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Australian Entomologist 22 (1) July 1995 “4 AP W

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NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND IDENT TaN) О

TIPHIA INTRUDENS SMITH... HIYMENOPTE Е

TIPHIIDAE) “SRARY

SES

G.R. BROWN

Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, GPO Box 4646, Darwin NT, 0801

Abstract

Specimens of Tiphia intrudens Smith ( = T. i. brevior Turner, syn. nov.) ranging from India to

south-eastern Queensland were examined. Although fore wing venation showed some

variation in the female, no evidence of geographical variation was found and the use of

subspecific names cannot be justified. This species, within Australia, is now known to range

from Darwin to Brisbane.

Introduction

The genus Tiphia Fabricius is represented in Australia by a single species,

Tiphia intrudens Smith. This species was originally described from Mysol

(now Misool) Island, Indonesia, and was considered to range from India to

north Queensland (Bingham 1897, Turner 1908), although no mention of this

species was made by Allen (1975) in his monograph of the Indian

subcontinent's species.

Turner (1908) placed Australian specimens as 7. intrudens brevior Turner on

the basis of a shorter propodeum in the female and paler wings in both sexes.

Abbreviations: ANIC, Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO,

Canberra; MV, Museum of Victoria, Melbourne; NHM, Natural History

Museum, London; OUM, Oxford University Museum, Oxford; QDPI,

Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane; QM, Queensland

Museum, Brisbane; UQIC, University of Queensland Insect Collection,

Brisbane.

Tiphia intrudens Smith

(Figs 1-7)

Tiphia intrudens Smith, 1863: 25; Bingham, 1897: 61; Allen and Jaynes,

1930: 103.

Tiphia intrudens brevior Turner, 1908: 123; Illingworth 1921:39. Syn. nov.

Tiphia (Tiphia) intrudens: Allen, 1969: 375.

Types. Tiphia intrudens intrudens: Lectotype ©, Mysol, OUM.

Paralectotypes: 1 ©, 1 9, same data as lectotype, NHM.

Tiphia intrudens brevior: Syntypes 8 СС, 5 99, Mackay, 1.1893 to xii.1900,

NHM; 1 ©, Kuranda, xii.1901, NHM.

Material examined - Paralectotypes of T. intrudens intrudens, syntypes of T.

intrudens brevior and other specimens as follows: INDIA: 1 ©”, Shillong, Assam,

vi.1903, R. Turner, NHM; | C, Naga Hills, Bingham, NHM. BURMA: 1 С,

Rangoon district, vii.1887, Bingham, NHM; 1 ©, Tenasserim, Ataran Valley,

Bingham, NHM; І ©, Shwegyia, ix.1897, Bingham, NHM; 1 ©, Goteik Gorge,

2 Australian Entomologist 22 (1) July 1995

26.vii.1900, Bingham, NHM; 1 С, May Myo, 2,000 ft (610 m), 5.ix.1898,

Bingham, NHM. INDONESIA: 1С, 1 9, Mysol, NHM. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 1

С, Ishurava, 3,000 ft (914 m), vii.1933, L.E. Cheesman, NHM. NORTHERN

TERRITORY: 1 9, Port Darwin, R.C.L. Perkins, NHM. QUEENSLAND: | ©, north

Queensland, R.C.L. Perkins, NHM; 1 С, Iron Ra., 1-9.vi.1971, S.R. Monteith,

ANIC; 1 9, 15?03'S, 145?09'E, 3 km NE of Mt Webb, Malaise trap, 1-3.x.1980,

J.C. Cardale, ANIC; 1 ©”, 15?04'S, 145°07'E, Mt Webb Nat. Pk, 27-30.iv.1981,

ANIC; 1 ©, 15?16'S, 144?59'E, 14 km W by М of Hope Vale Mission, 8-

10.x.1980, J.C. Cardale, ANIC; | ©, 15?17'S, 145?13'E, 1 km N of Rounded Hill,

nr Hope Vale Mission, 8-10.x.1980, J.C. Cardale, ANIC; 1 ©, Big Mitchell Ck,

Mareeba-Mt Molloy Rd, 4.v.1967, D.H. Colless, ANIC; 1 9, Luster Ck, 8 km W

by N of Mt Molloy, 21-22.v.1980, I.D. Naumann and Ј.С. Cardale, ANIC; 1 ©, 1

Q, Carr Ck, 18 km NNW of Mareeba, 21.v.1980, I.D. Naumann and J.C. Cardale,

ANIC; 1 ©, Kuranda, xii.1901, NHM; | G, 1 9, Kuranda, F.P. Dodd, QM; 18, 1.5

km SE of Kuranda, 15-17.v.1980, I.D. Naumann and J.C. Cardale, ANIC; 18,49,

Meringa, 21.vi.1925, 27.vi.1925, 5.vii.1925, 5.ix.1925, 14.ii.1927, A.N.

Burns, MV; 2 ©, Gordonvale, 26.vii.1923, W.C. Dorner, QDPI; 1 ©, Evelyn, ex

oil bath trap, 18.iv.1967, R.J. Elder, ANIC; 1 ©, 17°41'S, 145?26'S, Millstream

Falls Nat: Pk, 24-25.v.1980, I.D. Naumann and J.C. Cardale, ANIC; 1 ©, Dunk I.,

viii.1927, H. Hacker, ОМ; 2 ©, Dunk I., 25.viii.1927, UQIC; 1 9, 15 ті. (24 km)

S of Ayr, 8.ix.1950, E.F. Riek, ANIC; 1 9, Skywindow Lookout, Eungella Nat.

Pk, 8-9.v.1980, I.D. Naumann and J.C. Cardale, ANIC; 10 8,79, Mackay,

i.1893-xii.1900, ANIC, NHM, QM; 3 С, Mackay, 17.11.1929, 21.11.1930, A.N.

Burns, MV; 1 ©, Murchies Scrub, Watalgan Forest, 9 km off Rosedale Ка,

1.xii.1973, H. Frauca, ANIC; 1 ©, Watalgan R. via Rosedale, 8.iv.1975, Н.

Frauca, ANIC; 1 9, Electra State Forest, c. 25 km S of Bundaberg, 1.xii.1976, H.

Frauca, ANIC; 6 G, Balfour Ra., nr Benarkin, sweeping vegetation, rainforest

margin, 2-3.iii.1974, I.D. Naumann, UQIC; | С, Deception Bay, 23.v.1940, E.M.

Exley, UQIC; | ©, Brisbane, 23.iv.1916, H. Hacker, QM; 1 9, Currumbin,

9.xii.1965, C. Speed, UQIC.

Results and Discussion

Among the specimens examined there are no differences in the length of the

female propodeum or in the male genitalia (Figs 1-2). There are slight

differences in the colour of wings but, in the paralectotypes at least, the

darkness is due to dirt rather than pigmentation. For these reasons the use of

formal subspecific taxa cannot be justified and the Australian material should

be referred to as Tiphia intrudens Smith.

The fore wings show considerable variation, particularly in the structure of

the second submarginal cell of the female (Figs 3-7). ‘This variation is not

geographical and varies between left and right wings from the same specimen.

Allen (1969) doubted that any species of Hymenoptera could range from India

to Australia. Examples which contradict this statement include the formicid

Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius, which ranges from east Africa to Australia

(Taylor and Brown 1985) and the pompilid Pompilus cinereus (Fabricius),

which is widespread in the Old World (Day 1981). At least one other

Australian Entomologist 22 (1) July 1995 3

pte REIS

Figs 1-7. (1) male genitalia, lateral; (2) male genitalia, dorsal; (3) riglit fore

wing, female; (4-6) variation in second submarginal cells of right fore wing,

females; (7) right fore wing, male. Scale line = 0.2 mm (Figs 1 and 2) and 1 mm

(Figs 3-7).

4 Australian Entomologist 22 (1) July 1995

Australian tiphiid, Rhagigaster fulvipennis Turner, ranges from Queensland

to Papua New Guinea, Aru Island and Indonesia (Brown unpublished).

