THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

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Cover: Minute wasps of the eulophid genus Astichus are mostly parasites of the

larvae of ciid beetles living within the fruiting bodies of bracket fungi. This

undescribed species is about 2mm in length and occurs in the rainforests of eastern

Australia from southern New South Wales north to the Wet Tropics of Queensland.

Illustration by Geoff Thompson.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2): 45-55 45

LIFE CYCLE OF AN AUSTRALIAN GLOW-WORM

ARACHNOCAMPA FLAVA HARRISON (DIPTERA:

KEROPLATIDAE: ARACHNOCAMPINAE)

C.H. BAKER and D.J. MERRITT

Department of Zoology and Entomology, School of Life Sciences, The University of

Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072; email: c.baker 1 @mailbox.uq.edu.au

Abstract

The life cycle of the southeast Queensland glow-worm Arachnocampa flava Harrison is

documented and comparisons made with the more extensively studied New Zealand glow-worm,

A. luminosa (Skuse). The adult life span of A. flava is short. Females live a maximum of 2.5

days and males 6 days. Egg development time is 7-9 days and the pupal stage lasts 6-7 days.

Behaviour associated with snare construction, prey capture and snare mending is described.

Pupae lie suspended horizontally by an anterior and posterior bracing cord, whereas A. luminosa

pupae are suspended vertically by a single cord attached at the thorax. Only larvae and one early

stage female pupa of A. flava were observed to bioluminesce in the laboratory.

Introduction

Glow-worms are the bioluminescent larvae of flies from the family

Keroplatidae, subfamily Arachnocampinae (Matile 1981). Larvae construct a

mucous tube from which they hang a snare of silk and mucus to capture prey

attracted by the larva's bioluminescence (Richards 1960). Larvae are

generally long-lived while the adults are very short-lived, dying within a few

days of eclosion (Richards 1960). The genus Arachnocampa Edwards

comprises four described species, three of which are endemic to Australia

(Harrison 1966). The Australian species are: A. flava Harrison, inhabiting

rainforest areas of southeast Queensland (Perkins 1935, Harrison 1966); A.

richardsae Harrison identified from the Newnes railway tunnel, NSW

(Harrison 1966); and А. tasmaniensis Ferguson from Tasmania (Ferguson

1925). The fourth species, A. /итіпоѕа (Skuse), is endemic to New Zealand.

Glow-worms have been documented from other locations within Australia

(McKeown 1935, Harrison 1966, Crosby 1978, Anonymous 1994), but no

taxonomic work has followed these discoveries. A review of the taxonomic

history of A. luminosa was presented by Pugsley (1983).

In New Zealand, bioluminescent A. luminosa larvae have been a popular

tourist attraction for many years. Consequently, a number of biological and

ecological studies have focused on this species (Norris 1894, Hudson 1950,

Richards 1960, Gatenby 1960a, Stringer 1967, Kermode 1974, Pugsley 1980,

1984, Meyer-Rochow 1990, Smith 1992, Broadley 1998). Pugsley's (1984)

study of A. luminosa biology was prompted by a serious population decline

between 1975 and 1980 resulting in temporary closure of Waitomo cave and

considerable economic loss to the tourism industry. In Australia, a large

colony of A. flava at Natural Bridge in Springbrook National Park,

southeastern Queensland (part of the World Heritage listed Central Eastern

Rainforest Reserves) is the subject of increasing tourism pressures, with an

estimated 300,000 visitors per annum (Anonymous 1999). However, little is

46 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2)

known about the species, with the only published records of A. flava being an

acknowledgement of a colony in Queensland (Perkins 1935) and a brief

morphological description (Harrison 1966).

Sustainable glow-worm ecotourism can be promoted by providing biological

information to educate tourists. Further, information on the insect's life cycle

and environmental requirements is crucial for tourism management. This

study was carried out to provide such information for tour operators and park

managers.

Materials and methods

Specimen collection

Arachnocampa flava larvae and pupae were collected from Twin Falls,

Springbrook National Park, Old. Larvae moved quickly into crevices in the

banks when disturbed, so their direction of movement was determined before

scooping the larvae up, with fine forceps, in their snare. Pupae were collected

by cutting the suspensory threads from the substrate. Both larvae and pupae

were transported to the laboratory in sealed tubes to prevent desiccation.

Maintenance of cultures

Glow-worm larvae require moist conditions for survival, thus pupae were

placed on damp cotton wool within sealed jars. Individual larvae were placed

in 10 cm high x 6 cm wide cylindrical, clear plastic containers inverted in 2

cm of water (Fig. 1). Holes (2 mm diameter) were drilled into the top of each

container and a 20 cm piece of absorbent material was draped over the top,

with one end in the water to act as a wick. Water droplets formed at the top of

the container, simulating the seepage conditions occurring in the natural

habitat of the glow-worms. Containers were placed in a Contherm Phototron

Climate Simulator incubator at 23 + 2?C and 98 + 2% relative humidity.

Figs 1-6. Arachnocampa flava. (1) Diagram of a rearing container (10 cm high x 6 cm

diameter); larvae were placed on the side of the container, from where they moved to

the top and constructed a snare; containers were kept in an environment controlled

incubator at 23 + 2°C, 98 + 2% RH. (2) Eggs and first instar larvae in laboratory

culture (egg diameter — 0.4 mm, larvae 2-4 mm long); the cotton wool was kept moist

to ensure eggs and emerging larvae did not desiccate. (3) Schematic diagram of a

larva turning in its mucous tube: (a) - larva lies inside its mucous tube facing right; (b)

- larva bites through the mucous tube with its mandibles; (c) - larva slides back along

the length of its body with its anterior end on the outside of the mucous tube; (d) -

larva bites through the tube again and re-enters the tube; (e) - larva is now facing left.

(4) Larva (3 cm long) suspended from the substrate via bracing cords; the terminal

bioluminescent region is indicated with an arrow and the sclerotised head capsule by

an arrowhead. (5) Larval snare (~5 cm long); snares аге a combination of bracing

cords (small arrows) that suspend the snare, the mucous tube in which the larva lies,

and fishing lines let down by the larva to capture small arthropods attracted to their

bioluminescence. (6) Larval head capsule showing labrum (1), mandibles (m), maxilla

(ma) and antennal stubs (a). Scale bar = 100 um.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2)

2 mm holes

Larva

A A ELI з”

» д, d

Y М

~ eS

bx 222.95

“a

4 ооо эе?

Mucous Tube

jant ==.

48 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2)

Larvae were fed two to four Drosophila melanogaster adults per week.

Drosophila were bred in culture on an artificial diet. Drosophila were

anaesthetised with carbon dioxide before being placed in the larval snares.

Emergent adult А. flava were placed in sealed jars with damp cotton wool for

mating and oviposition. First instar larvae were placed individually into

containers upon emergence.

Results

Eggs

The A. flava egg incubation period was 7-9 days at 23°C (number of egg

batches — 12). Adult females deposited an average of 129 eggs with a range

of 95-164 eggs per female. The eggs (Fig. 2) stuck readily to the substrate.

The eggs were orange-cream in colour when deposited and darkened over

time. The empty shell is a dark red-brown after larval emergence. Eggs were

0.4 mm in diameter. Bioluminescence was not observed in the egg stage.

Larvae

The duration of the larval stage was not recorded in this study. However, in

the wild there was a notable increase in the number of pupae, adults and first

instar larvae during late winter and early spring, indicating a predominantly

annual cycle. First instars were 2-4 mm in length and transparent upon

emergence (Fig. 2). They were difficult to see with the naked eye, except

when bioluminescing. Early instar larval mortality was high in captivity, with

no larvae progressing to the third instar. Newly hatched or relocated larvae

immediately suspended themselves from the substrate with bracing cords

attached from the substrate to the mucous tubes in which they lay (Fig. 3).

First instar larvae in culture did not construct vertical fishing lines for at least

seven days after emergence. First instars moulted after 21 days. Larvae were

3-4 cm long at pupation.

Larval behaviour

Larvae spent much of their time inside their mucous tubes, which they broke

through to repair their snares, feed and to turn around. To turn, a larva bites

through the mucous tube and slides back against its body head first, before re-

entering the tube further down, facing the opposite direction (Fig. 4). Larvae

devoted a significant amount of time to maintaining their snares. We use the

term snares to encompass the mucous tube, bracing lines and fishing lines

(Fig. 5). Fishing lines consist of silk threads with a series of sticky mucous

droplets. The silk lines and mucous droplets were presumably produced by

the larva's salivary glands. The larva pulled the silk threads out to its labrum

(Fig. 6) by moving its mandibles constantly. Sticky mucous droplets were

attached to the silk with the larvae still moving its mandibles and its head and

body in a nodding motion. Tangled fishing lines were severed by the larva's

mandibles either at the fishing line attachment point or closer to the

entanglement. Fishing lines with remains of older prey items or faecal

particles were discarded this way.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2) 49

Figs 7-9. Arachnocampa flava. (7) Female pupa (12 mm long) suspended

horizontally with two bracing threads; bracing threads are attached to the

thorax and the distal end of the abdomen. (8) Adult female (10 mm long)

reared from a laboratory cultured larva. (9) Adult male (9 mm long) reared

from a laboratory cultured larva.

50 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2)

Bracing threads were added to the snare by touching the substrate with the

distal tip of the labrum to stick a thread to the substrate. The larva then

released a silk line from its continuously moving mandibles and attached the

opposite end to its mucous tube in which it lay. Prey items caught in the

fishing lines were pulled up with the larva's mandibles repeatedly grabbing

the thread on which the prey was stuck and attaching it to its mucous tube.

Mucous droplets engulfed the larva's head as the lines were hauled up

although the droplets quickly disappeared, presumably through the larva

consuming the fluid. This way, the larva was able to quickly haul the prey

item up to the mucous tube to begin feeding. The larvae attached many

bracing threads to prey items, thus stopping any chance of escape. Drosophila

fed to laboratory reared glow-worms were eaten entirely.

Pupae

Adults are difficult to find in nature hence one of our aims was to collect

larvae and rear them through to adulthood in the laboratory. Larvae that were

about to pupate removed many of the fishing lines in their immediate vicinity.

They became quiescent and progressively shortened. At pupation the larval

exuvium was pushed to the posterior end of the pupa, where it remained

attached to the posterior suspensory thread. Pupae remained suspended

horizontally from the substrate via anterior and posterior threads, consisting

of the dried remnants of the mucous tube (Fig. 7). One thread was attached to

the thorax and the other to the distal end of abdomen. The pupal stage lasted

6-7 days at 23°С (n = 14). Male pupae were 9 mm long (n = 8) and female

pupae were 12 mm long (n — 6). Female pupae (Fig. 7) were recognisable by

their swollen abdomen relative to males. Only one early stage female pupa

was observed to bioluminesce and could occasionally be induced to glow by

lightly tapping its container. Pupal bioluminescence was observed as a short

burst of bright light similar in intensity to larval bioluminescence. The pupa

doused its light within seconds of being disturbed by vibrations or artificial

light.

Adults

Adults emerged from the pupal case head first. They frequently remained

partly contained in the pupal case or suspended upside down for up to a day,

although they would fly away if disturbed. Female A. flava (Fig. 8) lived a

maximum of 2.5 days (n — 20) and males (Fig. 9) lived for 6 days when

unmated and 4 days when mated (n = 13). Females were 6.5-10 mm long (n =

25) and males 6.5-8 mm (n = 17) (Table 1). Neither sex was observed to

bioluminesce at any time. Male adults were more active fliers than females,

whose abdomens were swollen with eggs.

Mating usually took place immediately upon female emergence if adult males

were placed in containers with female pupae, but took longer to initiate if they

were placed together as adults. Males were able to mate with different

females numerous times (four viable egg batches from one male), while

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2) 51

females mated once and began ovipositing. Copulation duration varied, with

recorded matings lasting from one hour to greater than seven hours (n = 8).

Onset and duration of oviposition was also variable with some females

beginning oviposition immediately following copulation. Eggs were deposited

onto damp cotton wool placed in the containers to elevate humidity. No sign

of adult feeding was observed.

