THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

The Australian Entomologist (formerly Australian Entomological Magazine) is a

non-profit journal published in four parts annually by the Entomological Society

of Queensland. It is devoted to entomology of the Australian region, including

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University of Queensland

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University of Queensland

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Sustaining Associates

Arrest-A-Pest Pty Ltd, Rhone-Poulenc Rural Australia Pty Ltd.

Cover: Anthrax maculata (Diptera: Bombyliidae) described by Macquart in 1846 has

been collected commonly throughout eastern Australia, in the northern third of N.T.,

and in the Kimberly Region and south-western W.A. Specimens have been collected

flying around burnt trees and mud wasp nests. Females are a common sight in suburban

Brisbane, patrolling brick walls searching for mud wasp nests. Illustration by Chris

Lambkin, Department of Entomology, University of Queensland.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (2): 33-38 33

NEW LARVAL FOODPLANT RECORDS FOR BUTTERFLIES

(LEPIDOPTERA) IN NORTHERN QUEENSLAND

C.J. MULLER

PO Box 228, Dural, NSW 2158

Abstract

New foodplant records are provided for 33 species of butterflies from northern Queensland.

Introduction

Lists of foodplants for butterflies from northern Queensland have been

presented in several recent papers (Valentine 1988, Sankowsky 1991, Braby

1995, 1996). The following records are based on field collecting and rearing

of the early stages, by the author, intermittently during 1993-97 but

predominantly during 1993.

HESPERIIDAE

Badamia exclamationis (Fabricius)

Several young larvae were collected and reared to adults from characteristic

shelters on small plants of Rhyssopteris timoriensis (Malpighiaceae), at Mt

Stuart near Townsville and also near Coen. At the latter locality larvae were

found together with those of Allora doleschallii doleschallii (Felder) and

Hypochrysops polycletus rovena Druce. Previously the only known

foodplants for this species in Australia were Terminalia catappa L. and T.

oblongata F. Muell. (Combretaceae).

Chaetocneme beata (Hewitson)

Adults were reared from first instar larvae collected from large trees of

Cryptocarya microneura Meissner (Lauraceae), growing in gardens at Edge

Hill, Cairns. Larvae were transferred to netted sleeves on Neolitsea dealbata

(R. Br.) Benth. prior to the completion of their development, with adults

emerging in February and early March. Although no plants of this species

could be located in adjacent rainforest, it has a known native distribution

from Cairns to southern New South Wales (G. Sankowsky, pers. comm.). In

January 1987, numerous larvae of C. beata were collected from C.

microneura near Macquarie Pass, west of Wollongong, New South Wales.

Chaetocneme porphyropis (Meyrick & Lower)

On the lower slopes of mountains just west of Bartle Frere, near Babinda, all

immature stages were collected fairly commonly from Endiandra compressa

C. White (Lauraceae) and less so from the foliage of Litsea leefeana (F.

Muell.) Merr. and Neolitsea dealbata, during most months of the year.

Cryptocarya grandis Hyland (Lauraceae) appears to be the preferred

foodplant of this species at El Arish, Mission Beach and Innisfail, where

larvae are located generally in deep shade within the coastal rainforests. E.

compressa and C. grandis are new foodplant records for this species.

34 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (2)

Netrocoryne repanda expansa Waterhouse

Numerous eggs and early instar larvae were observed but not collected from

small plants of Litsea breviumbellata Allen (Lauraceae) growing proximal to

watercourses adjacent to the Olive River, Cape York Peninsula, during

February, 1996. As many as seven larval shelters were noted on a single

leaf. At Kuranda, several empty larval shelters were located on the large

leaves of Litsea bindoniana (F. Muell.) F. Muell. Both L. breviumbellata

and L. binedoniana are newly recorded foodplants for N. repanda, although

Wood (1987b) recorded this taxon feeding on ‘a number of laurel species’ at

Coen and Iron Range, Cape York Peninsula.

PAPILIONIDAE

Graphium sarpedon choredon (C. & R. Felder)

Eggs and larvae were collected and reared to adults on the young, purple-red

new growth of Litsea binedoniana (Lauraceae) at Flying Fish Point, near

Innisfail in January 1994. The early stages of this taxon may be found

utilising the new growth of many laurel species in NE Qld.

Graphium macfarlanei macfarlanei (Butler)

Near Diwan, approximately 20 km north of Daintree, adults were reared from

eggs and larvae collected on Rollinia delicosa Safford (Annonaceae), a

species introduced from Brazil. Also near Diwan and at Cape Tribulation,

mature larvae were collected during January 1997, together with those of the

more numerous Graphium agamemnon ligatum (Rothschild), from Desmos

sp. (Annonaceae). Only one larva was reared to adult, the remainder being

parasitised. These represent additional foodplant records for G. macfarlanei,

the latter being the first recorded native foodplant in Australia.

PIERIDAE

Elodina queenslandica kuranda De Baar & Hancock

A small number of adults were reared from eggs collected on the climbing

tips of Capparis sepiaria L. (Capparaceae) along the Mowbray River, about

15 km SWW of Port Douglas, at Bloomfield, Kuranda and approximately 15

km SW of Gordonvale. Larvae of this species and E. walkeri Butler feed

only on the pale new growth of C. sepiaria, which often grows high into the

rainforest canopy. This plant has been recorded as a host for nominotypical

E. queenslandica De Baar & Hancock (De Baar 1988; De Baar and Hancock

1993).

Elodina walkeri Butler

A male was reared in July from eggs collected from the young growth of

Capparis sepiaria growing along the Mowbray River, near Port Douglas.

Cepora perimale scyllara (W.S. Macleay)

Along the Mowbray River near Port Douglas and at Bloomfield, eggs and

early instar larvae were collected and reared to adult on Capparis sepiaria.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (2) 35

Catopsilia scylla etesia (Hewitson)

Many eggs and young larvae were located and reared to adults on the foliage

of Senna surratensis ssp. retusa J. Vogel (Caesalpiniaceae), throughout the

wet season, 65 km south of Mt Garnet.

NYMPHALIDAE

Polyura sempronius sempronius (Fabricius)

Two fourth instar larvae were found and raised to adult on the foliage of the

climber Jasminium aemulum R. Br. (Oleaceae) at Palm Cove, north of

Cairns. Two leaves were utilised for the shelter occupied by the mature

larva.

Neptis praslini staudingereana de Niceville

At Palm Cove in January, females of this species were observed ovipositing

on mature foliage of Erycibe coccinea (Bailey) (Convolvulaceae) and

subsequently an adult was reared from larvae sleeved on this plant. In

addition, a mature larva and pupa were collected from a small plant of

Briedelia penangiana J.D.Hook (Euphorbiaceae) in rainforest near Mission

Beach. The only previously recorded foodplant for this species was

Phylacium bracteosum Benn. (Fabaceae) (Wood 1987a).

Pantoporia consimilis consimilis (Boisduval)

Numerous specimens were reared throughout the year from immature stages

collected from Dalbergia candenatensis (Dennst.) Prain (Fabaceae) near

Cairns, Daintree, Innisfail and Mission Beach.

LYCAENIDAE

Hypochrysops pythias euclides Miskin

Near El Arish a few adults of this taxon were reared from larvae collected on

the undersides of the large leaves of Trichospermum pleiostigma (F.Muell.)

Burret (Tiliaceae) but they are much more abundant on Commersonia

bartramia (L.) Merr. (Sterculiaceae). The former is a new foodplant record

for this species.

Hypochrysops polycletus rovena Druce

Eggs and larvae were collected on several occasions just west of Cairns,

Cooktown and near Coen on Rhyssopteris timoriensis (Malpighiaceae),

during the wet season. Larvae were sometimes attended by small ants.

Recently in the Moluccas, Indonesia, pupae of the nominotypical subspecies

were located in debris beneath the foodplant and in captivity larvae of H. p.

rovena pupated in similar situations.

