THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

The Australian Entomologist (formerly Australian Entomological Magazine) is a

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Queensland Museum

Mr G. Daniels

University of Queensland

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University of Queensland

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Cover: This undescribed species of Bombyliidae of the genus Docidomyia is

from the Goldfields Region of Western Australia. The genus belongs to the

subfamily Tomomyzinae, and has closest relatives in southern Africa and North

America. Adults feed on nectar and pollen and the larvae are presumably

parasitoids, as are most other Bombyliidae, although nothing is known of the life

history of this subfamily throughout the world. Illustration by David Yeates.

Printed by Hans Quality Print, 20 Lyons Terrace, Windsor, Qld, 4030

Australian Entomologist 23 (3) October 1996 81

NOTES ON THE IMMATURE STAGES OF

EUPLOEA DARCHIA DARCHIA (W.S. MACLEAY)

(LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE)

C.E. MEYER

10 Anne Clark Avenue, Nicholls, ACT 2913

Abstract

The immature stages of Euploea darchia darchia (W.S. Macleay) from the Northern Territory

are described and Malaisia scandens (Lour.) Planchon (Moraceae) recorded as a food plant.

Introduction

The Darwin brown crow Euploea darchia darchia (W.S. Macleay) is known

from north-western Australia and the Northern Territory. It is common at

Darwin (Common and Waterhouse 1981). The early stages have not been

described but the larva of the east coast subspecies E. d. niveata (Butler) is

reported to feed on Malaisia scandens (Common and Waterhouse 1981).

Figs 1-2. Euploea darchia darchia, final instar larva.

82 Australian Entomologist 23 (3) October 1996

Immature stages

Food plant: Malaisia scandens (Moraceae).

Egg: Lemon yellow, ribbed, rounded apically; approximate size 1 mm x 0.5

mm.

First instar larva: Body translucent yellow-green with three pairs of very

small black tubercles on segments 2, 3 and 11; head black.

Final instar larva (Figs 1, 2): Three pairs of dark brown tubercles, orange-

brown towards base, on segments 2, 3 and 11; body translucent brown;

segments 4-11 with a series of 5 transverse cream dorsolateral bands on each

segment; bands divided dorsally; the first band is the thickest, made up of

four joined spots; successive series of bands sometimes separated by a fine

band of very small spots; orange-brown bands on segment 12; anal plate

black; a broken, cream subspiracular band present, edged with orange-brown;

spiracles and legs black; head black with white markings. Size

approximately 38-40 mm.

Pupa: Translucent yellow-green at first, turning chrome after approximately

two days. Similar in shape to that of E. core corinna (W.S. Macleay) but

smaller. Approximate size 10 mm x 6 mm.

Discussion

Eggs were laid singly on the underside of new growth of the host plant.

Eggs hatched on average in five days, with larvae taking a further 12-16 days

to pupate. Adults emerged on average eight days later. Eggs and early instar

larvae generally were found from mid to late March and throughout April.

Larval coloration and pattern is similar to that of E. core amymone (Godart)

as figured by Ackery and Vane-Wright (1984). Freshly emerged adults occur

in Darwin during April and May. Adults generally are found around coastal

vine scrub, usually on the verges of swampy areas or within monsoon forests

associated with inland watercourses. As with other species of Euploea

Fabricius, adults congregate in shady areas during the day, resting on sticks,

branches or vines.

Acknowledgment

I thank John Brock of the Darwin Herbarium, Palmerston, for assistance in

identifying the host plant.

References

ACKERY, P.R. and VANE-WRIGHT, R.I. 1984. Milkweed Butterflies. British Museum.

(Natural History), London; pp ix + 425.

COMMON, I.F.B. and WATERHOUSE, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Angus and

Robertson, Sydney; pp xiv + 682.

Austrralian Entomologist 23 (3) October 1996 83

THE DISTRIBUTION OF WATERHOUSE’S SKIPPER

TRAPEZITES WATERHOUSEI MAYO & ATKINS

(LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERIIDAE) IN

WESTERN AUSTRALIA

M.R. WILLIAMS!, A.A.E. WILLIAMS? T.D. LUNDSTROM?

and R.W. HAY‘

1 Department of Conservation and Land Management, PO Box 104, Como, W.A. 6152

2Department of Conservation and Land Management, PO Box 51, Wanneroo, W.A. 6065

315 Kershaw Ave, Lesmurdie, W.A. 6076

48 Klem Ave, Manning, W.A. 6152

Abstract

Nine new localities for the Western Australian endemic skipper Trapezites waterhousei Mayo

& Atkins are recorded. The species is known from 11 disjunct localities and apparently is

restricted to rocky outcrops where the foodplant Xerolirion divaricata (Xanthorroeaceae)

occurs.

