THE AŬSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

The Australian Entomologist is a non-profit journal published in four parts annually

by the Entomological Society of Queensland and is devoted to entomology of the

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The Publications Committee

Editor: Dr D.L. Hancock

Assistant Editors: Dr C.J. Burwell

Queensland Museum

Dr G.B. Monteith

Queensland Museum

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University of Queensland

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ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND

Membership is open to anyone interested in Entomology. Meetings are normally held

in the Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Queensland on the

second Monday of March-June and August-December each year. Meetings are

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Enquiries relating to the Society should be directed to the Honorary Secretary,

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Sustaining Associates

Centre for Identification and Diagnotics, The University of Queensland; Pest

Management Research, Department of Natural Resources; Tropical Fruit Fly

Research Group, Griffith University.

Cover: The New Caledonian Aoupinia pseudohelea Matthews (Coleoptera:

Tenebrionidae) bears a striking resemblance to Australia’s pie-dish beetles of the

genus Helea. However it belongs to the unrelated Gondwanan tribe Adeliini. This

species is known only from the Aoupinie Special Fauna Reserve that straddles New

Caledonia’s central mountain massiff between Poya and Ponerihouen. It is a crptic

species living within rainforest leaf litter. Illustration by Geoff Thompson.

Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1): 1-3 1

PSEUDOCOCCUS GOODENIAE WILLIAMS (HEMIPTERA:

PSEUDOCOCCIDAE) AND ITS PARASITOIDS IN THE PILBARA

OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA

JOHN A. GOOLSBY' and ALAN KIRK?

'USDA-ARS, Australian Biological Control Laboratory, CSIRO Long Pocket Laboratories, 120

Meiers Rd. Indooroopilly, OLD 4068 (email: john.goolsby@csiro.au)

?USDA-ARS, European Biological Control Laboratory, Campus International de Baillarguet,

Montferrier sur Lez, 34980, Cedex, France

Abstract

Pseudococcus goodeniae Williams, previously known only from the Erskine Range in northern

Western Australia, is recorded from Karijini National Park in the Pilbara region. The mealybug

was observed at high densities on its host plant Goodenia stobbsiana (Goodeniaceae). Several

hymenopteran parasitoid species were reared from P. goodeniae, including Xenanusia

pulchripennis Girault, Cheiloneurus Westwood sp., two unidentified species of Encyrtinae (all

Encyrtidae) and Euryischia Girault sp. (Aphelinidae). This is the first published host association

for a species of Xenanusia Girault.

Introduction

Exploration for parasitoids of the Pink hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus

hirsutus (Green), was conducted from 1999 to 2001 in tropical and

subtropical eastern and northern Australia (Goolsby et al. 2002). During this

exploration effort, collections of several mealybug species and their

parasitoids were made in the Pilbara of Western Australia. One mealybug,

Pseudococcus goodeniae Williams, was particularly abundant during our

survey of the Pilbara and is the subject of this paper.

Materials and methods

Surveys were conducted on 6 May 2001, at Fortescue Camp (22°28.19’S,

118%33.27'E) and Weamo Gorge (22°21.46’S, 118°17.17’E) in Karijini

National Park, located in the Pilbara region of Western Australia.

After field collection, the mealybugs were held in paper cans streaked with

honey and held in a humiditron (Debach and Rose 1985) at 70% RH for

emergence of parasitoids. Mealybugs were sent to John Donaldson in

Brisbane and parasitoids to Michael Gates in Washington D.C. for

identification and vouchering.

Collections by the Australian Biological Control Laboratory (ABCL) were

assigned a specific site collection number. Each accession number is unique,

prefaced by the acronym for the laboratory with the year collected, a three

digit serial number associated with the field collection, followed by a

sequential specimen number (i.e. ABCL 2000809.007). If an organism is

later exported to the United States for a biological control program, the

number is used as an identifier in the ROBO (Releases of Beneficial

Organisms) database that is maintained by USDA-Agricultural Research

Service.

2 Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1)

Results and discussion

Pseudococcus goodeniae was collected feeding on Goodenia stobbsiana

F.Muell. (Goodeniaceae). The plant was common along the walking tracks in

the National Park, with high densities of mealybugs on all the plants we

encountered. Mr Kevin Cameron, a local aboriginal ranger familiar with the

native plants of the Pilbara, indicated that he had never before noted an

outbreak of mealybugs on G. stobbsiana. We did not observe P. goodeniae

on any other plant species in the vicinity of the collections.

