THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

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Fly Group

Cover: The very large and strong-flying robberfly Blepharotes coriarius

Wiedemann is widespread across eastern Australia. Blepharotes contains six

described and a similar number of undescribed species, restricted to Australia and

New Guinea. They are easily recognised by their flat, usually yellow or orange

abdomens, that bear dense, lateral tufts of hairs. From an original drawing by Geoff

Thompson.

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4): 105-110 105

NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION OF

PAROPSISTERNA SEMIFUMATA (BLACKBURN) (COLEOPTERA:

CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA

DANIEL DOBROSAK

66 Wiltonvale Avenue, Hoppers Crossing, Vic 3029

Abstract

The biology of Paropsisterna semifumata (Blackburn) is discussed and the adult, larva and pupa

are illustrated. The host plants are Callistemon sieberi and C. viminalis (Myrtaceae). P.

semifumata occurs from southeast Queensland to Victoria.

Introduction

Paropsisterna Motschulsky is an endemic Australian genus of the leaf-beetle

subtribe Paropsina, subfamily Chrysomelinae. Weise (1916) included 55

species, most of which are uncommon in collections and have been rarely

studied. For example, only a small number of species (sometimes listed as

species of Paropsis Olivier) have recorded associations with plants: P. beata

(Newman) with Eucalyptus (Cumpston 1939, Kelly 1987, Hawkeswood

1988, Reid 1992, Stone and Urquhart 1992, Stone and Bacon 1994); P.

brunnea (Marsham) with Acacia (Brooks 1948); P. liturata (Marsham) with

Eucalyptus (Cumpston 1939); P. nucea (Erichson) with Eucalyptus (Morrow

1977); P. octomaculata (Marsham) with Acacia (Brooks 1948, Hawkeswood

1988) and Eucalyptus (Brooks 1965); P. sexpustulata (Marsham) with

Eucalyptus (Brooks 1965); P. octosignata (Stal) with Eucalyptus (Stone and

Urquhart 1992); P. rufipes (Fabricius) with Eucalyptus (Morrow 1977, Kelly

1985) and P. tigrina (Chapuis) with Melaleuca (Maddox 1996, Macdonald

and Elder 1998).

The general consensus from published records is that Paropsisterna feeds on

Eucalyptus or Melaleuca (in the case of P. tigrina). Paropsine species are

often collected on trees or shrubs adjacent to their actual host plants (pers.

obs.) and the above records from Acacia species may not represent actual

hosts.

Melaleuca alternifolia is the main species cultivated in the tea-tree oil

industry in northern New South Wales. P. tigrina is an important pest of the

industry and is morphologically anomalous within Paropsisterna, having non-

striate elytra, showing significant adult colour change after death and with

larvae that have considerably shorter setae than those of eucalypt-feeding

species (C. Reid, pers. comm.). This paper records some observations of P.

semifumata (Blackburn), another atypical member of the genus. Voucher

specimens have been lodged with Museum Victoria.

Observations

On 9 November 1997, a single adult of P. semifumata was picked from a leaf

of Eucalyptus camaldulensis [River Red Gum] along Jacksons Creek, within

106 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4)

the Organ Pipes National Park (OPNP), 20 km northwest of Melbourne. The

riparian trees and shrubs in this area of the Park include E. camaldulensis,

Callistemon sieberi (formerly C. paludosus: Lumley and Spencer 1988)

[River Bottlebrush] and Leptospermum lanigerum [Woolly Tea-tree].

On subsequent visits to the Park on 13 December 1997 and 28 February

1998, further adults of P. semifumata were collected but only on Callistemon

sieberi. They were offered fresh leaves of various trees and shrubs, including

Eucalyptus and Leptospermum species, but only consumed Callistemon

species. A single late instar, paropsine-like larva was collected from a large

C. sieberi bush at Jacksons Creek, OPNP on 17 January 1999. A return visit

to the site two weeks later found no further larvae or adults. Four larvae were

collected from the same bush on 4 November 1999. No adults were found on

that occasion despite a thorough search.

The larva collected on 17 January 1999 was kept in a 200 ml plastic

container. Small potted C. sieberi were obtained from a local nursery and

small amounts of foliage were supplied to the larva. The leaves were changed

every few days. The larva consumed large amounts of the young apical leaves

before becoming a quiescent pre-pupa on 22 January. Pupation occurred on

27 January at the base of the container. It is assumed that in the wild the final

instar larva drops to the ground or moves to the base of the host tree and

pupates in an underground cell, as noted by Cumpston (1939). An adult P.

semifumata emerged on 2 February and commenced feeding on C. sieberi

leaves two days after emergence.

The larvae collected on 4 November 1999 consisted of two final instar larvae

and two third instar larvae. One specimen was fixed in KAA and preserved in

70% alcohol. Two were parasitised by tachinids (which pupated on 17

November and emerged on 4 December) and one pupated on 17 November

and emerged on 28 November.

Life history

Host plants. Callistemon sieberi and C. viminalis (Myrtaceae).

Larva. No detailed larval sclerite pattern drawings were made. Early instar

larvae were pale green with dark brown head capsule and legs. Final instar

larvae (Figs 1-2) have numerous dark brown sclerites in two transverse rows

on each segment except the pronotal shield. The pronotal shield is covered by

numerous small dark brown sclerites. The dorsal body colour of the final

instar larva is pale brown. Final instar larvae were approximately 10 mm long

and possessed short, inconspicuous setae.

Pupa (Fig. 3). Body dark, yellow-brown in colour, the elytral and wing thecae

and legs pale violet. A strongly bifid urogomphus and well developed lateral

tubercles were present. Length 7.5 mm.

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4) 107

ene

Figs 1-4. Paropsisterna semifumata. (1) Larva, lateral view; (2) Larva, dorsal view;

(3) Pupa; (4) Live adult.

Adult (Fig. 4). Oval in shape and moderately convex, with filiform antennae

and securiform maxillary palpi. The elytra extend vertically below and over

the lateral edge of the abdomen, typical of paropsine species. The pronotum

and parts of the suture near the scutellum are yellowish-brown with the main

part of the elytra possessing some irregular oblique, brownish-black markings

over a whitish background. After death, the whitish colour fades to yellowish-

brown and the brownish-black markings fade to some extent to a smoky black

colour, which can still be discerned in most preserved specimens. The elytral

punctation is irregular and generally finer and sparser on the whitish areas on

the elytra. Adults examined by the author were 5 to 7 mm long.

Distribution

The following specimen data were used to plot the distribution of P.

semifumata (Fig. 5). Victorian specimens and the Clarence River specimen

were examined by the author, all others by Chris Reid. Abbreviations are:

AMS - Australian Museum, Sydney; ANIC - Australian National Insect

Collection, Canberra; MV - Museum Victoria, Melbourne; IGF - Ian G.

Faithfull collection.

Material examined. QUEENSLAND: 3, Upper Brisbane River, east branch No. 2,

(26°37'S 152°14'E), 15.1.1992, P.J. Gullan (ANIC). NEW SOUTH WALES: 6, Byrill

108 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4)

Creek, 10 km SW Uki, ex Callistemon viminalis, 23.xi.1986, C. Reid (ANIC); 3,

Dingo Creek, nr Wingham, 2.ix.1961, C.N. & A.S. Smithers (AMS); 1, Macleay

River, xi.1928, H.J. Carter (ANIC); 8, Shoalhaven River, 15 km NW Braidwood, ex

Callistemon paludosus, 13.1.1987, 18.1.1987, C. Reid (ANIC); 1, Clarence River,

ix.04, HJC (MV). VICTORIA: 3, Avenel, 9.xii.54, Neboiss; 1, Mansfield, 25.iii.1958

A.N.; 1, Morrisons, 30.xi.49, E.M.; 4, Kerrisdale; 1, Kerrisdale, 2.xi.14; 1, Trawool,

27.xii.20; 1, Warburton? from R.T. Kelly Esq, Healesville; 1, Organ Pipes National

Park, on juvenile E. camaldulensis, 9.xi.1997, D. Dobrosak; 2, Organ Pipes National

Park at Ford over Jacksons Creek, ex Callistemon sieberi, 13.xii.1997, D. Dobrosak;

1, Organ Pipes National Park, Tesselated Pavement, ex Callistemon sieberi,

28.11.1998, D. Dobrosak; 1, Organ Pipes National Park, at Ford over Jacksons Creek,

Callistemon sieberi, larva coll. 4.xi.1999, pupated 17.xi.1999, emerged 28.xi.1999, D.

Dobrosak; 1, Organ Pipes National Park at Ford over Jacksons Creek, Callistemon

sieberi, larva coll. 17.1.1999, pupated 27.1.1999, emerged 2.11.1999, D. Dobrosak

(MV); Yarra Bend Park, 9.11.1993, Ross McPherson, on Callistemon paludosa; 1,

Killawarra, Ovens River, 10 km N of Wangaratta, 25.1.1998 (IGF).

Fig. 5. Distribution of Paropsisterna semifumata in southeastern Australia.

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4) 109

Discussion

All specimens were collected from November to February, in riparian

habitats. The species may be univoltine, or bivoltine with a short summer

generation. The larvae appear to be solitary, as in other Paropsisterna species

(Cumpston 1939). The distribution appears to be curiously bimodal, with one

centre in Victoria and southern New South Wales and the other in northern

New South Wales and southern Queensland. The type locality is Richmond

River, northern New South Wales (Blackburn 1901). Specimens from the two

centres have been dissected and the genitalia appear to be identical (C. Reid,

pers. comm.). The northern populations are associated with Callistemon

viminalis, which is endemic to this area (Rotherham et al. 1975). The

southern populations are associated with C. sieberi, which is patchily

distributed in southeastern Australia, including northern New South Wales

(Costermans 1996, Walsh and Entwisle 1996). P. semifumata is not common

and does not appear to have colonised the numerous cultivated Callistemon

species in metropolitan and suburban areas. It is apparently restricted to

Callistemon trees and shrubs in their natural habitat along creeks and rivers.