Although Tiphia intrudens previously was recorded in Australia only from

North Queensland (Turner 1908), it is now known to occur in the coastal and

adjacent regions of northern and north-eastern Australia, from Darwin to

Brisbane.

Acknowledgments

I wish to thank the curators of the above institutions for the loan of

specimens in their care, Michael Day for helpful comments and Josephine

Cardale for an initial list of references.

References

ALLEN, H.W. 1969. Redescriptions of types of Tiphiinae from Asia, Africa, Oceania in the

British Museum (N.H.) and at Oxford University. Transactions of the American entomological

Society 95: 353-438.

ALLEN, H.W. 1975. The genus Tiphia of the Indian subcontinent. United States Department

of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 1509: 1-96.

ALLEN, H.W. and JAYNES, H.H. 1930. Contribution to the taxonomy of asiatic wasps of the

genus Tiphia (Scoliidae). Proceedings of the United States National Museum 76: 1-105.

BINGHAM, C.T. 1897. The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera

I: 56-64.

DAY, M.C. 1981. A revision of Pompilus Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae), with further

nomenclatural and biological considerations. Bulletin of the British Museum of natural History

(Entomology) 42: 1-42.

ILLINGWORTH, J.F. 1921. Natural enemies of sugar-cane beetles in Queensland. Bureau of

Sugar Experiment Stations Division of Entomology Bulletin 13: 1-47.

SMITH, F. 1863. Catalogue of hymenopterous insects collected by Mr. A.R. Wallace in the

islands of Mysol, Ceram, Waigiou, Bouru and Timor. Journal and Proceedings of the Linnean

Society of London, Zoology 7: 1-48.

TAYLOR, R.W. and BROWN, D.R. 1985. Formicoidea. /n Walton, D.W. (ed) Zoological

Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 2. Hymenoptera: Formicoidea, Vespoidea, Sphecoidea. Pp. 1-

149, AGPS, Canberra.

TURNER, R.E. 1908. Remarks on the hymenopterous genus Tiphia. Annals and Magazine of

Natural History (8) 2: 116-131.

Australian Entomologist 22 (1) July 1995 э)

LARVAL AND ADULT FOOD PLANTS FOR SOME

TROPICAL SATYRINE BUTTERFLIES IN NORTHERN

QUEENSLAND

M.F. BRABY

Department of Zoology, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville, Qld. 4811.

Abstract

A list of larval and potential larval food plants for six species of tropical Satyrinae is presented

based on field observations in northern Queensland during 1989-93. Literature documenting

larval foods for all Australian tropical Satyrinae is summarised. Larvae of two species,

Mycalesis perseus (Fabricius) and Melanitis leda (Linnaeus), are recorded on many grasses

and are probably opportunistic. Oviposition behaviour is briefly described; direct egg-laying

on the leaves of the food plant appears characteristic for this group of butterflies. Comments

are made on adult feeding for nine taxa. Nectar feeding appears to be widespread, except

Mycalesis spp., and is particularly frequent in the smaller species Ypthima arctous (Fabricius)

and Hypocysta adiante (Hübner). Mycalesis terminus (Fabricius) regularly feeds on rotting

fruits, but M. sirius (Fabricius) does not seem to utilise this resource. M. perseus and M. leda

may also feed on rotting fruits.

Introduction:

The larval food plants of the Australian Satyrinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

are poorly known. This is particularly evident amongst the tropical species

for which very little reliable information is available; for some taxa such as

Hypocysta adiante (Hübner), H. pseudirius Butler, Mycalesis perseus

(Fabricius) and Orsotriaena medus (Fabricius) no food plants are recorded from

the field (Common and Waterhouse 1981). Waterhouse (1923) noted that the

larval food plants of Melanitis leda (Linnaeus), Ypthima arctous (Fabricius),

Hypocysta metirius Butler, H. pseudirius and H. adiante comprised grasses,

while Manski (1960) listed /mperata (blady grass) and other course grasses

(Poaceae) for seven species (M. leda, Tisiphone helena (Olliff), Mycalesis

terminus (Fabricius), M. sirius (Fabricius), Y. arctous, Hypocysta irius

(Fabricius), H. metirius Butler). The reliability of part of Manski's list,

however, has been questioned by the failure of larvae of at least one taxon, T.

helena,to accept Imperata as a food plant (Braby 1993), and Valentine (1988)

has: stated that M. sirius do not lay on this grass but prefer Panicum

maximum Jacq. Edwards (1948) and Common and Waterhouse (1981) listed

Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. (couch grass) for H. metirius, and De Baar

(1981) reared both H. adiante and Y. arctous in captivity on Imperata

cylindrica (L.) Beauv., Digitaria didactyla Willd. and Themeda triandra Forssk.

(Poaceae). More recently, Moore (1986) studied oviposition behaviour in M.

terminus and M. perseus and found that females oviposit on a range of

grasses, although the two species showed substantial differences in selectivity

with respect to food quality. Wood (1984, 1988) recorded the palm Calamus

caryotoides Mart. (Arecaceae) for Elymnias agondas Boisduval and Tetrarrhena

sp. (Poaceae) for both Hypocysta angustata Waterhouse & Lyell and H. irius,

Present address: CSIRO Division of Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT,

2601

Australian Entomologist 22 (1) July 1995

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8 Australian Entomologist 22 (1) July 1995

while Braby (1993) confirmed that the sedge Gahnia sieberiana Kunth

(Cyperaceae) is the natural food plant of 7. helena. For M. leda, De Baar

(1983) and Hawkeswood (1990) recorded larvae on Panicum maximum, the

latter author also reared larvae on Paspalum dilatatum Poir. (Poaceae), while

S.J. Johnson (in Dunn and Dunn, 1991) listed Sorghum verticilliflorum

(Steudel) Stapf. Waterhouse (1932) and Common and Waterhouse (1981)

also listed paspalum, buffalo grass (Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walter)

Kuntze), blady grass (Imperata sp.), millet and sugar cane (Saccharum sp.

probably officinarum) for M. leda. Dunn (1993) recently added Leersia

hexandra Swartz for M. leda.

In this paper a list of larval food plants for six tropical satyrines is presented.

Comments are also made on adult feeding behaviour. The records contribute

substantially to the biology and natural history of these butterflies.

Materials and methods

The records presented on larval and adult food plants were based mainly on

incidental observations during extensive field studies throughout northern

Queensland, from Rockhampton to Cape York, in 1989-93. Observations

were obtained for 10 of the 14 satyrines which occur in this region, the four

species for which no records were made were Е. agondas, О. medus, Н.

angustata and Heteronympha merope (Fabricius). Many of the larval records

were made whilst watching ovipositing females, particularly between

Townsville and Cardwell. The food plant records are presented in summarised

form! and include Moore's (1985) unpublished work for two species studied at

Townsville. Larval food records for Tisiphone helena are excluded as these

are presented elsewhere (Braby 1993). Detailed observations were also made

on adult feeding behaviour, and these are commented upon in only general

terms!. A feeding record was defined where an individual(s) was observed to

visit a food source for at least 5 sec. and uncoil the proboscis into the food.

Results

Larval food plants

Observations on larval foods (comprising 69 records in total) were obtained

for six species, viz. M. perseus, M. terminus, M. sirius, M. leda, H. adiante

and H. metirius, and these are summarised in Table 1. The immature stages

of the first four species were recorded on a wide range of grasses, while only

one or two observations were made for H. adiante and H. metirius. The larval

diets of two species, M. perseus and M. leda, were broad with 11 and 10

grass species recorded respectively. M. perseus appeared to favour Themeda

triandra (37.596 of all records for this species), while M. leda appeared to

favour Panicum maximum (23.896 of all records for this species); on one

occasion over 100 larvae were counted on this plant. Only eggs were recorded

A more detailed list including information on locality, date and time of

observation for each record is available on request from the author.