P. goodeniae was previously known only from the type series, collected in

1980 from Goodenia sp. in the Erskine Range of northern Western Australia

(Williams 1985). Several hymenopteran parasitoid species, mostly encyrtids,

were reared from P. goodeniae (Table 1). Xenanusia pulchripennis Girault

was the most common parasitoid in the collection and this is apparently the

first host record for a species of Xenanusia Girault (Noyes 2003). This is the

first Australian host record for a species of Euryischia Girault (Aphelinidae),

although the genus has been recorded attacking an unidentified species of

Pseudococcus Westwood in India (Agarwal 1970). The Cheiloneurus

Westwood species could be a hyperparasite of X. pulchripennis.

Table 1. Parasitoids (all Hymenoptera) recovered from Pseudococcus goodeniae.

Species and family ABCL # Location Date

Xenanusia pulchripennis Girault 2001840.002 Fortescue Camp 6.v.2001

[Encyrtidae]

Euryischia sp. 2001840.003 Fortescue Camp 6.v.2001

[Aphelinidae] 2001840.004

2001840.005

Cheiloneurus sp. 2001840.007 Fortescue Camp 6.v.2001

[Encyrtidae] 2001840.008

2001841.002 Weamo Gorge 6.v.2001

Encyrtinae sp.1 2001840.006 Fortescue Camp 6.v.2001

[Encyrtidae] 2001840.011

2001841.003 Weamo Gorge 6.v.2001

2001841.004

Encyrtinae sp.2 2001840.009 Fortescue Camp 6.v.2001

[Encyrtidae] 2001840.010

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Jeff Makinson (Australian Biological

Control Laboratory, CSIRO Entomology, Indooroopilly) for curation of the

parasitoids; Michael W. Gates (USDA-ARS, Systematic Entomology

Laboratory, Washington, D.C.) for identification of the parasitoids; John

Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1) 3

Donaldson (Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries,

Indooroopilly) and Penny Gullan (University of California, Davis, CA) for

identification of P. goodeniae; Steve Van Leeuwin (Conservation and Land

Management, Karratha, Western Australia) for identification of G.

stobbsiana; and Kevin Cameron and the Karijini people of Western Australia

for access to their tribal lands.

References

AGARWAL, M.M. 1970. Some new chalcidoid parasites recorded from Aligarh (India)

(Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae). Musi 44: 25-29.

DEBACH, P. and ROSE, M. 1985. Humidity control during shipment and rearing of parasitic

Hymenoptera. Chalcid Forum 4: 11-13.

GOOLSBY, J.A., KIRK, A.A. and MEYERDIRK, D.E. 2002. Seasonal phenology and natural

enemies of Maconellicoccus hirsutus in Australia. Florida Entomologist 85: 494-498.

NOYES, J.S. 2003. Universal Chalcidoidea Database. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/entomology/

chalcidoids/

WILLIAMS, D.J. 1985. Australian mealybugs. British Museum (Natural History), The Dorset

Press, Dorchester, UK; 431 pp.

4 Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1)

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

The following notes on new butterfly distributions are abstracted from the News

Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Queensland and were first published during

2003 and 2004 in the volumes and parts indicated.

Tisiphone abeona (Donovan) [Nymphalidae]. Two previously unrecorded populations

for “southern subspecies’ are reported from Mount Maroon and Mount Barney

National Parks in SE Qld. The Mount Maroon population appears closest to 7. a.

morrisi Waterhouse [known from near Jacobs Well, SE Qld], whereas specimens

from near the summit of Mount Barney are closer to [subsequently confirmed as the

‘northern form’ of] 7. a. regalis Waterhouse, the latter a subspecies previously known

from the Main Divide between Barrington Tops, NSW and Stanthorpe, Qld. More

specimens are needed to determine the subspecies appropriate for each locality. -

Protected areas - Michael and Don Sands - 31(2): 36-37 (2003).

Acrodipsas illidgei (Waterhouse & Lyell) [Lycaenidae]. One male was collected near

Leyburn, west of the Darling Downs in SE Qld, in February 1999, the previous

western limit being Toowoomba. It was collected in a swampy area among mature

belah (Casuarina cristata), Other than the Toowoomba record, this species has been

mainly associated with mangrove communities. - New butterfly records - Michael and

Don Sands - 31(3): 47 (2003).

Hypocysta euphemia Westwood [Nymphalidae]. One male was collected hilltopping

on Mount Maroon, SE Qld in May 2003. The previous northern limit of distribution

was the Lamington Plateau. - Correction to new butterfly records in News Bulletin 31

(3) 47 - Michael and Don Sands - 31(4): 64 (2003).

Hesperilla crypsargyra (Meyrick) [Hesperiidae]. A population was discovered in an

area of dense, low montane heath with scattered shrubs on rhyolite rock, near Binna

Burra in the Lamington National Park, SE Qld, in late November 2002. On 15

November 2003, adults were abundant from 9-10 am, with males flying close to the

ground along a walking track, but nearly all had dispersed by 11 am. Males were

dominant with only a few females observed. A larva and a pupa were found on

Gahnia insignis in December 2002 and November 2003 respectively. Previously, H.

crypsargyra was only known in Qld from an historical site near Stanthorpe.

