THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

The Australian Entomologist (formerly Australian Entomological Magazine) is a

non-profit journal published in four parts annually by the Entomological Society

of Queensland. It is devoted to entomology of the Australian region, including

New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and islands of the south-western Pacific. Articles

are accepted from amateur and professional entomologists. The journal is

produced independently and subscription to the journal is not included with

membership of the Society.

The Editorial Panel

Editor: Dr D.L. Hancock

Dept of Primary Industries

Assistant Editors Dr G.B. Monteith

Queensland Museum

Mr G. Daniels

University of Queensland

Business Manager Dr A.P. Mackey

Queensland University of Technology

Subscriptions

Subscriptions are payable in advance to the Business Manager, The Australian

Entomologist, Р.О. Box 537, Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia, 4068.

For individuals A$16.00 per annum Australia

A$20.00 per annum elsewhere

For institutions A$20.00 per annum Australia.

A$22.00 per annum elsewhere.

Cheques in currency other than Australian dollars should include an extra A$5.00.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND

Membership is open to anyone interested in Entomology. Meetings are normally

held in the Department of Entomology, University of Queensland on the second

Monday of March-June and August-December each year. Meetings are announced

in the Society's News Bulletin which also contains reports of meetings,

entomological notes, notices of other Society events and information on

Members’ activities.

Enquiries relating to the Society should be directed to the Honorary Secretary,

Entomological Society of Queensland, C/- Department of Entomology,

University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, 4072.

Sustaining Associates

Arrest-A-Pest Pty Ltd, Rhone-Poulenc Rural Australia Pty Ltd.

Cover: This undescribed species of Bombyliidae of the genus Docidomyia is

from the Goldfields Region of Western Australia. The genus belongs to the

subfamily Tomomyzinae, and has closest relatives in southern Africa and North

America. Adults feed on nectar and pollen and the larvae are presumably

parasitoids, as are most other Bombyliidae, although nothing is known of the life

history of this subfamily throughout the world. Illustration by David Yeates.

Printed by Hans Quality Print, 20 Lyons Terrace, Windsor, Qld, 4030

Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995 97

APPARENT SITE AFFINITY IN SCELIO PARVICORNIS

DODD AND SCELIO IMPROCERUS DODD

(HYMENOPTERA: SCELIONIDAE) IN PASTURES

INFESTED WITH PHAULACRIDIUM VITTATUM

(SJOSTEDT) (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)

G.L. BAKER!, R.J. DYSART?, Е.С. XAVIER! and В.С. PIGOTT?

l Biological and Chemical Research Institute, NSW Agriculture, P.M.B. 10, Rydalmere, N.S.W.

2116 Australia

2 USDA-ARS Research Laboratory, 1500 N. Central Ave., Sidney, MT 59270, USA

3 NSW Agriculture, Р.О. Box 865, Dubbo, N.S.W. 2830, Australia

Abstract

The abundance of adult Scelio parvicornis and S. improcerus in a pasture site in the Southern

Tablelands of New South Wales exhibited stable spatial variation commensurate with site

affinity. Both species were abundant on an uncultivated, lightly timbered granite knoll

supporting native grasses and introduced broad leaved weeds but virtually absent in extensive

improved pasture skirting the knoll. The cause of the site affinity is unknown but was possibly

associated with biotic factors such as a seasonally stable host population and reduced

competition from other parasitoids. The site affinity was also coincident with the habitat of

Phaulacridium vittatum in climax savanna woodland pre-european settlement and may

represent an anachronistic, instinctual habitat preference. Although parasitism by scelionids

was secondary to that of mermithid nematodes in influencing host population trends at all sites,

the supplementary parasitism by scelionids could be important in habitats less favourable for

mermithid nematodes. An inverse density dependence was apparent which could result in

localised host extinction, extending the duration of the recessionary phase of the host outbreak

cycle so limiting the frequency of grasshopper outbreaks.

Introduction

The role of scelionid egg parasites in the population dynamics of wingless

grasshopper, Phaulacridium vittatum (Sjóstedt), has been little studied in

tableland regions: Clark (1967) found a Scelio sp. at levels of <20% in the

Canberra-Yass district at the end of an outbreak and Baker ef al. (in press)

recorded Scelio spp. at a mean parasitism rate of 33.5 96 in tableland districts,

also at the end of an outbreak. The relative abundance of scelionid species has

been assessed by sweep net catches made during an outbreak of P. vittatum

(Baker ег al. 1985) and the generally low abundance of species parasitic on P.

vittatum suggested a minor role in the population dynamics of this host.

However they may have a more important role in the population dynamics of

other acridid species in the tablelands (Baker ег al. 1985, Baker and Dysart

1992, Baker and Pigott 1993). Factors such as parasitism by mermithid

nematodes (Baker and Capinera 1995) and reduced oviposition under dry

conditions (Baker ef al. 1993) are generally considered of greater significance

than scelionids in influencing the population dynamics of Р. vittatum.

The observations reported in this paper were made during a long term study of

the population dynamics of P. vittatum in tableland districts of New South

Wales.

Methods 3

Sampling of fixed sites in pastures in the Southern Tablelands was undertaken

98 Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995

at irregular intervals throughout the season (October-April) between 1989-90

and 1994-95 seasons. The data presented in this paper are from site #14, 10

km south of Captains Flat [36°41'S, 149°27'E] at 1050 m in the Southern

Tablelands of New South Wales. The site consisted of an elevated saddle

connecting the main range with a granite knoll. The knoll was covered in

decomposing, exposed granite tors and lightly timbered (Figs 1-2) with

unimproved vegetation (Fig 3) consisting of introduced broad leaved weeds:

Lamb's tongue Plantago lanceolata L., sorrel Rumex acetosella L., Aaron's

rod Verbascum thapsus L., native tussock grasses (Stipa spp.) and the

naturalised grass, rat tail fescue Vulpa bromoides (L.) S.F. Gray. Skirting

the knoll was improved pasture (Figs 1-2) following cultivation in the

1987/88 season and planted to white clover Trifolium repens L. and perennial

rye grass Lolium perenne L. (Fig 4). Samples were taken by making 120

low sweeps with a 45 cm net. Acridids were scored for species and stage and

then dissected to determine parasitism. Acridid density was calculated from a

prior calibration of sweep net efficiency. Three sub-samples were taken: 1, in

uncultivated areas associated with granite knoll, 2, mid-slope of improved

pasture, 3, lower-slope of improved pasture.

Results

Site affinity: Scelionids were first collected in the 1992-93 season and were

restricted to site 1. In the 1993-94 season there was a substantial increase in

abundance (>15 in 120 sweeps: Fig 5) which was again largely restricted to

site 1. On all four of the six sampling occasions when scelionids were

recorded, they were significantly more abundant at site 1 than all other sites

(F2.15 = 22.6, P «0.001). Scelionids were virtually absent from adjacent

improved pasture. In the 1994-95 season there was a sharp decline in

abundance (Fig. 5).

Three species were recorded, Scelio parvicornis Dodd, S. improcerus Dodd and

S. bipartitus Kieffer. The former two species are parasites of P. vittatum and

the latter of Gastrimargus musicus (F.). S. improcerus predominated

throughout the 1993-94 season (Table 1) but was equal in abundance with S.

parvicornis in the 1992-93 and 1994-95 seasons.

Phenology: In the 1993-94 season the abundance of scelionids peaked rapidly

in early summer (December) when the host was at the 5th instar stage, i.e.

some 5-6 weeks after hatching of the host. Abundance slowly declined over

mid-late summer (January-February) and rose again in early autumn (March)

Figs 1-4. Grasshopper sampling site (Jerangle #14): an elevated saddle and

granite knoll. 1, 1992-93 season (17.xii.1992) a season of above average spring

rainfall (site 1, adjacent to knoll, site 2 in vicinity of granite slab (arrowed), site 3

in foreground). 2, 1993-94 (14.1.1994) a season of below average spring and

summer rainfall. 3, native vegetation (site 1, 14.1.1994). 4, improved pasture

(site 2, 17.xi.1993).

Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995

100 Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995

Table 1. The relative abundance of scelionids in the 1993-94 season in

unimproved pasture (site 1) and improved pasture (sites 2-3) in the southern

tablelands of New South Wales.

Site*

Species Sex

1 р, 3

S. parvicornis M 18 o 0 Б

Е 5 0 0

AY. improcerus M – EP 1 0

Е 14 0

S. bipartitus M 9 0 =i

F 2 0 0

Total/sex — — M 57 l cm

F 21 1 0

Total ann 78 z DN | Е

*Number іп 12 x 120 sweep samples (2 on each of 6 sampling occasions).

Table 2. The phenology of scelionids in 1993-94 season in the southern

tablelands of New South Wales.

Month*

Species Sex Total

Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar

ЖҮ:

S. parvicornis M 0 13 5 0 o 0 18

F 0 4 1 0 0 0 э 23

S. improcerus M 0 20 5 3 d © 31

F 0 0 5 4 0 6 15 46

S. bipartitus M 0 1 6 1 0 2, 10

Е 0 0 1 0 0 1 2. 3»

TOTAL 0 38 23 8 0 12 81

*Number swept in 6x10 sweep samples (2 at each site)

Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995 101

(Fig 5). Males predominated at all sampling occasions (Table 2) possibly

because males searching for a mate are more vulnerable to capture than

females which are possibly restricted to the litter zone in the search for host

egg pods. The persistence of scelionids throughout the season was

unexpected and may have been in response to a delay in the onset of

oviposition by the host, a consequence of the relatively dry conditions in the

1993-94 season. The increase in early autumn was due to the emergence of

the non-diapause component of the population.

Seasonal abundance in relation to rainfall and host density: Scelionids were

first recorded in 1992-93, the second season of high rainfall and increased

substantially in the 1993-94 season which received below average rainfall and

declined in the 1994-95 season, also initially a season of low rainfall (Fig. 5).

As their high abundance in the 1993-94 season was predetermined by

conditions in the previous season, high rainfall was coincident with their

initial increase in abundance but no direct causal relationship is proposed. A

decline in abundance in the 1994-95 season followed dry conditions in the

previous season.

The density of P. vittatum was highly variable throughout the study period

(Fig 5). The highest densities occurred in the 1991-92 and 1994-95 seasons,

the result of high survival in prior seasons (1990-91 and 1993-94

respectively) due on both occasions to low nematode parasitism under the

relatively dry conditions (Fig. 5). The decline in the abundance of P.

vittatum between the 1991-92 and 1993-94 seasons was associated with hi gh

levels of parasitism by mermithid nematodes due to high rainfall in both the

1991-92 and 1992-93 seasons (Fig. 5). The poor survival of P. vittatum

during the 1994-95 season is also attributed to parasitism by nematodes

following high rainfall in October and January (Fig. 5). The increase in

absolute abundance of scelionids over the period 1991-1994 was coincident

with a nematode induced decline in host density indicating inverse host

density dependence. The decline in the abundance of scelionids in the 1994-95

season corresponded with a general increase in host abundance, but perhaps

significantly not at site 1 where scelionids had been most abundant in the

previous season.

The level of mortality of overwintering eggs due to parasitism by scelionids

was not measured in the 1993-94 season, however, nymphal survival was

high (Fig 5: November-December) and, reservedly assuming an equal capture

efficiency, the ratio of scelionids to P. vittatum nymphs at the time of peak

emergence of the scelionids can be taken as the ratio of grasshopper eggs

parasitised by scelionids. This provides crude estimates of parasitism at site 1

of 3.6 % in the 1992-93 season (2 scelionids + 53 nymphs), 29.7 % in the

1993-94 season (14 scelionids + 33 nymphs), nil parasitism at mid and

lower-slopes in 1992-93 and 1.3 % in the 1993-94 season (1 scelionid + 75

nymphs). These are gross underestimates of the level of parasitism as they

102 Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995

fail to take into account the staggered emergence of quiescent adults. The

sharp increase in the estimated parasitism level in the unimproved pasture

between the 1992-93 and 1993-94 seasons was coincident with a decline in

host density indicating a possible inverse host density dependent relationship

between parasitism level and host density. In the 1994-95 season, parasitism

of overwintering eggs collected at site 1 and incubated in the laboratory was

36.36 %. This parasitism may have contributed to the low abundance of P.

vittatum at site 1 in the 1994-95 season relative to sites 2 and 3 where

substantial increases occurred (Fig. 5).

Discussion

Site affinity: the cause of the site affinity displayed by S. parvicornis and S.

improcerus is unknown but is most probably in response to physical

characteristics, host population stability or an instinctive habitat preference.

There were many physical characteristics which differed between unimproved

and improved pasture which may explain the disparate abundance of scelionids

in the two habitats: 1, cultivation and fertiliser applications to the improved

pasture site may have rendered it physically or chemically unattractive; 2,

numerous bare patches in the unimproved pasture (Fig 3) possibly increased

the efficiency of finding host eggs, whereas in the improved pasture

potentially bare patches were colonised by T. repens (Fig 4); 3, unimproved

pasture may contain endemic potential food sources for adult scelionids which

are absent from the improved pasture where exotic vegetation predominated;

4, the leaf litter on the fringe of the timbered site may provide shelter for

adult scelionids.

There are also site differences in the temporal stability of host populations

which impact on the abundance of scelionids. The relative instability of P.

vittatum populations in improved pasture is a consequence of periodic pasture

rejuvenation, variable grazing pressure under the influence of stocking rates

and weather conditions and high levels of parasitism by mermithid nematodes.

Cultivation to regenerate pasture results in emigration from the cultivated area

by P. vittatum and the lack of hosts could lead to localised extinction of

scelionids in the area cultivated.

Also contributing to the relative stability of P. vittatum populations at the

unimproved pasture site is the relatively reduced effectiveness of mermithid

nematode parasites (Hexamermis sp., Amphimermis acridiorum Baker &

Poinar and Amphimermis mirabinda Baker & Poinar), most apparent in the

1991-92 and 1992-93 seasons (Fig. 5), due to high run-off lowering effective

rainfall (Fig. 1). At mid and lower-slope sites a seasonally variable impact

by mermithid nematodes on P. vittatum populations results in fluctuating

host densities which may also adversely affect scelionid abundance.

