sedentary population

of tagged D. plexippus existed locally at this time. Butterflies at the site

from May onwards spend a good deal of time engaged in thermoregulatory

basking behaviour. The characteristic "delta" posture adopted by.basking

D. plexippus and observed commonly in this study, ensures maximum

efficiency in absorption of radiant energy (James 1986b).

30 Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988

References

JAMES, D. G., 1979. Observations on two overwintering clusters of Danaus plexippus (L.)

(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in the Sydney area during 1978. Australian Entomological

Magazine 5: 81-85.

JAMES, D. G., 1981. Studies on a winter breeding population of Danaus plexippus (L.)

(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) at Spencer, New South Wales. General and Applied Entomology

13: 47-53.

JAMES, D. G., 1982. A transient non-breeding population of Danaus plexippus (L.)

(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) near Picton, New South Wales. Australian Entomological

Magazine 8: 96-99,

JAMES, D. G., 1983. Induction of reproductive dormancy in Australian Monarch butterflies,

Danaus plexippus (L.) Australian Journal of Zoology 31: 491-498.

JAMES, D. G., 1984a. 'Overwintering biology of the monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus,

in Sydney, New South Wales. Ph.D. Thesis, Macquarie University, Sydney.

JAMES, D. G., 1984b. Migration and clustering phenology of Danaus plexippus (L.)

(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in Australia. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 23;

199-204.

:JAMES, D. G., 1984c Population and general biology of non-reproductive colonies of the

monarch butterfly, Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) in New South Wales.

Australian Journal of Zoology 32: 663-670.

JAMES, D. G., 1986a. Studies on the migration of Danaus plexippus (L.) Lepidoptera:

Nymphalidae) in the Sydney area. Australian Entomological Magazine 13: 27-31.

JAMES, D. G., 1986b. Thermoregulation in Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera:

Nymphalidae); two cool climate adaptations. General and Applied Entomology 18: 43-47.

SMITHERS, C. N. 1965. A note on overwintering in Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus)

(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in Australia. Australian Zoologist 13: 135-136.

SMITHERS, C. N., 1972. Observations on a breeding population of Danaus plexippus (L.)

(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) at Camden, New South Wales Australian Zoologist 17: 142-148.

SMITHERS, C. N., 1977. Seasonal distribution and breeding status of Danaus plexippus (L.)

(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in Australia. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 16:

175-184.

URQUHART, F. A., 1960. 'The monarch butterfly.’ University of Toronto Press. 361 pp.

Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988 31

DIEL PATTERN OF FEEDING AND OVIPOSITION BY

CYRTOBAGOUS SALVINIAE CALDER AND SANDS

(COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)

M. SCHOTZ and D.P.A. SANDS

CSIRO, Division of Entomology, Private Bag No. 3, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068.

Abstract

The diel pattern of oviposition and feeding by the salvinia weevil, Cyrtobagous salviniae

Calder and Sands is described. The weevil deposited 76.5% of its eggs and produced 72.3%

of feeding scars at night when maintained at ambient conditions of light and temperature.

Weevils held at constant 25°C with a 12:12 hour photoperiod deposited 80.7% of eggs during

hours of darkness.

The salvinia weevil, Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands was

introduced into Australia for biological control of the water fern, Salvinia

molesta Mitchell (Room et al. 1981). In laboratory studies feeding by adult

weevils increased with an increase in temperature (Forno et al. 1983), while

an increase in nitrogen concentration in the plant increased the rate of

oviposition (Sands et al. 1986) but not of feeding (Forno and Bourne 1985).

Little is known of the diel pattern of behaviour of these weevils but

they are frequently observed on the upper surface of the host plant by day

and are occasionally attracted to lights at night (Room ef al. 1981). We

investigated feeding and oviposition by C. salviniae as part of a

comprehensive study on the biology of the weevil.

In an experiment at ambient temperatures, weevils were collected from

the field and allowed to acclimatise for 7 days on S. molesta, containing

ca 2% nitrogen dry weight, in a fibreglass trough outdoors. After

acclimatisation seven pairs of weevils were each placed in 500 ml plastic

food containers with base and top replaced by gauze. Tertiary-stage (with

upright leaves) plants of 5. molesta were provided as food. Containers with

weevils and plants were suspended by a polystyrene foam frame in a

fibreglass trough containing a nutrient solution. Plants were replaced daily

at 0600 hours and 1800 hours for 7 days (sunrise ca 0530 hours, sunset

ca 1840 hours) and examined for eggs and feeding scars, using the methods

of Forno et al. (1983).

In an experiment at constant 25°C, weevils from a laboratory colony

were conditioned for 10 days in an environmental cabinet with a 12:12 hour

photoperiod on 5. molesta with the same nutrient. Pairs of weevils were

then placed in plastic containers with plants and nutrient. Eggs and feeding

scars were counted twice daily after each 12 hour photoperiod.

32 Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988

At 25°C, more eggs (80.7%, S.E. 3.6) were deposited during hours of

darkness. Similarly, at ambient temperatures of the salvinia plants (23.0 -

27.5°C), more eggs (76.5%, S.E. 5.6) were deposited and more feeding scars

produced (72.396, S.E. 2.2) at night over 7 days.

Feeding and oviposition would therefore appear to be mainly nocturnal

activities of the adult weevils (Fig. 1), despite the lower water temperatures

at night.

E day

Е night

ERN

% of total eggs laid/scars in 7 days

Days

Fig. t - Diel oviposition and feeding of Cyrtobagous salviniae over 7 days

at ambient temperatures (means from 7 pairs).

References

FORNO, I.W., SANDS, D.P.A. and SEXTON, W., 1983. Distribution, biology and host

specificity of Cyrtobagous singularis Hustache (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), for the biological

control of Salvinia molesta. Bulletin of Entomological Research 73: 85-95.

FORNO, I.W. and BOURNE, A.S., 1985. Feeding by adult Cyrtobagous salviniae on Salvinia

molesta under different regimes of temperature and nitrogen content and the effects on plant

growth. Entomophaga 30: 279-286.

ROOM, P.M., HARLEY, K.L.S., FORNO, I.W. and SANDS, D.P.A., 1981. Successful

biological control of the floating weed Salvinia. Nature, London 294: 78-80.

