THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

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Fly Group

Cover: The very large and strong-flying robberfly Blepharotes coriarius

Wiedemann is widespread across eastern Australia. Blepharotes contains six

described and a similar number of undescribed species, restricted to Australia and

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Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (2): 33-40 33

THE VANUATU SUBSPECIES OF PAPILIO FUSCUS GOEZE

(LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONIDAE)

W. JOHN TENNENT

Biogeography and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Entomology, The Natural History

Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK

(address for correspondence: 38 Colin McLean Road, Dereham, Norfolk NR19 2RY, England)

Abstract

Both sexes of Papilio fuscus nomus Gabriel are illustrated for the first time. The distribution of

P. fuscus Goeze in the islands of Vanuatu is discussed and brief biogeographical observations

made regarding the New Hebrides archipelago.

Introduction

The butterflies of Vanuatu are not well documented. Following the Royal

Society / Percy Sladen New Hebrides Expedition in 1971, a checklist of the

butterflies was published (Gross 1975) which, in addition to reporting

expedition findings, collated museum and other records from Vanuatu. Eight

years later another list was independently prepared (Samson 1983), based

largely on that author’s personal observations on several islands. A number of

other papers (Smart 1977, Samson 1982, 1984, Ackery et al. 1989, Lachlan

1993) have dealt specifically with the systematics of Vanuatu butterflies. This

paper deals with the three described subspecies of Papilio fuscus Goeze,

1779 from Vanuatu and illustrates the most northerly (coincidentally also the

most distinctive) subspecies for the first time.

Systematics

Aside from unconfirmed sightings of Graphium sarpedon (L.) from Espiritu

Santo and Erromango (Gross 1975), Papilio fuscus is the only species of the

family Papilionidae known from the islands of Vanuatu. Vanuatu P. fuscus

populations were first described as P. hypsicles by Hewitson (1868), who

noted the similarity of the new taxon to P. canopus Westwood, 1842 and P.

capaneus Westwood, 1843. Only a general type locality for P. hypsicles was

given by Hewitson (1868) (i.e. ‘New Hebrides’), although it is clear from his

illustration and from the specimens themselves, that this is the ‘broad-banded’

subspecies which occurs on the central islands of the New Hebrides

archipelago, from Efaté northwards to the Banks group. Hancock (1985)

suggested the type locality was the island of Espiritu Santo.

Gabriel (1936) described (but did not illustrate) four new forms of Papilio L.

from the Indo-Pacific region, including a new subspecies of P. fuscus, P. f.

nomus Gabriel, from a solitary male taken by Commander J.J. Walker R.N.,

on Loh Island, one of the Torres group of islands in northern Vanuatu, in

September 1900. Primary type material of both P. f. hypsicles and P. f. nomus

are in The Natural History Museum, London (BMNH). Samson (1982)

described and illustrated P. fuscus burgessi Samson (as a subspecies of P.

canopus) from the southern islands of Vanuatu and suggested the species was

34 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (2)

unknown from the Banks and Torres Island groups of northern Vanuatu. The

present locality of the primary type material of P. f. burgessi is not known.

The male holotype and female allotype were, at the time of publication, in the

“National Butterfly Museum’ (Samson 1982), also known as the Saruman

Museum and now defunct. The contents of the Saruman Museum were

auctioned by Sotheby’s in 1983 and the primary types of P. f. burgessi

comprised lot 884. The purchaser of this lot is not known. Paratypes of P. f.

burgessi remain in the BMNH and the Bernice P Bishop Museum (BPBM),

Honolulu.

Due possibly to the general nature of Gabriel’s short paper, and the fact that

no further specimens from the Torres Island group were subsequently

reported, the presence of P. f. nomus in the Torres group has been almost

completely overlooked (Gross 1975, Samson 1982, 1983, Hancock 1983a,

1985, D’ Abrera 1990 etc.). Following Gabriel’s original description, the only

published reference to P. f. nomus the author has been able to find is that of

Hancock (1992), who included it (as Princeps fuscus nomus) in an annotated

list of P. fuscus subspecies. Aside from the holotype, the only other specimen

of P. f. nomus the author has seen in any collection is a second male in the

Australian Museum in Sydney (AMS). This specimen bears a coded

(numbered) label claiming it came from Tonga and is accompanied by a

drawer label suggesting (almost certainly correctly) Vanuatu as a more

probable source. No specimens of P. f. nomus exist in the Australian National

Insect Collection (ANIC), Canberra (Ted Edwards, pers. comm.) or the

BPBM (Al Samuelson, pers. comm.).

P. f. hypsicles and P. f. burgessi differ from each other primarily in the width

of the pale median band, especially on the forewing. In the latter populations

this band is narrower and one might expect specimens from north of the range

of the former (i.e. from Torres), to have a broader band than P. f. hypsicles. In

fact, the forewing band of P. f. nomus is significantly reduced, to a degree

where it may be vestigial. This subspecies also lacks the hindwing

submarginal series of red spots found in the other two subspecies. A series

collected by the present author in August 2000 on Loh Island, the type

locality of P. f. nomus, confirmed described subspecific characteristics of the

holotype. Distribution of Vanuatu P. fuscus subspecies is shown in Fig. 1.

Both sexes of P. f. nomus (Fig. 2) and P. f. hyspicles (Fig. 3) are illustrated,

together with two male specimens of P. f. burgessi (Fig. 4). A female of the

last taxon was not available.

Discussion

Hancock (1992) recognised 34 subspecies of Papilio fuscus, occurring from

Sulawesi in the west to Vanuatu in the east. To these may be added a further

two subspecies from the Solomons archipelago, P. f. relmae Tennent from

New Georgia and P. f. gyrei Tennent from Malaita (Tennent 1999).

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (2)

oUreparapara

Mota Lava

Vanua Laval. o

BANKS GROUP

Gaua O Mere Lava

3 aa

Pentecost

Espiritu Santo s

16°S Ambrym GROUP

Paama

qr ongoa

OX erromane

iwa

gAn

VAN UATU Tanoa O

kilometres

Futuna

100

Aneityum—

Fig. 1. Distribution of Vanuatu subspecies of Papilio fuscus.

36 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (2)

Fig. 2. Papilio fuscus nomus, male and female (Loh Island, Torres group).

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (2) 37

Fig. 3. Papilio fuscus hypsicles, male (Vanua Lava, Banks group) and female

(Espiritu Santo).

38 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (2)

Fig. 4. Papilio fuscus burgessi, males (Erromango).

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (2) 39

Vanuatu populations mark the most easterly extension of the range of the

species and it is considered likely that P. fuscus arrived (probably from

Australia, but possibly from San Cristobal) first on one of the central islands

of Vanuatu, before spreading south (where P. f. burgessi, with a less broad

median band evolved) and north to the Torres Islands (where P. f. nomus,

with a greatly reduced median band evolved).

Biogeographically, there appears to be a line of discontinuity between the

islands of Efaté and Erromango and this has been remarked upon previously

with regard to the butterflies (Samson 1983, Ackery et al. 1989). Cheeseman

(1957) suggested that the main islands south of this line (i.e. Erromango,

Tanna, Aneityum) might have once been part of a single land mass. Recent

fieldwork by the author suggests further discontinuity between the Torres

Islands and the Banks group to the south east, and between the Torres group

and the Santa Cruz group to the north, leaving the Torres in effect a discrete

island group, with a significant proportion of taxa quite different from its

immediate neighbours. This is currently under investigation.

The Torres group represents the most northerly extension of the “natural”

spread of the genus Papilio in the New Hebrides archipelago, which is taken

to include the Santa Cruz Islands, politically part of the Solomon Islands.

Samson (1979) described P. bridgei hollinsi Samson from Nendo, the main

island of the Santa Cruz group, but this was synonymised with P. erskinei

Mathew, 1886 by Hancock (1983b). Tennent (1999) presented evidence to

suggest that the specimen on which the description of P. b. hollinsi was based

was wrongly labelled and was almost certainly from San Cristobal, the most

easterly island of the Solomons archipelago. The only Papilio species known

to occur in the Santa Cruz Islands is Papilio aegeus Donovan, 1885, thought

to have been accidentally introduced to the islands from Australia

(Waterhouse 1932, Hancock 1983b, Tennent 1999).

Acknowledgments

The author thanks Chris Samson (GB-Tonbridge) for discussion concerning

the possible whereabouts of the primary types of P. f. burgessi and Max

Moulds, Australian Museum, Sydney, for the loan of the specimen of P. f.

nomus described above. Ted Edwards, ANIC, Canberra and Al Samuelson,

BPBM, Honolulu, confirmed details of Vanuatu P. fuscus holdings.

References

ACKERY, P.R., TAYLOR, H. and RENEVIER, A. 1989. The milkweed butterfly Parantica

pumila (Boisduval) - its biology and distribution in relation to the biogeography of Vanuatu.

Journal of Natural History 23(3): 713-723.

CHEESEMAN, L.E. 1957. Biogeographical significance of Aneityum Island, New Hebrides.