Bennet (1999) noted that riparian vegetative communities in Victorian Box-

ironbark regions were among the most depleted and disturbed of the

vegetation types. These short notes on an uncommonly collected species that

appears to be restricted to Callistemon sieberi and C. viminalis along rivers

and creeks highlight the need to conserve remnant riparian communities.

This is the first record of a paropsine feeding on Callistemon, a genus in

Myrtaceae but quite unrelated to Eucalyptus. However, Callistemon and

Melaleuca form a single clade in the Myrtaceae (Johnson and Briggs 1984)

and Paropsisterna tigrina feeds on Melaleuca. P. tigrina and P. semifumata

are similar to each other and differ from other Paropsisterna species by

having adults which fade significantly after death, with non-striate elytra,

larvae with short setae and pupae without prominent, fist-shaped spiracular

tubercles (C. Reid, pers. comm.). It is thus likely that these are closely related

species.

Acknowledgments

Grateful thanks are extended to Peter Kelly for guidance and encouragement,

to Eric Matthews (South Australian Museum) for assistance with

identification of specimens and to Chris Reid for providing NSW and Qld

records and for constructive comments on the paper. Ian Faithfull and Ian

Endersby commented on early drafts of the paper and Ian Faithfull provided

additional Victorian distribution records. Thanks are also extended to Ken

Walker and Catriona McPhee (Museum Victoria) for access to collections

and to the staff of the Department of Natural Resources and Environment and

Parks Victoria. This work was based on material collected under National

Parks Act 1975 Research Permits No. NP 978/103 and 10000324.

110 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4)

References

BENNET, A. 1999. Networks in the landscape...Roadside and streamside vegetation. Flora and

fauna notes. Natural Resources and Environment, Victoria. Notes series No. FF0057; 3 pp.

BLACKBURN, T. 1901. Revision of the genus Paropsis. Part V1. Proceedings of the Linnean

Society of New South Wales 26: 159-196.

BROOKS J.G. 1948. Some north Queensland Coleoptera and their food plants Part 2. North

Queensland Naturalist 16(89): 6-7.

BROOKS J.G. 1965. North Queensland Coleoptera - their food and host plants, Part III. North

Queensland Naturalist 32(138): 29-30.

COSTERMANS, L.F. 1996. Native trees and shrubs of south-eastern Australia. 3rd edition.

Landsdowne Publishing, Sydney; 424 pp.

CUMPSTON, D.M. 1939. Observations on the bionomics and morphology of seven species of

the tribe Paropsini (Chrysomelinae). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales

64: 353-366.

HAWKESWOOD, T.J. 1988. A survey of the leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) from the

Townsville district, northern Queensland, Australia. Giornale Italiano di Entomologia 4: 93-

112.

JOHNSON, L.A.S. and BRIGGS, B.G. 1984. Myrtales and Myrtaceae - a phylogenetic analysis.

Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 71: 700-756.

KELLY, P. 1985. Paropsines on Eucalyptus viridis in Victoria. Victorian Entomologist 15(3):

36.

KELLY, P. 1987. Records of some paropsine parasites. Victorian Entomologist 17(6): 110.

MACDONALD, J.A. and ELDER, J.K. 1998. Responses of Pyrgoides tigrina Koch to Bacillus

thuriengensis var. tenebrionus (Novodor BTT). General and Applied Entomology 28: 84.

MADDOX, C.D. 1996. Aspects of the biology of Paropsisterna tigrina (Chapuis) the major

pest of Melaleuca alternifolia (Cheel). Unpublished MSc Thesis, University of Queensland,

Brisbane; 453 pp.

MORROW, P.A. 1977. Host specificity of insects in a community of three co-dominant

Eucalyptus species. Australian Journal of Ecology 2: 89-106.

REID, C.A.M. 1992. Descriptions of the pupae of nine genera of Australian paropsine

Chrysomelinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South

Wales 113(4): 311-337.

ROTHERHAM, E.R., BRIGGS, B.G., BLAXELL, D.F. and CAROLIN, R.C. 1975. Flowers

and plants of New South Wales and southern Queensland. A.H. & A.W. Reed, Sydney; 191 pp.

STONE, C. and BACON, P.E. 1994. Insect herbivory in a river red gum (Eucalyptus

camaldulensis Dehnh.) forest in southem New South Wales. Journal of the Australian

Entomological Society 33: 51-56.

STONE, C. and URQUART, C.A. 1992. Effects of treating young hand planted eucalypts with

selected systemeic insecticides, and identification of associated foliage insects. General and

Applied Entomology 24: 53-63.

WALSH, N.G. and ENTWISLE, T.J. (eds). 1996. Flora of Victoria. Vol. 3. Inkata Press,

Melbourne; xii + 1093 pp.

WEISE, J. 1916. Chrysomelidae, Chrysomelinae. Coleopterorum Catalogus 68: 152-176.

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4): 111-116 111

SYSTEMATIC NOTES ON THE GENERA OF AUSTRALIAN

AND SOME NON-AUSTRALIAN TEPHRITINAE

(DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)

D.L. HANCOCK

PO Box 2464, Cairns, Qld 4870

Abstract

The Australian genera of Tephritinae are assigned to tribes, subtribes and genus-groups. The

Platensina group is redefined to contain 6 genera: Australasinia gen. nov., Bezzina Munro,

Collessomyia Hardy & Drew, Euthauma Munro, Malaisinia Hering and Platensina Enderlein. It

is placed with the Oedaspis group in subtribe Platensinina (= Oedaspidina), the larvae of which

form stem galls on Asteraceae, Goodeniaceae and Onagraceae. The African Chipingomyia

nigrapex (Munro), comb. nov. is transferred from Bezzina. The following 14 new combinations

for Indo-Australian species are proposed: Australasinia sexincisa (Malloch), comb. nov.,

Collessomyia heringi (Hardy), comb. nov., C. trimaculata (Hardy), comb. nov., Malaisinia

variegata (Radhakrishnan), comb. nov. and Oedaspis australis (Malloch), comb. nov. (all

transferred from Hendrella Munro); Bezzina assimilis (Shiraki), comb. nov., B. shirouzui (Ito),

comb. nov. and Malaisinia biseta (Wang), comb. nov. (transferred from Pliomelaena Bezzi);

Bezzina quadrula (Hardy), comb. nov., B. trimaculata (Hardy & Drew), comb. nov. and

Pseudafreutreta nigrifacies (Wang), comb. nov. (transferred from Platensina); Liepana

apiciclara (Hardy & Drew), comb. nov. (transferred from Oedaspis Loew); Scedella infrequens

(Hardy & Drew), comb. nov. and S. orientalis (de Meijere), comb. nov. (transferred from

Campiglossa Rondani [= Paroxyna Hendel]). Previous Australian records of Trupanea amoena

(Frauenfeld) are referred to T. opprimata Hering and the introduced Procecidochares alani

Steyskal is added to the Australian list.

Introduction

With the exception of two introduced species of Procecidochares Hendel, all

Australian tephritines belong in the “higher Tephritinae' as diagnosed by

Korneyev (1999), characterised by the short, usually white lateral vertical

setae on the head (long and black in “lower Tephritinae”). When Hardy and

Drew (1996) revised the Australian fauna, the higher classification of the

Tephritinae was largely unresolved. This is still the case, but a recent review

of overall relationships (Korneyev 1999) and a detailed study of the Tephritis

group in Europe and Africa (Merz 1999) make it possible to assign the

Australian genera to tribes, subtribes and genus-groups.

Tribe Cecidocharini

This is a Nearctic and Neotropical tribe. Two introduced species of

Procecidochares occur in Australia, both forming stem galls on Ageratina

(Asteraceae). The only confirmed host plant for P. utilis Stone is crofton

weed, Ageratina adenophora; the record listed by Hancock et al. (2000) from

Senecio madagascariensis requires confirmation.

Procecidochares alani Steyskal

Inadvertently omitted by Hardy and Drew (1996) and Hancock et al. (2000),

this Mexican species was introduced to southeastern Queensland during the

1980s for the biological control of fireweed, Ageratina riparia and is now

established (R. McFadyen, pers. comm.).

112 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4)

Tribe Dithrycini

Subtribe Platensinina (= Oedaspidina)

All genera in this subtribe lack the bare (non-setose) area on the upperside of

vein R; below the end of vein Sc, characteristic of all other tephritines found

in Australia (secondarily lost or reduced in some species of Campiglossa

Rondani) The proboscis is short and capitate (sometimes vestigial), the

lateral vertical seta white, the upper orbital seta white, yellow or brown, the

scutum usually with numerous flattened yellow-white setulae and the oviscape

short. Two Australian species placed by Hardy and Drew (1996) in Hendrella

Munro (a genus referred to subtribe Dithrycina by Korneyev 1999), are

transferred to genera of Platensinina, together with several Southeast Asian

species. Where known, larvae form stem galls on Asteraceae, Goodeniaceae

or Onagraceae. This subtribe is primarily Indo-Australian. The African

Oedoncus taenipalpis Speiser, usually referred to the Oedaspis group, may

not belong here and further study may show it to be a member of the

Sphaeniscus group in tribe Tephrellini.

Oedaspis group of genera

Three genera occur in Australia: the endemic Hyalopeza Hardy & Drew and

Liepana Hardy & Drew and the widespread Oedaspis Loew. Oedaspis hardyi

Norrbom was proposed as a replacement name for O. serrata Hardy & Drew,

1996, a junior homonym of O. serrata Freidberg & Kaplan, 1992 (Norrbom

et al. 1998).

Liepana apiciclara (Hardy & Drew); comb. nov.

This species was described in Oedaspis by Hardy and Drew (1996) but has an

apically rounded third antennal segment, a flat, grey scutellum and wing

markings with a dark medial band in cell c and hyaline posterior spots,

suggesting that it is better placed in Liepana.

Oedaspis australis (Malloch); comb. nov.

This species was placed in Hendrella by Hardy and Drew (1996) but has 3

pairs of frontal setae, 2 pairs of dark orbital setae and no bare area on vein R,

opposite the end of vein Sc. It appears to be an aberrant species of Oedaspis.