Hypochrysops narcissus narcissus (Fabricius)

Approximately 10 km south of Mossman and at the Coconuts, near Innisfail,

many larvae and pupae were found on Avicennia eucalyptifolia (Valeton)

Mold. (Verbenaceae). Also near Mossman and just north and south of

Cooktown larvae and pupae were taken from Lumnitzera racemosa Willd.

36 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (2)

(Combretaceae). At Mossman, this taxon was also reared from Bruguiera

exaristata Ding Hou (Rhizophoraceae). Near Cairns and Mossman, adults

were reared from Rhizophora stylosa Griffith (Rhizophoraceae) and at

Cooktown from Diplatia tomentosa Barlow (Loranthaceae).

The above foodplants all represent new records for H. narcissus and most

specimens were reared between April and August. Near Mossman, many

pupae of H. n. narcissus were once found within excavated chambers of

Myrmecodia sp. (Rubiaceae), growing on the mangrove foodplants, once

occupied by the early stages of Hypochrysops apollo Miskin.

Hypochrysops miskini miskini (Waterhouse)

About 2 km east of Paluma, larvae were located in curled leaves of

Commersonia bartramia (Sterculiaceae) and reared to adults on that plant. In

addition, larvae were found feeding on Tetrasynandra pubescens (Benth.)

Perkins (Monimiaceae) at Bluewater Range, 31 km SW of Bluewater, and an

adult male was subsequently reared. These represent additional foodplant

records for this taxon and support the polyphagous status of this species

proposed by Valentine and Johnson (1989).

Hypochrysops digglesii (Hewitson)

Larvae were located at Clifton Beach, north of Cairns, feeding upon

Dendrophthoe falcata (L.f.) Ettingsh. (Loranthaceae). During the day they

sheltered in curled leaves of the hostplant.

Hypochrysops cyane (Waterhouse & Lyell)

During January 1997, two first instar larvae of this species were discovered

feeding on a sapling of Acacia humifusa Benth. (Mimosaceae) about 23 km

north of Musgrave, Cape York Peninsula. The larvae were attended by a few

small black ants (Zridomyrmex sp.) and sheltered within old feeding scars

produced probably by mature larvae of H. cyane. When cut foodplant was

exhausted, the larvae were given Eucalyptus sp. (Cow Bay) and raised to

adults on that plant.

Philiris nitens nitens (Grose-Smith)

Macaranga sp. (Euphorbiaceae) is well known as a foodplant for both

subspecies of Philiris nitens in northern Queensland. Larvae are invariably

taken from M. involucrata (Wall.) Muell. Arg.; however on one occasion the

author collected early stages from Macaranga tanarius (L.) Muell. Arg. near

Mirriwinni, north of Innisfail.

Arhopala madytus Fruhstorfer

On the levees of the South Johnstone River, near Innisfail and near Trinity

Beach, north of Cairns, larvae of this species were found commonly on the

new growth of Hibiscus tiliaceus L. (Malvaceae). Larvae constructed crude

shelters usually by joining parts of a leaf together with silk and pupae were

found in similar situations.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (2) 37

Arhopala centaurus centaurus (Fabricius)

Adults were reared from early stages collected on saplings of Corymbia

tessularis (F. Muell) (Myrtaceae) at Cairns during March.

Ogyris aenone Waterhouse

At Cooktown, larvae and pupae of this taxon and Hypochrysops narcissus

were found together in abandoned bird’s nests situated in the clumps of

Diplatia tomentosa (Loranthaceae) growing on Melaleuca sp. (Myrtaceae).

Immature stages of O. aenone were also collected from D. tomentosa at Cow

Bay, near Cape Tribulation, Mossman and Port Douglas. The larvae

apparently favoured the distinctive flowers of this mistletoe.

Ogyris zosine typhon Waterhouse & Lyell

At Clifton Beach, north of Cairns, pupae of this species were taken

gregariously from under bark surrounding Dendrophthoe falcata

(Loranthaceae) parasitising Lophostemum sp. (Myrtaceae).

Jalmenus eichhorni Staudinger

Numerous pupae of this taxon were collected just north of Musgrave, Cape

York Peninisula and about 65 km south of Mt Garnet from small plants of

Acacia humifusa (Mimosaceae). At the latter locality, early stages of this

species were taken on adjacent plants to those supporting Jalmenus

pseudictinus Kerr & Macqueen.

Jalmenus pseudictinus Kerr & Macqueen

Several larvae and pupae were collected in February 1994 from saplings of

Acacia humifusa (Mimosaceae), approximately 65 km south of Mt Garnet.

Hypolycaena phorbas phorbas (Fabricius)

Immature stages were collected commonly from the new growth of Smilax

australis R. Br. (Smilacaceae) at Ella Beach, south of Innisfail and at Tully

Heads.

Anthene seltuttus affinis (Waterhouse & Turner)

At Loth Park, Innisfail, numerous pupae were found clustered on larger

stems of Arytera pauciflora S. Reyn. (Sapindaceae) and larvae on the

distinctive pink new growth of this plant.

Candalides margarita margarita (Semper)

Eggs and larvae were found at Cairns and just east of Paluma on

Dendrophthoe falcata (Loranthaceae). Larvae are well camoflauged on the

young shoots and buds of the mistletoe upon which they feed.

Candalides helenita helenita (Semper)

At Bellenden Kerr, west of Babinda, larvae were found together with those of

Jamides aleuas coelestis (Miskin) on the fresh growth of Arytera pauciflora

(Sapindaceae). Exuviae were located at the base of the foodplant amongst

leaf litter.

38 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (2)

Danis danis serapis Miskin

Around Cairns the preferred foodplant of this species appears to be Connarus

„conchocarpus F. Muell. (Connaraceae), while in wetter districts Rourea

brachyandrya F. Muell. (Connaraceae) is apparently the primary foodplant.

Larvae feed only on the red new growth of the latter species and develop

very rapidly. The latter foodplant is a new record for this taxon.

Jamides phaseli (Mathew)

At Trinity Beach and at Bingil Bay, near Mission Beach, larvae were

collected from the large purple flowers of Ipomoea pes-caprae (L.) R. Br.

(Convulvulaceae), a spreading legume which grows commonly on the berms

of beaches and dunes.

Megisba strongyle nigra (Miskin)

At Trinity Beach, larvae were taken and reared to adults during February

from flower buds of Allophyllus cobbe (L.) Blume (Sapindaceae). In

addition, along creek margins near Daradgee and Eubenangee, just north of

Innisfail, eggs and larvae were collected from the blossom of Macaranga

inamoena Benth. (Euphorbiaceae), during January and February.

Acknowledgments

The author thanks B.P.M. Hyland and A. Ford (CSIRO, Atherton) for

identifications and J. Olive, Trinity Park, whose expertise and assistance in

the field have been invaluable.

References

BRABY, M.F. 1995. Larval and adult foodplants for some tropical satyrine butterflies in

northern Queensland. Australian Entomologist 22: 5-13.

BRABY, M.F. 1997. New larval foodplants for some butterflies (Lepidoptera) from northern

and central Queensland, Australia. Australian Entomologist 24: 97-108.

COMMON, 1.F.B. and WATERHOUSE, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Revised edition,

Angus and Robertson, Sydney.

DE BAAR, M. 1988. Insects collected during a trip to Torres Strait 27 March to 10 April 1987.

News Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Queensland. 15: 107-117.

DE BAAR, M. and HANCOCK, D.L. 1993. The Australian species of Elodina C. and R.

Felder (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Australian Entomologist 20: 25-43.

SANKOWSKY, G. 1991. New food plants for some Queensland butterflies. Australian

Entomological Magazine 18: 9-19.

VALENTINE, P.S. 1988. Some new larval food plants for north Queensland Lycaenidae

(Lepidoptera). Australian Entomological Magazine 14: 89-91.