The habitat preference may also have a behavioural basis unrelated to

contemporary environmental or biotic characteristics of the habitat. Clark

Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995 103

20 ~

Ed == o—-3GO * 53

Ш 15}

m y И

о N

o T

a /

оаа в ipaa 11111

а еу са шка; +

*ONDJFM"ONDJFM ОМО УЛЕМ ONDJFM ОМОЈЕМ ONDJFM

T—-TTTTm

pere

GRASSHOPPER

DENSITY (m?)

rm ir

*ONDJFM ONDJFM ONDJFM ONDJFM ONDJFM ONDJFM

100

тү 80

а =

о о

i) dz

ш m

= <

а.

= |

Е Е

2 Е

*ONDJFM ONDJFM ONDJFM ONDJFM ONDJFM ONDJFM

89-90 90-91 91-92 92-93 293-94 94-95

MONTH/ SEASON

Fig. 5. Seasonal changes (October-March) in the abundance of Scelio spp. at

three sites in relation to host density, rainfall and parasitism by mermithid

nematodes.

104 Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995

(1962) reported that P. vittatum preferentially dispersed towards tall trees and

postulated that this was a survival strategy encouraging movement towards

favourable habitats (= prevented dispersal into unfavourable habitats). Clark

(1962) suggested that the preferred habitat of P. vittatum in the original

climax savanna woodland of tableland regions was the short vegetation on the

fringe of woodlands. This is essentially the same habitat shown in this study

to be favoured by both S. parvicornis and S. improcerus. Clark (1962)

further suggested that the recent creation of short improved pastures in areas

previously dominated by tall native species such as Themeda australis (R. Br.)

Stapf., had increased both the distribution and abundance of P. vittatum.

This study has shown scelionids to be virtually absent from improved

pastures and their contemporary distribution is possibly an anachronistic,

instinctive habitat preference based on the former restricted distribution of

their host. The failure of scelionids to adapt to the wider distribution achieved

by P. vittatum with the replacement of native vegetation by improved pasture

during post-european settlement, perhaps indicates habitat selection by a

different set of environmental cues, cues unsatisfied for scelionids in the wider

contemporary distribution of the host.

The relative success of mermithids under contemporary land-use patterns in

the tablelands indicates that, in contrast to scelionids, they either spread

simultaneously with P. vittatum and are co-adapted to the improved pasture

environment or, subsequent to the spread by P. vittatum, adapted to Р.

vittatum from alternative grasshopper hosts in the 7. australis grasslands.

The later scenario is the most probable given the habitat preferences of

mermithid parasites of acridids (Baker and Capinera 1995) and the former

abundance of the alternative host Gastrimargus musicus (F.) in T. australis

grasslands prior to the establishment of pastures and its displacement by P.

vittatum (Key 1959).

Seasonal abundance: The increase in abundance of scelionids towards the end

of the study period was associated with several seasons of above average

rainfall and a decline in host density. Although rainfall can not be dismissed

as a factor influencing the abundance of scelionids, it is here assumed the

influence is indirect through its influence on host abundance. The inverse

density dependent relationship between scelionid abundance and host density

apparent in this study is at variance with the findings of Putnam (1953) and

Farrow (1977) that the absolute abundance of scelionids is host density

dependent. The relative abundance of scelionids and host nymphs in this

study indicate elevated parasitism levels also associated with declining host

density. Clark (1967) reports a host population increase between 1957 and

1959 coincident with a decline in the abundance of an unidentified scelionid

from 20.9% to 11.3%. Although the decline is not substantial, it also

indicates an inverse density dependence in parasitism level.

Although of restricted distribution, scelionids in the 1993-94 season reduced

Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995 105

the productivity of the host population to that of replacement only, whereas

in their absence and under climatic conditions unfavourable for other

biocontrol agents, there was a 10-15 fold increase in host density.

The inverse density dependence exhibited by scelionids at the unimproved

pasture site does not necessarily mean they have an unimportant role in the

population dynamics of P. vittatum; the suppression of the host when at low

densities could result in a more protracted recessionary phase in the outbreak

cycle than would otherwise be the case, perhaps substantially reducing the

frequency of outbreaks.

Although the level of control exerted on the host population by scelionids at

"hot-spots" is insufficient to prevent seasonal carry-over of P. vittatum

populations, it may, at times, be sufficient to inhibit emigration and the

development of secondary infestations. The level of control may also be

sufficient to maintain host densities below the threshold density for the

production of macropterous morphs so reducing the substantial contribution

(Farrow et al. 1982) made by winged females to the initiation and spread of

regional outbreaks.

Acknowledgments

We wish to thank R. Farrow, CSIRO, Canberra, for critical reading of the

manuscript, A. Austin, University of Adelaide for confirming the identity of

voucher specimens of scelionids, A. Clift, NSW Agriculture, Rydalmere for

statistical analysis of scelionid distribution data and C. Carlson, "Mirrabinda",

Jingera for providing rainfall data.

References

BAKER, G.L. and CAPINERA, J.L. 1995. Nematodes and Nematomorphs as control agents

of grasshoppers and locusts. /n Goettel, M. and Johnson, D. (eds.), Microbial control of

grasshoppers and locusts. Canadian Entomological Society, Ottawa:

BAKER, G.L., COILPARAMPIL, R., MAYERS, W. and PARKER, W.F. 1993. The

population dynamics of wingless grasshopper, Phaulacridium vittatum (Sjóstedt), on the South

West Slopes of New South Wales. /n Prestige, R. (ed.), Proceedings of the 6th Australasian

Conference on Grassland Invertebrate Ecology. Agresearch, Hamilton: 20-26.

BAKER, G.L. and DYSART, ЕЈ. 1992. Development of Scelio bipartitus Kieffer

(Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in diapause eggs of Gastrimargus musicus (F.) (Orthoptera:

Acrididae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 31: 241-242.

BAKER, G.L., DYSART, R.J. and PIGOTT, R.G. in press. Parasitism of grasshopper and

locust eggs (Orthoptera: Acrididae) by Scelio spp. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in southern

Australia.

BAKER, G.L. and PIGOTT, R.G. 1993. Parasitism of Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker)

(Orthoptera: Acrididae) eggs by Scelio parvicornis Dodd (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae).

Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 32: 121-126.

BAKER, G.L., PIGOTT, R. and GALLOWAY, I. 1985. The phenology of Scelio spp.

(Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), parasites of acridid eggs (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in South East

Australia. /n Chapman, R.B. (ed.), Proceedings 4th Australasian Conference on Grassland

106 Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995

Invertebrate Ecology. Caxton Press, Christchurch: 268-275.

CLARK, D.P. 1962. An analysis of dispersal and movement in Phaulacridium vittatum (Sjost.)

(Acrididae). Australian Journal of Zoology 10: 382-399.

CLARK, D.P. 1967. A population study of Phaulacridium vittatum Sjóst. (Acrididae).

Australian Journal of Zoology 19: 799-872.

FARROW, R.A. 1977. Origin and decline of the 1973 plague locust outbreak in Central

Western New South Wales. Australian Journal of Zoology 25: 455-489.

FARROW, R.A., NICOLAS, G. and DOWSE, J.E. 1982. Migration of the macropterous form

of the wingless grasshopper, Phaulacridium vittatum (Sjöstedt) during an outbreak. Journal of

the Australian Entomological Society 21: 307-308.

KEY, K.H.L. 1959. The ecology and biogeography of Australian grasshoppers and locusts.

In Keast, A., Crocker, A.L. and Christian, C.S. (eds.), Biogeography and Ecology in Australia.

W. Junk, The Hague : 192-210.

PUTNAM, L.G. 1953. Observations on internal parasites of eggs of pest. grasshopper species

in the prairie provinces of Canada. Canadian Entomologist 85: 255-260.

Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995 107

PSOCOPTERA FROM THE CYCAD

LEPIDOZAMIA PEROFFSKAYANA REGEL

(CYCADACEAE) IN NEW SOUTH WALES

C.N. SMITHERS

Research Associate,

Entomology Dept, Australian Museum, College Street, Sydney, N.S.W. 2000

Abstract

Nine species of Psocoptera are recorded from the cycad Lepidozamia peroffskayana Regel.

Introduction

This note records 9 species of Psocoptera on the cycad Lepidozamia

peroffskayana, made during an ecological survey at Lorien, Lansdowne, near

Taree by G. and T. Williams. Clarry Chadwick will be reporting elsewhere

on Psocoptera from another cycad, Macrozamia communis L. Johnson.

Psocoptera from Lepidozamia peroffskayana

CAECILIIDAE

Caecilius quercus Edwards. 10°, 499, 7 nymphs, beaten from frond in wet

sclerophyll habitat (mainly fronds not dead), 29.v.1981.

Paracaecilius lemuris Smithers. 399, beaten from fresh fronds in wet

sclerophyll/rainforest interface, 29.v.1981.

AMPHIPSOCIDAE

Taeniostigma trickettae Smithers. 288, 299, 2 nymphs, beaten from fresh

frond in wet sclerophyll/rainforest interface, 6.vi.1981; 2G G, 299,

12.vi.1981; 10, 299, 5 nymphs, 24.v.1981.

ECTOPSOCIDAE

Ectopsocus australis Schmidt & Thornton. 19, 24.v.1981; 288, 299,

12.у1.1981.

PERIPSOCIDAE

Peripsocus milleri (Tillyard). 1C, 19, 12.vi.1981.

PSEUDOCAECILIIDAE

Lobocaecilius monicus Lee & Thornton. 16°, 19, 24.v.1981.

Pseudoscottiella rotundata New. 10, 19, beaten from fresh fronds in wet

sclerophyll/rainforest interface, 6.vi.1981; 10, 12.vi. 1981.

PSOCIDAE

Sigmatoneura formosa (Banks). 1G, beaten from fresh frond in wet

sclerophyll forest, 12.vi.1981.

Clematostigma maculiceps (Enderlain). 13, beaten from fresh frond in wet

scleophyll forest, 12.vi.1981.

108 Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995

Discussion

All species so far taken from the cycads are known also from other plants.

C. quercus, P. lemuris, L. monicus and P. rotundata are mainly inhabitants

of fresh foliage, T. trickettae lives in a similar situation in rain forests

whereas E. australis lives in dead leaves. P. milleri, S. formosa and C.

maculiceps have been collected from bark.

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Geoff and Thusnelda Williams for the opportunity to

study their material and for depositing it in the Australian Museum.

Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995 109

RANGE EXTENSIONS AND DISTRIBUTION RECORDS

FOR SOME BUTTERFLIES IN

NORTH-EASTERN QUEENSLAND - PART IV

M. F. BRABY

CSIRO Division of Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601

Abstract

New distribution records and range extensions in north-eastern Queensland are given for

Netrocoryne repanda C. & К. Felder, Trapezites symmomus Hübner, Hesperilla ornata

(Leach), Acrodipsas brisbanensis (Miskin), Hypochrysops delicia Hewitson, Ogyris genoveva

Hewitson, Hypolycaena danis C. & R. Felder and Jonolyce helicon (Felder). Comments on

subspecific status are made for some taxa.

Introduction

Recent collecting in Queensland, particularly the Eungella area west of

Mackay, has produced the following new records which concludes a series of

papers dealing with butterfly distributions in north-eastern Queensland

(Braby and Dunn 1991, Braby 1992, 1994). The records provide localities of

distributional interest and extensions to the known ranges of eight butterfly

species in the families Hesperiidae and Lycaenidae. Of particular interest is

the first reliable record of Ogyris genoveva from north-eastern Queensland.

Nomenclature follows Common and Waterhouse (1981).

HESPERIIDAE

Netrocoryne repanda C. & R. Felder

One female was captured in upland rainforest in the Bluewater State Forest,

approximately 35 km W of Bluewater near Townsville, on 30.xi.1992. Two

fresh males were also netted hilltopping in open-forest on the summit of St.

Johns Peak (920 m), about 14 km S of Eungella on 13.11.1994. The

female has the terminal and subterminal region of both wings fairly dark,

especially on the underside of the hindwing, and the yellow streak between

the cell spot and costa on the forewing extends proximally beyond the cell

spot, although the streak is not longer than the cell spot, unlike N. r.

expansa Waterhouse females. The two males are dark brown on the

upperside and underside but they lack the pale yellow streak between the cell

spot and costa, a feature which differentiates N. r. expansa males (Common

and Waterhouse 1981). Examination of specimens in the ANIC indicated

that the difference between the two recognised subspecies is very minor,

especially among females. Dunn and Dunn (1991) also showed that the

distribution limits of these two subspecies were difficult to define: N. r.

expansa reaches its southern limit at Mission Beach (Wilson 1984), while

N. r. repanda appears to reach its northern limit at Airlie Beach with a

possible record from Townsville. The specimen from the Bluewater Range

confirms the existance of the species near Townsville and provides a new

intervening locality. Further material is needed between Mission Beach and

the Mackay-Eungella area to clarify the status of the two currently recognised

subspecies.

110 Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995

Trapezites symmomus Hübner

Three males were collected along the edge of upland rainforest on the Broken

River about 5 km SSW of Eungella on 15.ix.1993 and 10.iii.1994. They

have the postmedian spots on the underside of the hindwing as a narrow

continuous band, rather than as small dark discrete spots typical of T. s.

sombra Waterhouse from the wet tropics of northern Queensland. Valentine

(1988) noted the presence of T. symmomus in the Eungella area and

suggested the population was closer to 7. s. sombra. The above males,

however, show a closer affinity to T. s. symmomus from central and

southern Queensland, although it is possible that the Eungella population

forms part of a cline between these two subspecies.

