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Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996 97

A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF STENOLOPHINA

(COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE: HARPALINI)

FROM NEW ZEALAND

B.P. MOORE

CSIRO, Division of Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601

Abstract

Haplanister crypticus gen. et sp. nov. is described from various localities in New Zealand,

where it is now widespread. Notwithstanding its relatively recent discovery and its current

abundance in certain pastoral districts, it is known also from natural habitats. It remains

unclear whether the species is a native that is now proliferating in artificial environments or an

introduced alien that has not yet been recognised in its country of origin.

Introduction :

Within the last quarter-century, a small winged harpaline carabid that

previously was undetected in the New Zealand fauna has become increasingly

common in pastoral districts of that country. This led local entomologists to

suspect that the species could be another case of establishment of a recently

imported alien and specimens therefore were submitted to me for

identification. However, the genus and species are currently unknown to me

from Australia and I have never come across them in any world-based

collection that I have examined; nor are they covered by Noonan’s (1976)

revision of world higher taxa of Harpalini. Moreover, the species in question

has since been discovered in more remote and little modified regions of New

Zealand, including two small off-shore islands. Thus it is still unclear

whether we are dealing with a native insect that has adapted recently to man-

made agrarian environments, or an introduced alien that has not been detected

yet in its native country.

Haplanister gen. nov.

(Figs 1-5)

Type species: Haplanister crypticus sp. nov.

A genus of Carabidae: Harpalini: Stenolophina with the following character

states.

Body small; antennae short, segments 3-11 pubescent; labial palpi bisetose;

paraglossae (Fig. 2, p) short, not meeting in front of ligula; mentum (Fig. 2,

m) with a median tooth; frontal furrows deep but short; prosternum and

abdominal sternites without fine pubescence; elytra with weak strioles on

second intervals; third intervals with one (postmedian) pore; humeral

umbilical series consisting of 6 pores, the sixth widely removed from the

others; posterior series of 7 pores, not widely segregated into subseries;

elytral apical margins widely rounded, scarcely sinuate; tarsi glabrous above;

tarsomere-1 of hind tarsi short; male foretarsi unmodified; aedeagus (Figs 4-5)

small; median lobe short, well sclerotised; no well defined armature in

internal sac; parameres short, subequal, the left ventral to median lobe in

98 Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996

repose; female stylomeres (Fig. 3) unarmed, stylomere-2 short, stout, with

one apical seta.

Characters that indicate that this genus should be placed in the subtribe

Stenolophina include the small body size, the bisetose labial palpi, the

widely rounded elytral apical margins and the general habitus of the type

species. The unmodified male foretarsi are exceptional but scattered

occurrences of this kind are known within the tribe Harpalini and, in

particular, in the Australian genus Haplaner Chaudoir (1878) of the

Stenolophina.

Noonan (1976) placed Haplaner in his “incertae sedis”, largely because of the

simple male foretarsi in the type species (Harpalus velox Castelnau), the

form of the male foretarsal vestiture (when present) being crucial in harpaline

classification. However, an undescribed species of Haplaner is now known to

the present author, in which these organs are biseriately squamose beneath,

thus confirming the suggested placement (Moore, Weir and Pyke 1987) close

to Stenolophus Dejean. This and other new species of Haplaner will be dealt

with in a separate paper.

The type species of Haplanister, described below, certainly resembles, in

general habitus, a small species of Haplaner (hence the choice of new generic

name) but differs in the following respects: presence of a tooth in the

mentum, the short, free paraglossae not completely embracing the ligula, the

elytral apical umbilical series continuous, presence of weak elytral scutellary

strioles, tarsomere-1 of the hind tarsi short, aedeagus short and female

stylomeres unarmed.

Haplanister crypticus sp. nov.

(Figs 1-5)

Types. Holotype 0, NEW ZEALAND: HB, Hastings, ii.1979, A. Moeed,

in New Zealand Arthropod Collection, Auckland (NZAC). Paratypes: 11

(both sexes), same data as holotype (NZAC and B.P. Moore Collection,

Canberra); 4 (both sexes), WI, Palmerston North, ex light trap in hill

country pasture, 6.xi.1974-23.iv.1975, J.M. Esson (NZAC); 16°, 19, Mt Te

Atuaparapara, G. Ramsay (NZAC); 1G, TK, Hump Plateau, 1220 m,

Ponakai Ra., ex litter, 3.xii.1975, J.S. Dugdale (NZAC); 19, WO, Rukuhia,

rye grass-paspalum pasture, 2.iv.1979, J.M. Barker (NZAC).

Description. Upperside microreticulate, largely dark brown; femora, apical

half of tibiae, first antennomeres and maxillary palpomeres, light red;

remaining appendages piceous; underside largely black. Head small, smooth,

c. 0.85 mm across eyes; eyes neither large nor very prominent; palpi short;

pronotum suborbicular, widest about front third; c. 1.4 x wider than head;

anterior margin lightly emarginate; posterior margin subtruncate; anterior

angles obtuse but subprominent; posterior angles widely rounded; sides

rounded from apex to base, slightly oblique in posterior half; marginal

Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996 99

Fig 1. Haplanister crypticus get. et sp. nov. paratype male; natural length

= 3.9 mm.

channel narrow, evanescent on base before level of scutellum; median line

and basal foveae obsolescent, latter with a few fine punctures; elytra

subparallel, lightly striate on disc, striae obsolescent towards margins;

intervals flat; hindwings fully developed; metepisterna very elongate,

impunctate; abdominal sternites impunctate; apical sternites 4-setose in both

sexes; anterior tibial spur broader in male than in female. Length 3.9-4.1

mm; maximum width 1.7-1.85 mm.

Discussion. Within the rather limited New Zealand harpaline fauna,

Haplanister crypticus may be recognised by its small size, subcylindrical

form, suborbicular pronotum, glabrous abdominal sternites and unmodified

male foretarsi. It appears to be extending its range in settled areas and I have

seen recently specimens from various localities in South Island (collected by

R.M. Emberson), as well as from Chatham Island and Pitt Island in the off-

shore Chatham Is group east of South Island.

100 Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996

4 5

Figs 2-5. Haplanister crypticus get. et sp. nov. (2), ventral mouthparts (1 =

ligula, m = mentum, p = paraglossa); (3), female styli, left side, ventral; (4),

aedeagus in left lateral view; (5), aedeagus in ventral view. Scale lines = 0.2 mm.

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to Dr J.C. Watt (NZAC) for drawing my attention to the new

species and for type material and to Dr R.M. Emberson (Lincoln University,

Canterbury) for further specimens and records and for helpful comments on an

early draft of the manuscript.

References

CHAUDOIR, M. de. 1878. Les Harpaliens d'Australie d’après la collection de M. le Compte

de Castelnau et la mienne. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, 12: 475-517.

MOORE, B.P., WEIR, T.A. and PYKE, J.E. 1987. Carabidae, pp 23-230, in: WALTON, D.

(ed.) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Coleoptera: Archostemata, Myxophaga and Adephaga.

Vol. 4. AGPS; Canberra.

NOONAN, G.R. 1976. Synopsis of the supra-specific taxa of the tribe Harpalini (Coleoptera:

Carabidae). Quaestiones Entomologicae 13: 3-87.

Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996 101

THE DISTRIBUTION OF THECLINESTHES ALBOCINCTA

(WATERHOUSE) AND THECLINESTHES HESPERIA

LITTORALIS SIBATANI & GRUND, BASED ON

HERBARIUM RECORDS OF EGGS

(LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE)

R. GRUND

9 Parkers Rd, Torrens Park, Adelaide, S.A. 5062

Abstract

The distributions of Theclinesthes albocincta (Waterhouse) and Theclinesthes hesperia

littoralis Sibatani & Grund are significantly extended, based on the preservation of their eggs

on dried foodplant, Adriana Gaudich. (Euphorbiaceae), now preserved within Australian

Herbaria.

Introduction

A recent undertaking by the Adelaide Herbarium to revise the genus Adriana

allowed an opportunity for the author to examine an Australia-wide

representative collection of preserved specimens from the Perth, Adelaide,

Canberra and Brisbane Herbaria, for evidence of egg laying by T. albocincta

(Waterhouse) and T. hesperia Sibatani & Grund. Unfortunately, Adriana

material from the Melbourne and Sydney Herbaria had already been returned

before the author could undertake the examination.

Currently, genus Adriana consists of two complexes (Jessop and Toelken

1986), containing five species all of which are dioecious. The first complex,

distinguished by having alternate leaves, contains Adriana glabrata Gaudich,

A. hookeri (F.Muell.) Muell.-Arg., and A. tomentosa Gaudich. The second

complex is distinguished by having opposite leaves and contains A.

klotzschii (F.Muell.) Muell.-Arg. and A. quadripartita (Labill.) Gaudich.

The distribution of A. Klotzschii and A. quadripartita is the coastal and near

coastal sand-hills of southern Australia, including the larger offshore islands

(except Bass Strait Islands) (Fig. 1), with A. quadripartita confined mainly to

Western Australia and A. Klotzschii solely to South Australia and Victoria.

There is an inland extension of A. klotzschii to Eyre Peninsula and the

Flinders Range and eastward into the Olary Range. A. hookeri occurs in the

inland arid sand-hill areas of Australia, including north-west Victoria, while

A. tomentosa occurs in the north-west of Western Australia, particularly

along creeklines. A. glabrata also occurs along creeklines, in the northern

tropical and eastern seaboard and montane areas of Australia. Adriana does not

occur in Tasmania. The different species do not normally grow together.

Adriana distribution in Australia (Fig. 1) was compiled from the specimens

at the Adelaide Herbarium and from data base listings requested from the

Alice Springs, Darwin, Melbourne and Sydney Herbaria.

Previous distributions of T. albocincta and T. hesperia, based on adult

butterfly captures, were very disjointed with isolated populations recognized

in south-west Western Australia, several coastal and island localities in north-

102 Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996

Adriana glabrata A

Adriana hookeri n

Adriana klotzschii o

Adriana quadripartita a

Adriana tomentosa a

Fig. 1. Distribution of Adriana glabrata, A. hookeri, A. klotzschii, A.

quadripartita and A. tomentosa.

west Western Australia, a couple of localities in central Australia, a broad

population in southern South Australia and north-west Victoria, plus the

single lectotype male from Peak Downs in Queensland (Fig. 2) (Sibatani and

Grund 1978; Fisher 1978, 1985; Common and Waterhouse 1981; Field

1987, 1990; Dunn and Dunn 1991; Douglas and Braby 1992). There is also a

male specimen in the Natural History Museum, London labelled ‘N.

Queensland’ which, until now, was thought to be wrongly labelled. Life

history records had shown an association of T. albocincta with A. klotzschii

in coastal South Australia and with A. hookeri in northwest Victoria, while

elsewhere adults were always captured flying near Adriana. T. hesperia had

shown an association with A. quadripartita.

Methods and Results

Over 500 dried Adriana specimens were examined under binocular

magnification, of which 105 specimens had indications of Lycaenid egg

Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996 103

Adult butterflies Egg types

T. albocincta m 1 (T. albocincta) a T

T.h. hesperia + 2 (T.h. littoralis) o 0 $

T.h. littoralis e 3 (T. albocincta) v w

4 ^

Fig. 2. Distribution of adult captures of Theclinesthes albocincta, T. h.

hesperia, T. h. littoralis and of Egg Type 1 (T. albocincta), Type 2 (T. h.

littoralis), Type 3 (T. albocincta), Type 4 on Adriana herbaria specimens.

laying. Most of the egg laying activity occurred on the male flowers (where

it was sometimes abundant), but eggs were also found on the stems or

beneath the leaves on both plant sexes, with subsequent larval activity

having produced a scoring of the leaf surfaces. The eggs were laid singly or

rarely in twos or threes. Additional evidence of larval boring into the flower

buds was often recognized but not recorded in the event that the borings may

have been partly due to other insect activity.

