THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

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Cover: Minute wasps of the eulophid genus Astichus are mostly parasites of the

larvae of ciid beetles living within the fruiting bodies of bracket fungi. This

undescribed species is about 2mm in length and occurs in the rainforests of eastern

Australia from southern New South Wales north to the Wet Tropics of Queensland.

Illustration by Geoff Thompson.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1): 1-4 1

THE PREVIOUSLY UNDESCRIBED FEMALE OF DELIAS

SHUNICHII MORITA (LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE) FROM

NEW BRITAIN, PAPUA NEW GUINEA

ROBERT I.C. GOTTS' and SCOTT G. GINN?

"92 Dungara Place, Winmalee, NSW 2777

P? Beechwood Parade, Cherrybrook, NSW 2126

Abstract

The female of Delias shunichii Morita is described and figured for the first time. The current

placement of D.shunichii in the nigrina species group is discussed and observations are made on its

morphology.

Introduction

The genus Delias Hiibner is represented in New Britain by seven known

species (D’Abrera 1990, Morita 1996). Delias shunichii Morita is the most

recently described species.

Unlike mainland Papua New Guinea, the highlands of the Bismarck

Archipelago are largely uninhabited and difficult to access. Therefore,

butterfly taxa from this area, including the distinctive D. shunichii, are

scarce in collections.

Between 1952, when Brandt collected in Rabaul and Keravat (Parsons 1998)

and the 1960s-70s, when several expatriate Australian collectors (including

H. Borch and R. Carver) were active in the area, very few Delias were

caught in New Britain. One of us (RG) was resident in Rabaul from 1968 to

1972 but no reliable Delias collecting site was found until late in 1972.

However, in mid-1972, a single specimen of an unusual Delias species (now

recognised to have been D. shunichii) was observed but not captured at

Raburua (50 m above sea level), near Rabaul. The species remained a

mystery until Morita’s (1996) publication. This prompted a search

(conducted by correspondence and spread over a wide area), which has

lasted for several years, culminating in the capture of a single female in late

2001.

Delias shunichii was described from a single male (Morita 1996). At that

time the female was unknown. For purposes of comparison the male is

redescribed here in greater detail, based on Morita's (1996) brief description

and figures and additional, recently collected specimens. A detailed

description of the single known female is provided below.

Delias shunichii Morita

(Figs 1-4)

Material examined. PAPUA NEW GUINEA (NEW BRITAIN): 2 o’0", 19, East New

Britain Province, ~ 900 m, 21.xii.2001 (?) & 2.xi.2002 (070%) (in R. Gotts collection).

Description. Male (Figs 1-2). Forewing length 32.5 mm. Head and thorax

dorsally black; abdomen dorsally grey. Head, thorax and anterior portion of

2 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1)

abdomen ventrally orange-yellow; posterior of abdomen white. Forewing

upperside white tinged with grey distally; apex and costa black; outer margin

to tornus broadly black but not entering discal cell. Forewing underside

ground colour black, covering all but a narrow white strip along the inner

margin (below vein 1A+2A); basal anterior lobe of costa edged with yellow;

subapical band of 5 white spots. Hindwing upperside white with broad black

margin extending into subterminal area. Hindwing underside black with large

red sub-basal spot occupying most of cell Sc+R,, yellow scaling present

basally; broad red median band entering outer third of cell and extending

slightly beyond, not reaching costa or inner margin.

Female (Figs 3-4). Forewing length 33 mm, antenna 15 mm. Head dorsally

black, ventrally pale yellow; antenna black; labial palpus pale yellow; thorax

clothed with pale yellow hairs; legs black, femora with yellow hairs; abdomen

pale yellow. Forewing upperside ground colour white; basal one-third of

white areas suffused with clear pale yellow; black margins broader than in

male; black area very broad along costa almost completely filling discal cell,

leaving just a narrow band of yellow with black dusting above cubitus; black

margins on both wings grade to grey along inner edges; veins black;

submedian area yellow, extending to origin of vein CuA,; distad of CuA)

white. Forewing underside ground colour black; broad submarginal band of

six white spots extending from costa to vein CuA,, much broader than in

male and separated by black veins; small white disco-cellular spot present;

posterior half of wing white extending from inner margin to cubitus, filling

proximal third of cell CuA; and most of cells CuA, and 1A+2A; basal third

of white area suffused with pale yellow scales; black border of outer margin

ends at tornus and extends along veins. Hindwing with termen more convex

than in male; upperside ground colour white; black margins broader than in

male; white area suffused with yellow in basal half of cell Sc+R,, and

extending from vein Rs to 1A+2A, remaining white distally. Hindwing

underside ground colour black; red sub-basal spot almost entirely occupies

cell Sc+R;; yellow scaling prominent in basal area, diffusing with black

ground colour, and extending to proximal region of costa, sub-basal red spot

and discal cell; red median band much broader than in male, with red areas

more extensive distally; red median band commencing with vestigial spot in

distal portion of cell Sc+R,, then continuous from vein Rs to 3A and

including distal third of discal cell; median band distally convex.

Early Stages. Unknown.

Discussion

The Bismarck Archipelago contains a significant number of endemic butterfly

species. All Bismarck Delias species are endemic except D. messalina Arora

and possibly D. lytaea Godman & Salvin (Parsons 1998), which are also

known from the Solomon Islands. D. shunichii appears to be one of the

endemic Bismarck species.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1) 3

Figs 1-4. Delias shunichii from New Britain. (1) male upperside; (2) male underside;

(3) female upperside; (4) female underside. Scale bar = 10 mm.

Talbot (1928-1937) divided Delias into 22 groups according to their genitalic

and androconial form (Miiller 2001). A further monotypic species group was

proposed by Miiller (2001) for the placement of D. brandti Miiller from New

Ireland. Morita (1996) suggested that D. shunichii should be assigned to the

nigrina species group, based on morphological features (i.e. forewing

upperside white with black margin, forewing underside black with white

subapical band, hindwing underside with red sub-basal spot and red discal

markings).

Superficially, D. shunichii does share some characteristics with members of

the nigrina species group, particularly with D. messalina. The yellow colour

of the female D. shunichii body and upperside wing surface is a close match

with the colour of the abdomen and of the smaller yellow area on the

upperside of the female of D. messalina, at least in the subspecies D. m. lizzae

Miiller. Delias shunichii also displays features observed in members of the

belisama group, such as the presence of a small white discocellular spot on

the forewing underside and the red sub-basal spot of the hindwing underside.

4 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1)

The nigrina and belisama groups lack the consistent morphological features

observed in most of Talbot's groupings, thus making the assignment of

species to these groups more difficult, based solely on morphology.

Therefore, while the present authors retain some reservations about the

allocation of D. shunichii to the nigrina species group, there appear to be

some grounds for retaining the present arrangement. The availability of

additional male specimens will now enable the study of genitalia and

androconial form, which will help establish the true position of D. shunichii

within Delias.

As yet nothing is known of the life history of D. shunichii, but it is likely that

its larvae feed on mistletoe (Loranthaceae), as is common and well

documented for many species of Delias. Nor is it known whether it is a

montane species appearing only rarely at lower altitudes, or if its habitat is in

some other way restricted, but for whatever reason it is rarely encountered.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Shane Dyke for providing the translation of the Morita

paper from Japanese, Dr G. (Fred) Gerritts for bringing the Morita paper to

our attention and Chris Miiller for reviewing the manuscript.

References

D’ABRERA, B. 1990. Butterflies of the Australian Region. 3rd, revised edition. Hill House,

Melbourne and London; 416 pp.

MORITA, S. 1996. A new species of the genus Delias from New Britain Is., Papua New Guinea

(Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Wallace 2: 1-5.

MULLER, C.J. 2001. A new species of Delias Hiibner (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) from New Ireland,

Papua New Guinea. Australian Entomologist 28(1): 17-22.

PARSONS, M.J. 1998. The butterflies of Papua New Guinea: their systematics and biology.

Academic Press, London; xvi + 736 pp, xxvi + 136 plates.

TALBOT, G. 1928-37. A monograph of the pierine genus Delias. Parts 1-6. London; 656 pp, 71

plates.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1): 5-10 5

A NEW SUBSPECIES OF CROITANA ARENARIA E. D. EDWARDS

(LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERIIDAE) FROM EYRE PENINSULA,

SOUTH AUSTRALIA

R. GRUND

9 Parkers Rd, Torrens Park, Adelaide, SA 5062

Abstract

Croitana arenaria pilepudla subsp. n. is described from northern Eyre Peninsula, South Australia.

Adults and male genitalia are illustrated and compared with nominotypical C. arenaria E.D.

Edwards from central Australia.

Introduction

The genus Croitana Waterhouse presently contains three species, C. aestiva

E.D. Edwards, C. arenaria E.D. Edwards and C. croites (Hewitson),

(Edwards 1979, Braby 2000). Since 1987 (Moore 1988) adult Croitana have

been known from northern Eyre Peninsula, South Australia, and assigned to

C. arenaria (Braby 2000). These adults are 550 km removed from known

central Australian populations of C. arenaria (Grund and Hunt 2001), are

morphologically distinct and warrant subspecific status.

Depositories are abbreviated as follows: SAM - South Australian Museum,

Adelaide; RG - collection of R. Grund, Adelaide; LH - collection of L. Hunt,

Adelaide.

Croitana arenaria pilepudla subsp. n.

(Figs 1-4)

Types. Holotype &', SOUTH AUSTRALIA: Botenella Hills, northern Eyre Peninsula,

20.ix.1999, R. Grund (in SAM). Allotype 9, Botenella Hills, northern Eyre Peninsula,

9.x.2000, R. Grund (in SAM). Paratypes: 1 0’, Botenella Hills, 4.x.1987, M. Moore

(SAM); 1 g, Botenella Hills, 9.x.2000, R. Grund, genitalia dissected, (RG); 1 ©’,

Botenella Hills, reared ex egg emerged 4.i.2001, L. Hunt, genitalia dissected, (LH);

1 0’, Botenella Hills, reared ex egg emerged 9.i.2001, L. Hunt (LH); 1 0’, Botenella

Hills, reared ex egg emerged 16.i.2001, L. Hunt (LH); 1 9, Botenella Hills, 9.x.2000,

R. Grund (RG); 1 9, Botenella Hills, 9.x.2000, L. Hunt (LH).

Description. Holotype male (Fig. 1); Body above dark yellowish brown with

posterior part of abdomen ringed pale yellow, beneath pale yellow, legs pale

yellow, fore-leg with short epiphysis, hind tibia without median spurs;

antennae dark above with shaft ringed pale yellow, beneath pale yellow, club

bent before the middle, apiculus blunt, nudum brown, 12-13 segmented.