Platensina group of genera

The name Platensinina has formerly been used for the mostly African group

of Acanthaceae-feeding genera but it is clear, from an examination of several

Indo-Australian species of Platensina Enderlein (material listed in Hancock

and McGuire 2001), that the African species are not congeneric. Differences

were also noted by Munro (1947). The Acanthaceae-feeding genera

(Pliomelaena Bezzi and allies) lack the flattened yellow-white scutal setulae

seen in Platensina and allied genera and the bare area on vein R; is usually

present. African species included in Platensina by Munro (1947) have long

apical scutellar setae and are better placed in Pseudafreutreta Hering,

together with the Southeast Asian Ps. nigrifacies (Wang), comb. nov.

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4) 113

Six genera are included: the Australasian Australasinia gen. nov. and

Collessomyia Hardy & Drew, the widespread Bezzina Munro, the African

Euthauma Munro, the Southeast Asian Malaisinia Hering and the Indo-

Australian Platensina.

Euthauma includes a single species, E. ghentianum Munro, which forms stem

galls on Schistostephium heptolobium (Asteraceae) in South Africa (Munro

1949). Three species are included in Malaisinia: M. pulcherrima Hering from

Myanmar and W China, M. biseta (Wang), comb. nov. from SW China

(transferred from Pliomelaena) and M. variegata (Radhakrishnan), comb.

nov. from NE India (transferred from Hendrella); all lack a hyaline apical

wing spot and subhyaline spots and have 2 scutellar setae, 3 pairs of frontal

setae, 2 pairs of dark orbital setae and an unusually angled inner hyaline

indentation in cell m. A small subapical hyaline spot is sometimes present in

M. variegata, which forms stem galls on Inula cappa (Asteraceae) in India

(Radhakrishnan 1984). The remaining genera occur in Australia.

Australasinia gen. nov.

Type-species: Tephrella sexincisa Malloch.

This genus is proposed for one species of Platensinina that cannot be placed

elsewhere. Head with 2 pairs of frontal and 2 pairs of orbital setae, the upper

orbitals yellowish; postocular and lateral vertical setae yellowish-white; frons

weakly pubescent; arista pubescent; thorax with dorsocentral setae placed

slightly in front of line of supra-alar setae; 2 scutellar setae, the apical pair

absent; wing broad, with 2 distinct costal setae; no bare (non-setose) area on

vein R; below end of vein Sc; cell c with subbasal and broad submedial

brown bands; cell r4,5 with a large hyaline spot slightly beyond crossvein

DM-Cu; no hyaline or subhyaline apical or subapical spots; abdomen shining

black, lightly grey microtrichose; oviscape short, about as long as terga

V+VI; aculeus slender, narrowing before apex; distiphallus moderately

sclerotized and without a long, setose apical protuberance.

Australasinia resembles Malaisinia in the entirely dark apical part of the wing

and 2 scutellar setae; it differs from this and other platensinines in having

only 2 pairs of frontal setae and the broadly oval wing, the shape unlike that

seen in Platensina.

Australasinia sexincisa (Malloch); comb. nov.

This species is transferred from Hendrella. For description and illustrations

see Malloch (1939), Hardy (1988) and Hardy and Drew (1996). It is known

from Australia, Solomon Islands and Indonesia (Flores, Sumbawa).

Bezzina Munro

Bezziella Munro, 1937: 19. Type-species Oxyna margaritifera Bezzi. Homonym of

Bezziella Enderlein, 1937.

Bezzina Munro, 1957: 893. Replacement name for Bezziella Munro.

114 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4)

Bezzina was defined by Munro (1937, 1947). It has 3 pairs of frontal and 2

pairs of orbital setae, all brown; 4 scutellar setae, the apical pair short; wing

cell r4,5 with a distinct hyaline apical spot and a small posterior hyaline

subapical spot (often with a small subhyaline spot above it); distiphallus

moderately sclerotized and without a long, setose apical protuberance. Five

species are included, one Australian. B. margaritifera (Bezzi) is widespread

in Africa and Madagascar. B. assimilis (Shiraki), comb. nov. and B. shirouzui

(Ito), comb. nov. occur in China, Taiwan and Ryukyu Is [Japan] (both

transferred from Pliomelaena) and B. quadrula (Hardy), comb. nov. occurs in

Thailand, Cambodia and Vietnam (transferred from Platensina). In addition,

Hardy’s (1988) “Pliomelaena sp. A’ from Irian Jaya is very similar to B.

shirouzui. The South African Bezzina nigrapex (Munro) does not belong here

and is relocated as Chipingomyia nigrapex (Munro), comb. nov.

Chipingomyia Hancock is currently placed with the Pliomelaena group but

has short apical scutellar setae and white anepimeral setae and may be better

placed in tribe Tephritini, possibly in the Campiglossa group.

Bezzina trimaculata (Hardy & Drew); comb. nov.

This species was described in Platensina by Hardy and Drew (1996) but has

relatively narrow wings, three marginal spots in cell m (1-2 [rarely 0] in

Platensina) and fits the diagnosis of Bezzina.

Collessomyia Hardy & Drew

Collessomyia Hardy & Drew, 1996: 231. Type-species C. setiger Hardy & Drew.

This genus was defined by Hardy and Drew (1996). It has 3 pairs of frontal

and 2 pairs of orbital setae, the upper orbitals brown or yellowish; 2 or 4

scutellar setae, the apical pair short or absent; wing cell r4+; with or without a

narrow hyaline apical spot and with 1 or 2 small subhyaline spots; cell 194

also with a subhyaline spot; distiphallus modified, elongate with a long,

setose apical protuberance. Three species: C. setiger from Australia, C.

heringi (Hardy), comb. nov. from New Ireland [Papua New Guinea] and C.

trimaculata (Hardy), comb. nov. from Java [Indonesia] (both transferred from

Hendrella).

Platensina Enderlein

Platensina Enderlein, 1911: 454. Type-species P. sumbana Enderlein.

Tephrostola Bezzi, 1913: 153. Type-species Trypeta acrostacta Wiedemann.

This genus was defined by Enderlein (1911) and Bezzi (1913). The wings are

distinctly broadened. It has 3 pairs of frontal and 2 pairs of orbital setae, the

upper orbitals brown or pale; 2 or 4 scutellar setae, the apical pair short or

absent; wing cell r4,5 with a hyaline apical spot and usually with 1 or 2 small

subhyaline spots; cell r}, also usually with one or more subhyaline spots;

distiphallus moderately sclerotized and without a long, setose apical

protuberance. Mostly Oriental, with 3 species in Australia (Hardy and Drew

1996). Hardy's (1988) “Pliomelaena sp. B' from Papua New Guinea is a

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4) 115

specimen of Platensina amplipennis (Walker). P. acrostacta (Wiedemann)

forms galls on Ludwigia (= Jussiaea) (Onagraceae) in India (Hardy 1988).

Tribe Schistopterini

Rhabdochaeta group of genera

Two widespread genera occur in Australia: Rhabdochaeta de Meijere and

Rhochmopterum Speiser. Larvae develop in the flowers of Asteraceae.

Tribe Tephrellini

Sphaeniscus group of genera

One widespread genus occurs in Australia: Sphaeniscus Becker. Larvae

develop in the flowers of Lamiaceae (= Labiatae).

Tribe Tephritini

Campiglossa group of genera

Six genera occur in Australia: the endemic Cooronga Hardy & Drew and

Quasicooronga Hardy & Drew, the widespread Campiglossa Rondani,

Dioxyna Frey and Scedella Munro and the introduced Mesoclanis Munro.

Larvae develop in the flowers of Asteraceae. The only confirmed host plant

for Dioxyna sororcula (Wiedemann) in Australia is Bidens pilosa

(Asteraceae); others listed by Hancock et al. (2000) are likely to be sweeping,

rather than rearing records and require confirmation. The species placed in

Paroxyna Hendel (a synonym of Campiglossa) by Hardy and Drew (1996)

were transferred to the latter genus by Norrbom ef al. (1998) but are referred

here to Scedella.

Scedella infrequens (Hardy & Drew); comb. nov.

Described in Paroxyna by Hardy and Drew (1996) but the long apical

scutellar setae, densely spinose basiphallus and wing markings show that it

belongs in Scedella.

Scedella orientalis (de Meijere); comb. nov.

Placed in Paroxyna by Hardy and Drew (1996) but the long apical scutellar

setae, densely spinose basiphallus and wing markings show that it belongs in

Scedella. Its distribution within Australia is extended south from Coen to

Cairns (9 0’, 4 9, Manoora, 31.vii.-5.viii.2001, D. L. Hancock). All Cairns

specimens were swept from flowers of Wedelia trilobata (Singapore daisy:

Asteraceae) and this is a probable host.

Dyseuaresta group of genera

One genus of this Nearctic and Neotropical group occurs in Australia: the

introduced Euaresta Loew. Larvae feed on seeds of Xanthium (Asteraceae).

Spathulina group of genera

Two genera occur in Australia: the endemic Paraspathulina Hardy & Drew

and the widespread Spathulina Rondani. Larvae develop in the flowers of

Asteraceae.

116 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4)

Sphenella group of genera

One widespread genus occurs in Australia: Sphenella Robineau-Desvoidy.

Larvae develop in the flowers of Senecio and related genera (Asteraceae).

Tephritis group of genera

Five genera occur in Australia: the endemic Paraactinoptera Hardy & Drew,

Parahyalopeza Hardy & Drew and Peneparoxyna Hardy & Drew, plus the

widespread Tephritis Latreille and Trupanea Schrank.

Trupanea opprimata Hering

Specimens that appear to belong here were incorrectly recorded as Trupanea

amoena (Frauenfeld) by Hardy and Drew (1996) and Hancock et al. (2000).

T. opprimata was described from Endeh, Flores I. [Indonesia].

References

BEZZI, M. 1913. Indian trypaneids (fruit-flies) in the collection of the Indian Museum,

Calcutta. Memoirs of the Indian Museum 3: 53-175.

ENDERLEIN, G. 1911. Trypetiden-Studien. Zoologische Jahrbucher. Abteilung für Systematik,

Oekologie und Geographie der Tiere 31: 407-460.

