THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

The Australian Entomologist (formerly Australian Entomological Magazine) is a

non-profit journal published in four parts annually by the Entomological Society

of Queensland. The journal is devoted to entomology of the Australian region,

including New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and islands of the south-western

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Dept of Primary Industries

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Queensland Museum

Dr C.J. Burwell

Queensland Museum

Mr G. Daniels

University of Queensland

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University of Queensland

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Sustaining Associates

Arrest-A-Pest Pty Ltd, Rhone-Poulenc Rural Australia Pty Ltd.

Cover: Anthrax maculata (Diptera: Bombyliidae) described by Macquart in 1846 has

been collected commonly throughout eastern Australia, in the northern third of N.T.,

and in the Kimberly Region and south-western W.A. Specimens have been collected

flying around burnt trees and mud wasp nests. Females are a common sight in suburban

Brisbane, patrolling brick walls searching for mud wasp nests. Illustration by Chris

Lambkin, Department of Entomology, University of Queensland.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (4): 97-101 97

OBSERVATIONS ON THE ECLOSION OF THE HAIRY CICADA

TETTIGARCTA CRINITA DISTANT (HOMOPTERA: CICADOIDEA:

TETTIGARCTIDAE)

M. HAYASHI and M.S. MOULDS?

‘Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Saitama University, Urawa 338-8570, Japan

(e-mail: mh sacs.sv.saitama-u.ac.jp)

"Department of Entomology, Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia

(e-mail: maxm@amsg.austmus.gov.au)

Abstract

The eclosion of Tettigarcta crinita Distant is documented and figured from observations made

at Kosciusko National Park, NSW, Australia. Peculiarities of the eclosion are noted and

compared with the eclosion of Cicadidae.

Introduction

The hairy cicada, Tettigarcta crinita Distant, is one of two extant species that

make up the family Tettigarctidae. All other species of Tettigarctidae are

known only from fossil records. The Tettigarctidae possess a number of

morphological features that clearly distinguish them from all other cicadas

(Evans 1941, Moulds 1990).

In this paper we document the eclosion of T. crinita and discuss differences

from the eclosion of other cicadas (family Cicadidae, sensu Hayashi 1984,

Moulds 1990). Although aspects of the eclosion of T. crinita have been

previously recorded (Ashton 1924, McKeown 1951, Moulds 1990), details

have been lacking, making comparison of the eclosion processes impossible.

Our observations were made on 15 February 1997, near Rules Point

(ca 1300 m altitude) at the junction of the exit road from the Yarrangobilly

Caves and the Snowy Mountains Highway, Kosciusko National Park, NSW.

A male final instar nymph was found climbing on the trunk (ca 10 cm dbh)

of a snow gum, Eucalyptus pauciflora, at about 1.5 m above the ground. The

nymph was transferred to a low shrub for ease of observation.

Observations

19:00h Eastern Standard Time (Fig. 1) — Just after dusk the nymph ceased

moving after having placed its legs tightly around a twig in preparation for

eclosion.

19:23h (Fig. 2) — After several attempts to hump the dorsum, the vertex and

thoracic nota began to split along the dorsal mid-line.

19:27h (Fig. 3) — Mesonotum, including scutellum, now largely exposed

behind pronotum (to be covered later by the pronotum).

19:33h (Fig. 4) — Head freed. Body of the emerging adult is at this stage pale

testaceous with the pronotal callus darkened.

98 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (4)

19:42h (Fig. 5) — Fore and hind wings freed from exuviae, curling inside, and

the forewing much wrinkled. Posterior plate of pronotum gradually

expanded posteriad, now overlying much of mesonotum.

Figs 1-6. Eclosion of Tettigarcta crinita (at Yarrangobilly, Kosciusko Mts., NSW,

on 15 February 1997; photos M. Hayashi).

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (4) 99

Figs 7-12. Eclosion of Tettigarcta crinita, continued.

19:48h (Figs 6-7) — All legs have become free from the exuviae; wings now

slightly lengthened. Mesonotum now largely concealed by the posterior

dilation of pronotum, leaving only the scutellum visible; the typical

Tettigarcta form of thoracic nota has now been completed. During this stage,

100 - Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (4)

the body hangs backwards and downwards with the distal part of abdomen

remaining within the exuviae. In this condition the adult remains immobile,

a behaviour similar to that found in species throughout the Cicadidae.

20:10h (Fig. 8) — The body is now abruptly raised and the fore and mid legs

grasp the head and pronotum of the exuviae. At this point, the teneral adult

again rests without action for around 10 min. In contrast, emerging adults of

Cicadidae take no rest at this stage.

20:18h (Figs 9-10) — The pilose abdomen is entirely pulled free of the

exuviae and the adult clings by its fore and mid legs onto the exuviae or

nearby twigs. A pair of genital styles (or harpagones) are now clearly

visible, cudgel-like, densely pilose and protruding divergent. The basal half

of forewing (proximal to the nodal line) is now mostly extended, thus

forming a triangular shape. The distal part of forewing remains small and

crumpled, as an orange-coloured knob-like process. Only after the entire

extension of forewing basal to the nodal line, does the apical portion begin to

extend.

20:28h (Fig. 11) — Wings have completely extended but continue to hang

limp. The forewing is translucent and entirely pale testaceous while the :

hindwing is somewhat smoky. Forewing appears semi-glossy and

heterogeneous (similar to the forewing of Heteroptera), coriaceous before

nodal line and membranous beyond.

20:47h (Fig. 12) — Wings are folded tectiform above the dorsum. The

emergence is now complete. Total time taken for emergence is

approximately 1 hr 24 min from the splitting of the mid-dorsal line of the

nymphal skin.

Discussion

Although the species of Tettigarctidae show several morphological

differences from Cicadidae, the manner and process of the eclosion as

observed in Tettigarcta crinita are broadly similar. However, we recognise

two notable differences. Firstly, the eclosion of T. crinita differs in the 10-

minute pause prior to the complete release of the abdomen. This has not

been observed in Cicadidae and may be characteristic of the Tettigarctidae.

Secondly, unlike the Cicadidae in which the forewing, as a whole, is

gradually extended from its base to the apex (Snodgrass 1921, Kato 1956,

Moulds 1990, Boulard and Mondon 1995), that of T. crinita has two distinct

steps in its forewing extension. There is complete expansion of the basal

half, before expansion of the apical half. We have not observed such a

development among other Auchenorrhyncha and it may be unique to the

Tettigarctidae.

Further we note that the forewing of T. crinita, just after full extension, is

clearly heterogeneous, divided by the nodal line, coriaceous basad and

membranous apicad. Evans (1941) suggested that this hemelytral condition

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (4) 101

and well-defined nodal line have evolved parallel to a similar condition in the

Heteroptera.

References

ASHTON, H. 1924. Notes on the “hairy cicada” (Tettigarcta crinita). Proceedings of the

Royal Society of Victoria (n. s.) 36: 238-239.

BOULARD, M. and MONDON, B. 1995. Vies & mémoires de cigales, Provence-Languedoc

méditerranée. Éditons de l'Équinoxe, Barbentane, France; 159pp, cd.

EVANS, J.W. 1941. The morphology of Tettigarcta tomentosa White (Homoptera, Cicadidae).

Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 1940: 35-49.

HAYASHI, M. 1984. A review of the Japanese Cicadidae. Cicada (Transactions of the Japan

Cicada Club) 5: 25-75.

KATO, M. 1956. The biology of the cicadas. Iwasaki Shoten, Tokyo; 10+319pp, 46pls.

McKEOWN, K.C. 1951. Field notes on some insects of the Mount Kosciusko area. Australian

Zoologist 11: 333-337, pl. XLII.

MOULDS, M.S. 1990. Australian cicadas. New South Wales University Press, Kensington,

NSW; 6+217pp, 24pls.

SNODGRASS, R.E. 1921. The seventeen-year locust. Annual Report of the Smithsonian

Institution 1919: 381-409, pls. 1-5.

102 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (4)

AN ACCUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF

AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGY

Compiled by G. Daniels

ABBOTT, I.

1993 Review of the ecology and control of the introduced bark beetle /ps grandicollis (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) in

Western Australia, 1952-1990. CALMSci. 1: 35-46

ACHTERBERG, C. van

1995 Generic revision of the subfamily Betylobraconinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and other groups with modified fore tarsus.

Zool. Verh. (Leiden) 298: 1-242.

AMORIM, D.S. and TOZONI, S.H.S.