Hesperilla ornata (Leach)

Five pupae and several late instar larvae were collected from tussocks of

Gahnia aspera growing in the relatively moist and deeply dissected sandstone

gorges of the White Mountains National Park (20?28'S, 144?54'E) north of

Torrens Creek, about 240 km inland from Townsville, on 5.ix.1994. Adults

reared from this stock (4 males, 3 females) more closely resemble H. o.

ornata than the northern H. o. monotherma (Lower). However, the pupal

cap is distinctive, with the two long curved anterior projections fused to

form a large circular disc. H. o. ornata reaches its northern limit on the

coast at Airlie Beach (Dunn and Dunn 1991) about 400 km E of Torrens

Creek, while H. o. monotherma reaches its southern limit in the rainforest

belt at Paluma north-west of Townsville (Common and Waterhouse 1981).

The pupal stage of these specimens varied from 19 to 22 days.

LYCAENIDAE

Acrodipsas brisbanensis (Miskin)

Four males were collected on the summit of St. Johns Peak (920 m), about

14 km S of Eungella (21°16'S, 148?28'E), on 11.11.1994. This species was

only recently discovered in north-eastern Queensland (Valentine and Johnson

1982, Lane 1985), however, there are no records of the species, or indeed the

genus, between the dry eucalypt open-forests west of Paluma (the southern

most point of the species range in north-eastern Queensland) and the

Blackdown Tableland, approximately 600 km further south in central

Queensland (Dunn and Dunn 1991). The presence of the species west of

Mackay substantially bridges the disjunction in range of Acrodipsas between

these two areas.

Hypochrysops delicia Hewitson

A male was collected on the summit of St. Johns Peak (920 m), about 14

km S of Eungella, on 11.iii.1994. The specimen was taken at 1430 h

during overcast conditions as it settled on a leaf about 5 m from the ground.

The upperside has the black margins relatively narrow and the blue area is

rather extensive, similar to H. d. duaringae (Waterhouse). The locality

Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995 111

provides an important intermediate distribution record in north-eastern

Queensland, bridging the 800 km disjunction in range between the Mt

Garnet area west of the Atherton Tableland and the Blackdown Tableland,

Westwood-Duaringa district in central Queensland (Common and Waterhouse

1981, Dunn and Dunn 1991, Lane 1995).

Ogyris genoveva Hewitson

A number of males were observed hilltopping between 1430-1600 hrs.on the

summit of St. Johns Peak (920 m), about 14 km S of Eungella, in dry

eucalypt open-forest on 11 and 13.iii.1994. Their flight was extremely fast

and occasionally they settled high up on dead eucalypt branches. One male,

in slightly worn condition, was captured. No O. zosine Hewitson were in

evidence at this locality. The specimen has the black termen of the forewing

relatively narrow, has a wingspan of 50 mm and the upperside is dull purple.

It is darker than specimens from central Queensland (assigned to O. g.

duaringa Bethune-Baker) and coastal southern Queensland (assigned to O. g.

genoveva) and cannot be placed to subspecies. Common and Waterhouse

(1981) pointed out that the status of the recognised subspecies are doubtful.

O. genoveva has been recorded previously as far north as Duaringa (Common

and Waterhouse 1981, Dunn and Dunn 1991), however Common and

Waterhouse (1981) mentioned two males, in the Australian Museum, from

Kuranda and Little Mulgrave River (near Gordonvale), northern Queensland,

which they assigned to O. g. genoveva. These specimens are labelled

“Kuranda, Qld, Mar. 1902, G.A. Waterhouse coll.’ and ‘Little Mulgrave

River, Dec. 1905, F.H. Brown’ respectively. The register in the Australian

Museum indicates that the first specimen originated from the Goldfinch

collection; however, there is uncertaintity as to where the specimen actually

came from and who collected it. It could not have reached Waterhouse from

F.P. Dodd as he did not live at Kuranda at that time (Monteith 1991). The

second specimen bears an additional label ‘passed through C. Wyatt Theft

coll.’; hence the label data is unreliable since Wyatt removed labels from the

specimens he stole. Moreover, these historic localities have not been

confirmed by subsequent collectors and the species has not been collected in

the seemingly suitable habitat of the dry upland eucalypt open-forests west

of the Atherton Tableland (D. Lane, J. Young and G. Wood, pers. comm.).

In view of these findings O. genoveva is best excluded from far northern

Queensland until proven otherwise. The high altitude locality west of

Mackay, which lies about 300 km NNW of Duaringa, should now be

regarded as the established northern limit of O. genoveva in Queensland.

Hypolycaena danis C. & R. Felder

One adult was captured in upland rainforest in the Bluewater State Forest,

approximately 35 km W of Bluewater near Townsville, by J.M. Billington

on 30.xi.1992. This species has been recorded only recently from the urban

areas of Townsville (Smythe 1993, Valentine 1993, Braby 1994) but

112 Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995

hitherto has not been recorded in the ranges between Townsville and Ingham.

Tonolyce helicon (Felder)

A single male was captured near the Broken River, about 5 km SSW of

Eungella, in upland rainforest (above 700 m) оп 12.11.1994. On the

mainland, the species ranges from Cape York to Ollera Creek 10 km NW of

Rollingstone, with an isolated record about 650 km further south at Mt.

Etna near Rockhampton (Common and Waterhouse 1981, Dunn and Dunn

1991). The species frequents rainforest habitats, appears to be local and, at

times, can be numerous (Valentine and Johnson 1992). The Eungella

locality provides an intervening distribution record between Rockhampton

and Rollingstone.

Acknowledgments

Thanks are extended to David Lane, John Young and Graham Wood for

helpful information. Max Moulds kindly provided expert assistance on

northern records of Ogyris genoveva in the Australian Museum and Kelvyn

Dunn made comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript. It is also a

pleasure to thank Jeremy Billington for his company in the field.

References

BRABY, M.F. 1992. Range extensions and distribution records of some butterflies in north-

eastern Queensland - Part П. Victorian Entomologist 22: 51-55.

BRABY, M.F. 1994. Range extensions and distribution records of some butterflies in north-

eastern Queensland - Part III. Queensland Naturalist 32: 121-129.

BRABY, M.F. and DUNN, K.L. 1991. Range extensions and distribution records of some

butterflies in north-eastern Queensland. Victorian Entomologist 21: 62-66.

COMMON, I.F.B. and WATERHOUSE, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Angus and

Robertson: Sydney.

DUNN, K.L. and DUNN, L.E. 1991. Review of Australian Butterflies: distribution, life history

and taxonomy. Parts П & IV. Published by the authors: Melbourne.

LANE, D. 1985. Notes on the biology and distribution of some Queensland butterflies.

Australian Entomological Magazine 12: 77-80.

LANE, D.A. 1985. Lepidopteran distribution and foodplant records for northern Queensland.

Victorian Entomologist 25: 37-38.

MONTEITH, G.B. 1991. The Butterfly Man of Kuranda: Frederick Parkhurst Dodd.

Queensland Museum: South Brisbane.

SMYTHE, R. 1993. The not so beautiful butterfly. Australian Orchid Review October 1993:

4-5

VALENTINE, P.S. 1988. Australian Tropical Butterflies. Tropical Australia Graphics:

Townsville.

VALENTINE, P.S. 1993. Urban butterflies - a provisional list for Townsville. Entomological

Society of Queensland News Bulletin. 21: 160-164.

VALENTINE, P.S. and JOHNSON, S.J. 1982. New records of Lycaenidae and Hesperiidae

(Lepidoptera) from northern Queensland. Australian Entomlogical Magazine 9: 1-3.

VALENTINE, P.S. and JOHNSON, S.J. 1992. Late dry season butterflies on Cape York

Peninsula. Victorian Entomologist 22: 87-91.

WILSON, W.J. 1984. New distribution records for some Queensland and New South Wales

butterflies. Australian Entomlogical Magazine 11: 59.

Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995 113

PHILOPHYLLA HUMERALIS (HENDEL) (DIPTERA:

TEPHRITIDAE: TRYPETINAE) NEWLY RECORDED

FROM AUSTRALIA

D.L. HANCOCK

Department of Primary Industries, Meiers Rd, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068

Abstract

Philophylla humeralis (Hendel), comb. nov. is recorded from Dunk I., NE Queensland, the first

Australian record.

Introduction

Permkam and Hancock (1995) recorded 35 genera and 77 species of Trypetinae

from Australia, with 6 genera and 9 species placed in the tribe Trypetini. The

following record came to hand too late to be included in that paper and brings

to 5 the number of species of Philophylla Rondani now known from

Australia.

Key to Australian species of Philophylla

| Wing with a subapical oblique brown band in outer part of cell

тА Mbelowithezcostallband НН toU 2

Wing without a subapical brown band below the costal band ............... 4

2 Cells bc and c brown, paler centrally; brown band through dm-cu

crossvein joined with discal patch in cell .................. australina (Hardy)

Cells bc and c mostly hyaline; brown band through dm-cu

crossvein normally free from discal patch, rarely joined below cell

ап базын АН ЖУ ees aS o EYE E EC EOD En yy pee 3

3 Cell c hyaline with a brown longitudinal stripe along costa ..................

TET UO e THEE RC Eco ee, РА aah fossata (Fabricius)

Cell c brown with a medial quadrate hyaline band ...... humeralis (Hendel)

4 Cell bc brown; cell c with a medial quadrate hyaline band; brown

bands in cell dm and below diverging ...................... quadrata (Malloch)

Cell bc hyaline; cell c with a medial elliptical hyaline band;

brown bands in cell dm and below parallel or slightly

сопуеге по ee a eee, eee ET CUTE. dE erebia (Hering)

Philophylla humeralis (Hendel), comb. nov.

(Fig. 1)

Pseudospheniscus humeralis Hendel, 1915: 452. Type locality Friedrich-

Wilhelmshafen, Papua New Guinea. HT 9 in Természettudományi

Museum, Budapest [not examined].

Myoleja humeralis (Hendel); Hardy, 1987: 323.

Material examined. Queensland: | C, Dunk I., via Mission Beach, М. Qld,

2.1x.1994, M. & G. De Baar (in QDPI).

Comments. This species is easily recognised by the wing pattern (Fig. 1),

114 Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995

Fig. 1. Philophylla humeralis, male.

having cell bc hyaline, cell c brown with a medial quadrate hyaline band, a

triangular hyaline indentation beyond cell sc, a complete hyaline band

separating the brown distal C-shaped band from the discal brown area and an

isolated subapical brown streak across outer portion of cell rg45. The

postpronotal lobe, proepimeron and fore coxa are mostly or entirely fulvous

and the female has an apically serrate and pointed aculeus (Hardy 1987).

Placement of this species in Philophylla follows Han (1992) and Permkam

and Hancock (1995). The hostplant is unknown but related species breed in

the berries of Clerodendrum and Callicarpa (Verbenaceae).

Distribution. Northern Queensland. Elsewhere known from mainland Papua

New Guinea and New Britain (Hardy 1987).

Acknowledgments

I am grateful to Murdoch De Baar for bringing this interesting record to my

attention and Susan Phillips for preparing the figure.

References

HAN, H.Y. 1992. Classification of the tribe Trypetini (Diptera: Tephritidae: Trypetinae).

Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, The Pennsylvania State University, 274 pp.

HARDY, D.E. 1987. The Trypetini, Aciurini and Ceratitini of Indonesia, New Guinea and

adjacent islands of the Bismarks and Solomons (Diptera: Tephritidae: Trypetinae).

Entomography 5: 247-373.

HENDEL, F. 1915. H. Sauter's Formosa-Ausbeute. Tephritidae. Annales Historico Naturales

Musei Nationalis Hungarici 13: 424-467.

PERMKAM, S. and HANCOCK, D.L. 1995. Australian Trypetinae (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Invertebrate Taxonomy. In press.

Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995 115

A NEW SPECIES OF OPODIPHTHERA WALLENGREN

(LEPIDOPTERA: SATURNIIDAE)

FROM NORTHERN AUSTRALIA

D.A. LANE

3 Janda Street, Atherton, Qld 4883

Abstract

Opodiphthera excavus sp. nov. and its mature larva are described from northern Australia.

The hostplant is Erythrophleum chlorostachys (F. Muell.) (Caesalpiniaceae) and the larva spins

its cocoon and pupates in the soil, a behaviour newly recorded for the subfamily Saturniinae.

Introduction

Recent collecting utilising mercury vapour lights produced 10 specimens (9

males, | female) of an undescribed species of Opodiphthera Wallengren from

widely separated localities in northern Australia. During February 1993,

mature larvae were discovered at Wolfram Camp, 27 km. north-west of

Dimbulah, Qld, feeding upon the Cooktown Ironwood Tree Erythrophleum

chlorostachys (F. Muell.) (Caesalpiniaceae) and pupating in the soil. During

September 1994, pupae were found in similar situations 8 km NE of

Walkamin, via Atherton, Qld, and more recently pupae and empty pupal

cocoons were found in an area 50-70 km east of Georgetown, as well as near

Mt Surprise, Qld.

In Australia the Saturniidae are represented by 12 named species referred to

four genera of the Saturniinae. Opodiphthera contains nine species formerly

contained in Antheraea Hiibner, with a known distribution extending from the

Northern Territory and northern Queensland to Victoria, South Australia,

southern Western Australia and Tasmania (Common 1990).

Opodiphthera excavus sp. nov.

(Figs 1-4)

Type Material. QUEENSLAND: Holotype С, Wolfram Camp, 27 km NW of

Dimbulah, bred ex pupa, 10.iv.1993, D.A. Lane, in Australian National Insect

Collection (ANIC), Canberra. Paratypes: | ©, same data as holotype but

12.11.1993; | G', same data but 9.iv.1993; 1 9, same data but 28.11.1993; 1 С, 11

miles S of Ravenshoe, 2700 ft, 20.iii.1964, I.F.B. Common and M.S. Upton;

ІС, 15°41’S 145?12'E, Annan River, 3 km W by S of Black Mt., Cooktown,

27.1х.1980, E.D. Edwards; IG, 12?40'S 142°40’E., Batavia Downs, 22-

23.viii.1992, at light, P. Zborowski & J. Cardale, ANIC slide No. 3412; 1 ©,

12?3T'S 141°55’E, Dinah Creek, 17.1.1994, P. Zborowski, ANIC slide No. 3413

(all in АМО); 25 СС, 10 99, same data as holotype but 19.ii.1993, 21.11.1993,

24.11.1993, 18.11.1993, 23.11.1993, 24.11.1993, 9.iv.1993, 10.iv.1993,

12.1у.1993, 14.iv.1993, 7.xii.1993, 18.xii.1993, 27.1.1994, 12.11.1994,

18.11.1994, 13.11.1994, 16.11.1994, 26.11.1994, 5.xi.1994, 8.хі.1994,

27.х1.1994, 30.xi.1994, l.xii.1994, 12.11.1995, 14.11.1995, 24.11.1995, Р.А.

