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Fly Group

Cover: The cornelian butterfly, Deudorix epijarbas (Moore) is distributed from Cape

York, Qld south to the Gosford area, N.S.W. The male is strikingly coloured orange-

red and black above and pale brown below. The larvae feed within the seed capsule

of several rainforest plants, including Harpullia, Macadamia and Buckinghamia.

From an original etching by Geoff Thompson.

Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (3)): 65-70 pr T 65

TAYLORIMYIA IOTA (JOHNSTON & TIEGS) (DIPTERA: >.

SARCOPHAGIDAE), A PARASITOID OF BIPRORULUS ^.

BIBAX BREDDIN (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) —

DAVID G. JAMES E

Irrigated Agriculture Research and Extension Center, Washington State University,

24106 North Bunn Road, Prosser, Washington 99350 USA

Abstract

Taylorimyia iota (Johnston & Tiegs) is recorded parasitising adult and nymphal

Biprorulus bibax Breddin in the Chinchilla district of southern Queensland. Egg-like

structures (ELS) (1-22 per bug) were found attached to dorsal and ventral surfaces

of up to 3696 of B. bibax collected during spring-summer from Eremocitrus glauca

(Lindl.) Swing. One male bug dissected in September 1998 contained a large maggot.

One adult 7! iota emerged in the laboratory from a female bug collected in

November 1998. Five of 19 adult B. bibax with attached ELS collected in November

1998 and dissected after death, contained small maggots. In November 1998, adult

T. iota were observed ‘visiting’ wild and caged B. bibax. Adult B. bibax confined in

a glass tube with larvae that emerged from the abdomen of a damaged T. iota, carried

ELS after three hours. Microscopic observations suggested T. iota larvae secreted

these structures, presumably for protection, during entry into B. bibax. The biology

and potential of T. iota as a natural enemy of B. bibax is discussed.

Introduction

The spined citrus bug, Biprorulus bibax Breddin, is an important pest of

citrus in eastern Australia, causing internal staining/drying of fruit and

fruit drop (Hely et al. 1982, James 1994a, Smith et al. 1997). Recent

research on the biology and ecology of this native insect (e.g. James

1990a-c) led to development and adoption of an integrated manage-

ment strategy based on monitoring, natural enemy conservation and

judicious use of an insecticide (James 19942).

The natural enemies of B. bibax recorded to date include 13

hymenopterous egg parasitoids (Summerville 1931, James 1990d, 1993a,

Johnson 1991), an assassin bug, Pristhesancus plagipennis Walker

(James 1994b, Smith et al. 1997), stink bugs, spiders, mantids, lacewings

and ants (Smith et al. 1997). Smith et al. (1997: 110), using information

supplied by the current author, state *An unidentified tachinid fly para-

itises adult spined citrus bugs in Queensland”. I here report the true

identity of this fly as the sarcophagid Taylorimyia iota (Johnston & Tiegs)

and provide information on this new parasitoid association for B. bibax.

Materials and Methods

All stages of B. bibax were collected from Eremocitrus glauca (Lindl.)

Swing. (desert lime), during field studies of the natural enemy complex

of B. bibax on its native host plant in inland southern Queensland.

Sampling of bugs was conducted in the Mitchell/Muckadilla and

Chinchilla districts in November 1990, November 1991 and January,

September and November 1998. On the first visit to sampling sites in

66 Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (3)

November 1990, a number of adult bugs were found with small (approx-

imately 1mm x 0.5mm), pale, egg-like structures (ELS) attached to their

bodies (Fig. 1). Initially, these structures were erroneously assumed to

be eggs of tachinid flies, well known parasitoids of adult stink bugs

(Arnaud 1978). Data were recorded on the number of ELS per bug and

their placement. These apparently parasitised bugs were taken back to

the laboratory, held individually in plastic cups on immature citrus

(lemon) fruit at 25—27?C and observed for emergence of parasitoids.

Similar data were collected in 1991 and 1998. Bugs with ELS collected

in November 1998 and held in the laboratory, were dissected under a

stereomicroscope for evidence of parasitism following death. The ELS

were also examined microscopically. A sample of bugs without ELS

(n = 9) were dissected after capture in September 1998. In November

1998, flies were observed ‘visiting’ adult B. bibax in E. glauca bushes at

one Chinchilla sampling site. Cages containing 20-40 bugs were

positioned near the bushes in an attempt to attract these flies. Larvae

that emerged from the accidentally damaged abdomen of one captured

fly, were confined in a glass specimen tube with four adult, laboratory-

reared B. bibax. The ELS subsequently found on these bugs were

compared under a stereomicroscope with those found on wild bugs.

Results

1990: Ten (18%) of 55 adult B. bibax collected at Chinchilla on 26

November had 1-22 (mean 3.9 + 2) ELS attached to their bodies (Fig.

1). All bugs with ELS were females. Twenty of the 39 ELS attached to

the bugs were on the ventral surface, with the remainder attached

dorsally. Two ELS were found under the hemelytra. ELS were

frequently attached near the head of the bug or in the lower abdominal

area and were often positioned on intersegmental membranes. No ELS

were found on 63 bugs collected on 25 November from sites 200—250 km

further west (Muckadilla, Mitchell). No parasitoids emerged from bugs

held in the laboratory until their death.

1991: One female B. bibax of 47 collected in the Chinchilla district on

November 6, carried a single ELS dorsally, near the head. No para-

sitoids emerged from this individual in the laboratory. No ELS were

found on 32 bugs collected from sites at Mitchell and Muckadilla on

5 November.

1998: Five B. bibax (2 males, 3 females) of 75 collected from aestival

clusters (James 1992) in E. glauca bushes at Chinchilla sampling sites

on January 24, carried ELS. Each bug had a single ELS, positioned

dorsally near the head or on the hemelytra. No parasitoids emerged

from the bugs in the laboratory.

No ELS were found on nine B. bibax (6 females, 3 males) collected from

Chinchilla sites on September 21. Dissection of these bugs (as part of a

study on reproduction), revealed the presence of a single large (10 mm),

dark brown maggot in one male (Fig. 1). Most of the fat body in this bug

appeared to have been consumed by the maggot.

Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (3) 67

Fig. 1. (A) Egg-like structures (ELS) attached to adult Biprorulus bibax; secreted by

first instar larvae of Taylorimyia iota. (B) Mature dipteran larva (assumed to be

Taylorimyia iota) in opened abdomen of Biprorulus bibax collected at Chinchilla,

southern Queensland in September 1998.

68 Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (3)

Eighteen (36%) of 50 B. bibax collected at Chinchilla sites on 5-6

November carried ELS. Eleven were females and 7 were males. In

addition, two of 10 nymphs (one third and one fourth instar) collected

carried single ELS. Adult bugs carried 1-3 (mean 1.4 + 0.2) ELS and

most (68% ) were attached ventrally.

One sarcophagid fly, identified as Taylorimyia iota Johnston and Tiegs,

emerged from a female B. bibax after 5 days at 27°C (specimen

deposited in Agricultural Scientific Collections Unit, Orange

Agricultural Institute). The remaining 17 adult bugs and two nymphs

that carried ELS died after 1-49 days with no parasitoids emerging.

Dissections revealed 5 of the 19 bugs (26%) contained single maggots

which appeared to be alive. Maggots were pale in colour and ranged in

size from 0.5-5mm in length. Microscopic examination of the ELS

showed most were ‘kinked’ and empty. However, two contained single,

very small (< I mm) maggots that had apparently died before exiting the

structure. Empty ELS had an ‘exit hole’ underneath and an apparent

entry point on the bug, indicated by a diffuse dark coloured ‘spot’.

Twelve bugs showed no evidence of maggot presence and it is assumed

that death of these maggots occurred shortly after entry.

On 5-6 November, flies were observed ‘visiting’ B. bibax located on

the fruit/foliage of E. glauca. Weather conditions were sunny and hot

(30-35*C). These flies also showed interest in bugs confined in cages

and two individuals were captured. One fly was accidentally damaged

on capture causing living maggots to issue from its abdomen.

Confinement of these maggots with laboratory-reared adult B. bibax

resulted in the discovery of two ELS on the dorsal surface of one bug

when examined 3 hours later. Closer examination of the ELS showed

they were cream-coloured and smooth, without the characteristic ‘kink’.

