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Cover: The cornelian butterfly, Deudorix epijarbas (Moore) is distributed from

Cape York, Qld south to the Gosford area, N.S.W. The male is strikingly coloured

orange-red and black above and pale brown below. The larvae feed within the seed

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Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (1): 1-4 RO ea T

NESTING BIOLOGY OF THE AUSTRALIAN

STEM-NESTING WASP RHOPALUM BENDORENSE DECDERGO!

(HYMENOPTERA: CRABRONIDAE)..

Robert W. Matthews AA

Department of Entomology, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA

Abstract

Female Rhopalum bendorense Leclercq excavated 1.5-2.5 mm diameter burrows in recently

exposed pithy green stems of various shrubs during January to March 1999 in Canberra, ACT.

Burrow length averaged 55 mm (range 19 to 105 mm). Prey comprised six families of flies and

two families of adult Psocoptera; Diptera predominated 4:1. Females practiced modified mass

provisioning; the egg was laid transversely on the prothorax of one of the first several prey,

with additional prey provided (up to 41 total) by the time the larva began to feed, at which

point the cell was closed with a partition of compact pith. In two of the 14 active nests more

than one female was present, but their relative contributions were unknown. No parasitoids

were reared and there appeared to be two overlapping generations. Reared sex ratio from the

first generation was about 2:1 female biased.

Introduction

Rhopalum Stephens is found world-wide with 109 species listed by Bohart

and Menke (1976). Until recently only 32 species were known for Australia,

but Leclercq (1997) described 66 new species from Australia, placed into 19

species groups. Surprisingly little has been published on the nesting

behaviour of Australian species. Rayment (1932) recorded R. verutum

Rayment nesting in reeds, often ‘renting’ cells of a bee and preying on flies.

Evans and Matthews (1971) described the biology of a soil nesting species,

R. variitarse Turner, also a specialist on various flies. Leclercq (1997) noted

that Australian species are known to nest in soil, twigs and wood, and

reported an unusual prey of a winged ant pinned with a female

R. carnegiacum Leclercq from New South Wales. Studies of Rhopalum

species elsewhere (e.g. Krombein 1964, Kislow and Matthews 1977),

indicate that members of the genus nest in pre-existing cavities in stems, galls

and beetle burrows and prey on flies or Psocoptera.

Rhopalum bendorense Leclercq was described from two specimens, a single

female from Bendora, A.C.T. (holotype) and a paratype female from

Collinsville, Tasmania (Leclercq 1997). This species is not closely related to

any other Australian species and is the sole member of its species group

(Leclercq 1997). I present here the first biological data for R. bendorense,

including description of the nests and prey records.

Methods

Female R. bendorense were first encountered on 25 January 1999, when

three females were found resting in an unidentified pithy stem in Deakin, a

suburb of Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. Subsequently, 22 nests

were collected at three A.C.T. sites between January 25 and March 3, 1999.

All nests were collected during the day and split lengthwise to reveal their

contents. Prey were preserved in 70% ethanol. After nest architecture and

cell contents were recorded, nests were individually stored in plastic boxes

2 Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (1)

and checked daily for emergences. Voucher specimens of wasps and prey

have been deposited in the collections of the Australian National Insect

Collection, CSIRO, Canberra and the Australian Museum, Sydney.

Results

In all, the 23 nests contained a total of 40 cells. All nests were incomplete,

and most were recently initiated, many either being excavated or containing

partially provisioned initial cells. One of the nests contained two females and

another contained three females. It was apparent that the females actively

excavate the soft pith from green stems to form their nests. Recognised

nesting plants were honeysuckle (Lonicera sp.), hydrangea (Hydrangea sp.)

and rose (Rosa sp.).

Nest burrow diameters ranged from 1.5 to 2.5 mm. Burrow lengths ranged

from 19 to 105 mm (average 55 mm). Cell lengths varied, but most ranged

between 5 to 12 mm. All nests were in slender green stems 3 to 5 mm in

diameter that had been recently pruned, exposing the pith. Partitions

between cells appeared to consist of tiny bits of chewed plant pith fibres

tightly compacted to 1 to 2 mm thick. The largest nest contained six cells,

three recent and three apparently older.

Table 1. Prey taken from 14 nests of Rhopalum bendorense in Canberra, ACT.

Order and Family Species Number

Diptera

Drosophilidae Drosophila sp. 6

Chloropidae sp. 1 3

Chironomidae

Orthocladiinae Procladius squamiger 2

prob. Austrocladius sp. 6

sp. 1, not Austrocladius sp. 1

Chironominae prob. Polypedium sp. 1

four additional unidentified spp 7

Ceratopogonidae Culicoides sp. 1

three unidentified spp. 10

Sciaridae ? Bradysia sp. 30

sp. 1, not Bradysia sp. 5

Cecidomyiidae sp. 1 1

Unidentified Diptera 4

Psocoptera

Caeciliidae Enderleinella sp. 39,3?

Ectopsocidae Ectopsocus briggsi McLachlan lo

Ectopsocus punctatus Thornton & Wong 890,19

Unidentified Psocoptera 5

Prey (n = 98) were obtained from 14 nests (Table 1). All belonged to the

Diptera (six families represented) or the Psocoptera (two families

represented). Diptera were the predominant prey (n — 77), but cells in six

Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (1) 3

nests contained both flies and psocids. Six nests had flies only and in two

nests only psocids were found. Typically, prey were placed head first or

were sideways in the burrow and not tightly packed. Prey were profoundly

paralysed, only able to twitch a leg if touched.

The egg is laid on the venter of the thorax or between the head and prothorax

(‘neck’) of one of the first few prey items stored. The egg is attached by its

cephalic pole and is transverse to the longitudinal axis of the prey item.

Some nests contained up to 7 prey with no egg, while others contained only a

single prey with an egg attached. Two measured eggs were 1.2 x 0.3 mm

and 1.25 x 0.37 mm in size.

The single completely provisioned cell contained 37 flies and 4 psocids, with

a newly hatched larva. This cell was not yet closed, but there was a pile of

pith particles accumulated adjacent to the last prey, which suggested that cell

closure was being initiated. Small feeding larvae were encountered in

several other unclosed cells, suggesting delayed mass provisioning. Cocoons

were parchment-like and opaque. Bits of prey remains were often

incorporated. Eleven female and five males R. bendorense were reared from

five nests. Progeny in the remaining nests entered diapause and none had

emerged by the time the study was terminated in May 1999. No parasitoids

were found or reared.

Discussion

The possibility of cooperative nest sharing is suggested by the discovery of

two nests with more than one female present. Because nests were collected

during the day when adults may have been away from their nests, it is

possible that this behaviour is more common than was documented here; it

certainly merits further study. Because nests are excavated in pithy stems,

cooperation in the early stages of nesting would likely reduce the time

required to establish nests. Additionally, cooperation may reduce losses due

to parasitoids and predators, although parasitoids that attack after cell closure

by oviposition through the stem from the outside would not likely be

deterred.

Excavation of nests in plant stems is not universal in stem-nesting Rhopalum.

Other species appropriate pre-existing cavities, such as those initially made

by bees (Rayment 1932, Kislow and Matthews 1977). The absence of any

parasitoids reared in this sample is striking, given that other species of stem-

nesting wasps studied concurrently were frequently attacked (Matthews, in

press).

While the paucity of material in existing collections suggested R. bendorense

to be relatively rare, this species is actually quite common locally, as

Krombein (1964) found for the hibiscus wasp, R. coarctatum (Scopoli) [the

synonym Euplilus modestus Rohwer was used by Krombein]. In my samples

of various pithy plant stems, this species was the most frequently

encountered. Two species of Nitela (Matthews, in press) and one of

4 Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (1)

Arpactophilus were the only other sphecids found nesting concurrently in the

same stems, but these two species were much less common.

It appears that there are at least two generations per year in the Canberra

area. However, evidence for this is circumstantial, based on the fact that

progeny from nests collected in late January emerged by late February,

whereas progeny of the nest collected in early March had entered diapause.

Rhopalum bendorense appears to be an opportunistic predator on a range of

lower Diptera and Psocoptera. However, individuals did tend to specialise.

For example, all but one of the ?Bradysia sp. were found in a single cell.

Several of the fly prey are swarm-mating species and it seems likely that

R. bendorense females capture prey from such aggregations. Interestingly,

all of the psocid prey were adults and both sexes were evenly represented.

According to C. Smithers (pers. comm.) the Ectopsocidae nearly all live in

leaf litter or in dead leaves hanging from trees or shrubs, often concealed in

curled leaves. Caeciliidae are usually encountered on the undersides of green

leaves. Because the flies may be taken from mating aggregations, it seems

possible that the psocids were taken in similar circumstances. The Nitela

nesting concurrently in the same habitat also preyed on psocids, but captured

exclusively nymphs belonging to different families which are gregarious bark

dwellers. Also, the nymphs were only lightly paralysed, whereas the adult

psocids taken by R. bendorense were profoundly paralysed.