Introduction

Trapezites waterhousei was described recently by Mayo and Atkins (1992) on

the basis of specimens from two localities north of Southern Cross in

Western Australia. In considering the conservation of this species, Dunn et

al. (1994) stated that the distribution was insufficiently known to determine

its status and recommended that survey work be undertaken to establish the

distribution of T. waterhousei more accurately. This paper reports the results

of searches for this skipper in southern Western Australia in 1993 and 1994.

Methods

A. Atkins (pers. comm.) first suggested that the foodplant of T. waterhousei

may prove to be Xerolirion divaricata A. S. George. X. divaricata is a

perennial herb closely allied to Lomandra and Acanthocarpus (both

Xanthorroeaceae). Both of these latter genera are foodplants of T. sciron

Waterhouse & Lyell and T. argenteoornatus (Hewitson), the Western

Australian congeners of T. waterhousei. In 1992 we confirmed X. divaricata

as the foodplant of T. waterhousei at one of the then known localities for the

species (Dunn et al. 1994). George (1986) recorded X. divaricata between

Morawa and Southern Cross but noted that it is restricted to decaying granitic

and lateritic outcrops. This narrow habitat requirement enabled us to target a

number of potentially suitable locations for T. waterhousei by visiting sites

where X. divaricata had been collected previously. Fifteen locality records

were obtained from the Western Australian Herbarium and for 11 of these the

locality information was sufficiently detailed to enable relocation. Three of

these sites were examined in 1993 and a further six in 1994; the remaining

two were not visited as part of this survey because of logistic constraints.

Results

Nine sites were found where X. divaricata was present and at all of these T.

waterhousei was recorded. The total number of known sites for T.

84 Austrralian Entomologist 23 (3) October 1996

Table 1. List of all known localities for T. waterhousei, based on surveys in

1993 and 1994 and localities recorded by Mayo and Atkins (1992).

Locality Date Site

visited description

13 km NW of Payne’s Find, on Payne’s 12.x.1993 Several granite

Find - Yalgoo Road (29°10'15"S, outcrops

117°38'50"E)

Breakaway Wells, White Wells station 12.x.1993 Large decaying

(29°34'50"S, 117°02'00"E) granitic outcrop

1.5 km SE of junction of Clark Road and 4.x.1994 Very low

Vermin Proof Fence Road, approx. 25 km

N of Wialki (30°14'40"S, 118°05'10"E)

21.7 km N of junction of Clark Road and 4.x.1994 Decaying

Bonnie Rock - Burakin Road, approx. 24 granitic outcrop

km N of Wialki (30°16'00"S,

118°04'15"E) |

granitic ridge

South Wilgoyne Nature Reserve 4.x.1994 Large decaying

(30°48'20"S, 118°28'00"E) granitic outcrop

Water Reserve #24277 4.x.1994 Large decaying

(30°56'S0"S, 118°43'15"E) granitic outcrop

8.1 km E of Southern Cross Post Office, 4.x.1994 Very low

on N side of Great Eastern Highway granitic ridge

(31°14'35"S, 119°24'10"E)

Koolyanobbing Range, at base of 5.x.1994 High ironstone

transmitter tower, adjacent to airstrip ridge

(30°50'15"S, 119°32'00"E)

17.6 km NW of Southern Cross Post 5.x.1994 Large decaying

Office, on Bullfinch Road (31°07'00"S, granitic outcrop

119°13'25"E) $

15.2 km NW of Southern Cross Post n/a Large decaying

Office, on Bullfinch Road (31°07'30"S, granitic outcrop

119°14'30"E, previously recorded

locality)

13 km N of Mt. Jackson (not visited, n/a Unknown

previously recorded locality)

waterhousei is thus 11 (Table 1). Seven of the new sites were located using

the Herbarium records and the other two by examining suitable-looking

granitic outcrops on route. At one site near Mingenew we were unable to

relocate X. divaricata but did find the superficially similar Acanthocarpus

preissii and suspect that the Herbarium record from this locality was based

upon a misidentification. At this site, however, T. argenteoornatus was

recorded (Williams et al. 1993). We were unable to relocate one Herbarium

record of X. divaricata, from 8 miles (sic) north of Wialki.