1994 Phylogenetic and biogeographic analysis of the Anisopodoidea (Diptera, Bibionomorpha), with an area cladogram for

intercontinental relationships. Revta bras. Ent. 38: 517-543.

ANDERSEN, N.M. and WEIR, T.A.

1997 The gerrine water striders of Australia (Hemiptera: Gerridae): taxonomy, distribution and ecology. Invert. Taxon. 11: 203-

209.

AUSTIN, A.D. and DANGERFIELD, P.C.

1997 A new species of Jarra Marsh and Austin (Hymenoptera: Braconidac) with comments on other parasitoids associated with the

eucalypt longicorn Phoracantha semipunctata (F.) (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Aust. J. Ent. 36: 327-331.

AUSTIN, A.D. and FIELD, S.A.

1997 The ovipositor system of scelionid and platygastrid wasps (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea): comparative morphology and

phylogenetic implications. Invert. Taxon. 11: 1-87.

AUSTIN, A.D., QUICKE, D.L.J. and MARSH, P.M.

1994 The hymenopterous parasitoids of eucalypt longicorn beetles, Phoracantha spp. (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) in Australia.

Bull. ent. Res. 84: 145-174.

BEALE, J.P.

1998 Comment on the efficacy of Queensland nature conservation legislation in relation to Acrodipsas illidgei (Waterhouse and

Lyell) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae). Pacif. Conserv. Biol. 3: 392-396.

1998 Temporal and spatial distribution of the rare, myrmecophagous Illidge's ant-blue butterfly, Acrodipsas illidgei (Lycaenidae).

J. Lepid. Soc. 52: 139-150.

BELLAMY, C.L.

1997 Phylogenetic relationships of Xyroscelis (Coleoptera: Buprestidac). Invert. Taxon. 11: 569-574.

1997 A clarification of authorship of buprestid genera originally defined in the catalogues of P.F.M.A. Dejean (Coleoptera,

Buprestidae). Fragm. ent. 29: 365-382.

BELVEDERE, M., BAIN, G. and STELLER, P.

1998 Sword-grass brown butterfly project. Victorian Nat. 115: 142-145.

BRABY, M.F.

1998 Notes on the biology of some Hesperiidae and Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera) in south-eastern Australia. Victorian Nat. 115: 4-

BRABY, M.F., ATKINS, A.F., DUNN, K.L., WOODGER, T.A. and QUICK, W.N.B.

1997 A provisional list of common names for Australian butterflies. Aust. J. Ent. 36: 197-212.

BRAILOVSKY, H.

1997 First record of the tribe Hydarini in Australia with the description of a new species of Hydarella Bergroth (Hemiptera:

Coreidae). Aust. J. Ent. 36: 225-228.

BRAILOVSKY, H. and MONTEITH, G.B.

1998 A new genus of Amorbini (Heteroptera: Coreidae) from Australia, with two new species. Mem. Qd Mus. 42: 379-385.

BROWN, G.R.

1998 The "scolioid" aculeate Hymenoptera (Mutillidae, Scoliidac and Tiphiidae) of Musselbrook Reserve. Pp. 47-57 in

Comben, L., Long, S. and Berg, K. (cds.), Musselbrook Reserve Scientific Study Report. Royal Geographical Society of

Queensland: Brisbane.

BROWN, G.R. and THEISCHINGER, G.

1998 Huonia melvillensis spec. nov., a new dragonfly from Australia (Anisoptera: Libellulidae). Odonatologica 27: 99-103.

CHISHTI, M.J.K. and QUICKE, D.L.J.

1994 Revision of the Indo-Australian parasitic wasp genus Macrobracon with the description of two new species (Hymenoptera:

Braconidae). Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 111: 265-296.

1996 A revision of the Indo-Australian species of Stenobracon (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitoids of lepidopterous stem

borers of graminaceous crops. Bull. ent. Res. 86: 227-245.

COLLESS, D.H.

1998 Morphometrics in the genus Amenia and revisionary notes on the Australian Ameniinae (Diptera: Calliphoridae), with the

description of eight new species. Rec. Aust. Mus. 50: 85-123.

CRANSTON, P.S.

1997 Revision of Australian Rheotanytarsus Thienemann & Bause (Diptera: Chironomidae), with emphasis on immature stages.

Invert. Taxon. 11: 705-734.

1998 The Chironomidae (Diptera) of the Musselbrook region. Pp. 59-66 in Comben, L., Long, S. and Berg, K. (eds.),

Musselbrook Reserve Scientific Study Report. Royal Geographical Society of Queensland: Brisbane.

1998 The Australian species of Neozavrelia Goctghebuer (Diptera: Chironomidae: Tanytarsini). Aust. J. Ent. 37: 107-112.

CRANSTON, P.S. and HARDWICK, R.A.

1996 The immature stages and phylogeny of /mparipecten Freeman, an Australian endemic genus of wood-mining chironomid

(Diptera). Aquatic Ins. 18: 193-207.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (4): 103-106 103

A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF FLIGHTLESS

CARABIDAE (COLEOPTERA) FROM FIJI

B.P. MOORE

CSIRO Division of Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601

Abstract

Vitagonum apterum gen. et sp. nov. is described from the island of Viti Levu, Fiji and is

considered to represent a flightless relict of an ancient carabid fauna, now largely displaced by

more modern, winged elements or their recent derivatives.

Introduction

During the compilation of a checklist of the carabid beetles known from the

Fijian archipelago, which currently stands at 65 species (Moore, unpublished),

it has become apparent that lightly built, fully winged and highly mobile

species are dominant, indicating a predominantly recent fauna. However, one

heavily sclerotised, flightless species, apparently confined to the main island

of Viti Levu, is an obvious exception and is believed to represent a relict of an

ancient fauna. This species, which is placed in the tribe Platynini and which

shows some relationships with other Pacific island relicts of the tribe, is

described below.

Vitagonum gen. nov.

(Figs 1-5)

Type species: Vitagonum apterum sp. nov.

A flightless genus of Platynini, with the following character states.

Head with one supraorbital seta beside each eye; palpi slender, glabrous;

mentum (Fig. 2) broadly toothed and with 2 deep paramedian pits; antennae

long, with 3 basal segments glabrous. Pronotum without marginal setae;

prosternal process between coxae not very prominent but narrowly compressed

and carinate, asetose. Elytra soldered along suture, with apices spinose; no

discal pores; metepisterna elongate; hindwings reduced to a costal vein; legs

long; tarsi slender, with the fourth segment weakly emarginate, scarcely

bilobed; claws simple; protibiae with a well developed cleaning organ; male

anterior tarsi scarcely dilatate, but 3 basal segments biseriately squamose

beneath. Aedeagus (Fig. 3) slender, well sclerotised; parameres conchoid, the

left reduced; female stylomeres (Figs 4-5) short, stylomere-1 with a few fine

setae, stylomere-2 with one stout spine on latero-basal surface (= ventral

enciform seta).

The correct tribal placement of this new genus is not entirely clear, although

most of its character states are in accord with those of the Platynini

(= Agonini). Such states include the loss of supraorbital and pronotal

marginal setae [which are frequent in flightless platynine stocks, notably in

New Guinea (Darlington 1952)], the spinose elytral apices, the small,

conchoid parameres and the presence of setae on stylomere-1 of the female

104 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (4)

genitalia. However, the rather heavy build and, in particular, the compressed

and carinate prosternal process, are more suggestive of the Sphodrini.

Valentine (1987) commented on the intermediate position of certain

'agonosphodrines', including his new genus Bryanites, with two species in

Samoa, and he placed this genus, along with Prosphodrus Britton (1959) of

New Zealand and Mexisphodrus Barr (1965) of Mexico, in his new tribe

Prosphodrini, defined by the presence of a keeled prosternal process, in

combination with conchoid parameres. However, and although he was

unaware of Bryanites, Casale (1988), in his general revision of part of the

Sphodrini, excluded Prosphodrus and Mexisphodrus from this tribe and

confidently placed them in the Platynini, on the basis of their male and female

genitalic characters. Meanwhile, Barr (1981) had also transferred his

Mexisphodrus from the Sphodrini to the Platynini.

I have not had an opportunity to study material of any of the genera included

in Valentine's 'Prosphodrini', but it is clear from published figures that they

include very generalised carabids that, apart from loss of wings, show little of

the secondary adaptation apparent in Vitagonum. Moreover, since the validity

of the Prosphodrini is perhaps still open to question, I prefer to retain

Vitagonum as a platynine genus. However, in view of these uncertainties and

the currently poorly understood internal relationships of the Platynini, it is

scarcely possible to indicate a precise position for the new genus within this

tribe.