Re-examination three days later showed the ELS was now empty, paler

and ‘kinked’. There was also an ‘exit hole’ and apparent entry site on

the exoskeleton of the bug.

Discussion

Host use in the Sarcophagidae is broad and includes millipedes,

earthworms, snails and spider eggs as well as a number of insect families

(Feener and Brown 1997). However, parasitism of adult pentatomids by

sarcophagids appears to be uncommon with only the Nearctic species,

Sarcodexia sternodontis (Townsend), previously reported as a parasitoid

(Drake 1920). Six Australian pentatomids have been recorded as adult

or nymphal hosts for at least seven species of Tachinidae (Cantrell 1984,

1986, Coombs and Khan 1997). However, adults and nymphs of

Ausiralian pentatomids appear to be infrequently parasitised by

Diptera compared to other parts of the world (e.g. North and South

America) where tachinids are important pentatomid parasitoids

(Arnaud 1978, Buschman and Whitcomb 1980, McPherson et al. 1982).

Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (3) 69

This study has identified the existence of a host-parasitoid relationship

between B. bibax and T. iota. The ELS found on adult and nymphal

B. bibax, initially thought to be eggs of a tachinid parasitoid (Smith et al.

1997), are protective casings secreted by first instar larvae of T. iota,

presumably to prevent dessication during the process of entering the

bug. The protective casings presumably offer 7: iota larvae similar

protection to that afforded to tachinid larvae by their egg shells.

Larviviparity is common in sarcophagids, and there is an obvious

adaptive value in constructing a protective casing, given the harsh (hot,

dry) environment of inland southern Queensland and the relatively

tough exoskeleton of B. bibax.

More details on the biology of T. iota and its role in regulating

populations of B. bibax await further study. In inland southern

Queensland, B. bibax undergoes hibernal and aestival reproductive

diapause (James 1991,1992, 1993b) and it is likely that T iota has a

corresponding physiology to ensure synchronisation with its host

(Danks 1987). The presence of a mature dipteran larva, assumed to be

T. iota, in a bug collected in early spring (September) suggests

parasitism occurred the previous spring-summer. No ELS was present

on this bug, suggesting that it had fallen off in the period since larval

entry Young larvae dissected from bugs collected in late spring

(November) and the presence of adult flies at this time further supports

the idea of a spring emergence of flies. Biprorulus bibax enter aestival

dormancy in late November-December (James 1992). This may restrict

T. iota to a single generation per year.

Taylorimyia iota is the first recorded parasitoid of adult and nymphal

B. bibax and has potential importance as an addition to the natural

enemy complex operating against this pentatomid (James 1993a, Smith

et al. 1997). Currently, T. iota is known only from populations of

B. bibax on E. glauca in the Chinchilla district of southern Queensland.

It has not been reported from B. bibax on commercial citrus at

Mundubberra-Gayndah, less than 100 km to the east of Chinchilla (Dan

Papacek, pers. comm.), or anywhere else in Australia, despite extensive

studies on the biology and management of this bug in recent years (see

references in Smith et al. 1997). Further studies are needed on the

biology of T. iota and its role in regulating B. bibax to determine

whether there is value in introducing it to control B. bibax populations

in commercial citrus. A survey of pentatomids in Australian insect collec-

tions might shed some light on possible other hosts of T. iota. Collectors

could have assumed ELS on pentatomids were tachinid fly eggs.

Acknowledgments

I wish to thank Murray Fletcher (NSW Agriculture, Orange) for identi-

fication of T. iota and Karen Tuckett (NSW Agriculture, Yanco) for

assistance in culturing B. bibax and photographing T. iota maggots.

Glen Warren (NSW Agriculture, Yanco) is also thanked for the photo-

raphs of B. bibax with ELS secreted by larvae of T. iota.

70 Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (3)

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CANTRELL, B.K. 1986. An updated host catalogue for the Australian Tachinidae

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COOMBS, M. and KAHN, S.A. 1997. New host/parasitoid records for Australian

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HELY, P.C., PASFIELD, G. and GELLATLEY, J.G. 1982. Insect Pests of Fruit and

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Breddin (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in south western New South Wales. General and

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Pentatomidae) under a range of constant temperatures. Environmental Entomology 19:

874-877.

JAMES, D.G. 1990d. Incidence of egg parasitism of Biprorulus bibax Breddin

(Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in southern New South Wales. General and Applied

Entomology 22: 55-60.

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Pentatomidae). Australian Entomological Magazine 19: 65-68.

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(Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 32: 67-68.

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Pentatomidae) on Eremocitrus glauca (Rutaceae). Australian Entomologist 20: 129-132.

JAMES, D.G. 1994a. The development of suppression tactics for Biprorulus bibax

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1982. Incidence of tachinid parasitism of several stink bug (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)

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SMITH, D., BEATTIE, G.A.C. and BROADLEY, R. 1997. Citrus pests and their natural

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Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (3) 71

NEW SPECIES, SUBSPECIES AND RECORDS OF DELIAS

HUBNER (LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE) FROM THE UPPER

OK TEDI AND TARI REGIONS, PAPUA NEW GUINEA

R.B. LACHLAN

Department of Entomology, Australian Museum, 6 College St, Sydney, NSW 2010

Abstract

Three new species and six subspecies of Delias Hiibner from Papua New Guinea are

described and illustrated: Delias felis sp. nov., D. inopinata sp. nov., D. binniensis sp.

nov., D. mira pellos subsp. nov., D. carstensziana starensis subsp. nov., D. awongkor

hindenburgensis subsp. nov., D. iltis bultemensis subsp. nov., D. fascelis cartieri subsp.

nov. and D. luctuosa versicolor subsp. nov. Notes on distribution are presented for 35

further species in the Ok Tedi and Tari areas, including the following newly recorded

from Papua New Guinea: D. pheres Jordan, D. oktanglap oktanglap van Mastrigt,

D. frater Jordan, D. catisa catisa Jordan, D. alepa alepa Jordan, D. leucias leucias

Jordan,

D. wollastoni abmisibilensis van Mastrigt, D. hypomelas conversa Jordan.

Introduction

In recent years considerable work has been done on Delias Hübner in

Irian Jaya, with many new species and subspecies described from

previously underresearched areas. By contrast, little has been published

in recent years on Delias in Papua New Guinea. The majority of species

described and their distribution records relate to the central and eastern

parts of the country. Parsons (1998) provided the most recent compre-

hensive list of species recorded and their distributions but there is no

mention of the Ok Tedi area. An extensive survey was carried out,

primarily in the upper Ok Tedi region, between February 1991 and

January 2000. This resulted in many new geographic records and the

collection of several undescribed species and subspecies. These new

species and subspecies are described in this paper and numerous other

distribution records presented. Terminology of wing venation and

regions is based upon Parsons (1998).

Specimen depositories are abbreviated as follows: AMS — Australian

Museum, Sydney; ANIC — Australian National Insect Collection,

CSIRO, Canberra; RBLC — R. B. Lachlan Collection.

Delias felis sp. nov.

(Figs 1-6)

Types. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Holotype d, Mount Binnie, 2200m, next to Ok

Tedi mine, Western Province, 5°13'S 141908'E, 22.v.1993, R.B. Lachlan. Paratypes: 2

dc, 2 99, SE slopes of Mt Akrik (Ian), 15km NW of Tabubil, Western Province,

5°10'S 141°09'E, 1625m, 21.ix.1992, 26.ix.1993, 20.xi.1993, 1.iv.1994, R.B. Lachlan.

Holotype in ANIC; paratypes in RBLC.

Description. Male (Figs 1-4). Fore wing upperside with basal half white

with faint blue tinge to just short of distal end of discal cell (black

underside giving faint blue colour); black costal border entering

72 Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (3)

anterior half of discal cell; one vague subapical spot; distal half of fore

wing black with tornus curving basally. Hind wing upperside white;

narrow black border from apex to tornus suffused with white. Fore wing

underside nearly all black with three yellow-orange subapical spots; one

specimen (Fig. 4) with one or two very small, thin yellow-orange

terminal spots; a small amount of white diffused with black below vein

CuA, at subtornal and tornal area; mostly white below vein 1A+2A.

