THE AUSTRALIAN

ntomologist

published by

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND

Volume 30, Part 4, 23 December 2003

Price: $6.00 per part

ISSN 1320 6133

THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

The Australian Entomologist is a non-profit journal published in four parts annually

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Editor: Dr D.L. Hancock

Assistant Editors: Dr CJ. Burwell

Queensland Museum

Dr G.B. Monteith

Queensland Museum

Business Manager Mr L. Popple

University of Queensland

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Centre for Identification and Diagnotics, The University of Queensland; Pest

Management Research, Department of Natural Resources; Tropical Fruit Fly

Research Group, Griffith University.

Cover: Minute wasps of the eulophid genus Astichus are mostly parasites of the

larvae of ciid beetles living within the fruiting bodies of bracket fungi. This

undescribed species is about 2mm in length and occurs in the rainforests of eastern

Australia from southern New South Wales north to the Wet Tropics of Queensland.

Illustration by Geoff Thompson.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4): 141-158 141

A NEW GENUS AND NEW SPECIES, COMBINATIONS AND

RECORDS OF TEPHRITINAE (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) FROM

AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND AND THE SOUTH PACIFIC

D.L. HANCOCK! and R.A.I. DREW?

!PO Box 2464, Cairns, Old 4870

? Australian School of Environmental Studies, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld 4111

Abstract 4

Austrotephritis gen. n. is described with 21 species included [all new combinations]: viz. A

brunneimaculata (Hardy) from Papua New Guinea, A. fuscata (Macquart), A. transversa (Hardy

& Drew), A. turneri (Hardy & Drew) and A. whitei (Hardy & Drew) from Australia [all

transferred from Campiglossa Rondani], plus A. brunnea (Hardy & Drew), A. bushi (Hardy &

Drew), A. distigmata (Hardy & Drew), A. hesperia (Hardy & Drew), A. pelia (Schiner), A.

phaeostigma (Hardy & Drew), A. poenia (Walker) [type species], A. protrusa (Hardy & Drew)

A. pumila (Hardy & Drew), A. quasiprolixa (Hardy & Drew), A. tasmaniae (Hardy & Drew) and

A. trupanea (Hardy & Drew) from Australia, and A. cassiniae (Malloch), A. marginata

(Malloch), A. plebeia (Malloch) and A. thoracica (Malloch) from New Zealand [all transferred

from Tephritis Latreille]. Hyalopeza aristae sp. n., Paraactinoptera danielsi sp. n. and

Paraspathulina trimacula sp. n. are described from southern Queensland. Parahyalopeza

multipunctata sp. n. is described from Lord Howe Island. Paraactinoptera prolixa (Hardy &

Drew), comb. n. and Parahyalopeza pantosticta (Hardy & Drew), comb. n. from Australia and

Sphenella fascigera (Malloch), comb. n. from New Zealand are transferred from Tephritis. T.

pentagonella (Bezzi) from Fiji is newly synonymised with Scedella formosella (Hendel) and

Dioxyna fouica (Hering), comb. n. from Tonga is transferred from Campiglossa. The African

Pediapelta ternaria (Loew) is newly recorded from SE Queensland.

Introduction

Australasian fruit flies belonging to the subfamily Tephritinae were revised by

Harrison (1959), Hardy (1985, 1988) and Hardy and Drew (1996). Further

records were provided by Hancock and Drew (1994), Hancock and McGuire

(2001) and Hancock (2001). Further investigation has revealed the need for a

new genus to contain 21 species currently misplaced in Campiglossa Rondani

or Tephritis Latreille, plus four new species in the endemic Australian genera

Hyalopeza Hardy & Drew, Paraspathulina Hardy & Drew, Paraactinoptera

Hardy & Drew and Parahyalopeza Hardy & Drew.

The following abbreviations have been used: BARS — Berrimah Agricultural

Research Station, Darwin; MHNG — Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva;

QDPI — Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane; QMB —

Queensland Museum, Brisbane; UQIC — University of Queensland Insect

Collection, Brisbane. Tribal classification follows Hancock (2001).

Systematics

TRIBE CECIDOCHARINI

Procecidochares alani Steyskal

Comments. This species has been introduced into SE Queensland for the

biological control of fireweed, Ageratina riparia. |t differs from P. utilis

Stone in details of the wing pattern; the preapical hyaline indentation in cell

T43 crosses vein R45 into cell r4,5 in P. alani but not in P. utilis.

142 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4)

Tribe DITHRYCINI

Subtribe PLATENSININA (= OEDASPIDINA)

Oedaspis group of genera

Hyalopeza aristae sp. n.

(Figs 1-3)

Types. Holotype T, AUSTRALIA: SE Queensland: 25°36’S, 149°46’E, Taroom, 6 km ,

N on Hwy, 200 m, 22.v.1999, C.J. Burwell, sweep, Cadellia pentastylis,

Simaroubaceae, 50099 (in QMB, Reg. No. T 99154). Paratype 9, 25°27’S, 151?23' E,

Gurgeena Plateau, 8.vi.1999, C.J. Burwell, 360 m, vinescrub sweeping, 50110 (in

QMB, Reg. No. T 99155).

Description. Male (Fig. 1). Length of body 4.5 mm, of wing 4.5 mm. Head

higher than long, subrectangular, mostly yellow, blacker on occiput above

neck. Frons broad and flat, with pale pubescence; lunule very short; face

white, very gently convex, almost flat, barely projecting at epistome; antennae

whitish, short and relatively small, situated at upper quarter of head on plane

of frons; third segment apically rounded; arista very short pubescent, with a

black spatulate expansion at apex (Fig. 2); a dark spot present between

antennal base and eye margin; mouthparts capitate. Setae: 3 pairs of brown

frontals on dark bases; 2 pairs of reclinate orbitals, the anterior pair brown,

the posterior pair white; ocellars distinct and brown; medial vertical long and

brown; lateral vertical white and comparatively long (about 0.55 length

medial vertical); postocellar, paravertical and postocular setae all white and

thickened, a few pale, thin postocular setae among the larger ones; lower

occipital and genal margins with long pale hairs, shorter and darker below

eye; no distinct genal seta.

Thorax mostly fulvous; scutum brown with grey tomentosity and coarse white

pubescence; brown around setal bases. Postpronotal lobes and notopleural

calli yellow. Setae brown and distinct: 1 postpronotal. 2 notopleural, 1

presutural, 1 supra-alar, 1 postalar, 1 intra-alar, 2 anepisternal, 1 anepimeral,

1 katepisternal, 1 pair prescutellar acrostichal, 1 pair dorsocentral, placed a

little anterior to line of supra-alars; 4 scutellars, the apicals about 0.6 length

of basals and crossed. Scutellum fulvous, with pale pubescence

dorsolaterally; subscutellum and mediotergite blackish-brown. Haltere

whitish, with a brown stripe over apex. Legs fulvous; fore femur with dorsal

and ventral rows of long fulvous setae; mid femur with a distinct postmedial

fulvous seta; mid tibia with an apical brown spine.

Wing elongate, the costal and posterior margins subparallel. Costa with 1

short and 1 shorter black spines above apex of vein Sc; no gap in setae on

dorsal side of vein R; opposite apex of vein Sc; vein R45 bare; R-M crossvein

situated near apical 0.75 of cell dm, beyond apex of cell sc and about 1.5

times its own length from DM-Cu crossvein, which is outwardly convex; cell

bcu with a short apical extension; vein A,;+Cu, ending just before wing

margin. Wing hyaline in cells bc, c, sc and upper half of r;, except for brown

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4) 143

Figs. 1-3. Hyalopeza aristae sp. n. (1) male; (2) aristae; (3) female.

144 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4)

costal spots in middle of cell c, at base and apex of cell sc and at 3 points in

cell r;, the latter connected weakly with the dark discal pattern; pattern in

anterior half of wing yellow with brown spots along veins, becoming brown

with yellow spots posteriorly and apically; posterior margin with 4-6 small

hyaline spots in anal lobe, 5 in cell cu; and 3 in cell m; alula and anal lobe

largely brown.

Abdomen shining fulvous, with fine, dark, scattered pubescence. Male

epandrium and surstyli fulvous; aedeagus not studied.

Female (Fig. 3). As for male except arista without spatulate apex, brown

genal seta present, brown anterior orbital seta much longer than white

posterior seta, mouthparts vestigial, mid femur without subapical seta,

crossvein DM-Cu less curved and placed a little further from R-M crossvein

and the hyaline spots in anal lobe of wing submarginal rather than marginal.

Tergite VI a little shorter than tergite V; oviscape broad, orange-brown with

black apical margin, about 0.75 length of terga V-- VI combined.

Etymology. The name “aristae” refers to the spatulate apex of the arista.

Distribution. Only known from southeast Queensland.

Comments. In wing shape and pattern this species resembles the Afro-Asian

genus Elaphromyia Bigot but other characters place it with Hyalopeza

schneiderae Hardy & Drew in the Oedaspis group of genera (Hancock 2001).

H. aristae differs from H. schneiderae in the taller head, presence of a

spatulate arista in males, details of the wing pattern and fulvous rather than

black abdomen. A spatulate male arista is seen also in the African

Orthocanthoides aristae Freidberg but the two taxa are not related. Although

the differences are significant, erection of a further monotypic genus does not

appear warranted at the present time.

Oedaspis australis (Malloch)

Material examined. AUSTRALIA: 1 co, 4 99, C Qld, Mt Moffatt Nat. Park,

18.xii.1995, C.J. Burwell & 26-29.xi.1997, J. Skevington, S. Evans & C. Lambkin,

malaise (QMB); 1 o', C Qld, 55 km E of Morven, 26?27'S, 147938" E, 10.ix.1989, E.

Exley, G. Daniels & C. Burwell, on Acacia maranoensis (UQIC); 1 9, SE Qld, Acacia

Ridge, Brisbane, 14.viii.1966, I.D. Galloway (UQIC).

Comments. 'This species was transferred from Hendrella Munro by Hancock

(2001). Its host plant remains unknown.

Platensina group of genera

Collessomyia setiger Hardy & Drew

Material examined. AUSTRALIA: 1 0%, C Qld, 6 km N of Taroom, 25°36’S,

149?46'E, 200 m, 11.ix.1992, G. Daniels (UQIC); 1 o", Northern Territory, Alice

Springs, 21.xi.2002, R. Smith, ex cue lure trap (BARS).

Comments. The above are additional Queensland and Northern Territory

locality records for this endemic Australian species.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4) 145

Platensina amplipennis (Walker)

Material examined. AUSTRALIA: 1 oc", NE Qld, 8 km N of Ellis Beach [Cairns

Grek 25.1v.1998, C.J. Burwell (QMB); 1 9, NE Qld, Dunk I., 21-23.v., A.J. Turner

Comments. This widespread species is known from several localities in

northern and central Queensland.

Platensina zodiacalis (Bezzi)

Material examined. AUSTRALIA: 1 oO’, SE Qld, Glasshouse Mts,. 10.viii.1913

(UQIC).

Comments. The above is the fourth Australian record for this widespread

species and extends its distribution south to SE Queensland.

TRIBE SCHISTOPTERINI

Calloptera crockeri (Curran)

Comments. This New Guinea to Solomon Islands species was transferred

from Rhabdochaeta de Meijere to Calloptera Freidberg by Freidberg (2002).

The host plant is Melanthera [formerly Wedelia] biflora (Asteraceae)

(Hancock and McGuire 2001).

Calloptera guamae (Malloch)

Comments. This Micronesian species was transferred from Rhabdochaeta to

Calloptera by Freidberg (2002).

Calloptera queenslandica (Hardy & Drew)

Comments. This Australian species was transferred from Rhabdochaeta to

Calloptera by Freidberg (2002).

Calloptera wedelia (Hardy & Drew)

Comments. This Australian species was transferred from Rhabdochaeta to

Calloptera by Freidberg (2002). The host plant is “Wedelia sp.” [probably

Melanthera biflora].

Rhabdochaeta pulchella de Meijere

Comments. This widespread Oriental species is known so far only from the

Kuranda district (NE Qld) in Australia. The host plant is Blumea lacera

(Asteraceae) (Hendel 1915, Hardy 1985).

Rhochmopterum venustum de Meijere

Material examined. AUSTRALIA: 1 9, N Qld, 5 km S of Coen, 6.xi.1978, E.M.

Exley & K. Walker, on Eucalyptus confertifolia (UQIC); 1 o, SE Qld, 12 km N of

Boonah, 27°54’S, 152°42’E, 140 m, 1.ii.1999, C.J. Burwell, sweeping open forest

(QMB).

Comments. The above localities for this widespread species are additional to

those listed by Hardy and Drew (1996).

146 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4)

Tribe TEPHRELLINI

Sphaeniscus group of genera

Pediapelta ternaria (Loew)

(Fig. 4)

Material examined. AUSTRALIA: 1 9, SE Qld, Mt Coot-tha, Brisbane, 27.29S,

152.57E, 28.x.2002 / 26, Merz, Foldvari & McNeil, dry sclerophyll forest (MHNG).

