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€

Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3): 93-102 93

RECORDS OF INSECT PESTS ON CHRISTMAS ISLAND AND THE

COCOS (KEELING) ISLANDS, INDIAN OCEAN

G.A. BELLIS!, J.F. DONALDSON’, M. CARVER’, D.L. HANCOCK‘ and

M.J. FLETCHER?

! Northern Australia Quarantine Strategy, GPO Box 3000, Darwin, NT 0801

Queensland Department of Primary Industries, 80 Meiers Rd, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068

3CSIRO Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601

*PO Box 2464, Cairns, Old 4870

*NSW Department of Agriculture, Orange Agricultural Research Institute, Orange, NSW 2800

Abstract

A survey for pests of crops on Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands was conducted

in May 2000. Fifteen new pest records were obtained from Christmas I., viz: Aleurocanthus

woglumi Ashby and Neomaskellia bergii (Signoret) (Aleyrodidae), Pentalonia nigronervosa

Coquerel (Aphididae), Coccus sp. and Saissetia sp. (Coccidae), Lepidosaphes sp. and

Lindingaspis sp. (Diaspididae), Dysmicoccus sp. and Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead)

(Pseudococcidae), Amrasca devastans (Distant) (Cicadellidae), Ophiomyia phaseoli (Tryon)

(Agromyzidae), Bactrocera albistrigata (de Meijere), B. arecae (Hardy & Adachi) and B.

umbrosa (F.) (Tephritidae) and Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Curculionidae). Six new

records were obtained from the Cocos (Keeling) Is, viz: Aphis gossypii Glover, and

Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) (Aphididae), Ceroplastes rubens Maskell (Coccidae), ?/cerya sp.

(Margarodidae), Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) and Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell)

(Pseudococcidae) and Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Curculionidae). Aleurocanthus

woglumi, Amrasca devastans, Bactrocera albistrigata and B. arecae also represent new records

for Australia although these species are known so far only from Christmas I. A list of insect

pests so far recorded from these islands is also included.

Introduction

Australia’s Indian Ocean Territories comprise Christmas Island and the Cocos

(Keeling) Islands. They are remote from mainland Australia, with Christmas

I. lying about 1700 km NW of the mainland and 300 km south of Java and the

Cocos (Keeling) Is a further 900 km to the west. None were inhabited prior to

settlement by the British in 1888. The Cocos (Keeling) Is were once owned

by the Clunies Ross family, who attracted labour from Malaya and Singapore

to maintain the extensive coconut plantations they established there. Prior to

being transferred to Australian sovereignty in 1955, these islands were

administered at various times by the governments of Sri Lanka and Singapore

and the airstrip was used extensively by the Australian and British military

during and after the Second World War. Christmas I. was administered by the

British until transferred to Australian sovereignty in 1958. It was briefly

occupied by the Japanese during the Second World War. Like the coconut

plantations on Cocos (Keeling) Is, the phosphate mine at Christmas I.

attracted large numbers of Chinese and Malay labourers.

The insect faunas of Christmas I. and the Cocos (Keeling) Is have been

surveyed sporadically over the past 100 years (see Campbell 1966 and

CSIRO 1990 for a full historical account). However, the relative lack of an

94 Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3)

agricultural service on these islands, due in part to a lack of commercial

agriculture, has resulted in an incomplete knowledge of the pest fauna

present. In fact, only one survey for such pests has been undertaken on

Christmas I. (Campbell 1968) and two on the Cocos (Keeling) Is (Campbell

1966), although the WA Quarantine and Inspection Service has periodically

trapped fruit flies on Christmas I. The relative dearth of agriculture on these

islands requires that nowadays most food, including fresh fruit and

vegetables, must be imported from Perth, Western Australia or, in the case of

Christmas I., also from Jakarta, Indonesia.

These surveys identified a number of pests that are not present on mainland

Australia. The presence of these pests has resulted in these territories being

regarded as having a different quarantine status from that of the mainland.

Strict quarantine protocols are in place to prevent the spread of pests from

these islands to the rest of Australia. Consequently, all records from these

islands of pests that are not present elsewhere in Australia are regarded as

technically present in Australian territory but exotic for quarantine purposes.

A survey of the insect pests of Christmas I. and the Cocos (Keeling) Is was

conducted in May 2000. For the purposes of this paper, a pest insect is

defined as an insect reported to feed on commercial plant species or products

thereof or, in the case of ants, reported to cause environmental disruption or

are pests of households. Those species collected in large numbers from

commercial plant species or believed to be damaging the plant are also listed.

Also for the purpose of this paper, mainland Australia includes all islands of

the Commonwealth of Australia except those under consideration here.

Methods and materials

All inhabited areas and a representative number of uninhabited sites on the

islands were visited. Plants, mostly food plants or their relatives, were

inspected for presence of insect pests and these were collected by hand or

sweep net. Mini light traps were set at Home and West Islands in the Cocos

(Keeling) Is and in a rainforest site, locally known as the ‘Pink House’ and

near the poultry farm on Christmas I. Steiner fruit fly traps baited with

cuelure, trimedlure and methyl eugenol were also set on Home and West

Islands and at the ‘Pink House’, Drumsite, Grant’s Well, the Dales and at the

market garden on Christmas I. Other material from Christmas I., lodged in the

Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Canberra (ANIC) and in the

Agriculture WA collection in Perth (AgWA), was also examined.

Results

Tables 1 and 2 list all pest insect species thus far recorded from Christmas

and Cocos (Keeling) Is. Fifteen species are newly recorded from Christmas I.;

four are also new for Australia but so far are not known from the mainland.

Six species are newly recorded from the Cocos (Keeling) Is but none are new

for Australia.

Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3)

Table 1. Pest insects recorded from Christmas Island. (N/I = no information).

Species Family Common Collected

name from

ORTHOPTERA

Gryllodes sigillatus Gryllidae Indian house N/I

(Walker) cricket /

tropical house

cricket

Oxya orientalis Kirby Acrididae Grasshopper N/I

Locusta migratoria (L.) Acrididae Migratory N/I

locust

HEMIPTERA

Aleurocanthus woglumi Aleyrodidae Citrus blackfly Lime

Ashby*

Neomaskellia bergii Aleyrodidae Sugarcane Sugarcane

(Signoret) whitefly

Aphis craccivora Koch Aphididae Cowpea aphid N/I;

Long bean

Aphis gossypii Glover Aphididae Cotton aphid/ — N/I

melon aphid

Hysteroneura setariae Aphididae Rusty plum N/I

(Thomas) aphid

Pentalonia Aphididae Banana aphid Banana

nigronervosa Coquerel

Toxoptera citricida Aphididae Black citrus N/I

(Kirkaldy) aphid

Toxoptera aurantii Aphididae Black citrus N/I

(Boyer de Fonscolombe) aphid

Rhopalosiphum maidis Aphididae Corn aphid N/I

(Fitch)

Icerya purchasi Maskell Margarodidae Cottony N/I

cushion scale

Dysmicoccus sp Pseudococcidae Mealybug Guava

Nipaecoccus viridis Pseudococcidae Spherical Asparagus

(Newstead) mealybug

Nipaecoccus viridis Pseudococcidae Spherical Lime

(Newstead) mealybug

Pseudococcus Pseudococcidae Longtailed N/I

longispinus (Targioni mealybug

Tozzetti)

Coccus sp. Coccidae Soft scale Lime

Saissetia sp. Coccidae Soft scale Eggplant

Saissetia sp. Coccidae Soft scale Asparagus

Tachardina Kerriidae Lac scale N/I

?aurantiaca (Cockerell)

Source

CSIRO 1990

Campbell

1968

Campbell

1968; CSIRO

1990

This study

CSIRO 1990;

this study

CSIRO 1990

This study

CSIRO 1990

Campbell

1968

This study

CSIRO 1990

This study

Campbell

1968

96 Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3)

Aspidiotus destructor Diaspididae Transparent NIT; Campbell

Signoret scale Banana and 1968; this

coconut study

Lepidosaphes sp. Diaspididae Armoured Lime This study

scale

Lindingaspis sp. Diaspididae Armoured Lime This study

scale

Pseudaulacaspis Diaspididae Peach white N/I Campbell

pentagona (Targioni- scale 1968; this

Tozzetti) study

Kallitaxila granulata Tropiduchidae Planthopper Citrus, CSIRO 1990;

(Stal) mango this study

Amrasca devastans Cicadellidae Indian cotton Eggplant This study

(Distant) (?= A. leafhopper

biguttula (Ishida))*

Cicadulina bipunctella Cicadellidae Leafhopper N/I CSIROI990

(Matsumara).

Typhlocybinae: Cicadellidae Leafhopper Long bean This study

Empoascini, ?genus

Typhlocybinae: Cicadellidae Leafhopper Winged This study

Erythroneurini, ?genus bean

Engytatus nicotianae Miridae Tomato mirid N/I CSIRO 1990

(Koningsberger)

Hyalopeplus malayensis Miridae Mirid N/I CSIRO 1990

Carvalho & Gross

Elasmolomus sordidus Lygaeidae Peanut trash N/I CSIRO 1990

(F.) bug

Leptocoris subrufescens Rhopalidae Rhopalid bug N/I CSIRO 1990

(Kirby)

Nezara viridula (L.) Pentatomidae Green N/I Campbell

vegetable bug 1968; CSIRO

1990

COLEOPTERA

Lasioderma serricorne Anobiidae Cigarette N/I CSIRO 1990

(F.) beetle /

tobacco beetle

Dinoderus minutus (F.) Bostrichidae Bamboo borer N/I CSIRO 1990

Heterobostrichus Bostrichidae Lesser auger N/I Campbell

aequalis (Waterhouse) beetle 1968; CSIRO

1990

Minthea rugicollis Bostrichidae Hairy N/I CSIRO 1990

(Walker) powderpost

beetle

Rhyzopertha dominica Bostrichidae Lesser grain N/I CSIRO 1990

(F.) borer

Sinoxylon anale (Lesne) Bostrichidae Auger beetle N/I Campbell

1968; CSIRO

1990

Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3) 97

Xylothrips religiosus Bostrichidae Northern auger N/I Campbell

(Boisduval) beetle 1968; CSIRO

1990

Dermestes ater De Geer Dermestidae Hide beetle N/I CSIRO 1990

Ahasverus advena Silvanidae Foreign grain N/I CSIRO 1990

(Waltl) beetle

Cylas formicarius Brentidae Sweet potato N/I Campbell

elegantulus (Summers) weevil 1968; CSIRO

1990

Cosmopolites sordidus Curculionidae Banana root Banana This study

(Germar) weevil /

banana weevil

borer

Diocalandra frumenti Curculionidae Palm weevil N/I Campbell

(F.) borer / lesser 1968; CSIRO

coconut weevil 1990

Sitophilus oryzae (L.) Curculionidae Rice weevil N/I Campbell

1968; CSIRO

1990

Xyleborus perforans Curculionidae Island pinhole N/I CSIRO 1990

(Wollaston) borer

DIPTERA

Ophiomyia phaseoli Agromyzidae Bean fly Vigna This study

(Tryon) unguiculata

Bactrocera albistrigata Tephritidae Fruit fly CUE trap This study

(de Meijere)*

Bactrocera arecae Tephritidae Betel-nut fly Sweeping This study

(Hardy & Adachi)* lime tree

Bactrocera cucurbitae Tephritidae Melon fly CUE trap Campbell

(Coquillett) 1968; this

study

Bactrocera papayae Tephritidae Papaya fruit ME trap Drew and

Drew & Hancock fly / Asian Hancock

papaya fruit 1994; this

fly study

Bactrocera umbrosa Tephritidae Breadfruit fly ME trap This study

(F.)

