THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

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Cover: Strepsiptera are entomophagous parasitoids which exhibit extreme

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Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2): 49-54 49

PSOCOPTERA FROM COOCUMBAC ISLAND NATURE RESERVE,

TAREE, NEW SOUTH WALES

C.N. SMITHERS

Entomology Department, Australian Museum, College St, Sydney, NSW 2000

Abstract

Seventeen species of Psocoptera are recorded from a floodplain rainforest remnant in

Coocumbac Island Nature Reserve. They include one new species, Ptycta williamsorum sp.

nov. (Psocidae), and the previously unknown male of Ectopsocus hartleyi Smithers, which 1s

described.

Introduction

Floodplain, or riverine, rainforest has been extensively cleared in New South

Wales, with only about 100 hectares surviving as disjunct remnants

(Williams 1993). Although a number of remnants survive in the Manning

Region (Williams 1993, 1995; Evans 1993), only that of Coocumbac Island

Nature Reserve, Taree, is currently included in the NSW system of nature

reserves. Their invertebrate fauna is largely unknown. This paper records 17

species of Psocoptera collected during a faunal survey of that reserve. The

survey, part of the Australian Museum's Rainforest Terrestrial Invertebrate

Program, was carried out by Geoffrey and Thusnelda Williams. All material

examined is deposited in the Australian Museum, Sydney.

Psocoptera from Coocumbac Nature Reserve

ECTOPSOCIDAE

Ectopsocus albiceps Smithers

Material examined. 4 ©, 24.x.-10.xi.1994; 2 C, 1 9, 10.xi.1994; 1 c, 10-

21.xi.1994,

Ectopsocus australis Schmidt & Thornton

Material examined. 1 9, 24.x.1994; 3 o, 2 9, 24.x.-10.xi.1994; 1 0, 4 9, 10-

21.xi.1994; 3 O07, 49, 1-7.xii.1994.

Ectopsocus briggsi McLachlan

Material examined. 1 C, 24.x.-10.xi.1994.

Ectopsocus hartleyi Smithers

Ectopsocus hartleyi was described on female material only from the Mount

Royal area of the Hunter Valley, NSW. The males described here are

associated with the females on the basis of the similarity of their general

morphology, fore wing venation (Rs and M joined by a crossvein, a

condition uncommon in Ectopsocus) and distinctive head and wing pattern

(Smithers 1997).

Description of male. Coloration (in alcohol) as in female.

50 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2)

Morphology. Length of body 1.6 mm. General morphology and

arrangement of setae as in female. Length of flagellar segments: f1 = 0.175

mm; f2 = 0.11 mm. Eyes fairly small for a male of this genus, not reaching

level of vertex. IO/D: 2.2; PO: 0.83. Measurements of hind leg: F: 0.31 mm;

T: 0.49 mm; t1: 0.19 mm; t2: 0.08 mm; rt: 2.4:1; ct: 14,0. Fore wing length:

1.22 mm; width: 0.48 mm. Venation as in female, with Rs and M joined by a

distinct crossvein. Pterostigma a little wider distally than elsewhere. Wing

margin from just basal to distal section of Sc to nodulus setose, a double row

of setae from distal end of pterostigma to R4+5. Veins, except Cu2, setose,

setae stout and dark, as in female. Hind wing as in female, glabrous. Clunial

comb of about 45 small, evenly spaced teeth arranged in a straight transverse

row. Epiproct simple, with few setae. Paraproct with field of eight large,

closely spaced trichobothria and one fine seta without a “rosette” base, as in

female. Hind margin with short, stout cone with a long adjacent seta.

Hypandrium simple with transverse hind margin. Phallosome (Fig. 7,

slightly distorted in preparation) with distinctive arrangement of sclerites.

Two long, distally widening, apically outwardly curved rods flank a median

rugose penial bulb. A centrally placed T-shaped sclerite lies above the bulb

on each side of which is an elongated, sclerotised plate lying between bulb

and lateral rod.

Material examined. 3 ©’, floodplain rainforest remnant, Coocumbac Nature

Reserve, Taree, 24.x.-10.xi.1994, G. & T. Williams.

LEPIDOPSOCIDAE

Echmepteryx (Loxopholia) brunnea Smithers

Material examined. 1 9, 21-30.xi.1994.

MYOPSOCIDAE

Myopsocus australis (Brauer)

Material examined. 1 0’, 10.xi.1994.

PERIPSOCIDAE

Peripsocus milleri (Tillyard)

Material examined. 2 C, 24.x.-10.xi.1994; 1 9, 10-21.xi.1994; 1 9, 21-

30.xi.1994; 1 C, 1-7.xii.1994.

Peripsocus tillyardi New

Material examined. 19, 10.xi.1994.

PHILOTARSIDAE

Haplophallus sinus Thornton

Material examined. 1 9, 24.x.1994; 1 ©, 1 9, 24.x.-10.xi.1994; 1 9,

10.x1.1994; 2 C, 10-21.xi.1994.

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2) 51

Latrobiella guttatus (Tillyqrd)

Material examined. 2 0, 2 9, 24.x.-10.xi.1994.

Latrobiella lemsidia (Thornton & New)

Material examined. 1 ©’, 1-7.xii.1994.

Latrobiella paraguttatus (Thornton & New)

Material examined. 1 9, 24.x.-10.xi.1994; 2 9, 10.xi.1994.

PSEUDOCAECILIIDAE

Austropsocus viridis (Enderlein)

Material examined. 3 ©, 2 9, 24.x.-10.xi.1994; 1 c, 10.xi.1994.

Heterocaecilius lachlani (Enderlein)

Material examined. 3 ©, 1 9, 24.x.-10.x1.1994.

Lobocaecilius monicus Lee & Thornton

Material examined. 3 O, 2 9, 24.x.-10.xi.1994.

Pseudoscottiella papillosa Schmidt & Thornton

Material examined. 1 C, 24.x.1994.

PSOCIDAE

Ptycta williamsorum sp. nov.

(Figs 1-6)

Description of female. Coloration (in alcohol): Head pale with very

distinctive pattern in various shades of brown. Median epicranial suture dark

in posterior half, pale in anterior half. Head pale grey-brown across back of

head, a band of similar colour adjacent to compound eyes and on either side

of median epicranial suture so that each epicranial plate has a central pale

area. Within the pale area a conspicuous dark brown spot, a similar spot at

anterior part of pale area adjacent to each lateral ocellus. Fine brown line

from ocellar triangle to antenna base. Frons pale with two divergent brown

lines from ocellar triangle to epistomial suture, each line ending in a spot. A

similar spot on each side between the above spot and base of antenna near

epistomial suture. A line from bottom of eye to epistomial suture passing

just above antenna base.’ Fine brown parallel antero-posterior lines on

postclypeus with suggestion of a broad, pale brown, V-shaped pale band

from antennae base to middle of clypeolabral suture. Genae pale, labrum

mostly so. Scape, pedicel and first and second flagellar segments pale, distal

segments brown. Eyes black. Ocellar tubercle black. Meso- and metanotum

pale grey-brown with darker sutures, areas on each side just posterior to

axillary cord dark brown. Pleura pale, dark brown just below wing bases.

Coxae pale, dark basally. Femora pale with narrow brown band just basad of

joint with tibia. Tibiae pale. Both tarsal segments of prothoracic legs brown.

52 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2)

Figs 1-7. 1-6: Ptycta williamsorum sp. nov., female: 1, fore wing; 2, subgenital plate;

3, gonapophyses; 4, entrance to spermatheca; 5, epiproct; 6, paraproct. 7: Ectopsocus

hartleyi, male phallosome.

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2) 53

Mesothoracic legs with basal tarsal segment pale, distal segment dark.

Metathoracic tarsus similar but with a short dark brown section at distal end

of basal segment. Fore wings (Fig. 1) hyaline with pattern in various shades

of brown. Hind wing hyaline with small faint brown area at ends of veins

R2+3 and R4+5. Abdomen pale dorsally and dorsolaterally with three broad

longitudinal bands made up of irregular patches on each segment.

Morphology: Length of body 3.9 mm. Median epicranial suture distinct,

anterior arms evanescent. Vertex transverse between compound eyes. Head,

including genae, lightly setose. Length of flagellar segments: f1: 0.81 mm;

f2: 0.70 mm. Antennae strongly setose, most setae of first two flagellar

segments about as long as flegellar diameter. Eyes large, just reaching level

of vertex, emarginate opposite base of antenna. IO/D: 1.5; PO: 0.92.

Measurements of hind leg: F: 0.81 mm; T: 1.75 mm; t1: 0.54 mm; t2: 0.14

mm; rt: 4:1; ct: 24,2. Combs of ctenidiobothria strongly developed and well

sclerotised. Fore wing (Fig. 1) margin with a few short setae between end of

pterostigma and wing apex. Basal section of Sc, weakly developed, ends free

in costal cell. Pterostigma concave proximal to hind angle. No spurvein. Rs

and M fused for a length. Cul straight where it forms proximal margin of

discoidal cell. M slightly curved to give a concave distal margin to cell.

Basal section of Cula about equal in length to second and at a slight angle to

it Hind wing with Rs and M fused for a short length. A few setae on wing

margin between R2+3 and R4+5, these veins a little thicker than stem of Rs

fork. Epiproct (Fig. 5). Paraproct (Fig. 6). Subgenital plate (Fig. 2).

Entrance to spermatheca (Fig. 4) surrounded by characteristic, lightly

sclerotised folds of integument. Gonapophyses (Fig. 3) with small ventral

valve, broad transversely ovoid, external valve.

Male. Unknown.

Material examined. NEW SOUTH WALES: Holotype 9, floodplain

rainforest remnant, Coocumbac Nature Reserve, Taree, 10-21.xii.1994, G. &

T. Williams (in Australian Museum, Sydney).

Discussion. The females of several Australian species of Ptycta have a

pigmented area adjacent to fore wing vein M+Cul in addition to other

pigmented areas. In most species this patch lies behind M+Cul in the angle

formed by Cul and its separation from M. In three previously described

species this patch is remote from the angle and lies nearer to the wing base,

as it does in P. williamsorum. The other species with this wing feature are P.

campbelli Schmidt & Thornton, P. emerginata New and P. umbrata New.

They are indistinguishable from one another on this feature. P. emarginata

can be distinguished from P. williamsorum in having Rs and M meeting in a

point. In P. williamsorum the patch of brown in the angle at the nodulus is

much more extensive than in P. campbelli, occupying about the distal third

of cell Cu2. In P. umbrata there are two patches of brown in cell R, whereas

in P. williamsorum there is only one. The female genitalia of all four species

54 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2)

are similar to one another, especially in having an exceptionally small ventral

valve and in the transversely elongate-ovoid shape of the setose external

valve.

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank Geoffrey and Thusnelda Williams for making their

material available for study.

References

EVANS, T.J. 1993. Aspects of the structure and floristics of rainforest remnants within the

lower Manning Valley. M.Litt. thesis; University of New England, Armidale.

SMITHERS, C.N. 1997. New species and new records of Ectopsocidae (Insecta: Psocoptera)

from the Mount Royal area, Hunter Valley, New South Wales. General and Applied

Entomology. 27 [1996]: 43-48.

WILLIAMS, G.A. 1993. Hidden rainforests: subtropical rainforests and their invertebrate

biodiversity. New South Wales University Press & Australian Museum; Sydney; 188pp.