Four different egg types were recognized on the Adriana, all having Lycaenid

character of oblate spheroid shape, the bottom flattened, the top flattened and

depressed and a raised reticulated pattern of varying ornateness on the surface.

The first and most common egg type is attributed directly to T. albocincta (as

it is currently understood). It occurred on all the Adriana species, in Western

Australia, central Australia, South Australia and north-west Victoria (Fig. 2).

104 Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996

This egg, illustrated in Figs 3-6, is defined by having a regular spiralling,

thomboid, reticulated pattern with thick blunt processes at the pattern

intersections. These processes were usually strongly elevated but

occasionally (Fig. 6) they were ill defined. Rarely, when the pattern, became

irregular, a hexagonal and pentagonal reticulation occurred (Fig. 5). On the

sides of the egg the pattern area is quite coarse but on the flattened top it is

smaller and more irregular. The intra-reticulated chorion area is dimpled. To

the eye the reticulation appears fused to the chorion. Egg Type 2 (Fig. 7) is

attributed to 7. h. littoralis and was encountered only in the Albany-

Esperence area of Western Australia (Fig. 2), on A. quadripartita. It is

defined by its similarity to the first egg type but with the relief of the

ornamentation markedly reduced. Egg Type 3 (Fig. 8) was found mainly in

the hinterland area of the central Queensland coast (Fig. 2), on A. glabrata,

associated with the area of occurrence of the lectotype male of T. albocincta.

Its distribution extended to the coast in the vicinity of Rockhampton. It is

defined by its similarity to the first egg type but differed in that the

reticulation forms part of the chorion, the pattern is not as coarse and the

processes are more consistently developed, especially on the top surface. The

intra-reticulated areas are porous looking and have an apparent radiating

surface which under normal light microscopy was usually not visible but it

had the effect of diffracting the light and this, combined with the well

developed processes, gave the egg a sugary opaline appearance. It was

usually found on the male foodplant flowers. Egg Type 4 (Fig. 9) was found

in coastal Queensland (Fig. 2), on A. glabrata. It is defined by a very coarse,

irregular trigonal reticulated pattern, each trigonal shape ultimately merging

with others to form larger hexagonal shapes, with strongly elevated blunt

processes at the pattern intersections. The intra-reticulated area is smooth. It

was usually found on the leaf undersides of male foodplants. This egg is not

of typical Theclinesthes character, having a form very similar to Zizina

labradus (Godart), although this butterfly is not known to use foodplants

outside of the Leguminosae/Papilionoideae family. Common and

Waterhouse (1981) state that Philiris nitens nitens (Grose-Smith) and

Arhopala micale amphis Waterhouse use Glochidion spp, a plant genus

related to Adriana in the Euphorbiaceae and therefore these eggs may belong

to either of these species, although the author is not familiar with their eggs.

At Banana and Yatton Creek, Egg Types 3 and 4 were found together on the

same plants.

It is recognized that the above data should be used with caution (Kitching and

Zalucki 1983), hence the use of (likely) as a suffix to the following egg

types and the assumption is that T. albocincta and T. hesperia are restricted to

Adriana for foodplants. The bracketed suffix to the distribution records on

Adriana refers to the state herbarium (A=Adelaide, B=Brisbane, C=Canberra,

=Perth), its reference number and the year of sampling.

Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996 105

Egg records on the Adriana material examined:

Egg Type I (T. albocincta likely): Western Australia on A. hookeri: Sir

Frederick Range (P.ex NT34904, A.97228090-1972); East of Gregory Range

on Rabbit Proof Fence approx. 21°24'-121°18' (P. Royce 1887-1947); 35 km

N of Lookout Rocks on R.P.F. approx. 21°38'-121°24' (P. Royce 1840-

1947); between Cavanagh and Blackstone Ranges (P.George 5262-1963);

59km E Warburton Mission (C.196249-1960); 320 km NE Kalgoorlie,

Victoria Desert Camp 54 (Elder Expedition) (A.96832164-1891); on A.

tomentosa: Peron Peninsula (P. Blackall 4662-1940); Minilya

(A.971030023-1969) (P. Ashby 2934-1969); 35 km N Minilya (P.33173,

C.209696-1967); Williambury Stn, Kennedy Range (P. Cranfield 1915-

1981); Manberry Stn 24°02'-114°09' (P. Gardner 3029-1932); Henry River,

Barlee Range (P. Royce 6534-1961); Onslow (P. Pfeiffer-1977); 20 km E

Onslow (C.297493-1979); Barrow Island (P. Butler 104-1973); 22 km NE

Fortescue (A.97810436-1977); between Coolawanyah and Hamersly

Stations, Hamersly Range (P. Blockley 339-1966): Mt Margaret, Hamersly

Range (P. Gardner 3133-1932); Rudall River 22?35'-122?10' (P. Wilson

10305, A.98837039-1971); between Lake Disappointment and Robertson

Range (P. Royce-1973); Port Hedland (P.George 1100-1960); DeGrey River

(P. Burbidge 1145-1940): on A. glabrata: Geikie Gorge (A.96808313, P.

Bennett 1959-1967); Ord River Gorge (P. Gardner 7330-1944). Northern

Territory on A. hookeri: Mann Range, 35 km NE Mt Davies Camp (P.ex

NT28867-1970); Mt Conner Hstd (A.97342248, A.97342249-1973); 65 km

N Uluru (A.97407001-1935); George Gill Range, Bagot Springs Ck, 32 km

E Kings Canyon (C.225618-1966); Curtin Springs Hstd (A.97615070-

1974); 12 km NW Areyonga (A.97017062-1968); 40 km W Hermannsburg

(A.96242275-1954); Palm Valley (A.96216027-1954); 48 km SSW Alice

Springs on Stuart Hwy (B.376110, C.264050-1977); 43 km SSW Alice

Springs (C.33042-1954); 39 km SSW Alice Springs (A.96002077,

C.92911-1956); 35 km SSE Aileron (A.96942067-1969); NW Stock Route,

3 km NW Desert Bore approx. 23°06'-132°46' (A.98935008, B.231378-

1950); 21 km NW Desert Bore, Hamilton Downs approx. 23°00-132°40

(C.63477-1955); 11 km SW Inningarra Range 20°50'-129°37' (A.97049475-

1970); 48 km SE Alice Springs (A.95952029-1956); Bundooma

(A.98031072-?); NW Simpson Desert 24°34'-135°51' (C.331189-1982); NW

Simpson Desert 24°03'-136°34' (A.97615252-1973); Simpson Desert 25°15'

50" 136°43'35" (A.96733058, A.96733059- 1966); Simpson Desert 24°53'-

136°30' (A.96832166-1959). Queensland on A. hookeri: 3 km S Carlo,

East Simpson Desert approx. 23°28'-138°40' (B.232978-1977); 19 km SE

Monkira 24°57'-140°31' (B.247284-1978). South Australia on A.

hookeri: Cordillo Downs 26°42'-140°47' (A.96806449-1924) (A.97916052-

1963); near junction Montkeleary and Dripie Cks 27°02'-140°41'

(A.97539292, A.97539293-1975); 9 km N Leap Year Bore 26°59'-140°57'

(A.98828229-1988); 9 km NE Leap Year Bore 27°04'-140°57' (A.98425595-

106 Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996

Figs 3-6. SEM photographs of Egg Type 1 (T. albocincta likely) collected

from herbaria specimens of Adriana: (3) Ooldea, SA; (4) Musgrave Range, SA; (5)

Minilya, WA; (6) Geikie Gorge, WA.

1976); Marqualpie Paddock, Innamincka Regional Reserve approx. 26°54'-

140°49' (A.99136051-1991); Tieyon Stn 26°12'-133°51' (A.98024004-1973);

Mt Harriet Rd, 35 km S Musgrave Park Station, Musgrave Range

(A.96648124-1966); 18 km NE Deering Hills (A.97840262- 1978); 15 km:

NE Mt Cooperinna (A.97843097-1978); Spinifex Camp, Deering Hills

26°19'-129°53' (A.97904018-1955); Tomkinson Range (A.96806448-1954);

18 km NE Mt Kintore 26°27'-130°37' (A.97844336-1978); 6 km ENE Mt

Moulden (A.97845188-1978); 5 km SE Cheessman Junction

Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996 107

Figs 7-9. SEM photographs of lycaenid eggs collected from herbaria

specimens of Adriana: (7) Egg Type 2 (T. h. littoralis likely), Fitzgerald R., WA;

(8) Egg Type 3 (T. albocincta as lectotype likely), Banana, Qld; (9) Egg Type 4,

Yatton Creek, Qld.

(A.97838080-1978); near Serpentine Lakes 28°31-129°00 (A.98535048-

1979); Ooldea Soak (A.96806447-1939) (C.70375-1956); Thurlga Gate,

Gawler Range (A.96942367-1969); Scrubby Peak, Gawler Range

(A.97934059-1967); on A. klotzschii (known adult butterfly localities not

recorded): Elliston (A.96805518-1967); SE Meningie, N side of Coorong

108 Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996

(C.242135-1965).

Egg Type 2 (T. h. littoralis likely: Western Australia on A.

quadripartita: Bremer Bay (P.Aplin 2772-1963); near mouth Fitzgerald River

Inlet (P. Aplin 3649-1970); Esperance (P. Royce 6315-1960).

Egg Type 3 (T. albocincta lectotype likely): Queensland on A. glabrata:

Bauhinia Downs (B.284623-1968); 20 km SE Rolleston on Duaringa Hwy

(B.249307-1978); Banana (C.107447-1961); Warren State Farm (B.360204-

?); Yatton Ck near Croydon, 93 km NW Marlborough (B.191925-1973); 50

km N Clermont (B.305959-1983); Bullock Ck, 65 km E of Hughenden

(B.360207-?).

Egg Type 4: Queensland on A. glabrata: Between Spring Bluff and

Murphys Ck (B.360192-1930); Canungra (B.360198-1917); North Pine

River, Petrie (B.210650-1932); Caboolture (B.360196-1955); Banana

(C.107447-1961); Marlborough (B.360209-1956); Yatton Ck near Croydon

(B.191925-1973); Port Mackay (B.360208-1873).

Surprisingly, no eggs were recovered from A. quadripartita within its

distribution from Geraldton to Bunbury. Photographed egg specimens are

stored at the South Australian Museum.

Discussion

This study has shown a wide distribution for T. albocincta (Egg Types 1 and

3), being more compatible with foodplant distribution. No evidence for its

distribution was found in New South Wales or the montane areas of eastern

Victoria. The revised distribution (Fig. 2) includes north-west Western

Australia, central Australia, South Australia, north-west Victoria and central

Queensland. It includes Barrow Island in Western Australia and Kangaroo

Island in South Australia. It is likely to occur also in western New South

Wales and along the southern coast of Victoria, based on foodplant

distribution and general habitat data.

The lack of adult records in Queensland and New South Wales is unusual

considering the large number of lepidopterists in those states. The fact that

Adriana is considered to be a poisonous weed by eastern state farmers and

eradicated on sight may be one reason. Confusion in the field between T.

albocincta and Theclinesthes serpentata (Herrich-Schaffer) may be another.

The distribution of T. h. littoralis (Egg Type 2) has been extended west from

Esperance to the Albany area. The small area of distribution of A.

quadripartita in south-west Western Australia poses a conservation problem

for T. hesperia in the future.