HANCOCK, D.L., HAMACEK, E.L., LLOYD, A.C. and ELSON-HARRIS, M.M. 2000. The

distribution and host plants of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Australia. Information Series

Q199067, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane; iii + 75 pp.

HANCOCK, D.L. and McGUIRE, D.J. 2001. New species and records of non-dacine fruit flies

(Diptera: Tephritidae) from south and southeast Asia. Steenstrupia 26(2): 119-135.

HARDY, D.E. 1988. The Tephritinae of Indonesia, New Guinea, the Bismarck and Solomon

Islands (Diptera: Tephritidae). Bishop Museum Bulletin in Entomology 1: i-vii, 1-92.

HARDY, D.E. and DREW, R.A.I. 1996. Revision of the Australian Tephritini (Diptera:

Tephritidae). Invertebrate Taxonomy 10: 213-405.

KORNEYEV, V.A. 1999. Phylogeny of the subfamily Tephritinae: relationships of the tribes

and subtribes. Pp 549-580, in M. Aluja and A.L. Norrbom (eds), Fruit flies (Tephritidae):

phylogeny and evolution of behavior. CRC Press, Boca Raton; 944 pp.

MALLOCH, J.R. 1939. Solomon Islands Trypetidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History

(Series 11) 4: 228-278, 2 pls.

MERZ, B. 1999. Phylogeny of the Palaearctic and Afrotropical genera of the Tephritis group

(Tephritinae: Tephritini). Pp 629-669, in M. Aluja and A.L. Norrbom (eds), Fruit flies

(Tephritidae): phylogeny and evolution of behavior. CRC Press, Boca Raton; 944 pp.

MUNRO, H.K. 1937. A study of the African species of Platensinini, a tribe of the family

Trypetidae (fruit-flies, Diptera). Entomology Memoirs, Department of Agriculture and Forestry,

Union of South Africa 2(2): 5-28.

MUNRO, H.K. 1947. African Trypetidae (Diptera). A review of the transition genera between

Tephritinae and Trypetinae, with a preliminary study of the male terminalia. Memoirs of the

Entomological Society of Southern Africa 1: 1-300.

MUNRO, H.K. 1949. A new gall-forming trypetid from South Africa. Journal of the

Entomological Society of Southern Africa 12: 130-133.

MUNRO, H.K. 1957. Trypetidae. Ruwenzori Expedition 2(9): 853-1054. British Museum

(Natural History), London.

NORRBOM, A.L., CARROLL, L.E., THOMPSON, F.C., WHITE, I.M. and FREIDBERG, A.

1998. Systematic database of names. Pp 65-299, in F.C. Thompson (ed). Fruit fly expert

identification system and systematic information database. Myia 9, viii + 524 pp.

RADHAKRISHNAN, C. 1984. A new Tephrella (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Meghalaya, India.

Bulletin of the Zoological Survey of India 5: 41-44.

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4): 117-122 117

A NEW SPECIES OF HAWK MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA:

SPHINGIDAE) FROM PAPUA NEW GUINEA

R.B. LACHLAN! and I.J. KITCHING?

i Entomology Department, Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney, NSW 2010

?Biogeography and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Entomology, The Natural History

Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK

Abstract

Macroglossum mouldsi sp. nov. is described from Tabubil, Western Province, Papua New

Guinea.

Introduction

In a recent paper on the hawkmoths of Western Province, Papua New Guinea,

Moulds and Lachlan (1998) illustrated a small species of Macroglossum

Scopoli as M. albigutta Rothschild & Jordan, 1903. However, further study

has revealed that this taxon represents a previously unknown species, which

we describe below.

Macroglossum mouldsi sp. nov.

(Figs 1-6)

Types. Holotype &', PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Western Province, Tabubil, 5?15'S

141°13'E, 650 m, 4.ix.1993, R.B. Lachlan. Paratypes: 6 Q'o', same locality,

12.x.1992, 27.x.1992, 19.1x.1993, 3.xi.1993, 4.xi.1993, 30.vi.1991, R.B. Lachlan.

Holotype deposited in the Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Canberra;

paratypes in the collections of RBL, Dr Max Moulds and The Natural History

Museum, London.

Description. Male (Figs 1-3). Forewing length 22 mm. Antennae dark brown;

palpi grey-brown dorsally, with a dark brown triangular lateral stripe; head,

prothorax and mesothorax with a dark brown median band, laterally grey-

brown and with a narrow white line immediately above the eye; tegulae dark

brown with narrow white inner edges; abdomen dark brown; segment 3 with

lateral yellow patches, between which a narrow white line runs along the

posterior margin; segment 4 with white lateral patches, which have some

yellow scales along the outer edges; these patches are placed slightly more

mesad of the yellow patches on segment 3; segment 4 with a light brown

transverse line on the posterior edge between the white patches; small, light

brown median patches on segments 4, 5 and 6 give a somewhat worn

appearance; segment 7 with small white lateral patches. Underside of palpi

and thorax ventrally with a median white patch, bearing scattered light brown

scales, that tapers from the palpi to a point midway along abdominal segment

3. Abdomen underside light brown, ventrally irrorated with off-white scales;

posterior margins of each segment edged with dark scales and with small,

white lateral tufts.

118 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4)

Figs 1-2. Macroglossum mouldsi, uppersides. (1) holotype male; (2) paratype male

with narrow transverse forewing band.

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4) 119

Fig. 3. Macroglossum mouldsi, holotype male underside.

Forewing upperside ground colour uniformly dark brown, distal third slightly

paler; transverse white median band prominent, narrow, with sharp anterior

and posterior edges; subcostal section with irregular pale brown scaling; pale

submarginal band barely indicated; basal two-thirds of forewing overlaid by a

loose covering of lighter brown scales in fresh specimens. Hindwing

upperside uniformly dark brown, with a broad, uninterrupted yellow median

band.

Forewing underside ground colour chestnut brown, the brown apical area

delimited along its basal edge by a dark brown irregular line; two thin dark

brown lines at apex of discal cell. Hindwing underside ground colour dark

chestnut brown; antemedian and postmedian bands indicated by slightly

curved dark brown lines; chrome yellow basal area extending from just

beyond vein 1A+2A to just below vein but not reaching inner margin or

tornus.

Male genitalia (Figs 4-6). Uncus and gnathos well-developed and undivided,

forming the pincer-like structure typical of most Macroglossinae; saccus

broadly triangular, rounded apically; juxta forms a small, rounded-triangular

sclerite ventral to the aedeagus; valva ovate, with 6-8 medially ribbed and

apically rounded or slightly truncate stridulatory scales; transtillae formed of

two triangular bars, fused medially above the aedeagus; harpe clavate and

120 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4)

bifurcate, armed apically with numerous short, distally directed teeth (Fig. 4).

Aedeagus cylindrical;, cuticular simplex about as long as the distal sclerotized

part of the aedeagus; transverse apical bar present (Fig. 6); basal swollen part

with several small, antero-dorsally directed teeth; left process absent; right

process developed into a long, thin spine that curves around the right of the

aedeagus to end on the dorsal midline; vesica membranous and gradually

tapering, directed postero-dorsally (Fig. 5); a single long, cylindrical

diverticulum present, arising ventrally, directed postero-laterally and curving

dorsally; apical cornutus on posterior surface not produced as a separate

process but armed only with a low, median, slightly serrate ridge.

Female. Unknown.

Figs 4-6. Male genitalia of Macroglossum mouldsi; paratype male, sphingid slide

#1084 [BMNH]. (4) Right harpe; (5) Aedeagus, lateral view, left side; (6) Apical

process of aedeagus, sublateral view, right side.

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4) 121

Variation. The white, transverse band on the forewing is individually variable

in its development and can be broad, as in the holotype (Fig. 1), or reduced in

width (Fig. 2). Comparable variation is observed among individuals of other

Macroglossum species with a similar band (Tennent and Kitching 1998).

Fresh specimens of M. mouldsi have the forewing overlaid by loose light

brown scales (present in the holotype but not in the six paratypes). Mell

(1922) described specimens of M. pyrrhosticta (Butler, 1875), M. poecilum

Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 and M. neotroglodytus Kitching & Cadiou, 2000

[as M. troglodytus (Boisduval, 1875)] with such scales as aberration ‘ferrea’.

They also occur in M. caldum philippinense Clark, 1928, M. corythus

(Walker, 1856), M. semifasciata (Hampson, 1893), M. variegatum Rothschild

& Jordan, 1903 and M. vicinum Jordan, 1923 (1.J. Kitching, pers. obs.) and

may be general within the genus. The function of these scales, if any, remains

unknown.

Etymology. Macroglossum mouldsi is named after Dr Max Moulds

(Australian Museum, Sydney), to honour his substantial contributions to

Australian entomology, particularly with regard to his work on the family

Sphingidae.

Distribution. At present, M. mouldsi is known only from the type locality in

northwestern Papua New Guinea. However, it is also likely to occur in

neighbouring areas of Irian Jaya, Indonesia.

Discussion

Macroglossum mouldsi was first noted and illustrated by Moulds and Lachlan

(1998), as M. albigutta. However, our examination of the series of M. a.

albigutta and M. a. floridense Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 in The Natural

History Museum, London (including those figured by Tennent and Kitching

1998), clearly demonstrated that the specimens from Tabubil, Papua New

Guinea are not this species. M. albigutta has only been recorded from

Bougainville and the Solomon Islands (Tennent and Kitching 1998).

Furthermore, the white median line on the underside of the abdomen

generally extends to segment 7 in M. albigutta, rather than only as far as

segment 3 as in M. mouldsi. The male genitalia of M. albigutta differ

markedly from those of M. mouldsi. In the former species the harpe is a

pointed, ventrally directed hook, while the transverse apical process of the

aedeagus is absent (Tennent and Kitching 1998). Furthermore, the cuticular

simplex, which is the membrane attached to the anterior end of the aedeagus

that houses the part of the retracted inverted vesica in which the

spermatophore is held, is extremely long, being over three times the length of

the aedeagus. The structure of the diverticulum is similar in the two species,

although the position of its origin differs.