Nature 180: 903-904.

GABRIEL. A.G. 1936. New forms of Papilio from the Indo-Australian region. Entomologist 69:

281-282.

40 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (2)

GROSS, G.F. 1975. The land invertebrates of the New Hebrides and their relationships.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 272: 391-421.

D’ABRERA, B. 1990. Butterflies of the Australian Region. 3rd (revised) edition. Hill House,

Melbourne.

HANCOCK, D.L. 1983a. Phylogeny and relationships of the Papilio fuscus group of

swallowtails (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Australian Entomological Magazine 9(5): 63-70.

HANCOCK, D.L. 1983b. Princeps aegeus (Donovan) and its allies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae):

systematics, phylogeny and biogeography. Australian Journal of Zoology 31: 771-797.

HANCOCK, D.L. 1985. Notes on the taxonomy and distribution of Indo-Australian Papilionidae

(Lepidoptera). Australian Entomological Magazine 12(2): 29-34.

HANCOCK, D.L. 1992. The Princeps fuscus complex (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Australian

Entomological Magazine 19(1): 1-8.

HEWITSON, W.C. [1868]. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies, selected chiefly

from the collections of W. Wilson Saunders and William C. Hewitson. Vol. 3. John Van Voorst,

London.

LACHLAN, R.B. 1993. A new subspecies of Polyura sacco Smart (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

from Vanuatu. Australian Entomologist 20(3): 107-111.

SAMSON, C. 1982. Two new subspecies of Papilio canopus from the Solomons and Vanautu.

Pacific Insects 24(3/4): 228-231.

SAMSON, C. 1983. Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) of Vanuatu. Naika: Journal of the

Vanuatu Natural Science Society 10: 2-6.

SAMSON, C. 1984. A new subspecies of Danaus (Parantica) pumila (Lepidoptera: Danaidae)

from southern Vanuatu. Naikia: Journal of the Vanuatu Natural Science Society 13: 1-3.

SMART, P. 1977. A new species of Polyura (Lep: Charaxinae) from the New Hebrides with

some notes on allied species in the Australian Region. Bulletin of the Amateur Entomological

Society 36: 56-62.

TENNENT, W.J. 1999. Notes on some Solomon Islands Papilio Linnaeus, with descriptions of

four new subspecies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Nachrichten Entomologischen Vereins Apollo

20(2): 207-230.

WATERHOUSE, G.A. 1932. What butterfly is that? A guide to the butterflies of Australia.

Angus & Roberton, Sydney.

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (2): 41-44 41

A NEW SPECIES OF IONOLYCE TOXOPEUS FROM THE

SOLOMON ISLANDS (SANTA CRUZ GROUP) AND VANUATU

(LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE)

W. JOHN TENNENT

Biogeography and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Entomology, The Natural History

Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK

(address for correspondence: 38 Colin McLean Road, Dereham, Norfolk NR19 2RY, England)

Abstract

Ionolyce lachlani sp. nov. is described from islands of the Santa Cruz group (Solomon Islands)

and Vanuatu.

Introduction

The genus Jonolyce Toxopeus was first reported as occurring in Vanuatu by

Gross (1975) who reported ‘Jonolyce sp. nov.’ from the island of Espiritu

Santo following the Royal Society / Percy Sladen New Hebrides Expedition

of 1971. Samson (1983) subsequently noted a species close to I. helicon (C.

Felder) from the island of Efaté. A series of both sexes of a species of

Tonolyce was seen in the collection of Rob Lachlan, Queensland, and a further

series of both sexes of the same species was taken by the author on islands of

the Santa Cruz group (Solomon Islands) and on several islands of Vanuatu, in

2000. This combined material represents a new taxon.

Tonolyce lachlani sp. nov.

(Figs 1-5)

Types. Holotype O”, SOLOMON ISLANDS: Santa Cruz group, Nendo Island, south-

west central, forestry camp, 140-160 m, 28.iv.2000, W.J. Tennent (in The Natural

History Museum, London [BMNH)]). Paratypes: 7 TO, 4 99, same data as holotype

(including O” gen. preps BMNH(V) 5970 & 5971); 9 909, 2 99, same locality,

29.iii.2000; 19, Nendo Island, 0-5 km south of Lata, 60-140 m, 19.iii.2000, W.J.

Tennent; 1 9, Nendo Island, Lata, 60 m, 14.v.2000, W.J. Tennent; 2 0’0’, Nendo

Island, Lata to Noipe, 60-140 m, 3.v.2000, W.J. Tennent; 1 0%, same locality,

6.v.2000; 390, 2 29, same locality, 9.v.2000; 1 0, 2 22, Santa Cruz group, Reef

Islands, Lomlom Island, paths and gardens between Otelo and Nganiwo school, SL,

30.ii1.2000; 1 o, Santa Cruz group, Vanikoro, main island, Lale village, SL,

6.iv.2000, W.J. Tennent (all BMNH). VANUATU: Paratypes: 3 00, 1 2, Torres

group, Loh Island, between Lunghariki and Rinuha villages, SL-20 m, 3.1x.2000, W.J.

Tennent; 1 O”, same locality, 4.1x.2000 (gen. prep. BMNH(V) 5972); 1 O”, same

locality, 6.ix.2000; 1 O”, same locality, 7.ix.2000 (gen. prep. BMNH(V) 5973); 1 O,

same locality, 8.ix.2000; 1 O”, 1 ?, Malakula, north-east coast, ca 2-8 km north-west

of Lakatoro, 20-60 m, 28.viii.2000, W.J. Tennent (all BMNH); 1 ©’, Torres group,

Toga Island, 18.xii.1987, R.B. Lachlan (gen. prep. JT621); 1 O”, Espirito Santo, Port

Olry, 1.i.1988, R.B. Lachlan; 1 O”, 1 2, same locality, 5.1.1988; 19, Espirito Santo,

Luganville, 15.xii.1987, R.B. Lachlan; 1 O”, 1 9, Espirito Santo, 7 km north east of

Luganville, 16.xii.1988, R.B. Lachlan; 2 00’, same locality, 27.xii.1987; 1 ©,

Ambrym, north, Olal, Catholic mission, 5.i.1989, R.B. Lachlan; 2 00, 1 2, same

locality, 21.ix.1989 (including 0” gen. prep. JT622) (all R.B. Lachlan collection).

42 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (2)

Description. Male (Figs 1-2) with forewing length 12 mm; resembles 7.

helicon (populations from the Bismarck archipelago); generally smaller;

upperside dark purple-blue in fresh specimens, fading to dull brownish blue

when worn; upperside scales with ‘rough’ appearance over much of the

wings; wing fringes brown; hindwing tail long, slender, tipped white;

underside ground colour more grey than 7. helicon; hindwing subtornal spot

large, suffused iridescent green distally (more extensive than 7. helicon) and

dull orange on other three sides. Underside markings variable, probably

indistinguishable from 7. helicon (underside of helicon populations from

mainland Australia brown, white lines less prominent).

Male genitalia (Fig. 5) similar to those of Z. helicon; aedeagus large; valve

with ventral spine long, curved (shorter, less curved in 7. helicon); distal edge

significantly indented, forming blunt ‘lobe’ (distal edge more linear, lobe only

slightly defined in 7. helicon); filamentous spines long, numerous.

Female (Figs 3-4) upperside superficially similar to Z. helicon hyllus

(Waterhouse & Lyell) from mainland Australia; ground colour dark grey

(paler and more brown in J. helicon); upperside blue darker, more extensive,

parameters more clearly defined; hindwing subtornal spot large, submarginal

white chevron-shaped markings well developed; underside similar to male;

subtornal spot large, prominent.

Etymology. This new species is named after Rob Lachlan, Queensland,

Australia.

Distribution. Solomon Islands (Reef Islands [Lomlom]; Nendo; Vanikoro)

and Vanuatu (Torres Islands [Loh, Toga]; Malakula; Ambrym; Efaté

[Samson, 1983]; Espirito Santo).

Discussion

Including /. lachlani, the genus Jonolyce contains four species, two of which

(I. brunnescens Tite and I. selkon Parsons) are apparently confined to the

Solomons archipelago. A third species, I. helicon, occurs as eight described

subspecies, from Sri Lanka in the west to Papua New Guinea, mainland

Australia and the western islands of the Solomons archipelago in the east. The

new taxon is the easternmost representative of the genus and is described

from the New Hebrides archipelago.

lonolyce lachlani bears a superficial resemblance to both 1. helicon caracalla

(Waterhouse & Lyell), which occurs in Papua New Guinea and the western

Solomons archipelago and J. helicon hyllus, which is endemic to northeastern

Australia. Although the new taxon shares some morphological features with

both these subspecies, differences in the genital armature of the male,

combined with morphological differences cited in the description, suggest a

new species. The shape of the valve is transitional to Z. brunnescens (Tite

1963).

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (2) 43

Figs 1-4. lonolyce lachlani sp. nov. (1-2) male holotype: (1) upperside, (2) underside;

(3-4) female paratype: (3) upperside, (4) underside.