Preliminary examination of specimens shows them to be morphologically closest to

H. c. crypsargyra from southern NSW and markedly different from the montane H. c.

hopsoni Waterhouse from northern NSW. It is likely that this new population

represents an isolated but distinct northern subspecies and investigations into this are

continuing. - A new population of Hesperilla crypsargyra in southern Queensland -

Peter Wilson - 31(9): 169-170 (2003[2004]).

Hesperilla donnysa Hewitson [Hesperiidae]. One larva was found on 31 December

2003 in heath land 12 km SW of Rainbow Beach, SE Qld. The prepupal larva was

discovered in a shelter made from two obliquely cut leaves near the base of a medium

sized tussock of Gahnia sieberiana growing in a swamp. The larva pupated two days

later and an adult female emerged on 14 January 2004. The new locality is a northern

range extension for this southern endemic Australian skipper, approximately 65 km

from the previously known record of 10 km NE of Yandina on the Sunshine Coast,

SE Qld. - A new Queensland distribution record for Hesperilla donnysa (Trapezitinae:

Hesperiidae) - Andrew Atkins - 32(1): 22 (2004).

pi ——— uu IU

Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1): 5-16 5

NEW GENERA, SPECIES AND RECORDS OF ADRAMINI

(DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE: TRYPETINAE) FROM THE SOUTH

PACIFIC AND SOUTHERN ASIA

D.L. HANCOCK) and R.A.I. DREW?

!PO Box 2464, Cairns, Old 4870

?Australian School of Environmental Studies, Griffith University, Nathan, Old 4111

Abstract

Papuadrama buna gen. n., sp. n. is described from Papua New Guinea. Kedadrama gen. n. is

proposed for the Malaysian K. bifasciata (Hardy), comb. n., transferred from Euphranta Loew.

Coelotrypes luteifasciatus (Senior-White), comb. n. is transferred from Euphranta and newly

recorded from India, while C. flavinus (Hering) and C. punctilabris (Bezzi) are newly recorded

from Solomon Islands and C. /atilimbatus (Enderlein) is newly recorded from southern Thailand.

Crinitisophira Hardy and Cr. bicolor Hardy are newly synonymised with Cyclopsia Malloch and

Cy. inscripta (Walker) respectively, while Cyclopsia univittata Hardy is newly recorded from

Papua New Guinea and West Malaysia. Hardyadrama excoecariae Lee and H. magister (Lee)

are newly recorded from Papua New Guinea and H. presignis (Hardy) is newly recorded from

East Malaysia. Acinoeuphranta Hardy and A. zeylanica Hardy are newly synonymised with

Piestometopon de Meijere and P. luteiceps de Meijere respectively. The Indian genus

Indophranta Agarwal & Kapoor is transferred to the Pyrgotidae. A key to genera is provided.

Introduction

Following our recent study of Australian and Pacific Trypetinae (Hancock

and Drew 2003), a small collection of adramine fruit flies was sent to us from

the University of Hawaii. This collection, containing several new species and

records, had provisionally been sorted and studied by the late D. Elmo Hardy.

Here we deal with genera other than Euphranta Loew, which was treated by

Hancock and Drew (2004). Several additional Indo-Malayan genera and

species are also discussed, including two removed from Euphranta.

The following collection acronyms have been used: AMS - Australian

Museum, Sydney; ANIC - Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra;

BMNH - The Natural History Museum, London; BPBM - Bernice P. Bishop

Museum, Honolulu; NMNH - National Museum of Natural History,

Washington D.C.; PSU - Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Thailand;

QMB - Queensland Museum, Brisbane; SASB - Slovak Academy of

Sciences, Bratislava; UH - University of Hawaii, Honolulu.

Systematics

Coelopacidia sp.

Material examined. INDIA: 1 O”, ‘India, W.W. Saunders, 1868-4’ (BMNH).

Comments. Previous reports of ‘Coelopacidia cylindrica’ from India (Hardy

1977, Kapoor 1993), based on the lectotype of Trypeta cylindrica Walker (in

BMNH), actually refer to Chyliza cylindrica (Walker) (= pallidipes Lamb)

[family Psilidae]. However, there is a specimen of Coelopacidia Enderlein in

BMNH with identical collection data plus a label ‘cylindrica’ in Walker’s

handwriting, an apparent manuscript name. It resembles the African C.

strigata Bezzi but the wing has the apical brown spot broader and there is a

6 Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1)

faint yellow band over DM-Cu crossvein. In Africa, species of Coelopacidia

use the stems of Senecio (Asteraceae) and Polemannia (Umbelliferae) as

larval hosts.

