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Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (4): 145-152 145

TWO NEW SPECIES OF MICRONECTA KIRKALDY

(HETEROPTERA: CORIXIDAE) FROM VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA

LM. KING

Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic 3052

Abstract

Two new species of water bug from southern Victoria, Micronecta dixonia sp. nov. and M.

concordia sp. nov. are described and illustrated and their acoustic signals briefly described.

They are sympatric species and were found in dams with up to four other Micronecta species.

Although similar morphologically, they have different acoustic signals. M. tasmanica

Wroblewski, stat. nov. and M. illiesi Wroblewski, stat. nov. are regarded as species, not

subspecies of M. annae Kirkaldy.

Introduction

There are 14 species and 3 subspecies of Micronecta Kirkaldy previously

known in Australia, with 3 species and 2 subspecies recorded from Victoria

(Hale 1922, Chen 1965, Wroblewski 1970, 1972, 1977). Two new species

were discovered during research into sounds and acoustic behaviour of

Micronecta found near Melbourne (in shallow water at the edges of farm

dams in the Dixon’s Creek area, 60 km NE of Melbourne). Results of sound

analysis of the males of several species will be reported elsewhere but brief

diagnostic acoustic signal descriptions of the new species are included here.

Materials and methods

Body length was measured to the posterior tip of the hemelytra, since after

death the abdomen is often extended well beyond its normal length. In live

bugs, the tips of the lobes of the eighth abdominal segment protrude slightly

beyond the hemelytra. For comparing interocular distance with eye width,

eye width is described both qualitatively (maximum width along the central

axis of the eye) and quantitatively (Wroblewski’s (1972) eye width, defined

as half the difference between head width and interocular space).

Measurements of strigils and of ridges on the basal process of right

parameres were made from SEMs.

Sound recordings were made in the laboratory using a Bruel & Kjaer 8103

hydrophone, a high-gain matching amplifier (Melbuni-ews) and a Sony TC-

510-2 tape-recorder with tape speed of 19 cm/sec. These recordings were

analysed on a Kay Elemetrics Corp DSP Sonagraph Model 5500.

Micronecta acoustic signals consist of one or usually more pulse-trains, each

pulse-train being a group of pulses (as seen on oscillograms or waveforms).

Inter-pulse-train interval (IPTI), the time from the start of one pulse-train to

the start of the next, is the main signal parameter which distinguishes

between the males of different species.

The genus Micronecta Kirkaldy

Individuals of the subfamily Micronectinae are much smaller than other

corixids and in Australia are all included in the genus Micronecta. Most

species are 3-4 mm in length, with none over 5 mm. The antennae are 3-

146 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (4)

jointed and the scutellum is small. The anterior tarsus in males has a large

flattened claw (palar claw) which folds back into a groove on the tarsus. The

abdomen is symmetrical in females and asymmetrical to the right in males.

Micronecta species are common in inland fresh waters throughout Australia,

especially near the edges of water bodies. They spend most of the time on

the bottom mud or amongst vegetation, occasionally surfacing to replenish

the respiratory air bubble. Due to buoyancy caused by the air bubble they

cling to plants, submerged objects or bottom material when not swimming.

Micronectids are good fliers and can migrate between water bodies.

Fig. 1. Micronecta spp., photographed under same lighting conditions: left, M.

dixonia sp. nov., holotype male (length 3.5 mm); right, M. concordia sp. nov.,

paratype male (length 3.2 mm).

Micronecta dixonia sp. nov. (Figs 1, 2)

Types. VICTORIA: Holotype C', from a 20 m length of bank in a dam below

Paul's Lane, 300 m N of Beach's Lane, Dixon's Creek, 14.vii.1992, I. King.

Paratypes: 3 O'O', same data as holotype (all in Museum of Victoria,

Melbourne).

Description of male. Macropterous; body length 3.4-3.6 mm (mean 3.53, SD

0.09, n=8); body width 1.6-1.7 mm (mean 1.65, SD 0.03, n=8); length to

width ratio 2.1-2.2 (mean 2.14, SD 0.04, n=8).

Colour and markings of live males (and in alcohol in parentheses). Head

light ochre with a median, longitudinal, faint, thin reddish line (not usual in

alcohol); posterior margin suffused with smoky brown and with a small dark

central tubercle. Pronotum sometimes with several slight transverse wrinkles

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (4) 147

when dry, medium brown, with a darker brown fascia (absent or faint in

alcohol) interrupted medially; posterior edge dark. Hemelytra light ochre

brown background; clavus with brown markings (less distinct in alcohol)

sub-parallel to margins, anterior section lighter, with a large, slightly darker,

smoky central area; corium with 4 longitudinal dark brown streaks (fainter in

alcohol), the 3 outer streaks usually joined at alternate ends (Fig. 1),

membrane darker, especially towards posterior. Underside dark or pitchy

(ochre to brown, sometimes with areas of dark brown, in alcohol). Legs light

ochre.

Structural characteristics. Head slightly longer than pronotum, vertex more

convex than outline of eyes; posterior margin of eyes separated from

posterior margin of head, especially medially. Interocular distance about

same as eye width (interocular / eye width 1.17-1.29, mean 1.23, SD 0.05,

n=8). Interocular distance 38% of head width. Antennae (Fig. 2a): distal

section club-shaped, 7.5% of body length. Pronotum width to length ratio

3.31-3.67 (mean 3.52, SD 0.12, n=8), narrower than head by about 5% of

head width. Hemelytra, except for posterior part of membrane, covered with

. hairs 20-30 um long; several long (to 0.2 mm) thin hairs on right membrane.

Metaxyphus acutely triangular (Fig. 2b), about 60-80?. Abdomen: strigil

about 86 um long, comb-like, with a single row of about 57 evenly spaced

teeth; submedian process of 7th sternite as in Fig. 2d; free lobe of 8th tergite

pigmented (Fig. 2c). Parameres: shaft of right paramere (Fig. 2e) parallel-

sided for about first 2/3 of length, then slightly dilated before tapering to a

blunt tip (Fig. 2h), basal process with an area of 20 ridges visible, 1.5-1.8 um

apart, adjoining an area of 14-16 ridges, 0.5-0.7 um apart; left paramere

curved, rather stout (Fig. 2f), with denticulate area towards distal end of stout

section, then tapering to a point with a bird's head-like profile (Fig. 2g).

Legs: femur of foreleg with 2 spine-like setae 1/3 of length from base and

several thinner setae near base (Fig. 2i). Length of femora 0.4 mm, 12% of

body length. One long, stout, spine-like seta 1/3 of length from distal end of

tibia and a thinner long seta (about 0.1 mm) nearer distal end (Fig. 2i). Palar

claw club-shaped when flattened under cover-slip (Fig. 2j) but normally

elongate, concave laterally and longitudinally (Fig. 2i). Middle femora 1.3-

1.4 mm long, 39% of body length; middle tarsal claws 0.5 mm long, almost

as long as tarsus. Hind femora 0.7-0.8 mm long, 21.8% of body length.

Acoustic signals. Except at low temperatures (below about 15?C) acoustic

signals sound like short bursts of an umpire's whistle. At 20°C each signal is

about 1/4 second long and usually consists of 5-10 pulse-trains (mean 7.6),

with a mean IPTI of 32 ms. It is this fast pulse-train rate which gives this

species its whistle-like sound.

Comparative notes. 'The dorsal body proportions and colours of live males of

M. dixonia are similar to M. major Chen but M. major is over 4 mm long.

The anterior section of the clavus is light but not completely clear as in M.

major. The diagnostic characters of M. dixonia are the acoustic signals

148 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (4)

Fig. 2. Micronecta dixonia sp. nov. (a) antenna; (b) metaxyphus; (c) free lobe of 8th

tergite; (d) submedian process of 7th sternite; (e) right paramere; (f) left paramere; (g)

tip of left paramere; (h) tip of right paramere; (i) foreleg; (j) meth claw. All scale bars

0.1 mm except palar claw and tips of parameres 25 um.