Table 1. Comparison of adult body and wing sizes between Arachnocampa flava and

A. luminosa*.

Male Female

Body Wing Body Wing

A, flava Mean 7.74mm 5.06mm 7.9mm 5.44mm

(bush) Range 6.5-8mm ^ 4.5-ómm _ 6.5-10тт 4.75-7mm

S.D. 0.79 0.53 1.07 0.62

Number 17 17 25 25

A. luminosa Mean 13.3mm 7.9mm 14mm 10.2mm

(cave) Range 12-I3mm 7-8.5тт 13-l6mm 9-12тт

S.D. 0.97 0.46 0.85 0.84

Number 17 17 16 15

A. luminosa Mean 10.6mm 6.5mm 11.4mm 8.2mm

(bush/tunnel ^ Range 9-llmm 6-7mm 10-13тт 7.5-9mm

entrances) S.D. 0.73 0.50 1.08 0.78

Number 9 9 12 12

*Measurements of A. luminosa recorded by Richards (1960).

Discussion

Eggs

Size differences were evident at all stages of development between A. flava

and A. luminosa. The А. flava egg diameter was substantially smaller than the

0.75 mm diameter recorded for A. luminosa eggs (Richards 1960). The

average number of eggs laid by A. flava females was similar to Richard's

(1960) record of an average of 130 eggs laid by A. /uminosa females. A lower

estimate of 80 eggs per A. luminosa female (Gatenby 1960a), was based on

counts from dissected wild-caught females. This estimate, however,

overlooked the fact that the females may have commenced laying before they

were caught (Richards 1960), although Richards (1960) recorded a range of

84-170 eggs laid by females.

The eggs of А. luminosa were reported to hatch after 22-24 days at Waitomo

Cave temperature (13.7-15.6°C) (Richards 1960). Our observations showed a

much shorter egg development time for A. flava eggs, hatching after 7-9 days

when maintained at 23°C. The difference may be a result of the lower

temperatures during А. luminosa development, or may reflect species

52 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2)

differences. The lower average temperature in the Waitomo Cave system may

have resulted in an extended development time for А. luminosa. Although

differing temperatures would also explain the difference in pupation time

recorded for A. flava and A. luminosa (Richards 1960), the adult life span is

similar for both species, suggesting either the differing developmental times

during the egg and pupal periods are species differences, or the adult stage is

not affected by differing temperatures.

Larvae

Observations of larval behaviour revealed many similarities in snare

maintenance and prey capture between A. flava and A. luminosa (Hudson

1950, Richards 1960, Gatenby and Cotton 1960, Richards 1963, Stringer

1967). Because of the difficulty of tracking individual larvae in the field and

their relatively slow developmental rate, the precise duration of the larval

stage of both species remains unknown (Richards 1960, Pugsley 1980),

although estimates range from 5 to 12 months depending on environmental

conditions and prey availability (Richards 1960, Pugsley 1980, personal

observations).

Pupae

We found larvae and female pupae to be the only bioluminescent stages in А.

flava. By comparison, larvae, pupae and adults of А. /uminosa are reported to

bioluminesce by some authors (Richards 1960, 1963, Kermode 1974, Meyer-

Rochow and Waldvogel 1979). Observations differ as to whether pupal and

adult male A. luminosa bioluminesce. In A. luminosa degeneration of light

organs during pupation has been reported (Gatenby 1959, 1960a, 1960b),

although male pupae and adults have been reported to bioluminesce in the

field (Richards 1960, 1963, Vandel 1965, Kermode 1974). А. flava male

pupae and adults do not bioluminesce. Dissections of the pupal and adult light

organs of A. flava may reveal whether the male bioluminescent organs

degenerate during pupation.

The role of bioluminescence in mate attraction in Arachnocampa remains

controversial (Gatenby 1959, Richards 1960, Crosby 1978). In both A.

luminosa and A. flava, adult males are commonly seen suspended from

female pupae, apparently waiting for females to eclose, whereupon they

copulate (Richards 1960, personal observations). It has been suggested that

pupal bioluminescence is an attractant for mates (Richards 1960) but there

has been no experimental confirmation. We found copulation consistently

occurred sooner when male and female А. flava pupae were put together as

opposed to adults. Males in containers with a female pupa wait near the

female pupa, suggesting that copulation at female eclosion is the norm in A.

flava, however field observations are required to confirm this. Males could be

attracted to pheromones originating from the female pupa or to the short

bursts of bright female pupal light.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2) 33

An obvious difference between А. luminosa and A. flava is the method of

pupal suspension. Pupae of A. flava, A. richardsae and A. tasmaniensis (A.

tasmaniensis is included in the same subgenus as А. luminosa) suspend

themselves horizontally rather than vertically as is the case for A. luminosa

(Richards 1960). The single strand suspension of А. luminosa may reduce

predation or facilitate mate attraction. The two strand suspension of A. flava

may enable the pupa to withstand more turbulent wind conditions by reducing

movement of the pupa and the possibility of entanglement in its remaining

snares.

Adults

The adult life span of A. flava is similar to that recorded for A. luminosa. Size

differences are evident between А. flava and A. luminosa with A. luminosa

the larger of the two (Table 1). It has been noted that adult New Zealand

glow-worms from caves are larger than epigean individuals, attributed to an

increased food supply within the cave systems (Richards 1960, Pugsley

1980). More suitable climatic factors within caves were also suggested as a

factor leading to increased body size (Pugsley 1980). The size difference

between A. flava (bush) and А. luminosa (cave and bush types) may be

attributed to species differences.

Copulation was observed to decrease the lifespan of adult male A. flava by as

much as two days. This shortening of life expectancy has not been

investigated in A. luminosa. Perhaps the energy expenditure associated with

copulation reduces male life span. Arachnocampa adults have not been

observed to feed and are reported to possess vestigial mouthparts (Meyer-

Rochow 1990).

Mated Arachnocampa females have been observed ovipositing on both

artificial and natural sites (Richards 1960, personal observations). Female A.

flava oviposited on damp cotton wool in the laboratory and A. luminosa

females oviposited on quadrat markers and light fittings in the Waitomo

Caves (Richards 1960). In the wild, female 4. luminosa (Richards 1960) and

A. flava (personal observations) have been observed to oviposit on the fringes

of existing colonies. The gravid adult female Arachnocampa are weak fliers

(Richards 1960, Meyer-Rochow 1990) which may also restrict their ability to

colonise new areas. The singular and regular distribution of eggs by

ovipositing females may reduce cannibalism in the early instars as the larvae

are territorial and readily feed on each other if crowded (Gatenby 1959,

Broadley 1998, personal observation).

The short adult life span of A. flava, the low mobility of adults and the

tendency of females to deposit eggs on the edge of existing colonies has

implications for management of colonies of tourism significance. In the event

of a disastrous colony decline, regeneration could be slow if reliant on natural

recolonisation. Contingency plans based on translocation of larvae from other

54 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2)

colonies could enhance recovery. Methods for collecting, transporting and

maintaining larvae in captivity have now been developed. Information gained

in this study will also be useful for increasing tourist awareness of the biology

of A. flava and has been incorporated into interpretive material displayed at

Natural Bridge, Springbrook National Park, Queensland.

Acknowledgements

We thank Anthony O'Toole for photography and Josh Fartch for helping in

the field and drawing the diagrams. The research was supported by funding

from the Cooperative Research Centre for Sustainable Tourism, Queensland

Parks and Wildlife service, Aries Tours and Forest of Dreams.

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56 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2)

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Hypolimnas bolina. Journal of Insect Behaviour 14: 129-147.

2002 Visual mate-searching behaviour in the evening brown butterfly, Melanitis leda (L.)

(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Australian Journal of Entomology 41(4): 300-305.

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2001 — Spacial and temporal patterns of territorial mate locating behaviour in Hypolimnas

bolina (L.) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Journal of Natural History 35: 1399-1411.

KIMSEY, L.S.

2000 Тһе Western Australian genus Oncorhinothynnus Salter: new species and relationships.

Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 102: 421-426.

2000 TENOR of the Australian genus Leiothynnus. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 9:

18-28.

2002 New genus and five new species of heat-tolerant tiphiid wasps from Western Australia

Copes Tiphiidae: Thynninae). Australian Journal of Entomology 4Y(4): 345-

MALIPATIL, M.B. and CHÉROT, F.

2002 Adelphocorisella Miyamoto and Yasunaga newly recorded from Australia, with the

description of a new species (Heteroptera: Miridae: Mirinae). Australian Journal of

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Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2): 57-64 57

NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORDS AND NOTES ON THE LARVA OF

UROTHEMIS ALIENA SELYS (ODONATA: UROTHEMISTIDAE)

CHRIS J. BURWELL! and GUNTHER THEISCHINGER?

! Higher Entomology Section, Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane, Qld 4101

224 Hammersly Road, Grays Point, NSW 2232

Abstract

The distribution of Urothemis aliena Selys in Australia is presented, based primarily on

specimens in Australian insect collections. Specimens collected at two south-eastern Queensland

localities, Enoggera Reservoir and Birkdale, extend its known range by almost 1000 km to the

south-east. U. aliena is also recorded for the first time from Cape York Peninsula in northern

Queensland. The final instar larval exuviae of U. aliena is illustrated and diagnostic fcatures arc

provided.

Introduction

Urothemis aliena Selys is the only Australian representative of the genus and

also occurs in New Guinea (Lieftinck 1942, Houston and Watson 1988,

Watson et al. 1991). Fraser (1960) and Watson ef al. (1991) provided keys

enabling the identification of adults of U. aliena. It is a medium-sized

dragonfly with the abdomen of males broad, unconstricted and bright red,

while that of females is narrower and tan-coloured. Both sexes have small,

mid-dorsal, dark markings on abdominal segments 8 and 9 and have the bases

of the hindwings darkly infuscated, the dark areas not extending to the bases

of the hindwing triangles (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1. Male Urothemis aliena from Birkdale, SE Qld, collected in December 1990.

58 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2)

Urothemis aliena inhabits riverine lagoons, ponds and pools (Watson 1973,

Watson and Abbey 1980, Thompson 1991, Watson et al. 1991) or slow-

flowing rivers (Fraser 1960). Watson (1973) also found adults in forest well

away from water. In Australia, Lieftinck (1949) and Fraser (1960) recorded

U. aliena from northern Queensland and Watson (1974) and Watson et al.

(1991) recorded it from three regions in northern Australia; the Kimberley

region of Western Australia, the *Top End' of the Northern Territory and

north-eastern Queensland. Thompson (1991) confirmed its presence in the

Kimberley, recording the species from the west of the region.

While undertaking an insect survey of Enoggera Reservoir in Brisbane's

north-western suburbs, three specimens of Urothemis aliena, two males and

one female, were collected. Subsequently a single male collected at Birkdale

in Redland Shire was brought to the attention of CJB. These records from

south-eastern Queensland represent a significant extension to the known

range of U. aliena.

Distribution of U. aliena in Australia

Precise information on the distribution of U. aliena is limited. The only

published locality for the species in Queensland is Innisfail (Fraser 1960). In

addition, a single male from Bowen identified as Urothemis signata bisignata

Brauer by Ris (1913) probably refers to U. aliena (see Lieftinck 1942). In the

Northern Territory, U. aliena is known from the Alligator Rivers region

(Watson 1973) where Watson and Abbey (1980) specifically noted it from

main channel and flood plain lagoons of Magela Creek.

Due to the lack of detailed information on its distribution we compiled

Australian records of U. aliena. The data are primarily based on specimens in

Australian insect collections, supplemented by additional records from a

limited number of overseas institutions. The dragonflies in the Queensland

Museum, Queensland Department of Primary Industries Collection and the

University of Queensland Insect Collection were examined by CJB and those

in the Australian Museum and Australian National Insect Collection by GT.

Details of specimens in other collections were supplied by their respective

curators and collection managers, i.e. specimens were not examined by the

authors.

Abbreviations for specimen depositories are as follows: AM - Australian

Museum, Sydney; ANIC - Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra;

BMNH - The Natural History Museum, London; GTC - Gunther Theischinger

Collection, Sydney; NTM - Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern

Territory, Darwin; QM - Queensland Museum, Brisbane; DPC - Dennis

Paulson Collection, Tacoma, Washington.

Material. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: 1 с, Beverley Springs Station, 2.v.1988, D.J.

Thompson (?ANIC). NORTHERN TERRITORY: 1 О", 11?45'S, 130°55'Е, creek 3

km NE of Pickertaramoor, Melville Island, 12.x.1996, G.R. Brown and G. Daly

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2) 59

(МТМ); 5 со, 5 99, Yirrkala Mission, Arnhem Land, 31.1.-3.11.1968, J.A.L. Watson

(ANIC); 1 9, 12°25’S 132°58’E, 1 km N of Cahills Crossing, East Alligator River, 8-

9.xi.1972, J.A.L. Watson (ANIC); 1 ©, same data except 11-12.xi.1972 (ANIC); 1 9,

same data except 31.x.1972, M.S. Upton (ANIC); 2 оо”, 12°25’S 132°59’E, Lagoon

12 km SW by S of Oenpelli, 31.v.1973, J.A.L. Watson (ANIC); 1 d, same data

except 12.xi.1972 (ANIC); 1 ©, Jabiluka Lagoon, Magela Creek, 5.xii.1979, J.A.L.