Austrralian Entomologist 23 (3) October 1996 85

Discussion

Most of the localities where X. divaricata occurred were prominent rocky

outcrops, predominantly of decaying granite. At two sites, however, the

decaying granitic surfaces were only marginally above the surrounding

countryside. Two sites were located in reserves, one a nature reserve, and

therefore may be considered relatively secure. The two sites we did not visit

were Walyahmoning Rock Nature Reserve and an otherwise unidentified

locality 64 km north of Bullfinch. We consider it likely that these will prove

to be additional localities for this skipper, given that T. waterhousei was

present at all seven sites where we relocated X. divaricata. Indeed, we

consider it likely that many more local populations of T. waterhousei occur

on rocky outcrops in the area between Payne’s Find and Mount Jackson.

By the criteria of Dunn et al. (1994), T. waterhousei should be considered

rare, i.e. “Taxa with small populations that are not currently ‘Endangered’ or

‘Vulnerable’, but are at risk. These taxa are usually localized within restricted

geographical areas or habitats or are more thinly scattered over a more

extensive range”. As all known populations of this skipper are highly

localised, each individual population may be at risk from catastrophic events

such as fire, or from more chronic disturbances such as weed invasion or

grazing. Monitoring of the more accessible populations of this skipper

would enable early identification of potential threats to the species and we

urge any interested entomologists who have the opportunity to do so.

References

DUNN, K.L., KITCHING, R.L. and DEXTER, E.M. 1994. The Conservation Status of

Australian Butterflies. Unpublished report to Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service.

GEORGE, A.S. 1986. Xerolirion. Pp 98-100 in: Flora of Australia Vol. 46. Australian

Government Printing Service, Canberra.

MAYO, R.P. and ATKINS, A.F. 1992. Anisyntoides Waterhouse (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae):

a synonym of Trapezites Hiibner, with description of a new species from Western Australia.

Australian Entomological Magazine 19: 81-88.

WILLIAMS, A.A.E., WILLIAMS, M.R., HAY, R.W. and TOMLINSON, A.G. 1993. Some

distributional records and natural history notes on butterflies from Western Australia.

Victorian Entomologist 23: 126-131.

86 Austrralian Entomologist 23 (3) October 1996

A BUTTERFLY RECORD FROM BROWSE ISLAND,

NORTH WEST SHELF, AUSTRALIA

R. GRUND

9 Parkers Rd, Torrens Park. Adelaide, S.A. 5062

Abstract

Hypolimnas misippus (L.) (Nymphalidae) is recorded from Browse Island, North West Shelf.

Browse Island is a small (360 ha) platform reef situated in the northern part of

the North West Shelf, some 160 km northwest from the Kimberley coastline

and 340 km south from Timor. The exposed cay part of the island is only 16

ha in area and of very low relief, approximately 6.1 m above high tide. It

was mined for guano and rock phosphate during the latter part of the 19th

century, leaving the island pitted and channelled. It has a dense cover of low

vegetation to 1.5 m, consisting of a solitary mangrove (unknown species),

creepers Ipomoea pes-caprae brasiliensis (L.) Ooststr. (Convolvulaceae) and

Portulaca sp. (Portulacaceae), bushes Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb.

(Goodeniaceae), Abutilon indicum (L.) G. Don. and Sida sp. (Malvaceae),

plus grasses Eragrostis sp. and Cenchrus brownii Roem. et Schultz.

(Gramineae) (Burbidge and McKenzie 1978).

The author briefly visited the island on 2 February 1986, during the course of

petroleum exploration activities. It was a very hot, very humid and partly

overcast day. During the course of several hours only Hypolimnas misippus

(L.) was observed flying; six males and three females were captured, all in

good condition and typical of the Australian race. This population is

possibly resident on the island due to the presence of its foodplant Portulaca

and if resident then overpopulation problems are probably kept in check by

transitory birds and a resident plague of house mice Mus musculus (L.). It

can only be surmised as to how much of the vegetation is indigenous or

introduced by fishermen from Timor or the guano miners, and along with it

possibly H. misippus, or for that matter how much of the original vegetation

has been destroyed for firewood. H. bolina (L.) and Junonia villida (Fab.)

(Nymphalidae), both recognized migratory species, were absent from the

island although their foodplants are present. Small moths were abundant,

dispersing from the vegetation when brushed against.

Reference

BURBIDGE, A.A. and MCKENZIE, N.L. (Eds) 1978. The Islands of the north-west

Kimberley, Western Australia. Wildlife Research Bulletin of Western Australia 7: 1-47.

Australian Entomologist 23 (3) October 1996 87

A NEW SPECIES AND NEW COMBINATION IN

AUSTRALIAN TRYPETINAE (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)

D.L. HANCOCK

Department of Primary Industries, Meiers Rd, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068

Abstract

Termitorioxa cobourgensis sp. nov. is described from the Northern Territory and further

locality records provided for T. laurae Permkam & Hancock and T. termitoxena (Bezzi) .