LEPIDOPTERA T

Plutella xylostella (L.) Plutellidae Cabbage moth — N/I Campbell

/ diamondback 1968; CSIRO

moth 1990

Diaphania indica Pyralidae Cucumber N/I Campbell

(Saunders) moth 1968; CSIRO

1990

Hymenia recurvalis (F.) Pyralidae Beet webworm N/I CSIRO 1990

Nacoleia octasema Pyralidae Banana scab N/I CSIRO 1990

(Meyrick) moth

Achaea janata (L.) Noctuidae Castor oil N/I CSIRO 1990

looper

98 Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3)

Chrysodeixis eriosoma Noctuidae Looper N/I Campbell

(Doubelday) 1968; CSIRO

1990

Eudocima (= Othreis) Noctuidae Fruitpiercing N/I Campbell

materna (L.) moth 1968; CSIRO

1990

Eudocima (= Othreis) Noctuidae Fruitpiercing N/I Campbell

fullonia (Clerck) moth 1968; CSIRO

1990; this

study

Helicoverpa armigera Noctuidae Cotton N/I CSIRO 1990

(Hiibner) bollworm /

corn earworm /

tobacco

budworm

Helicoverpa assulta Noctuidae Cape N/I CSIRO 1990

(Guenée) gooseberry

budworm

Spodoptera litura (F.) Noctuidae Cluster N/I Campbell

caterpillar 1968; CSIRO

1990

Spodoptera mauritia Noctuidae Lawn N/I Campbell

(Boisduval) armyworm 1968; CSIRO

1990

Hyblaea puera Cramer Hyblaeidae Moth N/I Campbell

1968; CSIRO

1990

Papilio memnon L. Papilionidae Christmas N/I Braby 2000;

swallowtail Lime Moulds and

Humphrey

2000; this

study

HYMENOPTERA

Anoplolepis gracilipes Formicidae Crazy ant N/I CSIRO 1990;

(Fr. Smith) this study

Monomorium floricola Formicidae Ant N/I CSIRO 1990

(Jerdon)

Monomorium latinode Formicidae Ant N/I CSIRO 1990

Mayr

Monomorium pharaonis Formicidae Pharaoh’s ant N/I Donisthorpe

(L.) 1935

Ochetellus glaber Formicidae Black house N/I CSIRO 1990

(Mayr) ant

Paratrechina Formicidae Ant N/I CSIRO 1990

bourbonica (Forel)

Paratrechina Formicidae Hairy ant N/I CSIRO 1990

longicornis (Latreille)

Paratrechina minitula Formicidae Ant N/I CSIRO 1990

(Forel)

Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3)

Pheidole megacephala

(F.)

Solenopsis geminata

(F.)

Tapinoma

melanocephalum (F.)

Technomyrmex albipes

(Fr. Smith)

Tetramorium

bicarinatum (Nylander)

Tetramorium insolens

(Fr. Smith)

Tetramorium

lanuginosum Mayr

Tetramorium pacificum

Mayr

Tetramorium

simillimum (Fr. Smith)

Formicidae

Coastal brown

ant / Madeira

ant

Ginger ant /

tropical fire

ant

Ghost ant

Whitefooted

house ant /

black

household ant

Ant

N/I

*New record for Australia but thus far restricted to Christmas Island.

CSIRO 1990

Table 2. Pest insects recorded from the Cocos (Keeling) Is. (N/I = no information).

Species

ORTHOPTERA

Locusta migratoria (L.)

Nomadacris guttulosa

(Walker)

HEMIPTERA

Aphis gossypii Glover

Pentalonia

nigronervosa Coquerel

Rhopalosiphum maidis

(Fitch)

Ceroplastes rubens

Maskell

?Icerya sp.

Ferrisia virgata

(Cockerell)

Saccharicoccus

sacchari (Cockerell)

Nezara viridula (F.)

Family

Acrididae

Aphididae

Coccidae

Margarodidae

Pseudococcidae

Pentatomidae

Common name

Migratory

locust

Spur-throated

locust

Cotton aphid /

melon aphid

Banana aphid

Corn aphid

Pink wax scale

Cushion scale

Striped

mealybug

Pink sugarcane

mealybug

Green vegetable

bug

Collected

from

N/I

Chromolaena

odorata

N/I

Thuarea

involuta

Syzygium

aqueum

Lime

Tomato

Sugarcane

N/I

Source

Campbell

1966

Campbell

1966

This study

Campbell

1966

This study

Campbell

1966

100

COLEOPTERA

Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3)

Oryctes rhinoceros (L.) Scarabaeidae Coconut Coconut Campbell

rhinoceros 1966; this

beetle study

Agrilus marmoreus Buprestidae Jewel beetle Lime Campbell

Deyrolle 1966

Cosmopolites sordidus Curculionidae Banana root Banana This study

(Germar) weevil / banana

weevil borer

Diocalandra frumenti Curculionidae Palm weevil Coconut Campbell

(F.) borer / lesser 1966

coconut weevil

Dermestes ater De Geer Dermestidae Hide beetle N/I Campbell

1966

LEPIDOPTERA

Achaea janata (L.) Noctuidae Castor oil N/I Campbell

looper 1966

Chrysodeixis eriosoma Noctuidae Looper N/I Campbell

(Doubelday) 1966

Helicoverpa armigera Noctuidae Cotton N/I Campbell

(Hübner) bollworm / 1966

corn earworm /

tobacco

budworm

Spodoptera litura (F.) Noctuidae Cluster N/I Campbell

caterpillar 1966

Spodoptera mauritia Noctuidae Lawn N/I Campbell

(Biosduval) armyworm 1966

HYMENOPTERA

Anoplolepis gracilipes Formicidae Crazy ant N/I Campbell

(Fr. Smith) 1966; this

study

Paratrechina Formicidae Hairy ant N/I Campbell

longicornis (Latreille) 1966

Solenopsis geminata Formicidae Ginger ant / N/I Campbell

(F.) tropical fire ant 1966; this

study

Discussion

Both Christmas I. and the Cocos (Keeling) Is contain a range of insect pests,

many of which are tropicopolitan and are known to be spread by commerce.

Some of these, for example crazy ant (O’Dowd er al. 1999), are causing

considerable damage to the environment. The presence of a number of pest

species that are not present on mainland Australia provides support for the

current placement of quarantine restrictions between these islands and the

mainland.

One can only speculate on how, when, whence and by whom or what the

incursions were made. History and geographical location - early British

Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3) 101

settlement, Asian labour, Asian and Australian administration and trade,

Japanese wartime occupation of Christmas I., British military presence on

Cocos (Keeling) Is and proximity to Indonesia, especially of Christmas I. -

have undoubtedly been important factors in determining the exotic biotic

composition of the islands. Significantly, all the pest species recorded are also

known from southeast Asia, which suggests the likelihood that this region is

the source of the majority of the pest species now present on Christmas I. at

least. Insect adventives can reach an island environment by direct flight,

aerial dispersal by wind, parasitism or phoresy and by drift, boat or airplane,

with or without carriage on/in plant material or by human or animal agency.

Many of the adults of pest species listed are known to have excellent powers

of flight. Small, lightweight insects, both apterous and alate, such as aphids

and first instar crawlers of Coccoidea are commonly dispersed by wind (e.g.

Loxdale et al. 1993, Willard 1974). The carriage over long distances as aerial

plankton of leafhoppers (Cicadellidae) has been recorded (Ghauri 1983) and

transport of Coccoidea by birds and bats (Lever 1969) is also possible.

However, arrival on or in plant material is likely to have been the most

common method of entry of many of the species listed. Relatively immobile

or apterous species, immatures and those species obligately or closely

associated with their host plants, e.g. Coccoidea, are more likely to have

arrived as contaminants of imported food or plant material. Fruit-infesting

species such as tephritid fruit flies are commonly transported as larvae in

fruit. All of the fruit fly species found on Christmas I. are known to breed in

fruit likely to have been imported from southeast Asia (Allwood et al. 1999),

although it is surprising that another major pest species of fruit fly present in

southeast Asia, B. carambolae Drew & Hancock, was not also detected.

Successful establishment of the adventives would be largely determined by

environmental factors and host availability.

The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), has not been

detected on these islands despite intensive bait trapping. This fly is common

in Perth from where host fruit is imported to both Christmas and the Cocos

(Keeling) Is. Its absence on these islands suggests that fruit inspection

protocols prior to or after importation are effective and/or these islands do not

offer suitable habitat for this fly. The absence of fruit flies from the Cocos

(Keeling) Is may be due to environmental or host availability factors but is

more likely because these islands do not import host fruit material from

southeast Asia.

Acknowledgements

This survey was funded by the Department of Territories and we thank them

for their logistical assistance in organising the survey. We thank Andras Szito,

AgWA and Kim Pullen, ANIC for the loan of material from their respective

collections. Staff of Parks Australia are acknowledged for their logistical

102 Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3)

assistance on the islands. Andrew Mitchell, Matthew Weinert and John

Curran assisted with collection of insects and Angela Profke provided

technical assistance with curation of specimens.

References

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Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3): 103-106 103

NOTES ON THE LIFE HISTORY OF PAPILIO AMYNTHOR

AMPHIARAUS C. & R. FELDER (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONIDAE)

FROM NORFOLK ISLAND

S.S. BROWN!, C.E. MEYER? and R.P. WEIR?

119 Kimberley Drive, Bowral, NSW 2576

?10 Anne Clark Avenue, Nicholls, ACT 2913

3] Longwood Avenue, Leanyer, NT 0812

Abstract

Additional life history notes on Papilio amynthor amphiaraus C. & R. Felder from Norfolk

Island are presented and the immature stages illustrated for the first time.

Introduction

Two subspecies of Papilio amynthor Boisduval have been recognised

(Hancock 1983). P. a. amynthor Boisduval is known from New Caledonia

and the nearby Loyalty Islands (Holloway and Peters 1976), while P. a.

amphiaraus C. & R. Felder [= P. ilioneus Donovan] occurs on Norfolk Island

(Smithers 1970).

The life history of P. a. amynthor is unrecorded. Holloway and Peters (1976)

made no mention of the early stages, although they stated that ‘it frequents

citrus in cultivated areas and forest margins.’

The life history of P. a. amphiaraus was discussed briefly by Smithers (1970,

as P. ilioneus), who noted the variation in colour of the final instar larva and

recorded Citrus limon (lemon: Rutaceae) and Zanthoxylum pinnatum (Little

yellow-wood: Rutaceae) as larval host plants.

In January 2003, all immature stages of P. a. amphiaraus were found on

cultivated citrus growing in gardens on Norfolk Island. Further details of the

life history were observed and are presented below.

Life history

Foodplant. Citrus limon (Rutaceae).

Egg (Fig. 1). Spherical, cream-yellow and smooth; 1.8 mm in diameter.

First instar larva (Fig. 2). Length 4 mm. Head dark brown to black;

prothoracic spines dark brown and dark cream posteriorly; body dark brown

with black dorsal spines on abdominal segments; pale white dorsal saddle on

abdominal segments 1-4; whitish dorsal stripe on abdominal segment 8; anal

segment with spines white above a yellowish orange dorsal stripe.