SANDS, D.P.A. SCHOTZ, M. and BOURNE, A.S., 1986. The intrinsic rates of increase of

Cyrtobagous singularis Hustache and C. salviniae Calder and Sands: agents for biological

control of the water weed Salvinia molesta Mitchell. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata

42: 231-237.

Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988 33

NEW FOOD PLANTS FOR JALMENUS EVAGORAS

EVAGORAS (DONOVAN) (LEPIDOPTERA:

LYCAENIDAE)

MICHAEL F. BRABY

21 Cromwell Street, Eltham, Vic. 3095.

Abstract

Two additional larval food plants, golden wattle Acacia pycnantha Benth. and lightwood A.

implexa Benth., are recorded for the common imperial blue butterfly Jalmenus evagoras

evagoras (Donovan) from the Macleod-Bundoora area near Melbourne, Victoria.

Introduction

Hawkeswood (1981) listed thirteen species of Acacia (Mimosaceae),

including one unrecorded species, on which Jalmenus evagoras evagoras

(Donovan) breed. Common and Waterhouse (1981) and Dunn (1984) added

two further species of Acacia, bringing the total number of known larval

food plants to fifteen. Larvae are known to feed gregariously during the

day, usually on plants of 1-2 m high, pupating in groups on communal webs

on foliage or twigs of the host-plant (McCubbin 1971, Common and

Waterhouse 1981, Hutchinson 1972). Larvae prefer bipinnate acacia

(Kitching and Taylor 1981), although they are by no means restricted to

them. Two previously unrecorded Acacia spp. utilised by this butterfly near

Melbourne, Victoria are recorded.

Food Plants

The author, accompanied by Mr G.P. Closs, discovered colonies of J.

e. evagoras breeding on Acacia pycnantha Benth. and Acacia implexa Benth.

in open woodland at the Mont Park Psychiatric Hospital, Macleod,

approximately 14 km NE of Melbourne, Victoria (145? 03'E, 37? 44'S)

on 17th January 1987. Two plants of A. pycnantha about 1 m high, supported

eggs, thirty-six late instar larvae, nine pupae and numerous uncounted first

instar larvae (presumably of second generation). A third plant of A.

pycnantha (ca 6-7 m high), contained several hundred pupae, exuviae and

some final instar larvae. Larvae and pupae occurred on the trunk within

1 m of the ground. Most pupae were well concealed, situated beneath loose

bark or in cracks in the trunk.

The single plant of A. implexa (ca 0.5 m) largely comprised juvenile

bipinnate foliage, although some phyllodes were present at the base of the

plant. Nine late-instar larvae, three pupae and a number of eggs were present.

Larvae were observed feeding only on the bipinnate leaves.

Adults were abundant on all plants of both species, settling on the foliage

and base and the trunk of the large A. pycnantha where some were observed

mating. АП plants were relatively close together with the two small plants

34 Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988

of A. pycnantha situated 1 m from A. implexa, approximately 10 m from

the large A. pycnantha.

In the same area J. e. evagoras was observed breeding on many small

plants («2 m high) of A. mearnsii De Wild. and on some A. melanoxylon

R. Br. At La Trobe University, Bundoora, J. e. evagoras commonly breeds

on small plants of A. melanoxylon and A. mearnsii and less often on A.

dealbata Link and A. pycnantha (T.R. New pers. comm.).

Discussion

The occurrence of J. e. evagoras breeding on A. pycnantha and A.

implexa is unusual in several respects. Despite the abundance of these Acacia

spp., neither have previously been documented as natural food plants. Also,

the size of the large A. pycnantha and the location of pupae on this plant

are most uncharacteristic for this butterfly, at least in Victoria (D.F. Crosby

pers. comm.), and somewhat resemble the habits of the closely-related J.

ictinus Hewitson (McCubbin 1971, Common and Waterhouse 1981). Both

A. pycnantha and A. implexa are usually small trees, the latter species

somewhat similar to А. melanoxylon. (Simmons 1981, Costermans 1983).

A. pycnantha is also host plant for the 7. icilius Hewitson and J. lithochroa

Waterhouse (Common and Waterhouse 1981), whereas A. implexa has not

been recorded for any other species of Jalmenus. The extent to which J.

e. evagoras utilises both A. pycnantha and A. implexa is not clear. Both

Acacia spp. are common and widespread in open-forests of Victoria

(Simmons 1981, Costermans 1983) where J. e. evagoras occurs.

Acknowledgement

I would like to thank Dr Tim New, Department of Zoology, La Trobe

University for providing comments on the manuscript.

References

COMMON, I.F.B. and WATERHOUSE, Р.Е. 1981. ‘Butterflies of Australia.’ Revised edition,

Angus and Robertson, Sydney. 682pp.

COSTERMANS, L.F. 1983. 'Native trees and shrubs of south-eastern Australia.’ Revised

edition Rigby, Melbourne. 422pp.

DUNN, K.L. 1984, Acacia diffusa Lindl. - A new larval foodplant for Jalmenus evagoras

evagoras (Donovan) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Victorian Entomologist 14: 8.

HAWKESWOOD, ТЈ. 1981. The food plants of Jalmenus evagoras (Donovan) (Lepidoptera:

Lycaenidae). Australian Entomological Magazine 8: 1-2.

HUTCHINSON, J.F. 1972. Some observations on the emergence of Jalmenus evagoras Don.,

(Lepidoptera Lycaenidae). Victorian Entomologist 2: 8.

KITCHING, R.L. and TAYLOR, М.Е.Ј. 1981. The culturing of Jalmenus evagoras evagoras

(Donovan) and its attendant ant, Iridomyrmex anceps (Roger). Australian Entomological

Magazine 7: 71-75.

McCUBBIN, C. 1971. ‘Australian butterflies. Nelson, Melbourne. 206pp.

SIMMONS, М.Н. 1981. 'Acacias of Australia’. Nelson, Melbourne. 325pp.

Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988 35

NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORDS FOR AUSTRALIAN

CHRYSOPIDAE (NEUROPTERA)

C.N. SMITHERS

Australian Museum, College St., Sydney, N.S.W. 2000.

Abstract

Recently studied material in the collections of the Australian Museum provide new distribution

records for Australian Chrysopidae, which are recorded here.

