THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

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Australian Entomologist 23 (1) April 1996 J %

A NEW SPECIES OF THERETRA HÜBNER °°" _

(LEPIDOPTERA: SPHINGIDAE) FROM VANUATU -

R.B. LACHLAN and M.S. MOULDS~ pee

Australian Museum, 6-8 College St., Sydney, N.S.W. 2000

Abstract

Theretra aquila sp.nov. is described from the island of Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu. It is

distinguished from the closely allied species T. silhetensis (Walker) by wing markings and male

genitalic structures.

Introduction

Two subspecies of Theretra silhetensis (Walker) are recognised (Rothschild

and Jordan 1903): T. s. silhetensis, found from Sri Lanka and India, across

south-east Asia to China, Taiwan and Japan, and T. s. intersecta (Butler),

found in Sulawesi, Moluccas, Philippines, Guam, New Guinea, Australia,

Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji and Samoa (D'Abrera 1987,

Robinson 1975).

In 1987/88 two males and a female of a species closely resembling Theretra

silhetensis were collected by RBL from Espiritu Santo, a northern island of

Vanuatu. Although similar in general appearance to T. s. intersecta, these

specimens clearly differed in several characters, especially in colour tone, and

were found to represent an undescribed species.

Theretra aquila sp. nov.

(Figs 1-2, 5)

Types. VANUATU: Holotype G, Port Olry, Espiritu Santo, 14.i.1988,

R.B. Lachlan. Paratypes: 19, same locality, but 21.1.1988; 1, Luganville,

Espititu Santo, 22.xii.1987, R.B. Lachlan. Holotype in Australian

Museum, Sydney; paratypes in collection of RBL.

Male. Head pale brown with a very pale buff stripe each side. Antenna light

brown.

Thorax. Above light brown with an indistinct mid-dorsal pale buff stripe, a

subdorsal narrow golden orange stripe opposite forewing bases and a broad

pale buff band above wing bases. Below with brown pilosity.

Abdomen. Above light brown as on thorax, with a silvery-white mid-dorsal

narrow stripe fading at anterior end and two less distinct golden orange mid-

lateral stripes. Below dark brown with a thin pale brown transverse stripe on

posterior margin of each sternite.

Legs. Coxae with long orange-brown setae. Femora with short dark brown

setae.

Wings. Forewing above dark chocolate brown on costal and subcostal areas,

the latter with some indistinct pale streaking; thin pale brown irregular band

immediately posterior of dark costal/subcostal area terminating just short of

2 Australian Entomologist 23 (1) April 1996

Figs 1-2. Theretra aquila sp.nov., paratype female: (1) upperside; (2) underside.

Australian Entomologist 23 (1) April 1996 3

Figs 3-4. Theretra silhetensis intersecta (Butler), male from Espiritu Santo,

Vanuatu: (3) upperside; (4) underside.

4 Australian Entomologist 23 (1) April 1996

wing apex; a dark chocolate brown band along the centre of the wing parallel

to costa, this band with a pair of indistinct pale stripes along its length and a

distinct thin pale band along its posterior margin; buff postmedian band

widest at base and tapering towards apex runs parallel to dark band; dark

chocolate brown curved subterminal band terminating in a point before

reaching vein M;,; thin pale brown line separating curved subterminal band

and dark chocolate brown terminal band which thins at apex; thin dark

chocolate brown line from middle of inner margin to tornus joining the

subterminal and terminal brown bands; very fine orange-brown line on

termen; a small black dot in middle of subcostal area. Forewing below with

dark brown paling towards base; a broad broken subterminal band bearing a

thin dark brown line, curved between veins, along its length; other markings

very ill-defined. Forewing length 25-27 mm. Hind wing above dark

chocolate brown, most distinct along termen; an indistinct light orange-

brown subterminal band; anal lobe light brown. Hind wing below uniformly

dark chocolate brown; area between vein 1A + 2A and inner margin very pale

brown; thin subterminal dark chocolate brown lines usually present, but

indistinct.

Genitalia (Fig. 5). Uncus in lateral view with apex flat and nearly at a right

angle with dorsal margin; gnathos of similar thickness to uncus; valvae

approximately ovate; sacculus with apical finger (harpe) weakly upturned at

about 45°, remainder more or less straight, the subapical dorsal swelling

distinct but weakly developed; aedeagus with cornutus evenly rounded at apex,

fully spined dorsally, apical half only spined ventrally.

Female (Figs 1, 2). Similar to male. Forewing length 29 mm. Genitalia of

the only available female not examined.

Etymology. The word aquila is derived from the Latin, meaning dark-

coloured or blackish; it refers to the overall appearance of the species.

Distribution. Theretra aquila is known only from Espiritu Santo, a northern

island of Vanuatu.

Discussion

T. aquila most closely resembles the very widespread species T. silhetensis

(Figs 3, 4), which is found sympatrically with it. 7. aquila is readily

distinguished from T. silhetensis by its much darker colouring. In particular,

the forewing upperside of T. aquila shows very dark chocolate brown costal,

subcostal, subterminal and terminal areas which are in contrast with the much

paler equivalent areas of T. silhetensis. Further, the dark brown underside to

the wings and body of T. aquila is in contrast to the pale underside of T.

silhetensis. No intergrades were found between T. aquila and T. silhetensis.

T. silhetensis shows only marginal variation in markings throughout its

extensive range across South-east Asia.

Australian Entomologist 23 (1)-April 1996 5

Figs 5-8. Male genitalia in lateral veiw of Theretra spp.: (5) T. aquila, paratype,

Luganville, Espiritu Santo, genitalia in situ but with right valva removed; (6a-6c)

T. margarita, Australia, a - aedeagus, b - sacculus, c - uncus and gnathos; (7a-7c) T.

silhetensis intersecta, Vanuatu, a-c as above; (8a-8c) T. oldenlandiae, Papua New

Guinea, a-c as above.

6 Australian Entomologist 23 (1) April 1996

The male genitalia of T. aquila show minimal differentation from those of T.

silhetensis, T. oldenlandiae (F.) and T. margarita (Kirby) (compare Figs 5-8).

The shape of the uncus of aquila is distinctive in that its apex is square-cut,

more or less forming a right angle with the dorsal margin; the uncal apex of

T. silhetensis clearly forms much less than a right angle, while those of both

T. oldenlandiae and T. margarita are entirely rounded. The gnathos of T. .

aquila differs noticably only from that of T. margarita which is much more

thick-set. The sacculus of T. aquila is similar to that of T. silhetensis and T.

oldenlandiae although the subapical dorsal swelling tends to be more strongly

developed; in T. margarita this swelling is very well developed and the apical

finger is much more upturned. The cornutus of T. aquila shows little

differentiation from those of the other species although that of T. oldenlandiae

tends to have smaller spines which follow the entire cornutal margin.