Several other Macroglossum species have white forewing bands: M. dohertyi

(Rothschild, 1894), M. stevensi Clark, 1935, M. hirundo (Boisduval, 1832),

122 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4)

M. rectans Rothschild X Jordan, 1903 and M. mediovitta Rothschild &

Jordan, 1903. In M. kitchingi Cadiou, 1997 and M. mitchellii (Boisduval,

1875) the band is pale grey rather than white. M. stevensi [figured as M.

mitchellii by Moulds and Lachlan 1998], M. hirundo and M. rectans (see

D'Abrera 1987) all have more variegated forewings than M. mouldsi. M.

dohertyi differs in having a strong, white subapical line on the forewing (see

D'Abrera 1987). In general appearance, M. mouldsi is most similar to M.

mediovitta (see D'Abrera 1987). In both species the ground colour of the

forewings is a uniform dark brown, with a slightly paler distal section crossed

by the white transverse band. However, M. mediovitta is a slightly larger

species (forewing length = 24-25 mm), with more pointed forewings (due to a

straighter outer margin) and the white band generally suffused with pale

brown scales. In addition, the abdomen lacks the dorsal white line along the

posterior edge of abdominal segment 3 and the white patches on segment 4.

Furthermore, the shape of the harpe of M. mediovitta differs from that of M.

mouldsi in that its apex is irregularly rounded and blade-like (Inoue et al.

1996), lacking spines. In fact, an apically bifurcate and spinose harpe is

known to occur in only two species of Macroglossum, M. pyrrhosticta and M.

neotroglodytus. However, these species are not closely related to M. mouldsi;

both lack white forewing bands and stridulatory scales on the valvae and have

two diverticula on the vesica, each with a cornutus.

Acknowledgments

For comments on the manuscript we sincerely thank Mr Ted Edwards

(Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Canberra) We are most

grateful to Ok Tedi Mining Limited for their field support. In particular, we

thank Dr Roger Higgins, General Manager of Ok Tedi Mining Limited, for

permission to access the mine lease and Mr David Newton, Senior

Environmental Scientist, for his assistance and friendship during the recent

visit to Tabubil by R.B. Lachlan. Deborah Lachlan kindly typed the

manuscript.

References

D'ABRERA, B. 1987. Sphingidae Mundi. Hawk moths of the World, Based on a checklist by

Alan Hayes and the collection he currated in the British Museum (Natural History). E.W.

Classey, Faringdon; ix + 226 pp.

INOUE, H., KENNETT, R.D. and KITCHING, I.J. 1996. Sphingidae. In: A. Pinratana (ed),

Moths of Thailand. Vol. 2. Chok Chai Press, Bangkok; vi + 149 pp, 44 pls.

MELL, R. 1922. Beitrige zur Fauna sinica. Biologie und Systematik der südchinesischen

Sphingiden. Vols 1 & 2. R. Friedlander & Sohn, Berlin; xxii + 177 + 331 pp, 35 pls.

MOULDS, M.S. and LACHLAN, R.B. 1998. An annotated list of the hawk moths (Lepidoptera:

Sphingidae) of Western Province, Papua New Guinea. Australian Entomologist 25(2): 45-60.

TENNENT, W.J. and KITCHING, LJ. 1998. A reappraisal of two endemic hawkmoths

(Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from the Solomons Archipelago. Nachrichten des Entomologischen

Vereins Apollo, N.F. 19(1): 1-21.

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4): 123-128 123

A NEW SPECIES OF GNATHOTHLIBUS WALLENGREN

(LEPIDOPTERA: SPHINGIDAE) FROM VANUATU

R.B. LACHLAN and M.S. MOULDS

Entomology Department, Australian Museum, 6 College St, Sydney, NSW 2010

Abstract

Gnathothlibus saccoi sp. nov., from Vanuatu, is described and figured. Characters are provided

to distinguish it from the sympatric G. erotus (Cramer).

Introduction

Five species of Gnathothlibus Wallengren have been described from the

Asia-Pacific region. D'Abrera (1987) recorded G. erotus (Cramer) from Sri

Lanka east to Tahiti, G. meeki (Rothschild & Jordan) and G. heliodes

(Meyrick) from New Guinea and G. brendelli Hayes from Sulawesi. G.

dabrera Eitschberger was also recorded from Sulawesi by Eitschberger

(1999). Species in this genus are easily recognised by their relatively plain,

reddish-brown forewings and orange hindwings with terminal black bands.

An undescribed species, clearly different from G. erotus, was collected in

Vanuatu on the northern islands of Espiritu Santo and Ambrym, during 1987,

1988 and 1989. It is described below. Placement of this new species in

Gnathothlibus complies with the wing colouration noted above and the

generic diagnosis given by D'Abrera (1987).

Gnathothlibus saccoi sp. nov.

(Figs 1-5, 7)

Types. Holotype &', VANUATU: Olal Mission area, north Ambrym Is., 23.ix.1989,

R.B. Lachlan (in Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Canberra [ANIC]).

Paratypes: 1 0, 1 9, Sesivi Catholic Mission, south-west Ambrym Is, 29.ix.1989,

R.B. Lachlan (RBL); 3 o'o', 4 99, Luganville, Espiritu Santo I., 21-24.xii.1987,

1.1.1988, R.B. Lachlan (RBL); 7 0'0’, 2 99, Port Olry, Espiritu Santo I., 1, 3, 5, 7, 13,

16, 21.1.1988, R.B. Lachlan (RBL); 43 o'o”, 41 99, Olal Mission area, north Ambrym

Is., 24.xii.1988, 7, 9, 11, 12.1.1989, 19-28.ix.1989, R.B.Lachlan (in ANIC, Australian

Museum, Sydney and RBL collection).

Description. Male (Figs 1-2). Antennae creamy-brown above, dark brown

below; palpi greenish-brown above, contrasting off-white below; upper

surface of head, thorax and abdomen uniform greenish-brown; small dark

median spot on prothorax; thin lateral creamy-brown stripe, with upper edge

dark, from base of antenna to posterior of thorax. Thorax ventrally with dense

reddish-brown pilosity laterally and wide median creamy-brown band to base

of metathorax. Abdominal segments laterally each with reddish-brown

posterior margin contrasting with greenish-brown ground colour; abdomen

with five small lateral black spots, surrounded by white. Fore tibiae creamy-

brown above, reddish-brown below, covered in very long hair scales;

proximal three segments of fore tarsi covered in hair scales, shortest on distal

segment, longest on proximal segment.

124 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4)

Figs 1-2. Gnathothlibus saccoi, holotype male. (1) upperside; (2) underside.

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4) 125

Figs 3-4. Gnathothlibus saccoi, paratype female. (3) upperside; (4) underside.

126 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4)

Forewing length 42-49 mm. Forewing upperside as in Fig. 1; ground colour

greenish-brown with darker markings; small black stigma with light centre at

end of discal cell; irregular, light olive-green marginal band from apex to

tornus, interrupted noticeably by darker markings distally at vein M;; lighter

medial transverse band, containing stigma, edged basally by thin dark line

curved distally and a prominent dark, mostly straight, post median line; a

short, irregular thin dark subbasal line, curved distally from costa to the dark

basal patch below vein 1A+2A. Forewing underside as in Fig. 2; ground

colour burnt orange, lighter basad; speckled with dark brown distally; stigma

faint; a dark, subterminal line angled inwardly from apex to vein Mb,

becoming faint and irregular from M; to the tornus; two darkish median lines

from costa to vein M,, becoming indistinct towards inner margin, these

median lines are faint or absent in some specimens. Retinaculum dark.

Hindwing upperside as in Fig. 1; ground colour orange; a slightly variable,

broad, dark brown terminal band from apex to tornus, thinnest at apex; inner

margin of band irregular and suffused with orange scales; dark brown scales

extend slightly basally along veins M, to CuA; giving a spiked appearance in

most specimens. Hindwing underside as in Fig. 2; ground colour lighter than

that of forewing; speckled with dark brown; marginal area darker from apex

to tornus; median darkish band, thickest at costa, curving proximad from

costa to vein 1A+2A.

Figs 5-7. Male and female genitalia of Gnathothlibus spp. (5-6) Male genitalia in situ

but with left valva removed, lateral view: (5) G. saccoi, paratype, north Ambrym I.;

(6) G. erotus eras, Julatten, north Queensland. (7) Female genitalia, ventral view

(bulla seminalis detached), G. saccoi paratype, north Ambrym I.

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4) 127

Male genitalia (Fig. 5). Uncal lobe in lateral view long, slender, parallel-

sided, gently arched, distally rounded with small ventral tooth; gnathos

straight, gradually tapering to a small upturned point; valva tending parallel-

sided, distally rounded; sacculus well developed, much broader than base of

harpe; harpe robust, distal end spine-like, uptumed; aedeagus in lateral view

with distal end tapered to a rounded apex, the sclerotization in vicinity of

vesical opening producing a backwardly directed fishhook-like barb dorsally,

ventrally with a similar barb a little proximad of dorsal barb.

Female (Figs 3-4). Head and tegulae dark brown. Median area of thorax and

abdomen above uniform, medium brown. Abdomen below reddish-brown.

Fore tarsi without long hair scales; tibiae with long hair scales suffused with

brown. Forewing length 51-57 mm. Forewing upperside similar to male;

ground colour and pattern in shades of brown, lacking greenish tinge of male.

Forewing underside similar to male but ground colour reddish-brown; stigma

not visible; basally yellowish-cream on many specimens. Hindwing upperside

similar to male but dark brown terminal band broader with its inner margin

straighter and suffused with orange scales. Hindwing underside with dark

brown specks less apparent and with yellowish streak along and just under

vein 1A+2A.

Female genitalia (Fig. 7). Apophyses posteriores long, very slender, minutely

bulbous subapically; apophyses anteriores spatulate on distal half; signum

very narrow and long extending nearly full length of corpus bursae, consisting

of a pair of closely-parallel lines of cornuti.