Lane; | ©, Palmer River xing, Cooktown Road, 26.iv.1985, D.A. Lane; 1 ©,

Chillagoe, 28.11.1989, D.A. Lane; 1 ©, Chillagoe, 20.1.1988, M.S. Moulds; 1 ©,

116

Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995

Fig. 1. Opodiphthera excavus, holotype male, upper and undersides.

RR M M M A RR ИВ Mu

Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995 117

Fig. 2. Opodiphthera excavus, paratype female, upper and undersides.

118 Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995

8 km E Emuford, 30.xii.1989, M.S. Moulds; 20 СС, 10 99, all labelled 7 km NE

Walkamin, bred/pupa, but dated 7.x.1994, 8.x.1994, 10.x.1994, 14.x.1994,

17.x.1994, 19.x.1994, 20.x.1994, 22.x.1994, 24.x.1994, 26.x.1994,

28.x.1994, 29.x.1994, 7.xi.1994, 8.х1.1994, 9.х1.1994, 10.х1.1994,

11.xi.1994, 29.xi.1994, D.A. Lane (all in D.A. Lane collection, Atherton); 1 ©,

1 9, same data but dated 7.x.1994, 8.x.1994 (in Queensland Museum).

NORTHERN TERRITORY: 1 ©, 11°01°$ 136°45’E, Rimbija Island, Wessel

Islands, 5.1.1977, E.D. Edwards (in ANIC).

Other material examined. QUEENSLAND: | ©, Walkers Creek, near Normanton,

15.1.1991, M.S. Moulds (in О.А. Lane collection, Atherton).

Description

Male (Fig. 1). Forewing length 47-50 mm. Eyes black. Antennae broadly

pectinate, pectinations about 10 times width of shaft. Head, thorax and

abdomen all dark reddish brown.

Upperside: Forewing with costa straight for basal 2/3 then evenly but broadly

bowed to apex; apex broadly rounded, termen concave, hindmargin straight

and tornus rounded. Hindwing with termen evenly rounded, inner margin

straight. Both wings dark reddish-brown with little variation in colour.

Some specimens have a purplish suffusion giving a glossy appearance.

Forewing with a cloudy whitish-grey area near costa from postmedian band to

near apex, somewhat variable in size. A slightly wavy diffuse grey or red-

grey line runs from the costa at 2/3 to about half inner margin, convex in

upper half and slightly concave in lower half varying to nearly straight. A

similar grey line, less distinct, from a little less than half costa to 1/3 inner

margin and strongly indented below cell. Eye spot at end of cell small,

transparent, ringed by a narrow greyish-white line. Hindwing with outer

diffuse reddish-grey line running parallel to wing margin, inner diffuse

reddish-grey line indistinct; eyespot an indistinct reddish-grey spot.

Underside: Similar to upperside but markings less distinct, the inner line

absent. Forewing outer line closer to wing margin posteriorly; eyespot

minute, transparent, without a surrounding line. Hindwing with outer line

closer to wing margin than on upperside.

Female (Fig. 2). Forewing length 50-53 mm. Antennae with pectinations

about 5 times width of shaft. Fore and hind wings as in male but broader and

lighter in colour. Eyespots slightly larger, the cloudy white area near

forewing apex absent.

Male genitalia (Fig. 3). Uncus blunt at apex, downcurved. Valva broad,

short and triangular with a broadly rounded tip; dorsal lobe broad, downcurved

with pointed apex.

Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin ex, out of and

cavus, a hollow or hole. It is treated as a noun in apposition and refers to the

larval habit of burrowing into the soil to pupate.

| Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995 119

Fig. 4. O. excavus, mature larva, lateral view, on stem of hostplant.

120 Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995

Early stages and biology

Fifth instar larva (Fig. 4). Fairly stout, nearly uniformly green, with a

covering of fine, whitish, secondary setae. Head smooth, green. Thorax with

prothoracic shield green, meso- and metathorax with one dorsal and one

subdorsal scolus on each side and one smaller lateral scolus; scoli green at

base, shading to brown apically and with numerous fine whitish setae;

thoracic legs dark greenish brown. Abdomen with segments 1-7 and 9 having

one dorsal and one subdorsal scolus on each side and one smaller scolus

below spiracle; scoli green at base, shading to dark green apically and with

numerous fine whitish setae; segment 8 with one middorsal scolus and one

subdorsal and one smaller lateral scolus on each side; segments 1-8 with a

yellow lateral line connecting the lateral scoli; spiracles elliptical, orange;

prolegs with numerous fine whitish setae; ventral prolegs stout, dark green;

anal prolegs very stout, dark green. A covering of fine whitish secondary

setae gives the larva a hairy appearance.

Parasitism. Several larvae of O. excavus collected at Wolfram Camp were

found to be parasitised by a wasp, Brachymeria sp. (Chalididae) or by a

tachinid fly (specimens deposited in ANIC), one larva being parasitised by

both species.

Pupation. When ready to pupate mature larvae moved down the trunk of the

host and immediately began to burrow into the soil around the base. At

Wolfram Camp and near Walkamin the host grew on the sides of a low ridge,

in a decomposed granite soil with soil fragments ranging from fairly coarse to

a sandy loam. Such soil types are fairly friable, giving such a large larva

reasonable accessibility. Larvae generally sought a pupation site within 30

cm from the base of the tree and burrowed to a depth of 40-50 mm below the

surface to pupate. Pupae were located against the base of the tree, against or

below buried or partly buried fallen sticks and branches, or freely scattered

within the soil. They were always orientated with the anterior end

uppermost, allowing the moth to reach the surface upon eclosion.

Cocoons are formed of a fairly tough silk, are oval in shape and fairly similar

to, but not as rigid as those of other Opodiphthera species (Common 1990,

Lane 1994). The cocoon is spun below the surface of the soil and

incorporates small stones and soil particles, which enables it to blend into its

surroundings. When digging for pupae, cocoons were often detected by touch

rather than by sight. Adult emergence occurred after good rain, associated

with hot, humid weather.

Distribution

Known from the far northern coast of the Northern Territory and in northern

Queensland from Batavia Downs south to Ravenshoe and from near

Cooktown to Mt Surprise, Georgetown and Normanton.

Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995 121

Discussion

This new species is best placed in Opodiphthera as the dorsal lobes of the

male genitalia resemble those of other members of the genus; however O.

excavus 1s not closely related to any of the other described species. The shape

of the fore and hind wings and the reduced eyespots separate it from all others

in the genus.

The female collected at Walkers Creek near Normanton is much paler in

ground colour than females from other localities and is included tentatively

until further specimens from the Normanton area become available.

Two males were collected at light in August and September, but all other

specimens were collected or emerged from pupae during the period October to

April. As larvae have only been observed in the wild during February, this

suggests that the species has an annual life cycle. From 70 pupae collected at

Wolfram Camp during February 1993, 29 emerged during Feb.-April 1993 or

Dec. 1993-March 1994, suggesting that at least 50% of pupae lie dormant for

12 months or longer, giving the species the capacity, should dry conditions

prevail, of having at least a two-year life cycle. Larvae and pupae were found

associated only with mature trees and late instar larvae fed only on mature

foliage. As the hostplant Е. chlorostachys has a wide distribution in northern

Australia, from north eastern Queensland to the Kimberley area of Western

Australia (Boland et al. 1984), О. excavus may well have a much wider

distribution than present records indicate.

The larval habit of tunnelling into the soil to pupate has not been recorded

previously in the subfamily Saturniinae, although this behaviour is known to

occur in the exotic subfamily Citheroniinae (Common 1990). Larvae live and

pupate singly, but may be locally common when seasonal conditions

(summer storms associated with hot humid weather) give rise to many

emergences within a few days. In general, O. excavus appears to be fairly

local in distribution, often selecting only old mature trees on which to

oviposit. Aggregations of pupae at the base of certain trees can be fairly

prolific, however the remains of many emerged pupal cocoons from several

previous seasons may give a false impression of the relative abundance of the

moth. The habit of the larvae in entering the soil to spin cocoons and pupate

is of special interest and undoubtedly provides protection from bushfires and

desiccation in a harsh environment.

Acknowledgments

I thank E.D. Edwards, ANIC, Canberra, for his assistance with the

examination and dissection of this species, for providing the photographs of

the adult specimens, for the genitalia slide and description and for his

constructive criticism of this paper. I also thank M.S. Moulds, Sydney, for

his support and for the donation of his collected specimens, I.F.B. Common,

Toowoomba, for constructive criticism, 1. Naumann, ANIC, Canberra, for

122 Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995

the parasite identifications and Garry Sankowsky of Tolga, whose initial

observations of a saturniid species near Wolfram Camp some years earlier led

to these findings.

References

COMMON, Т.Е.В. 1990. Moths of Australia. Pp. xxxii + 535. Melbourne University Press,

Melbourne.

BOLAND, D.J., BROOKER, M.I.H., CHIPPENDALE, G.M., HALL, N., HYLAND, B.P.M.,

JOHNSTON, R.D., KLEINIG, D.A. and TURNER, J.D. 1984. Forest Trees of Australia. 687

pp. Nelson and CSIRO, Melbourne.

LANE, D.A. 1994. Notes on the life history of Opodiphthera fervida (Jordan) (Lepidoptera:

Saturniidae). Australian Entomologist 21: 37-38.

Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995 123

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IN

MALLADA TRAVIATA (BANKS)

(NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE)

S.L. WINTERTON

P.O. Box 25, Narangba, Brisbane, Qld 4504

Abstract

Sexual dimorphism is recorded in Mallada traviata Banks for the first time. Males display

varying degrees of enlargement of the posterior half of the prothorax, a feature not found in

females.

Introduction

Mallada Navás is the largest and most widely distributed genus of the

Chrysopidae, with at least 122 described species world-wide (Brooks and

Barnard 1990). In Australia it is represented by at least 12 species, of which

10 are endemic. Mallada traviata (Banks) is distributed along the east coast of

Australia, as far south as the Australian Capital Territory (Winterton 1995).

Although largely seasonal, it is the most abundant chrysopid in coastal areas

of Queensland but scarce inland (Winterton, unpublished data). The biology

of M. traviata is unknown although the larval stages were described by Boros

(1984).

Fig. 1. Mallada traviata Banks, dorsal views of head and prothorax of male

(left) and female (right).

Sexual Dimorphism

Sexual dimorphism is not common in the Chrysopidae, but has been recorded

in 2 Australian species, namely Mallada basalis (Walker) апа M. signata

124 Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995

(Schneider) (New 1980). In both species males have a distinctive thickening

and/or shading of the forewing pterostigma, which are vibrated against the

substrate during courtship. Dimorphism between sexes of certain nearctic

species of Meleoma Fitch is dramatic with males developing large frontal

processes (Garland 1985).

Mallada traviata males are distinguishable from females by a characteristic

lateral enlargement of the posterior half of the prothorax, which in the female

is not enlarged (Fig. 1). The degree of enlargement is variable between

individuals and appears not to be related to either adult size or geographic

variability. The range of prothoracic shape varies from the extreme form

shown in figure | (left), to almost parallel-sided and similar to that of the

female. The reason for this difference in prothoracic shape is unknown.

References

BOROS, С.В. 1985. Descriptions of the larvae of six Australian species of Chrysopa Leach

s.l. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Australian Journal of Zoology 32: 833-849.

BROOKS, S.J. and BARNARD, P.C. 1990. The green lacewings of the world: a generic

review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History

(Entomology) 59: 117-286.

GARLAND, J.A. 1985. Identification of Chrysopidae in Canada, with bionomic notes

(Neuroptera). Canadian Entomologist 117: 737-762.

NEW, Т. R. 1980. A Revision of the Australian Chrysopidae (Insecta: Neuroptera).

Australian Journal of Zoology Supplementary Series 77: 1-143.

WINTERTON, S.L. 1995. A new species of Mallada Navas (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) from

Australia with a key to species. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 34 (1): 23-27.

Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995 125

HERBIVOROUS INSECTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE

PAPERBARK MELALEUCA QUINQUENERVIA AND ITS

ALLIES: IV. TORTRICIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA)

J.K. BALCIUNAS!4, D.W. BURROWS? and M. НОВАК?

! United States Department of Agriculture, Australian Biological Control Laboratory, Kevin

Stark Research Building, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, 4811

? Australian Ci entre for Tropical Freshwater Research, Australian Biological Control

Laboratory, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld, 4811

3 CSIRO, Division of Entomology, G.P.O. Box 1700, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601

Abstract

We conducted surveys in northern and southeastern Queensland and in northern New South

Wales to detect potential agents for the biological control of Melaleuca quinquenervia in

Florida, USA, where it has become a serious pest. This paper presents records for 21 taxa of

tortricid moths collected and reared on six Melaleuca species. Several of these Tortricidae

may deserve further study as potential biocontrol agents for M. quinquenervia.

Introduction

Despite the diversity (around 250 species) and wide distribution of Melaleuca

spp. (Barlow 1988), the herbivores associated with this genus are poorly

known. The paperbark trees in the Melaleuca leucadendra (L.) L. complex

(Blake 1968) are conspicuous and widespread along Australia's eastern and

northern coastlines. Since its introduction as an ornamental in southern

Florida, U.S.A. at the beginning of the century, Melaleuca quinquenervia

(Cav.) S.T. Blake, a member of this complex, has become a serious pest.