Robinson (1975) discussed the status of T. silhetensis intersecta (Butler) in

Fiji and noted that this species occurs in the nearby archipelago of New

Hebrides (Vanuatu) and in New Caledonia, but made no mention of any dark

specimens or any species resembling T. silhetensis occuring in these regions.

Likewise, Holloway (1979) made no mention of a dark silhetensis-like hawk

moth in his treatment of the Lepidoptera of New Caledonia and D'Abrera

(1987) did not mention or figure anything resembling a dark T. silhetensis.

The three known specimens of T. aquila were taken at light traps together

with specimens of T. s. intersecta, which are plentiful throughout Vanuatu

(RBL, pers. obs.). Despite extensive collecting on other Vanuatu islands

(Efate, Ambrym and Malekula) during the summer of 1987/88 and a further

visit to Espititu Santo during September/October 1989, no further specimens

of T. aquila were found. No specimens were collected on a trip to Tanna, in

the south of Vanuatu, during December 1993/January 1994.

Acknowledgments

We sincerely thank Father Albert Sacco for inviting RBL to stay at his

Mission at Port Olry, Espiritu Santo and for his company on many

collecting trips during that visit. We also thank Mrs Barbara Moulds for

typing the manuscript.

References

D'ABRERA, B. [1987] Sphingidae Mundi. Hawk moths of the world. E. W. Classey,

Faringdon, UK. ix, 226 pp.

HOLLOWAY, J.D. 1979 A survey of the Lepidoptera, biogeography and ecology of New

Caledonia. Junk, The Hague. xii, 588 pp.

ROBINSON, G.S. 1975 Macrolepidoptera of Fiji and Rotuma. A taxonomic and geographic

study. E. W. Classey, Faringdon, UK. vii, 362 pp., plus 15 maps, 357 + 173 figs, index.

ROTHSCHILD, W. and JORDAN, K. 1903 A revision of the lepidopterous family

Sphingidae. Novitates Zoologicae 9, Supplement: 972 pp., 67 pls.

Australian Entomologist 23 (1) April 1996 7

HERBIVOROUS INSECTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE

PAPERBARK MELALEUCA QUINQUENERVIA AND ITS

ALLIES: V. PYRALIDAE AND OTHER LEPIDOPTERA

D.W. BURROWS!, J.K. BALCIUNAS?:4 and E.D. EDWARDSš

' Australian Centre for Tropical Freshwater Research, Australian Biological Control

Laboratory, Kevin Stark Research Building, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811

2 United States Department of Agriculture, Australian Biological Control Laboratory, Kevin

Stark Research Building, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811

3 CSIRO, Division of Entomology, G.P.O. Box 1700, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601

Abstract

We conducted surveys in eastern Australia to detect potential agents for the biological control

of Melaleuca quinquenervia in Florida, USA. This paper presents records for 26 Lepidoptera

species (including 11 Pyralidae) from nine families collected and reared on M. quinquenervia

and four of its allies. Two of these species warrant further study of their potential as

biocontrol agents for M. quinquenervia.

Introduction

Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake is an Australian tree that has

become a serious economic and environmental pest in southern Florida. The

problems associated with this tree in Florida and details of surveys to detect

potential insect biological control agents in Australia were described in

Balciunas et al. (1993a, in press). In four previous articles (Balciunas et al.

1993a, 1993b, 1995, Burrows et al. 1994), we presented collection and

rearing records for 94 Lepidoptera species belonging to the Noctuoidea,

Geometridae, Gelechioidea and Tortricidae. This paper, the fifth and final in

our Lepidoptera series, presents records for 11 species of Pyralidae and 15

species from eight other Lepidoptera families reared from larvae or pupae

collected on Melaleuca species.

Methods

Collection methods were described in Balciunas et al. (1993a). All

Lepidoptera recorded in this paper were collected and reared on M.

quinquenervia or one of four of its close relatives: M. dealbata S.T. Blake;

M. "fluviatilis", M. leucadendra (L.) L. or M. viridiflora Sol. ex Gaertner

between 1986 and 1994. Melaleuca "fluviatilis", referred to as M. new sp. A

in our earlier papers (Balciunas et al. 1993a, 1993b), has not been described

formally but is already in use in the literature (Barlow 1988). For two moth

species, we also include records from Callistemon viminalis G. Don ex

Loudon and Lophostemon suaveolens (Gaertner) P.G. Wilson & Waterhouse.

The larvae were reared on the tree species from which they were collected.

One of the authors (E.D. Edwards) identified the adults (except Cryptoblabes

nr. ddoceta which was identified by M. Horak) and staff of the Australian

4 Present Address: United States Department of Agriculture, Biological Control of Weeds

Research Unit, Albany, California, U.S.A., 94710

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14 Australian Entomologist 23 (1) April 1996

Biological Control Laboratory (ABCL) associated the larvae with the

identified adults. A representative series of specimens will be held at the

ABCL, while the remaining specimens will be deposited at the Australian

National Insect Collection (ANIC) in Canberra.

Our collecting was concentrated in two coastal areas, from the Daintree

River, north of Cairns, to Townsville; and from Coolum in southeastern

Queensland to Grafton in northern New South Wales. We also occasionally

sampled sites outside these areas in Queensland, NSW and the Northern

Territory. Most of the site locations in this paper have been listed in

previous papers in this series (Balciunas et al. 1993a, 1993b, 1995, Burrows

et al. 1994). Sites listed for the first time are: Acacia Ridge (27°35.4'S

153°01.5'E), Brisbane; Boundary Street* (19°16.4'S 146°48.7'B),

Townsville; Burdekin River (19°26.4'S 145°51.6'E), 92 km SSW of

Ingham; Greenbank* (27°42.5'S 153°00.1'E), Brisbane; Mission Beach

Road (17°55.2'S 145°56.7'E), 2.5 km NE of Tully; Murray River

Swamp (18°02.6'S 145°54.9'E), 12.5 km S of Tully; Nathan Plaza*

(19°18.0'S 146°45.6'E), Townsville; Railway Avenue* (19°16.9'S

146°48.8'E), Townsville; Ten Mile Creek (20°15.6'S 148°28.0'E), 36 km

SE of Bowen; and Wulguru* (19°19.7'S 146°48.6'E), Townsville. Sites

marked with an asterix (*) are either ornamental plantings or forest remnants

in urban areas.