Piestometopon distinctum (Permkam & Hancock), comb. nov., is transferred from Elleipsa

Hardy and the status of P. luteiceps de Meijere (= E. quadrifasciata Hardy) noted.

Introduction

Seventy-eight species of Trypetinae have been recorded from Australia

(Hancock 1995). Recent quarantine surveillance in the Northern Territory has

yielded a further new species of Termitorioxa Hendel, bringing to 7 the

number of known Australian species. Specimens of Termitorioxa

occasionally appear in cue-lure traps used in monitoring and detection

surveys. They are superficially similar to Dirioxa pornia (Walker), a species

of quarantine interest, but differ in characters such as wing pattern and colour

and the presence of 2 apical spines on the mid tibia (only 1 in Dirioxa

Hendel). Recent synonymy of Elleipsa Hardy with Piestometopon de Meijere

(Hancock and Drew 1995) necessitates nomenclatural changes to the two

species placed in Elleipsa by Permkam and Hancock (1995), with one placed

in synonymy and the other in a new combination.

Collections are abbreviated as follows: BARS - Berrimah Agricultural

Research Station, Darwin; NTQIB - Northern Territory Quarantine and

Inspection Branch, Darwin; QDPI - Queensland Department of Primary

Industries, Brisbane; QM - Queensland Museum, Brisbane.

Key to Australian species of Termitorioxa

1 Wing with a curved longitudinal hyaline streak from spot above dm-cu

crossvein to apex of Cell r4+5 oo... eee eeeeeeeeeeeeeees bicalcarata (Hering)

Wing without a hyaline streak at apex of cell r4+5 ole eeeeseeeeeee 2

2 Cell dm with an elongate hyaline band along vein CuA1; hyaline spot in

cell r4+5 connected to indentation in cell m ............... testacea (Hendel)

Cell dm dark except for a transverse hyaline subapical band or spot;

hyaline spot in cell r4+5 free from indentation in cell m .............000066 3

3 Cell c yellow or with a yellow costal band along its entire length;

postnotum blackish-brown or red-brown laterally ................:sssseeeeeees 4

Cell c hyaline or with a yellow costal band over basal 2/3; postnotum

entirel yALUlVOUS He. cee: eee eS Rae EE Oe eile Beer ee ey 5

4 1 orbital bristle; scutum normally with a pair of brown posterior

markings adjacent to scutellum; postnotum blackish-brown laterally;

wing dark brown with distinct yellowish areas in most of cell dm and

around r-m crossvein; male with a tuft of fine hairs at apex of arista

Rett E I NI E E EER N ATONA ermitoxena (Bezzi)

88 Australian Entomologist 23 (3) October 1996

2 orbital bristles; scutum without dark posterior markings; postnotum

red-brown laterally; wing pale brown without distinct yellowish areas

noted above; male unknown ...............ccccceeeeeeeee cobourgensis sp. nov.

5 Cell cual with a hyaline indentation at apex, below dm-cu crossvein

chor ads anche irc ANE route eee exleyae Permkam & Hancock

Cell cual without a hyaline indentation at apex ............:eeeseeeeeeneeeeeee 6

6 Hyaline indentaion in cell rl crosses vein R2+3 into cell r2+3; cell c with

a yellow costal band over basal 2/3 ............ laurae Permkam & Hancock

Hyaline indentaion in cell rl small, not crossing vein R2+3; cell c

without a yellow costal band .............. inconnexa Permkam & Hancock

Tribe ACANTHONEVRINI

Genus Termitorioxa Hendel

Termitorioxa Hendel, 1928: 351 (as subgenus of Rioxa Walker). Type species R.

termitoxena Bezzi, by monotypy.

Termitorioxa cobourgensis sp. nov. (Fig. 1)

Types. NORTHERN TERRITORY: Holotype 9, Smith Pt, Cobourg Pen.,

15.1.[19]93, cue, I. Haselgrove (QM); 2 99 paratypes, same data (QDPI).

Description. Female: Length of body (including oviscape) 6.5-7.0 mm; of

wing 6.5-7.0 mm. Head slightly higher than long; face vertical. Frons

covered with dense, short black setae and with 2 pairs each of frontal and

orbital bristles, the upper orbital a little weaker than the lower. Ocellar

bristles thin and weak; a row of thin black postocular brisles present; genal

bristle present. Antennae fulvous; third segment apically rounded; arista

plumose. Thorax fulvous, with a full complement of bristles, including

weak intrapostalars and 1 or more very small additional bristles before or

behind supraalars; dorsocentrals placed close to line of supraalars; 3-5

anepisternal bristles, the upper one well developed, the others generally thin

and weak. Scutum fulvous, unmarked. Scutellum yellow, with fine pale

brown setae at sides and 6 black scutellar bristles, all well developed.