Fig. 1. Vitagonum apterum gen. et sp. nov., paratype male; natural length = 15 mm.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (4) 105

Vitagonum apterum sp. nov.

(Figs 1- 5)

Types. Holotype CZ, FIJI, VITI LEVU: Nadarivatu, 1000 m, under log,

17.1x.1938, Y. Kondo (Bernice P. Bishop Museum [BPBM], Honolulu).

Paratypes: 9 G, 5 9, same data as holotype (BPBM; B. P. Moore Collection

(CM), Canberra); 10 Ø, 8 9, Nadarivatu, Yoo Microwave Station, 1100 m,

16-23.vii1.1978, S. & J. Peck (S. & J. Peck Collection, Ottawa; CM); one

C, Nadarivatu, 25.ix.1950, B. A. O'Connor (Department of Agriculture

Collection, Koronivia Research Station, Suva).

Description. Elongate, slender; largely dull black but femora, tarsi and

antennomeres 2-11 piceous. Head elongate; neck pronounced; mandibles

moderately long, acutely pointed; eyes moderately large and prominent; genae

oblique; labrum transverse, 6-setose; tooth of mentum slightly bifid; frontal

furrows broad, shallow,subparallel; antennae slender, reaching hind third of

elytra in repose;. Pronotum fusiform, margined at sides, coarsely rugose in

basal half; anterior angles closely applied to head; posterior angles rounded,

not prominent. Elytra elongate-oval, fully striate; striae lightly crenulate;

apices shortly dehiscent, bispinose. Abdomen smooth, segments 3-6 with

2 prominent setae about midline in male, terminal segment 4-setose in

female; onychium sparsely setose beneath; median lobe of aedagus

prominently recurved at apex (Fig. 3); no distinct armature in the internal sac.

Length 13.5-14.5 mm; max. width 4.4-4.7 mm.

Figs 2-5. Vitagonum apterum gen. et sp. nov. (2), mentum and ligula; (3),

aedeagus, (a), left lateral, with parameres detached, (b), dorsal; (4), female genitalia,

ventral; (5), female right stylus, ventral, enlarged. Scale lines = 0.5 mm.

106 Australian Entomologist, 1998. 25 (4)

Comments. The type locality of Nadarivatu lies 15 km south of the central

north coast of Viti Levu. Two specimens from 70 km south of Nadarivatu

and 10 km north of the south coast (1 C, 1 Q, not types, 10 km north of

Galoa, 29.viii-1.ix. 1978, S. & J. Peck, col. Peck), are a little smaller (length

12 mm) than those of the type series and of less slender build. The pronotum,

in these specimens, is of a more lozenge-like shape (i.e. without the lateral

sinuations of the type form), the elytra are more ovoid (especially in the

female) and are more markedly punctato-striate, and the legs and antennae are

shorter. The aedeagus of the male is even more slender than that of the

holotype but otherwise of similar form.

These differences, even if sustained in larger series, can scarcely indicate

anything more than local variation within a single species. However, in view

of this evident variation, a single female from Colo North, Mt Victoria,

10.1x.1938, Y. Kondo (BPBM) has been excluded from the type series.

Although it was evidently collected close to the type locality, it cannot be

separated, morphologically, from the nomino-typical form.

Acknowledgments

I am indebted to Dr S.B. Peck (Carlton University, Ottawa), Dr

G.A. Samuelson (BPBM) and Mr S.R. Singh (Department of Agriculture,

Koronivia, Suva) for the loan and gift of type material.

. References

BARR, T.C., Jr. 1965. A new cavernicolous sphodrine from Veracruz, Mexico. Coleopterists

Bulletin 19: 65-72.

BARR, T.C., Jr. 1981. The cavernicolous anchomenine beetles of Mexico. Association for

Mexican Cave Studies Bulletin 8: 161-192.

BRITTON, E.B. 1959. Carabidae (Coleoptera) from New Zealand caves. Proceedings of the

Royal Entomological Society of London 28: 103-106.

CASALE, A. 1988. Revisione degli Sphodrina (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Sphodrini). Museo

regionale di Scienze Naturali di Torino, Monographie V, pp 1024.

DARLINGTON, P.J., Jr. 1952. The carabid beetles of New Guinea. Part 2. Bulletin of the

Museum of comparative Zoology, Harvard College 107(3): 89-252, 4pls.

VALENTINE, J.M. 1987. Some ancient and zoogeographically significant carabid beetles

from the South Pacific (Coleoptera: Carabidae), with descriptions of new taxa. Bishop Museum

Occasional Papers 27: 73-89.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (4): 107-112 107

THE BUTTERFLIES (LEPIDOPTERA) OF EAST AND WEST

WALLABI ISLANDS, WESTERN AUSTRALIA

Andrew A.E. Williams! and Robert J. Powell?

' Department of Conservation and Land Management, W.A. Wildlife Research Centre

PO Box 51, Wanneroo, WA 6065

*54 Bournemouth Crescent, Wembley Downs, WA 6019

Abstract

Nine species of butterfly are recorded from East and West Wallabi Islands in the Houtman

Abrolhos, Western Australia. Seven of these, Trapezites argenteoornatus insula (Waterhouse),

Belenois java teutonia (Fabricius), Danaus chrysippus petilia (Stoll), Vanessa itea (Fabricius),

Junonia villida calybe (Godart), Theclinesthes serpentata serpentata (Herrich-Scháffer) and

Zizina labradus labradus (Godart), are recorded from West Wallabi I. Five species,

T. a. insula, D. c. petilia, Vanessa kershawi (McCoy), T. s. serpentata and Neolucia agricola

occidens Waterhouse & Lyell, are recorded from East Wallabi I. Their status on the islands is

discussed.

Introduction

The islands of the Houtman Abrolhos are located between 60 and 80 km off

the mid-west coast of Western Australia, west of Geraldton. They are

divided into four distinct groups: the isolated North Island; the Wallabi

group; the Easter group; and the Pelsaert group. In October 1997 we visited

the two largest islands in the archipelago, West Wallabi I. (28?27'S,

113?42'E) and East Wallabi I. (28?26'S, 113?44'E), to survey the lepidopteran

fauna. Prior to our visit the only butterfly recorded from the islands was the

Silver-spotted Skipper, Trapezites argenteoornatus insula (Waterhouse)

(Common and Waterhouse 1981, Dunn and Dunn 1991).

East Wallabi I. lies little more than a kilometre to the north-east of West

Wallabi I. Both islands are low and flat, their highest points being 15 m.

They are physiographically very similar in that both have large areas of

exposed pavement limestone, as well as consolidated and unconsolidated

dunes. West Wallabi alone though has extensive areas of shell grit and

guano-rich soils where shearwaters nest. The saltbush Atriplex paludosa

(Chenopodiaceae) is dominant in these areas (Storr 1965). There are no

shearwater colonies on East Wallabi, where the beds of shell grit are much

less extensive. Although East Wallabi (330 ha) is smaller than West Wallabi

(619 ha), its vegetation is more diverse; Storr (1965) has pointed out that this

can only be due to the presence of guano on West Wallabi I. The mean

average rainfall for the Abrolhos is about 300 to 400 mm, most of it falling

from May to September (Storr et al. 1986).

Methods

Both West and East Wallabi Is were surveyed over a three-day period from

5-7 October 1997. Throughout this time the weather was warm and sunny,

with only light patchy cloud. Winds were at first north-easterly, later turning

south-westerly. Prior to our arrival, strong off-shore easterlies had

predominated. ;

108 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (4)

Extensive searches were conducted across both islands and each of the major

habitat types was carefully explored. Hilltops and dune ridges were checked

for hill-topping butterflies. Known butterfly foodplants were examined for

signs of larval activity. Botanical nomenclature follows Green (1985).

Results

The results of our survey are summarised in Table 1. Voucher specimens are

lodged in the Insect Collection of the Department of Conservation and Land

Management, Perth WA.

Table 1. Butterflies recorded from West Wallabi and East Wallabi Islands.

FAMILY SPECIES WEST EAST

WALLABI WALLABI

Hesperiidae Trapezites argenteoornatus insula o* .

