THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

The Australian Entomologist (formerly Australian Entomological Magazine) is a

non-profit journal published in four parts annually by the Entomological Society

of Queensland. It is devoted to entomology of the Australian region, including

New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and islands of the south-western Pacific. Articles

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Editor: Dr D.L. Hancock

Dept of Primary Industries

Assistant Editors Dr G.B. Monteith

Queensland Museum

Dr C.J. Burwell

Queensland Museum

Mr G. Daniels

University of Queensland

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University of Queensland

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Membership is open to anyone interested in Entomology. Meetings are normally

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Cover: Anthrax maculata (Diptera: Bombyliidae) described by Macquart in 1846 has

been collected commonly throughout eastern Australia, in the northern third of N.T.,

and in the Kimberly Region and south-western W.A. Specimens have been collected

flying around burnt trees and mud wasp nests. Females are a common sight in suburban

Brisbane, patrolling brick walls searching for mud wasp nests. Illustration by Chris

Lambkin, Department of Entomology, University of Queensland.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (3): 65-66 65

NEW DISTRIBUTION AND HOST PLANT RECORDS FOR

BUTTERFLIES (LEPIDOPTERA) IN NEW SOUTH WALES

C.J. MULLER' and D. HALL’

'PO Box 228, Dural, NSW 2158

*6 Rule St, Cambridge Park, NSW 2747

Abstract

New distribution records in New South Wales are given for Acrodipsas myrmecophila

(Waterhouse & Lyell), Hypochrysops delicia delicia Hewitson and Hypochrysops byzos byzos

(Boisduval). New food plant records are given for Hesperilla crypsargyra hopsoni

Waterhouse, Tisiphone abeona abeona (Donovan), Hypochrysops delicia delicia Hewitson,

Hypochrysops cyane (Waterhouse & Lyell) and Ogyris genoveva gela Waterhouse.

New records

Hesperilla crypsargyra hopsoni Waterhouse

Pupae of this species were collected in December, January and March at

Barrington Tops, mainly on Gahnia sieberana Kunst. (Cyperaceae) but also

on G. grandis ST. Blake, together with Hesperilla idothea idothea (Miskin).

G. grandis has not been recorded previously as a host plant for this taxon.

Tisiphone abeona abeona (Donovan)

Several adults were reared from larvae collected on Gahnia subaequiglumis

ST. Blake near Clarence and Blackheath in the Blue Mountains. Conroy

(1971) and Common and Waterhouse (1981) recorded G. sieberana,

G. melanocarpa R. Br., G. clarkei Benl. and G. erythrocarpa R. Br. as hosts

of this species. In addition, Braby (1990) listed G. radula (R. Br.) as a host

plant for T. a. albifascia Waterhouse in Victoria and Muller (1992) recorded

G. grandis as a host plant for T. a. regalis Waterhouse at Barrington Tops.

Acrodipsas myrmecophila (Waterhouse & Lyell)

Both sexes of this species were collected on a hilltop near Bell, together with

the more common A. cuprea (Sands) and A. brisbanensis brisbanensis

(Miskin). Additional males were taken near Blackheath and Mt Victoria.

These are the first records of this species from the Blue Mts.

Hypochrysops delicia delicia Hewitson

Specimens of this subspecies were collected at Merimbula and Pambula on

the far south coast of New South Wales. These records provide a new

southern limit for this taxon. Adults of both sexes from these localities fall

well within the range of variation of long series of this subspecies examined

from Sydney. Adults were reared also from eggs collected on Acacia

parramattensis Tind. at Kurrajong. This is a new host plant record for

H. delicia.

Hypochrysops cyane (Waterhouse & Lyell)

Numerous adults were reared from eggs and first instar larvae collected on

Eucalyptus moluccana Roxb. near Penrith. Adults were collected from early

October to mid-November and from late January to early April but in

66 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (3)

captivity’ emerged in most months. Adults are very inconspicuous and

appear to be active only on hot, sunny and calm afternoons. Males especially

fly high and fast, usually well over 10 m above the ground. No larger larvae

and pupae were located in the wild, despite extensive searching. Pupae are

small and elongate and it is assumed that they occur with mature larvae in

borer holes deep within the host trees. An unidentified scale insect usually is

present locally on the host plant and attracts attendant Iridomyrmex ants

which, in turn, apparently encourage gravid females to oviposit. Angophora

costata (Gaertn.) Domin. was the only previously recorded host for this

species (Macqueen 1965).

Hypochrysops byzos byzos (Boisduval)

A male of this species was reared from eggs taken near Rylstone, providing a

new western record in New South Wales.

Ogyris genoveva gela Waterhouse

A number of adults were reared from pupae collected at Galston, Berrilee

and Hornsby (all north-west suburbs of Sydney) on Muellerina eucalyptoides

Barlow, together with O. ianthis Waterhouse and O. abrota Westwood &

Hewitson. This is a new host plant for this species. Pupae of O. genoveva

were usually found at the base of the mistletoe host trees (Eucalyptus

punctata DC., Corymbia eximia Schauer and C. gumnifera (Sol. ex Gaertner)

Hochr. in summer and autumn, while in spring they were located under bark

and in crevasses on the mistletoe clump. This may be due to the ground

being still damp from the higher winter precipitation while in summer it is

comparatively dry.

Acknowledgment

The authors are grateful to staff at the Royal Botanical Gardens, Sydney for

assistance in identifying host plants.

References

BRABY, M.F. 1990. Gahnia radula (R.Br.) Benth., a new larval host plant for Tisiphone

abeona albifascia Waterhouse (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae). Australian Entomological Magazine

17(1): 16.

COMMON, I.F.B. and WATERHOUSE, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Pp xiv + 682.

Angus and Robertson, Sydney.

CONROY, B.A. 1971. Geographic variation and speciation in the sword grass brown butterfly

Tisiphone abeona (Donovan). Ph D thesis, University of Sydney.

MACQUEEN, J. 1965. Notes on Australian Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera). Journal of the

Entomological Society of Queensland 4: 56-57.

MULLER, C.J. 1992. New Gahnia Forst. and Forst. F. food plant records for Hesperilla ornata

ornata (Leach) and Tisiphone abeona regalis Waterhouse (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae and

Nymphalidae) in New South Wales. Australian Entomological Magazine 19(4): 102.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (3): 67-68 67

NOTES ON SOME FRUIT FLIES (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)

DESCRIBED BY FRANCIS WALKER

D.L. HANCOCK

Department of Primary Industries, PO Box 652, Cairns, Qld 4870

Abstract

The identities of five species of Diptera described by Francis Walker between 1849 and 1861,

Psila bipunctifera, Tetanocera discalis, Trypeta alcinoe, Trypeta basalis and Trypeta viana are

resolved from a study of their types. Two taxa represent valid senior names: Rioxa discalis

(Walker), comb. nov. [= Rioxa sumatrana Enderlein, syn. nov.] from SE Asia and

Acanthonevroides basalis (Walker), comb. nov. [= Urophora bicolor Macquatt, syn. nov.] from

South Australia; the others are new junior synonyms of Dacopsis signata (Walker), Euphranta

connexa (Fabricius) and Diarrhegma modestum (Fabricius).

Introduction

Francis Walker described numerous species of Tephritidae from various parts

of the world, many of them poorly characterised and often with the sex

misstated. Most of his types were studied by Hardy (1959, 1966, 1982) and

Foote (1964) but several taxa remained unresolved. Whilst working at The

Natural History Museum, London (BMNH) in 1996, I was able to study

types of five unresolved species present in the Museum collection, including

two described originally in genera belonging to other families (Psilidae,

Sciomyzidae). Two proved to represent senior available names for two taxa,

one Australian and one Asian; the others are junior synonyms. These notes

are designed to supplement entries in the forthcoming catalogue of world

Tephritidae (Norrbom et al. in press).

Psila bipunctifera Walker

The type is a male, not female as stated by Walker (1860: 165), collected by

Alfred Russell Wallace at Makassar [Ujung Padang], Sulawesi. It was not

studied by Hardy (1959, 1966) but is a new junior synonym of Dacopsis

signata (Walker), described at the same time from the same locality.

Tetanocera discalis Walker

The type is a male, described from ‘Burmah’ [Burma, now Myanmar]

(Walker 1861: 321). It was not studied by Hardy (1959, 1966) but belongs in

the new combination Rioxa discalis (Walker). It is a senior name for the SE

Asian species hitherto known as Rioxa sumatrana Enderlein, syn. nov.

Trypeta alcinoe Walker

One male and one female are present in the collection. The male is labelled

‘type’ and has a determination label; it was designated lectotype by Hardy

(1966, by inference of holotype). The type locality was not stated by Walker

(1849: 1010) and remains unknown. It was retained in Trypeta Meigen by

Hardy (1966) but is a new junior synonym of the European Euphranta

connexa (Fabricius), known as far east as Ukraine and the Caucasus.