Postnotum fulvous medially, red-brown laterally. Postpronotal lobe with

long pale hairs anteriorly. Legs fulvous; mid tibia with 2 long black apical

spines and 2 prominent black posterodorsal setae; hind femur with a cluster of

brown to black setae dorsoapically; hind tibia with a row of anterodorsal

setae. Wing (Fig. 1) with pattern brown, tinged yellowish at and just above

apex of cell dm; cell c and basal half of cell br yellow (yellow in cell c

reduced to a broad costal band in 1 specimen); cell be hyaline. Hyaline

indentations in cells rl+r2+3, in cell m and in cell cual; a hyaline spot

present in each of cells br and r4+5 and near apex of cell dm. Veins R1 and

R4+5 setose; r-m crossvein beyond middle of cell dm; cell cup with apical

lobe long and narrow. Abdomen fulvous to pale red-brown. Oviscape dark

red-brown to brown, about twice length of tergite V; tergite VI poorly

developed. Aculeus with apex rounded and 2 pairs of preapical setae.

Australian Entomologist 23 (3) October 1996 89

Fig. 1. Termitorioxa cobourgensis sp. nov., female.

Distribution. Known only from the type locality, Cobourg Peninsula (near

Darwin), Northern Territory.

Comments. This species most resembles T. termitoxena (Bezzi) in wing

markings and the laterally red-brown postnotum; it differs in lacking scutal

and scutellar dark markings, in the presence of 2 pairs each of frontal and

orbital bristles and in the paler wing pattern with less distinct yellow-brown

areas. From all other species it differs in the combination of laterally red-

brown postnotum, lack of dark scutal markings and details of the wing

pattern, particularly the yellow cells c and base of br.

Termitorioxa laurae Permkam & Hancock

Termitorioxa laurae Permkam & Hancock, 1995: 1124.

New locality records. NORTHERN TERRITORY: 1 9, Katherine,

22.viii.1989, H. Brown & M. Neal, on leaf of Mangifera indica (BARS); 1

CO, Milingimbi [Arnhem Land], 20.iv.1982, G. Mains, cue lure (BARS); 1

G, Snake Bay [Melville I.], 14.ii.1991, H.G. Perona (NTQIB).

Termitorioxa termitoxena (Bezzi)

Rioxa termitoxena Bezzi, 1919: 2.

New locality records. NORTHERN TERRITORY: 1 GC, Snake Bay

[Melville I.], 14.ii.1991, H.G. Perona (NTQIB); 1 Q, Smith Pt, Cobourg

Pen., ll.xi.1994, cue, I. Haselgrove (NTQIB); 3 @, 6 99, Garden Pt,

Melville I., xi.1995, cue lure, G. Bellis (QDPI).

90 Australian Entomologist 23 (3) October 1996

Tribe EUPHRANTINI

Genus Piestometopon de Meijere

Piestometopon de Meijere, 1914: 213. Type species P. luteiceps de Meijere, by

original designation.

Elleipsa Hardy, 1970: 90. Type species E. quadrifasciata Hardy, by original

designation. (For synonymy see Hancock and Drew 1995).

Piestometopon distinctum (Permkam & Hancock), comb. nov.

Elleipsa distincta Permkam & Hancock, 1995: 1146.

Distribution. Southeast Queensland.

Comments. With the placement of Elleipsa as a junior synonym of

Piestometopon by Hancock and Drew (1995), the above new combination

becomes necessary.

Piestometopon luteiceps de Meijere

Piestometopon luteiceps de Meijere, 1914: 213.

Elleipsa quadrifasciata Hardy, 1970: 90.

Distribution. Java, Balabac I. (Philippines), Singapore, Tonga, Saibai I.

(Torres Strait, N. Queensland).

Comments. Synonymy was discussed by Hancock and Drew (1995). The

species previously known in Australia and the South Pacific (Hancock and

Drew 1994, Permkam and Hancock 1995) as Elleipsa quadrifasciata thus

should be referred to as P. luteiceps.

Acknowledgments

I thank Glenn Bellis, NTQIB, for the opportunity to study the Termitorioxa

material and Susan Phillips for preparing the illustration.

References

BEZZI, M. 1919. A new Australian species of Rioxa, with a remarkable life-habit (Dipt.,

Trypaneidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 10: 1-5.

de MEIJERE, J.C.H. 1914. Studien über siidostasiatische Dipteren IX. Tijdschrift voor

Entomologie 57: 137-275.