VALENTINE, P.S. and JOHNSON, S.J. 1989. Polyphagy in larvae of Hypochrysops miskini

miskini (Waterhouse) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Australian Entomological Magazine 16: 1-3.

WOOD, G.A. 1987a. The life history of Neptis praslini staudingereana de Niceville

(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae). Australian Entomological Magazine 14: 43-44,

WOOD, G.A. 1987b. New and interesting butterfly records from northern Queensland and

Torres Strait. Australian Entomological Magazine 14: 71-72.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (2): 39-44 39

THE DISTRIBUTION OF LANTANA BEETLES (COLEOPTERA:

CHRYSOMELIDAE: HISPINAE) IN QUEENSLAND

S. BROUGHTON

Department of Entomology,, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072

Present address: Department of Primary Industries, PO Box 652, Cairns, Qld 4870

Abstract

Results are presented of a survey for five species of hispine beetles released for the biocontrol

of lantana (Lantana camara Linnaeus): Octotoma scabripennis Guĉrin-Mĉneville, O.

championi Baly, Uroplata girardi Pic, U. fulvopustulata Baly and U. lantanae Buzzi &

Winder. Surveys of coastal and sub-coastal Queensland were carried out from 1995 to 1997

and show the present distribution of U. girardi, U. fulvopustulata and O. scabripennis. Of

these, U. girardi is the most widely established, found in coastal and sub-coastal areas from

Cooktown in north Queensland to New South Wales. Octotoma championi and U. lantanae

were not found during the survey.

Introduction

Lantana is a major weed of areas east of the Great Dividing Range in

Queensland and New South Wales (Parsons and Cuthbertson 1992). Since

1914, 23 insect species have been released in Australia for lantana

biocontrol, many of which failed to establish (Julien 1992). Of the

established agents, two leaf-mining beetles, Uroplata girardi Pic and

Octotoma scabripennis Guérin-Méneville, are considered to be highly

effective (Willson 1975, Taylor 1989). However, the effectiveness of these

species is thought to be limited by climate (Harley 1969, Cilliers 1987,

Cilliers and Neser 1991, Neser and Cilliers 1989). In Hawaii, Harley (1969)

observed that O. scabripennis favoured hot exposed conditions, whilst U.

girardi preferred cooler semi-shaded conditions. To increase the likelihood

of controlling lantana, a ‘cool’ climate strain of U. girardi and three other

species were released in Queensland and New South Wales between 1975

and 1981: O. championi Baly, U. fulvopustulata Baly (= Uroplata sp. near

bilineata Chapuis) and U. lantanae Buzzi & Winder (Willson 1975, Taylor

1989, Julien 1992).

Surveys were conducted in the mid-1970’s to determine the Queensland

distribution of these beetles (Willson 1975), but no surveys had been

conducted since. A school program, ‘Beetle Watch’, was developed to

survey current beetle populations. This program was based on similar

school-based programs in Australia such as Bioscan (Allen et al. 1995),

Pasture Watch (Forge 1992) and Worm Watch (Colliver 1992). In January

1996, March 1996 and May-December 1997, I surveyed lantana areas to

obtain additional information on hispine distribution.

Materials and methods

Adult identification

Based solely on colour, the different genera are easy to distinguish. The two

Octotoma species are black, Uroplata are brown (Fig. 1). Although the two

Octotoma species are similar in. colour and size, the shape of the elytra

40 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (2)

differs; the elytra of O. championi widen or “flare” at the caudal end (Fig. 1).

Similarly, it is possible to distinguish between the two Uroplata species.

Taylor (1989) suggested that the ‘cool climate’ biotype of U. girardi is

distinguishable from the common strain by a variation in colour on the elytra

and pronotum. No specimens of U. lantanae were available for identification

purposes.

Larval identification

The larval mines of O. scabripennis and U. girardi differ in shape (Fig. 1).

The central mine of O. scabripennis is usually located near the mid-vein and

is not as tortuous as that of U. girardi (Willson 1975). The mine shapes of

larval U. girardi and U. fulvopustulata also differ, the feeding galleries of U.

fulvopustulata tending to be linear (Fig. 1).

Survey method 1 - Beetle Watch

The Beetle Watch program was developed for primary school children

(grades 5-7, aged 9-12). This program had two main aims: to educate

children about the process of biological control and to collect information on

hispine distribution. In March 1995 kits, consisting of booklets, resin-

embedded specimens of O. scabripennis and U. girardi and collection

bottles, were sent to 200 schools and individuals of the CSIRO Double Helix

Club interested in participating in the program.

Lantana was surveyed on a single occasion (at one or more sites) between

May and December 1995. Beetles were hand collected from lantana and

specimens (adults beetles only) were returned to me. On receipt the

specimens were identified and counted. The school or individual’s name,

site (latitude and longitude), collection date, species collected and number of

bushes sampled were entered into a database.

Survey method 2

In January and March 1996, I surveyed lantana at 30 km intervals along the

Queensland coast from Beenleigh (27°43'S) to Cairns (16°54'S), and at

infrequent intervals (spatially and temporally) between Cairns and Seisia (nr

Bamaga: 10°53'S) during May-December 1997. At each site plants were

examined and the presence of adult beetles or larval mines were recorded.

An estimate of abundance was obtained by counting the total number of

larval mines and/or adults present on a total of five plants. From this an

average number of beetles/plant was calculated. Samples were collected and

labelled with site number and collection date. This information together with

cultivar type and abundance data was entered into a database.

Results

The two surveys differed from each other in the total number of sites

surveyed, but the overall trends in hispine abundance and distribution were

similar. Fifty-eight sites were surveyed in the Beetle Watch program (51

participants), 151 sites in the second survey. Uroplata girardi was identified

by the Beetle Watch program as the most common species (36 sites),

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (2) 41

followed by O. scabripennis (29 sites) and U. fulvopustulata (1 site); O.

championi and U. lantanae were not recovered. These trends were similarly

observed in the second survey (U. girardi = 92 sites, O. scabripennis = 39

sites, U. fulvopustulata = 15 sites; no O. championi or U. lantanae found).

Few beetles were found at inland sites between Maryborough and

Rockhampton or at sites between Townsville and Mackay (Fig. 2 A,B,C).

Current distribution and changes to the 1975 distribution

The distributions of U. girardi and O. scabripennis appear to have changed

since the study by Willson (1975). Uroplata fulvopustulata was not released

until 1976 and hence was not studied by Willson (1975); therefore no

comment can be made on any changes to its distribution.

Uroplata girardi

Uroplata girardi is found in coastal and sub-coastal sites from Brisbane to

Cooktown; particularly near Brisbane, Toowoomba, Bundaberg, Mackay,

Atherton and Daintree. This species appears to have extended its range from

Mackay through to Rockhampton. There were minor extensions to its

distribution north of Cairns and around Atherton and Cooktown (Fig. 2A).

Uroplata fulvopustulata

Uroplata fulvopustulata is restricted to sites in north Queensland from

Cardwell through to Cape Tribulation (Fig. 2B).

Octotoma scabripennis

In southern Queensland the distribution of O. scabripennis is limited to sub-

coastal and coastal sites near Brisbane, Maryborough and Bundaberg. There

has been an extension to its range from Maryborough through to Bundaberg.

In northern Queensland, O. scabripennis has established in areas west of

Mackay and on the Atherton Tableland (Fig. 2C).

Discussion

Comparison of sampling methods

The two methods varied in the number of sites surveyed. Almost twice as

many sites were sampled in the second survey compared to the first (Beetle

Watch). The costs of the two methods also differed: the Beetle Watch

program cost about $15,000 to produce and administer, whilst the second

survey cost about $9,600. However, Beetle Watch had another benefit that is

not easily measured: as an education tool. The advantages and disadvantages

of this method will be discussed in a subsequent paper (Broughton in prep:).

