THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

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Management Research, Department of Natural Resources; Griffith University Fruit

Fly Group

Covery The carabid beetle Nurus has about 10 large, heavy-bodied species which

occur along the eastern seaboard of Australia from northern NSW to north Qld. They

live in spiral burrows which they excavate with their mandibles. Prey is ambushed

from the burrow entrance at night. Females brood their eggs and first instar larvae in

the burrow. Nurus brevis Motschulsky, 1865 occurs near Lismore and is listed as rare

and endangered by NSW legislation. Illustration by Geoff Thompson.

Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1): 1-10 1

EXOMETOECA NYCTERIS MEYRICK (LEPIDOPTERA:

HESPERIIDAE: PYRGINAE): LIFE HISTORY AND

MORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES

ANDREW F. ATKINS!, ANDREW A.E. WILLIAMS?

and MATTHEW R. WILLIAMS?

4 Faculty of Architecture, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308

2 Department of Conservation and Land Management, W.A. Wildlife Research Centre,

PO Box 51, Wanneroo, WA 6065

3 Department of Conservation and Land Management, Science and Information Division,

50 Hayman Road, Como, WA 6152

Abstract

The life history of the Western Australian endemic skipper Exometoeca nycteris Meyrick is

described and illustrated. Juvenile and adult morphology, distribution and behavior indicate that

this uncommon, cryptic species is a geographic and taxonomic isolate. The larval food plants are

Tetratheca hispidissima and T. hirsuta (Tremandraceae), both of which are restricted to

southwestern Western Australia. The monotypic genus Exometoeca Meyrick is compared to

allied genera of the Australian subfamily Pyrginae.

Introduction

The Western Flat Exometoeca nycteris Meyrick, 1888 is an Australian

endemic, monotypic skipper belonging to the subfamily Pyrginae (‘Flats’). It

is known only from the southwestern corner of Western Australia and ranges

from Chittering to Margaret River and Albany (Braby 2000). This

distribution is unique for genera of Australian Hesperiidae and E. nycteris is

the only species of the subfamily to occur in southwestern Australia. Few

localities are recorded for this small skipper and the life history has eluded

lepidopterists for over a hundred years.

In the Perth area adults are most commonly seen in October. Further south

near Albany the peak flying time is late November and early December. In

early December 1999 we searched localities near Albany where the butterfly

was known to occur. A population was found at Bakers Junction Nature

Reserve (34°54'S 117°56'E) enabling us to closely study the habits, biology

and food plant of this species. These observations were subsequently

compared with a northern site at Lesmurdie near Perth, where larvae were

found on a similar food plant.

Life history

Food plants. Tremandraceae: Tetratheca hispidissima Steetz from Bakers

Junction Nature Reserve near Albany and Tetratheca hirsuta Lindley from

Lesmurdie near Perth.

Egg (Figs 3-4, 26-27). Diameter 0.8 mm; dome shaped, 18-21 prominent

vertical ribs, broken and inter-connecting near micropyle. Very faint cross-

ribbing is present between the vertical ribs, the surface punctured with

scattered pores. The micropyle (Fig. 27) is a simple circular and expanding

2 Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1)

series of quadrant pores. The egg is pale yellow when first laid but darkens to

orange-yellow within a day or two (Figs 3-4). Prior to hatching the micropyle

darkens, the black larval head showing through the chorion.

First instar larva (Figs 5-6). Length 2-4 mm. Head large and rounded with a

slight dorsal groove, shiny black and covered with numerous pale clubbed or

simple setae. Body yellow at first but turning slightly greenish after a few

days, covered with short cup-shaped or clubbed setae (Fig. 11), the anal

segments with longer simple setae.

Second instar larva. Length 4-6 mm. Similar to above, but body green with

an indistinct darker mid-dorsal line, posterior segment yellowish. Head

slightly produced dorsally and sclerotized, brown with a pair of lighter brown

stripes dorsally and either side of frons. Both head and body are covered with

short cup-shaped and clubbed setae. At first the second instar larva appears to

have an extended or raised prothoracic plate, but this disappears after a few

days.

Third instar larva (Figs 7-8). Length 6-8 mm. Body green with indistinct:

darker mid-dorsal line, similar to second instar, but head capsule with two

pronounced dorsal horns. Head colour very variable, some entirely dark

brown, others more predominantly pale greenish with dark brown or red-

brown markings.

Fourth instar larva (Fig. 10). Length 8-12 mm. Similar to third instar, body

green and sparsely covered with short, clubbed setae. The head capsule is also

covered with clubbed setae. It is predominantly green with variable red-

brown markings.

Final instar larva (Fig. 12). Length 17-19 mm. Similar to fourth instar but

with head green, usually with prominent red markings extending midway

either side of frons and upwards to well pronounced dorsal horns.

Pupa (Figs 13,16). Length 15 mm. Stout and rounded, bright green, covered

with mottled pale grey waxy exudation. Head (operculum) (Fig. 9) with blunt

brown central projection. Thoracic spiracle, bright reddish brown, round and

prominent. Wing-case distally speckled with black along venation lines.

Proboscis case (Fig. 25) dorsally projecting beyond wing case to a brown

swollen tip. Abdominal segments sparsely covered with short, simple, pale

setae; spiracles dark brown. Cremaster brown, moderately long, decurved,

laterally convex; tip with short pale hooks. Mid-section of pupa supported by

Y-shaped strong silken girdle (partly shown in Fig. 13).

Adult (Figs 1, 2, 17). Male and female similar, reddish brown above with

hyaline spots in the median area of the forewing, underside light greyish

brown with dark brown to purplish brown markings in distal area, hyaline

spots as above, male slightly smaller, forewing length 15 mm; wing venation

(Fig.18) with forewing cell medium and blunt, M; slightly nearer M; than M3

Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1) 3

at point of origin, CuA, nearer to base than to CuA,, humeral vein present

near base, male with narrow costal fold from base to Rs», hindwing with M3

well defined, discocellulars equal, concave and parallel to margin, labial

palpus (Fig. 19) brown above, cream beneath with second segment

moderately broad, oval, elliptical, laterally depressed, slightly twisted, third

segment long, narrow, and directed forward (porrect); antenna (Figs 1-2)

moderate with shaft 40-45 segments, club (Fig. 20) 21 segments tapered

evenly, thickening 1/3rd its length, bent 2/3rd its length, nudum 14, reddish

brown: legs (Fig. 21) mid brown, pale brown beneath, moderately long, with

one pair of spurs on mid tibia, two pairs of spurs on hind tibia (0:1:2), fore

tibia with long, slightly curved apophysis.

Male genitalia (Fig. 22). Aedeagus moderate with simple rounded posterior

tip, valvae symmetrical, simple, divided with dorsal segment greatly reduced,

ventral segment curved upward, slightly sclerotized and with blunt, toothed

tip, saccus long, two-thirds length of valvae, juxta simple ring-shaped,

tegumen hood-shaped with deep paired gnathos, tegumen and uncus junction

with paired, broadly curved, crescent shaped lateral flange, uncus a simple

dorsally pointed, decurved spatulate process, slightly hooked ventrally.

Female genitalia (Fig. 23). Papilla anellus a simple, rounded, concave paired

process attached to a crescent-shaped sclerotized segment 9, apophysis

moderate, lamella antevaginalis (sterigma plate) prominent, broadly dish-

shaped with slightly bifid, lipped ventral surface, ostium bursae (caudal

chamber) narrow ring-shaped, slightly tilted dorsally, ductus bursae long and

narrow, coiled to spherical corpus bursae (bursa copulatrix) with paired,

ventrally placed, spiracle-like signum covered with short spines.

Location and habitat

Bakers Junction Nature Reserve is located 13 km north of Albany. It covers

an area of 1090 ha in a gently undulating upland dissected by shallow valleys.

Much of the surrounding land has been cleared for farming. The bulk of the

reserve supports a low woodland of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) and

sheoak (Allocasuarina fraseriana). Dense Homalospermum firmum heath and

associated low woodland complexes of Eucalyptus marginata, E. staeri,

Banksia attenuata and Agonis parviceps are found along the drainage lines

(Griffin 1985). The E. nycteris site is in jarrah/sheoak low woodland, within

which are small open areas of winter-wet heathland. These heathland areas

support low flowering shrubs, including Pimelea sp. and Dasypogon

bromeliifolius and a strong component of other monocotyledons.

The northern site at Lesmurdie is on the west-facing upper slopes of the

Darling Scarp, overlooking Perth. It is an open woodland of Marri

(Eucalyptus calophylla) and Wandoo (Eucalyptus wandoo), forming the

transition zone between jarrah forest and adjacent areas of low heathland on

gravel and rocky soil.

4 Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1)

Figs 1-17. Biology and habitat of Exometoeca nycteris. (1) male upper and underside;

(2) female upper and underside; (3) lateral view of egg: (4) dorsal view of egg; (5)

lateral view of Ist instar larva; (6) dorsal view of 1st instar larva; (7) lateral view of

3rd instar larva; (8) dorsal view of 3rd instar larva; (9) operculum of pupa; (10) frons

of 4th instar larva; (11) larval setae; (12) lateral view and frons of final instar larva;

(13) lateral view of pupa; (14) flight and breeding area at Bakers Junction Nature

Reserve; (15) egg laid on leaf axil of Tetratheca hispidissima; (16) ventral view of

pupa; (17) basking adult male in ‘signalling’ posture. Scale lines: Figs 1-2 = 10 mm;

figs 3-6 = 1 mm; figs 7, 8, 13 = 5 mm; figs 9, 10, 12 = 2 mm; fig. 11 = 0.5 mm.

Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1) 5

Figs 18-25. Morphology and biology of Exometoeca nycteris. (18) wing venation of

male; (19) labial palpus; (20) antennal club; (21) fore, mid and hind tibia of male;

(22) lateral view of male genitalia (everted upwards); (23) ventral view of female

genitalia; (24) leaf-litter shelter of 4th instar larva; (25) pupal proboscis case. Scale

lines: Figs 18, 24 = 5 mm; figs 19, 22, 23 = 1 mm; figs 20, 21, 25 2 2 mm.

6 Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1)

Figs 26-27. Micrographs of Exometoeca nycteris egg.

Life history and behavioural observations

Initial observations were made at Bakers Junction Nature Reserve (Fig. 14)

on 1 December 1999. Males were observed flying slowly, at the edge of and

within damp areas of woodland. They appeared to be seeking freshly emerged

females and on one occasion four males were seen hovering within a metre of

each other, investigating a shaded area of dense thicket.

Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1) 7

Nearby, in sunny areas, females were observed on flowering herbs. One

female was seen to fly directly and swiftly from a flower, across an open area

of heathland, to a shaded, damp area of the surrounding woodland. Here, after

quick inspection, it oviposited near the tip of a Tetratheca hispidissima plant

(Fig. 15) growing amongst other understorey species. The female then moved

away rapidly. Careful examination of other 7. hispidissima plants in the

vicinity produced more eggs, all of which were laid on the young tips of the

food plant, most frequently in the axil between the stem and uppermost leaf.

Eggs collected at Bakers Junction Nature Reserve were then transferred to

potted T. hispidissima plants (at Wanneroo) for observation. Young larvae

were also placed on potted T. thymifolia (an eastern Australian species) and

held at Dudley, NSW. The eggs hatched within 12-13 days and the first instar

larvae initially ate most of the egg-shell, then subsequently fed on the growing

tips or youngest leaves of the food plant. Most larvae constructed flimsy

dome-shaped shelters on the underside of a leaf, pulling the edges of the leaf

closer together with strands of silk. Other larvae rested in the axil between

stem and uppermost leaf (where the egg was laid), wrapping strands of silk

around both for protection. The young larvae remained in their shelters,

feeding occasionally on either their leaf-shelter or nearby leaves. Periodically

new shelters were constructed as the old ones were eaten away. The larvae

rested upside-down and were extremely cryptic. The green body colour

matched the foliage perfectly, while the dark markings on the head capsules

matched discoloured patches on the leaves. As larvae increased in size they

sometimes moved from their leafy shelters on the food plant to construct new

more substantial shelters on the ground (Fig. 24). These shelters were

constructed from leaf litter and bark near the base of the food plant.

Periodically larvae would leave their shelters to feed and then, within 15-20

minutes, return to their shelters.

Visits were made to Lesmurdie and Bakers Junction Nature Reserve during

the year to monitor the progress of larval development in the wild. At

Lesmurdie larvae fed sporadically in October and November when fresh

young leaves of the food plant T. hirsuta were available. However, in the hot

dry summer months the plants clasped their leaves close to the stems,

probably to minimise water loss. During this time there was no sign of larval

activity. Larvae only resumed feeding again when the food plants became

more turgid in response to autumn rain. Larvae were mature by August and

were found in shelters formed from a number of leaves of the food plant, or

incorporating fallen dead leaves. They pupated in their shelters in late August

and early September. Adults emerged after 20 days.

At Bakers Junction Nature Reserve and at Dudley, NSW the situation was

rather different. In these areas larvae fed intermittently throughout the

summer, reaching third instar by March. The milder southern and south-

eastern conditions no doubt enabled the Tetratheca food plants to maintain

8 Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1)

fresh growth on which the young larvae could feed more readily. One captive

larva pupated at the end of October and emerged approximately 21 days later.

Little has been published on the habits of adult E. nycteris. Common and

Waterhouse (1981) stated that the species flies for about an hour in the

morning before 1000 h and then again for a similar period after midday (an

observation attributed to A.N. Burns). However, Barrett and Burns (1951)

state that “It does not appear until about nine or later in the morning, it

increases until after midday when it gradually disappears and by four in the

afternoon not a specimen is to be seen’. At Bakers Junction Nature Reserve,

adult E. nycteris were active during sunny spells throughout the day between

0900 and 1500 h. Both males and females congregated in small open areas of

winter-wet heathland, where they visited the flowers of Pimelea sp. and

Dasypogon bromeliifolius. Males also established ‘territories’ in these open

areas, often perching on prominent dead sticks or taller sedges (Fig. 17). At

other times they were seen spiralling together high above the ground.