Results

Collection and rearing records for all lepidopteran species in this paper are

presented in Table 1.

Discussion

From our literature searches, only two species presented in this paper

(Arhopala centaurus and Porela arida), have been recorded previously from M.

quinquenervia. Four others: Doratifera vulnerans and Orthaga thyrisalis

(Common 1990); Syntonarcha iriastis and Canipsa poliochyta (Turner 1904)

have been recorded from Melaleuca, although only in the case of C.

poliochyta, which was reared from M. leucadendron [sic] (Turner 1904), was

the Melaleuca species involved identified. The remaining host records appear

to be new and for several species are the first published.

Among Lepidoptera, the Pyralidae are the most commonly used biocontrol

agents for weeds (Julien 1992). The most promising Melaleuca biocontrol

agent from the species listed in this paper is the pyralid, Poliopaschia

lithochlora (Lower) (referred to as Epipaschia sp. B in Balciunas et al. in

press). The larvae of this species live communally in small colonies

characterised by a system of tubes and small branches bound together.

Leaves on the bound branches are then consumed by the larvae. Up to 12

larvae have been found in a single colony. Results of laboratory larval

feeding tests have indicated a broad host-range, but surveys of tree species

Australian Entomologist 23 (1) April 1996 15

occurring at some of our field sites have found this moth species only on

closely related Melaleuca species. This moth species has been found on

many occasions on Melaleuca spp. trees outside our shadehouse, but not on

any of the numerous other tree species present there. In order to further

develop this species as a biocontrol agent, more field investigation will be

required to elucidate its field host-range.

Another species which shows some potential as a biological control agent for

M. quinquenervia is the ?Acrocercops sp. leaf miner, whose feeding separates

the cuticle from the leaf to form "blister" mines. These mines do not appear

to have any detrimental effects upon the leaves until the cuticle is perforated,

at which time the leaf rapidly dehydrates, resulting in leaf drop. These moths

complete their entire four week life-cycle, including pupation, on one leaf.

They were rarely observed in the field but occasionally have been abundant on

potted M. quinquenervia (both inside and outside our shadehouse) at James

Cook University. Surveys of tree species at this shadehouse have found the

characteristic "blister" mines only upon Melaleuca species.

The five papers in this series have presented our collection and rearing records

for 118 Lepidoptera species, including 95 from M. quinquenervia, upon

which most of our collecting effort was focused. All are moths, except for a

single butterfly species, Arhopala centaurus. Our studies have substantially

increased the number of Lepidoptera known from Melaleuca species.

McFarland (1979) listed 16 moth species with Melaleuca hosts, while

Common (1990, Appendix B) listed a further 10 species. Although

Melaleuca is the third most diverse angiosperm genus in Australia (behind

Acacia and Eucalyptus), comparatively few Lepidoptera have been recorded

from it previously. For example, Common (1990, Appendix B) lists 22

plant genera that have an equal or greater number of herbivorous moths

known from them. This series of papers has redressed this imbalance,

demonstrating the rich moth fauna of Melaleuca species, and highlighting

how much more work is required to document hosts of Australian

Lepidoptera.

Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. B. Barlow for identifying the Melaleuca species. We also

thank G.J. Bowman, L.M. Brown, P.K. Jones, J.R. Makinson, C.R.

Maycock, S.J. Miller and M.F. Purcell for help in collecting and rearing

insects. This study is funded by U.S.A. Federal and State of Florida

Agencies: USDA-ARS-Office of International Research Programs; U.S.

Army Corps of Engineers (Jacksonville District); National Park Service;

Florida Dept. Environmental Protection; South Florida Water Management

District; Lee and Dade Counties, Florida.

References

BALCIUNAS, J.K.. BOWMAN, G.J. and EDWARDS, E.D. 1993a. Herbivorous insects

associated with the paperbark Melaleuca quinquenervia and its allies: L. Noctuoidea

Australian Entomologist 23 (1) April 1996

(Lepidoptera). Australian Entomologist 20: 13-24.

BALCIUNAS, J.K., BURROWS, D.W. and EDWARDS, E.D. 1993b. Herbivorous insects

associated with the paperbark Melaleuca quinquenervia and its allies: Il. Geometridae

(Lepidoptera). Australian Entomologist 20: 91-98.

BALCIUNAS, J.K., BURROWS, D.W. and HORAK, M. 1995. Herbivorous insects

associated with the paperbark Melaleuca quinquenervia and its allies: IV. Tortricidae

(Lepidoptera). Australian Entomologist 22: 125-135.

BALCIUNAS, J.K., BURROWS, D.W. and PURCELL, M.F. In press. Austra!:an insects for

the biological control of the paperbark tree, Melaleuca quinquenervia, a serious pest of

Florida, USA, wetlands. Pp xxx-yyy Jn: Delfosse, E.S. and Scott, R.R. (eds). Proceedings of

the 8th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds, 2-7 February, 1992,

Canterbury, New Zealand. DSIR/CSIRO, Melbourne.

BARLOW, B.A. 1988. Patterns of differentiation in tropical species of Melaleuca L.

(Myrtaceae). Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia. 15: 239-247.

BURROWS, D.W., BALCIUNAS, J.K. and EDWARDS, E.D. 1994. Herbivorous insects

associated with the paperbark Melaleuca quinquenervia and its allies: HI. Gelechioidea

(Lepidoptera). Australian Entomologist 21: 137-142.

COMMON, LF.B. 1990. Moths of Australia. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne. xxxii +

535 pp.

JULIEN, M.H. (ed.). 1992. Biological Control of Weeds: A World Catalogue of Agents and

Their Target Weeds. C.A.B. International, United Kingdom. 186 pp.

MCFARLAND, N. 1979. Annotated list of larval foodplant records for 230 species of

Australian moths. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 33: 1-72 (supplement).

MOORE, K.M. 1972. Observations on some Australian forest insects. 26. Some insects

attacking three important tree species. Australian Zoologist 17: 30-39.

QUICK, W.N.B. 1974. Early stages of the butterfly, Ogyris oroetes (Family Lycaenidae).

Victorian Naturalist 89: 107-111.

TURNER, A.J. 1904. A preliminary revision of the Australian Thyrididac and Pyralidae. Part

1. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 18: 109-199.

WYLIE, F.R. and PETERS, B.C. 1993. Insect pest problems of eucalypt >lantations in

Australia. 1. Queensland. Australian Forestry 56: 358-362.