1995-1997 distribution of lantana beetles

The results of the two surveys show that hispines are found almost wherever

lantana occurs. The most common species identified by this study were O.

scabripennis and U. girardi but U. girardi has a much wider distribution.

Only one other species appears to have established in Queensland, U.

fulvopustulata in the north. Although no specimens of the “cool climate”

strain of U. girardi were recovered, populations might persist in New South

Wales (Taylor 1989). The other two species, O. championi and U. lantanae,

42 „Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (2)

AAA

TINA

A i LIA TAO?

emt nt N7

ted

No photograph or specimens available of

O. championi larval mines

a AN.

ĥi: Aia AU

= gie

Fig. 1. Adults and larval mines of lantana beetles: (A) Octotoma scabripennis;

(B) O. championi; (C) Uroplata girardi; (D) U. fulvopustulata.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (2) 43

Fig. 2. Distribution of lantana beetles in 1995-97: (A) Uroplata girardi; (B)

U. fulvopustulata; (C) Octotoma scabripennis. Legend refers to the average number

of beetles/plant.

44 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (2)

were not recovered during this study. However, O. championi became

established in New South Wales around Sydney (Taylor 1989).

The distributions of all three species overlap, which suggests that the release

of additional strains and species of Uroplata and Octotoma has failed to

increase the distribution of these beetles in Queensland. Whether control has

increased in northern Queensland as a result of the establishment of U.

fulvopustulata, or in New South Wales with the establishment of O.

championi, is not known.

Acknowledgments

The Beetle Watch program was initially suggested by Martin Hannan-Jones.

Many people were involved in the project; in particular I thank Jan Green,

Melva Hobson, Ken Keith, Geoff Norton, Rachel McFadyen, John Foster and

the late Elaine Brough. The CRC for Tropical Pest Management,

Department of Primary Industries (Landcare) and Department of Natural

Resources (previously Queensland Department of Lands) provided funding

for the Beetle Watch program. I would especially like to thank the children

and teachers involved in the collection of lantana beetles. Photographs of U.

girardi and O. scabripennis were taken by Joe Wessels and of U.

fulvopustulata by Anthony O’Toole. This research forms part of an award

for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Queensland.

References

ALLEN, J.F., ST CLAIR BAKER, P. and DADOUR, I.R. 1995. Bioscan. Entomology in

Schools. Western Australian Department of Agriculture, Perth, 68 pp.

CILLIERS, C.J. 1987. The evaluation of three insect natural enemies for the biological control

of the weed Lantana camara. Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 50: 15-

34.

CILLIERS, C.J. and NESER, S. 1991. Biological control of Lantana camara (Verbenaceae) in

South Africa. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 37: 57-75.

COLLIVER, A. 1992. Kids for Landcare, Wormwatch. Education Department of South

Australia, 88 pp.

FORGE, K. 1992. Pasture Watch. Department of Primary Industries, Queensland, 50 pp.

HARLEY, K.L.S. 1969. The suitability of Octotoma scabripennis Guér. and Uroplata girardi

Pic (Col.: Chrysomelidae) for the biological control of Lantana (Verbenaceae) in Australia.

Bulletin of Entomological Research 58: 835-843.

JULIEN, M. H. 1992. Biological Control of Weeds. A World Catalogue of Agents and Their

Target Weeds, 3rd ed. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureau International Institute for

Biological Control, Wallingford, UK.

NESER, S. and CILLIERS, C.J. 1989. Work towards the biological control of Lantana

camara, perspectives. Proceedings of the 7“ International Symposium on the Biological

Control of Weeds, Rome, Italy, pp 363-369.

PARSONS, W.T. and CUTHBERTSON, E.G. 1992. Noxious Plants of Australia. Inkata Press,

Melbourne.

TAYLOR, E.E. 1989. A history of biological control of Lantana camara in New South Wales.

Plant Protection Quarterly 4: 61-65.

WILLSON, B.W. 1975. The biological control of Lantana camara (lantana) in Queensland.

Promotional thesis, Alan Fletcher Research Station, Department of Natural Resources,

Sherwood, Queensland.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (2): 45-60 45

AN ANNOTATED LIST OF THE HAWK MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA:

SPHINGIDAE) OF WESTERN PROVINCE, PAPUA NEW GUINEA

M.S. MOULDS and R.B. LACHLAN

Entomology Department, Australian Museum, 6-8 College St, Sydney, NSW 2000

Email: maxm@amsg.austmus.gov.au

Abstract

Records are provided for 66 species of hawk moths from Western Province, Papua New

Guinea. In addition to two undescribed species, eight species, Acherontia lachesis (Fabricius),

Macroglossum albigutta Rothschild & Jordan, M. micacea (Walker), M. mitchelli (Boisduval),

M. moecki Riitimeyer, M. vacillans (Walker), M. vidua Rothschild & Jordan and Hemaris

venata (C. Felder) are previously unrecorded from mainland New Guinea and seven species,

Ambulyx phalaris (Jordan), Hippotion joiceyi Clark, H. rubribrenna Joicey & Kaye,

Macroglossumm spilonotum Rothschild & Jordan, M. stigma Rothschild & Jordan, Meganoton

hyloicoides Rothschild and Theretra polistratus Rothschild are previously unrecorded from

Papua New Guinea. The following are figured for the first time: female Ambulyx phalaris

(Jordan), Cypa decolor euroa Rothschild & Jordan, Macroglossum melas pullius Jordan and

Hippotion joiceyi Clark. Months of occurrence are summarised and notes given on abundance.

Some nomenclatural errors in D’ Abrera [1987] and Bridges (1993) are corrected.

Introduction

The hawk moths of Papua New Guinea remain poorly documented compared

to those of most neighbouring regions, viz. South East Asia (Barlow 1982,

Holloway 1987, Diehl [1982], Dupont & Roepke 1941) and Australia

(Common 1990, Moulds 1996). This is surprising considering that New

Guinea possesses a comparatively rich hawk moth fauna and has been

subject to intense insect collecting in years past. D'Abrera [1987] listed 67

species from mainland New Guinea and in this paper we add a further nine

species, two of which are undescribed. In comparison, Moulds (1996) listed

64 species from Australia, Holloway (1987) listed 95 from Borneo, Dupont

& Roepke (1941) 97 from Java and Diehl [1982] 121 from Sumatra.

The most comprehensive summary of the Sphingidae of New Guinea is still

that included in the world treatment of the family by Rothschild and Jordan

(1903), which in turn forms the basis for the world compendium by Seitz

(1928-29). The most complete work dealing exclusively with the Sphingidae

of New Guinea remains a modest booklet of 20 pages by Mackey (1975).

In this paper we document the sphingid fauna of Western Province, Papua

New Guinea. It is the largest of the provinces, occupying the south-west

corner of the country adjacent to the West Irian (Indonesian) border. In

essence it incorporates the Fly River basin and reaches altitudes over 3700 m

along the central mountain chain of New Guinea. However, the majority of

the Province comprises floodplains at altitudes below 100 m. Rainfall is

extremely high in the mountains; Tabubil (altitude 650 m) averages over

7800 mm annually. At higher elevations rainfall exceeds 10 metres. At

Tabubil, from where many of our hawk moth records originate, sunshine

averages just 3 hours per day with daily temperatures peaking at around 30°C

in summer and 25°C in winter, while minimum temperatures rarely fall

46 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (2)

below 20°C. Tropical rainforest surrounds the Tabubil area, giving way to

moss-covered montain forest above 1000 m; the latter has established at

lower altitudes than elsewhere in Papua New Guinea due to the exceptionally

high rainfall around Tabubil (Hyndman and Menzies 1990). Mountain areas

throughout the Province are extremely rugged, with many fast-flowing

streams which are typically strewn with boulders and subject to frequent

rapid changes in water level.