Watson (ANIC); 1 С, Island Lagoon, Magela Creek, 3.xii.1979, J.A.L. Watson

(ANIC); 1 с", 12°35’S 132°52’E, Magela Creek, 2 km N of Mudginbarry H/S, 14-

15.xi.1972, J.A.L. Watson (ANIC); 1 с, Corndorl Billabong, Jabiru East, 12.xi.1990,

emerged 4.xii.1990, P.L. Dostine (ANIC, adult and associated exuvium in spirit); 1

©, 1 9, 12246'S 132?39'E, Nourlangie Creek, 12 km NNW of Mt Cahill, 20-

21.v.1973, J.A.L. Watson (ANIC); 1 о, 1 9, 12248' S 132?39' E, Nourlangie Creek,

Woolowonga, 8 km N of Mt Cahill, 21-22.v.1973, J.A.L. Watson (ANIC); 1 c,

Buffalo Lagoon, Mudginberri, 1.xii.1979, J.A.L. Watson (ANIC); 1 о, 14?09'S

130°04’E, near Tom Turners Crossing, Peppimenarti, 27.vili.1974, J. Hutchinson

(ANIC). QUEENSLAND: 3 СС, Swamp near Wenlock К. crossing, Coen - Iron

Range Rd, 29.x.1974, M.S. Moulds (AM); 1 С, pond at hwy 81 just N Rifle Creek, 1

km N Mount Molloy, 23.xii.1998, D.R. Paulson, N. Smith (DPC); 1 о, Mena Creek,

Paronella Park, Innisfail, 26.xi.1951, R. Dobson (ANIC); 1 С, Reid River, between

Townsville and Charters Towers, 29.xi.1976, С. Theischinger (GT); 2 СС, 1 9,

N[orth] Queensland, 5.vi.50, Wall. (BMNH); 1 9, 27°27°5 152°55’E, Enoggera

Reservoir, site 3, 100 m, 16.xi.1999, C.J. Burwell, S.G. Evans, R. Lewry (QM); 1 о,

1 9, 27727 S 152255" E, Enoggera Reservoir, site 3, 100 m, 20.xi.1999, C.J. Burwell,

(QM); 1 с, Collingwood Road, Birkdale, 16.xii.1990, К. Nattrass (QM).

The distribution of U. aliena in Australia is presented in Fig. 2 and is overlain

by the regions used by Watson (1974, 1977) and Watson et al. (1991) to

summarise dragonfly distributions. Urothemis aliena is now known from two

regions in addition to those listed by Watson et al. (1991), Cape York

Peninsula (Wenlock River crossing) and south-eastern Queensland (Enoggera

Reservoir and Birkdale). The two south-eastern Queensland localities

represent an extension to the known range of U. aliena of almost 1000 km.

Although Watson (1974) recorded U. aliena from the Kimberley, we were

unable to locate specimens collected from this region prior to 1974. In fact,

we discovered only one record of the species from the Kimberley, a single

male collected from Beverley Springs Station (D.J. Thompson pers. comm.).

This specimen was thought to be deposited in ANIC but was not located by

GT when he examined the collection.

Urothemis aliena at Enoggera Reservoir

Enoggera Reservoir is located in Brisbane's north-western suburbs and is the

smallest of Brisbane's four water sources. It is fed by Enoggera Creek with a

catchment of 33 km?, virtually all of which is forested and lies within

Brisbane Forest Park. The reservoir supports a relatively rich odonate fauna

of seven species of damselflies and 19 other species of dragonflies (Reeves

2002).

60 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2)

10°S-

20°S-

30°S-

0 i & 40°S-

| | | |

120°Е 130°Е 140°Е 150°Е

Fig. 2. Distribution of Urothemis aliena in Australia. For а full explanation of the

regions see Watson et al. 1991. CY, Cape York Peninsula; IA, inland Australia; IN,

inland New South Wales; KIM, Kimberley Region; NEN, north-eastern New South

Wales; NEQ, north-eastern Queensland; NIQ, northern inland Queensland; NNT,

northern Northern Territory; NWA, north-western Western Australia; SEN, south-

eastern New South Wales; SES, south-eastern South Australia; SEQ, south-eastern

Queensland; SIQ, southern inland Queensland; SWA, south-western Western

Australia; TAS, Tasmania; VIC, Victoria.

Specimens of U. aliena were collected at the apex of a peninsula on the north-

eastern side of the reservoir (27?26'44"S 152°55’19”E). One male and two

females were collected on two days in mid-November 1999, One female was

collected at the water's edge. A male and female and several other individuals

that could not be captured, were perched on prominent twigs of a tree in a

cleared area that was largely surrounded by vegetation but was open to the

reservoir on its eastern aspect. The tree was situated about 100 m from the

water's edge on a hillside at an elevation of about 20 m above the water

surface. Individuals perched at heights between approximately 3.5 and 7 m

above the ground. They were difficult to capture, quickly taking flight when

approached. Although they sometimes returned to the same tree, they usually

alighted on higher perches.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2) 61

Fraser (1960) also noted that U. aliena perched on prominent stems or twigs

and that the species was ‘extremely shy and very quick in the off-take and

difficult to capture’. Given that both sexes of U. aliena were observed, it is

very probable that a resident breeding population is present at Enoggera

Reservoir. We consider it highly unlikely that the observed specimens were

vagrants.

Larva of U. aliena

The larva of U. aliena was first identified by Hawking (1993) on the basis of

a single reared specimen from Corndorl Billabong, East Jabiru, in the

Alligator Rivers Region of the Northern Territory. Hawking (1993) included

the species is his key to known libellulid larvae of the region and provided

notes enabling its identification. However, he did not illustrate the larva and

there are some discrepancies between his descriptive notes and the actual

larval exuviae. The final instar larval exuviae of the specimen from Corndorl

Billabong is illustrated below (Fig. 3).

Fig. 3. Final instar exuviae of a reared specimen of Urothemis aliena from Corndorl

Billabong, East Jabiru, Northern Territory (only right legs illustrated).

62 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2)

The following revised diagnosis enables the identification of mature U. aliena

larvae: eyes extended to posterior corners of head and pointed; mid-dorsal

spines on abdominal segments 3-8, those on 6-8 quite large; lateral spines on

abdominal segments 8 and 9, those on 8 shorter, those on 9 at least as long as

mid-dorsal length of respective segment.

Discussion

Based on the paucity of specimens of U. aliena in collections, it would appear

that it is an uncommon dragonfly across much of its range. Certainly

Thompson (1991) noted that it was uncommon, even in suitable habitat, in the

western Kimberley region. The species appears more common in northern NT

where more than two thirds of the specimens listed here were collected.

However, intensive sampling of dragonflies from the Alligator Rivers region

(Watson 1973, Watson and Abbey 1980) and the large number of specimens

collected from Yirrkala, Arnhem Land, possibly result in an overestimate of

its relative abundance in the *Top End'. Clearly U. aliena is uncommon in

Queensland where it is known from only a handful of specimens and

localities. In addition, numerous papers listing dragonflies from areas in

Queensland where U. aliena might conceivably occur do not record the

species (Lieftinck 1951, Reeves 1978, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1993, Arthington

and Watson 1982, Reeves and Woodall 1991, Woodall 1993).

In the northern hemisphere, several species of dragonflies and damselflies are

apparently expanding their ranges northwards in Europe and North America,

which some authors have suggested might be related to global warming (Ott

2000, Paulson 2001). The new records of U. aliena from south-eastern

Queensland may represent a similar southwards range expansion in the

southern hemisphere. However, the extreme paucity of collection records of

U. aliena in Queensland make it difficult to place much strength in this

hypothesis. Alternatively, it is quite possible that south-eastern Queensland is

part of the normal range of U. aliena and it has merely been overlooked until

now.

Acknowledgements

We thank the following curators, collection managers and others for enabling

access to their collections or for checking their holdings of U. aliena; Graham

Brown, Murdoch DeBaar, John Donaldson, Peter Gillespie, Dave Goodger,

Terry Houston and Brian Hanich, Mali Malipatil, Eric Matthews, Bill

Mauffray, Max Moulds, Tony Postle, Dennis Paulson, Margaret Schneider,

Ross Storey, Andy Szito, Ken Walker and Catriona McPhee. Thanks also to

Ric Natrass for bringing the Birkdale specimen to our attention and to David

Thompson who supplied information on the distribution of the species in the

Kimberley. Thanks to Deniss Reeves for information on the odonate fauna of

Enoggera Reservoir. Deniss Reeves, Dennis Paulson and John Hawking also

helped obtain relevant literature.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2) 63

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LIEFTINCK, M.A. 1951. Results of the Archbold Expeditions. No. 64. Odonata of the Archbold

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Novitates No. 1488.

OTT, J. 2000. Die Ausbreitung mediterraner Libellenarten in Deutschland und Europa — die

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Naturalist 22: 50-51

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28: 31-32.

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Toowoomba.

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Queensland Naturalist 30: 71-74.

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Brisbane.

REEVES, D. 2002. Dragonflies and damselflies. Odonata. Pp. 107-112, in Horton, H. (ed), A

Brisbane Bushland, the natural history of Enoggera Reservoir and its environs. The

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central coastal Queensland. Queensland Naturalist 30: 115-116.

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Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2): 65-78 65

NEW SPECIES AND RECORDS OF PHYTALMIINAE (DIPTERA:

TEPHRITIDAE) FROM AUSTRALIA AND THE SOUTH PACIFIC

D.L. HANCOCK! and R.A.I. DREW?

ІРО Box 2464, Cairns, Old 4870

?Australian School of Environmental Studies, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld 4111

Abstract

Dirioxa fuscipennis sp. n. and Themaroides bicolor sp. n. are described from Vanuatu and

Papua New Guinea respectively. Dacopsis apicalis Hardy is placed as a new synonym of D.

holoxantha (Hering). Dirioxa incerta (Hardy), comb. n. is transferred from Acanthonevra

Macquart. Emheringia Hardy (= Heringomyia Hardy) is placed as a new synonym of Seraca

Walker and S. Jongiplaga (Hering), comb. n. is transferred. Robertsomyia Hardy is transferred

to the Platystomatidae. Host plant and/or distribution records are noted for a further 27 species

of Acanthonevrini, Phascini and Phytalmiini from Australia, West Papua, Papua New Guinea

and Solomon Islands. Notes on classification and biogeography are included.

Introduction ў

Australasian fruit flies belonging to the subfamily Phytalmiinae (including

tribe Acanthonevrini: see Korneyev 1999) have been studied intermittently in

recent years, following revisions published for Australia (Permkam and

Hancock 1995) and the Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands

region (Hardy 1980, 1982, 1986, 1988; McAlpine and Schneider 1978). In an

earlier review (Hancock and Drew 1994), we concentrated on islands of the

south-central Pacific. The present study reports on new and interesting

records from Australia and the southwestern Pacific, including the

descriptions of two new species from Papua New Guinea and Vanuatu.

The following abbreviations for specimen depositories have been used: AMS

— Australian Museum, Sydney; AQIS — Australian Quarantine Inspection .

Service, Sydney; QDPI — Queensland Department of Primary Industries,

Brisbane; QMB — Queensland Museum, Brisbane; UQIC — University of

Queensland Insect Collection, Brisbane. Tribal and group classification

largely follows Korneyev (1999).

Systematics

Tribe ACANTHONEVRINI

Acanthonevra group of genera

Acanthonevra subgroup

Dacopsis flava (Edwards)

Material examined. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 2 o'g, Northern Province, Kokoda,

1200”, ix-x.1933, L.E. Cheesman, BM 1933-427 (UQIC); 1 9, Morobe Province,

Bubia, Lae, 19.v.1959, J.H. Ardley, on flywire; 1 9, Central Province, Brown River,

13.x.1968, T.L. Fenner; 2 9, Central Province, Goldie River, up river, 15.ii.1999, D.

Tenakanai, cue lure P027 (all QDPI).

Comments. The species is sexually dimorphic; males, described as D.

picturata Hardy, have a broad brown central patch on the wing, lacking in

females. It breeds in fallen logs of Dysoxylum gaudichaudianum (Meliaceae).