Australian Entomologist 22 (1) July 1995 9

E v. arctous

[ |н. adiante

8 |

c 4

ОГ Ii

p |

700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600

Time of day (hrs)

Fig. 1. Diurnal frequency distribution of the number of records of nectar feeding

in two adult satyrines, Ypthima arctous and Hypocysta adiante. Feeding records

are grouped into hourly intervals.

for the remaining four satyrines, and their larval plant preferences cannot be

inferred from the few egg-laying observations. M. terminus may favour

Oplismenus spp. (33% of all records for this species), grasses which grow in

damp areas in rainforest edges where the butterfly typically occurs. One

observation was also made of a female M. terminus ovipositing on the

rainforest grass-like vine Flagellaria indica (Flagellariaceae). Although only

two records were obtained for M. sirius on Ischaemum australe, this may be

an important food plant because the grass grows commonly in the paperbark

swamplands where adult M. sirius typically occur (Braby 1995a): on one

10 Australian Entomologist 22 (1) July 1995

occasion seven eggs were deposited on this grass by several females over a 13

minute observation period.

In all species where eggs were found or where egg-laying was observed,

females generally deposited their eggs singly on the underside of green grass

blades, usually on younger (softer) growth, although M. terminus and M.

sirius appeared less selective in this regard. M. leda usually deposited its

eggs in small groups of up to five. Most butterfly females alighted on the

leaf above and curled the abdomen underneath the leaf to oviposit. M. leda

was an exception to this behaviour in that the females would orientate

themselves under the leaf and hang upside down while laying. In M. perseus,

M. terminus and M. sirius most oviposition observations were recorded in

the afternoon and only one M. terminus female was observed to lay in the

late morning; two eggs were laid at Rollingstone during overcast conditions.

Eggs were laid only at dusk in M. leda.

Adult food plants

Adult feeding was observed in nine satyrine species (with 65 records obtained

in total), viz. M. perseus, M. terminus, M. sirius, Y. arctous, H. adiante, H.

metirius, Н. irius, Н. pseudirius and T. helena, but was not recorded in M.

leda. Nectar feeding was widespread and particularly common in the smaller

species Y. arctous and H. adiante. These two butterflies were observed

feeding on flowers from a wide range of plant families and combining all

records on a diurnal basis revealed that feeding occurred throughout the day,

though more often in the afternoon or at midday than during the early

morning, particularly in Y. arctous (Fig. 1). Nectar feeding appeared less

common in H. metirius (5 records), was rarely observed in H. irius, M.

perseus, M. sirius and T. helena (with 3, 3, 1 and 1 records for each

respectively) and was not recorded at all in M. leda and M. terminus. Only

two records of nectar feeding were obtained for H. pseudirius, but the few

observations may reflect the fact that this species is comparatively rare in

northern Queensland and consequently less frequently observed in the field.

M. terminus, by contrast, was often recorded feeding on fallen rotting fruits,

including those of Pandanas whitei Martelli (Pandanaceae), introduced

` Mangifera indica L. (Anarcardiaceae), Nauclea orientalis (L.) L. (Rubiaceae)

and Ficus racemosa L. (Moraceae); on several occasions large numbers of

adults (230) were observed feeding at these resources. On one occasion this

species was also noted attending a sap flow of Planchonia careya (F. Muell.)

Kunth (Lecythidaceae). M. perseus appeared to visit fallen rotting fruits less

frequently than M. terminus and only two records of adult feeding were made

(on Mangifera indica and Pandanus sp.). M. sirius and M. leda were not

recorded feeding on rotting fruit, but the latter species has been observed on

occasions feeding on this resource (R.E. Jones, pers. comm.). Both M.

terminus and M. perseus were also observed on several occasions to drink

from droplets of water early in the morning.

Australian Entomologist 22 (1) July 1995 11

Discussion

Caution must be taken in interpreting apparent preferences and diet breadth of

larval foods from observations of this sort because the records are incidental

and the sampling effort was not quantitatively distributed across potentia]

foods or habitats. Moreover, most of the records were made while watching

ovipositing females and therefore further caution should be taken over

suitability of these species because butterfly females occasionally make

'mistakes' (Singer 1984 and references therein, Kitching and Zalucki 1983) so

further work is needed to investigate various components of offspring fitness

such as larval success. Nevertheless, limited observations suggest larvae do

indeed feed on a range of plant species; in captivity I reared Mycalesis spp.

larvae on several grasses including Panicum maximum, Themeda triandra

(Braby and Jones 1994) and Imperata cylindrica, but late instars of these

species also successfully accepted the sedge Gahnia sieberiana. This may

indicate that larvae are broad opportunistic oligophages, though females

probably rarely lay on Cyperaceae in the field.

The larval diet of at least two species; M. perseus and M. leda, appears

particularly broad, especially in the latter species if the records are combined

with all previously recorded food plants (see Introduction). [Many of the

plants listed in Table 1 were recorded with larvae and pupae indicating

successful development on these foods]. This relatively wide range may

reflect their reproductive strategies; both species are opportunistic breeders

during the wet season when grasses are green (Braby 1995b).

In contrast to many temperate northern hemisphere satyrines which rarely

deposit their eggs on the leaves on which their larvae later feed (Wiklund

1984), the six satyrines for which observations were made deposited their

eggs directly onto the leaves of the plants. The behaviour also occurs in

another four Australian tropical satyrines (Wood 1984, 1988, Braby 1993).

Most eggs were laid singly, but Moore (1985) found that M. terminus

occasionally lays eggs in batches of up to seven. The apparently

undiscriminating strategy of temperate species is thought to be a result of the

super-abundant nature of their food plants (mostly grasses), because newly

hatched larvae have a high probability of food encounter regardless of where

eggs are laid (Wiklund 1984). However, since grasses are also super-abundant

in tropical habitats there may be different selective forces operating on

tropical satyrines and Moore (1986) has argued that greater available search

time may have promoted a higher degree of selectivity in tropical species.

There may also be differences in various ecological factors, such as food

quality and the extent of predation/parasitism of eggs, between temperate and

tropical habitats which could account for differences in the oviposition

strategies adopted by these two satyrine groups.

Common and Waterhouse (1981) noted that the adults of Australian satyrines

sometimes visit flowers to feed, but precise details have rarely been recorded.

12 Australian Entomologist 22 (1) July 1995

Amongst the tropical species nectar feeding appears widespread and was

particularly common in two species, Y. arctous and H. adiante. These

butterflies were recorded feeding from a wide range of flowers, some of which

are introduced, suggesting opportunistic behaviour. Apparent tendency of Y.

arctous and H. adiante to feed more frequently around midday and afternoon

may reflect sampling bias, daily variation in nectar flow, or more likely

diurnal changes in butterfly activity patterns (Braby 19953).

By contrast M. terminus does not appear to feed on nectar but seems to

specialise on rotting fruits. "Valentine (1982, 1988) has noted that M.

terminus and also M. leda, are attracted to rotting fruit and that adults will

feed for long periods from fallen mangoes or other soft fruits. The species

also can be trapped regularly in the field by setting baits of rotting fruit

(Moore 1985, Braby 1995a). This feeding behaviour, however, does not

seem to occur in M. sirius and was recorded only on a few occasions in M.

perseus. However, Moore (1985) and Braby (1995a) have found that M.

perseus is often attracted to rotting fruit by baiting so that this resource may

be a more important component in the adult diet of this species than present

records indicate.

The significance of these dietary sources in the biology and reproductive

ecology of these butterflies warrents further investigation. In M. terminus

females, for instance, availability of rotting fruit in the adult diet appears to

play an important role in producing better quality offspring (Braby and Jones

1995).

Acknowledgments

I thank Russell Cumming and Betsy Jackes for their invaluable help in

identifying many of the food plants. This work was supported by an

Australian Postgraduate Research A ward.

References

BRABY, M.F. 1993. Early stages, biology and taxonomic status of Tisiphone helena (Olliff)

(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 32:

273-282.

BRABY, M.F. 1995a. Seasonal changes in relative abundance and the spatial distribution of

Australian lowland tropical satyrine butterflies. Australian Journal of Zoology (in press).