Etymology. Named after Father Albert Sacco, a Marist Missionary in

Vanuatu, in honour of his selfless service to the people of Vanuatu since 1954

and his work in documenting the butterflies of the archipelago over this time.

Distribution. At present G. saccoi is known only from the islands of Espiritu

Santo and Ambrym in the north of the Vanuatu archipelago. Specimens were

first collected in December 1987 and January 1988 on the island of Espiritu

Santo, the largest island in Vanuatu. Others were later collected in January

and September 1989 on the island of Ambrym, 110 km to the southeast of

Espiritu Santo. The species was common at both localities. Light trapping

was. not carried out on the four large neighbouring islands between Espiritu

Santo and Ambrym, but it is highly likely the species will occur on the islands

of Malekula, Ambae, Maewo and Pentecost. Despite intensive collecting over

several years on the islands of Efate in central Vanuatu and Tanna in southern

Vanuatu, no specimens were recorded, suggesting it may be confined to the

tropical north of the archipelago.

Discussion

Gnathothlibus saccoi most closely resembles G. erotus eras (Boisduval), a

common species occurring with G. saccoi at both known localities. G. erotus

eras is widespread from the Australian region to Tahiti (D'Abrera 1987) and

is the only other species of Gnathothlibus recorded from the Pacific islands.

128 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4)

G. saccoi is easily distinguished from G. erotus by its larger size; the female

in particular has a very robust appearance. Both sexes of G. saccoi have

broader wings than G. erotus and prominent forewing markings similar to

those of G. meeki and G. heliodes. The forewing stigma on G. saccoi is more

noticeable than on G. erotus and the dark brown terminal band on the

hindwing is much broader in both sexes than that found on G. erotus. The

retinaculum on G. saccoi always appears as a dark spot; on G. erotus eras it

is yellow-brown.

The male genitalia of G. saccoi (Fig. 5) differ from those of G. erotus (Fig. 6)

in having the apex of the uncus in lateral view dorsally rounded instead of

crested, the tegumen narrower in lateral view, the upper margin of each valva

nearly straight (clearly incurved in G. erotus) and the sacculus of each valva

much more developed and considerably broader than the base of the harpe

(about as wide as the base of the harpe in G. erotus).

Female genitalia of G. saccoi differ from those of G. erotus in having a

subapical bulbous swelling on the apophyses posteriores and a slightly longer

signum that nearly reaches the distal end of the corpus bursae.

Acknowledgments

We sincerely thank Father Albert Sacco for inviting RBL to stay at his

Missions at Port Olry on Espiritu Santo, Olal on Ambrym and Lowanatum on

Tanna, as well as his company and friendship on many collecting trips over

the years. We are grateful to Sally Beech for preparing the line drawings and

Stewart Humphreys, Australian Museum, for preparing the photographs.

References

D'ABRERA, B. 1987. Sphinidae Mundi, hawk moths of the world. Based on a checklist by

Alan Hayes and the collection he curated in the British Museum (Natural History). E.W.

Classey, Faringdon; ix + 226 pp.

EITSCHBERGER, U. 1999. Zwei neue Schwarmerarten von den Insel Sulawesi (Lepidoptera:

Sphingidae). Entomologische Zeitschrift 109(5): 182-191.

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4): 129-136 129

THE LIFE HISTORY OF EUPLOEA ALCATHOE MONILIFERA

(MOORE) AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO E. A. EICHHORNI

STAUDINGER (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE: DANAINAE)

T.A. LAMBKIN

Entomology Building, Indooroopilly Research Centre, Queensland Department of Primary

Industries, 80 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068

Abstract

The immature stages of Euploea alcathoe monilifera (Moore) from Boigu Island, Torres Strait,

Queensland are described, illustrated and compared with other Australian species of Euploea

Fabricius. The host plant is established as Gymnanthera oblonga (Asclepiadaceae). Adult

behaviour is outlined and the subspecies distribution is discussed. Differences between final

instar larvae of E. a. monilifera and E. a. eichhorni Staudinger are discussed, suggesting that the

two taxa may be different species.

Introduction

Euploea alcathoe (Godart) occurs from Buru to Aru in the Southern

Moluccas, on Numfoor and Japen, throughout New Guinea and its various

outlying islands, including Daru, southwards through Torres Strait into

northern Queensland and on the Gove Peninsula in northeastern Arnhem

Land, Northern Territory (Braby 2000, Fenner 1991, Parsons 1998). In

Australia, three subspecies are known (Braby 2000), E. a. eichhorni

Staudinger, E. a. monilifera (Moore) and E. a. enastri Fenner. Debate still

occurs among Australian workers regarding the treatment by Corbet (1943)

and Ackery and Vane-Wright (1984) of E. a. eichhorni from Queensland as a

subspecies of E. alcathoe (Braby 2000, Fenner 1991). Accepting that doubt

still surrounds this taxonomic placement, undisputed or ‘true’ E. alcathoe in

Australia is restricted to the Northern Territory (£. a. enastri) and a number

of Torres Strait islands (E. a. monilifera) (Braby 2000).

The life history of ‘true’ E. alcathoe has been relatively unknown (Ackery

and Vane-Wright 1984, Parsons 1998). Johnson and Valentine (1997) reared

adults of E. a. monilifera from pupae collected on Nerium oleander

(Apocynaceae) on Dauan Island in Torres Strait. The reference by Ackery

and Vane-Wright (1984) to the egg of E. alcathoe recorded by Doherty

(1891) from the island of Engano, west of Sumatra, is incorrect, as E.

alcathoe does not occur in that region (Ackery and Vane-Wright 1984; M. De

Baar, pers. comm.). At that time much confusion existed over the identity of

E. alcathoe and it is believed that Doherty inadvertently referred to the egg of

E. eyndhovii C. & R. Felder, as this species was in part known as E. alcathoe

at that time (M. De Baar, pers. comm.).

However, during recent field studies (March 2001) on Boigu Island, Torres

Strait, the author observed a female E. a. monilifera ovipositing on

Gymnanthera oblonga (Asclepiadaceae). These eggs were subsequently

collected and reared in captivity to adults. The immature stages of E. a.

130 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4)

monilifera are described below. Biological information on this species is also

provided and its relationship to E. a. eichhorni is discussed.

Life History

Host plant (Fig. 1). Gymnanthera oblonga (Burm. f) P. S. Green

(Asclepiadaceae).

Egg (Figs 2, 3). Average height 1.5 mm (n = 4); bullet-shaped, yellow,

surface with minute dimples arranged in vertical columns (approximately 12

dimples high) and diagonal rows.

First instar larva (Fig. 4). Average length 6 mm (n = 4); head black; body

smooth and cylindrical, semitranslucent, yellow-green without bands; a pair

of slightly raised protuberances on mesothorax, metathorax and abdominal

segments 2 and 8; legs and prolegs black.

Second instar larva (Fig. 5). Average length 11 mm (n = 4); head black; body

smooth, yellow-green, faint white transverse bands on abdominal segments; a

pair of short, blunt, pale brown filaments on mesothorax, metathorax and

abdominal segments 2 and 8, all filaments except mesothoracic shorter than

width of body; bases of legs and prolegs yellow-green, legs and prolegs

orange.

Third instar larva (Fig. 6). Average length 22 mm (n — 4); head black; body

smooth and cylindrical, orange, abdominal segments each with a series of

brown and white transverse bands; a pair of dark-brown fleshy filaments on

mesothorax, metathorax and abdominal segments 2 and 8, length of filaments

as long as the width of the body; bases of legs and prolegs orange, legs and

prolegs black.

Fourth instar larva (Fig. 7). Average length 30 mm (n — 4); head black; body

smooth and cylindrical, orange, black ventrally, spiracles black, mesothorax

with a single entire faint black transverse band, metathorax and each

abdominal segment with one white and two black entire transverse bands and

à series of black and white dorsal transverse bands; a pair of long black fleshy

filaments on mesothorax, metathorax and abdominal segments 2 and 8, length

of filaments longer than width of body, thoracic filaments noticeably longer

aC filaments; bases of legs and prolegs orange, legs and prolegs

ack.

Fifih instar larva (Figs 8, 9). Average length 50 mm (n = 4); similar to fourth

instar except head black with a white transverse band and white facial

markings; transverse bands more prominent on thoracic segments; length of

filaments much longer than width of. body.

Pupa (Figs 10, 11). Average length 19.4 mm (n = 4); entirely pink at first

(Fig. 10); after two days changing to: abdomen shining gold and pink, with

wing cases, thorax, eyes and antennae shining silver, brown markings on

abdomen and wing-cases, spiracles dark red (Fig. 11).

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4) 131

Observations and discussion

Eggs are laid singly on the underside of soft young foliage (Fig. 2) ai) on

tendrils of the host plant (Fig. 3). Upon hatching, the young larva eats the

empty eggshell and then commences skeletonising the soft, young foliage.

Second and third instar larvae feed exclusively on the soft, young foliage but

it is unknown what leaf stage later instars feed upon, as older larvae in

captivity developed normally on soft, young foliage of Parsonsia straminea

(Apocynaceae) when supplies of G. oblonga were exhausted. Third to fifth

instar larvae rest in a humped posture (Figs 6, 8), typical of larvae of many

Euploea species (Ackery and Vane-Wright 1984). In March, the time for

development from oviposition to adult emergence was approximately four

weeks.

Final instar larvae of E. a. monilifera superficially resemble final instar larvae

of most other Australian Euploea that possess a pair of black filaments on the

mesothorax, metathorax and abdominal segments 2 and 8 (overall segments 2,

3, 5 and 11). Apart from E. batesii C. & R. Felder, almost all Euploea species

known from Australia that have this tubercle (filament) formula have black,

white or yellow transverse bands and a black head with white facial markings

[i.e. E. core corinna (W.S. Macleay), E. algea (Godart), E. sylvester

(Fabricius) and E. alcathoe eichhorni] (Ackery and Vane-Wright 1984,

Braby 2000, McCubbin 1971, Meyer 1997, Parsons 1998, Scheermeyer

1999). Final instar larvae of E. a. monilifera differ from these in being

predominantly orange in colour, possessing less conspicuous transverse bands

(in particular white) and in lacking lateral white stripes or spiracular spots.