Coelotrypes flavinus (Hering)

Material examined. SOLOMON ISLANDS: 1 9, Santa Isabel, Kolotuve, 20.vi.1960,

C.W. O’Brien, light trap; 1 9, New Georgia group, Ghizo I., Gizo, 0-200 m, i.1974,

N.L.H. Krauss (both BPBM).

Comments. This species is newly recorded from the Solomon Is, being known

previously from mainland Papua New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago.

Coelotrypes latilimbatus (Enderlein)

Material examined. THAILAND: 2 99, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai,

Songkhla District, 22.iv.1993, S. Permkam (PSU).

Comments. This is a very variable species and the above specimens (Fig. 1)

appear to belong here. It is separated from C. circumscriptus (Hering) by the

hyaline rather than fulvous costal cells and the largely black thorax and

abdomen. Known previously from Sumatra and the Philippines, it is newly

recorded from southern Thailand.

Coelotrypes luteifasciatus (Senior-White), comb. n.

Material examined. SRI LANKA: Holotype ?, Suduganga, 17.viii.1921, R. Senior-

White, on window, BM 1924-100; 1 9, same data except 25.vii.1922 (both BMNH).

INDIA: 1 9, Dohnavur, 350', Tinnevelly Dt, 3.x.1938, BM-CM Expedn to South

India, Sept-Oct 1938; 1 9, Kerala, sp. 9, no date, ex sweet potato weevil [sic], CIE

A20272 (both BMNH).

Comments. Staurella luteifasciata Senior-White has characters typical of

Coelotrypes Bezzi (Permkam and Hancock 1995, Senior-White 1922) and is

transferred from Euphranta. Known previously from Sri Lanka, it is newly

recorded from southern India. Species in genus Coelotrypes Bezzi breed in

the flower buds of Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae) and sweet potato (I. bataca) is

a likely host.

Coelotrypes punctilabris (Bezzi)

Material examined. SOLOMON ISLANDS: 1 oc, Santa Cruz group, Nendo I.,

Graciosa Bay, 0-70 m, i.1977, N.L.H. Krauss (BPBM).

Comments. This species, known previously from Fiji, Tonga and Western

Samoa, is newly recorded from the Santa Cruz group, eastern Solomon Is.

Cyclopsia inscripta (Walker)

Comments. Crinitisophira Hardy shows no characters differentiating it from

Cyclopsia Malloch (Hardy 1974, 1983, 1986) and is placed here as a new

synonym of the latter. Its type species, Crinitisophira bicolor Hardy, is

placed as a new synonym of Cyclopsia inscripta (Walker). This species

occurs from Maluku in Indonesia to the Bismarck Archipelago in Papua New

Guinea. A hyaline indentation in wing cells m or m+r4+5 is present or absent.

Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1)

Fig. 1. Coelotrypes latilimbatus, female.

8 Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1)

Cyclopsia univittata Hardy

Material examined. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 1 O”, New Britain, Mt Sinewit, 3500”,

27.vi.-17.1x.1963, W.W. Brandt (ANIC). MALAYSIA: 1 9, Pahang Distr., 30 km NE

Raub, Lata Lembik, 3°56’N, 101°38’E, 200-400 m, 22.iv.-1.v., 8-15.v.2002, E. Jendek

& O. Sauŝa (SASB).

Comments. This species differs from C. inscripta in lacking the dark brown

patch across the R-M crossvein. Known previously only from the Philippines,

it is newly recorded from Papua New Guinea and Malaysia. In the New

Britain male, the hyaline indentation in the apical brown patch on the wing

does not extend beyond cell m, but all other characters appear typical.

Hardyadrama excoecariae Lee

Material examined. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 1 ©, Central Province, Hisiu,

22.111.1986, J.W. Ismay, swept coastal pandanus (UH); 1 O”, same locality, 22.iii.1986,

J.W. Ismay, mangroves (UH).

Comments. This species is newly recorded from Papua New Guinea. Known

previously from Singapore, Brunei and Australia, Hardy (1974) also recorded

it from Mindanao, Philippines (as ‘new genus near Adrama’). Its host plant is

the mangrove Excoecaria agallocha (Euphorbiaceae). In the above

specimens, postpronotal setae are present but weak.

Hardyadrama magister (Lee)

Material examined. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 1 ©’, 1 9, Central Province, Hisiu,

22.1ii.1986, J.W. Ismay, swept coastal pandanus; 1 9, same locality, 22.iii.1986, J.W.

Ismay, mangroves (all UH).

Comments. This species is newly recorded from Papua New Guinea. Known

previously from Singapore and Australia, its host plant is also Excoecaria

agallocha.