8 Australian Entomologist 23 (1) April 1996

10 Australian Entomologist 23 (1) April 1996

Australian Entomologist 23 (1) April 1996

Australian Entomologist 23 (1) April 1996 9

Australian Entomologist 23 (1) April 1996 1

Australian Entomologist 23 (1) April 1996 13

Australian Entomologist 23 (1) April 1996 17

PARASITOIDS ASSOCIATED WITH A TASMANIAN

POPULATION OF NYCTEMERA AMICA (WHITE)

(LEPIDOPTERA: ARCTIIDAE)

Anthony R. Clarke

CRC for Temperate Hardwood Forestry, Locked Bag No. 2, PO Sandy Bay, Tas. 7005

Abstract

Nyctemera amica (White) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) larvae feeding on Senecio quadridentatus

Labill. (Asteraceae) at Sandy Bay, Hobart, were collected and reared in the laboratory to

observe parasitism. Two species of primary parasitoid were recovered: Diolcogaster

perniciosus (Wilkinson) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Chaetophthalmus similis (Walker)

(Diptera: Tachinidae). Mean parasitism by the two species was 25% and 12% respectively. A

hyperparasitoid, Mesochorus sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), was found in association

with 27% of D. perniciosus broods. Life-history observations on N. amica are included.

Introduction

Nyctemera amica (White) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) is a common tiger moth

which occurs from central Queensland to Tasmania. Adults fly during the day

and large population flights have been reported (Smithers 1977). The larvae,

like the adults, are distinctively marked in orange and black and feed openly

on Senecio species (Asteraceae). Benn et al. (1979) have shown that

pyrrolizidine alkaloids from the host-plant, which are ingested by the larva,

persist through both the adult and egg stages of the life-cycle and are even

transferred to larval parasitoids. Notes on the biology of N. amica were given

by Singh and Mabbett (1976), Benn et al. (1979) (both as N. annulata; but

see Dugdale 1971 and Kay 1980) and Common (1990).

While Valentine (1967) recorded four parasitoids of N. amica in New Zealand,

namely Ecthromorpha intricatoria (F.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae),

Microplitis sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Pales casta (Hutton) and P.

nyctemeriana (Hudson) (Diptera: Tachinidae), there are no similar references

to parasitoids of this species in Australia. When large numbers of N. amica

larvae were observed feeding on Senecio quadridentatus Labill. growing on the

Sandy Bay campus of the University of Tasmania, the opportunity was taken

to collect larvae for parasitism studies. This note reports the findings.

Materials and methods

All larvae were collected from S. quadridentatus growing in the immediate

vicinity of the CSIRO Forestry Building. Four collections were made, on 1,

8 and 22 December 1994 and 28 February 1995. During the first collection

larval numbers were recorded per host plant, for the first 49 plants searched.

An effort was made to collect only advanced (large) larvae and the mean time

from collection to pupation was 6.7+ 0.4 days (n= 90, mean + SE).

Larvae were reared in communal containers, each holding approximately 15-

20 individuals. Containers were replenished with fresh clippings of S.

quadridentatus every 2-3 days and were kept under ambient conditions

(approximately 17-26°C). Following pupation (or emergence of parasitoids),

individuals were placed in separate labelled containers. The sexually

18 Australian Entomologist 23 (1) April 1996

dimorphic antennal character, the male being more plumose, was used to sex

the adults on emergence.

Nyctemera amica natural history

N. amica larvae were first noticed in large numbers feeding on S.

quadridentatus in late October 1994. As advanced larvae were already present

it is likely that oviposition commenced as much as a month earlier. Based

on ease of collecting, larvae were most common at the beginning of

December (0.59 + 0.15 larvae per plant searched, n=49), becoming less

common during the month. Young larvae (approximately L2) were again

noticed on plants in mid January 1995 and at the time of the 4th collection

(end of February 1995) a range of larvae from L2-L5 was still present.

Larvae continued to be present on plants until late March by which time they

were rare. Adults were most commonly observed flying during January and

early February. Copulating pairs were seen several times during this period,

with the last pair recorded on 15 February 1995.

Mean pupal development time of N. amica in the laboratory was 11.01 +

0.23 days (n = 74) and the sex ratio of reared adults did not differ significantly

from unity (%2, df =3, p<0.01) (Table 1).

Parasitism

Two species of primary parasitoid were recovered from larvae, these being

Diolcogaster perniciosus (Wilkinson) (Hym.: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) and

Chaetophthalmus similis (Walker) (Dipt.: Tachinidae: Tachininae) (Table 1).

Mean percentage parasitism for the two species was 0.25 + 0.03 and 0.13 +

0.03 respectively. Both parasitoid species emerged from final stage larvae,

rather than pupae. A hyperparasitoid, Mesochorus sp. (Hym::

Ichneumonidae: Mesochorinae), was found in association with 27% of D.

perniciosus broods. Details for each species are given below.

Table 1. Fate of Nyctemera amica (White) larvae from 4 collections (1, 8 &

2.xii.1994 and 28.11.1995) on Senecio quadridentatus growing in Sandy Bay,

Hobart. Numbers in brackets, except for Mesochorus sp., are the proportions of

each collection. For Mesochorus sp., numbers in brackets are the proportion of

D. perniciosus broods parasitised. Bottom row represents totals.

— A — k vn... ĖiħŮĖŐĖŮĖ

Sample No. of No. of No. of larvae No. of D. No. of Other

size male female parasitised by perniciosus larvae mortality

moths moths D. broods parasitised

emerged emerged perniciosus parasitised by by C.

Mesochorus similis.

Sp.

53 18 (.34) 14 (.26) 15 (.28) 2 (.13) 3 (.06) 3 (.06)

44 13 (.30) 13 (.30) 9 (.20) 2 (.22) 6 (.13) 3 (.07)

33 8 (.24) 9 (.27) im (221) 4 (.57) 5 (.15) 4 (.12)

31 4 (.13) 4 (13) 10 (.32) 3 (.30) 6 (.19) 7 (.23)

161 43 (.27) 40 (.25) 41 (.25) 11 (.27) 20 (.12) 17 (.13)

Australian Entomologist 23 (1) April 1996 19

6 4 |

yn 4 ~]

nw}

i3 27

2 0 I I I

3 0 20 40 60 80 100

0 40 60 80 100

Percent female per brood

Figure 1. Sex ratio of parasitoid broods reared from Nyctemera amica larvae

collected from Senecio quadridentatus growing in Sandy Bay, Hobart: (A)

Diolcogaster perniciosus; (B) Mesochorus sp.