Tephritis dorsalis Macquart (1851: 292) [not Tephritis dorsalis Macquart,

1835] is also a new synonym of E. connexa.

68 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (3)

Trypeta basalis Walker

The type is a female, designated lectotype by Hardy (1959, by inference of

holotype). Walker (1853: 380) described it from ‘Brazil’, as stated on an

accompanying label. Hardy (1959) and Foote (1964) considered it to be a

species of Xanthaciura Hendel, the latter noting that no other Neotropical

specimens were known. Hardy (1966) later suggested it might belong in a

genus close to Xanthaciura. Examination of the type has shown it to belong

in the Australian genus Acanthonevroides Permkam & Hancock, in the new

combination Acanthonevroides basalis (Walker). This represents a senior

name for the species hitherto known as A. bicolor (Macquart) [= Urophora

bicolor Macquart], syn. nov. (Permkam and Hancock 1995). It is known

only from South Australia and the type locality ‘Brazil’ is evidently

erroneous.

Trypeta viana Walker

The type is a male, described from an unknown locality (Walker 1849:

1006). Hardy (1966) was unable to place this species but noted that it

resembled species of Acanthonevra Macquart. Study of the type has shown

that this is a new junior synonym of Diarrhegma modestum (Fabricius) from

India.

References

FOOTE, R.H. 1964. Notes on the Walker types of New World Tephritidae (Diptera). Journal

of the Kansas Entomological Society 37: 316-326.

HARDY, D.E. 1959. The Walker types of fruit flies (Tephritidae - Diptera) in the British

Museum collection. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology 8: 159-242,

pls 11-16. Fk,

HARDY, D.E. 1966. The Walker types of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in the British

Museum, part III. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 39: 658-668.

HARDY, D.E. 1982. Diptera in the University of Queensland determined by Francis Walker

(Tephritidae and Platystomatidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 21: 285-

288.

MACQUART, J. 1835. Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Diptéres 2: 1-703.

MACQUART, J. 1851. Diptéres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. Suite du 4e supplement.

Mémoires de la Société Nationale des Sciences, de l'Agriculture et des Arts á Lille 1850: 134-

294. :

NORRBOM, A.L., CARROLL, L.E., THOMPSON, F.C., WHITE, I.M. and FREIDBERG, A.

In press. Systematic database of World Tephritidae. United States Department of Agriculture,

Agricultural Handbook.

PERMKAM, S. and HANCOCK, D.L. 1995. Australian Trypetinae (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Invertebrate Taxonomy 9: 1047-1209.

WALKER, F. 1849. List of the specimens of dipterous insects in the collection of the British

Museum 4: 688-1172.

WALKER, F. 1853. Diptera (Part IV). Insecta saundersiana: or characters of undescribed

insects in the collection of William Wilson Saunders Vol. 1, pp. 253-414.

WALKER, F. 1860. Catalogue of the dipterous insects collected at Makessar in Celebes by Mr

A.R. Wallace, with descriptions of new species [concl.]. Journal and Proceedings of the

Linnaean Society of London (Zoology) 4: 145-172.

WALKER, F. 1861. Characters of undescribed Diptera in the collection of W.W. Saunders

{concl.]. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London, n.s. 5: 297-334.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (3): 69-74 69

HOPLOSEIUS AUSTRALIANUS SP. NOV. (ACARI:

MESOSTIGMATA: ASCIDAE), A UNIQUE ELEMENT IN THE

AUSTRALIAN ACAROFAUNA

David Evans Walter

Department of Entomology, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld 4072

Abstract

Mites in the genus Hoploseius Berlese inhabit fungi in North America, Africa, India and

Indonesia. Hoploseius australianus sp. nov. is described from polypore shelf fungi in south-

east Queensland. The new species shares characters with H. bakeri Lindquist from Central

Africa and H. sitalaensis Bhattacharyya from West Bengal, India, that suggest an ancient

Gondwanan origin of this species-group.

Introduction

Fifteen of the 35 described genera of ascid mites have been reported from

Australia (Halliday et al. 1998, Walter 1998) and many can be found in

rotting fungal sporocarps, where they prey on the nematodes, mites and

insect larvae that develop as the sporocarps decay. Some lineages of ascid

mites, however, appear to have adapted to feeding on fungi and to have lost

their predatory habits. For example, Hoploseius tenuis Lindquist has a

narrow, elongate body and lives within the pores of polyporous fungi in

North America, apparently using rasps on the tips of its chelicerae to feed on

the walls of the pore tube (Lindquist 1965). The four other described species

in the genus lack the elongate body form of H. tenuis, but all have similar

cheliceral rasps and all have been found in association with fungi or phoretic

on insects associated with fungi. The type species, Hoploseius cometa

Berlese, was collected from a fly in Java and from polypores in Sumatra;

H. drosophili (Chant) from Mycodrosophila flies in North America;

H. bakeri Lindquist from shelf fungi in the Congo; and H. sitalaensis

Bhattacharyya from ‘Agaricus sp.’ in India (Berlese 1910, Bhattacharyya

1977, Chant 1963, Lindquist 1963, Vitzthum 1925). Herein, the first known

Australian species in the genus is described from collections of polyporous

shelf fungi in south-east Queensland.

Materials and Methods

Mites were cleared in Nesbitt’s solution and mounted in Hoyer’s medium or

PVA on microscope slides (Krantz 1986). Measurements (minimum-

maximum in um) were made from slide-mounted specimens using a stage-

calibrated ocular micrometer. Lengths of shields were measured along their

midlines, setae from the bases of their insertions to their tips and legs from

the base of the coxa to the tip of the pretarsus. The systems of notation used

follow those of Evans (1963) and Lindquist and Evans (1965).

Hoploseius australianus sp. nov.

(Figs 1-11)

Material Examined. QUEENSLAND: Holotype °, from white polypore shelf fungus

on log above Enoggera Creek, Scrub Creek Road, Mt Glorious (27°26’S, 152°51 E),

70 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (3)

27.ii1.1996 (in Queensland Museum [QM]). Paratypes: 12 99, 3 OO" same data as

holotype; 9 99 from shelf-like, white polypores on log above Lobster Creek,

Conondale Ranges (26°39’S, 152°37E), 20.i.1995, 20.xi.1996; 1 9, from polypore on

log at Paradise Falls, Bunya Mounts National Park (26°52’S, 151°35’E), 13.ii.1996

(in Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra; University of Queensland Insect

Collection, Brisbane; Western Australian Museum, Perth and Canadian National

Collection of Insects and Arachnids, Ottawa).

Diagnosis. Adults of both sexes with dorsal shield seta z3 absent, genu IV

with 9 setae, tibia IV with 10 setae; tritosternal laciniae inserted in

denticulate collars; fixed digit with a curved, terminal rasp; leg II robust,

much thicker than others and with seta av of femur, genu and tibia swollen

and spine-like. Adult females with 35 pairs of mostly simple dorsal shield

setae (r2-4 on shield); J4, Z/-3 and SJ-5 simple to weakly tricarinate;

ventrianal shield with 13 setae (JV4-5 in soft cuticle); basifemur III with

spine-like ventral seta.

Description of female. Dorsal shield (480-540) ornamented with elongate

cells antero-medially, colliculate laterally and posteriorly, punctate posteriad

setae J4-Z4, and bearing 35 pairs of simple to weakly tricarinate setae (Fig.

1); seta z3 absent; setae r2-4 (15-20) on lateral margin of shield. Anterior

setae jl-5, 22, 24-6, and s3-6 simple (19-21); z/ (11), s/-2 (11-13) short,

simple; seta jő (20) simple to weakly tricarinate. Posterior setae J/-3 (17-25)

simple, J4 (41-46) tricarinate, J5 (9) short, spine-like, barbed basally; Z/-3

(22-26, 33-35, 50-55, respectively) tricarinate, Z4 (80-90) and Z5 (74-75)

simple, elongate; S/-3 (20-26) simple to weakly tricarinate, increasing in

length posteriorly, S4-5 (55-60) simple, subequal. Marginal setae r5-6 and

R1-4 simple, in soft cuticle laterad shield. Peritremes reach to about level of

sl.

Sternal shield (Fig. 2) reticulate, bearing simple setae st1-3, pores stp/-2 and

lineate sclerotised presternal lobes; metasternal plates drop-shaped, with stp3

and simple st4; epigynial shield punctate, bearing simple st5, pores in soft

cuticle laterad shield; ventrianal shield subcordate, reticulate, punctate in

posterior third, with five pairs of simple ventral setae (JV/-3, ZV2-3), simple

paranal setae; simple postanal seta, small anal opening (17), and narrow

cribrum of two rows of denticles. Ventral setae ZV/ (11), JV4 (12), and JV5

(35) simple, in soft cuticle.