The usual feeding posture of E. nycteris is typical of pyrginid skippers, with

wings outstretched horizontally or occasionally upright over the thorax, or

even bent slightly downward around the flower head. The wing tips of this

species (as in many skippers of this subfamily) are slightly depressed.

However, when resting or basking both sexes generally revert upside-down,

wings spread flat, under curving monocotyledon leaves. This posture is

assumed either head upwards or head downwards and exposes the strongly

marked apical area of the underside of the wing either side of the leaf-blade

(Fig. 17). We believe that this may be an intraspecific signalling pattern,

which is in contrast to the cryptic upperside of the wings that is exposed when

feeding..

Predators and parasites

One predator of adult E. nycteris was observed at Bakers Junction Nature

Reserve, this being an unidentified species of a reddish-coloured crane fly

(Tipulidae) that was carrying a freshly emerged but dead adult female across

a clearing. A few small parasitic wasps (Eriborus sp. [Ichneumonidae:

Campopleginae]) also emerged in captivity from fourth instar larvae of E.

nycteris. The wasp is probably undescribed. This is the first record of a

skipper as host for Eriborus Foerster, which usually parasitises pyralid moth

larvae (I. D. Gauld, pers. comm.).

Discussion

Exometoeca nycteris is a geographically isolated taxon known only from

southwestern Western Australia. The male has a costal fold (Fig. 18) not

previously recorded for this monotypic genus, but other secondary sexual

structures (i.e. tibial and anal hair-tufts, wing-sterigma) are absent. The

skipper shows no unusual structural features, apart from the horned larval

head, the long third segment of the labial palpus and long saccus and curved

Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1) 9

uncus flange of the male genitalia, but these are not unique in Pyrginae. A

well-defined hindwing vein M, is also found in several less specialised

pyrginid skippers, such as some species of the Erynnis Schrank group of

genera from Europe and North and South America and the unique Australian

Euschemon Doubleday. Tibial spur configuration of E. nycteris (0:2:4) is

shared by all Australian pyrginid genera (note that this is contrary to Evans”

1949 diagnosis). The structure of the female genitalia indicates that E.

nycteris may be distantly related to the Australian Netrocoryne C. & R.

Felder, the Madagascan and African Eagris Guenée or the pan-tropical

Celaenorrhinus Hiibner. However in these genera the first instar larvae make

distinctive, elaborate circular or rectangular shelters cut from the leaf of the

food plant and have differing features of adult and juvenile morphology. The

generally unspecialised adult and juvenile morphology suggests that E.

nycteris is a somewhat “primitive” skipper and it appears to have no close

relatives.

The family Tremandraceae, endemic to southern Australia, was previously

unrecorded as a larval food plant for Hesperiidae. It comprises about 47

species distributed in 3 genera. Tetratheca forms the bulk of these (see

Thompson 1976), with 24 species in Western Australia alone. The two known

larval food plants, T. hirsuta and T. hispidissima, are multi-stemmed shrubs

that grow to about 1 m high. The former species grows in laterite, grey sand

and granite soils and is found generally from about Geraldton to near Albany,

the latter species is found on sand, lateritic sand and loam and is restricted to

the far southwest of Western Australia (Keighery 1979). The family

Tremandraceae is placed in the Order Rutales with apparent close affinities to

Polygalaceae, but also with affinities to Malpighiaceae (Malpighiales)

(Bhattacharyya and Johri 1998). Genera and species of Malpighiaceae are

recorded as larval food plants of several pyrginid and coeliadinid skippers,

especially in tropical countries.

Further searches for colonies of this skipper are needed to establish its

conservation status. E. nycteris appears to have a very short flying period.

Only one brood has been recorded from late spring (northern range: Perth

area) to early summer (southern range: Albany area). Very few colonies are

known, but this may be an artifact of a short flying season, localised

occurrence or specialised habitat. Although local, the larval food plants are

fairly broadly distributed in southwestern Western Australia and E. nycteris

may be more widespread and locally common than previously thought.

Dried Tetratheca material held in the Western Australian Herbarium

collections was examined for signs of ova of E. nycteris. One hatched

eggshell was found on a T. hirsuta specimen collected near Beraking (32°10'S

116°24'E), southeast of Sawyer's Valley, suggesting the presence of E.

nycteris at this locality.

10 Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1)

Voucher specimens pertinent to this paper are lodged in the Insect Collection

of the Western Australian Department of Conservation and Land

Management and in Andrew Atkins’ private collection. Food plant specimens

have been lodged in the Western Australian Herbarium, Perth. Plant

nomenclature follows Green (1985).

Acknowledgements

We thank Greg Keighery, Department of (Conservation and Land

Management, Perth for the identification of host plants and botanical

information. Ted Edwards (CSIRO, Canberra) kindly provided location sites.

We thank Gary Weber (University of Newcastle) for the micrographs and Ian

D. Gauld (The Natural History Museum, London) for the identification of the

wasp parasite. The current listings of WA Tetratheca was accessed from the

WA Herbarium Florabase. Andrew Atkins would like to thank the WA

Department of Conservation and Land Management for logistic support, the

committees for OSPRO and Research (in particular Lyn McBriarty); the

University of Newcastle, NSW for study leave and travel funding, and Barry

Maitland and Alan Morse (Faculty of Architecture, University of Newcastle)

for the opportunity for study leave as part of this research.

References

BARRETT, C. and BURNS, A,N. 1951. Butterflies of Australia and New Guinea. Griffin,

Netley S.A; 187 pp.

BHATTACHARYYA, B. and JOHRI, B.M. 1998. Flowering plants: taxonomy and phylogeny.

Springger-Verlag, New York; 753 pp.

BRABY, M.F. 2000. The butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution.

CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne; 976 pp.

COMMON, LF.B. and WATERHOUSE, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia.. Angus and

Robertson, Sydney; xiv + 682 pp.

EVANS, W.H., 1949. A catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia and Australia in the

British Museum (Natural History). British Museum (Natural History). London; 502 pp, 53 pls.

GREEN, J.W. 1985. Census of the vascular plants of Western Australia. Western Australian

Herbarium, Department of Agriculture, Perth; 312 pp.

GRIFFIN, E.A. 1985. Vegetation survey of Bakers Junction and Millbrook nature reserves

(Shire of Albany). Department of Conservation and Land Management, Western Australia;

unpublished report.

KEIGHERY, G.J., 1979. Notes on the biology and phytogeography of Western Australian

plants, Part 5: Tremandraceae. Kings Park Botanic Garden, West Perth; unpublished report.

THOMPSON, J. 1976. A revision of the genus Tetratheca (Tremandraceae). Telopea 1(3): 139-

215.

Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1): 11-20 11

NAME CHANGES TO AUSTRALASIAN AEDES MOSQUITOES

(DIPTERA: CULICIDAE)

D.H. FOLEY

Tropical Health Program, Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health and

Nutrition and Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Queensland, St Lucia,

4072

Abstract

Recent taxonomic revision of the genus Aedes Meigen has resulted in changes to the scientific

"names of Australasian mosquitoes. An updated taxonomic list of 221 Australasian species

formerly placed in Aedes is provided. Forty-one species remain in Aedes, 151 are referred to

Ochlerotatus Lynch Arribalzaga and 29 are referred to Verrallina Theobald. Many common and

medically important species are affected. The purpose of this paper is to alert the mosquito

control community to the changes so that correct names are used.

Introduction

The genus Aedes Meigen has long been recognized as a large, hard-to-define

group in need of revision (Belkin 1962). Recently, Reinert (1999, 2000)

attempted to rearrange the genus into more natural groups. Reinert (1999)

restored subgenus Verrallina Theobald to generic rank and revalidated

subgenus Neomacleaya Theobald. Unfortunately, the transfer of species from

Aedes (masculine) to Verrallina (feminine) results in changes to the spelling

of specific names, as required by the International Code of Zoological

Nomenclature. Reinert (2000) also raised subgenus Ochlerotatus Lynch

Arribalzaga to generic rank. Ochlerotatus contains the following Australasian

subgenera: Chaetocruiomyia Theobald, Finlaya Theobald, Geoskusea

Edwards, Halaedes Belkin, Macleaya Theobald, Molpemyia Theobald,

Mucidus Theobald, Nothoskusea. Dumbleton, Ochlerotatus, Pseudoskusea

Theobald and Rhinoskusea Edwards. Reinert (1999, 2000) proposed the

abbreviations Ve. and Oc. for Verrallina and Ochlerotatus, respectively.

Systematic changes

Table 1 shows the new and old names of 221 species of Australasian

mosquitoes formerly placed in Aedes. Forty-one species remain in Aedes, 151

are referred to Ochlerotatus and 29 are referred to Verrallina. These name

changes will mainly affect mosquito and health professionals who need to use

scientific names of mosquitoes in their work. Unfortunately, many medically

important mosquito species are affected; for instance, the Ross River virus

vectors Oc. vigilax (Skuse) and Oc. camptorhynchus (Thomson). However,

other species such as the dengue vectors Ae. aegypti (Linnaeus) and Ae.

polynesiensis Marks, occur within the subgenus Stegomyia Theobald and are

not affected. Confusion due to taxonomic revision of Aedes will be minimised

by speedy adoption of the new names by mosquito professionals. According

to Reinert (2000) ‘... the creation of more natural and better defined genera

are valid reasons for proposing this change and outweigh the initial

inconvenience of the generic change of the affected species”.

Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1)

Table 1. Old and new names for Australasian aedine mosquitoes due to Reinert

(1999, 2000). All relevant species from the Australasian Region according to

Debenham and Hicks (1989) are listed under “old name” (excluding erroneously

recorded species). Additions to this list are Aedes wardangensis Brust, Ballard,

Driver, Hartley, Galway & Curran (Brust et al. 1998) and Aedes pecuniosus Edwards

(Reinert 1993) and the resurrection of subgenus Molpemyia (Reinert 1993). Taxa with

specific or subgeneric names that have changed and some common and medically

important species are shown in bold.

Abbreviations: Ae. = Aedes; Oc. = Ochlerotatus; Ve. = Verrallina.

OLD NAME

NEW NAME

Ae. (Aedimorphus) alboscutellatus

(Theobald)

Ae. (Aedimorphus) caecus (Theobald)

Ae. (Aedimorphus) lowisii (Theobald)

Ae. (Aedimorphus) nocturnus (Theobald)

Ae. (Chaetocruiomyia) calabyi Marks

Ae. (Chaetocruiomyia) elchoensis Taylor

Ae. (Chaetocruiomyia) humeralis

Edwards

Ae. (Chaetocruiomyia) ^ macmillani

Marks

Ae. (Chaetocruiomyia) moloiensis Taylor

Ae. (Chaetocruiomyia) spinosipes

Edwards

Ae. (Chaetocruiomyia) tulliae Taylor

Ae. (Chaetocruiomyia) wattensis Taylor

Ae. chionodes

Belkin

Ae. (Edwardsaedes) imprimens (Walker)

Ae. (Finlaya) albilabris Edwards

Ae. (Finlaya) alboannulatus

(Macquart)

Ae. (Finlaya) alocasicola Marks

Ae. (Finlaya) alticola Bonne-Wepster

Ae. (Finlaya) anggiensis Bonne-Wepster

(Christophersiomyia)

Ae. (Finlaya) argenteitarsis Brug

Ae. (Finlaya) argyronotum Belkin

Ae. (Aedimorphus) alboscutellatus

(Theobald)

Ae. (Aedimorphus) caecus (Theobald)

Ae. (Aedimorphus) lowisii (Theobald)

Ae. (Aedimorphus) nocturnus (Theobald)

Oc. (Chaetocruiomyia) calabyi (Marks)

Oc. (Chaetocruiomyia) ^ elchoensis

(Taylor)

Oc. (Chaetocruiomyia) humeralis

(Edwards)

Oc. (Chaetocruiomyia) ^ macmillani

(Marks)

Oc. (Chaetocruiomyia) ^ moloiensis

(Taylor)

Oc. (Chaetocruiomyia) ^ spinosipes

(Edwards)

Oc. (Chaetocruiomyia) tulliae (Taylor)

Oc. (Chaetocruiomyia) wattensis

(Taylor)

Ae. (Christophersiomyia) | chionodes

Belkin

Ae. (Edwardsaedes) imprimens (Walker)

Oc. (Finlaya) albilabris (Edwards)

Oc. (Finlaya) alboannulatus

(Macquart)

Oc. (Finlaya) alocasicola (Marks)

Oc. (Finlaya) alticola (Bonne-Wepster)

Oc. (Finlaya) (Bonne-

Wepster)

Oc. (Finlaya) argenteitarsis (Brug)

Oc. (Finlaya) argyronotum (Belkin)

anggiensis

Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1)

Ae. (Finlaya) aureostriatus (Doleschall)

Ae. (Finlaya) australiensis (Theobald)

Ae. (Finlaya) avistylus Brug

Ae. (Finlaya) biocellatus (Taylor)

Ae. (Finlaya) bougainvillensis Marks

Ae. (Finlaya) britteni Marks & Hodgkin

Ae. (Finlaya) burnetti Belkin

Ae. (Finlaya) buxtoni Belkin

Ae. (Finlaya) candidoscutellum Marks

Ae. (Finlaya) clintoni Taylor

Ae. (Finlaya) derooki Brug

Ae. (Finlaya) dobodurus

Hoogstraal

Ae. (Finlaya) dobrotworskyi Marks

Ae. (Finlaya) fijiensis Marks

Ae. (Finlaya) flavipennis (Giles)