Forewing 15 mm, apically pointed, costa concave in the middle, termen

slightly convex, tornus obtuse, dorsum straight, hindwing rounded. Forewing

upperside dark brown, basal one-third with scattered pale yellow scales

merging distad with an irregular submedian row of large, nearly confluent

pale yellow spots extending from space CuA; to nearly the costa, the spots

being separated by dark veining, the spot in space CuA, is divided

longitudinally in the middle, the spot in the cell is the largest and extends to

6 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1)

near the end of the cell, the basad portion is mostly free of the basal dusting

of pale yellow scales, the portion next to the cubitus extending slightly

basad, there are three subapical confluent pale yellow spots extending from

veins R3 to Mj, two subterminal confluent pale yellow spots distal to the

subapicals but just touching, extending from veins M; to M3, two confluent

pale yellow postmedian spots extending from M; to CuAy, and an additional

small postmedian elongated pale yellow spot anterior to vein 1A+2A, cilia

pale yellow chequered dark brown at tips of veins. Hindwing upperside dark

brown with some scattered yellow hair scales basally, a small subbasal

elongated orange cell spot, a large postmedian orange patch extending from

anterior of vein M; to vein 1A+2A, the inner edge is nearly straight, the outer

edge is significantly extended distally in spaces M,-M, and CuA), the

extension at spaces M,-M;j is confluent and extends into the subterminal area

and is rounded distally (not divided), cilia pale yellow chequered dark brown

at tips of veins. Forewing underside dark brown, apex pale yellow the

intensity of the colour increasing apically, the costal edge is yellow, the

subapical and subterminal spots distributed and coloured as on the upperside,

spots between M; and CuA) orange, cell area orange distally yellowish, the

orange area extending slightly posterior of the cubitus, a heavy dusting of

orange scales anterior of vein 1A+2A and an indistinct postmedian elongated

orange spot anterior to vein 1A+2A as on upperside, cilia pale yellow

chequered dark brown at tips of veins. Hindwing underside with the basal

area, the costal area, and the distad part of the anal area (1A+2A and 3A)

pale yellow, the basad part of the anal area is dusted with black scaling, a

large subbasal pale yellow spot edged dark brown distad in the cell and space

Sc+Rj, a confluent submedian band extending from Sc+R; to 1A+2A dark

brown with a heavy dusting of yellow scales, a confluent postmedian band

pale yellow indistinctly narrowly edged dark brown extending from Sc+R, to

1A+2A, the inner edge generally curved but with a noticeable extension

basad in space Sc+Rj, the outer edge is strongly elongated distad into the

subterminal area in spaces M1-M) and to the terminal area in space CuA), the

distal end of the Mj-Mb elongation is rounded (not divided), an incomplete

subterminal band of dark brown with a heavy dusting of yellow scales, that

area distad in space M,-M> extending into the terminal area, a broad terminal

band of very heavy pale yellow scaling overlaying brown (except in the M,-

M2 space), cilia pale yellow narrowly chequered dark brown at tips of veins.

Allotype female (Fig. 2). Similar to the male. Nudum 13 segmented.

Forewing 17 mm. Forewing above similar to male with the spots better

developed, except for the spot in space CuA of the submedian row of spots

which is strongly divided with the portion anterior of vein CuA, being

elongated and better developed than in the male, the basal dusting of yellow

scales is also less developed than in the male causing the inner edged of the

submedian row of pale yellow spots to be well defined. There is an additional

small postmedian spot posterior to vein CuA 2. Hindwing above similar to the

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1) 7

male, except the orange patch is more clearly defined anteriorly and does not

extend beyond vein M,, while posteriorly it is not as well defined and

becomes obscured before reaching vein 1A+2A, the veins M3, CuA, and

CuA; crossing the patch are marked dark brown, the distad edge of the patch

is slightly indented at each vein that passes through the patch. Forewing

beneath markings similar to the male, but without a dusting of yellow scales

anterior of vein 1A+2A. (The additional small yellow spots present above in

the female do not occur beneath.) Hindwing beneath similar to the male

except the edges of the postmedian band are clearly edged dark brown, and

the distal edge of the band is slightly indented at each vein that passes through

it.

Figs 1-4. C. a. pilepudla subsp. n. (1-2) Upper and undersides of: (1) holotype male

and (2) allotype female; (3-4) Male genitalia: (3) side view complete and (4) dorso-

posterior view of ampulla, harpe and uncus.

Male genitalia (Figs 3-4). Robust; combined tegumen and uncus hood-

shaped, shorter than valvae with uncus directed down into valval cavity; tip of

uncus strongly sclerotized and hairy, divided and produced into two bluntly

pointed projections with very short teeth; flattened sclerotized dorsolateral

lobes present at anterior end of uncus; gnathos region developed into large

8 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1)

paired bulbous pads, each pad divided into a smoo th and strongly sclerotized

anterior portion that is flattened basally and a posterior portion with the

anterior part of the lower surface strongly sclerotized and granular, and the

posterior part non-sclerotized. Vinculum curved; saccus short and broad.

Valva with well developed ampulla and harpe; harpe sclerotized, about one-

quarter the size and longer than the ampulla, distal portion very hairy and

covered in fine teeth; at about two-thirds along harpe from ampulla junction

the harpe narrows markedly ending in a flattened scimitar shape that curves

dorsally and inwards and ends in a point; distal portion of ampulla strongly

sclerotized, hairy, constricted, flattened, twisting to the horizontal posteriorly,

the leading edge with inwardly directed fine teeth with the end of the

ampulla ending with a single large spine that is directed anteriorly. Aedeagus

long, simple; coecum well developed; post zonal area slightly broadened

posteriorly; prezonal area of similar diameter; seminal duct enters dorsally.

Juxta well developed beneath the aedeagus as a short V-shaped sclerotized

plate.

Variation. In the paratype males there may be an additional small

postmedian spot posterior to vein CuA, on the forewing upperside. The large

postmedian orange patch on the hindwing above may start at M;, and the

extension in spaces M1-M, may rarely have a slight indentation as in the

female. The same elongation of the postmedian band in spaces M -M3 on the

hindwing beneath may be squared or rarely have a slight indentation. In two of

the reared males the dusting of pale yellow and yellow scales in the

subterminal and terminal areas of the hindwing beneath is so heavy as to make

these areas confluent. In another reared male the dusting of pale yellow and

yellow scales in the same areas is minimal causing the brown colour to be

confluent from the postmedian band to the termen. (Note: The colouration of

the reared males may be an artifact as they emerged outside the normal?

flight period.) In the paratype females the small spot posterior to vein CuA;

of the postmedian area on the forewing upperside may be absent and the

subapical and subterminal spots may not be touching. There may be a

dusting of yellowish scales anterior of vein 1A+2A on the forewing

underside, and the postmedian band in the hindwing underside may not be

clearly outlined with dark brown. In both sexes, with ageing from flight, the

orange colour above becomes yellow and the dark brown submedian and

subterminal areas on the hindwing beneath become much more obvious, with

the extension at the distal portion of M;-M> noticeably extending to near the

termen. The nudum of the antennae varies from 12 to 14.

Etymology. ‘Pilepudla’ is the local aboriginal name for a water hole in the

Botenella Hills area of the Eyre Peninsula, South Australia.

Distribution. Presently known from only two small areas on northern Eyre

Peninsula, South Australia. Adults and early stages are known from the

Botenella Hills and adjacent areas, while only early stages are known from

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1) 9

the south end of the Middleback Ranges. The species has been observed in

flight from late September to early October.

Discussion

Croitana arenaria pilepudla is generally much larger than nominotypical C.

a. arenaria. The overall pattern morphology of the two subspecies is similar,

but they can be easily differentiated by the pattern on the hindwing underside,

particularly the shape of the pale yellow postmedian band. In C. a. pilepudla

the distal extensions of the postmedian band in spaces M,-M) and CuA) are

much more obvious. In C. a. arenaria (Edwards 1979) the dark brown veinal

indentations along the distal side of the postmedian band are much better

developed than in C. a. pilepudla, producing a double-pronged pattern at Mı-

Mb, which is usually rounded or squared in C. a. pilepudla. The pale yellow

terminal spots of the hindwing beneath in C. a. arenaria are not developed in

C. a. pilepudla, being replaced by a heavy terminal dusting of pale yellow

scaling. In C. a. arenaria the yellow markings on the forewing above are

usually much better developed than in C. a. pilepudla. There are also some

differences in male genitalia, particularly the valvae. In C. a. pilepudla the

genitalia are more robust and generally wider. The combined tegumen and

uncus is wider, the saccus is wider, and the coecum of the aedeagus is more

robust. The harpe of the valva does not gradually taper posteriorly as in C. a.

arenaria (Edwards 1979) but narrows abruptly along its length, and the

posterior end of the harpe is not as strongly constricted as in C. a. arenaria.

The ampulla of the valva is more broader posteriorly and the teeth at the end

of the ampulla are much smaller and more numerous than in C .a. arenaria

and ends in a single large spine that is directed anteriorly (Fig. 4) in contrast

to C. a. arenaria in which the final spine is directed inwards (rather than

anteriorly).

C. a. pilepudla differs from C. aestiva and C. croites in that the postmedian

band on the hindwing underside is not strongly displaced basad in space

Sc+R}.

C. a. pilepudla represents an isolated subspecies of C. arenaria. The

nominotypical subspecies is probably confined to central Australia, including

the far northwest region of SA (Grund and Hunt 2001) and the Macdonnell

Ranges region (Braby 2000). These two subspecies are separated by hot, dry,

low rainfall areas where the foodplant appears to be unable to survive or

maintain green growth for any extended period of time (Grund and Hunt

2001).

Since the initial discovery of C. a. pilepudla by M. Moore the author has

been successful in collecting further specimens and documenting its life history

(Grund 1999, Grund and Hunt 2001). The adult skipper is very secretive and

therefore not often seen in flight. During the adult flight season, the presence

of eggs is often the only means of detecting the skipper. When observed, both

sexes are usually seen feeding on low growing flowering bushes of

10 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1)

Westringia rigida (Lamiaceae). Males are sometimes seen basking in the sun

on the hillsides, down from the hilltops.

There have been suggestions by other scientists that C. a. pilepudla may

represent a distinct species, but to resolve this question would require

allozyme or DNA analysis, which is beyond the scope of this study.

Acknowledgements

I thank Lindsay Hunt and Mike Moore for help with field survey work.

References

ATKINS, A. and MILLER, C.G. 1987. The life history of Croitana arenaria Edwards, 1979

(Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Trapezitinae). Australian Entomological Magazine 14(4,5): 73-75.

BRABY, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia. Vols I & II. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne; 976 pp.

EDWARDS, E.D. 1979. Two new species of Croitana Waterhouse (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)

from Central Australia. Australian Entomological Magazine 6(2): 29-38.

GRUND, R. 1999. Additional range extensions, new foodplant recordings and biology for some

rarer butterflies from northeast Eyre Peninsula, South Australia. Victorian Entomologist 29(3):

45-50.

GRUND, R. and HUNT, L. 2001. Some new butterfly observations for the Far North and pastoral

regions of South Australia. Victorian Entomologist 31(5): 75-82.

MOORE, M. 1988. A new butterfly record from South Australia and a list of species from

northern Eyre Peninsula. Victorian Entomologist 18(2): 24-25.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1): 11-14 11

A NEW SPECIES OF CERATITELLA MALLOCH (DIPTERA:

TEPHRITIDAE: CERATITIDINAE) FROM THE SOLOMON

ISLANDS

D.L. HANCOCK' and R.A.I. DREW?

'PO Box 2464, Cairns, Qld 4870

?Australian School of Environmental Studies, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld 4111

Abstract

Ceratitella solomonensis sp. n. is described and illustrated from Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands.

Introduction

The fruit fly genus Ceratitella Malloch contains nine previously described

species, distributed from the Ryukyu Islands, China and Pakistan to Australia

(Permkam and Hancock 1995, Hancock and McGuire 2002), plus an

unnamed species from the island of New Guinea (Hardy 1987). Recent

fieldwork in the South Pacific has yielded a further new species, from the

Solomon Islands.

Ceratitella solomonensis sp. n.

(Figs 1-2)

Types. Holotype 9, SOLOMON ISLANDS: NE Guadalcanal, Lonely Village,

8.viii.1994, R. Wylie et al., SI 0078 (in Queensland Museum, Brisbane; Reg. No. T

99077). Paratypes: 1 0", 2 99, same data as holotype (in Queensland Department of

Primary Industries, Brisbane).