Tritosternum (80-84) with strongly plumose laciniae (47-50) and denticulate

basal collars. Deutosternum (Fig. 3) with 7 rows each of 6-20 denticles;

hypostomal setae simple, palp coxal and external setae short (10-14), anterior

and internal setae long (27-32); corniculi simple; epistome (Fig. 4) smooth,

subtriangular; palp apotele 2-tined. Second cheliceral segment (105) ending

in fixed digit with row of 11-12 teeth and distal rasp with 6-8 teeth, spine-

like pilus dentilis, and flattened cheliceral seta (Fig. 5); movable digit (39-42)

with three teeth. Vesicle of spermathecal apparatus sac-like (73 by 32);

calyx not distinct; long minor duct ending in small bulb (Fig. 7). Legs I and

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (3) 71

IV (360-430) subequal, longer than others; leg III shortest (280-330), seta av

thickened and spine-like on femur; leg II (350-400) stout, with seta av

thickened, blunt and spine-like on femur, genu, and tibia; basal ventral seta

on telotarsus II spine-like, acuminate (Fig. 11). Setation of legs I-II-III-IV:

coxae 2-2-2-1; trochanters 5-5-5-5; femora 12-10-6-7; genua 11-11-9-9;

tibiae 11-10-8-10.

Sek

SSI f

aan

Nos

Figs 1-4. Hoploseius australianus sp. nov., adult female: (1) dorsal shield; (2)

ventral shields; (3) subcapitulum; (4) dorsal epistome. Scale bar = 50 um for 1-2,

100 um for 3-4.

72 À Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (3)

Figs 5-7. Hoploseius australianus sp. nov.: (5) paraxial view of chelicera of adult

female (arrow points to rasp); (6) paraxial view of chelicera of adult male; (7)

spermathecal apparatus of adult female (with four spermatophores). Scale bar = 50

um. i

Male. Dorsal shield (410-430) similar in ornamentation and setation to

female (Fig. 8) except with 39 pairs of setae (r5-6 and R1-2 captured by

shield); setae Z2-5, S4-5 produced on strong tubercles; setae Z2-4 slender,

attenuate, Z5 (80), S4-5 (60, 70) thickened, spine-like; setae J/-4 sparsely

barbed. Sternigenital shield (Fig. 9) reticulate, except punctate in epigynial

region, with five pairs of simple setae and three pairs of pores. Ventrianal

shield ornamented as in female, but broader, fused posteriorly to dorsal

shield, and bearing 6 pairs of ventral setae (JV/-3, JV5, ZVJ-2) and

circumanal setae; setae ZV3, JV4 and R3-4 suppressed. Second cheliceral

segment (90-91) ending with fixed digit with row of 10-11 teeth, distal offset

tooth, and chisel-like tip; movable digit (35-36) with one tooth and thick

spermatodactyl (15-17 long by 12 wide) with bulbous tip (Fig. 6).

Gnathosoma otherwise similar to female. Setation of legs as in female except

spine-like setae on tarsus II in distal third (Fig. 10); ad seta on basitarsus III,

IV thickened, spine-like; ventral seta on basifemur III not spine-like.

Discussion

The genus Hoploseius Berlese contains three distinct clusters of species. The

unique, elongate body and extensive setal suppressions in H. tenuis

(Lindquist 1965, 1995) set it aside from all other described species in the

genus. Among the five species with oval bodies, adult females of H. cometa

and H. drosophili both express seta z3 and have broad ventrianal shields with

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (3) 73

7 pairs of ventral setae (JV/-5, ZV2-3); males are undescribed (Lindquist

1963). The remaining three species (the bakeri group), H. bakeri,

H. sitalaensis and H. australianus, do not express seta z3 (normally added in

the deutonymph), have subcordate ventrianal shields with five pairs of

ventral setae’ in the adult females (JV4-5 are in the soft cuticle) and share a

Gondwanan distribution.

Nore

Figs 8-11. Hoploseius australianus sp. nov.: (8) dorsal shield of adult male; (9)

ventral shields of adult male; (10) leg II of adult male; (11) leg II of adult female.

Scale bar = 50 um.

Adult males and females of the three bakeri group species are very similar in

general appearance; however, adult females of H. sitalaensis are reported to

have 6 setae on genu IV and 7 setae on tibia IV (Bhattacharyya 1977), versus

74 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (3)

9 and 10, respectively, in the other two species. Additionally, adult male

H. sitalaensis have a large, hooked spine on tibia IV (vs a smaller, tapering

spine) and thickened, acuminate dorsal shield setae J4 (vs an unthickened,

tricarinate J4). Adult females of H. australianus differ from H. bakeri in

having a spine-like ventral seta on basifemur III and in being considerably

larger than the African species. The dorsal shields of adult female

H. australianus average 14% longer (510 + 4 um) than those of H. bakeri

(447 um), indicating that the Australian species is about 50% greater in mass.

Also, adult males of H. bakeri have a spine-like, subapical dorsal seta on

tarsus III (Lindquist 1963), but in males of H. australianus this seta is only

slightly thicker than the other setae.

I have observed swarms of H. australianus with their mouthparts pressed to

the undersurface of the white shelf fungus they inhabit. No fungal material is

evident in the gut of any of the mites examined and the small anal opening

(17 um) is appropriate only for the elimination of liquid faeces; therefore,

these mites appear to feed only on fungal cell contents obtained by shredding

tissue with the cheliceral rasps. As the polypores decay, H. australianus

numbers decline, suggesting that live, actively growing shelf fungi are

needed for survival and reproduction.

References

BERLESE, A. 1910. Brevi diagnosi di generi e specie nuovi di Acari. Redia 6: 346-88.

BHATTACHARYYA, S.K. 1977. New species of Hoploseius and Pseudoparasitus (Acarina:

Mesostigmata) from India. Indian Journal of Acarology 1: 1-5.

CHANT, D.A. 1963. The subfamily Blattisocinae Garman (=Aceosejinae Evans) (Acarina:

Blattisocidae Garman) (=Aceosejidae Baker & Wharton) in North America, with descriptions

of new species. Canadian Journal of Zoology 41: 243-305.

EVANS, G.O. 1963. Observations on the chaetotaxy of the legs in the free-living Gamasina

(Acari: Mesostigmata). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology 10: 275-

303.

HALLIDAY, R.B., WALTER, D.E. and LINDQUIST, E.E.. 1998. Revision of the Australian

Ascidae (Acarina: Mesostigmata). Invertebrate Taxonomy 12: 1-54.

KRANTZ, G.W. 1986. A Manual of Acarology. Second edition, 1978, emended 1986.

Oregon State University Book Stores, Corvallis, Oregon USA.

LINDQUIST, E.E. 1963. A taxonomic review of the genus Hoploseius Berlese (Acarina:

‘Blattisocidae). Canadian Entomologist 95: 1175-85.

LINDQUIST, E.E. 1965. An unusual new species of the genus Hoploseius Berlese (Acarina:

Blattisociidae) from Mexico. Canadian Entomologist 97: 1121-1131.

LINDQUIST, E.E. 1995. Remarkable convergence between two taxa of ascid mites (Acari:

Mesostigmata) adapted to living in pore tubes of bracket fungi in North America, with

description of Mycolaelaps new genus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73: 104-128.

LINDQUIST, E.E. and EVANS, G.O. 1965. Taxonomic concepts in the Ascidae, with a

modified setal nomenclature for the idiosoma of the Gamasina (Acarina : Mesostigmata).

Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 47: 1-64.

VITZTHUM, H.G. 1925. Fauna sumatrensis. (Beitrag No. 5). Acarinae. Supplementa

Entomologica 11: 1-79.

WALTER, D.E. 1998. Ectoantennoseius kitchingi, n. gen., n. sp. (Acari: Mesostigmata:

Ascidae) from the rainforest canopy in Australia and a cladistic hypothesis about its

relationships. International Journal of Acarology 24: 45-51.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (3): 75-76 75

FIRST RECORD OF THE BLADDER CICADA CYSTOSOMA

SAUNDERSII (WESTWOOD) FROM LORD HOWE ISLAND

(HEMIPTERA: CICADIDAE)

M.S. Moulds! and George Hangay?

l Australian Museum, 6-8 College St, Sydney, NSW:2000

280 Gondola Road, Narrabeen, NSW 2101

Abstract

Lord Howe Island is recorded as a new locality for Cystosoma saundersii (Westwood). The

two specimens collected are considered to be accidental introductions from the Australian

mainland, possibly from the Kempsey area, New South Wales.

Introduction

The bladder cicada Cystosoma saundersii (Westwood) is a common and

widespread species in eastern Australia, occurring as far south as Sydney

(Moulds 1990). Lord Howe Island lies some 550 km to the east of the New

South Wales mid North Coast and the discovery of Cystosoma saundersii

there is unexpected. The island's insect fauna has attracted the interest of

entomologists over many years [46 papers to 1930 (Musgrave 1932); at least

75 since (G. Daniels, pers comm.)] and it is difficult to imagine how a large

and striking insect such as C. saundersii would be overlooked.