66 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2)

Dacopsis holoxantha (Hering)

Comments. This species is known from New Britain and New Ireland, Papua

New Guinea. Dacopsis apicalis Hardy, described from males (Hardy 1980),

is placed here as a new synonym of D. holoxantha, described from a female

(Hering 1941). As in D. flava, the species is sexually dimorphic, males having a

large brown apical wing spot.

Hexacinia punctifera (Walker)

Material examined. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 4 99, East New Britain Province,

Keravat, LAES, 20-29.v.1998, 2.ix.1998, 11.1х.1998 & 11.11.1999, L. Leblanc et al.,

cue lure P202; 1 9, Madang Province, Madang residential area, 5.ix.1999, cue lure

P417 (all QDPI).

Comments. This species is newly recorded from the Bismarck Archipelago.

The number of hyaline spots in cell r; is variable in the above series: in two

Keravat specimens the middle spot is large, crossing the cell; in one Keravat

and the Madang specimens the middle spot is small, at costa only; in the

fourth Keravat specimen the middle spot is absent. The absence of the middle

spot was used by Hardy (1983) to separate H. stellipennis (Walker) and his

record of the latter species from Bougainville probably refers to H.

punctifera. True H. stellipennis is known with certainty only from the

Philippines, Sabah and Indonesia as far east as Sulawesi.

Dirioxa group of genera

Dirioxa fuscipennis sp. n.

(Figs 1-3)

Types. Holotype О”, VANUATU: Efate, Vila, 7.111.1982, ex cue Іше, К. Paton (in

QMB, Reg. No. T 99085). Paratypes: 2 99, same data as holotype (AQIS); 2 99, Vila,

27.1.1982, (AQIS); 4 О7О”, 4 99, Vila, 24.11.1982, К. Paton, reared from Barringtonia

sp. (AQIS); 19 ОО”, 15 99, [Vila ?], v.1994, A. Kassim, bred ex Barringtonia edulis

(4 in QMB, Reg. Nos T. 99086-99089; others in QDPI); 1 c, Vila, 13.iv.1989, С.

Takaro, reared from Barringtonia edulis, E 99 (QDPI); 2 оо, 3 99, Loh Is., [Kwero],

20.vi.1997, D. Tau, ex Barringtonia edulis, V 2745 (QDPI); 1 с", 2 99, Aniwa, Tafea,

5.viii.1997, D. Tau, ex Pouteria guayana, V 2953/2954 (QDPI).

Description. Male (Fig. 1). Length of body 4.5 mm; of wing 4.9 mm. Head

higher than long, red-brown; antennae shorter than face, third segment

apically rounded, arista plumose; face flat, oral margin projecting; frons

pubescent. Setae black: 2 pairs of frontal setae plus 2 extra pairs of weak

setulae posteriorly; 2 pairs of orbital setae; ocellar setae vestigial. Postocular

row of setae thin and black; genal seta red-brown.

Thorax fulvous, darker yellow-brown on scutum; a narrow whitish border

posteriorly on anepisternum. Setae black: postpronotal, 2 notopleural,

presutural, supra-alar, postalar, intra-alar, 2 weak intrapostalar, prescutellar

acrostichal, dorsocentral placed midway between supra-alar and postalar

setae, 2 anepisternal, anepimeral, katepisternal.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2) 67

Scutellum bare, with 6 strong scutellar setae. Halteres fulvous. Legs fulvous;

mid tibia with an apical black spine.

Figs 1-3. Dirioxa fuscipennis sp. n. (1) male; (2) male genitalia; (3) female aculeus.

68 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2)

Wing almost entirely dark brown; hyaline or subhyaline spots and streaks

often present in cell r; just beyond apex of vein R, and near apices of cells

I215, Га+ѕ and dm; small round subhyaline spots present near apex of cell dm

and in cells br and r4,s, either side of R-M crossvein; broad indistinct hyaline

indentations in cells m and cu; alula and anal lobe hyaline. Pterostigma

almost as long as cell c; veins Кү and R45 setose; R-M crossvein placed a

little beyond middle of cell dm, below apex of pterostigma; cell bcu apically

produced and acute.

Abdomen fulvous to red-brown, sometimes with fuscous bands over most or

part of terga I-II (except posteriorly) and anteriorly on terga III and IV;

tergite V red-brown. Male genitalia (Fig. 2) with surstylus broad and rounded

apically; aedeagal glans with an apical projection.

Female as for male except genital characters. Tergite VI less than half length

of tergite V; oviscape red-brown, length 0.75 mm; aculeus (Fig. 3) with apex

rounded and long preapical setae.

Host plants. Most of the above specimens were bred from fruit of

Barringtonia edulis (Lecythidaceae), with one record from Pouteria guayana

(Sapotaceae).

Distribution. Occurs throughout Vanuatu, being recorded from Loh Island

(Torres Group) in the north, Efate in the central islands and Aniwa in the

south.

Comments. This species keys to Hexaresta Hering in Hardy (1986, as

Hyponeothemara Hardy) but the three marginal hyaline spots in wing cell M,

characteristic of the Neothemara subgroup of genera, are represented by a

single, large spot in D. fuscipennis. This single spot, together with the

presence of intrapostalar setae and a single long midtibial apical spine, is

characteristic of the Dirioxa group [Dirioxa Hendel, Lumirioxa Permkam &

Hancock and Micronevrina Permkam & Hancock]. D. fuscipennis is placed

in Dirioxa based on its fruit-infesting biology and similar aculeus and male

genitalia. It differs from other species in the mostly fuscous wing and

abdominal pattern characters.

Dirioxa incerta (Hardy), comb. n.

Comments. Described as a species of Acanthonevra Macquart from the Star

Mts in West Papua (Indonesia), this species differs from all others placed in

Acanthonevra in the posterior position of the orbital setae, alignment of the

hyaline indentation in wing cell г, (directly above R-M crossvein) and shape

of the aculeus and spermathecae (Hardy 1986). In these and other characters

(including the 2 pairs of frontal setae) it agrees with Dirioxa and is placed

here in the new combination Dirioxa incerta (Hardy). It closely resembles D.

pornia (Walker), differing in the reduced hyaline areas in wing cell dm and

the apparent absence of intrapostalar setae.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2) 69

Themaroides group of genera

Clusiosoma subgroup

Clusiosoma pleurale Malloch

Material examined. SOLOMON ISLANDS: 18 oco, 13 99, NW Guadalcanal,

Verahue School, 4.viii.1994, К. Wylie et al., bred ex Ficus septica, SI 0042; 2 СС, 1

9, NE Guadalcanal, Wowota, 16.xii.1994, R. Wylie et al., bred ex Ficus sp., SI 0418;

1 ?, NE Guadalcanal, Ruavatu, 12.1.1995, R. Wylie et al., SI 0639; 1 9, NE

Guadalcanal, Adeade Village, 17.xi.1995, E. Valega, cue lure; 3 СС, 3 99, NE

Guadalcanal, 3 km W of Adeade, 11.ix.1996, R. Hollingsworth & C. Sare, bred from

Ficus septica, 2 О”, 2 99, NW Guadalcanal, Tambea Pt, 4.iii.1997, Е. Tsatsia, bred

from Ficus sp., SI 2010 (all QDPI).

Comments. Most of the above specimens were bred from the fruit of Ficus

septica or Ficus sp. (Moraceae).

Clusiosoma pullatum Hering

Material examined. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 1 ©, Morobe Province, Tikeling

Village forest, 1.v.1999, D. McGuire, on fig fruit (QDPI).

Clusiosoma semifuscum Malloch

Material examined. AUSTRALIA: 4 СС, 4 99, N Queensland, Gordon Creek, Iron

Range, 12°58’S, 143°31’E, 17-22.11.1993, M. Ross & К. van Klinken, bred Ficus

nodosa fruit, rainforest (UQIC).

Comments. Ficus nodosa is a new Australian host record for this species; for

others see Hancock et al. (2000).

Clusiosomina puncticeps (Malloch)

Material examined. AUSTRALIA: 2 СО, 5 99, SE Queensland, The Head, Teviot

Creek, 28°14’S, 152?28'E, 3.xi.1992, К. van Klinken, open forest, bred ex Ficus

coronata fruit (UQIC); 2 СО, 2 99, Simpson Park, Mt Coot-tha, Brisbane, 26.1.1994,

К. van Klinken, parkland, bred from Ficus fraseri fruit (UQIC); 35 o'o'$9,

Cunningham's Gap, via Aratula, 28°03’S, 152°23’E, 18.iv.1998, C.J. Burwell, swept

from Ficus coronata (QMB).

Comments. The above records from Ficus coronata validate the Gayndah

record noted by Permkam and Hancock (1995), while F. fraseri is a new

Australian host record; for others see Hancock et al. (2000).

Rabaulia fascifacies Malloch

Material examined. SOLOMON ISLANDS: 1 g, NE Guadalcanal, Tenaru Falls,

17.у111.1994, К. Wylie et al., bred ex Ficus pseudowassa, SI 0152; 1 ©, NE

Guadalcanal, Ada, 19.х.1994, К. Wylie et al., SI 0346; 15 СО, 10 99, Guadalcanal,

Honiara, Botanical Gardens, 12 & 20.xii.1994, R. Wylie et al., bred from Ficus

copiosa, SI 0397 & 0491; 4 СО, 2 99, same locality, 18.vii.1995, К. Hollingsworth,

SI 1031; 5 ОО, 7 99, NE Guadalcanal, Kolodavo, 16.xii.1994, R. Wylie et al., bred

‚ from Ficus sp., SI 0436; 12 СС, 9 99, N. Guadalcanal, Mt Austen, 8.ix.1996, M.

Valego, ех. Ficus sp., | ©, E Guadalcanal, CDC 1, 10.11.1997, E. Valenga & M.

Vagalo, bred ex Ficus sp., SI 2105; 6 СО", 4 99, Choiseul Is, Malangona, 16.xii.1995,

R.G. Hollingsworth, bred from Ficus sp., SI 1656 (all QDPI).

70 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2)

Comments. Records of R. fascifacies from Australia (Permkam and Hancock

1995) are misidentifications of R. nigrotibia Hering. Most of the above

specimens were bred from the fruit of Ficus copiosa, F. pseudowassa and

Ficus sp. Choiseul is a new island record.

Trypanocentra nigrithorax Malloch

Material examined. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 2 со, Morobe Province, Forest

Research Institute, Lae Botanic Garden, 21.xi.1998, A. Mararuai, cue lure P402; 1 ©,

Morobe Province, Gabensis Village, 1.vii.1999, S. Sar & S. Balagawi, cue lure P407

(all QDPI).

Comments. The above records are the first from Morobe Province.

Neothemara subgroup

Hexaresta multistriga (Walker)

Material examined. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 1 9, Central Province, Owens Corner,

Kokoda Trail, c 2000’, 23.iv.1966, J.J.H. & M.L. Szent-Ivany, in forest (QDPI).

Comments. Hardy (1986) referred this species and H. formosa (Malloch),

from Solomon Islands, to Hyponeothemara Hardy, which is currently placed

as a synonym of Hexaresta Hering. Nothing is known of the biology of

Neothemara subgroup species.

Neothemara formosipennis (Walker)

Material examined. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 1 С, 1 9, Northern Province, Kokoda,

1200, L.E. Cheesman, BM1933-577 (UQIC); 1 с, 2 99, Western Province,

Matkomrae Village, c 50 km N of Kiunga, 60 m, 5?49'S, 141°09’E, M.S. Moulds &

S. Cowan (AMS).

Comments. This species is widespread throughout the island of New Guinea.

Pseudacanthoneura sexguttata (de Meijere)

Material examined. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 1 F, Central Province, Brown R, nr Port

Moresby, 16.viii.1966, E. Mann (UQIC); 1 с, Northern Province, Mt Lamington

district, C.T. McNamara (UQIC).

Comments. The above records add to the few known from Papua New Guinea

(Hardy 1986). This species also occurs in northern Queensland.

Pseudoneothemara exul (Curran)

Material examined. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 1 f, East New Britain Province, Vudal

Settlement, 15.1.2000, Kalu Naman, methyl eugenol P230 (QDPI).

Comments. This species is known only from Solomon Islands and the

Bismarck Archipelago.

Themaroides subgroup

Buloloa spinicosta Hardy

Material examined. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 1 F, Morobe Province, Garaina, 2500’,

20.vi.1967, T.L. Fenner, ex Elettaria cardomomum (QDPI).