Hardyadrama presignis (Hardy)

Material examined. MALAYSIA: 1 9, Sabah, Tenompok [near Kota Kinabalu],

13.11.1959, T.C. Maa (BPBM).

Comments. This species is newly recorded from Borneo. It was known

previously from southern Thailand, Philippines and Torres Strait, Australia.

Kedadrama gen. n.

Type species Euphranta bifasciata Hardy, 1981, by present designation.

Diagnosis. Head with 2 pairs of frontal and 1 pair of orbital setae; postocellar

setae present and black; ocellar setae vestigial; third antennal segment

elongate, as long as face; arista pubescent; face with 2 large, shining black

spots; frons with an oblong medial black spot situated between frontal and

orbital setae. Thorax with presutural setae absent; postpronotal, dorsocentral

and prescutellar acrostichal setae present; 4 scutellar setae; anatergite with

fine, long pale hairs; metathoracic postcoxal area semimembranous medially.

Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1) 9

Fig. 2. Kedadrama bifasciata, male.

10 Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1)

Wing with pterostigma relatively narrow and elongate; R-M crossvein placed

near apical two-thirds of cell dm and well beyond apex of pterostigma; cell

bcu apically produced and acute. Legs fulvous; fore femur with two rows of

small but distinct anteroventral and posteroventral spines over apical three-

fifths. Abdomen with terga IHI elongate, at least as long as terga III plus IV

combined; tergite V 1.5 times longer than tergite IV.

Comments. Kedadrama is similar in appearance to Adrama Walker and

Hardyadrama Lee but postocellar and acrostichal setae are present and only

the fore femur has two rows of short, black, ventral spines. This latter

character has not been seen elsewhere in the Adramini and is a distinguishing

character of the genus, also excluding it from Euphranta. In related genera

where two rows of short ventral spines occur on the legs, these are on the mid

or mid and hind femora. The wing pattern and elongate abdomen of the type

species (Fig. 2) resemble those of Adrama and Hardyadrama more closely

than anything seen in Euphranta.

Kedadrama bifasciata (Hardy), comb. n.

Material examined. MALAYSIA: Holotype 0’, Kedah Peak, 3300 ft, 22.iii1.1928,

H.M. Pendlebury (QMB).

Comments. Described from Kedah, West Malaysia (Hardy 1981), this species

was placed originally in Euphranta. The wing is hyaline with a brown

pterostigma and two oblique brown bands enclosing the R-M and DM-Cu

crossveins respectively.

Papuadrama gen. n.

Type species Papuadrama buna sp. n., by present designation.

Diagnosis. Head with 2-3 pairs of frontal and 1 pair of orbital setae;

postocellar setae present and black; ocellar setae vestigial; third antennal

segment about half length of face; arista plumose; face and frons without

black markings. Thorax with presutural setae absent; postpronotal,

dorsocentral and prescutellar acrostichal setae present, the dorsocentrals

weak; 4 scutellar setae; scutum and scutellum with a medial yellow vitta;

Anepisternum with a broad yellow posterodorsal patch, not extending to

postpronotal lobes; anatergite with fine, long pale hairs; metathoracic

postcoxal area semimembranous medially. Wing with pterostigma longer

than broad; R-M crossvein placed near apex of cell dm and well beyond apex

of pterostigma; cell bcu apically produced and acute. Legs fulvous; mid

femur with two rows of small but distinct anteroventral and posteroventral

spines. Abdomen elongate; oviscape very long, the apical half narrowed and

cylindrical.

Comments. Papuadrama is most similar in appearance to Hardyadrama but

the antennae are shorter, postocellar and acrostichal setae are present and

only the mid femora have two rows of short, black, ventral spines. This latter

character also occurs in Adramoides Hardy (tribe Acanthonevrini) and

Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1) 11

Scolocolus Hardy but those genera differs in several other characters. The

medial yellow vitta on the scutum and scutellum of the type species also

resembles that seen in Coelotrypes but the shorter antennae, spinose mid

femora and different biology exclude it from the latter genus.

Papuadrama buna sp. n.

(Figs 3-4)

Types. Holotype J, PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 24 km W. Lae, Morobe District,

19.xi.1972, G.A. Holloway (AMS). Paratypes: 3 CQ, 1 9, Nawatabanda logging

area, nr Bulolo, 1.vii.1979, H. Roberts, 1331 (AMS); 1 9, Saputa, near Buna, Papua

Terr., 1943-44, Robert B. Sperry (NMNH).

Description. Male (Fig. 3). Length of body 9.5 mm, of wing 8.0 mm. Head

slightly higher than long; fulvous; face yellow, concave; epistome produced;

antennae fulvous, third segment apically rounded, about half length of face;

arista plumose. Setae black: 2 pairs frontals (sometimes 3 on one side), the

upper pair widely separated from the lower and close to line of orbitals; 1

pair orbitals; ocellars vestigial; postocellars and inner and outer verticals well

developed; postoculars thin; genal thin.