Ae. (Finlaya) franclemonti Belkin

Ae. (Finlaya) freycinetiae Laird

Ae. (Finlaya) fuscipalpis Belkin

Ae. (Finlaya) fuscitarsis Belkin

Ae. (Finlaya) gahnicola Marks

Ae. (Finlaya) gani Bonne-Wepster

Ae. (Finlaya) gracilelineatus Bonne-

Wepster

Ae. (Finlaya) hollandius

Hoogstraal

Ae. (Finlaya) hollingsheadi Belkin

Ae. (Finlaya) horotoi Taylor

Ae. (Finlaya) iwi Marks

Ae. (Finlaya) josephinae Marks

Ae. (Finlaya) keefei King & Hoogstraal

Ae. (Finlaya) knighti Stone & Bohart

Ae. (Finlaya) kochi (Dönitz)

Ae. (Finlaya) lauriei (Carter)

King &

Ae. (Finlaya) mackerrasi Taylor

Ae. (Finlaya) maffii Taylor & Tenorio

Ae. (Finlaya) mallochi Taylor

Ae. (Finlaya) milsoni Taylor

Oc. (Finlaya) aureostriatus (Doleschall)

Oc. (Finlaya) australiensis (Theobald)

Oc. (Finlaya) avistylus (Brug)

Oc. (Finlaya) biocellatus (Taylor)

Oc. (Finlaya) bougainvillensis (Marks)

Oc. (Finlaya) (Marks &

Hodgkin)

Oc. (Finlaya) burnetti (Belkin)

Oc. (Finlaya) buxtoni (Belkin)

Oc. (Finlaya) candidoscutellum (Marks)

britteni

Oc. (Finlaya) clintoni (Taylor)

Oc. (Finlaya) derooki (Brug)

Oc. (Finlaya) dobodurus (King &

Hoogstraal)

Oc. (Finlaya) dobrotworskyi (Marks)

Oc. (Finlaya) fijiensis (Marks)

Oc. (Finlaya) flavipennis (Giles)

Oc. (Finlaya) franclemonti (Belkin)

Oc. (Finlaya) freycinetiae (Laird)

Oc. (Finlaya) fuscipalpis (Belkin)

Oc. (Finlaya) fuscitarsis (Belkin)

Oc. (Finlaya) gahnicola (Marks)

Oc. (Finlaya) gani (Bonne-Wepster)

Oc. (Finlaya) gracilelineatus (Bonne-

Wepster)

Oc. (Finlaya) hollandius

Hoogstraal)

Oc. (Finlaya) hollingsheadi (Belkin)

Oc. (Finlaya) horotoi (Taylor)

Oc. (Finlaya) iwi (Marks)

Oc. (Finlaya) josephinae (Marks)

Oc. (Finlaya) keefei (King & Hoogstraal)

Oc. (Finlaya) knighti (Stone & Bohart)

Oc. (Finlaya) kochi (Dönitz)

Oc. (Finlaya) lauriei Carter

Oc. (Finlaya) mackerrasi (Taylor)

Oc. (Finlaya) maffii (Taylor & Tenorio)

Oc. (Finlaya) mallochi (Taylor)

Oc. (Finlaya) milsoni (Taylor)

(King &

Ae. (Finlaya) monocellatus Marks

Ae. (Finlaya) neogeorgianus Belkin

Ae. (Finlaya) notoscriptus (Skuse)

Ae. (Finlaya) novalbitarsis King &

Hoogstraal

Ae. (Finlaya) occidentalis (Skuse)

Ae. (Finlaya) oceanicus Belkin

Ae. (Finlaya) palmarum Edwards

Ae. (Finlaya) papuensis (Taylor)

Ae. (Finlaya) plagosus Marks

Ae. (Finlaya) plumiferus King &

Hoogstraal

Ae. (Finlaya) quasirubithorax

(Theobald)

Ae. (Finlaya) quinquelineatus Edwards

Ae. (Finlaya) roai Belkin

Ae. (Finlaya) rubiginosus Belkin

Ae. (Finlaya) rubrithorax (Macquart)

Ae. (Finlaya) rupestris Dobrotworsky

Ae. (Finlaya) samoanus (Grünberg)

Ae. (Finlaya) schlosseri Belkin

Ae. (Finlaya) shehzadae Qutubuddin

Ae. (Finlaya) solomonis Stone & Bohart

Ae. (Finlaya) stanleyi Peters

Ae. (Finlaya) subalbitarsis King &

Hoogstraal

Ae. (Finlaya) subauridorsum Marks

Ae. (Finlaya) subbasalis Dobrotworsky

Ae. (Finlaya) toxopeusi Bonne-Wepster

Ae. (Finlaya) tsiliensis King &

Hoogstraal

Ae. (Finlaya) tubbutiensis Dobrotworsky

Ae. (Finlaya) tutuilae Ramalingam &

Belkin

Ae. (Finlaya) wallacei Edwards

Ae. (Finlaya) wasselli Marks

Ae. (Geoskusea) becki Belkin

Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1)

Oc. (Finlaya) monocellatus (Marks)

Oc. (Finlaya) neogeorgianus (Belkin)

Oc. (Finlaya) notoscriptus (Skuse)

Oc. (Finlaya) novalbitarsis (King &

Hoogstraal)

Oc. (Finlaya) occidentalis (Skuse)

Oc. (Finlaya) oceanicus (Belkin)

Oc. (Finlaya) palmarum (Edwards)

Oc. (Finlaya) papuensis (Taylor)

Oc. (Finlaya) plagosus (Marks)

Oc. (Finlaya) plumiferus (King &

Hoogstraal)

Oc. (Finlaya) quasirubithorax

(Theobald)

Oc. (Finlaya) quinquelineatus (Edwards)

Oc. (Finlaya) roai (Belkin)

Oc. (Finlaya) rubiginosus (Belkin)

Oc. (Finlaya) rubrithorax (Macquart)

Oc. (Finlaya) rupestris (Dobrotworsky)

Oc. (Finlaya) samoanus (Grünberg)

Oc. (Finlaya) schlosseri (Belkin)

Oc. (Finlaya) shehzadae (Qutubuddin)

Oc. (Finlaya) solomonis (Stone &

Bohart)

Oc. (Finlaya) stanleyi (Peters)

Oc. (Finlaya) subalbitarsis (King &

Hoogstraal)

Oc. (Finlaya) subauridorsum (Marks)

Oc. (Finlaya) subbasalis (Dobrotworsky)

Oc. (Finlaya) toxopeusi (Bonne-

Wepster)

Oc. (Finlaya) tsiliensis (King &

Hoogstraal)

Oc. (Finlaya) tubbutiensis

(Dobrotworsky)

Oc. (Finlaya) tutuilae (Ramalingam &

Belkin)

Oc. (Finlaya) wallacei (Edwards)

Oc. (Finlaya) wasselli (Marks)

Oc. (Geoskusea) becki (Belkin)

Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1)

Ae. (Geoskusea) daggyi Stone & Bohart

Ae. (Geoskusea) fimbripes Edwards

Ae. (Geoskusea) longiforceps Edwards

Ae. (Geoskusea) lunulatus King &

Hoogstraal

Ae. (Geoskusea) perryi Belkin

Ae. (Geoskusea) tonsus Edwards

Ae. (Halaedes) ashworthi Edwards

Ae. (Halaedes) australis (Erichson)

Ae. (Halaedes) wardangensis Brust et al.

Ae. (Huaedes) medialis Brug

Ae. (Huaedes) variepictus King &

Hoogstraal

Ae. (Huaedes) wauensis Huang

Ae. (Leptosomatomyia) aurimargo

Edwards

Ae. (Levua) suvae Stone & Bohart

Ae. (?near Levua) daliensis (Taylor)

Ae. (Lorrainea) dasyorrhus King &

Hoogstraal

Ae. (Lorrainea) lamelliferus Bohart &

Ingram

Ae. (Macleaya) littlechildi Taylor

Ae. (Macleaya) stoneorum Marks

Ae. (Macleaya) tremulus (Theobald)

Ae. (Molpemyia) auridorsum Edwards

Ae. (Molpemyia) pecuniosus Edwards

Ae. (Molpemyia) purpureus (Theobald)

Ae. (Mucidus) alternans (Westwood)

Ae. (Mucidus)

(Theobald)

Ae. (Mucidus) aurantius chrysogaster

(Taylor)

Ae. (Mucidus) painei Knight

Ae. (Neomelaniconion) lineatopennis

(Ludlow)

Ae. (Nothoskusea)

Dumbleton

aurantius aurantius

chathamicus

Oc. (Geoskusea) daggyi

Bohart)

Oc. (Geoskusea) fimbripes (Edwards)

Oc. (Geoskusea) longiforceps (Edwards)

Oc. (Geoskusea) lunulatus (King &

Hoogstraal)

(Stone &

Oc. (Geoskusea) perryi (Belkin)

Oc. (Geoskusea) tonsus (Edwards)

Oc. (Halaedes) ashworthi (Edwards)

Oc. (Halaedes) australis (Erichson)

Oc. (Halaedes) wardangensis (Brust et

al.)

Ae. (Huaedes) medialis Brug

Ae. (Huaedes) variepictus King &

Hoogstraal

Ae. (Huaedes) wauensis Huang

Ae. (Leptosomatomyia) aurimargo

Edwards

Oc. (Levua) suvae (Stone & Bohart)

Oc. (?near Levua) daliensis (Taylor)

Ae. (Lorrainea) dasyorrhus King &

Hoogstraal

Ae. (Lorrainea) lamelliferus Bohart &

Ingram

Oc. (Macleaya) littlechildi (Taylor)

Oc. (Macleaya) stoneorum (Marks)

Oc. (Macleaya) tremulus (Theobald)

Oc. (Molpemyia) auridorsum (Edwards)

Oc. (Molpemyia) pecuniosus (Edwards)

Oc. (Molpemyia) purpureus (Theobald)

Oc. (Mucidus) alternans (Westwood)

Oc. (Mucidus) aurantius

(Theobald)

Oc. (Mucidus) aurantius chrysogaster

(Taylor)

Oc. (Mucidus) painei (Knight)

Ae. (Neomelaniconion) lineatopennis

(Ludlow)

Oc. (Nothoskusea)

(Dumbleton)

aurantius

chathamicus

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) aculeatus (Theobald)

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) andersoni Edwards

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) antipodeus (Edwards)

Ae. (Ochlerotatus)

(Theobald)

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) cacozelus Marks

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) calcariae Marks

Ae. (Ochlerotatus)

(Thomson)

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) clelandi (Taylor)

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) continentalis

Dobrotworsky

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) cunabulanus Edwards

burpengaryensis

camptorhynchus

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) edgari Stone & Rosen

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) eidsvoldensis

Mackerras

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) explorator Marks

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) flavifrons (Skuse)

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) hesperonotius Marks

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) hodgkini Marks

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) imperfectus

Dobrotworsky

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) inexpectatus Bonne-

Wepster

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) linesi Marks

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) luteifemur Edwards

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) macintoshi Marks

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) mcdonaldi Belkin

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) nigrithorax

(Macquart)

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) nivalis Edwards

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) normanensis

(Taylor)

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) perkinsi Marks

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) phaecasiatus Marks

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) procax (Skuse)

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) pseudonormanensis

Marks

Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) aculeatus (Theobald)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) andersoni (Edwards)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) antipodeus Edwards

Oc. (Ochlerotatus)

(Theobald)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) cacozelus (Marks)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) calcariae (Marks)

burpengaryensis

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) camptorhynchus

(Thomson)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) clelandi (Taylor)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) continentalis

(Dobrotworsky)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) cunabulanus

(Edwards)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) edgari (Stone &

Rosen)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus)

(Mackerras)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) explorator (Marks)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) flavifrons (Skuse)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) hesperonotius

(Marks)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) hodgkini (Marks)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus)

(Dobrotworsky)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) inexpectatus (Bonne-

Wepster)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) linesi (Marks)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) luteifemur (Edwards)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) macintoshi (Marks)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) mcdonaldi (Belkin)

eidsvoldensis

imperfectus

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) nigrithorax

(Macquart)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) nivalis (Edwards)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) normanensis

(Taylor)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) perkinsi (Marks)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) phaecasiatus (Marks)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) procax (Skuse)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) pseudonormanensis

(Marks)

Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1)

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) purpuraceus Brug

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) purpureifemur Marks

Ae. (Ochlerotatus)

Edwards

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) ratcliffei Marks

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) sagax (Skuse)

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) sapiens Marks

purpuriventris

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) silvestris

Dobrotworsky

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) spilotus Marks

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) stricklandi

(Edwards)

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) subalbirostris Klein

& Marks

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) theobaldi (Taylor)

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) turneri Marks

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) vigilax (Skuse)

Ae. (Ochlerotatus) vittiger (Skuse)

Ae. (Pseudoskusea) bancroftianus

Edwards

Ae. (Pseudoskusea) culiciformis

(Theobald)

Ae. (Pseudoskusea) multiplex

(Theobald)

Ae. (Pseudoskusea) postspiraculosis

Dobrotworsky

Ae. (Rhinoskusea) longirostris

(Leicester)

Ae. (Scutomyia) albolineatus (Theobald)

Ae. (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus)

Ae. (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse)

Ae. (Stegomyia) annandalei (Theobald)

Ae. (Stegomyia) aobae Belkin

Ae. (Stegomyia) cooki Belkin

Ae. (Stegomyia) futunae Belkin

Ae. (Stegomyia) gurneyi Stone & Bohart

Ae. (Stegomyia) hebrideus Edwards

Ae. (Stegomyia) hensilli Farner

Ae. (Stegomyia) hoguei Belkin

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) purpuraceus (Brug)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) ^ purpureifemur

(Marks)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) ^ purpuriventris

(Edwards)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) ratcliffei (Marks)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) sagax (Skuse)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) sapiens (Marks)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus)

(Dobrotworsky)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) spilotus (Marks)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) stricklandi Edwards

silvestris

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) subalbirostris (Klein

& Marks)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) theobaldi (Taylor)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) turneri (Marks)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) vigilax (Skuse)

Oc. (Ochlerotatus) vittiger (Skuse)

Oc. (Pseudoskusea) bancroftianus

(Edwards)