Interestingly, the Adriana distribution exhibits well defined concentrations in

different parts of Australia and the available records of T. albocincta adult

butterflies suggest there may also be endemic varietal populations of T. `

albocincta associated with these different Adriana concentrations. In the

Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996 109

north-west of Western Australia the T. albocincta Form 4 (Sibatani and

Grund 1978) is associated with a concentration of A. tomentosa. In southern

South Australia the T. albocincta Form 3 is associated with A. Klotzschii.

In central Australia the T. albocincta Form 2 is associated with A. hookeri.

The north-west Victoria population of T. albocincta on A. hookeri may also

belong to this group. In central Queensland the T. albocincta Form 1 is

associated with A. glabrata. The eggs of Forms 2, 3 and 4 are

indistinguishable from each other. Egg Type 3, probably associated with the

lectotype of T. albocincta, is quite distinct and may ultimately indicate that

populations with Egg Type 1 belong to a different species.

The strongly different Egg Type 4, which is not associated with any T.

albocincta adult butterfly records, has prompted lepidopterists to suggest that

other lycaenid species are also involved in egg laying on Adriana, particularly

the closely related T. serpentata and Theclinesthes miskini miskini (T.P.

Lucas) The foodplants for the latter two species, respectively

Chenopodiaceae and Leguminosae/Mimosoideae in South Australia, and for

T. albocincta often grow side by side in the field and, in the author's

experience after rearing a large number of T. albocincta, these butterflies do

not use each other's foodplants. With this in mind further experimentation

and a close look at the life histories of the other Theclinesthes species was

undertaken.

The egg of T. s. serpentata in South Australia (Fisher 1978, p.223) is

similar to that of T. albocincta (Egg Type 1, also Fisher 1978, p.220) but

differs in that the intra-reticulation area is smaller and often irregular and the

processes are markedly reduced. Larvae of T. serpentata would not eat any

part of A. klotzschii at any stage of instar development.

The egg of T. m. miskini (Fisher 1978, p.218) is similar to that of T.

serpentata, except the reticulated pattern is more regular and the processes are

better developed but still not as developed as in T. albocincta. First instar

larvae would accept the yellow male stamens of A. klotzschii and attained

about the third or early fourth instar before death.

Whilst revising this paper the author encountered a second instar larva of

Nacaduba biocellata biocellata (C. & R. Felder) on a male flower spike of A.

klotzschii, collected during a vegetation survey in southern Eyre Peninsula,

but unfortunately could not verify if the larva had translocated from the

blossom of Acacia anceps DC. during the course of the field collection. This

larva continued to eat the yellow stamens of the male Adriana flowers and

finally pupated, but unfortunately was parasitized. Immature N. biocellata

larvae were then experimentally introduced to male Adriana flowers and one

larva was eventually reared which pupated normally and emerged as a perfect

female. The author has examined hundreds of A. klotzschii both before and

after these experiments and has never encountered N. biocellata either in the

egg or larval stage, although adult butterflies occasionally use the Adriana

flowers and nectary glands for feeding and it is therefore possible an

110 Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996

occasional female may lay eggs on the open male blossom, especially if

there is ant activity. The egg of N. biocellata is slightly smaller than that of

T. albocincta and, although the reticulated pattern is coarse like T. albocincta,

the pattern differs by being distinctly hexagonal. The reticulation

intersections are not raised.

Further collecting of adults and immature stages is required to confirm that

the distibutions of T. albocincta and T. hesperia are more extensive,

particularly in tropical and eastern coastal areas for T. albocincta and in

south-west Western Australia. Further examination of the taxonomic

relationship between T. albocincta, T. h. hesperia and T. h. littoralis is also

required. Live material of all the forms and variants of both species is

required by the South Australian Museum so that allozyme studies can be

undertaken.

Acknowledgments

To Jan Forrest of the South Australian Museum for help with the SEM

photography and to the SAM for permission to use the SEM and for access

to distribution software. To the Perth, Adelaide, Canberra and Brisbane

Herbaria for permission to examine specimens of Adriana and to remove eggs

for SEM photography. To the Alice Springs, Darwin, Melbourne and

Sydney Herbaria for forwarding Adriana distribution data. This project was

carried out with the partial assistance of funds made available by the

Commonwealth of Australia under the National Estate Grants Program.

References

COMMON, I.F.B. and WATERHOUSE, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Angus and

Robertson, Sydney, 682 pp.

DOUGLAS, F. and BRABY, M.F. 1992. Notes on the distribution and biology of some

Hesperiidae and Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera) in Victoria. Australian Entomological Magazine

19(4): 117-124.

DUNN, K.L. and DUNN, L.E. 1991. Review of Australian Butterflies: distribution, life history

and taxonomy. Part 3: Family Lycaenidae; pp336-512. Published by the authors, Melbourne.

FIELD, R.P. 1987. Notes on butterflies collected in south-west Western Australia, September-

October, 1987. Victorian Entomologist. 17(6): 111-114.

FIELD, R.P. 1990. Range extensions and the biology of some Western Australian butterflies.

Victorian Entomologist. 20(4): 76-82.

FISHER, R.H. 1978. Butterflies of South Australia. Government Printer, Adelaide, 272 pp.

FISHER, R.H. 1985. Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea, Papilionoidea) of Kangaroo

Island, South Australia. Australian Entomological Magazine 12(1): 1-8.

JESSOP, J.P. and TOELKEN, H.R. (Eds). 1986. Flora of South Australia. Parts 1-4.

Government Printer, Adelaide, 2248 pp.

KITCHING, R.L. and ZALUCKI, M.P. 1983. A cautionary note on the use of oviposition -

records as larval food plant records. Australian Entomological Magazine 10(5): 64-66.

SIBATANI, A. and GRUND, R.B. 1978. A Revision of the Theclinesthes onycha complex

(Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan 29(1): 1-

34.

Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996 111

AN UNUSUAL TEMPORALLY ISOLATED POPULATION OF

NEOLUCIA AGRICOLA WATERHOUSE & TURNER IN

WESTERN AUSTRALIA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE)

A. J. GRAHAM |, H. H. BOLLAM? and M. WILLIAMS?

! W. A. School of Mines, Curtin University of Technology, PO Box 597, Kalgoorlie, WA 6430

? Glen View, Lot 10, Julimar Rd, Chittering, WA 6084

? Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth, WA

Abstract

A temporally isolated population of Neolucia agricola occidens Waterhouse & Lyell referred

to as N. a. occidens ‘Julimar’ is recorded from Western Australia. The ‘Julimar’ population is

distinguished from others by the smaller size, generally darker colour and flight period,

March-April. The only known host is the immature flower buds of Daviesia angulata

(Fabaceae).

Introduction

Neolucia agricola Waterhouse & Turner is a small brown lycaenid which

occurs from central Queensland to South Australia, south-west Western

Australia and Tasmania, with subspecies N. a. occidens Waterhouse & Lyell

occurring in the western part of its range. The adults have been recorded

previously from September to February, with some southern coastal and

higher altitude populations flying in January-February. For other

populations the predominant flight period is September to November

(Common and Waterhouse 1981).

Neolucia agricola occidens form ‘Julimar’

(Figs 1-4)

Material examined. Western Australia: 78 G'G, 20 99, Julimar

Conservation Park, near Perth, 18 & 19.iv.1993, 14.iv.1994, 29 &

30.11.1995, 4.1v.1995, A.J. Graham, H.H. Bollam, M.R. Williams, R.W.

Hay and P. Hutchinson.

Description. Male (Figs 1, 2) consistently smaller than typical N. a.

occidens; size 18-20 mm. Above dark brown with a bronze iridescence,

terminal fringes distinctly chequered dark brown and white. Beneath light to

mid-brown, apex and terminal areas grey-brown; forewing with a fine dark

brown terminal line, subterminal dark brown marks between veins M, and

M,, M, and CuA,, CuA, and CuA, sometimes obscure, an irregular series of

five brown postmedian marks between veins R; and M,, M, and M,, M, and

M,, M, and CuA,, CuA, and CuA,, edged white, plus two brown bars edged

white in cell; hindwing with a fine dark brown terminal line, irregular brown

and white patches in basal and median areas and two distinct brown-black,

inverted V-shaped markings, edged above cupreous, between veins M, and

CuA,; occasional similar but obscure subterminal dark brown, inverted V-

shaped markings above vein M;. Similar to N. a. occidens (Figs 5-8) but

darker, with slightly increased greyness, especially on underside.

112 Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996

Female (Figs 3, 4) similar to male but slightly larger; size 19-21 mm.

Wings rounder and paler above; markings on underside more distinct.

Etymology. [This population is named after Julimar, the name applied to

WA State Forest No. 61, where it was discovered by A. J. Graham and H: H.

Bollam on 18 April 1993. The meaning of the name Julimar is not evident

but was first used by G.N. Rowe in 1867, while surveying ‘Jullimurring

Brook’ (WA Department of Land Administration, pers. comm.).

Distribution and Flight Period

Recorded only from the Julimar Conservation Park, approximately 85 km

north of Perth, Western Australia, where it flies in March and April. This

locality is approximately 60 km from the nearest known populations of N. a.

occidens at Warwick and Burns Beach. Other Western Australian populations

fly from October to January.

Life History

Food plant: Daviesia angulata Benth. (Fabaceae).

Egg: Not yet observed.

Final instar larva: Differs from Fisher's (1978) description of the larva of N.

a. agricola which, however, are known to be variable in colour (Fisher 1995).

Smooth; basic colour mid-green; broad dark green dorsal stripe and lateral

stripes; thin yellow line between green dorsal and lateral stripes; slightly

thinner pale yellow lateral stripe on each side just above legs; two brilliant

red eye-like spots just behind the head. Size up to 8 mm x 3 mm x 2 mm.

No ants were observed in attendance.

Pupa: Dark speckled grey-brown with scattered darker brown markings; thin

dark brown dorsal line over thorax and abdomen; head with crescent shaped

dark brown line over each eye. Length approximately 6 mm. Pupation takes

place in leaf litter and not on foodplant; it lasts approximately 10 days. First

known emergence 29 March.

Discussion

Larvae feed on the immature flower buds of the hostplant. Normally only a

single immature bud from each inflorescence is eaten before the larva moves

onto a new inflorescence. This habit makes it very difficult to locate larvae

as large scale damage to the plant is avoided. Larger buds and flowers are not

eaten. Of the 18 species of Daviesia Smith recorded from the Perth Region

and south-west Western Australia (Marchant et al. 1987), only D. angulata

(and occasionally D. preissei Meissner) flowers in the Autumn. The

flowering period for D. angulata at Julimar is mid-March to end of April.

Species of other reported larval foodplants (Common and Waterhouse 1981),

in genera Aotus Smith, Bossiaea Vent., Dillwynia Smith, Eutaxia R. Br. and

Pultaenea Smith, do occur in the Perth Region and south-west Western

Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996 113

Figs 1-8. Neolucia agricola occidens. (1-4) Form ‘Julimar’ (April): (1, 2) male

upper and undersides; (3, 4) female upper and undersides. (5-8) Normal form

(October): (5, 6) male upper and undersides, Leeming, WA; (7, 8) female upper and

undersides, Jandakot, WA.

Australia but flowering periods are generally from May to February

(Marchant et al. 1987). Thus Daviesia. angulata is likely to be the only

foodplant capable of supporting an autumn brood for N. agricola.

Further collecting in and around Julimar is being undertaken in order to more

clearly establish the distribution and status of this population and determine

how its distribution relates to other populations of N. a. occidens.