Compared with the descriptions and illustrations in Parsons (1998), final

instar larvae of E. a. monilifera most closely resemble those of E. algea and

E. eurianassa Hewitson, the latter endemic to Papua New Guinea.

Gymnanthera oblonga is a widespread tropical vine that predominantly

occurs in wet coastal areas and vine thickets in Australia and also occurs in

Papua New Guinea (Queensland Herbarium). On Boigu it is a common

species that scrambles through blady grass and vine thicket areas close to

mangroves. G. oblonga is also common on the islands of Saibai (T.A.

Lambkin, pers. obs.) and Dauan (S.J. Johnson, pers. comm.), where it grows

in the same situations. “True” E. alcathoe may be polyphagous as oviposition

and partial development occurred on G. oblonga, with later development to

adult on P. straminea. Johnson and Valentine (1997) and Fenner (1991) also

supplied circumstantial evidence that suggests that Nerium oleander and

Tylophora benthamii (Asclepiadaceae), respectively, may also be hosts for

this species.

Adults of E. a. monilifera (Fig. 12) occur spasmodically in vine thickets,

mangroves and in the transitional zone that exists between these two habitats

where G. oblonga grows. They are also found in grassy areas bordering

mangroves and in inhabited areas visiting blossom.

132 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4)

FigssL-o; (1) Gymnanthera oblonga [length of leaf at bottom left hand corner 100

mm]; (2-6) Euploea alcathoe monilifera: (2-3) egg [height 1.5 mm]; (4) first instar

larva [length 6 mm]; (5) second instar larva [length 11 mm]; (6) third instar larva

[length 22 mm].

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4) 133

Figs 7-12. Euploea alcathoe monilifera: (7) fourth instar larva [length 30 mm]; (8-9)

fifth instar larva [length 50 mm]; (10-11) pupa [length 19.4 mm]; (12) newly emerged

adult female [forewing length 40 mm].

134 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4)

Both sexes normally fly strongly and quickly with a jerky or lurching action

with long wing beats and thus can be difficult to collect. They are most active

in sunny weather but can be seen late in the afternoon feeding at blossom

[Melanthera biflora (L.) Wild (Asteraceae) and Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.

Don (Apocynaceae)], where they fly more slowly with a gliding action and

can be easily approached and collected. They are seen mostly during the

wetter months from December to May and it is assumed that during the dry

season they, like many tropical Euploea species, enter into a reproductive

dormancy (Scheermeyer 1999). The dependence of younger larvae on soft,

young foliage of G. oblonga also points to such a survival strategy. On

mainland Australia, reproductive dormancy in Euploea is generally linked to

aggregation behaviour (Scheermeyer 1999). Although E. s. sylvester and E.

core corinna have been observed on Prince of Wales Island aggregating in

large numbers along sheltered creeks in July (T.A. Lambkin, pers. obs.), this

behaviour has not been recorded in either E. a. monilifera in Torres Strait or

E. a. enastri in Arnhem Land (Fenner 1991).

Braby (2000) briefly summarised the Torres Strait butterfly fauna and

outlined particular island groups where E. a. monilifera was known. Apart

from this overview, substantial collection records and field observations for

this species have been made (S.S. Brown, S.J. Johnson, A.I. Knight, T.A.

Lambkin, C.E. Meyer, P.S. Valentine). In summary, the above collection

records all indicate that E. a. monilifera is rarely seen on Boigu, but can

sometimes be common on Saibai and Dauan in vine thickets that border

mangroves (A.I. Knight pers. comm.). Furthermore, the discovery of

immature stages on Boigu further suggests that this species is most likely

resident on all three islands. Consequently, specimens collected occasionally

from other Torres Strait islands (De Baar 1988, Lambkin and Knight 1990,

Waterhouse and Lyell 1914) and from the Australian mainland (Waterhouse

and Lyell 1914), are most probably vagrants as adults are strong fliers (M. De

Baar, pers. comm.). Therefore, the distribution of E. a. monilifera in Torres

Strait seems to be confined to the far northern islands of Boigu, Saibai and

Dauan (Fig. 13).

The lowering of the status of E. eichhorni to subspecific rank (Ackery and

Vane-Wright 1984, Braby 2000, Corbet 1943) was based mainly on

similarities in the external morphology of the males of E. eichhorni and E.

alcathoe. Males of both species have hindwing specula, bowed forewing

dorsa and black ground-coloured forewings that lack sex brands. The

inclusion of E. eichhorni in E. alcathoe led Ackery and Vane-Wright (1984)

and Braby (2000) into publishing descriptions of the immature stages of E.

eichhorni (ex McCubbin 1971) as indicative of E. alcathoe. At that time little

was known of the early stages of “true” E. alcathoe. Now that the immature

stages of E. a. monilifera are known, there are some notable differences

between the final instar larvae of E. a. monilifera and E. a. eichhorni.

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4) 135

p»

P Daru Island

Boigu Island a A

OR sa

Dasan Island Æ ^^ Saibai Island Stephens Island

TORRES o 4

Darnley Island

STRAIT eee Island

Yam Island Yorke Island

Mabuiag Island S e

Badu Island a

ab y Coconut Island

t d Moa Island 9 sue Island

Murray Island

we Thursday Island

Hammond ER fo ir Island NU

Ze rows sraur| s

PACIFIC

OCEAN

pe, Cape York

PACIFIC

OCEAN

“CAPE YORK — Bod

LOCALITY PLAN

(not to scale)

PENINSULA

Fig. 13. Map of Torres Strait, Queensland.

The major differences between final instar larvae of both taxa are: the body

colour of E. a. monilifera is orange, not white as in E. a. eichhorni; E. a.

monilifera has much fewer transverse bands, in particular white bands, than

does E. a. eichhorni; E. a. monilifera has noticeably longer filaments on

metathorax and abdominal segments 2 and 8 than does E. a. eichhorni; and E.

a. monilifera lacks the lateral white stripe and spiracular spots present in E. a.

eichhorni.

Although some colour variation is known in final instar larvae of E. core

(Scheermeyer 1999), the number and colour of the transverse bands appears

to be constant within each species. Therefore the differences between final

instar larvae of E. a. monilifera and E. a. eichhorni, in colour and

morphology, strongly suggests that the two taxa are not conspecific but are

distinct allopatric species. Despite E. a. eichhorni being well known in

Queensland, its life history has been poorly documented. Once this is done

and particular important features such as egg sculpture pattern (Kitching

1985; M.P. Zalucki, pers. comm.) documented, the correct taxonomic

placement of E. a. eichhorni can be made.

Acknowledgments

I thank the Queensland Herbarium for the identification of and information

about G. oblonga, B.M. Waterhouse (AQIS) for identification of nectar

136 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4)

source plant species, and M. De Baar, S.J. Johnson, A.I. Knight and M.P.

Zalucki for personal communications. Availability of collection records from

S.S. Brown, S.J. Johnson, A.I. Knight, C.E. Meyer and P.S. Valentine is

greatly appreciated and thanks are also extended to M. De Baar and J.F.

Donaldson for reviewing the manuscript. M. Melloy provided valuable

assistance in the preparation of the colour plates and special thanks are also

extended to the northern Torres Strait Islands" councils and people for their

cooperation and assistance during the time of my field work.

References

ACKERY, P.R. and VANE-WRIGHT, R.I. 1984. Milkweed butterflies. British Museum

(Natural History), London; ix + 425 pp.

BRABY, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution. 2

vols. CSIRO, Collingwood; xx + 976 pp.

CORBET, A.S. 1943. A key for the separation of the Indo-Australian and African species of the

genus Euploea F. (Lepidoptera: Danaidae). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of

London (B) 12: 17-22.

DE BAAR, M. 1988. Insects collected during a trip to Torres Strait 27 March to 10 April, 1987.

News Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Queensland 15: 107-117.

DOHERTY, W. 1891. A list of the butterflies of Engano, with some remarks on the Danaidae.

Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Calcutta 60(2): 4-32.

FENNER, T.L. 1991. A new subspecies of Euploea alcathoe (Godart) (Lepidoptera:

Nymphalidae) from the Northern Territory, Australia. Australian Entomological Magazine

18(4): 149-155.

JOHNSON, S.J. and VALENTINE, P.S. 1997. Further observations and records for butterflies

(Lepidoptera) in Northern Australia. Australian Entomologist 24(4): 155-158.

KITCHING, IJ. 1985. Early stages and the classification of the milkweed butterflies

(Lepidoptera: Danainae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 85: 1-97.

LAMBKIN, T.A. and KNIGHT, A.I. 1990. Butterflies recorded from Murray Island, Torres

Strait, Queensland. Australian Entomological Magazine 17: 101-112.

McCUBBIN, C. 1971. Australian butterflies. Nelson, Melbourne; 206 pp.

MEYER, C.E. 1997. Notes on the life history and variation in adult forms of Euploea sylvester

pelor Doubleday (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae). Australian Entomologist 24(2): 73-77.

PARSONS, M.J. 1998. The butterflies of Papua New Guinea: their systematics and biology.

Academic Press, London; xvi + 736 pp.

SCHEERMEYER, E. 1999. The crows, Euploea species, with notes on the Blue Tiger,

Tirumala hamata (Nymphalidae: Danainae). Pp 191-216, in: R.L. Kitching, E. Scheermeyer,

R.E. Jones and N.E. Pierce (eds). Biology of Australian butterflies. Monographs on Australian

Lepidoptera. Vol. 6. CSIRO Publishing, Canberra; xvi + 395 pp.

WATERHOUSE, G.A. and LYELL, G. 1914. The butterflies of Australia. Angus and

Robertson, Sydney; vi + 239 pp.