HANCOCK, D.L. 1995. Philophylla humeralis (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae: Trypetinae)

newly recorded from Australia. Australian Entomologist 22: 113-114.

HANCOCK, D.L. and DREW, R.A.I. 1994. Notes on some Pacific Island Trypetinae and

Tephritinae (Diptera: Tephritidae). Australian Entomologist 21: 21-30.

HANCOCK, D.L. and DREW, R.A.I. 1995. New genus, species and synonyms of Asian

Trypetinae (Diptera: Tephritidae). Malaysian Journal of Science, Series A 16: 45-59.

HARDY, D.E. 1970. Tephritidae (Diptera) collected by the Noona Dan Expedition in the

Philippine and Bismarck Islands. Entomologiske Meddelelser 35: 71-136.

HENDEL, F. 1928. Neue oder weniger bekannte Bohrfliegen (Trypetidae) meist aus dem

Deutschen Entomologischen Institut Berlin-Dahlem. Entomologische Mitteilungen 17: 341-

370. s

PERMKAM, S. and HANCOCK, D.L. 1995. Australian Trypetinae (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Invertebrate Taxonomy 9: 1047-1209.

Australian Entomologist 23 (3) October 1996 91

THE REDISCOVERY OF AUSTRALOBIUS SCABRIOR

CHAMBERLIN (CHILOPODA: LITHOBIIDAE)

E.H. EASON

Bourton Far Hill Farm, Moreton-in-Marsh, Gloucester, GL56 9TN, U.K.

Abstract

Australobius scabrior Chamberlin is recorded from Fitzroy I., Great Barrier Reef, Queensland,

the first record since the holotype. Both sexes are described.

Introduction

Chamberlin (1920) created the genus Australobius to receive A. scabrior

Chamberlin, the type species, based on a single male from Kuranda, northern

Queensland, Australia. This species has not hitherto been rediscovered.

Eason (1978) reviewed Australobius and its constituent species.

Recently, Dr Rowland Shelley (Raleigh, North Carolina) sent me two

specimens from Fitzroy Island, Great Barrier Reef, collected by Dr Harold

Heatwole in 1969. These specimens, a male and a female, are so pale as to

be almost colourless and are in poor condition with many legs missing,

making examination difficult. However there is little doubt that they belong

to A. scabrior. Fitzroy I. is only some 100 km from the type locality and no

other species of Lithobiidae are known from Australia. The specimens will

be deposited in the Queensland Museum, Brisbane.

Australobius scabrior Chamberlin

Australobius scabrior Chamberlin, 1920: 76.

Description of female

Length: 11 mm. Antennae: 5.0 mm long with 20 articles on both sides;

articles slightly elongate, the terminal one 2.5 times as long as broad.

Ocelli: very pale and difficult to see but there appears to be a large posterior

ocellus preceded by at least two, almost as large, in the superior row, with

one or two smaller ones in the inferior row. Prosternum: typical of

Australobius (see Eason 1978), with 4+5 teeth, all much the same size, the

lateral tooth on both sides placed slightly more posteriorly than the others;

porodont short and slender, placed medial to the lateral tooth. Tergites: T, 9,

11 and 13 with small posterior projections; large tergites strongly wrinkled

on the surface, with marginal ridges broad and raised and posterior borders

almost straight. Coxal pores: circular, 3, 4, 5, 4. Tarsal articulations:

distinct. 15th legs: 4.5 mm long with well developed accessory apical claws.

Gonopods: with 2+3 spurs and bidentate claws.

Description of male

Length: 10 mm. Similar to female but with 20 antennal articles on one side,

21 on the other. 15th legs missing but the 14th leg, missing on one side but

intact on the other, is slightly swollen, suggesting that the 15th legs in

males are even more swollen.

92 Australian Entomologist 23 (3) October 1996

Spinulation

Taken from both specimens which, between them, have at least one of the

last three pairs of legs intact.

Leg Ventral Dorsal

Gtr P F T Gee. F T

13 - - amp amp am - amp p p

14 - m amp amp a - amp p =

15 - m am(p) am a a mp x i

(VpP is present on only one of the available 15th legs.)

Remarks

Chamberlin’s original description is rather deficient, making no mention of

the 15th leg, but is in fair agreement with the above. Chamberlin also noted

21-22 antennal articles and a strong median longitudinal furrow on each

tergite. He failed to detect the porodont, which is very inconspicuous, barely

differentiated from the setae and not placed lateral to the prosternal tooth as in

most species of Lithobiidae known to Chamberlin at the time of his

description. I now consider Australobius to represent a distinct genus, not a

subgenus as placed by Eason (1978).