A Y

et V d

Fig. 5. Jonolyce lachlani sp. nov. Male genitalia: (a) genitalia (lateral view, aedeagus

removed); (b) genitalia (posterior view); (c) left valva (lateral view, spines removed);

(d) aedeagus (lateral view).

44 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (2)

Acknowledgments

Thanks are due to the Government of the Solomon Islands for continuing to

support the author’s field work, and to Mr Ernest Bani, Environment Unit,

Government of Vanuatu, for supporting a preliminary research visit to

Vanuatu. Thanks are also due to Rob Lachlan (Queensland), for access to his

comprehensive private collection of Vanuatu butterflies. The author's field

work in the Santa Cruz group of islands was partially funded by the Godman

Exploration Fund (BMNH) and the Percy Sladen Fund (Linnean Society of

London).

References

GROSS, G.F. 1975. The land invertebrates of the New Hebrides and their relationships.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 272: 391-421.

SAMSON, C. 1983. Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) of Vanuatu. Naika, Journal of the

Vanuatu Natural Science Society 10: 2-6.

TITE, G.E. 1963. A synonymic list of the genus Nacaduba and allied genera (Lepidoptera:

Lycaenidae), Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology 13(4): 67-116.

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (2): 45-48 45

NOTES ON BOCHUS-GROUP SPECIES OF THE GENUS JAMIDES

HUBNER IN THE SANTA CRUZ ISLANDS (SOLOMON ISLANDS),

WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SUBSPECIES OF JAMIDES

AMARAUGE DRUCE (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE)

W. JOHN TENNENT

Biogeography and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Entomology, The Natural History

Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK

(address for correspondence: 38 Colin McLean Road, Dereham, Norfolk NR19 2RY, England)

Abstract

Jamides amarauge hepworthi subsp. nov., representing a significant easterly extension of the

previously known distribution of J. amarauge Druce, is described from the Santa Cruz islands

of Nendo and Vanikoro (Solomon Islands, Temotu Province). J. goodenovii Butler and J.

morphoides Butler are recorded for the first time from the Solomon Islands. Difficulty in

allocating material to species in the bochus Stoll species-group is briefly discussed.

Introduction

The type species of Jamides Hiibner is J. bochus (Stoll). The bochus-group

contains a number of small but visually spectacular species, similar in

appearance, characterised in the male by iridescent blue or purple uppersides

and dull brown undersides with the usual polyommatine arrangement of fine

transverse lines. Females are usually dull in comparison, with the upperside

iridescent blue less shining and reduced in extent.

Jamides bochus has a wide Indo-Oriental distribution, from India to

Micronesia (Hirowatari 1992). From India to the Moluccas it is the only

described species of this group to occur. Three species of the bochus-group

are recorded from New Guinea and the Bismarck and Solomons archipelagos

(Parsons 1998) but further east the bochus-group becomes more complex. In

the New Hebrides archipelago (Vanuatu) and the Pacific islands (Rarotonga,

Cook Islands, Fiji) some 17 names have been applied to bochus-group taxa,

and in Vanuatu taxonomic assessment of species is hampered by a lack of

available material. Hirowatari (1992) recognised 12 species of the bochus-

group and suggested some synonymy.

Of the bochus-group, J. cephion Druce (TL [type locality]: Guadalcanal), J.

soemias Druce (TL: Malaita) and J. amarauge Druce (TL: Alu [Shortlands])

are widespread throughout the Solomons archipelago. The remote Santa Cruz

group of islands are politically part of the Solomon Islands, although they lie

some 400 km east of the Solomons archipelago and have some geographical

and faunistic association with the New Hebrides archipelago (i.e. Vanuatu) to

the south. Aside from the common and widespread J. celeno (Cramer) (not

part of the bochus-group), J. cephion was the only Jamides species recorded

from the Santa Cruz Islands by Samson (1979, 1980), who reported a pair

taken on Utupua by Hollins in 1956 (Samson 1979). The male of this pair is

almost certainly not J. cephion and is similar in all respects to J. morphoides

Butler (TL: Vanuatu: Montague Island).

46 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (2)

The present author observed a Jamides species, assumed to be J. cephion,

quite commonly on the main Santa Cruz island of Nendo, in October 1997

but, on a subsequent visit from March to July 2000, noted a number of

apparently different bochus-group species. In view of potential confusion

within the group, priority was given to collecting Jamides specimens on

islands where they were observed. It became clear that this material included

species not previously recorded from the Santa Cruz Islands, as well as

undescribed taxa. It proved difficult, if not impossible, to allocate all

specimens collected to species or even in some cases to associate females

with the correct males with any degree of certainty.

Without doubt, four bochus-group species were present: J. amarauge (see

below), J. cephion, J. morphoides and J. goodenovii Butler (TL: Vanuatu:

Espiritu Santo). Of these, J. amarauge was previously unknown east of the

Solomons archipelago (San Cristobal) and both J. morphoides and J.

goodenovii were not previously known from localities outside Vanuatu.

Although it is believed that accumulated material probably includes further

undescribed taxa, practical difficulties in separation preclude their description

(with the exception of a new subspecies of J. amarauge) pending a thorough

revision. All material collected has been deposited in The Natural History

Museum (BMNH), London.

Jamides amarauge hepworthi subsp. nov.

(Figs 1-4)

Types. Holotype O”, SOLOMON ISLANDS: Santa Cruz group, Vanikoro, main

island, Lale village, SL, 10.iv.2000, W.J. Tennent (gen. prep. BMNH(V) 5978)

(BMNH). Paratypes: 2 00", same data as holotype; 2 070", same locality, 7.iv.2000; 1

O”, 2 22, Nendo Island, Late to Luesalo (Graciosa Bay), SL, 4.v.2000, W.J. Tennent

Tennent (all BMNH).

Description. Male (Figs 1-2) forewing length 12 mm; upperside superficially

similar to nominotypical J. a. amarauge (Solomons archipelago); forewing

basal half shining blue-green (J. a. amarauge blue with less green, slightly

more extensive); borders dark brown, broad; hindwing basal two-thirds

shining blue-green; marginal and submarginal markings largely obscured in

most specimens, making border appear broader and darker (some

submarginal markings usually prominent in J. a. amarauge); basal margin of

this band more linear than in J. a. amarauge; underside similar to J. a.

amarauge; lines less well defined (the male holotype of J. a. amarauge is

atypical in this respect); hindwing subtornal spot smaller than in J. a.

amarauge, leaving surrounding orange area prominent. Genitalia as in J. a.

amarauge. The only male available from Nendo is larger and more green than

males from Vanikoro. Female (Figs 3-4) similar to male, upperside colour

less extensive than in male and pale gleaming blue; underside similar to male.

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (2) 47

Etymology. This new taxon is named after Ross Hepworth, of Pigeon Island

(Reef group), without whose marine skills and local knowledge, travel

throughout the western Santa Cruz Islands in 2000 would have been virtually

impossible.

Distribution. Santa Cruz group (Nendo and Vanikoro).

Figs 1-4. Jamides amarauge hepworthi subsp. nov. (1-2) male holotype: (1)

upperside, (2) underside; (3-4) female paratype: (3) upperside, (4) underside.

Discussion

Although J. amarauge is part of the bochus-group of species, it is a

distinctive butterfly, unlikely to be confused with other species of the group.

Discovery of J. amarauge in the Santa Cruz group extends the known range

of this species by almost 600 km to the east (San Cristobal [Kira-Kira] to

Vanikoro).

Judging from several hundred Jamides genitalia preparations in the BMNH,

London, G. E. Tite, who revised several lycaenid genera in the early 1960s

(Tite 1959, 1963, 1966) considered undertaking a review of Jamides but, with

the exception of the euchylas Hiibner complex (Tite 1960), this was not

carried out. Jamides remains one of the most complicated groups in the

Polyommatini and has never been revised systematically (Hirowatari 1992).

48 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (2)

Structure of the male genitalia, of fundamental value in identification of many

lycaenid butterflies, is of limited value in the bochus-group. In particular, the

shape of the valva, diagnostic in some other groups, is variable in J. bochus

and its allies, consisting of a broad structure with an open, rounded posterior

indentation somewhat variable in size. Valvae may be similar in species

which are otherwise quite different in phenotype.

As already indicated, the genus Jamides is complex in the islands of Vanuatu,

south of the Santa Cruz group and is in need of revision. It is noted that J.

morphoides, recorded here for the first time from the Santa Cruz group, may

be synonymous with J. pulcherrima Butler (TL: Vanuatu: Tanna) (Hirowatari

1992).

Acknowledgments

Mr Moses Biliki, Ministry of Forests, Environment and Conservation,

Honiara, supported the author's research and the Ministry of Education and

Human Resources Development, Honiara, issued permits for fieldwork. The

fieldwork was partially funded by the Trustees of the Godman Exploration

Fund (BMNH) and the Percy Sladen Fund (Linnean Society of London).