Introduction

New (1980) gave an account of the economically important neuropterous

family Chrysopidae in Australia, including distribution records for each

species. Since then additional material in the Australian Museum has been

examined. This study has extended the known range of some species and

increased the knowledge of the distribution of others. This paper records

the relevant data derived from this study. New (loc.cit.) recorded individually

many suburbs in Sydney. The new material includes many species from

Sydney but these are not listed unless the records are of particular interest.

Abbreviations used are as follows: Q: (Queensland), NSW: (New South

Wales), ACT: (Australian Capital Territory), V: (Victoria), T: (Tasmania),

SA: (South Australia), WA: (Western Australia), NT: (Northern Territory).

In the list of material the following collectors are referred to by initials:

ВЈ. Day, С. Flanagan, О. Griffiths, B. Hacobian, C. Howard, L. Hill, A.

Holloway, G.A. Holloway, J. Holloway, D. Hyatt, D. Jenkins, K. Khoo,

M. Lowman, D. K. McAlpine, J. McLean, B.J. Moulds, M.S. Moulds, T.

Moulds, V.J. Robinson, M.A. Schneider, A.S. Smithers, C.N. Smithers, C.

Wilson, T. Woolley.

New Distribution Records

Oligochrysa lutea (Walker)

NSW: 1 spec. Mooney Mooney Creek, 18.1.1980 (D.K.McA., B.J.D., D.J.); 1 male, Iluka,

24.xi.1970 (D.K.McA.).

Dictyochrysa latifascia Kimmins

T: I male, Mt. Arrowsmith, 31.1.1987 (C.N.S., A.S.S.).

Dictyochrysa peterseni Kimmins

NSW: 1 female, Wilton, 28.iv.1973 (V.J.R.); 1 male, 12km NW Ошропг, 4.iv.1979

(D.K.McA., B.J.D.); 1 female, Wilson's Valley, 10.11.1979 (О.К. McA., B.J.D.). О: 1 spec.,

Barkula State Forest, 15.ix.1982 (B.H.).

Nathancyla verreauxi Navas

T: 1 female, Olga Camp, 42° 42’S, 145° 48'E, 4.iii.1977 (C.H.,L.H.). NSW: 1 male, Styx

River State Forest, 4.1.1982 (В.Н.).

36 Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988

Ankylopteryx pallida Banks

О: 1 spec., N. Pine River on Mt. Pleasant Road., SW Caboolture, 30.viii.1982 (O.G.); 2

males, Mt. Windsor Tableland, 27.xii.1976, 30.xii.1980 (M.S.M., B.J.M.).

Italochrysa insignis (Walker)

О: 1 spec., Barcaldine, 10.11.1981 (M.S.M., B.J.M.); 1 male, 40 mile scrub, 65km NW Mt.

Garnet, 15. iii. 1982 (M.S.M., B.J.M.); 1 female, Burra Range between Hughenden and

Charters Towers, 2.11.1981 (M.S.M., B.J.M.); 1 male, Windsor Tableland, 20.11.1982 (M.S.M.,

B.J.M.). WA: 2 males, Broome, 5.xi.1978 (M.S.M., B.J.M.); 2 females, Glen Gerald Gorge,

Rawlinson Range, 16.v.1983 (G.A.H.). NT: 1 female, Larrimah, 25.1.1983 M.S.M., B.J.M.);

1 male, Hull R., Mannanana Range, 18.v.1983 (G.A.H.); 1 male, 1 female, Keep R. crossing,

Victoria Highway, 7.1.1986 (M.S.M., B.J.M.).

Italochrysa fascialis (Banks)

О: 1 male, Eurimbula, 26.ii.1975 (D.K. McA.).

Italochrysa punctistigma (Esben-Petersen)

WA: 2 males, Fitzroy R., Derby-Broome Rd., 3.xi. 1978 (M.S.M., B.J.M.).

This species is known only from Western Australia.

Italochrysa lata (Banks)

NT: 1 male, 2 females Taylor's Creek, 47km N. Barrow Creek Township, 22.1.1984 (M.S.M.,

B.J.M.).

This species was known only from the type locality (Darwin) and Silver

Plains Station (Queensland).

Italochrysa luddermanni (Navas)

NSW: 1 male, Pymble (Sydney), 11.xii.1977 (M.S.M.)

This species was known only from the type specimen, also from Sydney.

It appears to be a rare species.

Italochrysa banksi New

Q: 1 female, Etty Bay, near Innisfail, 13.xii.1980; 1 male, same locality, 24.11.1982; 1 male,

Upper Jardine R., 16.х.1979 (M.S.M., В.Ј.М.).

Italochrysa froggatti (Esben-Petersen)

Q: 1 female, Jardine R., 3.x.1979; | female, same locality, 28.x.1979; 1 female Bald Hills

Station, 30km N. Cooktown, 3.1.1981; 4 male, 1 female, same locality, 11.11.1982; 2 females,

Swamp at Isabella Creek, 12km N Bald Hills Station, 14.11.1982; 3 males, Hann R. crossing,

near Laura, 6.xi.1979; 3 females, Mt. Windsor Tableland; 30.xii.1980; 1 spec., same locality,

13.11.1982; 1 spec., same locality, 8.1.1984; 1 male, Mt. Spurgeon, NW Mossman, 28.xii.1976;

2 males, Upper Annon R., near Shipton's Flat, 1.1.1981 (M.S.M., В.Ј.М.); 1 male, Bloomfield,

1.xii.1980 (T.M.).

Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988 37

Calochrysa extranea (Esben-Petersen)

SA: 1 male, 1 female, Pichi Richi Pass, near Port Augusta, 17.1.1976; 1 male, Wilpena Pound,

18.1.1976 (M.S.M., B.J.M.). WA: 1 female, Tunnel Creek, E. Derby, 1.xi.1978 (M.S.M.,

B.J.M.) 1 male, 1 female, Kalgoorlie, 1.xii.1985 (M.S.M., B.J.M.). NT: 1 female, Keep В.

crossing, Victoria Highway, 7.1.1986 (M.S.M., B.J.M.).

Glenochrysa opposita (McLachlan)

О: 1 female, Jardine R., 14.x.1979 (M.S.M., B.J.M.).