Since late 1986 we have regularly collected insect herbivores in Australia

associated with M. quinquenervia and its close relatives in the M. leucadendra

complex, in order to determine those that may have potential as biocontrol

agents. We have presented records for 22 species of Noctuoidea (Balciunas et

al. 1993a), 17 species of Geometridae (Balciunas ег al. 1993b) and 31 species

of Gelechioidea (Burrows et al. 1994) which we reared from M. quinquenervia

and its close relatives. In this paper we present collection and rearing records

for 21 taxa of Tortricidae. All are apparently new host records.

Methods

Nearly all the tortricids were collected as larvae, and reared on the tree species

from which they were collected. Most were collected in quantitative samples

(described in Balciunas et al. 1993a) from 1986-1993. These consisted of

approximately 1 kg of plant material, collected in the field, then sorted in the

laboratory. The remaining Tortricidae were collected directly from trees in the

field or at our shadehouses. Adults were identified by one of the authors (M.

Horak) as far as possible. Many tortricid genera are in need of revision and

the generic classification of the Australian myrtaceous-feeding representatives

of the tribe Eucosmini is totally inadequate. The names used in this paper are

^ Present Address: United States Department of Agriculture, Biological Control of Weeds

Research Unit, Albany, California, U.S.A., 94710

$ pó-dd'ggx| pasiowaynpy — jopuiq-di[, £61X'6 елет QIIN peoy spray ÁIML

T cox eg ровлошо упру £61X'6 vdnq _ фи peoy speaH AqINL

= рәдләшә упру — 1opuiq-je27] £€61X'c BAIL] AS] [es Lun

9 p L=dd ‘gg ux'Z] радлошо упру — 1opuiq-je2T 061X'6I релт — ФБИ uvaporyy

2 06 11r Lc ровлошо пру 06 roc edng ub ugoe

= p Z[=dd *eg ix zz ровлошо упру 68 X'OI РАЈЕЛ ubg џеојовуј

a 8guxgppesieum пру — Joepump-dip — 88780 елле — ubJq uvae

= ровлоше упру gles әри] 7661 ліе ФУ Адоолоориј

EJ p 6=44 ‘gep ux zx og "шә пре с лоршд-јео7 t6 Xv әвлер с д] peo ловшапн

`$ CGH IX'E рәдләшә упру _ лорша-јео7] €6X TI елет ubg proy лодшапн

5 роблошо упру Joputq-di L €61X' елет ubg SAM YORag 1591104

5 €61X'9| рәдләшә пру — лорша- 4, өл ec елет Буу | aug esnoq

E 68 IIIA'9| ровлошо пру 68 IATL vdng _ Фу ашемѕ әәбивиәдпд

R L8'X'9 рәдләшә зупре с L8'XUGI обале] Z рү ашелѕ oo3uvuoqng

5 LS WIA] powa упру Lg WA Є vdng — фу ашвлѕ oo3uvuoqn;

ES p g=dd ‘бил: ровлошо jnpy — лорштда-јео7 £6 HAS РАЛЕ [БУМ dureag зодшеа

C6 AOE paliwa упру — лоршд-јео7 76148 BAIL] fw duweag sonuiegd poder)

рәдләшә упру 5ломОј4 98А vaqg ub зд јешоприј Aeg uoikg DUDAASIU "J SAUAIOS]

спојем)

po31ouro упру 5 МОЈА LS'^'LC елет ub yurqpay puvmiajsod svkydidq

761X61 злојод ровлошо упру 2ә2018-јвәј — 7H XZ valeq ubg за А YORag 1591104 z2 ‘ds sacydoxopy

ровлошо упру 98'X'pC РАЛЕ АЧИ IAY рлоң я ds soXudoxopy

p 3«-dd'[g'na'9z ровлошо упру — лорша-јео7 16714] vaieq ФБИ Kusan YOOD ѕәшег

68 x € ровлошо упру ләрш-011 — 6g'iX'Oc елет ФИ A}ISIOAIU] YOOD sour (sayoaysuased)

ровлошо упру 98 ПА 79] РАЛЕ] IPN duieAS |јамрле) pup]dui2] sakydoxopy

їшйцәлү

зешом)лој,

ројзојјо2

(pouad jednd = dd) uodn _ ројзојјоз ‘ou pued

uoneunojur Ajo]st]-9jrT — рој wed quel oj рие 28015 ІОН ays попдәцо2 satgads

126

‘sargads 221] ѕпоәовиКш лошо 14819 pue pia42u2nbuimb юәпәүрәрү WO ролеол sads oeprouno , "ү AQEL

127

Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995

рәбләшә 5упре с

8917 роблошо упру

161146 ровлошо пру

76181 роблошо упру

равлошо упру

ровлошо 5упре с

p ст=д4 * [61^ zz родлошо пру

рәбләшә упру

ровлошо зупре ç

p 21298 */s £z родлошо упру

po31ouro упру

p gedd 'gg ix gg pessoa упру

c6 1X Gc ровлошо упру

рәзләшә упру

paŝu упру

РО

-g=dd *zg'x | |-xrg] “We 5упре 6

€61x'6 ровлошо пру

p (298 '261х'6 pesjouro пру

p g=dd *gg 1x | possua пру

po31ouro упру

роблошо упру

рәбләшә p пру

p c=dd *gg'ix'gp ровлошо пру

p Ladd 26 Хр ровлоше упру

76'1Х'01-/, рә8ләшә sj[npe L

p 6-L=dd *zg'X c-xrg| “Ws зупре €

S190|À

519А0|4

Japulg- Jeo]

S19A0|4

SIOMO]-]

5ломој4

зломој4

SIMO]

SIIMO]-]

Ѕәлвәт

1oputq-di L

oputq-di L

1oputq-di L

лорилд-је27

1oputq-di L

1opuiq-di L

Joputq-je»']

Ioputq-je»']

lopuiq

-dn *je»7]

1oputq-di[,

c6^ 8l

88'^9

I6 1^9]

c6'^'0c

061146

06 HAST

I6'^'8C

88 II^' ec

8879

£6°X'ST

C61X'6

c6 Xr 6C

c6 XrcI

c6Xr€

£6 xl

£6 2l

£6 XI

c6 Xrel

c6'Xrec

16^'9

€6'X'ST

£6Xrzl

T6 1X6

c6 XU£

avdnd

Z ‘ALJ C

AWI Z

РАЈЕ]

VAIL]

vdng

AJ C

BAIR]

BAIL]

VALJ С

BAIL]

АЛЕТ

BAIR]

VAIL]

BAILY]

AVAIL] 6

BAIR]

РАЈЕ]

BAIR]

BAIL]

PAIR]

BAIR]

WAJ L

ALJ €

ub;

Чү

ub;

ubJA

фу

Куѕләлир YOOD ѕәшег

duieAg oo3uvuoqng

1әәл$ asdijoq

Joong Алерипод

ед pIEApoOA,

X991) ƏN PAUL

SOA, YORag 159104

| 915 e3n[o4

dureasg oo3uvuoqnq

ашемѕ oo3uvuaqnq

хед ходу

жед ріемроом

зд ріемроом

хед ріемроом

ед ріемроом

за PILAPOOA\

Pny

peoy ловшапн

]$2A. YORag 1521104

I$2A. YOvag 1521104

1 als e3njo4

dure^gs ooure(

гд рлемроом

хед ріемроом

хед рлемроом

зд рлемроом

(рмАзу)

рлоцаодәа `o тлуодол

LODHAN)

njoqoadpb pnpn(]

тој

зешполујојО

99 ‘ds sauajos]

Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995

128

р 20299 ‘6ga gz pos1ouro пру

p pl=dd tga | родлошо пру

LEIA] рәдләшә пру

p 9[-dd '68'хг6 роблошо пру

p g=dd *161r7z рәдләшә пру

p p=dd бару ровлошо пру

p (248 *z6 oz родлошо упру

p g=dd '06''81 pasow упру

р ¢z=dd '68' их 91 родлошо упру

роблошз о упру

P 01299 ‘16'^г/ рәдләшә 6 пру

роблошоб упру

LEUAYE роблошо пру

рәдләшә пру

Ра

-6-dd *gg'^'g[-Argg ‘wa зупре c

р 61288 ‘zeaz роблошо упру

рәдләшә пре ‘б'е paredng

рәдләшә зупре z

ровлошо зупре 7

ровлошо упру

p 81=04 '76'1А'17 роблошо упру

әдләшә о} рој *eg rir | payedng

C61^ CUL poa1ouro synpe с

рәбләшә 5упре c

елле]

РАЈЕ]

BAIR]

BAILY]

РАЛЕ

РАЈЕ]

БАЛЕ]

AVAIL] p

ВАЛЕ

BAIL]

елле]

WA] p

РАЛЕ]

AVAIL] C

әрле] C

WAWI C

RAIL]

VAIL]

BAIL]

AVAIL] Z

WAWI C

фу

ubw

ubjy

фу

Чи

Чү

QIIN

ubjy

чода 82114

099182114

ашемѕ әәдивиәдпя

15214

шпјоод

Јәшјәҷэ

Kie3uodung

Алевио па

Aresuading

9217) әпи 2929],

211027) suiddoys хед apAH

зе Аеиәшәг)

уе рлемроом

шпароом

зоша AL

uosKuuo |,

ебине [

yueqAuuns

роомләц$

учеарәҹ

JowyayD

Aa|dsy

әциәо) 3utddous зло

vquoouo(

pua)

рирјәтр , puojosying,

“ds праруллоп јао

хојашоз

-рлоуаӢоцәа тугдол

(1102)

n4oudoiad ә р1ѕә4о7

68 II^'9c

Jopuiq-di] 681146

18760

ләршд-411 — 6g]

„195 opu] 161]

Jopurgq-diy, TE UAZ

Japuiq-dif, — z6^'CC

ләршд-41], 061

Ѕәлвәт] 68 1X07

lopuiq-jev2'] LEATS

lopulq-je2'T I6 nrc

5олво 8А

SoAVOT — LOMA

SAVOY 06745

5ломој4 88 АГО

узело GIN TOAST

SIMO] TOW PT

L8'^U9

ІЗА]

L8LC

g519^0[ GIN COAT

SIMO] 88116

SI9AO0]|4 C6^LI

SIIMO]-] £6461

uodn _ ројзојјоз

за

- par —

loquinu

weld

ays U03109

saioads

129

Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995

£6 X'S] рәЗләшә пру

‘гре ровлошо SNPE 81

роблошо sj[npe 9

16'Ar4- tr zz poa1ouro зупре €

ZG rz роблошо о упру

p pz=dd ‘goa Lc рәдләшә упру

рәзләшә упру

p g=dd 'Ggx pz роблошо пру

рәдләшә упру

ровлошо упру

p 01=84 ‘68`хг/ pos1ouro пру

68'xrzc ровлошо упру

p pz=dd ‘6g ил -82 рәдләшә упру

p Р1=4 '68'хгр pos1ouro пру

p £12dd *6gx:6] робдлошо пру

p Ladd *[G'^rc-z рәЗләшә зупре €

рәзләшә упру

p cadd 'gg'ix:g] рәдләшә упру

[GAUL] ровлошо пру

роблошо пру

p 01298 'courz| родлошо пру

po31ouro упру

p £r-dd *6g xo рәўләшә пру

[61148 ровлошо упру

p pl=dd ‘z'ae радлошо пру

c6 rz рәдләшә упру

p g=dd 26176 6 пру

роблошо пру

1oputq-di[,

SI9A^O0[-]

SI9A 0|

SI9AO0|.]

1oputq-di L

SIOMO]

Japulg-diy,

SOMO]

1oputq-di

1oputq-di[

Joputq-di]

oputq-di]

Jopuiq-diy,

Jopuiq-di L

SOMO]

Jopuig-diy,

1oputq-di,

1oputq-di],

SI9AO[4

1opulq-di L

1opuiq-di],

1oputq-dtT

1oputq-dt L

1oputq-di L

oxe

co's

co“ LI

ГОША!

16:11

61112

661

TE'A OT

L8'^U9

68 XI

68 cC

68 NAOT

681A]

68 Xp

I6 "8I

to“ LI

£6'X'ec

I6 UUSI

6818

co vc

E6 TLT

68 XLI

I6 ^p

COAL IT

98 X' vc

VAIL]

avdnd pue

VA] 91

зупре с

ОБАЛЕ

ОБАЛЕ]

апд

BAIL]

VAIL]

BAIL]

VAIL]

вле

BAIR]

BAIT]

BAIL]

ОБАЛЕ

BAIL]

RAIL]

елле]

BAIL]

BAIT]

vale]

VAIL]

BAIR]

РАЈЕ

vae

BAIL]

шло

JAW

IPN

ИШ

[ПМ

шу

фу

иһ

AUJA

211u2;) suiddoys 5 мо

21uo;) suiddoys мом

әпиәо Suiddoys S^o[rA

рео weysuryooy

peoy weysuryooy

ÁyisIoATU(] 3007) зошеј

1әәд$ Алерипод

yoang Алерипод

xyueq&uung

поќе)

роомләц$ѕ

yuegpod

yanoioqspur'T

чода 82114

чодд 18214

SOWA

]sourq

anuag suiddoys 5 мој

211027) suiddoys smo M

хед раемроом

21127) suiddoys sÊĒoj M

Uv S.IE301qI [

vault

vquoouo(Q

у8полод5рив 7]

Kyssa IU(] 3007) зошеј

Ајпдоолоориј

А|доолоориј

Апдоолоориј

JOATY DIEAOH

а ‘ds пјозојон.

o PPE

DUDUISSD]UU] D]o20]0H

q ds pwojosysng

а ds nwojosying

Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995

130

€6 WOT postaw о пру oputq-d1] 66716 елет — Фу €quoouo()

[6778 pasiawa ónpy — jopuiq-jeo] 16715 vare] — ub 02014 чешем

p 6=dd *£6'x: 4c ровлошо упру лорша- 4] ЧА! ВАЛЕ — ubJA pesiunyy

C6 Xp] pasiowa буру —sjopurq-dip, — góc влет ФИ [eum]