Thorax fulvous, with a narrow yellow-white medial vitta from suture to end

of scutellum, broadest posteriorly; a triangular yellow-white patch on upper

portion of anepisternum; katatergite yellow-white; anatergite with long, fine

hairs; metathoracic postcoxal bridge semimembranous. Setae black: outer

scapulars (inner pair absent); postpronotal; 2 pairs notopleural; supra-alar;

postalar; intra-alar; acrostichal prescutellar; dorsocentrals thin, weak, placed

close to line of postalars; 4 long scutellars; 1 anepisternal; 1 anepimeral; 1

katepisternal; presuturals absent. Haltere fulvous. Legs fulvous; fore femur

with preapical brown setae; mid femur with anteroventral and posteroventral

rows of short, stout black spines; mid tibia with a long, apical black spine.

Wing elongate; veins R; and R45 setose; pterostigma fulvous, about 2.5

times longer than broad and gradually tapered; R-M crossvein near apex of

cell dm, about half its own length from DM-Cu crossvein and well beyond

apex of pterostigma; cell bcu apically produced and broadly acuminate.

Pattern very pale yellow over basal and median two-thirds, leaving cell c

almost hyaline and separated from apical brown patch by a transverse hyaline

band; apical brown area encloses both RM and DM-Cu crossveins; apex of

cell r4,5 hyaline; cell m with a hyaline indentation posteriorly.

Abdomen fulvous to pale brown; elongate; terga IHI about as long as terga

III plus IV combined; tergite V about 1.8 times length of tergite IV and with

a terminal row of 6 black setae; surstylus short.

Female. Length of body (excluding oviscape) 8.0 mm, of wing 8.0 mm, of

oviscape 3.5 mm. As for male except abdominal characters: tergite VI about

0.7 length of tergite V; ovipositor (Fig. 4) with oviscape about as long as rest

of abdomen, conical at base, tapering abruptly and with apical half narrow

12 Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1)

and cylindrical; base fulvous, narrow apical part brown; aculeus apically

acute with a pair of small preapical dentations.

Host plant. This species was reared from fruit [possibly seeds] of Dysoxylum

gaudichaudianum (Meliaceae) by H. Roberts (AMS data).

Etymology. Named after the village of Buna.

Distribution. Known only from eastern Papua New Guinea.

Comments. As noted in the generic comments, this species is distinctive. The

biology of P. buna also differentiates it from species placed in related genera

such as Hardyadrama (which breed in mangroves) and Coelotrypes (which

breed in flower buds of Jpomoea: Convolvulaceae). The wing pattern is very

similar to that of Euphranta bilineata Hardy but the two are not allied.

Undescribed genus and species

Material examined. SOLOMON ISLANDS: 1 9, Choiseul I., Kitipi R., 80 m,

13.111.1964, P. Shanahan, malaise trap (BPBM).

Comments. This taxon resembles Cyclopsia and Brandtomyia Hardy in the

vertical face and Euphranta in thoracic setal characters and the extensively

brown wing pattern (similar to that of E. vitabilis Hardy but without the

hyaline costal indentation beyond the pterostigma), whereas the relatively

elongate third antennal segment is similar to that of Adrama ismayi Hardy.

The following combination of characters distinguishes it from all described

genera in the Adramini: largely black in colour, with no yellow prescutellar

or scutellar medial markings; face vertical, not concave; third antennal

segment elongate, a little longer than face and with the arista plumose; wing

cell dm not hatchet-shaped, R-M crossvein placed below apex of pterostigma

and vein Cu; bare; metathoracic postcoxal bridge semimembranous medially;

no stout spines on fore, mid or hind femora; genal, postocellar, postpronotal

and dorsocentral setae present and 4 scutellar setae. The specimen is in too

poor a condition to describe.

Discussion

One undescribed and thirteen described genera of Adramini (= Euphrantini)

are now known from the region from southern [peninsular] Thailand to

Australia and the South Pacific: Adrama Walker, Brandtomyia Hardy,

Coelotrypes Bezzi (= Staurocneros Hering), Cyclopsia Malloch (=

Crinitisophira Hardy, syn. n.), Dimeringophrys Enderlein, Euphranta Loew

(= Paraeuphranta Hardy), Hardyadrama Lee, Ichneumonosoma de Meijere,

Kedadrama nov., Papuadrama nov., Piestometopon de Meijere (= Elleipsa

Hardy; = Acinoeuphranta Hardy, syn. n.), Scolocolus Hardy and Soita

Walker (= Phantasmiella Hendel). Most are small (1-4 species), with only

Adrama, Coelotrypes and Euphranta containing a larger number of described

species (12, 17 and 102 respectively).

Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1)

Figs 3-4. Papuadrama buna gen. n., sp. n. (3) male; (4) female ovipositor.

14 Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (l)

All Australasian genera have long, fine hairs on the anatergite. Five

additional genera from this region or the southern Philippines, all lacking

these hairs, were included in the Adramini by Hardy (1986). One,

Adramoides Hardy, has spinose mid femora and an apparently non-setose

aculeus but otherwise resembles Antisophira Hardy, Heterosophira Hardy [a

synonym of Sophira (Kambangania) de Meijere], Pseudosophira Malloch

and Terastiomyia Bigot, all of which lack femoral spines and have preapical

setae on the aculeus. All are referable to the Sophira complex in tribe

Acanthonevrini.

Four additional genera of Adramini occur in the Oriental Region:

Coelopacidia Enderlein, Meracanthomyia Hendel, Pelmatops Enderlein and

Pseudopelmatops Shiraki. The Sri Lankan genus Acinoeuphranta Hardy

(Hardy 1971) is placed as a new synonym of Piestometopon de Meijere, with

A. zeylanica Hardy placed as a new synonym of P. luteiceps de Meijere,

known previously from Singapore to Tonga (Permkam and Hancock 1995).

Paraeuphranta Hardy, from Maluku, Indonesia, was synonymised with

Euphranta by Hancock and Drew (2004).

The Indian genus /ndophranta Agarwal & Kapoor was placed in tribe

Adramini by Agarwal and Kapoor (1989) but is transferred here to the family

Pyrgotidae. Its sole species, Z. humerata Agarwal & Kapoor, shows

characters typical of that family, reviewed recently by Korneyev (2004),

particularly the genus Adapsilia Waga.

Key to genera of Australasian Adramini

Coelopacidia is not known east of India but might occur. It keys to couplet 7

but has no stout ventral spines on the femora, a micropubescent arista and

two midtibial apical spines (one in other genera except Soita).

1 Wing vein Cu, setose; scutum with presutural setae ............ Soita Walker

- Wing vein Cu; bare; scutum without presutural setae ............................. 2

2 Metathoracic postcoxal bridge broadly sclerotised; postocellar and genal

setae both absent; two or four scutellar setae .............................eeseessse s.e. 3

- Metathoracic postcoxal bridge semimembranous medially; postocellar

and genal setae not both absent; four well developed scutellar setae ...... 4

3 Mid and hind femora each with two rows of short, stout ventral spines;

wing with apical area largely brown ....................... sese ece. Adrama Walker

- Mid and hind femora without rows of short, stout ventral spines; wing

with a narrow brown costal band ................ Ichneumonosoma de Meijere

4 Scutum with a medial yellow-white vitta continuing over scutellum; if

indistinct then postocellar and prescutellar acrostichal setae absent and

mid and hind femora with two rows of short, stout ventral spines........... 5

- Not as above; scutum with medial yellow-white vitta often absent, if

present then not continuing over scutellum ..........c.ccccssesesesseseseseseeeeeeseees 7

Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1) 15

Anepisternum with a subtriangular yellow dorsal patch not reaching

postpronotal lobe or wing base; mid femora with two rows of short, stout

ventral spines; postocellar setae present ....................... Papuadrama nov.

Anepisternum with a yellow dorsal band joined to postpronotal lobe and

extending to wing base; if mid femora with rows of stout ventral spines

then hind femora also spined and postocellar setae absent ..................... 6

Postocellar and prescutellar acrostichal setae absent; face yellow; arista

at most short-pubescent; mid and hind femora with or without two rows

of stout ventral spines ENEE Hardyadrama Lee

Postocellar and prescutellar acrostichal setae present; face usually with a

large black spot on lower margin; arista pubescent to plumose; mid and

hind femora without stout ventral spines ..................... Coelotrypes Bezzi

One or more of fore, mid and hind femora with two rows of short, stout

ventral spines; arista almost bare or pubescent ...............................iŝeicecel 8

Femora without rows of stout ventral spines; arista usually plumose ... 10

Only fore femora with stout ventral spines; wing without a short

transverse band from pterostigma and with two oblique brown bands

over R-M and DM-Cu crossveins EEN Kedadrama nov.