Hind wing underside with basal half black with distinct subbasal yellow-

orange spot near costa; distal half white overlaid with yellow-orange

scales to varying degrees (Figs 2, 4) becoming white at outer edge at

black border; veins white; black border thin at apex, widest at tornus

(2-3mm); separation between black and yellow-orange irregular and

variable from middle of costal margin to tornus passing slightly through

distal edge of cell. Length of fore wing: 26-29 mm.

Female (Figs 5-6). Fore wing upperside as in male but with reduced

white area; between one third and two thirds of anterior portion of

discal cell black; one or two pale yellow subapical spots much less

distinct than those on the underside. Hind wing upperside as in male

with slightly broader black terminal border. Underside of both wings as

in male; subbasal yellow-orange spot near costa reduced and faint.

Length of fore wing: 27mm.

Etymology. The specific name is derived from ‘felis’, Latin for cat, and

pertains to the black markings on the hind wings and the yellow-orange

subbasal spots giving the appearance of a black cat's face.

Discussion. Although D. felis closely resembles D. hemianops Gerrits &

van Mastrigt and, to a lesser extent, D. fioretti van Mastrigt, it differs by

having a yellow-orange subbasal spot on the hind wing underside,

absent entirely in D. hemianops and D. fioretti. The underside of the

fore wing of D. felis has a reduced white subtornal and tornal area

diffused with black. D. hemianops has a larger, more intense white area

in the same region. The distal orange area on the underside of the hind

wing of D. hemianops and D. fioretti is completely orange with white

veins. In D. felis this area is white overlaid with yellow-orange scales,

giving a much paler overall appearance with some specimens showing

little yellow-orange at all. The separation line between the black and

orange areas on the underside of the hind wing in both D. hemianops

and D. fioretti is more or less straight; in D. felis it is irregular and

variable. The female of D. felis has only one or two subapical spots on

the fore wing upperside, that of D. hemianops has four orange subapical

spots as noted in the original description (Gerrits and van Mastrigt

1992).

Despite intensive collecting at many sites, only five specimens of D. felis

were collected at two sites, 4km apart, between February 1991 and

January 2000. The characters of D. felis place it in the clathrata group

within the genus Delias.

Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (3) TE)

Figs 1-6. Delias felis sp. nov. (1) holotype male upperside; (2) holotype male

underside; (3) male upperside; (4) male underside; (5) female upperside; (6) female

underside.

74 Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (3)

Delias inopinata sp. nov.

(Figs 7-8, 13-14)

Types. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Holotype c, SE slopes of Mt Akrik (Ian), 15 km

NW of Tabubil, Western Province, 5°10'S 141909'E, 1625m, 14.iii.1994, R.B.

Lachlan. Paratypes: 20 dd, same locality, 1-2.iv.1991, 18.v.1991, 8, 23.x.1993, 15,

19-20.ii1.1994, 8, 10.iv.1994, R.B. Lachlan, 21-22.xi.1996, M.S. Moulds; 1 g, 16km

NE of Tabubil, Western Province, 5910'S 141°20'E, 2200 m, 18.1.2000, R.B. Lachlan.

Holotype in ANIC; paratypes in RBLC.

Description. Male (Figs 7-8). Fore wing upperside white to just beyond

end of discal cell, apical and marginal areas black tapering to 2mm at

tornus; two faint subapcial spots in half the specimens examined. Hind

wing upperside white, partly translucent with underside pattern visible;

a black border widest at apex, broken into spots towards tornus, inner

edge scalloped, the width of this border variable, 2-4mm at apex;

faintly yellow along anal margin. Fore wing underside with broad black

costal margin; discal cell nearly entirely black (Fig. 8) or black with

small area at posterior edge towards end of cell diffused with cream

scales; black scaling extends beneath cell at base; creamy-white patch

lighty diffused with black scaling, sometimes heavily but not as much as

in D. endela Jordan; three subapical and three, or sometimes two, small

marginal spots, the last spot often very faint, the second subapical spot

usually longer and positioned basally of the first spot (Fig. 8). Hind wing

underside very dark brown with light yellow suffusion distal of median

crenulate band and anal veins area; one humeral, three subbasal and six

submarginal yellow spots; tornal spot often split into two small parallel

spots; median yellow and cream crenulate band from costal margin to

just below vein CuA,, becoming broken yellow to dorsum near tornus,

narrower than in D. aroae (Ribbe) and D. pheres Jordan, very narrow

in part between veins R5 and M1; yellow and cream spike-like

protrusions along the wing veins on the distal edge of crenulate band

reduced in majority of specimens. Length of fore wing: 24-26 mm, in

two specimens 21 mm.

Genitalia. (Figs 13-14). Distal edge of valve (Fig. 14) with two finger-

like processes and a deep proximal excavation, the distal process longer;

these are slightly variable in shape; dorsal edge slightly incurved; ventral

fold strongly developed. Uncus (Fig. 13) with middle lobe short and

broad, narrowed at apex; lobe on each side small and directed outward;

lateral margin of uncus concave; tegumen incurved anteriorly,

broadened posteriorly.

Female. Unknown.

Etymology. The specific name ‘inopinata’ is derived from the Latin,

meaning surprise; it came as a surprise to find a third species similar to

D. aroae and D. pheres all flying together.

Discussion. Although D. inopinata (Figs 7-8) closely resembles D. aroae

(Fig. 9) and D. pheres (Fig. 10), with which it flies at both known localities.

Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (3) 75

Figs 7-12. (7-8) Delias inopinata sp. nov. (7) holotype male upperside; (8) holotype

male underside. (9) Delias aroae (Ribbe), male underside. (10) Delias pheres Jordan,

male underside. (11-12) Delias binniensis sp. nov. (11) holotype male upperside; (12)

holotype male underside.

76 Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (3)

for D. inopinata, there are a number of external characters that clearly

distinguish it as a distinct species. By comparison, D. inopinata is darker

overall on the underside; in D. aroae and D. pheres the hind wing

underside submarginal spots are generally slightly larger; the width of

the yellow and white median crenulate band is narrower and does not

reach the dorsum, and the spike-like protrusions along the wing veins

on the distal edge of this band are generally reduced. On the fore wing

underside the black basal suffusion below the cell is very evident in

D. inopinata but rarely seen, and then only to a small extent, in either

D. aroae or D. pheres; the cream patch is always suffused with some

black scaling; the second subapical spot is almost always positioned

basal to the first spot, unlike the same two spots in D. aroae and

D. pheres, which are positioned and shaped differently in almost all

specimens taken in the upper Ok Tedi region (see Figs 8-10); this

character alone enabled separation of all three species following

examination of the 35 D. aroae, 81 D. pheres and 22 D. inopinata

specimens collected from all localities. The hind wing uppersides of all

three species are very similar given the slight variation in the black

borders within each species; however, whereas D. inopinata has faint

yellow along the anal margin, the other two species do not. On the fore

wing upperside of D. inopinata the basal white area extends slightly

beyond the cell as in D. aroae, but the separation line between the black

and white tends to be slightly less curved apically in most specimens of

D. inopinata; in D. pheres the white area does not reach the end of the

discal cell.

Figs 13-14. Male genitalia of Delias inopinata sp. nov. (13) uncus in dorsal view; (14)

right valve in lateral view.

Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (3) 77

The genitalia of several specimens was examined and showed slight

variation in the size of the two finger-like processes on the distal edge of

the valve and the size and shape of the lobes on the uncus. The valve in

overall appearance is similar to D. aroae which also shows variation.

The uncus is also similar to D. aroae but not as concave on the lateral

margin and the tegumen is more strongly incurved anteriorly than seen

in many specimens of D. aroae.

In overall appearance, D. inopinata should be placed in the aroae

species-complex as defined by Orr and Sibatani (1986). It is suprising to

note that, despite intensive collecting at many different sites between 800

and 3200m from 1991 to January 2000, 21 specimens were taken on Mt

Akrik at 1625 m and only one specimen was collected at a site 20 km to the

east at 2200 m.

Delias binniensis sp. nov.

(Figs 11-12, 15-16)

Types. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Holotype c , Mount Binnie, 2200 m, next to Ok

Tedi mine, Western Province, 5°13'S 141°08'E, 8.v.1993, R.B. Lachlan. Paratype: 1 9,

same locality, 21.i.2000, R.B. Lachlan. Holotype in ANIC; paratype in RBLC.