New record

Cystosoma saundersii (Westwood)

Material examined. LORD HOWE ISLAND: 1 ©’, Orlando House, late

xii.1995, Jack Shick; 1 0%, same locality, 1.1.1996, Ray Shick.

The first specimen was not retained; the second is now in the collection of

the Australian Museum, Sydney.

Discussion

Jack and Ray Shick are long time residents of Lord Howe Island. Ray is a

keen naturalist and has kept diaries and notes of his observations for more

than 60 years but has not encountered C. saundersii previously. At the very

least one would expect local residents to be familiar with its distinctive call.

We conclude, therefore, that Cystosoma saundersii is a recent introduction to

Lord Howe Island. There are previous records of C. saundersii establishing

as introduced populations, both in suburban Sydney, one at Telopea (Moulds

1990) and another recently discovered at Roseville (Oliver Rd area) (Moulds,

pers. obs.). A likely origin of the Lord Howe Island specimens was via

potted citrus plants brought to the island in 1995 from the Kempsey area,

NSW (R. Shick, pers. comm.). C. saundersii is known to frequent orange

groves (Scott 1853, Bennett 1860, Moulds, pers. obs.) and is common in the

Kempsey area. A closely allied species, C. schmeltzi Distant, is also recorded

as a minor citrus pest (Anonymous 1997).

76 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (3)

It remains to be seen if C. saundersii establishes on Lord Howe Island.

Adults were absent during the summer of 1997/98 but a reappearance of the

species is unlikely for several seasons as the life cycle of this species, like

that of many other cicadas, extends for several years.

Acknowledgments

We wish to thank Jack and Ray Shick for passing on to us their observations.

The generosity and assistance of Jim Dorman, Curator President of Lord

Howe Island Historical Society Museum, and Dean Hiscoe, Ranger Lord

Howe Island Board, are gratefully acknowledged.

References

ANONYMOUS. 1997. Cicadas (Hemiptera). Pp 102-103, in: Smith, D., Beattie, G.A.C. and

Broadley, R. (eds), Citrus pests and their natural enemies: integrated pest management in

Australia, Horticultural Research and Development Corporation and Queensland Department

of Primary Industries, Brisbane.

BENNETT, G. 1860. Gatherings of a naturalist in Australia; being observations principally

on the animal and vegetable productions of New South Wales, New Zealand, and some of the

Austral Islands. 456 pp. John van Voorst, London.

MOULDS, M.S. 1990. Australian cicadas. 217 pp, 24 pls. New South Wales University

Press, Kensington.

MUSGRAVE, A. 1932. Bibliography of Australian Entomology 1775-1930 with biographical

notes on authors and collectors. 380 pp. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales,

Sydney.

SCOTT, A.W. 1853. On Cystosoma saundersii, of Curtis and Westwood. Proceedings of the

Zoological Society of London 20: 14-16, pl. Annulosa XXI.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (3): 77-80 77

DAY-DEGREE ESTIMATES FOR THE IMMATURE STAGES OF

THE TASMANIAN EUCALYPTUS LEAF BEETLE

CHRYSOPHTHARTA BIMACULATA (OLIVIER) (COLEOPTERA:

CHRYSOMELIDAE)

Anthony R. Clarke

CRC for Temperate Hardwood Forestry, GPO Box 252-12, Hobart, Tas 7001

Current address: Department of Entomology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072

Abstract

Using published and original constant-temperature data, the lower temperature threshold for

development (= the developmental zero, DZ) and the number of day-degrees (DDs) required for

development (= the thermal constant, K) are estimated for each of the immature stages of

Chrysophtharta bimaculata (Olivier). These are: egg, DZ = 0.55°C, K = 112 DDs; Ist instar

larva, DZ = 5.50°C, K = 49 DDs; 2nd instar larva, DZ = 4.71°C, K = 41 DDs; 3rd instar larva,

DZ = 3.77°C, K = 46 DDs; 4th instar larva, DZ = 3.78°C, K = 64 DDs; pre-pupa and pupa

combined, DZ = 5.41°C, K = 184 DDs. Using a simple day-degree model, examples are given

on how this information may be used in the field.

Introduction

Chrysophtharta bimaculata (Olivier), the Tasmanian eucalyptus leaf beetle,

is the most serious insect pest of forestry in Tasmania (Elliott et al. 1992).

Adults and larvae defoliate commercially important Eucalyptus species, such

as E. nitens (Deane & Maiden) and E. regnans (F. Mueller). Adults lay their

eggs on host foliage, where the larvae develop through four instars, before

falling from the tree to pupate in the soil (Greaves 1966, de Little 1983).

Constant temperature development times for the immature stages of

C. bimaculata are given by Greaves (1966) and de Little et al. (1990);

however these data have not been used to develop day-degree models for

estimating field development rates. Additionally, constant temperature data

for pupal development times are given only by Greaves (1966) and are of

insufficient detail to allow modeling.

As biological insecticides such as Bacillus thuringiensis and Metarhizium

spp. are developed for use against C. bimaculata (Greener and Candy 1994;

Anonymous 1996), there is an increased requirement to be able to estimate

rates of development for immature C. bimaculata in the field. This need

arises because biological insecticides tend to be much more specific against

certain insect life-stages than are conventional insecticides. Thus, a field

operator may need to know if eggs have hatched, or if larvae have developed

into later instars. Using only daily maximum and minimum temperatures,

day-degree models are the simplest means of estimating field development

rates and establishing the likelihood of these events.

Materials and methods

Constant temperature development times for eggs and larvae

Times of development, in days, for eggs and all larval instars at different

constant temperatures (viz. 8, 15, 20, 24 and 27°C) were obtained from de

Little et al. (1990).

78 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (3)

Constant temperature development times for pupae

Ninety-six prepupal larvae were gathered from the bottom of a rearing cage

that held a large branch of E. regnans on which larvae were feeding.

Prepupal larvae are easily distinguished from other 4th instar larvae by their

general immobility and a slight colour change that occurs after feeding

ceases; larvae become paler as the gut voids. Prepupal larvae were placed

into individual containers and 16 were then randomly assigned to each of six

constant temperatures (viz. 5, 10, 15, 18, 20 and 29°C). Larvae were checked

daily and dates of pupation and adult emergence were recorded.

Estimation of development parameters

Estimation of development parameters follow the approach described in

Gullan and Cranston (1994, p 170). The rate of development at a given

constant temperature, T], was determined as the reciprocal of the time of

development in days (Dev 1) at Ty (i.e. rate at Tı = 1/ Dev). A linear

regression was then carried out for temperature versus developmental rate.

The developmental zero (DZ), the lower temperature at which development

ceases, was then estimated by solving the regression equation for rate = 0.

The number of day degrees required to complete development (= the thermal

constant, K) for a given temperature T], was determined by solving the

equation: K = Dev, * (Ty - DZ). For each life-stage, the K value given in

the results is the average of the K values determined for each constant

temperature.

Results

Regression equations of temperature versus development rate, developmental

zeros and thermal constants for each immature stage of C. bimaculata are

given in Fig. 1. Estimated developmental zeros range from 0.55°C for eggs

to 5.50°C for Ist instar larvae. Thermal constants for the larval stages range

from 41 to 64 DDs, but are markedly longer for eggs (K = 112 DDs) and

pupae (K = 184 DDs).

Discussion

The number of day degrees experienced by an insect in the field on any given

day may be estimated as: DDs = [(daily maximum temperature + daily

minimum temperature)/2] - DZ.

A Ist instar C. bimaculata larva with a thermal constant of 49 DDs, for

example, when exposed to three consecutive days with maximum and

minimum temperatures respectively of 32/16, 30/14 and 24/10°C, will

experience a total of 46.5 DDs and will develop nearly to the second instar.

These values should not be seen as absolute figures, as behaviour such as

basking and sheltering may vary the temperature which an insect

experiences. Additionally, the estimates of DZs are exactly that, estimates,

and may be several degrees out from the true value. Further research is

warranted to more accurately determine K and DZ values and to determine

how larval behaviour may modify the temperature experienced by the insect.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (3)

Development rate (1/days)

0.6

0.5

0.4 4

0.3 }

0.2 4

0.1

0.0

Eggs

rate = -0.0048 + 0.0089 temp

f = 95.6, p < 0.01

DZ = 0.55°C

K = 112 day degrees

& ( E 2 25 <0

Constant temperature (°C)

L2 6

rate = -0.115 + 0.024 temp

f = 90.2, p = 0.012

DZ = 4.71°C

K = 41 day degrees

5 10 15 20 25 30

Constant temperature (°C)

rate = -0.0602 + 0.016 temp

° =93.5, p < 0.01

DZ = 3.78°C

K = 64 day degrees

ath 45 aea Ba” <0

Constant temperature (°C)

Development rate (1/days)

rate = -0.11 + 0.02 temp

05) P= 89.5, p = 0.014 s

DZ = 5.50°C

0.4 | K = 49 day degrees

Constant temperature (°C)

rate = -0.0822 + 0.022 temp

f = 94.0, p < 0.01

DZ = 3.77°C

K = 46 day degrees

(o) Fo a0 G Z g3

Constant temperature (°C)

0.6

Pre-pupae + Pupae

rate = -0.0306 + 0.0057 temp

0.5 | f = 96.9, p < 0.01

DZ = 5.41°C

0.41 K= 184 day degrees

Constant temperature (°C)

Fig. 1. Scatter plots of constant temperature versus development rate for the egg,

four larval (L1-L4) and combined pre-pupal and pupal stages of Chrysophtharta

bimaculata. The linear regression is fitted to each plot and the regression equation

and corrsponding r” value given. DZ is the developmental zero and K is the estimated

thermal constant.