Second and third instar larvae (Fig. 3). Length 6-15 mm. Head mid brown to

beige; prothoracic horns well developed and pale orange; thoracic segment

humped and dark brown; abdominal segments 1-3 with white saddle; anal

segment with small orange horns; greenish spiracular stripe edged below with

a white stripe; spiracles black.

104 Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3)

Figs 1-7. Papilio amynthor amphiaraus, immature stages. (1) egg; (2) first instar

larva; (3) late third instar larva; (4) fourth instar larva; (5-6) final instar larval colour

forms; (7) pupa. Scale bars: Figs 1-2 = 2 mm; Figs 3-7 = 1 cm.

Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3) 105

Figs 8-11. Papilio amynthor amphiaraus, upper and undersides of adults. (8, 10)

male; (9, 11) female.

Fourth instar larva (Fig. 4). Length 32-40 mm. Head pale brown; body

variable mottled green, brown and cream with prothoracic and anal horns

yellow; distinctive black collar around abdominal segment 1; a distinctive

pair of black stripes starting ventrally on abdominal segment 4 and

broadening dorsolaterally on abdominal segment 5; white subspiracular stripe

with distinctive black stripes above on abdominal segments 6 and 9; anal

plate translucent green.

Final instar larva (Figs 5-6). Length 58-61 mm. Head pale brown with

whitish-grey inverted Y edged with thin black lines; body variable but

generally occurring in two colour forms. Form 1 (Fig. 5) has the body mottled

green and yellowish cream, with distinctive brown and black collar on

abdominal segment 1; body smooth with small horns on the anal segment and

prothoracic plate varying in colour from green to pale orange; a distinctive

pair of mottled black and white stripes starting ventrally on abdominal

segment 4 and broadening dorsolaterally to abdominal segment 5; abdominal

segments sometimes marked ventrally with brown; white subspiracular stripe

106 Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3)

with distinctive black stripes above on abdominal segments 6 and 9; anal

plate black. Form 2 (Fig. 6) has the body mottled dark green to pale green;

distinctive white collar edged with thin black lines on abdominal segment 1;

body smooth with small green horns on the anal segment and prothoracic

plate; a distinctive pair of mottled brown and white stripes starting ventrally

on abdominal segment 4 and broadening dorsolaterally to abdominal segment

5; white subspiracular stripe lined above with a thin black line thickening

towards anal segments; anal plate dark brown to black.

Pupa (Fig. 7). Length 38-41 mm. Slight variation in colouring (n = 4) but

generally brown with white to green chevron bilaterally on the thoracic lateral

projections and extending to the wing cases; head with two anterior

projections; thorax with dorsal projection; dorsal abdominal segments brown

and ventral abdominal segments green; attached by the cremaster and

supported by a silken girdle.

Discussion

As is typical of the genus, eggs were found on young foliage and older larvae

occurred on all leaf stages of the food plant. Adults (Figs 8-11) were present

but uncommon, with most found flying in areas of dense forest adjacent to

creeks or, occasionally, in suburban gardens. Adult females were a deeper

brown with the yellow areas much more orange than those illustrated

previously (Braby 2000, D’Abrera 1990), although this may merely represent

seasonal colour variation.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Mr Nicholas Brown for preparing the colour

plates and Dr Michael Braby for his advice on relevant references.

References

BRABY, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution.

CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne; xxvii + 976 pp.

D’ABRERA, B. 1990. Butterflies of the Australia Region. 3rd Edition. Hill House, Melbourne;

416 pp.

HANCOCK, D.L. 1983. Princeps aegeus (Donovan) and its allies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae):

systematics, phylogeny and biogeography. Australian Journal of Zoology 31: 771-797.

HOLLOWAY, J.D. and PETERS, J.V. 1976. The butterflies of New Caledonia and the Loyalty

Islands. Journal of Natural History 10: 273-318.

SMITHERS, C.N. 1970. Norfolk Island butterflies. Australian Entomological Press, Greenwich;

24 pp.

Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3): 107-109 107

THE FIRST AUSTRALIAN RECORD OF CEPHRENES MOSELEYI

(BUTLER) (LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERIIDAE) FROM TORRES

STRAIT, QUEENSLAND

TREVOR A. LAMBKIN! and A. IAN KNIGHT?

! Entomology Building, Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 80 Meiers

Road, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068 (Email: Trevor.Lambkin(a)dpi.gld.gov.au)

770 Exton Road, Exton, Tas 7303

Abstract

Cephrenes moseleyi (Butler) is newly recorded from Saibai and Dauan Islands, Torres Strait,

Queensland. Male and female specimens are illustrated, the species’ identification discussed and

field observations provided.

Introduction

The genus Cephrenes Waterhouse & Lyell is a predominately tropical group

of skipper butterflies that occurs throughout the Indo-Australian Region, from

India to the Philippines, the Moluccas, New Guinea, Australia and the

Solomon Islands (Parsons 1998). Parsons (1998) showed that Cephrenes

contains eight species, of which two are presently known to occur in Australia

(Lyons 1999, Braby 2000) and five are recorded from Papua New Guinea

(Parsons 1998).

Most Cephrenes are robust insects with orange and black markings and are

fast flyers (Parsons 1998). The adults can be confused with those of other

closely related genera, in particular Telicota Moore and Sabera Swinhoe, but

can be distinguished from these by the absence of a sex brand in the male, the

antennae being about half the length of the forewing costa, the apical segment

of the labial palpus being very short and stout and the forewing vein CuA;

arising nearer to the cell base than to its apex (Parsons 1998). Male genitalia

structures of Cephrenes are also distinctive (Parsons 1998).

The life histories of the two species that occur in Australia are well known

(Lyons 1999, Braby 2000), the other six species much less so (Parsons 1998).

All Cephrenes are known or suspected to feed on palms (Arecaceae).

In 2001, a series of skippers was collected on Saibai and Dauan Islands in the

northern sector of Torres Strait, Queensland and these resembled a Cephrenes

species previously unrecorded from Australia (Braby 2000). Using the

taxonomic key and genitalia illustration in Evans (1949) and illustrations in

Parsons (1998), these specimens have now been identified as C. moseleyi

(Butler). In this paper, the identification of this species is discussed, both

sexes are illustrated and field observations are provided.

Depository abbreviations are: CEMC - collection of C.E. Meyer, Canberra;

TLIKC - joint collections of T.A. Lambkin and A.I. Knight, Brisbane; SSBC

- collection of S.S. Brown, Bowral.

108 Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3) |

we we

Figs 1-2. Cephrenes moseleyi (Butler). (1) male: upperside [left], underside [right],

forewing length 19 mm, Saibai Island, 19.iv.2001, A.I. Knight (TLIKC); (2) female:

upperside [left], underside [right], forewing length 21 mm, Dauan Island, 13.iv.2001,

A.I. Knight (TLIKC).

Cephrenes moseleyi (Butler)

(Figs 1-2)

Material examined. QUEENSLAND: 1 ©’, Saibai Island, Torres Strait, 19.iv.2001,

A.I. Knight (in TLIKC); 1 O', Saibai Island, Torres Strait, ex larva, emerged

28.iv.2001, C.E. Meyer (in CEMC); 2 99, Saibai Island, Torres Strait, 6.v.2001, A.I.

Knight (in TLIKC); 1 0’, Dauan Island, Torres Strait, 13-16.iv.2001, S.S. Brown (in

SSBC); 2 99, Dauan Island, Torres Strait, 13.iv.2001, 14.v.2001, A.I. Knight (in

TLIKC).

Comments. Cephrenes moseleyi resembles C. trichopepla (Lower) in

colouring but has a general shape closer to C. augiades (C. Felder). Evans

(1949) discerned two groups within the genus, based on the apical shape of

the uncus. The group containing C. trichopepla has the uncus tridentate while

the uncus from the group containing C. augiades and C. moseleyi is bidentate.

Furthermore, C. moseleyi is larger than the other two Australian species, the

upperside forewing dark border of both sexes is solid and the valvae are

symmetrical and deeply excavate at the ends (Evans 1949). All specimens

examined showed little variation and were as in Figures 1-2. Parsons (1998)

reported that C. moseleyi occurs widely across the Papua New Guinea

mainland and on many of the PNG island groups, including Bougainville. He

described it as being generally rare but occasionally common frequenting

areas where its primary host, Cocos nucifera (coconut palm), grows. Its

appearance on Saibai and Dauan Islands is not surprising considering the

islands’ proximity to the southern Papuan coastline (five and ten kilometres

respectively) and the widespread occurrence of Cocos nucifera throughout

the region.

Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3) 109

Field observations

All specimens of C. moseleyi from Saibai and Dauan were collected in the

vine scrub / mangrove transitional zones that occur widely on both islands.

Within this particular vegetation zone Cocos nucifera grows commonly. Both

sexes of C. moseleyi were observed throughout the day, most often flying low

to the ground with a typical rapid and jerky flight in sunlit glades, where they

frequently settled on mangrove foliage or branches. They were also collected

flying around blossom (S.S. Brown, personal communication). C.E. Meyer

(personal communication) found a mature larva of C. moseleyi on Saibai

feeding on the foliage of a juvenile Cocos nucifera close to the water’s edge.

His description of the larva matched the illustration of the larva of C.

moseleyi in Parsons (1998).

Acknowledgements

We thank the local community councils of Saibai and Dauan Islands for their

cooperation during the time spent on their islands. S.S. Brown and C.E.

Meyer provided their material for examination and their notes on field

observations. J.S. Bartlett gave valuable assistance with preparation of the

colour plate.

References

BRABY, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution.

CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria; xx + 976 pp.

EVANS, W.H. 1949. A catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia and Australia in the

British Museum. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London; xix + 502 pp, 53

pls.

LYONS, K.A. 1999. The palm darts, Cephrenes augiades and C. trichopepla (Hesperiidae). Pp

105-114, in: Kitching, R.L., Scheermeyer, T., Jones, R.E. and Pierce, N.E. (eds), Biology of

Australian butterflies. Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera, Vol. 6. CSIRO Publishing,

Collingwood, Victoria; xvi + 395 pp.

PARSONS, M.J. 1998. The butterflies of Papua New Guinea: their systematics and biology.

Academic Press, London; xvi + 736 pp, xxvi + 136 pls.

110 Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3)

A RANGE EXTENSION FOR PROTOGRAPHIUM LEOSTHENES

LEOSTHENES (DOUBLEDAY) (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONIDAE)

IN SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA

S.S. BROWN

19 Kimberley Drive, Bowral, NSW 2576

Abstract

Protographium leosthenes leosthenes (Doubleday) is recorded from Bowral in the Southern

Highlands of New South Wales.

Introduction

In Australia, Protographium leosthenes leosthenes (Doubleday) is known

from Moa Island in Torres Strait (Common and Waterhouse 1981) and from

Cape York in Queensland to the Manning River in New South Wales (Braby

2000). Isolated vagrant specimens have been collected or sighted outside this

range over the past 100 years at Sandy Hollow near Muswellbrook (R.P.

Mayo, in Braby 2000), Sydney (Rainbow 1907, Waterhouse and Lyell 1914,

Waterhouse 1932) and Bulli in 1963 (E.D. Edwards, in Braby 2000).