WILLIAMS, G.A. 1995. Pollination ecology of lowland subtropical rainforests in New South

Wales. Ph.D. Thesis; University of New South Wales; Kensington.

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2): 55-60 55

PHYTOPHAGOUS INSECT FAUNA OF TWO WEEDS, HYPTIS

SUAVEOLENS (L.) POIT. AND JATROPHA GOSSYPIFOLIA L., IN

AUSTRALIA'S NORTHERN TERRITORY

Colin G. Wilson

Parks and Wildlife Commission of the Northern Territory, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831

Abstract

The phytophagous insect fauna of the exotic weeds Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. (Lamiaceae)

and Jatropha gossypifolia L. (Euphorbiaceae) are recorded for the Northern Territory,

Australia. Six species were found feeding on H. suaveolens and one on J. gossypifolia. Both

plant species have been colonised by far fewer insects than other exotic weeds of similar size,

geographic range and time since introduction.

Introduction

Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit. (Lamiaceae) and Jatropha gossypifolia L.

(Euphorbiaceae) are plants of tropical American origin now widespread in

northern Australia (Parsons and Cuthbertson 1992). H. suaveolens, an erect,

annual, woody-based herb with a strong aromatic smell, was reported in

Australia at Port Essington on the north coast by the explorer and botanist

Ludwig Leichhardt in 1845 (Bentham 1870). J. gossypifolia, a perennial,

woody subshrub, was probably introduced deliberately to northern Australia

some time last century as an ornamental or medicinal plant (Pitt and Miller,

in press). Its features include thick, soft, sappy stems, glossy green or

reddish-purple leaves divided into three or five lobes and the presence of

numerous branched, sticky, glandular hairs on leaf margins and petioles.

Although morphologically and taxonomically distinct, both species have

been used to treat a wide variety of ailments and conditions in traditional

medicine throughout the world, from the common cold to cancer (Chopra et

al. 1956; Irvine 1961; Morton 1981; Schultes 1987; Uphof 1968).

Of greater interest to this study, however, is that both species have reputed

insecticidal properties. Pittier (1942) suggested that H. suaveolens might

have some use as an insecticide and extracts of the plant have since been

found to kill mosquito larvae (Sharma et al. 1992) and mites (Cervancia and

Aspiras 1987). Branches of H. suaveolens are used under beds and chairs to

deter bedbugs in the Philippines (Uphof 1968) and Timor (I. Wayan Mudita,

personal communication). Prasad et al. (1993) referred to insecticidal

properties of J. gossypifolia, and Chatterjee et al. (1980) found that the seeds

contained toxic principles that acted as contact insecticides. According to

Raina and Gaikwad (1987), infestations of J. gossypifolia in India are

completely free of any visible fungal or insect damage.

H. suaveolens has been a candidate for biological control in the Northern

Territory since 1979 and natural enemies with potential for use in such a

project have been found in tropical America (I. W. Forno, personal

communication) although their host range has not been studied. J.

gossypifolia is a potential target for a biological control project in northern

Australia and Indonesia. As part of the preliminary studies on these weeds in

56 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2)

Australia prior to introduction of agents for biological control, their acquired

phytophagous insect faunas were identified. The results of these studies are

reported here.

Materials and Methods

Between 1984 and 1987, immature and mature phytophagous insects were

handpicked or aspirated from seedlings and mature plants of H. suaveolens

and J. gossypifolia whenever they were found. Flowers, fruit, leaves, stems

and roots were all examined carefully for signs of insect herbivory. Damage

was correlated wherever possible to the species and stages of insects present.

Only insects which fed on -living tissues of the plants in question were

included in the phytophagous insect faunas. Insects resting but not feeding on

the plant species were not included. Immature insects were reared on excised

plant material in the laboratory and adults determined.

H. suaveolens is probably the most widespread and abundant exotic plant in

the monsoonal regions of the Northern Territory, and plants were searched

opportunistically on more than one hundred occasions during daylight hours

and in every month of the year, but more often between December and April

when most rain occurs. Areas near Darwin were searched more frequently,

but the search area extended from the Calvert River near the Queensland

border to the Victoria River near the Western Australian border. J.

gossypifolia plants were searched on five occasions at Tipperary Station, 150

km south of Darwin, on three occasions at Willeroo Station, 125 km south

west of Katherine, and once at Daly Waters. At least 1 h was spent collecting

on each occasion.

Results

Hyptis suaveolens

A total of six species of phytophagous insects, representing two orders and

five families, was found feeding on H. suaveolens in the Northern Territory

(Table 1). Only one, the major agricultural pest species Helicoverpa

armigera Hübner (Zalucki et al. 1986), was common. All fed externally on

the plant and nymphs or larvae of four species were collected on the plant

and reared. Four of the insects are polyphagous, feeding on plants in more

than one family. No seed-, flower- or root-feeding species were found.

A parasitoid, Goniophthalmus sp. (Diptera: Tachinidae), was reared on

several occasions from pupae of H. armigera.

Jatropha gossypifolia

Only one species of phytophagous insect was found feeding on J.

gossypifolia in the Northern Territory, the leaf-mining gracillariid moth

Epicephala sp. (Table 1). It was collected on each search of plants at

Tipperary and Willeroo Stations.

Table 1. Phytophagous insects associated with Hyptis suaveolens and Jatropha

gossypifolia in the Northern Territory.

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2) 57

Insect Host Stages Associated Host Host

pant collected? plant parts“ relationship? specificity

HEMIPTERA

Dictyopharidae

Dictyophara australiaca (Lallemand) H A St ECT y

Lygaeidae

Graptostethus pubescens Slater H A Fr ECT P

Pentatomidae

Spermatodes australis (Schouteden) H A,N St ECT P

LEPIDOPTERA

Gracillariidae

Epicephala sp. J L,P Le END ?

Noctuidae

Earias smaragdina Butler H L Le ECT P

Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) H L Fr , Le ECT P, E

Pyralidae

‘Pyrausta’ phoenicalis (Hübner) H L Le ECT 2

(a) H, Hyptis suaveolens; J, Jatropha gossypifolia.

(b) L, larva; N, nymph; P, pupa; A, adult.

(d) ECT, ectophagous; END, endophagous.

(e) P, polyphagous, known from other plant families; ?, host range not known; E, economic

pest.

Elasmus formosus Girault (Hymenoptera: Elasmidae) was reared on several

occasions as a larval ectoparasitoid of Epicephala sp.

Discussion

When a plant species invades a new geographic region, it draws colonists

rapidly and asymptotically from the local pool of endemic insects (Strong

1974; Strong et al. 1977). The number of insect species Which utilise the

exotic weed will normally be determined by the presence of related native

plant species (Connor et al. 1980; McCoy and Rey 1983), the architectural

complexity of the plant (Lawton and Schroeder 1977; Strong and Levin

1979), and by the geographic area occupied (Connor and McCoy 1979).

Both H. suaveolens and J. gossypifolia are in families well represented in

northern Australia. The range of H. suaveolens in the Northern Territory

overlaps that of at least seven genera of native plants in the same family

(Lamiaceae), while J. gossypifolia overlaps with dozens of genera and

species of Euphorbiaceae (Dunlop 1987). H. suaveolens is abundant across

northern Australia with a local history extending back at least 150 years. J.

gossypifolia was planted as an ornamental around many Station homesteads

58 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2)

last century, but is abundant at only a few locations in the Northern Territory,

including a single stand of over 700 ha on Willeroo Station (Pitt and Miller,

in press).

Given the presence of many related native plant species within the ranges of

these weeds in Australia, their widespread distributions and relative

abundances, their architectural complexity offering many feeding sites, and

the length of time available for recruitment of colonists, these two species are

remarkable for the absence of diverse phytophagous insect faunas. This

becomes even more apparent when one compares them with other exotic

weeds in the Northern Territory.

Sida acuta Burm. f. and S. cordifolia L. (Malvaceae), two weeds of tropical

American origin with similar morphology, distribution and phenology to H.

suaveolens, have 20 and 23 insect colonists recorded respectively in the

Northern Territory (Wilson and Flanagan 1990) compared to H. suaveolens

with only six, one of which, Helicoverpa armigera, is extremely

polyphagous, having been recorded feeding on 75 plant species in 29

families (Zalucki et al. 1986), nearly all of them exotic. Another, ‘Pyrausta’

phoenicalis (Hübner), was also recorded as a natural enemy of H. suaveolens

in Mexico (J. D. Gillett, personal communication), and hence may itself be

an immigrant to Australia.

Xanthium occidentale Bertoloni (Asteraceae), a North American plant species

known in Australia as Noogoora burr, is an annual shrub similar in size and

structure to J. gossypifolia. It is probably more widely distributed in the

Northern Territory than J. gossypifolia but is an annual species. X.

occidentale has accumulated 50 species of phytophagous insects (Wilson and

Flanagan 1993) compared to just one found on J. gossypifolia.

H. suaveolens and J. gossypifolia are barely utilised by native phytophagous

insects in Australia despite ample opportunity for their recruitment. It

appears that the lack of phytophagous insects on these weeds cannot be

explained solely in terms of architectural complexity and geographic area

occupied. Other similar introduced weeds with these factors in common

have accumulated far more insect colonists over a similar time span than H.

suaveolens and J. gossypifolia. I suggest there is some substance to reports

that both plant species have insecticidal properties.

Acknowledgments

Insect identifications were provided by M. J. Fletcher (Auchenorrhyncha),

D.H. Colless (Diptera), G.F. Gross (Heteroptera), I.D. Naumann

(Hymenoptera) and E. D. Edwards (Lepidoptera).

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2) 59

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control. Environmental Entomology 22: 254-261.

ZALUCKI, M.P., DAGLISH, G., FIREMPONG, S. and TWINE, P. 1986. The biology and

ecology of Heliothis armigera (Hübner) and H. punctigera Wallengren (Lepidoptera:

Noctuidae) in Australia: what do we know? Australian Journal of Zoology 34: 779-814.

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2): 61-64 61

NEW HOST / PARASITOID RECORDS FOR AUSTRALIAN

PENTATOMIDAE, TACHINIDAE AND BRACONIDAE

M. COOMBS and S.A. KHAN

CSIRO Entomology, Long Pocket Laboratories, PMB 3, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068

Abstract

New host / parasitoid records are provided for five species of Pentatomidae (host), seven

species of Tachinidae and one species of Braconidae (parasitoids). Tachinids of the genera

Alophora Robineau-Desvoidy, Cylindromyia Meigen and Pentatomophaga de Meijere (all

Phasiinae), an undetermined genus of Tachininae and a species of the euphorine braconid genus

Aridelus Marshall, are feceris from the pentatomids Piezodorous ed (Gmelin), Dictyotis

CIS (Westwood), Plautia affinis Dallas, Cuspicona simplex Walker and C. forticornis

reddin.

Introduction

Plant feeding bugs of the family Pentatomidae include economically

important pests attacking a wide range of horticultural and agricultural crops.

The introduced green vegetable bug Nezara viridula (L.) and native species

such as Piezodorous hybneri (Gmelin), Plautia affinis Dallas and Cuspicona

simplex Walker, attack various fruit, vegetable and legume crops causing

fruit drop, distortion and wilting (Gross 1975, Miller et al. 1977, Clarke

1992). Records of natural enemies attacking these and other species in

Australia are largely restricted to hymenopteran egg parasitoids (Boucek

1988, Johnson 1991). There are no prior records of parasitoids completing

development in the damaging nymphal stages and few records of

development in the adult stage of Australian pentatomid bugs.