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2) 71

Comments. The types were collected on a bamboo stem (Hardy 1986) and it

is not certain whether the above specimen was bred from Elettaria

cardomomum (cardomom: Zingiberaceae) or collected on it.

Enoplopteron hieroglyphicum de Meijere

Material examined. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 1 9, Northern Province, Popondetta,

2.v.1967, G. Baker; 1 9, Madang Province, Ramu Sugar, Residential area, 7.vii.1999,

cue lure P411; 1 с, East New Britain Province, Vudal Agric. College, Dam 3,

14.x.1970, S. Joko (all QDPI).

Comments. Previously known from West Papua and mainland Papua New

Guinea (Hardy 1986), this species is newly recorded from the Bismarck

Archipelago.

Termitorioxa bicalcarata (Hering)

Material examined. AUSTRALIA: 23 0%, C Queensland, Expedition Range N.P.,

‘Amphitheatre’ vine scrub, 25?13'S, 148?59^E, 520 m, 17.xii.1997, C. Burwell & S.

Evans (QMB).

Comments. Although Korneyev (1999) placed Termitorioxa Hendel and

related genera in his Diarrhegma group of genera, he also suggested a

relationship with the Themaroides group and that arrangement is preferred

here.

Termitorioxa exleyae Permkam & Hancock

Material examined. AUSTRALIA: 1 o, 2 99, NW Queensland, Lawn Hill Nat. Park,

18729'-18*38'S, 138°04’-138°12’E, nr Musselbrook Research Centre - Murrays

Spring, Musselbrook Creek & 2 km along Ridgepole Waterhole Rd., 6, 11 &

12.v.1995, M.A. Schneider & G. Daniels (UQIC).

Comments. The distribution of this species is extended eastwards to NW

Queensland.

Termitorioxa laurae Permkam & Hancock

Material examined. AUSTRALIA: 2 99, NW Queensland, Lawn Hill Nat. Park,

Amphitheatre Spring area, 28 km N of Musselbrook Research Centre, 18°20°58”5,

138°11°09”E, 200 m, 13.у.1995, G. Daniels & M.A. Schneider (UQIC).

Comments. The above record is the first from NW Queensland for this

northern Australian species.

Termitorioxa meritoria (Walker)

Material examined. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 1 9, Morobe Province, Finschhafen,

Rev. L. Wagner; 1 ©, Northern Province, Mt Lamington, 1300-1500', C.T.

McNamara; 2 О7О”, 3 99, Northern Province, Kokoda, 1200’, iv.1933, L.E. Cheesman,

BM1933-577 (all UQIC). {

Comments. This species is widespread throughout New Guinea. The Kokoda

specimens also carry type labels of an undescribed species named by F.A.

Perkins.

72 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2)

Termitorioxa termitoxena (Bezzi)

Material examined. AUSTRALIA: 1 о, NW Queensland, Newcastle Range,

Georgetown, 7.11.1999, J. Hasenpusch (OMB).

Comments. The above record is the first from NW Queensland for this

northern Australian species. It breeds beneath the bark of trees (Hancock

2002).

Themarohystrix variabilis Hardy

Material examined. INDONESIA (WEST PAPUA): 1 9, Manokwari, 1.vi.1933, Dwi,

ex cocoa, JT 1132B (QDPI).

Comments. The note ‘ex cocoa’ probably refers to collection site rather than a

host record.

Themaroides abbreviata (Walker)

Material examined. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 1 9, Morobe Province, Bubia, Lae, J.H.

Ardley, rainforest (QDPI).

Comments. This species is widespread throughout New Guinea.

Themaroides bicolor sp. n.

(Figs 4-5)

Type. Holotype 9, PAPUA NEW GUINEA: East New Britain Province, Bainings Mts,

base camp, DPI station, near Raunsepna, 28.iv.1999, T. Clarke & D. McGuire, P205,

hand collected (in QMB, Reg. No. T 99090).

Description. Female (Fig. 4). Length of body (excluding oviscape) 9.8 mm;

of wing 10 mm. Head slightly higher than long, orange-brown except face

yellow; antennae orange-brown, third segment abraded; face gently convex.

Setae black: 2 pairs of frontal setae close together; 2 pairs of orbital setae, the

lower pair placed close to frontals; ocellar setae vestigial. Postocular row of

setae thin and black; genal seta well developed.

Thorax orange-brown; postpronotal lobe and notopleura fulvous, a diffuse

fuscous prescutellar area on scutum; a narrow fuscous line along top of

anepisternum. Setae black: postpronotal, 2 notopleural, presutural, 2 long

supra-alar, postalar, intra-alar, intrapostalar, prescutellar acrostichal,

dorsocentral placed midway between supra-alar and postalar setae, 2

anepisternal, anepimeral, katepisternal. Scutellum orange-brown, densely

setose over entire surface, with 6 strong scutellar setae and an additional pair

of weak setae between medial and apical pairs. Katepisternum with additional

black setae before coxa. Legs fulvous; mid tibia with 2 long, subequal apical

black spines; fore and hind coxae with black setae; apical half of fore femora

with dorsal and ventral rows of black setae; hind tibiae with subdorsal row of

black setae.

Wing mostly dark brown except yellow basally to level of the distinct costal

seta; with a weak, subhyaline indentation at apex of cell rj, and broad

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2) 73

hyaline indentations in cells m and cu», the latter crossing cell dm into cell br;

alula and anal lobe hyaline. Pterostigma almost as long as cell c; veins В, and

К setose; R-M crossvein placed а little beyond middle of cell dm, below

apex of pterostigma; cell bcu apically produced and acute.

Abdomen oval; terga I-II, Ш and medial portion of IV and V orange-brown;

lateral parts of terga IV and V broadly black; tergite VI black, less than a

quarter length of tergite V; oviscape black, flattened, length 1.1 mm, about as

long as terga V and VI combined; tip of aculeus (Fig. 5) narrow, apically

rounded and with long preapical setae.

Distribution. Known only from New Britain, Bismarck Archipelago.

Comments. T. bicolor resembles T. vittata Hardy but the scutellum is covered

with microsetae and has only 1 pair of extra scutellar setae, while the wing

base before the pterostigma is yellow. This is the only species of Themaroides

Hendel recorded as far east as the Bismarck Archipelago, although

Themaroidopsis rufescens Hardy, from Bougainville, has a similar wing

pattern and may belong in Themaroides.

(5)

Figs 4-5. Themaroides bicolor sp. n. (4) female; (5) tip of aculeus.

74 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2)

Tribe PHASCINI

Paraphasca taenifera Hardy

(Fig. 6)

Material examined. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 1 9, Chimbu Province, Kerowagi

Station, 2.ix.2000, Nixon Nebare, methyl eugenol P441 (QDPI).

Comments. In the above specimen the wing band across R-M crossvein is

more extensive than in typical specimens (Hardy 1986), connecting with the

band across DM-Cu crossvein (Fig. 6). However, it has the characteristic

black hind border to the scutum and appears to belong here.

Phasca trifasciata Hardy

(Fig. 7)

Material examined. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 1 $, Central Province, Sogeri, nr Port

Moresby, 17.xii.1998, К. Drew & D. McGuire; 2 СО, 1 9, Central Province, Rouna

Falls, 2.11.1999, on outside of cue lure trap P024; 1 с, 3 99, Central Province, Rouna

Forest, 2.11.1999, D. Tenakanai, by hand (all QDPI).

Comments. The female (Fig. 7) was previously unrecorded; the tip of the

ovipositor is flat and broad, narrowing to a point at apex and with distinct

preapical setae. All known records are from Central Province in Papua New

Guinea and the Merauke district of SE West Papua, Indonesia.

Xenosophira invibrissata Hardy

Material examined. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 3 g'g, 2 99, Morobe Province, Mt

Missim, 1250 m, 11.xii.1980, cue lure; 2 99, Mt Missim, ant plant gully, Sites 18 &

30, 1200 m, 18.xii.1980, A. Allison, cue lure; 1 С, 4 99, Mt Missim, bamboo thicket,

Site 21, 1100 m, 6.xi. & 18.xii.1980; 2 СС, 2 99, Mt Missim, rain gauge, Site 20,

1250 m, 30.x.1980; 1 9, Mt Missim, car park, Site 29, 1350 m, 18.xii.1980 (all

QDPI).

Comments. Xenosophira Hardy was included in the Sophira complex [Ptilona

subgroup, Acanthonevra group of genera] by Hardy (1980) but placed in tribe

Phascini by Korneyev (1999). The second, posterior, pair of dorsocentral

setae recorded by Hardy (1980) are actually the intrapostalar setae.

Tribe PHYTALMIINI

Diplochorda trilineata de Meijere

Material examined. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 1 9, Madang Province, Brahman High

. School, 30.1.2000, cue lure P412 (QDPI).

Comments. This species is sometimes spelt ‘trineata’, an incorrect original

spelling. Malloch (1939) also included records under the name ‘D. myrmex’,

a misidentification.

Diplochorda unistriata Malloch

Material examined. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 1 9, Eastern Highlands Province, Arau,

OPEN S.D., 4000”, 16.x.1959, J.H. Barrett, on Ficus leaves in regrowth thicket

I).

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2) 75

Comments. Previously recorded from Mondo, Central Province (Malloch

1939).

Phytalmia megalotis Gerstaecker

Material examined. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 1 $, Central Province, Vesilogo Village,

Sogeri Plateau, 15.x.1998, D. Tenakanai, cue lure P009 (QDPI).

Comments. This species is widespread throughout New Guinea.

S (7) (6)

Figs 6-7. Phascini. (6) Paraphasca taenifera, wing; (7) Phasca trifasciata, female.

Discussion

The phylogenetic relationship between Acanthonevrini, Phytalmiini and allied

groups and other tribes placed in subfamily Trypetinae has been the subject of

intensive study in recent years. Permkam and Hancock (1995) suggested a

close relationship between Acanthonevrini and Phytalmiini but considered

them to be tribes within subfamily Trypetinae. Korneyev (1999), however,

considered subfamily Phytalmiinae to be distinct from subfamily Trypetinae

76 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2)

and recognised four tribes within the former: Acanthonevrini, Epacrocerini,

Phascini and Phytalmiini. That arrangement is accepted here. The subfamily

Phytalmiinae is well represented in New Guinea and Australia, extending into

the Pacific as far east as Fiji. Sixty genera occur in this region, listed below

according to Korneyev's (1999) classification of tribes and generic groups.

Robertsomyia paradoxa Hardy, from Papua New Guinea, is often included in

the tribe Phytalmiini but has widely forked vanes on the aedeagal apodeme,

an elongate, apically subtriangular outer surstylus and a pair of tubercles on

the scutellum (Hardy 1983) and is transferred here to the Platystomatidae. It

keys near Angitula Walker (McAlpine 2001), sharing with it a great reduction

in head and thoracic setae, tuberculate scutellum, sclerotised metathoracic

postcoxal bridge and narrow wings with a straight vein Sc that does not meet

the costa, vestigial anal lobe and no alula.

Classification

Tribe Acanthonevrini

Acanthonevra group of genera

Acanthonevra subgroup: Anchiacanthonevra Hardy, Austronevra Permkam

& Hancock, Austrorioxa Permkam & Hancock, Copiolepis Enderlein,

Dacopsis Hering, Gressittidium Hardy, Hexacinia Hendel, Mimoeuphranta

Hardy and the Fijian Parachlaena Hering.

Ptilona subgroup (Sophira complex): Loriomyia Kertész [= Agnostophana

Hering] and Stymbara Walker from New Guinea, Exallosophira Hardy from

Solomon Islands and Enicopterina Malloch from Fiji.

Dirioxa group of genera

Dirioxa Hendel, Lumirioxa Permkam & Hancock and Micronevrina

Permkam & Hancock.

Themaroides group of genera

Clusiosoma subgroup: Cheesmanomyia Malloch, Clusiosoma Malloch,

Clusiosomina Malloch, Hemiclusiosoma Hardy, Nothoclusiosoma Hardy,

Paedohexacinia Hardy, Rabaulia Malloch, Rabauliomorpha Hardy and

Trypanocentra Hendel.

Neothemara subgroup: Alloeomyia | Hardy, Hexaresta Hering [=

Hyponeothemara Hardy], Lyronotum Hering, Neothemara Malloch,

Pseudacanthoneura Malloch, Pseudoneothemara Hardy and

Quasirhabdochaeta Hardy.