80 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (3)

Despite these limitations, the values presented here may be used by

researchers and field operators as an aid to estimating how field populations

of C. bimaculata may be developing, without the need to visit sites. Also,

long-term local temperature averages may be used to predict the period of

time an operator has in which to implement a control practice. For example,

if Bacillus thuringiensis formulations have to be applied against eggs or Ist

instar larvae to be effective, then the operator has at most 151 DDs from

when eggs are first laid in which to spray. In January, monthly, long term

maximum and minimum temperatures for Burnie (41°04_S, 145°57_E) and

Geeveston (43°09_S, 146°55_E) are 21.3/12.8°C and 21.7/9.3°C respectively

(Australian Bureau of Meteorology, WWW page). This equates to an

maximum operational window of approximately 11 days and 12.5 days

respectively for these two districts. However, if eggs are already beginning

to hatch when first observed, the window of opportunity for spraying is much

reduced, to approximately 4-5 days.

When estimating pupal development times in the field, it should be

remembered that soil temperatures are significantly buffered in comparison

to air temperatures. For 60 daily readings taken in the Florentine Valley in

December 1993 and January 1994 (A. LaSala, unpublished data), soil

temperatures at 10 cm depth, below a tree canopy, were on average 1.7°C and

5.1°C greater than the respective daily, dry-bulb maximum and minimum air

temperatures.

Acknowledgments

I thank Ms Ann LaSala and Mr Vin Patel for making available weather

station data from the Florentine Valley.

References

ANONYMOUS, 1996. Cooperative Research Centre for Temperate Hardwood Forestry,

Annual Report 1995/96. CRC for Temperate Hardwood Forestry, Hobart, Tasmania.

DE LITTLE, D.W. 1983. Life-cycle and aspects of the biology of Tasmanian eucalyptus leaf

beetle, Chrysophtharta bimaculata (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Journal of the

Australian Entomological Society 22: 15-18.

DE LITTLE, D.W., ELLIOTT, H.J., MADDEN, J.L. and BASHFORD, R. 1990. Stage-specific

mortality in two field populations of immature Chrysophtharta bimaculata (Olivier)

(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 29: 51-55.

ELLIOTT, H.J., BASHFORD, R., GREENER, A. and CANDY, S.G. 1992. Integrated pest

management of the Tasmanian eucalyptus beetle Chrysophtharta bimaculata (Olivier)

(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Forest Ecology and Management 53: 29-38.

GREAVES, R. 1966. Insect defoliation of eucalypt regrowth in the Florentine Valley,

Tasmania. Appita 19: 119-126.

GREENER, A. and CANDY, S.G. 1994. Effect of the biotic insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis

and a pyrethroid on survival of predators of Chrysophtharta bimaculata (Olivier) (Coleoptera:

Chrysomelidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 33: 321-324.

GULLAN, P.J. and CRANSTON, P.S. 1994. The Insects. An Outline of Entomology.

Chapman and Hall, London.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (3): 81-84 81

TWO NEW SPECIES OF HYDROPTILIDAE (TRICHOPTERA)

FROM TASMANIA’S WORLD HERITAGE AREA

Alice Wells

ABRS, Environment Australia, GPO Box 636, Canberra, ACT 2601

Abstract

Two new microcaddisfly species are described from Tasmania’s World Heritage Area, one each

in Oxyethira Eaton and Tricholeiochiton Kloet & Hincks. Specimens of both were collected in

a survey of invertebrates of buttongrass moorland in south-western Tasmania. The disjunct

Australian distribution of the genus Tricholeiochiton is discussed briefly.

Introduction

Tasmanian Trichoptera were sampled extensively in the early 1970s as part

of a project which culminated in the publication by Neboiss (1977) on the

taxonomy and zoogeography of Tasmanian Trichoptera. Since that work,

further studies on the Tasmanian trichopteran fauna have been undertaken,

such as that of Jackson (1991). Yet, despite what is probably some of the

most thorough collecting of Trichoptera for any part of Australia, new

hitherto unknown Tasmanian species are still being collected. Moreover,

discovery of one of the two hydroptilid species newly described here,

Tricholeiochiton pennyae sp. nov., is significant biogeographically as it

extends the Australian distribution of the genus Tricholeiochiton Kloet &

Hincks from northern Australia, where four species are known (Wells 1982),

to an isolated locality in south-western Tasmania. The Australian

distribution of the genus is thus highly disjunct, as is its world distribution -

from South Africa and the Palaearctic (possibly with only one species each),

through the Oriental Region (several species), to Australia.

The second new species, in the cosmopolitan genus Oxyethira Eaton, belongs

in the Australian, New Zealand and New Caledonian subgenus Trichoglene

Neboiss. It brings Australian representation of this subgenus to eight species

(see Wells 1981, 1985, 1990a), distributed in Tasmania and the more coastal

parts of the continent, including the south-west but not north-west Western

Australia. In male genitalic features, the new species most closely resembles

O. (T.) columba (Neboiss), which is distributed from Tasmania and southern

South Australia, through the higher rainfall parts of Victoria and northwards

along the east coast to where it overlaps the closely related north-eastern

O. (T.) triangulata Wells, just to the north of Townsville. While both of

these species generally are abundant at particular localities, the small number

of individuals of the new species collected suggest that the population may

be rather sparse in the habitat studied.

The extension to the range of Tricholeiochiton is intriguing geographically.

The nearest congener, T. fidelis Wells, occurs around Townsville in north-

eastern Australia, as well as in the north of the Northern Territory and the

Kimberley region of Western Australia. Tricholeiochiton bifurcus Wells,

which most closely resembles the new species, also occurs across northern

82 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (3)

Australia from the Kimberley to Cape York, Queensland. In describing the

. four northern Tricholeiochiton species (Wells 1982), I remarked that their

distribution in Australia provides evidence in support of the presence of an

Oriental component in the Australian microcaddisfly fauna. The isolated

occurrence of the new species in Tasmania, well south of the tropics,

weakens support for this idea. Tricholeiochiton may be a very old, pre-

Gondwanan component of the fauna. Tricholeiochiton fidelis (from

Australia) very closely resembles T. fagesii (Guinard) (Europe and Russia),

T. lacustris Kimmins (Myanmar), T. fortensis (Ulmer) (Java, Sumatra, West

Malaysia) and T. suwannee Chantaramongkol & Malicky (Sri Lanka). In the

form of their male genitalia, however, all other Australian congeners,

including this new Tasmanian species, appear to form a separate group.

Perhaps this group and T. fidelis have separate histories in Australia, the

latter being of more recent Oriental origin.

Tricholeiochiton is possibly one of the more highly derived of the

microcaddisfly genera. It was considered by Wells (1987) to be most closely

related to Orphninotrichia Mosely, which hitherto was considered to be

endemic in south-eastern Australia and the northern part of the Northern

Territory, but now is known to occur on Lord Howe Island as well (Wells, in

press). The two genera certainly exhibit very close similarities in male

genitalia. The female genitalic features are dissimilar, however, and the

larvae quite remarkably so. In a cladistic analysis of hydroptilid genera,

Kjerensen (in litt.) found that Orphninotrichia groups with Oxyethira as the

sister group of Tricholeiochiton.

Methods and Abbreviations

Material was prepared for study and storage using the method described by

Wells (1990b). All specimens were collected by sweep-netting by Penelope

Greenslade (see Greenslade 1997) and are lodged in the Australian National

Insect Collection (ANIC), Canberra.

Tricholeiochiton pennyae sp. nov.

(Figs 1-3)

Types. TASMANIA: Holotype ©, Tasmanian World Heritage Area,

Southwest National Park, Melaleuca, 43°31'00"S 146°09'41"E, 13.11.1997.

Paratypes: 1 d, same locality as holotype, 14.ii.1997; 1 0’, Tasmanian

World Heritage Area, Mary Ann Creek, 42°12'17"S 146°10'29"E, 17-

18.11.1997 (all in ANIC).