114 Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank Ted Edwards, CSIRO, Canberra, for his comments

on the manuscript and for examining the genitalia of N. a. occidens, plus

Bob Hay and Paul Hutchinson for supplying details of their specimens.

References

COMMON, L.F.B. and WATERHOUSE, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Angus and

Robertson, Sydney; xiv + 682 pp.

FISHER, R.H. 1978. Butterflies of South Australia. Government Printer, Adelaide; 272 pp.

FISHER, R.H. 1995. A Field Guide to Australian Butterflies. Surrey Beatty & Sons, Sydney;

254 pp.

MARCHANT, N.G., WHEELER, J.R., RYE, B.L., BENNETT, E.M., LANDER, N.S. and

MACFARLANE, T.D. 1987. Flora of the Perth Region. Part 1. Western Australian

Herbarium, Perth.

Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996 115

A CHROMOSOME STUDY OF AUSTRALIAN

ORNITHOPTERA BOISDUVAL (LEPIDOPTERA:

PAPILIONIDAE)

J. HASENPUSCH! and P. POPESCU?

! Australian Insect Farm, PO Box 26, Innisfail, Qld 4860

? 10, Place Corneille, 92100, Boulogne, France

Abstract

Chromosome numbers of n=30 are observed in Ornithoptera euphorion (Gray), O. richmondia

(Gray) and O. priamus poseidon form-loc. macalpinei Moulds.

Introduction

The Lepidoptera show a great range in chromosome number, from n=7 to

n=220, with a modal chromosome number at 29-31 (White 1973). Several

Lepidoptera families have a different subsidiary mode, such as n=23-24 for

Lycaenidae and n=31 for Nymphalidae. This study reports, for the first time,

the chromosome number of the Australian birdwing butterflies of the

priamus species-group, Ornithoptera euphorion (Gray), O. richmondia (Gray)

and O. priamus poseidon form-loc. macalpinei Moulds. Specific

nomenclature follows Nielsen et al. (1996).

Material and Methods

Karyological observations were carried out on both male and female, newly

emerged adults bred in Innisfail. After 0.05% colchicine treatment for 2 hrs,

the testes and ovarioles were dissected out and disassociated in a 1% sodium

citrate solution for 20 minutes. After fixation in freshly made acetic acid-

methanol (1:3) for at least 1 hr, the cell suspension was allowed to spread

over a slide and air dried. Dispersion and evaporation of the fixative was

facilitated by gently blowing over the slide. The slides were stained in 4%

Giemsa in Sorensen phosphate buffer (ph=6.8) for approximately 30

minutes. The chromosomes were examined and photographed at

magnification approximately 2700x.

Results and Discussion

During the male meiosis metaphase I stages, 30 bivalents are observed in all

three species examined. In spermatogonial metaphases 60 chromosomes are

clearly visible in all three species. The chromosomes are rod or dot shaped.

This aspect may be interpreted by assuming the holocentric nature of

chromosomes of Australian Ornithoptera, as has been described previously in

other Lepidoptera groups (Maeki 1980).

According to Haugum and Low (1978-79), form-loc. macalpinei is a southern

form of O. p. pronomus (Gray), which occurs at Cape York. Thus it is

probable that all Australian populations of Ornithoptera have a modal

number group of n=30 chromosomes.

To understand the karyotype evolution of Ornithoptera butterflies, it would

116 Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996

be interesting to analyse other species from the islands of New Guinea and

the Solomons. As reported by Straatman (1976), hybridisation between

sympatric birdwing taxa may occur in the field. Karyotype analysis may

prove a useful tool in verifying a hybrid condition.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the Queensland Department of Environment and Heritage

and the Australian Nature Conservation Agency, without whose assistance

this study would not have been possible.

References

HAUGUM, J. and LOW, A.M. 1978-79. A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies.

Scandinavian Science Press.

MAEKI, K. 1980. The kinetochore of the Lepidoptera, I. Chromosomal features and

behaviour in mitotic and meiotic I cells. Proceedings of the Japanese Academy 56: 152-156.

NIELSEN, E.S, EDWARDS, E.D. and RANGSI, T.V. (Eds.) 1996. Checklist of the

Lepidoptera of Australia. Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera. Vol. 4, pp. 1-529. CSIRO

Publications: Melbourne.

STRAATMAN, R. 1976. Hybridisation of birdwing butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in

Papua New Guinea. Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan 27: 156-162.

WHITE, M.J.D. 1973. Animal cytology and evolution. 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press.

Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996 117

THE LIFE HISTORY OF ARHOPALA WILDEI WILDEI

MISKIN (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE)

A.J. KING! and L.R. RING?

'GPO Box 1302, Townsville, Qld 4810

2 C/- Malacca Butterfly and Reptile Sanctuary, Ayer Keroh, 75450 Melaka, Malaysia

Abstract

The life history of Arhopala wildei wildei Miskin is described and notes presented on its biology

and behaviour. A. w. wildei larvae were observed to be myrmecophagous and confined within

nests of the arboreal ant Polyrhachis queenslandica Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae:

Formicinae).

Introduction

Four species of Arhopala Boisduval occur in Australia, distributed from

northern Western Australia to Cape York and then south to Tannum Sands in

south eastern Queensland (Hacobian 1992). A. w. wildei Miskin has been

recorded from Cape York south to Conn Creek, south of Cardwell (Braby and

Dunn 1991) and has been collected at Kuranda in highland vine forest near the

Barron River (J. Olive coll.). A. w. wildei adults have been observed on

occasions to be locally common. With the exception of A. w. wildei all

Australian representatives of the genus are phytophagous with both larvae and

pupae being attended by the green tree ant Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius

(Formicidae) but apparently not dependant on the ants for survival.

The genus Polyrhachis F. Smith contains at least 114 Australian species,

both arboreal and terrestrial, with the known distribution of P. queenslandica

Emery extending from just north of Townsville to Cape York and in the

Northern Territory around Darwin (R. Kohout pers. comm.). P.

queenslandica ants build arboreal nests by joining together the edges of

overlapping leaves with dried plant fragments and silk.

Life History

Egg (Figs 1, 2) 1.0 mm wide and 0.3 mm high, bluish white fading to

white, circular, very flattened, slightly domed on both sides with a prominent

micropylar depression at top centre. The upper middle surface is covered in

small, evenly spaced and slightly raised domes, each with an irregularly

rounded central depression, which transform into a narrow band of short,

uneven and somewhat pointed projections around the circumference. The egg

has no ridges either radiating or oblique.

First Instar Larva. 2.0 mm long, translucent white with the head pale brown

and a dark patch visible under the prothoracic plate. Numerous fine, long

translucent setae are present on the upper head and forward edge of the

prothoracic plate. Sparse, short, pointed and appressed translucent setae are

present on the dorsal surface.

Third Instar Larva. 5.0 mm long, translucent white and flattened with a pink

suffusion developing on the mid-dorsal surface. An obscure median dorsal

118 Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996

Figs 1-4. Arhopala wildei wildei. (1) egg; (2) eggs on nest wall; (3, 4) lateral

and dorsal views of mature larva.

Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996 119

Fig. 5. Arhopala wildei wildei, pupa in nest.

organ is visible on the seventh abdominal segment. The head is yellow-

brown and the spiracles are black.

Mature Larva (Figs 3, 4) 18.0 to 20.0 mm long and 5.0 mm wide; dorsal

surface flattened, prothoracic plate rounded, convex and hoodlike with the

forward edge raised and thickened. From the prothoracic plate to abdominal

segment eight, segment divisions conspicuous with the dorsolateral margin

extended and becoming raised towards the posterior. A large, ovoid, median

dorsal organ edged in brown and with a prominent transverse slit is present on

the seventh abdominal segment; segments eight and nine narrowing and

sloping into a deeply concave anal plate on segment ten. A conspicuous

lateral fringe of long translucent setae runs the entire length of the body.

Mature larvae are white to cream with the head pale yellow, the spiracles

edged orange-brown and the mid-dorsal vessel visible as a thin brown

pulsating line. The larvae were not observed to have tentacular organs

present.

Pupa (Fig. 5) 16.0 to 18.0 mm long and 6.0 mm wide, slightly humped and

widest at the mid-section with the abdominal segments narrowing to an

elongated anal disc. Pupae are dull light brown with a darker brown thorax

and the spiracles are obscure. They are attached to a pad of silk by anal hooks

and a silken girdle inside the ants’ nest.

Observations

A. w. wildei females were observed to lay one to three eggs at a time on P.

queenslandica nests with the eggs usually laid on the nest wall or

occasionally on leaves proximal to the nest entrance. A. w. wildei eggs

120 Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996

visible on P. queenslandica nests graduated from pale blue to white and intact,

through white to grey empty shells, to black fragments embedded in the nest

wall. Small P. queenslandica nests (ca «10cm') attracted only one to three

eggs while larger nests had many eggs laid in succession by a number of A.

w. wildei females. One larger P. queenslandica nest (ca 90cm °) had, attached

to its side, 12 intact A. w. wildei eggs, 26 empty shells of various ages and

an uncertain number of blackish egg fragments embedded in the nest wall. A

small number of A. w. wildei eggs were occasionally found to be present on

the arboreal nests of a physically similar species, Polyrhachis yarrabahensis

Forel, but no later stages were found.

On emerging from the egg A. w. wildei larvae are carried by P. queenslandica

ants into the nest and deposited near the ant brood where they are attended by

numerous ants. Up to 15 A. w. wildei larvae of various instars were

observed in large P. queenslandica nests and it was also noted that the larvae

were often lined up side by side on the bottom of the nest. A. w. wildei

larvae were observed to consume the contents of P. queenslandica eggs after

which the cuticle was discarded. P. queenslandica ants were observed to attend

the median dorsal organ of resident A. w. wildei larvae for exudates which at

times was observed to accumulate in the concave anal depression. A number

of A. w. wildei pupae observed in P. queenslandica nests in the wild were

attached to a pad of silk on the nest wall by anal hooks and a silken girdle.

On emergence A. w. wildei adults would have to pass the ants and exit the

nest through the narrow access holes. No A. w. wildei adults were observed

emerging from P. queenslandica nests in the wild.

Acknowledgments

We are indebted to Rudy Kohout of the Queensland Museum for identification

of the ants, Mike Cermak of Townsville for photographs of the early stages,

Peter Samson of Bundaberg for the photograph of the egg and to Rod

Eastwood of Brisbane for helpful comments on the manuscript. Thanks also

to Lance Veivers of Waugh’s Pocket for allowing continued access to his

property, making possible the discovery and observation of this remarkable

life history.

References

BRABY, M. F. and DUNN, K. L. 1991. Range extensions and distribution records for some

butterflies from north-eastern Queensland. Victorian Entomologist. 21: 62-66.

HACOBIAN, B. S. 1992. New distribution records of the green tree ant Oecophylla

smaragdina (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae) and three associated lycaenid

butterflies. Australian Entomological Magazine 19: 111-113.

KOHOUT, R. J. and TAYLOR, R. W. 1990. Notes on Australian ants of the genus

Polyrhachis Fr. Smith, with a synonymic list of the species. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae:

Formicinae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 28: 509-522.

Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996 121

NOTES ON EXTRA-PHYTOPHAGOUS FOOD SOURCES OF

GELONUS TASMANICUS (LE GUILLOU)

(HEMIPTERA: COREIDAE) "

AND DINDYMUS VERSICOLOR (HERRICH-SCHAFFER)

(HEMIPTERA: PYRRHOCORIDAE)

MARTIN J. STEINBAUER!