Materials and methods

A survey of nymphal and adult parasitoids of Pentatomidae was conducted at

sites in south-eastern Queensland (Brookfield, Indooroopilly and Caboolture)

and northern New South Wales (Biniguy) during 1994-1996. Host /

parasitoid records were compiled for seven species of Tachinidae and one

species of Braconidae recovered from five species of Pentatomidae (Table 1).

Where species determinations were not possible, accession numbers were

assigned (LPL) and specimens lodged with the CSIRO Long Pocket

Laboratories, Brisbane.

Results

Four tachinid species were recovered from P. affinis, two each from P.

hybneri and C. simplex and one each from D. caenosus (Westwood) and C.

forticornis Breddin (Table 1). All tachinids were recovered from adult hosts

except LPL 9438, which was also recovered from late instar nymphs of P.

affinis. The braconid Aridelus sp. (Euphorinae: LPL 9436), was recovered

from 5th instar nymphs of P. affinis and C. simplex. Collection of several

thousand N. viridula nymphs and adults recovered no parasitoids.

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2)

Table 1. New pentatomid / parasitoid records.

Pentatomid host Parasitoid Host plant Locality

TACHINIDAE

Cuspicona Alophora sp. Solanum Brookfield

forticornis (LPL 9445) mauritianum Scop.

(wild tobacco)

Cuspicona Tachininae S. mauritianum Brookfield

simplex (LPL 9438)

Alophora sp. S. mauritianum Brookfield

(LPL 9445)

Dictyotus Cylindromyia Medicago sativa (L.) Biniguy

caenosus bimacula (Walker) (lucerne)

Piezodorous Alophora sp. M. sativa Biniguy

hybneri (LPL 9417)

Cylindromyia M. sativa Biniguy

rufufemur Paramanov*

Plautia affinis Tachininae S. mauritianum Indooroopilly

(LPL 9438)

Alophora sp. S. mauritianum Brookfield

(LPL 9445)

Alophora sp. Ricinus communis L. Biniguy

(LPL 9463) (castor oil)

Pentatomophaga Rubus idaeus L. Caboolture

bicincta de Meijere (raspberry)

BRACONIDAE

Plautia affinis Aridelus sp. S. mauritianum Brookfield

(LPL 9436)

R. idaeus Caboolture

Cuspicona Aridelus sp. S. mauritianum Brookfield

simplex (LPL 9436)

* Also recorded by Cantrell (1984, 1986).

Discussion

Tachinidae are an important group of parasitoids, having been used

extensively as biological control agents (see review by Grenier 1988).

Previously, host records were available for only one Australian species

attacking Pentatomidae (Cantrell 1984, 1986), that of Cylindromyia rufifemur

Paramonov, completing development in N. viridula and P. hybneri. In

addition, two species of American origin, Trichopoda pennipes (F.) and T.

pilipes (F.) were introduced to Australia for the control of N. viridula during

the period 1940-1950 and again during the early 1980's but both apparently

failed to establish (Waterhouse and Norris 1987). Parasitism of hemipterous

insects by Tachinidae was previously thought to be restricted to members of

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2) 63

the subfamily Phasiinae (Arnaud 1978, Cantrell 1984, 1986; Belshaw 1993).

Recovery of species LPL 9438 (subfamily Tachininae) represents the first

record of a species outside of the Phasiinae completing development in an

hemipterous insect. The placement of this species remains uncertain, but it is

tentatively assigned to the tribe Leskiini. As currently constituted, the

Australian Leskiini are undoubtedly polyphyletic and this is reflected in the

variety of recorded host associations. The addition of a taxon parasitic in

Hemiptera further confuses the tribal identity. Additional specimens of LPL

9438, in the collection of the Queensland Department of Primary Industries,

were collected from ‘hilltopping’ localities in central New South Wales and

south-eastern Queensland. A preliminary examination of the male and

female terminalia reveals an unusual combination of characters which does

not clarify the phylogenetic position of this interesting fly (B. K. Cantrell,

pers. comm.).

Recorded hosts for Australian Euphorinae include certain species of

Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Orthoptera (Naumann 1991), with no previous

records of development in hemipterous hosts. However, Loan (1983)

recorded three species of Aridelus Marshall parasitising early instar

pentatomid nymphs in the Neartic region, with mortality of the host

occurring in the late nymph and adult stages.

Acknowledgments

Drs Bryan Cantrell (Tachinidae) and Andy Austin (Braconidae) are thanked

for taxonomic identifications. Bryan Cantrell is further thanked for

comments on the tribal placement of species LPL 9438 within the

Tachinidae. Mr and Mrs J. Bowley (Caboolture) are kindly thanked for

permission to collect insects from their property. This work was supported

by grants from the Horticultural Research and Development Corporation, the

Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research and Stahmann

Farms Inc.

References

ARNAUD, P.H. 1978. Host-parasite catalogue of North American Tachinidae. US Department

of Agriculture Miscellaneous Publication No. 1319.

BELSHAW, R. 1993. Tachinid flies, Diptera: Tachinidae. Handbooks for the Identification of

British Insects 10: 1-169.

BOUCEK, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A biosystematic revision of

genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB International Institute of.

Entomology, Wallingford, UK.

CANTRELL, B.K. 1984. Synopsis of the Australian Phasiinae, including revisions of

Gerocyptera Townsend and the Australian species of Cylindromyia Meigen (Diptera:

Tachinidae). Australian Journal of Zoology Supplementary Series 102: 1-60.

CANTRELL, B.K. 1986. An updated host catalogue for the Australian Tachinidae (Diptera).

Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 25: 255-265.

64 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2)

CLARKE, A.R. 1992. Current distribution and pest status of Nezara viridula (L.) (Hemiptera:

Pentatomidae) in Australia. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 31: 289-297.

GRENIER, S. 1988. Applied biological control with tachinid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae): a

review. Anzeiger fur Schadlingskde., Pflanzenschutz, Umweltschutz 61: 49-56.

GROSS, G. 1975. Plant-feeding and other bugs (Hemiptera) of South Australia. 2 Vols; 501

pp. Government Printer, South Australia.

JOHNSON, N.F. 1991. Revision of Australasian Trissolcus species (Hymenoptera:

Scelionidae). Invertebrate Taxonomy 5: 211-239.

LOAN, C. 1983. Host and generic relations of the Euphorini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae).

Contributions of the American Entomological Institute 20: 388-397.

NAUMANN, LD. 1991. Hymenoptera. In CSIRO (ed.) The insects of Australia. A textbook for

students and research workers. 2 Vols; 560 + 600 pp. Melbourne University Press, Carlton.

MILLER, L. A., ROSE, H.A. and MCDONALD, J.F.D. 1977. The effects of damage by the

green vegetable bug, Nezara viridula (L.) on yield and quality of soybeans. Journal of the

Australian Entomological Society 16: 421-426.

WATERHOUSE, D.F. and NORRIS, K.R. 1987. Biological control, Pacific prospects; 454 pp.

Inkata Press, Melbourne.

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2): 65-72 65

THE SPECIFIC STATUS OF PHILIRIS SAPPHEIRA SANDS

(LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE), WITH DESCRIPTION OF

A NEW SUBSPECIES FROM AUSTRALIA

L.R. RING' and J.C. OLIVE’

'2 Doncaster Way, Mount Louisa, Townsville, Qld 4814

?22 Warrnambool Street, Trinity Park, Qld 4879

Abstract

The identity of Philiris sappheira Sands, previously considered to be a subspecies of P. nitens

(Grose-Smith), is defined and the species recognised from Australia for the first time. Philiris

sappheira manskiei subsp. nov. is described from northern Queensland. The larval food plant

is Macaranga involucrata (Euphorbiaceae).

Introduction

Sands and Fenner (1978) examined four males and a female of an

undescribed species of Philiris Róber, believed to be a subspecies of P.

nitens (Grose-Smith), from Central Province, Papua New Guinea and found

the male genitalia to be similar to those of P. nitens lucina Waterhouse &

Lyell. The valvae were reported to be similar to those of P. n. lucina but

shorter than typical P. n. nitens. The female, indistinguishable from that sex

of typical P. nitens and captured 25 years earlier (Sands 1980), was placed in

this taxon on the basis of proximity to place of capture of the males and the

apparent relationship of the female to typical P. nitens, based on adult

morphology. Sands (1980) later described these adults as Philiris nitens

sappheira Sands. However, the identity of P. n. sappheira and its validity as

a subspecies of P. nitens has been the subject of some doubt, following the

location of an isolated colony of a distinctive blue Philiris (Figs 1-4) 40 km

NW of Cooktown, northern Queensland, first discovered by Mr John Booy

who collected a single male in January 1982.

Whilst apparently a close relative of P. nitens (Figs 5-8), significant

structural differences of the male genitalia (Figs 9-17), together with the

distinctive wing pattern of the male upperside, suggest that the taxon P.n.

sappheira deserves elevation to species level.

Philiris sappheira sappheira Sands, stat. rev.

Philiris nitens ssp., Sands and Fenner, 1978: 107.

Philiris nitens sappheira Sands, 1980: 82, 83.

Types. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Holotype J (ANIC Type Reg. No. 3297, genitalia

slide M511), Rouna Falls, Central Prov., 28.vi.1975, 550 m, D.P. Sands. Paratypes:

1 9, Subitana (Central District), 1800 ft. 15.ix.1949, collected by Wm. Brandt, E.J.L.

Hallstrom; 1 0’, Kokoda Trl, Cent. Prov., 10.1.1977, R. Straatman (all in Australian

National Insect Collection, Canberra); 2 o’0’, Central Dist, Rouna, 400 m., T.

Fenner, 21.iv.1974 and 6.ii.1974 (in Central Reference Collection, Department of

Primary Industry, Konedobu, Papua New Guinea).

66 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2)

7 8 ———

Figs 1-8. Philiris spp.; males odd numbers, females even numbers; upperside and

underside: (1-4) Philiris sappheira manskiei holotype male, paratype female; (5-8)

Philiris nitens nitens.

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2) 67

Philiris sappheira manskiei subsp. nov.

(Figs 1-4, 9-10, 15)

Types. QUEENSLAND: Holotype &' (ANIC Type Reg. No. 3330, genitalia slide

No. 3438), Mclvor River Road, 11.v.1994, L.R. Ring (in ANIC). Paratypes (92 XV,

63 99) 17 co, Mclvor River Road, 1.viii.1993, 12.viii.1993, 14.viii.1993,

20.viii.1993, 22.viii.1993, 26.viii.1993, 4.iv.1994, 28.iv.1994, 1.v.1994, 2.v.1994,

6.v.1994, 9.v.1994, 11.v.1994, 12.v.1994, L.R. Ring; 7 99, Mclvor River Road,

26.viii.1993, 11.v.1994, 25.v.1994, 30.v.1994, L.R. Ring; 1 C, 8 km SW Mt Webb,

14.iv.1994, L.R. Ring; 2 99, 8 km SW Mt Webb, 10.iv.1994, 1.vi.1994, L.R. Ring; 1

o, Hopevale Mission, 5.v.1994, L.R. Ring; 8 (oc, Mclvor River, Cooktown,

25.v.1992, 8.vi.1992, 10.vi.1992, 19.vi.1992, 25.x.1992, 4.vii.1993, L.R. Ring; 11

99, Mclvor River, 24.v.1992, 25.v.1992, 27.v.1992, 2.vi.1992, 8.vi.1992, 10.vi.1992,

12.vi.1992, 15.vi.1992, 17.vi.1992, 19.vi.1992, L.R. Ring; 2 co, Mclvor Station,

27.iv.1994, 28.iv.1994, L.R. Ring; 4 99, Mclvor Station, 14.iv.1994, 25.iv.1994,

1.v.1994, 3.v.1994, L.R. Ring; 1 d, 2 km Cooktown side, Endeavour Falls

Roadhouse, 3.v.1994, L.R. Ring; 1 0”, Isabella Falls, 2.x.1991, L.R. Ring; 1 9, 1.8 km

past junction Battle Camp Road, 2.vi.1994, L.R. Ring (all in ANIC); 8 (0, Isabella

Falls, 3.x.1991, 10.xi.1991, 8.iv.1992, 22.iv.1992, 24.v.1992, 28.v.1992, 31.v.1992,

J. Olive; 10 99, Isabella Falls, 14.iv.1992, 22.iv.1992, 23.iv.1992, 26.iv.1992,

28.iv.1992, 29.iv.1992, 3.v.1992, 6.v.1992, 14.v.1992, 18.v.1992, J. Olive; (in J.C.