Diolcogaster perniciosus was the most common parasitoid recovered and has

been reared previously from Spilosoma glatignyi (Le Guillemot)

(Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) (Austin & Dangerfield 1992). Its known geographic

range previously extended from Queensland through N.S.W. and Victoria to

South Australia (Austin & Dangerfield 1992); this is the first record of the

genus from Tasmania. Non-parasitised D. perniciosus broods had a mean size

of 14.6 + 1.3 individuals (n=31) and were strongly female biased (Figure 1a),

with a mean of 86.1 + 2.3 % females per brood.

Mesochorus sp. was found only in association with D. perniciosus broods.

Since Mesochorus spp. are obligate hyperparasites (Naumann 1991, A.

Austin pers comm.), it is most likely that this Mesochorus species is

hyperparasitic on D. perniciosus. Mean brood size was 6.45 + 1.15

individuals (n=11) and the mean brood sex ratio was near unity (50.6 + 9.3 %

20 Australian Entomologist 23 (1) April 1996

female), although some individual broods had highly male or female biased

sex ratios (Figure 1b).

Chaetophthalmus similis was reared as a solitary parasitoid from final instar

N. amica larvae. According to Cantrell (1985 and pers. comm.),

Chaetophthalmus species have a wide host range which includes several

noctuid species; they also have free living first instar larvae which actively

seek a host. The related C. dorsalis (Macquart) has been reared previously

from N. amica but this is the first known host record for C. similis (B.

Cantrell pers. comm.).

Other mortality

Thirteen percent of collected larvae failed to become adults due to causes

which could not be directly attributed to parasitism (Table 1). These

mortality factors were recorded as: pupal mortality (8 individuals); larval

mortality due to fungal infection (4 individuals); other larval mortality (5

individuals).

Acknowledgments

Dr Andy Austin (University of Adelaide) and Dr Bryan Cantrell (Queensland

Department of Primary Industries) kindly identified the Hymenoptera and

Tachinidae respectively and supplied additional biological information.

Voucher specimens of parasitoid species have been deposited with the

Tasmanian Museum.

References

AUSTIN, A.D. and DANGERFIELD, P.C. 1992. Synopsis of Australasian Microgastrinae

(Hymenoptera: Braconidae), with a key to genera and description of new taxa. Invertebrate

Taxonomy 6: 1-76.

BENN, M., DeGRAVE, J., GNANASUNDERAM, C. and HUTCHINS, R. 1979. Host-plant

pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Nyctemera annulata Boisduval: Their persistence through the life-

cycle and transfer to parasite. Experentia 35: 731-732.

CANTRELL, B.K. 1985. Revision of Chaetophthalmus Brauer and Bergenstamn and the

Australian species of Linnaemya Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Tachinidae). Australian

Journal of Zoology 33: 547-576.

COMMON, LF.B. 1990. Moths of Australia. Melbourne University Press, Carlton.

DUGDALE, J.S. 1971. Entomology of the Aucklands and other islands south of New Zealand:

Lepidoptera excluding non-Crambine Pyralidae. Pacific Insects Monograph 27: 55-172.

KAY, M. 1980. Nyctemera amica x N. annulata colony at Woodhill (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae),

New Zealand Entomologist 7: 154-158.

NAUMANN, I.D. 1991. Hymenoptera (Wasps, bees, ants, sawflies). Chap 42 in: The Insects

of Australia. A textbook for students and research workers. 2nd edition, CSIRO (ed).

Melbourne University Press, Carlton; pp 916-1000.

SINGH, P. and MABBETT, F.E. 1976. Note on the life history of the magpie moth,

Nyctemera annulata (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). New Zealand Journal of Zoology 3: 277-278.

SMITHERS, C.N. 1977. A note on population movement in Nyctemera amica (White)

(Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Australian Entomological Magazine 3: 87-90,

VALENTINE, E.W. 1967. A list of hosts of entomophagous insects of New Zealand. New

Zealand Journal of Science 10: 1100-1209.

Australian Entomologist 23 (1) April 1996 21

NEW INFORMATION ON AUSTRALIAN ANKYLOPTERYX

BRAUER AND BRINCKOCHRYSA TJEDER

(NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE)

S.L. WINTERTON and V.A. BRANCATINI

CSIRO Division of Entomology, PMB No. 3, Indooroopilly, Qld, 4068

Abstract !

The distribution of Australian species of Ankylopteryx Brauer and Brinckochrysa Tjeder are

discussed with new distribution records for A. basalis Kimmins, A. pallida Banks, A. rieki New,

B. cardaleae (New) and B. scelestes (Banks). B. scelestes is recorded from the Torres Strait

region for the first time. The female genitalia of A. basalis Kimmins and male genitalia of A.

rieki New are described and figured.

Introduction

The palaeotropical genus Ankylopteryx Brauer is represented in Australia by

A. basalis Kimmins, A. immaculata Brauer, A. pallida Banks, A. rieki New

and A.(Sencera) scioneura Navas (Brooks and Barnard 1990). Brinckochrysa

Tjeder previously was represented in Australia by only one species, B.

cardaleae (New) (New 1983). B. scelestes (Banks), a species widely

distributed throughout the western Pacific, is recorded here for the first time

from the Torres Strait region.

The Australian species of Ankylopteryx and Brinckochrysa have been poorly

studied with relatively few collection records. The immature stages are

unknown and little biological information is available on either genus

(Brooks and Barnard 1990), although a putative larva of B. scelestes from

Micronesia was figured by Adams (1959).

A. basalis and A. rieki are known only from type series collected in northern

Queensland. The male genitalia of A. basalis were figured by Kimmins

(1952) and New (1980), but the female genitalia are unknown. Conversely,

the female genitalia of A. rieki were described and figured by New (1980),

with the male genitalia unknown. The female and male genitalia of A.

basalis and A. rieki respectively, are described and figured here.

Notes on the distribution of Australian Ankylopteryx and Brinckochrysa are

presented with new distribution records for A. basalis, A. pallida, A. rieki, B.

cardaleae and B. scelestes. Abbreviations: QM, Queensland Museum; LPL,

CSIRO Div. of Entomology, Long Pocket Laboratories; QDPI, Queensland

Department of Primary Industries, Indooroopilly.

Ankylopteryx basalis Kimmins

(Figs 1-3)

Material examined. NORTHERN TERRITORY: 1 9, Berrimah, Darwin,

Oct. 1993, V. Brancatini (LPL).

Description of female. Forewing length: 9 mm. Body markings and

morphology as per male description (Kimmins 1952). Terminalia (Fig. 3):

22 Australian Entomologist 23 (1) April 1996

l 0.1 I 1.0

Figs 1-3. A. basalis Kimmins; female: (1) spermatheca, ventral; (2)

subgenitale, ventral; (3) apex of abdomen indicating position of genitalia.