Description. Female (Fig. 1). Length of body (excluding ovipositor) 4.6 mm;

of wing 4.8 mm. Head higher than long. Face broad, entirely white. Antennae

yellow, shorter than face, situated near middle of head; third segment apically

rounded; arista with short pubescence. Frons fulvous. Lunule short, yellow.

Occiput fulvous. Setae black: 2 pairs of frontals; 2 pairs of orbitals; ocellars,

postocellars and verticals well developed; postoculars thin; genal well

developed.

Thorax. Scutum polished black with a large, grey-dusted, white-microtrichose

area covering most of dorsal surface from just anterior to suture to

prescutellar area, leaving shining black areas anteriorly, laterally and as broad

dorsolateral indentations anterior to dorsocentral setae; the greyish band

along anterior margin of suture connected to the posterior area by a broad

medial band; posterior greyish area darker along medial and dorsocentral

lines. Postpronotal lobes yellow dorsally, brown on ventral half. Setae black:

4 scapulars, 1 postpronotal, 1 anterior notopleural, 1 presutural, 1 posterior

notopleural, 1 supra-alar, 1 postalar, 1 intra-alar, 1 pair of dorsocentrals

placed on line of supra-alars, 1 pair prescutellar acrostichals. Pleura brown,

paler along dorsal margin of anepisternum and with a narrow white band

along posterior margin of anepisternum; with the following setae: 1

anepisternal, 1 anepimeral, 1 katepisternal. Scutellum shining black and

12 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1)

swollen, with 4 scutellar setae and fine sparse pale setulae. Subscutellum

black. Mediotergite black, overlaid with greyish-white microtrichia. Legs

fulvous except brown on mid and hind femora, apical half to two-thirds of

fore femora and basal half to two-thirds of hind tibiae; middle tibia with an

apicoventral black spine.

Wing hyaline with dark markings as follows: basally and with numerous spots

and streaks from cell c to cell bcu; three bands radiating from pterostigma: a

broad costal band extending almost to vein M apically, with narrow hyaline

streaks or indentations along costa in cells rı and r,3 and as subcostal streaks

in cell r, covered in dark microtrichia; a broad discal band reaching wing

margin below vein A,+Cu,; a subapical band enclosing R-M and DM-Cu

crossveins. A fourth, posterior apical band, extends from costal band to wing

margin in cell M. Cell r; with two darker transverse bands submedially,

between the hyaline streaks. Alula and basal part of anal lobe hyaline. Veins

R, and R415 setose; vein Ry,3 undulate; R-M crossvein slightly beyond middle

of cell dm, aligned just beyond apex of cell sc; cell bcu extension well

developed and with vein Cuz sinuous.

Abdomen black with greyish-white microtrichose bands on posterior parts of

terga IHI, III and IV. Tergite VI very narrow, not visible from above.

Oviscape black, subquadrate, length 0.5 mm, as long as tergite V. Aculeus

(Fig. 2) relatively broad, distinctly tapered apically, length 0.48 mm.

Male. As for female except genital characters, which are typical of the genus

(Hardy 1987).

Host plant. Unknown. The type series was bred from an unidentified fruit.

Distribution. Known only from Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands.

Comments. This species is placed in the bifasciata complex (Permkam and

Hancock 1995), having a similar wing pattern with a complete posterior

apical dark band. It differs from all other species in the complex by the more

extensive greyish-white scutal pattern, the anterior and posterior portions

being broadly connected medially (separated by a shining black transverse

band in the other species). The aculeus resembles that of the unnamed New

Guinea species (Hardy 1987), lacking the apical notches of C. bifasciata

Hardy and being broader and more sharply tapered apically than in C.

recondita Permkam & Hancock. The latter two species both occur in

Australia. All recorded host plants for the genus are species of mistletoe

(Loranthaceae).

Ceratitella solomonensis is the third species of subfamily Ceratitidinae

recorded from the Solomon Islands. The others, Carpophthorella nigrifascia

(Walker) (= C. setifrons Malloch) and Paraceratitella connexa Hardy, are

presumed to breed in bamboo shoots and flower buds of Capparaceae

respectively (Permkam and Hancock 1995).

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1) 13

Figs 1-2. Ceratitella solomonensis sp. n. (1) female; (2) aculeus.

Discussion

Ceratitella belongs to a small group of Indo-Australian genera with similar

wing markings and extensive pale microtrichose patterns on the scutum. The

other genera are Neoceratitis Hendel from central Asia and Africa (host

plants Solanaceae) and Paratrirhithrum Shiraki from Taiwan (host plants

unknown). This group in turn appears to be related to the primarily African

genera Ceratitis MacLeay (host plants very diverse) and Capparimyia Bezzi

(host plants Capparaceae). In all the above genera the wing has an extensive

series of basal spots and streaks and cell r, tends to have a pair of submedial

darker spots or transverse streaks within the dark pattern. Paraceratitella

Hardy from Australia, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands (host plants

14 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1)

Capparaceae), appears to be a more primitive genus related to both these

groups. This genus lacks the extensive series of basal wing spots and streaks

and the darker spots in cell r, are differently arranged (basal and/or central).

Ceratitella appears to be more distantly related to the African genus

Perilampsis Bezzi, which also breeds in Loranthaceae, suggesting that

utilisation of mistletoe has occurred independently in the two groups.

Perilampsis appears to be more closely related to other African genera such

as Nippia Munro, Carpophthoromyia Austen and Trirhithrum Bezzi. In

these genera the wing lacks the extensive series of spots and streaks and cell

rı tends to be uniformly brown without the darker spots.

Acknowledgements

We thank Amy Lawson (Griffith University) for preparing the illustrations.

Field work in the Solomon Islands was carried out under ACIAR project No.

CS2/94/03 ‘Identification of pest fruit flies in Vanuatu, Solomon Islands and

Federated States of Micronesia’ and the Regional Management of Fruit Flies

in the Pacific project.

References

HANCOCK, D.L. and McGUIRE, D.J. 2002. New species and records of non-dacine fruit flies

(Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae) from south and southeast Asia. Steenstrupia 27: 1-17.

HARDY, D.E. 1987. The Trypetini, Aciurini and Ceratitini of Indonesia, New Guinea and adjacent

islands of the Bismarks and Solomons (Diptera: Tephritidae: Trypetinae). Entomography 5: 247-

373.

PERMKAM, S. and HANCOCK, D.L. 1995. Australian Ceratitinae (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Invertebrate Taxonomy 8: 1325-1341.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1): 15-16 15

CD-ROM REVIEW

ThripsID: Pest Thrips of the world, by Gerald Moritz, David Morris & Laurence

Mound. Publisher: CSIRO Publishing. Format: CDROM, suitable for Windows

95/98/ME/2000 and Xp. Minimum requirements: 32 MB Ram, 16 bit colour or higher

(SVGA), CDROM drive 20 MB HDD. Browser supplied: IE 5.0 and Mozilla. Price:

$A80

Released in 2001, this CDROM interactive key covers identification of the world’s

economically important thrips. From the outset I struggled with both the formatting

and packaging of this product. The CDROM is distributed in a DVD case and I nearly

broke the CD trying to get it out of the case, primarily due to my unfamiliarity with this

form of packaging. Having figured out that you have to press the button to get the CD

out I then discovered that this CD has the dubious honour of being only the second CD

that my CDROM refuses to read (both were from CSIRO Publishing). So after

copying it from another CDROM and burning a new copy I finally ended up installing

and running ThripsID.

Installation and operation of the program was very easy on the 95, 98 and Xp machines

I tried it on. The interactive key uses Lucid (ver. 2.0) software and browser software

(if browser software is not already present on the users machine, the user can install

either Netscape or Internet Explorer (ver. 5) as they are also included with this

package). I do note with some interest. that Lucid now runs ver. 2.1

(Http://www.lucidcentral.com) but this version update had no impact on the

performance of this key.

I find the operation of Lucid keys particularly intuitive and easy to use due to prior

experience with them and this coloured my judgement on the operability of this key. I

gave a non-taxonomist a thrips slide and asked them to ‘have a go' with the key and

interestingly they stumbled on the interactive tutorial that is included with this key. The

tutorial has very clear text descriptions of what users can expect to see on the screen

which did not immediately translate to this user recognising these features on the

screen. It was a little ironic that such a commendable, graphics-orientated program

uses so little graphics in the tutorial to illustrate the buttons, windows and other

features that it mentions in the tutorial text. Having said that the tutorial did adequately

cover all the salient features required for first time users in a simple, concise, step by

step fashion and once the tester figured out what was what we had an identification in

a short time. Extensive and well illustrated ‘Help’ is provided with Lucid and although

there is a provision for a ‘Custom Help’ feature none is available for the ThripsID

package.

Once the user has mastered Lucid, the operation of the key is very easy to use with

almost all taxa and character states being supported by, often multiple graphics and

explanatory notes. More than 1500 excellent colour and B & W photomicrographs are

used in the key and these are mostly derived from the “Automontage” imaging system

which gives users a ‘what you see is what you get’ view of characters and taxa. These

images appear as they would were you to look through a microscope but with a far

greater depth of field. The authors have used the macro facility of Lucid to help

highlight some character states which I found extremely useful in some instances and a

bit of a waste of time for some other images. The macro feature, when run, moves a

mouse cursor over the image to, or around, the character you wish to illustrate. In

16 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1)

some instances annotation of the images may have been easier to interpret than the

macro, for example antennal segment numbers - a simple numbering of the segments

would have sufficed. Similarly an image of the forked sense cones on antennal

segments III and IV was illustrated with an image showing III and all subsequent

antennal segments and the novice who trialed the key in my presence thought that the

image started at antennal segment I.

The key covers 180 species in 95 genera and includes representatives from all 9 known

families with the taxa representing most of the major and minor thrips pest species

recorded widely around the world. ThripsID works by firstly providing a key to

families which ultimately then cascades to a subfamily key and/or then to a species

level key. Detailed and generous notes and illustrations are provided for diagnoses for

each family, subfamily and species mentioned in the key.

Notes supplied for each taxon usually include morphological diagnosis, nomenclatural

details, food hosts, economic importance, distribution, generic relations and related

species. References are mentioned within the text but I could not find where these are

listed. It is a pity that these references could not be independently searched using

something like ‘Custom Help’. This would also allow these references to be cross-

linked in the text. A particularly useful feature of this key is the provision of a

‘netsearch' feature which races off to a variety of WWW search engines and searches

for info on the currently selected taxon. A ‘netsearch’ of Thrips tabaci returned a long

list of useful sites and at least a few oddities. I did search the returned CNN Sports site

and two EBay Disney Auction sites but strangely could find no trace of any Thrips

tabaci information.

I firmly believe that the plentiful use of good graphics to illustrate characters and taxa

in place of, or in addition to, text within a key will vastly improve any key's useability

and this key provides an excellent example of how this can best be done. The abundant

use of graphics is of particular importance where the ‘clients’ may not be taxonomic

specialists. This product with its ease of use, rich support of excellent graphics and

information is primarily aimed at research workers, quarantine officers and economic

entomologists and will undoubtedly become an essential tool for such folk. Some

virologists, parataxonomists and students may also find this key very useful and I

would highly recommend it to any person interested in the Thysanoptera.