Acknowledgments

Ithank Dr C.N. Smithers (Australian Museum) for identifying the Psocoptera

prey and Dr Peter Cranston (CSIRO Entomology) for identifying the Diptera.

Financial support from the University of Georgia and a McMaster Fellowship

from CSIRO are gratefully acknowledged.

References

BOHART, R.M. and MENKE, A.S. 1976. Sphecid wasps of the World. A generic revision.

University of California Press, Berkeley; 695 pp.

EVANS, H.E. and MATTHEWS, R.W. 1971. Notes on the prey and nests of some Australian

Crabronini (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 10:

1-4.

KISLOW, C.J. and MATTHEWS, R.W. 1977. Nesting behavior of Rhopalum atlanticum

Bohart (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae: Crabroninae). Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society

12: 85-59.

KROMBEIN, K.V. 1964. Natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland, XVIII. The hibiscus

wasp, an abundant rarity and its associates. Proceedings of the Biological Society of

Washington 77: 73-112.

LECLERCQ, J. 1997. Hymenopteres Sphecides Crabroniens d'Australie, du genre Rhopalum

Stephens, 1829. Notes fauniques de Gembloux no. 32: 3-101.

MATTHEWS, R.W. 2000. A new species of Nitela (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae; Larrinae) from

Australia with notes on the nests and prey of two species. Journal of Hymenoptera Research.

9: 41-47.

RAYMENT, T. 1932. The flycatcher of the reeds. A new crabronid wasp. Victorian

Naturalist 48: 171-174.

Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (1): 5-8 5

FEEDING ON LARVAE OF DANAUS PLEXIPPUS (L.)

(LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE) CAUSES MORTALITY IN THE

ASSASSIN BUG PRISTHESANCUS PLAGIPENNIS WALKER

(HEMIPTERA: REDUVIIDAE)

David G. James

Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University,

24106 North Bunn Road, Prosser, Washington 99350, USA

Abstract

Adult and nymphal assassin bugs, Pristhesancus plagipennis Walker, fed second/third instar

larvae of Danaus plexippus (L.) died after ca 20 and 11 days respectively, after consuming 34.4

larvae (adults) or 10.6 larvae (nymphs). No bugs died when fed on mealworm Tenebrio molitor

(L.)larvae. It is concluded that cardiac glycosides sequestered by D. plexippus larvae from its

milkweed host plant, Asclepias fruticosa (L.), were progressively accumulated within

P. plagipennis, resulting in bug mortality.

Introduction

Pristhesancus plagipennis Walker is a large (2-2.5 cm), common Australian

assassin bug that is an important generalist predator of a number of insect

pests of citrus and other crops in northern New South Wales and Queensland.

In citrus it feeds on caterpillars, stink bugs, mealybugs, aphids, beetles and

katydids (Smith et al. 1997). James (1994) showed P. plagipennis consumed

up to 154 prey items during development and the long lived adults (James

1992) consume 1-2 prey daily (James, unpubl. obs.).

Field and laboratory observations indicate that P. plagipennis readily attacks

and feeds on larvae of the monarch or wanderer butterfly, Danaus plexippus

(L.). D. plexippus is an aposematic species which sequesters cardiac

glycosides from its milkweed (Asclepiadaceae) foodplants as a defence

against vertebrate predators (Reichstein et al. 1968, Brower 1969). The

ecology of vertebrate predation on adult D. plexippus and palatability has

been extensively studied in North America and Mexico (Malcolm 1991,

Wells and Wells 1992 and references therein). However, relatively little

attention has been paid to the impact of invertebrate predation on

D. plexippus adults or larvae, despite evidence it may occur at significant

levels in some habitats. For example, yellowjacket wasps Vespa vulgaris

(L.) and the dragonfly Hagenius brevistylus Selys have been recorded

preying on adult D. plexippus (Leong et al. 1990, White and Sexton 1989).

Urquhart (1960), Smithers (1973) and Zalucki and Kitching (1982) reported

lacewing larvae, ants, spiders, predatory bugs (Pentatomidae, Reduviidae),

sphecid wasps, cockroaches, ladybirds and mantids, as confirmed or potential

predators of D. plexippus larvae. ^ Although the cardiac glycosides

sequestered by D. plexippus are vertebrate ‘heart poisons’, they have the

potential to be toxic to invertebrates which have not developed a

detoxification mechanism (Whittaker and Feeny 1971). Oleander aphids

6 Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (1)

Aphis nerii Boyer de Fonscolombe reared on milkweed, caused disruption to

predatory behaviour and web building when fed to spiders, but did not cause

mortality. There are no published studies of adverse impacts on invertebrate

predators caused by feeding on D. plexippus.

This study describes apparent cardiac glycoside-induced mortality of

P. plagipennis when provided with a diet of D. plexippus larvae.

Materials and Methods

Pristhesancus plagipennis used in this study were obtained from laboratory

colonies initiated from adult bugs collected in southern Queensland and

maintained at the Yanco Agricultural Institute in southern New South Wales,

where the experiments were conducted. D. plexippus larvae were reared on

Asclepias fruticosa (L.) from eggs laid in captivity at Yanco by butterflies

collected in Sydney (1990) or southern Queensland (1998).

Experiment 1(1990)

Twelve second instar, 12 fourth instar and 12 adult P. plagipennis were

caged separately in plastic cups (10 cm diameter) with muslin lids and held at

25 + 1? C under a 15 h photophase. Commencing on 12 June, half of each

cohort was provided with larvae of D. plexippus as prey. Adult bugs (three

males, three females) were fed three second or third instar larvae and nymphs

were fed two larvae daily. A few leaves of A. fruticosa were supplied as

food for the larvae. The remaining six bugs in each cohort were each

supplied with three mealworm Tenebrio molitor L. larvae daily. All bugs

were fed on a diet of mealworms and Drosophila sp. prior to the experiment.

The number of consumed D. plexippus and T. molitor larvae was recorded

for each bug and carcasses removed daily. No other food was provided. The

longevity of each bug was recorded.

Experiment 2 (1998)

Following the same protocol as Experiment 1, six third instar nymphs of

P. plagipennis were provided with one to three third instar larvae of

D. plexippus daily, commencing on 7 October. Six third instar nymphs were

provided with two mealworm larvae daily. Prey consumed and bug

longevity were recorded for each bug.

Results

All bugs fed larvae of D. plexippus in the two experiments died after mean

periods of 20.2 + 1.2 (adults) and 10.6 + 0.7 days (nymph data combined)

(Table 1). Adults consumed an average 34.4 + 1.9 larvae before dying,

whilst nymphs (combined data) consumed an average of 10 + 2 larvae

(Table 1). There was no apparent diminution in the propensity of

P. plagipennis to feed on D. plexippus larvae during the experiments. No

adult or nymph of P. plagipennis died during these experiments when fed on

mealworm larvae.

Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (1) 7

Table 1. Longevity and prey consumption by P. plagipennis when fed second/third

instar larvae of D. plexippus. No mortality occurred in corresponding cohorts of

P. plagipennis fed larvae of T. molitor.

Stage of P. plagipennis Mean (+ SE) longevity Mean (x SE) number of

(n) (days) D. plexippus larvae consumed

Experiment 1 a. a WP OR Tee i

Second instar (6) 10.8 (0.9) 10.6 (0.8)

Fourth instar (6) 12.0 (1.5) 11.0 (1.8)

Adult (6) 20.2 (1.2) 34.4 (1.9)

Experiment 2

Third instar (6) 9.0 (1.0) 8.7 (0.6)

Discussion

These results indicate that D. plexippus larvae are toxic to P. plagipennis.

Oyeyele and Zalucki (1990) recorded cardiac glycoside levels of 119-719

ug/0.1 g (mean = 345 pg/0.1 g) of plant material dry weight (DW) in

A. fruticosa. D. plexippus larvae feeding on this milkweed would therefore

contain significant concentrations of cardiac glycosides. Thus, it is likely

that the mortality of P. plagipennis in these experiments can be attributed to

progressive cardiac glycoside poisoning.

Adult P. plagipennis took about three weeks to die when fed on a diet of

D. plexippus larvae, whilst nymphs succumbed in half this time. Therefore it

is unlikely that occasional predation of D. plexippus larvae by P. plagipennis

would affect field survival of this predator. Presumably, utilisation by

P. plagipennis of a mixed diet (as is normal for this generalist predator)

would minimise the adverse effects of consuming an occasional larva of

D. plexippus. Further, it is possible under natural conditions that

P. plagipennis would avoid or reject D. plexippus larvae as prey, after

feeding experience.