Pieridae Belenois java teutonia o*

Nymphalidae Danaus chrysippus petilia e* Gi

Vanessa kershawi Oe

V. itea o* Y

Junonia villida calybe o*

Lycaenidae Neolucia agricola occidens e*

Theclinesthes s. serpentata o* o>

Zizina l. labradus o*

TOTALS 9 7 5

Note:- * = new record; ° = signs of larvae, but no adults or larvae seen.

Records for West Wallabi Island

HESPERIIDAE

Trapezites argenteoornatus insula (Waterhouse).

Although widespread, this species was generally uncommon on the island.

Six specimens were collected, all in the vicinity of the foodplant

Acanthocarpus preissii (Dasypogonaceae), growing on the limestone

pavement. Three hatched pupal cases were located in typical shelters on the

foodplant.

PIERIDAE

Belenois java teutonia (Fabricius)

This species was observed (but not collected) on a number of occasions.

Individuals were most often seen flying across the island or circling around

prominent Pittosporum phylliraeoides and Myoporum insulare shrubs.

NYMPHALIDAE

Danaus chrysippus petilia (Stoll)

D. c. petilia was uncommon, with individuals seen on only four occasions.

One specimen was taken on top of the highest consolidated dune, at Eagle

Point, near the south-western corner of the island.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (4) 109

Vanessa itea (Fabricius)

No adults were encountered. However, numerous larval shelters on nettles

(Urtica urens: Urticaceae) growing in sheltered sites under large Pittosporum

phylliraeoides shrubs indicated recent activity. Two mid-stage larvae were

collected and reared to adults. Another foodplant, the annual Parietaria

debilis (Urticaceae) (Powell 1993), is recorded from this and other islands in

the Abrolhos. We could find only a few poorly developed plants, on the

limestone pavement; these did not show any signs of use by V. itea larvae.

Junonia villida calybe (Godart).

This species appeared to be very uncommon on the island, with only one

specimen seen, on flat limestone pavement on the eastern side of the island.

It was not collected.

LYCAENIDAE

Theclinesthes serpentata serpentata (Herrich-Scháffer)

This species was particularly common in low-lying Atriplex paludosa

saltbush areas in the northern part of the island, east of Pelican Point.

Zizina labradus labradus (Godart)

Two specimens were obtained, both flying behind the unconsolidated beach

dunes at Pelican Point on the western side of the island.

Records for East Wallabi Island

HESPERIIDAE

Trapezites argenteoornatus insula (Waterhouse).

This skipper was very common on the peninsula, particularly on the northern

shoreline opposite Turtle Bay, where the foodplant Acanthocarpus preissii

was abundant. Individuals were observed feeding at the flowers of Scaevola

crassifolia (Goodeniaceae) and Westringia dampieri (Lamiaceae).

NYMPHALIDAE

Danaus chrysippus petilia (Stoll)

No specimens were obtained, but one butterfly was seen flying over dense

low heathland near the centre of the island.

Vanessa kershawi (McCoy)

Only one individual was encountered, captured feeding on the flowers of

Scaevola crassifolia on the peninsula near Fish Point.

Vanessa itea (Fabricius)

No adults or larvae were seen. However, some nettles (Urtica urens) near

Fish Point were stripped of some of their leaves, suggesting the presence of

larvae. The other foodplant, Parietaria debilis, is also recorded from this

island (Storr 1965) but no specimens were found.

110 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (4)

LYCAENIDAE

Theclinesthes serpentata serpentata (Herrich-Schaffer).

T. s. serpentata was fairly common on the southern side of the island,

particularly near the airstrip.

Neolucia agricola occidens Waterhouse and Lyell.

This species was found mainly near Eagle Hill, on the south-eastern side of

the island. Adults congregated around small and very compact Bossiaea

spinescens (Papilionaceae) shrubs (previously Bossiaea rufa var. foliosa;

Storr 1965). These shrubs were most numerous along the narrow ecotone

between the consolidated dunes and the pavement limestone.

Discussion

The breeding of two species on the islands was confirmed by the finding of

hatched pupal cases of T. a. insula and larvae of V. itea. The breeding of a

further two species is strongly implied. On West Wallabi I., T. s. serpentata

congregated around a likely foodplant, Atriplex paludosa. On East Wallabi

I, N. a. occidens was habitually seen around Bossiaea spinescens shrubs. In

Queensland larvae of N. a. agricola feed on Bossiaea carinalis (Common

and Waterhouse 1981) and Bossiaea rhombifolia (Monteith and Yeates

1988).

No evidence of breeding was observed for any of the remaining species.

However, there is a strong possibility that B. j. teutonia may do so, since one

of its known foodplants, Capparis spinosa (Capparaceae) (Common and

Waterhouse 1981), occurs on East and West Wallabi Is (Storr 1965). Even

though J. v. calybe was observed only once, Plantago varia (Plantaginaceae)

is a likely foodplant on the islands. For D. c. petilia and V. kershawi the

position is more doubtful. No known foodplant of these species occurs on

either of the Wallabi islands but plant species belonging to the foodplant

families of both do occur.

The final species, Z. I. labradus, is of particular interest. On West Wallabi I.,

where we collected it, no native plant species in either of its known foodplant

families, Fabaceae and Mimosaceae, is recorded. Collected specimens may

have travelled from nearby East Wallabi L, where plant species in both the

Fabaceae and the Mimosaceae occur.

An ability to travel between the Abrolhos Islands and the mainland will allow

the presence on the islands of species that cannot maintain permanent

populations there. Mobile butterfly species are able to cross stretches of

ocean of much greater extent than the 60-80 km between the Abrolhos

Islands and the mainland (Gibbs 1980). Of the nine Species we recorded on

the Abrolhos, five are known to be highly mobile. B. j. teutonia,

V. kershawi, V. itea and J. v. calybe are migratory (Common and Waterhouse

1981). D. c. petilia, although less known as a migratory species, clearly has

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (4) 111

the ability to travel long distances. Common and Waterhouse (1981) note

that it has been taken in Tasmania, where it is not established. Bruce Ayling

(pers. comm.) has reported seeing D. c. petilia on the Abrolhos on occasions

after periods of easterly winds. Easterly winds had been blowing prior to our

arrival on the islands and might have accounted for our recording this and

other mobile species.

We surmise that T. a. insula, N. a. occidens and T. s. serpentata are

permanent residents on the Abrolhos, where they breed and maintain stable

populations, whereas the occurrence of B. j. teutonia, D. c. petilia,

V. kershawi, V. itea and J. v. calybe is probably dependent on at least some

degree of transit from the mainland. Even though V. itea breeds on the

Abrolhos, it is unlikely to persist there in summer and autumn, when its

annual foodplants are not available. Here, as on the adjacent mainland, its

occurrence probably depends on migration from other regions of Australia.

Some summer breeding on the nearby mainland may be possible in a few

places where introduced perenial plants in the Urticaceae are established (see

Powell 1997). More observations of Z. l. labradus would be needed in order

to suggest what its status on the Abrolhos might be.

Nearly all the species recorded here also occur on other islands off the west

coast of Western Australia. We have found B. j. teutonia on South Muiron I.,

17 km north-east of North-West Cape (Williams et al. 1996). It is also

known from Bernier I. (Dunn and Dunn 1991) and Dorre I. (Williams et al.

1998). T. a. argenteoornatus, D. c. petilia, V. kershawi, V. itea, J. v. calybe,

T. s. serpentata and Z. l. labradus are recorded from one or more of Garden,

Rottnest, Bernier and Dorre Is (Williams 1997, Williams et al. 1998). Only

N. a. occidens has not previously been recorded from any other west-coast

island.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Richard Sellers and Randall Owens of Fisheries Western

Australia and Rod Dransfield of the Geraldton Fishermen's Association, who

helped us arrange our trip to the Abrolhos Is. Our grateful thanks also to

Bruce and Linda Ayling, who provided accommodation and hospitality on

West Wallabi I. Greg Keighery of the Western Australian Department of

Conservation and Land Management identified Bossiaea spinescens

specimens from East Wallabi I. Graeme Abbott of the Western Australian

Department of Land Administration provided area data for East and West

Wallabi Is.

References

COMMON, LF.B. and WATERHOUSE, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Angus and

Robertson, Sydney; pp xiv + 682.

DUNN, K.L. and DUNN, L.E. 1991. Review of Australian butterflies: distribution, life history

and taxonomy. Privately published, Melbourne; pp 1-660.

112 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (4)

GIBBS, G.W. 1980. New Zealand butterflies: Identification and natural history. Collins,

Auckland; 207 pp..