Description. Male. Body dark coloured. Length of anterior wing, 1.8-2.2

mm. Antennae 25—28-segmented. Genitalia as in Figs 1-3. Tergite X in

dorsal view about twice as wide as long, apical margin undulating.

Subgenital plate broad, a black tubercle at each apicolateral angle, centrally

on ventral side a black spur. Inferior appendages in ventral view appear as

broadly rounded lobes, each with a short apically rounded ventral process; in

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (3) 83

lateral view, tapered gently towards the apex. Aedeagus broadly flared

apically, slender subapically, swollen medially; a titillator present.

Remarks. Among congeners, T. pennyae shows greatest resemblance to the

northern Australian T. bifurcus, the inferior appendages being more rounded

and sternite IX lacking paired apicomedial projections.

Figs 1-6. Male genitalia. 1-3, Tricholeiochiton pennyae sp. nov.: (1) lateral, (2)

ventral and (3) dorsal views; 4-6, Oxyethira (Trichoglene) tasmaniensis sp. nov.: (4)

dorsal, (5) lateral and (6) ventral views.

Oxyethira (Trichoglene) tasmaniensis sp. nov.

(Figs 4-6)

Types. TASMANIA: Holotype ©, Tasmanian World Heritage Area,

Southwest National Park, Melaleuca, 43°25'10"S 146°08'46"E, 13.ii.1997.

Paratype 0’, same locality as holotype, 14.11.1997 (both in ANIC).

84 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (3)

Description. Male. Anterior wing length, 1.5 mm. Antennae damaged,

segments elongate. Abdominal segment IX broad, deeply and roundly

excavated dorsally, three slender sclerotised processes. Tergite X wide

basally, tapered to triangular shape distally. Subgenital plate broad,

produced slightly posteriorly and shallowly excavated apically. Inferior

appendages separated mid-ventrally by a deep U-shaped concavity, apically

irregular, setae on an inner lobe and apically on the outer lobe; dorsally on

each side a sclerotised spine and arising from the base of each spine, a longer

membranous digitiform process, tipped by a short, curved seta. Aedeagus

elongate, slender, apically hooked; a straight titillator adpressed for about

half length.

Remarks. This is the third species in the Trichoglene subgenus known from

Tasmania. All are similar in appearance. This new species and O. mienica

Wells appear to be narrowly restricted in distribution and rare, while

O columba is widely distributed and generally abundant.

Acknowledgments

I wish to thank Dr Penelope Greenslade for providing the material on which

the study is based and the Australian Biological Resources Study (ABRS)

and CSIRO Entomology for making available the facilities for study and for

preparation of the manuscript.

References

GREENSLADE, P. 1997. The Effect of Fire on Invertebrates in Buttongrass Moorland in

Southwest Tasmania. Report compiled for the World Heritage Zoologist, Tasmanian Parks and

Wildlife Service; 26 pp, appendices.

JACKSON, J. 1991. Systematics of the Conoesucidae, Helicophidae, Calocidae and

Antipodoeciidae (Insecta: Trichoptera), with emphasis on the immature stages. Unpublished

Ph.D thesis, Zoology Department, University of Tasmania.

NEBOISS, A. 1977. A taxonomic and zoogeographic study of Tasmanian caddisflies (Insecta:

Trichoptera). Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria 38: 1-208.

WELLS, A. 1981. The genera Oxyethira Eaton, Gnathotrichia Ulmer and Stenoxyethira

Kimmins (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) in Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 29: 103-

118.

WELLS, A. 1982. Tricholeiochiton Kloet & Hincks and new genera in the Australian

Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera). Australian Journal of Zoology 30: 251-270.

WELLS, A. 1985. Four new species of Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera) from the Alligator Rivers

region, Northern Territory. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 109: 97-102.

WELLS, A. 1987. On the biogeography of the Oxyethira group, tribe Hydroptilini

(Hydroptilinae, Hydroptilidae, Trichoptera). Pp 133-138, in Bournaud, M. and Tachet, H.

(eds), Proceedings of the Sth International Symposium on Trichoptera. Dordrecht, The

Netherlands; Dr W. Junk.

WELLS, A. 1990a. New species and a new genus of microcaddisfly from northern Australia,

including the first Australian record of the tribe Stactobiini (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae).

Transactions of the Royal Society of South Australia 114: 107-128.

WELLS, A. 1990b. The microcaddisflies (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) of North Sulawesi.

Invertebrate Taxonomy 3: 363-406.

WELLS, A. In press. The micro-caddisflies of Lord Howe Island (Hydroptilidae: Trichoptera:

Insecta). Aquatic Insects.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (3): 85-86 85

A PERIPATETIC AUSTRALIAN THRIPS (THYSANOPTERA:

PHLAEOTHRIPIDAE) IN EUCALYPTUS SEED CAPSULES

Laurence A. Mound

CSIRO Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601

Abstract

The worldwide spread of Cartomothrips browni Stannard from Australia is discussed. Adults

and larvae are recorded from seed capsules of Eucalyptus grandis in California, USA.

Discussion

The genus Cartomothrips Stannard comprises four large black phlaeothripid

species, all from Australia but with one also found in New Zealand (Mound

and Walker 1982). Two of these species are common in south-eastern

Australia and Tasmania and live, both as adults and larvae, in the dried seed

capsules of various shrubby species of Myrtaceae, such as Kunzea ericoides,

although the tissue they actually feed on has not been established.

Unfortunately, the biology of the type species of the genus, C. browni

Stannard and its synonym Treherniella niger Moulton (Mound 1996), has

remained unknown, these names being based on old material with no data

other than the localities in Victoria and south-eastern New South Wales

where they were found. However, two specimens of a thrips species

provisionally identified as C. browni were collected several years ago in

California (Arnaud 1983). Moreover, Mound and Marullo (1996) reported

two further captures of this species in other parts of the world. The first of

these was a single female taken on Mt Kilimanjaro in Tanzania and the

second a male taken in a seed capsule of a Eucalyptus tree in the grounds of

the Eucalyptus Museum at Rio Claro, SP, Brazil. These authors pointed out

that it seemed likely that the thrips species had been distributed around the

world by foresters in the seed capsules of Eucalyptus species. Records at the

Eucalyptus Museum in Brazil indicate that seeds of more than 100 species of

Eucalyptus were imported into that country from Australia in the early years

of this century. Similar large numbers of seeds must have been moved to

other countries around the world, including Tanzania and California.

Confirmation of the likelihood of this mode of transport has now become

available from California, through the observations of Dr Eldon L. Reeves of

the University of California at Riverside. Large numbers of C. browni adults

and larvae were observed in the seed capsules of Eucalyptus grandis at the

Santa Margarita Ecological Reserve, about 35 miles south of Riverside, in

June 1997. The seed capsules were dry, partially to fully open and attached

to fully healthy trees. Up to three adults were observed in a seed capsule

and, when disturbed, these adults curved the tip of the abdomen over the

head in the typical phlaeothripid defence posture. Adults were also found

together with larvae and eggs, but from most of these capsules the seeds had

already fallen. This suggests that the thrips feed on fungal hyphae within the

capsules, rather than on the dry tissue of the seed capsule itself.

86 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (3)

The adults are large and very dark brown and have exceptionally dark

antennae, but the males are interesting because of their range in body size.

The largest males are at least 4 mm long and have greatly enlarged fore

femora and very stout fore tarsal teeth, whereas the smallest males are much

more slender with weaker legs. Such differences in structure in the males of

thrips species are now known to be associated with patterns of behaviour that

involve male competition and fighting (Crespi and Mound 1997). The

females of this species are monomorphic and, presumably, each male defends

a particular seed capsule from intrusion by other males.

The mode of distribution of this thrips around the world is of some interest,

but in Australia information is still needed both on its host range and

geographical distribution, as well as on its precise feeding habits. This note

is published in the hope that Australian forestry entomologists will be

encouraged to find out more about this large, black and sexually polymorphic

phlaeothripid species that has been exported so successfully from this

country.

References

ARNAUD, P.H. 1983. The collection of an adventive exotic thrips — Cartomothrips sp.

(Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) — in California. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of

Washington 85: 622-624.

CRESPI, B.J. and MOUND, L.A. 1997. Ecology and evolution of social behaviour among

Australian gall thrips and their allies. Pp 166-180, in Choe, J. and Crespi, B.J. (eds), Evolution

of Social Behaviour in Insects and Arachnids. Cambridge University Press.

MOUND, L.A. 1996. Thysanoptera. Pp 249-336, 397-414 (index), in Wells, A., Zoological

Catalogue of Australia. Volume 26, Psocoptera, Phthiraptera, Thysanoptera. Melbourne,

CSIRO.

MOUND, L.A. and MARULLO, 1996. The thrips of Central and South America: an

introduction. Memoirs on Entomology, International 6: 1-448.