Olive collection); 1 0’, Isabella Falls, 24.v.1992, J.C. Olive (in Australian Museum,

Sydney); 1 o", Jan 1982, Cooktown, J. Booy (in J. Booy collection); 3 OO’,

24.v.1985, Isabella Falls, R.C. Manskie; 3 (0, 4km W of Isabella Falls, Cooktown,

24.ix.1991, R.C. Manskie (in R.C. Manskie collection); 3 oo", McIvor R. Road, 43

km NW of Cooktown, 22.ix.1993, J.W.C. d'Apice (in J.W.C. d'Apice collection); 5

Co, 4 km NW Isabella Falls, Cooktown, emerged 2.iv.1994, 27.vii.1994,

10.viii.1994, 18.viii.1994, P.S. Valentine; 6 99, 4 km NW Isabella Falls, Cooktown,

emerged 17.v.1994, 18.v.1994, 22.v.1994, 10.vii.1994, 16.ix.1994, 23.ix.1994 P.S.

Valentine; 2 Co, Carrol Creek, 3 km NW of Hopevale, emerged 19.xii.1994,

26.xii.1994, P.S. Valentine; 1 O', Mclvor River, 20 km N of Hopevale, emerged

28.xii.1994, P.S. Valentine; 2 99, McIvor River, 20 km N of Hopevale, emerged

28.xii.1994, 30.xii.1994, P.S. Valentine; (in P.S. Valentine collection); 1 9, McIvor

River, 24.v.1992, L.R. Ring; 9 (0, 40 km W of Cooktown, 15?17'S 144°59’E,

emerged 6.iii.1993, 5.ii.1994, 9.11.1994, 12.ii1.1994, 15.vii.1994, 19.viii.1994, 9-

11.xii.1994, 19-23.v.1995, S.J. Johnson; 8 99, 40 km W of Cooktown, emerged

10.11.1994, 15.11.1994, 21.11.1994, 27.11.1994, 6.iii.1994, 27.ix.1994, 9-11.xii.1994,

19-23.v.1995, S.J. Johnson; (in S.J. Johnson collection); 1 o’, 8 km SW Mt Webb,

6.vi.1994, L.R. Ring; 1 9, Mclvor Station, 13.vi.1994, L.R. Ring; 14 (0, Mclvor

River Road, 7.ix.1993, 12.ix.1993, 3.i.1994, 18.1.1994, 4.xii.1995, 7.xii.1995,

18.xii.1995, 20.xii.1995, R.G. Eastwood; 6 99, Mclvor River Road, 13.ix.1993,

23.1.1994, 5.xii.1995, 7.xii.1995, 6.11.1996, R.G. Eastwood; (in R.G. Eastwood

collection); 1 o, McIvor River Road, 7.ix.1993, R.G. Eastwood (in L. Matthews

collection); 1 0’, Mclvor River Road, 6.1.1996, R.G. Eastwood (in R.W. Hay

collection); 1 o', Mclvor River, 25.v.1992, L.R. Ring; 1 9, Mclvor River Road,

1.viii.1993, L.R. Ring (in S. Brown collection); 7 Qo, Cedar Scrub, 22.iv.1992,

1.x.1993, 12.x.1993, 15.x.1993, C. Pratt; 3 99, Cedar Scrub, 31.viii.1993, 28.x.1993,

C. Pratt; (in C. Pratt collection).

68 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2)

Male (Figs 1, 3). Antennal length (of holotype) 7.0 mm, shaft dull black

with white segmental bands, club dull black with underside orange-brown;

head grey, frons adjacent to eye margins white, palpus white, terminal

segment and dorsal surface dull black; thorax and abdomen dark grey,

ventrally white; legs white, tibiae and tarsi with black bands. Fore wing

length (of holotype) 13.0 mm, costa almost straight, termen slightly bowed,

colour above grey-black, a basal area not reaching discocellular vein and

extending three quarters length of hind margin bright metallic blue-green.

Hind wing termen rounded, colour above grey-black, basal half bright

metallic blue-green, costa and inner margin greyish. Fore wing beneath

silver-white, basal dark suffusion between CuA, and 1A+2A. Hind wing

beneath silver-white, a narrow black terminal line from M, to tornus and

black submedian spot on inner margin. Cilia white, at ends of veins M,,

CuA,, CuA, and tornus black .

Male genitalia (Figs 9, 10, 15). Similar to typical P. sappheira and distinct

from P. nitens in having much darker socii than P. nitens. In addition, the

sinus is more rounded within the concavity of the sinus as is the anterior

angle of the vault between the socii, which is angular in both P. n. nitens and

P. n. lucina. The valvae conform to those illustrated by Sands (1980) for

typical Philiris sappheira, but differ from P. n. nitens, especially in the

relative thickness and shape.

Female (Figs 2, 4). Antennal shaft, head, palpus, thorax, abdomen and legs

similar in colour to male. Fore wing costa basally curved, termen bowed;

colour above dark grey with central area suffused blue green. Hindwing

rounded, colour above grey-brown, cilia white, at ends of veins M,, CuA,,

CuA,. Fore and hind wing beneath similar to male. .

Etymology. The subspecies is named in honour of Mr R.C. Manskie of

Maryborough, Qld.

Discussion

Sands (1980) synonymised Philiris kamerungae Waterhouse and P. nitens

‘restricta Tite with P. n. nitens and referred to the range of variation of white

suffusion on the upperside of the fore wing of both sexes. In the course of

the present work, it was noted that specimens previously assigned to P. n.

restricta, with reduced white areas, still exhibited some slight whitish

suffusion on the upperside of the costa of the hind wing even on those

specimens with no other white on the upper side. By contrast, of the

extensive type series of P. s. manskiei examined, no specimen was found to

have any white area on the upperside of the wings in either sex. Adults of P.

s. manskiei were examined from every month and all were consistent in

morphology with no apparent seasonal variation or polymorphism, known to

occur elsewhere in the genus (Forbes 1977). Morphologically, P. s. manskiei

differs from P. s. sappheira by having a larger expanse of blue colour on the

hindwing of the male, whereas female P. s. manskiei are totally lacking any

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2)

Figs 9-14. Philiris spp.; male genitalia, sociuncus odd numbers, juxtae even

numbers: (9,10) Philiris sappheira manskiei; (11,12) Philiris nitens lucina; (13,14)

Philiris nitens nitens.

70 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2)

Figs 15-17. Philiris spp.; male aedeagus: (15) Philiris sappheira manskiei; (16)

Philiris nitens lucina; (17) Philiris nitens nitens.

white colour on the upper surface of any wing other than a buff-white dorsal

fold on the hindwing and consequently are very different from the

nominotypical female illustrated in Sands (1980).

Common and Waterhouse (1981) recorded the distribution of P. n. nitens

from "Mclvor River, north of Cooktown, to Ingham", the Mclvor River

record being based on a specimen captured by Mr J.C. Le Souéf. and listed

by Monteith and Hancock (1977). Examination of the specimens of Philiris

lodged at the ANIC from the collection of the late Mr Le Souéf and scrutiny

of correspondence between he and Dr Monteith from 1977 clearly indicate

Australian Entomologist, 19977, 24 (2) 71

that the specimen alluded to, whilst correctly identified as a female P. n.

nitens, is labelled "Cooktown Q, 8 July 1964, J.C. Le Souéf."

The known distribution of P. sappheira manskiei is north and north west of

Cooktown; 8 km SW of Mt Webb being the most northern record. Most

specimens included in the type series were collected from relict forest

referred to as "Cedar Scrub" by the Cook Shire Council and located 4 km

east of the junction of Battle Camp Road and Mclvor River Road

(15?15' 14"S, 144?59'52"E). The specimen collected by Mr J. Booy and

labelled "Cooktown" (J. Booy pers. comm), plus the specimens collected by

the authors and labelled "Isabella Falls", all belong to the Cedar Scrub

locality. Despite frequent and extensive searching, no P. n. nitens or P. s.

manskiei were located within the confines of the township of Cooktown and

only P. n. nitens could be located on the southern side of the township, but

not closer than 19 km south. Wherever the hostplant occurred on the

northern side of Cooktown, the only Philiris found within the distribution

area was P. s. manskiei. Thus, the known distribution of P. n. nitens is from

19 km S of Cooktown to Bluewater State Forest, 24 km N of Townsville.

The early stages of P. n. nitens are recorded by Common and Waterhouse

(1981) feeding on Glochidion philippicum (Euphorbiaceae) but extensive

breeding of this lycaenid by us has determined the primary hostplant to be

Macaranga involucrata, the same hostplant utilised by P. sappheira

manskiei. 'The early stages of these two taxa appear to be indistinguishable.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Mr J. Booy, Mr R.C. Manskie, Mr J.W.C. d'Apice, Mr P.S.

Valentine, Dr S.J. Johnson, Mr R.G. Eastwood, Mr L. Matthews, Mr S.

Brown and Mr C. Pratt for access to specimens in their private collections;

Dr G. Monteith kindly allowed access to his personal correspondence; Dr S.J.

Johnson, Dr D.P.A. Sands and Mr E.D. Edwards all provided helpful advice

in the preparation of this manuscript and Dr M. F. Braby gave freely of his

time to read the draft and proffer much useful assistance and advice; Ms K.

Smith and Mr J. Green for photographing and printing the colour plates; Dr

S.J. Johnson for photographs of the genitalia; Mr Wong Beng Foo for

allowing access to the facilities of the Malacca Butterfly and Reptile

Sanctuary during final production of the manuscript; Mr C.J. Muller for

assistance in the field and Mr and Mrs C. Pratt of Cooktown for additional

support.

References

COMMON, LF.B. and WATERHOUSE, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Revised edition;

xiv + 682 pp. Angus and Robertson, Sydney.

72 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2)

FORBES, G.R. 1977. The life history and polymorphic female of Philiris moira moira (Grose-

Smith) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from Papua New Guinea. Journal of the Australian

Entomological Society 16: 273-275.

MONTEITH, G.B. and HANCOCK, D.L. 1977. Range extensions and notable records for

butterflies of Cape York Peninsula, Australia. Australian Entomological Magazine 4: 21-38.

SANDS, D.P.A. 1980. The identity of Philiris nitens (Grose-Smith) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae),

with description of a new subspecies from Papua New Guinea. Australian Entomological

Magazine 6: 81-86.