Peter Gillespie

NSW Agriculture

Agricultural Scientific Collections Unit

Orange NSW

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1): 17-20 17

A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF PENTATOMIDAE

(HEMIPTERA: HETEROPTERA) FROM NORTHERN AUSTRALIA

F.J.D. McDONALD

Department of Crop Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006

Abstract

Linea griggae gen. et sp. n. from Western Australia, Queensland and the Northern Territory is

described and figured. The genus is related to Cephaloplatus White. No host plant records are

known.

Introduction

A distinctive new genus of Pentatomidae is recorded from the Northern

Territory, Queensland and Western Australia. Adults are oval, greyish brown

with distinctive cream and dark brown stripes on the dorsal surface. The

lateral margins in front of the eyes are produced into a distinct spine also

found in Cephaloplatus White. There are no records of host plants.

Specimens appear to be attracted to light and have even been collected 9.65

km out to sea.

Materials and methods

All measurements are in millimeters. The body width is taken as the width

across the base of the pronotum and the length is from the apex of the head

to the tips of paratergites 7. Terminology used follows McDonald (1966) and

Gross (1975). Abbreviations used are: ANIC, Australian National Insect

Collection, CSIRO, Canberra; MM, Macleay Museum, University of

Sydney; WAM, Western Australian Museum, Perth.

Linea gen. n.

(Figs 1-8)

Type species Linea griggae sp. n.

Description. Head. Two small projections found, one on either side of eyes,

jugae flattened and broad surpassing tylus. Antennae. All segments with a

number of short hairs; one and two short, three longest, four and five equal

in length. Thorax. Prothorax with lateral margins impressed. Legs. Femora,

tibiae and tarsi covered with short hairs. Mesosternum. Stink gland opening

small ear-like; evaporative area covering most of sternum.

Male genitalia (Figs 1-5). Dorsal margin broadly arched. Ventral margin

bilobed with a central emargination deeply impressed behind margin. Inner

lateral margins with two peg-like processes one on each side. Parameres large F-

shaped. Aedeagus very small, when expanded one pair of membranous

conjunctival appendages, lappet processes present one on each side. Median

penial lobes very small plate-like enclosing a very short ejaculatory duct.

Comments. This genus is a member of the Cephaloplatus group (Gross

1976) by virtue of the fact that the jugae surpass the anteclypeus and are

flattened.

18 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1)

Figs 1-7. Linea griggae (1) pygophore; (2) right clasper, lateral; (3) right paramere,

inner view; (4) aedeagus, lateral; (5) aedeagus, dorsal; (6) female genital plates; (7)

spermatheca. Abbreviations: c, clasper; c.ap., conjunctival appendage; e, ejaculatory

duct; 1 gx., first gonocoxa; l, lappet process; m.p., median penial lobe; p9, paratergite

9; pr., process.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1) 19

Linea can readily be distinguished from Cephalaplatus, which has the

anterior margins produced forward as an angulate process to the anterior

margins of the eyes, since in Linea the margin is not produced. The male

genitalia are quite distinct from those of Cephaloplatus reticulatus Bergroth

(Gross 1975). The parameres are T-shaped in C. reticulatus whereas in

Linea they are F-shaped. The aedeagus in Linea is also distinct, having very

small conjunctival appendages, whereas in C. reticulatus they are quite large

and inflatable.

Fig. 8. Linea griggae, adult female.

Linea griggae sp. n.

(Figs 1-8)

Types. Holotype J, WESTERN AUSTRALIA: North West Cape, 22.vii.1964, L.E.

Koch (WAM). Paratypes: 10, 1 ?, Cape Range, iv.1970, P.N. Forte; 4 d'd, 14 99,

North West Cape, 21.vii.1964, L.E. Koch (WAM).

20 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1)

Other material examined. WESTERN AUSTRALIA: 1 0%, 1 9, Port Hedland, 9.65 km

out to sea, R. Easton, (WAM); 1 0%, 7 99, Ashburton River, 30. viii.1964, P.B. Carne;

1 9, Wyndham, 12.ii.1953, G. Lukins, (ANIC). QUEENSLAND: 1 9, Limestone

Creek, 22°35’S, 139°43’E, 42 km NNW of Boulia, 11.v.1973, Upton and McInnes

(ANIC). NORTHERN TERRITORY: 1 ©, 1 ?, 4.8 km S. of Renner Springs,

8.iv.1966, N. McFarland; (SAM) 1 0%, 7 99, Tennant Creek, 23.i.1976, J. Grigg (MM).

Description (Fig. 8). Head. Buff coloured with dark brown punctations.

Thorax. Prothorax - dorsal surface buff coloured, lateral margins impressed,

cream; broad dark brown bands running adjacent to lateral margins, dark

brown spot centrally. Mesoscutellum with 3 cream stripes one on each lateral

margin and one centrally, separated by dark brown bands. Hemelytra buff

coloured with a narrow cream band running the length of medial fracture with a

dark brown band running along inner side, basally broad tapering towards

base of each hemelytron. Membrane grey-brown. Pro-, meso- and metasterna

amber with dark brown punctations and brown bands around coxal bases.

Legs buff coloured. Abdomen. Sterna with a broad buff band with brown

punctations along lateral margins, centrally dark brown with pale patches in

middle of stema 4, 5 and 6. Spiracles outlined in black. Female genitalia (Figs 6-

7). First gonocoxae, broad plate-like with a narrow impression along anterior

margins. Second gonocoxae with a small central knob at junction with first

gonocoxae. Paratergites 9 broad spatulate. Spematheca very similar to

Minchamia hubbardi Gross (Gross 1975); spermathecal bulb with 2 long

processes. Male genitalia (Figs 1-5) as for generic description.

Measurements. Male (n = 10): length 6.9 mm (range 7.2-6.5); width 3.6 mm

(range 3.7-3.4). Female (n = 34): length 7.8 mm (range 8.2-7.0); width

4.0 mm (range 4.1-3.4).

Etymology. Linea from latin, a line, referring to the stripes on the scutellum

and griggae after Jan Grigg, collector of several specimens.

Acknowledgements

I thank the following curators and institutions for the loan of specimens: T.

Weir, ANIC; Dr G.F. Gross, SAM; Dr T.F. Houston, WAM.

References

GROSS, G.F. 1975. Plant feeding and other bugs (Hemiptera) of South Australia. Heteroptera,

Part 1. A.B. James, Adelaide; 250pp.

McDONALD, F.J.D. 1966. The genitalia of North American Pentatomoidea (Hemiptera:

Heteroptera). Questiones Entomologicae 2: 7-50.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1): 21-24 ai

A NEW SPECIES OF MYNES BOISDUVAL (LEPIDOPTERA:

NYMPHALIDAE) FROM THE MOLUCCAS, INDONESIA

ANDREW RAWLINS and W. JOHN TENNENT”

1392 Maidstone Road, Rainham, Kent ME8 OJA, UK (address for correspondence)

Biogeography and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Entomology, The Natural History

Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK

Abstract

Mynes obiana sp. n. is described from the Moluccan island of Obi, eastern Indonesia.

Introduction

The genus Mynes Boisduval, [1832], contains approximately ten described

species, ranging in distribution from the island of Flores and through Maluku

(Moluccas) in Indonesia, to eastern Australia and the Solomon Islands

(D’Abrera 1978, Parsons 1998, Tsukada 1985). Four of these species are

known to occur in Maluku (Fig. 1). M. plateni Staudinger, 1887, is found in

Maluku Utara (northern Moluccas), including the islands of Bacan,

Halmahera and Morotai, M. talboti Jurriaanse & Volbreda, 1922, occurs on

Buru and M. doubledaii Wallace, 1869, flies on Seram. M. geoffroyi

(Guérin-Méneville, 1830), has a wider distribution, from southeast Maluku

(Kei and Aru) and Gebe Island, eastwards to New Guinea and eastern

Australia.

| Mplateni

/ MOROTAI

HALMAHERA

Kaur. x g. geoffroyi

USSG IRIAN JAYA

o K P `.

M. obianak="“ NS . ve

2 opr MA `

pienam x

£ NI SERAM- >

s as om, ` <m

M. doubledaii Pain sue a a

id gy

6 \ KEI -|

Aru)

Os 6 Š D aa

| M. doubledaii ?.—".- — oO. a W M. geoffroyi elissa

f D = cs £

cs ~ ~~-FLORES

10* :

wo S F 124 128° 130° 132° 134 136°

Fig. 1. Distribution of Mynes spp. in the Moluccan islands.

22 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1)

Two males, collected by the first author on the south coast of Obi in 1998,

differ from any previously described Mynes taxon. The relatively large and

isolated island of Obi lies between North and Central Maluku (Fig. 1) and, so

far as the authors are aware, no Mynes species has been reported previously

from this island.

Mynes obiana sp. n.

(Figs 2-4)

Types. Holotype d, INDONESIA: Maluku, Obi Island, south coast, Bobo village,

19.xi.1998, A. Rawlins (gen. prep. BMNH (V) 5981 [JT 718]), in The Natural History

Museum, London [BMNH]. Paratype O', same data as holotype, in A. Rawlins

Collection.

Description. Male (Figs 2-3). Forewing length 32 mm; upperside (Fig. 2)

similar to M. geoffroyi; forewing basal two-thirds creamy-white, including

tornus; apical third black, with obscure subapical white markings (in all

subspecies of M geoffroyi seen, a broad marginal border extends to tornus);

like other Mynes species, creamy markings with peripheral, obscure bluish

basal, tornal and costal markings; hindwing basal and discal areas creamy-

white, suffused powder-blue basally; underside (Fig. 3) superficially similar

to M. g. elissa Fruhstorfer, 1906; forewing with typical Mynes black, white

and red markings; subapical irregular, broken line white (yellow in M. g.

elissa [see discussion] and in nominotypical M. g. geoffroyi material seen

from Irian Jaya); large white basal patch extending to tornus (broad marginal

border extends to tornus in M. geoffroyi subspecies); hindwing with typical

Mynes arrangement of black, red, green and yellow markings; extensive

yellow patch (variable in extent in all Mynes taxa in which it occurs) similar

in all respects in holotype and paratype, restricted in tornal area (extending

almost to tornus in subspecies of M. geoffroyi). Female not known.

Male genitalia (Fig. 4). Similar to M. geoffroyi; tegumen with deep lateral

indentation (lacking in specimens of M. geoffroyi examined), saccus well

developed; valva large, angular (smaller, posterior edge more rounded in M.

geoffroyi).

Discussion

Mynes obiana is closest in appearance to M. geoffroyi elissa Fruhstorfer,

described from a solitary female originating from Wanumba Island in the Aru

group. In The Natural History Museum, London [BMNH], there are a further

three females from Aru, plus two females and a male from the Kei Islands.

The first author recently obtained two males and one female from Kobroor

Island in the Aru group. The female specimen matches Aru females in the

BMNH and morphological differences, including the male genitalia, between

M. geoffroyi subspecies and the Obi specimens described above suggest a

new species.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1)

HANI

pan TTT mapan Tm | m]

i i |

i i i MM i i

Figs 2-3. Mynes obiana sp. n.; holotype male. (2) upperside; (3) underside.

24 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1)

Fig. 4. Mynes obiana, male genitalia. (a) left lateral view (aedeagus removed),

showing exterior face of left valve; (b) anterior view, showing juxta (aedeagus

removed); (c) dorsal view, showing tegumen and uncus; (d) excised aedeagus, left

lateral view. Scale bar (all to same scale) = 1 mm.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank R.I. Vane-Wright for the genitalia drawings and his help

and advice and The British Museum (Natural History) Photo Studio for the

genitalia photographs.

References

D’ABRERA, B. 1978. Butterflies of the Australian Region. 2nd Edition. Lansdowne, Melbourne;

415 pp.