GREEN, J.W. 1985. Census of the vascular plants of Western Australia. Western Australian

Herbarium, Department of Agriculture, Perth; pp 1-312.

MONTEITH, G.B. and YEATES, D.K. 1988. The butterflies of Mount Moffatt and Carnarvon

National Parks. Queensland Naturalist 28: 14-22.

POWELL, R.J. 1993. The use of two species of Parietaria (Urticaceae) as foodplants by the

butterfly Vanessa itea (Fabricius) in south-western Australia. Australian Entomologist 20: 57-

58.

POWELL, R.J. 1997. Garden observations on the Australian Admiral Butterfly. Victorian

Entomologist 27: 88-99.

STORR, G.M. 1965. The physiography, vegetation and vertebrate fauna of the Wallabi group,

Houtman Abrolhos. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 48: 1-14.

STORR, G.M., JOHNSTONE, R.E. and GRIFFIN, P. 1986. Birds of the Houtman Abrolhos,

Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 24: 1-42.

WILLIAMS, A.A.E., WILLIAMS, M.R., TOMLINSON, A.G. and LUNDSTROM, T.D. 1996.

Records of butterflies from the central desert region and semi-arid areas of Western Australia.

Victorian Entomologist 26: 29-34.

WILLIAMS, A.A.E. 1997. The butterflies (Lepidoptera) of Garden and Rottnest islands,

Western Australia. Australian Entomologist 24: 27-34.

WILLIAMS, A.A.E., SCANLON, M.D. and HIMBECK, K.J. 1998. New records of butterflies

(Lepidoptera) from Dorre Island, Western Australia. Victorian Entomologist 28: 55-58.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (4): 113-120 113

THYSANOPTERA FROM LORD HOWE ISLAND

Laurence A. Mound

CSIRO Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601

Abstract

Only one species of thrips was previously recorded from Lord Howe Island, but notes on a

further 33 species in 26 genera are given here. Most are introduced, either tropical tramps or

from mainland Australia, but a few are endemics with some indication of faunal relationships

with New Zealand and New Caledonia.

Introduction

Lord Howe Island (LHI) lies off the Pacific coast of Australia, about 700 km

north-east of Sydney. Shaped like an irregular crescent, it is scarcely 11 km

long with a maximum width of 2.8 km. Despite its small size, it is

topographically diverse with two large mountains at one end, Mt Lidgbird

(770 m) and Mt Gower (880 m), and a series of lower hills at the other

(Hutton 1986). Although it lies well outside the tropics, it supports the

southernmost coral reef in the world and a diverse terrestrial flora of more

than 450 vascular plant species. Of these plants, at least 250 are recently

introduced and a little over 100 are endemics (Green 1994). There is no

evidence of human occupation before the visit in 1788 of HMS Supply from

the First Fleet, on its way from Sydney to Norfolk Island, but the island now

supports a population of about 300 people together with a similar number of

tourist visitors. Politically it is part of New South Wales, although it is

protected as a World Heritage area and much of the land surface remains

covered by natural forest.

The flora and vertebrate fauna of LHI are both well documented, but the

invertebrate fauna remains poorly studied. A few insect species are evidently

endemic, such as three species of peloridiid Hemiptera, but Smithers, in

Recher and Ponder (1981), indicated that there is no consolidated list of the

insects recorded from LHI and stated that preparation of such a list would be

a “progressive step”. The only record of Thysanoptera from the Island is the

description of Bolothrips australiensis Moulton, referred to below under

Idolothripinae, although there have been unconfirmed verbal reports of thrips

damage to Howea palms in the nursery that is the main source of these

domestic palms. The objective of this report is to detail the 33 species in 25

genera of Thysanoptera, representing three families, that were taken during a

6-day holiday on LHI in late November 1996. All of the material is slide-

mounted and available at the Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra.

Full nomenclatural data on the taxa listed here are available in Mound (1996)

and Mound and Walker (1986).

Aeolothripidae

The 36 species and 12 genera of this family known from Australia have been

revised recently by Mound and Marullo (1998).

114 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (4)

Desmothrips reedi Mound. Described originally from New South Wales; this

species is widespread in southern Australia between Sydney and Perth. A

large population, including both sexes and larvae, was found on LHI, living

at the base of the dense stand of kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) that

extends along the foreshore facing Lagoon Beach beneath Mt Gower. This

thrips was associated with large numbers of a mite of the genus Eupodes

(family Eupodidae, order Prostigmata: det. Anne Baker) on which it

presumably was feeding. The thrips is a strongly bicoloured ant-mimic, with

the first abdominal tergite bearing numerous transverse sculptured striae and

with most individuals wingless.

Thripidae

The two subfamilies recognised in this family are both represented on LHI.

Most of the thripid taxa listed here are also recorded from Australia and may

be identified with the keys in Mound and Gillespie (1997).

Panchaetothripinae

Helionothrips spinosus Wilson. Described from New South Wales, where it

can be quite common near the coast, this large dark species was found near

Settlement Beach and at Soldier’s Creek. It breeds on leaves of the

scrambling vine Smilax australis (Smilacaceae). The males have a tapering

abdomen with a pair of very stout spines dorsally near the apex that are

probably used in some form of competitive behaviour.

Heliothrips haemorroidalis (Bouché). This, the greenhouse thrips, is known

worldwide as a pest on many different plants. On LHI it was found causing

damage to leaves of Howea palms that were in poor health. It is a highly

distinctive species, with a brown body and yellow legs when mature and with

the body surface strongly reticulate.

Hercinothrips bicinctus (Bagnall). Widespread around the world as a minor

pest of bananas and frequently common in eastern Australia, this species was

taken at Soldier’s Creek on leaves of the native plants Marsdenia rostrata

(Asclepiadaceae) and Alyxia ruscifolia (Apocynaceae). The body surface is

strongly reticulate but the forewings are bicoloured, brown and white.

Thripinae

Anaphothrips obscurus (Miiller). This worldwide pest of wheat and other

cereal crops was found in low numbers on kikuyu grass along the foreshore.

The male remains unknown but females are either macropterous or

micropterous, with the body yellow, and are unusual in having an oblique

suture across the sixth antennal segment, giving the antenna the appearance

of being 9-segmented.

Anaphothrips sudanensis Trybom. Another worldwide pest of cereal and

Sugar cane crops, both sexes of this species are strongly bicoloured. It was

found on LHI along the foreshore on kikuyu grass.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (4) 115

Aptinothrips rufus Haliday. Found on grasses in temperate areas throughout

the world, this wingless species with the terminal (sixth) antennal segment

greatly enlarged was found on pasture grasses near Settlement Beach.

Bolacothrips pulcher (Girault). This genus of about 10 grass-living species

of thrips is found throughout the Old World tropics and sub-tropics. On LHI,

males and females of the Australian species, B. pulcher, were found on

kikuyu grass at Settlement Beach and at Old Gulch. Both sexes are yellow

with the apex of the abdomen dark brown and the forewings banded.

Samples from Darwin, from north-east Queensland and from Canberra show

slight differences in the colour of the antennae and the front of the head.

Despite this, they are all considered here to represent a single species.

Dendrothrips sp. Although this genus is widespread across the Old World, in

the Australasian region there is a single described species, from New

Caledonia, with a second but undescribed species widespread in eastern

Australia. ` A third species was found on LHI, apparently associated with

leaves of Smilax australis.

Ensiferothrips sp. Only one species is described in this genus, from New

Caledonia and eastern Australia. A second species was found on LHI in

association with leaves of Smilax australis.

Hydatothrips sp. One specimen representing this genus was take on LHI.

The genus is represented in Australia by several species, all of which are

currently poorly defined, being known only from fragmentary material.

Pseudanaphothrips achaetus Bagnall. Known throughout Australia and also

from New Zealand, this polyphagous flower-living thrips was found on LHI

only in the flowers of a small population of Sesuvium portulacastrum

(Aizoaceae) at Ned’s Beach.

Pseudodendrothrips sp. Only one named species of this genus is recorded

from Australia, although at least two further species have been collected and

are in the ANIC at Canberra. A further species, with strongly banded

forewings, was taken on LHI, from leaves of Alyxia ruscifolia and Smilax

australis. Relationships between the tiny thrips in this genus and also

Ensiferothrips and Dendrothrips, all of which are presumed to be associated

with the leaves of forest trees and are thus rarely collected, are the subject of

continuing study.