Chrysopa traviata Banks

Q: 1 male, Colosseum Creek, NW Miriam Vale, 6.ix.1982 (O.G.).

Chrysopa australis New

SA: 1 spec., Musgrave Ranges, 9.v.1983 (G.A.H.).

Chrysopa triactinata New

NSW: | male, | female, Brunswick Heads, 19.11.1981 (B.J.D.).

This is the second New South Wales record for this species which was

known from Coraki (NSW) and Roma and Duaringa (Q).

Chrysopa edwardsi Banks

NSW: | male, Bago State Forest, 11.11.1981 (D.H., G.A.H.); 1 female, Chakola, Kangaroo

Valley, 13.v.1985 (C.N.S., A.S.S.). T: 1 female, Black Charlie's Opening, 25.v.1985 (C.N.S.,

G.A.H.) 1 male Rocky Cape, 20.v.1985 (C.N.S., G.A.H.).

Chrysopa ramburi Schneider

О: 1 female, Mapleton, 8.ix.1982 (O.G.); 1 male, Butler Creek, 20km W. Cloncurry, 21.i.1977;

1 male, Toowoomba, 18.xii.1976; 1 female, Frazer Island, Central Forest Station, 4.xii.1980;

1 female, Barcaldine, 10.11.1981 (M.S.M., ВЈМ.). WA: 1 male, Dunham River, 100km S

Wyndham, 7.11.1977; | female, Tunnel Creek, E. Derby, 1.xi.1978; | female, Wittenoom

Gorge, Hammersley Rnge., 20.ii.1977 (M.S.M., B.J.M.). SA: 1 female, Anajatra, 10-11.v.1983;

1 male Mt. Illibillie, 4-5.v.1983 (G.A.H.). NT: 1 female, Keep R. Crossing, Victoria Highway,

7.1.1986 (M.S.M., B.J.M.). NSW: 1 female, Kinchega National Park, 22-23.viii.1983 (G.A.H.,

J.H., A.H.); 1 female, Pindara Downs Homestead, 55km Е Tibooburra, 10-12.viii.1983

(С.А.Н.).

Chrysopa atalotis Banks

Q: 1 female, Lizard Island, 15.xi.1974; 1 male, 3 females, Jardine R., 14-16.x.1979 (M.S.M.,

B.J.M.).

Chrysopa innotata Walker

NSW: І female, Terania Creek, near Lismore, 5.11.1983 (D.K. McA., K.K.): 1 male, Snapper

Beach, Urunga, 23.xi.1981 (D.K. McA., B.J.D.); 1 male, 16km E Hay, 11.xii.1978 (M.S.M.,

B.J.M.). SA: 1 male, Innamincka, Cooper Creek, 24.1.1976 (M.S.M., B.J.M.). WA: 1 male,

1 female, Tunnel Creek, E. Derby, 1.xi.1978; 1 male, Broome, 5.xi.1978; | spec. Marble

Ваг, 17.11.1977 (M.S.M., B.J.M.).

38 Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988

Chrysopa otalatis Banks

О: 3 males, 3 females, Oldem, 31.vii.1982; 1 spec. False Cape, 10.vii. 1984 (J. McL.); 1

male, 1 female, Mapleton, 8.ix.1982 (O.G.); | male, 1 female, Jardine River, 14.x.1979

(M.S.M., B.J.M.). NT: 1 male, Beatrice Hill, 26.iv.1984 (C.W., G.F.). WA: 1 female, Tunnel

Creek, E. Derby, 1.xi.1978 (M.S.M., В.Ј.М.); 1 female, 40km N Yuna, 5.ix.1981 (G.A.H.):

Chrysopa signata (Walker)

О: 1 female, Clermont, 7.11.1981 (M.S.M., B.J.M.). NSW: 3 males, 3 females, Lake

Cootapatamba, Snowy Mts., 9.11.1979 (D.K.McA, B.J.D.); 1 male, Kangarooby Valley, near

Cowra, 6.x.1980 (Ю.К. McA.); 1 female, 16km E Hay, 11.xii.1979 (M.S.M., B.J.M.); 1 male,

4 females, 95km E. Tibooburra, 10.viii. 1983; 1 female, Pindara Downs Homestead, 55km

E. Tibooburra, 10-12.viii.1983; 6 males, 6 females, 100km SE Tibooburra, 4.viii.1983; 4 males,

1 female, Kinchega National Park, 2.viii.1983; 22-23.viii.1983 (G.A.H.); 1 male, Yalcogrin

State Forest, 25.х.1983 (T.W.); 1 male, Katoomba, 2.x.1982 (B.H.). SA: 1 male, Salt Creek;

Coorong, 8.xii.1977 (D.K. McA., M.A.S.); 1 female, Wilpena Pound, 18.1.1978 (M.S.M.

В.Ј.М.); 1 spec. Anajatra, 10-11.v.1983; 1 male, 1 female, Mt. Illibillee, 4-5.v.1983; 1 male,

Dalhousie Hot Springs, 29.v.1983; 3 males, 4 females, Blanche Cup Spring, 15.v.1981 G.A.H.):

WA: 1 male, 10km SW Payne's Find, 29.viii.1981; 1 male, 1 female, Kalgoorlie, 1.xii. 1985;

1 male, 1 female Kalgoorlie, 1.xii.1985 (M.S.M., B.J.M.); 2 males, Glen Gerald Forge:

Rawlinson Rnge., 16.v.1983 (G.A.H.).

This is one of the commonest and most frequently encountered Australian

chrysopids.

Mallada basalis (Walker)

NSW: 1 spec. Greenacre, 18.1.1969 (G.A.H.); 1 male, 5 males, Narabeen, 16.xii.1984

10.x.1984 (G.H.); 1 spec. Dorrigo, 31.x.1980 (M.L.)

The only previous New South Wales record was from One Tree Waterhole:

north of Broken Hill. It is, however, a species widespread in the Pacific

Region and has been recorded from Queensland and Victoria. It is surprising

that there are so few records from New South Wales.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank the many collectors, especially Max and Barbar?