Co-operative Research Centre for Temperate Hardwood Forestry, GPO Box 252-12, Hobart,

Tas., 7001

Abstract

Two species of phytophagous Heteroptera, Gelonus tasmanicus and Dindymus versicolor,

were observed feeding upon extra-phytophagous food sources in Tasmania. The substances

fed upon included bird and mammal faeces and dead arthropods and lizards. Adults and

nymphs of D. versicolor were observed feeding upon these substances, however, only nymphs

of G. tasmanicus were recorded feeding upon extra-phytophagous food sources. This is the

first record of a pyrrhocorid feeding upon such substances.

Introduction

Adler and Wheeler (1984) list 33 species of plant feeding Heteroptera as

having been recorded feeding upon extra-phytophagous substances, of which

7096 belonged to the families Alydidae and Coreidae. Interestingly, species of

pyrrhocorid bug were not cited in this list. The extra-phytophagous

substances recorded include bird droppings, dung and carrion. Although

carrion has often been associated with the Alydidae, the use of dung by true

bugs has rarely been reported (Adler and Wheeler 1984). In addition, these

authors reported that only adults had been observed feeding upon such

substances, however, Ralph (1976) observed cannibalistic behaviour in

Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas) (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) nymphs. Dolling

(1991) considered that bugs feeding on extra-phytophagous substances may

obtain essential nutrients lacking in their normal diet of plant sap. Some

evidence to support this suggestion is given by Ralph (1976) who reported

that nymphs of O. fasciatus fed upon dead and weak nymphs of the same

species when reared on nutritionally inferior substrates.

Observations

On the 28.1.1993 large numbers of Gelonus tasmanicus nymphs were

observed amongst the leaf litter and vegetation beneath Eucalyptus nitens

(Deane & Maiden) Maiden at a plantation near West Ridgley (41°09'S

145?49'E), northern Tasmania. A collection of 173 individuals comprised 3

I, 98 II, 40 III, 22 IV and 9 V instars and one adult 9. On this occasion, a

number of nymphs ranging from second to fifth instars were observed

probing bird droppings found on surrounding grasses and weeds (Fig. 1). The

adult female was not observed feeding upon these substrates. These

droppings were not recent and thus quite dry. Such behaviour was not

! Present address; CSIRO Division of Entomology, Tropical Ecosystems Research Centre,

PMB 44, Winnellie, NT, 0281

122 Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996

Figs 1 and 2. (1) Nymphs of G. tasmanicus feeding on a bird dropping at West

Ridgley, Tas. (scale line = approx. 3.5 mm); (2) A female D. versicolor feeding on

part of a lizard tail while in copula, Dynnyrne, Tas. (scale line = approx. 5.0 mm).

observed in Amorbus obscuricornis (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Coreidae) which

is also endemic to Tasmania (pers. obs).

Numerous observations of similar behaviour by Dindymus versicolor have

been made at Dynnyrne (42°54'S 147°16'E), southern Tasmania. Adults and .

nymphs of this species have been regularly observed feeding upon the bodies

of dead Dindymus and other arthropods (e.g. millipedes), dead lizards (Fig. 2)

Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996 123

and the droppings of birds and mammals. Typically, large aggregations of

bugs can be attracted to such substances particularly when they are fresh and

high in moisture. However, bugs will keep returning even when the resource

is quite dry. The droppings fed upon by these bugs were not observed to

contain seeds or other larval inhabitants upon which the bugs may have been

feeding as reported by Adler and Wheeler (1984).

Discussion

Coreids typically feed on the vascular systems of plants while pyrrhocorids

are seed and fruit feeders (Schuh and Slater 1995). Whether these

phytophagous bugs benefit from "supplementing" their diets with nutrients

from such sources remains to be investigated. For example, are these insects

increasing the nitrogen content of their diet of plant exudate, which is

typically low in this important element, by feeding on such substances?

Should bugs be found to enhance the nitrogen content of their diets through

ingesting such substances it would be interesting to ascertain whether this

behaviour enhances the fecundity of females. For example, Hendrichs et al.

(1993) found that female Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae)

fed a diet of figs and bird faeces were significantly more fecund than those

insects only given figs. Perhaps coincidentally, it is interesting to note that

during three years studying G. tasmanicus this was one of the largest

congregations of this species found and was the only occasion on which first

instar nymphs were collected from the field (Steinbauer 1995). Similarly,

large numbers of D. versicolor survive year round at Dynnyrne (pers. obs).

Also of interest is the mechanism by which these insects metabolise

nutrients from these sources. Proteinases are known to occur in

phytophagous Heteroptera belonging to the families Lygaeidae, Pentatomidae

and Miridae (Miles 1972) and it is possible they are also present in the two

species considered here.

Acknowledgments

The supply of original reprints by Dr J. Hendrichs (FAO, Vienna) is

gratefully acknowledged. Preparation of this note was made possible thanks

to the financial support of a School of Science and Technology, University of

Tasmania, writing-up scholarship.

References

ADLER, P.H., and WHEELER, Jr., A.G. 1984. Extra-phytophagous food sources of

Hemiptera-Heteroptera: Bird droppings, dung, and carrion. Journal of the Kansas

Entomological Society 57: 21-27.

DOLLING, W.R. 1991. The Hemiptera. Pp. 1-274. Oxford University Press, New York.

HENDRICHS, J., KATSOYANNOS, B.I., and PROKOPY, R.J. 1993. Bird faeces in the

nutrition of adult Mediterranean fruit flies Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) in nature.

Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie 8: 703-

124 Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996

707.

MILES, P.W. 1972. The saliva of Hemiptera. Advances in Insect Physiology 9: 183-255.

RALPH, C.P. 1976. Natural food requirements of the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus

fasciatus (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae), and their relation to gregariousness and host plant

morphology. Oecologia 26: 157-175.

SCHUH, R.T., and SLATER, J.A. 1995. True bugs of the world (Hemiptera: Heteroptera):

classification and natural history. Pp. 336. Cornell University Press, New York.

STEINBAUER, M.J. 1995. The biogeography and host plant utilisation of eucalypt feeding

Coreidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). PhD thesis, University of Tasmania, Hobart: 326 pp.

Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996 125

A NEW SPECIES OF AUSTRALIAN PACHYHALICTUS

COCKERELL (HYMENOPTERA: HALICTIDAE)

Kenneth Walker

Museum of Victoria, Department of Entomology, 71 Victoria Crescent, Abbotsford, Melbourne,

Victoria 3067

Abstract

Pachyhalictus albipilatus sp. nov. is described from north Queensland and compared with P.

stirlingi (Cockerell). New distributional records for the latter species are presented.

Introduction

Pachyhalictus Cockerell, known from 31 species found mainly in the Asiatic

tropics, has one described species in Australia, P. stirlingi (Cockerell)

(Walker 1993). The genus is characterised, in both sexes, by coarsely

reticulate sculpture markings on the frons, vertex, mesoscutum and scutellum

(See Michener 1978 for full generic character listing and Walker 1993 for

character comparison with Homalictus Cockerell). Pachyhalictus is unique

within the Australian Halictini in possessing strong venation in the forewing

submarginal cells of the female. In addition, the fused first and second hind

tarsal segments of the male is a highly unusual character. Examination of

Pachyhalictus specimens collected on and in conjunction with the 1992

"Heathlands" expedition to Cape York Peninsula, revealed seven specimens

of an undescribed species. This second species, P. albipilatus sp. nov., is

described and compared with P. stirlingi.

Terminology and abbreviations

The terminology of morphological features follows Walker (1993).

Abbreviations: ANIC Australian National Insect Collection; AOD

Antennocular distance; CL Clypeal length; EW Eye width, in side view; FL

Flagellum length; GW Genal width, in side view; HL Head length; HW Head

width; IAD Interantennal distance; IOD Interocellar distance; LID Lower

interorbital distance; OAD Ocellantennal distance; OOD Ocellocular distance;

S2-S8 metasomal sterna 2-8; SL Scape length; T1-T6 metasomal terga 1-6;

UID Upper interorbital distance.

Pachyhalictus Cockerell

‘Halictus nomiiformes’ Vachal, 1894: 428; Blüthgen, 1926: 400; 1931: 286.

Pachyhalictus Cockerell, 1929: 589 (Type species Halictus merescens Cockerell

by original designation); Michener, 1978: 515 [full generic description].

Pachyhalictus albipilatus sp. nov.

(Figs 1-3, 7, 9-14)

Types. QUEENSLAND: holotype 9, Schramm Ck (12?22'S 142°37'E), 17-

21.viii.1992, J. Cardale & P. Zborowski (ANIC); paratypes (28 G, 499):

19, Cockatoo Ck. Xing, 17km NW of Heathlands (11?39'S 142°27'E), 7.vi-

25.vii.1992, P. Zborowski & E. Nielsen, Malaise #5 open forest; 20 G

same data as holotype; 28'C, Moreton HS (12°27'S 142°38'E), 22.viii.1992,

126 Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996

J. Cardale & P. Zborowski; 19, 5km SSE of Helenvale (15°44'S 145?15'E),

25.viii.1992, J. Cardale & P. Zborowski, on Xanthorrhoea flowers. (All

ANIC).

Diagnosis. Both sexes small, robust and black with frons, vertex,

mesoscutum and scutellum coarsely reticulate; white tomentum on

posterolateral areas of mesoscutum, metanotum, T2-T3 laterally (male),

across T2-T4 (female); female with three teeth on inner hind tibial spur; male

with S4 median bristles 1.2 x width of median ocellus, S5 setal pads with

sparse vestiture.

Description. Female. Body length: 6.78-7.01 mm (x=6.88 mm SD=0.12

n=3), (measurements of holotype in bold - 6.85 mm). Forewing length:

1.69-1.74 mm (x=1.72 mm SD=0.03 n=3, (1.69 mm). Head width: 2.26-

2.30 mm (x=2.28 mm SD=0.02 n=3), (2.28 mm). Relative measurements:

HW: 100; HL: 80-82; UID: 55-56; LID: 49-50; AOD: 18-19; IAD: 10-11;

OAD: 32-33; IOD: 15-16; OOD: 14-15; CL: 18-19; GW: 14-15; EW: 25-

27; SL: 36-37; FL: 64-66.

Structure. Frons, vertex, mesoscutum and scutellum coarsely reticulate; head

broad, 0.80 x as broad as long; inner orbits converging below; median frontal

carina extends 0.8 x to median ocellus; eyes with sparse cover of minute

setae; scape reaches anterior margin of median ocellus; clypeus weakly

concave along midline, strongly convex in side view, less than half extends

below lower level of eyes, coarsely sculptured, punctate mesially, remainder

with medially directed longitudinal striae; supraclypeal area protuberant and

rounded, covered with reticulate pattern and weakly punctured. Labrum distal

process triangular, smooth sided, tapering to pointed apex, median keel

weakly flanged distally, fimbrial setae acutely pointed. Pronotum

dorsolateral angles well projected and weakly obtuse; anterior half of

mesepisternum reticulate, remaining mesepisternum and metepisternum

striate; dorsal surface of propodeum length 0.75 x length of scutellum,

sculpture coarsely areolate, posteromesial margin truncate, posterior and

lateral margins defined by large carinae; hind basitibial plate well defined,

apically acute; inner hind tibial spur pectinate with 3 large, rounded, apically

directed teeth; T1 shining, mesial area and apical margin impunctate,

remainder closely to densely punctate; remaining terga densely punctate.

Colour. Body black, mandibles dark red at apex, antennal flagellar segments

and legs brown; some specimens with apical half of hind tibiae light red-

brown; metanotum and metasoma tomentum white.