PARSONS, M.J. 1998. The butterflies of Papua New Guinea: their systematics and biology.

Academic Press, London; xvi+736 pp, xxvit+ 136 pls.

TSUKADA, E. 1985. Butterflies of the south east Asia islands. Volume IV, Nymphalidae (I).

Plapac, Tokyo.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1): 25-29 25

A NEW SPECIES OF PSILOPSOCUS ENDERLEIN (PSOCOPTERA)

FROM AUSTRALIA

C.N. SMITHERS

Australian Museum, College St, Sydney, NSW 2010

Abstract :

Psilopsocus parvus Sp. N., the second Australian species of the genus, is described from

Queensland. Its only Australian congener, Ps. mimulus Smithers, is known to be a wood borer in the

nymphal stages. This unusual habit seems likely also in Ps. parvus but as nymphs are not available

this cannot yet be confirmed.

Introduction

Psilopsocids are extremely uncommon in collections and most of the seven

known species have been described from very limited material. The genus is

known from the Philippines, Manus Island, Papua New Guinea, Peninsular

Malaysia and Australia. Nymphs of what is probably another species have

been found in South Africa but adults which can be associated with them

have not yet been recorded. The nymphs from South Africa show similar

modifications to those of Ps. mimulus Smithers and are probably wood

borers, as are those of P. mimulus (Smithers, 1995b).

A second Australian species of Psilopsocus is described here. Wood boring

in this species cannot be confirmed as nymphs have not yet been found.

Psilopsocus parvus sp. n.

(Figs 1-9)

Material examined. Holotype 9, QUEENSLAND: ex Malaise trap, 11 km W. by N.

Bald Hill, McIlwraith Range, 500m, 13.44S 143.20E, 26.vi-13,vii.1989, I.D.Naumann

(in Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra). 1 O', Pyrethrin knockdown/RF,

West Claudie River, Iron Range, 3-10.xii.1985, G.Monteith and D.Cook (in

Queensland Museum, Brisbane). As this specimen was probably teneral when

collected, is in poor condition and may not be conspecific with the holotype it should

not be regarded as a paratype.

Female. Colouration (in alcohol). Head pale brown with darker markings as

follows: Narrow patch along each side of median epicranial suture and

across back of head and adjacent to compound eyes; a median V-shaped

mark on frons anterior to ocellar tubercle. Postclypeus grey-brown with

indistinct, parallel, longitudinal, brownish striae. Labrum dark brown. Scape and

pedicel of antenna pale, first flagellar segment brown except for a short, pale

length at base. Eyes black. Ocellar tubercle dark brown. Maxillary palp with

first and second segments pale, third and fourth segments dark brown.

Antedorsum of mesothorax brown anteriorly, paler posteriorly. Thoracic

pleura mostly brown. Legs brown, only junction of femur and tibia of fore

legs pale. Fore wings (fig. 1) with brown pattern. Hind wings (fig. 2) hyaline,

very faintly tinged with brown. Abdomen pale with sclerotized terminal

structures brown.

26 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1)

Figs 1-9. Psilopsocus parvus sp. nov. (1) Forewing; (2) Hindwing; (3) Lacinia;

(4) Sclerotization of ninth sternite; (5) Subgenital plate; (6) Phallosome;

(7) Gonapophyses; (8) Male paraproct; (9) Female labral sensilla.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1) 27

Morphology. Length of body: 2.5 mm. Median epicranial suture very distinct.

Vertex broadly rounded. Postclypeus not very prominent. Labrum with well

developed anterolateral 'styli' and a small, pointed spur on inner side just

mesad of position of usual lateral sclerotized patch on each side. Arrangement

of anterior marginal sensilla as in figure 9. Length of first flagellar segment:

f1: 0.50 mm. Eyes moderately large. IO/D: 1.3; PO: 0.6. Anterior ocellus

smaller than lateral ocelli. Lacinia (fig. 3). Hind femur with ventral row of 14

fine setae. Measurements of hind leg: F: 0.49 mm; T: 0.93 mm; t1: 0.30 mm;

t2: 0.05 mm; t3: 0.07 mm; rt: 6:1:1.4; ct: 13,1,1. Fore wing length: 2.9 mm.

Fore wings glabrous. Pterostigma very wide at hind angle, which is very

acute, with well developed spurvein. Broad, rugose, heavily sclerotized area

of membrane present behind R, basad of spurvein. Pterostigma similarly

rugose. Costal vein basad of pterostigma somewhat ill-defined, well defined

as usual distad of stigmapophysis. Rs-M fusion very short in one wing of

type, veins meeting almost in a point in the other wing. Veins in proximal part

of wing less well defined than in distal half. Angle of Rs fork very small,

opposite hind angle of pterostigma. Cuj, arises well away from wing margin,

evanescent in basal half. Cup evanescent. Hind margin of wing a little

thickened just basad of Cu junction with wing margin. Hind wing length:

2.1 mm. Hind wings glabrous except for one or two minute setae on margin

between Rz and Ry,;. Rs and M fused for a length. Cu, and IA hardly

discernible, the former more obvious near base. Epiproct (damaged in

preparation) apparently simple, rectangular with posterior margin shorter than

proximal margin, with a few large setae in distal half and some smaller setae

in basal half. Paraproct triangular with large setae along and adjacent to hind

margin, a few smaller setae scattered over posterodorsal third of the

paraproct. Trichobothrial field ovoid, with about fourteen trichobothria,

loosely placed over the field. Cuticle between ‘basal rosettes’ of the

trichobothria reticulate. Subgenital plate (fig. 5, slightly tilted in preparation,

dark areas symmetrical) with posterior lobe narrowed in distal half, with a

sclerotized band along each side of narrowest part. Posterior lobe glabrous

except for a median pair of long setae near base of wider part and a row of

long, marginal setae on distal part of posterior lobe. Subgenital plate

otherwise sparsely setose. Sclerotized area narrow medially, broader laterally.

Sclerotizations of ninth sternite simple, weakly developed (fig. 4).

Gonapophyses (fig. 7). Ventral valve finely pointed. Dorsal valve broad

basally, narrowing abruptly to a fine point distally; lightly sclerotized except

for a more heavily sclerotized, dorsal, longitudinal suppporting edge which

extends to form the distal point. External valve ovoid, with strong setae.

Male. Colouration. A single male from the West Claudie River appears to

belong to this species. It had probably just undergone its final moult when it

was collected. It was in poor condition and there was no colour pattern.

Morphology. Length of body not measurable. Length of flagellar segments:

f1: 0.67 mm.; f2: 0.67. Eyes extremely large and prominent, almost abutting

28 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1)

ocellar tubercle on front of head. IO/D: 0.46; PO: 0.93. Ocelli very large and

prominent. Measurement of hind leg: F: 0.54 mm; T: 1.04 mm; t1: 0.3 mm;

t2: 0.05 mm; t3: 0.08 mm; rt: 6:1:1.6; ct: 11,1,1. Fore wings damaged. Hind

wings lost. Paraproct (fig. 8, damaged in preparation) with trichobothria

scattered over the large field, reticulation of cuticle between setae well

developed. Posterior lobe of paraproct bearing a small, apical, pointed

sclerite. Hypandrium rounded behind, with a large seta near middle of hind

margin and smaller setae scattered over the hypandrium. A series of about

nine very small setae protrude posteriorly along the middle secton of the hind

margin. Phallosome (fig. 6) almost circular, the parameres touching each

other behind in the midline, the anterior margin of the ring with suggestion

of median division. Outer parameres absent. Penial bulb membranous,

wrinkled in a small part of the middle area but lacking any obvious sclerites.

Discussion

Psilopsocus mimulus, the only previously described Australian species of

Psilospsocus Enderlein, is remarkable for the fact that its nymphs are highly

modified and adapted for life in tunnels which they bore longitudinally in

twigs of the Australian native tree Syncarpia glomulifera (Smith) Niedenzu

and introduced Pinus radiata D. Don. (Smithers 1963, 1983, 1995a, 1995b,

1997). The nymphs are cylindrical in general body form and the hindmost

segments and terminal structures of the abdomen are greatly modified and

heavily sclerotized, forming a hard plug which very effectively seals the

lumen of the tunnel in which the nymphs spend most of their time (Smithers

1963, 1995a). The adults, however, are entirely bark-dwellers; they neither

bore into wood nor show any obvious modification for life in tunnels.

Psilopsocus parvus is easily distinguished from Ps. mimulus. It is much

smaller (fore wing length of Ps. mimulus is 5.4 mm, of Ps. parvus 2.9 mm)

and in Ps. mimulus fore wing vein Cu, forks about half way between its

separation from M+Cu, and the wing margin to give a much elongated areola

postica of unusual shape whereas in Ps. parvus Cu, forks much closer to the

wing margin. In Ps. nigricornis Enderlein (New Guinea) the dorsal valve of

the gonapophyses is broad at the base and tapers gradually to a point

whereas in Ps. parvus the dorsal valve is broad but narrows abruptly and

distally ends in a long, finely pointed extension. Ps. parvus can be readily

distinguished from the remaining species of the genus by differences in

detail of fore wing pattern. In Ps. malayanus New and Lee (Peninsular

Malaysia), Ps. manus Smithers and Thornton (Manus Island) and Ps.

nebulosus Mockford (Philippines) there is no pale lunule near the wing

margin in cell Rs. In Ps. marmoratus Smithers and Thornton (New Guinea)

there is pale lunule in cell M; near the margin but not one in that position in

Ps. parvus. With a wing length of 4.5 mm Ps. pulchripennis Smithers and

Thornton (New Guinea) is larger than Ps. parvus and the fore wing cells My,

M2 and M; are centrally darker than they are adjacent to the veins. In

addition to the above and other wing pattern differences, differences in detail

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1) 29

in the male and female genitalia, shape of the male paraprocts, differences in

the shape and arrangement of setae and sclerotization of the subgenital plate

and in the sclerites associated with the entrance to the spermatheca can be

used to identify the species.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Miss Jo Cardale and Dr Geoff Monteith for the loan of

Psocoptera which included the specimens of Psilopsocus.

References

MOCKFORD, E.L. 1961. The rediscovery and probable phylogenetic position of Psilopsocus

(Psocoptera). Psyche (Cambridge, Massachusetts) 68: 38-44.

NEW, T.R. and LEE, S.S. 1991. A new species of Psilopsocus Enderlein (Psocoptera:

Psilopsocidae) from Malaysia. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 30(1): 63-65.

SMITHERS, C.N. 1963. Psilopsocus mimulus sp. n. (Psocoptera: Psilopsocidae) representing a

family new to Australia. Journal of the Entomological Society of Queensland 2: 56-59.

SMITHERS, C.N. 1983. A revised key to the species of Psilopsocus (Psocoptera: Psilopsocidae)

with new records of Ps. mimulus, a probably phragmotic species. Australian Entomological

Magazine 10(2,3): 33-34.

SMITHERS, C.N. 1995a. Psilopsocus mimulus Smithers (Psocoptera: Psilopsocidae) the first

known wood-boring psocopteran. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 34: | 17-120.

SMITHERS, C.N. 1995b. Final instar nymph of Psilopsocus nebulosus Mockford (Psocoptera:

Psilopsocidae) redescribed and compared with two wood-boring species of the genus. Beitrdge zur

Entomologie 45(2): 375-381.

SMITHERS, C.N. 1997. Notes on the biology and annual cycle of the wood boring psocopteran

Psilopsocus mimulus Smithers (Psocoptera: Psilopsocidae). Australian Entomologist 24(3): 131-

136.