C6 AUOL26 роблошо зупре 7, лорша- 41] 16 МР aednd с фу Адоолоориј

р11-01=94 ‘с6`Аг6-/ "шә sjnpez ләрша-1р 961157 әвліер p — ФИ А доолоориј

P6L-dd'ggixp-x' c wea synpeg лорша-а, — £6 xcI әл] g — И peoy ловшапн

EG INET ровлошо упру — лоршд-јео7 €61x' p RAIL] 514 dureAg yorog 152110,

p с=Ч@ '261Х'87-97 "uio зупре С Jopuiq-diy, E6 Xt звале ¢ — ubpy duieAg yoreg 152110

C6 X LC-8I рәдләшә зупре z Jopuiq-diy — c6'Xr6c ОБАЛЕ Z И duras yorag 159104

C6 'Xrg[ posu & пру c6 X'cI vdnq ub JSAM YORog 159104

роблошо о упру lopuiq-d?] 6911] елет — ubJA ISOM YORI 159104

€6'Xroz pasow & упру Jepurq-dip — £g ez әрле] ubW pas e3njo]

p g=dd 'с61х'с ровлошо упру лорша-4 T. £6'X7l елет ФБИ | aug e3njo4

роблошо sj[npe c ләрша-@11 61 әрле Z БИ | aug е8пјод

ggap роблошо упру SIOMO]] 8849 елет Фу Яшем oo3uvuoqnj

£6'1X'0£-9c роблошо зупре Z Joputq-di t6xv IVA] C IPW 3991) јеме4 әапоа

P 01298 '06'Х' | рәЗләшә упру дорша- Фу, — 06A] елет И Алевиоф та

P pl=dd '06'х'8 ровлошо упру Japuiq-dip, — Q6 AT юлт ир aspry uoxovig

AJOSINN

981Х'9 роблошо упру 98'Х 82 ednq AUW "wwo “SUOD цешшод

Алозлпм (лошпј)

9g'x'z| рәдләшә упру — лоршада-је27 98°X'8Z RAIL] Бру "шшод 'suop цешшәя —7J2sp 'qoud saybioisdauig

P 6=dd *9g'x:£ po31ouro упру 1opuiq-di] — 06'XUIT елет — ubJA реон xouuoT q ds пјозојон

р sz=dd *'eg'xrz роблошо о пру lopuiq-di] 68147 vAley ФБИ џода 18214 а ds пјозојон

pzz-0z=dd 'ze'irez po31ouro пру 1opuitq-di L 76119 BAIR] JIAN әли uius snauy 2 ds пјозојон

poi?9|[o2

(роџод jednd=dd) uodn _ pojoo[[oo Joquinu ирд

попешоуш Kosy JI Y ued jue[q aeq purasrig ISOH ays UONIA]JOD satsadg

'8913905 әәд позову Аш Joyo 14810 pue юлләиәпБипЬ D2n2[p]2JA шолу po1ea1 saroads oepronnjo, *(3u02) | әде,

131

Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995

роблошо упру

68 ^r роблошо упру

рәдләшә & пру

£6 1^ 'Qc-c ровлошо sj[npe 6

C6 ^^ 7 ровлошо & пру

T6 ur [c рәдләшә пру

роблошо & упру

ровлошо & пру

zoroz pos1ouro пру

P 01-8=44 'zo'izc-vc “WA зупре c

ровлошо о упру

ровлошо упру

p O[=dd '69'ХГ | рәбләшә зупре €

p 9z-91=dd

"68 ni óc-ec ровлошо зупре c

p 1 1=dd *96x z рәЗләшә пру

88'пл'87 роблошо пру

88 АС] -8 роблошо sy[npe Z

88 IIIA g-IIA cz родлошо пре ZI

рәдләшә упру

L8'X' ST рәбләшә 5ујпре с

BSA L [96] радлошо SNPE c

ровлошо sj[npe €

8g 'i^'gc раблошо утру

^$ ровлошо 5упре Z

POI

-6-dd *gg'n^'ce- Tc "ure O Пре c

ровлошо упру

p g-Ladd ‘6 x1'gZ-LZ “wa SIMPE c

p p=dd '06'1Х'91 родлошо пру

S1aMO] 4

т15®8-Ч ү,

15®8-Ч,

Jopurq-di ү,

1oputq-di],

1oputq-di]

1oputq-diL

1oputq-di L

1oputq-di.L

Joputq-di L

1oputq-di L

1oputq-d! L

SI9AO[A

SI9^O[4

SI9AO[4

S19AO0[A

SI9A0[|4

SI9AO0[4

1oputq-di],

1oputq-di L

88 АГ

68 "£I

£61467

£61^9T

€6 WATE

161176

£6 1X 6C

£6IAT

TOW

CONTI

06 ХГ 66

(ша.

68 In^'€I

067!

88 ПА TI

BS HAST

8814'6]

L8XUST

88 II^ 6C

88'^9

88'II^ 6c

88 IA TI

£6'1À£C

98 Xr TI

£6'XCI

06'X'cc

BAIL]

vdnd

BAIL]

ovAIV']

BAIL]

vdng

әле] 7,

БАЛЕТ

әрле] C

LAI] €

ILAJ Z

BAIR]

VALJ с

VAL] 9

avAIV| 91

VALJ C

VALJ Z

oednd с

VAL] €

BAIL]

VALI Z

QvAIL] C

РАЈЕ]

VAJ C

VAIL]

ub;

ШЧ

аи

фу

uap

иһ

ubJA

IPN

ап] 129205 yovag Wed

әшоң шошолцом vpuorv[[ed

вризле ЕД

вриоле|је4

?quoouo(

АНРИ У

Kyssa tun YOOD ѕәшег

Kusan YOOD зошеј

Атпдоолоориј

Аупдоолоориј

зоо Qovoag 159104

152 YOVIg 159104

15934 YORIg 15904

зоо да YORog 159104

09918214

с 915 vano

1 aus esn

[ aus v3n[o4

1 215 vënd

1 aus esn

Чшвл\$ әәбивиәдпя

duieAg әәдивиәдпя

зд лем Ápouuos рипшра

ува лем Арошиом рипшрд

duieAS |јомрле)

yorag РАЈУ

yed рлемроом

p10JpooA,

p 60AM)

n]]aunonuos

“Jo samaoisd24lg

Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995

132

"uonoessip Áq роцпизрг A[qerjor әд Ајио иво saisads рив uoist

"е8

"ednd 10 vaseg v se рәјәцоо изод әлец Керү "иту Apooa шоу рәд:гшә упру €I

-dn u3nout ролод aeae ZI

ләл Spoou SUIS ƏY} se dANLIUD} әле suoneorgnuopr әр40150ә45 IV. [I

1—8 „1189-3394, шта рајзојјоз вале 6

"ојаетелеип SIIMOLJ VIAdauanbuinb “yp 8

(0661 779 42 UOS|IA\) Алопшај, шециом ay} ur (овазевоштуј) 74814 psou poonponur ay) шолј рорлозал изод ose

sey рие (1661 Sinyusag pur 15220) лор ULA) џогвол ui[urisn y-[vjuauo oq ш jsed рлецоло лошш sno3eudÁqod v st njoqoudp опрпа L

пп) [eue Хола элер v sey ё Ing рирлакпи "у 0) лојиш5 54007 '5215205 poquosopun ue Ајдаедола 9

(әвртшиоѕп8ләҷ ediq) ‘ds pumiosnáa2,4 Жа рошлој е8 ,dn-Auso[j, v шутл ројеапа pue рој елле] С

(0661 uouiuo;)) $1012 опшопозо Jo jj ay} uo ose

pue (0661) чошшој ur poisi| 5лошо snyd “(0661 772 12 3uipyong) ouoye рив

грло трапа 7,

pue $391} Augur Jo SƏAVƏJ oq uo spoaj рирловпи $2u2108] p

(1661) 79 12 оптемб

227 MON ш syuejd 150ц (SZ 1940 ЦИА 1594 snouojou y є

'saieds poquosopun uve Ајаедола 7

"suojooApns иошојкоцаот = AST *st4p]Josson; та Хрона = SYA *SIJPUNUIA иошојк 0) = ШАО

*руолләи "рү = AU[N "раригрропа) W= QUAN ‘0229рәр 'W = IPIN “папро А = fw ‘piadauanbuinb И = ub]A ]

€6'HA’9 рә8ләшә упру

£6'IX' |] роблошо о пру

роблошо о пру

P 21289 ‘68х61 роблошо 6 пру

P 12298 ‘68'11л'97 чәшә & упру

88 HATE poagouro упру

C6 X'8I-LI роблошо & npe с

роблошо пру

рәзләшә упру

88`1ПА`8@ равлошо 5упре Z

P [1=dd бил oz ‘wo ё упру

роблошо пру

рәдләшә упру

p8-

219188 dir

(poued jednd=dd)

uoneunoJur 401514 ojr] ој ued зиед

£61^'9[ ВАЛЕ] ТМ ериәле]үед

лорша- Фр 61х60 елет шло Апзлолшју YOOD зошер

Jopurq-diy, EGTA I valey шу AJISIOAIUP) YOOD sour

ләрш-11, 68 ХР ВАЛЕ] Фу 15914

лорша- 41], клет ubJA елрипојеђ Чәч)

vAIUT — ubJA peus VFN PYYSUDA Jo s21n421sd2A4]g

әвіпа с фу жа ріемроод

елет — ubJA хед рземрооду

иш. М иһ yed раемроом

лорша-41 L әле] c И ва рлемроом

лорша- а], vVAIU] — ubJA әлиәо 3utddous smo M

! BAIR] аи апо Лоо Keg samoy

Jopuiq-dip ggZ] ВАЛЕ] ubJA ојразпод

pai»o|[oo

uodn _ ројзојјоз лодшти шед

oq pue ərş оң as UOTIATJOD ѕәтәәй$

'5915945 921) snooovjiui лофо 14819 pue yIAsauanbuinb ропојрјору шоці paigas ѕәтоә5 PIULOJ, *(3u02) ү әче],

Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995 133

the most appropriate currently available, but generic assignments are tentative

only. The staff at the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture's Australian Biological

Control Laboratory (ABCL) associated the larvae with the identified adults.

A respresentative series of specimens will be held at the ABCL, while the

majority of specimens will be deposited at the Australian National Insect

Collection (ANIC) in Canberra.

The Tortricidae were collected and reared on M. quinquenervia or one of five

of its close relatives in the M. leucadendra complex: M. leucadendra, M.

dealbata S.T. Blake, M. viridiflora Sol. ex Gaertn., M. nervosa (Lindl.)

Cheel, and M. cajuputi Powell. Records for specimens of several of the same

tortricid species collected on Callistemon viminalis (Sol. ex Gaertn.) G. Don

ex Loudon, Eucalyptus ?tessellaris F. Muell. and Lophostemon suaveolens

(Sol. ex Gaertn.) Peter G. Wilson & J.T. Waterhouse (all Myrtaceae) also are

presented.

Our collecting was concentrated in two main regions of the Australian east

coast. In northern Queensland (NQ), our regularly sampled sites ranged from

the Daintree River, north of Cairns, to Townsville. Our second major

collecting region was from Coolum in southeastern Queensland (SQ) to

Grafton in northern New South Wales (NSW). Most of the site locations in

this paper have been listed in the three previous papers in this series

(Balciunas et al. 1993a, 1993b, Burrows et al. 1994). 'The NQ sites listed

here for the first time are: Alva Beach (19?27.5'S 147?28.9'E), 15 km NE

of Ayr; Eclipse Street* (19°14.4'S 146?47.2'E), Townsville; Rowes

Bay Golf Club* (19?13.8'S 146?46.5'E), Townsville; and Willows

Shopping Centre* (19°19.1'S 146?43.5'E), Townsville. The SQ sites

listed here for the first time are: Ernest (27°55.5'S 153°23.2'E), 62 km SE

of Brisbane GPO; Landsborough (26?48.2'S 152°58.9'E), Brisbane;

Redbank* (27°36.1'S 152°52.9'Е), 21 km SW of Brisbane GPO;

Tennyson* (27?31.5'S 152?59.4'E), 7 km SSW of Brisbane GPO; and

Woodford (26°55.6'S 152°46.1'Е), 68 km NW of Brisbane GPO. We also

present records from NSW at Maclean (29°26.9'S 153°13.7'E), 145 km S of

Coolangatta GPO and the Northern Territory at Howard River (12°27.7'S

131°04.9'E), 31 km W of Darwin. Sites marked with an asterix (*) are either

ornamental plantings or forest remnants in urban areas.

Results

Our collection and rearing records for Tortricidae are presented in Table 1.

Discussion

There are assumed to be about 1230 species of Tortricidae in Australia

(Nielsen and Common 1991), half of which are named. The majority of

Australian tortricids are believed to have coevolved with the Australian plant

communities, most notably with eucalypts and other Myrtaceae (Common

1980). Common (1980) reported that out of 199 reared species, 53 were from

134 Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995

Eucalyptus spp. Two separate groups within the Tortricidae concentrate on

myrtaceous host plants, the tribe Epitymbiini in the Tortricinae and several

genera of the tribe Eucosmini in the Olethreutinae. The Epitymbiini largely

feed on dead leaves, including the 40 species reared from dead eucalypt leaves

(Common 1980). A majority of the few species reared in the genera

Strepsicrates Meyrick, Holocola Meyrick, Bathrotoma Meyrick and related

eucosmine genera have myrtaceous host plants (ANIC rearing records,

McQuillan 1992). For the present study, we reared some 21 tortricid taxa

from a few Melaleuca species, without sampling dead leaves. Half of these

belong to the Eucosmini, often to closely related species or species

complexes, emphasising the group's strong relationship with myrtaceous

host plants.

Host records for 21 reared taxa are presented in this paper. Three of the

Tortricidae collected are known polyphages: Dudua aprobola, Epiphyas

postvittana and Isotenes cf. miserana. The only published records of

Tortricidae from Melaleuca that we could find are from Common (1990), who

indicated that Bathrotoma constrictana Meyrick and E. postvittana had been

reared from unspecified species of Melaleuca. Thus the host records presented

here are apparently all new and, for 17 of these taxa, appear to be the first

published.