The significance of this study is that cardiac glycoside sequestration in

D. plexippus has the potential to provide chemical defence against

invertebrate:as well as vertebrate predators. However, this would only occur

if invertebrate predators ‘learned’ to reject or avoid D. plexippus larvae.

Further research should be aimed at determining whether this can occur

under natural conditions. In this study, P. plagipennis had no choice but to

feed on D. plexippus larvae; the provision of choice between toxic and non-

toxic foods might allow the development of avoidance or rejection

behaviours. Cardiac glycoside-based defence is likely to work best against

generalist invertebrate predators with no specific detoxification mechanisms

(Bernays and Cornelius 1989). Thus, the reported predators of D. plexippus

larvae (e.g. stink bugs, spiders, mantids, lacewings and ladybirds) are all

likely to be susceptible to cardiac glycoside poisoning, if a sufficient number

of larvae are eaten. In the case of ants, D. plexippus larvae would be shared

8 Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (1)

between many individuals, thus preventing or minimising toxicity to

individual ants. Cardiac glycoside poisoning of invertebrate predators of

larval D. plexippus may be more acute on somé North American and

Mexican milkweeds which contain greater concentrations of cardiac

glycosides than A. fruticosa (e.g. Asclepias linaria (L.) contains an average

3369 ug/0.1 g DW: Zalucki et al. 1990).

References

BERNAYS, E.A. and CORNELIUS, M.L. 1989. Generalist caterpillar prey are more palatable

than specialists for the generalist predator, Iridomyrmex humilis. Oecologia 79: 427-430.

BROWER, L.P. 1969. Ecological Chemistry. Scientific American 220: 22-29.

JAMES, D.G. 1992. Effect of temperature on development and survival of Pristhesancus

plagipennis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae). Entomophaga 37: 259-264.

JAMES, D.G. 1994. Prey consumption by Pristhesancus plagipennis Walker (Hemiptera:

Reduviidae) during development. Australian Entomologist 21: 43-47.

LEONG, K., FREY, D. and NAGANO, C. 1990. Wasp predation on overwintering monarch

butterflies (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) in Central California. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 66:

326-328.

MALCOLM, S.B. 1989. Disruption of the web structure and predatory behavior of a spider by

the plant-derived chemical defence of an aphid. Journal of Chemical Ecology 15: 1699-1716.

MALCOLM, S.B. 1991. Cardenolide-mediated interactions between plants and herbivores. Pp

251-296, in: ROSENTHAL, G.A. and BERENBAUM, M.R. (eds.), Herbivores: their

interaction with secondary plant metabolites. 2nd edition. Volume 1: The chemical

participants. Academic Press, San Diego.

OYEYELE, S.O. and ZALUCKI, M.P. 1990. Cardiac glycosides and oviposition by Danaus

plexippus on Asclepias fruticosa in south-east Queensland (Australia). Ecological Entomology

15: 177-185.

REICHSTEIN, T.J., VON EUW, J., PARSONS, J.A. and ROTHSCHILD, M. 1968. Heart

poisons in the monarch butterfly. Science 161: 861.

SMITH, D., BEATTIE, G.A.C. and BROADLEY, R. (eds.) 1997. Citrus pests and their

natural enemies. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane (Information Series

Q197030).

SMITHERS, C.N. 1973. A note on natural enemies of Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera:

Nymphalidae) in Australia. Australian Entomological Magazine 1: 37-40.

URQUHART, F.A. 1960. The Monarch Butterfly. University of Toronto Press; 361 pp.

WELLS, H. and WELLS, P.H. 1992. The monarch butterfly: A review. Southern California

Academy of Sciences Bulletin 91: 1-25.

WHITE, D.S. and SEXTON, O.J. 1989. The Monarch butterfly (Lepidoptera: Danaidae) as

prey for the dragonfly Hagenius brevistylus (Odonata: Gomphidae). Entomological News 100:

129-132.

WHITTAKER, R.H. and FEENY, P.P. 1971. Allelochemicals: Chemical interactions between

species. Science 171: 757-770. j

ZALUCKI, M.P. and KITCHING, R.L. 1982. Temporal and spatial variation of mortality in

field populations of Danaus plexippus (L.) and D. chrysippus L. larvae (Lepidoptera:

Nymphalidae). Oecologia 53: 201-207.

ZALUCKI, M.P., BROWER, L.P. and MALCOLM, S.B. 1990. Oviposition by Danaus

plexippus in relation to cardenolide content of three Asclepias species in the southeastern USA.

Ecological Entomology 15: 231-240.

Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (1): 9-26 9

NOTES ON DEUDORIX HEWITSON IN THE SOLOMON ISLANDS,

THE BISMARCK ARCHIPELAGO AND NEW GUINEA,

WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NINE NEW TAXA

(LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE)

W. John Tennent

Biogeography and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Entomology, The Natural History

Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK

(address for correspondence: 1 Middlewood Close, Fylingthorpe, Whitby, North Yorkshire

YO22 4UD, England)

Abstract

Nine new species of Deudorix Hewitson are described from the Solomon Islands, the Bismarck

Archipelago and the island of New Guinea: D. confusa sp. nov. (Choiseul and New Ireland);

D. emira sp. nov. (Bismarck Archipelago); D. brilligi sp. nov. (Choiseul); D. tenebrosa sp. nov.

(Papua New Guinea); D. parsonsi sp. nov. (Irian Jaya and Papua New Guinea); D. mulleri sp.

nov. (New Ireland); D. rathsi sp. nov. (Papua New Guinea); D. eagon sp. nov. (Choiseul);

D. wabens sp. nov. (Guadalcanal). Diversity of Deudorix in the Solomon Islands is considered

and the female of D. viridens Druce is newly recorded. ‘Blue’ species previously placed in

Virachola Moore are placed with Deudorix and the status of D. affinis Rothschild, stat. rev.

from Papua New Guinea is discussed. It is suggested that evidence to support historical

association of a male from Sudest I. with the female holotype of D. affinis from Dampier I. is

inconclusive.

Introduction

Deudorix Hewitson, a genus of some 60 described species (including those

previously placed in Virachola Moore), occurs from the Afrotropics, through

the Indo-Australian region, to the islands of the western Pacific, including the

Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and Samoa. The type species of Deudorix is the

widespread D. epijarbas (Moore), which occurs throughout the Indo-

Australian Region, from Sri Lanka and India eastwards through southeast

Asia to the Moluccas, northern Australia and the Bismarck Archipelago. It

reaches the Solomons Archipelago on Bougainville (Parsons 1998). In his

monograph of New Guinea butterflies, Parsons (1998) divided New Guinea

Deudorix into two groups and reported seven species of the epijarbas

species-group from Papua New Guinea. Three of these, referred to as

‘Deudorix species a, b and c’, represented undescribed taxa and detailed

descriptions provided by Parsons included line drawings of the male genitalia

and colour illustrations of adults. In order to allow comparisons with further

new, closely related, butterflies from the Solomon Islands, it has been

necessary to provide these taxa with names.

Treatment of the closely allied genus Virachola has varied between authors.

In his work on the African lycaenid genera, Stempffer (1967) acknowledged

the close similarity between Deudorix and Virachola and Eliot (in Corbet and

Pendlebury 1992) suggested the latter was ‘doubtfully separable from

Deudorix’. The two have been treated as synonymous (e.g. Bridges 1988)

and recently Ackery et al. (1995) placed Virachola as a subgenus of

Deudorix. Although Parsons (1998) retained both names, he acknowledged

Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (1)

that they were probably synonymous. It is clear from their morphology,

structure and early stages that they are very closely allied and Virachola is

treated here as a synonym of Deudorix at the generic level.

Most epijarbas species-groüp taxa are similar in appearance. On the upper

surface males are brown with red or orange markings and females are

generally plain brown or grey-brown. Both sexes are sombre grey or brown

on the under surface, with an arrangement of fine, pale coloured lines.

Differences between species are minor and often subtle, but usually constant

(but see discussion of D. viridens Druce) and are usually associated with

underside wing markings and morphology of the male genital armature.

Males of Indo-Australian Deudorix species previously referred to Virachola

are structurally similar in all respects to Deudorix but have the orange/red

upperside coloration replaced by blue.

This is one of a series of papers (Tennent 1997a, b; 1998a, c; 1999a-e; in

press a-e; Tennent and Kitching 1998) dealing primarily with the Solomon

Islands butterfly fauna and is part of a broader study (Tennent 1998b). The

primary aim of the present paper.is to make names available for a

forthcoming book on the butterflies of the Solomon Islands in which all

Solomon Islands taxa, including those illustrated here in monochrome, will

be illustrated in colour.