Themaroides subgroup: Acanthonevroides Permkam & Hancock, Aridonevra

Permkam & Hancock, Buloloa Hardy, Enoplopteron de Meijere, Taeniorioxa

Permkam & Hancock, Termitorioxa Hendel [= Kertesziola Hering],

Themarohystrix Hendel, Themaroides Hendel, Themaroidopsis Hering and

Walkeraitia Hardy.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2) 7]

Tribe Epacrocerini

Epacrocerus Hardy, Proepacrocerus Hardy, Sophiropsis Hardy,

Tanymetopus Hardy and Udamolobium Hardy.

Tribe Phascini

Diarrhegmoides Malloch, Othniocera Hardy, Paraphasca Hardy, Phasca

Hering, Stigmatomyia Hardy and Xenosophira Hardy.

Tribe Phytalmiini

Diplochorda Osten Sacken, Ortaloptera Edwards, Phytalmia Gerstaecker and

Sessilina McAlpine & Schneider.

Unplaced genera

Polyara Walker, Polyaroidea Hardy and Pseudacrotoxa Hering form a small

complex of New Guinea genera that breed in bamboo shoots. They require

further study before they can be placed satisfactorily in any of the above

tribes or even in the Phytalmiinae. The elongate aculeus lacks distinct

preapical setae and is not typical of the subfamily (see Hardy 1986, 1988),

while the number and shape of the spermathecae are unrecorded.

Biogeography

Tribes Epacrocerini and Phascini are wholly restricted to the island of New

Guinea, while Phytalmiini is almost restricted (also occurring in northeastern

Queensland). Tribe Acanthonevrini is more widespread, being well

represented in Asia and weakly in Africa. However, within this tribe, the

Themaroides group of genera is restricted to Australia, Timor, Maluku, New

Guinea and islands of the southwestern Pacific, while the Dirioxa group

occurs in Australia, New Guinea, New Caledonia [introduced ?] and Vanuatu.

The Diarrhegma group contains one Asian-Indonesian genus and the

Acanthonevra group is primarily southeast Asian, with a few genera in Africa

and a few in the New Guinea — Australia — Pacific region.

Emheringia longiplaga (Hering), from Ambon, Maluku, was included in the

Dirioxa group by Korneyev (1999). However, Emheringia Hardy [=

Heringomyia Hardy] belongs in the Sophira complex and is placed here'as a

new synonym of Seraca Walker. S. longiplaga (Hering), comb. n. differs

from other similarly-patterned species in the genus by its better developed

secondary scutellar setae. Other Seraca species occur in Sulawesi.

Single records of Rioxa discalis (Walker) [= К. sumatrana Enderlein] from

Malaita, Solomon Islands and Themara lunifera Hering from Bougainville,

Papua New Guinea (Hardy 1986) are doubtful and require confirmation; the

specimens may have been mislabelled. A record of Rioxa sexmaculata (van

der Wulp) from West Papua [= Irian Jaya], Indonesia (Hardy 1986) is a

lapsus; the locality Soekaboemi is in Java. Neither Rioxa Walker nor

Themara Walker is known otherwise east of Borneo.

78 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2)

Acknowledgements

We thank Amy Lawson (Griffith University) for preparing the illustrations

and curators of the various institutions for access to material. Field work in

Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu was carried out under the

auspices of ACIAR Project No. CS2/94/03 ‘Identification of pest fruit flies in

Vanuatu, Solomon Islands and Federated States of Micronesia’ and the

Regional Management of Fruit Flies in the Pacific Project.

References

HANCOCK, D.L. 2002. A note on the biology of Termitorioxa termitoxena (Bezzi) (Diptera:

Tephritidae). Australian Entomologist 29: 96.

HANCOCK, D.L. and DREW, R.A.I. 1994. Notes on some Pacific Island Trypetinae and

Tephritinae (Diptera: Tephritidae). Australian Entomologist 21: 21-30.

HANCOCK, D.L., HAMACEK, E.L., LLOYD, A.C. and ELSON-HARRIS, M.M. 2000. The

distribution and host plants of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Australia. Information Series

Q199067. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane; iv + 75 pp.

HARDY, D.E. 1980. The Sophira group of fruit fly genera (Diptera: Tephritidae:

Acanthonevrini). Pacific Insects 22: 123-161.

HARDY, D.E. 1982. The Epacrocerus complex of genera in New Guinea (Diptera: Tephritidae:

Acanthonevrini). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington 10: 78-92.

HARDY, D.E. 1983. Robertsomyia an aberrant new genus of Phytalmiini from Papua New

Guinea (Tephritidae: Diptera). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 24: 227-

231.

HARDY, D.E. 1986. Fruit flies of the subtribe Acanthonevrina of Indonesia, New Guinea, and

the Bismarck and Solomon Islands (Diptera: Tephritidae: Trypetinae: Acanthonevrini). Pacific

Insects Monograph 42: 1-191.

HARDY, D.E. 1988. Fruit flies of the subtribe Gastrozonina of Indonesia, New Guinea and the

Bismarck and Solomon Islands (Diptera: Tephritidae: Trypetinae: Acanthonevrini). Zoologica

Scripta 17: 77-121.

HERING, M. 1941. Neue Dacinae und Trypetinae des Zoologischen Museums der Universitat

Berlin. Siruna Seva 3: 1-25.

KORNEYEV, У.А. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships among higher groups of Tephritidae. Pp

73-113, in Aluja, M. and Norrbom, A.L. (eds), Fruit flies (Tephritidae): phylogeny and

evolution of behavior. CRC Press, Boca Raton; xviii + 944 pp.

MALLOCH, J.R. 1939. The Diptera of the territory of New Guinea. IX. Family Phytalmiidae.

Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 64: 169-180.

McALPINE, Р.К. 2001. Review of the Australasian genera of signal flies (Diptera:

Platystomatidae). Records of the Australian Museum 53: 113-199.

McALPINE, D.K. and SCHNEIDER, M.A. 1978. A systematic study of Phytalmia (Diptera,

Tephritidae) with description of a new genus. Systematic Entomology 3: 159-175.

PERMKAM, S. and HANCOCK, D.L. 1995. Australian Trypetinae (Diptera: Tephritidae).

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Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2): 79-86 79

A NEW SPECIES OF NEODIPHTHERA FLETCHER

(LEPIDOPTERA: SATURNIIDAE) FROM NORTHEASTERN

QUEENSLAND

D.A. LANE! and S. NAUMANN?

13 Janda Street, Atherton, Qld 4883

?Potsdamer Strasse 71, 10785 Berlin, Germany

Abstract

Neodiphthera sulphurea sp. n. is described from northeastern Queensland and compared with

the closely related species N. papuana (Rothschild) and N. albicera (Rothschild & Jordan) from

Papua New Guinea and Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Opodiphthera goodgeri D' Abrera is placed as a

new synonym of N. papuana. Neodiphthera Fletcher is briefly discussed. N. strigata (Bethune-

Baker), comb. n. and N. venusta (Rothschild & Jordan), comb. n. are newly transferred from

Opodiphthera Wallengren.

Introduction

During the last few years a series of a variable, small species of Saturniidae

has been collected in northeastern Queensland. A small series of this

undescribed species is in the Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra

and its distinction from the closely related species N. papuana (Rothschild,

1904) and N. albicera (Rothschild & Jordan, 1907) has been noted previously

(Edwards 1996 and pers. comm.). Recent collecting has produced further

specimens from Iron Range and from the Rocky River, Silver Plains, Cape

York Peninsula, enabling a detailed comparison with the known species from

New Guinea.

Neodiphthera sulphurea sp. n.

(Figs 1-8)

Type material. Holotype &', QUEENSLAND: Gordon Creek, Iron Range, 22.vi.1998,

D.A. Lane (in Queensland Museum, Brisbane). Paratypes: 1 9, Gordon Creek, Iron

Range, 13.v.1997, D.A. Lane; 15 С, same data as holotype, but 11 & 13.v.1997 &

21, 22, 23, 24, 25 & 28.vi.1998; 1 с, Iron Range, 9.vii.1984, D.A. Lane; 2 СС,

Rocky River, Silver Plains, 13.vi.1999 & 25.vi.1998, D.A. Lane; 2 ОО, Iron Range,

Cape York Peninsula, 29.vi.1996 & 5-11.vii.1995, S.J. Johnson; 2 СО, Rocky River,

Silver Plains, 23 & 24.iv.2002, S.J. Johnson (all in D.A. Lane collection, Atherton); 2

ОО”, same data as holotype, but 11 & 12.v.1997, genitalia No 514 & 515/01

Naumann; 3 ОС, Iron Range N.P., Gordon Cr., 500 m, on old mining track,

18.xii.1997, at MV lamp, А. Zwick, genitalia No 518/01, 829 & 830/02 Naumann; 1

in S. Naumann collection, Berlin); 3 О7О, Iron Range N.P., Gordon Cr., 500 m, on

‘Rainforest Cmpgr., 15/16.xii.1997, at MV lamp, A. Zwick (all in A. Zwick

iii.[19]48 (or iii.[19]45)’ (in Queensland Museum, Brisbane); 19 o'o’, Iron Range, 7,

8, 9, 10, 13, 14 & 15.iv.1964, Т.Е.В. Common & M.S. Upton; 3 ОО", Iron Range,

2.1.1973 (2), genitalia No M808 & 10.v.1975 (1), M.S. Moulds; 1 С, Cape York

Peninsula, Iron Range, 27.iv-4.v.1973, S.R. Monteith; 3 ОО”, North Queensland,

80 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2)

Figs 1-5. Neodiphthera sulphurea sp. n. (1-2) Holotype male, yellow form, upper and

undersides; (3-4) male, pink form, upper and undersides; (5) male, yellow form

variation, upperside.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2) 81

26.у.1974, A. & J. d’Apice; 2 ОТС", same locality, 12°43’S, 143°17°Е, 23-31.iii. 1984,

B. Hacobian; 1 О", same locality, 13.11.1985, E.D. Edwards & B. Hacobian; 1 C,

Claudie River, Quinn Park, 12°43’S, 143°17°E, 12.1.1985, E.D. Edwards & B.

Hacobian; 3 О7О”, Upper Leo Creek, Mcllwraith Range, 500 m, 13°45’S, 143°22’E,

6.vii.1989 (1) & 7.vii.1989 (2), Nielsen, Edwards & Horak; 1 0%, 1 9, Mango Tree,

Mcllwraith Range, 500 m, 13°45’S, 143°227E, 5.vii.1989, Nielsen, Edwards &

Horak; 1 О”, Golden Nugget Creek Camp Site, MclIlwraith Range, 500 m, 13°44’S,

143?20'E, 28.vi.1989, Nielsen, Edwards & Horak (all in Australian National Insect

Collection, Canberra).

Description. Male (Figs 1-5). Forewing length (centre of thorax to wing apex)

40-45 mm. Eyes black. Antennae 7.5-8.2 mm long, with 23-25 segments,

broadly quadripectinate except the last three to five segments, longest rami

1.4 mm long. Adults occur in two distinct colour morphs — pale lemon yellow

or salmon pink; some of the yellow specimens show a heavy brown pattern on

the wings but in most specimens such patterns are found only lightly. Legs of

lemon colour morph are brown/yellow, those of pink morph are brown/pink.

Upper thorax with a broad brown band immediately behind head, extending

onto forewing costa.

Forewing with costa straight for basal two-thirds, then evenly but broadly

bowed to apex; apex broadly rounded, termen slightly convex, hind margin

straight and tornus rounded. Hindwing with termen unevenly rounded, tornus

bowed, dorsum straight. In both colour morphs the apex and termen of both

fore and hindwings are fringed with a very narrow dark yellow edging, giving

the appearance of a ‘silhouette’ outline. Forewing upperside with costa

broadly edged brown on basal half. An oblique brown band, edged grey

basally, extends from apex at quarter to one-third inner margin, nearly straight

but bowed at dorsum, curved inwards. A similar submedian brown line, less

distinct, from a little less than half length of costa to quarter inner margin and

strongly indented below cell. Eyespot at end of cell slightly elliptical, brown

centre, ringed with a broad yellow, narrow white, then brown outer ring. Apex

often has brown scales scattered from costal half to oblique brown band

apically; this pattern is less developed than in N. papuana where a darker and

larger marking can be found. Hindwing upperside with outwardly brown and

inwardly grey postmedian wavy line extending from near apex to lower

dorsum, not parallel to wing margin and meeting dorsum at one-eighth above

tornus. Inner submedian brown line runs from dorsum to top of discal cell.