BRABY, M.F. 1995b. Reproductive seasonality in tropical satyrine butterflies: strategies for

the dry season. Ecological Entomology (in press).

BRABY, M.F. and JONES, R.E. 1994. Effect of temperature and hostplants on survival,

development and body size in three tropical satyrine butterflies. Australian Journal of Zoology

42: 195-213.

BRABY, M.F. and JONES, R.E. 1995. Reproductive patterns and resource allocation in

tropical butterflies: influence of adult diet and seasonal phenotype on fecundity, longevity and

egg size. Oikos (in press).

COMMON, I.F.B. and WATERHOUSE, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Revised Edition.

Angus and Robertson, Sydney.

Australian Entomologist 22 (1) July 1995 13

DE BAAR, M. 1981. Host records for Hypocysta adiante adiante (Hubn.) and Xois arctous

arctous (Fab.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Entomological Society of Queensland News

Bulletin 9: 9.

DE BAAR, M. 1983. New food plants, life history notes, and distribution records for some

Australian Lepidoptera. Australian Entomological Magazine 9: 97-98.

DUNN, K.L. 1993. Oviposition and territorial behaviour in Toxidia rietmanni rietmanni

(Semper) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Trapezitinae). Victorian Entomologist 23: 29-33.

DUNN, K.L. and DUNN, L.E. 1991. Review of Australian Butterflies: distribution, life history

and taxonomy. Part IV: Family Nymphalidae. 513-660. Privately published by the authors,

Melbourne.

EDWARDS, E.O. 1948. Notes on butterflies of western Queensland. Australian Zoologist

11: 225-232.

KITCHING, R.L. and ZALUCKI, M.P. 1983. A cautionary note on the use of oviposition

records as larval food plant records. Australian Entomological Magazine 10: 64-66.

HAWKESWOOD, T.J. 1990. Parasitism of Melanitis leda bankia (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera:

Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) by a tachinid fly (Diptera: Tachinidae) in Queensland, Australia.

Bulletin et Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belge. 126: 55-62.

MANSKI, МЈ. 1960. Food plants of some Queensland Lepidoptera. Queensland Naturalist

16: 68-73.

MOORE, GJ. 1985. The behaviour and ecology of two tropical satyrine butterflies.

Unpublished honours thesis, James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville.

MOORE, ОЈ. 1986. Host plant discrimination in tropical satyrine butterflies. Oecologia 70:

592-595.

SINGER, M.C. 1984. Butterfly-hostplant relationships: host quality, adult choice and larval

success. /n The Biology of Butterflies (Eds. R.I. Vane-Wright and P.R. Ackery), pp. 81-88.

Symposium of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Number 11. Academic Press,

London.

VALENTINE, P.S. 1982. Ogyris genoveva gela Waterhouse (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

feeding at a sapflow, and the first record of this subspecies from Victoria. Australian

Entomological Magazine 8: 92.

VALENTINE, P.S. 1988. Australian Tropical Butterflies. Tropical Australia Graphics,

Paluma via Townsville.

WATERHOUSE, G.A. 1923. Notes on the life histories of Australian butterflies.

Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 48: i-xxiv.

WATERHOUSE, G.A. 1932. What Butterfly is That? Angus and Robertson, Sydney.

WIKLUND, C. 1984. Egg laying patterns in butterflies in relation to their phenology and the

visual abundance of their hostplants. Oecologia 63: 23-29.

WOOD, G.A. 1984. The life history of Elymnias agondas australiana Fruhstorfer

(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Australian Entomological Magazine 11: 41-42.

WOOD, G.A. 1988. The life histories of Hypocysta angustata angustata Waterhouse and

Lyell and Hypocysta irius (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae). Australian

Entomlogical Magazine 14: 83-86.

14 Australian Entomologist 22 (1) July 1995

RESEARCH REQUEST

REVISED BOOK ON THE BUTTERFLIES OF AUSTRALIA

During the next two years Michael Braby, Ted Edwards and Ebbe Nielsen of

the Lepidoptera Unit, Australian National Insect Collection, with support

from CSIRO, will be collating all available information on Australian

butterflies to produce a fully revised handbook to replace the now outdated

1981 edition of I.F.B. Common and D.F. Waterhouse's Butterflies of

Australia.

The new book will summarise all published (and unpublished) knowledge on

the taxonomy and biology of each of the 400 or so species, and will be richly

illustrated with new colour plates. It will be of larger format with a strong

emphasis on user-friendly identification, highlighting distinguishing features

to separate similar and closely-related species, and to separate males and

females. The text for each species will include informative reviews on

geographical variation and subspecies, larval food plants, attendant ants, life

cycle and behaviour, and distribution and status. In addition, there will be

brief description of the immature stages and a list of key references for further

reading. The water colour plates, first prepared by N.W. Cayley for G.A.

Waterhouse's classic What Butterfly is That? published in 1932, will be

replaced with high quality photographic plates of set specimens. We envisage

that, for each species, the plates will depict the upperside and underside of

each sex and most subspecies.

We are appealing to butterfly collectors and other entomologists to assist

with this important project. In particular we seek. your support with loans of

specimens, and new information on distribution, general biology, life

histories and behaviour that you may wish to have included in the new book.

All specimens loaned to us will be returned and all assistance with the project

will be clearly acknowledged. Your help will be mentioned in the formal

Acknowledgments section and where we incorporate unpublished information

your name will appear as reference to that information in the text.

Please feel free to contact us for further information and any questions you

may have.

Butterfly Project

Michael Braby

CSIRO Division of Entomology,

G.P.O. Box 1700,

Canberra, A.C.T., 2601

Tel.(06)246 4260

Fax.(06)246 4264

Australian Entomologist 22 (1) July 1995 15

NEW EUPHORBIACEAE HOST RECORDS FOR THE

ZODIAC MOTH ALCIDES ZODIACA BUTLER

(LEPIDOPTERA: URANIIDAE)

P.I. FORSTER! and G. SANKOWSK Y?

! Queensland Herbarium, Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Qld, 4068

2 P.O. Box 210, Tolga, Old, 4882

Abstract

Omphalea papuana Pax & K. Hoffm. and Omphalea sp. (Hazlewood Gorge, S.G. Pearson

SP439) (Euphorbiaceae) are recorded as new hosts for Alcides zodiaca Butler. A breeding

colony of A. zodiaca in the Eungella area is briefly described.

Introduction

Alcides zodiaca is a conspicuous and well-known day-flying moth found in

north-eastern Queensland from the tip of Cape York south to Mackay. The

life history of this moth has been described previously and recorded

host-plants are Endospermum medullosum L.S.Sm., E. myrmecophilum

L.S.Sm. and Omphalea queenslandiae F.M. Bailey (all Euphorbiaceae)

(Coleman and Monteith 1981, Monteith and Wood 1987).

Observations

In this note we record two additional host plants.

(1) Omphalea papuana Pax & K. Hoffm. occurs in Australia and New

Guinea, with the Australian records all from Iron Range. This species has

only recently been recognised from Australia (Forster 1994) and previous

records of Omphalea from Iron Range were misidentified as O. queenslandiae.

A. zodiaca has been successfully reared on cultivated plants of O. papuana at

Tolga.

(2) Omphalea sp. (Hazlewood Gorge, S.G. Pearson SP439) occurs at

Hazlewood Gorge near Eungella and Gloucester Island near Bowen, both in

central Queensland. Unlike the canopy lianes O. queenslandiae and O.

papuana, this undescribed species is a small tree. A large and apparently

permanent population of A. zodiaca has been observed at Hazlewood Gorge

on four occasions: Dec. 1992, Jan. 1993, June 1994, July 1994. The adult

moths are usually in close proximity to the host trees. In June 1994 all

stages of development of the moth were observed on mature foliage of the

Omphalea with larval behaviour and pupation similar to that described by

Coleman and Monteith (1981). This breeding population at Hazlewood Gorge

(or other undiscovered ones in the area) is undoubtedly responsible for the

"Mackay" records of A. zodiaca (Coleman and Monteith 1981).