Moulds, for collecting and donating material to the Australian Museum: |

Reference

NEW, Т.К. 1980. A revision of the Australian Chrysopidae (Insecta: Neuroptera). Australia! |

Journal of Zoology, Suppl. Ser. 77: 1-143, 552 figs.

Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988 39

INDUCTION OF PUPAL DIAPAUSE IN PAPILIO

AEGEUS AEGEUS DONOVAN AND GRAPHIUM

SARPEDON CHOREDON (C. & R. FELDER)

(LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONIDAE)

DAVID G. JAMES

Yanco Agricultural Institute, New South Wales Department of Agriculture,

Yanco, N.S.W. 2703.

Abstract

Data are presented on the induction of pupal diapause in the papilionid butterflies, Papilio

aegeus aegeus Donovan and Graphium sarpedon choredon (C. & R. Felder). Laboratory

studies showed diapause in both species to be facultative and induced primarily by short

larval photoperiods. Temperature had a modifying influence on the incidence of diapause,

particularly in P. a. aegeus which showed continuous development at warm temperatures.

The diapause response of G. s. choredon showed greater coupling to photoperiod at warm

temperatures, but the non-diapausing effect of long photophases was negated by cool

temperatures. Short photophases at 25?C resulted in hastened larval development and reduced

pupal weights in both species.

Introduction

A number of studies have been reported concerning the overwintering

strategies of various species of swallowtail butterflies (Papilionidae) in

temperate areas of North America and Japan. Most have been shown to

exhibit a facultative pupal diapause as a result of environmental stimuli

(usually photoperiod and/or temperature) operating during the larval stage

(Oliver 1969; Ichinose 1974; Sims and Shapiro 1983; Shimada 1983; Endo

and Murakami 1985). No detailed studies on the overwintering biology of

Australian swallowtail butterflies have been reported, although at least 5

species occur in the temperate zone (Common and Waterhouse 1981).

Both Papilio aegeus aegeus Donovan and Graphium sarpedon choredon

(C. & R. Felder), are familiar butterflies over much of eastern Australia.

P. a. aegeus is widely distributed but is most common in coastal areas of

Queensland and New South Wales. It is occasionally considered to be a

minor pest of young citrus (Hely ег al, 1982). С. s. choredon although

common, is confined to the coastal strip from Cape York to a little south

of Sydney. Both species occur in tropical and temperate areas with probable

year-round production of generations in the former and a winter period of

inactivity in the latter. Overwintering in both species is known to occur

in the pupal state (Common and Waterhouse 1981). However, apart from

a statement by these authors that larvae of P. a. aegeus produce diapausing

pupae if exposed to a daylength of less than 14 hours, no information is

available on the induction or nature of winter dormancy in P. a. aegeus

or G. s. choredon.

40 Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988

This paper presents the results of experiments designed to investigate

the effect of temperature and photoperiod on the induction of pupal diapause

in P. a. aegeus and G. s. choredon.

Materials and Methods

Butterflies used in this study were obtained from gravid females (P. a. aegeus) or eggs

(G. s. choredon) collected in the Sydney area during 1985/86. Females of P. a. aegeus

oviposited on potted citrus (Citrus spp., Rutaceae) in a wooden framed, muslin covered cage

maintained at 28°С under constant illumination. Eggs of С. s. choredon were readily found

on terminal shoots of Cinnamomum camphora (L.) (Lauraceae) and transported to the

laboratory. Rearing of larvae of both species was carried out in perspex cylinders (30 x 15

cm) with muslin lids, using potted citrus or cut C. camphora in water as food for P. a.

aegeus and G. s. choredon respectively.

Induction of pupal diapause was studied at 3 temperatures (209, 25? and 30°С) and 2

photoperiods (LD 10:14, 15:9). These conditions were provided by environmental chambers

with temperature variance of +1°С and time-controlled fluorescent lighting. Eggs were placed

in the chambers before observable embryonic development occurred. Upon completion of larval

development, pupae were removed and stored at 30°С, LD 15:9. Pupae were judged to be

in diapause if eclosion had not occurred within 24 days under these conditions. Mean number

of days from pupation to eclosion for non-diapausing P. a. aegeus and С. s. choredon under

this temperature/photoperiod regime was 11.9 + 0.4, range 11-13, n = 15 and 12.8 +07,

range 12-14, n = 12, respectively. In some experiments data were collected on duration of

larval period and pupal weights. In an additional experiment, larvae of both species were

reared outdoors under natural conditions of temperature and photoperiod during late summer

and autumn 1986.

Results

The effect of temperature and photoperiod on the induction of pupal

diapause in P. a. aegeus and G. s. choredon in the laboratory is shown

in Table 1. Both species exhibited a facultative pupal diapause induced by

short day photoperiods during larval development. In P. a. aegeus the

diapause response to short days was overridden by warm temperatures. Thus

at 25?C, 33% of pupae produced under short day conditions were non-

diapause and at 30°С short-day-induced diapause was prevented. However,

in G. s. choredon a temperature of 25?C failed to override the diapause-

producing effect of short photoperiod, whilst only a small percentage of

individuals failed to diapause at 30°С under LD 10:14. In this species, cool

(20°С) temperatures negated the effect of long day photoperiods and

produced a high incidence of diapause. 10096 incidence of diapause was

recorded only for G. s. choredon at 20? and 25?C under short photoperiod.

In P. a. aegeus some non-diapausing pupae were produced even under cool

temperatures and short daylength.

Short day conditions for rearing at 25?C resulted in individuals of both

species spending a significantly shorter time as larvae than under long day

conditions (Table 2). There was also a corresponding reduction in pupal

weights of the faster developing larvae. A similar developmental response

тш каст —

Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988 4]

Table 1. Effect of temperature and photoperiod on induction of pupal

diapause in P. a. aegeus and G. s. choredon.

Rearing Photoperiod

temperature n % Diapause

CC) (L:D)

P. a. aegeus

20 10 : 14 12 92

20 ЈЕО 12 0

25 10 : 14 12 67

25 5:60 12 0

30 10 : 14 12 0

30 iD 5.9) 12 0

G. s. choredon

20 10 : 14 12 100.0

20 15 gw) 14 71.4

25 10 : 14 12 100.0

25 15610 12 0

30 10 : 14 12 91.6

30 ll) 3 9) 12 0

Table 2. Larval durations and pupal weights of P. a. aegeus and G.

s. choredon reared under different conditions of temperature

and photoperiod.