Oc. (Pseudoskusea) culiciformis

(Theobald)

Oc. (Pseudoskusea) multiplex

(Theobald)

Oc. (Pseudoskusea) postspiraculosis

(Dobrotworsky)

Oc. (Rhinoskusea) longirostris

(Leicester)

Ae. (Scutomyia) albolineatus (Theobald)

Ae. (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus)

Ae. (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse)

Ae. (Stegomyia) annandalei (Theobald)

Ae. (Stegomyia) aobae Belkin

Ae. (Stegomyia) cooki Belkin

Ae. (Stegomyia) futunae Belkin

Ae. (Stegomyia) gurneyi Stone & Bohart

Ae. (Stegomyia) hebrideus Edwards

Ae. (Stegomyia) hensilli Farner

Ae. (Stegomyia) hoguei Belkin

Ae. (Stegomyia) horrescens Edwards

Ae. (Stegomyia) katherinensis Woodhill

Ae. (Stegomyia) kesseli Huang &

Hitchcock

Ae. (Stegomyia) marshallensis Stone &

Bohart

Ae. (Stegomyia) paullusi Stone & Farner

Ae. (Stegomyia) pernotatus Farner &

Bohart

Ae. (Stegomyia) polynesiensis Marks

Ae. (Stegomyia) pseudoscutellaris

(Theobald)

Ae. (Stegomyia) quasiscutellaris Farner

& Bohart

Ae. (Stegomyia) robinsoni Belkin

Ae. (Stegomyia) rotumae Belkin

Ae. (Stegomyia) scutellaris (Walker)

Ae. (Stegomyia) tabu Ramalingam &

Belkin

Ae. (Stegomyia) tongae Edwards

Ae. (Stegomyia) tulagiensis Edwards

Ae. (Stegomyia) upolensis Marks

Ae. (Stegomyia) varuae Belkin

Ae. (Verrallina) | azureosquamatus

Bonne-Wepster

Ae. (Verrallina) bifoliatus

Hoogstraal

Ae. (Verrallina) butleri Theobald

Ae. (Verrallina) campylostylus Laffoon

King &

Ae. (Verrallina) carmenti Edwards

Ae. (Verrallina) cuccioi Belkin

Ae. (Verrallina) cunninghami Taylor

Ae. (Verrallina) embiensis Huang

Ae. (Verrallina) foliformis King &

Hoogstraal

Ae. (Verrallina) funereus (Theobald)

Ae. (Verrallina) killertonis Huang

Ae. (Verrallina) King &

Hoogstraal

leilae

Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1)

Ae. (Stegomyia) horrescens Edwards

Ae. (Stegomyia) katherinensis Woodhill

Ae. (Stegomyia) Huang &

Hitchcock

Ae. (Stegomyia) marshallensis Stone &

Bohart

Ae. (Stegomyia) paullusi Stone & Farner

kesseli

Ae. (Stegomyia) pernotatus Farner &

Bohart

Ae. (Stegomyia) polynesiensis Marks

Ae. (Stegomyia) X pseudoscutellaris

(Theobald)

Ae. (Stegomyia) quasiscutellaris Farner

& Bohart

Ae. (Stegomyia) robinsoni Belkin

Ae. (Stegomyia) rotumae Belkin

Ae. (Stegomyia) scutellaris (Walker)

Ae. (Stegomyia) tabu Ramalingam &

Belkin

Ae. (Stegomyia) tongae Edwards

Ae. (Stegomyia) tulagiensis Edwards

Ae. (Stegomyia) upolensis Marks

Ae. (Stegomyia) varuae Belkin

Ve. (Verrallina)

(Bonne-Wepster)

Ve. (Verrallina) bifoliata (King &

Hoogstraal)

Ve. (Verrallina) butleri (Theobald)

Ve. (Neomacleaya) | campylostylus

(Laffoon)

Ve. (Verrallina) carmenti (Edwards)

Ve. (Verrallina) cuccioi (Belkin)

Ve. (Verrallina) cunninghami (Taylor)

Ve. (Verrallina) embiensis (Huang)

Ve. (Verrallina) foliformis (King &

Hoogstraal)

Ve. (Verrallina) funerea (Theobald)

Ve. (Verrallina) killertonis (Huang)

Ve. (Verrallina) (King &

Hoogstraal)

azureosquamata

leilae

Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1)

Ae. (Verrallina) lineatus (Taylor)

Ae. (Verrallina) mccormicki Belkin

Ae. (Verrallina) milnensis King &

Hoogstraal

Ae. (Verrallina) multifolium King &

Hoogstraal

Ae. (Verrallina) neomacrodixoa King &

Hoogstraal

Ae. (Verrallina) obsoletus Huang

Ae. (Verrallina) panayensis Ludlow

Ae. (Verrallina) parasimilis King &

Hoogstraal

Ae. (Verrallina) quadrifolium Brug

Ae. (Verrallina) quadrispinatus King &

Hoogstraal

Ae. (Verrallina) reesi King & Hoogstraal

Ae. (Verrallina) sentanius King &

Hoogstraal

Ae. (Verrallina) similis (Theobald)

Ae. (Verrallina) King &

Hoogstraal

simplus

Ae. (Verrallina) trispinatus King &

Hoogstraal

Ae. (Verrallina) vanapus Huang

Ae. (Verrallina) variabilis Huang

Acknowledgements

Ve. (Verrallina) lineata (Taylor)

Ve. (Verrallina) mccormicki (Belkin)

Ve. (Verrallina) milnensis (King &

Hoogstraal)

Ve. (Verrallina) multifolium (King &

Hoogstraal)

Ve. (Neomacleaya) neomacrodixoa

(King & Hoogstraal)

Ve. (Verrallina) obsoleta (Huang)

Ve. (Neomacleaya)

(Ludlow)

Ve. (Verrallina) parasimilis (King &

Hoogstraal)

panayensis

Ve. (Verrallina) quadrifolium (Brug)

Ve. (Verrallina) quadrispinata (King &

Hoogstraal)

Ve. (Verrallina)

Hoogstraal)

Ve. (Verrallina) sentania (King &

Hoogstraal)

Ve. (Verrallina) similis (Theobald)

Ve. (Verrallina) (King &

Hoogstraal)

reesi

(King &

simplus

Ve. (Verrallina) trispinata (King &

Hoogstraal)

Ve. (Verrallina) vanapa (Huang)

Ve. (Verrallina) variabilis (Huang)

I thank Elizabeth Marks, Joan Bryan, Mike Muller and an anonymous

reviewer for commenting on the draft.

References

BELKIN, J.N. 1962. The mosquitoes of the South Pacific (Diptera, Culicidae). Volumes | and

II. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, USA; ix+608; 412 pp.

BRUST, R.A., BALLARD, J.W.O., DRIVER, F, HARTLEY, D.M, GALWAY, N.J. and

CURRAN, J. 1998. Molecular systematics, morphological analysis, and hybrid crossing identify

a third taxon, Aedes (Halaedes) wardangensis sp. nov., of the Aedes (Halaedes) australis

species-group (Diptera: Culicidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology 76: 1236-1246.

DEBENHAM, M.L. and HICKS, M.M. 1989. The Culicidae of the Australasian Region.

Volume 12. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra; xxv+217 pp.

REINERT, J.F. 1993. Redescription of Molpemyia, and its revalidation as a subgenus of Aedes

(Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Systematics 25: 41-63. F

20 Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1)

REINERT, J.F. 1999. Restoration of Verrallina to generic rank in tribe Aedini (Diptera:

Culicidae) and descriptions of the genus and three included subgenera. Contributions of the

American Entomological Institute (Gainesville) 31: 1-83.

REINERT, J.F. 2000. New classification for the composite genus Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae:

Aedini), elevation of subgenus Ochlerotatus to generic rank, reclassification of the other

subgenera, and notes on certain subgenera and species. Journal of the American Mosquito

Control Association 16: 175-188.

Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1): 21-24 21

PARASITISM OF EYSARCORIS TRIMACULATUS (DISTANT)

(HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) BY TWO TACHINID FLIES

(DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE)

I.R. KAY

Agency for Food and Fibre Sciences, Queensland Horticulture Institute, QDPI, Bundaberg

Research Station, 49 Ashfield Road, Bundaberg, Qld 4670

Abstract

Cylindromyia expansa Cantrell and Alophora (Mormonomyia) sp. are recorded parasitising

Eysarcoris trimaculatus (Distant) adults in the Burdekin River Irrigation Area of northern

Queensland. Parasitism rates ranged from 0-16% and parasitism was recorded in most months of

the year.

Introduction

There are few records of parasitism of adult or nymphal Australian

pentatomid bugs by flies in the family Tachinidae. Cantrell (1984, 1986)

reported records of Cylindromyia rufifemur Paramov from two species of

Pentatomidae, while Coombs and Khan (1997) provided host/parasitoid

records for five species of Pentatomidae and seven species of Tachinidae.

These authors commented on the paucity of such records.

Eysarcoris trimaculatus (Distant) is a small, brownish bug found in Western

Australia, Northern Territory, Queensland and New South Wales (Wood and

McDonald 1984). It is a pest of rice (Learmonth 1980, Halfpapp et al. 1992).

Kay (1993) studied its developmental biology and occurrence in rice fields in

northern Queensland. Records of parasitism of adult E. trimaculatus by

tachinid flies noted during that study are reported here.

Materials and methods

Adult E. trimaculatus were collected from rice (Oryza sativa L.) or from

stands of mixed weeds, including barnyard grass (Echinochloa colona (L.)

Link), sedges (Cyperus spp.) and rice grass (Leersia hexandra Sw.), on which

they also feed (Kay 1993). Collections were made with a sweep net on three

occasions during 1987 near Clare (19°47'S, 147°13'E) in the Burdekin River

Irrigation Area. The bugs were held in the laboratory and provided with rice

panicles for food. They were checked every two days until parasitoids

emerged or they died, with all dead bugs dissected. Several parasitoid pupae

were collected on the day they appeared in the holding containers and were

held at 24.5°C with a 14:12 L:D photoperiod until adults emerged. The

parasitoids were identified. A total of 86 fifth (final) instar E. trimaculatus

nymphs in lots of from three to 25 were collected from the field near Clare at

various times from March 1987 to May 1988 and held in the laboratory until

they developed to adults, which took from 1-7 days (mean 3.85 days).

From February 1987 to January 1988 twelve monthly collections of E.

trimaculatus adults were made at Clare from rice and weeds. Females were

22 Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1)

dissected to determine their reproductive status (Kay 1993). The number of

females found to contain parasitoid larvae was recorded.

Results

Two species of Tachinidae, both in the subfamily Phasiinae, were reared from

E. trimaculatus adults. They were Cylindromyia expansa Cantrell and

Alophora (Mormonomyia) sp. Seven C. expansa and one Alophora sp. were

reared from 49 adult E. trimaculatus collected in early March, four C.

expansa emerged from 149 adult E. trimaculatus in mid May and one

Alophora sp. emerged from 84 adult E. trimaculatus in mid June. Specimens

are held in the QDPI Insect Collection, Brisbane, under the following

Accession Numbers: C. expansa K2927 and K2928, Alophora sp. K2922 and

K2929. (Also, specimens of adult Alophora sp. collected with a sweep net in

rice stubble at Clare in June 1987 are held under the numbers K2923 and

K2924.) No parasitoids emerged from the field-collected nymphs.

Both C. expansa and Alophora sp. emerged from the host as larvae and

pupated externally as their pupae were found in the holding container.

Parasitised bugs dissected after death were found to be hollow shells with the

thorax and abdomen completely empty. The numbers of parasitised E.

trimaculatus corresponded to the number of parasitoid pupae recovered

indicating that only one parasitoid developed in each host. C. expansa adults

emerged in 10-11 days from pupae held at 24.5*C.

Parasitoid larvae were found in some female E. trimaculatus that were

dissected to determine their reproductive status. The identity of the

parasitoids is not known, but probably they were one or both of the tachinids

recorded. The percentage parasitism rates for each collection date (1987

unless stated otherwise) and the number of female E. trimaculatus dissected

(n) were: 17 February 1.7% (58); 10 March 4.0% (25), 23 April 4.096 (99);

21 May 6.996 (29); 23 June 096 (79); 23 July 096 (7); 18 August 096 (13); 22

September 10.796 (28); 21 October 3.7% (54); 25 November 5.3% (38); 23

December 2.096 (49); 25 January 1988 096 (66).

Discussion

Two more host/parasitoid records for Australian pentatomids/tachinids are

added to those few previously known (Cantrell 1984, 1986, Coombs and

Khan 1997). This is the first host record for C. expansa. While there are

several Australian records of hemipterous insects as hosts of species of

Alophora (Cantrell 1986, Coombs and Khan 1997), Cantrell (1984) pointed

out that the Australian species of Alophora were in need of a thorough

review. The exact identity of the Alophora species and their host/parasitoid

relationships will remain undetermined until the review is done.

While these are the first parasitoids recorded from an Australian species of

Eysarcoris Hahn there are records of parasitism of members of the genus by

tachinids from other regions of the world. Cheema eft al. (1973) reared two

Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1) 23

tachinids (Plesiocyptera evibrissata Townsend and Preeuthera tuckeri Bezzi)

from adult Eysarcoris inconspicuus Herrich-Schäffer and found unidentified

tachinid larvae in E. inconspicuus, Eysarcoris guttiger Thunberg and

Eysarcoris modestus Distant in Pakistan. In Japan, the tachinid Gymnosoma

rotundatum L. was recorded from nymphs and adults of Eysarcoris ventralis

(Westwood) and Eysarcoris lewisi (Scott), while an unidentified fly

parasitised Eysarcoris parvus Uhler (Ito 1978, Nakazawa and Hayashi 1984).

Richter and Markova (1999) reared Cylindromyia umbripennis van der Wulp

from Eysarcoris aeneus (Scopoli) in Russia.