Comments. This small black species is newly recorded from Australia. In

wing pattern (Fig. 4) it resembles Australasinia sexincisa (Malloch) but lacks

the dark medial band in cell c; in addition, the head setae are all dark, the

scutum has a bronzy sheen and black postpronotal lobes, there are 4 long

scutellar setae and there is a broad gap in the setae on the upperside of vein

R; opposite the apex of vein Sc. Pediapelta Munro keys imperfectly to

Paraspathulina in Hardy and Drew (1996), differing in the entirely dark wing

apex and longer apical scutellar setae. P. ternaria is widespread in Africa

(Munro 1947) and appears to have been introduced into SE Queensland. Host

plants are likely to be species of Lamiaceae.

Sphaeniscus atilius (Walker)

Material examined. AUSTRALIA: 1 0%, NE Qld, Iron Range, Cape York Peninsula,

16-23.xi.1965, G. Monteith; 2 C0, 2 99, NE Qld, Gap Ck, 6 mls N of Bloomfield R.,

13-14.xi.1965, G. Monteith; 1 o, SE Qld, Jondaryan, 27.v.1963, C. Speed; 1 o', SE

Qld, Jamboree Heights, Brisbane, 25.11.2001, G. Daniels; 1 &', NSW, 25 km W of

Grafton, 1.xii.1990, G. Daniels (all UQIC); 1 &', NSW, Tooloom, i.1926, H. Hacker

(QMB). PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 1 9, East New Britain Province, Bainings Mts,

1160 m, Raunsepna, 8.vii.1998, L. LeBlanc et al. (QDPI).

Comments. This widespread species is newly recorded from the Bismarck

Archipelago. The above localities include the first published Queensland

records. Previous Australian records were listed by Hancock and McGuire

(2001). Host plants are species of Lamiaceae.

Tribe TEPHRITINI

Campiglossa group of genera

Campiglossa vaga Hardy & Drew

Comments. Most Australian species placed in Campiglossa by Hardy and

Drew (1996) do not agree with the current concept of that genus (see Merz

1994) and are referred here to Austrotephritis gen. n. The wing pattern of the

sole remaining species, C. vaga, resembles that of Scedella infrequens (Hardy

& Drew), but it is retained in Campiglossa pending study of the male

terminalia. It is known only from the Tambo District, southern Queensland.

Dioxyna fouica (Hering), comb. n.

Comments. This Tongan species is transferred from Campiglossa. It is closely

related to the Australian D. hyalina Hardy & Drew, differing in the dark wing

patch from the pterostigma extending to vein R4, A record of ‘D.

brachybasis’ from Fiji (Hancock and Drew 1994) also belongs here.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4) LAJ

Figs. 4-6. Wings. (4) Pediapelta ternaria; (5) Paraspathulina trimacula sp. n.; (6)

Paraactinoptera danielsi sp. n.

148 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4)

Mesoclanis magnipalpis (Bezzi) and Mesoclanis polana (Munro)

Comments. These two species were introduced into southern and eastern

Australia, respectively, from Africa during the 1990s for the biological

control of Chrysanthemoides monilifera sspp. monilifera (boneseed) and

rotundata (bitou bush) (Edwards et al. 1999). Mesoclanis Munro keys to

aberrant Dioxyna Frey in Hardy and Drew (1996), differing primarily in the

darker wing base and pattern and relatively long apical scutellar setae. The

mouthparts are conspicuously geniculate. M. polana differs from M.

magnipalpis in the less distinct medial and dorsolateral brown stripes on the

scutum and in wing pattern details, particularly the isolated rather than

reticulate dark spots in cell cu; and the broader hyaline area in the basal half

of cell dm (Munro 1950).

Scedella formosella (Hendel)

Comments. This widespread species is known from Micronesia, New Guinea

(including Bismarck Archipelago) and Solomon Islands in the SW Pacific but

has not been recorded from Australia. It also occurs in Fiji; Euribia

pentagonella Bezzi, currently included in Tephritis, is placed here as a new

synonym of S. formosella. It breeds in the flowerheads of Melanthera biflora

and the oviscape is shorter than in the similar S. orientalis (de Meijere).

Spathulina group of genera

Paraspathulina trimacula sp. n.

(Fig. 5)

Type. Holotype &, AUSTRALIA: SE Queensland, Mt Coot-tha, Brisbane, 27.298,

152.57E, 28.x.2002 / 26, Merz, Fóldvari & McNeil, dry sclerophyll forest (in QMB,

Reg. No. T 99156).

Description. Male. Length of body 2.6 mm, of wing 2.8 mm. Head quadrate,

mostly yellow. Frons sloping; lunule short; face gently concave and slightly

projecting at epistome; antennae situated at middle of head; third segment

large, orange, slightly produced dorsoapically; arista very short pubescent;

mouthparts capitate. Setae: 2 pairs of black frontals; 2 pairs of reclinate

orbitals, the anterior pair black, the posterior pair shorter and white; ocellars

distinct and black; medial vertical long and black; postocellar, paravertical,

short lateral vertical and postocular setae all white and thickened; a few black,

thin postocular setulae among the larger ones; genal seta fulvous.

Thorax with dense grey tomentosity and coarse white pubescence on scutum;

brown around setal bases. Postpronotal lobes and notopleural calli yellow.

Setae mostly black and distinct: 1 postpronotal. 2 notopleural (posterior

fulvous), 1 presutural, 1 supra-alar, 1 postalar, 1 intra-alar, 2 anepisternal

(lower whitish), 1 anepimeral (whitish), 1 katepisternal, 1 pair prescutellar

acrostichal, 1 pair dorsocentral placed just behind suture; 4 scutellars, the

apicals about 0.3 length of basals and crossed. Scutellum grey-brown with

fulvous apex; subscutellum and mediotergite black. Haltere yellow.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4) 149

Legs fulvous; fore femur with a ventral row of fulvous setae; mid tibia with an

apical brown spine, hind femur with a dorsal preapical seta.

Wing (Fig. 5) of normal shape. Costa with one long black spine above apex

of vein Sc; a broad gap in the setae on dorsal side of vein R, opposite apex of

vein Sc; vein Ras with 1 seta at base; R-M crossvein situated near apical 0.7

of cell dm, beyond apex of cell sc and about 1.5 times its own length from

DM-Cu crossvein, which is straight; cell bcu with a broad apical extension;

vein A;+Cu ending just before wing margin. Wing hyaline basally except for

faint brown costal band in middle of cell c; pattern brown in apical two-thirds

with 3 hyaline indentations in cell r;, the basal pair extending into cell R25,

the outer spot subapical; cell r», with a hyaline subapical band, leaving apex

with an isolated brown spot, cell r4.5 with a hyaline apical spot; cells r4,5 and

br with a round hyaline spot either side of R-M crossvein, cell dm with a

round hyaline posteromedial spot, cells m and cu; each with 3 hyaline

indentations crossing cells, anal cell with a hyaline subapical spot.

Abdomen shining black, covered with fine black pubescence; terga I+II with

greyish tomentosity.

Etymology. The name ‘trimacula’ is derived from the 3 hyaline indentations

in each of cells r;, m and cup.

Distribution. Only known from southeast Queensland.

Comments. P. trimacula differs from P. apicomacula Hardy & Drew and P.

eremostigma Hardy & Drew in wing pattern; in the latter two species there

are only 2 hyaline indentations in each of cells rj, m and cu» and the hyaline

spots in cells br and dm are not round and isolated.

Spathulina acroleuca (Schiner)

Material examined. AUSTRALIA: 10%, 399, NE Qld, Manoora, Cairns, l.xi. &

31.xii.2001, D. L. Hancock, swept from flowers of Wedelia trilobata (QDPI Cairns).

PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 1 9, Morobe Province, 10 km W of Lae, nr Markam R.,

banana plantation, 10-16.vii.1999, Yeates ef al., malaise, lowland rainforest (QMB).

Comments. This species is widespread throughout the Pacific. Although not

reared from it, Wedelia trilobata is a likely addition to the host plants listed

by Hancock et al. (2000).

Sphenella group of genera

Sphenella fascigera (Malloch), comb. n.

Comments. This New Zealand species is transferred from Tephritis. It differs

from the Australian S. ruficeps (Macquart) in the more extensively patterned

wing, in particular the much larger apical brown area and dark transverse

band from pterostigma to cell cu», as illustrated by Harrison (1959). S.

fascigera is widespread in New Zealand and breeds in flowerheads of Senecio

kirkii (Harrison 1959).

150 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4)

Tephritis group of genera

Austrotephritis gen. n.

Type species Trypeta poenia Walker, 1849, by present designation.

Diagnosis. Head quadrate with frons bare and epistome protruding;

mouthparts often elongate but not geniculate, the labella fleshy and about half

length of head; third antennal segment slightly produced dorsoapically; arista

short pubescent; 2 pairs of frontal and 2 pairs of reclinate orbital setae, the

upper orbital white and shorter than the anterior orbital, the others dark; short

lateral vertical and postocular setae white and thickened and small dark

setulae usually present among postocular row; scutum and abdomen densely

tomentose although often with brown vittae on scutum and large brown

submedian patches on abdomen; dorsocentral setae on or just behind suture;

wing pattern dark with numerous hyaline spots and indentations of varying

sizes, often with an isolated brown spot at apex of vein R45 but if stellate then

without an apical fork; upperside of vein R, usually with a bare, non-setose

area below end of vein Sc but setae present in some species; 4 scutellar setae,

the apical pair less than half length of basals; surstylus inwardly curved;

distiphallus non-spinose; glans with large sclerotised internal structure and a

short vesica; aculeus short and apically pointed; spermathecae tuberculate and

elongate, often club-shaped.

Comments. 'This genus includes 21 species from Australia, New Zealand and

Papua New Guinea, formerly misplaced in Campiglossa or Tephritis, plus

Hardy and Drew’s (1996) “Tephritis sp. A’. It differs from Campiglossa in

the shorter, fleshier labella, size and arramgement of the hyaline wing spots in

apical portion of cells r3, and 14,5, elongate spermathecae, non-spinose

distiphallus and well sclerotised but relatively simple glans. This largely

conforms with the differences between Campiglossa and Tephritis noted by

Merz (1994) and at first impression these species might seem to belong to the

latter genus; however, the male glans is very different from the poorly

sclerotised structure with a long apical filament and long vesica seen in

Tephritis (c.f. Hardy and Drew 1996, fig. 227 and Merz 1994, figs 22a-f).

Hardy and Drew (1996) separated their Campiglossa species from those they

included in Tephritis on the basis of the more widely spaced antennal bases,

but this does not appear to be a character useful for generic separation and is

intermediate in A. whitei (Hardy & Drew). Those species formerly placed in

Campiglossa (except C. vaga which is retained there provisionally) resemble

several formerly placed in Tephritis [in particular A. poenia (Walker) and A.

protrusa (Hardy & Drew)] in wing pattern and in having 3-5 brown vittae on

the scutum, brown submedial markings on abdominal terga II-V [or II-VI],

dark spots around the bases of several scutal setae and a dorsal preapical seta

on the hind femur. These species in turn share similarities with other species

formerly placed in Tephritis (except T. furcata Hardy & Drew), particularly

in the elongate shape of the spermathecae and structure of the male glans.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4) 151

Austrotephritis appears to be most closely related to Parahyalopeza and

Paraactinoptera, all having similarly-shaped spermathecae and a well

sclerotised male glans. It differs in the slightly angulate third antennal

segment, in having the wing pattern neither uniformly spotted nor stellate with

an apical fork and in details of the male glans, the apical region less

conspicuously sclerotised and the vesica better developed. As with

Parahyalopeza and Paraactinoptera, host plants are frequently species of

Helichrysum (Asteraceae: Inuleae).

Austrotephritis brunnea (Hardy & Drew), comb. n.

Comments. This SE Australian species is transferred from Tephritis.

Recorded host plants are species of Senecio and Vittadinia.

Austrotephritis brunneimaculata (Hardy), comb. n.

Comments. This Papua New Guinea species, described in Paroxyna by Hardy

(1988) and closely related to A. fuscata, is transferred from Campiglossa.

Austrotephritis bushi (Hardy & Drew), comb. n.

Comments. This SE Australian species is transferred from Tephritis. It is

related to A. brunnea and has been bred from Celmisia longifolia.

Austrotephritis cassiniae (Malloch), comb. n.

Comments. This New Zealand species is transferred from Tephritis. It is

related to A. transversa and is associated with Cassinia sp.

Austrotephritis distigmata (Hardy & Drew), comb. n.

Comments. This Western Australian species is transferred from Tephritis. It is

related to A. brunnea.

Austrotephritis fuscata (Macquart), comb. n.

Material examined. AUSTRALIA: 10%, NE Qld, Windsor Tablelend, barracks,

16°16’S, 145°03’E, 1060 m, 23-24.xi.1997, C.J. Burwell; 1 0’, C Qld, Mt Moffatt

Nat. Park, Marlong Arch, 24°59’S, 147°54’E, 820 m, 21.xi.1995, C.J. Burwell; 1 9, C

Qld, Charleville, 13.ix.1920 (all QMB).

Comments. The above records of this eastern Australian species are the first

from central and northern Queensland. It is transferred from Campiglossa.