Acknowledgments

S.G. Pearson and M.C. Tucker assisted with observations of the Hazlewood

Gorge population.

References

COLEMAN, N.C. and MONTEITH, G.B. 1981. The north Queensland day-flying moth,

Alcides zodiaca Butler. North Queensland Naturalist 45: 2-6.

FORSTER, P.I. 1994. Euphorbiaceae (in part). pp. 107-117 in R.J.F.Henderson (Ed.)

Queensland vascular plants: Names and distribution. Queensland Department of Environment

& Heritage, Brisbane.

MONTEITH, G.B. and WOOD, G.A. 1987. Endospermum, ants and uraniid moths in

Australia. Queensland Naturalist 28: 35-41.

16 Australian Entomologist 22 (1) July 1995

BOOK REVIEW

Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera. Volume 3. Oecophorine Genera of

Australia. 1.: by Ian F. B. Common. CSIRO Publications. Melbourne. 1994. 420

pP.

The Oecophorine moths are likely to be unfamiliar to most Australian

entomologists, perhaps because of their lack of economic species. However, from

а biodiversity point of view, they are an extremely important group: in Australia,

there are more than 500 species in over 250 genera. A significant proportion of

these are undescribed. The Australian fauna contains mostly endemic species,

many of which utilise dead Eucalptus leaves as larval food, so this group of moths

is likely to have an important role in the ecology of native forests. This latest

monograph on Australian Lepidoptera is the first volume of a complete generic

revision of the Oecophorinae. It treats the Wingia group of 91 genera, which

encompasses over a third of the Oecophorine genera, and describes 35 new genera

and 305 new generic combinations.

The taxonomic core of the book is prefaced by four short chapters on: phylogeny,

morphology, biology, and diversity and distribution. The tentative phylogenetic

analysis presented in Chapter 1 highlights our incomplete knowledge of the

group. Chapter 2 provides the morphological background necessary for using and

understanding the systematic account of the genera. Chapter 3 gives a summary of

life histories, biology and pest status. There is a small but interesting section on

collecting and rearing Oecophorinae. With so large and diverse a group, the

opportunities available for providing new information from rearing the species is

considerable and, with many species feeding on Eucalyptus leaf litter, rearing

would seem to be particularly easy and rewarding. Chapter 4 (Diversity and

Distribution) is the shortest in the book being only two pages of text but it gives

a succinct overview of Oecophorine diversity around the world.

Chapter 5 provides the taxonomic revision of the Wingia group. It starts with a

key to the genera and then provides a detailed description of each genus, along

with information on distribution and biology, and a synonymic list of species

referred to each genus. Although I have not yet had the chance to try the key, the

characters appear to be clearly described, with the terminology well defined in

Chapter 2 and there is frequent cross-referencing to text figures. The generic

descriptions which follow are clear, concise and abundantly illustrated. The figures

are high quality line drawings of wing venation, photographs of adults and male

and female genitalia and scanning electron micrographs. The abundant

illustrations are a key element of the book and whilst I prefer to see line drawings

of genitalia, clearly their development for a monograph of this magnitude would

be a daunting task.

This book is an impressive work and I hope it encourages others to further study

this important group. Dr. Common is to be congratulated on its production and I

await eagerly the two companion volumes.

Peter Mackey,

Faculty of Science,

Queensland University of Technology,

Brisbane

Australian Entomologist 22 (1) July 1995 17

ТНЕ ROGADINE WASP GENUS BATOTHECA

(HYMENOPTERA, BRACONIDAE) NEW TO AUSTRALIA

D.J. QUICKE

Department of Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berks 515 7PY U.K.

Abstract

The parasitic wasp genus Batotheca Enderlein (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Rogadinae) is

recorded from Australia for the first time.

The Australian braconid wasp fauna has been largely neglected until quite

recently when an improved knowledge of generic and subfamily level

taxonomy has led to a spate of descriptions of new taxa and the discovery of

many genera and higher level taxa on the continent for the first time.

During sorting of the Braconidae accessions in the Natural History Museum,

London, a female specimen of the highly distinctive braconid wasp genus

Batotheca Enderlein (1905) was found which bears the following labels:

"G'vale W.A.MCO 7.11.27", "Gordonvale Australia" and "Br 154". It is not

clear whether W.A. refers to Western Australia or to its collector. However,

it seems likely that it is the latter as there is a Gordonvale in northern

Queensland which is an important historical collecting site for parasitic

Hymenoptera.

Previously Batotheca was known to occur from India through Indo-China and

the Philippines to Papua New Guinea. Batotheca was revised by Watanabe

(1938, 1958) who recognised four species. However, all the species are

morphologically extremely similar and differ primarily in coloration so the

possibility that these represent just colour variants of a single species cannot

be excluded at present. The Australian specimen reported here has a reddish

head and mesosoma and a black and white metasoma making it appear to be

either B. beccarii (Mantero) or B. dohrniana Enderlein. The characters given to

separate these by Watanabe (1938) were based on the literature rather than on

the examination of many specimens and they do not take into consideration

the range of variation that can be observed in large collections of Indo-

Australian specimens. It would be unwise therefore to assign the Australian

specimen to a particular species at present.

Batotheca species are koinobiont endoparasitoids of limacodid moth

caterpillars which they mummify prior to pupating internally (Austin 1987).

Some species may be economically important in that their hosts are pests

(Greve and Ismay 1969, Conway and Tay 1969, Austin 1987).

Acknowledgment

This work was funded by the NERC Initiative in Taxonomy.

18 Australian Entomologist 22 (1) July 1995

References

AUSTIN, A.D. 1987. A review of the Braconidae (Hymenoptera) that parasitize

Limacodidae in South-east Asia, particularly those associated with coconut and oil palm. Pp.

139-164 in M.J.W. Cock, HC.J. Godfray and J.D. Holloway (eds.), Slug and nettle caterpillars.

The biology and control of Limacodidae of economic importance on palms in S.E. Asia. CAB

International, Wallingford.

BALTAZAR, C.R. 1962. The genera of parasitic Hymenoptera in the Philippines. Part 1.

Pacific Insects 4: 737-771.

CONWAY, С.К. and TAY, Е.В. 1969. Crop pests in Sabah Malaysia and their control. State

Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, Sabah.

ENDERLEIN, G. 1905. Neue Braconiden aus dem indischen und afrikanischen Gebiet.

Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung 66: 227-236.

GREVE, J.E. van S. and ISMAY, J.W. (eds.) 1969. Crop insect survey of Papua New Guinea

from July Ist 1969 to December 31st 1978. Papua New Guinea Agriculture Journal 32: 1-120.

WATANABE, C. 1938. A revision of the genus Batotheca Enderlein, with description of a new

species (Hym., Braconidae). Mushi 11: 170-175.

WATANABE, C. 1958. Further revisions of Spinaria Brulle and Batotheca Enderlein, with

description of a new genus (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Acta Hymenopterologica 1: 51-53.

Australian Entomologist 22 (1) July 1995 19

A PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION OF THE CADDIS-FLIES

(INSECTA: TRICHOPTERA) OF THE QUEENSLAND WET

TROPICS

Ken Walker, Arturs Neboiss, John Dean!, David Cartwright?

Museum of Victoria, Department of Entomology, 71 Victoria Crescent, Abbotsford, Victoria

3067

Abstract

A checklist of the trichopteran fauna of the Queensland Wet Tropics is presented. The species

composition of at least 217 taxa, including 95 new species and four new genera, is summarised

and discussed with reference to the overall Australian fauna and available information on the

Trichoptera fauna of several eastern Australian areas.

Introduction

The Queensland Wet Tropics (QWT), including the Wet Tropics World

Heritage Area, lies along the east coast of Australia between Cooktown in the

north and Townsville in the south, extending inland to the Atherton Tableland

(Fig. 1.). Proclamation of the Wet Tropics World Heritage Area was

recognition of the environmental significance and sensitivity and the cultural

importance of the region. The Wet Tropics Management Authority funded

several studies of the local fauna and flora and this paper summarises our

findings on the Trichoptera fauna.