Vestiture. Frons with sparse, short, erect, branched hairs, paraocular areas

with dense cover of adpressed plumose hair, genae with cover of both erect

and adpressed branched hair except apically with some long, erect, simple

hairs; mesoscutum with sparse cover of short, brown, erect, branched hair,

except posterolateral tufts of tomentum; metanotum densely tomentose;

127

Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996

NN AS

Zeal

ETE: -

Figs 1-6. Pachyhalictus male metasomal sterna, (1-3) P albipilatus., (4-6) P.

stirlingi: (1, 4) S6; (2, 5) S5; (3, 6) S4. Scale line = 0.5mm. Figs 7-8. Known

distributions of: (7) P. albipilatus; (8) P. stirlingi.

128 Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996

Figs 9-14. Pachyhalictus male genitalia: (9-12) P. albipilatus: (9) ventral view

(note: left penis valve and volsella only partly drawn, right retrorse lobe

omitted); (10) lateral view of male genitalia; (11) half dorsal view; and associated

sterna: (12) S7 & S8. (13-14) Enlargement of ventral surface of the right

gonostylus dorsal lobe, (13) P. albipilatus; (14) P. stirlingi. Upper scale line for

Figs 9-12 = 0.5mm; scale lines beneath Figs 13-14 both = 0.2mm.

Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996 129

dorsal surface of propodeum posterolateral areas with moderate cover of erect,

branched hairs; T2-T4 with tomentum extending across tergum.

Male. Body length: 5.78-6.24 mm (x=5.95 mm SD=0.20 n=4). Forewing

length: 1.41-1.50 mm (x=1.46 mm SD=0.04 n=4). Head width: 1.81-1.93

mm (x=1.86 mm SD=0.05 n=4). Relative measurements: HW: 100; HL:

82-85; UID: 58-62; LID: 46-47; AOD: 17-18; IAD: 12-13; OAD: 31-32;

IOD: 16-17; OOD: 15-16; CL: 20-21; GW: 14-15; EW: 26-27; SL: 29-30;

FL: 75-78.

Structure. Differs from female as follows: dorsal surface of propodeum

areolate sculpture more compact and coarser; mandibles simple; eyes

converging strongly below; scape extends to just short of anterior margin of

median ocellus; labrum less developed, distal process weakly projected, with

small median projection, median keel absent; pronotum dorsolateral angles

bluntly acute; dorsal surface of propodeum 0.85 x length of scutellum; hind

basitibial plate absent; inner hind tibial spur serrate with at least ten small,

apically directed teeth; T1 openly to sparsely punctate except impunctate

mesially and along apical margin; tomentum present on lateral areas of T2-

T3; T6 (pygidial plate) posterior margin with raised carina; S6 with sparsely

setose lateral hair tufts, median area with sparse vestiture (Fig. 1); S5 weakly

concave along midline, median area with sparse vestiture, either side of

midline with sparse cover of erect, simple hair forming two broadly rounded

setal pads, median area with sparse vestiture (Fig. 2); S4 underneath and

hidden by S3, S4 with two erect, acutely pointed bristles of similar length

(approx. 0.18 mm) on either side of midline, lateral margins each with

single, small, weakly branched bristle/hair approximately twice length of

admedian bristle length (Fig. 3); S2-S3 with plumose hairs arising across

apical margin; remaining vestiture similar to female except long, branched

hairs on genae, metanotum tomentum reduced so that lateral areas. hairless,

T2-T3 with lateral tomentum only; fore, mid and hind trochanters and fore

femora with long, branched hairs from ventral surface, hind leg and sternal

scopae absent; first and second hind tarsal segments fused.

Colour. Body black except mandibles dark red apically, antennal flagellar

segments brown underneath, tarsal segments light brown, T6 (pygidial plate)

yellow red-brown.

Genitalia and associated sterna (Figs 9-13). Gonocoxites broad, gonobase

narrow, gonostyli strongly bifid, retrorse lobes well developed, sparsely

setose on inner basal margin only; volsellae lightly sclerotised

ventroapically; penis valves flanged dorsally, inferior basal process well

developed; S7 & S8 weakly sclerotised, both broad, without median process.

Distribution (Fig. 7). Cape York Peninsula and north Queensland.

Etymology. The epithet albipilatus means "with white hair" and refers to the

colour of the mesosomal and metasomal tomentum.

130 Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996

Discussion

Pachyhalictus albipilatus closely resembles P. stirlingi and, although the

known distributions are sympatric (Figs 7-8), the two species have not been

collected together. (The distribution map of P. stirlingi combines locality

data listed in Walker (1993) and additional records (Appendix 1) from the

"Heathlands" and other expeditions.). Females of P. albipilatus may be

distinguished from P. stirlingi by the white tomentum on the metanotum and

terga (bright yellow to pale yellow on P. stirlingi) and the presence of three

teeth on the inner hind tibial spur (six teeth on P. stirlingi). Similar

vestiture colour differences allow separation of males. Additional male

characters include: P. albipilatus S6 with sparsely setose lateral hair tufts and

median area with sparse vestiture (Fig. 1), P. stirlingi S6 with densely setose

lateral hair tufts and median area hairless (Fig. 4); P. albipilatus S5 with

sparsely setose setal pads and median area with sparse vestiture (Fig. 2), P.

stirlingi S5 with densely setose setal pads and median area hairless (Fig. 5);

P. albipilatus S4 with admedian bristle length 1.2 x width of median ocellus

and lateral bristle length at least twice (2.1 x) admedian bristle length (Fig.

3), P. stirlingi S4 admedian bristle length 1.7 x width of median ocellus and

lateral bristle length less than (0.86 x) median bristle length (Fig. 6); and

male genitalia of P. albipilatus with ventral surface of dorsal gonostyli lobes

with median area plicate, basal distal margin without hair and contours of

inner proximal margin of gonostyli arms curved (Fig. 13), P. stirlingi with

median area with area of apically pointed prominences, basal distal margin

setose and contours of inner proximal margin of gonostyli arms angulated

(Fig. 14). Michener (1978) presented a generic overview of Pachyhalictus

noting specific exceptions to various character states. The character suite for

the two Australian Pachyhalictus species complements Michener's character

list with the exception that, although male S4 lateral bristles are present,

they are substantially reduced and can not be described as ‘enormous’, as is

often found in non-Australian members of the genus.

Acknowledgments

I wish to thank Drs Tim New and Glynn Maynard for commenting on drafts

of this paper and Dr Ian Naumann and Ms Jo Cardale for the loan of ANIC

material.

References

BLUTHGEN, P. (1926). Beitráge zur Kenntnis der indo-malayischen Halictus- und

Thrinchostoma- Arten (Hym; Apidae; Halictini). Zoologische Jahrbucher Abteilung für

Systematik, Okologie, und Geographie der Tiere 51: 375-698.

BLÜTHGEN, P. (1931). Beitrüge zur Kenntnis der indo-malyaschen Halictus- und

Thrinchostoma- Arten (Hym; Apidae; Halictini). Zoologische Jahrbucher Abteilung für

Systematik, Okologie, und Geographie die Tiere 61: 285-346.

COCKERELI, T.D. (1929). Description and records of bees.-CXX. Annals and Magazine of

Natural History (10) 4: 584-594.

Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996 131

MICHENER, C.D. (1978). The classification of Halictine bees: Tribes and Old World

nonparasitic genera with strong venation. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 51(16): 501-

538.

VACHAL, J. (1894). Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. LXII. -

Nouvelles especes d'Hymenoptéres des genres Halictus, Prosopis, Allodape et Nomioides

rapportées par M. Fea de la Birmanie. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova

34: 428-449.

WALKER, K.L. (1993). Pachyhalictus stirlingi (Cockerell) (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) - A

unique Australian bee. Australian Entomologist 20(2): 59-65.

Appendix 1

Pachyhalictus stirlingi locality data not recorded in Walker (1993).

QUEENSLAND: 19, 12 km SSE Heathlands (11°51'S 142°38'E), 26.i-

1.111.1992, P. Feehney, closed forest Malaise #3, #4; 288, 8 km NW of

Bald Hill (13°45'S 143°22'E), MclIlwraith Range, 420m, 27.vi-12.vii.1989,

I. Naumann, sweeping mango tree site; 19, 11 km NW of Bald Hill (13°44'S

143°20'E), MclIlwraith Range, 500m, 26.vi-13.vii.1989, I. Naumann,

Malaise trap/ethanol; 499, 15 km NWW of Bald Hill (13°43'S 143?19'E),

Mcllwraith Range, 420m, 27.vi-12.vii.1989, I. Naumann, weather station

site, monsoon-rainforest interface site. (All specimens lodged in ANIC).

132 Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996

BOOK REVIEW

Swallowtail Butterflies of the Americas: A study in Biological

dynamics, Ecological diversity, Biosystematics, and

Conservation by Hamilton Tyler, Keith S. Brown Jr and Kent Wilson.

Scientific Publishers Inc, Gainesville, Florida. 376 pp. 1994.

Readers of The Australian Entomologist may be surprised to see a review about American

butterflies but the impact of this remarkable book goes far beyond its geographical boundaries.

For those interested in the swallowtails of the New World, in particular South America, this

book is a must; it contains 100 colour plates of early stages, habitats and adults, including many

type specimens of rare and problematical taxa. Yet there is a lot more to this book than just

pictures. Indeed, there is something here for everyone interested in almost any aspect of

invertebrate biology.

Early chapters discuss the role of swallowtails in nature and culture, their ecology and

behaviour and their population biology. As in later chapters, there is a veritable mine of

information here, including notes on techniques used in such studies. Chapter 4 discusses the

early stages and foodplants, complemented by 32 colour pages depicting virtually all known

life histories of American species, plus a key to juveniles. Several detailed descriptions of

newly recorded life histories are included and this thorough compilation is one of the major

contributions of the book. This is followed by a chapter on host plants and their chemicals,

including a detailed list of all hosts recorded. Chapters 6 and 7 discuss mimicry, genetics and

hybridization of swallowtails. As in all chapters, absorbing details and do-it-yourself sections

provide impetus for further studies. Chapter 8 details the conservation requirements of the

fauna, with detailed accounts of the 37 or so endangered taxa. These 3 chapters are enhanced

by 16 colour pages.

Biogeography is the subject of chapter 9, with speciation centres discussed and the concept of

"biogeographical species" introduced. Descriptions of 11 new subspecies are included.

Chapters 10 to 12 discuss systematics, evolution, phylogeny, classification, diversity and

biosystematics. As the authors readily agree, these are controversial subjects and these 3

chapters are among the most stimulating of the book. 155 characters, with 225 derived states,

are presented and analysed. An interesting aspect of the analysis is the lack of congruence

between phylogenies produced using either juvenile or adult characters, and the frequent

illogical and improbable associations resulting both from these and combined analyses. Since

the characters and interpretations appear sound (with perhaps 1 or 2 exceptions), this suggests

that the technique of using computer programs to derive phylogenies is seriously flawed. The

ramifications of this are obvious and far-reaching.

The book is rounded off with a key to adults, several appendices and 96 colour pages of adults,

depicting virtually every species, subspecies and form likely to be encountered. My only

quibble concerns plate 93: the host plant of Pterourus esperanza is recorded as Magnolia

dealbata, whereas the text (page 184) states that this is "probably the host plant", based on the

rearing of a single larva, that died before pupation, on the related M. virginiana. Since

morphological evidence suggests that P. esperanza may be a species of Heraclides, the host

plant may actually be a species of Rutaceae. Everything you ever wanted to know about New

World swallowtail butterflies is here in this book, presented in an absorbing and delightfully

readable way. Much of the text contains information of use to biologists world-wide and I

have no hesitation in recommending it to all those with an interest in the natural world.