Recorded host plants are Atalaya, Helichrysum, Senecio and Vittadinia.

Austrotephritis hesperia (Hardy & Drew), comb. n.

Comments. This Western Australian species is transferred from Tephritis.

Austrotephritis marginata (Malloch), comb. n.

Comments. This New Zealand species is transferred from Tephritis. It 1s

closely related to A. cassiniae.

Austrotephritis pelia (Schiner), comb. n.

Comments. This widespread Australian species is transferred from Tephritis.

It has been bred from Chrysocephalum apiculatum.

152 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4)

Austrotephritis phaeostigma (Hardy & Drew), comb. n.

Comments. This southern Australian species is transferred from Tephritis. It

is related to A. brunnea and has been bred from Olearia spp.

Austrotephritis plebeia (Malloch), comb. n.

Comments. This New Zealand species is transferred from Tephritis. It is

related to A. fuscata.

Austrotephritis poenia (Walker), comb. n.

Comments. This widespread Australian species is transferred from Tephritis.

Its host plants include Chrysocephalum and Helichrysum.

Austrotephritis protrusa (Hardy & Drew), comb. n.

Material examined. AUSTRALIA: 5 00’, 3 99, NE Qld, Mt Finnigan summit, slabs,

15°49’S, 145°1 7E, 1100 m, 20-21.xi.1998, C.J. Burwell (QMB).

Comments. Mt Finnigan [S of Cooktown] is the northernmost record for this

species, known as far south as northern New South Wales. It is transferred

from Tephritis and breeds in Helichrysum bracteatum and H. rupicola.

Austrotephritis pumila (Hardy & Drew), comb. n.

Comments. This widespread Australian species is transferred from Tephritis.

It is related to A. hesperia and its many host plants include Helichrysum.

Austrotephritis quasiprolixa (Hardy & Drew), comb. n.

Material examined. AUSTRALIA: 5 NV, 9 99, NSW, Moonbi Lookout, via Moonbi,

30°59’S, 151°05’E, 25.ix.1995, C.J. Burwell (QMB).

Comments. This species is known from South Australia and New South

Wales and is transferred from Tephritis. It is related to A. brunnea.

Austrotephritis tasmaniae (Hardy & Drew), comb. n.

Comments. This Tasmanian species is transferred from Tephritis. It is related

to A. brunnea.

Austrotephritis thoracica (Malloch), comb. n.

Comments. This New Zealand species is transferred from Tephritis. It is

closely related to A. transversa.

Austrotephritis transversa (Hardy & Drew), comb. n.

Comments. This SE Australian species is transferred from Campiglossa. It

breeds in flowerheads of Helichrysum sp.

Austrotephritis trupanea (Hardy & Drew), comb. n.

Comments. This widespread Australian species is transferred from Tephritis.

It is related to A. hesperia and breeds in Celmisia, Olearia and Podolepsis.

Austrotephritis turneri (Hardy & Drew), comb. n.

Comments. This Western Australian species, closely related to A. fuscata, is

transferred from Campiglossa.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4) 153

Austrotephritis whitei (Hardy & Drew), comb. n.

Comments. This Tasmanian species, closely related to A. transversa, is

transferred from Campiglossa.

Paraactinoptera danielsi sp. n.

(Figs 6-8)

Types. Holotype J, AUSTRALIA: SW Queensland: Paroo River, Eulo, 28°09’S,

145°02’E, 25.ix.1991, 130 m, G. Daniels, on Pluchea baccharoides (in QMB, Reg.

No. T 99157). Paratypes: 9 XX, 1 9, same data as holotype (UQIC); 1 0’, Nine mile

bore, 16 km E of Eulo, 28°07’S, 145°11’E, 25.ix.1991, 175 m, G. Daniels, on Acacia

victoriae (UQIC).

Description. Male. Length of body 3.0 mm, of wing 3.0 mm. Head almost

quadrate, mostly yellow. Frons sloping; lunule short; face gently concave and

slightly projecting at epistome; antennae situated at middle of head; third

segment apically rounded; arista very short pubescent; mouthparts capitate.

Setae: 2 pairs of brown frontals; 2 pairs of reclinate orbitals, the anterior pair

brown, the posterior pair shorter and white; ocellars distinct and brown;

medial vertical long and brown; postocellar, paravertical, short lateral vertical

and postocular setae all white and thickened; genal seta fulvous.

Thorax with dense grey tomentosity and coarse white pubescence on scutum;

brown around setal bases. Postpronotal lobes and notopleural calli yellow.

Setae mostly brown and distinct: 1 postpronotal. 2 notopleural (posterior

white and thickened), 1 presutural, 1 supra-alar, 1 postalar, 1 intra-alar, 3

anepisternal (lower 2 pale), 1 anepimeral (whitish), 1 katepisternal, 1 pair

prescutellar acrostichal, 1 pair dorsocentral, placed anterior to line of supra-

alars and just behind suture; 2 scutellars, the apicals absent. Scutellum grey-

tomentose; subscutellum and mediotergite grey-tomentose. Haltere yellow.

Legs fulvous; fore femur with a ventral row of fulvous setae; mid tibia with an

apical brown spine.

Wing (Figs 6-7) of normal shape. Costa with a pair of distinct black spines

above apex of vein Sc; a broad gap in the setae on dorsal side of vein Rj

opposite apex of vein Sc; vein R4,5 bare; R-M crossvein situated near apical

0.8 of cell dm, beyond apex of cell sc and about its own length from DM-Cu

crossvein, which is straight; cell bcu with a short, broad apical extension; vein

A\+Cu, ending well before wing margin. Wing largely hyaline basally and

posteriorly; anterior half with a broad orange-yellow area extending weakly

into cell dm and including pterostigma; with a subtriangular hyaline patch in

cell r; just beyond pterostigma and a hyaline spot diagonally below it in cell

1243; and another diagonally below that in cell r4,; near apex of cell dm; a

blackish-brown mark across apex of cell r; and a larger, rounded subapical

patch in cell r»;3, separated by a hyaline spot; wing apex hyaline with 2 dark

rays from discal patch across apices of veins R45 and M; cell M hyaline with

2 rays to posterior wing margin, weaker posteriorly; diffuse dark ray near

apex of cell dm and a diffuse dark patch across vein Cu, in cells dm and cu».

154 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4) —

"

7 P sr

= vr

ia ?

"RI

Perry, sorpo

Vrerripirerprrirt?”

Figs. 7-9. Wings and male genitalia. (7-8) Paraactinoptera danielsi sp. n.: (7) wing;

(8) male genitalia; (9) Parahyalopeza multipunctata sp. n., wing.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4) 155

Abdomen densely grey-tomentose, covered with coarse pale pubescence.

Male genitalia (Fig. 8) with aedeagus distinctive; epandrium oval with well

developed prensisetae and inwardly curved surstylus; distiphallus short,

dilated towards glans and without spines or protuberances; glans with well

marked internal sclerotisations and a long, broad, curved (but not spine-like)

apical protuberance; vesica not evident.

Female. As for male. Oviscape short, black [abdomen damaged posteriorly].

Etymology. This species is named after Greg Daniels, who collected the type

series and has made many contributions to the study of Australian Diptera.

Host plant. Not reared; all but one of the type series were collected on

Pluchea baccharoides (Asteraceae: Inuleae) and this is a likely host.

Distribution. Only known from the Eulo district in SW Queensland.

Comments. This species differs from the more westerly P. collessi Hardy &

Drew and P. prolixa (Hardy & Drew) in the wing pattern, which is largely

orange-yellow with reduced hyaline markings in cell r; in P. danielsi and

brown with large hyaline markings in cell r; in the other two species. It also

differs from P. prolixa in lacking apical scutellar setae and from P. collessi in

the darker scutum and scutal setae.

Paraactinoptera prolixa (Hardy & Drew), comb. n.

Comments. This central Australian species is transferred from Tephritis.

Despite the presence of weak apical scutellar setae, it resembles other species

of Paraactinoptera in the stellate, apically forked wing pattern and structure

of the male glans and is better placed there than in Austrotephritis. It has been

bred from Helichrysum apiculatum.

Parahyalopeza bushi Hardy & Drew

Comments. This species is known only from Victoria, where it breeds in

Helichrysum dendroideum. Parahyalopeza differs from Austrotephritis and

Paraactinoptera in the extensively spotted wing pattern, lack of an apical

extension to cell bcu and details of the male glans. All three included species

have a dark pterostigma with a hyaline base and round subapical spot.

Parahyalopeza multipunctata sp. n.

(Fig. 9)

Type. Holotype &, AUSTRALIA: Lord Howe Island, NSW, Mt Lidgebird,

Goathouse, 400 m, 31°34’S, 159°05’E, 18.xii.1991, D. Burckhardt #4 (in QMB, Reg.

No. T 99158).

Description. Male. Length of body 3.0 mm, of wing 3.0 mm. Head

subquadrate, mostly greyish-white. Frons bare and almost flat, mostly fulvous,

paler medially and greyish laterally; lunule short; face whitish, gently concave

and slightly projecting at epistome; antennae situated at upper half of head;

third segment large, orange, apically rounded; arista very short pubescent;

156 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4)

mouthparts capitate. Setae: 2 pairs of black frontals; 2 pairs of reclinate

orbitals, the anterior pair black, the posterior pair shorter and white; ocellars

distinct and black; medial vertical long and black; postocellar, paravertical,

short lateral vertical and postocular setae all white and thickened; genal seta

red-brown.

Thorax with dense blue-grey tomentosity and fine, shining but dark

pubescence on scutum; brown around setal bases. Postpronotal lobes and

notopleural calli yellow. Setae mostly black and distinct: 1 postpronotal. 2

notopleural (posterior thick and white), 1 presutural, 1 supra-alar, 1 postalar,

1 intra-alar, 1 anepisternal, 1 anepimeral (pale), 1 katepisternal (pale), 1 pair

prescutellar acrostichal, 1 pair dorsocentral, placed anterior to line of supra-

alars and just behind suture; 4 scutellars, the apicals about 0.3 length of

basals. Scutellum blue-grey; subscutellum and mediotergite black. Haltere

yellow. Legs fulvous; fore femur with dorsal and ventral rows of fulvous

setae; mid tibia with an apical brown spine.

Wing (Fig. 9) of normal shape. Costa with a pair of short black spines above

apex of vein Sc; a broad gap in the setae on dorsal side of vein R; opposite

apex of vein Sc; vein R4, bare; R-M crossvein situated near apical 0.8 of cell

dm, beyond apex of cell sc and less than its own length from DM-Cu

crossvein, which is slightly curved outwards; pterostigma about as long as

broad; cell bcu without an acute apical extension; vein A,;+Cu, ending well

before wing margin. Wing largely hyaline basally except for a few brown

spots and streaks; pattern in apical half to two-thirds brown with numerous

small hyaline spots; cell bc with a brown streak near apex; cell c with brown

medial and apical bands; pterostigma narrowly hyaline basally and with a

hyaline subapical spot.

Abdomen densely blue-grey tomentose, covered with fine pale pubescence.

Etymology. The name ‘multipunctata’ is derived from the numerous hyaline

spots in the wing pattern.

Distribution. Only known from Lord Howe Island, c. 800 km NE of Sydney.

Comments. 'This species most resembles P. pantosticta (Hardy & Drew),

differing primarily in its larger size and in wing pattern details, the wing less

uniformly spotted basally and the spots arranged a little differently; in P.

multipunctata there is a gap in the upper row of hyaline spots in cell r4+5

whereas there is no gap in P. pantosticta.

Parahyalopeza pantosticta (Hardy & Drew), comb. n.

Comments. 'This species occurs from SE Queensland to Tasmania and has

been bred from Helichrysum and Calotis. Transferred from Tephritis, it better

fits the concept of Parahyalopeza than Austrotephritis. The male glans and

elements of the wing pattern are very similar to those of P. bushi (see Hardy

and Drew 1996) and cell bcu lacks an acute apical extension.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4) 157

Peneparoxyna minuta Hardy & Drew

Comments. In having only 1 pair of orbital setae and a short pterostigma, this

Australian species closely resembles those placed in Actinoptera Rondani,

differing in the geniculate mouthparts and presence of 4 scutellar setae.

Tephritis furcata Hardy & Drew

Comments. This species is known only from SE Queensland and is probably

introduced. The only true species of Tephritis recorded from Australasia, it is

very similar to the Palaearctic 7. cometa (Loew) [?= ludhianaensis Agarwal

& Kapoor] and several Nearctic and Neotropical species (particularly T.

stigmatica (Coquillett) and T. /abecula Foote) and is likely to be of Central or

South American origin.

Discussion

Although the presence of true Campiglossa in Australia remains unconfirmed

(C. vaga may be a species of Scedella Munro), three species occur in Papua

New Guinea (Hardy 1988). C. paula (Hering), C. putrida (Hering) and C.

stigmosa (de Meijere) differ from similarly patterned Austrotephritis species

in the spinose distiphallus (not arranged in a dense rosette as in Scedella) and

more complex glans in the male and oval spermathecae in the female. In

addition, the labella is narrower and more elongate, while the wing has only a

single, often large, hyaline apical spot in cell 1,3, immediately below the apex

of vein R»;3; in extralimital species where a second marginal spot occurs this

spot is normally small, not distinctly larger than the upper spot as is normally

the case in the Spathulina and Tephritis groups.