Description. Male (Figs 11-12). Fore wing upperside deep citron yellow;

narrow black costal margin, black distally from postmedian area to

apex; black terminal border narrowest at tornus and curved slightly

along inner margin basally; separation line between yellow area and

black outer margin straight and angled towards tornus; yellow between

veins 1A+2A and CuA, curved distally; black scales cover the two

discocellular veins and veins M, and M, in yellow area. Hind wing

upperside almost entirely deep citron yellow; thin black terminal border

at apex only; small black spots at terminal edge of veins CuA,, CuA,

and M;. Fore wing underside yellow just below discal cell to inner

margin and tornus below vein CuA,; some yellow suffusion with black

in distal area of discal cell near posterior edge of cell; black basally of

discocellulars; transverse yellow band 2mm in width from just below

costa to vein M, narrowing inwardly to vein M3 where it joins main

yellow area; four small subapcial spots and two very small faint terminal

spots, all yellow. Hind wing underside basally dark brown tinged with

yellow, strongly so at anal margin; narrow median crenulate band

yellow-orange and white tending yellow-orange only at white anal

veins; six thin yellow-orange submarginal spots similar to those of

D. konokono Orr & Sibatani, except tornal spot rounder; broad

marginal band yellow-brown; three distinct yellow-orange spots close

together at wing base just below costa and inside discal cell. Termen

slightly scalloped. Length of fore wing: 26mm. Abdomen above light

yellow laterally; white beneath.

Female (Figs 15-16). Fore wing upperside deep citron yellow as in male;

broad black costal border entering anterior third and distal end of discal

cell; one flattened yellow costal spot above discocellulars; faint yellow

patch below spot; two small subapical yellow spots; black distal margin

slightly broader than in male. Hind wing upperside yellow as in male but

78 Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (3)

Figs 15-20. (15-16) Delias binniensis sp. nov. (15) female upperside; (16) female

underside. (17-20) Delias mira pellos subsp. nov. (17) male upperside; (18) male

underside; (19) female upperside; (20) female underside.

Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (3) 79

with broader black terminal border, widest at apex; black border broken

by yellow spots at and above tornal area. Fore wing underside as in male

but- with larger yellow area in distal part of discal cell. Hind wing

underside as in male but median crenulate band slightly wider and

whiter.

Etymology. D. binniensis is named after Mount Binnie, the only known

locality for the species.

Discussion. D. binniensis clearly belongs to the aroae- cuningputi group.

However, its exact placement is difficult as it is unique in having charac-

ters from both groups. The slightly scalloped hind wing border and the

underside yellow-orange spots reduced to a thin bar or spot parallel

to the termen, with thin lines radiating from their midpoints usually

reaching the termen, are characters pertaining to the cuningputi group

of Orr and Sibatani (1986).

The thin, black, broken terminal border on the hind wing upperside of

the male D. binniensis closely resembles those of D. aroae and D. pheres

from the aroae group. Other underside markings seen in both the male

and female of D. binniensis are more typical of most species in the arbae

group and as such D. binniensis is tentatively placed in the aroae group,

pending the availability of additional male specimens for genitalic

assessment. However, Orr and Sibatani (1985) found male genitalia to

be variable and of minimal use at species level, especially in the study

of closely related species. The only other yellow species recorded* are

D. citrona Joicey & Talbot from the cuningputi group and D. flavissima

Orr & Sibatani from the aroae group. D. binniensis is distinctly different

from both these species by way of the yellow colour and wing pattern.

The very distinct straight separation line between the yellow and black

on the male fore wing upperside is not seen on any other species in the

aroae-cuningputi group. It may be better to regard D. binniensis as a

species linking the two groups.

Delias mira pellos subsp. nov.

(Figs 17-22)

Types. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Holotype c, SE slopes of Mt Akrik (Ian), 15 km

NW of Tabubil, Western Province, 5°10'S 141°09'E, 1625 m, 1.iv.1991, R.B. Lachlan.

Paratypes: 15 CX, same locality, 1.iv.1991, 18.v.1991, 23.x.1993, 28.xi.1993, 15.11.1994,

3, 10-11.iv.1994; 1 9, Mt Binnie, 2200 m, behind Ok Tedi mine, Western Province,

5°13'S 141°08'E, 15.1.2000, R.B. Lachlan. Holotype in ANIC; paratypes in AMS and

RBLC.

Description. Male (Figs 17-18, 21-22) Forewing upperside as in Figs 17, 21;

basal third white with black costa; distal two thirds black; 1-3 very small

faint subapical spots; inner edge of black border mainly straight from

discal cell to inner margin; posterior half of cell white but not reaching

discocellulars; posterior cell vein blackish in most specimens; light grey

80 Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (3)

Figs 21-24. Delias mira pellos subsp. nov. (21) holotype male upperside; (22)

holotype male underside. (23-24) Delias carstensziana starensis subsp. nov. (23)

holotype male upperside; (24) holotype male underside.

suffusion at wing base and outer edge of white area. Hind wing

upperside mostly white with underside pattern partly visible; black

border widest at vein M, at 5-6mm, narrowest at tornus but variable

(Figs 17, 21). Fore wing underside as in Figs 18, 22; black with some

white scaling on basal third of costal vein; white below vein 1A+2A to

inner margin; three subapical spots and one smaller terminal spot, often

a second faint terminal spot, all dark yellow. Hind wing underside very

dark brown; sometimes a black spot in cell M, and more often black

spots at inner edge of cream area, this spotting variable and in many

specimens these dark spots are absent; cream area at distal end of cells

1A+2A, CuA, and CuA,, often reduced in space CuA,, inner edge of

cream suffused with dark brown when black spots are absent; black

border undulate to triangulate, faint white scaling at inner edge of black

border in cell M;, less scaling in cell M,; black basal and costal area

Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (3) 81

encloses a small slightly elongated yellow spot pointed basally and

distally, small thin white line above at costa; small white spot midway

along costa; anal area with yellow and black suffusion. Length of fore

wing: 26-28 mm.

Female (Figs 19-20). Fore wing upperside with pale blueish-white area

slightly less than in male; outer edge of white suffused with black and

curved slightly basad between cell and inner margin; four small white

subapical spots. Hind wing upperside with broader black border than in

male; yellowish at base near costa and along anal fold. Fore wing

underside with three larger subapical spots and one terminal spot, all

yellow; slight white suffusion above vein 1A+2A, white below.

Underside as in male. Length of fore wing: 28mm.

Etymology. The subspecific name ‘pellos’ is derived from the Greek,

meaning dusky, as this subspecies has a very dark overall appearance.

Discussion. D. m. pellos differs from the nominate subspecies by the

hind wing underside with its very dark brown ground colour, almost

total absence of spotting at the distal end of cell, broader black terminal

border and reduced yellow basal spot. On the fore wing underside

the third subapical spot is generally closer to the top two spots; in

D. m. mira Rothschild & Jordan it is generally positioned closer to

the termen. There is no small white costal spot on the underside of

D. m. pellos as found in D. m. mira and all other subspecies described

from Papua New Guinea. This particular character was present on eight

of the ten described subspecies from Irian Jaya and Papua New Guinea.

D. m. cieko Arima and D. m. reissingeri van Mastrigt, both from Irian

Jaya and very similar, also lack this costal spot and both closely

resemble D. m. pellos. However, D. m. pellos differs from D. m. cieko

by having a smaller cream band and reduced yellow basal spot on

the underside of the hind wing. There also appears to be white veins on

the dark brown ground colour in the photograph of the holotype of

D. m. ceiko; these are absent in D. m. pellos. D. m. cieko is recorded by

Arima (1996) from Waniak, E. Wamena, Irian Jaya, a distance over 250

km west of the type locality for D. m. pellos. D. m. pellos also differs

from D. m. reissingeri by the reduced yellow basal spot on the hind wing

underside and the yellow subapical spots. These are described by van

Mastrigt (1996) as yellow-orange on D. m. reissingeri, although the

photographs of the male and female types show these as clearly orange.