Discussion

A worn female of P. l. leosthenes was collected on 1 February 2004 at

Bowral, in the Southern Highlands of New South Wales, as it fed on blossom

of Buddleia sp. in my garden. Specimens of Graphium eurypylus (Linnaeus),

Appias paulina (Cramer) and Catopsilia pomona (Fabricius) were flying and

feeding on the same bush. The latter three species are regular migrant visitors

to this area, usually in January and February. This record extends the

distribution of P. I. leosthenes to the south-west by some 40 kilometres. It is

an interesting record given the altitude of 640 metres at the capture site.

Acknowledgement

The author would like to thank his long-suffering wife Tristy, who kindly

witnessed this event.

References

BRABY, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution.

CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne; xxvii + 976 pp.

COMMON, LF.B. and WATERHOUSE, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Angus &

Robertson, Sydney; xiv + 682 pp, 49 pls.

RAINBOW, W.J. 1907. A guide to the study of Australian butterflies. T.C. Lothian, Melbourne;

271 pp.

WATERHOUSE, G.A. 1932. What butterfly is that? Angus & Robertson, Sydney; 291 pp, 32

pls.

WATERHOUSE, G.A. and LYELL, G. 1914. The butterflies of Australia. Angus & Robertson,

Sydney; 239 pp.

Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3): 111-118 111

DESCRIPTION OF A SECOND SPECIES OF GNATHOTHLIBUS

WALLENGREN (LEPIDOPTERA: SPHINGIDAE) FROM

AUSTRALIA

R.B. LACHLAN

Entomology Department, Australian Museum, 6 College St, Sydney, NSW 2010

Abstract

Gnathothlibus australiensis sp. n. is described and figured from Torres Strait, eastern

Queensland and the Northern Territory, Australia. Characters are provided to distinguish it from

the sympatric G. erotus (Cramer) and the allied G. vanuatuensis Lachlan & Moulds.

Introduction

Only one species of Gnathothlibus Wallengren, G. erotus eras (Boisduval),

has been recorded previously from the Australian mainland. D’Abrera (1987)

recorded it from Australia eastwards to Tahiti. An undescribed species,

similar to but clearly different in the males from G. erotus (Cramer), has been

collected on Dauan Island in northern Torres Strait and in small numbers

along the Queensland coast from Cape York south to Julatten, 60 km NW of

Cairns. A single male is known also from Cooloola, near Gympie in SE Qld.

Two males have been collected in the Northern Territory, one from Darwin

and one from Oenpelli, 240 km to the east. The only specimen thought to be

the possible female of this new species is from Brisbane. Placement of this

new species in Gnathothlibus complies with the wing colouration and the

generic diagnosis given by D’ Abrera (1987).

Gnathothlibus australiensis sp. n.

(Figs 1-3, 8)

Types. Holotype &', QUEENSLAND: Lizard Island, 93 km NNE of Cooktown, Nth

Qld, 6.xii.2002, R.B. Lachlan (in Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO,

Canberra [ANIC]). Paratypes: 1 &', Dauan Is, 9 km S of PNG, 9°25’S, 142°32’E,

Torres Strait, 19.1.2004, A.I. Knight; 1 0’, upper Jardine River, Cape York Pen., N.

Qld, 11°19’S, 142°37’E, 22.x.1979, M.S. & B.J. Moulds; 1 ©”, upper Jardine River,

Cape York Pen., N. Qld, 11°17’S, 142°35’E, 23.x.1979, M.S. & B.J. Moulds; 1 0',

Jardine River, Cape York Pen., N. Qld, 11°08’S, 142°29’E, M.S. & B.J. Moulds; 3

o'd, 11°13’S, 142°23’E, Bridge Creek (Cape York), 19.xi.1992, at light, A. Calder,

P. Zborowski; 1 07, 11°41’S, 142°42’E, 14 km ENE Heathlands, Qld, 21.xi.1992, at

light, rainforest, P. Zborowski & A. Calder, ANIC genitalia slide 18520; 1 0',

11°58’S, 142°55’E, Harmer Creek, Qld, 22.v.1993, at light, riverine forest, P.

Zborowski; 1 0’, Cape York Pen., N.Q., Iron Range, 15.ix.1974, A. & M. Walford-

Huggins; 4 0'0', Iron Range, N. Qld, 2, 12.v.1975 & 2, 3.vi.1975, M.S. Moulds; 1 C,

old Lockhart River Mission, Cape York Pen., N. Qld, 24x.1974, M.S. Moulds; 1 C,

Lizard Island, 93 km NNE of Cooktown, Nth Qld, 13.xii.2002, R.B. Lachlan; 1 O',

Cooktown, 25.iv.1922 (Qld Museum, Reg. No. T 99173); 1 C, Julatten, near foothills

of Mt Lewis, N. Qld, .iii.1986, Hans Beste; 2 OC", Julatten, N. Qld, 14.xi.1979, M.S.

& B.J. Moulds; 1 0, ‘Camp Milo’, Cooloola, S.E.Q., E. Dahms, 3-13.iii.1970 (Qld

Museum, Reg. No. T 99174). NORTHERN TERRITORY: Paratypes: 1 0, Darwin,

N.T., 14.vi.1969, J.C. Le Souef; 1 07, 12°17’S, 133°13’E, Birraduk Creek, 18 km NE

112 Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3)

Oenpelli, N.T., 1.vi.1973, E.D. Edwards & M.S. Upton. (In ANIC, Queensland

Museum, Australian Museum, M. Moulds and RBL collections).

Other material examined. QUEENSLAND: 1 2, St. John's Wood, Brisbane, S.E.Q.,

x.1958, S. Deller (in Queensland Museum).

Description. Male (Figs 1-3). Antennae creamy-brown above, brown below;

palpi pinkish-brown above, contrasting white below; dorsal surface of head

and thorax uniform medium brown, abdomen slightly lighter brown; small

dark median spot on prothorax; thin lateral creamy-white stripe from base of

antenna to posterior of tegula. Thorax ventrally with whitish patch

immediately posterior to palpi, remainder light creamy-brown. Ventral area of

abdomen light pinkish-brown, with three or four lateral tiny black spots

surrounded by white. Fore tibiae covered in cream hair scales tinged with

pink distally; fore tarsi cream without long hair scales. Mid and hind tibiae

with cream hair scales, mid and hind tarsi cream with pinkish-brown distally.

Forewing upperside as in Fig. 1. Forewing length 33-38 mm, mean 35.7 mm

(n = 18). Ground colour brown (darker in fresh specimens) with faint, darker

markings; unicolorous in overall appearance in most specimens examined;

small black stigma with lighter centre barely visible at end of discal cell; a

narrow, inwardly oblique post median band runs from costa, where it is

curved distally, to inner margin; all other markings barely visible. Forewing

underside as in Fig. 2; basal half yellow-brown without markings; distal half

with brown ground colour lightly speckled with dark brown. Hindwing

upperside as in Fig. 1; ground colour orange; a slightly variable thin dark

brown terminal band from apex to tornus, thinnest at apex; little or no brown

scaling from inner margin of dark brown band basally along veins R, to CuA;.

Hindwing underside as in Fig. 2; ground colour light orange-brown; heavily

speckled with dark brown; orange-brown tornal patch between veins 1A+2A

and 3A.

Male genitalia (Fig. 8). Uncus in lateral view longish, slender, parallel sided,

clearly arched, distally enlarged with small dark pointed ventral tooth and

small pointed dorsal crest, distal vertical margin generally straightish; gnathos

in lateral view thin, straight, gradually tapering to a small, slightly upturned

point, in dorsal view gnathos is wide basally with a very slight incurve at

attachment point to tegumen, distally tapering to a rounded point with

straightish sides; valva slightly convex at ventral margin, dorsal margin

tending straight then slightly convex, distally rounded; sacculus process

robust, distal end dark, tapering to a thin, upturned sharp point, ventral

margin straightish basally; aedeagus in lateral view with distal end dark,

tapered to a short, small rounded apex with dorsal backward directed barb,

with a smaller ventral barb a little proximad of dorsal barb.

Female. Not known with certainty. A specimen which may belong here is

illustrated in Figs 6-7.

Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3)

Figs 1-2. Gnathothlibus australiensis, holotype male. (1) upperside; (2) underside.

114 Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3)

Figs 3-5. Gnathothlibus spp., males. (3) G. australiensis holotype, fore tarsi and tibia.

(4-5) G. vanuatuensis holotype: (4) upperside; (5) underside.

Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3)

Figs 6-7. Gnathothlibus sp., possible G. australiensis female. (6) upperside; (7)

underside.

116 Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3)

Figs 8-10. Gnathothlibus spp., male genitalia: a, uncus and gnathos (lateral view); b,

aedeagus (lateral view); c, gnathos (dorsal view). (8) G. australiensis; (9) G. erotus

eras; (10) G. vanuatuensis.

Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3) 117

Etymology. The specific name australiensis has been chosen to indicate the

provenance (Australia) of all known specimens.

Discussion

Gnathothlibus australiensis most closely resembles the common and

sympatric G. erotus eras, which occurs in Australia, Papua New Guinea,

Solomon Islands, New Caledonia and parts of the Pacific, and the allopatric

G. vanuatuensis Lachlan & Moulds (Figs 4-5), known only from Vanuatu

(Lachlan and Moulds 2003). G. australiensis is readily distinguished from G.

erotus eras by the complete absence of any long hair scales on the fore tarsi

and a clear reduction in length and thickness of the long hair scales covering

the fore tibiae in males. These foreleg characters are shared with G.

vanuatuensis. However, G. australiensis is noticeably smaller than both G.

erotus eras and G. vanuatuensis, particularly when compared in series. The

mean forewing length of G. australiensis is 35.7 mm (n = 18) and ranged

from 33-38 mm. In G. erotus eras the mean forewing length is 42 mm (n =

50) and ranged from 37-46 mm. In G. vanuatuensis the mean forewing length

is 40.7 mm (n = 58) and ranged from 37.5-44.3 mm. (Three abnormally small

G. vanuatuensis specimens, of 32.7, 33.8 and 35.3 mm, were taken at the end

of a long dry season in Vanuatu and were not included in the measurements).

The darker forewing markings tend to be less evident in G. australiensis,

giving a more unicolorous appearance than generally seen in G. erotus eras.

By contrast, G. vanuatuensis is usually strongly marked. The forewing termen

tends to be straighter in G. vanuatuensis than in both G. australiensis and G.

erotus eras, where it is almost always clearly more convex. On the hindwing

upperside of G. australiensis, there is very little or no brown scaling from the

inner margin of the thin, dark brown terminal band basally along veins R, to

CuA;; brown scaling along these veins is common and extensive in many

specimens in G. erotus eras. In G. vanuatuensis the degree of brown scaling

along these veins is variable. The thorax'of G. australiensis has, ventrally,

light creamy-brown pilosity; this is clearly browner in G. erotus eras and G.

vanuatuensis.

The male genitalia of G. australiensis (Fig. 8) differ from those of G. erotus

eras (Fig. 9) in lateral view in having a more arched uncus, distally less

enlarged with a more pointed dorsal crest and a slightly smaller, ventral tooth.

G. vanuatuensis (Fig. 10) differs from G. australiensis (Fig. 8) in lateral view

in having a slightly shorter, more robust uncus with a more prominent black

ventral tooth and less curved posterior dorsal margin on the uncus; this

posterior dorsal margin is evenly curved in G. australiensis. In lateral view

the gnathos distal point is less upturned than in G. erotus eras and G.

vanuatuensis. In dorsal view there is only a small incurve on each side at

attachment point to tegumen, the incurve being more distinct in G. erotus

eras. The gnathos is narrower and tapers distally to a clearly more rounded

point in G. australiensis than in G. erotus eras or G. vanuatuensis. The

118 Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3)

sacculus process in G. australiensis tends to be slightly more needle-like

distally and not so upturned as seen in G. erotus eras; its ventral margin is

straightish basally, the margin being slightly, but clearly, convex in G. erotus

eras and G. vanuatuensis. In G. australiensis the aedeagus, in lateral view,

tapers to a clearly shorter apex than seen in either G. erotus eras or G.

vanuatuensis.