References

CHAMBERLIN, R.V. 1920. The Myriapoda of the Australian region. Bulletin of the Museum

of Comparative Zoology, Harvard 64: 1-269,

EASON, E.H. 1978. On Lithobiidae from the Seychelles with descriptions of two new species

of the subgenus Australobius, genus Lithobius (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha). Journal of

Zoology, London 184: 21-34.

Australian Entomologist 23 (3) October 1996 93

A GYNANDROMORPH OF ECTOPSOCUS AUSTRALIS

SCHMIDT & THORNTON (PSOCOPTERA:

ECTOPSOCIDAE) FROM AUSTRALIA

C.N. SMITHERS

Research Associate, Australian Museum, College St., Sydney, N.S.W. 2000

Abtract

A gynandromorph specimen of Ectopsocus australis Schmidt & Thornton is recorded.

Functional ovaries are present but testes are absent. A slightly abnornmal male clunium and

complete sets of both male and female genitalia are present. There appears to have been only

one previous record of a psocopteran gynandromorph.

Introduction

Badonnel (1986) described the only recorded gynandromorph of the

Psocoptera, a predominantly male specimen of Peripsocus potosi Mockford

from Guadaloupe. Gynandromorphy involved only the head, which showed

female characters on the right side and male on the left.

This note records a gynandromorph of Ectopsocus australis Schmidt &

Thornton. The presence of clunial sclerites indicated that the specimen was a

male but closer inspection revealed that the abdomen contained several large

eggs and that there were two sets of external genitalia, one male and one

female.

The gynandromorph of Ectopsocus australis

Material examined. 1 specimen, Tuglo Wildlife Refuge (32°14’S, 151°16’E),

49 km N. Singleton, New South Wales, 5.v.1991, A.S. Smithers (in

Australian Museum). The gynandromorph was taken in company with 9

normal males and 8 normal females.

Description. There is some sexual dimorphism in fore wing markings in this

species, the females having small areas of diffuse dark pigment at the ends of

the main veins, the intersection of Rs and M and at each end of the

pterostigma. Some males have wings similar to those of females, some have

reduced markings and some are without pigment. The wing of the

gynandromorph is similar to that of normal females. The presence of mature

eggs implies functional ovaries. There is no sign of testes nor of seminal

vesicles. The dorsal ornamentation of the posterior tergites (fig. 4, slightly

flattened in preparation) resembles, but is not idential to, that of a normal

male (fig. 1). The anteriorly placed spiculate area is reduced and has fewer and

smaller spicules than usual. The transverse comb along the hind margin is

well developed but abnormal in that there are fewer teeth and some near the

midline are larger and irregularly placed. In a normal comb the teeth are more

regularly arranged but by no means even and tend to be a little longer laterally

than medially in some specimens. In the gynandromorph the lateral spiculate

fields (fig. 4) are less extensive and the spicules are smaller than normal

(compare figs 1 and 4). Clunial ornamentation is absent from normal

94 Australian Entomologist 23 (3) October 1996

females. The epiproct resembles that of a normal male but the arrangement

of setae is not precisely the same as usual. The right paraproct (fig. 5) is

slightly abnormal in having only six trichobothria. The normal number is

eight, sometimes nine, in both sexes. There is one large seta below the

trichobothrial field, the usual male condition; females have a row of four.

There is a narrow, simple, glabrous plate in the position usually occupied by

the hypandrium. The hypandrium in normal specimens is setose with a

slightly thickened margin. The phallosome is identical to that of a normal

specimen, confirming the identity of the specimen as E. australis.

The female genitalia are represented by the subgenital plate (fig. 6,

gynandromorph), of almost normal form but lightly sclerotised, and a set of

gonapophyses on each side (fig. 3, right gonapophyses). The dorsal valves

are of approximately normal shape and size. The external valves are very

lightly sclerotised and reduced, having the appearance of fleshy lobes, but

bearing some well developed setae (compare figs 2 (normal female) and 3

(gynandromorph)). The ventral valve is lightly sclerotised and proportionate

to a normal dorsal valve (compare figs 3 (gynandromorph) and 2 (normal

female)). The sclerification to the entrance to the spermatheca ("spermathecal

sac" of Schmidt and Thornton 1992) is absent.

Measurements of the specimen are as follows (with those given by Schmidt

and Thornton (1992) for male and female in parentheses). Fore wing length:

1.89 mm. (2.21, 1.62). Hind leg measurements: F: 0.34 mm. (0.41, 0.38);

T: 0.6 mm. (0.72, 0.63); tl: 0.18 mm. (0.245, 0.190); t2: 0.08 mm. (0.091,

0.087); rt: 2.2:1 (2.7:1, 2.2:1); ct. 10,0 (15,0, 12,0). IO/D (Badonnel): 2.3;

PO: 0.83 (Schmidt and Thornton used Pearman's method of measuring the

IO/D ratio). IO/D (Pearman): 2.8 (3.5, 8.5). The ratio of 8.5 in the original

description indicates an extremely small female eye in the specimen measured

by Schmidt and Thornton (1992). Females associated with the

gynandromorph have an IO/D ratio within the range 3.0 - 3.5.