Scirtothrips albomaculatus Bianchi. Like other Scirtothrips, this species

breeds on young terminal leaves but the available records suggest that

S. albomaculatus is opportunistic in its host plant and habitat associations.

Based originally on a single female from New Caledonia, it has been taken at

various localities in eastern Australia, including Mundubbera (Qld) on citrus,

Brisbane (Qld) and Wiseman’s Ferry (NSW) on mangrove leaves, and at the

edge of the Simpson Desert (SA) on Acacia cambagei phyllodes. The

116 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (4)

species is well established on LHI, where it was found in large numbers. at

several sites on leaves of Dodonaea viscosa (Sapindaceae).

Thrips imaginis Bagnall. The plague thrips of Australia was found only in

low numbers on LHI but it was collected from the flowers of several plants,

including Lagunaria pattersoni (Malvaceae), Olea europea (Oleaceae) and

Melaleuca sp. (Myrtaceae).

Thrips tabaci Lindemann. Only a few specimens of this worldwide pest

species were taken, all from flowers of cultivated Agapanthus (Liliaceae).

Phlaeothripidae ;

Two subfamilies are recognised in this family and representatives of both of

these were found on LHI.

Idolothripinae

All species in this subfamily feed by ingesting whole fungal spores and they

live in leaf litter, at the bases of grass tussocks, or on dead branches and dead

leaves. Bolothrips australiensis Moulton was actually described from LHI,

based on a single micropterous female. However, in providing keys to the 77

species in 24 genera of Idolothripinae known from Australia, Mound (1974)

placed B. australiensis as a synonym of the common tropical tramp thrips,

Nesothrips lativentris (Karny), a species that can be found on dead branches

in coastal Queensland.

Carientothrips semirufus (Girault). Described originally from Melton, now a

western suburb of Melbourne, and subsequently recorded from several sites

in south-eastern New South Wales, this apterous species lives at the base of

tussocks of grasses. It is strongly bicoloured, with the abdomen dark and the

head and thorax yellow, but has the head considerably longer than wide, in

contrast to N. propinquus (see below) which is found in similar habitats.

Five specimens were taken on LHI, at the base of grasses along the path of

Smoking Tree Ridge. These differ from the typical form of the species from

south-eastern Australia in having the major setae on the ninth tergite finely

acute and as long as the abdominal tube, instead of shorter than the tube and

with capitate apices. Specimens identical with the LHI form have also been

taken from grasses at Cape Tribulation, north of Cairns (Qld). This material

represents either a further undescribed species or, judging from other

material from further south in Queensland, a northern form in a cline along

the eastern coast of Australia.

Nesothrips propinquus (Bagnall). This species is widespread along the old

sailing ship route between New Zealand, Australia and Europe, presumably

having been distributed in dry grass and hay. It lives at the base of tussocks

of grass and is particularly varied in colour and structure in New Zealand,

where it is considered to have originated (Mound and Walker 1986). Most of

the specimens taken on LHI (all apterae) were of the “typical form”, with the

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (4) 117

abdomen black but the head, basal antennal segments, thorax, and legs

yellow, although some individuals had the anterior part of the body

brownish. Abdominal tergites II and III are foreshortened and the sternites of

these segments lengthened; this is presumably related to the habit of the

adults of holding the abdomen over the head when disturbed. This behaviour

has the startling and confusing result of suddenly transmuting these elongate

thrips into spherical ‘mites’.

Phlaeothripinae

Members of this large subfamily have a wide range of biologies including

leaf- and flower-feeding, but about half of the species feed only on fungal

hyphae. No single set of identification keys is available to the 200 species

and 75 genera currently recorded from Australia, although Mound (1996)

lists references to several groups within this subfamily.

Baenothrips moundi (Stannard). This wingless, fungus-feeding species with

the tenth abdominal segment exceptionally elongate is widespread in

Australia and New Zealand and lives at the base of grass tussocks. Females

were taken on LHI at various sites, usually in association with kikuyu grass.

Baenothrips sp. Two wingless females taken from dead twigs at Soldier’s

Creek apparently represent an undescribed species. They have the dorsal pair

of anal setae on the tube about one fifth as long as the other two pairs of anal

setae, whereas these dorsal setae are about half as long as the other pairs in

B. moundi, and effectively absent in the only other known Australian

member of this genus, B. caenosus (Stannard). The metepimeral setae are

minute as in B. caenosus but the anterolateral setae on the head are elongate.

Deplorothrips spp. 'This genus was erected for a single New Zealand species,

D. bassus, which exhibits remarkable variation in structure between

populations (Mound and Walker 1986). Subsequently, Okajima (1989)

described six further species from several south-east Asian countries. On

LHI, a series of wingless individuals, representing both sexes of one species,

was taken from dead twigs and branches at Soldier's Creek. This species is

closely similar to D. bassus but the pronotal posteroangular pair of setae have

capitate, not pointed, apices. A solitary wingless male of a second species of

this genus was taken along with the first species, but this has the hind tibiae

and also the third antennal segment brown, not yellow.

Haplothrips angustus Hood. Widespread in Australia on grasses and sedges,

females and males were taken together with larvae on a species of Scirpus

growing along the margins of the lower reaches of Soldier's Creek.

Haplothrips sp. An unusual micropterous member of this genus, with the

wings smaller than the width of the mesothoracic spiracular area and the

ocelli not developed, was found commonly on leaves of various shrubs. The

males have the fore legs and pronotum more strongly developed than the

females, with a large fore tarsal tooth, suggesting that there is some form of

118 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (4)

competition involved in the breeding behaviour. Haplothrips includes about

250 species worldwide, all of which are fully winged. This species is

presumably undescribed and is a likely candidate as an endemic LHI species

but requires considerable further study.

Hoplandrothrips sp. More than 80 species are currently listed in this genus

worldwide, most of which feed on fungal hyphae on dead wood and often

exhibit considerable sexual dimorphism. A macropterous male and female

taken from the branches of a dead fallen tree at Lagoon Beach on LHI cannot

at present be identified to species, although certainly they do not represent

any species currently known from Australia. The female has enlarged,

asymmetric, almost feather-like setae laterally on the tergites, although these

are not so strongly developed in the male.

Hoplothrips orientalis (Ananthakrishnan). Described originally from

southern India, this species has been recorded from several sites in New

Zealand (Mound and Walker 1986). One series that included larvae together

with micropterous adults of both sexes and one macropterous male was taken

from old dead branches at Soldier’s Creek on LHI. These specimens have

dark antennal segments similar to those of the New Zealand samples, but in

contrast to the specimens reported from that country the only major male

found did not have a tubercle ventrally on the head.

Karnyothrips melaleucus (Bagnall). Apparently a predator of scale insects,

this species has been found in many places throughout the tropics including

the coast of Queensland. A single female was taken from kikuyu grass near

Settlement Beach.

Karnyothrips sp. Three macropterous females of a haplothripine species with

bright yellow hind tibiae were taken each at a different site on LHI. This

species has a very small fore tarsal tooth but it remains unidentified, although

it is probably referrable to the genus Karnyothrips.

Macrophthalmothrips argus (Karny). Described originally from Queensland,

and subsequently described under three different names from Queensland,

Hawaii and Tanzania, one female and three males together with larvae were

taken on LHI from the dead branches of a fallen tree just behind Lagoon

Beach. The species is a member of the fungal hyphae feeding cohort of

thrips taxa that can be found commonly on dead twigs and branches

particularly in tropical countries (Mound and Marullo 1996). As in so many

other thrips species in this habitat, the males have enlarged fore legs with

stout tubercles, indicating that the breeding behaviour involves some form of

male/male competition or fighting.

Psalidothrips spp. One species of this genus was found in good numbers on

LHI, at the base of native grasses at several sites along the valley from

Soldier’s Creek to Smoking Tree Ridge. This is a member of a complex of

species found throughout Australia living in leaf litter, most of which remain

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (4) 119

unstudied and undescribed. Specimens apparently identical to the LHI

specimens have been studied both from eastern Australia and from New

Zealand. The species is closely similar in colour and structure to P. moeone

Mound & Walker from New Zealand, but has two equally large sense cones

on the third antennal segment instead of only one. A single male of a second

species of this genus was collected at the same site on LHI as the first

species. However, this is one of the members of the genus that has three

sense cones on the third antennal segment.