Systematics

Deudorix woodfordi Druce, 1891

(Figs 1, 2, 16, 17, 31)

Description. Markings typical of the epijarbas species-group. Frons white;

abdomen striped ventrally; male upperside with forewing orange-red patch

large, distally more or less ‘rounded’ in shape, hindwing mainly orange-red,

basal areas black; underside brown, forewing with postmedian band

extending almost to inner margin (to veins 2 or 1), hindwing with black

tornal spot large, round. Genitalia (fig. 31) typical of Deudorix; median

section of valve sharply angular; apices finger-like, squat. Female upperside

dark grey-brown, unmarked; underside as in male.

Distribution. Papua New Guinea (including the Bismarck Archipelago) and

the Solomon Islands.

Deudorix viridens Druce, 1891

(Figs 3, 4, 18, 19, 32)

Description. Frons white; abdomen unstriped ventrally; male upperside

superficially similar to D. woodfordi, orange markings less extensive;

underside distinctive in colour and markings, ground colour pale grey-brown,

white lines bold, prominent, forewing postmedian band shorter than in

D. woodfordi, extending from costa to vein 3 (extending to veins 2 or | in

D. woodfordi), space between discal pair of white lines filled chocolate-

brown, forming prominent ‘square’ spot: underside hindwing with tornal and

Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (1) 11

subtornal markings unlike any other known Deudorix species of the region,

black spot in space 3 irregular in shape (loosely 'square"), large; distinctive

iridescent silvery-green tornal markings. Genitalia (fig. 32) typical of the

group; median section of valve distinctly angular. Female upperside atypical

of the group, extensively pale blue or lilac blue (variable) (plain brown or

grey-brown in all other ‘epijarbas’ group species of the region); underside

similar to male, paler grey.

Distribution. Solomon Islands (Choiseul and Guadalcanal). Newly recorded

from Choiseul.

Deudorix confusa sp. nov.

(Figs 6, 7, 21, 22, 33)

Types. Holotype J, SOLOMON ISLANDS, Choiseul, northwest, 3-7 km north of

Mole, 40-120 m, 17.iv.1997, W.J. Tennent (gen. prep. BMNH (V) 5123) (BMNH).

Paratypes: 6 Oo", 4 99, same data as holotype (O' gen. preps BMNH (V) 5124, 5125,

5126, 5127, 5128, 5129); 3 oo", Choiseul, 19 km (by road) north of Mole,

14.1v.1997, W.J. Tennent (gen. preps BMNH (V) 5130, 5131, 5132); 4 ec, 3 99,

Choiseul, 3-6 km north of Mole, 40-120 m, 16.iv.1997, W.J. Tennent (O' gen. preps

BMNH (V) 5133, 5134, 5135, 5136). PAPUA NEW GUINEA, 3 cc, [Bismarck

Archipelago, New Ireland], Herbertshohe, 31.v.[18]94, Dr J. Hagen (including gen.

prep. BMNH (V) 1015); 1 0%, ‘New Ireland’ (all BMNH).

Description. Resembles D. woodfordi, with which it has previously been

confused, and D. epijarbas. Male forewing length (holotype) 18 mm;

upperside red slightly darker than in D. woodfordi, less orange than in

D. epijarbas; underside dark grey-brown (brown in D. woodfordi), markings

prominent (subdued in D. epijarbas), median bands wide, with inner line

close to pair of discal marks (median bands narrow, inner line distant from

discal marks in D. woodfordi and D. epijarbas); underside hindwing with

pair of parallel white lines in space 7 offset basad (less so in D. epijarbas and

significantly less so in D. woodfordi), orange bordering subtornal spot more

extensive than in D. woodfordi, often completely enclosing black spot,

iridescent tornal markings reduced, blue (silvery-green in D. woodfordi).

Genitalia (fig. 33) similar to D. littoralis Joicey & Talbot; median section of

valve rounded (sharply angular in D. woodfordi and D. epijarbas), apices

long and tapering (‘squat’ in D. littoralis and D. woodfordi — cf. figs 31c,

33c). Female similar to D. epijarbas; upperside hindwing often with traces

of orange submarginal markings near tornus; underside similar to male.

Distribution. Papua New Guinea (New Ireland) and Solomon Islands

(Choiseul).

Comments. In addition to material collected by the author on Choiseul in

1997, four males of this taxon were located in the BMNH collection in a

mixed series over a drawer label ‘neopommerana Ribbe'. Takanami (1989)

designated a lectotype for D. neopommerana and it is clear from his

illustration of this specimen that it is very similar to D. woodfordi. D'Abrera

12 Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (1)

TITTITITTT 5

imm ;

Figs 1-15. Deudorix spp., uppersides [HT = holotype; PT = paratype].

(1) D. woodfordi © (Guadalcanal); (2) ditto 9 (Choiseul); (3) D. viridens o (HT,

Guadalcanal); (4) ditto 9 (Choiseul); (5) D. brilligi 0" (HT, Choiseul); (6) D. confusa

(10) D. mulleri o (HT, New Ireland); (11) D. parsonsi CO (HT, Irian Jaya);

(12) D. tenebrosa d (HT, Upper Aroa R.); (13) D. rathsi o" (HT, Dampier I.);

(14) D. eagon © (HT, Choiseul); (15) D. wabens O' (HT, Guadalcanal). Scale 2 1 cm.

Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (1)

Nip

imm +

Figs 16-30. Deudorix spp., undersides [HT = holotype; PT = paratype].

(16) D. woodfordi O (Guadalcanal); (17) ditto 9 (Choiseul); (18) D. viridens o (HT,

Guadalcanal); (19) ditto 9 (Choiseul); (20) D. brilligi oO’ (HT, Choiseul);

(21) D. confusa &' (HT, Choiseul); (22) ditto 9 (PT); (23) D. emira & (HT, Emirau);

(24) ditto 9 (PT); (25) D. mulleri &' (HT, New Ireland); (26) D. parsonsi &' (HT, Irian

Jaya); (27) D. tenebrosa ©' (HT, Upper Aroa R.); (28) D. rathsi &' (HT, Dampier I.);

(29) D. eagon & (HT, Choiseul); (30) D. wabens oO" (HT, Guadalcanal). Scale = 1 cm.

14 Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (1)

(1990), who wrongly attributed authorship of the name neopommerana to

Staudinger, suggested that it was synonymous with D. woodfordi and this

was followed by Parsons (1998). A fresh female obtained recently by Chris

Muller, from New Ireland, the type locality of D. neopommerana, is darker

brown on the underside and has much finer markings than D. woodfordi

females recently collected by the author on Guadalcanal, suggesting that

neopommerana is at least a distinct subspecies of D. woodfordi. The four

New Ireland males included here as paratypes of D. confusa have a more

brown (i.e. less grey) underside than males from Choiseul and have tornal

iridescent markings green, rather than blue. The male genitalia appear

similar in all significant respects to Choiseul specimens and it is not known

whether perceived morhological differences are due to the age of specimens

or whether New Ireland populations represent a distinct subspecies. Constant

differences in underside colour between D. confusa and D. woodfordi are

based on a fresh series of both taxa taken in 1996/1997.

Deudorix emira sp. nov.

(Figs 8, 9, 23, 24, 34)

Types. Holotype Q, PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Squally Island, viii.1923,

A.F. Eichhorn (gen. prep. BMNH (V) 5137) (BMNH). Paratypes: 15 oo, 7 99,

same data as holotype (including 0” gen. preps BMNH (V) 1059, 5138) (all BMNH).

Description. Male forewing length (holotype) 17 mm; resembles D. confusa

and D. epijarbas but smaller, the hindwing tail short (longer in D. epijarbas

and D. confusa); male upperside distinctive, the red or orange-red colour of

most epijarbas species-group taxa replaced by dull purplish-orange;

underside less grey than in D. confusa, subtornal spot small, underside

markings subdued (more prominent in D. confusa). Genitalia (fig. 34)

typical of group; median section of valve similar to D. viridens (fig. 32) and

D. epijarbas; valve apices similar to D. confusa (fig. 33). Female underside

brown (grey brown in D. confusa), markings similar to D. confusa.

Distribution. Papua New Guinea (Bismarck Archipelago: Emirau).

Comments. Squally Island, now more usually referred to as Emirau or

Emira, is part of the St. Matthias island group in the Bismarck Archipelago.

Parsons (1998) reported D. epijarbas from Squally Island, based on this

series in the BMNH. Although these specimens do bear a superficial

resemblance to D. epijarbas, particularly the underside markings, the

distinctive colour of the male upperside, combined with differences in

genitalia (cf. Parsons 1998, plate XIV for D. epijarbas), suggest a separate

species.