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (4) 149

(males) and dorsal colouring of live specimens, especially the light anterior

section of the clavi, in combination with body size and proportions. I was

able to sort live M. dixonia from other dam species by dorsal appearance.

The background colours, especially the light anterior section of the clavi, are

still diagnostically useful with bugs in alcohol. I have only heard one other

species of Micronecta with a pulse-train rate fast enough to produce a

similar-sounding signal but that species (M. annae Kirkaldy) has a much

longer signal and a different mean IPTI.

Known distribution. Several dams in Dixon’s Creek area.

Etymology. The specific name is derived from Dixon’s Creek.

Micronecta concordia sp. nov. (Figs 1, 3)

Types. VICTORIA: Holotype O', from edge of large dam, “Merrinda”

property, Beach’s Lane, Dixon’s Creek, 5.ix.1996, I. King. Paratypes: 6

OO’, same data as holotype (all in Museum of Victoria, Melbourne).

Description of male. Macropterous; body length 3.1-3.3 mm (mean 3.19, SD

0.07, nz12); body width 1.4-1.5 mm (mean 1.48, SD 0.02, nz12); length to

width ratio 2.1-2.2 (mean 2.15, SD 0.03, n=12).

Colour and markings of live males (and in alcohol in parentheses). Head

light ochre or greenish ochre with a median, longitudinal, faint, thin orange

line (may be absent in alcohol); vertex sometimes slightly orange (not usual

in alcohol); posterior margin suffused with light golden brown to medium

brown, thin laterally and wider towards centre, where there is a dark brown

tubercle. Pronotum usually with several transverse wrinkles when dry,

medium greenish brown, with a darker brown fascia (absent or faint in

alcohol) interrupted medially; posterior edge dark. Hemelytra medium

greenish brown background, like pronotum; clavus with brown markings

(less distinct in alcohol) sub-parallel to margins and darker posteriorly,

anterior section with medium ochre background (may be darker in alcohol)

but medium brown over most of area; corium with longitudinal markings as

for M. dixonia (Fig. 1). Underside and legs as for M. dixonia.

Structural characteristics. Head longer than pronotum, vertex more convex

than outline of eyes; posterior margin of eyes separated from posterior

margin of head. Interocular distance about same as eye width (interocular /

eye width 1.29-1.48, mean 1.35, SD 0.05, n=12). Interocular distance 40%

of head width. Antennae (Fig. 3a): distal section similar to M. dixonia, 6.8%

of body length. Pronotum width to length ratio 3.25-3.75 (mean 3.50, SD

0.18, nz11), narrower than head by about 7% of head width. Hemelytra:

hairs similar to M. dixonia. Metaxyphus acutely triangular (Fig. 3b), similar

to M. dixonia. Abdomen: strigil about 72 um long, comb-like, with a single

row of 52-55 evenly spaced teeth; submedian process of 7th sternite as in

Fig. 3d, with a long posterior point and longer hairs than in M. dixonia; free

lobe of 8th tergite pigmented (Fig. 3c). Parameres: similar to M. dixonia

150 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (4)

Fig. 3. Micronecta concordia sp. nov. (a) antenna; (b) metaxyphus; (c) free lobe of

8th tergite; (d) submedian process of 7th sternite; (e) right paramere; (f) left paramere;

(g) tip of left paramere; (h) tip of right paramere; (i) foreleg; (j) palar claw. All scale

bars 0.1 mm except palar claw and tips of parameres 25 um.

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (4) 151

(Figs 3e-h); ridges on basal process of right paramere also similar to M.

dixonia, with an area of 21-27 ridges, 1.5-1.9 um apart, adjoining an area of

9-17 ridges, 0.5-0.7 um apart. Legs: description of forelegs, including palar

claws, as for M. dixonia (Figs 31-j); length of femora 0.4 mm, 12.5% of body

length. Middle femora 1.3 mm long, 40.6% of body length; middle tarsal

claws 0.5 mm long, almost as long as tarsus. Hind femora 0.66-0.76 mm

long, 22.696 of body length.

Acoustic signals. Usually consist of 4 or 5 pulse-trains and are about 0.6-0.8

seconds long, at 20?C. Each pulse-train is heard separately, with a mean

IPTI of 154 ms at 20°C. M. concordia chorusing was recorded in dams.

Comparative notes. 'The diagnostic characters of M. concordia are similar to

those of M. dixonia: acoustic signals (males), dorsal colouring combined with

body size and proportions. M. concordia and M. dixonia are remarkably

similar in all the structures usually used diagnostically, except the submedian

process of the 7th sternite. However, the difference between these two

species in hemelytral background colour and especially the anterior sections

of the clavi, is still apparent in alcohol. Also, interocular distance relative to

head width is slightly different in these species (and this causes the slight

difference in interocular distance / eye width, Wroblewski method). Two

other sympatric species, M. gracilis Hale and M. tasmanica Wroblewski, also

produce acoustic signals of mostly 4 or 5 pulse-trains but their IPTIs are

different from each other and from those of M. concordia.

Known distribution. Many dams in the Yarra Valley, especially Dixon's

Creek area; almost always by far the most common species.

Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin concordia,

agreement, union, harmony, concord.

Discussion

Since the most reliable characters for distinguishing species of Micronecta

are the acoustic signals and (usually) various characters of male morphology,

only males whose signals were recorded are included in the type series. In

the 8 species recorded, the mean body size of females was always slightly

larger than that for males and colours and markings were similar, except in

some species males were dark ventrally (especially in live bugs) but females

were light.

Wroblewski (1970, 1977) described 3 subspecies of Micronecta, 2 of which

have been found in Victoria: M. annae tasmanica and M. annae illiesi. I

have recorded the sounds of both these subspecies plus M. annae annae and

regard all 3 as valid species. Their hemelytral markings are different from

each other, being completely absent in M. tasmanica stat. nov. and their

acoustic signals are different. The left parameres of M. annae and M.

tasmanica are different and I have collected the river species M. annae and

M. illiesi stat. nov. from the same locality. Ivor Lansbury (pers. comm.) also

considers M. tasmanica and M. illiesi to be valid species.

152 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (4)

Micronecta concordia and M. dixonia were found living (and stridulating) in

dams together with any or all of M. tasmanica, M. robusta Hale, M. gracilis

and M. major. In almost all dams and at all times of the year, by far the most

common species was M. concordia, followed by M. tasmanica, M. robusta

and M. gracilis, although the proportions of species varied at different times.

Acoustic signals from all 6 species were heard in the largest dam (250 m

long) in the study area.

Considering all morphological characters, the most similar species of

Micronecta are the two new species. In both species left and right parameres

are also similar to M. illiesi, right parameres are similar to M. annae and left

parameres are similar to M. robusta, which Wroblewski (1970) considered to

be closely related to M. annae. These 5 species, together with M. tasmanica,

belong to the group of species suggested by Wroblewski (1972).

I suspect that M. concordia may have been included with M. annae in some

previous reports, for the following reasons: (1) their similarity in appearance;

(2) Wroblewski's (1970) opinion that M. annae is the most common species

in SE Australia; (3) reports of M. annae being found commonly in both dams

and rivers; and (4) the left parameres of M. annae being different from

(Wroblewski 1970) or similar to (Chen 1965) those of M. concordia. Song

has proven useful in distinguishing between morphologically similar species

of Orthoptera (Alexander 1962, Rentz 1985) and it is also useful in

Micronecta.