SANDS, D.P.A. and FENNER, T.L. 1978. New butterfly records from the New Guinea region.

Australian Entomological Magazine 4: 101-108.

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2): 13-71 73

NOTES ON THE LIFE HISTORY AND VARIATION IN ADULT

FORMS OF EUPLOEA SYLVESTER PELOR DOUBLEDAY

(LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE: DANAINAE)

C.E. MEYER

10 Anne Clark Ave, Nicholls, ACT 2913

Abstract

Notes on the life history of Euploea sylvester pelor Doubleday from the Northern Territory are

iven and Gymnema geminatum R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae) recorded as a larval food plant. Adult

Kian collected around Darwin in 1992 are figured and variation discussed. Specimens similar

to the Timorese subspecies E. s. timora Fruhstorfer are recorded from the Northern Territory.

Introduction

Euploea sylvester (Fabricius) is distributed widely throughout Sri Lanka,

southern India, Sikkim, Nepal, southern China and the Malay Peninsula,

extending throughout the islands of Indonesia and Malaysia to New Guinea,

Vanuatu and New Caledonia, the Philippines, Taiwan and Australia (Ackery

and Vane-Wright 1984). Three subspecies are recognised from Australia. E.

s. sylvester (Fabricius) and E. s. tristis Butler occur throughout the islands of

the Torres Strait (Dunn and Dunn 1991), with E. s. sylvester also Occurring

from Cape York to Rockhampton (Common and Waterhouse 1981, Dunn

and Dunn 1991), westward to Fish Hole Creek, 35 km east of Karumba

(Woodger 1990). E. s. pelor Doubleday (Figs 1-6) occurs in north western

Australia from Yampi Sound, eastwards through the Northern Territory,

including Darwin and as far south as Mataranka and Bessie Springs, to Gove,

including McCluer Island, Oxley Island and Groote Eylandt (Common and

Waterhouse 1981, Dunn and Dunn 1991).

Manski (1960) listed Ficus glomerata Roxb.(Moraceae) as a food plant for

E.s. sylvester, and Common and Waterhouse (1981) noted that it had been

reported feeding on Ficus racemosa L. Sankowsky (1991) listed Gymnema

pleiadenium F. Muell from Forty Mile Scrub and Gymnema geminatum R.

Br. from Chillagoe as food plants. Apart from these food plant records little

else has been published on the immature stages of E. sylvester from

Australia.

Eggs and early instar larvae of E. s. pelor were discovered in late December

1993 and reared on cuttings of the milkweed vine Gymnema geminatum,

which grows along the verges of coastal or inland watercourse vine scrub in

the Northern Territory.

Life history

Food plant: Gymnema geminatum R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae).

Egg: Pale yellow, ribbed, pointed apically; approximate size 1.5 mm high,

0.5 mm wide.

74 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2)

Figure 1 Figure 4

Figure 2 Figure 5

Figure 3 Figure 6

Figs 1-6. Adult forms of Euploea sylvestor from near Darwin. Left - figs 1-3; right -

figs 4-6. (1-2), dark forms; (3), typical form; (4), transitional form; (5-6), timora-like

form.

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2) 75

First instar larva: Body translucent pale orange with four pairs of very small

black tubercles on segments 2, 3, 5 and 11; head black.

Final instar larva (Fig. 7): Length 38-45 mm. Four pairs of black tubercles,

on segments 2, 3, 5 and 11; body translucent pale green; each segment with

several white transverse bands, divided middorsally; a broken pale orange

spiracular band, edged with a thin white subspiracular band; segment 1 with

a pair of black subdorsal eyebrow-like marks; segments 7-10 with an

indistinctive blackish smudge above the spiracular band; segment 12 with

pale orange, white and black bands; head black with white markings;

spiracles, legs and anal plate black.

Pupa: Translucent yellow-green at first, turning to chrome in approximately

two days. Similar in shape to that of E. core corinna (W.S. Macleay). Size

15 mm long, 8 mm diameter.

Fig. 7. Euploea sylvestor pelor, final instar larva.

Observations

Eggs are laid singly on the immature new growth or on the tendrils of the

vine. After hatching, larvae took on average 16 days until pupation occurred,

with a further 9 days until emergence as adults. Common and Waterhouse

(1981) noted that the Sri Lankan subspecies, E. s. montana Felder & Felder,

has three pairs of tubercles on segments 2, 3 and 11. Ackery and Vane-

Wright (1984) list the same tubercle formula for the southern Indian

subspecies E. s. coreta Godart. E. s. pelor differs in having a fourth pair of

tubercles, on segment 5.

76 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2)

Small numbers of newly emerged adults were found from late November to

early December, with eggs and larvae generally common in late December

and January. Adult numbers increase from late January through May, with

late February and March being the peak flight period. As with other species

of Euploea Fabricius in the Northern Territory, adults tend to congregate in

shady areas along coastal verges or inland watercourses during the day,

resting on sticks, branches or vines under the canopy.

Adult variation

Figs 1-6 are representative of the forms of E. sylvester collected from the

Darwin coastal communities during the period February to May 1992, when

the butterfly was abnormally abundant compared with previous or recent

years. Adult variation generally agreed with the descriptions given in

Common and Waterhouse (1981) and ranged from the dark form in Fig. 1,

through the typical form in Fig. 3, to the forms in Figs 5-6, which closely

resemble E. s. timora Fruhstorfer, figured by Ackery and Vane-Wright

(1984, Plate XI, Fig. 147). D'Abrera (1990, p 184) also has a similar form

figured for E. s. timora; however, the form figured by D' Abrera as E. s. pelor

is the dark form shown in Fig 2. This dark form is the most common variant

encountered in the Northern Territory, with a female reared from an egg. On

rare occasions a transitional specimen may be encountered such as in Fig 4,

which more closely resembles the nominate subspecies than the typical form

of E. s. pelor.

Specimens of E. s. timora held in The Natural History Museum, London

(BMNH) are all similar to Figs 5-6 (P.R. Ackery, pers. comm.), suggesting

that this subspecies may be far less variable than either E. s. sylvester or E. s.

pelor. Waterhouse and Lyell (1914) recorded four examples of the timora

form (two males and two females) from the Northern Territory. To date I am

only aware of a further four specimens of the timora form collected in the

Northern Territory, with the following data: 1 male, labelled Port Darwin,

F.P. Dodd, (in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Col. No. KL00718); 1 male

(Fig. 5), labelled Palmers Jungle, Gunn Point, 4.v.1992, D.N. Wilson; 1 male

(Fig. 6), labelled Shoal Bay, 28.11.1992, C.E. Meyer (both in C.E. Meyer

collection, Canberra); and 1 male labelled Lee Point, 20.iii.1992, R.N.

Stoodley (in R.N. Stoodley collection, Darwin). Common and Waterhouse

(1981) noted that occasionally the spots on the forewing of E. s. pelor are

greatly enlarged, an observation that could have been based on Waterhouse

and Lyell's records and Dodd's specimen in the Australian Museum.

This seemingly rare occurrence of the timora form in the Northern Territory

suggests one of three possible alternatives:

(i) that the eight specimens known to date were vagrants to the Darwin

region; or

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2) 77

(ii) that both subspecies are sympatric around the Darwin region, with E.

s. timora being the rarer. A similar situation exists in New Caledonia

with E. tulliolus (Fabricius) (P.R. Ackery, pers. comm.); or

(iii) that the eight specimens represent an extreme variation for E. s. pelor

and that through continued breeding this form will be reproduced just like

the darker form of Fig. 2.

Further specimens of the timora form are required before the relationship

between E. s. pelor and E. s. timora in the Northern Territory can be

conclusively determined. This may be achieved through an intensive

breeding program or the discovery of resident populations of E. s. timora.

Acknowledgments

I thank Ian Cowie of the Darwin Herbarium, Palmerston for host plant

identification, Dave Wilson of Howard Springs via Darwin and Russell

Stoodley of Wagaman, Darwin for access to their specimens, Max Moulds

for advice on specimens held in the Australian Museum, Sydney, Phil

Ackery of the BMNH for his comments and advice regarding specimens held

in their collection and Michael Braby from the ANIC, Canberra for his initial

comments on the draft manuscript.

References

ACKERY, P.R. and VANE-WRIGHT, R.I. 1984. Milkweed Butterflies: their cladistics and

biology. British Museum (Natural History); pp ix + 425.

COMMON, L.F.B. and WATERHOUSE, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Angus and

Robertson, Sydney; pp xiv -- 682.

D'ABRERA, B. 1990. Butterflies of the Australia Region. 3rd Edition. Hill House,

Melbourne; pp 416.

DUNN, K.L. and DUNN, L.E. 1991. Review of Australian Butterflies: distribution, life history

and taxonomy. Part 4. Family Nymphalidae. Privately published by the authors, Melbourne;

pp v + 513-660.

MANSKI, M.J. 1960. Food plants of some Queensland Lepidoptera. Queensland Naturalist

16: 68-73.

SANKOWSKY, G. 1991. New food plant records for some Queensland butterflies. Australian

Entomological Magazine 18: 9-19.

WATERHOUSE, G.A. and LYELL, G. 1914. The Butterflies of Australia. Angus and

Robertson, Sydney; pp 239.

WOODGER, T.A. 1990. New distribution records for some Northern Queensland butterflies.

Australian Entomological Magazine 17: 41-42.

78 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2): 78-80

THE LIFE HISTORY OF BORBO IMPAR LAVINIA (WATERHOUSE)

(LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERIIDAE)

C.E. MEYER

10 Anne Clark Ave, Nicholls, ACT 2913

Abstract

The immature stages of Borbo impar lavinia (Waterhouse) from the Northern Territory are

described. Panicum maximum Jacq. and Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin. (both Poaceae) are

recorded as larval food plants.

Introduction

The yellow swift Borbo impar lavinia (Waterhouse) is found in the Northern

Territory, from Darwin east to Sixty Mile (rice project), the Adelaide River

and Groote Eylandt (Common and Waterhouse 1981, Dunn and Dunn 1991).

Common and Waterhouse (1981) also listed Moa Island in the Torres Strait

but Lambkin and Knight (1990) suggested that this record should refer to B.

i. tetragraphus Mabille, which is also found on Murray Island. The life

history of B. i. lavinia is unknown in Australia.

Life History

Food plants: Panicum maximum Jacq. and Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin.

(Poaceae).

Egg (Fig. 1): Hemispherical, smooth and white; 1.1 mm diameter x 0.6 mm

high.

First instar larva: Length 3-5 mm. Body colour pale yellowish green; head

black; posterior segments flattened, slightly rounded and covered with small

white hairs.

Final instar larva (Figs 2-3): Length 35-43 mm. Head beige with two

distinctive tan markings surrounded by cream. Body colour cream, finely

speckled all over with mint green spots. Middorsal band prominent, mint

green in colour, and narrowly edged with cream. Narrow cream dorsolateral

stripes also present although these are sometimes indistinct. Segment

divisions are yellow, being more conspicuous around the thoracic region.

The spiracles are white and the posterior segments are flattened and rounded

with fine whitish hairs.

Pupa (Figs 4-5): Length 27-35 mm. Translucent green; long and slender;

head with a distinct horn-like projection; darker green middorsal band

sometimes evident; white subdorsal and dorsolateral lines on abdominal

segments; subdorsal and dorsolateral lines sometimes present on thoracic

segments; posterior end constricted to form a flattened, ventrally curved

cremaster; haustellum extending to abdominal segment 7 or 8. Attached by

the cremaster to a dense silken pad and supported by a silken girdle (Fig. 5).