The study was based on material from 151 sites held in various Australian

museum collections (22,549 specimens: 10,527 СС, 9213 99, 2297 larvae

and 512 pupae). Sites were grouped into investigation areas numbered 1-10

(Fig. 1), which enabled a preliminary assessment of regional variations in the

Wet Tropics Trichoptera fauna, using the PATN programs Decorana and

Twinspan (Belbin 1988). The criteria for grouping sites into investigation

areas was latitudinal except for areas 4-7. These areas occupy similar latitudes

but represent vastly different habitats. Investigation area 5 represents low

coastal areas, while area 7 comprises sites on the Atherton Tableland.

Investigation area 4 (Kuranda district) represents a region between the

lowlands and the Atherton Tableland, while area 6 (Bellenden Ker and Mt

Bartle Frere) represents high altitude sites.

Results

Taxa identified during this study are listed in Table 1. The number of taxa is

greater than the actual number of species present, as adults and immatures of

some species have been listed as separate taxa due to the lack of association of

life stages. The checklist represents, in effect, a taxonomic appraisal of all

families found within the QWT. The specific epithet of each new species has

been assigned a genitalia preparation number unique to that species (eg. PT-

2010 or CT-221) and such numbers will be included in future published

descriptions.

Present address:

Environment Protection Authority, 27 Francis Street, Melbourne, Vic., 3000

?Werribee Treatment Complex, Private Bag 10, P.O. Werribee, Vic., 3030

20 Australian Entomologist 22 (1) July 1995

——

1455 E +• 146°E

COOKTOWN

A айк,

— Investigation Area 1

—

147°E

У — Investigation Area 2

MOSSMAN

2 —— Investigation Area 3

‚г Investigation Area 4

KBABINDA

RAVENSHOE 69

—— Investigation Area

Investigation Area 6

Investigation Area 10 7—

a ae a MR АПУШ)

~ Investigation Area 8 |

Investigation Area 9

17°5-

Fig. 1. Мар of Queensland Wet Tropics, including the World Heritage Area

(shaded) and showing collection sites (diamond symbols) and investigation areas

(circled and numbered). Note: Star symbols mark major towns.

Australian Entomologist 22 (1) July 1995

Table 1. Trichoptera species checklist for the Queensland Wet Tropics, with

presence or absence within each investigation area noted. (Note: L - denotes taxa

recorded as larvae only.)

INVESTIGATION AREAS

TRICHOPTERA

Antipodoeciidae

Antipodoecia turneri Mosely

Atriplectididae

Atriplectides dubius Mosely

Atriplectides sp. nov. PT-2010

Calamoceratidae

Anisocentropus banghaasi Ulmer

Anisocentropus kirramus Neboiss

Anisocentropus latifascia (Walker)

Anisocentropus semiflavus Banks

Anisocentropus sp. 1 (L)

Anisocentropus sp. 2 (L)

Anisocentropus sp. 3 (L)

Anisocentropus sp. 4 (L)

Anisocentropus torulus Neboiss

Anisocentropus spp. indet.

Calocidae

Caenota galeata Neboiss

Caenota monteithi Neboiss

Caenota nemorosa Neboiss

Calocoides aquilonia Neboiss

Gen ? sp. A (L)

Gen ? sp. B (L)

Gen ? sp. C (L)

Gen ? sp. E (L)

Gen. nov. sp. F (L)

Pliocaloca dasodes Neboiss

Pliocaloca fastigiata Neboiss

Pliocaloca mucronata Neboiss

Conoesucidae

Coenoria sp. nov. PT-2022

Coenoria sp. nov. PT-2041

Gen ? sp. D (L)

Dipseudopsidae

Hyalopsyche disjuncta Neboiss

Ecnomidae

Ecnomina sp. nov. CT-229

Ecnomina sp. nov. CT-230

Ecnomina sp. nov. CT-231

Ecnomina sp. nov. CT-232

Ecnomina sp. nov. CT-233

о + + + +

Table 1 (cont.).

Tropics, with presence or absence within each investigation area noted.

denotes taxa recorded as larvae only.)

Australian Entomologist 22 (1) July 1995

Trichoptera species checklist for the Queensland Wet

(Note: L -

INVESTIGATION AREAS

Ecnomidae (cont.)

Ecnomina sp. nov. CT-234

Ecnomina sp. nov. CT-235

Ecnomina sp. nov. CT-236

Ecnomina sp. nov..CT-237

Ecnomina sp. nov. D3 (L)

Ecnomina sp. nov. E2 (L)

Ecnomina sp. nov. F5 (L)

Ecnomina sp. nov. F6 (L)

Ecnomina sp. nov. PT-1590

Ecnomina sp. nov. PT-1591

Ecnomina sp. nov. PT-1592

Ecnomina sp. nov. PT-1651

Ecnomina spp. indet.

Ecnomus clavatus Cartwright

Ecnomus continentalis Ulmer

Ecnomus cuspidis Cartwright

Ecnomus kerema Cartwright

Ecnomus kinka Cartwright

Ecnomus kitabal Cartwright

Ecnomus larakia Cartwright

Ecnomus miriwud Cartwright

Ecnomus pilbarensis Cartwright

Ecnomus tropicus Cartwright

Ecnomus turrbal Cartwright

Ecnomus wagengugurra Cartwright

Ecnomus wellsae Cartwright

Ecnomus woronan Cartwright

Ecnomus spp. indet.

Glossosomatidae

Agapetus sp.

Agapetus sp. nov. PT-2011

Agapetus sp. nov. PT-2025

Helicophidae

Alloecella sp. nov. PT-2016

Helicopha sp. nov. PT-2019

Helicopsychidae

Helicopsyche heacota Mosely

Helicopsyche sp. 5 (L)

Helicopsyche sp. 6 (L)

Helicopsyche sp. 7 (L)

Helicopsyche spp. indet.

++ +

1 5 5

+ +

+ iu

+ + +

Бо ++!

Toro +

Tos

ttre tr ++ teeter + + + •

+ i

Australian Entomologist 21 (2) July 1995

Table 1 (cont.).

Trichoptera species checklist for the Queensland Wet

Tropics, with presence or absence within each investigation area noted. (Note: L -

denotes taxa recorded as larvae only.)

INVESTIGATION AREAS

Hydrobiosidae

Apsilochorema gisbum (Mosely)

Apsilochorema obliquum (Mosely)

Ethochorema brunneum (Mosely)

Ptychobiosis nigrita (Banks)

Ulmerochorema seona (Mosely)

Ulmerochorema stigma (Ulmer)

Ulmerochorema sp. nov. PT-1036

Hydropsychidae

Aethaloptera sexpunctata (Kolenati)

Asmicridea sp.

Asmicridea sp. 4 (L)

Asmicridea sp. 5 (L)

Baliomorpha banksi (Mosely)

Cheumatopsyche sp. nov. 11 (L)

Cheumatopsyche sp. nov. 12 (L)

Cheumatopsyche sp. nov. 13 (L)

Cheumatopsyche sp. nov. 14 (L)

Cheumatopsyche sp. nov. 15 (L)

Cheumatopsyche sp. nov. 16 (L)

Cheumatopsyche sp. nov. 17 (L)

Cheumatopsyche sp. nov. 19 (L)

Cheumatopsyche sp. nov. 22 (L)

Cheumatopsyche spp. indet.

Diplectrona sp. nov. 7 (L)

Diplectrona sp. nov. 8 (L)

Diplectrona sp. nov. 10 (L)

Diplectrona sp. nov. PT-999

Diplectrona sp. nov. PT-1000

Diplectrona sp. nov. PT-1002

Diplectrona sp. nov. PT-1003

Diplectrona sp. nov. PT-1012

Diplectrona sp. nov. PT-1016

Diplectrona sp. nov. PT-1031

Diplectrona sp. nov. PT-1040

Diplectrona sp. nov. PT-2007

Diplectrona sp. nov. PT-2042

Macrostemum saundersii (McLachlan)

Smicrophylax sp. 5 (L)

Smicrophylax sp. 6 (L)

Smicrophylax ulmeri (Banks)

Smicrophylax spp. indet.

rites t-te + +

++ + +

+ +

357

+: +: + + +

+ +

++ + + + о

па ++ + + +

+++ +

+++!