Temperature Mean larval duration Mean pupal wt.

photoperiod n (days + SE) (mg + SE)

P. a. aegeus

25°С

1 ӘКӘ 5) 6 271 дк ТЫ 1467.3 + 182.0

L:D 10 : 14 6 24.2 + 1.9% 1162.9 + 97.9

G. s. choredon

20°C

JE DEISESO 8 38.0 + 3.9 831.9 + 146.5

L:D 10 : 14 8 26.0 + 2.4** 873 + 1244

25°C

L:D 15:9 8 26.4 + 1.9 1172.6 + 86.0

L:D 10 : 14 9 ПИ ИК 906.6 + 1832

30°C

I5 DNI58:00 5 13.0 + 2.4 978.4 + 79.0

L:D 10 : 14 8 14.1 + 2.4 995.9 + 42.7

*P < 0.01 **P < 0.001 Significantly shorter duration or lighter weight

42 Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988

to photoperiod was also noted for С. s. choredon larvae reared at 20°С

although pupal weights did not differ significantly. No photoperiodically-

induced differences in developmental duration and pupal weights were

detected at 30?C.

Larvae of both species reared under natural conditions of temperature

and photoperiod during late January-late March produced diapausing pupae

(Table 3). During this time daylengths declined from 14-12 h and mean

daily maximum and minimum temperatures ranged from 23-27°С and 15-

19?C, respectively.

Discussion

The results presented indicate that P. a. aegeus and G. s. choredon

undergo a facultative pupal diapause in winter induced primarily by short

photoperiods operating during the larval stage. The diapause-inducing effect

of short daylengths is modified by temperature, particularly in P. a. aegeus.

Total avoidance of diapause is possible in this species at warm temperatures.

However, in G. s. choredon warm temperatures only allow a small proportion

of individuals to continue direct development under short photoperiods.

Diapause appears to be fixed more strongly as an overwintering strategy

in G. s. choredon than P. a. aegeus. Under summer temperatures of 20-

25°C, short days produced 100% diapause response amongst larvae of С.

s. choredon. A high incidence of diapause was also obtained under long

daylengths at 20?C. Conversely, the diapause response of P. a. aegeus shows

greater flexibility with 10096 diapause not achieved under any temperature/

photoperiod condition tested. This species has the capacity, if temperatures

are high enough, to continue development despite a short photoperiod.

Larvae of both species reared outdoors under natural late summer-autumn

conditions in Sydney, produced only diapausing pupae. It is difficult to

compare the results obtained in the laboratory, under fixed temperatures and

photoperiods, with data obtained under varying ambient conditions.

However, the effective mean temperature experienced by the outdoor larvae

was probably close to 20°С in most instances, and the average mid-larval

stage photophase about 13 h.

The critical photoperiod for diapause induction in P. a. aegeus and G.

5. choredon has not been determined accurately. However, the data for P.

а. aegeus suggest that at 25°С the critical photoperiod (inducing diapause

in 50% of individuals) is little more than 10 h. The substantial modifying

effect of temperature on diapause induction in this species indicates that

the critical photoperiod is dependent on temperature. This is less likely to

be the case with G. s. choredon, with limited data indicating a critical

photoperiod of about 13 h at 30°С (James, unpublished observations). The

precise photo-sensitive stage for diapause induction during larval

Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988 43

development is unknown for either species but is likely to be during mid-

larval life as it is in a number of other papilionids (Endo et al. 1985; Shimada

1985).

An interesting observation was the hastening of larval development in

both species under short photoperiod at 25?C. This may be an adaptation

to ensure complete larval development before the deterioration of

environmental conditions, signalled by short photoperiod. The resulting

spring generation of butterflies may also be better adapted for dispersal,

by virtue of their smaller size and probable lower wing-loading ratio (Angelo

and Slansky 1984). Development under cool temperatures and short

photoperiods has been shown to produce “migration-adapted” adults in two

Australian vanessid butterflies (James 1987).

The difference in diapause induction response between P. a. aegeus and

G. s. choredon may reflect their different geographical origins. The

suppression of photoperiodic reaction by high temperatures in P. a. aegeus

may be an adaptation to continuous development under short days in the

tropics. Conversely, strict photoperiodic control of diapause in С. s. choredon

may indicate evolution of this species in more temperate regions. The

flexibility of diapause response in P. a. aegeus should result in continuous

development in warm areas where winter breeding of G. s. choredon would

be constrained by short photoperiods Adults of P. a. aegeus may be taken

throughout the year in most of Queensland. The seasonal breeding status

of G. s. choredon in northeastern Australia is less certain (Common and

Waterhouse 1981). А number of sub-species of both P. a. aegeus and G.

s. choredon occur in the Australian and Oriental zoogeographical regions.

Comparative studies on the diapause response of these races would yield

interesting biological as well as evolutionary information, concerning the

spread of these species in the Pacific region.

Table3. Induction of pupal diapause in P. a. aegeus and G. s. choredon under

natural conditions of temperature and photoperiod.

n Photoperiod Temperature °С

(h) Max Min %

X-SE range X+SE range Diapause

P. a. aegeus

27.1 - 5.01 12 13.9-12.5 24143.8 20-28 19.14+2.9 16-22 100

16.11 - 2411 6 13.4 - 12.1 23.2 + 3.4 16-31 15.642.5 9-20 100

G. s. choredon

18.1- 221 6 14.0 -13.0 26.6+4.1 20-32 17.5+3.0 12-21 100

З.П - 10.III 6 13.5 - 12.5 25.2+3.9 20-29 154-242) 12-19 100

23.11 - 2811 6 13.1 - 12.0 22.943. 16-31 15.5227 9-20 100

44 Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988

References

ANGELO, M.J. and SLANSKY, F., 1984. Body building by insects: trade-offs in resource

allocation with particular reference to migratory species. Тле Florida Entomologist 67: 22-

41.

ENDO, K. and MURAKAMI, Y., 1985. Photoperiodic control of three different seasonal

phenomena of the swallowtail butterfly, Papilio xuthus L. Zoological Science 2: 755-760.