MOUND, L.A. and WALKER, A.K. 1982. Faunal relationships between Australia and New

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Natural History 16: 305-313.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (3): 87-88 87

A NOTE ON CATCHES OF FRUIT FLIES (DIPTERA:

TEPHRITIDAE) AT DIFFERENT TRAP HEIGHTS IN NORTH

QUEENSLAND

A.M. HAY

Department of Primary Industries, PO Box 652, Cairns, Qld 4870

Abstract

Fruit fly traps baited with methyl eugenol lures placed at a height of 8-10 m in mango

(Mangifera indica) tree canopies caught more flies of genus Bactrocera Macquart than those

placed at a height of 1.7 m. Of the seven species collected, three were recorded only from the

higher elevated traps and one only from the lower traps during the six-week study period.

Introduction

Conventional fruit fly trapping has traditionally been conducted at head

height (c. 1.7 m) for reasons of convenience. However, preferred habitat for

fruit flies appears to be the canopy, where food and shelter may be more

prevalent. This raises the possibility that traps placed higher in the canopy

may catch more flies and/or more species of flies than those at lower

elevation.

Materials and methods

Six Steiner traps (see Drew 1982) baited with methyl eugenol lures, were

placed between 8 and 10 m above the ground in the foliage of mature mango

(Mangifera indica) trees in open forest at Ellis Beach, north of Cairns. Six

identical traps were placed 1.7 m above ground under the same trees. The

elevated traps were suspended by fishing line and lowered to ground level for

clearance. The distance between the first and last traps was approximately 3

kilometres, but the vegetation remained similar. For six weeks, from 4

August 1997 to 11 September 1997, the traps were cleared every 3 or 4 days.

Trapped flies were counted and identified to species level.

Results

Trap catches recorded are shown in Table 1. Only 89 flies were trapped but

the Ellis Beach area had been heavily treated since November 1995, as part

of the Papaya Fruit Fly Eradication Programme and populations of fruit fly

species attracted by methyl eugenol were generally low.

Bactrocera endiandrae (Perkins & May) and B. mayi (Hardy) were the most

abundant species collected. Three species, B. laticaudus (Hardy), B. pallida

(Perkins & May) and B. visenda (Hardy) were collected only in the elevated

traps, whilst B. musae (Tryon) was collected only in traps at the lower level.

The specimens of B. musae probably originated from a nearby stand of

bananas. An undescribed species close to B. ochromarginis (Drew) was

collected at both heights. None of the species collected has been found to

breed in mangoes (Drew 1989; Papaya Fruit Fly Eradication Programme,

unpublished data).

88 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (3)

Table 1. Bactrocera fruit flies trapped in mango trees 8 to 10 metres above ground

and 1.7 metres above ground at Ellis Beach.

Species trapped Number of flies caught at:

8 - 10 metres 1.7 metres

B. endiandrae 31 8

B. mayi 28 9

B. laticaudus 7 0

B. pallida 1 0

B. visenda 1 0

B. musae 0 2

B. sp. n. nr ochromarginis 1 1

TOTAL 69 20

Discussion

Hooper and Drew (1979) detected no significant effect of trap height on

capture of flies responding to methyl eugenol in an open forest environment

but found that there was an effect in rainforests, where significantly more

flies were collected in higher traps. The larger number of flies found in

elevated traps in open forest in this study reflects that found by Hooper and

Drew (1979) in rainforests. This suggests that, at least in areas of low fly

population density, placing traps high up in trees with a dense canopy may

increase the efficiency of detection. Mango tree canopies in an open forest

environment afford denser foliage cover than eucalypts and may explain the

difference observed between the two studies.

Acknowledgments

I thank Brigitte Dostie for extracting records from the Papaya Fruit Fly

Eradication project database, Victor Roseverne and Gary Hardy for their

assistance in positioning and installing traps and Sharyn Foulis for comments

on the manuscript.

References

DREW, R.A.I. 1982. Fruit fly collecting. Section IV, pp 129-139 in: Drew, R.A.L, Hooper,

G.H.S. and Bateman, M.A., Economic fruit flies of the South Pacific region. 2nd ed.

Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane; 139 pp.

DREW, R.A.I. 1989. The tropical fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) of the Australasian

and Oceanian regions. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 26: 1-521.

HOOPER, G.H.S. and DREW, R.A.I. 1979. Effect of height of trap on capture of tephritid fruit

flies with cuelure and methyl eugenol in different environments. Environmental Entomology 8:

786-788.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (3): 89-91 89

DESCRIPTION OF THE MALE OF TROGIUM EVANSORUM

SMITHERS (PSOCOPTERA: TROGIIDAE) FROM NORFOLK

ISLAND, WITH A KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS

C.N. SMITHERS

Australian Museum, 6 College St, Sydney, NSW, 2000

Abstract

The male of Trogium evansorum Smithers is described from Norfolk Island and a key is

provided to six of the seven species placed in the genus Trogium Illiger.

Introduction

Trogium evansorum Smithers was described on female material from Norfolk

Island (Smithers 1994). The flattened body and legs and the strongly

prognathous head are unusual for a species of Trogium Illiger. It is an almost

colourless species. The type specimen was taken from the crown of a

"Kentia" Palm, Howea forsteriana (C. Moore & F. Muell.) Becc. This palm

is endemic to Lord Howe Island but is widely cultivated as an ornamental

and has been introduced to Norfolk Island, where it is grown in large

numbers as a source of seed for the world horticultural trade. T. evansorum

has not yet been recorded from Lord Howe Island nor collected from

Rhopalostylis baueri H. Wendl. & Drude var. baueri, the endemic palm of

Norfolk Island. Its unusual features are possibly adaptations to a habitat such

as the confines of a palm crown.

The first male of T. evansorum was collected recently indoors on Norfolk

Island and is described here.

Trogium evansorum Smithers

(Figs 1-3)

Material examined. NORFOLK ISLAND: 1 QO’, in building, Colonial Hotel,

17.i1.1998, J.V. Peters (in Australian Museum, Sydney).

Description of male. Very similar to female in general form and appearance.

Coloration (in alcohol). As in female but with faint reddish lateral line from

antenna base through compound eye to back of head. (Female type specimen

did not have this line but may have lost it during storage in alcohol.)

Morphology. Length of body: 2.2 mm. General morphology as in female.

Prothorax very short, notum in form of strongly raised, transverse ridge lying

between back of head and mesonotum (similar in female, not mentioned in

original description). Scape and pedicel of antenna much broader than

flagellar segments. Length of flagellar segments: f1: 0.07 mm.; f2: 0.07

mm.; f3: 0.08 mm.; £4: 0.07 mm.; f5: 0.1 mm. Measurements of hind leg:

F: 0.34 mm.; T: 0.54 mm.; t1: 0.2 mm.; t2: 0.05 mm.; t3: 0.05 mm.; rt: 4:1:1.

No ctenidiobothria. Hind tibia with two apical spurs, without preapical spurs

but with some setae on outer surface much longer than other setae. Femora

broad and flattened as in female. Fore wings as in female, similarly setose.

90 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (3)

Epiproct with rounded hind margin, sparsely setose, two setae much more

conspicuous than the others. Paraproct (Fig. 1) simple, lightly sclerotized,

sparsely setose, posterior spine longer than in female. One exceptionally

long, fine seta, longer than the posterior spine, arises near the dorsal margin

of the paraproct. No setae with "rosette" bases. Hypandrium (Fig. 3) simple,

rounded behind, sparsely setose. Phallosome (Fig. 2) with well developed,

divergent, sclerotized bars expanded at anterior end, not connected to each

other so that the phallic frame is open anteriorly, as usual in the genus.

Median distal structures of characteristic form, bulbous, membranous, with a

short, anteriorly pointed, sclerotized rodlet arising from the bulbous

structures on each side of midline.

Figs. 1-3. Trogium evansorum Smithers, male. (1) Paraproct; (2) Phallosome;

(3) Hypandrium.

Discussion

The remarkable degree to which the body and head are dorsoventrally

flattened and the resultant strongly prognathous form of the head, a clearly

apomorphous feature, sets T. evansorum apart from other members of the

genus. It is possible that a new genus will be needed to accommodate this

species but it is preferable to delay definition of such until both sexes of the

other species of the genus are better known and a more detailed study of their

morphology has been made.

Trogium is itself an ill-defined genus of seven species, needing revision. The

species are: T. apterum Broadhead & Richards (Kenya), T. braheicola Garcia

Aldrete (Mexico), T. evansorum Smithers (Norfolk Island), T. lapidarius

(Badonnel) (Angola), T. picticeps Badonnel (Madagascar), T. pulsatorium

(Linnaeus) (cosmopolitan) and T. stellatum (Badonnel) (Angola). The

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (3) 91

following is a simple key to the species, using mainly easily observed

external features, such as colour pattern. The key does not include

T. stellatum, which was described on incomplete material and cannot be

confidently placed until fresh material is available. A possible eighth

species, T. nigrum Smithers (from Lord Howe Island) is probably more

appropriately placed in the Psoquillidae (Mockford, in litt.) and is also

omitted from this key.