Reassignment of several former Campiglossa species to Austrotephritis

necessitates a reappraisal of the placement of Cooronga Hardy & Drew and

Quasicooronga Hardy & Drew. These were placed in the Campiglossa group

by Hancock (2001) but the larger lower marginal spot in cell 143, overall

wing pattern, short mouthparts and well sclerotised male glans suggest they

are better placed in the Tephritis group, to which they are transferred. They

appear to be closely related to Austrotephritis and its allies.

Apart from T. furcata, discussed above, true Tephritis is absent from most of

South East Asia and Australasia. Most species in the genus show at least a

vestige of an apical fork in the wing pattern and several frequently included

species with atypical wing patterns appear to belong elsewhere, e.g. the Fijian

T. pentagonella (Bezzi) [a synonym of Scedella formosella (Hendel)] and the

Asian T. lyncea Bezzi, T. coei Hardy and T. pishanica Wang [all referrable to

Campiglossa].

Euaresta Loew and Tetreuaresta Hendel, introduced into the Australian-

Pacific region for weed biocontrol, are referrable to the Dyseuaresta group

which, together with the probably synonymous Euarestoides group, is

characterised by having both marginal spots in cell r»;3 normally enlarged.

Apart from introductions, this group is essentially confined to the Americas.

158 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4)

Two Hawaiian species currently included in Neotephritis Hendel, N.

nigripilosa Hardy and N. paludosae Hardy, do not belong there (A. Norrbom,

pers. comm.). They appear to be better placed in Trupanea Schrank, despite

the presence of four scutellar setae, but are not reassigned formally here.

Acknowledgements

We thank Jane Royer (QDPI, Cairns) for help with the digital photography,

Susan Phillips for drawing Figure 7 and curators of the various institutions for

access to material. Bernhard Merz (MHNG) kindly donated material of two

new species for study. Field work in Papua New Guinea was carried out

under the auspices of the ACIAR Fruit Fly Project No. CS2/96/225 and the

Regional Management of Fruit Flies in the Pacific Project.

References

EDWARDS, P.B., HOLTKAMP, R.H. and ADAIR, R.J. 1999. Establishment and rapid spread

of the bitou seed fly, Mesoclanis polana Munro (Diptera: Tephritidae), in eastern Australia.

Australian Journal of Entomology 38: 148-150.

FREIDBERG, A. 2002. Systematics of Schistopterini (Diptera: Tephritidae: Tephritinae), with

descriptions of new genera and species. Systematic Entomology 27: 1-29.

HANCOCK, D.L. 2001. Systematic notes on the genera of Australian and some non-Australian

Tephritinae (Diptera: Tephritidae). Australian Entomologist 28: 111-116.

HANCOCK, D.L. and DREW, R.A.I. 1994. Notes on some Pacific Island Trypetinae and

Tephritinae (Diptera: Tephritidae). Australian Entomologist 21: 21-30.

HANCOCK, D.L. and McGUIRE, D.J. 2001. New records of Tephritinae (Diptera: Tephritidae)

from Australia and the South Pacific. Australian Entomologist 27: 101-102.

HANCOCK, D.L., HAMACEK, E.L., LLOYD, A.C. and ELSON-HARRIS, M.M. 2000. The

distribution and host plants of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Australia. Information Series

Q199067. Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane; iv + 75 pp.

HARDY, D.E. 1985. The Schistopterinae of Indonesia and New Guinea (Tephritidae: Diptera).

Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 25: 59-73.

HARDY, D.E. 1988. The Tephritinae of Indonesia, New Guinea, the Bismarck and Solomon

Islands (Diptera: Tephritidae). Bishop Museum Bulletins in Entomology 1: 1-93.

HARDY, D.E. and DREW, R.A.I. 1996. Revision of the Australian Tephritini (Diptera:

Tephritidae). Invertebrate Taxonomy 10: 213-405.

HARRISON, R.A. 1959. Acalypterate Diptera of New Zealand [Trypetidae pp 179-198]. New

Zealand.Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 128: 1-382.

HENDEL, F. 1915. H. Sauter's Formosa-Ausbeute. Tephritinae. Annales Musei Nationalis

Hungarici 13: 424-467, 2 pl.

MERZ, B. 1994. Diptera Tephritidae. Insecta Helvetica Fauna 10: 1-198.

MUNRO, H.K. 1947. African Trypetidae (Diptera). A review of the transition genera between

Tephritinae and Trypetinae, with a preliminary study of the male terminalia. Memoirs of the

Entomological Society of Southern Africa 1: 1-300.

MUNRO, H.K. 1950. Trypetid flies (Diptera) associated with the Calendulae, plants of the

family Compositae in South Africa. I. A bio-taxonomic study of the genus Mesoclanis. Journal

of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa 13: 37-52.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4): 159-165 159

THREE NEW SPECIES OF PSYCHONOTIS TOXOPEUS

(LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE) FROM PAPUA NEW GUINEA

CHRIS J. MULLER

Satellite Goldfields Limited, Private Mail Bag, Tarkwa, Ghana

(address for correspondence: PO Box 3228, Dural, NSW 215 8)

Abstract

Psychonotis parsonsi sp. n., P. marginalis sp. n. and P. finisterre sp. n. are described and

figured from New Ireland, the Central Highlands and the Finisterre Range, Papua New Guinea,

respectively. Male adults and genitalia of all known Papuan Psychonotis Toxopeus species are

illustrated and, together with known Solomon Island species, assigned to four'species-groups.

Introduction

The genus Psychonotis Toxopeus is known from Sulawesi and the Moluccas,

through mainland New Guinea and eastern Australia, to the Solomon and

Loyalty Islands (Parsons 1998). Tennent (1999) described four species from

the Solomon Islands, one of which, P. slithyi Tennent, had previously been

confused with P. kruera (Druce). These, together with the new species

described below (including P. parsonsi sp. n., of which Parsons (1998) had

made reference to a single male in The Natural History Museum, London),

and the nine species recognised by Hirowatari (1992), bring the total number

of known Psychonotis species to 16.

Abbreviations in this work are as follows: ANIC — Australian National Insect

Collection, CSIRO, Canberra; BMNH - The Natural History Museum,

London; CJMC - Private collection of C. J. Müller, Sydney.

Systematics

Psychonotis parsonsi sp. n.

(Figs 1, 2, 17)

Type material. Holotype © (genitalia dissected and attached to specimen), PAPUA

NEW GUINEA: 6 km SE Poronbus, central New Ireland, 12.x.2000, C.J. Miiller (in

ANIC). Paratypes: 3 C'0', same data as holotype (CJMC); 1 0’, New Ireland, xi.1923,

A.F. Eichhorn, genitalia slide No. G.E.T. 1963-568 (BMNH).

Description. Male (Figs 1-2). Forewing length 17 mm; antenna 9 mm. Head

black; antenna black, weakly ringed white; labial palpus black, grey beneath.

Thorax black with fine brown hairs; legs grey-black. Abdomen grey-black.

Forewing with costa and termen weakly convex, inner margin nearly straight;

above iridescent sky blue, termen with dark brown border, c. 2 mm wide; cilia

dark brown; beneath, white, broad costal and outer marginal black-brown area,

latter encompassing a row of metallic blue-green subterminal striae.

Hindwing with inner margin and termen convex, latter especially near tornus,

costa nearly straight; above, iridescent sky blue with white median area,

gradational with ground colour towards costa, outer margin broadly dark

brown, c. 3 mm wide, costa light brown, cilia dark brown; beneath plain

white, base and outer margin brown-black, former with minor metallic green

160 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4)

scaling at contact with ground colour, a row of green-ringed brown-black

subterminal spots, open towards termen between vein M; and costa.

Genitalia (Fig. 17). Sociuncus weakly saddle-shaped, both anteriorly and

laterally; brachium slender, strongly tapered, valva rectangular shaped

laterally, pointed apically, squared at anteriorly when viewed ventrally;

aedeagus broad, tapered to a sharp point apically.

Female. Unknown.

Etymology. This new species is named in honour of Dr. Michael Parsons.

Early stages. Unknown.

Remarks. Psychonotis parsonsi is a highly distinctive taxon. It was initially

recognised and illustrated by Parsons (1998), from a single male (in BMNH)

taken at an unknown locality in New Ireland by A. F. Eichhorn during 1923.

P. parsonsi is closest to P. brownii (Druce & Bethune-Baker), with which it

flies in New Ireland; however the former is much larger than P. brownii and

the hindwing is subtly but consistently more pronounced along the termen,

close to the tornus. The upperside metallic sky blue ground colour is

distinctive in P. parsonsi, bearing a white median patch on the hindwing.

Beneath, P. parsonsi and P. brownii are similar but the white median area on

the forewing forms a gradual line near the base in the former species, while in

P. brownii it is abruptly oblique near the base. Additionally, the brown outer

margin on the underside terminates at the inner margin closer to the base in P.

brownii than in P. parsonsi.

The male genitalia of P. parsonsi are similar to those of P. brownii but the

crown of the sociuncus is laterally flat-topped, the valva is longer and squared

and the aedeagus is much broader and less tapered than that of P. brownii.

Psychonitis marginalis sp. n.

(Figs 7, 8, 20)

Type material. Holotype © (genitalia dissected and attached to specimen), PAPUA

NEW GUINEA: Amazon Bay area, Komania, 3400 ft. 11-26.xi.1962, W.W. Brandt

(in ANIC). Paratypes: 4 OO" same data as holotype; 8 O'O', labelled ‘Komania’,

pinned but unset (all in ANIC).

Description. Male (Figs 7-8). Forewing length 14 mm; antenna 7 mm. Head

black with eye ringed green; antenna black, ringed white; labial palpus black

dorsally, light grey beneath. Thorax black with fine grey hairs, beneath grey;

legs dark grey. Abdomen dark grey ringed between segments with green,

beneath grey. Forewing with costa very weakly and termen moderately

convex, inner margin slightly concave; above medium lustrous lilac-blue,

termen very broadly dark brown, tapering towards apex, cilia dark brown;

beneath, ground colour brown-black, a plain white median area extending

from inner margin to subapical area and from subbasal to subterminal area,

metallic green area from base to postmedian area below costa.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4) 161

13 14 15 16

Figs 1-16. Psychonotis males from Papua New Guinea, even numbers undersides, odd

numbers uppersides. (9, 10) P. caelius (central highlands); (11, 12) P. caelius (New

Ireland); (13, 14) P. hebes (central highlands); (7, 8) P. marginalis (central

highlands); (15, 16) P. finisterre (Finisterre Range); (5, 6) P. kruera (Bougainville);

(1, 2) P. parsonsi (New Ireland); (3, 4) P. brownii (New Ireland). Scale bar = 10 mm.

162 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4)

Hindwing with costa and inner margin slightly and termen moderately

convex; above medium lustrous lilac-blue, darker at base, outer margin very

broadly dark brown, costa and basal one third of inner margin white,

sometimes with white median patch, cilia dark brown; beneath plain white,

base and outer margin brown-black, latter with a series of metallic green-

ringed, brown-black subterminal spots, base with metallic scales below

SctR).

Genitalia (Fig. 20). Sociuncus narrowly U-shaped anteriorly, rather square

laterally; brachium blunt; valva bowed along ventral edge, tapered upward to

a sharp point apically; aedeagus long, finely tapered.

Female. Unknown.

Remarks. Psychonotis marginalis shares characters with both P. hebes

(Druce) (Figs 13-14) and P. caelius (C. & R. Felder) (Figs 9-12) but is

readily separated from these taxa by the following differences: P. marginalis

has much broader brown-black margins on the upperside of both wings than

either P. hebes or P. caelius and the forewing termen is more convex than in

the latter two taxa. P. marginalis is smaller than P. hebes and the upperside

ground colour is midway between P. hebes and P. caelius, being a distinctive

lilac blue. Several specimens of P. marginalis bear white median patches on

the hindwing upperside. The underside of P. marginalis is similar to P.

caelius but the white median area of the forewing is rounded near the apex,

while it is reduced in P. caelius. Though not particularly clear from the

figures, the metallic markings on the underside are grass green in P.

marginalis, while in P. caelius they are distinctly blue-green.

The male genitalia of P. marginalis most closely resemble those of P. hebes

but the valva is more apically pointed, the aedeagus is much more tapered

and, when viewed laterally, the sociuncus of P. marginalis bears a dorsal

crown, not present in P. hebes.

Psychonotis finisterre sp. n.

(Figs 15, 16, 23)

Type material. Holotype O' (genitalia dissected and attached to specimen), PAPUA

NEW GUINEA: Finisterre Range, Gabumi, 2000 ft, 23.vi.-21.vii.1958, W.W. Brandt

(in ANIC).

Description. Male (Figs 15-16). Forewing length 15 mm, antenna 7 mm.