Although several other Strepsicrates species are known to cause damage to

eucalypts in nurseries and plantations (Van der Geest and Evenhuis 1991),

this only highlights their potential usefulness in retarding plant growth. The

three Strepsicrates species we collected are reasonably common and could be

promising potential biological control agents, if any prove to be sufficiently

host-specific. Worldwide, nine tortricid species have been released as

biological control agents for weeds (Julien 1992), including one Strepsicrates

species. The larvae of the three Strepsicrates species we collected bind young

tips, or feed on the flowers, of M. quinquenervia. Their feeding activities

damage new tips, thus restricting branch growth. Young M. quinquenervia

tips are most prevalent from July to November, when the flush of young

growth appears following the end of the winter flowering period. Identifying

the adults of these species is frequently difficult and distinguishing the larvae,

especially while they are alive, has usually not been possible. This will be a

significant impediment to developing these species as biological control

agents. "Bathrotoma" quietana and Holocola sp. B are also damaging, but

less common and might be considered as biocontrol agents if sufficient

numbers can be collected to determine their host range.

Acknowledgments

We thank Dr B. Barlow for identifying the Melaleuca species and G.J.

Bowman, L.M. Brown, Р.К. Jones, J.R. Makinson, С.Е. Maycock and

M.F. Purcell for help in collecting and rearing insects. This study is funded

by U.S.A. Federal and State of Florida Agencies: USDA-ARS-Office of

Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995 135

International Research Programs; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

(Jacksonville District); National Park Service; Florida Dept. Environmental

Protection; South Florida Water Management District; Lee and Dade

Counties, Florida.

References

BALCIUNAS, J.K., BOWMAN, G.J. and EDWARDS, E.D. 1993 a. Herbivorous insects

associated with the paperbark Melaleuca quinquenervia and its allies: I. Noctuoidea

(Lepidoptera). Australian Entomologist 20: 13-24.

BALCIUNAS, J.K., BURROWS, D.W. and EDWARDS, E.D. 1993 b. Herbivorous insects

associated with the paperbark tree Melaleuca quinquenervia and its allies: II. Geometridae

(Lepidoptera). Australian Entomologist 20: 91-98.

BARLOW, B.A. 1988. Patterns of differentiation in tropical species of Melaleuca L.

(Myrtaceae). Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia. 15: 239-247.

BLAKE, S.T. 1968. A revision of Melaleuca leucadendron and its allies (Myrtaceae).

Contributions of the Queensland Herbarium, No.1. Queensland Herbarium, Department of

Primary Industries, Brisbane. 114 pp.

BURROWS, D.W., BALCIUNAS, J.K. and EDWARDS, E.D. 1994. Herbivorous insects

associated with the paperbark tree Melaleuca quinquenervia and its allies III. Gelechioidea

(Lepidoptera). Australian Entomologist 21: 137-142.

COMMON, LF.B. 1980. Some factors responsible for imbalances in the Australian fauna of

Lepidoptera. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 34: 286-294.

COMMON, I.F.B. 1990. Moths of Australia. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne. xxxii +

535 pp.

JULIEN, M.H. (ed.). 1992. Biological control of weeds: A world catalogue of agents and their

target weeds. C.A.B. International, United Kingdom. 186 pp.

McQUILLAN, P.B. 1992. A checklist of the Tasmanian tortricid moths (Lepidoptera:

Tortricidae) and their host-plant relationships. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of

Tasmania 126: 77-89.

MEYRICK, E. 1882. Descriptions of Australian micro-Lepidoptera VI. Tortricina.

Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales. 6: 629-706.

MEYRICK, E. 1911. Revision of Australian Tortricina. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of

New South Wales. 36: 224-303.

NIELSEN, E.S. and COMMON, I.F.B. 1991. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies). Pp 817-915

In: The Insects of Australia. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.

SWAINE, G., IRONSIDE, D.A. and CORCORAN, RJ. 1991. Insect pests of fruit and

vegetables. 2nd edition. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Information Series

Q191018, Brisbane. 126 pp.

SUCKLING, D.M., ROGERS, D.J. and SHAW, P.W. 1990. Disruption of lightbrown apple

moth Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) trapping in Nelson, New

Zealand. Australian Journal of Zoology 38: 363-373.

VAN DER GEEST, L.P.S. and EVENHUIS, H.H. (eds.). 1991. Tortricid Pests: Their Biology,

Natural Enemies and Control. Elsevier, Amsterdam. xviii + 808 pp.

WILSON, C.G., FLANAGAN, G.J. and GILLETT, J.D. 1990. The phytophagous insect

fauna of the introduced shrub Mimosa pigra in northern Australia and its relevance to

biological control. Environmental Entomology 19: 776-784.

EE OE RE а

136 Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995

RE-EXAMINATION OF THE PARIS MUSEUM , |

HARPOBITTACUS GERSTAECKER LISTED BY NAVAS IN |

1910 (МЕСОРТЕКА: BITTACIDAE) |

Kevin J. Lambkin

75 Alexandra Street, Bardon, Qld 4065 |

Abstract |

The specimens in the Paris Museum listed by Navás (1910) as Bittacus australis Klug are newly

identified as Harpobittacus australis (Klug), H. nigriceps (Selys-Longchamps) and H. ?albatus |

Riek.

During the preparation of my recent revision of Harpobittacus Gerstaecker

(Lambkin 1994), I was not able to re-examine the specimens in the Paris

Museum identified by Navas (1910) as Bittacus australis Klug. Through the

kindness of Jean Legrand of that institution the specimens have now been

made available for study. This note records their identity and amends the

synonymic lists given in the revision.

The Navas specimens are newly identified as follows: |

Harpobittacus australis (Klug): 1 @, 'Nouv. Hollande / Guérin-Méneville'; 2 СС, 1

Ф, 'Tasmanie / J. Verreaux 1844'; 1 С, 'Victoria / (région alpine) / von Mueller

1890'. |

Н. nigriceps (Selys-Longchamps): 1 without abdomen, 'Melbourne (Env.) / 210- |

59'.

Н. ?albatus Riek: 1 without abdomen, 'Tasmanie / Verreaux 3-47'. Because it lacks

the abdomen, this specimen is not able to be positively identified, but the orange |

coloration of the lateral margins of the pronotum almost certainly indicates Н.

albatus. This common eastern Australian species (see fig. 48 in Lambkin 1994) |

has not previously been recorded from Tasmania, and it is probable that the above |

specimen has been mis-labelled.

The above new information makes necessary the following amendments to the |

synonymic lists in Lambkin (1994): |

р. 772 - under Harpobittacus australis: |

Delete: '(?) Bittacus australis. - Navas, 1910...'

Insert under '(partim non) Bittacus australis ... ': 'Navas, 1910: 528 (specimen

list) (1 without abdomen 'Melbourne (1859)' = Harpobittacus nigriceps (Selys-

Longchamps), 1 without abdomen 'Tasmanie (J. Verreaux, .. 1847) =

Harpobittacus ?albatus Riek)’.

p. 776 - under Harpobittacus albatus:

Insert: 0 partim) Bittacus australis. - Navas, 1910: 528 (1 without abdomen,

"Tasmanie (J. Verreaux, ... 1847)' probably = Harpobittacus albatus Riek).'

p. 799 - under Harpobittacus nigriceps:

Insert: '(partim) Bittacus australis. - Navás, 1910: 528 (1 without abdomen,

‘Melbourne (1859)'),'

References

LAMBKIN, K.J. 1994. Revision of the Australian scorpion-fly genus Harpobittacus

(Mecoptera: Bittacidae). Invertebrate Taxonomy 8: 767-808.

NAVAS, L. 1910. Catalogue des Panorpides des collections du Muséum. Bulletin du Muséum

National d'Histoire Naturelle Paris 15: 526-529.

Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995 137

NOTES ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF

DANAUS GENUTIA ALEXIS (WATERHOUSE AND LYELL)

(LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE: DANAINAE)

C.E. MEYER

10 Anne Clark Ave, Nicholls, ACT, 2913

Abstract

Notes are given on the life history of Danaus genutia alexis (Waterhouse and Lyell) and the

larval food plant identified.

Introduction

The orange tiger, Danaus genutia alexis is distributed through north-western

Australia to the Northern Territory (Common and Waterhouse 1981). It is the

Australian subspecies of a butterfly found as far west as India. No host plant

or life history details have been recorded for the Australian subspecies.

During visits to Kununurra, Western Australia in December 1993 and April

1995, females were observed ovipositing on an asclepiad vine which grows

prevalently throughout the Ord River District. Larvae were collected and

successfully reared on cuttings of the vine.

Life History

Food Plant. The host plant was identified as Sarcostemma esculentum (L.f.)

Holm (Family Asclepiadaceae) (Wheeler 1992), a twining perennial vine,

leaves shortly petiolate, linear, 37-76 x 3-6.5 mm with pink flowers. The

host plant is found in damp habitats and is usually found associated with

bulrushes to which it clings for support.

Egg. Cream, taller than it is wide with approximate dimensions of 0.4 x

0.6-0.8 mm, ribbed and flat on apex. The eggs are laid singly on the

underside of the mature new growth and on the stems of the host plant. No

eggs were noticed on the immature new growth of the host plant. The egg

shape is closest in resemblance to that shown in Ackery and Vane-Wright

(1984, plate I, fig. 3).

First Instar Larva. Condensed patterning gives larvae a greyish white

appearance. On closer examination larval patterning of yellow and white

dorsal spotting over a dark brown body colouring can be seen. The majority

of larvae examined showed evidence of three pairs of tubercles developing on

segments 2, 5 and 11. The tubercles on segment five were the smallest and in

several cases were not evident.

Final Instar Larva (Figs 1-4). Larvae collected had extremely variable body

colouring and markings, ranging from beige (pale form) to black (dark form).

The two most common colours encountered were beige and maroon. Larvae

had two or three tubercle pairs on segments 2, 5 and 11, with segment 5

having the smallest pair varying in size from apparently absent to

approximately 1.5 mm in length. In some cases the tubercles on segment 5

(uo mom rms a ee ч "арт л" "т ттщ Ee ee ee ee ee a |

138 Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995

Figs. 1-4. Final instar larvae of Danaus genutia alexis: (1, 2) pale form, (3, 4)

dark form.

were small pinkish red dimples. Larvae reached 27-33 mm in length and, just

prior to pupation, turned pale green with a conspicuous cream dorsal band on

segment 6 where the pupa has a gold-spotted band.

Pale Form (Figs 1, 2): Beige, segments 2-11 with two dorsal yellow spots

separated by paler transverse bands, an interrupted cream sub-spiracular band

with two yellow spots corresponding to each segment. Tubercles dark brown

at tips and pink towards base. Head brown with white markings.

Dark Form (Figs 3, 4): Maroon to black with successive dorsal bands of

three white spots, followed by two yellow spots, separated by three narrow

white bands on segments 2-11. The central white spot is divided and less

conspicuous and there is an interrupted cream sub-spiracular band with two

yellow spots corresponding to each segment. Tubercles black at the tips and

pinkish red at the base. Head black with white markings.

Pupa. Green or pink with two gold spots on the thorax and eyes; a faint black

dorsal line and a raised gold spotted dorsal band on segment 6; approximately

15 mm in length and 8 mm in diameter; similar to that of Danaus chrysippus

petilia (5161) in colouring and shape but the abdomen is stouter and the black

dorsal band is greatly reduced.

Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995 139

Discussion

One larva took nine days from hatching to pupation and from the pupae

reared, adults took 6-9 days to emerge. Larvae of D. chrysippus petilia and

Euploea core corinna (W.S. Macleay) were also found on the same food plant

and successfully reared to adults. Larvae of D. genutia alexis orientated

themselves head down on the leaves of the food plant, eating it from the tip

to the base of the petiole before moving onto another leaf.

The majority of first instar larvae had three pairs of tubercles, with the third

and smallest pair on segment 5, often disappearing during the later instars,

occasionally persisting to the final instar. All larvae reared in captivity from

egg or early instar took on the dark form.

Pupation occurred on the stems of the host plant or on the bulrushes adjacent

to it. Adults fed at flowers early in the morning before retreating to the cooler

environs of the swamp during the heat of the day. During both visits, adults

and the host plant were plentiful, with the host plant totally covering the

tops of trees within the swamp in December 1993.

In recent times adults have been collected in the Northern Territory at Oolloo

Crossing on the Daly River (14°04'S, 131°15'Е) and at Fog Bay (12°49'S,

130°22'E). Adults use the Daly River as a flight path and have been taken

feeding at flowers on the river bank during the dry season. At the Fog Bay

site adults were caught flying through mangrove swamps behind coastal sand

dunes. At both locations adults were scarce, suggesting that breeding may not

be taking place nearby. Northern Territory Herbarium records show that the

food plant is known to occur on the Peron Islands (at the mouth of the Daly

River) and the Milingimbi Flood Plain. Further exploration of the Daly

River environs may establish breeding grounds for D. genutia alexis on this

plant.

Acknowledgments

I wish to thank Dave Wilson for providing locality information and Ian

Cowie and Kim Brennan of the Northern Territory Herbarium, Palmerston for

identifying the food plant.

References

ACKERY, P.R. and VANE-WRIGHT, R.I. 1984. Milkweed butterflies. Pp ix + 425. British

Museum (Natural History), London.

COMMON, I.F.B. and WATERHOUSE, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Pp. xiv + 682.

Angus and Robertson, Sydney.

WHEELER, J.R. (Editor). 1992. Flora of the Kimberly Region.. Pp 1327. Department of

Conservation and Land Management, Perth.

140 Australian Entomologist 22 (4) November 1995

AN ACCUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF

AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGY

Compiled by G. Daniels

FALKINGHAM, C.

1995 Those magical, mystical creations - galls. Victorian Nat. 112: 178-179.

MARTIN, A.

1995 The wasp and the spider. Victorian Nat. 112: 177.

SMITHERS, C.N.

1995 The first record of Tirumala hamata hamata (W.S. Macleay) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae), the blue tiger butterfly

on Norfolk Island. Norfolk Nature Notes 11: 395-396.

TSACAS, L. and ARTIGAS, J.N.