COMMON, LF.B. and WATERHOUSE, D.F., 1981. 'Butterflies of Australia’. Revised edition.

Angus and Robertson, Sydney, 682 pp.

НЕГУ, P.C, PASFIELD, G. and GELLATLEY, J.G., 1982. 'Insect pests of fruit and |

vegetables in N.S.W.' Inkata Press, Melbourne. 312рр.

ICHINOSE, T., 1974. Pupal diapause in some Japanese Papilionid butterflies, with special

reference to the difference in photoperiodic response between the diapausing pupae of Papilio

maacki Fenton and P. xuthus Linnaeus. Kontyu 42: 439-450.

JAMES, D.G., 1987. Effects of temperature and photoperiod on the development of Vanessa

kershawi McCoy and Junonia villida Godart (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Journal of the

Australian Entomological Society 26: 289-292.

OLIVER, C.G., 1969. Experiments on the diapause dynamics of Papilio polyxenes. Journal

of Insect Physiology 15: 1579-1589.

SHIMADA, K., 1983. Photoperiodic induction of diapause in normal and allatectomized

precocious pupae of Papilio machaon. Journal of Insect Physiology 29: 801-806.

SIMS, S.R. and SHAPIRO, АМ., 1983. Pupal diapause in Battus philenor (Lepidoptera:

Papilionidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 76: 407-412.

Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988 45

BOOK REVIEW

Threatened Swallowtail Butterflies of the World. The IUCN Red Data

Book. By N. M. Collins and M. G. Morris. ISBN 2-88032-603-6, vii 4

401 pages, 8 colour plates. Price £18 (US$26). Published November 1985,

by IUCN, Gland and Cambridge.

This is the second volume in the IUCN Conservation Library series to

deal with invertebrates, and breaks new ground by dealing with a single

family of butterflies, the Papilionidae. The treatment is world-wide and the

book is a veritable treasure-trove of information, of value not only to

swallowtail enthusiasts but also to all biologists with an interest in

conservation. It is of particular importance to those involved in conservation

policy or in the assessment of potential protected areas.

The book opens with a short chapter on how to use it, followed by an

introduction to the family and its conservation. Well written and informative

sections highlight aspects of biology, distribution, classification and origin,

the bearing on man and science, threats and aspects of conservation. The

highly interesting case of how swallowtails helped resolve the Rhesus-

immunization problem in humans is discussed here and the “threats” section

brings out perhaps the most important message of the book, that as long

as habitat alteration and destruction persist, survival of threatened species

is most unlikely. The mere placing of a species on a "protected list" is

totally inadequate, even harmful as it conveys the usually erroneous

impression that something is being done to conserve it. Rainforest species,

not surprisingly, are at greatest risk. The "conservation" section cogently

explains how conservation can be effectively achieved, not by verbal rhetoric

and placard-waving, but by hard work and sound biological data. On page

14 it is stated that the larval foodplants of Papilio (Princeps) species are

almost entirely Rutaceae; it is now known that members of the African P.

zenobia group utilize only Piperaceae. Chapter 3 is a long one, and details

the nomenclature, distribution and conservation status of the 573 species

recognized. The information contained in the annotated list is valuable and

there is a useful geographical index following it. Insect nomenclature

however is far from stable and the Papilionidae is certainly no exception.

Even in the few years since the list was drafted, a few new species have

been described or recognized and further changes will undoubtedly be needed

in the future. Nevertheless, this chapter is an impressive data base, with

conflicting opinions handled in a sensible manner. There are a few errors

in the geographical information. For the benefit of users in the Indo-

Australian Region, I detail the relevant amendments below.

Iphiclides podalirius (Linnaeus): Not in China (see 7. podalirinus)

(Oberthür); Meandrusa sciron (Leech): Subspecies lachinus (Fruhstorfer) is

46 Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988

probably a distinct species; Lamproptera meges (Zinken-Sommer):

Subspecies ennius (C. & R. Felder) from Sulawesi, 1s probably a distinct

species; Graphium euphrates (C.&.R. Felder): Subspecies ornatus

(Rothschild) from N. Moluccas, is probably a distinct species; G. batjanensis

Okano: Close to G. stresemanni (Rothschild) and recently described from

Batjan, N. Moluccas; G. cloanthus (Westwood): Not in Sumatra (see G.

sumatranum (Hagen); G. monticolum (Fruhstorfer): Very likely a subspecies

of G. sarpedon (Linnaeus) (G. milon (C. & R. Felder) is acceptable as a

species, occurring in Sulawesi and the Moluccas); Ornithoptera priamus

(Linnaeus): Distribution to include NE Queensland (Cape York to Stewart

River); Papilio (Princeps) noblei de Niceville and P. (P.) antonio Hewitson:

Transfer to demolion group; P. (P.) helenus Linnaeus: Only on Palawan

in the Philippines (P. hystaspes C. & R. Felder elsewhere); P. (P.) jordan

Fruhstorfer: Transfer to nephelus group, near other danaid mimics: P. (P.)

hipponous C. & R. Felder and P. (P.) pitmani Elwes & de Niceville: Records

from the Philippines belong to P. hipponous, not to P. pitmani which is

a mainland species; P. (P.) fuscus Goeze: Subspecies pertinax Wallace from

Sulawesi and the Sula Is, is probably a distinct species, and P. hipponous

lunifer Rothschild from Sangihe and Talaud Is, is probably a subspecies

of it. P. fuscus also occurs in Sulawesi; P. (P.) heringi Niepelt: A probable

hybrid.

Chapter 4 analyses the distribution of the swallowtails and discusses the

faunas of certain countries with an important fauna. Indonesia is considered

the most critical in this regard and its fauna is analysed in detail.

Unfortunately, the accompanying Table 4.2 contains a number of

distributional errors, particularly concerning Sulawesi, the Moluccas and

Java, and these need to be checked by referring back to Chapter 3. In

addition, С. cloanthus should be deleted from the list, as records belong

to G. sumatranum, whilst G. batjanensis needs to be added. Nevertheless,

the analysis presented is an important contribution. The fauna of the

Philippines is also analysed but in the accompanying Table 4.4, P. pitmani

should read P. hipponous and this species occurs throughout thePhilippines.