The female D. m. pellos differs from D. m. reissingeri by the narrower

black border on the hind wing upperside, the clearly reduced yellow

basal spot and slightly narrower black marginal border of the hind wing

underside. The fore wing underside has four large yellow subapical

spots whereas D. m. reissingeri has five large subapical spots, described

as yellow by van Mastrigt (1996) but clearly orange in the accompanying

photograph.

82 Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (3)

D. m. pellos shows more white suffusion above vein 1A+2A than is seen

in D. m. reissingeri, which is found over 130 km west of the type locality

for D. m. pellos.

The ten previously described subspecies and D. m. pellos fall into

four groups based upon their underside patterns, coloration and

location. D. m. mira, D. m. reversa Rothschild, D. m. excelsa Jordan and

D. m. roepkei Sanford & Bennett are all very similar and are all

recorded from the eastern side of the island in Papua New Guinea.

D. m. pellos, D. m. ceiko and D. m. reissingeri are close to each other but

lack the small white costal spot on the fore wing underside found on all

the other subspecies; they are very dark, although similar to the Papua

New Guinea group; all three are recorded from the central and near

western areas of the island of New Guinea within 250 km of each other.

The next group, consisting of D. m. hiemalis Roepke, D. m. autumnalis

Roepke and D. m. michiae Nakano are similar but distinct from the first

two groups and are recorded from western Irian Jaya. Parsons (1998)

suggested that D. m. autumnalis should be considered a distinct species

and that proposal should be expanded to include D. m. hiemalis and

D. m. michiae. The last subspecies, D. m. flabella van Mastrigt, is

so different on the underside it must surely be considered a

distinct species. Yagishita et al. (1993) synonymised D. m. roepkei with

D. m. excelsa but Parsons (1998) synonymised D. m. excelsa with

D. m. mira and retained D. m. roepkei as a separate subspecies. It is

clear that this species needs a thorough revision based on examination

of large series from many different localities.

Many of the specimens of D. m. pellos were found with midges,

probably Forcipomyia papuensis Lane & Cotman, attached to veins on

the underside of the hind wing in the cream patches. Parsons (1998)

noted that this is common in the various D. mira subspecies.

Delias carstensziana starensis subsp. nov.

(Figs 23-24)

Types. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Holotype d, 30 km NNW of Tabubil, West Sepik

Province, 5901'S 141°08'E, 3200 m, 17.xi.1991, R.B. Lachlan. Paratypes: 14 0, same

locality, 16-18.xi.1991, R.B. Lachlan. Holotype in ANIC; paratypes in AMS and

RBLC.

Description. Male (Figs 23-24). Fore wing upperside as in Fig.23, with

broad black costal margin filling basal, anterior and distal two-thirds of

cell; a postmedian oblique band of three spots, costal spot white,

posterior two faint, suffused black; these two spots appear larger with

wear; one small subapical white spot; small area of white occupying

posterior one third or less of cell; reduced white area below cell and vein

CuA, to inner margin; base of wing black with white suffusion. Hind

wing upperside white, base black with white suffusion; black border 3

mm wide from apex almost to tornus, narrower at tornus and suffused

Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (3) 83

with four small white spots at termen halfway between veins; abdominal

fold light yellow. Fore wing underside as in Fig.24; basal half yellow-

orange except for costal edge, orange strongest in cell; distal half black

with three oblique large postmedian spots, anterior two yellow-orange,

posterior spot white; two subapical spots white with orange streaks; five

small terminal white spots, their inner edges streaked orange. Hind wing

underside with ground colour black; basal one-third of costa white,

edged with orange; a reduced, irregularly jagged white patch edged with

orange runs distally and obliquely from costa to anterior area of cell,

discocellulars and just below vein CuA,; this jagged patch increases in

size on worn specimens; two orange spots below cell and two orange

lines from base to tornus along abdominal fold; small, faint, white lines

below the two orange spots reduced to very faint lines on most

specimens; submarginal band of six large, bell-shaped white spots; seven

small terminal spots between veins, tornal two light yellow-white,

remainder white; orange streaks from inner edge of submarginal spots to

terminal spots. Length of fore wing: 26—29 mm.

Female. Unknown.

Etymology. D. carstensziana starensis is named after the Star Mountains,

the only known locality for the subspecies.

Discussion. D. carstensziana starensis differs from the nominate sub-

species by the two large anterior spots in the oblique postmedian band

of three spots on the fore wing underside being yellow-orange rather

than white or white with a small degree of yellow-orange. In the original

description of D. carstensziana Rothschild (1915), these three spots are

described as ‘a postmedian strongly oblique band of 3 large spots

yellow’. The colour plate shown in Talbot (1928-37, pl. LV), who

repeats the original description, clearly shows all three spots white with

the middle spot showing a little orange at the anterior basal edge.

Photographs of this species in Yagishita et al. (1993), D’Abrera (1978)

and Parsons (1998) show this oblique band of spots clearly all white.

The yellow-orange basal half of the underside of the fore wing of

D. c. starensis differs from the yellow shown in Yagishita et al. (1993)

and Parsons (1998) and is not the bright orange shown in Talbot

(1928-37) and D’Abrera (1978). On the underside of the hind wing the

white irregular jagged patch is thinner and the thin white lines beneath

the two orange spots under the cell are reduced or very faint; the seven

terminal spots are white, not yellow as in the original description of the

nominate subspecies. On the fore wing upperside there is distinctly less

white in the cell (Fig. 23) and the white patch below the cell is reduced

compared to the nominate subspecies. The hind wing upperside black

border is narrower than that of the specimens from Irian Jaya shown in

Talbot (1928-37) and Yagishita et al. (1993) but similar in width to the

specimen figured in Parsons (1998), which is presumably from eastern

Papua New Guinea.

84 Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (3)

A single male D. c. carstensziana from the PNG National Collection,

Port Moresby, also displays all the characters of the nominate

subspecies. In the original description of the upperside, Rothschild

(1915) stated that there were 'white spots on termen at end of veins on

both wings”, on the fore wing underside the terminal white spots run

inwards along the veins’ and on the hind wing underside ‘veins beyond

cell orange’. The terminal spots on both wings are actually between the

veins as are the orange lines distal of the hind wing underside cell.

Under a microscope raised lines are visible in the cell spaces on both

wings, giving the impression of veins.

According to Roepke (1955), Toxopeus (in manuscript) believed the

altitude range of D. c. carstensziana to be unusually large, being

between 2135 and 4117m. Despite intensive collecting at several

sites between 800 and 3200m over many years, I only ever recorded

D. c. starensis at 3200 m, at the type locality in the southern Star Mountains.

Delias awongkor hindenburgensis subsp. nov

(Figs 25-28)

Types. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Holotype &, 16km NE of Tabubil, 5?10'S

141?20'E, 2300m, 30.iii.1994, R.B. Lachlan. Paratypes: 3 cl, same locality,

27.iii.1992, 27.iii.1994, 18.1.2000, R.B. Lachlan; 1 $, same locality, 27.iii.1992, R.B.

Lachlan. Holotype in ANIC; paratypes in RBLC

Description. Male (Figs 25-26). Fore wing upperside as in Fig.25; black

border at outer quarter of wing, narrowest and curving inwardly at

tornus; one faint subapical white spot, sometimes with second indistinct

spot; black costal border thickens distally at discocellulars with minor

white suffusion at this point; hind wing upperside white with thin black

border lunulate at inner edge. Fore wing underside as above with light

yellow at costa in basal half of cell; black border a thin line at tornus;

three subapical yellow spots with some white at distal edges; two small

yellow dots at termen. Hind wing underside as in Fig.26; yellow

proximal spot in white basal pear-shaped marking; black border with

large triangular spots at end of veins between veins M, and CuA,, white

submarginal spots pointed distally; thin black line at inner edge of red

line, thicker than red between veins M, and CuA,; large white discal

pear-shaped area with yellow-orange patches at inner parts of cells, size

of patches variable; thin red v-shaped line in cell at base of white pear-

shaped discal patch. Length of fore wing: 24mm.

Female (Figs 27-28). Fore wing upperside as in male but with broader

black border, particularly at tornus. Hind wing upperside white with

dark underside markings visible; broad black border widest at apex;

inner edge suffused white with white spike-like projections almost to

termen between veins, longest near apex. Fore wing underside similar

to male, black border slightly less than above particularly at tornus,

yellow in basal area of cell.

Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (3) 85

Figs 25-30. (25—28) Delias awongkor hindenburgensis subsp. nov. (25) holotype male

upperside; (26) holotype male underside; (27) female upperside; (28) female

underside. (29-30) Delias iltis bultemensis subsp. nov. (29) holotype male upperside;

(30) holotype male underside.

86 Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (3)

Hind wing underside similar to male; white submarginal spots reduced

and very pointed between veins M, and CuA,; thin red submarginal line

as in male; black line proximad to red line very broad between veins M,

and CuA,; white pear-shaped discal patch reduced compared to male.

Length of fore wing: 24mm.

Etymology. D. awongkor hindenburgensis is named after the

Hindenburg Range, the only known locality for the subspecies.

Discussion. The male of D. awongkor hindenburgensis was compared

with the holotype of the nominate subspecies figured in the original

description by van Mastrigt (1989) and the specimens figured by

Yagishita et al. (1993). It differs by the broader black area at costa above

cell, broader black margin on the fore wing upperside and the broader

black lunulate border on the hind wing upperside. On the fore wing

underside D. awongkor hindenburgensis differs also by the broader

black costa above cell and broader black margin. On the hind wing

underside the black border is thicker and triangular at the inner edge;

the black line proximad of the thin red submarginal line is broader

between veins M, and CuA, and the large white submarginal spots are

more pointed distally. The female of D. awongkor van Mastrigt was

previously unknown and that of D. a. hindenburgensis is illustrated

here.

Yagishita et al. (1993), as a new combination, changed D. flavistriga

ilagaensis van Mastrigt to D. awongkor ilagaensis van Mastrigt but as

the text is in Japanese it is unclear why this was done, as the

accompanying photograph of D. a. ilagaensis clearly shows a primary

character of D. flavistriga, described by van Mastrigt (1989) in his key to

(sub)species of the Delias mesoblema Jordan subgroup, the bright

sulphur-yellow streak from near the base to anal angle in cell 3A. This

is absent in D. awongkor. Also the specimens of D. a. ilagaensis figured

by Yagishita et al. (1993) are noticeably larger, as are their basal spots

on the underside of the hind wing, than the specimen shown of D. a.

awongkor. The four male specimens of D. a. hindenburgensis are all

smaller than specimens of D. flavistriga and D. arabuana Roepke

examined and clearly concur with D. a. awongkor in size. I am inclined

to agree with van Mastrigt (1996) that further studies are required

before accepting doubtful new combinations. The types and large series

from several localities should be examined, where possible, before

making new combinations. This should include careful examination of

the genitalia, particularly in closely related species groups.

Delias iltis bultemensis subsp. nov.

(Figs 29-30)

Types. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Holotype d, 16 km NE of Tabubil, 5°10'S

141°20'E, 2300m, 30.iii.1994, R.B. Lachlan. Paratypes: 6 oo, same locality,

27.11.1994, 18, 20.i.2000, R.B. Lachlan. Holotype in ANIC; paratypes in RBLC.

Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (3) 87

Description. Male (Figs 29-30). Fore wing upperside as in Fig.29; black

border at vein M, at least 1mm narrower than in nominate subspecies;

hind wing white with narrow black terminal border. Fore wing

underside as in nominate subspecies but with slightly narrower black

border. Hind wing underside as in Fig.30; large pale creamy-yellow

discal area, pinkish in some specimens, white distally at thin black and

red submarginal lines; thin red line bordered by six large white spots,

their rounded apices touching the termen; five black triangles at termen

reduced; greenish-yellow anal margin suffused with white in most

specimens; wide black line adjacent to greenish-yellow anal margin

reduced to faint black scaling before reaching thin black submarginal

line, this thin black submarginal line widest between veins M, and Rs

but narrower than in nominate subspecies. Length of fore wing:

27-28 mm.

Female. Unknown.

Etymology. D. iltis bultemensis is named after the large village north of

Tabubil whose people are the land owners of the area where this

subspecies was collected.

Discussion. D. iltis bultemensis differs from both D. iltis iltis Ribbe and

D. i. leucotera Talbot by the slightly narrower black border on the

upperside and underside of the fore wing. On the hind wing underside

there is a larger pale discal area with narrower black, and to a lesser

extent red, submarginal lines. The six large white spots are larger and

distinctly rounded at the termen and the five black triangular spots

between the white spots are reduced. The greenish-yellow anal margin

is suffused more heavily with white on most specimens and the wide

black line adjacent to this area is reduced to faint black scaling before

reaching the black submarginal line; this black line runs unbroken from

the base to the submarginal black line in the other two subspecies. The

submarginal black line is distinctly narrower between veins M, and Rs

than in D. i. iltis and D. i. leucotera. D. iltis bultemensis appears to be

generally smaller than the other subspecies. Parsons (1998) recorded

D. i. leucotera as far west as Porgera in Enga Province. I have three

specimens of this subspecies taken 25-30km east of Tari, Southern

Highland Province, about 45km south-west of Porgera. D. iltis is a

variable species (Parsons 1998) but the external characters described for

D. i. bultemensis are consistent within the specimens examined and the

population is 200 km west of the recorded localities for D. i. leucotera. It

is interesting to note that D. i. bultemensis was only taken at one locality

at 2300 m in the whole region that was surveyed.

Subspecies D. i. majai Yagishita was described from Irian Jaya but van

Mastrigt (1996) noted that it undoubtedly belongs to D. luctuosa

Jordan, probably the variable D. luctuosa archboldi Roepke. After

examining the accompanying photographs in Yagishita et al. (1993) Iam

inclined to agree.

88 : Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (3)

Delias fascelis cartieri subsp. nov.

(Figs 31-34)

Types. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Holotype 6, 16 km NE of Tabubil, 5°10'S

141°20'E, 2300 m, 18.i.2000, R.B. Lachlan. Paratypes: 9 & c, same locality, 30.iii.1994,

18-20.1.2000, R.B. Lachlan; 10 dg, SE slopes of Mt Akrik (Ian), 15km NW of

Tabubil, Western Province, 5°10'S 141°09'E, 1625 m, 18.v.1991, 21.ix.1992, 20.xi.1993,

14, 18, 20.iii.1994, 3, 8, 10.iv.1994, R.B. Lachlan; 2 c c, Mount Binnie, next to Ok

Tedi mine, 2200 m, 5°13'S 141°08'E, 21, 27.1.2000, R.B. Lachlan; 1 ?, same locality,

22.1993, R.B. Lachlan; 1 ?, 16km NE of Tabubil, 5°10'S 141°20'E, 2300m,

3.iii.1994, R.B. Lachlan. Holotype in ANIC; paratypes in AMS and RBLC.

Figs 31-34. Delias fascelis cartieri subsp. nov. (31) holotype male upperside; (32)

holotype male underside; (33) female upperside; (34) female underside.

Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (3) 89

Description. Male (Figs 31-32). Fore wing upperside with very broad

black border entering distal half of cell; three or four small white sub-

apical spots; basal area greyish-white. Hind wing upperside black

border to end of cell, narrows sharply at M, then tapers to a point at

tornus; four very small white dots at edge of termen in middle of cells

between veins M, and CuA,. Fore wing underside black with light

suffusion of white at inner margin and on middle of veins 1A+2A and

CuA,; three subapical spots and one or two subterminal spots, all

yellow, thin yellow line from centre of lower spots to termen. Hind wing

underside white median crenulate band narrow from costa to M,, then

black to M;, below M, to tornus this median crenulate band creamy-

yellow with bright yellow in cells; five thin yellow submarginal spots,

tornal spot rounder; three small yellow spots at wing base, just below

costa in cell Rs and inside discal cell; termen slightly scalloped. Length

of fore wing: 23-26 mm.

Female (Figs 33-34). Fore wing upperside black area narrower at

dorsum than male with heavy suffusion of black scales over entire cell

as in nominate subspecies; three subapical spots, two smaller terminal

spots, all creamy-yellow; cream discal patch below cell to inner margin

suffused with grey basally. Hind wing upperside white with black border

narrower than in male, tapering at tornus. Fore wing underside discal

area creamy-White, mostly below vein CuA2, suffused black basally;

discal cell black; three subapical spots, two terminal spots, all yellow and

larger than upperside; postmedian costal spot faint or absent. Hind wing

underside white crenulate median band continuous and slightly wider

than in male, yellow markings below vein M2. Length of fore wing:

23-26mm.