D.L. HANCOCK

Dept. of Primary Industries,

Meiers Rd,

Indooroopilly, Qld 4068

Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996 133

OBSERVATIONS ON THE LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS OF

THE STAG BEETLE LAMPRIMA AURATA (LATREILLE)

(COLEOPTERA: LUCANIDAE) IN TASMANIA

Simon Fearn

11 Osberg St, The Gap, Brisbane, Qld 4061

Abstract

Aspects of the life history of Lamprima aurata (Latreille) are described, including oviposition,

larval and pupal behaviour, larval food sources, adult food plants, feeding behaviour and male

territoriality. Characteristics of L. aurata populations are discussed, such as size range, sex

ratios and factors that may regulate population densities.

Introduction

Lamprima aurata (Latreille) is common and widespread in Tasmania, mainly

in the drier eastern half of the State in coastal habitats and dry woodland. In

the higher rainfall, densely forested western half of the island, L. aurata

appears to be a coastal species, with specimens collected by the author as far

west as Stanley on the north-west coast. L. aurata is recorded also from

some of the larger islands of the Furneaux Group, eastern Bass Strait, with

specimens in the Queen Victoria Museum, Launceston, from Flinders I. In

addition, the author collected a single female on Mt Chappell Is.

Lamprima aurata is common in Victoria and the tablelands of New South

Wales (Moore 1986) but scarce in South Australia (Matthews 1984). It is

replaced by the closely related L. latreillii (Macleay) from coastal New South

Wales to north Queensland (Moore 1986). In the author’s experience, L.

aurata does not occur in habitats characterised by closed canopies with wet

and/or shaded substrates (temperate rainforests and undisturbed wet sclerophyll

forests) or in alpine regions. Areas of human disturbance through forestry or

farming activities can be rapidly colonised by L. aurata due to the abundance

of residual stumps and root systems which provide the larval food source.

The following notes describe the behaviour of the various life stages in the

Launceston area, from observations made from 1981 to 1990.

Oviposition and larval food sources

Oviposition generally takes place below ground level. Females tunnel into

the soil at the bases of stumps, logs and other timber that is partially or

wholly buried. C. Spencer (pers. comm.) discovered a female constructing a

brood chamber alongside a partially buried eucalypt railroad sleeper. A tunnel

40 mm long and 15 mm wide had been excavated to a depth of 30 mm below

soil alongside the sleeper. Three dirty-white eggs, 2 mm x 1 mm in size,

had been laid in the 10 mm deep decomposed outer layer of the sleeper. Each

egg was deposited in its own small chamber (4 mm x 3 mm) constructed by

the female and composed of flakes of decayed wood at the bottom of the

tunnel. The female spent 90 mins filling in the tunnel.

134 Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996

The female emerged from the tunnel and, by bracing on its hind and mid legs,

loosened soil with the forelegs and mandibles, scraping it backwards into a

pile in front of the tunnel entrance. When enough soil had been gathered, the

female pushed the earth forwards into the tunnel, remaining underground for 2

mins at a time before emerging to repeat the process. When the tunnel was

full the female remained motionless on the ground for several minutes before

flying away.

Oviposition above ground level is rare, with only three examples known to

the author. One female was observed to tunnel into the side of a large stump

of Acacia dealbata Link. It alighted on the stump 0.4 m above the ground

and located a crack in the hard bark and outer wood. The interior of the

stump consisted of soft, pulpy wood which the beetle penetrated, using its

forelegs. On another occasion, 24 adults were collected from pupal chambers

in a dead black wattle Acacia mearnsii De Wild. in dry scrubland. The

diameter of the tree trunk was 0.4 m and it had come to rest 0.6 m above the

ground after being blown over. Infestation had taken place in the soft, pulpy

interior. In the third example, larval infestation was discovered in dry

eucalypt forest in a large eucalypt (trunk diameter 1.05 m) that had blown

over. Larval galleries were situated in a thin layer of white, pulpy wood, 30

mm deep, immediately beneath the bark. In the latter two examples,

oviposition and subsequent larval infestation had taken place in the log itself

and not via the roots of the fallen trees.

Dead and decaying tree root systems are the major larval food source of L.

aurata in Tasmania, with both native and ornamental species infested. The

author has found larvae in the dead root systems of Acacia, Banksia,

Eucalyptus, Populus, Salix and Virgilia, plus Pinus radiata. Larvae and

adults (within pupal chambers) have been collected from buried wooden

framing around house foundations, fence posts, telegraph poles, logs partially

buried in soil and sawdust heaps in abandoned rural sawmills.

Larval behaviour and pupation

Larvae hatching from eggs deposited at the base or underside of stumps

appear to bore outwards along the underside of major roots, usually to a

distance of 1-1.5 m by the time the pupal chamber is constructed, depending

on the length and diameter of the root. Sometimes, if thick bark is still

present on the stump, larvae will bore upwards from below soil level,

pupating under the bark 15-30 cm above ground.

Larvae which develop in fence posts and telegraph poles bore either around

the perimeter of the wood or up or down, depending on the length of timber

below ground level. Larvae bore in a more or less straight line, packing the

tunnel behind them with faecal material and wood scrapings.

The last larval instar, 30-35 mm long, begins to construct a pupal chamber

in September. This is an oval cell, 20-30 mm long, chewed out of the

Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996 135

wood. In most cases the chamber is constructed just beneath the outer

surface of the root, with a thin layer of wood covering it to facilitate adult

emergence. Both ends are padded with tightly packed strips of wood, 4-15

mm long. The other most common type of pupal chamber (usually on thin

roots) is constructed on the outer surface of a root and is built partially out

into the soil. In this case, one wall of the chamber is the root and the other

is constructed entirely from strips of wood.

Construction of the pupal chamber and duration of the prepupal and pupal

stages appears to take several months as fully hardened and coloured adults are

not found in pupal chambers until late February or April. While one

generation of adults is dying, those of the next generation are fully formed

within pupal chambers, where they remain for 9-10 months until the

following summer.

The time taken to develop from the late instar larva to adult emergence is at

least 2 years, so the entire cycle from egg to emerging adult may take at least

3 years in Tasmania.

Adult emergence, food plants and feeding behaviour

During the course of this study, emergence of L. aurata adults took place

consistently in the first 2 weeks of December each year and appeared to be

initiated by temperature. Emergence took place on hot, windless days, with

both sexes emerging in late morning between approximately 10.30 and noon.

Adults tunnel out of the pupal chamber and up through the soil, scrambling

around for a few minutes before flying away. No attempts at copulation were

observed on the ground before flight.

The most favoured adult food trees in Tasmania are Eucalyptus viminalis

Labill., E. globulus Labill. and E. pauciflora Sieb. ex Spreng. Six females

and 13 males were collected feeding on a large clump of Lomandra longifolia

Labill. on the east coast of Tasmania. Mating pairs have been collected on

blossom of Leptospermum and Hakea teretifolia (Salis) J. Britt. One male

was observed feeding on an overripe strawberry in Launceston and adults

found feeding on an ornamental Photina sp.

Adults feed on the last 50-100 mm of the uppermost shoots on host tees,

males cutting them off at about 3 mm diameter. The mandibles of females

are small and weak and they appear to rely on males to open up the food

resource; they have not been observed cutting the shoots. At the end of the

cut stem single males or mating pairs feed on the exudates of phloem and

xylem. Most trees suffer no serious damage from this feeding, but some that

are heavily infested for several years begin to take on a box shape from the

annual tip pruning.

Young trees, 2-10 m in height appear to be preferred to large mature trees and

of these only certain trees appear to be selected. In December 1982-83, over

400 adults were collected on 6 saplings of Eucalyptus viminalis in

136 Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996

approximately 2 ha of open Acacia and Eucalyptus scrub in Trevallyn,

Launceston. Many other saplings of E. viminalis were present but in both

years only the same 6 trees were used. By the summer of 1984 two of these

trees had been cut down and only 2 of the remaining 4 continued to attract

beetles between 1984 and 1990. No obvious differences were discernible

between favoured and non-favoured trees.

In 1977 and 1985, a Photina sp. tree in a Launceston garden was visited by

dozens of L. aurata but not in intervening years, although adults were

common and present each year on nearby specimens of E. globulus. These

suggest that L. aurata may be able to detect physiological differences in trees

that make them more attractive as a food source.

Monteith (1992) described similar behaviour in the dynastid Xylotrupes

gideon L., feeding on poinciana trees (Delonix regia) in Brisbane,

Queensland. Particular trees became very attractive to the beetles, with large

numbers congregating to feed on the bark of young shoots. Norris (1991)

noted many examples of insect resistant plants within a given species but the

reasons for resistance are not readily discernible.

Copulation and territorial behaviour

Adult male L. aurata are territorial and once alighted on a suitable shoot they

defend it vigorously, attacking other males with their large mandibles. These

contests normally last less than a minute, with the larger male winning. On

several occasions, large males lifted a smaller one from a twig by a leg and

threw it off. More often, the weaker male retreats backwards down the stem

to try elsewhere. In heavily infested trees these contests result in a large

number of defeated males falling to the ground.

Copulation occurs at the cut shoot tips. Females are rarely seen without an

attendant male and their apparent inability to sever shoots indicates that

females may be attracted to cut shoot tips provided by the males, further

indicated by the vigorous defence of cut shoot tips by males.

Size range and sex ratio

Adult Tasmanian L. aurata vary considerably in size, particularly males.

Most males are 21-28 mm long, the largest examined being 34 mm long

(including mandibles) and 14 mm wide, the smallest 15 mm x 6 mm. Most

females are 19-22 mm long, the largest examined being 25 mm long x 10

mm wide, the smallest 14 mm long.

There is little variation in relative size of mandibles in males, remaining in

proportion to body size. This may be due to the functional role played by

the mandibles in cutting shoot tips and defending them.

In field collected samples, males outnumbered females by approximately 3 to

1 (Table 1).

Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996 137

Table 1. Numbers of males and females in samples of L. aurata.

DATE LOCATION MALES FEMALES TOTAL

14.xii.1982 Trevallyn, Launceston 172 60 232

23.xii.1982 Beechford, North coast 25 7 32

18.xii.1983 Trevallyn, Launceston 170 50 220

27.1.1984 Greens Beach, North coast 50 28 78

1.1.1985 Beechford, North coast 36 9 45

13.1.1985 Greens Beach, North coast 26 19 45

26.1.1986 | Chain of Lagoons coastal 31 4 35

reserve, East coast

TOTALS 510 177 687

Population densities

Lamprima aurata appears to be a species that thrives through human

alteration of habitats. Of hundreds of larval food sources examined, all but

two resulted from human activity. It is likely that the abundance and

distribution of L. aurata in Tasmania has increased since the arrival of

Europeans. From the author's observations, it is apparent that L. aurata

prefers well drained sites with maximum exposure to solar radiation.,

particularly in relation to larval food resources. No evidence of this species

has been found in undisturbed closed forest and in cooler, higher rainfall

districts it appears to be confined to areas disturbed by forestry or farming

activity.

Forestry activities have been extensive in Tasmania for many years and clear

fell operations in particular provide abundant larval food resources through

stumps, logs and other timber that are left behind. This is enhanced in some

cases by the replanting of eucalypt species attractive to the adults. In forestry

plantations where conditions were ideal for L. aurata (abundant residual

timber), thousands of adults were active in the young trees. Any land

clearing that does not include removal of stumps and logs provides an

opportunity for colonisation by L. aurata.