Acknowledgments

I thank the Department of Zoology, University of Melbourne and my

supervisors Drs David Young and Murray Littlejohn, also Dr Mick Keough

for statistical advice, Steven Gregory and the Physics Electronic Workshop

for pre-amplifiers, Joan Clark for SEMs, David Paul for photographic

copying, Ivor Lansbury (University Museum, Oxford) for examining

specimens and for his valued correspondence and opinions, plus Dr Ken

Walker for much appreciated advice, helpful comments on the manuscript

and use of microscopic drawing equipment at the Museum of Victoria.

References

ALEXANDER, R.D. 1962. The role of behavioral study in cricket classification. Systematic

Zoology 11: 53-72.

CHEN, L-C. 1965. A revision of Micronecta of Australia and Melanesia (Heteroptera:

Corixidae). Kansas University Science Bulletin 46: 147-165.

HALE, H.M. 1922. Studies in Australian aquatic Hemiptera. No. 1. Records of the South

Australian Museum 2: 309-330.

RENTZ, D.C.F. 1985. A monograph of the Tettigoniidae of Australia. Vol. 1. The

Tettigoniinae. ix + 384 pp; CSIRO, Canberra, E.J. Brill, Leiden.

WROBLEWSKI, A. 1970. Notes on Australian Micronectinae (Heteroptera, Corixidae).

Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 40: 681-703.

WROBLEWSKI, A. 1972. Supplementary notes on Australian Micronectinae (Heteroptera,

Corixidae). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 42: 517-526.

WROBLEWSKI, A. 1977. Further notes on Australian Micronectinae (Heteroptera,

Corixidae). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 47: 683-690.

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (4): 153-154 153

BOOK REVIEW

Citrus Pests and their natural enemies; integrated pest management in

Australia. Smith, D., Beattie, G.A.C. and Broadley, R. (Eds). Queensland

Department of Primary Industries and Horticultural Research &

Development Corporation; 1997; 272 pp. ISBN 0 7242 6695 X. Price $75.

This superbly compiled book amply validates Bertrand Russell’s description of

science as “common-sense writ large". It will be an essential and invaluable reference

for anybody who grows citrus or is interested in citrus entomology. It should also be

essential reading for anybody interested in IPM, to learn what can be achieved in a

complex crop system with patience and dedication, and for lessons in the compilation

of an IPM manual. The book should also appeal to those interested in natural

enemies and the natural control of insect populations.

The book starts with a 3-page glossary of 'technical' terms, a brief description of

citrus varieties and citrus orchard management, a useful table of annual climatic data

for Australian citrus districts and a description of diseases, physical blemishes and

physiological disorders of fruit (with accompanying colour plates).

The “concepts and advantages of IPM" (chapter 2) highlights the need for

identification of pests and natural enemies, the monitoring of pests and natural

enemies, ‘action level’ (the point at which action must be taken to avoid economically

significant crop or tree damage by the pest) and 'appropriate action'. It usefully

opines that action levels are simply "estimates based on research and experience...

and will vary according to citrus variety, district, market price and demand. Growers

and pest scouts can adjust the action level as necessary and according to their

experience of the particular orchard and environment."

The next 21 chapters, of 174 pages, give "detailed information on the insect, mite,

spider, nematode and snail pests which attack citrus." Descriptions are given of each

pest, of the damage it causes, of its biology and life-cycle, of its parasitoids (parasites)

and predators, of its pathogens and of its management. For each pest, a distribution

map of Australia shows the main areas (in colours) where it is a major pest, a minor

pest and an occasionally important pest. The text is right up to date, with the

inclusion of the papaya fruit-fly. The index gives both common names and scientific

names of pests and natural enemies.

As is usual in IPM manuals today, the descriptions are accompanied by more than

400 magnificent colour plates which should allow easy recognition of most of the

pests and the larger natural enemies. The small to very small parasites need to be

identified, of course, with a microscope or a powerful hand-lens. An appendix

describes how such parasites can be mounted on slides for microscopic examination

and it gives a key for identifying common wasp parasites of scales and mealybugs.

The key contains none of the usual morphological mystery. For every alternative

statement in each couplet there is a clearly drawn and labelled diagram illustrating the

morphological point(s)! Why cannot all taxonomic keys be so illustrated?

The ‘management’ section for each pest includes ‘monitoring’ (when and how),

‘action levels’, ‘appropriate action’ which outlines different management strategies

and ‘additional management notes’. The extensive and sensible information on

monitoring and action levels helps to make this the most useful manual on IPM I have

read. I found the notes on monitoring especially clear because they distinguish

between a sample and a sample unit, as in mathematical texts on sampling. Thus,

154 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (4)

“the parts of the trees that are sampled are called ‘units’. A unit may be a fruit, a

group of leaves, a shoot, etc. In a block where the sample size is 15 trees, 75

individual units of each type may be assessed on each monitoring date, i.e. 5 sample

units from each tree.” I also particularly liked the ‘action level’ to sometimes depend

on the predator-pest or parasite-pest ratio. The frequency of use of such ratios in

IPM should increase as we learn more about crop systems. Such ratios could also

serve as testable hypotheses for the academic study of plant-predator-prey

interactions - and could keep a whole generation of post-graduate students busy.

The list of good points about the book continues. Chapter 24 gives a list of the

important parasites and predators attacking citrus pests in Australia. Chapter 25

clearly spells out the techniques of IPM used in citrus. It also describes how sample

data can be recorded in the field and how they can be converted to spreadsheets and

computer graphs. A monitoring guide to the pests expected in early season, mid-

season and late season in different parts of Australia is further illustrated with

excellent colour plates. Chapter 26 gives a useful account of the advantages,

disadvantages and set-up procedures for various kinds of orchard sprayers. Chapter

27 describes the compositions and proper use of petroleum spray oils and their effects

on many of the pests. The final chapter gives a useful table, for each of 42 pesticides,

of its toxicity to natural enemies and of the suggested waiting time, in weeks, before

introducing beneficial insects to the orchard after its use.

The text is always clear and well written and a few small blemishes do not detract

from the high quality of the book . One blemish is that none of the colour plates has a

magnification noted. This does not matter for most of the pests because the size is

given in the text, but the sizes of the predators are not so given and not all of them are

portrayed with a pest whose size can be used for comparison. Thus, plates 5.4 and

5.6 suggest that the adults of brown and green lacewings are of the same size. And

how big, really, are assassin bugs (plates 12.9, 12.10)?

Another blemish is that much of the information about predators is patchy so that a

non-entomologist would probably not be able to easily distinguish between brown

lacewings and green lacewings from the information given in the book. This problem

could have been resolved and a lot of repetition about natural enemies could have

been avoided, by having an early chapter, say chapter 3, on the biology of natural

enemies. There it could also have been said, once, that endoparasitic wasps laid eggs

inside their hosts, but that parasitic flies always laid their eggs on the host.

A useful addition to the book would have been the addresses of companies which

supply beneficial insects and a list of the species available from each company.

The book is A4 size and is printed on good quality glossy paper. It was produced by

the major agricultural organizations in each of the mainland states, the HRDC and the

University of Western Sydney, “working in parnership and with contributions and

support from the citrus growers of Australia and from many people involved in

integrated pest management” - 24 of whom are listed as ‘the authors’. The citrus

growers and the institutions should be well pleased with the result. The ‘authors’ and

the editors deserve high praise. The book is highly recommended.

Derek Maelzer

Plant Protection, University of Queensland,

Gatton Campus, Gatton, Qld 4343.

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (4): 155-158 155

FURTHER OBSERVATIONS AND RECORDS FOR BUTTERFLIES

(LEPIDOPTERA) IN NORTHERN AUSTRALIA

S.J. JOHNSON’ and P.S. VALENTINE?