It is surprising, given the morphological differences seen in males of G.

australiensis, that it has not been possible to find with certainty females

which are in any way consistently distinct from those of G. erotus eras,

despite examining large numbers of females from Australia and Papua New

Guinea. In Australia, females of G. erotus eras tend to be about 1.4 times

larger than males. Applying this formula to the known males of G.

australiensis, it is expected that the mean forewing length of females would

be about 41 mm, with a range of 35-46 mm. Only nine small G. erotus eras

females have been found to fit inside this range, the two smallest having

forewing lengths of 36.5 mm (Figs 6-7) and 39.5 mm.

The genitalia were not examined from the specimen illustrated in Figs 6-7 as

the abdomen had collapsed inwards. It is, however, the smallest female

known to the author and does display the unicolorous, poorly marked

forewings normally seen in the males. The genitalia of numerous females of

all sizes were examined but, given the closeness of the two species and the

individual variation encountered, the only constant difference seen in two of

the small specimens was a longer and narrower lamella postvaginalis (Ted

Edwards, pers. comm.). More small females will need to be found and

dissected, particularly from Cape York Peninsula where all but four of the

known males were collected, to see if this character is constant or is only an

extreme variation. The biology of G. australiensis is unknown.

Acknowledgements

I sincerely thank Dr Chris Burwell (Queensland Museum, Brisbane), Dr Max Moulds

(Australian Museum, Sydney) and Ted Edwards (ANIC, Canberra) for the loan of

specimens. Ted Edwards also dissected specimens and provided advice plus valuable

notes and drawings on the genitalia. I also thank Dr Ian Kitching (The Natural History

Museum, London) for his advice and comments on various species of Gnathothlibus

in the NHM collection. I am also grateful to Jeff Wright and Geoff Thompson

(Queensland Museum) for preparing the photographs and genitalia illustrations

respectively. My wife, Deborah Lachlan, typed the manuscript.

References

D’ABRERA, B. [1987]. Sphinigidae Mundi, hawk moths of the world. Based on a checklist by

Alan Hayes and the collection in the British Museum (Natural History). E.W. Classey,

Faringdon; ix + 226 pp.

LACHLAN, R.B. and MOULDS, M.S. 2003. A second new species of Gnathothlibus

Wallengren (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from Vanuatu. Australian Entomologist 30(3): 115-122.

Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3): 119-121 119

A NEW SPECIES OF ACUPICTA ELIOT (LEPIDOPTERA:

LYCAENIDAE) FROM SULAWESI, INDONESIA

CHRIS J. MULLER

Indochina Goldfields, Ikh Zasag Urgun Chuluu, Sukhbaatar District, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia

(address for correspondence: PO Box 3228, Dural, NSW 2158)

Abstract

Acupicta jeffreyi sp. n. is described and figured from Sulawesi and genus Acupicta Eliot is

recorded from Indonesia for the first time.

Introduction

The genus Acupicta Eliot has a curious, very intermittent known distribution,

from northern India to the Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea.

Eliot (1973) erected Acupicta for the type species, A. delicatum (de Nicéville)

from India, and A. bubases Hewitson from Malaysia, placing this and the

genus Catapaecilma Butler into his tribe Catapaecilmatini. Eliot (1974) later

descibed A. flemingi Eliot from a single male taken in the Genting Highlands,

Malay Peninsula, as well as a similar species, A. meeki Eliot from New

Hanover and mainland Papua New Guinea (Parsons 1998). More recently, A.

hainanicum Sugiyama and A. inopinatum Schroeder & Treadaway have been

described from Hainan, China (Sugiyama 1992) and Mindanao, Philippines

(Schroeder and Treadaway 1998), respectively.

The new species described here is highly distinctive and represents the first

record of the genus from Indonesia, although both A. bubases and A. flemingi

have been taken in Malaysian Borneo, at ‘Quop’, Sarawak and in Sabah,

respectively (Seki et al. 1991, Y. Seki pers. comm. 2003), suggesting that

these species might also occur in Kalimantan. No members of the tribe

Catapaecilmatini were recorded by Vane-Wright and de Jong (2003) in their

checklist of Sulawesi butterflies.

All known Acupicta species are exceedingly rare in collections, most being

represented by only one or two specimens taken at widely disjunct localities.

Acupicta jeffreyi sp. n.

(Figs 1-2)

Type. Holotype 9, INDONESIA: ~24 km south-west of Palopo, 900 m, central

Sulawesi, 8.ix.2003, C. J. Müller (in Australian Museum Collection, Sydney).

Description. Female (Figs 1-2). Forewing length 19 mm, antenna (length

undetermined as both clubs missing). Head grey with dense, light grey-brown

hair tufts; antenna (shaft and nudum only) finely ringed brown and cream;

labial palpus grey-brown, eyes smooth, narrowly ringed white. Thorax deep

grey-brown above with fine grey hairs, brown beneath; legs red-brown,

broadly ringed with cream. Abdomen grey-brown above, light brown beneath.

Forewing termen strongly convex, inner margin straight; above deep brown, a

120 Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3)

large bluish white median area extending from near inner margin to vein M3

and narrowly into cell, termen and apex narrowly striated ochreous brown,

cilia dark brown at cell ends, cream between; beneath ochreous brown,

intensely striated with dark brown, two rows of subterminal metallic silver-

blue striae, parallel to termen, an indistinct subapical dark brown band, more

defined towards termen and bound by metallic silver-blue spots, a similar

band in median area, offset towards termen below vein CuA,, subcostal area

with abundant metallic silver-blue spots. Hindwing distinctly toothed at vein

M; and with a ‘false’ tornus at vein 3A, with white-tipped tails at vein CuA,

(5 mm), CuA; (4 mm) and vein 1A + 2A (1.5 mm); above medium uniform

brown, termen with ochreous striations, tornus with margin metallic silver-

blue and with subterminal spots of similar colouring below vein CuAg, cilia

dark brown at vein ends, cream between; beneath ochreous brown with dense

fine dark brown striae, termen silver-blue at tornus with large black subtornal

spot between veins CuA, and CuA;, edged with silver-blue, row of silver blue

subterminal spots parallel to termen, postmedian row of silver-blue spots

swinging towards base near to costa, series of very irregular black and

metallic silver-blue spots in median and basal areas including arcuate pair

largely filled with black.

Male. Unknown.

Etymology. The new name honours the author's father, Jeffrey, who provided

financial support for research in Indonesia prior to 1999.

Comments. Acupicta jeffreyi sp. n. is distinctive in having an underside

pattern resembling that of A. bubases from Malaysia, but the black markings

are very finely striated and the obscure bands in the subapical and inner

margin areas of the forewing are straight, while in 4. bubases these bands are

offset toward the termen. The underside of A. inopinatum is less intricately

marked than in A. jeffreyi and the arcuate black and metallic silver markings

in the median area of the hindwing underside are almost touching, while in A.

Jeffreyi they are widely spaced. A. inopinatum bears a series of large brown

subapical spots on the hindwing underside, which are absent in A. jeffreyi.

Additionally, the hindwing upperside of A. jeffreyi does not bear a blue basal-

median patch as in A. inopinatum.

No biological information appears to have been published for the genus

Acupicta. The unique specimen of A. jeffreyi was notably inconspicuous as it

fluttered several metres above the ground in very dense lower montane

rainforest with little understory.

It is likely that known and undescribed Acupicta species will be discovered in

the intervening region between Sulawesi and mainland New Guinea. A

similar disjunctive distribution is known for the lycaenid genus Artipe

Boisduval.

Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3) 121

Figs 1-2. Acupicta jeffreyi sp. n., holotype female. (1) upperside; (2) underside. Scale

bar = 5 mm.

Acknowledgements

The author wishes to thank John Tennent (London) for providing relevant

literature and Vicki Savvas, who acted as research assistant while in

Indonesia. Mr Yasuo Seki kindly provided distributional information on

Acupicta in Borneo.

References

ELIOT, J.N. 1973. The higher classification of the Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera): a tentative

arrangement. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology 28(6): 373-505.

ELIOT, J.N. 1974. A new lycaenid butterfly from west Malaysia, and an allied species from

Papua New Guinea. Malayan Nature Journal 28(2): 110-112.

PARSONS, M.J. 1998. The butterflies of Papua New Guinea; their systematics and biology.

Academic Press, London; xvi + 736 pp, xxvi + 136 pls.

SCHROEDER, H.G. and TREADAWAY, C.G. 1998. On the study of Lycaenidae from the

Philippines (Lepidoptera). Entomologische Zeitschrift 108(5): 204-208.

SEKI, Y., TAKANAMI, Y. and OTSUKA, K. 1991. Lycaenidae. Butterflies of Borneo 2(1): i-x,

1-139. Tokyo.

SUGIYAMA, H. 1992. New butterflies from west-China, including Hainan. Pallarge 1: 1-19.

VANE-WRIGHT, R.I. and de JONG, R. 2003. The butterflies of Sulawesi: annotated checklist

for a critical island fauna. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden 343: 3-267, figs 1-14, pls 1-16.

122 Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3)

A NOTE ON THE PUBLICATION DATE OF ‘THE BUTTERFLIES

OF PAPUA NEW GUINEA .. BY M.J. PARSONS

W. JOHN TENNENT

Biogeography and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Entomology,

The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK

Abstract

The date of publication of M.J. Parsons’ ‘The butterflies of Papua New Guinea: their systematics

and biology’ is shown to be October 1998, not 1999 as indicated by the copyright citation in the

book.

Discussion

Michael Parsons’ recent book, The butterflies of Papua New Guinea: their

systematics and biology, published by Academic Press in London is, and will surely

remain, the standard work on Papua New Guinea butterflies for the foreseeable future.

Since publication it has been cited in a number of entomological papers in the

specialist press and it will not have escaped notice that the year of publication has

been cited as both ‘1999’ and ‘1998’, in approximately equal measure.

The reason for this disparity is easily explained. On one hand, the Academic Press

and is given as such in the book. On the other hand, the volume was available for

purchase by the public in 1998; for example, it was available in the bookshop of The

Natural History Museum, London, in October 1998. Since there are no new taxa

described in the book, a precise date of publication may be considered of little more

than passing interest, but it does contain a number of ‘taxonomic acts’, including what

amounts to revision of several butterfly groups. The actual date of publication is

therefore potentially important. In view of the time that can be spent in researching

the actual publication date of ‘historic’ scientific works, it is considered useful to

resolve this issue now.

The commissioning editor for the volume was Andrew Richford, formerly of

Academic Press and now of Elsevier, who has been most helpful in discussing

publication of the book. He confirms that the actual release date was 15 October 1998

and this date may be used to establish taxonomic precedence. The copyright date of

1999 follows common commercial practice, whereby books published late in the year

are copyrighted to the year following to ensure maximum promotional exposure and

optimum listing by dealers as a ‘new’ publication. The copyright date is used in all

formal bibliographical references and, in the opinion of Andrew Richford, is the

correct citation of this publication.