SMITHERS, C.N. and THORNTON, I.W.B. 1973. The Psilopsocidae (Psocoptera) of New

Guinea. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 98(2): 98-103.

30 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1)

BOOK REVIEW

Butterflies of the Solomon Islands: systematics and biogeography. By John Tennent.

Storm Entomological Publications, Dereham, UK; October 2002; xxiv + 413 pp;

hardback. ISBN 0-9542045-0-6. Available from the author.

Until now, the butterfly fauna of the large and complex group of islands that form the

Solomon Archipelago has been poorly studied and documented. This new book by

John Tennent addresses that problem admirably, providing a worthy companion to

recent volumes on the butterflies of Australia and Papua New Guinea by Braby and

Parsons respectively.

An introductory section provides useful and often fascinating information on geological

history, climate, vegetation, early visitors and collectors, mimicry, biogeography,

distribution and endemism, conservation and eco-tourism. The hazards faced by early

collectors are well illustrated by the account of Charles Woodford, the first Resident

Commisioner of the Islands, who evidently lived in “interesting times.'

The main body of the work is the systematic section. Detailed accounts cover the 346

species and subspecies now recorded from the Islands, placed in five family chapters

(including Hesperiidae). Much new information is included, particularly on habits and

distribution. The Papilionidae chapter includes a detailed (and factual) account of the

capture of the type and other specimens of Ornithoptera victoriae, a story entertaining

enough without the fanciful embellishments of earlier accounts. An appendix to the

systematic section provides full label data for all the specimens examined; in effect this

is a useful database for Solomon Islands material and includes data from early as well

as recent material. A gazetteer helps resolve the complex island nomenclature and a

series of maps preceding the introduction helps locate them.

The butterflies themselves are superbly illustrated on 84 colour plates, including many taxa

previously illustrated only in black and white (or not at all). All illustrations are life-size

and those of Ornithoptera victoriae subspecies (6 plates) and Chilasa toboroi are

particularly striking. The author has described many new taxa in recent years (including

some in the Australian Entomologist), and it is a visual delight to see them assembled

together in one place. Four additional colour plates illustrate habitats.

As the author notes, many new taxa undoubtedly await discovery, particularly in the

under-explored mountainous interiors of many of the islands. By bringing together

what is currently known, the present volume will undoubtedly act as a stimulus to

further investigation. Identification of Solomon Islands material no longer presents

almost insurmountable problems and the bibliography provides a detailed compendium

of relevant literature. The book is well written and attractively presented. I have no

doubt it will appeal to all those interested in butterflies (and natural history generally)

in the southwestern Pacific.

David L. Hancock

Cairns

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1): 31-38 31

LIFE HISTORY, BIOLOGY, HOST PLANTS AND NATURAL

ENEMIES OF THE LILLY PILLY PSYLLID, TRIOZA EUGENIAE

FROGGATT (HEMIPTERA: TRIOZIDAE)

G.R. YOUNG

Ryde School of Horticulture, 14 Parkes St, Ryde, NSW 2114

(Present address: PO Box 28, Kuranda, Qld 4872)

Abstract

The lilly pilly psyllid, Trioza eugeniae Froggatt, attacks the flush growth of the magenta lilly pilly,

Syzygium paniculatum. The nymphs form pit galls on expanding leaves, distorting and stunting

plant growth. Rearing experiments showed that the psyllid was able to complete its life history on 7

species of trees belonging to 3 allied genera in the Myrtaceae: Acmena, Syzygium and

Waterhousea. Birds, spiders, coccinellids, ants and a tettigoniid were recorded as predators of T.

eugeniae eggs, nymphs and adults. The most important natural enemy was the eulophid parasitoid

Tamarixia sp.

Introduction

The lilly pilly psyllid, Trioza eugeniae Froggatt, is native to eastern Australia

and is a serious pest of young trees of magenta lilly pilly, Syzygium

paniculatum (e.g. Morgan 1984, McMaugh 1985, Downer et al. 1991, Mead

1994, Dahlsten et al. 1995). S. paniculatum is native to four patches of

littoral rain forest on the NSW coast (Floyd 1989) and has become a popular

ornamental tree in South Australia, Victoria, New South Wales and

Queensland (GRY unpublished data). It is also planted in the USA where it

is used in topiary (Mead 1994, Dahlsten et al. 1995). The recent introduction

of T. eugeniae to the USA has resulted in severe damage to ornamental S.

paniculatum (Downer et al. 1991, Mead 1994).

Females oviposit along the margins of newly opened leaves of the flush

growth. First instar nymphs hatch and crawl to the undersides of the

expanding young leaves, where they settle. Subsequent instars develop in cup-

shaped pit galls (Morgan 1984, Downer et al. 1991, Luft and Paine 1997b).

At high densities nymphs also form galls on the upper sides of leaves,

developing fruit, shoots and young branchlets (Downer et al. 1991, Dahlsten

et al. 1995, GRY unpublished data). The gall grows with each instar and at

the end of the fifth instar the adult emerges through a slit in the dorsal

exoskeleton (Morgan 1984, Downer et al. 1991). Galling of flush results in

distorted and stunted growth, both in nursery stock and recently planted

young trees (GRY unpublished data). Additionally, the nymphs produce a

dry, powdery honeydew which covers the leaves of the plants and, along with

galling, reduces the aesthetic quality of ornamental plants (Luft and Paine

1997a).

When discussing the host range of psyllids, Hodkinson (1974) defined a host

plant as a species on which a psyllid could complete its life history. Psyllid

nymphs generally only feed on one or several closely related host species

(Taylor and Carver 1991). Froggatt (1901) described T. eugeniae from

32 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1)

Eugenia smithii (Myrtaceae), now known as Acmena smithii. The names E.

smithii and Syzygium smithii were, until recently, often used incorrectly in

the Ana Da trade for S. paniculatum (GRY unpublished data), so

it is possible that Froggatt’s record was from S. paniculatum. Morgan

(1984), Mead (1004) and Luft and Paine (1998) all stated that T. eugeniae

had a narrow host range and probably was confined to S. paniculatum.

However, Acmena, Syzygium and Waterhousea are allied genera of trees in

the family Myrtaceae found in rainforests extending from southeastern to

northeastern Australia, with some species also found in the monsoon forest

and savanna woodland of the Northern Territory (Hyland 1983, Floyd 1989).

Many species belonging to these three genera show insect damage similar to

that caused by T. eugeniae on S, paniculatum (GRY unpublished data).

Little has been published on the natural enemies of T. eugeniae (Dahlsten et

al. 1995), the exception being the nymphal parasitoid Tamarixia Sp.

(Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), which was introduced from Australia into

California for the biological control of the psyllid (Mead 1994, Dahlsten et

al. 1995, Luft and Paine 1998).

This paper describes observations on the biology, life history, host range and

natural enemies of T. eugeniae, which either differ from published data or

had not been recorded previously.

Material and methods

Adult T. eugeniae were collected from a single tree of S. paniculatum

growing in a backyard at Ryde, NSW. A stock culture of T. eugeniae was

established on cuttings raised from the same tree. The cuttings were struck in

quartz gravel and transplanted into 200 mm diameter pots. Host plants were

fed weekly with Aquasol® at a concentration equivalent to 100 ppm of

nitrogen. Pots, each containing 2 host plants, were placed in 450 x 450 x 450

mm aluminium framed cages enclosed with 0.6 mm polyamide gauze. The

cages were placed in a glasshouse where the daily temperature ranged from

18-26°C. Observations were made on the life history and behaviour of T.

eugeniae both in the cages and in the field. Measurements of life stages were

made under a stereomicroscope using an eye-piece micrometer.

To test the host range of T. eugeniae, cuttings were taken from 13 species of

trees at the Ryde School of Agriculture, belonging to the genera Acmena,

Syzygium and Waterhousea (Table 1). The cuttings were raised in pots as

described above and each pot was placed in a cage with 2 female and 5 male

T. eugeniae. Adults were removed from the cages 48 hours after the start of

oviposition. The cages were kept under observation until either T. eugeniae

completed two generations or all the life stages died. A generation was

defined as from one egg stage to the next. Field observations were made on

the same species of Acmena, Syzygium and Waterhousea (Table 1) at the

Ryde School of Horticulture and the Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1) 33

Table 1. Survival of Trioza eugeniae on different host plants in cages and in the field.

aaae

Host species Generations Remarks

completed

in cages

Syzygium australe 2 Adults, eggs and nymphs in the field

Syzygium francisii <l Adults fed, oviposition, infested leaves

shed at instars 2 and 3. No nymphs in pit

galls in the field

Syzygium 0 Adults fed, no oviposition

hodgkinsoniae

Syzygium luehmannii 1 Adults fed, oviposition, most infested

leaves shed at instars 2 and 3. No nymphs

in pit galls in the field

Syzygium moorei 2 Adults, eggs and nymphs in the field

Syzygium oleosum 2 Adults, eggs and nymphs in the field

Syzygium paniculatum 2 Adults, eggs and nymphs in the field

Syzygium wilsonii ssp. <l Adults fed, oviposition, infested leaves

wilsonii shed at instars 3 to 5. Nymphs in pit galls

in the field

Acmena hemilampra 0 Adults fed, oviposition, nymphs did not

develop beyond instar 2

Acmena ingens 2 Adults, eggs and nymphs in the field

Acmena smithii type 0 Adults fed, oviposition, nymphs did not

develop beyond instar 2

Acmena smithii 0 Adults fed, no oviposition

rheophytic race

Waterhousea floribunda 2 Adults, eggs and nymphs in the field

To measure the fecundity of T. eugeniae, 15 cages were set up, each

containing a potted Syzygium oleosum with one newly emerged female and 3

male T. eugeniae. The potted host plants were removed each day and counts

made of the number of eggs laid. Plants with eggs were retained to determine

percentage egg hatch and replaced in the cages with fresh plants.

Observations were made on the natural enemies of T. eugeniae both in cages

and in the field. To determine the incidence of the parasitoid Tamarixia sp. in

different life stages of T. eugeniae, a total of 25 shoots were sampled each

week from young S. paniculatum and S. oleosum trees. Counts were made of

each nymphal stage and parasitised nymphs were cut from leaves and held in

glass vials for parasite emergence. To determine the development period for

the parasitoid, 4 field collected females were caged with 30 newly moulted

fourth instar nymphs of T. eugeniae.

a Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1)

Results ; , '

Body length for adult T. eugeniae, from the tip of the head to the tip of the

abdomen, was 1.6 mm + 0.03 (range 1.4-1.8 mm, n = 13) for males and 1.8

mm + 0.04 (range 1.7-1.9 mm, n = 12) for females. Body length from the tip

of the head to the tip of the folded wings was 2.8 mm + 0.04 (range 2.5-3.0

mm, n = 13) for males and 3.05 mm + 0.04 (range 2.7-3.2 mm, n = 12) for

females. Both sexes had a white wax-like covering on both the first and

pregenital abdominal tergites. Recently emerged adults fed around the

margins of the pits from which they emerged, as well as on the reverse side

of the pit, before dispersing. When feeding, adults continually moved their

raised abdomens from side to side through an angle of 20°. In periods

between oviposition on expanding leaves, females descended to flush

branchlets to feed.