'Oonoonba Veterinary Laboratory, PO Box 1085, Townsville, Qld 4810

"Tropical Environment Studies and Geography, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811

Abstract

Euploea netscheri Snellen and Prosotas gracilis (Rober) are recorded within Australian limits

in Torres Strait for the first time. The female of Charaxes latona Butler from Iron Range is

illustrated and range extensions are given for Taractrocera ina Waterhouse and Nacaduba

calauria calauria (Felder). New foodplants are recorded for Neohesperilla crocea (Miskin),

Euploea alcathoe monilifera (Moore) and Neopithecops lucifer heria (Fruhstorfer).

Introduction

Since 1989 the authors have been undertaking a biological survey of the

butterfly fauna of northern Australia and interesting discoveries have been

reported previously (Valentine and Johnson 1992, Johnson 1993, Johnson et

al. 1994, 1995). This paper reports new records, information or range

extensions for eight species of butterflies in northern Australia.

HESPERIIDAE

Neohesperilla crocea (Miskin)

At Heathlands on Cape York Peninsula adult females were commonly

observed ovipositing on the prostrate grass Schizachyrium pachyarthron C.A.

Gardner (Poaceae) and early instar larvae readily established shelters and fed

on the plant. Rearing of larvae to maturity was not attempted.

Taractrocera ina Waterhouse

Two males collected at Kalumburu in March 1990 and another from the

Mitchell Plateau (14°36'S 125?47'E) in April 1995 are the first records of this

species from Western Australia. Previously it was known as far west as the

Daly River in the Northern Territory (Common and Waterhouse 1981).

NYMPHALIDAE

Euploea alcathoe monilifera (Moore)

Adults were common on Saibai and Dauan Islands in Torres Strait in April

1994 and May 1995. Two adults were reared from large silver pupae

collected from the introduced Nerium oleander (Apocynaceae) on Dauan

Island.

Euploea netscheri Snellen

A male (Figs 1, 2) collected on Dauan Island, Torres Strait in May 1995 is

the first record of this species within Australian limits. It is superficially

similar to males of E. alcathoe, E. algea and E. sylvester with which it was

flying. It can be separated by the narrower fore wings, the pale margins of

the wings and the large single sex brand located apically in the expanded cell

CuA, (Ackery and Vane-Wright 1984).

156 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (4)

Charaxes latona Butler

This species has been collected regularly at Iron Range since it was first

recorded in 1978 (Johnson and De Baar 1980), but only the male has been

known previously from Australia. During 1995 and 1996 numerous females

were observed and several were captured.

The female (Figs 3, 4) is larger than the male and on the upperside the fore

wing terminal band is broken into discrete spots. On the hind wing the small

white spots on the terminal band extend from the tornus to the apex and the

tail is slightly spatulate. On the underside the ground colour is ochre with

prominent purplish subterminal and submedian bands.

A female collected in December 1995 was confined for 10 days on

Cryptocarya triplinervis (Lauraceae) and Celtis paniculata (Ulmaceae) in

Townsville but failed to oviposit. On dissection the abdomen contained 51

eggs.

LYCAENIDAE

Nacaduba calauria calauria (Felder)

Reported previously from Murray Island (Johnson et al. 1994), a single male

collected on Dauan Island in April 1994 extends the distribution of the

species within Torres Strait. A female from Murray Island previously

identified as Nacaduba sp. nr mioswara by Lambkin and Knight (1990) has

been examined by us and is N. c. calauria.

Prosotas gracilis (Rober)

A pair (Figs 5-8) collected on Dauan Island, Torres Strait in April 1994 is the

first record of this species within Australian limits. They were feeding at

blossom of Pongamia pinnata (Fabaceae) in company with Anthene seltuttus

and Arhopala spp.. Elsewhere it occurs from Sumatra eastwards to West

Irian and Papua New Guinea (Tite 1963). The Australian specimens appear

closest to the nominotypical race and can be distinguished from P. nora by

the larger size, lack of hindwing tails, broader bands and distinctive brown

underside. In the male genitalia the valvae are much broader than in other

Prosotas spp.

Neopithecops lucifer heria (Fruhstorfer)

Several adults were reared from larvae feeding on Glycosmis trifoliata

(Blume) Spreng (Rutaceae) on Darnley Island in May 1995. The larvae fed

on juvenile foliage of plants growing in deep shade in rainforest on the

island.

Acknowledgments

We thank the Queensland Herbarium for identification of host plants and the

Department of Environment and Heritage for permits to undertake work in

areas under their control.

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (4) 157

Figs 1-8. (1-2) Euploea netscheri, Dauan Island: (1) upperside, (2) underside. (3-4)

Charaxes latona female: (3) upperside, (4) underside. (5-8) Prosotas gracilis, Dauan

Island: (5) male upperside, (6) male underside, (7) female upperside, (8) female

underside. Forewing lengths (1-2) 41mm; (3-4) 49mm; (5-8) 15mm.

158 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (4)

References

ACKERY, P.R. and VANE-WRIGHT, R.I. 1984. Milkweed Butterflies. Pp.ix + 425. British

Museum (Natural History), London.

COMMON, I.F.B. and WATERHOUSE, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Pp. xiv + 682.

Angus and Robertson, Sydney.

JOHNSON, S.J. 1993. Butterfly records of interest from northern Australia. Australian

Entomologist 20: 75-76.

JOHNSON, S.J. and DE BAAR, M. 1980. First record of Charaxes latona Butler (Lepidoptera:

Nymphalidae) from Australia. Australian Entomological Magazine 6: 94-96.

JOHNSON, S.J., JOHNSON, I.R. and VALENTINE, P.S. 1994. New and interesting butterfly

records (Lepidoptera) from Torres Strait islands. Australian Entomologist 21: 121-124.

JOHNSON, S.J., JOHNSON, I.R. and VALENTINE, P.S. 1995. Notes on the early stages of

Orsotriaena medus moira Waterhouse & Lyell and Melanitis constantia Cramer (Lepidoptera:

Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) from Torres Strait, Australia. Australian Entomologist 22: 65-68.

LAMBKIN, T.A. and KNIGHT, A.I. 1990. Butterflies recorded from Murray Island, Torres

Strait, Queensland. Australian Entomological Magazine 17: 101-112.

TITE, C.E. 1963. A synonymic list of the genus Nacaduba and allied genera (Lepidoptera:

Lycaenidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology 13: 69-116.

VALENTINE, P.S. and JOHNSON, S.J. 1992. Late dry season butterflies on Cape York

Peninsula. Victorian Entomologist 22: 87-91.

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (4): 159-163 159

THE LIFE HISTORY OF HYPOCHRYSOPS ELGNERI BARNARDI

WATERHOUSE (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE)

P.R. SAMSON ', S.J. JOHNSON’ and P.S. VALENTINE?

"Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations, PO Box 651, Bundaberg, Qld 4670

^Oonoonba Veterinary Laboratory, PO Box 1085, Townsville, Qld 4810

"Tropical Environment Studies and Geography, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811

Abstract

The immature stages of Hypochrysops elgneri barnardi Waterhouse are described. They are

attended by the ant Philidris cordatus stewartii (Forel). Nauclea orientalis (Rubiaceae),

Planchonia careya (Lecythidaceae) and mistletoes Notothixos sp. (Viscaceae) and

Dendrophthoe glabrescens (Loranthaceae) are recorded as larval food plants.