Etymology. Named in honour of the Parish Priest of the Catholic Parish

of the Star Mountains, Father John Mark Cartier, who died suddenly on

the 3rd January, 2000. Fr John selflessly served the local people of the

Tabubil community and surrounding rural areas for many years.

Discussion. The male D. f. cartieri differs from D. fascelis fascelis Jordan

on the upperside by the reduced basal grey-white area on the fore wing

and broader black margin. On the hind wing upperside the white area

is reduced with the black border reaching the distal end of the cell

in almost every specimen examined. On the fore wing underside

D. f. cartieri rarely has a yellow postmedian costal spot, the yellow

subapical and terminal spots are more prominent and the light suffusion

of white present in the discal area and on the veins is reduced.

The female differs from D. f. fascelis on the upperside by the reduced

cream discal patch below the cell on the fore wing and larger black

borders on both wings; on the fore wing underside the cell is completely

black and the cream discal patch reduced with a broader black border.

D. f. cartieri is only recorded from three localities in the Ok Tedi region

between 1625 and 2300m, some 140km to the east of D. f. fascelis.

90 Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (3)

D. luctuosa versicolor subsp. nov.

(Figs 35-40)

Types. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Holotype &, Alpine grass area, 3200m,

30km NNW of Tabubil, 5°01'S 141°08'E, West Sepik Province, 18.xi.1991,

R.B. Lachlan. Paratypes; 9 dg, 3 99, same locality, 16-18.xi.1991, R.B. Lachlan.

Holotype in ANIC; paratypes in RBLC.

Description. Male (Figs 35-38). Basal half of fore wing upperside white

with broad black costal border entering distal third of cell; outer edge of

white suffused with black; two or three small white subapical spots, one

tiny terminal spot on some specimens. Hind wing upperside white with

broad black terminal border; distal edge of white suffused with black, as

in fore wing, undulate and with distinct white projections to termen in

the middle of cells between veins M, and CuA,. Basal half of fore wing

underside deep yellow to vein 1A+2A, slightly paler to dorsum; black

bar at discal edge of cell usually connected to broad black border; two

yellow post median spots suffused with black below costa, these are

variable; three subapical spots, two terminal spots, all flattened and

yellow-orange. Hind wing underside with cream discal patch suffused

with pink centre, deep red basally in most specimens; black costal

border connected to broad black anal border encloses a small pear-

shaped deep yellow basal spot; broad black postdiscal band variable in

thickness, on all paratypes examined thinner than in holotype; this band

bordered on distal edge by thin red line; six thin white pointed

subterminal triangles, five black terminal triangles with rounded apices

on most specimens, more pointed on some specimens. Anal margin

black with yellow suffusion. Length of fore wing: 28-30 mm.

Female (Figs 39-40). Fore wing upperside milky-white with broad black

costal border filling distal third of cell, anterior half of cell suffused with

black; broad outer border to inner margin curving basally along inner

margin below vein 1A+2A; three small white subapical spots, one very

small white terminal dot on some specimens. Hind wing upperside

milky-white with broad black border from apex to tornus inner edge

suffused with white, mostly at tornal area; 1-3 small white subterminal

spots in cell spaces above M1 to M3. Fore wing underside similar to

male but the three yellow-orange subapical spots larger and outer black

border wider at tornus. Hind wing underside as in male but with

broader black curved postdiscal band in all specimens examined.

Length of fore wing: 22-30 mm.

Etymology. The subspecific name is derived from ‘versicolor’, Latin for

‘of various colors’, and refers to the variety of colours on the underside.

Discussion. D. l. versicolor most closely resembles D. l. kuning

van Mastrigt as both subspecies are yellow on the underside of the

fore wing in both sexes. However, the male D. I. versicolor differs from

D. I. kuning by having broader black margins and reduced white areas

on the upperside of both for and hind wings, on the fore wing underside

Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (3) 91

Figs 35-40. Delias luctuosa versicolor subsp. nov. (35) holotype male upperside; (36)

holotype male underside; (37) male upperside; (38) male underside; (39) female

upperside; (40) female underside.

92 Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (3)

the outer black border is wider and the slightly reduced yellow area

reaches the inner margin; in D. I. kuning this is white. On the hind wing

underside, the six white subterminal triangles are very narrow and

pointed as in D. l. archboldi Roepke; as a consequence the five

black terminal triangles are much rounder in most specimens than in

D. I. kuning. As the female of D. I. kuning is unknown a comparison

of females cannot be made. However D. I. versicolor differs from

D. I. luctuosa Jordan by having reduced subapical spots on the fore wing

underside, very thin sharp white subterminal triangles on the hind wing

underside and also does not have the elongated hind wings seen in

D. I. archboldi and D. I. luctuosa. D. I. archboldi does not have yellow

on the fore wing. All specimens were collected at the type locality.

Additional records of Delias

The following species were recorded from the Ok Tedi region, Western

Province or 30km east of Tari, Southern Highlands Province.

Specimens are in RBLC, with some duplicates held by ANIC and AMS.

Details of collecting sites are as follows:

Western Province

(1) Mount Akrik (also known as Mt Ian), 5°10'S 141°09'E, 1625 m,

creek surrounded by moss forest, 15 km NW of Tabubil.

(2) Mount Binnie (behind Ok Tedi mine), 5°13'S 141°08'E, 2200 m,

cleared ridge with moss forest.

(3) Creek near alpine grass meadow, 5°10'S 141°20'E, 2300m,

surrounded by moss forest, 16 km NE of Tabubil.

(4) Between Yuk Creek, 3km north of Tabubil, and Tabubil, 5°15'S

141°13'E, 650-800 m, rainforest.

(5) Ok Menga, 12km SE of Tabubil, in creek surrounded by rainforest

near power station, 5°20'S 141°18'E, 500m.

(6) Gulgubip airfield/village, 35 km east of Tabubil, wide tracks through

rainforest, 5°17'S 141°31'S, 1400 m.

(7) Ham River, Tifalmin, 27 km NE of Tabubil, light forest cover at river

edges, 5°07'S 141°25'E, 1300 m.

(8) Kiunga, north Fly River, roads through lowland rainforest, 6°08'S

141°17'E, 60m.

Southern Highlands Province

(9) 30km east of Tari, in creeks surrounded by moss forest, 5°58'S

143°07'E, 2100-2400 m.

Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (3) 93

List of species

Nomenclature is based on Parsons (1998). Numbers in parentheses

indicate the actual collection site.

Delias aruna inferna Butler, 1871

(4) 3 gg, 1 9; (9) 1 c. Uncommon. All five specimens match the

photographs of D. a. irma Fruhstorfer, 1907, in Yagishita et al. (1993) but

this was synonymised with D. a. inferma by Parsons (1998).

Delias mysis lara (Boisduval, 1836)

(4) 7 oo, 4 29; (5) 7 oo, 1 9. Uncommon.

Delias gabia zarate Grose-Smith, 1900

(4) 1 g; (5) 13 oo; (6) 1 $. Uncommon.

Delias mavroneria mavroneria Fruhstorfer, 1914

(4) 10 gg; (5) 4 gg. Uncommon.

Delias ennia xelianthe Grose-Smith, 1900

(4) 6 gg; (5) 2 oo; (6) 1 9. Uncommon.

Delias geraldina geraldina Grose-Smith, 1894

(4) 15 gg; (5) 3 dd. Uncommon. Parsons (1998) stated that

D. g. geraldina had been recorded between 220-1800 m. I never sighted

it above 800 m and regard it as a low altitude species, at least in the Ok

Tedi region.

Delias aroae (Ribbe, 1900)

(3) 22 gg; (6) 1 g; (9) 4 oo. Common locally.

Delias pheres Jordan, 1912

(1) 54 od; (2) 4 00,3 $2; (3) 31 oo. Common. A new record for

Papua New Guinea.

Delias flavissima Orr & Sibatani, 1985

(3) 5 so; (9) 16 oo. Uncommon in Ok Tedi area. Common 30 km east

of Tari.