We record 66 species of sphingids from Western Province, which is one

fewer than the number previously recorded from the entire New Guinea

mainland (West Irian plus mainland Papua New Guinea). Eight species,

Acherontia lachesis, Macroglossum albigutta, M. micacea, M. mitchelli, M.

moecki, M. vacillans, M. vidua, and Hemaris venata are previously

unrecorded from mainland New Guinea and seven species, Ambulyx

phalaris, Hippotion joiceyi, H. rubribrenna, M. spilonotum, M. stigma,

Meganoton hyloicoides and Theretra polistratus are previously unrecorded

from Papua New Guinea.

The list is based upon three years of comprehensive collecting in the area by

one of us (RBL, 1991-93 and March-April 1994), supplemented by

additional records from two field trips undertaken by MSM (Oct. 1993, Nov.

1996). Localities collected are representative of the mountains and foothills

of the region but we lack records from the broad coastal floodplain, an area

that may well add species to our list. Most collecting was at Tabubil and, to

a lesser extent, at Mt Akrik. Details of collecting sites are as follows:

Kiunga, 6°08'S, 141°17'E, lowland rainforest.

Matkomrae (alternative spelling Matkomnai), 5°49'S, 140°09'E, 60 m

altitude, base of foothills, rainforest.

Mount Akrik (also known as Mt Ian), 5°10'S, 141909'E, 1625 m, drill camp

site on shelf adjacent to creek, moss forest.

Mount Robinson, 5°15'S, 141°11'E, base 850 m, rainforest; summit 1640 m,

moss forest.

Tabubil, 5°15'S, 141°13'E, 600 m, township, rainforest immediately adjacent

on mountain sides.

Nomenclature is based on that of Moulds (1996) and D’Abrera [1987].

Numbers in parentheses following months (in roman numerals) are the

accumulative totals of specimens taken. Specimens are in the collection of

RBL; some duplicates are held by the Australian Museum Sydney and the

collection of MSM.

List of Species

1. Agrius convolvuli (Linnaeus)

Tabubil, iii, v-viii, x-xii; base of Mt Robinson, iv; Mt Akrik, 1625 m, iv, x.

Abundant throughout the year.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (2) 47

2. Megacorma obliqua (Walker)

Matkomrae, x; Tabubil, iii, iv, vi, vii, x-xii; Mt Akrik, x.

Regularly encountered but never in large numbers.

3. Acherontia lachesis (Fabricius)

Matkomrae, 1993, xi (1); Tabubil, 1993, i (1), ii (1), iii (3), iv (1), v (5), vi

(38), viii (3), ix (1), x (5), xi (17), xii (12); 1994, iii (2), iv (2); 1996, xi (7);

Mt Akrik, 1993, x (1), xi (1); 1994, iii (1), iv (3).

Never plentiful and not taken at all during 1991 and 1992. Almost every

specimen seen was collected. Continuous monitoring ceased in late Dec.

1993. Previously known from India to the Moluccas and the Philippines but

unrecorded from mainland New Guinea. In addition to the above records

from Western Province, specimens have been taken recently near

Christianson Research Institute, north of Madang, by Larry Orsak (pers.

comm.) and MSM. It is remarkable that such a large and dramatic insect had

not been found prior to 1993, which suggests it has spread through New

Guinea in very recent times. It now appears to be well established and

widespread.

4. Meganoton rufescens titan Gehlen

Tabubil, 1991, vi; 1992, x; 1993, ii, iv, vi, viii, x, xi; 1994, iii.

Uncommon; only 10 males and 4 females taken over three years; few others

seen. Recorded from Port Moresby by Mackey (1975) as Meganoton

severina [= M. rufescens severina (Miskin)].

5. Meganoton hyloicoides Rothschild

Matkomrae, x; Tabubil ii-xii; Mt Akrik, iii.

Reasonably common but never abundant except in June. Previously known

only from the ‘Birds Head’ (Vogelkop on most maps) Peninsula of West

Irian (Rothschild 1910, D’ Abrera [1987]).

6. Psilogramma menephron menephron (Cramer)

Matkomrae, xi; Tabubil, ii, iv-vi, viii, x-xii; Base of Mt Robinson, iv; Mt

Akrik, iv.

Abundant throughout the year but most common during June.

7. Psilogramma sp.

Tabubil, iii-xii; Base of Mt Robinson, iv.

An undescribed species which is smaller than P. menephron and shows little

variation in size or colour. Regularly encountered but never in large

numbers. Most specimens were taken from October to December 1993.

8. Ambulyx wildei Miskin

Matkomrae, x; Tabubil, iii, vi-xii; Base of Mt Robinson, iv, xii; Mt Akrik, ix.

48 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (2)

9. Ambulyx phalaris (Jordan)

(Figs 1-3)

Matkomrae, x; Tabubil, vi, viii-xii; Base of Mt Robinson, iv, xii.

About as common as A. wildei. Distinguished from A. wildei by the long

dark tapering streak on the fore wing upperside, immediately below vein

CuA> and extending between the sub-basal spot and tornus. This species is

also generally larger and darker than A. wildei. It has been previously

suggested that phalaris and wildei can be separated by the outer ring

surrounding the fore-wing sub-basal spot; this marking, however, is

sometimes distinct on both species and is not a reliable character for species

separation. Further, the spot itself can be reduced or absent on specimens of

phalaris (Fig. 1). D’ Abrera [1987] figures a male with a bold sub-basal spot.

The female (Fig. 2) previously has not been figured. Previously known only

from the Arfak Mountains located on the ‘Birds Head’ Peninsula, West Irian

(Jordan 1919, D'Abrera [1987]).

10. Ambulyx jordani (Bethune-Baker)

Matkomrae, x; Tabubil, ii-vi, viii-xii.

Uncommon with just the occasional specimen taken from time to time.

Females are very scarce.

11. Ambulyx dohertyi dohertyi Rothschild

Kiunga, xi; Matkomrae, x, xi; Tabubil, iii-viii, x-xii; Base of Mt Robinson,

xii; Summit of Mt Robinson, xii; Mt Akrik, iii, iv, ix.

Common; often occurs in very large numbers. There is some colour

variation, particularly in males.

12. Cypa decolor euroa Rothschild & Jordan

(Fig. 19)

Matkomrae, x; Tabubil, iii, vi, viii-xii; Mt Akrik, ix-xi.

Usually present but never abundant. Most specimens were taken during

October, November and December. Previously known from New Guinea

only by the type female from Milne Bay (Rothschild and Jordan 1903) and

from Port Moresby (Mackey 1975). We figure this subspecies for the first

time.

13. Hemaris venata (C. Felder)

Tabubil, 1993, x (19), xi (10, 1 9), xii (1 01).

Previously recorded only from the type male from Ambon, Indonesia

(Rothschild and Jordan 1903, D’Abrera [1987]). However, Mackey (1975)

figured this species from Port Moresby, misidentifying it as Cephonodes

kingii (W.S. Macleay) and giving its status as ‘rare’ (= one or two records).

C. kingii thus remains unknown beyond Australia.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (2) 49

14. Cephonodes rothschildi Rebel

Tabubil, 1993, xi (10).

Previously known only from Mt Kebea (= Keba), Owen Stanley Range.

15. Gnathothlibus erotus eras (Boisduval)

Matkomrae, x, xi; Tabubil, iii-vi; Mt Akrik, ili, iv, ix, x.

Abundant throughout the year.

16. Gnathothlibus meeki (Rothschild & Jordan)

Tabubil, x; Base of Mt Robinson, xii; Summit of Mt Robinson, xii; Mt Akrik,

lil-V, ix-xi.

Often abundant at higher altitudes (Mt Akrik, 1625 m). Only a single

specimen taken at Tabubil (600 m).

17. Gnathothlibus heliodes (Meyrick)

Matkomrae, x; Tabubil, ii-iv, vi, vii, ix-xii; Base of Mt Robinson, iv; Mt

Akrik, iv, x.

A common species below 1600 m.

18. Daphnis dohertyi Rothschild

Matkomrae, x, xi; Tabubil, ii-vi, xi; Base of Mt Robinson, iv; Mt Akrik, iv, v,

XI.