Introduction

Hypochrysops elgneri (Waterhouse and Lyell) is known from Papua New

Guinea, Torres Strait Islands and Prince of Wales Island (subsp. elgneri) and

Cape York to the McIlwraith Range, northern Queensland (subsp. barnardi)

(Common and Waterhouse 1981; Sands 1986). Its life history has not been

recorded previously. Here we describe the immature stages of H. elgneri

barnardi (Fig. 4), collected at the Claudie River (Iron Range), Cape York

Peninsula.

Immature Stages

Egg. Mandarin-shaped, with coarse network of fine oblique ridges forming

more or less diamond-shaped pits, with spines at their intersection. Diameter

0.8 mm (2 hatched eggs).

Early instar (not first) (Fig. 1). Flattened, with white marginal hairs, very

long at anterior and posterior end, long middorsal hairs on segments 1-6, and

numerous secondary setae; body yellowish-green with three reddish patches

covering prothorax, segment 5 and middorsal areas of segments 4 and 6, and

middorsal area of segment 9 and all of anal segments, and with a reddish

lateral spot on each of segments 2-4 and 6-9; prothoracic and anal plates

shining black; head brown. Newcomer's organ and tentacular organs present.

Final instar (Fig. 2). Flattened with scalloped margins and white marginal

hairs; secondary setae dense, pale to black, stellate with central process; body

pale grey laterally, merging to pinkish-brown dorsally, with obscure cream

undulating longitudinal lines, more defined subdorsally on segments 2-3 and

middorsally and subdorsally on segments 7-9; prothoracic plate diamond-

shaped, pale brown with dark brown setae laterally and in a broad median

band; anal plate broader posteriorly, grey with black setae, a black V-shaped

marking anteriorly and two black lateral spots; spiracles black; head brown.

Newcomer's organ and tentacular organs in hollow between rear of segment

9 and ridge in front of anal plate; tentacular organs directly behind and

adjacent to posterior spiracles.

160 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (4)

Figs 1-3. Hypochrysops elgneri barnardi: (1) early instar larva (not first), head at

top; (2) final instar larva, head at top; (3) pupa. Scale bars (1) = 0.5 mm, (2, 3) = 2

mm.

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (4) 161

Figs 4-5. Hypochrysops elgneri barnardi: (4) adult female; (5) larval feeding marks

on Nauclea orientalis at the Claudie River.

162 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (4)

Pupa (Fig. 3). Pale brown lightly spotted with dark brown; spiracles pale

brown. Attached by anal hooks and central girdle.

Life history

Larval food plants recorded at the Claudie River were Nauclea orientalis (L.)

L. (Rubiaceae), Planchonia careya (F. Muell.) R. Knuth (Lecythidaceae) and

two mistletoes: Notothixos sp. (Viscaceae) and Dendrophthoe glabrescens

(Blakely) Barlow (Loranthaceae).

We first found larvae of H. elgneri in July 1995, feeding on foliage of a large

tree of N. orientalis (Leichhardt tree) growing beside Gordons Creek, a

tributary of the Claudie River. Their presence was indicated by small

feeding scars about 2 mm x 10 mm, presumably made by the early instars,

beside the midrib and main veins, and by larger holes in the leaves (Fig. 5).

Five large larvae and pupae were found together in a hollow branch. They

were attended by small honey coloured ants with a dark grey-green abdomen,

identified as Philidris cordatus stewartii (Forel) (formerly placed in

Iridomyrmex; Shattuck 1992). A hatched egg was found on the outside of

the branch. The early instar larva described above was found on the leaves

with tiny elongate skeletonised patches. Four medium-sized larvae were also

found on a nearby Leichhardt tree, including one larva sheltering beneath

fine epiphytic roots. In captivity, the larvae ate large holes through the N.

orientalis leaves. They sheltered within hollow branch stubs during the day,

and attached these stubs with silk to the leaf provided as food. The stub was

re-attached each time the leaf was replaced. Larvae also excavated hollows

in dry wood of N. orientalis which they used as shelter and pupation sites.

Other larvae were located in December 1995, approximately 1 km east of the

West Claudie River, feeding on mistletoes growing on a large Planchonia

careya (cocky apple) tree. This tree also bore several epiphytic ant plants

(Myrmecodia sp., Rubiaceae) and numerous ants attended the larvae. Two

species of mistletoe were attached to one branch and it was from within this

clump that larvae of H. elgneri were found. One species, the golden

mistletoe (Notothixos sp.) appeared to be favoured by the larvae but there

were also feeding marks on the other species (Dendrophthoe glabrescens). A

hatched egg was found on a stem of the golden mistletoe. The larvae from

this site were reared mainly on golden mistletoe but one larva was reared

successfully at Townsville on local D. glabrescens. At this site, a female H.

elgneri was also noted flying around the canopy and apparently engaging in

oviposition behaviour on the cocky apple foliage remote from the mistletoe.

Additional larvae were subsequently found after a search on a roadside P.

careya tree without mistletoe or ant plants, about 1 km south-west of

Lamond Hill. The tree had epiphytic Dischidia major (Vahl) Merr.

(Asclepiadaceae) plants growing upon it and these provided shelter for the

attendant ants. After return to Townsville these larvae were successfully

reared on P. careya.

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (4) 163

The larval duration for individuals reared at Townsville in summer was about

6 weeks, and the pupal duration about 2 weeks.

Adults have also been collected at Iron Range settled on Melaleuca trees

(Sands 1986). Sands speculated that large larvae of an unidentified

Hypochrysops sp. collected on a Melaleuca sp. in Papua New Guinea may

have been this species.

H. elgneri has been taken uncommonly but is probably much more abundant

than its representation in collections suggests. The extent of its diverse

habitats in protected areas and the life history strategy described in this

paper, combining an association with a widespread ant species and

polyphagy, suggests that the species is under no threat.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the Queensland Herbarium for confirming the identity of

Nauclea orientalis and to Steven Shattuck for identifying the ants. We also

thank the Queensland Department of Environment for permits covering this

work.

References

COMMON, LF.B. and WATERHOUSE, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Angus and

Robertson, Sydney; xiv + 682 pp.

SANDS, D.P.A. 1986. A Revision of the Genus Hypochrysops C. & R. Felder (Lepidoptera:

Lycaenidae). Entomonograph 7: 1-116.

SHATTUCK, S.O. 1992. Review of the dolichoderine ant genus Iridomyrmex Mayr with

descriptions of three new genera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of the Australian

Entomological Society 31: 13-18.

164 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (4)

EUKOENENIA FLORENCIAE RUCKER, 1903

(ARACHNIDA: PALPIGRADI: EUKOENENIIDAE),

AUSTRALIA’S SECOND RECORD OF A COSMOPOLITAN

ALL-FEMALE SPECIES OF PALPIGRADE

David Evans Walter' and Bruno Condé’

"Department of Entomology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072

"Musée de Zoologie, Université de Nancy I, 34 rue St Catherine, 5400 Nancy, France

Abstract

Eukoenenia florenciae Rucker, 1903 is recorded from southeast Queensland.

Discussion

Palpigrades (microwhipscorpions) are minute (1-2.5 mm), blind, colourless

arachnids with a long, segmented postabdomen that are of considerable

phylogenetic interest to arachnologists. First discovered in 1885, only 79

species have been described worldwide (Condé 1996), and only one species,

Eukoenenia mirabilis (Grassi & Calandruccio), has previously been reported

from Australia (Harvey 1985). On 27 July and 3 August 1997, respectively,

the senior author collected two immatures and an adult female of Eukoenenia

florenciae Rucker from surface soil in a wooded garden on the campus of the

University of Queensland, Brisbane. This species has previously been

reported from soil in the Americas, Africa, Hawai'i, Indian Ocean islands

and from a hothouse in France, and is suspected of being an all-female

parthenogen, as is the cosmopolitan E. mirabilis (Condé 1981, 1996).