Travel throughout the western Santa Cruz Islands would have been virtually

impossible without the practical assistance of Ross Hepworth, business man

and politician, of Pigeon Island (Reef group). The author is also grateful to

village chiefs too numerous to mention individually who allowed research on

“Custom” land under their control. Chris Muller, Dural, NSW, kindly loaned

the author an emergency radio beacon (EPIRB).

References

HIROWATARI, T. 1992. A generic classification of the Tribe Polyommatini of the Oriental and

Australian Regions (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Polyommatinae). Bulletin of the University of

Osaka Prefecture (B) 44 (Supplement): 1-102.

PARSONS, M.J. 1998. The butterflies of Papua New Guinea: their systematics and biology.

Academic Press, London; xvi+736 pp, xxvi+136 pls.

SAMSON, C. 1979. Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) of the Santa Cruz group of islands,

Solomon Islands. Aurelian, Beckley 1(2): 1-19.

SAMSON, C. 1980. Butterflies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera) of the Santa Cruz group of islands,

Solomon Islands. [additional data]. Aurelian, Beckley 1(4): 2.

TITE, G.E. 1959. The genus Catochrysops (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Entomologist 92: 201-

212.

TITE, G.E. 1960. The Jamides euchylas complex (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) and two new

species of the genus Jamides (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Bulletin of the British Museum

(Natural History), Entomology AS): 319-336.

TITE, G.E. 1963. A synonymic list of the genus Nacaduba and allied genera (Lepidoptera:

Lycaenidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology 13(4): 67-116.

TITE, G.E. 1966. A revision of the genus Anthene from the Oriental region. Bulletin of the

British Museum (Natural History), Entomology 18(8): 255-275.

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (2) 49

A NEW SUBSPECIES OF CANDALIDES HYACINTHINUS (SEMPER)

(LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE) FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA

MATTHEW R. WILLIAMS' and HUGH. H. BOLLAM?

'Department of Conservation and Land Management, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery

Centre, WA 6983

?Julimar Rd, Lower Chittering, WA 6084

Abstract

Candalides hyacinthinus gilesi subsp. nov. is described from south-western Western Australia.

The distribution, conservation status and information on the early life history of this new

subspecies are recorded.

Introduction

For many years specimens resembling Candalides hyacinthinus (Semper)

have been collected from the south-west of Western Australia. Following the

treatment of Edwards and Kerr (1978), these had been referred to C. h.

hyacinthinus. Subsequently, more extensive collections have revealed a suite

of consistent differences between these specimens and typical C. h.

hyacinthinus from eastern Australia. These differences warrant subspecific

status for the Western Australian specimens.

Candalides hyacinthinus gilesi subsp. nov.

(Figs 1-4)

Types. Holotype O”, WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Yalgorup NP, 17.xii.1992, M.R.

Williams (in Western Australian Museum). Paratypes: 6 0, 2 9, Myalup, [H.H.

Bollam], 2.xii.[19]90 (207), 21.xi.[19]91 (19), 26.xi.[19]91 (407), 29.xi.[19]91 (19); 3

9, Lake) Preston, [H. Bollam], 25.xi.[19]85, 29.xi.[19]85, 16.xi.[19]87 (all in H.H.

Bollam collection); 19 0, 11 9, Myalup, R. H[ay], 25.xi.[19]85 (107), 29.xi.[19]85

(107, 19), 17.xi.[19]87 (10), 25.xi.[19]87 (40, 29), 28.xi.[19]89 (20, 19),

2.xii.[19]90 (207, 29), 26.xi.[19]91 (307, 59), 1.xii.[19]92 (207), 17.xii.[19]92 (307); 5

O”, 4 2, Manjedal, RH, 31.xii.[19]93 (all in R.W. Hay collection); 1 0”, 2 2, Myalup,

1.x11.1990, M.R. Williams; 11 0”, 29, Yalgorup NP, M.R. Williams, 26.xi.1991 (80,

22), 17.xii.1992 (307); 3 9, Manjedal Brook, 8.1.1993, M.R. Williams; 1 2, Manjedal

Camp, 31.xii.1993, M.R. Williams (all in CALM collection, Kensington); 2 ©’,

Windy Harbour, low dense coastal heath above cliffs, 34°50'13"S, 116%00'49"E,

28.x.1995, A.A.E. Williams; 1 0”, 1 9, East of Yallingup, low open understorey in

mixed jarrah/sheoak woodland, 30.xii.1995, A.A.E. Williams; 1 0”, 2 9, Cosy Corner

near Margaret River, dense mixed heathland on small hill adjacent to eucalypt

woodland, 30.xi1.1995, A.A.E. Williams; 5 0, 2 2, Manjedal Brook, Manjedal, Marri

and jarrah forest, active around Cassytha sp, 4.i.1994, A.A.E. Williams; 5 O”, 1 2,

Yalgorup NP, M.R. Williams, 26.xi.1991 (10%, 19), 17.xi1.1992 (407); 1 2, Manjedal

Brook, 8.1.1993, M.R. Williams (all in CALM collection, Woodvale).

Description. Male (Figs 1, 3). Head dark grey-brown; antennae black with

white bands more prominent beneath; labial palpi black above, white beneath

with light grey scales; eyes smooth. Thorax black above, light grey beneath;

legs grey, suffused with light grey scales, tarsal segments ringed white.

Abdomen dark grey-brown, light grey beneath.

50 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (2)

Forewing above shining bronzy purplish-brown; apex dark brown; termen and

costa narrowly dark brown; cilia dark brown, tipped white except at ends of

veins. Forewing beneath grey-brown; a dark grey bar at end of cell; a narrow

postmedian line of dark grey-brown dashes extending from Rs to 1A+2A;

subterminal line of dashes extending from R; to 1A+2A, that between M; and

CuA, sometimes larger; those between CuA, and CuA,, and CuA, and

1A+2A much larger; termen narrowly darker; cilia dark grey tipped white,

except at ends of veins. Length of forewing 12-14.5 mm.

Hindwing above shining bronzy purplish-brown; termen narrowly dark

brown; inner margin grey-brown and sparsely suffused with silvery hair

scales; cilia dark brown tipped with white, except at ends of veins. Hindwing

beneath grey-brown; two dark grey dots within cell, inner dot with a similar

dot above it between Sc+R, and Rs+M;, all three dots variably surrounded

narrowly by white; median line of dark grey-brown dots and dashes, two at

end of cell, one between Sc+R; and Rs directly above the distal dot in cell,

one between CuA,; and CuA,, one between CuA, and 1A+2A, and one

between 1A+2A and inner margin, dots nearest costa and the three nearest the

inner margin narrowly edged by white; postmedian line of dark grey-brown

dashes extending from Sc+R, to inner margin, bowed sharply inwards, those

nearest costa and inner margin displaced proximally; subterminal line of

black dashes, those between CuA) and Sc+R, bowed sharply inwards between

veins, that nearest costa displaced proximally; terminal line of dark grey-

brown dots; termen narrowly black; cilia dark grey-brown tipped white except

at ends of veins; basal area sparsely suffused with silvery hair scales.

Genitalia with the spicule on the vesica usually shorter than in C. h.

hyacinthinus (Edwards and Kerr 1978).

Female (Figs 2, 4). Head, thorax and abdomen as in male. Forewing above

dark brown, shining purple between CuA, and inner margin except for

terminal band and on veins, colour sometimes extending into cell and

between CuA, and CuA,, scattered blue scales at base. Forewing beneath as

in male. Hindwing above dark brown, shining purple between M; and 1A+2A

except for broad terminal band and on veins; basal half sparsely suffused with

long silvery hair scales. Hindwing beneath as in male. Length of forewing 14-

15 mm.

Etymology. The subspecific epithet commemorates Henry Murray Giles (ca

1857-1935), who collected the first known specimen of C. h. gilesi at Smiths

Mill (now Glen Forrest), early this century.

Distribution. Specimens have been taken from south-western Western

Australia, south of Perth, at the Porongurup Range, Manjimup, Warren River

6 miles (10 km) south east of Pemberton, Windy Harbour, Augusta,Karridale,

Cosy Corner, Margaret River, near Yallingup, Glen Forrest (30 km east of

Perth) (Edwards and Kerr 1978), Myalup (Dunn and Dunn 1991, Williams et

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (2) 51

al. 1993), Dunsborough, Nornalup (Morton 1984), Manjedal Camp

(Williams et al. 1993) and West Cape Howe (Williams et al. 1997).

Comments. C. h. gilesi may be distinguished from C. h. hyacinthinus by the

following characters: Forewing shape: C. h. gilesi is characterized by a more

acute apex to the forewing, a feature common to both sexes but particularly

noticeable in females. Colour: males of C. h. gilesi have a more bronze cast to

the wings above and the undersides of both sexes are darker brown. Narrower

margin in males: the coloured areas above are more extensive in C. h. gilesi

males, with a correspondingly narrower margin. Size: Tite (1963) gave the

following ranges for forewing length for C. h. hyacinthinus (based on

specimens from eastern Australia): males 14-17 mm, females 15-17 mm.