Abundant throughout the year.

19. Daphnis hypothous moorei (W.J. Macleay)

Tabubil, ii-vi, viii, x; Mt Akrik, xi.

Abundant throughout the year.

20. Daphnis placida placida (Walker)

Tabubil, iii-vi, x-xii; Base of Mt Robinson, iv; Mt Akrik, iv, v.

Regularly encountered but never in large numbers.

21. Daphnis protrudens R. Felder

Tabubil, ii-iv, vi, x-xii; Base of Mt Robinson, iv; Mt Akrik, iii-vi, ix-xi.

Regularly encountered but never in large numbers.

22. Acosmeryx anceus anceus (Stoll)

A very common species throughout the year.

23. Acosmeryx miskini (Murray)

Tabubil, ii-vii, x-xii; Mt Akrik, xi.

Regularly encountered throughout the year; rare at higher altitudes (1600 m).

50 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (2)

Figs 1-3. Ambulyx phalaris, upperside: (1) male, Tabubil, lacking dark fore wing

sub-basal spot; (2) female, Matkomrae; (3) male, Tabubil, with dark fore wing sub-

basal spot.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (2) 51

24. Eupanacra micholitzi (Rothschild & Jordan), comb. rev.

Tabubil, iii, iv, vi, viii-xi; Mt Akrik, x.

Uncommon; rare at higher altitudes (1600 m). Two specimens reared on

Epipremnum pinnatum (Araceae) at Tabubil; one remained in the pupal stage

for 13 days, the other for 16 days. Bridges (1993) erroneously returned this

species to Panacra Walker.

25. Eupanacra pulchella (Rothschild & Jordan), comb. rev.

Summit of Mt Robinson, ii; Mt Akrik, iii-v, ix-xil.

Uncommon; all specimens were taken above 1600 m. Of 33 specimens

taken, only one was female. Bridges (1993) erroneously returned this species

to Panacra Walker.

26. Eupanacra splendens (Rothschild)

Kiunga, xi; Tabubil, ii, iv-vi, viti-xi1; Mt Akrik, iv.

One larva raised on Epipremnum pinnatum (Araceae) reached pupation in 21

days. Regularly encountered but never abundant; rare at higher altitudes

(1600 m).

27. Angonyx excellens (Rothschild)

Tabubil, iv, viti-xii; Mt Akrik, ix (1).

Regularly encountered but never common; rare at higher altitudes (1600 m).

28. Angonyx papuana Rothschild & Jordan

Matkomrae, x; Tabubil, ii, vi, viti-xii; Mt Akrik, iv, xi.

Very large numbers taken during Oct./Nov. 1992; otherwise uncommon and

always rare at Mt Akrik (1625 m).

29. Eurypteryx molucca R. Felder

Tabubil, 1991, xi (1 9); 1992, xi (1 9).

Only these two specimens taken during three and a half years of collecting.

30. Eurypteryx falcata Gehlen

Tabubil, ii-V, ix-xil; Mt Akrik, x (1).

An uncommon species; rare at Mt Akrik (1625 m).

31. Macroglossum spilonotum Rothschild & Jordan

Mt Akrik, ili-v, ix-xi.

Fairly common but never in numbers. Unrecorded below 1600 m. All 58

specimens collected over three and a half years were male. This species was

previously known only from Mt Goliath, West Irian.

52 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (2)

32. Macroglossum nubilum Rothschild & Jordan

Matkomrae, x; Tabubil, ii-vi, ix-xi; Mt Akrik, ix, x.

Not common but regularly encountered, with 32 males and 3 females

collected over three and a half years.

33. Macroglossum moecki Riitimeyer

(Figs 17, 18)

Tabubil, 1992, x (1 0%), xi (10, 19); 1993, ii (10), v (1 0), vi (1 0), ix (2

070"); Mt Akrik, 1994, iii (1 01).

Previously known only from a single male from Schouten Islands, West Irian

(Ritimeyer 1969). D’Abrera [1987] added the locality Biak, presumably

from a label attached to the type. The nine specimens encountered are all

identical (including the only known female) and agree perfectly with the

holotype. Not figured by D’ Abrera [1987].

34. Macroglossum augarra Rothschild

(Figs 12, 13)

Mt Akrik, 1993, x (1 07); 1994, iii, (1 0, 2 99); alpine grass meadow 16 km

NE of Tabubil, 2300 m, 1994, iii (1 9).

All specimens were taken above 1600 m. Previously known only from the

type locality, Owgarra River, Papua New Guinea.

35. Macroglossum corythus pylene (C. Felder)

Tabubil, 1993, x (1 0”), xii (2 00"); Mt Akrik, 1994, iv (2 (107).

36. Macroglossum stigma Rothschild & Jordan

Tabubil, 1992, xi (1 9); 1993, ix (19), x (1 0’).

Previously known only from the female holotype from Dorey (=

Manokwari), Bird’s Head Peninsula, West Irian (Rothschild and Jordan

1903, D’ Abrera [1987]).

37. Macroglossum meeki Rothschild & Jordan

(Fig. 16)

Tabubil, 1993, ix (1 0”); Mr Akrik, 1996, xi (1 9).

Previously known only from the holotype male taken at Milne Bay, Papua

New Guinea.

38. Macroglossum vidua Rothschild & Jordan

Matkomrae, 1993, x (1 9); Tabubil, 1993, vii (1 ©), x (1 9), xi (200); Mt

Akrik, 1993, x (2010, 3 99), xi (1 07); 1994, iii (1 07).

Previously known only from the type locality, Waigeo I., West Irian.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (2) 53

39. Macroglossum melas pullius Jordan

(Figs 4, 5)

Tabubil, 1992, v (1 9); 1993, iii (1 07), vi (19), ix (1 07, 1 9), x (107), xi (1

oO), xii (1 0%); 1994, iv (1 0’).

Moulds (1985, 1996) synonymised M. melas Rothschild & Jordan with M.

heliophila (Boisduval), based on the wide range of colour variability found

within and between populations. D’Abrera [1987] opposed this treatment

and recognised M. melas as a separate species. Kitching (in prep.) also

recognises both melas and heliophila, distinguishing them by the uniform

dark brown underside of the fore wing of melas, while that of heliophila has

the area basal to the submarginal line a paler chestnut brown. We follow

Kitching in recognising both species and place our specimens as melas

because of the uniform dark brown colour of the fore wing underside.

40. Macroglossum vacillans (Walker)

Mt Akrik, iii (1 9).

Only this specimen encountered in three and a half years even though it is a

common species in northern Australia (c.f. Moulds 1985). Previously

unrecorded from New Guinea.

41. Macroglossum micacea micacea (Walker)

Tabubil, 1992, x (1 9); Mt Akrik, 1994, iv (3 o'0’, 3 99).

Previously recorded from Papua New Guinea only from the Louisiade

Archipelago.

42. Macroglossum rectans Rothschild & Jordan

Matkomrae, 1993, x (1 7).

Apparently absent from mountain areas. Mackey (1975) recorded this

species from Port Moresby although there is confusion between his plates

and text; he mislabelled a figure of M. rectans as M. hirundo and figured M.

nubilum as M. rectans.

43. Macroglossum dohertyi dohertyi (Rothschild)

Tabubil, 1993, x (1 9).

44. Macroglossum caldum Jordan

(Fig. 10)

Mt Akrik, 1993, x (1 0’).

This specimen is tentatively assigned to M. caldum; it differs from the figure

in D'Abrera [1987] primarily in having the hind wing orange reduced to a

tornal spot and a very small ill-defined submedian spot near costal margin.