Deudorix brilligi sp. nov.

(Figs 5, 20, 35)

Type. Holotype ©, SOLOMON ISLANDS, Choiseul, northwest, 3-7 km north of

Mole, 40-120 m, 17.iv.1997, W.J. Tennent (gen. prep. BMNH (V) 5140) (BMNH).

Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (1) 15

31a 31b 31c 31d

care

3le

32a 32b 32c 32d

32e

: £ 33b 33c 33d

33a

33e

»-

Figs 31-33. Deudorix male genitalia: a, genitalia, aedeagus removed (lateral view);

b, uncus (posterior view); c, valvae (posterior view); d, right valva (lateral view);

e, aedeagus (lateral view). (31) D. woodfordi; (32) D. viridens; (33) D. confusa.

16 Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (1)

Description. Male forewing length 17 mm; a distinctive species with

superficial resemblance to D. viridens; upperside forewing with red patch

broader, shorter (more squat), hindwing with red patch more extensive,

reaching costa, leaving distinctly angular black basal patch; underside similar

to D. viridens, forewing With post median lines fine, regular, reaching to vein

1 (more prominent, irregular, less extensive in D. viridens), hindwing with

pair of parallel white lines in space 7 offset basad (part of curved median

series in D. viridens), subtornal iridescent markings blue-green (silvery-green

in D. viridens). Genitalia (fig. 35) similar to D. woodfordi (fig. 31); dorsal

indentation of tegumen deep (shallow in D. woodfordi). Female unknown.

Distribution. Solomon Islands (Choiseul).

Comments. The female of this taxon is unknown and when material becomes

available it will be interesting to see whether it is brown on the upperside,

like most epijarbas species-group species in the region, or blue like the

female of D. viridens. A female with underside markings similar to those of

D. viridens and D. brilligi, but with an apparently brown upperside, was one

of several Deudorix specimens seen on Choiseul, but not captured.

Deudorix tenebrosa sp. nov.

(Figs 12, 27, 36)

Deudorix species a; Parsons, 1998: 405, pl. XIV, pl. 62, figs 1702-1705.

Types. Holotype &', PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Central Province, Upper Aroa River,

i-iv.[19]03, A.S. Meek, (gen. prep. BMNH (V) 1024) (BMNH). Paratype 9, Central

District, Itikinumu Ridge, 600 m, 31.vii.1973, T. Fenner (PNG National Insect

Collection, Port Moresby).

Description. Male forewing length 17 mm; antenna with white patch below

club ventrally; frons orange; abdomen unstriped ventrally (Parsons 1998 —

not available to present author; abdomen already removed for dissection);

upperside with orange markings reduced in relation to other members of the

epijarbas species-group, forewing with orange area reduced to a small dull

patch in space 1b above inner margin, hindwing with orange area reduced to

several elongated markings; underside brown, pale lines bold (prominent),

forewing with postmedian band prominent, straight, reaching vein 1, ‘outer’

line of parallel pair of discal lines confluent with the ‘inner’ line of

postmedian series nearest the costa (separated in all other epijarbas species-

group taxa examined), hindwing with postmedian band irregular, with pair of

white lines nearest the costa displaced basad, tornal lobe large, subtornal spot

small, bordered orange basad, iridescent tornal markings blue-green,

confined to broken, irregular subtornal line and some scales basad to

subtornal spot. Genitalia (fig. 36) similar to D. woodfordi (fig. 31); dorsal

indentation of tegumen less shallow; anterior/posterior slope on median

section of valve unequal (more-or-less equal in D. woodfordi). Female

upperside ‘notably grey-brown’ (Parsons 1998); underside as in male.

Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (1) 17

34b

34a 34c 34d

n e md

34e

35a 35b 35c 35d

35e

36d

Figs 34-36. Deudorix male genitalia: a, genitalia, aedeagus removed (lateral view);

b, uncus (posterior view); c, valvae (posterior view); d, right valva (lateral view);

e, aedeagus (lateral view). (34) D. emira; (35) D. brilligi; (36) D. tenebrosa.

18 Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (1)

Distribution. Papua New Guinea.

Comments. The male holotype and female paratype of this taxon were

illustrated by Parsons (1998). The latter has not been examined by the

present author.

Deudorix parsonsi sp. nov.

(Figs 11, 26, 37)

Deudorix species b; Parsons, 1998: 406, pl. XIV, pl. 62, figs 1706-1709.

Types. Holotype &', INDONESIA, western Irian Jaya, Kapaur [near Fak Fak (Parsons

1998)], Low c. [7], xii.[18]96-i.[18]97, Doherty (gen. prep. BMNH (V) 1023)

(BMNH). Paratype &', PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Western province, Kiunga, Fly

River, 2.vii.-31.x.1957, W.W. Brandt (Australian National Insect Collection,

Canberra).

Description. Male forewing length 18 mm; typical of the epijarbas species-

group; similar to D. tenebrosa; frons orange; abdomen unstriped ventrally

(Parsons 1998 — not available to present author: abdomen already removed

for dissection); upperside forewing with orange patch larger, paler (but still

reduced in comparison to other Deudorix species), hindwing with orange

area more extensive, dull; underside pale brown (pale grey-brown in

D. tenebrosa; the greenish colour of Parsons 1998, plate 62, fig. 1709 is

misleading), forewing with lines less bold, discal pair separate from

postmedian series ('outer' line confluent with postmedian band in

D. tenebrosa — cf. figs 26, 27), sub tornal spot thinly but completely circled

orange. Genitalia (fig. 37) like D. tenebrosa (fig. 36); median section of

valve angular; aedeagus shorter. Female unknown.

Distribution. Indonesia (Irian Jaya) and Papua New Guinea.

Comments. The female of this taxon is unknown; reference to features of

both sexes by Parsons (1998) was presumably a typographical error. The

taxon is named after Mike Parsons, whose contribution to the knowledge of

the New Guinea butterfly fauna has been very significant.

Deudorix mulleri sp. nov.

(Figs 10, 25, 38)

Type. Holotype &', PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Bismarck Archipelago, central New

Ireland, Schleinitz mountains, 1260 m, 24.vii.1998, C.J. Muller (gen. prep. BMNH

(V) 5139) (BMNH).

Description. Male forewing length 16 mm; similar to D. tenebrosa but

darker; antenna with white patch below club ventrally; frons white (orange in

D. tenebrosa), abdomen striped ventrally (unstriped in D. tenebrosa);

upperside forewing with orange patch more extensive, hindwing with orange

markings broadly broken by veins. concentrated on tornal section of wing

(more extensive in apical section in D. tenebrosa), tornal lobe smaller;

underside grey-brown (paler. I¢ss grey in D. tenebrosa), forewing with white

Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (1) 19

pr A

37c

37a 37d

(Se

37e

38c 38d

38a

aS)

38e

aE n 39c 39d

39a cS 2—— A

39e

Figs 37-39. Deudorix male genitalia: a, genitalia, aedeagus removed (lateral view);

b, uncus (posterior view); c, valvae (posterior view); d, right valva (lateral view);

e, aedeagus (lateral view). (37) D. parsonsi; (38) D. mulleri; (39) D. rathsi.

20 Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (1)

lines finer, the discal pair separate from postmedian series, hindwing with

pair of postmedian lines closer together, less displaced than in D. tenebrosa,

tornal iridescent markings blue-green, extensive, subtornal spot large.

Genitalia (fig. 38) like D. tenebrosa (fig. 36); valve apices longer, less squat;

aedeagus longer, more slender. Female unknown.

Distribution. Papua New Guinea (New Ireland).

Comments. This distinctive butterfly is named after Chris Muller of Dural,

New South Wales, who collected the unique holotype and whose efforts in

the field under difficult conditions on New Ireland has resulted in many

significant new discoveries.

Deudorix rathsi sp. nov.

(Figs 13, 28, 39)

Deudorix species c; Parsons, 1998: 406, pl. XIV, pl. 62, figs 1710-1713.

Types. Holotype &', PAPUA NEW GUINEA, Dampier Island, ii.&iii.1914, [Meek’s

Expedition] (gen. prep. BMNH (V) 1016) (BMNH). Paratypes: 1 0’, Vulcan Island,

xi.1913-i.1914, [Meek's Expedition] (gen. prep. BMNH (V) 1115) (BMNH); 1 C,

6 km S[outh] E[ast] of Bulolo, Pinetops Bridge, Bulolo river gorge exit, 730 m,

22.xi.1973, Thomas W. Davies (California Academy of Sciences Collection, San

Francisco, USA [CAS]); 1 9, Watit r[iver] gorge, 8 km W[est] of Bulolo, 600 m,

27.viii.1972, T.W. Davies (CAS).