Specimens of C. h. gilesi are typically smaller and we have seen no specimens

of either sex with a forewing length greater than 15 mm. Postmedian line of

dashes: this is roughly linear in C. h. hyacinthinus, but less so and more

variable in C. h. gilesi.

Figs 1-4. Candalides hyacinthinus gilesi subsp. nov. (1) Upperside holotype male; (2)

upperside paratype female; (3) underside paratype male; (4) underside paratype

female.

52 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (2)

Life History

Food plant. At Myalup and at Manjedal Brook the adults fly around Cassytha

racemosa Nees (Lauraceae), a twining parasite (Marchant et al. 1987).

Morton (1984) noted that at Nornalup and Dunsborough adults flew around

an unspecified species of Cassytha. Specimens have been collected from

October (Edwards and Kerr 1978) to late January although, based on our

experience and the condition of specimens examined, the main flight period is

late November to early January. This is the time of year when C. racemosa

commences flowering. In December 1992 a female was observed ovipositing

on the flower buds of C. racemosa and a first instar larva was collected from

the same plant. This larva was reared to second instar on flower buds of C.

racemosa. Two females caged with C. racemosa oviposited on the flower

buds.

Egg. White, hemispherical but flattened, with micropylar region slightly

depressed. As in other Candalides Hiibner species, the egg is covered with a

coarsely reticulate pattern of ridges, each with usually five or six sides.

Diameter 0.6 mm.

First instar larva. Grey green, each body segment with two pairs of dorsal

hairs and laterally fringed with three hairs, 0.25, 0.20 and 0.08 mm long. Each

dorsal pair consists of a long clear recurved hair 0.35 + 0.05 mm long and a

clear, straight hair 0.10 mm long, oriented posteriorly. Prothoracic plate grey,

almost semicircular. Anal plate grey, pear shaped. The body, prothoracic and

anal plates are covered with minute brown spots. Length (excluding setae) 1.0

mm.

Second instar larva. Yellow green, each body segment with two pairs of

dorsal hairs and laterally fringed with hairs. Each dorsal pair consists of a

long brown recurved hair 0.45 + 0.05 mm long and a clear, slightly recurved

hair 0.25 + 0.05 mm long, oriented posteriorly. Prothoracic plate yellow

green, diamond shaped. Anal plate green, pear shaped. Abdominal segments

1-6 each with a red dorsal spot. The body, prothoracic and anal plates are

covered with minute brown spots and ring-like spots. Length 1.8 mm.

Conservation status

Sites at the Porongurups and Myalup are within Porongurup and Yalgorup

National Parks, respectively. The sites at West Cape Howe, Windy Harbour

and Cosy Corner are within the West Cape Howe, D’Entrecasteaux and

Leeuwin-Naturaliste National Parks respectively. The precise locality of the

Nornalup site is unknown, but the Nornalup townsite is surrounded by the

Walpole-Nornalup National Park. The Manjedal Camp site is on private

property adjacent to State Forest. The precise localities of the sites at

Dunsborough, Manjimup, Warren River, Augusta, Karridale, Margaret River

and Glen Forrest are unknown. Cassytha racemosa is widespread in the

south-west and the butterfly inhabits the well-conserved jarrah (and possibly

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (2) 53

karri [Eucalyptus diversicolor]) forests. We consider it likely that many

further sites where this butterfly occurs will be found. As no threatening

processes have been identified, we recommend that C. h. gilesi be considered

of Lower Risk (Least Concern).

Discussion

The new subspecies is closely allied to C. h. hyacinthinus and a summary of

the distribution and taxonomy of this species is relevant to our subsequent

discussions. C. hyacinthinus is distributed south from Exmouth, Western

Australia, across much of southern Australia and as far north as Kuranda,

Queensland. Distributional data and maps are given by Common and

Waterhouse (1981), Dunn and Dunn (1991) and Braby (2000). Four

subspecies have been described: C. h. hyacinthinus (Semper, 1879); C. h.

simplex (Tepper, 1882); C. h. eugenia Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914 and C. h.

josephina Harris, 1952. Dunn and Dunn (1991) and Braby (2000) both

commented that the south-western form was a distinct subspecies. Edwards

and Kerr (1978) considered C. h. eugenia to represent the northern end of a

cline. Both Common and Waterhouse (1981) and D’ Abrera (1984) noted that

some specimens of C. h. eugenia were almost indistinguishable from typical

C. h. hyacinthinus. Dunn and Dunn (1991) considered C. h. eugenia

synonymous with C. h. hyacinthinus. C. h. josephina may represent a stable

hybrid population between C. h. hyacinthinus and C. h. simplex, as it occurs

only in a very restricted zone of contact between these two subspecies in

eastern Victoria (Common and Waterhouse 1981). Although C. h.

hyacinthinus and C. h. simplex are markedly different in upperside wing

colouration, the male genitalia of the two subspecies are indistinguishable

(Tite 1963). We have therefore restricted our comparisons to between the

new subspecies and the two well-defined subspecies C. h. hyacinthinus and

C. h. simplex.

The distributions of C. h. gilesi and C. h. simplex are generally distinct,

although they may be sympatric in the Stirling or Porongurup Ranges and

possibly at Margaret River. The Margaret River locality for C. h. simplex was

reported by Edwards and Kerr (1978) and was based on a pencilled note by

Dr A. J. Turner. Although subsequent authors (e.g. Common and Waterhouse

1981, Dunn and Dunn 1991) have generally dismissed this record, it may still

be proved correct. Near Perth, specimens of C. h. gilesi and C. h. simplex

have been taken about 40 km apart, at Glen Forrest and Fremantle. However,

no specimens of C. h. simplex have been collected near Perth for many years.

Although it is still possible that the two subspecies may yet be found together

in this area, they tend to occupy different habitats, with C. h. gilesi being

confined to forest or woodland in the north of its range, whereas C. h. simplex

is typically found in heathland. Thus localities where the two species co-occur

may prove to be limited to southern areas where C. h. gilesi occurs in

heathland.

54 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (2)

Acknowledgments

We thank Kevin Richards, Bob Hay and Andy Williams for access to

specimens in their care. Bob Hay and Andy Williams also provided valuable

field assistance and comments on a draft of the manuscript.

References

BRABY, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution.

CSIRO publishing, Collingwood, Victoria; xx + 976 pp.

COMMON, LF.B. and WATERHOUSE, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Angus and

Robertson, Sydney; xiv + 682 pp.

D’ ABRERA, B. 1984. A field companion to the butterflies of Australia and New Zealand. The

Five Mile Press, Centerbury, Victoria; 176 pp.

DUNN, K.L. and DUNN, L.E. 1991. Review of Australian butterflies: distribution, life history

and taxonomy. Published privately, Melbourne, Victoria; 660 pp.

EDWARDS, E.D. and KERR, J.F.R. 1978. A new species of Candalides from eastern Australia

and notes on Candalides hyacinthinus (Semper) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Australian

Entomological Magazine 4: 81-90.

MARCHANT, N.G., WHEELER, J.R., RYE, B.L., BENNETT, E.M., LANDER, N.S. and

MACFARLANE, T.D. 1987. Flora of the Perth Region. Western Australian Herbarium, Perth;

1080 pp.

MORTON, T. 1984. Collecting butterflies in Western Australia. Victorian Entomologist 14(4):

38.

TITE, G.E. 1963. A revision of the genus Candalides and allied genera (Lepidoptera:

Lycaenidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Entomology) 13: 69-116.

WILLIAMS, A.A.E., WILLIAMS, M.R., HAY, R.W. and TOMLINSON, A.G. 1993. Some

distributional records and natural history notes on butterflies from Western Australia. Victorian

Entomologist 23: 126-131.

WILLIAMS, A.A.E., WILLIAMS, M.R. and ATKINS, A.F. 1997. Notes on some Western

Australian butterflies. Victorian Entomologist 27: 44-49.

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (2): 55-63 55

TWO NEW SUBSPECIES OF OGYRIS OTANES C. & R. FELDER

(LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE) FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA

MATTHEW R. WILLIAMS! and ROBERT W. HAY?

"Department of Conservation and Land Management, Locked Bag 104, Bentley Delivery

Centre, WA 6983

28 Klem Ave, Salter Point, WA 6152

Abstract

Ogyris otanes sublustris subsp. nov. and Ogyris otanes arcana subsp. nov. are described from

western coastal and southern Western Australia respectively. A lectotype is designated for

Ogyris otanes C. & R. Felder. The new subspecies are compared with O. otanes from Kangaroo

Island, South Australia and from near Yanac, western Victoria. The distribution, conservation

status and life histories of the two new subspecies are reviewed.

Introduction

Waterhouse and Lyell (1914) recorded three specimens of Ogyris Angas from

the Stirling Range, Western Australia, which they identified as Ogyris otanes

C. & R. Felder, commenting that they were possibly a distinct subspecies.

The Australian Museum Register and the labels on the specimens indicate that

they were collected by F. L. Whitlock at the western end of the Stirling Range

in October 1911. This population was rediscovered by Peter Valentine, Hugh

Bollam and one of us (RWH) in 1988. Examination of additional specimens

confirmed Waterhouse and Lyell’s conjecture that specimens from this

population could readily be distinguished from eastern Australian populations

(Hay 1989).