54 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (2)

7 11

Figs 4-11. (4-7, left; 8-11, right) Macroglossum spp.: (4-5) melas pullius, male

upperside, male underside, Tabubil; (6-7) albigutta, male upperside, male underside,

Tabubil; (8-9) mitchelli, male upperside, male underside, Mt Akrik; (10) caldum,

male upperside, Mt Akrik; (11) calescens, female upperside, Mt Akrik.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (2) 55

15 19

Figs 12-19. (12-15, left; 16-19, right) (12-13) Macroglossum. augarra, male

upperside, female underside, Mt Akrik; (14-15) Hippotion joiceyi, male upperside,

female upperside, Tabubil; (16) Macroglossum meeki, male upperside, Tabubil; (17-

18) Macroglossum moecki, male upperside, male underside, Tabubil; (19) Cypa

decolor euroa, female upperside, Tabubil.

56 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (2)

45. Macroglossum calescens (Butler)

(Fig. 11)

Mt Akrik, x (1 9).

The single specimen available matches closely the figure of M. calescens in

D' Abrera [1987], differing only in a narrower yellow band on the hindwing,

blue scaling on the forewing and only two (rather than three) yellow bars on

the abdomen.

46. Macroglossum albigutta Rothschild & Jordan

(Figs 6, 7)

Tabubil, vi (1 0%), ix (200), x (2.0°0’), xi (10, 1 9).

Previously known only from the Solomon Islands and Bougainville, although

the latter record requires confirmation. The nominate subspecies is recorded

from Guadalcanal and subspecies floridense Rothschild & Jordan from

Bougainville and Florida Island (Rothschild and Jordan 1903, D' Abrera

[1987]). D'Abrera's association of Bougainville with floridense “Solomons

(Florida, Bougainville)” is confusing as Bougainville politically is part of

Papua New Guinea. Our specimens appear closest to D'Abrera's figure of

M. albigutta floridense; the white median band on the fore wing is variable in

width (compare Figs 6, 7) and on all specimens the distal half of the fore

wing is nearly uniform in colour, similar to D' Abrera's M. mediovitta. As far

as we can determine from the limited amount of material of M. mediovitta

available to us, M. albigutta differs in having a pair of distinct white lateral

spots midway along the abdomen and a similar pair on the last abdominal

segment.

47. Macroglossum mitchelli mitchelli (Boisduval)

(Figs 8, 9)

Mt Akrik, iii (3 00), x (1 0).

We question the conspecific status of M. mitchelli mitchelli and M. m.

imperator (Butler). Our specimens appear similar to M. mitchelli imperator

but the hind wing orange band is considerably narrower than that of

imperator, fitting the description of the nominate subspecies mitchelli as

documented by Rothschild and Jordan (1903). M. m. mitchelli is recorded

from Java, while M. m. imperator ranges from Sri Lanka, India and South

China to Sumatra and doubtfully Borneo. The only known specimen of M.

m. mitchelli appears to be the type female, which we have not seen. We

believe our specimens are not conspecific with M. m. imperator and if they

do match the type of M. m. mitchelli, as we suspect, then mitchelli and

imperator should each receive specific status.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (2) LJ

48. Hippotion velox (Fabricius)

Matkomrae, x; Tabubil, i-vii, xi; Mt Akrik, iv, v, xii; summit of Mt

Robinson, xii.

A very common species throughout the year. Adults in western Papua New

Guinea show little colour variation, unlike those from many areas of the

western Pacific.

49. Hippotion celerio (Linnaeus)

Tabubil, ii, iv, vi, vili, x, xi; Mt Akrik, iii, iv.

Not a common species in the region.

50. Hippotion boerhaviae (Fabricius)

Tabubil, ii, iv-vi; Mt Akrik, iv.

Not common, but a regularly encountered species.

51. Hippotion rubribrenna Joicey & Kaye

Tabubil, ii-iv, vi, viii-xii; Mt Akrik, iii, ix-xi.

Common all year round. D’Abrera [1987] placed H. rubribrenna as a form

of H. brennus (Stoll). Bridges (1993) returned it to specific status which, in

view of the distinct nature of this taxon, we accept as most likely correct.

Joicey and Kaye (1917) described H. rubribrenna at species rank and the

name is not infrasubspecific as erroneously stated by Moulds (1996). As far

as we can determine there are no published records apart from the type which

is listed as coming from the Arfak Mountains, West Irian.

52. Hippotion brennus form johanna (Kirby)

Common all year round.

53. Hippotion joiceyi Clark

(Figs 14, 15)

Tabubil, ii, vi-vili, xi; Base of Mt Robinson, iv.

Thirteen specimens encountered in three and a half years, ten during 1993.

Previously known only from the type locality, Nomnaghie, West Irian.

Bridges (1993) is in error when he suggested there may be homonymy for

this name with Clark (1932); there is no Hippotion joiceyi in Clark (1932).

D’ Abrera [1987] recognised the specific status of joiceyi but suggested that it

is probably a form of H. brennus; we consider this unlikely as H. joiceyi

differs significantly by lacking the silver abdominal marks that are so

prominent on all forms of H. brennus. We figure H. joiceyi for the first time.

58 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (2)

54. Theretra nessus (Drury)

Matkomrae, x; Tabubil, ii-vi, xi, xii; Mt Akrik, iii, iv.

A very common species throughout the year; often in large numbers.

55. Theretra polistratus Rothschild, comb. rev.

Matkomrae, x; Tabubil, iii, iv, vi, ix-xii; Summit of Mt Robinson, xii; Mt

Akrik, iii, iv.

Uncommon, especially above 1600 m. Previously known only from the type

locality, Snow Mts, West Irian. Bridges (1993) erroneously placed this

species in Hippotion Hŭbner.

56. Theretra radiosa Rothschild & Jordan, comb. rev.

Tabubil, ili-vii, x-xii; Mt Akrik, iii, iv.

A common species throughout the year. Bridges (1993) erroneously placed

this species in Hippotion Hiibner.

57. Theretra rhesus (Boisduval), comb. rev.

Robinson, iv; Summit of Mt Robinson, xii.

A common species throughout the year. Bridges (1993) erroneously placed

this species in Hippotion Hübner.

58. Theretra clotho celata (Butler)

Tabubil, iii-vi, x-xii; Mt Akrik, v, ix.

A common species throughout the year.

59. Theretra indistincta (Butler)

Kiunga, xi; Matkomrae, xi; Tabubil, ii-iv, vi, viii-xii; Mt Akrik, ili, v, ix, X.

A very common species all year.

60. Theretra latreillei latreillei (W.S. Macleay)

Matkomrae, x; Tabubil, v, vi, x, xi.

An uncommon species. One specimen bred but foodplant not identified;

pupal duration 22 days.

61. Theretra tryoni (Miskin)

Kiunga xi; Tabubil, iv-vi, ix-xi.

Uncommon and not taken above 600 m.

62. Theretra oldenlandiae (Fabricius)

Tabubil, v-vii, x-xii.

Never common and not taken above 600m. One specimen bred, foodplant

unknown; pupal duration 20 days.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (2) 59

63. Theretra silhentensis intersecta (Butler)

Kiunga xi; Matkomrae, x, xi; Tabubil, 11-vii, x-xil.

Found all year but never abundant. None taken above 600 m.

64. Theretra brunnea (Semper)

Tabubil, v, ix; Mt Akrik, ili-v, ix-xil.

Mainly found at altitude (1600 m); only 3 males taken at Tabubil; 32 males

and 5 females at Mt Akrik.

65. Cechenena helops papuana Rothschild & Jordan

Matkomrae, x; Tabubil, ii, iv, vi, vii, x, xii; Mt Akrik, v, x.

Uncommon but regularly taken for much of the year. Females rarely taken.

66. Unidentified sp.

Tabubil, 1983, 11.v (1 9).

An undescribed species that probably represents a new genus. Appears allied

to Eurypteryx Felder.