This study provided limited biological and ecological information on the

parasitoids. One parasitoid developed in each host. As E. trimaculatus are

small bugs (adults are approximately 5 mm long by 3 mm wide), it is likely

that they are able to support the development of only one parasitoid to

maturity. Parasitism rates of adult E. trimaculatus, as determined by rearing

and dissection, were low, ranging from 0-16%, similar to rates reported by

Cheema et al. (1973) for Eysarcoris spp. in Pakistan (0.4-12.5%) but lower

than that due to G. rotundatum in Japan, which averaged 20% (Nakazawa and

Hayashi 1984). No parasitoids were reared from E. trimaculatus nymphs but

this may simply reflect the low numbers collected on any one day. Cheema et

al. (1973) commented that parasitism of Eysarcoris spp. nymphs in Pakistan

was extremely rare, while Nakazawa and Hayashi (1984) reported that G.

rotundatum commonly parasitised both nymphs and adults in Japan but that it

preferred to oviposit in adults rather than nymphs. More extensive collecting

and rearing of E. trimaculatus nymphs is needed to determine if the tachinids

will parasitise them. The duration of the pupal stage of C. expansa is 10-11

days at 24.5°C. The rearing and dissection data indicate that the parasitoids

were active for most of the year, although no parasitised E. trimaculatus were

recorded in July and August, during the district’s mild, dry winter. It is not

known whether the lack of recorded parasitism in July and August reflects a

lack of activity by the parasitoids during winter or that parasitism rates were

too low to be recorded. E. trimaculatus adults and nymphs were scarce and

occurred on scattered, isolated patches of weeds in moist areas during those

months (Kay 1993).

Acknowledgements

I thank Bryan Cantrell for identifying the flies and for his helpful comments

on the draft manuscript. John Brown provided technical assistance. The

Queensland Rice Marketing Board partly funded the studies on E.

trimaculatus and many rice growers in the Burdekin district kindly allowed

me to collect from their crops.

References

CANTRELL, B.K. 1984. Synopsis of the Australian Phasiinae, including revisions of

Gerocyptera Townsend and the Australian species of Cylindromyia Meigen (Diptera:

Tachinidae). Australian Journal of Zoology Supplementary Series 102: 1-60.

24 Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1)

CANTRELL, B.K. 1986. An updated host catalogue for the Australian Tachinidae (Diptera).

Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 25: 255-265.

CHEEMA, M.A., INSHAD, M., MURTAZA, M. and GHANI, M.A. 1973. Pentatomids

associated with Gramineae and their natural enemies in Pakistan. Commonwealth Institute of

Biological Control Technical Bulletin 16: 47-67.

COOMBS, M. and KHAN, S.A. 1997. New host/parasitoid records for Australian Pentatomidae,

Tachinidae and Braconidae. Australian Entomologist 24: 61-64.

HALFPAPP, K.H., KAY, LR. and BROWN, J.D. 1992. Rice. Pp. 89-93, in: ELDER, R.J.,

BROUGH, E.J. and BEAVIS, C.H.S. (Eds.) Insect and mite management guide - field crops,

forage crops and pastures. QDPI, Brisbane. Information Series 0192004.

ITO, K. 1978. Ecology of stink bugs causing pecky rice. Review of Plant Protection Research

11: 62-78.

KAY, LR. 1993. The developmental biology of Eysarcoris trimaculatus (Distant) (Hemiptera:

Pentatomidae). M.Sc. Thesis, James Cook University of North Queensland.

LEARMONTH, S.E. 1980. Rice insect pests and their management in the Ord River irrigation

area of Western Australia. International Rice Research Newsletter 5: 14.

NAKAZAWA, K. and HAYASHI, H. 1984. Bionomics of the stink bugs and allied bugs causing

the pecky rice (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). 2. Parasites of Eysarcoris ventralis Westwood and

Cletus punctiger (Dallas). Bulletin of the Hiroshima Prefectural Agricultural Experiment

Station 48: 35-48. (In Japanese with English summary.)

RICHTER, V.A. and MARKOVA, T.O. 1999, The tachinid species Cylindromyia umbripennis

van der Wulp new to the fauna of Russia (Diptera: Tachinidae). Zoosystematica Rossica 8: 188.

WOOD, I. and MCDONALD, F.J.D. 1984. Revision of the Australian Eysarcoris group

(Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 23: 253-264.

Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1): 25-28 25

THRIPS (THYSANOPTERA) AS A PUBLIC NUISANCE: A

QUEENSLAND CASE STUDY AND OVERVIEW, WITH

COMMENTS ON HOST PLANT RELATIONSHIPS

LAURENCE A. MOUND!, SCOTT RITCHIE? and JUDITH KING?

!CSIRO Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601

email:Laurence.Mound@csiro.au

“Tropical Public Health Unit, Queensland Health, PO Box 1103, Cairns, Old 4870

3DPI Forestry, PO Box 631, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068

Abstract

Pseudanaphothrips araucariae Mound & Palmer, an Australian endemic, is reported breeding

in the male cones of introduced Pinus in such high numbers that it caused public health

problems by invading a school. Information is summarised on other thrips causing a public

nuisance. This problem is considered in the light of intra-generic host-shifting and behavioural

opportunism amongst some thrips species.

Introduction

During the last week of July 2000, the Tropical Public Health Unit in Cairns

was contacted about a plague of minute insects affecting a school near

Cardwell, northern Queensland. Children were distressed because of massive

numbers of tiny insects getting onto their skin and into their hair, eyes and

mouth. Some children claimed to have been bitten. However, despite active

surveillance by school staff and parents, few children were found to have any

welts indicative of an allergic reaction. The insects also got into food, making

outdoor eating impossible.

The school was forced to restrict outside activity to the period before 1130 h,

when the insect numbers were tolerable. The plague became severe after that

time, continuing through the afternoon. It only abated in the evening with

cooler temperatures. Enormous numbers of these insects collected on walls

and ledges inside classrooms, having entered readily through open doors and

windows. Overhead fans in the classrooms did not prove effective in reducing

the problem, although conditions were satisfactory when all doors and

windows were closed and the air-conditioning turned on.

A plantation of pine trees (Pinus caribaea) surrounded the school. These

trees were thought to be the probable source of the insects but, in the absence

of more definite information, insecticide treatment was not considered

appropriate. The plague had occurred in previous years, starting early in July

after pollen drop in the pine trees. In 2000, the outbreak was preceded by

three months of dry weather. Rainfall from May to July was 45% of normal,

with only 3.2 mm of rain in July. Rains in early August (43 mm from 1-9

August), while not having an immediate effect, were considered to have

contributed to the subsequent decline in numbers, such that the outbreak was

over by 10 August.

26 Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1)

The insects causing the problem at this school were identified subsequently as

a species of thrips in the family Thripidae, Pseudanaphothrips araucariae

Mound & Palmer. This is a native Australian species that was described

originally as breeding in the male cones of Araucaria bidwilli in southern

Queensland (Mound and Palmer 1990). However, in describing the thrips

species, the authors also recorded it from the male cones of Araucaria

heterophylla in the Hawaiian Islands, whence presumably it had been

introduced.

More recently, this thrips was found by the Queensland Department of

Primary Industries Forestry staff to be breeding in the male cones of Pinus

tecunumanii in the seed orchard at Cardwell. It occurred in such large

numbers in these cones that fears were being expressed that it might reduce

the pollen yield below critical levels. DPI Forestry staff reported that the

thrips swarmed all over them, but that they were not bitten. The only other

available records of this thrips are also from DPI Forestry staff, who have

twice found it in large numbers at Imbil, southern Queensland, on Araucaria

cookii male cones (28.xi.1979) and on Araucaria cunninghamii male cones

(1.11.2001). Apart from these records nothing further is known about this

insect but reports of thrips as a public nuisance when in large populations are

more extensively documented.

Thrips as a public nuisance

The standard textbook on medical insects (Lane and Crosskey 1995) refers to

several species of thrips being of minor medical importance, but the data in

the book is derived largely from R.V. Southcott, a medical practitioner in

Adelaide, South Australia. Southcott (1986) published several personal

observations on thrips attacks in Adelaide, together with a summary of a

number of previously published comments. One of these concerned the late

C.B. Williams who, many years ago in London, recounted to one of us

(LAM) an experiment carried out during his youth in Trinidad. He allowed a

thrips of the family Phlaeothripidae, Karnyothrips flavipes (Jones), a scale

insect predator, to suck blood from his wrist over a period of 30 minutes.

A rather similar thrips, Haplothrips froggatti Hood, the Black Plague Thrips

of Australia, causes occasional annoyance in dry areas. This species breeds in

grasses and in years of good grass growth the populations of thrips increase

dramatically, with mass flights occurring during subsequent dry weather. Vast

numbers of this thrips then disperse and enter houses as well as crops. Mass

emergences of this sort were reported during the year 2000 in parts of

Queensland and Northern Territory, following the dry weather that occurred

that year.

A third member of the family Phlaeothripidae that causes recurrent problems

is Gynaikothrips ficorum (Marchal). This thrips induces leaf-roll galls on

Ficus microcarpa, a tree that is widely planted throughout tropical and

Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1) 27

subtropical countries. In Latin America, where these trees are common in

town and village squares, local residents relaxing in their shade can be

plagued by this thrips getting into their eyes and glasses of beer. The tree is

widely planted in gardens around Australia, the thrips being reported

occasionally as a local irritant in parts of New South Wales (Peter Gillespie,

pers. comm.).

Amongst the members of the Thripidae, the other large family of

Thysanoptera, Limothrips cerealium (Haliday) is the most frequently

recorded species causing irritation. In Western Europe, this species frequently

probes sweaty skin on stormy summer days, when the adults emerge from

their cereal hosts in mass flights. This habit has earned the species the

common name ‘Thunder Fly’. Other species of Thripidae that occur in large

numbers and have been noted to cause problems of skin irritation through the

probing of adults, are Frankliniella bispinosa (Morgan) in Florida, Thrips

tabaci Lindeman in California, Thrips major Uzel in Germany and Thrips

imaginis Bagnall in South Australia. According to Southcott (1986), the

earliest published record of thrips causing irritation was from Paris in 1902,

the species involved being Melanthrips fuscus (Sulzer), a common member of

the Melanthripidae.

Mass flights of thrips also give rise to complaints, in various countries, of

freshly laundered clothes being soiled whilst drying. This is a common

problem in southern Australia with the Plague Thrips, Thrips imaginis. A

more serious effect of these mass flights is the nuisance caused by large

numbers of adults triggering smoke-detector fire alarms (Lewis 1997), thus

causing considerable distress in hospitals and old peoples’ homes. This is

particularly important with Limothrips cerealium in Western Europe, a

species notorious for its thigmotactic behaviour. Each summer adults crawl

into minute spaces to over-winter. They can then be found in many unlikely

situations, the following being some of the places noted during routine

identifications over many years: under glass of framed pictures, in backs of

brooches in museums, inside stored polystyrene blocks intended for building

insulation, within factory sealed hypodermic syringes and tampons, and on

tissue cultures in sterile laboratories with a double-scrubbed air supply.

Intra-generic host-plant diversity

This record of a Pseudanaphothrips species becoming a public nuisance

draws attention to the interesting biological phenomenon of host-shifting.

Biologists commonly expect that species within a single genus will exhibit

similar biological characteristics, such that congeneric species are commonly

predicted to breed on host plants that are related to each other. There are

several examples of such host-relationships amongst Australian Thysanoptera,

including Dichromothrips species in the flowers of orchids, Odontothripiella

species in pea flowers and several genera of Phlaeothripidae on Acacia

28 Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1)

phyllodes. In contrast, host-exploitation in some genera such as

Pseudanaphothrips is more opportunistic and unpredictable.

Pseudanaphothrips achaetus (Bagnall) is a widespread flower-thrips in

Australia, apparently breeding in a very wide range of flowers. In contrast,

recent field-work has established that five of the 14 named species in the

genus (Mound 1996) are specific to remarkably different plants: P.

araucariae in male cones of Pinopsida, P. casuarinae Mound @ Palmer in

male cones of various Casuarinaceae, P. frankstoni (Steele) on fertile fronds

of Dicksonia antarctica (Filicopsida), P. melanurus (Steele) in flowers of

Cassinia (Asteraceae); P. annettae Mound & Palmer on leaves of several

small Leucopogon species (Epacridaceae).

Irregular and opportunistic patterns of host exploitation are rarely studied.

They are less susceptible to investigation than patterns that exhibit regularity.

But the evolution of several species of pest thrips derives from their

opportunistic behaviour (Mound and Teulon 1995), with radical changes in

host-plant associations as well as changes from phytophagy to predation. P.

araucariae is an endemic Australian thrips, yet it now breeds in large

numbers on one or more exotic Pinus species. Given the flexibility in

behaviour that must underlie such opportunism, perhaps it should not come as

a surprise that such a species indulges occasionally in thalophagy. However,

any thrips species that occurs in very large numbers seems likely to have the

potential to cause irritation to humans.

References

LANE, R.P. and CROSSKEY, R.W. 1995. Medical insects and arachnids. Chapman and Hall,

London, 723 pp.

LEWIS, T. 1997. Flight and dispersal. Chapter 5, pp 175-196, in Lewis, T (ed.), Thrips as crop

pests. CAB International, Wallingford. 740 pp.

MOUND, L.A. 1996. Thysanoptera. Pp 249-336, 397-414 (Index), in Wells, A.(ed.), Zoological

catalogue of Australia. Volume 26. Psocoptera, Phthiraptera, Thysanoptera. CSIRO Australia,

Melbourne, 418 pp.

MOUND, L.A. and PALMER, J.M. 1990. Two new Thripidae (Thysanoptera) from the male

flowers of Araucaria and Casuarina in Australia and Hawaii. Entomologists’ Monthly

Magazine 126: 1-7.

MOUND, L.A. and TEULON, D.A.J. 1995. Thysanoptera as phytophagous opportunists. Pp 3-

20, in Parker, B.L., Skinner, M. and Lewis, T. (eds), Thrips biology and management. Plenum

Publishing Corp., New York; 636 pp.