Eyespot at end of cell much more diffuse. A series of submarginal variable

brown spots, sometimes absent, runs roughly parallel to postmedian brown

wavy line, midway to wing margin. Underside similar to upperside, the

forewing and hindwing submedian lines prominent in cell only. Eyespots

noticeably oval in shape, strongly marked by a brown outer ring.

Female (Figs 6-7). Forewing length 47 mm. Antennae with pectinations very

narrow. Fore and hindwing as in male but wings more rounded, markings

more distinct. Forewing termen strongly convex. Forewing oblique brown

82 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2)

line more curved inwards towards base. Forewing eyespot larger, strongly

marked with small central white spot, dark brown infill with yellow and

brown outer rings. Hindwing eyespot also strongly marked, with dark brown

central spot, yellow and brown outer rings. Underside similar to upperside,

fore and hindwing eyespots slightly smaller, noticeably oval in shape, with

distinctive inner brown, yellow and brown outer rings.

Male genitalia (Fig. 8). The genitalia are very diagnostic compared with

those of the nearest relatives N. papuana (Fig. 9) and №. albicera (Fig. 10).

Generally, genitalia structures within the genus look similar overall but differ

constantly in the size of different parts of the genitalia and the combination of

those. N. sulphurea has the largest and most sclerotized genitalia of all three,

and the saccus and aedeagus are much longer than in both other species. The

valvae have a single lateral, nearly central positioned process which is based

broadly and a little sclerotized. There is a second, internal process of the

valvae (= labides) with a long dorsal apical process. The uncus is long, bent,

and has two short tips, the juxta has a right and left lateral dorsal process of

the same length on both sides. The saccus is long and slender, the aedeagus

quite long and broad for the genus, distally with a shovel-like process which

is positioned right ventrolateral. In one specimen (No 830/02 Naumann) we

found this structure reflected left lateral, but the rest of the structure was quite

similar.

Etymology. Named after the sulphur-like appearance of adult moths,

especially when viewed under a mercury vapour light source.

Distribution. Known so far only from the Iron Range and Mcllwraith Range/

Rocky River, Silver Plains areas of Cape York Peninsula, northeastern

Queensland. There is a specimen in the Queensland Museum labelled

"Townsville! but this locality is considered erroneous, as no similar

specimens are known from rainforest areas south of Silver Plains. There is a

pinkish brown female in the Australian National Insect Collection which we

believe to be conspecific, with the following data: Groote Eylandt, Northern

Territory, 18.v.1982, J. W.C. d'Apice & V.J. Robinson. We suspect that this

specimen is incorrectly labelled, as Iron Range was also visited on the same

excursion (E.D. Edwards, pers. comm.). Consequently this specimen is

excluded from the type series.

Comments. N. sulphurea is closest to N. papuana but, apart from the genitalic

differences, other noticeable features are present. Males of N. sulphurea are

generally larger in size (FW length 42-45 mm), the forewing is broader and

the hindwing more rounded than in N. papuana. The underside eyespot

markings of N. sulphurea are similar to those of N. papuana but are distinctly

oval in shape, compared with the circular shape of N. papuana. The oblique

brown forewing line in N. papuana is nearly straight for its full length but in

N. sulphurea it is generally slightly bowed and distinctly curved inwards

where it meets the dorsum.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2) 83

Figs 6-10. Neodiphthera spp. (6-7) N. sulphurea, female, yellow form, upper and

undersides; (8) male genitalia of N. sulphurea, genitalia No 518/01 Naumann; (9)

male genitalia of N. papuana, genitalia No 826/02 Naumann; (10) male genitalia of №.

albicera, genitalia No 517/01 Naumann.

84 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2)

Two distinct colour morphs of N. sulphurea occur, as with N. papuana. The

available females of N. sulphurea have the termen of the forewing strongly

convex, compared with the female of N. papuana (in The Natural History

Museum [BMNH], London) illustrated by D'Abrera (1998). The female of N.

albicera is apparently unknown.

Nothing is known so far of the biology and life history of this species. The

habitat in which adults have been collected is rich riverine lowland rain

forest, with altitudinal range up to 500 metres.

Neodiphthera papuana (Rothschild)

(Fig. 9)

Opodiphthera papuana Rothschild, 1904.

Opodiphthera goodgeri D' Abrera, 1988: 24; syn. n.

Material examined. INDONESIA (IRIAN JAYA): 1 0%, yellow morph, Paniai

District, Naga Roso, Nabire, ix.1991, M. de Ridder, genitalia No 516/01 Naumann; 2

gg, 1 yellow, 1 pink, Central Range near Papua border, E Gunung Mandala,

Abmisibil, 1800 m, 4?47'S, 140°32’E, 6.viii.1997, B. Turlin, genitalia No 826 &

827/02 Naumann. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 1 С, pink morph, in a series of 7 yellow

or pink specimens, Eastern Highlands, Kainantu, Aiyura, 1700 m, 6°20°5, 145°54’E,

20.1.1998, P. Buffet, genitalia No 828/02 Naumann.

Comments. The position of both fore and hindwing eyespots is not a

diagnostic feature as some variation with more proximal and more marginal

eyespots occurs. D’Abrera (1998) utilised the eyespot position as a diagnostic

pattern and, together with a pink instead of yellow ground colour and further

(undescribed) differences in the male genitalia, described Opodiphthera

goodgeri D'Abrera (which would belong in Neodiphthera in the sense of

Fletcher). We examined the genitalia of one paratype of this taxon (in The

Natural History Museum, London), plus genitalia of both yellow and pink

males of М. papuana from localities in western and eastern Irian Jaya

(Indonesia) and eastern Papua New Guinea in the collection of S. Naumann

and found no discernable differences. Both taxa were collected together in

Irian Jaya and Papua New Guinea and, as shown for N. sulphurea, different

colour morphs evidently occur intraspecifically in this genus. Therefore, we

regard №. goodgeri as a pinkish colour morph and new synomyn of М.

papuana.

Discussion

Some taxonomic problems were encountered with placing the new species in

the correct genus. Bouvier (1936) was the first to propose a new generic name

for a group of species formerly included in Opodiphthera Wallengren, 1858,

but cited certain species twice in his work, both under Opodiphthera and his

new genus Neodiphthera, and failed to designate a type species for the new

genus. Therefore the description is not valid in the sense of the Code and the

name Neodiphthera Bouvier is not available.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2) 85

Fletcher (1982) later validly redescribed the genus Neodiphthera as new,

citing Opodiphthera papuana Rothschild, 1904 as the type species.

Unfortunately he gave no further notes on the genus, or suggestion as to

which other species should be placed in it. It is unclear if he wanted

conformity with Bouvier, who included species related to O. sciron

(Westwood, 1881) (with uniformly brown males and dark grey females; only

the very eastern representatives O. decellei Lemaire & Naessig, 2002 from

Bougainville and O. tennenti Naessig & Lemaire, 2002 from Guadalcanal in

the Solomon Islands show a more colourful pattern), plus O. papuana and

related species (a group of smaller, mostly yellow species), or if he proposed

the name only for the latter. Little has been published subsequently on the

genus Neodiphthera.

Naessig and Holloway (1988) cited Neodiphthera at the same rank as other

Australasian genera of Saturniidae. They discussed briefly the monophyly of

the whole group owing to their very similar genitalic structures and noted that a

revision of the group was needed. Edwards (1996) was the first to mention the

new Australian species described here, citing it as ‘Neodiphthera sp. A’. The

genus was not mentioned by Common (1990).

D’ Abrera (1998) did not cite Neodiphthera Fletcher in his work on the world

Saturniidae but placed all possible members in Opodiphthera. His heading

"Opodiphthera Wallengren, 1858 = Neodiphthera Auctt.’ does not represent

synonymisation in the sense of the Code, but application of a generic name

for a group of species with currently unclear taxonomic status. Finally,

Naumann and Brechlin (2001) compared genitalia structures of the genera

Syntherata Maassen, 1873, Opodiphthera and Neodiphthera and found many

similarities, but not consistent with the current generic classification. They

also suggested that a taxonomic revision was needed, with a critical

reorganization of the three genera involved, in light of knowledge about early

instars, behaviour and genitalic structures.

Owing to the close relationship between N. sulphurea, М. papuana and N.

albicera, plus №. strigata (Bethune-Baker, 1908), comb. n. and №. venusta

(Rothschild & Jordan, 1907), comb. n., we here include those five species

within the genus. We do not intend to undertake further taxonomic changes

without much needed scientific investigations and we therefore hesitate to

include within Neodiphthera the species related to О. sciron; further studies

with more material are necessary.

Males of N. papuana and N. albicera are readily separated. N. albicera is

generally a much smaller species (forewing length 33-35 mm) compared with

N. papuana (forewing length 38-40 mm). Males of N. albicera have relatively

more elongate and narrower forewings, with the apex more distinctly acute.

The ground colour is a lighter pale yellow. On the underside, the eyespots are

circular in shape, distinctly core filled white instead of yellow to orange as in

N. papuana, with a small brown spot at centre, and a brown outer ring, as

86 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2)

described in the original description of М. albicera (Rothschild and Jordan

1907) and evidently shown by D'Abrera (1998). Further differences are the

brown pattern on the underside of N. albicera, instead of a more greyish one

in N. papuana, and the male genitalia; those of N. albicera are much smaller,

with only a small, nearly reduced saccus and very short aedeagus; the dorsal

lateral processes of the juxta are shorter than in N. papuana and the process

of the valva is quite slender and tapering, as with the dorsal process of the

labides. The uncus is shortest in N. albicera. The genitalia of М. papuana

(Fig. 9) show approximately intermediate characters between those of М.

albicera (Fig. 10) and N. sulphurea (Fig. 8).

Acknowledgements

We wish to thank E.D. Edwards (ANIC, Canberra) for access to specimens in

his care and for constructive criticism and advice, C. Burwell (Queensland

Museum) for access to the collections, S.J. Johnson (Townsville) and A.

Zwick (Tuebingen, Germany, presently ANIC, Canberra), for access to their

specimens. LF.B. Common (Toowoomba) generously offered advice and

criticism. D. Goodger (BMNH) and W. Mey (Zoologisches Museum der

Humboldt-Universitat, Berlin) kindly offered assistance with specimens held

in their care. We also wish to thank the Queensland National Parks and

Wildlife Service for Scientific Permits allowing research within National

Parks and State Forest areas under their jurisdiction.

References

BOUVIER, E.-L. 1936. Etudes des Saturnioides normaux. Famille des Saturniides. Memoires du

Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, nouvelle serie 3: 1-354, 12 pls.

COMMON, I.F.B. 1990. Moths of Australia. Melbourne University Press, Carlton; xxxii + 535

рр.

D'ABRERA, B. 1998. Saturniidae Mundi. Saturniid moths of the world, Part III. Goecke &

Evers, Keltern, Germany; x + 171 pp.

EDWARDS, E.D. 1996. Saturniidae. Pp 264-265, 364-365, in Nielsen, E.S., Edwards, E.D. and

Rangsi, T.V. Checklist of the Lepidoptera of Australia. Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera,

Vol. 4. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood; xiv + 529 pp.

FLETCHER, D.S. 1982. In Fletcher D.S. and Nye, I. W.B. 1982. Bombycoidea, Castnioidea,

Cossoidea, Mimallonoidea, Sesioidea, Sphingoidea, Zygaenoidea. The generic names of moths

of the world, Vol. 4. British Museum (Natural History), London; xiv + 192 pp.

NAESSIG, W.A. and HOLLOWAY, J.D. 1988. On the systematic position of “Syntherata”

loepoides Butler and its allies (Lep., Saturniidae). Heterocera Sumatrana (Goettingen) 2(6):

115-127.

NAUMANN, S. and BRECHLIN, R. 2001. Zwei neue Arten der Gattung Syntherata Maassen,

1873, von den Molukken, Indonesien (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Nachrichten des

entomologischen Vereins Apollo, N.F. 21(4): 237-246.

ROTHSCHILD, L.W. and JORDAN, K. 1907. Lepidopteren aus Neu-Guinea. Deutsche

Entomologische Zeitschrift (Berlin) 7: 189-198.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2): 87-91 87

NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION AND CONSERVATION STATUS

OF TRAPEZITES ATKINSI WILLIAMS, WILLIAMS & HAY

(LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERIIDAE)

PETER S. VALENTINE! and STEPHEN J. JOHNSON?