1994 Le genre Cophinopoda Hull, 1958 (Diptera: Asilidae) à répartition subcosmopolite inhabituelle. Annis Soc. ent.

Fr. 30: 447-479.

WALLMAN, J.F.

1993 First South Australian record of the carrion-breeding blowfly Calliphora nigrithorax Malloch (Diptera:

Calliphoridae). Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 117: 193.

WANG, Q.

1993 А revision of Aresta Pascoe (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae: Phoracanthini) from Australia, with descriptions of

eighteen new species. /nvert. Taxon. 7: 961-1024.

1993 Paratesta gen. n. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) from Australia. J. Aust. ent. Soc. 32: 369-377.

1995 А new genus, Steata (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), from Australia. J. Aust. ent. Soc. 34: 211-214.

WANG, Q., THORNTON, I.W.B. and NEW, T.R.

1994 Systematics and biogeography of the Australian-New Guinean genus Thoris Pascoe (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae:

Phoracanthini). /nvert.. Taxon. 8: 839-860.

WATSON, J.A.L. and ABBEY, H.M.

1993 Atlas of Australian termites. iv + 155 pp. C.S.1.R.O.: Canberra.

WEBB, G.A.

1993 Larval host plants of some Australian Cerambycidae. Vict. Ent. 23: 72-77.

1993 Plant associations of some Australian jewel beetles (Coleoptera: Buprestidae: Agrilinae). Victorian Nat. 110: 160-

162.

1994 Sleeping aggregation of insects on Leptospermum myrtifolium Sieber ex DC near Bombala, New South Wales.

Vict. Ent. 24: 60-62.

1994 The insect fauna inhabiting the wood of some Acacia spp. in south-eastern Australia. Vict. Ent. 24: 80-92.

1994 A new larval host for Stenoderus suturalis (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) with a note on use of Asteraceae

by Cerambycidae. Vict. Ent. 24: 113-116.

1994 Some insects found on blackthorn, Bursaria spinosa Cav. (Pittosporaceae) flowers at Bombala, New South Wales.

Victorian Nat. 111: 238-240.

WEBSTER, A.

1993 Action statement No. 39. Eltham copper butterfly Paralucia pyrodiscus lucida. Department of Conservation and

Natural Resources: Melbourne.

WEINSTEIN, P.

1994 Behavioural ecology of tropical cave cockroaches: preliminary field studies with evolutionary implications. J.

Aust. ет. Soc. 33: 367-370.

1994 Insects in psychiatry. Cultural Ent. Digest 2: 10-14.

WEINSTEIN, P. and EDWARDS, E.D.

1994 Troglophilic moths in Australia: first record of a self-sustaining population. J. Aust. ent. Soc. 33: 377-379.

WEINSTEIN, P. and SLANEY, D.

1995 Invertebrate faunal survey of Rope Ladder Cave, northern Queensland: a comparative study of sampling methods,

J. Aust. ent. Soc. 34: 233-236.

WEIR, T.A.

1993 Results for carabid and scarabaeoid beetles. Pp. 191-199 in Naumman, I.D., Edwards, E.D., Weir, Т.А. and

Rentz, D.A., Insects of the Heathlands Area, Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. Pp. 173-203 in Cape York

Peninsula Scientific Expedition Wet Season 1992 Report. Vol. 2. Royal Geographic Society of Queensland Inc.:

Fortitude Valley, Qld.

WELLS, А. and CARTWRIGHT, D.I.

1993 Females and immatures of the Australian caddisfly Hyalopsyche disjuncta Neboiss (Trichoptera), and a new

family placement. Trans. R. Soc. S. Aust. 117: 191-192.

WELLS, A. and CARTWRIGHT, D.I.

1993 Trichoptera, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Odonata of the Jardine River area, Cape York Peninsula, northern

Queensland. Pp. 221-230 in Cape York Peninsula Scientific Expedition Wet Season 1992 Report. Vol. 2. Royal

Geographic Society of Queensland Inc.: Fortitude Valley, Qld.

WERREN, G.L. and TRENERRY, M.P.

1993 Size and diet of Bufo marinus in rainforest of northeastern Queensland. Mem. Qd Mus. 34: 240.

WESTCOTT, A.

1993 Lepidopterism in Australia - hairy caterpillars and you. Summary of a talk presented to the Society Sept 1, 1993.

Circ. ent. Soc. N.S.W. 432: 26-28.

THE

AUSTRALIAN

ENTOMOLOGIST

VOLUME 22

1995

Published by:

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND

THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

The Australian Entomologist is a non-profit journal published in four parts

annually by the Entomological Society of Queensland. It is devoted to

entomology of the Australian region, including New Zealand, Papua New Guinea

and islands of the south-western Pacific. Articles are accepted from amateur and

professional entomologists. The journal is produced independently and

subscription to the journal is not included with membership of the Society.

The Editorial Panel

Editor: Dr D. Hancock

Dept Of Primary Industry

Assistant Editors Mr G. Daniels

University of Queensland

Dr G.B. Monteith

Queensland Museum

Business Manager Dr A.P. Mackey

Queensland University of Technology

Subscriptions

Subscriptions are payable in advance to the Business Manager, The Australian

Entomologist, P.O. Box 537, Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia, 4068.

For individuals A$16.00 per annum Australia

A$20.00 per annum elsewhere

For institutions A$20.00 per annum Australia.

A$22.00 per annum elsewhere.

Cheques in currency other than Australian dollars should include an extra A$5.00.

ISSN 1320-6133

Printed for The Entomological Society of Queensland

by Hans Quality Print, Brisbane

AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Index Vol. 22, 1995

ALLSOPP, P.G. and WATKINS, S.G. Lepidiota brittoni, a new

species from coastal New South Wales (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae:

Melolonthinae).

ATKINS, А.Е. and SMITHERS, C.N. A genitalic aberration of

Trapezites praxedes (Hesperiidae: Trapezitinae) from New South

Wales.

BAKER, G.L., DYSART, R.J., XAVIER, E.C. and PIGOTT, R.G.

Apparent site affinity in Scelio parvicornis Dodd and Scelio

improcerus Dodd (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in pastures infested

with Phaulacridium vitattum (Sjóstedt) (Orthoptera: Acrididae).

BALCIUNAS, J.K., BURROWS, D.W. and HORAK, M.

Herbivorous insects associated with the paperbark Melaleuca

quinquenervia and its allies: IV. Tortricidae (Lepidoptera).

BRABY, M.F. Larval and adult food plants for some tropical satyrine

butterflies in northern Queensland.

BRABY, M.F. The life history of Zetona delospila (Waterhouse)

(Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae).

BRABY, M. F. Range extensions and distribution records for some

butterflies in north-eastern Queensland - Part IV.

BROWN, G.R. Notes on the distribution and identity of Tiphia

intrudens Smith (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae).

EASTWOOD, R.G. Additional records of butterflies taken at light in

northern Queensland.

EASTWOOD, R.G. New distribution records of Hesperiidae and

Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera) from northern Queensland.

EDWARDS, E.D. and GRAHAM, A.J. A new species of Mesodina

Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from Western Australia.

FORSTER, P.I. and SANKOWSKY, G. New Euphorbiaceae host

records for the zodiac moth Alcides zodiaca Butler (Lepidoptera:

Uraniidaer).

FRANZMANN, B.A. and LLOYD, R.J. Sorghum midge Contarinia

sorghicola (Coquillett) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Australia

produces unisexual progeny.

GROTH, H.E. The life history of Metamimas australasiae (Donovan)

(Lepidoptera: Sphingidae).

HANCOCK, D.L. Philophylla humeralis (Hendel) (Diptera:

Tephritidae: Trypetinae) newly recorded from Australia.

JOHNSON, S.J., JOHNSON, I.R. and VALENTINE, P.R. Notes on

the early stages of Orsotriaena medus moira Waterhouse & Lyell

and Melanitis constantia Cramer (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae:

Satyrinae) from Torres Strait, Australia. 65

LAMBKIN, K.J. Re-examination of the Paris Museum Harpobittacus

Gerstaecker listed by Navas in 1910 (Mecoptera: Bittacidae). 136

LANE, D.A. A new species of Opodiphthera Wallengren (Lepidoptera:

Saturniidae) from northern Australia. 115

MEYER, C.E. and WILSON, D.N. A new distribution record for

Theclinesthes sulpitius (Miskin) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in the

Northern Territory and notes on the life history. 63

MEYER, C.E. Notes on the life history of Danaus genutia alexis

(Waterhouse and Lyell) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae). 137

MO, J. and TANTON, M.T. Estimation of larval instars of Hypsipyla

robusta Moore (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by larval frass widths. 59

MURRAY, K. Development of the caudal lamellae in

Austroargiolestes isabellae Theischinger and O'Farrell (Odonata:

Megapodagrionidae). 43

QUICKE, D.J. The rogadine wasp genus Batotheca (Hymenoptera:

Braconidae) new to Australia. 17

SAMSON, P.R. and WILSON, D.N. The life history of Candalides

gilberti Waterhouse (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). 71

SMITHERS, C.N. Psocoptera from the cycad Lepidozamia

peroffskayana Regel (Cycadaceae) in New South Wales. 107

WALKER, K., NEBOISS, A., DEAN, J. and CARTWRIGHT, D. A

preliminary investigation of the caddis-flies (Insecta: Trichoptera) of

the Queensland Wet Tropics. 19

WILLIAMS, G. and ADAM, P. Records of aculeate wasps from

flowering subtropical rainforest trees. 51

WINTERTON, S.L. Sexual dimorphism in Mallada traviata (Banks)

(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). 123

WOODALL, P.F. Notes on the habitat, flying speed and behaviour of

Austrophlebia costalis (Tillyard) (Odonata: Aeshnidae) in Brisbane

Forest Park, Queensland. 33

BOOK REVIEWS. 16, 74

RECENT LITERATURE. 32, 64, 96, 140

Publication dates: Part 1 (pp. 1-32) 31 July

Part 2 (pp. 33-64) 31 August

Part 3 (pp. 65-96) 29 September

Part 4 (pp. 96-140) 30 November

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTICES

Items for insertion should be sent to the editor who reserves the right to alter, reject or

charge for notices.

Suppliers of fine quality insect specimens for both the amateur and

professional collector. Our latest catalogue contains over 1200 species of

Papilionidae, Nymphalidae, Satyridae, Lycaenidae, Saturniidae,

Scarabaeidae, Cerambycidae, Lucanidae and many other families from

North and South America, Africa, Europe, Australia, Papua New Guinea,

Solomons, Russia, etc. Many rare and hard to get species are available.

We also supply preset material. The Insect Company, P.O. Box 618,

Cooktown, Qld, 4871.

FOR SALE: Butterflies from all parts of the world. Papua New Guinea,

Peru, Indonesia, Thailand, China, Africa, Brazil, Colombia, etc.

Papilionidae inc. Parnassius, Delias, Charaxes etc. Free catalogue. David

Hall, 6 Rule St, Cambridge Park, N.S.W., 2747. Ph. (047) 312 410.

FOR SALE. Butterflies of South America, Africa, etc. including many

bred/ranched specimens. Write for our 12-page illustrated catalogue:

Transworld Butterfly Company, Apartado 6951, 10000 San Jose, Costa

Rica, C. America.

ENTOMOLOGICAL BOOKS. Pemberley Books are specialist suppliers of

entomological literature across the world. Send for our free catalogue

which lists a wide range of antiquarian, second-hand and new natural

history titles. Pemberley Books, Ian Johnson, 34 Melrose Close, Hayes,

Middlesex, UB4 OAZ, England. Tel/Fax: +44 181 561 5494. E-mail:

ij 9 pembooks.demon.co.uk

NOTES FOR AUTHORS

Manuscripts submitted for publication should, preferably, be type-written, double spaced

and in triplicate. Refer to recent issues for layout and style.

All papers will be forwarded to two referees and the editor reserves the right to reject any

paper considered unsuitable.

Papers longer than eight printed journal pages will normally not be accepted.

Papers will be accepted only if a minimum of 100 reprints is purchased. Manuscripts

occupying less than one printed page may be accepted without charge if no reprints are

required. Charges are as follows: cost per printed page $25 for 100 copies. Page charges

may be reduced at the discretion of the Publications Committee.

Illustrations: Black and white photographs must be submitted at the size they are to appear

in the journal. Line drawings should be about twice their required size.

Address papers to: The Editor

The Australian Entomologist

P.O. Box 537,

Indooroopilly, Queensland, 4068

THE AUSTRALIAN

Entomologist

Volume 22, Part 4, 30 November 1995

CONTENTS

BAKER, G.L., DYSART, RJ., XAVIER, E.C. and PIGOTT, К.С.

Apparent site affinity in Scelio parvicornis Dodd and Scelio improcerus

Dodd (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in pastures infested with Phaulacridium

уйайит (Sjöstedt) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) _ _ v

BALCIUNAS, J.K., BURROWS, D.W. and HORAK, M.

Herbivorous insects associated with the paperbark Melaleuca quinquenervia

and its allies: IV. Tortricidae (Lepidoptera). 125

BRABY, M. F.

Range extensions and distribution records for some butterflies in

north-eastern Queensland - Part IV. 109

HANCOCK, D.L.

Philophylla bumeralis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae: Trypetinae) newly

recorded from Australia. 113

LAMBKIN, KJ.

Re-examination of the Paris Museum Harpobittacus Gerstaecker listed by

Navas in 1910 (Mecoptera: Bittacidae). 136

LANE, D.A.

A new species of Opodiphthera Wallengren (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) from

northern Australia. 115

MEYER, С.Е.

Notes on the life history of Danaus genutia alexis (Waterhouse and Lyell)

(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae). 137

SMITHERS, |

СМ. Psocoptera from the cycad Lepidozamia peroffskayana Regel

Cycadaceae) in New South Wales. 107

WINTERTON, S.L. :

Sexual dimorphism in Mallada traviata (Banks) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). 123

RECENT LITERATURE

An accumulative bibliography of Australian Entomology 140

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTICES Inside back cover.