Conversely, the widespread distribution given for P. demoleus Linnaeus

requires confirmation. The faunas of China, Brazil and Madagascar are

discussed briefly.

| Trade in swallowtails is the subject of Chapter 5, which discusses the

Impact of private and commercial collectors on the fauna, and the increasing

awareness of butterfly ranching as a means of meeting the needs of both

collectors and conservation, as well as providing a source of income for

the local populace. together with the previous chapter, this one provides

valuable data for those involved in the planning of conservation policy and

protected areas.

Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988 47

A little over half of the book is taken up by Chapter 6, which treats

in detail the 78 species considered to be threatened at the present time.

Virtually all that is known about the species concerned is recorded here,

together with conservation measures that have been applied, thus highlighting

areas where further research is needed. Of these, 42 species occur in the

Indo-Australian Region, with 12 in Papua New Guinea, including most of

the Ornithoptera species. The newly described Graphium batjanensis should

be added to this section; its conservation needs are probably similar to those

of the related С. stresemanni. No Australian species are detailed, but

Protographium leosthenes (Doubleday) is treated in an Appendix as

requiring further monitoring and research. This is especially true of the very

poorly known Northern Territory subspecies. The birdwings O. euphorion

(Gray) and O. richmondia (Gray) are also included in this category.

In general, this is a timely and very worthwhile book. A host of literature

references point to further sources of data should the reader require them.

The errors are minor and do not detract from the usefulness of this volume.

Attractively produced and inexpensive, this publication should become a

much-consulted addition to the libraries of all those interested in biology

and conservation.

D. L. Hancock

5 Northampton Crescent,

Hillcrest, Bulawayo,

Zimbabwe

48 Aust. ent. Mag. 15 (1), 1988

Contents

EDITORIAL

SMITHERS, C.N. FOUR ADDITIONAL ANTLION RECORDS FROM

BARROW ISLAND, WESTERN AUSTRALIA (NEUROPTERA:

MYRMELEONTIDAE)

RENTZ, D.C.F. NANOPHYLLIUM PYGMAEUM КЕРТЕМВАСНЕК

(PHASMATODEA: PHYLLIIDAE: PHYLLIINAE) A LEAF INSECT

RECENTLY RECOGNISED IN AUSTRALIA

JAMES, D.G. A NEW HOST PLANT FOR JUNONIA VILLIDA CALYBE

(GODART) (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE)

HANCOCK, D.L. A REVISED CLASSIFICATION OF THE GENUS

ATROPHANEURA REAKIRT (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONIDAE)

STOREY, R.I AND WEIR, Т.А. NEW LOCALITIES AND BIOLOGICAL

NOTES FOR THE GENUS ONTHOPHAGUS LATREILLE

(COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) IN AUSTRALIA

JAMES, D.G. MIGRATION AND BEHAVIOUR OF NON-

REPRODUCTIVE DANAUS PLEXIPPUS (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA:

NYMPHALIDAE) IN THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, NEW SOUTH WALES

SCHOTZ, M. AND SANDS, D.P.A. DIEL PATTERN OF FEEDING AND

OVIPOSITION BY CYRTOBAGOUS SALIVINIAE CALDER AND SANDS

(COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)

BRABY, M.F. NEW FOOD PLANTS FOR JALMENUS EVAGORAS

EVAGORAS (DONOVAN) (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE)

SMITHERS, C.N. NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORDS FOR AUSTRALIAN

CHRYSOPIDAE (NEUROPTERA)

JAMES, D.G. INDUCTION OF PUPAL DIAPAUSE IN PAPILIO AEGEUS

AEGEUS DONOVAN AND GRAPHIUM SARPEDON CHOREDON (C. &

R. FELDER) (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONIDAE)

BOOK REVIEW - THREATENED SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLIES OF

THE WORLD

Guide to Contributors

108

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AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL MAGAZINE

Volume 15, Part 1, 11 March 1988

Contents

EDITORIAL

SMITHERS, C.N. FOUR ADDITIONAL ANTLION RECORDS FROM

BARROW ISLAND, WESTERN AUSTRALIA (NEUROPTERA:

MYRMELEONTIDAE)

RENTZ, D.C.F. NANOPHYLLIUM PYGMAEUM REDTENBACHER

(PHASMATODEA: PHYLLIIDAE: PHYLLIINAE), A LEAF INSECT

RECENTLY RECOGNISED IN AUSTRALIA

JAMES, D.G. A NEW HOST PLANT FOR JUNONIA VILLIDA CALYBE

(GODART) (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE)

HANCOCK, D.L. A REVISED CLASSIFICATION OF THE GENUS

ATROPHANEURA REAKIRT (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONIDAE)

STOREY, ЕЛ AND WEIR, Т.А. NEW LOCALITIES AND BIOLOGICAL

NOTES FOR THE GENUS ОМТНОРНАСИЗ LATREILLE

(COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE) IN AUSTRALIA

JAMES, D.G. MIGRATION AND BEHAVIOUR OF NON-

REPRODUCTIVE DANAUS PLEXIPPUS (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA:

NYMPHALIDAE) IN THE BLUE MOUNTAINS, NEW SOUTH WALES

SCHOTZ, M. AND SANDS, D.P.A. DIEL PATTERN OF FEEDING AND

OVIPOSITION BY CYRTOBAGOUS SALIVINIAE CALDER AND SANDS

(COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)

BRABY, M.F. NEW FOOD PLANTS FOR JALMENUS EVAGORAS

EVAGORAS (DONOVAN) (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE)

SMITHERS, C.N. NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORDS FOR AUSTRALIAN

CHRYSOPIDAE (NEUROPTERA)

JAMES, D.G. INDUCTION OF PUPAL DIAPAUSE IN PAPILIO AEGEUS

AEGEUS DONOVAN AND GRAPHIUM SARPEDON CHOREDON (C. &

R. FELDER) (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONIDAE)

BOOK REVIEW - THREATENED SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLIES OF

THE WORLD

cS NATO

NA rud

AUSTRALIAN

ENTOMOLOGICAL

MAGAZINE

Volume 15, Part 2, 15 June 1988

Published by:

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND

Price: $6.00 per part

Registered by Australia Post — Publication No. QBQ 4856