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2)

Mueve

xwv

Vw iw

ise PN

—M

Sow"

yw NOn

Ma s

KLARAS

LEJ

f mature

(6), adult male.

lews o

helter

In sS

(2-3), lateral and dorsal v

10 mm.

egg

-6)

(1)

(5), dorsal view of pupa

ia.

12 mm

-3)

, | mm

(1)

impar lav

lateral view of pupa

Borbo

Figs 1-6.

larva; (4)

Scale bars

80 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2)

Discussion

Eggs were laid singly on grass blades and hatched in 5-7 days. Young larvae

eat the egg shell before constructing a longitudinal tube-like shelter towards

the end of the grass blade. Larvae form the shelter by rolling over one edge

of the grass blade to meet the other and affixing with silk. Later instar larvae

construct similar shelters further down the grass blade. Larvae rest within the

shelters during the day and emerge mainly at night to feed. Younger larvae

eat above and below the shelter to the midrib. Later instar larvae eat from the

tip towards the base of the grass blade including the midrib and extend the

shelter towards the base of the blade as the blade is consumed. Just prior to

pupation larvae construct the pupal shelter (Fig. 5), which is generally

located towards the end of a fresh blade of grass. To form the shelter, the

larvae weaken the midrib causing the blade to fold down towards the ground.

A longitudinally open tube-like shelter is formed by larvae attaching a few

silken threads above and below the final resting pad and drawing the two

edges of the grass blade towards each other. Larvae line the shelter with silk,

orientating head upwards within the shelter and with the shelter opening

facing the ground. Larvae reach maturity in approximately 21 days. Adults

emerge about 16 days later.

Adult males (Fig. 6) establish territories in open sunny areas near the food

plant. The females flit slowly around the food plant in shadier areas, resting

frequently. Around Darwin adults fly from September to May and often

occur with Pelopidas lyelli lyelli (Rothschild). The immature stages of P. 1.

lyelli and Melanits leda bankia Fabricius have also been found on both host

grasses and successfully reared to adults. Mature larvae and adults of P. l.

lyelli can be separated from those of B. i. lavinia by the descriptions given in

Common and Waterhouse (1981).

Acknowledgments

I thank Ian Cowie of the Darwin Herbarium, Palmerston for plant

identification and Richard Weir of Leanyer, Darwin for his assistance in the

field and for the egg photography.

References

COMMON, I.F.B. and WATERHOUSE, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Angus and

Robertson, Sydney; pp xiv + 682.

DUNN, K.L. and DUNN, L.E. 1991. Review of Australian Butterflies: distribution, life history

and taxonomy. Part 2. Family Hesperiidae. Privately published by the authors, Melbourne; pp

ii + 197-335.

LAMBKIN, T.A. and KNIGHT, A.I. 1990. Butterflies recorded from Murray Island, Torres

Strait, Queensland. Australian Entomological Magazine 17: 101-112.

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2): 81-85 81

NOTES ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE WESTERN AUSTRALIAN

SKIPPER MESODINA HAYI EDWARDS & GRAHAM

(LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERIIDAE)

Andrew A.E. Williams! and Andrew F. Atkins?

1 Department of Conservation and Land Management, W.A. Wildlife Research Centre, PO Box

51, Wanneroo, WA 6065

2 Design Department, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308

Abstract

The life history of the endemic Western Australian skipper Mesodina hayi Edwards & Graham

is described, illustrated and compares to other members of the genus. The foodplant is

Patersonia drummondii (F. Muell.) Benth. (Iridaceae). Two new localities for M. hayi are

recorded.

Introduction

Mesodina hayi was described only recently (Edwards and Graham 1995).

Larvae of other members of the genus all feed on species of Patersonia

(Iridaceae) (Common and Waterhouse 1981, Edwards 1987). Initial

searches therefore were made for suitable foodplants of M. hayi on Nature

Reserve 16405, near Quairading, the only known locality. In October 1994 a

number of mature larvae and pupae were found on P. drummondii plants

growing in light coloured loamy sand on a well drained gentle slope. The

site was dominated by Allocasuarina campestris shrubland with Dryandra,

Beaufortia and Verticordia shrubs forming a component of the association.

Further visits were made to the site in 1995 so that progress of oviposition

sites and larval development could be documented.

Life history

Foodplant: Patersonia drummondii (Drummond’s Flag Lily) (Iridaceae).

Egg (Fig. 11). Diameter 1.3 mm, hemispherical, uniformly pale green in

colour; surface with 68-74 fine vertical ribs, broken near micropyle. Trans-

lateral striations or cross ribs between vertical ribs very fine, more prominent

on dorsal surface.

First instar larva (Fig. 12). Length 3.5-4.5 mm, head shining black, finely

pitted and with sparse long whitish setae; prothoracic plate shining black with

a few short setae; collar between head and prothoracic plate pale pink. Body

tapered, front portion yellowish green, rear half becoming more yellowish.

Body covered with a few short clubbed setae, posterior end with sparse long

whitish setae.

Third to final instar larvae (Fig. 1). Length 13-20 mm; head (Fig. 2) large

and rounded, pale greyish green in colour, surface slightly roughened and

covered with numerous long blackish setae. Each of these protrudes from a

black spot which gives the head a speckled appearance. Body greenish, with

sparse short club-like setae. Posterior end with long pale setae. The

intersegmental membranes are yellowish and contrast with the green body

colour, though in full sized larvae this contrast may be less pronounced. A

82 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2)

very distinct narrow black dorsal line extends almost the length of the body.

The mature larva is sparsely covered with white waxy powder.

Figs 1-6. Juvenile stages and adults of M. hayi from Quairading, WA. (1) final instar

larva, dorsal and lateral view; (2) final instar larval head; (3) frons of pupa; (4) pupa,

dorsal and lateral view; (5) adult male, upperside and underside; (6) adult female,

upperside and underside. Scale bars: (1-4) 2 5 mm; (5, 6)2 10 mm.

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2) 83

Pupa (Fig. 4). Length 15-17 mm, moderately broad anterior tapering to

posterior with small cremaster. Frons (Fig. 3) more or less smooth, with a

small moderately sclerotized operculum. Colour somewhat variable, fresh

pupae with head, thorax and wing cases dull green, abdomen yellowish.

Some specimens have a blackish head and dorsal thoracic area. As pupae

develop they darken; just prior to emergence the pupal cap (Fig. 8) is black,

the thorax and wing cases brownish black and the abdomen dark yellowish

brown. The edges of the abdominal segments remain yellowish giving it a

banded appearance.

Figs 7-10. Mesodina pupal caps. (7) M. cyanophracta, Perth, WA; (8) M. hayi,

Quairading, WA; (9) M. halyzia, Isla Gorge, Qld; (10) M. aeluropis, Blue Mts, NSW.

Scale bar = 5 mm.

Figs 11-12. Juvenile stages of M. hayi from Quairading, WA. (11) egg; (12) first

instar larva. Scale bar = 2 mm.

84 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2)

Discussion

There appears to be only one generation annually. At Quairading adult M.

hayi emerge during October and November. Eggs are laid singly on the

underside of the leaves of the foodplant. The emerging larvae make small

shelters by silking together two adjacent leaves and start feeding at the tips of

the leaves above these shelters. Larger larvae construct tent-like shelters by

silking together five to eight leaves of the foodplant. These are open at the

bottom and lined with silk. Though smaller in size, they are similar to

shelters of Mesodina cyanophracta Lower which are found on the more

robust P. occidentalis (Williams and Atkins 1996). M. hayi may also

produce characteristic wedge-shaped feeding scars similar to those made by

the larvae of M. cyanophracta. However, the narrow leaves of P.

drummondii often mean that the depth of the cuts results in the upper portion

of the leaf falling away leaving the leaf cut off at an oblique angle. Larvae

usually return to this exposed surface on subsequent feeding forays. They

often construct silken tightropes from the base of the leaves below their

shelters to their feeding sites, habitually using these pathways when

travelling to and from their shelters. Captive larvae have been observed

feeding during the late afternoon (R.W. Hay, pers. comm.). They seldom

feed for longer than 10 or 15 minutes before returning to their shelters. After

rain, larvae have been observed imbibing moisture off the surface of the

leaves. In common with other species of Mesodina Meyrick, larvae of M.

hayi rest head downwards within their shelters and before pupation seal the

entrance with a paper-like layer of silk.

There are marked differences between the eggs, larvae and pupae of M. hayi

and those of M. cyanophracta. The eggs of M. hayi are uniform in colour

and lack the characteristic maroon dorsal blotch found in eggs of M.

cyanophracta. In first instar larvae of M. hayi, the collar between head and

prothoracic plate is pale pink, whereas in M. cyanophracta this collar is

bright orange-red. Mature larvae of M. hayi are greenish, similar to those of

M. halyzia (Hewitson) (Common and Waterhouse 1981), whereas M.

cyanophracta larvae are greyish-brown in colour (Williams and Atkins

1996). In pupae of M. hayi, the operculum is less ovoid with higher dorsal

extension and upturned lateral (eye) sections, whereas in M. cyanophracta

the operculum is elliptical and pointed laterally. The pupal cap of M. hayi

also has more definite divided sclerotized areas. Figs 7-10 show differences

between the pupal caps of M. cyanophracta, M. hayi, M. halyzia and M.

aeluropis Meyrick.

The wing shape of M. hayi and pupal operculum suggest that it is structurally

close to the genera Croitana Waterhouse and Proeidosa Atkins; however the

adult maculation, Patersonia foodplant, larval and pupal characters clearly

belong to Mesodina. Edwards and Graham (1995) also noted that the male

and female genitalia have all the attributes of Mesodina, and none of those of

Croitana. The operculum of this species also shows a closer affinity with M.

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2) 85

aeluropis from eastern Australia rather than M. cyanophracta from Western

Australia.

Searches for other populations of M. hayi in the Western Australian

wheatbelt have so far been unsuccessful. The small grey-green leafed form

of P. drummondii has been recorded from wheatbelt sites near Quairading,

Tammin, Bruce Rock and Wyalkatchem. However, it is likely that many of

the localities where Herbarium material was originally collected have been

cleared for farming.

To the north, two much larger forms of P. drummondii are known to occur

(G. Keighery, pers. comm.). Examination of plants growing alongside the

North West Coastal Highway 56 km north of the Murchison River Bridge

(27?21'01"S, 114?37'26"E), and at Kalbarri National Park (27942”59”S,

114?19'13"E) in September 1995, confirmed the presence of M. hayi

populations at both localities. Interestingly, specimens of M. cyanophracta

have also been taken near Kalbarri (Edwards and Graham 1995), and we

found M. cyanophracta pupae on isolated clumps of P. occidentalis within

10 metres of M. hayi larvae on P. drummondii. This confirms that M.

cyanophracta and M. hayi are sympatric. Further surveys are planned to

establish whether M. hayi utilizes P. drummondii elsewhere.

Voucher specimens are lodged in the Insect Collection of the Western

Australian Department of Conservation and Land Management and in the

Andrew Atkins private collection.

Acknowledgments

We thank Michael Braby, CSIRO Division of Entomology, Canberra, for

material help. Jeni Alford from the Western Australian Herbarium identified

Patersonia drummondii specimens from Quairading. Greg Keighery of the

Department of Conservation and Land Management provided valuable

information on the distribution and status of P. drummondii.