Eggs were yellow in colour and fusiform, more tapered at one end than the

other, with the blunt end inserted into the margin of the expanding leaf. Eggs

were a mean of 0.34 mm + 0.003 (range 0.27-0.36 mm) in length and 0.1 mm +

0.007 (range 0.09-0.13 mm) at the widest point (n = 34). Hatching occurred

between 0600 and 0800 h and the first instar nymphs remained motile for up

to 7 hours before settling on the underside of the leaf. First instar nymphs

were flattened dorsally and convex ventrally, a body length of 0.36 mm +

0.004 (range 0.33-0.38 mm) in length and a width of 0.17 mm + 0.007 (range

0.13-0.18 mm) across the mesothorax (n = 25). The dorsal sclerites of the

head, thorax and abdomen were confluent, forming a dorsal shield with the

legs and antennae protruding beyond the margin of the shield. After moulting

to second instar a shallow pit began to develop beneath the nymph. The

dorsal shield became larger, relative to the rest of the nymph, and a narrow

wax-like fringe developed around the margin of the shield. The wax-like

fringe was found in succeeding instars and appeared to seal the nymph in the

pit. Pits became deeper and wider with each instar. Once the leaf was fully

expanded instars 2 to 4 did not undergo further moults and subsequently died.

When third, fourth or fifth instars were dislodged from their pits the nymphs

were motile, but unable to settle on the leaf or re-establish in empty pits.

Dislodged nymphs eventually died of desiccation.

In the field, instars 1 and 2 were the most susceptible to desiccation. From 2-8

January 1994 maximum temperatures were between 33 and 39°C, resulting

in 100% mortality of instars 1 and 2, while some later instars survived.

Trioza eugeniae was able to complete two generations on caged Syzygium

australe, S. moorei, S. oleosum, S. paniculatum, Acmena ingens and

Waterhousea floribunda. Additionally, all life stages were found on these

hosts in the field. T. eugeniae was able to complete one generation on caged

S, luehmannii; however most infested leaves were shed when the nymphs

reached instars 2 and 3. Empty pit galls were found on S. luehmannii and S.

francisii in the field. Adults fed and oviposited on caged S. francisii and

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1) 35

S. wilsonii ssp. wilsonii but infested leaves were shed before the nymphs

reached instar 5. Pit galls containing nymphs were found on leaves of S.

wilsonii ssp. wilsonii in the field. T. eugeniae fed and oviposited on caged A.

hemilampra and A. smithii type but the nymphs did not develop beyond instar 2.

No pit galls were found on either of these plants in the field. On caged S.

hodgkinsoniae and A. smithii rheophytic race adults fed without ovipositing

and no T. eugeniae life stages were found on these hosts in the field.

Females mated within 24 h of introduction to the cages containing potted S.

oleosum and ovipostion began up to 48 h after mating. Of the 15 females, 2

died without laying eggs. The remaining 13 females lived for a mean of 11

days (range 4-18 days) and continued to mate throughout their lives. Females

laid a mean of 18 eggs per day (range 6.4-35.5). Over their entire lifetime,

females laid a mean of 198 eggs (range 109-331). There was no statistical

relationship between longevity and the number of eggs laid, r = 0.01, but

larger females laid more eggs than smaller ones. Egg hatch per female was

89% (range 72-100%). Eggs hatched in a mean of 4 days (range 3-7 days, n =

2,579).

Birds observed feeding on T. eugeniae were the noisy miner, Manorina

melanocephalus (Latham) and the red wattle bird, Anthochaera carunculata

(White). Invertebrate predators of T. eugeniae nymphs were: larvae and

adults of the coccinellids Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant, Halmus

chalybeus (Boisduval) and Harmonia conformis (Boisduval) (Coleoptera);

larvae of an unidentified syrphid (Diptera); the tramp ants Pheidole

megacephala (Fabricius) and Technomyrmex albipes (F.Smith), and the

native ant Iridomyrmex sp. (Hymenoptera). Second and third instar nymphs

of Conocephalus semivittatus (Walker) (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) were

observed feeding on T. eugeniae eggs. The spiders Oxyopes sp. (Oxyopidae)

and a species of Salticidae were observed attacking newly emerged T.

eugeniae adults.

The nymphal parasitoid Tamarixia sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) was the

only parasitoid found attacking T. eugeniae. Parasitised nymphs from instars

2-5 were recovered from the field and emergence holes were recorded from

the cadavers of instars 3, 4 and 5. Percent parasitism of field populations of

T. eugeniae ranged up to 3, 22, 62 and 47% for instars 2, 3, 4 and5

respectively. Development time for Tamarixia sp. from oviposition to adult

emergence was a mean of 17 days (range 16-19 days, n = 26).

Discussion

The wax-like covering on the dorsal abdominal sclerites combined with the

side-to-side movements of adults when feeding are possibly strategies to

confuse predators. Recently emerged adults fed around vacated pit galls

suggesting that, for a short period, this tissue may be nutritionally superior to

non-galled parts of shoots and leaves. Hodkinson (1984) maintained that gall

formation produced a nutrient sink, which offered a higher quality of soluble

36 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1)

nutrients than the surrounding mature leaf tissue. At the time of adult

emergence the leaf tissue was becoming mature with a corresponding decline

in the levels of soluble nutrients available to the psyllid, so feeding around the

empty pit may have given young adults a nutritional boost before dispersing

to feed on flush growth.

The dorsal shield with the surrounding wax-like fringe in instars 2-5 appears

to seal nymphs in the pit galls, thereby preventing desiccation. This

observation agrees with Hodkinson (1974), who stated that nymphal stages of

psyllids exhibited morphological and behavioural adaptations to resist

desiccation.

The inability of nymphs from instars 2-5 to develop on expanded leaves

indicates that T. eugeniae is dependent on flush growth to complete its

development. Since seedlings and young trees have a higher proportion of

flush growth than mature trees, these stages are more attractive to the psyllid

and consequently suffer more damage.

Trioza eugeniae was able to survive and reproduce on six species of tree in

three different genera. Syzygium luelmannii, S. francisii and A. wilsonii ssp.

wilsonii appeared able to support populations of T. eugeniae, although

nymphal mortality was high. There are 7, 52 and 4 species of Acmena,

Syzygium and Waterhousea respectively recorded from Australia (Hyland

1983). Since T. eugeniae has been recorded from Adelaide in South

Australia to Atherton in northern Queensland, the host range of the psyllid is

probably more extensive than the current study indicates (Morgan 1874,

Dahlsten et al. 1995, GRY unpublished data). The wide host range of T.

eugeniae is unusual as most species of psyllids are specific to one or two closely

related species of host plant (Hodkinson 1984, Taylor and Carver 1991). For

example, a closely related Trioza sp. from the Northern Territory has only

been recorded from Syzygium suborbiculare (GRY unpublished data, G.

Taylor pers. comm.).

The mean fecundity of 198 eggs per female was higher than the 152 eggs

recorded by Downer et al. (1991). The difference probably can be explained

by the high concentration of nitrogen fed to the host plants and the regular

provision of fresh hosts. Downer et al. (1991) noted that the number of eggs

laid was dependent on the availability of oviposition sites. Luft and Paine

(1997b) and Luft et al. 2001a, 2001b) found that 7. eugeniae females

preferred to oviposit on the margins of unexpanded leaves and, if females

encounter a fully occupied margin, they will oviposit on another suitable leaf

if available.

Trioza eugeniae has a wide variety of vertebrate and invertebrate predators

but their effect on the psyllid populations is unknown. The tettigoniid

Conocephalus semivittatus is a commonly recorded predator of hemipteran

eggs (Rentz 1996, GRY unpublished data).

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1) 37

The only parasitoid recovered was Tamarixia sp. Fourth and fifth instar T.

eugeniae nymphs were the preferred hosts with parasitism of 62 and 47%

respectively. This indicates that Tamarixia sp. probably controls T. eugeniae

populations. The results differ slightly from those of Dahlsten et al. (1995),

who found that third and fourth instar nymphs were the preferred hosts,

while the development time for Tamarixia sp. was 14 days compared with

the 17 days of the current study.

Acknowledgements

I thank Ian Naumann (AFFA, Canberra) for identifying the Tamarixia sp.

and Glenn Bellis (AQIS, Darwin) for his comments on the manuscript.

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Entomology 26: 395-403.

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Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1): 39-43 39

THE IDENTITY OF SIR JOSEPH BANKS' “WRATHFULL

MILITIA”: THE LARVAE OF DORATIFERA STENORA TURNER

(LEPIDOPTERA: LIMACODIDAE)

CHRIS J. BURWELL’ and TED D. EDWARDS”

"Higher Entomology Section, Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, Southbank, Qld 4101

Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Division of Entomology, GPO Box 1700,

Canberra, ACT 2601

Abstract

A description of an encounter with stinging caterpillars on 23 May 1770 at Bustard Bay,

Queensland in Joseph Banks’ Endeavour journal refers to larvae of Doratifera stenora Turner and

is the first record of Limacodidae from Australia. Mature larvae of D. stenora matching Banks’

description were collected in April 1999 at Ningi, southeastern Queensland, feeding on leaves of

Spotted mangrove, Rhizophora stylosa Griffith (Rhizophoraceae). Notes on the life history, larval

morphology and distribution of D. stenora are provided. Larvae of D. stenora differ markedly from

those of other species of Doratifera Duncan [& Westwood]. It is the only known species with

gregarious mature larvae and the only species known to feed on Rhizophoraceae. Mature larvae

have a full complement of 10 pairs of lateral and 10 pairs of subdorsal scoli, all apparently armed

with stinging setae. They lack the pairs of subdorsal protuberances armed with eversible rosettes of

stinging setae that are characteristic of other known Doratifera larvae.

Introduction

The first species of cupmoth (Limacodidae) to be described from Australia

was Comana corones (Fabricius), an adult of which was collected on Cook’s

first voyage in 1770 at the present site of Cooktown (Edwards 1996).

Slightly earlier in the voyage Sir Joseph Banks made reference in his journal

to caterpillars that have been thought to belong to a species of limacodid by

virtue of their stinging ability (Musgrave 1954, Waterhouse 1971).

On 23 May 1770, the Endeavour was anchored in Bustard Bay near the site

of the present day town of Seventeen Seventy, Queensland. Banks’ journal

entry for that date included the passage below that follows another

describing an encounter with Green tree ants, Oecophylla smaragdina

(Fabricius) (Musgrave 1954).

‘The Mangroves had also another trap which most of us fell into, a small

kind of Caterpiler, green and beset with many hairs: these sat upon the

leaves many together rangd by the side of each other like soldiers drawn

up, 20 or 30 perhaps upon one leaf; if these wrathfull militia were

touchd but ever so gently they did not fail to make the person offending

them sensible of their anger, every hair in them stinging much as nettles

do but with a more acute tho less lasting smart.’ (Banks 1962: 66).

Beaglehole, the editor of the 1962 edition of Banks’ journal, noted that the

caterpillars were almost certainly those of a limacodid belonging to the genus

Doratifera Duncan [& Westwood]. Burwell (2000) reported the discovery of

the same larvae feeding on Spotted mangrove, Rhizophora stylosa Griffith

(Rhizophoraceae), near Bribie Island in southeastern Queensland. Adults

val Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1)

entified as a species of

dentified as Doratifera

d life history of the

were reared from these larvae and provisionally id

Doratifera (Burwell 2000). Subsequently they were i

stenora Turner by EDE. Notes on the distribution an

species are provided below.