The total of the known Australian microwhipscorpion fauna is two

widespread and probably parthenogenetic species. Eukoenenia mirabilis is

thought to have been introduced into South Australia with vine cuttings (Lee

and Southcott 1979) and E. florenciae was found in a highly disturbed and

unnatural setting. This strongly suggests that they represent an introduced,

synanthropic element in Australia's soil fauna. Similarly, all-female species

of mites tend to have very broad geographic distributions, including Asca

garmani Hurlbutt (Walter and Lindquist 1995), which was also collected in

the garden samples. We hope that this note will encourage others to be on

the lookout for an endemic Australian palpigrade species.

References

CONDÉ, B. 1981. Le Palpigrade des serres du Muséum: Koenenia buxtoni Berland. Bulletin

du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris (4e s.) 3 A: 181-186.

CONDÉ, B. 1996. Les Palpigrades, 1885-1995: acquisitions et lacunes. Revue Suisse de

Zoologie Hors série: 87-106.

HARVEY, M.S. 1985. Palpigradi. pp. 158-159, in Main, B.Y. (ed.) Zoological Catalogue of

Australia, Volume 3. A.G.P.S., Canberra.

LEE, D.C. and SOUTHCOTT, R.V. 1979. Spiders and other arachnids of South Australia.

Extract from South Australian Yearbook, 1979, D.J. Woolman, Government Printer, South

Australia, 15 pp.

WALTER, D.E. and LINDQUIST, E.E. 1995. The distribution of asexual ascid mites (Acari:

Parasitiformes) does not support the biotic uncertainty hypothesis. Experimental and Applied

Acarology 19: 423-442.

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (4): 165-168 165

ORNITHOPTERA EUPHORION (GRAY) (LEPIDOPTERA:

PAPILIONIDAE): SPECIES OR SUBSPECIES?

D.L. HANCOCK ' and A.G. ORR’

"Department of Primary Industries, PO Box 652, Cairns, Qld 4870

?26 Currimundi Road, Caloundra, Qld 4551

Abstract

On available evidence, Ornithoptera euphorion (Gray) is considered to be the sister-species of

O. richmondia (Gray), not a subspecies of O. priamus (Linnaeus) unless both taxa (plus O.

croesus Wallace) are included. A suggestion that a sister-taxon relationship exists between

Ornithoptera Boisduval and Madagascan Pharmacophagus Haase, rather than Troides Hiibner,

is rejected. Trogonoptera Rippon is maintained as a distinct genus.

Introduction

For many years the polytypic Ornithoptera priamus (Linnaeus) was the only

species of birdwing butterfly recognised in Australia. More recently (e.g.

Common and Waterhouse 1981) the southernmost population, O. richmondia

(Gray), has been accepted as distinct, although Haugum and Low (1978-79)

had argued cogently against this. Hancock (1983, 1991) considered that both

O. richmondia and O. euphorion (Gray) warranted specific rank, based on

their sister-species relationship. Removing O. richmondia but retaining O.

euphorion in O. priamus made the latter species paraphyletic. Hancock

(1991) also noted that both these species appeared to be more closely related

to O. croesus Wallace than to O. priamus.

In a recent study of Ornithoptera Boisduval, Parsons (1996a, b) included O.

aesacus (Ney), O. croesus and O. euphorion as subspecies of O. priamus,

without adequate explanation and despite the fact that none conforms to his

definition of the latter as expressed in his tables. He continued to regard O.

richmondia, which differs only in two weak characters (first instar larval and

pupal colour, which are frequently intraspecifically polymorphic in

swallowtails), as distinct. That arrangement has been followed by Braby et

al. (1997) in their recent review of common names.

That arrangement is untenable. Below, we provide a discussion of

characters, including several overlooked or misinterpreted by Parsons

(1996a, b), that, in total, demonstrate a sister-species relationship between O.

euphorion and O. richmondia. Parsons (1996a, b) also suggested that the

Madagascan genus Pharmacophagus Haase, not Troides Hiibner, was the

sister-taxon to Ornithoptera. This, too, is discussed below.

Characters

Male genitalia. Haugum and Low (1978-79) noted that, whilst the male

harpe of O. euphorion is similar to that of O. priamus and different from the

shortened harpe of O. richmondia, the valvae are closer to O. richmondia

than O. priamus in shape, particularly with regard to the protruding marginal-

apical bulge and shape of the cavity of the valva. The shortened harpe, often

166 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (4)

used as a defining character for O. richmondia, is seen also in O. croesus and

is relatively short also in typical O. p. priamus. Haugum and Low (1978-79)

noted that the differences in the harpe between O. richmondia and O.

euphorion or O. priamus are no greater than those between O. croesus and O.

c. lydius Felder or between O. priamus subspecies such as O. p. priamus and

O. p. caelestis (Rothschild).

Male thorax. The patch of red lateral hairs below the wing base is reduced in

both O. euphorion and O. richmondia. In O. priamus these red areas are

more extensive.

Male abdomen. The abdomen has extensive black lateral shading in both O.

euphorion and O. richmondia; this is also evident in O. croesus. In O.

priamus the abdomen is primarily yellow without these blackened areas.

Male wing shape. Both the forewing and crenulate border of the hindwing

are more rounded in O. euphorion and O. richmondia than in O. priamus.

Male wing pattern. The irridescent submarginal-posterior band on the

forewing is consistently reduced and the cell veins on the hindwing underside

are more extensively blackened in O. euphorion, O. richmondia and O.

croesus than in O. priamus.

Female thorax. The patch of red hairs below the wing base is reduced and

extensive red areas are present on the pronotum and mesonotum in both O.

euphorion and O. richmondia, unlike the condition seen in O. priamus

(Haugum and Low 1978-79). O. croesus has extensive lateral red areas (as

does O. priamus) and small red markings on the pronotum and mesonotum.

O. aesacus has the thorax wholly black.

Female abdomen. The abdomen is extensively blackened dorsally and

laterally in both O. euphorion and O. richmondia; some blackening is also

present in O. croesus. It is pale or only weakly darkened in O. priamus and

all other Ornithoptera species (O. chimaera (Rothschild) and O. rothschildi

Kenrick are pale with broad black rings).

Female wing pattern. There are strong similarities in the wing patterns of O.

euphorion, O. richmondia and O. croesus, distinguishing them from O.

priamus. Of particular note are the large submarginal hindwing spots and

grey-suffused hindwing pale areas, tending yellowish-grey submarginally.

Mature larva. The pale saddle on abdominal segment 4 is absent in both O.

euphorion and O. richmondia. Both species also have most of the tubercles

black with a pale (reddish or whitish) medial band. In both O. croesus and

O. priamus the pale saddle is present and most of the tubercles are reddish or

pale with only the tips black.

Pupa. The green (rather than yellowish-brown) pupa and pupal diapause

(Sands et al. 1997) are specialisations of O. richmondia. The yellowish-

brown pupa and lack of diapause are widespread plesiomorphies.

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (4) 167

Discussion

Given the allopatric nature of the taxa involved, O. croesus, O. euphorion

and O. richmondia cannot be shown with certainty to be specifically distinct

from O. priamus. Hybridisation studies to date are inconclusive and have not

been properly documented; hence they should not be used to determine

specific status. However, given the long acceptance of O. croesus as a valid

species, plus the current acceptance of O. richmondia as distinct, there

appears no option but to treat O. euphorion in a similar manner.