+ Пп мр Fl ober eet

++ + + ++

а ве ++

о + + +

+ + + +

о + + + + '

+ + + + ++

++ +!

24 Australian Entomologist 21 (2) July 1995

Table 1 (cont.). Trichoptera species checklist for the Queensland Wet

Tropics, with presence or absence within each investigation area noted. (Note: L -

denotes taxa recorded as larvae only.)

INVESTIGATION AREAS I

Hydroptilidae

Acanthotrichia bilamina Wells — oc Weg PAS Роа а

Acritoptila capistra Wells З cT LY

Acritoptila pearsoni Wells Ama b.c

Acritoptila sp. indet. ` Sy ке лл жи

Chrysotrichia australis Wells M eis tS ee эу Р

Gnathotrichia australiensis Wells гот F Ec

Hellyethira cornuta Wells POH E ги

Hellyethira cubitans Wells a ш А tee ДБ!

Hellyethira eskensis (Mosely) EL ko c 2 di

Hellyethira imparalobata Wells thet кб а bog

Hellyethira quadrata Wells МБУ. iut ax

Hellyethira simplex Mosely © Ж os. d$ Lm A x

Hellyethira sp. nov. JL RAE n и

Hellyethira sp. nov. A ЕР mee ч

Hellyethira spinosa Wells sf ¢ ok É

Hellyethira vernoni Wells Еј 2:

Hellyethira spp. indet. Мы ж ы о ку RS

Hydroptila incertula Mosely == бо дл A >

Hydroptila losida Mosely ea А ед

Hydroptila obscura Wells ee ee ж it

Spo | (5

L 1

вон + + +

но

+++!

++ + +

Hydroptila scamandra Neboiss = Ёз = = =

Hydroptila spp. indet. Ro cU ES Be

Maydenoptila kurandica Wells 550065 нЕ АА. 208-38 2

Mulgravia coronata Wells LUZ gers) Ee eg

Orphninotrichia silicis Wells T7 0 oco T ROM

Orthotrichia bensoni Wells c o Ыз;

Orthotrichia bullata Wells LOG. c»

Orthotrichia conferta Wells т лор B5

Orthotrichia constricta Wells = s 5

Orthotrichia divaricata Wells Tom e z

Orthotrichia morula Wells ы з I I

Orthotrichia sp. nov. A (aberrans PrTOUupD S > 5 =

Orthotrichia turrita Wells i. GE Wem d de LS ~

Orthotrichia velata Wells OMM n tm = У:

Orthotrichia spp. indet. qe oc TESI Шуг =

Oxyethira bogambara Schmid Se L.C OG c

Oxyethira columba (Neboiss) HU i P es

Oxyethira complicata Wells га Ба

Oxyethira spp. indet. Doe on ow o£ OX sx

Oxyethira triangulata Wells Haz: жу Eh

Stenoxyethira plumosa Wells ше = Ше ла EO od

'+++++ ++!

+++ + +

и b RB KR B i x £a

1 LI

'+++++ ++ !

'++++ ++ + + о

Australian Entomologist 22 (1) July 1995

Table 1 (cont.).

Trichoptera species checklist for the Queensland Wet

Tropics, with presence or absence within each investigation area noted. (Note: L -

denotes taxa recorded as larvae only.)

INVESTIGATION AREAS

Hydroptilidae (cont.)

Stenoxyethira sp. indet.

Tricholeiochiton fidelis Wells

Tricholeiochiton sp. indet.

Xuthotrichia ochracea Mosely

Leptoceridae

Gen. indet. sp.

Lectrides varians Mosely

Leptocerus assimulans (Ulmer)

Leptorussa darlingtoni (Banks)

Notalina spp. indet.

Notoperata sp. nov. PT-2014

Oecetis australis (Banks)

Oecetis burtoni Neboiss

Oecetis complexa Kimmins

Oecetis epekeina Neboiss

Oecetis inscripta Kimmins

Oecetis laustra Mosely

Oecetis multipunctata Ulmer

Oecetis oresbiosa Neboiss

Oecetis piptona Neboiss

Oecetis spp. indet.

Setodes bracteatus Neboiss

Symphitoneuria exigua (McLachlan)

Triaenodes sp.

Triaenodes sp. nov. PT-659

Triaenodes sp. nov. PT-756

Triaenodes sp. nov. PT-757

Triaenodes sp. nov. PT-759

Triaenodes sp. nov. PT-761

Triaenodes sp. nov. PT-763

Triaenodes sp. nov. PT-764

Triaenodes sp. nov. PT-767

Triaenodes sp. nov. PT-783

Triaenodes sp. nov. PT-800

Triaenodes sp. nov. PT-1090

Triaenodes sp. nov. PT-1091

Triaenodes sp. nov. PT-1116

Triaenodes sp. nov. PT-1117

Triaenodes sp. nov. PT-1122

Triaenodes sp. nov. PT-2021

Triaenodes sp. nov. PT-2040

пен +

'+++++++ titr

+ + +

'++++ ++ ++!

++!

озу Мы и

Table 1 (cont.).

Australian Entomologist 22 (1) July 1995

Trichoptera species checklist for the Queensland Wet

Tropics, with presence or absence within each investigation area noted. (Note: L -

denotes taxa recorded as larvae only.)

INVESTIGATION AREAS -

Leptoceridae (cont.).

Triaenodes spp. indet.

Triaenodes volda Mosely

Triplectides australicus Banks

Triplectides australis Navas

Triplectides ciuskus Mosely

Triplectides dolabratusa Morse & Neboiss

Triplectides elongatus Banks

Triplectides gonetalus Morse & Neboiss

Triplectides hamatus Morse & Neboiss

Triplectides helvolus Morse & Neboiss

Triplectides liratellus Morse & Neboiss

Triplectides liratus Morse & Neboiss

Triplectides parvus (Banks)

Triplectides prolatus Morse & Neboiss

Triplectides rossi Morse & Neboiss

Triplectides similis Mosely

Triplectides spp. indet.

Triplectides tambina Mosely

Triplexa sp. nov. PT-1762

Westriplectes angelae Neboiss

Odontoceridae

Barynema sp. nov. PT-1176

Barynema sp. nov. PT-1405

Barynema sp. nov. PT-2028

Marilia bola Mosely

Marilia fusca Kimmins (L)

Marilia spp. indet.

Philopotamidae

Chimarra australica (Ulmer)

Chimarra monticola Kimmins

Chimarra sp. nov. 6 (L)

Chimarra sp. nov. 7 (L)

Chimarra sp. nov. 11 (L)

Chimarra sp. nov. CT-221

Chimarra sp. nov. CT-223

Chimarra sp. nov. CT-225

Chimarra sp. nov. CT-226

Chimarra sp. nov. СТ-227

Chimarra sp. nov. CT-228

Chimarra spp. indet.

Chimarra uranka Mosely

+ +

LEO а р 4

+ + + + + !

+++ + + i

Australian Entomologist 22 (1) July 1995

Table 1 (cont.).

Trichoptera species checklist for the Queensland Wet

Tropics, with presence or absence within each investigation area noted. (Note: L -

denotes taxa recorded as larvae only.)

INVESTIGATION AREAS

Philopotamidae (cont.)

Gen. nov. sp. nov. PT-1640

Hydrobiosella sp. nov. 15 (L)

Hydrobiosella sp. nov. PT-1037

Hydrobiosella sp. nov. PT-1038

Hydrobiosella sp. nov. PT-1039

Hydrobiosella sp. nov. PT-1768

Hydrobiosella sp. nov. PT-2029

Hydrobiosella spp. indet.