In 1977 David Knowles discovered another population of O. otanes near

Leeman, north of Perth (Hart and Powell 1997). This population was both

geographically and morphologically distinct from that of the Stirling Range

and even more distinct from eastern Australian populations of O. otanes.

Dunn and Dunn (1991) referred to the Stirling Range and Leeman

populations as local forms, suggesting that the two populations ‘may be

shown to be connected by isolated transitional forms’. They also observed

that the distribution of the species in Western Australia was poorly

documented. Subsequently, surveys reported by Field (1990), Williams et al.

(1992, 1995, 1996) and Hart and Powell (1997) have better delineated the

distribution of both forms and provided more specimens for examination.

Braby (2000) recognised three distinct forms (‘eastern’, ‘south-western’ and

‘western coastal’) but did not formalise subspecific nomenclature.

We compared the two Western Australian forms with O. otanes otanes from

Kangaroo Island, South Australia and from near Yanac, western Victoria

(referred to as eastern Australian populations). The results of this examination

show that although adults of both the Western Australian forms resemble O.

otanes from eastern Australia, there are some striking and consistent

differences both between the two Western Australian forms and in

56 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (2)

comparison to O. otanes from eastern Australia. These differences warrant

subspecific status for each of the two Western Australian forms.

Ogyris otanes sublustris subsp. nov.

(Figs 1-4)

Types. Holotype J, WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Port Denison, 13.xi.1993, M.R.

Williams (in Western Australian Museum). Paratypes: 1 0’, 1 9°, Leeman, ex p[upa],

2.xi.[19]87, R. H[ay], first ever Leeman Ogyris ex pupa; 3 O”, 15 9, Leeman, ex p,

R.H., 25.x.[19]88 (2%), 26.x.[19]88 (12), 10.xi.[19]88 (19), 13.xi.[19]88 (19),

L.xii.[19]88 (19), 6.xi.[19]89 (107), 8.x.[19]90 (19), 29.x.[19]90 (107), 2.xi.[19]90

(19), 14.xi.[19]90 (107), 6.xi.[19]93 (29), 7.xi.[19]93 (1%), 9.xi.[19]93 (19),

16.xi.[19]93 (32); 1 0, 1 km N of Leeman, 28.xii.1980, T.M.S. Hanlon; 5 O”, 5 9,

Leeman, 15.x.[19]85 (19), 16.x.[19]85 (107, 19), 17.x.[19]85 (207, 19), 23.ix.[19]87

(19), 8.ix.[19]88 (19), 28.ix.[19]89 (107), 26.ix.[19]90 (107); 5 O”, 7 2, Port Denison,

R.H., 24.1x.[19]92 (307, 29), 28.ix.[19]93 (29), 12.x.[19]94 (207, 3?) (all in R.W. Hay

collection); 6 0, 6 2, Leeman, [H.H. Bollam], 14.x.[19]85 (19), 15.x.[19]85 (20”),

17.x.[19]86 (107), 4.xii.[19]86 (19), 9.ix.[19]88 (107), 15.x.[19]89 (107), 15.xi.[19]89

(19), 30.x.[19]90 (19), 1.xi.[19]90 (19), 2.xi.[19]90 (107), 7.xi.[19]90 (19), (all in

H.H. Bollam collection); 11 9, as holotype but 6 dated 24.ix.1992, the remainder

28.ix.1992, 12.xi.1993, 13.xi.1993, 26.xi.1993 and 12.x.1994; 17, 2 9, 1 km S

P[ort] Denison, 12.x.1994, M.R. Williams; 12 O”, 21 9, Leeman, M.R. Williams,

25.14.1990 (19), 27.x.1990 (19), 28.x.1990 (207, 19), 29.x.1990 (19), 1.xi.1990 (207,

19), 2.xi.1990 (207), 4.xi.1990 (19), 8.xi.1990 (19), 11.xi.1990 (19), 23.ix.1992 (207),

27.1x.1993 (29), 6.xi.1993 (107, 29), 9.xi.1993 (10%, 39), 13.x1.1993 (29), 14.xi.1993

(19), 15.xi.1993 (107, 19), 16.xi.1993 (107, 29); 1 0”, 2.6 km S of Lancelin, 31°02'S

115°21'E, 21.x.1997, M.R. Williams (all in CALM collection, Kensington); 1 0”, 3 2,

Port Denison, M.R. Williams, 14.xi.1993 (19), 15.xi.1993 (107), 20.xi.1993 (19),

21.xi.1993 (19); 1 07, 29, 1 km south of Dongara, sheltered area between vegetated

secondary sand dunes just south of Dongara, 12.x.1994, A.A.E. Williams; 1 0%, 10 9,

226 km north of Perth, Leeman, larval food plant Leptomeria preissiana at night, ant

associated, A.A.E. Williams, 3.xi.1990 (19), 4.xi.1990 (19), 5.xi.1990 (29), 9.xi.1990

(19), 10.x1.1990 (107, 29), 11.xi.1990 (19), 20.xi.1990 (19), 23.xi.1990 (19); 3 0”, 29,

226 km north of Perth, Leeman, flying along firebreak, very dense coastal scrub on

limestone pavement, 26.ix.1990, A.A.E. Williams; 1 2, 2.6 km South of Lancelin, on

near coastal dunes Leptomeria preissii [sic], 31°02.417'S 115°20.650'E, 21.x.1997,

A.A.E. Williams (all in CALM collection, Woodvale).

Description. Male (Figs 1, 3). Head grey, vertex with mixed dark grey and

white scales, frontoclypeus with two lateral and one median vertical bands of

white scales with dark grey scales between; antennal shaft black ringed with

white, six basal sections with two longitudinal black and white stripes, club

expanding gradually from shaft; labial palpi pale grey consisting of scattered

white and pale grey scales, terminal segment dark grey; eyes smooth. Thorax

black above with pale grey hair scales becoming brown-grey anteriorly and

posteriorly, beneath pale grey, legs pale grey consisting of mixed white and

grey scales. Abdomen above grey consisting of dark grey and white scales

mixed, whiter beneath.

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (2) 57

Figs 1-8. Ogyris otanes subspecies. (1-4) O. o. sublustris subsp. nov. (1) Upperside

holotype male; (2) upperside paratype female; (3) underside paratype male; (4)

underside paratype female. (5-8) O. o. arcana subsp. nov. (5) upperside holotype

male; (6) upperside paratype female; (7) underside paratype male; (8) underside

paratype female.

58 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (2)

Forewing costa convex near base then straight, apex sharply rounded, termen

almost straight, slightly concave in middle; above brownish purple with a

dark grey marginal band along termen, base of costa with coppery brown

scales and some white and pale blue scales near apex, cilia white, dark grey at

end of veins. Forewing beneath grey; apical half of wing heavily marked with

white scales, from the base to just beyond the discal cell, a series of five

transverse white bars, distal three bars enclosing median and postmedian

bands of black, each centred with brilliant blue scales. Proximal two white

bars enclosing a subcostal area of dark brown. Beyond the discal cell, a black

bar extending from just below the costa to CuA,, present below CuA, but

dark brown and less distinct, a narrow subterminal line from well below apex

to CuAg, cilia grey tipped with white, grey at end of veins. Hindwing termen

rounded and produced slightly at end of veins; tornus produced at end of

CuAg, anal lobe developed; above brownish-purple, costa and termen broadly

dark grey; tornus and anal lobe with scattered white scales, cilia white, dark

grey at ends of veins and towards costa and tornus, hair scales brown.

Hindwing beneath pale grey; with complex pattern of lines and bars usual in

Ogyris, lines dark grey, bars brown-grey, an area of suffused grey and brown

towards termen, cilia white. Length of forewing 17-20 mm.

Genitalia. Uncus slightly peaked, tip depressed, posterior margin very slightly

concave above and more sharply convex below middle; valva bilobed, short;

aedeagus simple (E. D. Edwards, pers. comm.).

Female (Figs 2, 4). Head, thorax and abdomen as in male. Forewing costa

slightly convex at base then slightly rounded; termen rounded. Forewing

above with subcostal areas grey-brown, basal third of costal half of wing and

basal two thirds of dorsal half of wing bright purple suffused with some

brown scales; apex with scattered white scales. A series of three pale yellow-

white spots just beyond end of cell, extending from M, to CuA,;, ground

colour separating spots along M3 and Mb, with spots below M, and M3 much

smaller than that below M, and sometimes absent. Cilia white, dark grey at

tips of veins. Forewing beneath as in male but area between black bars

beyond cell between M; and CuA, pale cream with veins pale grey. Hindwing

with termen rounded, produced at end of veins, most strongly on M3 and

CuA,. Anal lobe present; above dark grey forming a broad marginal band;

central area bright purple, area around end of cell dark grey; hair scales

brown; anal area pale grey, tornus with scattered white and blue scales, cilia

white, dark grey at tips of veins. Hindwing beneath as in male but paler, a

dark grey and brown suffusion in centre of wing. Length of forewing 16-20

mm.