We know of no grounds for considering O. aesacus as anything other than a

separate species; the male wing colour and genitalia are distinctive and

resemble those of O. alexandrae (Rothschild). We recommend the continual

recognition of O. euphorion at the species level, as the sister-taxon to O.

richmondia. This arrangement is supported by presumably synapomorphic

characters of the abdomen, thorax and mature larva. The common name

‘Cairns Birdwing! may continue to be applied to it, with ‘New Guinea

Birdwing’ retained for O. priamus. Two of the three apomorphic characters

used to separate O. richmondia from O. priamus by Parsons (1996a, b:

colour of larval tubercles and loss of abdominal saddle) also apply to O.

euphorion (the third character being the green pupa); thus even by Parsons’

own analysis O. euphorion cannot be included within O. priamus.

Parsons (1996a, b) placed Ornithoptera as the sister-genus to Madagascan

Pharmacophagus (regarded by him as monotypic) and his phylogenetic and

biogeographic reconstruction relies heavily on this assumption. That

placement rests solely on pupal morphology and is contrary to all previous

arrangements, which associate Ornithoptera with Troides and Trogonoptera

Rippon. The lateral ridge-like protuberance on abdominal segment 4 of the

pupa, well developed in Atrophaneura Reakirt (including Pachliopta

Reakirt), is also present, on a reduced scale, in Pharmacophagus antenor

(Drury). It is not evident in Ornithoptera or any other genus in the Troidini.

This and the suite of characters noted by Hancock (1988), covering male and

female genitalia (notably the elongate bursa copulatrix), great reduction of

hindwing androconia (scent-organ) and larval morphology, clearly align the

Madagascan Atrophaneura (Pharmacophagus) antenor with the Indian A.

(P.) hector (Linnaeus). Larvae of both species feed on Aristolochia: A.

antenor on Ar. acuminata and A. hector on Ar. indica. The relationship

between Atrophaneura and its subgenera Pharmacophagus and Pachliopta is

supported by the monomorphic pupal colour plus the presence of extensive

red areas on the abdomen (Parsons 19962), the latter seen elsewhere only in

Cressida Swainson.

Pupae are strongly selected for crypsis, hence the small differences observed

between Ornithoptera and Troides pupae are probably not particularly

significant. We see no grounds for considering these two genera (or

subgenera, depending on individual preference), as anything other than

sister-taxa. Nor do we accept the placement of Trogonoptera as a subgenus

168 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (4)

of Troides by Parsons (1996a), based almost entirely on early stage

characters. The relationship of Trogonoptera, Troides and Ornithoptera is

supported by the shape of the female bursa copulatrix, similar variations in

pupal colour and the absence of red wing scales (Parsons 1996a). The

unribbed ovum glue (Parsons 1996a), presence of golden-yellow wing areas,

abdominal colour, shape of the juxta and harpe (Hancock 1991) and the form

of the sterigma (Orr 1988) further support the sister-taxon relationship

between Troides and Ornithoptera, as does the occurrence of natural hybrids

(Sands and Sawyer 1977). The ovum glue is weakly ribbed in Trogonoptera

and strongly ribbed in other troidine genera (Parsons 1996a).

Tyler et al. (1994) found that computer-derived cladograms using early stage

characters differed widely from those using adult characters. A cladogram

using all available characters (‘total evidence’ sensu Tyler et al. 1994,

Parsons 1996a, b and, in all but name, Hancock 1983, 1988) produced

another alternative. Clearly not all of them can be correct and any

phylogenetic reconstruction based on such analysis should be interpreted

cautiously; this appears to be particularly the case with early stage characters.

References

BRABY, M.F., ATKINS, A.F., DUNN, K.L., WOODGER, T.A. and QUICK, W.N.B. 1997. A

provisional list of common names for Australian butterflies. Australian Journal of Entomology

36: 197-212.

COMMON, I.F.B. and WATERHOUSE, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Revised Edition.

Angus and Robertson, Sydney; xiv + 682 pp.

HANCOCK, D.L. 1983. Classification of the Papilionidae (Lepidoptera): a phylogenetic

approach. Smithersia 2: 1-48.

HANCOCK, D.L. 1988. A revised classification of the genus Atrophaneura Reakirt

(Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Australian Entomological Magazine 15: 7-16.

HANCOCK, D.L. 1991. Notes on the phylogeny and biogeography of Ornithoptera Boisduval

(Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Tyo to Ga 42: 17-36.

HAUGUM, J. and LOW, A.M. 1978-79. A monograph of the birdwing butterflies. Volume 1.

Scandinavian Science Press, Klampenborg; 308 pp.

ORR, A.G. 1988. Mate conflict and the evolution of the sphragis in butterflies. Ph.D. thesis;

Griffith University, Brisbane.

PARSONS, M.J. 1996a. Gondwanan evolution of the troidine swallowtails (Lepidoptera:

Papilionidae): cladistic reappraisals using mainly immature stage characters, with focus on the

birdwings Ornithoptera Boisduval. Bulletin of the Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History 15:

43-118.

PARSONS, M.J. 1996b. A phylogenetic reappraisal of the birdwing genus Ornithoptera

Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae: Troidini) and a new theory of its evolution in relation to

Gondwanan vicariance biogeography. Journal of Natural History 30: 1707-1736.

SANDS, D.P.A. and SAWYER, P.F. 1977. An example of natural hybridization between

Troides oblongomaculatus papuensis Wallace and Ornithoptera priamus poseidon Doubleday

(Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 16: 81-82.

SANDS, D.P.A., SCOTT, S.C. and MOFFATT, R. 1997. The threatened Richmong Birdwing

butterfly (Ornithoptera richmondia [Gray]): a community conservation project. Memoirs of the

Museum of Victoria 56: 449-453.

TYLER, H., BROWN, K.S., Jr and WILSON, K. 1994. Swallowtail butterflies of the Americas.

Scientific Publishers, Gainesville; 376 pp.

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (4): 169-171 169

NOTES ON PSALTODA MOERENS (GERMAR)

(HEMIPTERA: CICADIDAE) IN TASMANIA

Martin J. Steinbauer

Co-operative Research Centre for Sustainable Production Forestry, GPO Box 252-12, Hobart,

Tas 7001

(Present address: CSIRO Entomology, Tropical Ecosystems Research Centre, PMB 44,

Winnellie, NT 0821)

Abstract

Large numbers of redeye cicadas, Psaltoda moerens (Germar), are recorded from northeast

Tasmania during the summer of 1995. Few published records exist for this species in

Tasmania, suggesting a very sporadic occurrence of this insect.

Introduction

Redeyes, Psaltoda moerens (Germar), are large cicadas endemic to much of

southeastern Australia (Moulds 1990). According to Moulds (1990), adults

are sporadic in their occurrence and few records exist concerning the timing

and location of outbreaks. Similarly, in Tasmania Elliott and deLittle (1985)

noted that this species can be ‘present in plague proportions’ during “some

years’. Martyn et al. (1975) reported ‘numerous [P. moerens] on Acacia sp.

wattle, Port Sorell and common George Town, December; collected

Scottsdale, January’ during the summer of 1973-74. In the summer of 1978-

79 Hardy et al. (1980) ‘found [P. moerens] at Dodges Ferry, December’.

According to an anonymous source, P. moerens was also ‘locally abundant

during the summer of 1991-92’ (MIS, in lit.) These records represent all

available information concerning outbreaks of P. moerens in Tasmania.

Observations

During the period 26-30 December 1995, large numbers of P. moerens were

seen on power poles (Fig. 1) and trees at Skeleton Bay (41°15'S 148?19'E),

Tasmania. Adults aggregated on Eucalyptus amygdalina Labill. and E.

viminalis Labill. (Fig. 2), causing considerable amounts of manna to be

exuded from the latter. Voucher specimens collected on 28 December are in

the author's collection. Most egg slits observed were drilled on those sides

of hosts most exposed to afternoon sun, which is in keeping with the

heliotropic behaviour exhibited by many cicada species (Coombs 1996). On

the afternoon of 31 December 1995, characteristic songs from large

populations of P. moerens were heard at Deviot (41°14'S 146°55'E), some

115 km west of Skeleton Bay. The Skeleton Bay location was on the coast

while the Deviot location was on the banks of the Tamar River, some 25 km

inland.