There is some potential for confusion here and, since it is inescapable that the actual

publication date of the book was October 1998, it is suggested that future citations for

this volume should be either ‘1998’ or ‘1999 (1998)’.

Reference

PARSONS, M.J. 1998. The butterflies of Papua New Guinea: their systematics and biology.

Academic Press, London; xvi + 736 pp, xxvi + 136 pls.

Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3): 123-130 123

A NEW SPECIES OF ANTHERAEA HUBNER (LEPIDOPTERA:

SATURNIIDAE) FROM EAST TIMOR

M.D. LANE!, S. NAUMANN? and D.A. LANE?

12 Biwa Close, St Clair, NSW 2759

?Potsdamer Strasse 71, 10785 Berlin, Germany

33 Janda Street, Atherton, Old 4883

Abstract

Antheraea lorosae sp. n. is described and figured from East Timor and compared with closely

related species from the Sunda Shelf of Indonesia: A. raffrayi Bouvier from Bali and Java, A.

ranakaensis Paukstadt et al. from Flores, A. sumbawaensis Brechlin from Sumbawa and a

population of an (as yet) undescribed species from Alor. Male genitalia of these closely related

species, all in the frithi subgroup of the mylitta/frithi group (a complex around A. platessa

Rothschild), are figured for comparision.

Introduction

Very little is known about the Saturniidae of Timor. Rothschild (1895) first

described Attacus dohertyi Rothschild from that island and a further 100

years elapsed before additional species were recorded. Late last century,

representatives of the genera Cricula Walker, Actias Leach and Samia

Hiibner were recorded, although these new species were described from the

nearby island of Flores. To date, no representatives of the genus Antheraea

Hiibner were known from Timor, until one of us (MDL) collected two male

specimens in East Timor while engaged on a UN mission in 2002. A further

eleven males and a single female were collected in January 2004, following a

visit by two of us (DAL and MDL). After comparison with related species,

noticeable pattern differences, coupled with its unique genitalic structures, led

us to have no hesitation in describing this species as new.

Antheraea lorosae sp. n.

(Figs 1-5)

Types. Holotype d, EAST TIMOR: Bobanaro, 9?00'40"S, 125?21'49"E, 970 m,

24.x.2002, M.D. Lane, genitalia no. 913/03 Naumann, ex coll. D.A. Lane (in

Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra). Paratypes: 1 9, 8 00", same data as

holotype, but 16, 17, 18, 20.1.2004, D.A. & M.D. Lane (in coll. D.A. Lane, Atherton);

Naumann, 3 O'C', same data as holotype, but 17, 21.1.2004, D.A. & M.D. Lane (in

coll. Stefan Naumann, Berlin).

Description. Male (Figs 1-2). Forewing length (centre of thorax to apex) 69-

75 mm. Antenna ochreous brown, 9.5 mm long; longest rami 2.7 mm,

quadripectinate; apical 1.8 mm with very short rami, bipectinate. Head brown,

collum greyish. Ground colour of wings, thorax and abdomen ochreous

brown. Forewing with costa straight for basal three quarters, then sharply

bowed to apex; apex quite sharply falcate; termen strongly convex below

apex, nearly straight towards tornus; tornus rounded; dorsum straight. Dorsum

and lower termen approximately square.

Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3)

Figs 1-2. Antheraea lorosae sp. n., holotype male. (1) upperside; (2) underside.

Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3)

Figs 3-4. Antheraea lorosae sp. n., paratype female. (3) upperside; (4) underside.

126 Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3)

Figs 5-8. Antheraea species, male genitalia. (5) A. lorosae paratype, genitalia no.

867/03 Naumann; (6) A. ranakaensis paratype, genitalia no. 868/03 Naumann; (7)

Antheraea sp. from Alor I., genitalia no. CBH-0364; (8) A. schroederi paratype,

genitalia no. 870/03 Naumann.

Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3) 127

Hindwing with termen rounded, tornus bowed, dorsum straight. Forewing

with proximal two thirds of costa grey, apical part in ground colour.

Antemedian and median areas of forewing in ground colour, an antemedian

band barely visible, anterior to the eyespot slightly lighter. Forewing eyespot

almost round, 4.5 mm in maximum diameter, very faint indication of hyaline

centre, basally pink and white, posterior bordered dark grey, internal part in

ground colour. Anterior to the postmedian line there is a greyish shadow of a

zigzag line, strongly indented along veins, followed by a zone of

approximately 3 mm width in ground colour. Postmedian band with upper

half nearly straight, purplish grey, lower half indented along veins.

Postmedian area slightly darker than ground colour, suffused with dark

greyish scales, apical area light grey. Hindwing of same colour and pattern,

eyespot almost round, 5.5 mm in maximum diameter, with a small hyaline

centre of about 1 mm in size; wing pattern similar to forewing. Underside

lighter ochreous ground colour, the forewing basally uniform to a more

intensely coloured band through the eyespot which lacks the darker outer part

of the upperside, followed by a greyish postmedian area and a dark ochreous

marginal area. Apically on the costal margin there is a black patch. Hindwing

underside with antemedian and postmedian area greyish; median band

through eyespot ochreous, outer whitish and dark grey of the upper eyespot

missing. Marginal area again darker ochreous, separated from the postmedian

area by a row of additional dark violet brown marginal patches, one each

between the veins.

Male genitalia (Fig. 5). As already mentioned in many descriptions of

Antheraea species, the differences in male genitalia between different species

within the so-called mylitta/frithi group are minor. Therefore, it was

surprising to find one structure in the genitalia of A. lorosae which is unique

for the whole genus and possibly is an indication of long isolation and/or very

early separation of this species. In the ventral part of the valvae, emerging

directly from the sacculus, is a small, third distinctive process of ear-like

form, covered with small hairs. This ear-like process is unique in the genus

Antheraea. The central process is similar to that in A. ranakaensis Paukstadt,

Paukstadt & Suhardjono (Fig. 6), as well as in an undescribed species from

Alor Island (Fig. 7). The dorsal process also is similar, but bears a different,

mostly dorsal bristle. In A. /orosae the dorsal process is intermediate between

the very short one of A. ranakaensis and the longer one in specimens from

Alor. The labides, internal processes of the valvae, are longer and broader

than the more slender ones of A. ranakaensis and of the Alor specimens. The

uncus in all three populations is similar, while the juxta of A. lorosae is

somewhat rounded but has lateral processes in both A. ranakaensis and the

Alor population. The aedeagus in all three is of similar length but has a

typical small hook at the distal end in A. /orosae.

Female (Figs 3-4). Forewing length 83 mm. Antenna light brown, 13 mm

long, narrowly pectinate. Head light brown, collum light grey. Ground colour

128 Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3)

of wings, thorax and abdomen light brown. Wing shape as in male, though

wings much broader; forewing apex broad and not falcate; termen slightly

concave; tornus and dorsum as in male. Hindwing as in male though more

rounded. Forewing markings as in male but hyaline eyespot much larger,

slightly elliptical (8 mm x 7 mm), concentrically ringed by a reddish brown

band 2 mm wide, then edged basally by a thin pinkish line and circled by a

narrow dark brown line (more prominent apically). Hindwing markings as in

male; hyaline eyespot much larger, slightly elliptical, similar though slightly

smaller to that of the forewing, inner concentric reddish brown band broader

and more distinctly reddish basally. Underside eyespot concentric rings

reduced in width, deeper reddish brown in colour.

Etymology. This new species is named after a proposal by its first collector,

M.D. Lane: Lorosae = East. The local Tetun name for the people’s homeland

is Timor Lorosae, a name that dates back many centuries.

Distribution. To date, A. lorosae is known only from Bobanaro in East

Timor. It is the most south-easterly known species in the genus Antheraea.

Comments. The A. platessa complex includes several interesting species

which are superficially similar in appearance, but to varying degrees exhibit

differing wing shapes and markings. When separating species in the A.

platessa complex, key factors are genitalia differences, wing patterns and the

form and pattern of fore and hindwing eyespots. A. lorosae has small eyespots

with only a very faint indication of a hyaline centre in the forewing and small

hyaline centre in the hindwing. A. platessa Rothschild has almost no hyaline

centre on either wing, except for a few mainland specimens which show faint

forewing hyaline centres, A. raffrayi Bouvier has no hyaline centres (c.f.

Bouvier 1928), A. sumbawaensis Brechlin has small hyaline centres on both

fore and hindwings, A. ranakaensis has larger hyaline parts also on both fore

and hindwings, the specimens from Alor have nearly no hyaline parts, while

A. schroederi Paukstadt, Brosch & Paukstadt always has large hyaline parts

on both fore and hindwings.

Further stable differences between those species comprise the size of the fore

and hindwing eyespots (quite small for A. lorosae, also for A. platessa, A.

raffrayi and Alor specimens), the form of the forewing apex (slender in A.

lorosae, as in A. raffrayi and Alor specimens) and the colour on average

(lightest in A. /orosae, more olive in A. ranakaensis and Alor specimens,

more chocolate in A. raffrayi, more colourful in A. platessa and A.

schroederi).

Very few females of any of the closely related species are known. The single

paratype female of A. lorosae differs from the female of A. ranakaensis in

several noticeable features - the ground colour of A. ranakaensis is ochre; the

forewing eyespot concentric rings on both upper and underside of A. lorosae

are narrower than those of A. ranakaensis; the faint antemedian upperside

Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3) 129

band of both fore and hindwing of A. lorosae is nearly tangential terminally to

the eyespot, as opposed to nearly bisecting the eyespot in A. ranakaensis.

Separation of the forewing postmedian line and eyespot is much greater in A.

lorosae than in A. ranakaensis. On the underside the eyespots of A. lorosae

are more nearly circular in shape; the antemedian band is more heavily

marked and also more nearly tangential terminally to the eyespots. The

forewing postmedian band in A. lorosae is absent on the underside and the

hindwing postmedian band is present in the tornal area only. The female of A.

sumbawaensis is presently unknown.

In wing shape, A. lorosae is closest to A. ranakaensis; however wing

markings (upper and underside) are closest to A. sumbawaensis, placing A.

lorosae intermediate between these species.

Nothing is known so far about the preimaginal instars of the East Timorese

species.

Discussion

Much of the landscape of East Timor is heavily deforested, having been

subjected to hundreds of years of clearing by its local inhabitants (c.f. Monk

et al. 1997). With wood products being used in everyday living, coupled with

agricultural practices, remnant patches of rainforest are mostly found on

steep, largely inaccessible slopes of higher mountain ranges. Lower lying

areas are subject to high temperatures and humidity for most of the year and

remaining vegetation patterns in lower sections are mostly open scrubland

with some eucalypt areas. Most of the rainforest areas occur above 700

metres elevation, often in fragmented patches along gullies and steep ridges.

Large concentrations of fragmented rainforest are found within the districts of

Balibo and Bobanaro. Several other species of Saturniidae were collected in

both of these areas, including Attacus dohertyi, Actias groenendaeli Roepke,

Cricula hayatiae Paukstadt & Suhurdjono and Samia yayukae Paukstadt,

Peigler & Paukstadt (see also Peigler and Naumann 2003). The A. lorosae

males mostly came to light after 10 pm (local time) on nights of heavy fog

which followed storm rains. Further collecting efforts are expected to show

that the species also occurs in West Timor, which is a part of Indonesia.

Interestingly, known Antheraea specimens from Alor and Flores represent

different species.