Abbreviations: vi, ventral impression; d, spermathecal duct. Scale bar in

millimetres.

Abdomen with long, sparsely distributed setae. Tergite VII dome shaped.

Sternite VIII+IX shallow, quadrangular; posterior margin projected medially,

apex rounded with a dense group of short, dark setae. Tergite IX+ectoproct

rounded; trichobothrial field small, oval shaped with ca. 24 trichobothria.

Gonapophysis laterale globular, directed posterio-ventrally. Genitalia:

Subgenitale (Fig. 2) bilobed; lobes partially sclerotized. Spermatheca (Fig. 1)

ovoid; vela small; ventral impression large, shallow; spermathecal duct

sinuous, thickened basally.

Ankylopteryx rieki New

(Figs 4-6)

Material examined. QUEENSLAND: 1 @, Bundaberg, 6.xii.1929, anon.

(QM); 2 €g, The Boulders, Babinda, 20.11.1995, M. Coombs (LPL); 1 @,

Australian Entomologist 23 (1) April 1996 23

ent

gon

Figs 4-6. A. rieki New; male: (4) genitalia, postero-dorsal; (5) genitalia,

Jateral; (6) apex of abdomen indicating position of genitalia. Abbreviations:

gon, gonarcus; ent, entoprocessus; psp, pseudopenis. Scale bar in millimetres.

Innisfail, 21.11.1995, Les Ring (LPL); 1 @, Tully, 22.ii.1995, M. Coombs

(LPL).

Description of male. Forewing length: 10 mm. Body markings and

morphology as per female description (New 1980). Terminalia (Fig. 6):

Abdomen with long, sparsely distributed setae. Tergite IX+ectoproct rounded

posteriorly. Sternite VIII+IX quadrangular, apex rounded posteriorly with

dense setae; trichobothrial field round, ca. 25 trichobothria. Genitalia (Figs

24 Australian Entomologist 23 (1) April 1996

4, 5) pseudopenis slender, reflexed ventrally, apex pointed, arched with

preapical region broad, spatulate; gonarcus transverse, arcuate, lateral arms

broad, flattened; entoprocessus transverse, fused distally with a distinct

bilobed, median projection directed posteriorly over apex of pseudopenis.

Ankylopteryx pallida Banks

Material examined. QUEENSLAND: 1 (sex indeterminate), Imbil, Nov.

1941, J.B. O'Keefe (QM); 1 9, Upper Boulder Ck., 11 km Nth Tully, 5-

7.xii.1989, Monteith, Thompson, Janetski (QM); 3 GC, 13.i11.1994,

Brisbane, 1993, S. Winterton (LPL). NEW SOUTH WALES: 1 Q,

17.ix.1994, Alstonville, S. Winterton (as larva in macadamia orchard) (LPL).

Distribution and Biology of the Australian Ankylopteryx

All Australian species of Ankylopteryx are endemic (Fig. 7), with all but A.

immaculata recorded from tropical northern Australia. The genus has not been

recorded from Papua New Guinea (New 1983). The record of A. immaculata

from Tasmania was considered dubious by New (1983) and may have been

mistaken for an individual of Nothancyla verreauxi Navas. A. pallida has a

disjunct, coastal distribution in eastern Australia and is sometimes common

in humid, densely forested areas in south-eastern Queensland during early

autumn (unpublished data). A. basalis was described by Kimmins (1952)

from Halifax (northern Queensland). A female allotype was listed in the type

series by New (1980), but the abdomen is detached and glued on the cork

staging the pinned specimen. Thus the genitalia were not examined by New

because of the risk of further damage (New, pers. comm.). The female

holotype and paratype of A. rieki were described by New (1980) from

northern Queensland and a male is recorded here from Bundaberg (central

Queensland). The record of A.(S.) scioneura from Australia is obscure and

remains unconfirmed (New 1980).

These new collection records conform with the apparent tropical distribution

of this genus.

The female A. basalis recorded here from Darwin (Northern Territory) was

collected as a larva feeding on Icerya aegyptiaca (Douglas). Larvae of both

A. basalis and A. pallida (specimen from Alstonville listed above) are trash

carriers.

Brinckochrysa cardaleae (New)

Material examined. QUEENSLAND: 1 GC, Charleville, 10.1x.1920, anon.

(QM).

Brinckochrysa scelestes (Banks)

Material examined. QUEENSLAND: 2 GO, Murray Is. (Torres Strait),

12.x.1930, F.W. Moorhouse (QM); 1 @, Thursday Is. (Torres Strait),

18.x.1982, at light, J.W. Turner (QDPI).

Australian Entomologist 23 (1) April 1996 25

Fig. 7. Distributions of A. basalis (A), A. pallida (Q), A. rieki (W),

B. cardaleae (O) and B. scelestes (@) (modified after New 1980, 1983).

26 Australian Entomologist 23 (1) April 1996

Distribution of Brinckochrysa cardaleae and B. scelestes

The genus Brinckochrysa is poorly represented in Australia and is probably a

relatively recent adventive from the Afrotropical/Oriental region where it is

well distributed (16 species) (Brooks and Barnard 1990). New (1980) described

B. cardaleae from the Northern Territory and north-western Queensland. It is

recorded here from Charleville in southern Queensland. A feature of the

apparent distribution of this species is that despite the relative scarcity of

specimens collected, all records are from inland north-eastern Australia with

none from coastal areas. This is in contrast to the majority of Australian

Chrysopidae, with distributions predominantly in the wetter coastal regions

(New 1983).

B. scelestes is distributed throughout Micronesia, south-eastern Asia, India

and Japan (Adams 1959; Tsukaguchi 1985) and is recorded here from Murray

and Thursday Islands (Torres Strait). These new records for B. cardaleae and

B. scelestes represent the most southern distribution records for both species

(Fig. 7).

Acknowledgments

We thank Dr Kevin Lambkin (QM) and Mr John Donaldson (QDPI) for

access to specimens in their care, Dr Tim New (La Trobe University) for

additional information on Australasian Chrysopidae and Dr Don Sands

(CSIRO) for his comments on the draft manuscript. We also thank Mr Les

Ring (Innisfail) for his valuable assistance when collecting Chrysopidae in

northern Queensland.

References

ADAMS, P. A. 1959. Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae and Chrysopidae. Insects of Micronesia 8:

13-33.

BROOKS, S. J. and BARNARD, P. C. 1990. The green lacewings of the world: a generic

review (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History

(Entomology) 59: 117-286.