Stephanothrips barretti Mound. Described from a single female from near

Brisbane (Qld), one female of this species was taken on LHI in Erskine

Valley. Members of this genus are fungus feeders and are usually found in

leaf litter, at the base of grasses, or on dead twigs.

Strepterothrips tuberculatus (Girault). Widespread in eastern Australia, this

species is also known from New Zealand (Mound and Walker 1986). It is a

fungus-feeding species that lives on dead, often rather dry, twigs. Two

apterous females were taken on LHI at Soldier’s Creek.

Faunal relationships

A total of 34 Thysanoptera species, in 26 genera, is now recorded from Lord

Howe Island. Of these, almost 30% are tramp species, having been found in

many countries around the world. Species found during this visit that are

worldwide pests were Aptinothrips rufus, Anaphothrips | obscurus,

Anaphothrips sudanensis, ^ Hercinothrips bicinctus, Heliothrips

haemorroidalis and Thrips tabaci. Curiously no Frankliniella species were

taken. Similarly widespread around the world are the fungus-feeding species

Nesothrips lativentris, Macrophthalmothrips argus and Hoplothrips

orientalis, and the predatory species Karnyothrips melaleucus. This intrusion

of exotic species has implications for the Island as a nature conservation area.

In terms of trading patterns, the Island is effectively an eastern suburb of

Sydney and the resultant absence of quarantine restrictions sits

uncomfortably with its World Heritage status, because it ensures the ready

importation of foreign species. In this connection, it was noted that the scale

insect, Ceroplastes destructor, which has recently become established on

LHI, is evidently spreading through the native forests, resulting in blackened

leaves where sooty moulds are growing on the honeydew excreted by these

insects.

In contrast to many insect species, introduced thrips in mainland Australia

commonly do not invade areas of native vegetation and this pattern was

evident on LHI. Most of the tramp species listed above were not found

within the native forest but were associated with kikuyu grass or garden

plants. The contrast between the thrips found on native grasses along the

forest paths and the thrips found on kikuyu grass a few metres away outside

the forest, was striking.

120 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (4)

A second major element in the thrips fauna of LHI is the 30% of species that

are shared with mainland Australia. These include flower thrips

Pseudanaphothrips achaetus and Thrips imaginis, the leaf-feeders

Helionothrips spinosus and Scirtothrips albomaculatus, grass thrips

Bolacothrips pulcher and Haplothrips angustus, and fungus feeders

Carientothrips semirufus, Baenothrips moundi, Stephanothrips barretti and

Strepterothrips tuberculatus. A third element in the fauna suggests

relationships with New Zealand, particularly the undescribed species of

Deplorothrips and Psalidothrips. However, these could be introductions due

to human trading, as with other species that are shared between Australia,

LHI and New Zealand.

Finally, some of the unidentified species listed above are probably endemics,

particularly the leaf-feeding species of Dendrothrips, Pseudodendrothrips

and Ensiferothrips, because members of these genera usually have localised

distributions. Also, the micropterous Haplothrips species discussed above is

possibly an endemic. However, it would be unwise to describe new species

on this material without a more extensive study of their relationships,

particularly considering the inadequate sampling of the thrips fauna of the

east coast of Australia (see Mound 1996).

References

GREEN, P.S. 1994. Norfolk Island and Lord Howe Island; pp 1-26 in Flora of Australia 49,

Oceanic Islands 1.

HUTTON, I. 1986. Discovering Australia’s World Heritage. Lord Howe Island. Conservation

Press, ACT, 157 pp.

MOUND, L.A. 1996. Thysanoptera; pp 249-336, 397-414 (index) in Wells, A., Zoological

Catalogue of Australia. Volume 26. Psocoptera, Phthiraptera, Thysanoptera. CSIRO,

Melbourne.

MOUND, L.A. and GILLESPIE, P.S. 1997. Identification Guide to Thrips Associated with

Crops in Australia. NSW Agriculture, Orange, 56 pp.

MOUND, L.A. and MARULLO, R. 1998. The biology and identification of the Aeolothripidae

(Thysanoptera) in Australia. Invertebrate Taxonomy, in press.

MOUND, L.A. and WALKER, A.K. 1986. Tubulifera (Insecta: Thysanoptera). Fauna of New

Zealand 10: 1-140.

OKAJIMA, S. 1989. The genus Deplorothrips Mound et Walker (Thysanoptera,

Phlaeothripidae) from Eastern Asia, with descriptions of six new species. Japanese Journal of

Entomology 57: 241-256.

RECHER, H.F. and PONDER, W.F. (eds) 1981. Lord Howe Island. A summary of current and

projected scientific and environmental activities. The Australian Museum, Sydney, 72 pp;

unpublished report.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (4): 121-123 121

THE LIFE HISTORY OF HYPOCHRYSOPS POLYCLETUS ROVENA

DRUCE (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE)

S.J. JOHNSON! and P.R. SAMSON’

'Oonoonba Veterinary Laboratory, PO Box 1085, Townsville, Qld 4810

"Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations, PMB 57, Mackay Mail Centre, Qld 4741

Abstract

The life history of Hypochrysops polycletus rovena Druce in northern Queensland, Australia is

recorded and illustrated. The larval food plant is RAyssopterys timorensis (Blume) Juss.

(Malpighiaceae).

Introduction

Hypochrysops polycletus rovena Druce is known in Australia from northern

Cape York Peninsula to Sarina (Common and Waterhouse 1981; Sands

1986). Elsewhere H. polycletus (Linnaeus) occurs from the Moluccas

eastwards through mainland Irian Jaya and Papua New Guinea to New

Ireland and a record from Torres Strait, Queensland (Sands 1986). Apart

from an observation of females ovipositing on Rhyssopterys timorensis in

Papua New Guinea (Sands 1986), nothing has been known of the life history

of the species.

During a search of R. timorensis vines on central Cape York Peninsula for

the immature stages of Allora doleschallii (Felder) (Hesperiidae) in 1990, we

found the immature stages of H. p. rovena on many of the same plants.

Subsequently we have found the immature stages from several locations in

northern Queensland.

Life History

Food plant. Rhyssopterys timorensis (Blume) Juss. (Malpighiaceae).

Egg (Fig. 1). Blue-green; dome-shaped with very fine ridges forming

irregular, mostly 4-sided pits, raised at their intersection to knobs with blunt

roughened tips; diameter 0.6 mm.

First instar larva (Fig. 2). Pale green, white dorsally; flattened, 1 pair of

short pale and 1 pair of long black dorsal hairs on most segments; long

marginal hairs, mostly white but some black at posterior end; head pale

greenish brown; prothoracic plate pale green; anal plate grey.

Second to final instar larvae (Fig. 3). Green, becoming pale pinkish prior to

pupation, white middorsal line and obscure white oblique dorsolateral lines;

flattened at sides with white marginal hairs and dense pale and dark

secondary setae; head pale brown; prothoracic plate diamond shaped, green

with white markings; anal plate green with white markings. Newcomer's and

tentacular organs present.

122 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (4)

Figs 1-4. Hypochrysops polycletus rovena: (1) egg; (2) first instar larva, head at left;

(3) final instar larva, head at left; (4) pupa. Scale bars (1, 2) = 0.5 mm, (3, 4) = 3 mm.

Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (4) 123

Pupa (Fig. 4). Pale brown speckled with dark brown, a median dark brown

patch at front of head, dark brown patches laterally and dorsolaterally on

thorax and abdomen; attached by anal hooks and central girdle. Length

11-13 mm.

Discussion

Eggs, which are unusually small for the size of the adult, are laid singly

beneath leaves, often in scar tissue or on stems or flower buds. Early instar

larvae shelter beneath juvenile leaves and eat small patches from the

epidermis. Larger larvae often shelter on stems or leaf petioles and

commonly feed on growing tips, stems of fresh shoots and on petioles of

leaves, which causes younger leaves to wilt and die. Smaller vines are often

denuded of fresh foliage by larger larvae and remaining small larvae are

often unable to achieve full size and emerge as small adults. A larva which

had access to only mature leaves in captivity appeared to imbibe fluid from

the leaf nectaries. Pupation occurs in curled dead leaves caught within the

vine stems or at the base of the plant. In summer, the life cycle may be

completed in 5-6 weeks.

We found immature stages in most months of the year on plants that

continued to produce new growth. In vine thicket areas where R. timorensis

is a common element of the flora, most vines are deciduous during the dry

season and unable to support larvae of H. polycletus, but occasional larger

vines produce fresh foliage throughout the year and maintain a reduced

population of H. polycletus. During the wet season the vines produce

copious foliage and the population of H. polycletus expands to exploit the

available food resource. From April to June adults may be locally common

in vine thicket areas in central Cape York Peninsula.