Etymology. The subspecific name sublustris means darkling or less than

brilliant and refers in particular to the colour of the upperside of the male.

Larval food plant. Leptomeria preissiana (Santalaceae).

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (2) 59

Distribution. Ogyris otanes sublustris occurs from 3 km S of Lancelin to 1

km S of Port Denison (between 110 and 320 km N of Perth; Hart and Powell

1997, Williams et al. 1995). It is restricted to areas within about 5 km of the

coast. Within this general area four apparently disjunct populations are

known: (1) within a narrow strip approx 1-2 km S of Port Denison, between

the townsite and the airport on the landward side of the fore dunes; (2) from a

number of localities between 5 km north and 7 km south of the Leeman

townsite; (3) 16 km N of Jurien Bay; and (4) between 1 and 3 km S of

Lancelin.

Ogyris otanes arcana subsp. nov.

(Figs. 5-8)

Types. Holotype O”, WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Stirling Ra[nge], 7.xii.1990, M.R.

Williams (in Western Australian Museum). Paratypes: 11 07, 11 9, as holotype but

dated 6.xi.1990 (207), 7.xi.1990 (307, 49), 9.xi.1990 (19), 30.xi.1990 (107), 1.xii.1990

(10), 3.xii.1990 (10, 19), 5.xii.1990 (19), 6.xii.1990 (10%), 7.xii.1990 (19),

8.xii.1990 (107, 39), 10.xii.1990 (10); 2 O”, 2 2, Stirling Ra. NP, ex pupa, M.R.

Williams, 2.xi1.1991 (207, 19), 12.xii.1991 (19); 1 0, 2 9, Stirling Ra. NP, ex C.

glomeratum, 21.xi.1991 (19), 25.xi.1991 (107), 27.xi.1991 (19), M.R. Williams; 3 O”,

1 2, Stirling Ra., e[x] p[upa], M.R. Williams, 4.xii.1993 (107, 19), 5.xii.1993 (207); 3

9, Cape Arid NP, ep, M.R. Williams, 6.xii.1994, 12.xii.1994 and 17.xii.1994; 1 9,

Cape Arid NP, 33°32'42"S 123°31'22"E, ep 3.xii.1994, M.R. Williams (all in CALM

collection, Kensington); 5 O”, 9 9, Stirling Range, larva, ex p, R. H[ay], 5.xi.[19]88

(107, 19), 30.x1.[19]88 (107, 19), 1.xii.[19]88 (19), 2.xii.[19]88 (10%), 8.xii.[19]88

(19), 8.x11.[19]90 (19), 12.xii.[19]90 (19), 17.xii.[19]90 (19), 14.xii.[19]93 (107),

16.xii.[19]93 (12), 22.x11.[19]93 (19), 25.xii.[19]93 (107); 6 O”, 8 2, larva ex Wylie

Scarp, reared ex p, R.W.H., 21.xi.[19]91 (29), 22.xi.[19]91 (207, 19), 24.xi.[19]91

(207), 26.xi.[19]91 (19), 27.xi.[19]91 (19), 28.xi.[19]91 (107, 19), 2.xii.[19]91 (19),

4.xii.[19]91 (19), 5.x1i.[19]91 (107); 1 0”, Stirling Ra, R.H., 2.xi.[19]88 (all in R.W.

Hay collection); 6 0, 5 9, Stirling R[ange], [H.H. Bollam], 19.xi.[19]88 (109),

30.xi.[19]88 (10, 29), 5.xii.[19]88 (22), 5.i.[19]89 (109), 8.1.[19]89 (19),

12.111.[19]89 (107), 2.xi.[19]89 (107), 13.xi.[19]89 (10%), (all in H.H. Bollam

collection); 3 O”, 3 9, Stirling Range Nat. Park, ex pupa, larvae attended by ants on

Choretrum glomeratum shrubs (MRW), A.A.E. Williams, 13.xi.1991 (19), 15.xi.1991

(107), 17.xi.1991 (19), 21.xi.1991 (10%), 22.xi.1991 (10%), 24.xi.1991 (19); 1 O,

Stirling Range Nat Park, 1.8 km SW Mt Gog, scenic hilltop lookout with mixed low

mallee and heath vegetation, 27.1.1994, A.A.E. Williams; 1 O”, Stirling Range Nat.

Park, Salt River Rd 5.3 km east of Red Gum Pass Road junction, 4.xi.1997, A.A.E.

Williams; 1 0”, Cape Arid National Park, Gora Road, old burnt mallee scrub habitat

on Gora Road, 33°32'42"S 123°31'22"E, 6.xi.1994, A.A.E. Williams; 1 9, Cape Arid

National Park, Gora Road, ex pupa from ants’ nest at base of food plant, 22.xii.1994,

A.A.E. Williams (all in CALM collection, Woodvale).

Description. Male (Figs 5, 7). Head grey, vertex with dark grey and white

scales, frontoclypeus with two lateral and one median vertical bands of white

scales with dark grey scales between; antennal shaft black ringed with grey,

club expanding gradually from shaft; labial palpi pale grey consisting of

scattered white and pale grey scales, terminal segment dark grey; eyes

60 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (2)

smooth. Thorax black above with brown-grey hair scales becoming brown

anteriorly and posteriorly, beneath grey, legs pale grey consisting of mixed

white and grey scales. Abdomen above dark grey consisting of dark grey and

grey scales mixed, lighter beneath.

Forewing costa convex near base then straight, apex sharply rounded, termen

almost straight, slightly concave in middle; above deep brownish purple with

basal areas dusted blue, dark grey marginal band along termen, base of costa

with brown scales, cilia grey, dark grey at end of veins. Forewing beneath

grey-brown; apical half of wing marked with light grey scales; from the base

to just beyond the discal cell a series of five transverse light coloured bars,

the basal two white, the next two light blue and the final postmedian bar light

brown to light grey. Distal three bars enclosing median and postmedian bands

of black, each centred with brilliant blue or blue-purple scales. Proximal two

white bars enclosing a subcostal area of dark brown. Beyond the discal cell a

black bar extending from just below the costa to CuA>, present below CuA,

but dark brown and less distinct, cilia grey, dark grey at end of veins.

Hindwing termen rounded and produced slightly at end of veins; tornus

produced at end of CuA); anal lobe developed; above brownish-purple, costa

and termen broadly dark grey; cilia grey, dark grey at ends of veins and

towards costa and tornus, hair scales brown. Hindwing beneath dark grey with

very obscure pattern of dark brown bars, an area of suffused coppery brown

towards termen, cilia grey. Length of forewing 18-22 mm.

Female (Figs 6, 8). Head, thorax and abdomen as in male. Forewing costa

slightly convex at base then slightly rounded; termen rounded. Forewing

above with subcostal areas grey-brown, basal half of costal half of wing and

basal three-quarters of dorsal half of wing bright purple or bluish-purple,

suffused with some brown scales. A series of three pale yellow-white spots

just beyond end of cell, extending from M; to CuA,, the spots below M; and

M; fused, that below M, separate, smaller and sometimes absent, occasionally

a fourth yellow-white spot between CuA, and CuA,. Cilia grey, dark grey at

tips of veins. Forewing beneath as in male but black bands broader, a yellow

band between M; and CuA, beyond the discal cell replacing the light brown

or grey band in males. Hindwing with termen rounded, produced at end of

veins, most strongly on Mz and CuA). Anal lobe present; above dark grey

forming a broad marginal band, basal two-thirds bright purple or bluish-

purple, area around end of cell dark grey, hair scales brown; anal area light

brown; tornus with scattered grey and blue scales, cilia grey, dark grey at tips

of veins. Hindwing beneath as in male but lighter with markings more

distinct. Length of forewing 19-24 mm.

Etymology. The subspecific name arcana means lost or hidden and refers to

the long period between the initial discovery by Whitlock and the eventual

rediscovery.

Larval food plant. Choretrum glomeratum (Santalaceae).

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (2) 61

Distribution. Specimens have been collected at a number of sites in the

Stirling Range National Park and the adjacent Camel Lake Nature Reserve, in

Cape Arid National Park and the adjacent Nuytsland Nature Reserve, and at

Israelite Bay (Max Moulds, pers. comm.). Two specimens taken at Pink Lake

near Esperance by Ross Field may belong here but have been excluded from

the type series. Field (1987) believed these two specimens, both males, to be

more closely allied to O. o. sublustris, although he noted two characters

(more extensive blue bands on the underside of the forewing and narrower

dark brown bands beneath) that suggest alliance to O. o. arcana. Until further

material, particularly females, is available from this site, there is little point

conjecturing on the significance or taxonomic status of these two specimens.

Conservation status

Ogyris o. sublustris occurs in four apparently disjunct populations within a

restricted coastal strip between Lancelin and Port Denison (Williams et al.