Philorheithridae

Aphilorheithrus sp. nov. PT-2038

Gen. Nov. P sp. nov. PT-1707

Gen. Nov. Q sp. nov. PT-1837

Polycentropodidae

Gen. G sp. | (L)

Paranyctiophylax sp. nov. 5 (L)

Paranyctiophylax sp. nov. 7 (L)

Paranyctiophylax sp. nov. PT-1589

Paranyctiophylax sp. nov. PT-1625

Paranyctiophylax sp. nov. PT-1977

Paranyctiophylax sp. nov. PT-1979

Plectrocnemia sp. nov. PT-1817

Plectrocnemia sp. nov. PT-1822

Plectrocnemia sp. nov. PT-1976

Plectrocnemia spp. indet.

Polyplectropus sp. 2 (L)

Polyplectropus sp. 3 (L)

Polyplectropus зр. nov. PT-1821

Psychomyiidae

Tinodes radona Neboiss

Zelandoptila yuccabina Neboiss

Stenopsychidae

Stenopsychodes mjobergi Ulmer

Stenopsychodes sp. nov.

Stenopsychodes spp. indet.

Tasimiidae

Tasiagma sp.

ппоош»>

Ново вео

+++!

+++++ + + +

+) + + + + + +!

++++++++ +++ +!

hows а sb se г

28 Australian Entomologist 22 (1) July 1995

A taxonomic summary of the QWT Trichoptera fauna is presented in Table 2.

In total 217 species have been recognised, of which 95 species and four genera

are undescribed. The highest number of species recorded at an individual site

was 78 at Yuccabine Creek, while the 10 most specious sites yielded an

average of 41.8 species.

Table 2. Taxonomic evaluation of the Queensland Wet Tropics Area

Trichopteran fauna.

Total number of species: 217

Taxa identified from adult material: 202

Taxa identified from immature material: 79

Immature taxa clearly different from adult taxa: 15

Immature taxa associated with adults: 30

Immature taxa not associated with adults: 49

New species recognised: 95

New genera recognised: 4

New species based on adult material only: 83

New species based on immature material only: 12

The PATN analyses were performed separately on the adult and immature data

(for full details see Walker et al. 1993). As expected, the larger adult data set

provided better resolution between the investigation areas, although results

from immatures supported those obtained for adults. The analyses separated

the investigation areas into three groups, each with a distinctive faunal

composition. Investigation areas 9 and 10 were grouped, investigation area 6

was unique and there were no significant faunal differences between the

remaining seven investigation areas.

Discussion

Comparison of the trichopteran faunas of Australia, the Queensland Wet

Tropics and the Tasmanian World Heritage Area (Table 3) indicates: higher

species richness in the QWT, with 36.7% of the known Australian fauna,

compared to 22.7% occurring in the TWHA; QWT has a higher maximum

number of species occurring at an individual site and within a single

Investigation Area than has the TWHA; the QWT has a similar number of

families and genera as the TWHA, though the family composition differs

between the two areas. Families present in the QWT and not found in the

TWHA are Antipodoeciidae, Dipseudopsidae (formerly Hyalopsychidae: Wells

and Cartwright, 1993a), Odontoceridae, Psychomyiidae, Calamoceratidae and

Stenopsychidae. Families present in the TWHA and not found in the QWT

are Kokiriidae, Limnephilidae, Oeconesidae and Plectrotarsidae.

Australian Entomologist 22 (1) July 1995 29

Table 3. Comparison of the trichopteran faunas of Australia (AUS), the

Queensland Wet Tropics (QWT) and the Tasmanian World Heritage Area (TWHA)

(Note: In calculating the numbers of species, immature and 'spp. indet.' taxa were

excluded if it was likely that they were conspecific with listed adult species;

undescribed species and genera, recorded from the QWT, have been included in the

total number of known Australian taxa. Sources of species composition: AUS-

Neboiss, 1991, 1992; Wells, 1990; TWHA- Neboiss, Jackson & Walker, 1989).

AUS ОМТ TWHA

Number of known families: 26 2] 19

Number of known genera: 106 67 62

Number of known species: 590 217 134

Highest number of species within

an Investigation Area: - 100 91

Highest number of species at

a single site: - 78 45

Number of species in the 10 most specious

Australian families:

Hydroptilidae 121 39 10

Leptoceridae 102 51 28

Ecnomidae 67 24 5

Hydrobiosidae 58 7 26

Hydropsychidae 46 26 5

Philopotamidae 32 16 7

Conoesucidae 23 2 15

Calocidae 19 8 5

Philorheithridae 16 3 8

Calamoceratidae 10 5 0

The species richness within investigation areas of the QWT is remarkably

high, with seven investigation areas yielding 50 or more species. Species

richness observed at many sites was greater than recorded in southern

Australia from the Tasmanian World Heritage Area (Neboiss et al. 1989).

The average number of species for the ten most diverse sites in the two World

Heritage Areas was 41.8 species for the QWT and 37.0 species for the

TWHA. The highest number of species recorded at an individual site within

the QWT was at Yuccabine Creek (78 species). This site exceeded the richest

TWHA site, which yielded 45 species (Franklin River, Roaring Creek

Junction) and also the 44 species recorded from the O'Shannassy River in

Victoria (Dean and Cartwright 1987) and the 47 species recorded from

Gunshot Creek, Cape York Peninsula (Wells and Cartwright 1993b). It

should be noted that the species lists for Yuccabine Creek (Benson and

Pearson 1988) and O'Shannassy River were the result of extensive collecting

programs; lower species numbers at other sites may merely reflect a lesser

30 Australian Entomologist 22 (1) July 1995

collecting effort. There is therefore evidence that Trichoptera species richness

is probably greater in the QWT than in other areas of Australia.

While it is difficult to quantify the definition of a rare species, a qualitative

assessment of the conservation status of taxa within the QWT has been

attempted. For the purposes of this study, we have developed the following

definitions:

a species is defined as "rare" when knówn from less than four

specimens;

a species is defined as "localised" when known only from a single site;

- a species is defined as "vulnerable" when known from a single site and

less than four specimens.

Using the above definitions, the conservation status of the Trichoptera fauna

of the QWT is as follows:

52.196 (113 species) of the QWT Trichoptera fauna is "rare";

30.0% (65 species) of the QWT Trichoptera fauna is "localised";

22.196 (48 species) of the QWT Trichoptera fauna is "vulnerable";

- .77.196 (37 species) of the "vulnerable" fauna is presumed to be endemic

to the QWT based on current knowledge.

Of the 113 species defined as rare, 54 species have been recorded from one or

more of the three sites, Yuccabine Creek, Bellenden Ker Range and Birthday

Creek Falls. Furthermore, these three sites have yielded 27 of 65 species

known from single sites only and 18 of 48 species defined as vulnerable. On

the basis of current information, these sites are worthy of special conservation

consideration.

Although the Australian Trichoptera fauna is reasonably well known, it is

significant that 43.8% of the species recorded from the QWTA are new to

science. This demonstrates the value of involving taxonomic experts at an

early stage of any faunal survey. Table 2 also highlights the disparity

between knowledge of the adult and immature stages. While 202 of 217

recognised species (93.1%) were based on adult specimens, only 15 of 217

recognised species (6.9%) were based solely on immature specimens.

Furthermore, of the 202 species recognised from adult material, only 30

species (14.9%) were associated with larvae. In fact, the larvae of more than

half the total known species from the QWTA have not yet been collected, let

alone associated with adults.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to acknowledge the following persons or institutions for

their assistance. We are grateful to the Queensland Museum, Australian

Museum and the Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO for the loan

and use of material from their respective collectións. We sincerely thank: Dr

Alice Wells for identification of Hydroptilidae and Oecetis specimens as well

as critical comments on the manuscript, Ms Toula Marra for database input

and Ms Heather Martin and Ms Catriona McPhee for comments on earlier

Australian Entomologist 22 (1) July 1995 3]

drafts of the manuscript. Finally, we thank the Wet Tropics Management

Agency for their financial assistance which allowed this study to be

completed.

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Coleopts Bull. 47:

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