SOUTHCOTT, R.V. 1986. Medical ill-effects of Australian primitive winged and wingless

insects. Records of the Adelaide Children's Hospital 3: 277-356.

Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1): 29-36 29

NEW BUTTERFLY TAXA FROM NEW IRELAND, PAPUA NEW

GUINEA (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE AND LYCAENIDAE)

CHRIS J. MULLER

Indochina Goldfields, Jl. 141 Sumatera, Tarakan, Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia

(address for correspondence: PO Box 3228, Dural, NSW 2158)

Abstract

Parantica fuscela berak subsp. nov., Nacaduba zaron sp. nov, Philiris siassi krima subsp. nov.,

P. apicalis ginni subsp. nov., P. luscescens lak subsp. nov. and Udara drucei tennenti subsp.

nov. from New Ireland are described and illustrated. The life history of P. siassi krima is also

described and figured, with Litsea sp. (Lauraceae) recorded as a larval food plant.

Introduction

A number of new butterfly taxa have been described recently from New

Ireland, Papua New Guinea (Miiller 1999a, 1999b, 2001; Miiller and Sands

1999; Miiller and Tennent 1999; Tennent 2000a, 2000b). The majority of

these were taken in largely inaccessible montane rainforest in the interior of

the island. This work describes further new taxa from New Ireland, including

one new species and five distinctive new subspecies of little-known taxa

recorded previously only from New Britain, Umboi Island or mainland New

Guinea.

Depositories are abbreviated as follows: AMS - Australian Museum, Sydney;

ANIC - Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Canberra; BMNH -

The Natural History Museum, London; CJMC - C. J. Miiller Collection; SGC

- Scott Ginn Collection.

Parantica fuscela berak subsp. nov.

(Figs 1-4)

Types. Holotype &', PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Hans Meyer Range, 1400 m, southern

New Ireland, 24.viii.1998, C.J. Müller (BMNH). Paratypes: 1 O', same data as

holotype (CJMC), 1 9, same data as holotype (BMNH), 1 ?, Hans Meyer Range, 2400

m, southern New Ireland, 22.viii.1998, C.J. Miiller (CJMC).

Description. Male (Figs 1-2). Forewing length 39 mm; antenna 18 mm. Head

black with white dots around eye, both dorsally and ventrally; antenna and

labial palpus black. Thorax black. Abdomen black dorsally and grey-cream

ventrally. Forewing upperside deep chocolate brown with a bluish-white

median cell spot, a number of irregular postmedian, subapical and

subterminal spots of similar colouring between vein CuA, and costa;

underside similar to upperside but with ground colour more red-brown close

to termen and along costa. Hindwing with subtornal grey oval sex brand

centered on vein 1A+2A, upperside light chocolate brown with irregular

bluish-white median band and more distinct submarginal row of spots;

underside similar to upperside but with ground colour red-brown, distinct

white spot in radial sector and a row of white submarginal spots, black scaling

around sex brand.

30 Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1)

Female (Figs 3-4). Forewing length 42 mm, antenna 19 mm. Simlar to male

but larger, with wings more rounded, ground colour on both wing surfaces

paler, submarginal and median forewing spots extended to near anal vein,

underside with submarginal row of spots larger and more continuous.

Comments. Both sexes of P. f. berak may be separated from P. f. fuscela

Parsons by the larger bluish-white spots on both wing surfaces and by the

presence of a row of white subterminal spots on the hindwing underside. The

underside ground colour in P. f. berak appears to be a much richer red-brown

than that of P. f. fuscela, although the only known pair of the latter taxon are

worn and this may not be a diagnostic character.

Parantica f. fuscela was described from a single pair, taken during the early

1960s by J. Sedlacek in eastern New Britain, at about 1000 m elevation

(Parsons 1989). The discovery of this species in montane New Ireland is not

surprising, considering the faunal similarities between the two islands. Adults

of P. f. berak were taken flying in montane moss forest together with a

number of recently described montane taxa, including Graphim kosii Müller

& Tennent, Cethosia vasilia Müller, Delias messalina lizzae Müller,

Leuciacria olivei Müller and Mycalesis mulleri Tennent.

Philiris siassi krima subsp. nov.

(Figs 13-14, 17-24)

Types. Holotype J, PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Cape Suesat, 50 m, northeastern New

Ireland, 15.vii.1998, C.J. Müller (ANIC). Paratypes: | O', same data as holotype

(CIMC), 1 O”, same data as holotype but dated 17.vii.1998 (AMS), 4 070’, ~12 km W

of Taron Village, 550 m, southern New Ireland, 14.viii.1998, C.J. Müller (1 in

BMNH, 3 in CJMC), 1 o", Weiten Valley, 350 m, southern New Ireland, 24.viii. 1998,

C.J. Müller (CJMC), 1 c, Schleinitz Mts, 900 m, central New Ireland, 8.x.2000, C.J.

Müller (CIMC), 2 99, Schleinitz Mts, 1260 m, central New Ireland, 24.vii.1998, C. J.

Müller (CJMC), 1 9, Schleinitz Mts, 1000 m, central New Ireland, bred ex-pupa,

emerged 24.xi.2000, pupated 1.xi.2000, C.J. Müller (CIMC).

Description. Male (Figs 17-18). Forewing length 19 mm, antenna 10 mm.

Head black with eye ringed white; antenna black, ringed white, with club

tipped orange brown. Thorax black dorsally and grey ventrally. Abdomen

black, white ventrally. Forewing with costa fairly straight; upperside purplish-

blue with narrow (« 0.5 mm) black termen; underside lustrous white.

Hindwing upperside as for forewing but with costa and inner margin broadly

grey-brown; underside as for forewing but with narrow black border,

increasing in width towards tornus.

Female (Figs 13-14, 19-20). Forewing length 20 mm, antenna 11 mm. Head,

antenna, thorax and abdomen as for male. Forewing with termen strongly

convex; upperside black-brown with iridescent sky blue area extending from

base through cell along radius to postmedian area and to inner margin;

underside as for male. Hindwing upperside sky blue with black-brown termen

Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1) 31

Figs 1-24. New butterfly taxa from New Ireland. (1-20): Adults, odd numbers

upperside, even numbers underside. (1, 2) Parantica fuscela berak male; (3, 4) P. f.

berak female; (5, 6) Philiris luscescens lak male; (7, 8) P. l. lak female; (9, 10) Udara

drucei tennenti female; (11, 12) Philiris apicalis ginni male, (13, 14) P. siassi krima

female, (15, 16) Nacaduba zaron male, (17, 18) Philiris siassi krima male, (19, 20) P.

s. krima female. (21): P. s. krima female, on foliage. (22-24): Early stages of P. s.

krima. (22) Fifth instar larva, dorsal view, (23) Pupa, dorsal view, (24) Pupa, lateral

view. Scale bar (Figs 1-4) = 9 mm, (Figs 5-20) = 8 mm, (Figs 22-24) = 6 mm.

32 Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1)

border, also extending along veins, broadly grey-brown along costa and inner

margin, cilia white, underside as for male.

Life history. Foodplant Litsea sp. (Lauraceae).

Egg. Diameter 0.8 mm, wider than high, white, strongly pitted with fine

spines along pit peripheries.

Larva (Fig. 22). Third instar 14 mm long, flattened laterally, flanged and

indented between segments, dense fine setae covering body, especially

anteriorly, grass green with pair of irregular yellow dorsolateral stripes and

light brown dorsal stripe along segments 1 and 2, also 8 and 9. Final instar

(Fig. 22) 23 mm long, similar to third instar but with dark dorsal stripe blue-

black and restricted to body segments 1 and 2.

Pupa (Figs 23-24). Length 16 mm, covered by short, coarse setae, flattened

posteriorly, pale yellow-green with red-brown dorsal stripe on head and

thorax and 3 equidistant stripes of similar colouring on wing cases, parallel to

veins, and along termen. Attached by cremaster and central girdle.

Comments. P. s. krima males are very similar to those of P. s. siassi Sands but

tend to have a straighter forewing termen, giving the wings a more pointed

appearance. The male genitalia are very similar to those of P. s. siassi (see

Sands 1979). Females have the blue area on the upperside much more

extensive and paler than in P. s. siassi. Females are variable in wing shape

(see Figs 13-14, 19-20).

Philiris s. siassi was described from specimens taken from Umboi (Siassi)

Island in the Bismarck archipelago (Sands 1979). Specimens have also been

observed on New Britain (D. Sands, pers. comm.). In New Ireland P. s. krima

occurs from sea level to around 1300 m and possibly higher. Males defend

territories from perches between 3 and 12 m above the ground, commonly

adjacent to streams. At low altitude in southern New Ireland this species was

taken flying with Philiris melanacra Tite, P. tombara Tite, P. luscescens lak

and P. intensa (Butler).

Philiris luscescens lak subsp. nov.

(Figs 5-8, 26)

Types. Holotype ©, PAPUA NEW GUINEA: ~6 km N of Cape Silur, 100-150 m,

southern New Ireland, 3.viii.1998, C.J. Müller (ANIC). Paratypes: 1 O", 1 9, same

data as holotype but dated 5.viii.1998, genitalia dissected and attached to specimen

(CJMC), 1 0°, 1 9, same data as holotype but dated 8.viii.1998 (CJMC), 1 o”, same

data as holotype but dated 9.viii.1998 (AMS), 1 07, same data as holotype but dated

10.viii.1998 (CJMC), 1 O", same data as holotype but dated 11.viii.1998 (CIMC).

Description. Male (Figs 5-6). Forewing length 13 mm, antenna 8 mm. Head

grey-black with eye ringed white, antenna black ringed white. Thorax and

abdomen grey-brown, white beneath. Forewing with termen straight;

upperside lavender blue with costa, apex and termen broadly dark brown;

Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1) 33

underside creamy white. Hindwing upperside lavender blue with termen,

costa and inner margin dark brown: underside creamy white with small black

submedian spot between vein 1A+2A and anal vein, termen narrowly black.

Female (Figs 7-8). Forewing length 16 mm, antenna 9 mm. Head, antenna,

thorax and abdomen as for male. Forewing upperside dark brown with pale

bluish white basal area below cell, becoming darker blue near base and costa;

underside as for male. Hindwing upperside dark brown with scattered blue

scales in cell; underside as for male.

Male genitalia (Fig. 26). Sociuncus squared laterally, dorsally U-shaped

anteriorly; brachium long, apically slender; valva squat, asymmetrical,

roughly hemispherical, aedeagus elongate, rounded apically.

Etymology. Named after the Lak district, a local name referring to the bulge

in southern New Ireland where the type series was collected.

Figs 25-26. Male genitalia of Philiris spp. from New Ireland. (25) P. apicalis ginni,

(a) lateral view; (b) sociuncus, dorsal view; (c) valvae, ventral view. (26) P.

luscescens lak, (a) lateral view; (b) sociuncus, dorsal view; (c) valvae, ventral view.

Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

Comments. Parsons (1998) correctly assumed that specimens of P. luscescens

Tite from New Ireland represent ‘a distinct unnamed race’. Males of P. 1. lak

have much broader forewing apical margins and a lavender hue to the blue,

34 Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1)

not developed in P. I. luscescens. Additionally, males of P. I. lak also have a

very straight forewing termen. Parsons (1998) also commented on the

distinctive genitalia of New Ireland specimens. Females of the two subspecies

are very similar but those of P. I. lak may have more blue scales on the

hindwing than the nominate subspecies.

P. l. lak was found to be extremely local in New Ireland, being recorded at

only a single small locality. However, a female taken in the Schleinitz

Mountains at 800 m, likely belongs to P. I. lak.

Philiris apicalis ginni subsp. nov.

(Figs 11-12, 25)

Types. Holotype J, PAPUA NEW GUINEA: ~12 km W of Taron Village, 550 m,

southern New Ireland, 13.viii.1998, C.J. Müller (in ANIC). Paratypes: 2 00, same

data as holotype, both with genitalia dissected and attached to specimen (1 in CJMC,

1 in SGC), 2 00, Weiten Valley, 250 m, southern New Ireland, 24.viii.1998, C.J.

Müller (CJMC).

Description. Male (Figs 11-12). Forewing length 16 mm, antenna 9 mm.

Head black with eye ringed white; antenna black ringed white. Thorax and

abdomen black, grey beneath. Forewing upperside purple with black apical

area tapering towards inner margin; underside grey. Hindwing upperside

purplish-blue with termen narrowly black, costa and inner margin broadly

grey-brown; underside grey, black along tornal veins at termen.

Male genitalia. (Fig. 25). Sociuncus pointed laterally, dorsally squared with

tiny saddle anteriorly; brachium long and thick; valva squat and rounded,

aedeagus elongate, irregular apically.

Etymology. Named after Mr Scott Ginn of Cherrybrook, New South Wales.

Comments. Males of P. a. ginni have much more extensive purple on the

forewing upperside and the colour above of the fore and hindwings are more

contrasting than those of P. a. apicalis Tite. The grey underside is distinctive

amongst species of Philiris Róber from New Ireland.

P. a. ginni was found to be extremely local in New Ireland, being recorded at

only two small localities. Males were collected at flowers together with

Hypochrysops arronica honora Grose-Smith.

Udara drucei tennenti subsp. nov.

(Figs 9-10)

Types. Holotype 9, PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Hans Meyer Range, 1700 m, southern

New Ireland, 19.viii.1998, C.J. Müller (ANIC). Paratypes: 2 99, Hans Meyer Range,

2400 m, southern New Ireland, 22.viii.1998, C.J. Müller (1 in CJMC, 1 in BMNH).

Description. Female (Figs 9-10). Forewing length 20 mm, antenna 9 mm.