References

COMMON, I.F.B. and WATERHOUSE, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Pp. xiv + 682.

Angus and Robertson, Sydney.

EDWARDS, E.D. 1987. A new species of Mesodina Meyrick from the Northern Territory

(Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Australian Entomological Magazine 14: 4-12.

EDWARDS, E.D. and GRAHAM, AJ. 1995. A new species of Mesodina Meyrick

(Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from Western Australia. Australian Entomologist 22: 83-90.

WILLIAMS, A.A.E. and ATKINS, A.F. 1996. The life history of the Western Australian

skipper Mesodina cyanophracta Lower (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Australian Entomologist

23: 49-54.

86 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2)

NEW RECORDS OF MINUTE BEES (HYMENOPTERA:

COLLETIDAE: EURYGLOSSINAE)

E.M. EXLEY

Entomology Department, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072

Abstract

New distribution records are given for Euryglossina mellea (Cockerell) and E. proserpinensis

Exley, minute Australian colletid bees.

Introduction

As well as adding to our knowledge of a poorly known but significant

element of the Australian fauna, bee records are useful to biologists

interested in the flowering habits of native plants in different parts of

Australia.

Abbreviations used are as follows: ANIC, Australian National Insect

Collection, Canberra; QDPI, Queensland Department of Primary Industries,

Brisbane; UQIC, University of Queensland Insect Collection, Brisbane.

New records

Euryglossina (Microdontura) mellea (Cockerell), previously known from

coastal areas of south-east Queensland and central New South Wales (Exley

1968), has been collected in very large numbers in both southern and

northern Queensland. Specimens in QDPI and UQIC were collected on

blossoms of Angophora costata at Miriam Vale in October, Eugenia

eucalyptoides and Melaleuca argentea at Laura in October and November

and on Callistemon near Mareeba.

Euryglossina (Turnerella) proserpinensis Exley, a species with reduced

venation (only 4 complete cells in forewing), was known previously from

coastal Queensland around Bowen and Proserpine, with one record farther

north at Mt Carbine (Exley 1968). New Queensland records are from

blossom of Eucalyptus sp., collected near Cooktown in May (in UQIC). In

the Northern Territory, J.C. Cardale collected specimens at Magela Creek,

SSE of Mudginbarry HS in November, on flowers of Eugenia ?blesseri, at

Nourlangie Creek, 8 km E of Mt Cahill in November, on Eucalyptus sp., at

Nabarlek Dam, 14 km SSW of Nimbuwah Rock in November, on Eucalyptus

sp. and near Mt Borradaile in June, on flowers of Eucalyptus sp. (all in

ANIC). Also, four females were collected by R.I. Storey along the Arnhem

Highway, 35 km W of Wildman River in November, on Melaleuca sp. (in

QDPI).

Reference

EXLEY, E.M. 1968. Revision of the genus Euryglossina Cockerell (Apoidea: Colletidae).

Australian Journal of Zoology 16: 915-1020.

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2): 87-92 87

THE IDENTITY OF AEOLOTHYNNUS ASHMEAD

AND NOTES ON ISWAROIDES ASHMEAD

(HYMENOPTERA: TIPHIIDAE: THYNNINAE)

G.R. BROWN

Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory, GPO Box 4646, Darwin, NT 0801

Abstract

Asthenothynnus Turner is newly synonymised with Aeolothynnus Ashmead (not Aeolothynnus,

Turner) and diagnoses given for Aeolothynnus and Iswaroides Ashmead (=Aeolothynnus,

Turner). Species of Aeolothynnus and Iswaroides are listed; most are new combinations. A

lectotype is designated for Iswaroides koebelei Ashmead.

Introduction

Ashmead (1899, 1903) revised the Thynninae (then at family rank) and, in so

doing, erected several new genera including Aeolothynnus Ashmead and

Iswaroides Ashmead. However, his descriptions were poor and limited to

keys (without further comment, description or illustration) in which the

couplets were not specific and neither adequately nor unambiguously defined

genera. He considered that both genera were monotypic and made no

distinction between generic and specific descriptions so that his description

of A. multiguttatus: Ashmead is also that of Aeolothynnus and I. koebelei

Ashmead that of Iswaroides.

Because of the inadequacy of Ashmead's (1903) descriptions, these genera

have been misidentified by most subsequent authors, including Turner (1910)

in the last revision of the subfamily. Turner was unable to recognise either

genus correctly and placed species of /swaroides in Aeolothynnus (sensu

Turner, not Ashmead) and species of Aeolothynnus (sensu Ashmead) in a

new genus Asthenothynnus Turner.

Whilst Aeolothynnus (sensu Turner) was synonymised with Iswaroides by

Given (1960) and the identity of Aeolothynnus Ashmead discussed, no

consideration of the similarity between Aeolothynnus and Asthenothynnus

was given.

Iswaroides is not similar to Aeolothynnus and is most readily distinguished

from the latter by the presence of posterolateral spines on the fifth tergite in

the male, plus the absence of a sagittal sulcus on the pronotum in the female.

Some consideration of the generic relationships of Aeolothynnus and

Iswaroides are given by Brown (1997 a, b).

The most recent key to genera is that of Turner (1910), although some

generic names were used incorrectly. These have been changed as follows:

Aeolothynnus synonymised with Jswaroides by Given (1960);

Glaphyrothynnus Turner synonymised with Zeleboria Saussure by Rohwer

(19103); Oncorhinus Shuckard changed to Oncorhinothynnus by Salter

(1954): Tachynothynnus Turner synonymised with Guerinius Ashmead by

Rohwer (1910a); and Zeleboria (sensu Turner) renamed Neozeleboria

88 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2)

Rohwer (1910a). The synonymy of Asthenothynnus and Iswaroides are

discussed further below.

Institutional abbreviations: BMNH, The Natural History Museum, London;

SAM, South Australian Museum, Adelaide; USNM, United States National

Museum, Washington.

Aeolothynnus Ashmead

(Figs 1-6)

Aeolothynnus Ashmead, 1903: 101; Given, 1954: 22; Given, 1960: 400.

Type species Aeolothynnus multiguttatus Ashmead, by monotypy.

Aelothynnus Rohwer, 1910a: 348. Incorrect subsequent spelling.

Asthenothynnus Turner, 1910: 34; Given, 1954: 27; Salter, 1954: 292. Type

species Thynnus pulchellus Klug, by original designation. Syn. nov.

Material examined. Aeolothynnus multiguttatus: paralectotype 0’, Australia,

Koebele (USNM) [Lectotype Oo” in USNM, here designated, same data as

paralectotype; not examined]. Thynnus pulchellus: 1 0’, Port Lincoln, South

Australia, Lea (SAM) [identified by R.E. Turner, the type having been lost

(F. Koch, pers. comm.)].

Discussion. After an examination of the paratype, Ashmead's (1903)

description of the male is summarized as follows: hypopygium trispinose

with middle spine slightly longer (couplets 1, 2, 3, 7, 16) and long and

narrow with lateral margins subparallel (couplet 7); clypeus produced,

trapezoidal with the apical margin truncate (couplet 17). This does not

define the genus exclusively and at least some species of Aspidothynnus

Turner, Asthenothynnus, Doratithynnus Turner, Encopothynnus Turner,

Iswaroides and Tmesothynnus Turner fit this description equally well.

The hypopygium and genitalia are distinctive in the type species of

Aeolothynnus. The hypopygium is subparallel with a relatively small apical

spine and even smaller spines at the lateral angles, which are near the end of

a U-shaped carina surrounding a depression on the ventral surface of the

hypopygium (Figs 1, 4). The genitalia have the basiparameres large and

broad and the parameres relatively short, so that the genitalia appear

suborbicular. These characters also occur in the type species of

Asthenothynnus, Thynnus pulchellus Klug. Although the shape of the

hypopygium and the extent to which the ventral carina and depression are

developed vary, I can see no morphological reason to separate these two

groups and therefore consider that Asthenothynnus should be synonymised

with Aeolothynnus.

The genitalia of Aeolothynnus multiguttatus are illustrated in Figs 2-3

(although the basal ring is hidden by the apex of the metasoma, which has

been damaged; this would be more so if the genitalia were fully exposed);

those of Aeolothynnus pulchellus in Figs 5-6.

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2) 89

Figs 1-6. Aeolothynnus spp. (1-3): A. multiguttatus Ashmead, male: (1) sternite 8; (2)

genitalia, lateral view; (3) genitalia, dorsal view. (4-6): A. pulchellus Ashmead, male:

(4) sternite 8; (5) genitalia, lateral view; (6) genitalia, dorsal view. Scale line 2 0.2

mm. P = paramere; B = basiparamere; R = basal ring.

90 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2)

Diagnosis. Male: clypeus convex medially and at level of antennal

prominence, not carinate; metasoma relatively smooth and polished,

segments not strongly sclerotised or constricted; epipygium convex

becoming membranous posteriorly, without carinae or projections;

hypopygium with apex weakly concave dorsally, more or less flat apically,

rounded or triangular or truncate with a small apical spine, angles of

truncation may be subspinose (never spinose basally); paramere-

basiparamere suture incomplete; basiparameres large and suborbicular;

parameres small, often subtriangular.

Female: pronotum impunctate, sagittaly sulcate; T2 with four transverse

carinae; S5 punctate; pygidium at least two times longer than wide and

slightly widened towards the apex.

Included species. Twenty-seven species are included; all except A.

multiguttatus are new combinations formerly included in Asthenothynnus.

Previously recognised synonyms are included in brackets.

Aeolothynnus beatrix (Turner); A. decoratus (Smith); A. deductor (Turner);

A. exiguus (Turner); A. generosus (Turner); A. incensus (Smith); A. innocuus

(Turner); A. kurandensis (Turner); A. lactarius (Turner); A. leucostictus

(Turner); A. lilliputianus (Turner); A. maritimus (Turner); A. minutissimus

(Turner); A. minutus (Smith); A. multiguttatus Ashmead; A. penetratus

(Smith); A. perkinsi (Turner); A. planiventris (Turner); A. pleuralis (Turner);

A. pulchellus (Klug) (=Thynnus multipictus Smith); A. pulcherrimus

(Turner); A. pygmaeus (Turner); A. quadricarinatus (Saussure); A.

rubromaculatus (Turner); A. tenuis (Turner); A. vicarius (Turner); A.

westwoodi (Guérin) (=Thynnus intricatus Smith; =Thynnus longiceps Smith;

=Thynnus nanus Smith).

Iswaroides Ashmead

Iswaroides Ashmead, 1899: 50; Ashmead, 1903: 98, 104; Turner, 1910: 55;

Salter, 1954: 312; Given, 1954: 42. Type species Iswaroides koebelei

Ashmead, by original designation.

Aeolothynnus, Turner (not Ashmead), 1910: 39. Misidentification.

Turnerella Rohwer, 1910a: 349. Nom. nov. for Aeolothynnus, sensu Turner.

Thynnoturneria Rohwer, 1910b: 474; Salter, 1954: 297; Given, 1954: 59;

Given, 1960: 402 (syn.). Type species Thynnus (Agriomyia) cerceroides

Smith, by original designation.

Eurohweria Turner, 1911: 608. Replacement name for Turnerella Rohwer

(preoccupied by Turnerella Cockerell).

paralectotype 9, Australia, A. Koebele (USNM). Thynnus cerceroides:

holotype 0’, Australia (BMNH).