Description. Male forewing length 18 mm; similar to D. woodfordi and

D. confusa; upperside with markings pale orange (red in D. woodfordi and

D. confusa); underside typical of the epijarbas species-group; pale brown

(darker brown in D woodfordi., grey-brown in D. confusa; the greerish-

tinged colour of Parsons 1998, plate 62, fig. 1711 is misleading), white lines

prominent. Genitalia typical of the group but distinctively large; dorsal

indentation of tegumen shallow; valve long, irregular in shape; aedeagus

long. Female upperside dark brown (Parsons 1998); underside as in male.

Distribution. Papua New Guinea.

Comments. The male holotype and female paratype of this taxon were

illustrated by Parsons (1998). The latter has not been examined by the

present author.

Deudorix eagon sp. nov.

(Figs 14, 29, 42)

Type. Holotype &', SOLOMON ISLANDS, Choiseul, northwest, 3-7 km north of

Mole, 40-120 m, 17.iv.1997, W.J. Tennent (gen. prep. BMNH (V) 5141) (BMNH).

Description. Male forewing length 15 mm; resembles the male usually

associated with the female holotype of Deudorix (Virachola) affinis

Rothschild (see discussion); upperside with cobalt blue (bright silvery-blue in

‘D. affinis’) less extensive on both fore and hindwings, tornal markings not

possible to assess due to wing damage; underside grey-brown (brown in

Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (1) 21

K 42b 42c 42d

42e i

43b 43c 43d

43a Lc

43e

Figs 40-43. Deudorix male genitalia: a, genitalia, aedeagus removed (lateral view);

b, uncus (posterior view); c, valvae (posterior view); d, right valva (lateral view);

e, aedeagus (lateral view). (40) D. democles; (41) ‘D. affinis’; (42) D. eagon;

(43) D. wabens.

22 Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (1)

‘D. affinis’), arrangement of fine lines like ‘D. affinis’, hindwing with pale

(off-white) patch reduced, underlying markings distinct (patch white,

extensive, obscuring underlying markings in ‘D. affinis’). Genitalia (fig. 42)

similar to ‘D. affinis’ (fig. 41); valve median lobe smaller, less angular,

dorsal indentation of tegumen more shallow. Female unknown.

Distribution. Solomon Islands (Choiseul).

Comments. "This taxon is named in recognition of the staff of the Eagon

Resources Development Company (S.L), who were generous in providing

hospitality and transport for the author on Choiseul island, without which

several new taxa described in this paper would not have been discovered.

Deudorix wabens sp. nov.

(Figs 15, 30, 43)

Virachola democles affinis; Parsons, 1998: 410, pl. 63, figs 1737, 1738

[misidentification].

Types. | Holotype &', SOLOMON ISLANDS, Guadalcanal, [Mount] Gallego,

vegetation around camp 2, 13.vii.1965, Royal Society Expedition (gen. prep. BMNH

(V) 5142) (BMNH). Paratype C', Guadalcanal, Betikama river, 6.viii.-2.x.1960,

W.W. Brandt (Australian National Insect Collection (ANIC), Canberra).

Description. Male forewing length 19.5 mm; superficially resembles

‘D. affinis’ and D. eagon above but larger, the forewing longer and apex

more angular; upperside markings dull steely-blue (shining silvery-blue in

‘D. affinis’, cobalt blue in D. eagon); underside resembles D. eagon, the

markings less regular, hindwing with pale patch more extensive. Genitalia

(fig. 43) typical of Deudorix; median lobe of valve large, flattened (less

broad in ‘D. affinis’ [fig. 41], rounded in D eagon [fig. 42]); valve apices

long. Female unknown.

Distribution. Solomon Islands (Guadalcanai).

Comments. The paratype male was illustrated by Parsons (1998) as

Virachola democles affinis. 'The explanation for this arrangement relates to a

cabinet drawer note in the ANIC, Canberra, made by the late G. E. Tite, who

suggested that the specimen might be associated with the Australian taxon

D. democles Miskin, which Tite knew only from the illustrations of

Waterhouse and Lyell (1914). Although clearly related to D. democles (and

other *blue' Deudorix taxa), both the phenotype and the male genitalia (cf.

fig. 40 [D. democles] and fig. 43 [D. wabens]) suggest that they are not

conspecific.

Discussion

Two Deudorix species, D. woodfordi and D. viridens, were described from

the island of Guadalcanal by Druce (1891) but there appear to be no

published reports of any other species from the Solomon Islands prior to

Parsons (1998). There is a female in the collection of The Natural History

Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (1) 23

Museum, London (BMNH), taken by Meek in 1904 on Rendova (New

Georgia Group), which represents a third taxon, almost certainly D. diovis

Hewitson and a female taken on Alu (Shortland group) in November 1997

also corresponds closely to this taxon. No corresponding male ‘D. diovis’

from the Solomon Islands has been seen. Parsons (1998) additionally

reported D. epijarbas concolor Joicey & Talbot from the large island of

Bougainville, politically part of Papua New Guinea but geographically and

faunistically part of the Solomons Archipelago, and reported D. wabens (as

Virachola democles affinis) from Guadalcanal.

The large, mountainous and poorly explored island of Choiseul, southeast of

Bougainville, was visited in April 1997, at the start of a period of cyclonic

conditions. In the calm following several days of heavy rain and high winds,

lycaenid butterflies were attracted in unusually large numbers to the small

white flowers of a Mikania species (Asteraceae) and a total of 24 Deudorix

specimens (usually seen only singly or in small numbers in the Solomon

Islands), of both sexes, were collected. This material comprised five species,

of which three are described as new in this paper. Although the possibility of

dispersal between islands as a result of the cyclonic conditions is not

discounted, the number of species flying together (D. woodfordi, D. viridens,

D. confusa, D. brilligi, D. eagon), together with a general lack of available

material, suggests that adult Deudorix species may be primarily canopy

dwellers, *forced' lower on this occasion to feed at flowers after several days

of inactivity. These butterflies are extremely fast fliers and the number of

individuals collected on Choiseul represents only a percentage of those seen.

It is not known whether the sample included all species present.

Of the two previously reported Solomon Islands species, D. woodfordi,

regarded as a subspecies of D. epijarbas by some authors (e.g. Samson

1980), is known to be widespread and sympatric with D. epijarbas in the

New Guinea region, including the Bismarck Archipelago and Bougainville.

In comparison, the highly distinctive D. viridens, provisionally placed with

D. epijarbas by Seitz (1926) and overlooked by D'Abrera (1971, 1978,

1990), has been largely ignored in the literature. Parsons (1998) briefly

mentioned D. viridens, stating that it flew with D. woodfordi on Guadalcanal.

It is not actually known whether the taxa are sympatric on that island, since

D. viridens appears to have been collected there only sporadically since it

was first described.

Druce (1891) described D. viridens from the male, which he stated was

'strongly dusted over both wings with light green scales' and it is clear from

Druce's type material in the BMNH, and the few further specimens

accumulated since that time, that it is a distinctive, but variable species. The

male holotype is small, with a prominent blue-green sheen on the upper

surface, a feature present to a lesser degree on several other males examined.

Further males are large and completely lack this sheen, although the

distinctive underside markings and genitalia of all specimens exanuned

24 Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (1)

including the holotype and a large male at the opposite end of the range of

variation, also from Guadalcanal, appear identical. Aside from a series of 11

males and 9 females in the ANIC, the female of D. viridens is not present in

any collection seen and is reported here for the first time. The ANIC series,

taken on Guadalcanal by the late William Brandt, is remarkable in terms of

both the number of specimens and the pristine condition of all individuals,

suggesting they may have been reared from the early stages, although there is

no record of such an event in Brandt's notes (Ted Edwards, pers. comm.). It

is interesting that none of the 11 males in this series has Druce's green sheen

and it is possible that further study may reveal the presence of more than one

taxon under what is presently considered to be D. viridens.

As already noted under D. wabens, Parsons (1998) placed Deudorix affinis

Rothschild, stat. rev. as a subspecies of D. democles Miskin from Australia

and incorrectly associated and illustrated a male from Guadalcanal as

Virachola democles affinis. The status of D. affinis itself is open to question

and it is by no means certain that a male historically associated with the

female holotype belongs to that taxon. The holotype, illustrated by D’ Abrera

(1990) and Parsons (1998), was taken on Dampier (Karkar) island, north of

Madang (Papua New Guinea) in 1914 by Meek (Rothschild 1915). A male,

illustrated by D'Abrera (1990) as D. affinis, was taken on Sudest (Tagula)

island, the largest of the Louisiades, in 1916 by the Eichhorn brothers. The

two localites are more than 1200 km apart and it is possible, even probable,

that these specimens are not conspecific. Including two new taxa described

above, males of three different ‘blue’ Deudorix are known, from Papua New

Guinea, Choiseul and Guadalcanal. No female is known from any of these

localities and it is uncertain whether any of these males may be associated

with the female holotype of D. affinis. Based on underside coloration and

markings, the Sudest male is the most similar, but only examination of a

male from Dampier, or a female from Sudest, will provide a definitive

answer. Comparison of female D. democles with the holotype of D. affinis,

and of the genitalia of male D. democles (fig. 40) with the Sudest ‘D. affinis’

(fig. 41), suggests a close relationship, but not conspecificity, in each case.