Observations

Mature larvae of D. stenora were collected by Peter Davie and Bronwyn

Searle on 12 April 1999 at Ningi (27°02’S 153°06’B), just north of Brisbane,

in mangroves lining Pumistone Passage opposite the southern end of Bribie

Island. The larvae closely matched Banks’ description and were clustered

together, side-by-side, in groups of between 9 and 21, on the undersides of

leaves of Spotted mangrove, R. stylosa (Fig. 1). All larvae of each row had

their heads directed towards the leaf margins. They were tightly packed with

much of the lateral edges of adjacent larvae in close contact (Fig. 2). The

larvae were reared in captivity on R. stylosa foliage and pupated within stiff,

brown, rounded cocoons, approximately 9 mm long and 6 mm wide, that were

spun between leaves. Adult specimens have been deposited in the Queensland

Museum, Brisbane (QM) and the Australian National Insect Collection,

Canberra (ANIC).

Larval morphology

Unfortunately, the significance of the larvae was not realised at the time and

notes on their morphology were not made, nor were larvae preserved.

Consequently, the following larval description is based primarily on Figs 1

and 2.

Mature larva. Length, including scoli, approximately 18 mm. Mottled green

dorsally with thin, darker green central line along most of length; pair of

broader dark green stripes either side of central line but mesad of bases of

subdorsal scoli, each stripe enclosing a series of pale spots, one per segment,

thoracic tergum 1 mostly white, with central plate bearing two black, comma-

shaped markings; posterior end of larva with pair of black spots. Paired,

relatively short, conical, lateral scoli present on thoracic segments 2 and 3 and

abdominal segments 2-9; lateral scoli of similar length except those on

abdominal segment 9 conspicuously longer; paired subdorsal scoli present on

thoracic segments 2 and 3 and abdominal segments 1-8; subdorsal scoli

mostly directed dorsally, relative lengths unable to be determined from Figs

1 and 2; subdorsal scoli on thoracic segment 2 projecting anteriorly to some

extent, conspicuously longer than lateral scoli of same segment; all scoli

appear armed with strong setae, more densely on subdorsal scoli.

Distribution and host plant

Doratifera stenora occurs in the southern half of Queensland and far northern

New South Wales, east of the Great Dividing Range. In addition to Bustard

Bay and Ningi, specimens of D. stenora in the QM and ANIC have been

collected from Shute Harbour, Yeppoon, Rockhampton (syntype male and

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1) 41

female), Curtis Island, Gladstone, Cooroy, Borumba Dam, Bunya Mountains

and Mount Tamborine in Queensland and Sheepstation Creek, Border Ranges

National Park in northern New South Wales. Adults from Gladstone were

reared from cocoons on Rhizophora stylosa by N. Duke while those from

Curtis Island were reared from larvae also on R. stylosa by W. Houston.

Hockey and DeBaar (1991) recorded adults of Doratifera unicolor Swinhoe

reared from cocoons collected on the stem of R. stylosa at Mary River Heads

near Maryborough, Queensland. This record almost certainly refers to D.

stenora which was incorrectly synonymised with D. unicolor by Turner

(1926).

Interestingly, adults of D. stenora have been collected at several localities

that are considerable distances from the coast and the nearest Rhizophora

plants. In particular, specimens have been taken in montane rainforest at

Mount Tamborine and the Border Ranges around 25 km from the coast, while

those from the Bunya Mountains were collected in the order of 150 km from

the coast. Presumably the larvae develop on an alternative host plant in these

localities. It is also possible that specimens from these non-coastal, rainforest

localities may represent a different species although their genitalia are

identical to those of coastal specimens associated with mangroves. However,

adults of Doratifera quadriguttata (Walker) and D. casta (Scott) have very

similar adults and genitalia, yet have dramatically different larvae.

Consequently the status of the non-coastal populations of D. stenora can not

be resolved until their foodplants and larvae are discovered.

Discussion

The genus Doratifera has a wide distribution in mainland Australia and

Tasmania (Common 1990) and includes 8 described species (Edwards 1996).

The life history and larvae of D. stenora differ significantly from those of

other species, of which the life history is known, in the genus.

Firstly, D. stenora is the only species utilising a foodplant within the

Rhizophoraceae. Other known Doratifera larvae feed mostly on plants

within the Myrtaceae, particularly species of Eucalyptus but also species of

Lophostemon, Angophora, Melaleuca and Guava, Psidium guajava

(Common 1990). Doratifera vulnerans (Lewin) has also been recorded

feeding on Apricot, Prunus armeniaca (Rosaceae) (Common 1990).

Secondly, the gregarious habit of the mature larvae of D. stenora is unusual

for the genus. Mature larvae of other species of Doratifera are generally

‘solitary’ feeders although the early instars of some, for example D. casta,

may feed gregariously (CJB pers. obs.). However, Turner (1902) noted that

the larvae of Lamprolepida chrysochroa (R. Felder) fed gregariously on

Planchonia careya (Barringtoniaceae) at Townsville, Queensland.

Doratifera and Lamprolepida Turner may be closely related genera as both

have veins Sc+R1 and Rs fused for at least half the length of the discal cell in

the hindwing (Turner 1926).

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1)

Figs 1-3. Mature larvae of Doratifera spp. (1) D. stenora in situ on the undersides of

leaves of Spotted Mangrove, Rhizophora stylosa. (2) Dorsal view of D. stenora. Note

the full complement of 10 pairs of lateral scoli. All but the most anterior pairs of

subdorsal scoli (top) are obscured against the greenish coloration of the larvae.

(3) Dorsal view of D. vulnerans. Note the 2 pairs of anterior (left) and 2 pairs of

posterior subdorsal protuberances bearing eversible rosettes of stinging hairs.

Most significantly, the larval morphology of D. stenora differs markedly

from that of other species of Doratifera. Mature D. stenora larvae have a full

complement of 10 pairs of lateral and 10 pairs of subdorsal scoli that are well-

developed and all of which bear strong, presumably stinging setae. In

contrast, other known Doratifera larvae have at least some of the subdorsal

scoli on the abdominal segments conspicuously reduced in size or absent.

Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1) 43

In addition, they have stinging setae confined to two pairs of anterior and

sometimes two additional pairs of posterior subdorsal protuberances (Fig. 3).

These protuberances appear to be modified scoli that bear expandable

rosettes of stinging setae (Fig. 3). All the subdorsal scoli of D. stenora larvae

are unmodified.

Given that D. stenora larvae are vastly different from those of other

members of the genus, including the type species D. vulnerans, the

taxonomic position of D. stenora may warrant examination in any future

detailed work on Doratifera.

Acknowledgements

We thank Peter Davie and Bronwyn Searle for collecting the larvae of

Doratifera stenora and bringing them to the attention of CJB. Thanks to Jeff

Wright and Bronwyn Searle for photographing the larvae and to Susan

Wright for technical support.

References

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Public Library of New South Wales and Angus and Robertson, Sydney; xvi + 406 pp + 40 pl.

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44 Australian Entomologist, 2003, 30 (1)

RECENT ENTOMOLOGICAL LITERATURE

CLARKE, A.R., BALAGAWI, S., CLIFFORD, B., DREW, R.A.I., LEBLANC, L.,

MARARUAL, A., McGUIRE, D., PUTULAN, D., SAR, S.A. and TENAKANAI, D.

2002 Evidence of orchid visitation by Bactrocera species (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Papua New

Guinea. Journal of Tropical Ecology 18: 441-448.

DALE, P.E.R., CHAPMAN, H., BROWN, M., RITCHIE, S., KNIGHT, J. and KAY, B.

2002 Does habitat modification affect oviposition by the salt marsh mosquito, Ochlerotatus

vigilax (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae)? Australian Journal of Entomology 41(1): 49-54.

FARR, J.D.

2002 Biology of the gumleaf skeletoniser, Uraba lugens Walker (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in

the southern jarrah forest of Western Australia. Australian Journal of Entomology 41(1):

60-69.

FLETCHER, M.J. and DANGERFIELD, P.C.

2002 Idioscopus clypealis (Lethierry), a second new leafhopper pest of mango in Australia

(Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Idiocerinae). Australian Journal of Entomology 41(1): 35-38.

KITCHING, R.L., ORR, A.G., THALIB, L., MITCHELL, H., HOPKINS, M.S. and

GRAHAM, A.W.

2000 Moth assemblages as indicators of environmental quality in remnants of upland Australian

rain forest. Journal of Applied Ecology 37: 284-297.

KOLESIC, P., TAYLOR, G.S. and KENT, D.S.

2002 New genus and two new species of gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) damaging buds on

Eucalyptus in Australia. Australian Journal of Entomology 41(1): 23-29.

LYNEBORG, L.

2001 The Australian stilletto-flies of the Anabarhynchus genus group (Diptera: Therevidae).

Entomonograph 13: 1-256.

MOSS, J.T.

2002 Butterfly host plants of south-east Queensland and northern New South Wales. Butterfly

and Other Invertebrates Club, Brisbane; 25 pp.

NAUMANN, I.D., WILLIAMS, M.A. and SCHMIDT, S.

2002 Synopsis of the Tenthredinidae (Hymenoptera) in Australia, including two newly recorded,

introduced sawfly species associated with willows (Salix spp.). Australian Journal of

Entomology 41(1): 1-6.

PIKE, N. and MEATS, A.

2002 Potential for mating between Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) and Bactrocera neohumeralis

(Hardy) (Diptera: Tephritidae). Australian Journal of Entomology 41(1): 70-74.

RAGHU, S., CLARKE, A.R., DREW, R.A.I. and HULSMAN, K.

2000 Impact of habitat modification on the distribution and abundance of fruit flies (Diptera:

Tephritidae) in southeast Queensland. Population Ecology 42: 153-160.

WALLACE, H.M., MAYNARD, G.V. and TRUEMAN, S.J.

2002 Insect flower visitors, foraging behaviour and their effectiveness as pollinators of

Persoonia virgata R.Br. (Proteaceae). Australian Journal of Entomology 41 (1): 55-59.

WISHART, E.

2002 Species composition and population studies of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the

Mildura district in the Murray Valley of southern Australia. Australian Journal of

Entomology 41(1): 45-48.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTICES

Items for insertion should be sent to the editor who reserves the right to alter, reject

or charge for notices.

WANTED. Specific butterfly collection data for inclusion in a planned

systematic list of the butterflies of Micronesia, Melanesia and Polynesia plus the

Bismarck Archipelago. Even common butterflies with reliable island data are

valuable. John Tennent, 38 Colin McLean Road, Dereham, Norfolk NR19 2RY,

England (e-mail jt@storment.freeserve.co.uk).

NOTES FOR AUTHORS

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THE AUSTRALIAN

Entomologist

Volume 30, Part 1, 3 March 2003

tae

CONTENTS

BURWELL, C.J. and EDWARDS, E.D.

The identity of Sir Joseph Banks’ "wrathful militia": the larvae of Doratifera stenora Turner

(Lepidoptera: Limacodidae).

GOTTS, R.I.C. and GINN, S.G.

The previously undescribed female of Delias shunichii Morita (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) from New Britain,

HANCOCK, D.L. and DREW, R.AI.

Anew species of Ceratitella Malloch (Diptera: Tephritidae: Ceratitidinae) from the Solomon Islands. 11

McDONALD, FJ.D.

A new genus and species of Pentatomidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) from northern Australia. 17

RAWLINS, A. and TENNENT, W.J.

A new species of Mynes Boisduval (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from the Moluccas, Indonesia. 21

SMITHERS, C.N.

A new species of Psilopsocus Enderlein (Psocoptera) from Australia. 25

YOUNG, G.R.

Life history, biology, host plants and natural enemies of the lilly pilly psyllid, Trioza eugeniae Froggatt

ThripsID: Pest thrips of the world. G. Moritz, D. Morris and L. Mound.

BOOK REVIEW:

Butterflies of the Solomon Islands: systematics and biogeography.

W.J. Tennent.

ISSN 1320 6133