Head black with eye ringed green ventrally, antenna black, ringed white;

labial palpus black dorsally, grey beneath. Thorax black with fine grey hairs

above and beneath, legs dark grey. Abdomen dark grey, ringed green between

segments. Forewing with costa and termen weakly convex, inner margin

straight; above dark lustrous blue, termen narrowly dark brown, cilia dark

brown; beneath dark brown with large plain white median area from vein

1A+2A to subapical area, linear at submedian and subterminal area, faint

green scaling at base and subbasal area near costa.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4) 163

Figs 17-23. Psychonotis spp., male genitalia: a, lateral view; b, sociuncus (dorsal

view); c, aedeagus (lateral view). (21) P. caelius; (22) P. hebes; (20) P. marginalis;

(23) P. finisterre; (19) P. kruera; (17) P. parsonsi; (18) P. brownii. Scale = 0.5 mm.

164 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4)

Hindwing with termen and inner margin slightly convex, costa fairly straight;

above dark lustrous blue, costa, termen and inner margin with c. 1.5 mm wide

dark brown border, cilia dark brown; beneath plain white, base and outer

margin broadly dark brown, latter enclosing a series of narrowly light,

lustrous green-ringed spots, from tornus to vein Mz, vestigial spot between M;

and M5, base with faint blue-green scales.

Genitalia (Fig. 23). Sociuncus broadly U-shaped, both anteriorly and

laterally, thereby exaggerating the anterior lateral processes; brachium long,

slender; valva long, tapering upward apically, flattened laterally; aedeagus

elongate, tapered apically.

Female. Unknown.

Remarks. Psychonotis finisterre may only be confused with P. caelius (Figs

9-12) but the two are distinct in several respects. Above, the blue ground

colour is much darker in P. finisterre and the hindwing brown border is

broader. Additionally, P. finisterre lacks the white costa present in P. caelius.

Beneath, the white area on the forewing is much reduced in P. finisterre, with

the edges being fairly normal to the inner margin. The metallic green areas

beneath in P. finisterre are much reduced and duller than in P. caelius.

The male genitalia of P. finisterre resemble those of P. caelius (Fig. 21) but

the valvae are rather flattened, the aedeagus is much more tapered apically

and, when viewed laterally, the sociuncus crown is bent backward.

Discussion

The external morphology, male genitalia and distribution of known

Psychonotis taxa imply that there are four well-defined species-groups within

Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. The diagnosis of these proposed

species-groups is as follows:

caelius species group

Includes P. caelius (C. & R. Felder), P. hebes (Druce), P. marginalis sp. n.

and P. finisterre sp. n. (Figs 7-16, 20-23).

External facies. Characterized by the presence of green scales on the

forewing underside costa and base. The spots on the hindwing underside are

completely enclosed with metallic scales (vestigial in P. hebes).

Male genitalia. Valva elongate laterally, canoe-shaped, apically pointed

upwards.

Distribution. All species occur parapatrically and are restricted to mainland

New Guinea, with the exception of the wide ranging P. caelius.

brownii species group

Includes P. brownii (Druce & Bethune-Baker) and P. parsonsi sp. n. (Figs

1-4, 17-18).

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4) 165

External facies. Both species with subterminal metallic striae on the forewing

underside.

Male genitalia. Valvae rather squared but tapered to a blunt point apically.

Distribution. Sympatric species known only from the Bismarck Archipelago.

kruera species group

Includes P. kruera (Druce) P. slithyi Tennent, P. eleanor Tennent and P.

waihuru Tennent (Figs 5-6, 19).

External facies. All species with metallic markings on underside restricted to

a narrow row of spots on the hindwing margin. The black hindwing underside

border is distinctly stepped at vein M;.

Male genitalia. The male genitalia of those species examined (single known

male of P. waihuru not dissected) have the valva bifurcated posteriorly.

Distribution. All species occur allopatrically in the Solomon Islands,

Bougainville, Woodlark and Misima Islands.

julie species group

Includes only P. julie Tennent.

External facies. Underside forewing with broad black postmedian band.

Male genitalia. Tennent (1999) showed that the male genitalia are typical of

Psychonotis.

Distribution. Single highly distinctive species restricted to the island of San

Cristobal, Solomon Islands.

Acknowledgements

The author is grateful to Ted Edwards and Marianne Horak (Australian

National Insect Collection, Canberra) for allowing dissection of material in

their care and to Max Moulds (Australian Museum, Sydney) for access to

scientific equipment used during this study. John Tennent (The Natural

History Museum, London) is thanked for many useful discussions on the

genus Psychonotis.

References

HIROWATARI, T. 1992. A generic classification of the Tribe Polyommatini of the Oriental and

Australian Regions (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Polyommatinae). Bulletin of the University of

Osaka Prefecture (B) 44 (Supplement): 1-102.

PARSONS, M.J. 1998. The butterflies of Papua New Guinea: their systematics and biology.

Academic Press, London; 736 pp, xxvi+104 pls.

TENNENT, W.J. 1999. The genus Psychonotis Toxopeus in the Solomon Islands, with

descriptions of five new taxa (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Australian Entomologist 26(4): 115-

123.

166 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4)

BOOK REVIEW

Conservation of Birdwing Butterflies, edited by Don Sands and Sue Scott. November

2002. SciComEd & THECA, Brisbane; 48 pp, softback. ISBN 0 646 41898 X.

Available from SciComEd, 2 Emily Street, Marsden, Qld 4132. Price A$22 + p/h ($4

within Australia, $10 overseas).

This full-colour booklet encompasses various aspects of the biology and conservation

of several birdwing butterfly species in Australia, Papua New Guinea and Taiwan. It

includes contributions from Tim New (Birdwing butterfly conservation: does it have

wider values?), Don Sands (The food plants of the birdwing larvae), Sue Scott

(School and community participation in the Richmond Birdwing butterfly

conservation project), Brian Fletcher (The Paradise Birdwing, Ornithoptera paradisea

Staudinger, with special reference to the nominotypical subspecies from the Madang

Province of Papua New Guinea), Yaw-Long Yang & Huai-Sheng Fang (The

conservation status of birdwing butterflies in Taiwan) and Don Sands & Sue Scott

(The Richmond Birdwing butterfly (Ornithoptera richmondia /Gray]): its natural

history and progress towards recovery).

Although designed primarily as a non-scientific introduction to the subject of

birdwing butterfly conservation and biology, there is much of interest to the more

specialised reader. Current information on the status of conservation projects

involving several species is welcome and the numerous illustrations of adults, early

stages and larval food plants complement an easily readable text. Of especial interest

are the sections detailing the rediscovery and biology of O. p. paradisea, feared

extinct for many years, and the biology and conservation of O. richmondia.

There are a few minor glitches which do not detract from the overall interest of this

book. The distribution of Lamproptera spp. (page 6) should include southern China to

the Philippines and much of Indonesia, that of Ornothoptera and Troides (map, page

7) should include the Moluccas and Louisiades (Ornithoptera) and western India to

Sri Lanka (Troides), while the northernmost population of O. paradisea flavescens

(map, page 24) should be labelled O. p. tarunggarensis [although the name of this

population is debatable, it does not belong in flavescens; similarly, lowland

populations around Manokwari do not belong in arfakensis - see Hancock 1982]. The

distribution of Aristolochia acuminata (page 16) should include Madagascar, where

the local troidine Atrophaneura antenor feeds on it.

The price for this informative and profusely illustrated book is very reasonable and I

thoroughly recommend it to anyone with an interest in birdwing butterflies in

particular and conservation in general.

Reference

HANCOCK, D.L. 1982. A note on the status of Ornithoptera meridionalis tarunggarensis

(Joicey and Talbot) (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Australian Entomological Magazine 8(6): 93-

95.

David L. Hancock

Cairns

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4): 167-176 167

NEW LOCATIONS AND HOST PLANTS FOR LEICHHARDT’S

GRASSHOPPER PETASIDA EPHIPPIGERA WHITE

(ORTHOPTERA: PYRGOMORPHIDAE)

IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORY

COLIN G. WILSON!, PIERS H. BARROW? and CAROLINE R.

MICHELL"?

! Department of Infrastructure, Planning and Environment, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831

?Key Centre for Tropical Wildlife Management, Northern Territory University, Darwin,

NT 0909

“deceased

Abstract

New locations for Leichhardt’s grasshopper, Petasida ephippigera White, are recorded in the

Northern Territory. Food plants (all Verbenaceae) were Pityrodia lanuginosa Munir, P.

puberula Munir and P. spenceri Munir at Nitmiluk (Katherine Gorge) National Park (all new

records) and P. ternifolia (F. Muell.) Munir at Bullo River Station and southeastern Arnhem

Land. The grasshopper may be more secure in suitable habitat within its core distribution than

previously believed, but must still be considered vulnerable in geographical outliers.

Introduction

Leichhardt’s grasshopper, Petasida ephippigera White, is one of Australia’s

most strikingly coloured insects, being a vivid orange-red with navy blue and

black markings (Fig. 1). Its image is frequently used in tourism promotions

for the Northern Territory (NT) and it has appeared on two Australian

postage stamps. Yet, in spite of its relatively high profile, details of the

biology, ecology and even the geographical distribution of Leichhardt’s

grasshopper remain very poorly understood (Lowe 1995).

The well-camouflaged nymphs of P. ephippigera (Figs 2-3) are first seen on

Pityrodia shrubs after the last storms of the summer monsoonal wet season

and reach maturity early in the following wet season (Lowe 1995).

Oviposition has yet to be observed, but other members of the family

Pyrgomorphidae typically lay their eggs in batches in the soil (Rentz 1996).

Adults of P. ephippigera die soon after the eggs are laid, their corpses

frequently being found beneath the host plants late in the wet season.

Aboriginal people of western Arnhem Land have long regarded the

grasshopper as a child of Namarrgon, the lightning man depicted in rock art

throughout the region, as the arrival of the showy adults coincides with the

violent thunderstorms that herald the onset of the monsoon. However, prior to

1970, P. ephippigera was only known to western science from five faded

specimens in European collections (Calaby and Key 1973).

The first known specimen was collected during surveys of the Australian

coast by the HMS Beagle expedition, probably in 1839 somewhere along the

Victoria River, NT. The explorer Ludwig Leichhardt collected a second and

reported seeing many others on the western edge of the Arnhem Land plateau

in November 1845 (Leichhardt 1847), while a third was found during the

168 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4)

Figs 1-5. (1-3) Petasida ephippigera: (1) mating adults on Pityrodia ternifolia, Keep

River National Park; (2) early nymph on Pityrodia lanuginosa, above Katherine River

gorge, Nitmiluk National Park; (3) advanced nymph on Pityrodia spenceri, near Edith

Falls, Nitmiluk National Park. (4-5) Typical habitat for P. ephippigera: (4) Bullo

River Station - note the adult P. ephippigera (arrowed) on P. ternifolia in the

foreground; (5) above Katherine River gorge.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4) 169

Gregory expedition of 1855-6, also at an undefined location along the

Victoria River. Two other specimens lacked any accompanying data. For

more than 100 years this spectacular grasshopper then went missing from

non-indigenous view.

Calaby and Key (1973) reported the dramatic rediscovery of Leichhardt’s

grasshopper in 1971 on a western outlier of the Arnhem Land plateau (now

within Kakadu National Park). There quickly followed a flurry of specimens

from other locations in the NT: along the western edge of the Arnhem Land

plateau, near Maningrida on the north coast of Arnhem Land and at Katherine

Gorge (now known as Nitmiluk) National Park. Subsequent collections have

been made from Keep River National Park near the NT border with Western

Australia and a number of other locations in western Arnhem Land and

Kakadu National Park (Lowe 1995). There have also been anecdotal reports

of the grasshoppers at other locations between Kakadu in the east and Keep

River in the west. The brightly coloured adults are so singular in appearance

that most such reports must be taken seriously. There is simply no other

creature for which they could be easily mistaken.

Petasida ephippigera appears to feed almost exclusively on various species

of shrubs within the genus Pityrodia (Verbenaceae). Collections on

Goodenia, Dampiera (both Goodeniaceae) and Gardenia (Rubiaceae)

(Calaby and Key 1973, Key 1984) seem to have been made in typical

Pityrodia habitat and may have consisted largely of transient individuals or

rarely utilised host plants.

While a number of populations of Leichhardt’s grasshopper have now been

documented in western Arnhem Land and Kakadu, the same is not true of

Nitmiluk and Keep River National Parks, where only one and two populations

respectively had been pinpointed prior to the surveys reported here. These

populations were tiny and geographically isolated.

This paper documents the search for populations of P. ephippigera that had

been previously reported in Nitmiluk and Keep River National Parks and

reports the discovery of new populations and host plants.

Methods

A wide-ranging survey in rugged sandstone habitat was conducted in and

around Keep River National Park, while targeted surveys were carried out in

Nitmiluk National Park and southeastern Arnhem Land following reported

sightings of Leichhardt’s grasshoppers at specific locations. During surveys,

all Pityrodia spp. seen were searched for nymphs of P. ephippigera. The

precise location of each site where grasshoppers were found was determined

using a GPS unit, the number of nymphs was recorded, the identity and

number of Pityrodia spp. within a 3 m radius were recorded and notes were

made on the physical characteristics of the site. Host plant voucher specimens

were collected and lodged in the Northern Territory Herbarium.