During the last 10 years a lot of knowledge about the insular species of

Antheraea from the Indonesian and Philippine Archipelagos has accumulated.

This has led to descriptions of several new species - A. ranakaensis from

Flores, A. sumbawaensis from Sumbawa and A. schroederi from the

Philippines. This recent knowledge about Indonesian populations has

confirmed that different species occur on the different groups of the Larger

and Lesser Sunda Islands and also the specific status of A. raffrayi on Java

and Bali. For comparision with A. lorosae we mainly used material figured in

130 Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3)

the original descriptions, as well as material from the collections of U. Brosch

and S. Naumann, including genitalia preparations resulting from those

specimens. Apart from mainland Asian specimens, the following were

dissected:

A. sumbawaensis: genitalia no. 331/98 Naumann (figured in Brechlin 2000); no.

531/01 Naumann = CBH-0157.

A. ranakaensis: genitalia no. 868/03 Naumann (Fig. 6).

Antheraea sp. from Alor: genitalia no. 866/03 Naumann; no. CBH-0364 (Fig. 7).

A. platessa from Sabah, East Malaysia: genitalia no. 869/03 Naumann.

A. schroederi from Philippines, Negros I.: genitalia no. 870/03 Naumann (Fig. 8).

It will be interesting to search for further Saturniidae in East Timor. In

parallel with Flores (c.f. Paukstadt et al. 1997), a second species of the genus

Antheraea might also be expected in Timor, which would add additional

knowledge about the origin and dispersal of this genus in the east.

Acknowledgement

We thank Ulrich Brosch (Hille, Germany), for support with technical

assistance and comparisons with related taxa.

References

BOUVIER, E.-L. 1928. Eastern Saturniidae with descriptions of new species. Bulletin of the

Hill Museum 2(2): 122-141, pls II-VII.

BRECHLIN, R. 2000. Zwei neue Arten der Gattung Antheraea Hübner, 1819 [1816] von den

westlichen Kleinen Sundainseln, Indonesien: Antheraea (Antheraea) tenggarensis n. sp. und A.

(A.) sumbawaensis n. sp. (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Nachrichten des entomologischen Vereins

Apollo, N. F. 21(1): 38-44.

MONK, K.A., DE FRETES, Y. and REKSODIHARJO-LILLEY, G. 1997. The ecology of Nusa

Tenggara and Maluku. The ecology of Indonesia series, Vol. V. Periplus Editions, Hong Kong;

xvii + 966 pp, 2 maps, 32 pls.

PAUKSTADT, U., BROSCH, U. and PAUKSTADT, L.H. 2000. Preliminary checklist of the

names of the worldwide genus Antheraea Hübner, 1819 (1816) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae).

Galathea, Berichte des Kreises Nürnberger Entomologen e.V., Supplement 9: 1-59.

PAUKSTADT, U., PAUKSTADT, L.H. and SUHARDJONO, Y.R. 1997. Antheraea

(Antheraea) ranakaensis n. sp. und Antheraea (Antheraea) kelimutuensis n. sp., zwei neue

Saturniiden von der Insel Flores, Indonesien (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Entomologische

Zeitschrift 107(7): 265-312.

PEIGLER, R.S. and NAUMANN, S. 2003. A revision of the silkmoth genus Samia. University

ofthe Incarnate Word, San Antonio; 283 pp. incl. 10 maps, 148 col. figs., 80 b/w figs.

ROTHSCHILD, W. 1895. Notes on Saturnidae [sic]; with a preliminary revision of the family

down to the genus Automeris, and descriptions of some new species. Novitates Zoologicae 2:

35-51, pl. 10.

Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3): 131-132 131

NEW AND OVERLOOKED RECORDS OF BUTTERFLIES

(LEPIDOPTERA) FROM ISLANDS OF THE GREAT BARRIER

REEF, QUEENSLAND

JOHN V. PETERS

245 Quarry Road, Ryde, NSW 2112

Abstract

Eleven species of butterflies are newly recorded from Dunk Island and four species are newly

recorded from islands off Gladstone. Six previously overlooked species are also listed.

Introduction

Duckworth and McLean (1986) published lists of butterflies from many of the

Great Barrier Reef island groups, from Stanley Island in the north (near Cape

Melville) to Lady Musgrave Island in the south (east of Gladstone). They

listed 11 species from Dunk Island (one of the Family Group, off Tully,

northern Queensland), of which seven species were collected by McLean on

26 October 1982; this material is housed in the Australian Museum, Sydney.

These species were Cressida cressida cressida (Fabricius), Delias mysis

mysis (Fabricius), Mycalesis terminus terminus (Fabricius), Cupha prosope

prosope (Fabricius), Candalides erinus erinus (Fabricius), Nacaduba cyanea

arinia (Oberthiir) and Zizina labradus labradus (Godart). The four previously

recorded species were Papilio ulysses joesa Butler, Ornithoptera priamus

euphorion (Gray), Hypolimnas bolina nerina (Fabricius) and Cethosia

cydippe chrysippe (Fabricius) (Banfield 1908, 1911). One of these, P. ulysses

Joesa, was reported by Banfield (1908) as having been observed on Dunk I.

on 26 May 1848 by John Macgillivray, naturalist on the expeditions of HMS

Rattlesnake. It is also interesting to note that Banfield (1908) listed five

species of butterflies. The fifth, perhaps a Eurema Hübner species, he

described as ‘the little yellow “wanderers” ever busy and active, came low

over the water, weary with the long journey, and sometimes ready to rest -

shifty flecks of gold on the white sail.’

New and overlooked records

Dunk Island

On 19 July 2003, I spent the day on Dunk Island and took the opportunity to

collect or to make a note of the butterflies I saw there. The following 15

species were all observed or collected outside the National Park [new records

are indicated by an asterisk]: Catopsilia pomona (Fabricius)*, Melanitis leda

bankia (Fabricius)*, Tirumala hamata hamata (W. S. Macleay)*, Euploea

tulliolus tulliolus (Fabricius)*, Tellervo zoilus zoilus (Fabricius)* and

Arhopala Boisduval sp.* [Arhopala micale amytis (Hewitson) was common

at Mission Beach on the mainland] were all observed, while Ocybadistes

ardea ardea Bethune-Baker*, Suniana sunias rectivitta (Mabille)*, Eurema

hecabe hecabe (Linnaeus)*, Appias paulina ega (Boisduval)*, Mycalesis

terminus terminus, Cupha prosope prosope, Hypolimnas bolina nerina,

132 Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3)

Nacaduba cyanea arinia and Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus)* were all

collected. The 11 new records increase the number of species known from

Dunk Island to 22.

Quoin Island

Duckworth and McLean (1986) listed 28 species from a group of islands off

Gladstone, central Queensland, viz: Curtis, Garden, Compigne, Wiggins and

Facing Islands. On 3 September 1961, I collected on Quoin Island, located

south of Curtis I. and between Garden and Facing Is. Quoin I. is described in

a tourist resort brochure as ‘with an area of 87 acres and a shoreline of three

miles [it] is one of the numerous islands surrounding Gladstone and is unique

because of its unusual and rugged contours.’ Twelve species of butterflies

were collected on Quoin I., of which five are additional to Duckworth and

McLean’s (1986) listing for the island group. These are Eurema brigitta

australis (Wallace), Eurema herla (W. S. Macleay), Elodina parthia

(Hewitson), Elodina queenslandica De Baar & Hancock and Zizeeria

karsandra (Moore), the latter previously recorded by Peters (1963). This

brings the total number of species known from the group to 33.

Overlooked records

Duckworth and McLean (1986) also inadvertently omitted Allora doleschallii

doleschallii (C. Felder) from Magnetic Island (near Townsville), Euploea

alcathoe eichhorni Staudinger from Lindeman Island (east of Proserpine) and

Belenois java peristhene (Boisduval) from the Percy Isles (east of Sarina), all

recorded by Common and Waterhouse (1981), and the earlier records of

Hypochrysops apelles apelles (Fabricius) from Magnetic Island and Ogyris

zosine zosine (Hewitson) from the Whitsunday Islands (Wyatt 1955).

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Dr C.N. Smithers for his critical comments on the initial

draft of this paper and Dr M. Moulds for access to the Australian Museum

butterfly collection.

References

BANFIELD, E.J. 1908. The confessions of a beachcomber. Unwin, London; xii + 336 pp.

BANFIELD, E.J. 1911. My tropic isle. Unwin, London; 315 pp.

COMMON, LF.B. and WATERHOUSE, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Angus &

Robertson, Sydney; 682 pp, 49 pls.

DUCKWORTH, B.G. and McLEAN, J.A. 1986. Notes on a collection of butterflies from the

islands of the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland. Australian Entomological Magazine 13: 43-68.

PETERS, J.V. 1963. A new locality for Zizeeria lysimon larsandra Moore 1865. Australian

Zoologist 13(1): 29.

WYATT, C. 1955. Going wild: the autobiography of a bug-hunter. Hollis & Carter, London; xii

+214 pp.

Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3): 133-136 133

A REVIEW OF THE FRUIT FLY TRIBE PLIOMELAENINI

(DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE: TEPHRITINAE)

IN THE INDO-AUSTRALIAN REGION

D.L. HANCOCK

PO Box 2464, Cairns, Old 4870

Abstract

Five genera and 17 species of Indo-Australian Tephritinae are placed in the tribe Pliomelaenini.

Quadrimelaena gen. n. is described to include Q. quadrimaculata (Agarwal & Kapoor), comb.

n. from India, Q. sonani (Shiraki), comb. n. from Taiwan [type species] and Q. translucida

(Hering), comb. n. from Sri Lanka [all transferred from Pliomelaena Bezzi].

Introduction

The tribe Pliomelaenini is an Afrotropical and Indo-Australian group of

Tephritinae that breeds in the flowerheads of Acanthaceae such as Asystasia,

Dicliptera, Hypoestes, Justicia and Lepidagathis (Hancock et al. 2003).

Previously known as tribe Platensinini, that name was transferred to the

Dithrycini as a subtribe and redefined by Hancock (2001). All species have 3

pairs of frontal, 2 pairs of orbital and 4 scutellar setae, mostly of uniform

coloration although the upper pair of orbitals are sometimes paler.

Five genera occur in the Indo-Australian region: Elaphromyia Bigot,

Pliomelaena Bezzi, Pseudafreutreta Hering, Quadrimelaena gen. n. and

Sundaresta Hering. The first three also occur in Africa. The 17 Indo-

Australian species are poorly understood, with most known from very few

specimens. Three species occur in Indonesia and two in Papua New Guinea

but the tribe has not yet been recorded from Australia.

One currently included species is excluded from the tribe; others were noted

by Hancock (2001). ‘Elaphromyia’ magna Hardy, from Java (Hardy 1988),

has a relatively short wing, bare arista, subshining black spot between eye and

antennal base, dense scale-like setae on the scutum and a densely tomentose

abdomen and does not belong in Elaphromyia. Its taxonomic position is

uncertain but it appears to belong near Afreutreta Bezzi in tribe Eutretini.

Elaphromyia Bigot

This genus is characterised by the elongate, almost parallel-sided wings with

numerous subhyaline or diffusely yellow spots on a brown pattern. Vein R;

lacks a bare, non-setose dorsal area below the end of vein Sc. Six Indo-

Australian species are known.

Elaphromyia hardyi Wang, from southwestern China (Sichuan), differs from

all other species in having a basomedial longitudinal hyaline band on the

wing. It was illustrated by Wang (1998).