Acknowledgments

For comments on the manuscript we sincerely thank Ted Edwards

(Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Canberra), Ian Kitching

(Natural History Museum, London) and John Tennent (Natural History

Museum, London). Ted Edwards also kindly provided access to literature

and collections under his care. We are most grateful to Ok Tedi Mining Ltd

for field support; especially to current and former Managers of the

Environment Section, Murray Eagle, Ian Wood and Marshall Lee, and to

Robert Murphy, Chief Geologist and Matthew Bull, Chief Exploration

Geologist. Without such support and access to collecting sites this project

would not have been feasible. We also thank United Pacific Drilling for

accommodation at drill sites and the people of Matkomrae Village for their

kindness and hospitality. For field assistance we thank Sally Cowan,

Margaret Humphrey and Warwick Angus. To our many friends at Tabubil

who helped us in so many ways we also extend a very special thank you.

Typing of the manuscript was kindly undertaken by Barbara Moulds.

References l

BARLOW, H.S. 1982. An introduction to the moths of South East Asia. Privately published;

ix, 305 pp, 50 pls.

BRIDGES, C.A. 1993. Catalogue of the family-group, genus-group and species-group names

of the Sphingidae of the World. Privately published by the author, Urbana, USA; 296 pp.

CLARK, B.P. 1932. Description of four new Sphingidae and notes concerning two others.

Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club 13: 39-42.

COMMON I.F.B. 1990. Moths of Australia. Melbourne University Press, Carlton; vi, 535 pp,

32 pls.

60 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (2)

D'ABRERA, B. [1987]. Sphingidae Mundi, hawk moths of the world. Based on a checklist by

Alan Hayes and the collection he curated in the British Museum (Natural History). E.W.

Classey, Faringdon; ix, 226 pp.

DIEHL, E.W. [1982]. Die Sphingiden Sumatras. Heterocera Sumatrana l: vii, 97 pp.

[Publication of this volume was June 1982, not 1980 as indicated on the dust jacket (the title

page bears no date). The sole distributor was E.W. Classey Ltd., London, whose catalogues

forecast the delay.]

DUPONT, F. and ROEPKE, W. 1941. Heterocera Javanica fam. Sphingidae, hawk moths.

Verhandlinge nederlandische Akademie Wetenskap, Amsterdam (2) 40(1): 1-104, pls 1-23.

HOLLOWAY, J.D. 1987. The moths of Borneo: superfamily Bombycoidea: families

Lasiocampidae, Eupterotidae, Bombycidae, Brahmaeidae, Saturniidae, Sphingidae. Malayan

Nature Society and Southdene Sdn. Bhd., Kuala Lumpur; pp 1-199, figs 1-163, pls 1-20.

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Guinea: an ecological analysis. Journal of Biogeography 17: 241-273.

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Department, University of Papua New Guinea 4: 20 pp.

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Scopoli (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Australian Entomological Magazine 12(5): 81-105.

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T.V. (eds), Checklist of the Lepidoptera of Australia. Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera

4: xiv, 529 pp.

ROTHSCHILD, L.W. 1910. Descriptions of a new hawk moth and some new Syntomidae.

Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8) 5: 506-511.

ROTHSCHILD, L.W. and JORDAN, K. 1903. A revision of the lepidopterous family

Sphingidae. Novitates Zoologicae 9 (Suppl.): cxxxv, 972 pp, 67 pls.

RUTIMEYER, E. 1969. A new Papilio from Colombia and a new sphingid from New Guinea.

Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 23(4): 255-257.

SEITZ, A. 1928-9. Family Sphingidae. Pp. 523-576, pls 47, 56, 56c, 60-68, in Seitz, A. (ed.),

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Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (2): 61-63 61

NEW RECORDS FOR PETRELAEA TOMBUGENSIS (ROBER)

(LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE) IN QUEENSLAND

C.J. MULLER’, J. OLIVE’ and T.A. LAMBKIN'

'PO Box 228, Dural, NSW 2158

?22 Warrnambool Street, Trinity Park, Qld 4874

‘Plant Protection Unit, QDPI, 80 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068

Abstract

New records are provided for the distribution, biology and seasonal flight of Petrelaea

tombugensis (Rober) in Queensland. The known distribution is extended south to El Arish,

near Tully. Terminalia catappa L. and T. muelleri Benth. (Combretaceae) are recorded as

probable larval hosts.

Introduction

Until recently, the genus Petrelaea Toxopeus was considered monotypic, but

Fujioka and Chiba (1988) determined that it contained two closely related

species, P. dana (de Niceville) and P. tombugensis (Rober).

P. dana is known from India, Nepal, Burma, the Andaman Islands, Sumatra,

Borneo and Palawan and as far eastwards as the Moluccas (Parsons 1991).

P. tombugensis ranges from the Andaman Islands, where the two species are

sympatric, eastwards to Sula Mongoli, the Moluccas, mainland Papua New

Guinea, New Britain, the Solomon Islands and the Northern Territory and

Queensland in northern Australia (Parsons 1991).

Within Australia, the distribution, biology and seasonal flight period of P.

tombugensis were poorly known (Common and Waterhouse 1981). Recent

observations and collections in Queensland have significantly expanded

current knowledge of this species.

Distribution

Common and Waterhouse (1981) recorded P. tombugensis (as P. dana) from

two islands of the Torres Strait (Moa and Thursday) and as far south as

Claudie River on the east coast of Cape York Peninsula. Collecting in Torres

Strait by one of the authors (TAL) and others since 1984, has resulted in

records of P. tombugensis from the following islands: Saibai, Boigu, Dauan,

Murray, Darnley, Yorke, Stephen, Yam, Mt Ernest, Getullai, Tudu, Sue,

Moa, Thursday, Horn and Hammond.

On mainland Queensland, specimens collected from the Cairns area (The

Rocks, Palm Cove and Lower Freshwater) in November from 1986 to 1993

(by JO and CJM), and from El Arish in February 1997 (CJM), extend the

range of this species south by approximately 640 km.

Biology

Throughout Torres Strait, both sexes of P. tombugensis are most often

observed around blossoming Terminalia catappa L. and T. muelleri Benth.

(Combretaceae). In northern Australia, T. muelleri is a common component

62 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (2)

of vine thickets while 7. catappa often occurs behind beach front

communities. At El Arish P. tombugensis was collected around blossoming

T. catappa, but all specimens from near Cairns were collected in lowland

rainforest proximal to watercourses. Both sexes have a direct, fluttering

flight and show increased activity during periods of sunlight. Adults of both

sexes often perch on the foliage or feed at blossom of Terminalia. On Moa

Island, Valentine and Johnson (1993) also noted adults of both sexes feeding

on flowers of 7. catappa. Near Cairns (The Rocks, Freshwater), males were

collected at damp sand.

Females were observed ovipositing on Terminalia catappa blossom at El

Arish and on Thursday Island P. tombugensis was observed on flower buds

of both T. catappa and T. muelleri. Newly hatched larvae perished before

reaching third instar for unknown reasons.

Observations of P. tombugensis near Cairns indicate that, in flight, the males

bear a superficial resemblance to male Erysichton lineata lineata (Murray)

and the females resemble those of Prosotas Druce and Jonolyce helicon

(Felder), all of which fly with P. tombugensis.

Seasonal Flight

P. tombugensis has been recorded previously from January to April

(Common and Waterhouse 1981; De Baar 1988; Dunn and Dunn 1991;

Lachlan 1988; Lambkin and Knight 1990; Valentine and Johnson 1993;

Waterhouse and Lyell 1914; Wood 1987). With the addition of recent

records, P. tombugensis is now known to fly from September to May.

In Torres Strait, P. tombugensis may be common but almost always has been

observed in association with Terminalia spp. In the Bulolo-Wau Valley of

Papua New Guinea, Parsons (1991) considered P. tombugensis to be rare, as

did Common and Waterhouse (1981) in Australia. Recent collecting in

Torres Strait indicates that the supposed rare status is more likely due to a

paucity of previous collection records.

Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank S.J. Johnson and C.G. Miller for making available

their collection records.

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