During Christmas 1990-91, many P. moerens were observed on black

wattles, Acacia mearnsii De Wild., at Dodges Ferry (42°51'S 147?38'B).

Adults were evidently feeding upon this host as much watery excreta was

being produced. This feeding record adds another host to the diverse list of

170 Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (4)

Figs 1-2. Psaltoda moerens adults: (1) on a power pole at Skeleton Bay, 28.xii.1995;

(2) on Eucalyptus viminalis at Skeleton Bay, 28.xii.1995, with manna exuding from

branches apparent as white streaks (position of insects indicated by arrows).

Australian Entomologist, 1997, 24 (4) 171

plant species given by Moulds (1990). This locality was also adjacent to the

coast.

Discussion

The above records add to the few that exist for P. moerens in Tasmania and

support comments by Moulds (1990) and Elliott and deLittle (1985) that the

species is sporadic in its occurrence. Specific surveying for this insect, such

as that conducted by Coombs (1996), would provide more reliable details

concerning occurrence and may explain the sporadic incidence of this

species. This would appear to provide a very interesting area for further

research. At sites near Armidale NSW, Coombs (1996) reported finding P.

moerens in 3 out of the 4 years of surveying, with the duration of activity

covering the period from the second week of December to the second week

of February. In addition, the Skeleton Bay, Deviot and Dodges Ferry

locations are within 30 km of the sea, which agrees with Tasmanian

collection records of P. moerens (Moulds 1990).

Sporadic species such as P. moerens are difficult to monitor and publications

such as the ‘Insect Pest Survey’ (Martyn et al. 1975, Hardy et al. 1980)

provide a means of recording the incidence and perhaps abundance of insects

which may not be locally common for extended periods. A similar

publication would be invaluable for insects important to forestry, for

example, and would negate reliance upon the memories of forest

entomologists, avoid loss of such knowledge following staff changes and

provide wider access to such information.

Acknowledgments i

The author wishes to thank Sue and John Briginshaw (Skeleton Bay), Ian

Kitchener (Deviot) and Gus and Sue Steinbauer for their hospitality over the

Christmas holidays concerned.

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Index Volume 24, 1997

ATKINS, A.

Two new species of Trapezites Hiibner (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Trapezitinae)

from eastern Australia. 7

BASHFORD, R.

Records of insects associated with Acacia dealbata Link. in Tasmania. 109

BRABY, M.F.

New larval foodplants for some butterflies (Lepidoptera) from northern and

central Queensland, Australia. 97

BROWN, G.R.

The identity of Aeolothynnus Ashmead and notes on Iswaroides Ashmead

(Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae: Thynninae). 87

COOMBS, M. and KHAN, S.A.

New host/ parasitoid records for Australian Pentatomidae, Tachinidae and

Braconidae. 61

EASTWOOD, R.

An interesting local form and new larval hostplant of Hypochrysops byzos

(Boisduval) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). 37

EASTWOOD, R.

Field observations on the symbiotic interactions of Ogyris genoveva (Hewitson)

and Ogyris zosine (Hewitson) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) with Camponotus spp.

(Hymenoptera: Formicidae). 137

EXLEY, E.M.

New records of minute bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae: Euryglossinae). 86

HANCOCK, D.L. and ORR, A.G.

Ornithoptera euphorion (Gray) (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae): species or

subspecies? 165

JOHNSON, S.J. and VALENTINE, P.S.

Further observations and records of butterflies (Lepidoptera) in northern

Australia. 155

KING, I.M.

Two new species of Micronecta Kirkaldy (Heteroptera: Corixidae) from Victoria,

Australia. 145

MEYER, C.E.

Notes on the life history and variation in adult forms of Euploea sylvestor pelor

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MEYER, C.E.

The life history of Borbo impar lavinia (Waterhouse) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). 78

NAUMANN, I.D. and BALCIUNAS, J.K.

A sawfly larva feeding on an aquatic fern (Hymenoptera: Symphyta: Pergidae). — 39

REID, C.A.M.

New records of the genus Stenus Latreille (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in

Australia. 119

RING, L.R. and OLIVE, J.C.

The specific status of Philiris sappheira Sands (Lepydoptera: Lycaenidae), with

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SAMSON, P.R., JOHNSON, S.J. and VALENTINE, P.S.

The life history of Hypochrysops elgneri barnardi Waterhouse (Lepidoptera:

Lycaenidae). 159

SANDS, D.P.A.

Alexfloydia repens Simon: a food plant for Ocybadistes knightorum Lambkin &

Donaldson (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) and their conservation significance. 117

SCAMBLER, D.J.

Arcucornus, a new genus in the Psilomorphini (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae:

Cerambycinae) with two new species. 127

SMITHERS, C.N.

Psocoptera from Coocumbac Island Nature Reserve, Taree, New South Wales. 49

SMITHERS, C.N.

Notes on the biology and annual cycle of the wood boring psocopteran

Psilopsocus mimulus Smithers (Psocoptera: Psilopsocidae). 131

STEINBAUER, M.J.

Notes on Psaltoda moerens (Germar) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) in Tasmania. 169

VALENTINE, P.S. and JOHNSON, S.J.

Ecological observations and notes on the life history of Philiris diana papuana

Wind & Clench (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). 35

WALTER, D.E. and CONDÉ, B.

Eukoenenia florenciae Rucker, 1903 (Arachnida: Palpigradi: Eukoeneniidae),

Australia's second record of a cosmopolitan all-female species of palpigrade. 164

WILLIAMS, A.A.E.

The butterflies (Lepidoptera) of Garden and Rottnest Islands, Western Australia. 27

WILLIAMS, A.A.E. and ATKINS, A.F.

Notes on the life history of the Western Australian skipper Mesodina hayi

Edwards & Graham (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). 81

WILLIAMS, M.R. and ATKINS, A.F.

The life history of Trapezites waterhousei Mayo & Atkins (Lepidoptera:

Hesperiidae: Trapezitinae). 1

WILSON, C.G.

Phytophagous insect fauna of two weeds, Hyptis suaveolens (1.) Poit. and

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WOODGER, T.A.

New distribution records for some butterflies (Lepidoptera) from central western

Queensland. 93

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THE AUSTRALIAN

Entomologist

Volume 24, Part 4, 19 December 1997

CONTENTS

HANCOCK, D.L. and ORR, A.G.

Ornithoptera euphorion (Gray): (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) species or subspecies? 165

JOHNSON, S.J. and VALENTINE, P.S.

Further observations and records for butterflies (Lepidoptera) in northern

Australia. 155

KING, I.M.

Two new species of Micronecta Kirkaldy (Heteroptera: Corixidae) from Victoria,

Australia. 145

SAMSON, P.R, JOHNSON, S.J. and VALENTINE, P.S.

The life history of Hypocbrysops elgneri barnardi Waterhouse (Lepidoptera:

Lycaenidae). 159

STEINBAUER, MJ.

Notes on Psaltoda moerens (Germar) (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) in Tasmania.

WALTER, D.E. and CONDE, B.

Eukoenenia florenciae Rucker, 1903 (Arachnida: Palpigradi: Eukoeneniidae),

Australia's second record of a cosmopolitan all-female species of palpigradi.

CD-ROM REVIEW

Citrus pests and their natural enemies

RECENT LITERATURE

An accumulative bibliography of Australian entomology

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTICES Inside back cover.

ISSN 1320 6133