Discussion. The nature of the origin of the gynandromorphy of the specimen

is a matter for conjecture. The female ovaries have replaced male testes and

seminal vesicles. As far as external genitalia are concerned almost all

elements of both sexes are represented. The upper side of the insect has all

the male features and the lower side retains the male hypandrium as a

glabrous plate. There are some deformities in the male spiculate areas and

dorsal comb and the epiproct and paraprocts also carry minor deformities, but

all remain essentially male in character. The reduced external valve of the

gonapophyses shows the greatest departure from normality of the female

features. The complex sclerifications of the male phallosome are retained

without obvious modification but the entrance to the spermatheca is not

surrounded by sclerotisations. All measurements approach those of females

rather than males other than that of the IO/D ratio, which is closer to that of

the male measured by Schmidt and Thornton (1992) although this

Australian Entomologist 23 (3) October 1996 95

Figs 1-6. Ectopsocus australis: (1) Posterior abdominal tergites, normal male;

(2) Right gonapophyses, normal female; (3) Right gonapophyses,

gynandromorph; (4) Posterior abdominal tergites, gynandromorph (slightly

flattened in preparation); (5) Right paraproct, gynandromorph; (6) Subgenital

plate, gynandromorph.

measurement is closer to females of the series associated with the

gynandromorph.

Gynandromorphy seems to be extremely uncommon in the Psocoptera. The

manifestation of the phenomenon involving all the genital structures is more

extensive in the E. australis specimen than in that of P. potosi (Badonnel

1986). Schmidt and Thornton (1992, pp. 162-166, figs 70-79) describe and

illustrate parts of both sexes of normal E. australis relevant to this

discussion.

Acknowledgment

The specimens amongst which the gynandromorph was found were collected

by my wife during a survey of the Psocoptera of Tuglo Wildlife Refuge.

References

BADONNEL, A. 1986. Description du mâle de Peripsocus potosi Mockford, un curieux cas

de gynandromorphisme (Psocoptera, Peripsocidae). Revue française d'Entomologie 8: 7-99.

SCHMIDT, E.R. and THORNTON, I.W.B. 1992. The Psocoptera (Insecta) of Wilsons

Promontory National Park, Victoria, Australia. Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 53:

137-220.

Australian Entomologist 23 (3) October 1996

AN ACCUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF

AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGY

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A nomenclatorial note on Theseus modestus grossi Bachr, 1989 (Insecta, Heteroptera, Pentatomidae). Spixiana 14:

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A new species of Pogonoglossus Chaudoir from Australia (Insecta, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Helluodinae). Spixiana 16:

141-144.

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A new species of Minuthodes Andrewes from Australia (Insecta, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Lebiinae). Spixiana 17: 37-41.

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Three new species of Bembidion (s.1.), subgenus Desarmatocillenus Netolitzky, from the Philippines and Australia

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTICES

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THE AUSTRALIAN

Entomologist

Volume 23, Part 3, 31 October 1996

CONTENTS

EASON, E.H.

The rediscovery of Australobius scabrior Chamberlin (Chilopoda: Lithobiidae). 91

GRUND, R.

A butterfly record from Browse Island, North West Shelf, Australia. 86

HANCOCK, D.L.

A new species and new combination in Australian Trypetinae (Diptera: Tephritidae). 87

MEYER, CJ.

Notes on the fimmature stages of Euploea darchia darchia (X.S. Macleay) (Lepidoptera:

Nymphalidae). 81

SMITHERS, C.N.

A gynandromorph of Ectopsocus australis Schmidt & Thornton (Psocoptera: Ectopsocidae)

from Australia. 93

WILLIAMS, M.R., WILLIAMS, A.A.E., LUNDSTROM, T.D. and HAY, R.W.

The distribution of Waterhouse's skipper Trapezites waterhousei Mayo & Atkins

Lepisdoptera: Hesperiidae) in Western Australia. 83

BEETLES OF SOUTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA. Fascicle 12

Prostomidae; Anthicidae; Cerambycidae; Chrysomelidae; Anthribidae; Belidae;

Brentidae; Curculionidae; References; Index. centre lift-out

RECENT LITERATURE

An accumulative bibliography of Australian entomology 96

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTICES Inside back cover,