In some areas L. aurata does not become established in large numbers despite

the presence of apparently suitable larval food sources. This may be due to

an absence of suitable adult food trees, implying that adults do not fly far

either in search of suitable food trees after emergence or for suitable

oviposition sites after mating.

In addition to land clearance, timber in service, such as fence posts and

untreated telegraph poles throughout rural and urban areas, have been utilised

by L. aurata. High fire frequencies around towns and coastal shack

developments also provide abundant residual timber and root systems.

Larval food resources in any given area appear to be a major factor governing

population density. In December of 1982 and 1983, over 450 specimens of

138 Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996

L. aurata were collected and many more observed, in an area of open scrub

and grazing land at Trevallyn, Launceston, where high voltage electric towers

are located and trees (mainly Acacia mearnsii) below and around the towers

were poisoned. Dead stumps and root systems provided an abundant larval

food source. Peak years for L. aurata in this area were 1982 and 1983;

between 1984 and 1990, no more than 20-40 adults were observed each

season and their average size also decreased. This decline in number and size

appears to be a result of the near exhaustion of the larval food source.

Excavated root systems and lower trunks of the dead trees and stumps were

composed mainly of frass, with little or no intact wood. Larval resource

limitations therefore may cause populations of L. aurata to fluctuate widely

over time and space.

Acknowledgments

My thanks to Dr Barry Moore (CSIRO, Canberra) for identifying the beetle

and Dr Bob Green (formerly of Queen Victoria Museum, Launceston), for

access to the Museum’s collections. Special thanks to Chris Spencer

(Liffey, Tasmania) for providing his detailed oviposition observations, Stuart

Von See and Andrew Walker for many hours of field assistance and

companionship and Maria Hennessy for typing the manuscript.

References

MATTHEWS, E.G. 1984. A guide to the beetles of South Australia. Part 3, Polyphaga:

Eucinetoidea, Dascilloidea and Scarabaeoidea. South Australian Museum Adelaide; 60 pp.

MONTEITH, G.B. 1992. Rhinoceros beetles. Queensland Museum Information Pamphlet

No. 58.

MOORE, B.P. 1986. A guide to the beetles of South-Eastern Australia Fascicle 7, pp 101-116.

Australian Entomological Press, Sydney.

NORRIS, K.R. 1991. General biology, in: CSIRO Division of Entomology (ed.), The insects of

Australia, Vol. 1. Melbourne University Press.

Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996 139

A NOTE ON THE IDENTITY OF MALE

EURYGLOSSINA (TURNERELLA) BICOLOR (RAYMENT)

(HYMENOPTERA: COLLETIDAE: EURYGLOSSINAE)

Elizabeth M. Exley

Department of Entomology, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072

Abstract

The sexes of Euryglossina (Turnerella) bicolor (Rayment) are associated.

I was asked recently to identify some rather badly preserved insects in the

collection of the Forestry Commission of New South Wales. All were

labelled ‘Kirribilli, N.S.W., ii.1957, Payne, ex Anobium workings’ and were

bees of the family Colletidae, subfamily Euryglossinae.

The 14 females present proved to be Euryglossina (Turnerella) bicolor

(Rayment) and the three males were identical to those described under

*unassociated males’ as Euryglossina (Turnerella) sp. N in Exley (1968:

1009-1011). At the time of that revision, sp. N males were known only

from an area of southeast Queensland around Brisbane, whereas E. bicolor,

known only from females, had been collected in Victoria and New South

Wales as well as around Brisbane, with a further three specimens known from

Kuranda in north Queensland. Species of Euryglossina Cockerell may

exhibit strong sexual dimorphism, hence there are problems encountered in

associating the sexes.

Of the 73 specimens originally recorded as sp N, 65 bear labels identical to

those on 66 E. bicolor females. I am satisfied that the bee described as

Euryglossina (Turnerella) sp. N is the male of E. (T.) bicolor.

Biological knowledge of the genus Euryglossina remains scanty and it is of

interest that the seven females recorded from Mosman (Exley 1968: 987) were

also in beetle-infested timber.

Reference

EXLEY, E.M. 1968. Revision of the genus Euryglossina Cockerell (Apoidea: Colletidae).

Australian Journal of Zoology 16: 915-1020.

140 Australian Entomologist 23 (4) December 1996

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JENNINGS, J.T. and AUSTIN, A.D.

1994 Revision of the genus Crassifoenus Crosskey (Hymenoptera: Gasteruptiidae), with a description of a new

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KOLESIK, P.

1995 A new species of Eocincticornia Felt (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on Eucalyptus fasciculosa in South Australia.

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1995 Asphondylia dodonaeae, a new species of Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) damaging leaves and branches of hop-bush,

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MALIPATIL, M.B.

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THE

AUSTRALIAN

ENTOMOLOGIST

VOLUME 23

1996

Published by:

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THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Index Vol. 23, 1996

ALLWOOD, A.J. and DREW, R.A.I.

Seasonal abundance, distribution, hosts and taxonomic placement of Dipterophagous daci

Drew and Allwood (Strepsiptera: Dipterophagidae).

ATKINS, A.

The life history of Ocybadistes knightorum Lambkin and Donaldson (Lepidoptera:

Hesperiidae)

BICKEL, D.J.

Smoke flies (Diptera: Platypezidae) and the Sydney Bushfires.

BURROWS, D.W., BALCIUNAS, J.K. and EDWARDS, E.D.

Herbivorous insects associated with the paperbark Melaleuca quinquenervia and its

allies: V. Pyralidae and other Lepidoptera

CLARKE, A.R.

Parasitoids associated with a Tasmanian population of Nyctemera amica (White)

(Lepidoptera: Arctiidae)

COOMBS, M.

Seasonality of cicadas (Hemiptera) on the northern tablelands of New South Wales.

De BAAR, M. and JOHNSON, S.J.

Notes on the food plant of Deudorix epirus agimar Fruhstorfer (Lepidoptera:

Lycaenidae).

EASON, E.H.

The rediscovery of Australobius scabrior Chamberlin (Chilopoda: Lithobiidae).

EXLEY, E.M.

A notes on the identity of male Euryglossina (Turnerella) bicolor (Rayment)

(Hymenoptera: Colletidae: Euryglossinae).

FEARN, S.

Observations on the life history and habits of the stag beetle Lamprima aurata (Latreille)

(Coleoptera: Lucanidae) in Tasmania.

GRAHAM, A.J., BOLLAM, H.H. and WILLIAMS, M.

An unusual temporally isolated population of Neolucia agricola Waterhouse & Turner in

Western Australia (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae).

GRUND, R.

A butterfly record from Browse Island, North West Shelf, Australia.

GRUND, R.

The distribution of Theclinesthes albocincta (Waterhouse) and Theclinesthes hesperia

littoralis Sibatani & Grund, based on herbarium records of eggs (Lepidoptera:

Lycaenidae).

HANCOCK, D.L.

A new species and new combination in Australian Trypetinae (Diptera: Tephritidae).

HASENPUSCH, J. and POPESCU, P.

A chromosome study of Australian Ornithoptera Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae).

JACKSON, R.V.

Lepidoptera breeding records from Aphitonia species (Rhamnaceae) at Paluma, north

Queensland.

KING, A.J. and RING, L.R.

The life history of Arhopala wildei wildei Miskin (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae).

LACHLAN, R.B. and MOULDS, M.S.

A new species of Theretra Hiibner (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from Vanuatu

139

133

125

MEYER, C.E.

Notes on the life history of Nacaduba kurava felsina Waterhouse & Lyell (Lepidoptera:

Lycaenidae). 73

MEYER, C.E.

A new record for Nesolycaena caesia d'Apice & Miller (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from

north-eastern Western Australia. 79

MEYER, C.E.

Notes on the fimmature stages of Euploea darchia darchia (W.S. Macleay) (Lepidoptera:

Nymphalidae). 81

MOORE, B.P.

A new genus and species of Stenolophina (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Harpalini) from New

Zealand. j 97

MOSS, J.T.St.L., DE BAAR, M. and HANCOCK, D.L.

New overlap records in the Elodina angulipennis species complex (Lepidoptera:

Pieridae) 27

SEMMENS, T.D.

Flower visitation by the bumble bee Bombus terrestris (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in

Tasmania. 33

SMITHERS, C.N.

A gynandromorph of Ectopsocus australis Schmidt & Thornton (Psocoptera: Ectopsocidae)

from Australia. 93

STEINBAUER, M.J.

Notes on extra-phytophagous food sources of Gelonus tasmanicus (Le Guillou) (Hemiptera:

Coreidae) and Dindymus versicolor (Herrich-Scháffer) (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae). 121

WALKER, K.

A new species of Australian Pachyhalictus Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). 125

WILLIAMS, A.A.E. and ATKINS, A.F.

The life history of the Western Australian skipper Mesodina cyanophracta Lower

(Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) 49

WILLIAMS, M.R., WILLIAMS, A.A.E., LUNDSTROM, T.D. and HAY, R.W.

The distribution of Waterhouse's skipper Trapezites waterhousei Mayo & Atkins

Lepisdoptera: Hesperiidae) in Western Australia. 83

WINTERTON, S.L. and BRANCATINI, V.A.

New information on Australian Ankylopteryx Brauer and Brinckochrysa Tjeder

(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) 21

WOOD, G.A., HASENPUSCH, J. and STOREY, R.I.

The life hostory of Phalacrognathus muelleri (Macleay) (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) 37

BEETLES OF SOUTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA. Fascicle 12

Prostomidae; Anthicidae; Cerambycidae; Chrysomelidae; Anthribidae; Belidae; Brentidae;

Curculionidae; References; Index. between pages 88 & 89

BOOK REVIEW 132

RECENT LITERATURE. 32, 80, 96, 140

Publication dates: Part 1 (pp. 1-32) 27 April

Part 2 (pp. 33-80) 30 September

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Part 4 (pp. 97-140) 20 December

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THE AUSTRALIAN

Entomologist

Volume 23, Part 4, 20 December 1996

CONTENTS

EXLEY, E.M.

A notes on the identity of male Euryglossina (Turnerella) bicolor (Rayment)

(Hymenoptera: Colletidae: Euryglossinae). 139

FEARN, S.

Observations on the life history and habits of the stag beetle Lamprima aurata

treille) (Coleoptera: Lucanidae) in Tasmania. 133

GRAHAM, A.J., BOLLAM, H.H. and WILLIAMS, M.

An unusual temporally isolated population of Neolucia agricola Waterhouse &

Turner in Western Australia (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). 125

GRUND, R.

The distribution of Theclinesthes albocincta (Waterhouse) and Theclinesthes

besperia littoralis Sibatani & Grund, based on herbarium records of eggs

Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). 101

HASENPUSCH, J. and POPESCU, P.

A chromosome study of Australian Ornithoptera Boisduval (Lepidoptera:

Papilionidae). 115

KING, AJ. and RING, L.R.

The life history of Arbopala wildei wildei Miskin (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae).

MOORE, B.P.

A new genus and species of Stenolophina (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Harpalini)

from New Zealand. 97

STEINBAUER, MJ.

Notes on extra-phytophagous food sources of Gelonus tasmanicus (Le Guillou)

(Hemiptera: Coreidae) and Dindymus versicolor (Herrich-Schaffer) (Hemiptera:

Pyrrhocoridae). 121

WALKER, K.

A new species of Australian Pachyhalictus Cockerell (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). ^ 125

BOOK REVIEW.

Swallow tail butterflies of the Americas. 132

RECENT LITERATURE

An accumulative bibliography of Australian Entomology 140

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTICES Inside back cover.