Head grey, eye ringed white, antenna black, ringed white. Thorax and

abdomen dark grey, grey-white beneath. Forewing termen fairly convex;

Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1) 35

upperside dark brown with lustrous sky blue area extending from base

through cell below radius to postmedian area and to inner margin, dark brown

along discocellulars, underside grey-white, a submarginal and a postmedian

band of brown spots, latter broken at vein M,, also brown cell stripe parallel

to discocellulars. Hindwing upperside dark brown with central lustrous sky

blue area between vein M,, inner margin and subterminal area, underside

grey-white with a row of brown subterminal spots, also an irregular, broken

median and basal band of brown spots, brown along discocellulars.

Male unknown.

Etymology. Named after Mr John Tennent, The Natural History Museum,

London.

Comments. Females of U. d. tennenti are much larger than those of U. d.

drucei (Bethune-Baker). The blue area on the upperside of the forewing is

more extensive and more iridescent than in U. d. drucei but more reduced on

the hindwing, while the markings on the underside of U. d. tennenti are much

less distinct and brown rather than black.

U. d. tennenti was taken at high altitude in New Ireland, where females flew

over the canopy on mountain tops, rarely settling for brief periods on both the

branches and foliage of lauraceous trees. When males become available, it is

possible that this subspecies will be found to be specifically distinct from U.

d. drucei from mainland New Guinea.

Nacaduba zaron sp. nov.

(Figs 15-16)

Type. Holotype &', PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Schleinitz Mts, 1000 m, central New

Ireland, 1.x.2000, C.J. Müller (ANIC).

Description. Male (Figs 15-16). Forewing length 16 mm, antenna 9 mm.

Head black, eye ringed white; antenna black, ringed white. Thorax and

abdomen black with fine hairs bluish-grey dorsally and brown beneath.

Forewing with costa much longer than inner margin, termen straight;

upperside iridescent purplish-blue, termen and cilia narrowly black; underside

dark brown, a row of broad submarginal spots forming arrow shapes towards

base, each outlined in white, a postmedian band of spots, displaced basally at

vein CuA,, a median and basal band in cell, both outlined in white, basal band

continuing indistinctly to near inner margin. Hindwing with short black,

white-tipped tail at vein CuA,; upperside iridescent purplish-blue, costa,

termen and cilia narrowly black; underside dark brown with large black

subtornal spot between veins CuA; and CuA,, finely outlined in metallic light

blue, but replaced by orange near termen, a row of broad submarginal spots

forming arrow shapes towards base, outlined in white, a postmedian, median

and basal band all outlined in white and displaced at veins.

36 Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1)

Comments. N. zaron is unlike any other known species of Nacaduba Moore

and is characterised by its short hindwing tails, straight and rather short

forewing termen, iridescent purplish-blue upperside and dark brown

underside ground colour.

References

MULLER, C.J. 1999a. A new species of Cethosia and a new subspecies of Delias (Lepidoptera:

Nymphalidae and Pieridae) from New Ireland, Papua New Guinea. Records of the Australian

Museum 51(2): 169-177.

MULLER, C.J. 1999b. A new species of Leuciacria Rothschild & Jordan (Lepidoptera:

Pieridae) from montane New Ireland, Papua New Guinea. Australian Entomologist 26(3): 65-

70.

MULLER, C.J. 2001. A new species of Delias Hiibner (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) from New

Ireland, Papua New Guinea. Australian Entomologist 28(1): 17-22.

MULLER, C.J. and SANDS, D.P.A. 1999. A new subspecies of Bindahara meeki Rothschild &

Jordan (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from New Ireland, Papua New Guinea. Australian

Entomologist 26(4): 103-110.

MULLER, C.J. and TENNENT, W.J. 1999. A new species of Graphium Scopoli (Lepidoptera:

Papilionidae) from the Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea. Records of the Australian

Museum 51(2): 161-168.

PARSONS, M.J. 1989. A new Delias subspecies, a new Sabera, and a new Parantica from

Papua New Guinea (Lepidoptera: Pieridae, Hesperidae, Nymphalidae). Bishop Museum

Occasional Papers 29: 193-198.

PARSONS, M.J. 1998. The butterflies of Papua New Guinea: their systematics and biology.

Academic Press, London; xvi+736 pp, xxvi+136 pls.

SANDS, D.P.A. 1979. New species of Philiris Róber (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from Papua

New Guinea. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 18: 127-133.

TENNENT, W.J. 2000a. Notes on Deudorix Hewitson in the Solomon Islands, the Bismarck

Archipelago and New Guinea, with descriptions of nine new taxa (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae).

Australian Entomologist 27(1): 9-27.

TENNENT, W.J. 2000b. A new species of Mycalesis Hübner from the Bismarck Archipelago,

Papua New Guinea (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae). Nachrichten Entomologischen

Vereins Apollo, N.F. 20(3/4): 333-336.

Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1): 37-46 37

LYCAENID BUTTERFLIES (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE)

OF BRISBANE: NEW FOOD PLANT RECORDS AND LIFE

HISTORY NOTES

DANIEL SCHMIDT! and STEVEN RICE?

! Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane, Qld 4101

219 Walbrook Ave, Springwood, Qld 4127

Abstract

Information is provided on 19 lycaenid species found in metropolitan Brisbane, southeast

Queensland. Thirty-one new larval food plants are recorded for 9 species. Also included are life-

history notes and/or records of lycaenids breeding within the inner city and suburban areas of

Brisbane.

Introduction

Sixty-three butterfly species in the family Lycaenidae occur in the Greater

Brisbane Region (defined by Poole 1995) of southeast Queensland, according

to distribution data in Braby (2000). The rich diversity of butterflies

occurring in the region has been attributed to its varied forest types and has

been recognised due to a relatively high collecting effort (Kitching and Dunn

1999). Suburban areas support a large proportion of this diversity. Twenty-

nine lycaenid species were recorded from a Mt Coot-tha garden (Hill and

Kitching 1983), whilst breeding records of De Baar (1994) and Hill (1987)

suggest suburban gardens and bushlands support a diverse and interesting

lycaenid fauna. However, some suburban areas, particularly new

developments isolated from natural habitat, support only a few common

lycaenid species (Hill and Kitching 1983).

The following food plant list provides new records and/or life history notes

for several lycaenids of metropolitan Brisbane. These records are additional

to those of Braby (2000), who provided an extensive list of food plants and

life-history details for the Australian lycaenid fauna. Species that breed in

highly modified environments such as the City centre are identified.

Collecting focused on the southern and western suburbs and in the Brisbane

City centre (George St, Ann St, North Quay and South Brisbane). New food

plants are annotated under each species heading and known food plants are

also listed where life-history information is given. Months indicate collection

times of larvae and/or pupae. Nomenclature for butterflies follows Braby

(2000). Attending ants collected during this study will be reported elsewhere.

Results

Hypochrysops cyane (Waterhouse & Lyell)

Amyema miquelii (Loranthaceae). Inala, Indooroopilly. Jan., Aug. 1999-2000.

Larvae and pupae collected from beneath cardboard bands attached 3-4 m

from the ground on the trunk and branches of Eucalyptus seeana and E.

tereticornis (Myrtaceae). Larvae failed to develop on the eucalypt foliage, but

did accept and develop normally on foliage of A. miquelii, which heavily

38 Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1)

parasitised both trees. Amyema miquelii is a known food plant of H. cyane at

Warwick, Qld (Braby 2000). A single tree at each site was utilised by H.

cyane over successive generations, while other trees nearby with similar

infestations of A. miquelii were not used. Pupae of Ogyris oroetes (Hewitson)

and O. olane Hewitson were found together with H. cyane at both sites.

Larvae collected in August produced adults in October, while larvae and

pupae collected in January produced adults in February.

Ogyris oroetes oroetes (Hewitson)

Amyema miquelii (Loranthaceae). Indooroopilly, St Lucia, Corinda, Rocklea,

Inala, Gailes, Acacia Ridge, Browns Plains and Eight Mile Plains. Jan.-May,

Aug. 1999-2000. At least three generations were detected including late-

summer (adults emerging from February to early March), autumn (adults

emerging throughout May) and spring (adults emerging from August to

September). Additional generations are likely to occur as adults have been

collected or reared in all months (Braby 2000). Larvae feed on fresh young

growth which is produced throughout the year. Pupal duration was 12 days in

March-April, 23 days in August-September and 43 days in July-August.

During winter the larval duration of the spring generation was 60-70 days.

Amyema miquelii is a known food plant of this species (Braby 2000) and is a

common parasite of Eucalyptus tereticornis and other Eucalyptus spp. in the

above suburbs.

In Brisbane and elsewhere in southern Queensland, larvae are green and

closely match the food plant foliage in colour. On two occasions (at Warwick

and Leyburn) immature 4th and Sth (final) instar larvae were collected on A.

miquelii foliage during the day. Common and Waterhouse (1981) reported

green larvae feeding during the day at Mitchell. This behaviour may be more

prevalent (at least in southern Queensland) than has previously been

recognised. Immature larvae were never found sheltering during the day

under bark near the mistletoe or near the base of the host tree as reported by

Braby (2000), although mature (post-feeding) larvae and pupae were

regularly found in these situations.

Ogyris olane Hewitson

Amyema miquelii (Loranthaceae). Indooroopilly, Rocklea, Inala, Gailes,

Acacia Ridge, Browns Plains and Eight Mile Plains. Feb.-Mar., May, Aug.-

Sep. 1999-2000. Three generations were collected. Pupal duration of the late

summer generation was 10 days (February), spring generation 22 days

(September), winter generation 38 days (June-July). An additional early

summer generation may occur, but further collecting in November and

December is required to confirm this. Amyema miquelii is a known food plant

of O. olane (Braby 2000). Immature larvae sheltered under bark close to the

mistletoe haustorium, while mature larvae and pupae were often found with

those of O. oroetes under bark near the base of the host tree.

Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1) 39

Ogyris amaryllis amaryllis (Hewitson)

Amyema cambagei (Loranthaceae). Wolston Ck (Wacol), Oxley Ck

(Corinda), Moggill Ck (Brookfield), Pullen Pullen Ck (Pinjarra Hills), Aug.-

Jan. 1999-2000. Common along watercourses wherever the food plant is

locally common. Captive larvae accepted and developed normally on another

common mistletoe, A. miquelii, but despite a considerable search effort no

early stages were found on this plant in the field. This subspecies is known to

feed only on A. cambagei throughout its range (Braby 2000) and our results

support its monophagous status.

Rapala varuna (Horsfield)

Jagera pseudorhus (Sapindaceae). Sherwood Arboretum, Apr. 2000. Single

mature larva feeding on flowers. Larva was pale yellow with pink markings.

Eriobotrya japonica (Rosaceae). Sherwood, Apr. 2001. Two mature larvae

and several immature larvae and eggs found on flower buds and flowers.

Alphitonia excelsa (Rhamnaceae). Oxley Ck (Corinda), Toohey Forest, Dec.

1999 to Jun. 2000. Numerous larvae were found on flowers of this well-

known food plant in all months from December to June, representing two or

three generations. Pupal duration was 10 days in December-January, 16 days

in March-April and 30 days in May-June.

Deudorix diovis Hewitson

Arytera foveolata (Sapindaceae). Oxley Ck (Corinda) and Moggill Ck

(Kenmore), Nov. 1999 to Jan. 2000. Numerous larvae found in fruits. Mature

larvae are partly exposed while feeding on seeds as the fruit lobes are smaller

than the larva itself. Pupae were attached to leaf litter near the base of trees.

Cupaniopsis parvifolia (Sapindaceae). Oxley Ck (Corinda) and Sherwood,

Nov., Dec. 1999. Numerous larvae found feeding on seeds and inner fruit

wall.

Harpullia hillii (Sapindaceae). South Brisbane, Oct. 1999, 2000. Several

mature larvae found feeding on fleshy inner wall of fruit capsules; seeds not

present. Development was completed normally on fruit capsules.

Macadamia integrifolia (Proteaceae). Sherwood, Corinda, Mt Gravatt, South

Brisbane, Oct. to Jan. Numerous larvae in 1999-2000, few in 2000-01. Larvae

feed and complete development on the outer rind of fruit when the inner seed

hardens. Pupae were found in hollowed branches and in cracks on the trunk.

Macadamia is known as a food plant of D. diovis in Queensland (Braby

2000), although the species involved have not formerly been identified.

Macadamia tetraphyla (Proteaceae). St Lucia, Jan. 2000 & 2001. Evidence of

larval feeding on fruits and several pupae found in crevices on lower trunk.

40 Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1)

Larvae were also recorded on the known food plants Harpullia pendula,

Cupaniopsis anacardioides (Sapindaceae), Buckinghamia — celsissima

(Proteaceae) and Elaeocarpus angustifolius (Elaeocarpaceae) in suburban

Brisbane. D. diovis is common throughout Brisbane as a result of the use of

these plants as street trees. Harpullia pendula trees were heavily colonised

even in the City centre (George St and South Brisbane).

A second instar larva was discovered in the fruit of Diploglottis campbelli

(Sapindaceae) collected in February 2000, from the Tallebudgera district.

This larva was reared to the final instar but failed to pupate. Four hatched D.

diovis eggs were found on fallen fruits of Diploglottis australis at the

Sherwood Arboretum in October but no larvae were found and there was little

indication of larval feeding on these fruits. Four larvae (instars I, II and III)

were experimentally reared on D. australis fruit and, although all developed

to the final instar (and two pupated), none survived to produce adults.

Larvae were successfully reared from second instar to adult on Syzygium

australae (Myrtaceae) and Jagera pseudorhus (Sapindaceae) fruits, but early

stages were not found on either in the field. Likewise, Eriobotrya japonica

(Rosaceae) seeds are accepted by captive larvae (Waterhouse 1932) but we

found no evidence that D. diovis will oviposit on these fruits in the field.

Candalides margarita (Semper)

Amyema miquelii (Loranthaceae). Rocklea, Apr. May 1999. Eggs,

discovered singly on young shoots in late April, produced adults in July.