Key to the species of Trogium

LEA DICLOUSHeretente teerrtttrtemestcterittesttr rete iret rceeactiiternisscersirrssrsutte 2

Brachy pterouSpreretccrretrcanvertensettc titrant ttetercercartscerrerterent retest terrors: 3

2 o EG EJET earnen annaua apterum

Front of head with bold pattern ........sssnsssssssssesesesesesrerererererererenreeee picticeps

A NOPERA O A apere evansorum

Smem en ENE natina 4

4 Five transverse slender bands on abdomen ọ....sssssssssssssisssrsrreseeee braheicola

Abdominal pattern made up mainly of small areas of colour ..............0... 5

5 Head with dark band on head ee en Ee rere ereer n pulsatorium

Head without median dark band on head oe eeeeeeseeeeeee lapidarius

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank John Peters for collecting this and other Psocoptera on

Norfolk Island and the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service for

permission to work in areas under its control on Norfolk and Philip Islands.

Reference

SMITHERS, C.N. 1994. Trogium evansorum sp. n. (Psocoptera: Trogiidae) a remarkable,

prognathous species from Norfolk Island. Australian Entomologist 21(4): 153-155, 10 figs.

92 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (3)

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Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (3): 93-95 93

DESCRIPTION OF THE FEMALE OF EUCARTERIA SUBVITTATA

MOORE (COLEOPTERA: LUCANIDAE)

G.J. KRAKE

18 Nymph Street, Mitcham, Vic 3132

Abstract

The female of Eucarteria subvittata Moore is described from specimens taken from the Central

Tablelands district of New South Wales. Collection details are also discussed.

Introduction

When Eucarteria subvittata Moore was described, no females had been

collected and the author surmised that the habits of the female were probably

more cryptic than those of the male (Moore 1994). The lack of females in

collections is partly explained by collection data reported here, where a ratio

of approximately 30 males to 1 female is recorded.

The collection site, Polblue Swamp in the Central Tablelands of New South

Wales, is situated at an altitude of 1450 metres. This site is a sphagnum moss

swamp, dissected by a meandering channel and with a walking track

bordering the swamp. The exact collection area, located between the swamp

and Barrington Tops Forest Road, is typical of the alpine plateau, with grass

tussocks and small woody shrubs beneath a canopy of Eucalyptus pauciflora

Spreng. and Eucalyptus stellulata DC. The exotic weed Cytisis scoparius

(L.) Link is also found in the area.

Eucarteria subvittata Moore

(Fig. 1)

Material examined. NEW SOUTH WALES: 2 99, vicinity of Polblue

Swamp, Barrington Tops State Forest, 11.xi1.1997, G. J .Krake (in Australian

National Insect Collection, Canberra and the author's collection).

Description of female (Fig. 1). Mostly dark brownish-black with bronze

reflections; antennae, palpi, canthi, pronotal and elytral margins, humeri and

tibiae lighter reddish-brown; scales grey. Head transverse, coarsely punctate,

not squamose beside eyes as in male; mandibles short, concave, rugose and

weakly cuspidate internally (not bicuspidate as in male), with no obvious

difference between right and left, with apex of both more rounded than male,

with left mandible overlapping that of right when clenched; eyes narrowly

divided by canthi, protruding more in front of eyes than in male; mentum

small, flat and triangular, mostly covered with scales; clypeus small and

rounded, not visible from dorsal view. Pronotum transverse (3.2 x 2.2 mm),

convex , coarsely punctate, sparsely squamose except on disc, widest at hind

third; margins crenulate and more rounded in front two-thirds and less

obliquely contracted to base than in the male, giving the appearance of a

more rounded pronotum than in the male. Elytra rugose, lightly striate on

disc; intervals sparsely squamose (although most scales worn in both

specimens); widest at mid section but wider in relation to length than male,

94 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (3)

appearing more ovate; raised humeri more rounded than in male; oblique

pale vittae absent in females. Legs hirsute; tibiae broader than in male, fore

tibiae externally armed with 2 large teeth and 3-4 smaller teeth reducing in

size towards femoral joint; mid and hind tibiae armed in external mid section

with small protrusion, more rounded in hind tibiae; tarsi approximately one

third shorter than in male. Length (including mandibles) 8 mm, maximum

width 3.8 mm.

Fig. 1. Eucarteria subvittata, female, general habitus. Length, 8 mm. Scale = 1 mm.

Discussion

Although the type of this genus (E. floralis Lea) was described as being

floricolous (Lea 1914) and some male specimens of E. subvittata were

labelled as having been collected on flowers (Moore 1994), no specimens

collected by the present author were found on flowers. Most of the

specimens (59 males and 2 females) were taken on the alpine grass tussocks

(Poa caespitosa G. Forst.) bordering the swamp. Two specimens were

collected on dead stalks of the exotic broom plant and one on foliage of

Hakea microcarpa R. Br. All specimens collected on grass tussocks were

within the canopy range of eucalypts bordering the swamp in an area of

approximately 150 m?. Over a period of one hour between 11.45 and 12.45

only one specimen was observed in flight, most being rather inactive and

easily picked by hand from the grass stalks. All males collected were fresh

with scales intact, while the two females had more worn elytra. One pair was

observed mating. The larval host is unknown.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (3) 95

From these observations one could speculate that the males had either

recently emerged from the eucalypt roots underlying the grass tussocks

and/or the dead logs and branches lying in the grass, or they had been

sheltering there from the previous night. The number and concentration

present would support the former hypothesis. The presence of only two

females with worn elytra suggests that they had emerged earlier and had

already mated, perhaps even before they had emerged (J. Hasenpusch, pers.

comm.) and/or naturally occur in lower numbers than the males. Hopefully,

as other collectors gather more collection data, the habits of this enigmatic

species, particularly the female, will become clearer.

Acknowledgments

Dr Barry Moore, CSIRO, Canberra, provided valuable comments and

encouragement with this paper. Mr Jack Hasenpusch, Garradunga, Qld,

provided information on the mating habits of Lucanidae. Mr B. Bailey,

Gloucester, NSW, assisted in the identification of the local flora.

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1997 A new genus and species of Australian Dytiscidae (Coleoptera). Rec. S. Aust. Mus, 29: 121-123.

1997 Three new Berosus Leach (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae) from Australia. Rec. S. Aust. Mus. 29: 147-152.

WEIR, T.

1998 Semi-aquatic bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Gerromorpha) of the Musselbrook area. Pp. 305-310 in Comben, L., Long, S. and

Berg, K. (eds.), Musselbrook Reserve Scientific Study Report. Royal Geographical Society of Queensland: Brisbane.

1998 Some aquatic bectles (Insecta: Coleoptera: Hydradephaga) of the Musselbrook area. Pp. 311-316 in Comben, L., Long, S.

and Berg, K. (eds.), Musselbrook Reserve Scientific Study Report. Royal Geographical Society of Queensland: Brisbane.

WOOD, G.A.

1997 The life history of Delias aruna inferna Butler (Lepidoptera: Pieridae: Pierinae). Qd Nat. 35: 20-23.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTICES

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FOR SALE: Butterflies from all parts of the world. Papua New Guinea,

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FOR SALE. 10-drawer wooden insect cabinets with recessed outer door and

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D Oe H Aa Oe A a a

a ee

Entomologist

Volume 25, Part 3, 23 December 1998

CONTENTS

CLARKE, A.R.

j Day-degree estimates for the immature stages of the tasmanian eucalyptus leaf

ae beetle Chrysophtharta bimaculata (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). 7]

HANCOCK, D.L.

Notes on some fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) described by Francis Walker. 67

HAY, A.M. A

A note on catches of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) at different trap heights in 7

north Queensland. 87

% KRAKE, GJ.

á Description of the female of Eucarteria subvittata Moore (Coleoptera: Lucanidae). 93

MOULDS, M.S. AND HANGAY, G.

First record of the bladder cicada Cystosoma saundersii (Westwood) from Lord

Howe Island (Hemiptera: Cicadidae). 75 A

MOUND, L.A. J

A peripatetic Australian thrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) in Eucalyptus

seed capsules. 85

MULLER, CJ. and HALL, D.

New distribution and host plant records for butterflies (Lepidoptera) in New South

Wales. 65

SMITHERS, C.N.

Description of the male of Trogium evansorum Smithers (Psocoptera: Trogiidae) ;

from Norfolk Island, with a key to the species of the genus. 89

; WALTER, D.E.

ae Hoploseius australianus sp. nov. (Acari: Mesostigmata: Ascidae), a unique element

in the Australian acarofauna. 69

WELLS, A.

Two new species of Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera) from Tasmania’s World Heritage

Area. 81

RECENT LITERATURE

An accumulative bibliography of Australian entomology 92,96

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTICES Inside back cover.

ISSN 1320 6133