1995, Hart and Powell 1997). The Port Denison site in particular and parts of

the Leeman site are threatened by urban expansion. The sites to the south of

Lancelin and around Leeman are within town and Shire reserves and may be

similarly threatened in future. The site north of Jurien Bay and part of the site

around Leeman are within the Beekeeper’s Nature Reserve. Hart and Powell

(1997) suggested that O. o. sublustris may occur further north or south of the

current distribution, in sites further inland, or in a number of nature reserves

in the area, but there is no evidence to support any of these conjectures.

Surveys conducted in this region by us and others, including Hugh Bollam,

Paul Hutchinson, Trevor Lundstrom and Andy Williams, plus a survey by

Grant Miller (pers. comm.), who collected at a site 14 km N of Dongara in

1974, failed to locate any new sites for O. o. sublustris.

The future of the site at Port Denison, where O. o. sublustris flies together

with O. idmo Hewitson, is of particular concern. This is the only site known

where both these species fly together and it is also the northernmost limit for

both species. Some morphological differences have also been noted for both

species at this site (Williams et al. 1995).

We recommend that O. o. sublustris be considered Vulnerable; the

threatening process is clearing of habitat as a result of increasing urbanisation

and development of coastal areas. Better knowledge of the extent of its

occurrence within conservation reserves is needed, as well as additional

information on appropriate management of its restricted habitat.

O. o. arcana occurs across a wide area of southern Western Australia and at a

number of sites within two major National Parks. Although there is some

evidence of displacement from previously utilised sites by Hypochrysops

ignitus (Leach) (pers. obs.), this does not appear to be a threat. However,

further monitoring of the processes involved would be of value and better

knowledge of appropriate management of this taxon is needed. In the absence

62 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (2)

of any known threatening process, we recommend that this taxon be

considered Lower Risk (Least Concern).

Discussion

Ogyris otanes was described from more than one specimen as both sexes

were illustrated and described. A male from the Felder collection, now in The

Natural History Museum, London (BMNH), labelled ‘Austral. Merid.

Adelaide Angas, Ogyris otanes Feld., Type, Felder Colln, otanes n’ is hereby

designated as the lectotype.

Females of O. o. sublustris are easily distinguished from O. o. otanes and O.

o. arcana by the much reduced pale yellow spot on the forewing. The purple

areas on the upperside of both wings are reduced, often with ground colour

along the veins, and are more heavily dusted with brown scales. Females of

O. o. sublustris also have a more pointed apex and a slightly more produced

tornus of the hindwing. In males, the subterminal band on the underside of the

forewing is prominent. Both sexes of O. o. sublustris are characterised by

lighter colour overall than O. o. arcana, with grey scales at the apex of the

forewing above and on the projections of the hindwing tails above and a

generally lighter ground colour below. The cilia edging the wings are also

much lighter. This subspecies is also smaller in size than O. o. arcana and O.

o. otanes, with forewing lengths for males 17-20 mm and females 16-20 mm.

The food plant of O. o. sublustris is Leptomeria preissiana, wheras the food

plant of both O. o. otanes and O. o. arcana is Choretrum glomeratum (both

Santalaceae).

In O. o. arcana the undersides of both sexes, but particularly males, are so

dark that the cryptic markings are largely obscured. The uppersides of O. o.

arcana females are similar to eastern females of O. o. otanes.

O. o. sublustris and O. o. arcana differ from O. o. otanes in having a more

acute apex and a straighter termen to the forewing. Both sexes also have a

slightly narrower hindwing and the projection from vein CuA, and the anal

lobe is more accentuated. Males of both O. o. sublustris and O. o. arcana are

much darker than eastern populations. The undersides of both sexes are

darker and have a distinct grey colour that contrasts markedly with the brown

colour of eastern populations.

Acknowledgments

We thank Ted Edwards for undertaking examinations of the Western

Australian populations and for preparing the initial drafts on which this paper

is based; Hugh Bollam and Andy Williams for field assistance, access to

specimens in their care and comments on the draft manuscript; Andrew

Atkins for examining the early stages and for assistance in preparing the

manuscript; and David Knowles, Peter Valentine, Max Moulds, Mike Powell

and Ross Field for distributional records and field observations.

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (2) 63

References

BRABY, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their ientification, bology and dstribution. CSIRO

publishing, Collingwood, Victoria; xx + 976 pp.

DUNN, K.L. and DUNN, L.E. 1991. Review of Australian butterflies: distribution, life history

and taxonomy. Published privately, Melbourne, Victoria; 660 pp.

FIELD, R.P. 1987. Notes on butterflies collected in south-west Western Australia, September-

October, 1987. Victorian Entomologist 17: 111-114.

FIELD, R.P. 1990. Range extensions and the biology of some Western Australian butterflies.

Victorian Entomologist 20: 76-82.

HART, R. and POWELL, M. 1987. Status of the northern population of the butterfly, the

Western Dark Azure (Ogyris otanes) in Western Australia. Western Australian Naturalist 21:

185-190.

HAY, R. 1989. In search of a butterfly. Landscope 4(3): 42-43.

WATERHOUSE, G.A. and LYELL, A. 1914. The Butterflies of Australia. A monograph of the

Australian Rhopalocera. Angus and Robertson, Sydney; 239 pp.

WILLIAMS, A.A.E., WILLIAMS, M.R., TOMLINSON, A.G. and LUNDSTROM, T.D. 1996.

Records of butterflies from the central desert region and semi-arid areas of Western Australia.

Victorian Entomologist 26: 29-34.

WILLIAMS, M.R., ATKINS, A.F., HAY, R.W. and BOLLAM, H.H. 1992. The life history of

Ogyris otanes C. & R. Felder in .the Stirling Range, Western Australia (Lepidoptera:

Lycaenidae). Australian Entomological Magazine 19: 55-60.

WILLIAMS, M.R., WILLIAMS, A.A.E., LUNDSTROM, T.D., HAY, R.W., BOLLAM, H. and

GRAHAM, A.J. 1995. Range extensions and natural history notes for some Western Australian

butterflies. Victorian Entomologist 25: 94-96.

64 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (2)

BOOK REVIEW

Hymenoptera: Evolution, Biodiversity and Biological Control. Editors: Andrew D.

Austin & Mark Dowton. CSIRO Publishing; October 2000; xi + 468 pp; hardback.

Price $165. ISBN 0 643 06610 1

The Hymenoptera is one of the largest and most important groups of insects, and this volume

originates from papers presented at the Fourth International Conference of the International

Society of Hymenopterists, held in Canberra in January 1999. This conference is a quadrennial

event that brings specialists in all fields of Hymenoptera study together to present their research

results. The volume contains about 4/5 of the papers presented at the conference. A few papers

were lost either through the presenters desire to publish them elsewhere or because they did not

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critical referee and editing process, so that many of the papers underwent substantial change

between the Conference and the final versions presented in the volume.

The aim of the volume was to present an up-to-date account of current research in Hymenoptera.

It is quite useful to see volumes like this appear every so often, as they present a slice in time of

the research advances that are taking place across the field. One of the hopes of the editors was

that this volume, by presenting this up-to-date overview, would stimulate interest in

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The volume presents 49 papers by 116 authors, plus an introductory and closing chapter

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This volume has all the expected good and bad points of any conference proceedings volume.

The positive side is that it presents a broad and up-to-date overview of current research trends in

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volume covers a wide variety of topics, and the editors have put time and effort into maintaining

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found in proceedings volumes, and could easily have found homes in mainline journals. As

such, it should achieve some of the editors’ goals of stimulating interest and a synthesis of ideas.

The negative side is that this, like most conference volumes, lacks the focus and depth that you

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The question people will have to ask themselves is whether this volume is worth the $165 to put

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serious students of Hymenoptera and libraries in research institutions. I find that I have already

used my copy on several occasions to look up papers of specific interest, or just to have a

browse through it to see what has been happening in a fascinating field of study.

John LaSalle

NOTES FOR AUTHORS

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THE AUSTRALIAN

Entomologist.

Volume 28, Part 2, 16 August 2001

eae

CONTENTS

TENNENT, W.J.

The Vanuatu subspecies of Papilio fuscus Goeze (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae).

TENNENT, WJ.

A new species of lonolyce Toxopeus from the Solomon Islands (Santa Cruz group)

and Vanuatu (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae).

TENNENT, WJ.

Notes on bochus-group species of the genus Jamides Hiibner in the Santa Cruz Islands

(Solomon Islands), with description of a new subspecies of Jamides amarauge Druce

(Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae).

WILLIAMS, M.R. and BOLLAM, H.H.

A new subspecies of Candalides hyacinthinus (Semper) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

from Western Australia.

WILLIAMS, M.R. and HAY, R.W.

Two new subspecies of Ogyris otanes C. & R. Felder (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

from Western Australia.

BOOK REVIEW:

Hymenoptera: Evolution, Biodiversity and Biological Control.

A.D. Austin and M. Dowton (Editors)

ISSN 1320 6133