Larval duration was 38-39 days in May-June. Pupal duration was 41-42 days

in June-July. A single mature larva was found feeding on foliage at mid-day

during April. Larvae fed along leaf edge leaving no distinctive feeding trail

and were well camouflaged on the foliage.

Candalides absimilis (C. Felder)

Harpullia pendula (Sapindaceae). Herston, Feb. 2000. Two larvae were

found feeding on flowers in the company of numerous Catopyrops florinda

(Butler) larvae. Candalides absimilis was reported ovipositing on H. pendula

shoots in Brisbane (Braby 2000) and the present record confirms H. pendula

as a food plant.

Cupaniopsis anacardioides (Sapindaceae). South Brisbane, Feb. 2001;

Springwood, Jan., Oct., Dec. 2000. This is a well-known food plant of C.

absimilis and several larvae were found feeding on tender foliage close to the

City centre in February. The larvae were in the company of larvae of

Nacaduba berenice (Herrich-Schäffer) which are more common on this plant

in inner City locations.

Stenocarpus sinuatus (Proteaceae). Sherwood Arboretum Apr. 2000. Eggs

and two pink larvae found on flowers.

Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1) 41

Nacaduba berenice (Herrich-Schaffer)

Cupaniopsis anacardioides (Sapindaceae). Coopers Plains, Aug. 2000.

Several mature larvae feeding on immature fruits. Nacaduba berenice

normally feeds on fresh foliage or flowers of this plant (Braby 2000).

Cupaniopsis parvifolia (Sapindaceae). Oxley Ck (Corinda) and Sherwood,

Apr. 2000. Eggs and numerous larvae found feeding on tender, young foliage.

Elatostachys nervosa (Sapindaceae). Mt Coot-tha Botanical Gardens, Apr.

2000. Eggs and numerous larvae found feeding on soft, pink foliage.

Elatostachys microcarpa (Sapindaceae). Mt Coot-tha Botanical Gardens,

early Nov. 2000. Tree native to northern Queensland. Numerous larvae were

found on flowers and immature fruits. Most larvae were seen feeding on

immature fruits as few flowers remained.

Arytera foveolata (Sapindaceae). Oxley Ck (Corinda), Dec. 1999. Eggs and

numerous larvae of all stages feeding on tender, young foliage. All new

growth was stripped from some heavily colonised, small trees.

Jagera pseudorhus (Sapindaceae). Sherwood Arboretum, Apr. 2000. Three

mature larvae found feeding on flowers in the company of Erysichton lineata

(Murray) larvae.

Nacaduba berenice is common throughout suburban Brisbane (Braby 2000,

this study). In the City centre, larvae were regularly found feeding on tender,

young foliage of C. anacardioides. Larvae were recorded on this plant in

January, February, March, April, July, August, September and October. Pupal

duration on this plant was six days in January, 13 days in April-May, and 9

days in September. Larvae were also found on other known food plants:

Macadamia integrifolia (flowers, Sherwood, Aug. 2000), Arytera divaricata

(tender foliage, Sherwood, Apr. 2000) and Guioa ?acutifolia [unconfirmed:

Qld Herbarium] (tender foliage, Oxley Ck, Dec. 2000).

Early stages were not found on Harpullia pendula despite searching many

trees. Rearing experiments with six larvae showed that they refused to feed on

tender young shoots of this plant, but would develop normally on the flowers.

A search of Toechima tenax (Sapindaceae) at Brisbane Botanical Gardens

and at Moggill Ck revealed no immature stages, even when soft, fresh growth

was abundant and larvae were found nearby on other food plants. The reason

for avoidance of this plant in the field is unknown as larvae fed and

developed normally on it in captivity.

Nacaduba biocellata (C. Felder & R. Felder)

Acacia disparrima subsp. disparrima (Mimosaceae). Rocklea, May 2000.

Two larvae feeding on flowers in the company of more numerous Prosotas

felderi (Murray) and Sahulana scintillata (T.P. Lucas) larvae.

42 Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1)

Erysichton lineata (Murray)

Brachychiton acerifolium (Sterculiaceae). Sherwood Arboretum, late Oct.

2000. A single mature larva was found feeding on flower buds. The larva was

bright green and conspicuous against the red buds.

Jagera pseudorhus (Sapindaceae). Sherwood Arboretum, Apr. 2000. Two

larvae found on flowers in the company of larvae of Nacaduba berenice.

Larvae were cream with pink dorsal and dorso-lateral stripes.

Miscarytera lauteriana (Sapindaceae). Mt Coot-tha Botanical Gardens, Jul.

2000. Three mature larvae found feeding on flowers.

Elatostachys microcarpa (Sapindaceae). Mt Coot-tha Botanical Gardens,

early Nov. 2000. Tree native to northern Queensland. Numerous mature

larvae were found feeding on flowers in the company of Nacaduba berenice

larvae.

Alectryon subcinerius (Sapindaceae). Mt Glorious, Nov. 2000. Numerous

larvae found feeding on flowers. Not a suburban record, but this tree does

occur along creeks in Brisbane.

Harpullia pendula (Sapindaceae). Sherwood Arboretum, Dec. 2000, Feb.

2001. A single mature larva was found feeding on flower buds in December,

while two first instar larvae were found on flower buds in February. A pre-

pupal larva was found attached to a dead leaf caught in a trunk fork in

February. Erysichton lineata has previously been reported ovipositing on

flowers of H. pendula (Braby 2000) and the present records confirm it as a

food plant.

Syzigium francisii (Myrtaceae). Oxley Ck (Corinda), late Oct. 2000. Several

eggs, three first instar and one second instar larvae found and reared on

flower buds.

Pupal duration was 6 days in February, 8-9 days in April and May and 7 days

in November and December.

Psychonotis caelius (C. Felder)

Alphitonia excelsa (Rhamnaceae). Oxley Ck (Corinda), Toohey Forest, early

Nov. to early July. A well-known food plant throughout the range of this

species. In addition to feeding on the underside of leaves, larvae were found

and reared on the flowers. Outside of the period recorded above, the foliage

was old and dry and no larvae were found.

Alphitonia petriei (Rhamnaceae). Mt Coot-tha Botanical Gardens, Apr. 2000.

Several larvae found feeding on the underside of foliage. Recently recorded

as a food plant in northern Queensland (Braby 2000).

Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1) 43

Prosotas felderi (Murray)

Acacia disparrima subsp. disparrima (Mimosaceae). Rocklea, May 2000.

Numerous larvae found feeding on flowers.

Acacia falcata (Mimosaceae). Toohey forest, Jun. 2000. Three larvae found

feeding on flower heads.

Acacia concurrens (Mimosaceae). Toohey Forest, Jun. 2000. Numerous

larvae found feeding on flowers.

Harpullia pendula (Sapindaceae). Sherwood Arboretum, Dec. 2000. A single

larva was found feeding on flower buds.

Prosotas dubiosa (Semper)

Acacia maidenii (Mimosaceae). Sherwood Arboretum, Apr. 2000. A single

larva was found feeding on flowers.

Alectryon tomentosus (Sapindaceae). Sherwood Arboretum, Dec. 2000. An

adult male was reared from a pupa attached to leaf litter accumulated in the

fork of a large flowering tree.

Harpullia pendula (Sapindaceae). Sherwood Arboretum, Feb. 2001. A single

larva was found feeding on flower buds in the company of Erysichton lineata

and Catopyrops florinda larvae.

Catopyrops florinda (Butler)

Harpullia pendula (Sapindaceae). Herston and City centre, Apr. 2000;

Benwarra Park (Corinda), Feb. 2000; Rocklea, Mar. 1999. Numerous larvae

found feeding on flowers at Herston and several found in the City centre. Two

mature larvae were feeding on terminal shoots at Benwarra Park. A pupa was

found inside a hollow H. pendula fruit capsule previously eaten out by

Deudorix diovis at Rocklea. Braby (2000) recorded H. pendula as a food

plant near Brisbane. This is the only lycaenid currently known to feed on

Harpullia foliage in Brisbane, although flowers are preferred when both are

available.

Sahulana scintillata (T.P. Lucas)

Acacia disparrima subsp. disparrima (Mimosaceae). Rocklea, May 2000.

Numerous larvae found feeding on flowers.

Acacia maidenii (Mimosaceae). Oxley Ck (Sherwood), Jun. 2000. Three

mature larvae feeding on flowers.

The site of pupation for this species is unrecorded. A freshly emerged male

was found expanding its wings on exposed tree roots several metres from the

base of the food plant. It is likely (though unconfirmed) that this individual

emerged from a pupa on the ground.

44 Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1)

Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus)

Macroptilium atropurpureum (Fabaceae). South Brisbane, Corinda, Oct. to

Nov. 2000. Females observed ovipositing on flowers. Eggs were found on

most flowers examined. Several mature larvae were recovered from flower

buds.

An adult female was observed ovipositing on flower buds of Bauhinia

galpinii (Caesalpiniaceae) at South Brisbane in January, 2000. No larvae or

evidence of feeding were seen on the plant. Approximately 10 eggs were

collected on B. galpinii flower buds and brought into captivity but none of the

resulting larvae survived beyond the first instar. Newly hatched larvae were

observed to tunnel through the calyx but failed to feed on the inner flower.

About 20 eggs were found on buds of the same plant in November 2000 and

again larvae failed to develop. The known larval food plants of L. boeticus

are restricted to the Fabaceae (Braby 2000) and it appears that oviposition on

B. galpinii was a mistake.

Leptotes plinius (Fabricius)

Plumbago auriculata (Plumbaginaceae). Larvae are common on this known

food plant throughout Brisbane, including the City centre (e.g. George St). At

Sherwood larvae were found in all months of the year as the plant flowers

continuously.

Zizina labradus (Godart)

Neonotonia wightii (Fabaceae). South Brisbane, Sep. to Oct. 2000. Numerous

eggs and larvae were found on flowers. Braby (2000) listed this plant as

Glycine wightii.

Discussion

Braby (2000) provided the most recent and comprehensive listing of larval

food plants for the Australian Lycaenidae. The 31 additional food plant

records presented here are mostly within plant genera or families which are

known food plants of these butterflies. Exceptions include the records of

Erysichton lineata feeding on Brachychiton acerifolium (Sterculiaceae) and

Rapala varuna feeding on Eriobotrium japonicum (Rosaceae). The full host

plant range of many lycaenid species remains to be documented. Deudorix

diovis, Candalides absimilis, Nacaduba berenice and Erysichton lineata, for

example, each use a wide range of food plants in the Sapindaceae and it is

likely that additional food plants will be added as a greater range of plants in

this family are investigated.

The diversity of rainforest plants in the Sapindaceae in southeast Queensland

(48 species in the Moreton District: Henderson 1997) and the variation

among species in flower and foliage production throughout the year, make

this group an important resource for some continuously brooded lycaenids.

Australian Entomologist, 2002, 29 (1) 45

Erysichton lineata for example, although not restricted to the Sapindaceae,

can be found utilising flowers of a variety of species in this family at different

times of the year. The ability to feed on a wide range of plants in this family

(and others) therefore enables certain species to remain in the area and

complete multiple generations annually.

All lycaenid species included here tolerate human disturbance and breed on

garden or street trees or on plants occurring in remnant patches of bushland.

Seven species were found breeding on street trees, garden plants or weeds in

or close to the central business district of Brisbane (Deudorix diovis,

Nacaduba berenice, Candalides absimilis, Catopyrops florinda, Leptotes

plinius, Lampides boeticus, Zizina labradus). These common species were

also recorded in suburban Townsville (Valentine 1993, 1994) and elsewhere

in suburban Brisbane (Hill and Kitching 1983). Urbanisation has possibly

increased the availability of food plants for some or all of these butterflies.

For example, several D. diovis food plants are now common street trees

throughout Brisbane and the butterfly has consequently expanded into drier

areas in which it could not have formerly bred.

Preservation of natural bushland remnants and remnant riparian habitats is

clearly important for the maintenance of local populations of other lycaenid

species whose food plants are not well represented in urban landscapes.

Retention of large mistletoe-supporting trees is important for the continued

presence of mistletoe-feeding species. Three mistletoe-feeding species,

Ogyris amaryllis, O. oroetes and O. olane, not formerly thought of as

suburban butterflies, are shown to be well distributed through Brisbane in

areas where food plants remain. Each of these species is also known from

suburban Townsville (Valentine 1993, 1994).

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Professor Trevor Clifford who confirmed plant

identifications. The Queensland Herbarium confirmed the identification of

Amyema miquelii and provided identifications for Acacia spp., Cupaniopsis

parvifolia, Alectryon subcinerius, Arytera foveolata, Syzigium francisii and

Guioa acuitifolia (?). Rod Eastwood, Trevor Lambkin and reviewers made

valuable comments on the manuscript. Doug Cook (QM) collected fruits of

Diploglottis campbelli from the Tallebudgera Valley. Dr Michael Braby

confirmed the identification of Hypochrysops cyane. Dr Adele Millis assisted

in the collection of many lycaenid larvae.

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NOTES FOR AUTHORS

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THE AUSTRALIAN

Entomologist

Volume 29, Part 1, 4 April 2002

CONTENTS

ATKNIS, A.F., WILLIAMS, A.A.E. and WILLIAMS, M.R.

Exometoeca nycteris Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Pyrginae):

life history and morphological studies

FOLEY, D.H.

Name changes to Australasian Aedes mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae).

KAY, I.R.

Parasitism of Eysarcoris trimaculatus (Distant) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

by two tachinid flies (Diptera: Tachinidae).

MOUND, L.A., RITCHIE, S. and KING, J.

Thrips (Thysanoptera) as a public nuisance: a Queensland case study and

overview, with comments on host plant relationships.

MULLER, CJ.

New butterfly taxa from New Ireland, Papua New Guinea (Lepidoptera:

Nymphalidae and Lycaenidae).

SCHMIDT, D. and RICE, S.

Lycaenid butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) of Brisbane: new host plant

records and life history notes. |

RECENT ENTOMOLOGICAL LITERATURE

ISSN 1320 6133