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4): 137-140 137

FURTHER NOTES ON THE DEUDORIX AFFINIS GROUP IN THE

SOUTH PACIFIC (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE)

W. JOHN TENNENT

Biogeography and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Entomology, The Natural History

Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK

(address for correspondence: 38 Colin McLean Road, Dereham, Norfolk NRI9 2RY, England)

Abstract

A female specimen of an unidentified species of Deudorix Hewitson, belonging to the affinis

group, is reported from the Solomon Islands and briefly compared with described taxa. D.

democles Miskin, D. affinis Rothschild, D. eagon Tennent and D. wabens Tennent are

illustrated. A map showing source localities of the few affinis-group specimens known from the

southwest Pacific is provided.

Discussion

In a previous paper (Tennent 2000), the author described two new species of

Deudorix Hewitson (subgenus Virachola Moore) from the Solomon Islands.

These are D. eagon Tennent (Choiseul) (Figs 3, 10) and D. wabens Tennent

(Guadalcanal) (Figs 4, 11). It was pointed out that evidence for historical

association of a male Deudorix from the Louisiades (Figs 2, 9) with the

female holotype of D. affinis Rothschild, 1915 (Figs 6, 13) from Dampier I.,

Papua New Guinea, was inconclusive.

In April 2001, on Rendova Island (New Georgia group), Solomon Islands, a

female Deudorix (Figs 7, 14) was collected feeding at the flowers of a

Mikania species (Asteraceae). Both dorsal and ventral surfaces of this

specimen clearly place it with the affinis group but, like the male associated

with D. affinis, the specimen cannot be assigned with certainty to any

described species. Although worn, it can be seen that the specimen has rather

less blue on the upperside than either D. affinis or D. democles Miskin, 1884

(Figs 5, 6) and that the shade of the blue is closer to that of the male D.

wabens (Fig. 4) than to other taxa. The underside is less white than females of

D. democles or D. affinis (Figs 12, 13) and the hind wing median markings

are notably less regular. The specimen has been deposited in The Natural

History Museum (BMNH), London.

Few specimens of “blue” Deudorix are known from the south Pacific,

although the group is clearly widespread. It has been suggested (Tennent

2000) that a possible reason for the paucity of material in collections may be

due to the habit of adults in frequenting the forest canopy. It is noted that

between 1884 and 1938, D. democles was known from only three males in

Australia (Waterhouse 1938, Ted Edwards, pers. comm.). Discovery of its

biology - larvae feed inside the fruits of Strychnos (Loganiaceae) (Braby

2000) - provided further specimens and it was subsequently realised that the

butterfly is very common in Queensland from near Townsville to almost as

far north as Cape York (Ted Edwards, pers. comm.).

138 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4)

FETITITITITTI bit] HABITAT ki LATET] Tm

ASE OO GOL i

i i |

i D i i i mm ' i (W i

Figs 1-7. Deudorix species, uppersides. (1) D. democles male (Coen River, Qld); (2)

D. affinis male (Sudest I.); (3) D. eagon holotype male (Choiseul); (4) D. wabens

holotype male (Guadalcanal); (5) D. democles female (Coen River, Qld); (6) D. affinis

holotype female (Dampier L); (7) Deudorix sp. female (Rendova).

Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4) 139

Figs 8-14. Deudorix species, undersides. (8) D. democles male (Coen River, Qld); (9)

D. affinis male (Sudest I.); (10) D. eagon holotype male (Choiseul); (11) D. wabens

holotype male (Guadalcanal); (12) D. democles female (Coen River, Qld); (13) D.

affinis holotype female (Dampier I.); (14) Deudorix sp. female (Rendova).

140 Australian Entomologist, 2001, 28 (4)

The reasons for the earlier perceived rarity of D. democles (it was not

reported by F. P. Dodd during his time in Queensland) are not certain, but it

is clear that knowledge of the species’ life history held the key.

Females of D. eagon and D. wabens (and possibly also of the male usually

associated with D. affinis) are not known and it remains to be seen whether

the Rendova female reported here belongs with any of these males, or

whether it represents another undescribed taxon. In order to assist future

comparisons, relevant taxa are illustrated, together with a map (Fig. 15)

showing source localities. D. eagon is illustrated here in colour for the first

time.

D p

150'E 152°E

BISMARCK

ARCHIPELAGO

SOLOMONS

ARCHIPELAGO

NEW GUINEA

Fig. 15. Localities for Deudorix affinis group species in the southwest Pacific.

Acknowledgment

Ted Edwards, CSIRO Canberra, kindly presented the author with the pair of

D. democles illustrated (now in the BMNH) and provided helpful details on

the present status of D. democles in Australia.

References

BRABY, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia. Their identification, biology and distribution.

CSIRO Publishing, Canberra. 2 volumes; xx+vii+976 pp.

TENNENT, W.J. 2000. Notes on Deudorix Hewitson in the Solomon Islands, the Bismarck

Archipelago and New Guinea, with description of nine new taxa (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae).

Australian Entomologist 27(1): 9-26.

WATERHOUSE, G.A. 1938. Notes on Australian butterflies in the Australian Museum.

Records of the Australian Museum 20: 217-222.

THE

AUSTRALIAN

ENTOMOLOGIST

VOLUME 28

2001

Published by:

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iii

THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Contents

Volume 28, 2001

BASHFORD, R.

The spread and impact of the introduced vespine wasps Vespula germanica (F.)

and Vespula vulgaris (L.) (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Vespinae) in Tasmania l

BRABY, M.F. and ARMSTRONG, J.

A note on the larval food plants of Graphium weiskei (Ribbe) (Lepidoptera:

Papilionidae) in Papua New Guinea 65

DOBROSAK, D.

Notes on the biology and distribution of Paropsisterna semifumata (Blackburn)

(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in southeastern Australia 105

EWART, A.

Emergence patterns and densities of cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) near

Caloundra, south-east Queensland 69

HANCOCK, D.L.

Systematic notes on the genera of Australian and some non-Australian

Tephritinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) 111

JOHNSON, S.J. and VALENTINE, P.S.

Notes on the life history of Hypochrysops hippuris nebulosis Sands

(Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) 13

LACHLAN, R.B. and KITCHING, I.J.

A new species of hawk moth (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from Papua New

Guinea : 117

LACHLAN, R.B. and MOULDS, M.S.

A new species of Gnathothlibus Wallengren (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

from Vanuatu 123

LAMBKIN, T.A.

The life history of Euploea alcathoe monilifera (Moore) and its relationship

to E. a. eichhorni Staudinger (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae) 129

MÜLLER, C.J.

A new species of Delias Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) from New Ireland,

Papua New Guinea 17

MÜLLER, C.J.

The previously unknown females of Leuciacria olivei Müller and

Pseudodipsas una D’ Abrera (Lepidoptera: Pieridae and Lycaenidae) 23

MÜLLER, C.J.

Notes on the life history of Chilasa moerneri moerneri (Aurivillius)

(Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) i 27

TENNENT, W.J.

The Vanuatu subspecies of Papilio fuscus Goeze (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

TENNENT, W.J.

A new species of Jonolyce Toxopeus from the Solomon Islands (Santa Cruz

group) and Vanuatu (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

TENNENT, W.J.

Notes on bochus-group species of the genus Jamides Hübner in the Santa

Cruz islands (Solomon Islands), with description of a new subspecies of

Jamides amarauge Druce (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

TENNENT, W.J.

What is Nacaduba mallicollo markira Tite? A new species of Nacaduba

Moore from the Solomon Islands (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

TENNENT, W.J.

Three new Hypochrysops C. & R. Felder taxa from the Solomon Islands,

including a new species from the Santa Cruz group (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

TENNENT, W.J.

Further notes on the Deudorix affinis group in the South Pacific

(Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

WILLIAMS, M.R. and BOLLAM, H.H.

A new subspecies of Candalides hyacinthinus (Semper) (Lepidoptera:

Lycaenidae) from Western Australia

WILLIAMS, M.R. and HAY, R.W.

Two new subspecies of Ogyris otanes C. & R. Felder (Lepidoptera:

Lycaenidae) from Western Australia

YOUNG, G.R., BELLIS, G.A., BROWN, G.R. and SMITH, E.S.C.

The crazy ant Anoplolepis gracilipes (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

in East Arnhem Land, Australia

RECENT LITERATURE

BOOK REVIEWS

Publication dates: Part 1 (pp 1-32) 4 May 2001

Part 2 (pp 33-64) 16 August 2001

Part 3 (pp 65-104) 25 September 2001

Part 4 (pp 105-140) 16 December 2001

137

25, 64

NOTES FOR AUTHORS

Manuscripts submitted for publication should, preferably, be type-written, double

spaced and in triplicate. Refer to recent issues for layout and style.

All papers will be forwarded to two referees and the editor reserves the right to reject

any paper considered unsuitable.

Papers longer than ten printed pages will normally not be accepted.

Papers will be accepted only if a minimum of 100 reprints is purchased. Manuscripts

occupying less than one printed page may be accepted without charge if no reprints

are required. Charges are as follows: cost per printed page $27.50 (B&W), $60

(colour) for 100 copies. Page charges may be reduced at the discretion of the

Publications Committee.

Illustrations. Both colour and B&W photographs must be submitted at the size they

are to appear in the journal. Line drawings should be about twice their required size.

Address manuscripts to: The Editor

The Australian Entomologist

P.O. Box 537,

Indooroopilly, Qld, 4068

Australia

Printed by ColourWise Reproductions, 300 Ann Street, Brisbane, 4000.

THE AUSTRALIAN

Entomologist

Volume 28, Part 4, 16 December 2001

CONTENTS

DOBROSAK, D.

Notes on the biology and distribution of Paropsisterna semifumata

(Blackburn) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in southeastern Australia.

HANCOCK, D.L.

Systematic notes on the genera of Australian and some non-Australian

Tephritinae (Diptera: Tephritidae).

LACHLAN, R.B. and KITCHING, LJ.

A new species of hawk moth (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from Papua New

Guinea.

LACHLAN, R.B. and MOULDS, M.S.

A new species of Gnatbotblibus Wallengren (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from

Vanuatu.

The life history of Euploea alcatboe monilifera (Moore) and its relationship

to E. a. eichhorni Staudinger (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae).

TENNENT, W.J.

Further notes on the Deudorix affinis group in the South Pacific (Lepidoptera:

Lycaenidae).

ISSN 1320 6133