KIMMINS, D. E. 1952. Some New Australian Chrysopidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural

History 5: 69-81.

NEW, T. R. 1980. A Revision of the Australian Chrysopidae (Insecta: Neuroptera).

Australian Journal of Zoology Supp. Ser. No. 77: 1-143.

NEW, T. R. 1983. Zoogeography of the Australian Chrysopidae (Neuroptera). Neuroptera

International II. 3: 145-156.

TSUKAGUCHI, S. 1985. A check list of published species of Japanese Chrysopidae

(Neuroptera). Kontyit, Tokyo 53: 503-506.

Australian Entomologist 23 (1) April 1996 27

NEW OVERLAP RECORDS IN THE

ELODINA ANGULIPENNIS (P.H. LUCAS) GROUP

(LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE)

J.T.St.L. MOSS!, M. DE BAAR2and D.L. HANCOCK?

a 130 Melaleuca Drive, Capalaba, Qld 4157

Queensland Forest Service, Dept of Primary Industries, Meiers Rd, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068

35 Bogong Street, Riverhills, Qld 4074

Abstract

New distribution records are provided for Elodina angulipennis (P.H. Lucas) and E.

queenslandica kuranda De Baar & Hancock from the Miriam Vale, Gayndah and

Maryborough districts of Queensland. Previous records from Deepwater Creek and Carlisle I.

are corrected.

Introduction

Recent collecting in the SE Queensland coastal region from Miriam Vale to

Maryborough has shown an interesting overlap in the distributions of the

sibling species Elodina angulipennis (P.H. Lucas) and E. queenslandica

kuranda De Baar & Hancock (Fig. 1). Both species were collected in or near

vine forest, E. q. kuranda almost exclusively.

Material examined

E. angulipennis: 380, Bulburin St. For., 31.xii.1993, J.T. Moss; 10, Binjour

Plateau, via Gayndah, 29.xii.1993, J.T. Moss; 10°, Colosseum Ck St. For., via

Miriam Vale, 1.i1.1994, J.T. Moss.

E. q. kuranda: 10, 229, Deepwater Nat. Park, via Bundaberg, 19-24.ix.1992, J.T.

Moss; 19, Bulburin St. For., 31.xii.1993, J.T. Moss; 200°, 399, Koolkooroom

Ck, via Ubobo, 30.xii.1993, J.T. Moss; 32, Colosseum Ck St. For., via

Miriam Vale, 1.i.1994, J.T. Moss; 58'S, 599, Mary R. Heads, via Maryborough,

12.11.1994, M. De Baar & B.R. Meredith; 299, 27, Carlisle I., via Mackay,

xii.1986, J.T. Moss & D.M. Reeves.

Observations

The presence of E. q. kuranda had long been suspected at Mary River Heads,

180 km SSE of the former known limit of the species’ distribution (De Baar

and Hancock 1993), as a single worn female previously collected there

appeared closer to this species than to E. angulipennis, known from Saltwater

Creek, 15 km to the west. The above records thus confirm the presence of E.

q. kuranda as far south as the Mary River.

E. angulipennis was known previously from Bulburin State Forest near

Miriam Vale (De Baar and Hancock 1993) and both it and E. q. kuranda are

now known to be present. Vegetation in this area is predominantly complex

notophyll vine forest (CNVF), with some hoop pine plantings. Both species

were collected also in the Colosseum Creek State Forest, NE of Bulburin.

The vegetation here is similar but the vine forest is more open, the results of

timber extraction more evident.

Near Ubobo (N of Bulburin) is the Koolkooroom Creek araucarian

microphyll vine forest (AMVF), with its emergent hoop pines. Here only E.

q. kuranda was collected. Conversely, dry vine scrub on the Binjour Plateau,

25 km NW of Gayndah, yielded only E. angulipennis.

28 Australian Entomologist 23 (1) April 1996

: E. angulipennis known locality

Miriam Y : E. angulipennis new record

K @ vate Oregiri : E. q. kuranda known locality

Colosseum Ck, : E. q. kuranda new record

Ubobo OA

O 20

BulburinO

Bundaberg

OBinjour Plateau

@ Gayndah vette am

Fig. 1. Distribution of Elodina angulipennis and E. queenslandica kuranda

between Eurimbula and Maryborough, Qld.

ary R. Heads

Discussion

Moss et al. (1993) recorded E. g. kuranda from Eurimbula National Park and

E. angulipennis from dry littoral rainforest (= mixed notophyll vine forest) at

Deepwater National Park, 45 km ESE of Miriam Vale. Subsequent study has

shown the latter specimens to belong to E. q. kuranda. Reeves (1988)

recorded E. angulipennis from ‘dry rainforest gullies’ on Carlisle Island, 40

km NNE of Mackay. Further study has shown the species present there to be

E. q. kuranda. Available records therefore suggest that E. angulipennis is

absent from coastal localities in Queensland, at least north of the Mary River,

its place taken by E. q. kuranda. The two species occur sympatrically at least

in the Many Peaks Ranges near Miriam Vale. Further inland only E.

angulipennis has been recorded and it appears likely that habitat requirements

between the two species may differ, with E. q. kuranda preferring moister

habitats.

Acknowledgment

Paul Forster (Qld Herbarium) kindly assisted JTM in locating suitable

collecting sites along the Many Peaks Range.

References

DE BAAR, M. and HANCOCK, D.L. 1993. The Australian species of Elodina C. & R. Felder

(Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Australian Entomologist 20: 25-43.

MOSS, J.T.St.L., WOODALL, P.F. and MONTEITH, G.B. 1993. Butterfly records from

Deepwater and Eurimbula National Parks, central coastal Queensland. Queensland Naturalist

32: 60-63.

REEVES, D.M. 1988. Butterflies and dragonflies of Carlisle Island, Cumberland Group.

Queensland Naturalist 29: 21-24.

Australian Entomologist 23 (1) April 1996 29

THE LIFE HISTORY OF OCYBADISTES KNIGHTORUM

LAMBKIN & DONALDSON (LEPIDOPTERA:

HESPERIIDAE)

Andrew Atkins

Design Department, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, N.S.W. 2283

Abstract

The early stages of Ocybadistes knightorum from north-eastern New South Wales are

described and illustrated. Adults fly in close proximity to the larval food plant, a distinctive

low hummock grass that grows within the shaded woodlands of estuarine biomes.