In most areas the larvae are not attended by ants but at McCleod Creek, north

of Cooktown, larvae are attended by Camponotus sp. and on Cape York

Peninsula larvae are occasionally attended by small unidentified black ants.

Ant attendance appears to be facultative and restricted to the same few vines

in each area. We have not found the immature stages of H. polycletus on

plants infested with green tree ants Oecophylla smaragdina (Formicidae).

References

COMMON, LF.B. and WATERHOUSE, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Angus and

Robertson, Sydney; xiv + 682 pp.

SANDS, D.P.A. 1986. A revision of the Genus Hypochrysops C. & R. Felder (Lepidoptera:

Lycaenidae). Entomonograph 7: 1-116.

124 Australian Entomologist, 1998, 25 (4)

AN ACCUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF

AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGY

Compiled by G. Daniels

DANIELS, G.

1998 Orthorrhaphous Diptera from Lawn Hill National Park and Musselbrook Reserve, Queensland. Pp. 87-88 in Comben, L.,

Long, S. and Berg, K. (eds.), Musselbrook Reserve Scientific Study Report. Royal Geographical Society of Queensland:

Brisbanc.

DANIELS, G. and EDWARDS, E.D.

1998 Butterflies from Lawn Hill National Park and Musselbrook Reserve, Queensland. Pp. 89-91 jn Comben, L., Long, S. and

Berg, K. (eds.), Musselbrook Reserve Scientific Study Report. Royal Geographical Society of Queensland: Brisbane.

DISNEY, R.H.L.

1992. A new species and new records of Phoridae (Diptera) from New Zealand. G. ital. Ent. 6: 119-124

DISNEY, R.H.L. and BARTAREAU, T.

1995 A new species of Dohrniphora (Diptera: Phoridae) associated with a stingless bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Australia.

Sociobiology 26: 229-240.

DOLLIN, A.E., DOLLIN, L.J. and SAKAGAMI, S.F.

1997 Australian stingless bees of the genus Trigona (Hymenoptera: Apidac). Invert. Taxon. 11: 861-896.

DOWTON, M., AUSTIN, A.D., and ANTOLIN, M.F.

1998 Evolutionary relationships among the Braconidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea) inferred from partial 16S rDNA gene

sequences. Insect molecul. Biol. 7: 129-150.

DYCE, A.L. and WIRTH, W.W.

1997 The purus group, a newly recognised natural species-group in the genus Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), including

species from Australia, New Guinea and Sulawesi. Invert. Taxon. 11: 575-598.

EDWARDS, E.D.

1998 Moths (Lepidoptera) of the Musselbrook area. Pp. 125-134 in Comben, L., Long, S. and Berg, K. (eds.), Musselbrook

Reserve Scientific Study Report. Royal Geographical Society of Queensland: Brisbane.

EWART, A.

1998 Cicadas of Musselbrook Reserve. Pp. 135-138 in Comben, L., Long, S. and Berg, K. (eds.), Musselbrook Reserve

Scientific Study Report. Royal Geographical Society of Queensland: Brisbane.

1998 Cicadas, and their songs, of the Miles-Chinchilla region. Qd Nat. 36: 54-72.

EXLEY, E.M.

1998 New Euryglossa (Euhesma) bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae: Euryglossinae) associated with the Australian plant genus

Eremophila (Myoporaceae). Rec. West. Aust. Mus. 18: 419-437.

FIELD, S.A. and KELLER, M.A.

1993 Alternative mating tactics and female mimicry as post-copulatory mate-guarding behaviour in the parasitic wasp Cotesia

rubecula. Anim. Behav. 46: 1183-1189.

FISCHER, M.

1997 Redeskription von Opius (Gastrosema) waterloti Granger und Opius (Gastrosema) hedqvisti Fischer sowie

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Region (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Opiinae, Opius Wesmael). Z. ArbGem. öst. Ent. 49: 121-127.

FLOATER, G.J.

1998 Tuft scales and egg protection in Ochrogaster lunifer Herrich-Schaffer (Lepidoptera: Thaumetopocidac). Aust. J. Ent. 37:

34-39.

GREENSLADE, P.J.M. and DEHARVENG, L.

1997 Revision of Friesea species (Collembola: Neanuridac) of Australia and offshore islands, with biogeographical notes and key

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HOFFMANN, B.D.

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HORAK, M.

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THE

AUSTRALIAN

ENTOMOLOGIST

cadi

Á m ome à;

VOLUME 25

1998

Published by:

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND

THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

The Australian Entomologist is a non-profit journal published in four parts

annually by the Entomological Society of Queensland. The journal is devoted to

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Assistant Editors: Dr C.J. Burwell

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University of Queensland

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Queensland Museum

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ISSN 1320-6133

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THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Contents

Volume 25, 1998

BROUGHTON, S.

The distribution of lantana beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Hispinae) in

Queensland. 39

CLARKE, A. R.

Day-degree estimates for the immature stages of the Tasmanian eucalyptus leaf

beetle Chrysophtharta bimaculata (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). 77

EASTWOOD, R. and KING, A.J.

Observations on the biology of Arhopala wildei Miskin (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

and its host ant Polyrhachis queenslandica Emery (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). 1

HANCOCK, D.L.

Notes on some fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) described by Francis Walker. 67

HAY, A.M.

A note on catches of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) at different trap heights

in north Queensland. 87

HAYASHI, M. and MOULDS, M.S.

Observations on the eclosion of the hairy cicada Tettigarcta crinita Distant

(Homoptera: Cicadoidea: Tettigarctidae). 97

HUMPHREYS, W.F.

Phaconeura (Homoptera: Meenoplidae) attended by ants of the genus

Paratrechina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in caves. 23

JOHNSON, A.J. and SAMSON, P.R.

The life history of Hypochrysops polycletus rovena Druce (Lepidoptera:

Lycaenidae). 121

KRAKE, G.J.

Description of the female of Eucarteria subvittata Moore (Coleoptera:

Lucanidae). 93

MOORE, B.P.

A new genus and species of flighless Carabidae (Coleoptera) from Fiji. 103

MOULDS, M.S.

New larval foodplants for Australian hawk moths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). 13

MOULDS, M.S. and HANGAY, G.

First record of the bladder cicada Cystosoma saundersii (Westwood) from

Lord Howe Island (Hemiptera: Cicadidae). 75

MOULDS, M.S. and LACHLAN, R.B.

An annotated list of the hawk moths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) of Western

Province, Papua New Guinea. 45

MOUND,L.A.

A peripatetic Australian thrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) in Eucalyptus

seed capsules. 85

MOUND, L.A.

Thysanoptera from Lord Howe Island. 113

MULLER, C.J.

New larval foodplant records for butterflies (Lepidoptera) in northern

Queensland. 33

MULLER, C.J. and HALL, D.

New distribution and hostplant records for butterflies (Lepidoptera) in

New South Wales. 65

MULLER, C.J., OLIVE, J. and LAMBKIN, T.

New records for Petrelaea tombugensis (Rober) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

in Queensland. 61

SMITHERS, C.N.

Description of the male of Trogium evansorum Smithers (Psocoptera: Trogiidae)

from Norfolk Island, with a key to the species of the genus. 89

WALTER, D.E.

Hoploseius australianus sp. nov. (Acari: Mesostigmata: Ascidae), a unique

element in the Australian acarofauna. 69

WATTS, C.H.S., McARTHUR, A.J. and FOSTER, R.

Notes on the distribution of the dinosaur ant Nothomyrmecia macrops Clark

(Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in South Australia. 29

WELLS, A.

Two new species of Hydroptilidae (Trichoptera) from Tasmania’s World

heritage area. 81

WILLIAMS, A.A.E. and POWELL, R J.

The butterflies (Lepidoptera) of east and west Wallabi Islands, Western

Australia. 107

WILLIAMS, A.A.E., WILLIAMS, M.R. and HAY, R.W.

A new species of Trapezites Hübner (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from

Western Australia. 7

RECENT LITERATURE 32, 64, 92, 96, 102, 124

Publication dates: Part 1 (pp 1-32) 5 June 1998

Part 2 (pp 33-64) 17 July 1998

Part 3 (pp 65-96) 21 December 1998

Part 4 (pp 97-124) 12 February 1999

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