The Guadalcanal male illustrated by Parsons (1998) [D. wabens] is the least

likely of the possible contenders for the true male of D. affinis.

As the foregoing illustrates, the New Guinea sub-region Deudorix species are

a very complex group of butterflies which are not well understood and this

may account for the significant differences seen in taxonomic judgement and

interpretation. The group is very much in need of extensive revision.

Acknowledgments

Mr Moses Biliki, Ministry of Forests, Environment and Conservation,

Honiara, supported the author's Solomon Islands projects. Mrs Audrey

Ruza, Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development, Honiara,

issued research permits for fieldwork. Mr Daniel Kwon, Director, Eagon

Australian Entomologist, 2000. 27 (1) 25

Resources Development Co., (S.I.), Mr N. T. Oh and Mr Peter Mahoa were

helpful in enabling the author to travel in northwest Choiseul. Mr Ted

Edwards, CSIRO, Canberra and Mr Chris Muller, Dural, NSW, generously

donated study material to the BMNH. Assistance was also given by Mr Phil

Ackery, Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London;

Dr Mike Parsons, University of Florida and Dr Don Sands, CSIRO, Brisbane.

The author's first field visit to the Solomon Islands in 1996 was partially

funded by the Exploration Board of Imperial College of Science, Technology

and Medicine, London, The Linnean Society of London and the Royal

Entomological Society of London. Significant funding for this and

subsequent field visits was generously provided by the Trustees of the

Godman Exploration Fund.

References

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butterflies. An annotated catalogue of the Papilionoidea and Hesperioidea of the Afrotropical

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San Cristobal Island, Solomon Islands. Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of

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Australischen Tagfalter. Alfred Kernen Verlag, Stuttgart; pp 799-1026.

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from the Admiralty Islands, Dampier, and Vulcan Islands. Novitates Zoologicae 22: 192-208,

387-402.

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TAKANAMI, Y. 1989. On some type specimens of Lycaenidae from South East Asia

(Lepidoptera). Tyo To Ga 40(1): 23-80.

TENNENT, W.J. 1997a. Authorship of some species-group names in the Lycaenid genus

Hypochrysops C & R Felder, 1860 (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera). Entomologist 116(1): 40-42.

26 Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (i)

TENNENT, W.J. 1997b. The type locality of Ornithoptera victoriae Gray, 1856, and the

circumstances of the capture of the holotype female (Lepidoptera, Rhopalocera). Archives of

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TENNENT, W.J. 1998a. The search for Tiradelphe schneideri Ackery & Vane-Wright, 1984

(Lepidoptera: Danainae). British Journal of Entomology and Natural History 10: 203-209.

TENNENT, W.J. 1998b. Biodiversity and biogeography of Solomon Islands butterflies.

Unpublished MSc Thesis, University of Kent at Canterbury, UK.

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Lycaenidae). Tropical Lepidoptera

TENNENT, W.J. in press e. Thirteen new butterflies from the Solomon Islands (Lepidoptera:

Lycaenidae). Butterflies

TENNENT, W.J. and KITCHING, I.J. 1998. A reappraisal of two endemic hawkmoths

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Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (1): 27-30 27

SYNONYMY, GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTIONS,

LECTOTYPE DESIGNATIONS AND TYPE DEPOSITORIES

OF SOME AUSTRALIAN AND SOUTH PACIFIC DACINAE

(DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)

R.A.I. DREW! and D.L. HANCOCK?

'Australian School of Environmental Studies, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld 4111

"PO Box 2464, Cairns, Qld 4870

Abstract

Bactrocera (Bulladacus) neotigrina Drew & Hancock, from north-eastern Queensland, is

placed as a new synonym of B. (Bulladacus) flavinotus (May), comb. nov., which is removed

from synonymy with B. (Bulladacus) tigrina (May). Corrected geographic distributions are

provided for ten species of Bactrocera Macquart from the South Pacific. Lectotype

designations for B. curvipennis (Froggatt) and Dacus ornatissimus Froggatt are discussed

and notes on type depositories provided.

Introduction

Some species of Dacinae in the South Pacific region are major pests of a

wide range of horticultural crops. Besides crop losses incurred, many

countries experience quarantine restrictions to export. trade in fresh

horticultural produce. Consequently, it is essential that published geographic

distributions are correct. Extensive fruit fly surveillance programmes that

have included 22 Pacific Island countries, from 1990 to the present, have

provided comprehensive data on geographic distributions and host plant

records of most known species (Allwood and Drew 1997). Some incorrect

distributions were listed by Norrbom et al. (1998), together with incorrect

deductions on lectotype designations and queries on type depositories. This

paper discusses the necessary corrections to several species of Bactrocera

Macquart.

When Drew et al. (1999) described Bactrocera neotigrina Drew & Hancock

from north-eastern Queensland, an earlier name by May (1958) unfortunately

was overlooked, being included at that time in the synonymy of B. tigrina

(May). The resulting synonymy is detailed below.

New synonymy

Bactrocera (Bulladacus) flavinotus (May), comb. nov.

Afrodacus flavinotus May, 1958: 293. Type locality Atherton, Qld. Holotype 9 in

Queensland Museum, Brisbane [examined].

Bactrocera (Bulladacus) neotigrina Drew & Hancock, in Drew et al., 1999: 7. Type

syn. nov.

Comments. This species was described by May (1958) from a single

specimen, considered to be teneral by Drew (1989), who incorrectly

synonymised it with B. tigrina. It is here removed from synonymy, differing

from B. tigrina in characters noted by Drew et al. (1999), particularly the

28 Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (1)

mostly fulvous scutum in both sexes and the very weakly indicated bulla on

the wing in males.

Geographic distributions

The distributions of the following ten South Pacific species of Bactrocera

Macquart were incorrectly or incompletely indicated by Norrbom et al.

(1998).

Bactrocera curvipennis (Froggatt)

Recorded only from New Caledonia and not Fiji (see notes below under

lectotype designations). A record from Vanuatu (Aneityum, November 1930:

see Drew 1989) is unconfirmed and doubtful; it has not been detected on any

Vanuatu island in recent surveys.

Bactrocera distincta (Malloch)

Recorded from Fiji, Futuna, Niue, Tonga and Samoa (American and

Western).

Bactrocera facialis (Coquillett)

Recorded only from Tonga and not New Caledonia.

Bactrocera kirki (Froggatt)

Recorded from French Polynesia, Futuna, Niue, Tonga, Samoa (American

and Western) and Wallis.

Bactrocera musae (Tryon)

Recorded from north-eastern Queensland (Australia) and mainland Papua

New Guinea. Its presence in the Bismarck Archipelago is unconfirmed,

while reports from the Solomon Islands are doubtful and unconfirmed and

reports from Vanuatu are incorrect.

Bactrocera paraxanthodes Drew & Hancock

Recorded only from New Caledonia. Records from Vanuatu and Western

Samoa (see Drew and Hancock 1995) refer to undescribed sibling species.

Bactrocera passiflorae (Froggatt)

Recorded from Fiji, Niue, Tuvalu and Wallis. Typical B. passiflorae has

never been reared from fruit samples in Tonga and a morphologically similar

population in the northern Tongan islands of the Niua group (see Drew and

Hancock 1995) is probably an undescribed sibling species.

Bactrocera psidii (Froggatt)

Recorded only from New Caledonia and not from Tonga and Western

Samoa.

Bactrocera simulata (Malloch)

Recorded from Papua New Guinea (Bougainville) and the Solomon Islands.

A record from Vanuatu appears to be a misidentification of another species.

Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (1) 29

Bactrocera xanthodes (Broun)

Recorded from Cook Islands, Fiji, Samoa (American and Western), Tonga,

Wallis and Futuna.

Lectotype designations

The lectotype designations for Bactrocera curvipennis (Froggatt) and Dacus

ornatissimus Froggatt by Drew (1989) were declared invalid by Norrbom et

al. (1998). However, these lectotype designations are valid and the reasons

for this are given below. As noted by Drew (1974), Froggatt often confused

the locality records of his type material in print but had the correct data on

the specimen labels. For example, Froggatt (1909) described Dacus

ornatissimus and Dacus curvipennis on the same page but incorrectly, under

habitat, listed the locality and host of D. curvipennis under D. ornatissimus

and vice versa.