Delias cuningputi (Ribbe, 1900)

(9) 1 9. Uncommon.

Delias oktanglap oktanglap van Mastrigt, 1990

(3) 9 oo. A new record for Papua New Guinea.

Delias microsticha microsticha Rothschild, 1904

(1) 4 oo; (3) 24 dg, 2 99; (7) 2 gg; (9) 3 dg. Common in some

localities but not in others.

Delias hagenensis Morinaka, van Mastrigt & Sibatani, 1993

(9) 2 ooh. Uncommon at this site.

94 Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (3)

Delias hallstromi Sanford & Bennett, 1955

(1) 2 gg; (3) 1 g. An uncommon species. D’Abrera (1978) stated its

altitudinal range to be 7,000—12,000 ft (2135-3660m). The two males

from Mt Akrik were taken at only 1625 m.

Delias frater Jordan, 1911

(1) 2 09; (3) 45 00,4 tt. Always very common at site (3). New record

for Papua New Guinea.

Delias catisa catisa Jordan, 1912

(4) 7 oo. Rarely encountered. Only taken along trail near creek in

rainforest. Å new record for Papua New Guinea.

Delias isocharis isocharis Rothschild & Jordan, 1907

(7) 1 9. Rare in the Ok Tedi region.

Delias ligata ligata Rothschild, 1904

(4) 1 9. Rare in the Ok Tedi region.

Delias alepa alepa Jordan, 1912

(1) 13 o; (2) 1 9; (3) 1 g. Uncommon generally. A new record for Papua

New Guinea.

Delias iltis iltis Ribbe, 1900

(9) 3 cc.

Delias luctuosa luctuosa Jordan, 1912

(9)2 cc.

Delias callista porquiaensis Yagishita, 1993

(1) 52 oo, 4 22; (2) 22 bd; (3) 15 od; (9) 3 & 9,1 9. A very common

species when encountered. Parsons (1998) described it as a rare

subspecies known only from the holotype male and one other male

specimen. This is perhaps the case in eastern Papua New Guinea. Most

females collected have white on the upperside, several have yellow

basal areas on the fore wings and one specimen has basal yellow fore

wings with yellow on half the hind wings. Five of the males collected

have strong yellow-orange markings replacing the normal yellow

markings on the underside.

Delias hapalina amoena Roepke, 1955

(1) 7 dg; (9) 5 oo. Uncommon in the Ok Tedi region. More common

in the Tari area.

Delias leucias leucias Jordan, 1912

(1) 30 go; 1 9; (3) 30 oo. Parsons (1998) described D. leucias as rare

generally but this subspecies was very common at both localities.

Locality (3) is just 33 km west of Telefomin where D. I. huonensis Talbot

was recorded by Parsons (1998). However, the specimens from locality

(3) are definitely not D. I. huonensis. A new record for Papua New

Guinea.

Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (3) 95

Delias leucias huonensis Talbot, 1928

(9) 18 oc. A very common subspecies in the Tari area.

Delias niepelti Ribbe, 1900

(1) 60 dg, 1 99; (2) 4 00; (3) 28 00,4 99; (9) 5 00,1 9. A very

common species at all times of the year. Over the years hundreds were

collected, examined and released. This is a very variable species,

particularly where the hind wing underside white costal patch is

concerned. At all localities specimens were taken with no patch, small

patches, large patches as well as variations in other characters such

as the yellow-orange basal region of the fore wing underside. Therefore

the assigning of a subspecies name to the specimens taken at any of the

localities is quite inappropriate.

Delias ladas ladas Grose-Smith, 1894

(1) 1 g; (4) 18 gg; (5) 3 oo; (6) 4 dg. A very common subspecies at

lower altitudes, 500-1625 m.

Delias eudiabolas Rothschild, 1915

(4) 3 oo, 1 9; (6) 1 g. A rare species previously known by only 3 males

and 2 females from the Aroa River region of eastern Papua New

Guinea (Parsons 1998).

Delias wollastoni abmisibilensis van Mastrigt, 1990

(3) 2 go. Both specimens were taken flying across an open alpine grass

meadow. A new record for Papua New Guinea.

Delias mira roepkei Sanford & Bennett, 1955

(9) 23 co. A common subspecies.

Delias clathrata clathrata Rothschild, 1904

(9) 1 c. Not common.

Delias nais nais Jordan, 1912

(1) 47 00,7 22; (2) 3 99; (3) 1 g; (6) 1 g; (9) 2 gg. A common

subspecies.

Delias hypomelas hypomelas Rothschild & Jordan, 1907

(9) 1 g. Broader black margins on fore wing and hind wing upperside

match specimens of D. h. hypomelas examined in the author's collection

from Wau and Kerowagi areas.

Delias hypomelas conversa Jordan, 1911

(1) 46 oo, 1 9; (2) 2 gg; (3) 12 od, 3 2%. Black borders of fore wing

and hind wing upperside and small yellow subapical spots on fore wing

underside reduced compared to D. h. hypomelas. A new record for

Papua New Guinea.

Delias akrikensis Lachlan, 1999

(1) 6 00,19. A rare species known only from the type locality.

96 Australian Entomologist, 2000, 27 (3)

Acknowledgments

I am most grateful to Ok Tedi Mining Limited (OTML) for their field support,

especially to Robert Murphy, former Chief Geologist, Dr Roger Higgins, General

Manager of OTML, David Newton, Senior Environmental Scientist and Dr Monica

Rau, Environment Dept. Without their support and permission to access collecting

sites within the mine lease this survey would not have been possible. I would also like

to thank Dr Max Moulds (AMS) for his comments on the draft manuscript, Mr Ted

Edwards (ANIC) for comments on the genitalia drawings, Sally Beech for preparing

the line drawings, Stewart Humphreys (AMS) who prepared the photographs and

my wife, Deborah Lachlan, for typing and proofreading the manuscript.

References

ARIMA, H. 1996. A new subspecies of Delias mira from Waniak, Irian Jaya,

Indonesia. Futao 21: 11, 1 fig.

D’ABRERA, B. 1978. Butterflies of the Australian Region. 2nd, revised edition.

Lansdowne Press, Melbourne, Australia; 415 pp.

GERRITS, F. and van MASTRIGT, H.J.G. 1992. New results on Delias from the

central mountain range of Irian Jaya (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Treubia 30: 381-402, 2

pls.

ORR, A.G. and SIBATANI, A. 1985. A revision of the Delias aroae-cuningputi

complex (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). 1. The D. aroae group. Tyo to Ga 36: 1-25.

ORR, A.G. and SIBATANI, A. 1986. A revision of the Delias aroae-cuningputi

complex (Lepidoptera, Pieridae). 2. The D. cuningputi group. Tyo to Ga 37: 1-14.

PARSONS, M.J. 1998. The Butterflies of Papua New Guinea. Their systematics and

biology. Academic Press, London; 736 pp, xxvi + 104 pls.

ROEPKE, W. 1955. The butterflies of the genus Delias Hiibner (Lepidoptera) in

Netherlands New Guinea. Nova Guinea (n.s.) 6: 185-260, 3 pls.

ROTHSCHILD, W. 1915. Lepidoptera of the British Ornithologists Union and

Wollaston Expeditions in the Snow Mountains, Southern Dutch New Guinea.

Macrolepidoptera. Tring; 182 pp, 2 pls.

TALBOT, G. 1928-37. A monograph of the pierine genus Delias. Parts 1-6. British

Museum (Natural History), London; 656 pp, 71 pls.

van MASTRIGT, H.J.G. 1989. Taxonomy of the Delias mesoblema subgroup from

Irian Jaya (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Entomologische Berichten, Amsterdam 49: 8-14,

13 figs.

van MASTRIGT, H.J.G. 1996. New species and subspecies of Delias Hiibner, [1819]

from the central mountain range of Irian Jaya, Indonesia (Lepidoptera: Pieridae).

Neue Entomologische Nachrichten 38: 21-55, 6 pls.

YAGISHITA, A., NAKANO, S. and MORITA, S. 1993. An Illustrated List of the

Genus Delias Hiibner of the world. Khepers Publishers, Tokyo; 409 pp. [+ softback

version of text additionally containing descriptions of new taxa, maps and

bibliography.]

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