Introduction

Ocybadistes knightorum Lambkin and Donaldson (1994) is known only from

the type locality, a swampy, mixed woodland near Boambee Creek, northern

New South Wales. Females have been observed flying around and

ovipositing on a spreading, low grass that superficially resembles a couch-

grass (R. Mayo, pers. comm.). My own observations in the autumn and

spring of 1994 confirm that this grass is the sole, or at least the principal

larval foodplant in this area. Adults were reared in Newcastle from eggs laid

by caged females on this grass. Details of the life history were recorded and

found to be somewhat atypical for Australian Hesperiinae. Flowering

material has not been obtained from the foodplant in spite of potting several

plants for more than two years. A more thorough search at the type locality

for fertile specimens of this grass is needed for confirmation of its identity in

order to ensure the conservation of this local skipper.

Life history

Foodplant. Believed to be Hemarthria uncinata (Gramineae) (T.A. Lambkin,

pers. comm.).

Egg (Fig. 1). White to pale cream, turning after 30-40 hours to cream with

bright pink dorsal blotch; surface smooth; 0.75 mm diam. x 0.5 mm high.

First instar larva. Body whitish, covered with short pale setae which are

longer on final segment, prothoracic plate brown; head shiny black.; 1.5 mm

long.

Final instar larva (Figs 2, 4). Body pale jade green, slightly darker dorsal

line and spiracles, between each segment yellow-green, first and final

segments pale blue-green; head pale straw-coloured with light fawn to darker

brown variable banding on frons and lateral areas; length 15-25 mm.

Pupa (Figs 3, 5 ). Moderately short, pale brown to greenish brown, anterior

and posterior darker brown; operculum rounded, sclerotized dark brown dorsal

area covered in long setae; cremaster brown with flattened, slightly rounded to

squared, crenulated posterior flange with two protruding lateral pointed

processes; long cremaster hooks; length 13-15 mm.

30 Australian Entomologist 23 (1) April 1996

i $ RRF. R LLA ‘

; : i į EK

a EA eng T s AEE TESA au Ses

AATHINS

Figs 1-8. Life history of Ocybadistes knightorum: (1) egg, lateral and dorsal

view; (2) final instar larval head; (3) pupal frons; (4) final instar larva, lateral

and dorsal view; (5) pupa, lateral and dorsal view (inset, dorsal view of

cremaster); (6) first instar larval shelter and pupal shelter; (7) adult male,

upperside and underside; (8) adult female, upperside and underside. Scale= 0.5 mm

for Fig. 1; 1 mm for Fig. 2; 2 mm for Fig. 3; 6 mm for Fig. 4; 10 mm for Figs 5-8.

Australian Entomologist 23 (1) April 1996 31

Discussion

Eggs were laid in April on the underside of the leaf blade near the tip, the

first instar emerging after 12 to 14 days. The young larvae eat the egg shell

before retreating to the base of the leaf and constructing a longitudinal tube

shelter (Fig. 6), sealed with silk, in which they rest during the day. Later

instars construct similar, larger tube shelters from two or three leaf blades of

the food plant. Feeding occurs on leaves near the larval shelter at dusk and

dawn. Larvae are extremely sluggish, almost imperceptible in movement

when walking from leaf blade to leaf blade. Final instar larvae move to the

base of the foodplant and construct oval puparia (Fig. 6) from leaf litter

woven together with silk and open at one end. The pupal duration is 14-16

days.

Adults (Figs 7, 8) are active in sunny or warm overcast weather, males

selecting short flight paths near the foodplant, resting on 1 m high

undergrowth in well-lit glades. Females flit slowly through the shade,

usually resting on the food plant. Both sexes feed occasionally on Lantana or

low, flowering herbs. They are cryptic but locally common and rarely move

far from the foodplant. The type locality is semi-shaded mixed Casuarina and

Melalueca woodland surrounded by saline swamps and riverine sandy banks.

Many grasses grow in the surrounding area and support other grass-feeding

skippers (Toxidia Mabille, Telicota Moore, Suniana Evans, Ocybadistes

Heron, Taractrocera Butler etc.), but O. knightorum appears more often

confined to sandy shaded areas where dense hummocks of its foodplant grow.

The grass forms more or less rounded, blue-green cushions, 1 m or more in

diameter and 0.5 m or less high, spreading by means of runner roots.

Adults appear to fly throughout the warmer months (pers. observ. G. Miller,

R. Mayo and A. Atkins). I have records of adults from April, October,

November and December. This suggests that O. knightorum is multi-

voltine. However the winter brood is very slow to develop. Eggs laid in

early April produced adults in mid-October to mid-November. Larvae grow

more rapidly in spring and summer (pers. observ.). The larva of O.

knightorum is remarkably sluggish and the pupa is quite short compared with

other species of Ocybadistes.

Acknowledgments

I am grateful to Dr Grant Miller (Lismore, NSW) and Russel Mayo

(Medowie, NSW) for information and discussion on O. knightorum, and

T.A. Lambkin (Brisbane, Qld) for identification of the foodplant.

Reference

LAMBKIN, T.A. and DONALDSON, J.F. 1994. A new species of Ocybadistes Heron

(Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from Australia. Australian Entomologist 21: 15-20.

32 Australian Entomologist 23 (1) April 1996

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTICES

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NOTES FOR AUTHORS

Manuscripts submitted for publication should, preferably, be type-written, double spaced

and in triplicate. Refer to recent issues for layout and style.

All papers will be forwarded to two referees and the editor reserves the right to reject any

paper considered unsuitable.

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Address papers to: The Editor

The Australian Entomologist

P.O. Box 537,

Indooroopilly, Queensland, 4068

THE AUSTRALIAN

Entomologist

Volume 23, Part 1, 27 April 1996

váy, Vas

£: rs

CONTENTS

ATKINS, A.

< The life history of Ocybadistes es ae TA Lambkin and Donaldson (Lepidoptera:

_ Hesperiidae) :

CLARKE, A.R.

. Parasitoids associated with a Taman population of Nyctemera amica

A (White) (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)

BURROWS, 'D.W., BALCIUNAS, J.K. and EDWARDS, E.D.

Herbivorous insects associated with the paperbark Melaleuca quinquenervia

_ and its allies: V. Pyralidae and other Lepidoptera

A LACHLAN, R.B. and MOULDS, M.S.

A new species of Theretra Hübner (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from Vanuatu

MOSS, J.T.StL, DE BAAR, M. and HANCOCK, D.L.

New overlap records in the Elodina angulipennis species complex

(Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

WINTERTON, S.L. and BRANCATINI, V.A.

New information on Australian Ankylopteryx Brauer and Brinckochrysa

Tjeder (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) 21

RECENT LITERATURE

An accumulative bibliography of Australian entomology 32

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTICES Inside back cover.

ISSN 1320 6133