! Tropical Environment Studies & Geography, James Cook University, Townsville Qld 4811

?Qonoonba Veterinary Laboratory, РО Box 1085, Townsville, Qld 4810

Abstract

Following concern about the conservation of Trapezites atkinsi Williams, Williams & Hay, field

studies were carried out to determine whether the species has a wider distribution than originally

reported. The results of these observations suggest that the species is widespread in suitable

habitat in southwestern Western Australia and that its conservation status may be more secure

than previously considered. The relationship between this species and others, notably 7. sciron

Waterhouse & Lyell, remains unclear.

Introduction

Trapezites atkinsi Williams, Williams & Hay (Figs 1-6) was first described

from southwestern Western Australia where adults were collected at a single

location in or near D'Entrecasteaux National Park (Windy Harbour). At the

time of description Williams et al. (1998) believed that ‘its apparently

restricted distribution places this skipper in the vulnerable category'. They

noted that their attempts to locate further populations had been unsuccessful.

Subsequently Braby (2000) also considered that the appropriate conservation

status for this species was ‘vulnerable until further populations are

discovered'. In early November 2001, we completed a survey of the coast

from Bunbury to Denmark in an attempt to locate other populations of Т.

atkinsi in areas of apparently suitable habitat.

Observations and discussion

The habitat where 7. atkinsi occurs in D’Entrecasteaux National Park consists

of limestone cliffs with heath communities (strongly wind-pruned in exposed

areas) and dune and swale systems behind open beaches. Similar communities

occur elsewhere along the south coast and along the west coast from Cape

Leeuwin to Cape Naturaliste (Fig. 7). A variant specimen of Trapezites

Hübner, taken with 7. argenteoornatus (Hewitson) near Bunbury in 1997,

seemed close to 7. atkinsi and prompted a closer survey of the coast south

from Bunbury. On 2 November 2001, we located Acanthocarpus preissii

Lehm, the larval food plant for Т. atkinsi and T. argenteoornatus, along

foreshore areas at Dunsborough, 100 km south of Bunbury and adult 7.

argenteoornatus were common, establishing a new southern record for that

species.

Between Dunsborough and Yallingup is a distance of less than 10 km but the

environmental change is significant in geology, relief and in land systems and

associated vegetation communities (Valentine and Enright 1975). From

previous visits to the Windy Harbour area it was apparent that sections of the

88 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2)

coast near Yallingup were very similar to the type locality for 7. atkinsi. We

were able to locate both larval food plants and adults of 7. atkinsi along a

limestone ridge and cliff area within the Leeuwin-Naturaliste National Park.

During a 1.5 hour survey we noted in excess of 30 individuals, both male and

female, flying amongst the heath on a 150 metre section of limestone coast.

This new location is more than 150 km from the existing known site.

Figs 1-6. Adult underside patterns in Trapezites atkinsi. (1, 2) Prevelly Beach

male and female; (3, 4) Windy Harbour male and female; (5) Yallingup

male; (6) Windy Harbour male.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2) 89

Coastal habitat within

LET

national park

Cape Naturaliste її)

Dunsborough

Yallingup

X Margaret River

Prevelly

—

Cape AA

Windy Harbour

Denmark

A Sener Pome eS

Fig. 7. Map of the locations referred to in SW Western Australia.

We also undertook careful searches at Prevelly, 50 km further south of Cape

Naturaliste, and at several locations found larval food plants, larval shelters,

pupae and fresh pupal exuviae. Adults were common with males patrolling

the ridge tops and females further down the cliff face, sometimes extending

to the beach. Adults were seen along the coast from near the mouth of

Margaret River south to Gnarabup Beach. This area is contained within two

reserves vested in the Augusta-Margaret River Shire for parks and recreation,

and similar habitat occurs to the north and south within the Leeuwin-

Naturaliste National Park.

90 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2)

Apparently suitable habitat was also noted at Cape Clairault, Gracetown and

at Hamelin Bay closer to Cape Leeuwin. The food plant was abundant at

these sites but no adults were noted, possibly because searches were done

early in the morning before adults were on the wing. Although larval food

plant was located at Cape Leeuwin, we did not sight any adults. A check near

Windy Harbour on 9 November revealed many adult 7. atkinsi flying

amongst the dunes and swales (outside the National Park) as well as along the

cliff tops (within the National Park). Our final search, at Ocean Beach, near

Denmark was unsuccessful and we were unable to locate any А. preissii.

Following our findings in the Yallingup and Prevelly area we notified Matt

Williams and Andy Williams (CALM, WA), who have since observed or

collected 7. atkinsi near Sugarloaf Rock in the Leeuwin-Naturaliste National

Park (A.A.E. Williams, pers. comm.).

Throughout the areas where we observed 7. atkinsi its behaviour was similar.

Males occupied small leks close to the ridge tops of dunes or along the cliff

tops on limestone coasts. Active defence of these areas kept males on the

wing briefly and frequently but in between sorties they landed on the sand, a

stick, flower or rock. Flight was usually low, within a few centimetres of the

ground, and very rapid making adults difficult to observe. Females were more

likely to be seen in the lee of the dune ridges or the limestone cliffs. In

periods when the wind had an easterly component this meant that at Yallingup

and Prevelly the females were often on the beach side of the cliffs. In dune

systems females occurred in the swales where they fly around and between

the clumps of larval food plant.

Common and Waterhouse (1981) refer to a specimen of Trapezites sciron

Waterhouse & Lyell from Yallingup so we decided to locate this specimen.

A search through the Australian Museum collection revealed two specimens

collected at Yallingup on 14 November 1913, by R.E. Turner (voucher

number KL10087). These specimens have identical morphology to those of 7.

atkinsi taken elsewhere and fit comfortably within the series of specimens

now known from Yallingup to Windy Harbour. Of additional interest isa

number of specimens in the Museum collected at Bunbury during October

1938, by F.L. Whitlock. These are also very close to T. atkinsi as we

currently know it.

With a greater number of specimens available the variation within the species

is now easier to review. We have found that individuals at all sites vary

considerably in the extent of maculation and the distinctiveness of the

underside spots (Figs 1-6). In general the species is closest to 7. sciron and,

given the variation already noted in that species (Mayo and Atkins 1992), the

full detail of this relationship remains unclear. The prospect of sympatric

distribution with 7. argenteoornatus (now « 10 km apart) also deserves closer

attention.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2) 91

Conclusion

As New and Sands (2002) point out, butterflies exhibiting narrow-range

endemicity (in which they include 7. atkinsi) have frequently been presumed

of conservation concern even when no threatening process has been

identified. Following the discovery of several new locations for T. atkinsi and

extensive areas of the larval food plant within the new range, the conservation

status of this species may now be judged much more secure. Many of the sites

of adults and food plant.are within a series of National Parks between Cape

Naturaliste and Cape Leeuwin (Fig. 7) and this gives greater prospect for its

survival. However, some of the sites (notably in the Prevelly area) are already

subject to coastal development pressures and local and state governments will

need to factor the habitat needs of this species into development planning

processes. It would be valuable for a conservation management agreement to

be established with the Shire of Augusta-Margaret River to ensure habitat

areas under their control were adequately protected.

Acknowledgements

We thank Matt Williams and Andy Williams of CALM (Conservation and

Land Management, WA Government) for assisting our field studies in

Western Australia and for permission to include reference to their subsequent

location of 7. atkinsi at Sugarloaf Rock. Rory O'Brien of Augusta-Margaret

River Shire provided advice about reserves vested with the Shire and Ian Bell

of the Department of Land Administration provided maps of reserves. We

also thank staff at the Australian Museum for access to material in their care,

especially Max Moulds and David McAlpine.

References

BRABY, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution.

CSIRO, Collingwood; xx + 976 pp.

COMMON, I.F.B. and WATERHOUSE, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Angus and

Robertson, Sydney; xiv + 682 pp.

MAYO, К. and ATKINS, A. 1992. Anisyntoides Waterhouse (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae): a

synonym of Trapezites Hübner, with a description of a new species from Western Australia.

Australian Entomological Magazine 19(3): 81-88.

NEW, T.R. and SANDS, D.P.A. 2002. Narrow-range endemicity and conservation status:

interpretations for Australian butterflies. Invertebrate Systematics 16: 665-670.

VALENTINE, P.S. and ENRIGHT, N.J. 1975. The Cape Naturaliste area, WA: an

environmental resource evaluation. GEOWEST No. 6, University of WA; 102 pp.

WILLIAMS, A.A.E., WILLIAMS, M. and HAY, R.W. 1998. A new species of Trapezites

Hübner (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from Western Australia. Australian Entomologist 25(1): 7-

12.

92 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (2)

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McEVEY, S.F. and BARKER, J.S.F.

2001 Scaptodrosophila aclinata: a new Hibiscus flower breeding species related to S. hibisci

(Diptera: Drosophilidae). Records of the Australian Museum 53: 255-262.

MOUND, L.A. |

2002 Zemiathrips: a new genus of fungus-feeding phlaeothripine Thysanoptera in Australian

leaf litter. Australian Journal of Entomology 41(3): 209-215.

RENTZ, D.C.F.

2001 Listroscelidinae, Тутрапорћоғіпае, Meconematinae and Microtettigoniinae.

Tettigoniidae of Australia, Vol. 3. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood; 536 pp.

SCHMIDT, D.J. and RICE, S.J.

2002 Association of ants with juvenile Ogyris amaryllis amaryllis Hewitson (Lepidoptera:

Lycaenidae) in south-eastern Queensland. Australian Journal of Entomology 41(2):

164-169.

SCHMIDT, S. and GIBSON, G.A.P.

2001 А new species of the genus Orussonia Riek and the female of О. depressa

(Hymenoptera: Symphyta, Orussidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 10: 113-118.

SCHMIDT, S. and VILHELMSEN, L.

2002 Revision of the Australasian genus Orussobaius Benson (Hymenoptera: Symphyta:

Orussidae). Australian Journal of Entomology 41(3): 226-135.

SHATTUCK, S.O.

2000 Australian ants: their biology and identification. Monographs on Invertebrate

Taxonomy, Vol. 3. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood; 238 pp.

SHATTUCK, S.O. and HINKLEY, S.

2002 Second species in the Australian ant genus Peronomyrmex Viehmeyer (Hymenoptera:

Formicidae). Australian Journal of Entomology 41(2): 104-105.

van KLINKEN, R.D. and WALTER, G.H. s

2001 Subtropical drosophilids in Australia can be characterised by adult distribution across

vegetation type and by height above forest floor. Journal of Tropical Ecology 17: 705-

718.

van KLINKEN, R.D., WALTER, G.H. and ROSS, M.K.

2002 Drosophilidae (Diptera) of Australia’s Northern Territory: ecology and biogeography.

Australian Journal of Entomology 41(3): 236-242.

von ELLENRIEDER, N.

2002 A phylogenetic analysis of the extant Aeshnidae (Odonata: Anisoptera). Systematic

Entomology 27(4): 437-468.

WELLS, A.

2002 Three new species of Orphninotrichia Mosely (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) from

Barrington Tops, New South Wales, a distribution extended, and remarks on generic

placement. Australian Journal of Entomology 41(3): 221-225.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTICES

Items for insertion should be sent to the editor who reserves the right to alter, reject

or charge for notices.

WANTED. Specific butterfly collection data for inclusion in a planned

systematic list of the butterflies of Micronesia, Melanesia and Polynesia plus the

Bismarck Archipelago. Even common butterflies with reliable island. data are

valuable. John Tennent, 38 Colin McLean Road, Dereham, Norfolk NR19 2RY,

England (e-mail jt@storment.freeserve.co.uk).

NOTES FOR AUTHORS

Manuscripts submitted for publication should, preferably, be type-written, double

spaced and in triplicate. Refer to recent issues for layout and style.

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any paper considered unsuitable.

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THE AUSTRALIAN

Entomologist

Volume 30, Part 2, 27 June 2003

CONTENTS

BAKER, C.H. AND MERRITT, DJ.

Life cycle of an Australian glow-worm Arachnocampa flava Harrison

(Diptera: Keroplatidae: Arachnocampinae).

BURWELL, C.J. AND THEISCHINGER, G.

New distribution records and notes on the larva of Urothemis aliena

Selys (Odonata: Urothemistidae).

HANCOCK, D.L. AND DREW, R.A.I.

New species and records of Phytalmiinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) from

Australia and the South Pacific.

LANE, D.A. AND NAUMANN, S.

А new species of Neodipbtbera Fletcher (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

from northeastern Queensland.

VALENTINE, P.S. AND JOHNSON, SJ.

Notes on the distribution and conservation status of Trapezites atkinsi

Williams, Williams & Hay (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae).

RECENT ENTOMOLOGICAL LITERATURE

ISSN 1320 6133