Elaphromyia multisetosa Shiraki, from Taiwan, is distinguished from E.

pterocallaeformis by the palpi, which have numerous stout, black setae on

their ventral margins. It was illustrated by Shiraki (1933).

134 Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3)

Elaphromyia pterocallaeformis (Bezzi) is widespread in south and southeast

Asia, including Indonesia (Hering 1941). It lacks a medial longitudinal

hyaline band and the palpi have only a few yellowish setae on their ventral

margins. It was illustrated by Hardy (1974) and Wang (1998). E. incompleta

Shiraki and E. i. punctata Shiraki were placed as synonyms by Wang (1998).

Elaphromyia siva Frey is a small species known only from Sri Lanka.

Elaphromyia transversa Hardy occurs in Papua New Guinea. It resembles E.

pterocallaeformis but the subhyaline spots on the wing are arranged in

transverse rather than longitudinal rows. It was illustrated by Hardy (1988).

Elaphromyia yunnanensis Wang is known from southwestern China

(Sichuan, Yunnan). It differs from E. pterocallaeformis in the larger and more

extensive hyaline wing spots along the anterior and posterior margins and the

shorter oviscape. It was illustrated by Wang (1998).

Pliomelaena Bezzi

Indo-Australian species generally have the head and thoracic setae yellow

with a brownish tint, except for the postvertical, lateral vertical and postocular

setae, which are whitish. The wing has three hyaline spots in cells r; and 143

forming a more or less distinct ‘V’ (as in all Afrotropical species) and three

hyaline indentations in cell m. Protephritis Shiraki and Indaresta Hering are

synonyms (Hardy 1988). Five species are included.

Pliomelaena callista (Hering) is known from Indonesia and Papua New

Guinea. The wing pattern is a little variable but it has three hyaline

indentations in cell rı and no hyaline spot in cell br before R-M crossvein. It

was illustrated by Hering (1941) and Hardy (1988).

Pliomelaena luzonica Hardy is known only from Luzon in the Philippines. It

is similar to P. callista but has only two hyaline indentations in cell rı. It was

illustrated by Hardy (1974).

Pliomelaena sauteri (Enderlein) is known from Taiwan and southeast China

(Hainan). It is very similar to P. callista but has the hyaline spot at the base of

the pterostigma well developed, rather than vestigial or absent. It was

illustrated by Enderlein (1911) and Wang (1998).

Pliomelaena udhampurensis Agarwal & Kapoor is known only from

northwestern India (Jammu and Kashmir). It is similar to P. /uzonica but has

a hyaline spot in cell br before R-M crossvein and the abdomen is almost

entirely brown to black. The yellowish head and thoracic setae are a darker

brown than in other species. It was illustrated by Agarwal and Kapoor (1988).

Pliomelaena zonogastra (Bezzi) is known from India (including Nicobar

Islands) and southwestern China (Yunnan). It is similar to P. udhampurensis

but the abdomen is largely reddish-yellow, rather than brown to black. It was

illustrated by Wang (1998).

Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3) 135

Pseudafreutreta Hering

This largely Afrotropical genus differs from Pliomelaena in the absence of a

row of setae along the sides of the epistome and the darker wings, the hyaline

spots and indentations being small or largely absent. Vein R; lacks a bare,

non-setose dorsal area below the end of vein Sc (present in Pliomelaena).

Pseudafreutreta nigrifacies (Wang) occurs in southwestern China (Yunnan)

and northern Thailand. It was transferred from Platensina Enderlein by

Hancock (2001) and illustrated by Hancock and McGuire (2002). A male has

been collected on Strobilanthes imbricatus (Acanthaceae) in Thailand

(Hancock and McGuire 2002).

Quadrimelaena gen. n.

Type species Protephritis sonani Shiraki, 1933, by present designation.

Quadrimelaena closely resembles Pliomelaena in most characters, including

the presence of a row of setae along the sides of the epistome, but these setae

are weaker, the wings are narrower and more elongate, there are two hyaline

spots (one anterior and one posterior, rather than one medial) in the outer half

of cell dm beyond the level of the R-M crossvein and four (rather than three)

marginal/submarginal spots or indentations in cell m, the inner, extra

indentation above the apex of vein Cu,. The hyaline spots in cells r; and r243

do not form a ‘V’ and several small posterior spots (absent in Pliomelaena)

are present in cell r, along vein Rəs. It further differs from Asian

Pliomelaena species in the more rounded third antennal segment (rather than

slightly concave dorsally), longer and almost parallel ocellar setae and the

brown rather than yellowish head and thoracic setae, except for the whitish

postvertical, lateral vertical and postocular setae. For a more detailed

description see that of the type species (Shiraki 1933).

Three species are included, all transferred from Pliomelaena. Korneyev

(1999) suggested that Ictericodes cashmerensis (Hendel) might also belong

here but its head and thoracic setae are mostly yellow-brown with the upper

orbitals paler, there is a brown spot between the eye and antennal base, vein

R4,5 is extensively setose above and below and cell bcu has a longer apical

extension.

Quadrimelaena quadrimaculata (Agarwal & Kapoor), comb. n. is known

only from northwestern India (Himachal Pradesh). It differs from Q. sonani in

the fewer small hyaline discal spots and was illustrated by Agarwal and

Kapoor (1989).

Quadrimelaena sonani (Shiraki), comb. n. occurs in Taiwan. It was originally

placed in Protephritis and illustrated by Shiraki (1933).

Quadrimelaena translucida (Hering), comb. n. occurs in Sri Lanka. It differs

from the other species in the more extensive hyaline discal areas and lack of a

hyaline apical spot on the wing. It was illustrated by Hering (1942).

136 Australian Entomologist, 2004, 31 (3)

Sundaresta Hering

This genus differs from Pliomelaena primarily in the presence of two (rather

than one) distinct marginal hyaline indentations in cell r;,4. The oviscape is

elongate, as long as or longer than the abdomen.

Sundaresta hilaris Hering is known only from Java and Sumba in Indonesia.

It was illustrated by Hardy (1988).

Sundaresta malaisei (Hering) is widespread in India, Burma, southwestern

China (Yunnan), Thailand and Laos. It differs from S. hilaris in the more

numerous small hyaline spots on the wing. It was transferred from Xyphosia

Robineau-Desvoidy and illustrated by Hancock and McGuire (2002). Both

sexes have been collected on Strobilanthes imbricatus (Acanthaceae) in

Thailand (Hancock and McGuire 2002).

References

AGARWAL, M.L. and KAPOOR, V.C. 1988. Four new species of fruit flies (Diptera:

Tephritidae: Tephritini) together with redescription of Trupanea inaequabilis Hering and their

distribution in India. Journal of Entomological Research (New Delhi) 12: 117-128.

AGARWAL, M.L. and KAPOOR, V.C. 1989. New Tephritidae (Diptera) from India.

Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 125: 31-35.

ENDERLEIN, G. 1911. Trypetiden-Studien. Zoologische Jahrbucher. Abteilung für Systematik,

Oekologie und Geographie der Tierre 31: 407-460.

HANCOCK, D.L. 2001. Systematic notes on the genera of Australian and some non-Australian

Tephritinae (Diptera: Tephritidae). Australian Entomologist 28: 111-116.

HANCOCK, D.L. and McGUIRE, D.J. 2002. New species and records of non-dacine fruit flies

(Diptera: Tephritidae) from south and southeast Asia. Steenstrupia 27: 1-17.

HANCOCK, D.L., KIRK-SPRIGGS, A.H. and MARAIS, E. 2003. New records of Namibian

Tephritidae (Diptera: Schizophora), with notes on the classification of subfamily Tephritinae.

Cimbebasia 18: 49-70.

HARDY, D.E. 1974. The fruit flies of the Philippines (Diptera: Tephritidae). Pacific Insects

Monograph 32: 1-266.

HARDY, D.E. 1988. The Tephritinae of Indonesia, New Guinea, the Bismarck and Solomon

Islands (Diptera: Tephritidae). Bishop Museum Bulletin in Entomology 1: i-vii, 1-92.

HERING, E.M. 1941. Dipteren von den Kleinen Sunda-Inseln. II. Trypetidae. Arbeiten über

morphologische und taxonomische Entomologie aus Berlin-Dahlem 8: 24-45.

HERING, E.M. 1942. Neue Gattungen und Arten palaearktischer und exotischer Fruchtfliegen.

Siruna Seva 4: 1-31.

KORNEYEV, V.A. 1999. Phylogeny of the subfamily Tephritinae: relationships of the tribes

and subtribes. Pp 549-580, in: Aluja, M. and Norrbom, A.L. (eds), Fruit flies (Tephritidae):

phylogeny and evolution of behavior. CRC Press, Boca Raton; 944 pp.

SHIRAKI, T. 1933. A systematic study of Trypetidae in the Japanese Empire. Memoirs of the

Faculty of Science and Agriculture, Taihoku Imperial University 8(Entomology 2): 1-509.

WANG, X.-j. 1998. The fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) of the East Asian Region. Acta

Zootaxonomica Sinica 21(Supplement 1996): i-viii, 1-378, pls 1-41.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTICES

Items for insertion should be sent to the editor who reserves the right to alter, reject

or charge for notices.

WANTED. Specific butterfly collection data for inclusion in a planned

systematic list of the butterflies of Micronesia, Melanesia and Polynesia plus the

Bismarck Archipelago. Even common butterflies with reliable island data are

valuable. John Tennent, 38 Colin McLean Road, Dereham, Norfolk NR19 2RY,

England (e-mail jt@storment.freeserve.co.uk).

NOTES FOR AUTHORS

Manuscripts submitted for publication should, preferably, be type-written, double

spaced and in triplicate. Refer to recent issues for layout and style.

All papers will be forwarded to two referees and the editor reserves the right to reject

any paper considered unsuitable.

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Address manuscripts to: The Editor

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THE AUSTRALIAN

Entomologist

Volume 31, Part 3, 30 September 2004

CONTENTS

BELLIS, G.A., DONALDSON, J.F., CARVER, M., HANCOCK, D.L. AND FLETCHER, Mj.

Records of insect pests on Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Indian Ocean. 93

BROWN, S.S.

A range extension for Protographium leosthenes leosthenes (Doubleday) (Lepidoptera:

Papilionidae) in southern Australia.

BROWN, S.S., MEYER, C.E. AND WEIR, R.P.

Notes on the life history of Papilio amynthor amphiaraus C. & R. Felder (Lepidoptera:

Papilionidae) from Norfolk Island.

HANCOCK, D.L.

A review of the fruit fly tribe Pliomelaenini (Diptera: Tephritidae: Tephritinae)

in the Indo-Australian region.

LACHLAN, R.B.

Description of a second species of Gnathothlibus Wallengren (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

from Australia.

LAMBKIN, T.A. AND KNIGHT, A.I.

The first Australian record of Cephrenes moseleyi (Butler) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from

Torres Strait, Queensland. 107

LANE, M.D., NAUMANN, S. AND LANE, D.A.

A new species of Antheraea Hübner (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) from East Timor. 123

MULLER, CJ.

A new species of Acupicta Eliot (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from Sulawesi, Indonesia. 119

PETERS, J.V.

New and overlooked records of butterflies (Lepidoptera) from islands of the

Great Barrier Reef, Queensland.

TENNENT, W.J.

A note on the publication date of ‘The butterflies of Papua New Guinea...’

by MJ. Parsons.

ISSN 1320 6133 x To