170 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4)

Results

Keep River National Park

Helicopter flights were made on 9-10 December 2000, landing at 14

locations: where Pityrodia ternifolia had been previously collected; where

Leichhardt’s grasshoppers were known to occur; or in what appeared to be

suitable terrain. On 11 December 2000, one known P. ephippigera site and

three other likely areas were accessed by car.

One of the two locations previously recorded for P. ephippigera was near the

base of large horizontally-bedded sandstone ‘beehive’ formations in an area

that had recently been extensively burnt by a wildfire. Pityrodia ternifolia

plants were found on two unburnt, elevated scree slopes and were re-

sprouting from the base on one burnt sand pocket on a low sandstone

platform, but no grasshoppers were found. An adjacent fenced site designated

as sacred to the local indigenous owners of the land appeared not to have

been completely burnt, but was not entered as the necessary permission had

not been obtained.

The other known P. ephippigera site was below the rim of a gorge in a

remote area accessible only by helicopter. Several dozen P. ternifolia plants

were scattered along a horizontally-bedded sandstone platform at the base of

one low escarpment and above another. Six P. ephippigera adults, including a

mating pair (Fig. 1), were found on the plants (see Table 1). Due to the

ruggedness of the terrain and limited time, it was not possible to survey the

gorge more thoroughly for further grasshoppers.

P. ephippigera was found at a new site on Bullo River Station approximately

1.5 km east of the boundary of the proposed Spirit Hills extension to Keep

River National Park (Table 1). This area was also accessible only by

helicopter. Several dozen P. ternifolia plants were sparsely scattered across a

steep, east-facing, scree slope on the edge of a small plateau and around the

head of a nearby gully, generally in protected pockets between large rocks

(Fig. 4). Only a single adult was seen despite a 1 hour search by two people.

Similar habitat extends for several kilometres westwards into the proposed

Park extension and it is possible that a larger population of grasshoppers

exists nearby.

Nitmiluk National Park

Upper Katherine River gorge. During a vegetation mapping exercise above

the Katherine River gorge in Nitmiluk National Park on 8-10 February 2001,

P. ephippigera adults were found on both Pityrodia lanuginosa Munir and P.

puberula Munir at least 10 kms east of the one previously known population

in the Park. A survey team was dropped by helicopter into the vicinity of the

new sightings and remained from 7-10 September 2001. A total of 173

nymphs of P. ephippigera were recorded from 84 sites, all found on plants of

P. lanuginosa (Fig. 2, Table 1).

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4) 171

Table 1. Re-surveyed and newly discovered locations of Leichhardt’s grasshopper,

Petasida ephippigera, in Australia’s Northern Territory (* = new location; ' = new

host plant record).

Latitude Longitude Host plant Notes

15°37’S 129914”E Pityrodia ternifolia Keep River, proposed Spirit Hills

extension: 6 adults, 9 Dec. 2000

*15°38’S — 129?30'E Pityrodia ternifolia Bullo River Station, 1.5 km east of Spirit

Hills boundary: 1 adult, 10 Dec. 2000

15?45'S 129?05'E Pityrodia ternifolia Keep River: most of site had been

recently burnt and no grasshoppers were

seen, 11 Dec. 2000

14?18'S 132?25'E Pityrodia pungens Nitmiluk, near Visitor Information

Centre, Sept. 2002

*]4?9]4'S 132?26E unknown Nitmiluk, ^9 km north of Visitor

Information Centre: 1 adult, Jan. 1988;

1 nymph, 16 July 2002

*14°18’S 132932'E TPityrodia puberula, — Nitmiluk, above Katherine Gorge: 173

TP. lanuginosa nymphs at 84 sites within 2.5 km radius,

7-10 Sept. 2001

*]4?9]3'S 132911'E 'Pityrodia spenceri — Nitmiluk, near Edith Falls: 18 nymphs at

13 sites within 2 km south along ridge, 15

Aug. 2002

*]4?]16'S — 134*55'E Pityrodia ternifolia Southeastern Arnhem Land, ^80 km north

of Ngukurr: 13 nymphs on 2 plants at 1

site, 24 Sept. 2002

Pityrodia lanuginosa plants were so sparsely distributed over the search area

that nearly all sites consisted of a single plant. Three sites had two plants and

two sites had three plants. More than half of the sites where P. ephippigera

was found had only a single nymph and a maximum of nine nymphs were

found at a single site (Fig. 6).

The plants on which P. ephippigera nymphs were found were frequently

stunted, desiccated and shedding leaves and occasionally appeared to be

dead. Robust, leafy plants greater than 1 m in height never carried nymphs.

Nymphs were generally found on steep, boulder-strewn slopes or narrow

ledges or gullies in cliff lines (Fig. 5). They only occasionally occurred on

elevated, horizontally-bedded sandstone pavements or low, rocky knolls in

broad, sandy valleys between sandstone ridges, although P. lanuginosa was

often found in such places.

Edith Falls. During another vegetation mapping exercise on 1-3 May 2002,

eight nymphs of P. ephippigera were found near Edith Falls in Nitmiluk

National Park, approximately 30 km north of the other known occurrences of

P. ephippigera in the region. They were all on plants of Pityrodia spenceri

Munir. A survey team visited the area on 15-17 August 2002 and located 18

172 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4)

nymphs at 13 separate sites, all but one of which were on P. spenceri (Fig. 3).

The exception was found on a senescent P. /anuginosa plant (Table 1). Two

of the sites that contained P. ephippigera nymphs had plants of both

Pityrodia spp. present, but the nymphs were found only on P. spenceri.

A wildfire swept through the area a few days after completing this survey. A

follow-up survey conducted several weeks later, using GPS data to pinpoint

the original grasshopper sites, relocated only three of the original 18 nymphs.

Other observations. The senior author photographed a single adult P.

ephippigera in January 1988, approximately 9 km north of the Visitor

Information Centre along the Katherine Gorge to Edith Falls walking track. It

was first seen on the wing and could not be directly associated with any food

plant. A nymph was seen in the same vicinity on 16 July 2002 (Q. Paynter,

pers. comm.; Table 1) but the host plant was not identified.

Southeastern Arnhem Land

Following reports of brightly coloured grasshoppers made by local

indigenous people, an area of outcropping sandstone approximately 80 km

north of the town of Ngukurr in southeastern Arnhem Land was surveyed on

24 September 2002. Several hundred plants of P. ternifolia were searched in

an area of extremely steep and rugged, horizontally-bedded ‘lost city’

sandstone outcrops. One plant supported nine nymphs while another nearby

had four nymphs (Table 1).

Discussion

Food plants

It now seems likely that P. ephippigera feeds predominantly, or even

exclusively, on plants within the endemic Australian genus Pityrodia. These

perennial shrubs are found across a relatively broad geographic range in the

NT (Dunlop and Bowman 1986, Lowe 1995), but the distribution of suitable

habitat within that range is extremely patchy. The plants grow on rocky

sandstone outcrops, coarse scree slopes at the base of sandstone escarpments,

fissured pavements at the top of sandstone plateaux and in sand pockets and

drainage lines associated with exposed sandstone in the Top End of the NT

(Figs-4-5).

Petasida ephippigera has been known to feed on three different species of

Pityrodia: P. jamesii Specht in western Arnhem Land and Kakadu National

Park (Calaby and Key 1973, Lowe 1995), P. pungens Munir in Nitmiluk

National Park (ABC 2000), and P. ternifolia (F. Muell.) Munir in Keep River

National Park (Lowe 1995). The surveys reported here increase the known

host range to include P. /anuginosa Munir above the Katherine River gorge

and P. spenceri Munir near Edith Falls, both places within Nitmiluk National

Park. We also record adults for the first time on P. puberula Munir, but

whether or not this plant supports nymphal development remains to be

determined. .

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4) 173

At any one location P. ephippigera has generally been found feeding on only

a single species of Pityrodia. These different associations may largely reflect

the relative availability of Pityrodia species at each place rather than any site-

specific shift in feeding preferences, although near Edith Falls P. lanuginosa

and P. spenceri were sympatric but, with one exception, only the latter hosted

P. ephippigera nymphs.

50

40

30

20

Number of sites

10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Number of nymphs per site

Fig. 6. The number of Petasida ephippigera nymphs per site where they occurred,

above the Katherine River gorge in Nitmiluk National Park, 7-10 September 2001.

Distribution and abundance

Petasida ephippigera occurs within national parks that attract large numbers

of visitors throughout the year but it is still seldom seen. As it is such a large,

eye-catching grasshopper and we now have good information on host plants

and habitat, the dearth of sightings has led to the conclusion that it must be

extremely rare. However, the results of the surveys reported here suggest that

perhaps the perceived status of P. ephippigera should be reviewed.

The Pityrodia species surveyed in this study are small, sparse shrubs,

frequently masked by large, prickly clumps of spinifex grass (Triodia spp.) or

growing in crevices between boulders and distributed only sporadically in the

landscape. The difficult terrain in which they grow is usually remote from

roads and human habitation and the steep rocky sites favoured by the plants

are not often trodden, even by the few hardy souls who sometimes traverse

the sandstone country on foot.

174 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4)

The vivid P. ephippigera adults (Fig. 1) are found only during the tropical

summer wet season when temperature and humidity are high and widespread

flooding makes human travel to remote areas difficult and dangerous. The

nymphs, which are found during the cooler winter dry season, have relatively

cryptic colouration and are very small during the months most favourable to

human comfort, beginning their growth spurt as temperature and humidity rise

in the build-up to the wet season. Where populations of P. ephippigera occur,

only a small proportion of Pityrodia plants carry grasshoppers and even then

most have only a single individual (Fig. 6).

The inescapable conclusion is that most P. ephippigera populations remain

hidden from casual observation. Nymphs are relatively inconspicuous and

adults only occur at a time of year when few people are in the field, in places

rarely visited at any time of year.

The new findings in Nitmiluk National Park to the south of Kakadu point to

the possibility of widespread, if sparse, populations of P. ephippigera

occurring in the vast area of inaccessible, rugged, exposed sandstone country

around the shared boundary of the two parks. The discoveries north of

Ngukurr, 300 km to the east of Kakadu and Nitmiluk, and on Bullo River

Station, 300 km to the west, suggest other populations in extensive areas of

suitable habitat throughout the Top End (Fig. 7) and possibly into the

Kimberley region of northern Western Australia. Further surveys are now

required to test these predictions.

Susceptibility to fire

Petasida ephippigera has been listed as vulnerable under the Territory Parks

and Wildlife Conservation Act 2000, mainly due to concerns about the

vulnerability of both the grasshopper and its host plants to the altered fire

regimes occurring within the sandstone heath communities, as the human

populations in these regions have declined over the last century (Russell-

Smith et al. 1997, 1998). The passage of fire has already been implicated in

local extinctions of P. ephippigera in Kakadu National Park (Lowe 1995), in

the apparent disappearance of one of the two populations previously recorded

from Keep River National Park and in the decline of the newly discovered

population near Edith Falls.

The sandstone heathlands inhabited by Pityrodia spp. and P. ephippigera are

rarely targeted for deliberate burning, but uncontrolled wildfires still enter

this habitat on occasions, usually during the latter months of the dry season

when temperatures, wind speeds and fuel loads are high and moisture levels

low. These late season fires tend to be larger in extent, hotter and less patchy

than earlier fires. The flightless nymphs of P. ephippigera that are present at

this time have little chance of escaping fire. Even if some can find refuge

beneath rocks, their diet specialisation reduces their chance of finding

acceptable food in the aftermath.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4) 175

Kakadu A.

A

1 ^ National

A A. A\Nitmiluk National Park A

Katherine e

Ngukurr

NORTHERN TERRITORY

— Spirit Hills 50 — 0 — &0 100 150 200 250

um ——— — n ( € ——— — «€

x Keep River National Park Kilometres

Fig. 7. Known localities of Petasida ephippigera in Australia: A = previous records;

A = new records. National Parks containing known populations of P. ephippigera are

shaded grey.

Areas from which P. ephippigera have been lost in Kakadu require several

years for recolonisation. As a result it has been suggested that adults have

poor dispersal abilities (Lowe 1995). However, the sporadic distribution of

both the grasshoppers and their host plants in Nitmiluk National Park, as well

as the preponderance of solitary nymphs (Fig. 6), could suggest a more

mobile adult population to enable mating and widely scattered oviposition. If

this is so, occasional fires within the core habitat of P. ephippigera would

pose no significant threat to its continued survival. Should the populations in

southeastern Arnhem Land and Keep River/Bullo River prove to be small and

isolated, however, wildfires could lead to their extirpation with no chance of

recolonisation.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to acknowledge excellent field assistance in trying

conditions provided by Ben Bayliss, Bob Harwood and Beverley Maxwell,

and the cooperation and assistance of Ranger staff at Nitmiluk and Keep

River National Parks.

176 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4)

References

ABC [Australian Broadcasting Corporation]. 2000. Gaudy grasshopper brings on the wet.

http://www.abc.net.au/science/scribblygum/November2000/

CALABY, J.H. and KEY, K.H.L. 1973. Rediscovery of the spectacular Australian grasshopper

Petasida ephippigera White (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) Journal of the Australian

Entomological Society 12: 161-164.