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2) 91

Diagnosis. Male: apex of epipygium with a single, transverse apical carina;

posterolateral angles of S6 spinose and longer than those on S5 (when

present).

Female: S5 punctate; mesopleura without a dorsal surface; T2 with either two

or four transverse carinae; pronotum not sagittally sulcate, not medially

tuberculate; pygidium long, narrow and arched at base; head constricted.

Included species. Twenty-four species are included. Although Given (1960)

discussed the synonymy of Iswaroides, no species were formally placed in

this genus other than the type species. With the exception of I. koebelei and

I. heinricheri, all are new combinations formerly included in Thynnoturneria.

Iswaroides heinricheri, comb. nov., was formerly included in Thynnus.

Previously recognised synonyms are included in brackets.

Iswaroides ablatus (Turner); 1. armiger (Turner); I. aterrimus (Smith); I.

baccatus (Smith); 1. centralis (Turner); I. cerceroides (Smith) (=Thynnus

perelegans Smith); I. compressiceps (Turner); I. crenulatus (Turner); I.

decipiens (Westwood); I. heinricheri (Dalla Torre) (=Thynnus dimidiatus

Westwood*); 7. eyrensis (Turner): 1. halophilus (Turner); I. illustris (Kirby);

I. immitis (Turner); I. koebelei Ashmead; I. lachrymosus (Turner); I. myola

(Turner); I. pentadontus (Turner); I. perturbatus (Turner); I. sanguinolentus

(Turner); I. saundersi (Turner); I. trimaculatus (Turner); I. umbripennis

(Smith); I. xerophilus (Turner).

* The trivial name dimidiatus Westwood has been used for this species in

catalogues by Turner (1910), Given (1954) and Salter (1954) but, under

Article 59b of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (1985),

dimidiatus Westwood was replaced due to secondary homonymy prior to

1961 by Dalla Torre (1897) and is therefore permanently invalid. The

replacement name heinricheri Dalla Torre is correct.

Acknowledgments

I thank Mick Day (BMNH), Dave. Morgan (BMNH) and Arnold Menke

(USNM) for the loan of types and Dr F. Koch (Zoologisches Museum,

Berlin) for searching for the type of Thynnus pulchellus.

References

ASHMEAD, W.H. 1899. Super-families in the Hymenoptera and generic synopses of the

families Thynnidae, Myrmosidae and Mutillidae. Journal of the New York Entomological

Society 7: 45-60.

ASHMEAD, W.H. 1903. Classification of the fossorial, predaceous and parasitic wasps, or the

superfamily Vespoidea. Canadian Entomologist 35: 95-158.

BROWN, G.R. 1997a. Chilothynnus, a new genus of Australian Thynninae (Hymenoptera:

Tiphiidae) associated with orchids. The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of

the Northern Territory 13: 61-72.

92 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2)

BROWN, G.R. 1997b. Arthrothynnus, a new genus of orchid-pollinating Thynninae

(Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae). The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the

Northern Territory 13: 73-82.

DALLA TORRE, C.G.de 1897. Catalogus Hymenoptorum | hucusque | descriptorum

systematicus et synonymicus 8: 99-199,

GIVEN, B.B. 1954. A catalogue of the Thynninae (Tiphiidae, Hymenoptera) of Australia and

adjacent areas. New Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 109: 1-

89.

GIVEN, B.B. 1960. Notes on Australian Thynninae. V. Aeolothynnus multiguttatus Ashmead

and /swaroides koebelei Ashmead. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales

84: 400-402.

ROHWER, S.A. 1910a. Turner's genera of Thynnidae with notes on Ashmeadian genera.

Entomological News 21: 345-351.

ROHWER, S.A. 1910b. Some Australian sawflies. Entomological News 21: 467-474.

SALTER, K.E.W. 1954. Studies on Australian Thynnidae. 1. A check list of the Australian

and Austro-Malayan Thynnidae. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 78:

276-315.

TURNER, R.E. 1910. Hymenoptera Fam. Thynnidae. Genera Insectorum 105: 1-62.

TURNER, R.E. 1911. Notes on fossorial Hymenoptera. V. Further notes on the Thynnidae and

Scoliidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8) 8: 602-624.

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2): 93-95 93

NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORDS FOR SOME BUTTERFLIES

(LEPIDOPTERA) FROM CENTRAL WESTERN QUEENSLAND

T.A. WOODGER

Arimco Mining Pty Limited, PO Box 1929, Mount Isa, Qld 4825

Abstract

New distribution records and range extensions are given for Taractrocera ina Waterhouse, T

anisomorpha (Lower), Papilio aegeus Donovan, Catopsilia scylla (Linnaeus), Delias aganippe

(Donovan), D. argenthona (Fabricius), Tirumala hamata (W.S.Macleay), Junonia orithya

(Linnaeus), Acraea andromacha (Fabricius), Jalmenus icilius Hewitson and Candalides heathi

(Cox) from Selwyn Mine, near Mt Isa, central western Queensland.

Introduction

The following records and range extensions from Selwyn Mine were made

between October 1991 and April 1997. Selwyn Mine (21°41'S, 140?28'E)

lies 140 km south east of Mount Isa, central western Queensland. Records

are based on observations and collected specimens representing eleven

species, two being major extensions to previous records.

Observations

HESPERIIDAE

Taractrocera ina Waterhouse. Two females were collected on 23.11.1995

and 21.ii.1997, both flying along a creek bank beside Mount Dora, Selwyn

Mine. It was not recorded from the Gulf of Carpentaria or western

Queensland by Dunn & Dunn (1991) and provides a confirmed site in central

western Queensland within the range indicated by Common and Waterhouse

(1981).

Taractrocera anisomorpha (Lower). Seven specimens were collected in ii.

& 111.1995 and two in iii.1997, all flying along a creek bank beside Mount

Dora, Selwyn Mine. It was not recorded from the Gulf of Carpentaria or

western Queensland by Dunn & Dunn (1991) and provides a confirmed site

in central western Queensland within the range indicated by Common and

Waterhouse (1981).

PAPILIONIDAE

Papilio aegeus Donovan. Five females were observed between 23.ii.-

9.11.1996, flying in a westerly direction across the Selwyn Ranges and a

male was observed flying along a creek on 9.11.1997. Alice Springs was

listed by Common and Waterhouse (1981) as an isolated inland Northern

Territory location but there are no previous records from the arid inland of

central western Queensland.

PIERIDAE

Catopsilia scylla (Linnaeus). This species was collected or observed

between i-iv.1996 and i-iv.1997. It was not recorded from the Gulf of

Carpentaria or western Queensland by Dunn & Dunn (1991) and provides a

94 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2)

confirmed site in central western Queensland within the range indicated by

Common and Waterhouse (1981).

Delias aganippe (Donovan). This species was collected or observed from v-

vii. in 1993, 1994 and 1996, flying around flowers of Corymbia terminalis,

both on the open river flats and around the upper section of trees on local hill

tops. These records represent the most northern limit of D. aganippe in

central Australia, the previous being Alice Springs (Common and

Waterhouse 1981). D. aganippe is only occasionally encountered north of

Yeppoon and records have been confined to the coastal regions and nearby

tablelands (Common and Waterhouse 1981, Fox 1991, Braby 1992, 1994).

This record from the poorly studied central western region of Queensland

indicates that the distribution of D. aganippe is more widespread in the

tropics than has been recognised previously.

Delias argenthona (Fabricius). Specimens were observed on 9.vii.1991 and

7.vii.1993, flying around Eucalyptus leucophloia. A search of mistletoe

failed to locate early stages of this species. The previous most western limit

recorded in Queensland is Longreach (Common and Waterhouse 1981).

NYMPHALIDAE

Tirumala hamata (W.S.Macleay). In ii. & iii.1996 and 1997, numerous

specimens were observed flying in an easterly direction over the Selwyn

Ranges. This locality falls within the broad distribution given in Common

and Waterhouse (1981) and provides a firm record for central western

Queensland. Dunn & Dunn (1991) listed vagrant specimens from as far west

as Mitchell.

Junonia orithya (Linnaeus). This species was observed in iv.1991, viii.1993,

vi.1995 and iv.1997. It was not recorded from the Gulf of Carpentaria or

western Queensland by Dunn & Dunn (1991) and provides a confirmed site

in central western Queensland within the range indicated by Common and

Waterhouse (1981).

Acraea andromacha (Fabricius). Two adults were observed on 18.11.1992

and 20.xi.1995, the latter hill-topping. Numerous additional specimens were

observed from ii-xi.1996 and ii-iv.1997. Common and Waterhouse (1981)

did not list it from central western Queensland, although it is known from

Alice Springs, NT.

LYCAENIDAE

Jalmenus icilius Hewitson. This species was collected on 8.iv.1991 and in

1.1995 a female was observed flying around Senna artemisioides, upon

which larvae were collected and reared. This record represents a significant

range extension in Queensland of over 1000 km north from the limit shown

in Common and Waterhouse (1981).

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2) 95

Candalides heathi (Cox). One specimen was collected in i.1996 and two in

iv.1997, flying at 1.5m and landing on the tips of tall grasses along the edge

of a creek beside Mount Dora, Selwyn Mine. This locality extends the range

by approximately 200 km north from Boulia, the previous northern limit in

central western Queensland (Common and Waterhouse 1981).

Acknowledgments

I thank Ted Edwards, CSIRO, for the identification of Jalmenus icilius and

Michael Braby, CSIRO, for assistance with the paper.

References

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COMMON, LF.B. and WATERHOUSE, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Angus &

Robertson, Sydney.

DUNN, K.L. and DUNN, L.E. 1991. Review of Australian Butterflies: distribution, life history

and taxonomy. Parts 1-4. Privately published, Melbourne.

FOX, P.J. 1991. The occurrence of the wood white butterfly in central Queensland. Victorian

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96 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (2)

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Cerambycidae). Mauritiana (Altenburg) 16: 87-90.

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THE AUSTRALIAN

Entomologist

Volume 24, Part 2, 26 September 1997

kiu

CONTENTS

BROWN, G.R.

The identity of Aeolotbynnus Ashmead and notes on Iswaroides Ashmead

(Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae: Thynninae).

COOMBS, M. and KHAN, S.A.

New host/ parasitoid records for Australian Pentatomidae, Tachinidae and

Braconidae.

EXLEY, E.M.

New records of minute bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae: Euryglossinae).

MEYER, C.E.

Notes on the life history and variation in adult forms of Euploea sylvester pelor

Doubleday (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae).

MEYER, C.E.

The life history of Borbo impar lavinia (Waterhouse) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)

RING, L.R. and OLIVE, J.C.

The specific status of Pbiliris sappbeira Sands (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), with

description of a new subspecies from Australia.

SMITHERS, C.N.

Psocoptera from Coocumbac Island Nature Reserve, Taree, New South Wales.

WILLIAMS, A.A.E. and ATKINS, A.F.

Notes on the life history of the Western Australian skipper Mesodina bayi Edwards &

Graham (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae:). 8

WILSON, C.G.

Phytophagous insect fauna of two weeds, Hyptis suavolens (L.) Poit. and Jatropha

gossypifolia L., in Australia's Northern Territory.

WOODGER, T.A.

New distribution records for some butterflies (Lepidoptera) from central western

Queensland.

RECENT LITERATURE

An accumulative bibliography of Australian entomology 9

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTICES Inside back cover.

ISSN 1320 6133