Bactrocera curvipennis (Froggatt)

The types of this species are in the New South Wales Agriculture Collection.

They are correctly labelled ‘syntype, New Caledonia, bred ex mandarins,

October 1901, coll. Mr Butler'. Drew (1989) correctly designated one of the

two types as the lectotype and the other as a paralectotype. In the original

description, Froggatt (1909) incorrectly listed the habitat and host data of

B. curvipennis as Fiji, ex bananas, the correct data having been listed in error

under Dacus ornatissimus. It is important to note that B. curvipennis has

never been recorded from Fiji, only from New Caledonia.

‘Dacus’ ornatissimus Froggatt

The types of this species are also in the New South Wales Agriculture

Collection. As explained by Drew (1974, 1989), the type series consists of

two species, Bactrocera psidii (Froggatt) (bred from guava from New

Caledonia) and B. musae (Tryon) (bred from banana from Australia, not Fiji

as originally stated). The lectotype (labelled type) was correctly designated

by Drew (1989) and is the only specimen of B. psidii, while the

paralectotypes (labelled cotypes) are all specimens of B. musae. The

illustrations by Froggatt (1909) are of B. musae. The lectotype is labelled

‘New Caledonia, 4.4.97, bred guava, type WWF’ and it is probable that this

is also an unlabelled syntype of B. psidii, described from material from the

same source. It may have been included inadvertently in the type series of

D. ornatissimus but appears to be the specimen specified as the ‘type’ by

Froggatt (1909) but listed incorrectly, along with habitat and host data, under

D. curvipennis. The confusion caused by Froggatt in the handling and

recording of these type specimens was discussed in detail by Drew (1974).

Neither B. psidii nor B. musae has ever been recorded from Fiji and B. musae

never from New Caledonia. As in the case of the syntypes of B. curvipennis,

the syntypes of D. ornatissimus were correctly labelled by Froggatt.

30 Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (1)

Type depositories

Norrbom et al. (1998) recorded the present location of the types of several

Bactrocera species as uncertain. However, their current status is indicated

below (see Drew 1989).

In New South Wales Agriculture Collection (NSWA): B. curvipennis

(Froggatt); B. ornatissimus (Froggatt).

Probably in NSWA: B. psidii (Froggatt) [see above under ‘Dacus’

ornatissimus].

Unknown, probably lost: B. cucumis (French), B. frenchi (Froggatt);

B. nigrofasciatus (Tryon), B. pepisalae (Froggatt); B. rarotongae (Froggatt);

B. tongensis (Froggatt); B. tryoni (Froggatt).

Lost: B. xanthodes (Broun).

References

ALLWOOD, A.J. and DREW, R.A.I. (eds) 1997. Management of Fruit Flies in the Pacific. A

regional symposium, Nadi, Fiji, 28-31 October 1996. ACIAR Proceedings 76: 267 pp.

DREW, R.A.I. 1974. Revised descriptions of species of Dacini (Diptera: Tephritidae) from the

South Pacific area. II. The Strumeta group of subgenera of genus Dacus. Queensland

Department of Primary Industries, Division of Plant Industry Bulletin 653: 101 pp.

DREW, R.A.I. 1989. The tropical fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) of the Australasian

and Oceanian regions. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 26: 1-521.

DREW, R.A.I. and HANCOCK, D.L. 1995. New species, subgenus and records of Bactrocera

Macquart from the South Pacific. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 34: 7-11.

DREW, R.A.I., HANCOCK, D.L. and ROMIG, M.C. 1999c. New species and records of fruit

flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) from north Queensland. Australian Entomologist 26(1):

1-12.

FROGGATT, W.W. 1909. Report on parasitic and injurious insects 1907-08. Part III. Fruit

Flies, pp 73-128. Government Printer, Sydney. Reprinted in 1910 as Farmers' Bulletin, New

South Wales Department of Agriculture 24: 1-56.

MAY, A. 1958. New species and records of Dacinae (Trypetidae, Diptera) from Queensland

and New Guinea. Queensland Journal of Agricultural Science 14 293-306.

NORRBOM, A.L., CARROLL, L.E., THOMPSON, F.C., WHITE, I.M. and FREIDBERG, A.

1998. Systematic Database of Names. Myia 9: 65-299.

Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (1): 31 31

CORRECTIONS TO AN ANNOTATED LIST OF THE HAWK

MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA: SPHINGIDAE) OF WESTERN

PROVINCE, PAPUA NEW GUINEA

R.B. LACHLAN

Entomology Department, Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney, NSW 2000

Abstract

Previous records of Macroglossum mitchelli (Boisduval) and M. albigutta Rothschild & Jordan

from Western Province, Papua New Guinea are misidentifications of M. stevensi Clark and an

undescribed species, respectively.

Discussion

In a paper on the hawk moths of Western Province, Papua New Guinea by

Moulds and Lachlan (1998), two species were misidentified.

The specimens identified as Macroglossum mitchelli (Boisduval) are, in fact,

Macroglossum stevensi Clark. The specimens identified as Macroglossum

albigutta Rothschild & Jordan are not this species and belong to an

undescribed species (Lachlan and Kitching, in prep.).

Tennent and Kitching (1998) clearly figure specimens of both M. a. albigutta

and M. a. floridense Rothschild & Jordan and these do not match the

specimens figured in Moulds and Lachlan (1998).

Dr Ian Kitching (The Natural History Museum, London) kindly brought

these identification errors to our attention and noted that there were only

three specimens of M. stevensi known prior to the publication of Moulds and

Lachlan (1998). We thank him for bringing this to our notice.

References

MOULDS, M.S. and LACHLAN, R.B. 1998. An annotated list of the hawk moths

(Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) of Western Province, Papua New Guinea. Australian Entomologist

25(2): 45-60.

TENNENT, W.J. and KITCHING, LJ. 1998. A reappraisal of two endemic hawkmoths

(Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from the Solomon Archipelago. Nachrichten des Entomologischen

Vereins Apollo, N.F. 19(1): 1-21.

32 Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (1)

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTICES

Items for insertion should be sent to the editor who reserves the right to alter,

reject of charge for notices.

FOR SALE. Butterflies from all parts of the world. Papua New Guinea,

Peru, Indonesia., Thailand, China, Africa, Brazil Colombia etc. Papilionidae

inc. Parnassius; Delias; Charaxes; etc. Free catalogue. David Hall, 6 Rule St

Cambridge Park, N.S.W. 2747. Ph. 02 4731 2410.

WANTED. Any information regarding Rhytiphora macleayi (Coleoptera:

Cerambycidae), particularly from private collections. Mark Hura, 111

Oleander Drive, Parafield Gardens, S.A., 5107.

NOTES FOR AUTHORS

Manuscripts submitted for publication should, preferably, be type-written, double

spaced and in triplicate. Refer to recent issues for layout and style.

All papers will be forwarded to two referees and the editor reserves the right to

reject any paper considered unsuitable.

Papers longer than ten printed pages will normally not be accepted.

Papers will be accepted only if a minimum of 100 reprints is purchased.

Manuscripts occupying less than one printed page may be accepted without charge

if no reprints are required. Charges are as follows: cost per printed page $27.50

(B&W), $60 (colour) for 100 copies. Page charges may be reduced at the

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required size.

Address manuscripts to: The Editor

The Australian Entomologist

P.O. Box 537,

Indooroopilly, Qld, 4068

Australia

THE AUSTRALIAN

Entomologist

Volume 27, Part 1, 24 June 2000

CONTENTS

DREW, R.A.I. and HANCOCK, D.L.

Synonymy, geographic distributions, lectotype designations and type

depositories of some Australian and South Pacific Dacinae (Diptera:

Tephritidae).

JAMES, D.G.

Feeding on larvae of Danaus plexippus (L.) (Lepidoptera: eres causes

mortality in the assassin bug Pristhesancus plagipennis Walker (Hemiptera:

Reduviidae).

LACHLAN, R.B.

Corrections to an annotated list of the hawk moths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) of

Western Province, Papua New Guinea.

MATTHEWS, R.W.

Nesting biology of the Australian stem-nesting wasp Rbopalum bendorense

Leclerq (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae).

TENNENT, V. J.

Notes on Deudorix Hewitson in the Solomon Islands, the Bismarck Archipelago

and New Guinea, with descriptions of nine new taxa. (Lepidoptera:

Lycaenidae).

RECENT LITERATURE

An accumulative bibliography of Australian entomology.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTICES

ISSN 1320 6133