DUNLOP, C.R. and BOWMAN, D.M.J.S. 1986. Atlas of the vascular plant genera of the

Northern Territory. Australian Flora and Fauna Series No 6. Australian Government Publishing

Service, Canberra; p. 107.

GREENSLADE, P. and LOWE, L. 1998. Leichhardt's grasshopper. Nature Australia Autumn

1998: 20-21.

KEY, K.H.L. 1984. Monograph of the Monstriinae and Petasidini (Orthoptera:

Pyrgomorphidae). Australian Journal of Zoology Supplementary Series 107: 1-213.

LEICHHARDT, L. 1847. Journal of an overland expedition in Australia from Morton Bay to

Port Essington, a distance of upwards of 3,000 miles, during the years 1844-45. T. & W.

Boone, London.

LOWE, L. 1995. Preliminary investigations of the biology and management of Leichhardt's

grasshopper, Petasida ephippigera White. Journal of Orthoptera Research 4: 219-221.

RENTZ, D. 1996. Grasshopper country: the abundant orthopteroid insects of Australia.

University of New South Wales Press, Sydney; xi+284 pp.

RUSSELL-SMITH, J., RYAN, P.G. and DURIEU, R. 1997. A LANDSAT MSS-derived fire

history of Kakadu National Park, monsoonal northern Australia, 1980-94: seasonal extent,

frequency and patchiness. Journal of Applied Ecology 34: 748-766.

RUSSELL-SMITH, J., RYAN, P.G., KLESSA, D., WAIGHT, G. and HARWOOD, R. 1998.

Fire regimes, fire-sensitive vegetation and fire management of the sandstone Arnhem Plateau,

monsoonal northern Australia. Journal of Applied Ecology 35: 829-846.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4): 177-178 177

THE GENUS CLIVIA LINDLEY (AMARYLLIDACEAE), AN

UNUSUAL NEW HOST PLANT RECORD FOR THE QUEENSLAND

FRUIT FLY BACTROCERA TRYONI (FROGGATT) (DIPTERA:

TEPHRITIDAE) AND A NEW FRUIT FLY DISTRIBUTION RECORD

IN QUEENSLAND

R. MAY! and R.A.I. DREW?

1St Vincents Hospital, Scott Street, Toowoomba, Qld 4350

? Australian School of Environmental Studies, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Qld 4111

Abstract

The dacine fruit fly species Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) has been reared from Clivia miniata

(Lindley) Regel under field conditions in Toowoomba, Australia. Bactrocera (Queenslandacus)

exigua (May) has been recorded from southeast Queensland, the first record outside northeast

Queensland.

Introduction

Extensive trapping and host recording for the tephritid subfamily Dacinae in

South East Asia, Australia and islands of the South Pacific, since the mid

1980s, provided extensive host plant and geographic distribution records but

revealed only one record of a fruit fly species breeding in the plant family

Amaryllidaceae (Allwood et al. 1999, Hancock et al. 2000). That is a single

record of Bactrocera papayae Drew & Hancock in Crinum asiaticum L. in

South East Asia (Allwood et al. 1999).

The genus Clivia (Amaryllidaceae) is endemic to South Africa (Koopowitz

2002). Four species have been introduced to Australia, where they have been

cultivated as ornamentals. Clivia miniata (Lindley) Regel has many varieties,

with most possessing 10-20 funnel-shaped flowers on an umbel. They have

been cultivated by one of the authors (R. May) in the garden of St Vincents

Hospital, Toowoomba, for more than 20 years.

New host record for B. tryoni

In March 2000, four fruit from a C. miniata variety were observed (by R.

May) to be prematurely dessicated. They were placed on sawdust in an

aerated container and 15 specimens of Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt)

subsequently emerged. The seeds from the fruit were not damaged as they

germinated when planted.

In January 2002, a female B. tryoni was observed ovipositing in fruit of C.

miniata var. citrina. lt was photographed in situ, then captured and preserved

for positive identification.

New distribution record for B. exigua

Bactrocera (Queenslandacus) exigua (May) has been known previously only

from the holotype male, collected at Atherton, northeast Queensland in

December 1955, and a female collected at Wallamen Falls, northeast

Queensland in January 1975 (May 1957, Drew 1989).

178 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4)

Recently, through sweep-netting rainforest margins, a further male was

collected in southeast Queensland. This record is as follows: Mt Glorious

(680 m) [nr Brisbane], 27919753”S, 152°45’48”E, 24.x.2002, B. Merz. This

specimen has been deposited in the Queensland Museum, Brisbane.

Discussion

While some 50% of all dacine species are monophagous (Drew 1989), the

major pest species such as B. tryoni and B. papayae have a wide host range

(Allwood et al. 1999, Hancock et al. 2000). Plant families with the most host

plant species utilised by these fly species are Myrtaceae, Rosaceae and

Sapotaceae. Bactrocera tryoni utilises host plants from over 30 plant families

but has never been recorded previously from the Amaryllidaceae. The fruiting

bodies of Clivia, especially, are unique and unlike the soft fleshy fruits of the

normal dacine host plants.

The record of B. exigua from southeast Queensland is of particular interest.

This species probably occurs in very low poulations and, because it does not

respond to male lures, is not readily collected. The fact that it occurs in both

northern and southern Queensland suggests that other species thought to have

restricted distributions might also be more widespread.

Acknowledgement

Dr Bernhard Merz, Museum of Natural History, Geneva, Switzerland,

collected the B. exigua specimen and donated it for study.

References

ALLWOOD, A.J., CHINAJARIYAWONG, A., DREW, R.A.I., HAMACEK, E.L., HANCOCK,

D.L., HENGSAWAD, C., JIPANIN, J.C., JIRASURAT, M., KONG KRONG, C.,

KRITSANEEPAIBOON, S., LEONG, C.T.S. and VIJAYSEGARAN, S. 1999. Host plant

records for fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in South East Asia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology,

Supplement 7: 1-92.

DREW, R.A.I. 1989. The tropical fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) of the Australasian

and Oceanian Regions. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 26: 1-521.

HANCOCK, D.L., HAMACEK, E.L., LLOYD, A.C. and ELSON-HARRIS, M.M. 2000. The

distribution and host plants of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Australia. Information Series

Q199067, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane; iii + 75 pp.

KOOPOWITZ, H. 2002. Clivias. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon; 384 pp.

MAY, A.W.S. 1957. New species and records of Dacinae (Trypetidae, Diptera) from

Queensland and New Guinea. Queensland Journal of Agricultural Science 17: 195-200.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4): 179-180 179

CD-ROM REVIEW

Mites in Soil: an interactive key to mites and other soil microarthropods, by D.E.

Walter and H.C. Proctor (2001). CD-Rom. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Vic

3066. ISBN 0 643 06790 6.

How have soil mites been identified in Australia? The answer is that they mostly

haven’t. But it has been possible to place many Australian mites into families by

skipping between various old books and perhaps unpublished keys. However the

amount of page flipping required for even common mite identifications threatens to

discourage all but the most taxonomically inclined students. Thus a publication that

syntheses identification and biological information for a broad grouping of Australian

mites is very welcome. This CD contains a lot more than just mites or just Australian

taxa however.

The master key on this CD is for soil microarthropods. It enables the user to identify

30 major groups of soil microarthropods including six major groupings of mites. For

finer mite identification the user then opens the Mites in Soil key which winnows taxa

down to orders, suborders and cohorts. Three keys (Prostigmata, Endeostigmata and

Parasitiformes) then provide family-level identification. Prostigmata are well covered

with 45 families. Twelve families of the often-overlooked Endeostigmata are keyed,

several of these have only recently been recorded from Australia and three of these are

non-Australian. Parasitiformes are thoroughly reviewed (46 families) including three

recently described and seven non-Australian families plus three new family records

from Australia to boot. In fact there are quite a few new records from this CD that will

now need to be added to Australian checklists. There are also other groups that can

now be newly but less formally recorded. Some come with sobering comments such

as ‘These mites are common in Australian soils but no species have yet been

described.’

There are some groups for which family level identifications are not provided. The

Oribatida, a singularly important soil mite group, are identified to cohorts. However

they are dealt with in another CD publication (Hunt et al. 1998). Astigmatids

(excluding Oribatida) receive a brief treatment and no key to families, but then few

astigmatid mites occur in soil. Erythraeoidea (2 families), “Trombidina’ (13 Australian

families) and the Uropodina (12 Australian families recognised thus far) are not

identified further which partly reflects the authors’ interests but also the state of mite

taxonomy. These are large and important groups that require much work.

Scanning electron micrographs (by Dave Walter) and line drawings (mostly by

Catherine Harvey) are used liberally to illustrate mite morphology. The images are

well labelled, clear and beautifully executed. The specimen preparation section

contains a lot of useful advice especially on funnel extraction. Uniquely, common

names are provided for prostigmatan families. I wasn’t expecting to like mite common

names but ones like ‘feather-footed mites’ or ‘pincushion mites’ are catchy.

There is some redundant use of terms; thus genital papillae are also called genital

suckers or genital acetabula, and prodorsal sensilla are also called prodorsal

trichobothria. Some descriptive terms such as holoid, ptychoid, macropyline are left

undefined. There are minor mistakes such as the “overview” link for Parasitengona

which gives text meant for the Parasitidae. These are minor criticisms. My major

criticism of this work is that it is not clearly referenced. Users may be left guessing

180 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4)

whether information comes from a listed reference or the authors’ observations. For

many reports of feeding behaviour it will certainly be the latter.

The price is very reasonable given the amount of detail condensed into this package.

Aside from its exceptional value as an identification tool and its stunning images, it

also contains a wealth of taxonomic, biological and ecological information that is

otherwise unavailable or widely scattered. It is sure to become essential for anyone

working with mites or soil ecosystems worldwide. In addition the microarthropod key

is highly recommended for undergraduate classes.

Reference

HUNT, G., COLLOFF, M.J., DALLWITZ, M., KELLY, J. and WALTER, D.E. 1998. An

interactive key to the Oribatid mites of Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria.

Matthew Shaw

Department of Zoology and Entomology

University of Queensland

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4): 181-183 181

THE IMMATURE STAGES AND SEASONALITY OF PETRELAEA

TOMBUGENSIS (ROBER) (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE)

P.R. SAMSON! and T.A. LAMBKIN?

'BSES Limited, PMB 57, Mackay Mail Centre, Qld 4741

"Queensland Department of Primary Industries, 80 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068

Abstract

The immature stages of Petrelaea tombugensis (Rober), from Wongaling Beach in northern

Queensland, are described and illustrated. The food plant was Terminalia catappa L.

(Combretaceae). In Torres Strait, adults can be common just prior to the monsoon, coincident

with the first flush of Terminalia flowers.

Introduction

Petrelaea tombugensis (Rober) occurs within Australia in tropical areas of the

Northern Territory and Queensland (Braby 2000). Adults fly around

flowering Terminalia catappa L. and T. muelleri Benth. (Combretaceae) on

islands in Torres Strait and were observed ovipositing on T. catappa blossom

at El Arish in northern Queensland (Muller et al. 1998). Here we describe the

immature stages from material collected at Wongaling Beach near El Arish

and record observations on the flight period in Torres Strait.

Immature stages

Egg (Fig. 1). A flattened sphere; white; diameter 0.5 mm; sides and outer top

surface with ridges radiating from large knobs and forming mostly three-sided

pits; central part of top surface with irregular network of ridges.

First instar larva (Fig. 2). Buff coloured; head dark grey. With both short and

long colourless lateral hairs and colourless posterior hairs; prothorax (T1)

with two pairs of long brown dorsal and dorsolateral hairs directed forward

and colourless anterior hairs; T2 with two pairs of long brown dorsal and

subdorsal hairs directed forward and one pair of long brown dorsal hairs

directed backward; T3-abdominal segment 8 (A8) each with one pair of long

brown dorsal hairs; T2-A6 also each with one pair of short colourless dorsal

hairs.

Final instar larva (Figs 3-4). Green; T1 reddish brown anteriorly; A1 reddish

brown subdorsally; a reddish brown middorsal line most pronounced

posterior to dorsal points on A2-A6; head brown. Newcomer's organ and

tentacular organs present. Body with colourless anterior and posterior hairs

and dense stellate colourless or reddish brown secondary setae; T1 with ridge

in front of prothoracic plate bearing numerous pairs of colourless hairs; deep

dorsal divisions between segments T3-A7; T2-Al each with a pair of

subdorsal knobs and A2-A6 with middorsal pointed knobs; transverse ridges

on A7-A8; T2-A8 with lateral lobes, angular on A1-A6 but otherwise

rounded, each with one or two pairs of colourless hairs; T2-T3 each with two

pairs of colourless dorsal and dorsolateral hairs.

182 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4)

Figs 1-6. Petrelaea tombugensis; all except (3) from Wongaling Beach: (1) egg;

(2) first instar larva, head to right; (3) late instar larva from Thursday Island, Torres

Strait; (4) final instar larva feeding; (5) pupa; (6) Terminalia flower eaten out by

larva. Scale bars (1-2) = 0.5 mm, (3-6) = 2 mm.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4) 183

Pupa (Fig. 5). Covered with short colourless hairs; thorax and wing covers

greyish brown and abdomen yellowish brown, sparsely covered with dark

brown spots; a dark brown middorsal patch on T1; dark brown patches

laterally on T2 and dorsolaterally on T3; abdomen with dark brown

dorsolateral patches, especially on Al and A5-A6, and with a brown

middorsal line; attached by anal hooks and central girdle.

Life history notes

At Wongaling Beach, eggs of P. tombugensis were found in December 2001,

laid singly on flower buds of Terminalia catappa. The feeding habits of early

instar larvae were not closely observed, but larvae ultimately died when

supplied only with unopened buds. Larger larvae fed only on open flowers

while buds on the same spikes were not eaten. Larvae curled across the tops

of the flowers and ate the nectaries, leaving the stamens and calyx intact (Figs

4, 6). The apparent dependence on open flowers may explain the larval

mortality also recorded by Muller ef al. (1998) when they attempted to rear

this species on Terminalia flower buds. The larval and pupal stages occupied

about 2 weeks and 1 week respectively, when reared in southern Queensland

at ambient conditions in January. Adults of this species have recently (April

2002) been collected flying around 7. catappa at Townsville by Graham

Wurtz (S. Johnson, pers. comm.), extending the known range substantially

southwards from El Arish.

Adult seasonality

Muller et al. (1998) briefly outlined information on adult habits and flight

period in the wet tropics of northern Queensland and in Torres Strait. Since

then, one of the authors (TAL) has recorded more details of the seasonality of

this species in Torres Strait. Adults are abundant just prior to the monsoon,

coinciding with the first flush of flowers on leafless trees of T. catappa and T.

muelleri (both species tend to flower simultaneously). Large numbers of

adults (7100) have been observed flying around mature trees of T. catappa on

Murray Island in late October and 7. muelleri on Sue Island in late December.

P. tombugensis is generally less common over the remainder of the flowering

period, which can last until May, just prior to the dry season, after which both

Terminalia species become almost leafless. The recorded flight period is

September-May (Muller et al. 1998).

References

BRABY, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution.

CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne; xxvii + 976 pp.

MULLER, C.J., OLIVE, J. and LAMBKIN, T.A. 1998. New records for Petrelaea tombugensis

(Rober) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in Queensland. Australian Entomologist 25: 61-63.

184 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (4)

RECENT ENTOMOLOGICAL LITERATURE

CRANSTON, P.S., EDWARD, D.H.D. and COOK, L.G.

2002 New status, species, distribution records and phylogeny for Australian mandibulate

Chironomidae (Diptera). Australian Journal of Entomology 41(4): 357-366.

EWART, A. and POPPLE, L.W.

2001 Cicadas, and their songs, from southwestern Queensland. Queensland Naturalist 39(4-

6): 52-71.

FRANZMANN, B.A.

2002 Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) a predacious ladybird new

in Australia. Australian Journal of Entomology 41(4): 375-377.

GOOLSBY, J.A., BURWELL, C.J., MAKINSON, J. and DRIVER, F.

2001 Investigation of the biology of Hymenoptera associated with Fergusonina sp, (Diptera:

Fergusoninidae), a gall fly of Melaleuca quinquenervia, integrating molecular

techniques. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 10(2): 163-180.

GREBENNIKOV, V.V., BALLERIO, A. and SCHOLTZ, C.H.

2002 Larva and pupa of Cyphopisthes descarpentriesi Paulian (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea:

Ceratocanthidae) and their phylogenetic implications. Australian Journal of

Entomology 41(4): 367-374.

GRUND, R.

2000 The life histories for Theclinesthes hesperia hesperia Sibatani and Grund and

Theclinesthes albicincta Waterhouse (Form 4 adults Sibatani and Grund) (Lepidoptera:

Lycaenidae). Victorian Entomologist 30: 80-84.

JEFFERY, J.A.L., RYAN, P.A., LYONS, S.A., THOMAS, P.T. and KAY, B.H.

2002 Spacial distribution of vectors of Ross River virus and Barmah Forest virus on Russell

Island, Moreton Bay, Queensland. Australian Journal of Entomology 41(4): 329-338.

NORRIS, K.R.

2002 Synonymy, distribution and bionomics of the Australian blowfly Onesia accepta

(Malloch) (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Australian Journal of Entomology 41(4): 354-356.

POPPLE, L.W. and STRANGE, A.D.

2002 Cicadas, and their songs, from the Tara and Warroo Shires, southern central

Queensland. Queensland Naturalist 40(1-3): 15-30.

PRINSLOO, G.L.

2003 Revision of the mealybug parasitoids of the genus Pseudoccobius Timberlake

(Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) from South Africa. African Entomology 11(1): 77-89.

[includes notes on two Australian taxa]

REHN, A.C.

2003 Phylogenetic analysis of higher-level relationships of Odonata. Systematic Entomology

28(2): 181-240.

SANDS, D.P.A. and NEW, T.R.

2002 The action plan for Australian butterflies. Environment Australia, Canberra; vi + 377

pp.

SANDS, D. and SCOTT, S. (Editors)

2002 Conservation of birdwing butterflies. SciComEd & THECA, Brisbane; 48 pp.

STEINBAUER, M.J.

2002 Oviposition behaviour and neonate performance of Mnesampela privata in relation to

heterophylly in Eucalyptus dunnii and E. globulus. Agricultural and Forest

Entomology 4(4): 245-254.

THE

AUSTRALIAN

ENTOMOLOGIST

VOLUME 30

2003

Published by:

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND

li

THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

The Australian Entomologist is a non-profit journal published in four parts

annually by the Entomological Society of Queensland. The journal is devoted to

entomology of the Australian region, including New Zealand, Papua New Guinea

and islands of the south-western Pacific. Articles are accepted from amateur and

professional entomologists. The journal is produced independently and

subscription is not included with membership of the Society.

The Editorial Panel

Editor: Dr D.L. Hancock

Assistant Editors: Dr C.J. Burwell

Queensland Museum

Dr G.B. Monteith

Queensland Museum

Business Manager: Mr L. Popple

University of Queensland

Subscriptions

Subscriptions are payable in advance to the Business Manager, The Australian

Entomologist, P.O. Box 537, Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia, 4068.

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ISSN 1320-6133

Printed for The Entomological Society of Queensland

by ColourWise Reproductions, Brisbane

Copyright Reserved, 2003

THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Contents

Volume 30, 2003

BAKER, C.H. and MERRITT, D.J.

Life cycle of an Australian glow-worm Arachnocampa flava Harrison

(Diptera: Keroplatidae: Arachnocampinae)

BREITFUSS, M.J. and HILL, C.J.

Field observations on the life history and behaviour of Jalmenus evagoras

eubulus Miskin (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) in the southern brigalow belt of

Queensland

BURWELL, C.J. and EDWARDS, E.D.

The identity of Sir Joseph Banks’ “wrathful militia”: the larvae of

Doratifera stenora Turner (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae)

BURWELL, C.J. and THEISCHINGER, G.

New distribution records and notes on the larva of Urothemis aliena

Selys (Odonata: Urothemistidae)

GOTTS, R.I.C. and GINN, S.G.

The previously undescribed female of Delias shunichii Morita

(Lepidoptera: Pieridae) from New Britain, Papua New Guinea

GRUND, R.

A new subspecies of Croitana arenaria E.D. Edwards (Lepidoptera:

Hesperiidae) from Eyre Peninsula, South Australia

HANCOCK, D.L. and DREW, R.A.I.

A new species of Ceratitella Malloch (Diptera: Tephritidae: Ceratitidinae)

from the Solomon Islands

HANCOCK, D.L. and DREW, R.A.I.

New species and records of Phytalmiinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) from

Australia and the South Pacific

HANCOCK, D.L. and DREW, R.A.I.

New species and records of Trypetinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) from

Australia and the South Pacific

HANCOCK, D.L. and DREW, R.A.I.

A new genus and new species, combinations and records of Tephritinae

(Diptera: Tephritidae) from Australia, New Zealand and the South Pacific

HARRIS, A.C.

Clarification of the nesting behaviour of Podalonia tydei suspiciosa

(Smith) (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae) based on further observations at

Castlecliff Beach, New Zealand

LACHLAN, R.B. and MOULDS, M.S.

A second new species of Gnathothlibus Wallengren (Lepidoptera:

Sphingidae) from Vanuatu

LANE, D.A. and NAUMANN, S.

A new species of Neodiphthera Fletcher (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

from northeastern Queensland

iii

45

135

39

57

65

93

141

123

115

79

iv

MAY, R. and DREW, R.A.I.

The genus Clivia Lindley (Amaryllidaceae), an unusual new host plant

record for the Queensland fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) (Diptera:

Tephritidae) and a new fruit fly distribution record in Queensland 177

McDONALD, F.J.D.

A new genus and species of Pentatomidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)

from northern Australia 17

MÜLLER, C.J.

Three new species of Psychonotis Toxopeus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

from Papua New Guinea 159

POPPLE, L.W.

A new species of Cicadetta Amyot (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) from Queensland,

with notes on its calling somg 107

RAWLINS, A. and TENNENT, W.J.

A new species of Mynes Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from

the Moluccas, Indonesia 21

SAMSON, P.R. and LAMBKIN, T.A.

The immature stages and seasonality of Petrelaea tombugensis (Rober)

(Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) 181

SMITHERS, C.N.

A new species of Psilopsocus Enderlein (Psocoptera) from Australia 25

VALENTINE, P.S. and JOHNSON, S.J.

Notes on the distribution and conservation status of Trapezites atkinsi

Williams, Williams & Hay (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) 87

WILSON, C.G., BARROW, P.H. and MICHELL, C.R.

New locations and host plants for Leichhardt’s grasshopper Petasida

ephippigera White (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) in the Northern Territory 167

WOOD, G.A. and MULLER, C.J.

The life history of Toxidia inornata inornata (Butler) (Lepidoptera:

Hesperiidae: Trapezitinae) 139

YOUNG, G.R.

Life history, biology, host plants and natural enemies of the lilly pilly

psyllid, Trioza eugeniae Froggatt (Hemiptera: Triozidae) 31

RECENT LITERATURE 44, 56, 92, 184

BOOK and CD-ROM REVIEWS 15, 30, 166, 179

Publication dates: Part | (pp 1-44) 3 March 2003

Part 2 (pp 45-92) 27 June 2003

Part 3 (pp 93-140) 30 September 2003

Part 4 (pp 141-184) 23 December 2003

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTICES

Items for insertion should be sent to the editor who reserves the right to alter, reject

or charge for notices.

WANTED. Specific butterfly collection data for inclusion in a planned

systematic list of the butterflies of Micronesia, Melanesia and Polynesia plus the

Bismarck Archipelago. Even common butterflies with reliable island data are

valuable. John Tennent, 38 Colin McLean Road, Dereham, Norfolk NR19 2RY,

England (e-mail jt@storment.freeserve.co.uk).

NOTES FOR AUTHORS

Manuscripts submitted for publication should, preferably, be type-written, double

spaced and in triplicate. Refer to recent issues for layout and style.

All papers will be forwarded to two referees and the editor reserves the right to reject

any paper considered unsuitable.

Papers longer than ten printed pages will normally not be accepted.

Papers will be accepted only if a minimum of 100 reprints is purchased. Manuscripts

occupying less than one printed page may be accepted without charge if no reprints

are required. Charges are as follows: cost per printed page $27.50 (B&W), $60

(colour) for 100 copies. Page charges may be reduced at the discretion of the

Publications Committee.

Illustrations. Both colour and B&W photographs must be submitted at the size they

are to appear in the journal. Line drawings should be about twice their required size.

Address manuscripts to: The Editor

The Australian Entomologist

P.O. Box 537,

Indooroopilly, Old, 4068

Australia

Printed by ColourWise Reproductions, 300 Ann Street, Brisbane, 4000.

THE AUSTRALIAN

Entomologist

Volume 30, Part 4, 23 December 2003

RAK

CONTENTS

HANCOCK, D.L. AND DREW, R.A.I.

A new genus and new species, combinations and records of Tephritinae

(Diptera: Tephritidae) from Australia, New Zealand and the South Pacific.

MAY, R. AND DREW. R.A.I.

The genus Clivia Lindley (Amaryllidaceae), an unusual new host plant

record for the Queensland fruit fly Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt)

(Diptera: Tephritidae) and a new fruit fly distribution record in Queensland.

MULLER, CJ.

Three new species of Psychonotis Toxopeus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

from Papua New Guinea.

SAMSON, P.R. AND LAMBKIN, T.A.

The immature stages and seasonality of Petrelaea tombugensis (Rober)

(Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae).

WILSON, C.G., BARROW, P.H. AND MICHELL, C.R.

New locations and host plants for Leichhardt's grasshopper Petasida

ephippigera White (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) in the Northern Territory.

RECENT ENTOMOLOGICAL LITERATURE

BOOK REVIEW:

Conservation of birdwing butterflies. D. Sands and S. Scott (Eds)

D-ROM REVIEW:

Mites in soil: an interactive key to mites and other soil

microarthropods. D.E. Walter and H.C. Proctor

ISSN 1320 6133