Mid and often hind femora with stout ventral spines; wing with a short

transverse band from pterostigma and a large brown subapical area

enclosing both R-M and DM-Cu crossveins ...........::csccsscessesseeeeeseeseeseees 9

Hind femora with ventral spines; 3 pairs of frontal setae; postpronotal

setae present; arista almost bare ...................... Piestometopon de Meijere

Hind femora without spines; 2 pairs of frontal setae; postpronotal setae

absent ansta DUECHT Scolocolus Hardy

Wing cell dm hatchet-shaped, distinctly narrowed basad of R-M

crossvein; dorsocentral setae absent .......................... Brandtomyia Hardy

Wing cell dm normal, not distinctly narrowed basad of R-M crossvein;

dorsocentral setae present though sometimes weak .............................. 11

Antennae a little longer than face; face vertical; postocellar and

postpronotal setae present; wing pattern brown and R-M crossvein

placed below apex of pterostigma ............................-.. Undescribed genus

Antennae shorter than face; face usually concave medially, if almost

vertical then postocellar and postpronotal setae absent, wing pattern

yellow and brown and R-M crossvein placed beyond apex of pterostigma

EE EE 12

Face almost vertical, slightly concave near oral margin; dorsocentral

setae rudimentary; postocellar, postpronotal and prescutellar acrostichal

setae all absent; two pairs of frontal setae placed close together ..............

A een rey nento rum Aire eee S Cyclopsia Malloch

16 Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1)

- Face concave in medial portion; dorsocentral setae often well developed;

postocellar setae present; postpronotal and prescutellar acrostichal setae

often present, if both absent and two pairs of frontal setae then these are

widely;spaced Mit, Moai Ws tat he a ee eee 13

13 One pair of frontal setae; orbital setae often absent; wing pattern reduced

and faint, little more than a costal band .......... Dimeringophrys Enderlein

- Two or more pairs of frontal setae; one pair of orbital setae present; wing

pattern usually extensive and distinct ............................. Euphranta Loew

Acknowledgements

Dick Tsuda (UH) and Keith Arakaki (BPBM) forwarded specimens for study,

including those held by their institutions as loans from other collections, viz.

AMS, ANIC, Ismay Collection, Kovac Collection and Sperry Collection

(NMNH). Nigel Wyatt (BMNH) facilitated access to specimens in his care

and Bernhard Merz (MHNG) sent specimens on loan from SASB. Bert Orr

and Susan Phillips prepared the illustrations. All this assistance is gratefully

acknowledged.

References

AGARWAL, M.L. and KAPOOR, V.C. 1989. New Tephritidae (Diptera) from India.

Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 125: 31-35.

HANCOCK, D.L. and DREW, R.A.I. 2003. New species and records of Trypetinae (Diptera:

Tephritidae) from Australia and the South Pacific. Australian Entomologist 30(3): 97-110.

HANCOCK, D.L. and DREW, R.A.I. 2004. Notes on the genus Euphranta Loew (Diptera:

Tephritidae), with description of four new species. Australian Entomologist 31(4): 151-168.

HARDY, D.E. 1971. Diptera: Tephritidae from Ceylon. Entomologica Scandinavica

Supplementum 1: 287-292.

HARDY, D.E. 1974. The fruit flies of the Philippines (Diptera: Tephritidae). Pacific Insects

Monograph 32: 1-266, 6 pls.

HARDY, D.E. 1977. Family Tephritidae (Trypetidae, Trupaneidae). Pp 44-134, in: Delfinado,

M.D. and Hardy, D.E. (eds), A catalog of the Diptera of the Oriental Region. Vol. 3. University

of Hawaii Press, Honolulu; x + 854 pp.

HARDY, D.E. 1981. On a collection of Euphranta (Diptera: Tephritidae) from west Malaysia.

Colemania 1(2): 71-77.

HARDY, D.E. 1983. The fruit flies of the tribe Euphrantini of Indonesia, New Guinea, and

adjacent islands (Tephritidae: Diptera). International Journal of Entomology 25: 152-205.

HARDY, D.E. 1986. The Adramini of Indonesia, New Guinea and adjacent islands (Diptera:

Tephritidae: Trypetinae). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 27: 53-78.

KAPOOR, V.C. 1993. Indian fruit flies (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae). International Science

Publisher, New York; vii + 228 pp.

KORNEYEV, V.A. 2004. Genera of Palaearctic Pyrgotidae (Diptera, Acalyptrata), with

nomenclatural notes and a key. Vestnik Zoologii 38(1): 19-46.

PERMKAM, S. and HANCOCK, D.L. 1995. Australian Trypetinae (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Invertebrate Taxonomy 9: 1047-1209.

SENIOR-WHITE, R.A. 1922. Notes on Indian Diptera. 3. New species of Diptera from the

Indian Region. Memoirs of the Department of Agriculture in India, Entomological Series 7(9):

107-170, pls xi-xv.

Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1): 17-35 17

A NEW SPECIES OF HYPOLYCAENA C. & R. FELDER

(LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE) FROM AUSTRALIA AND ITS

RELATIONSHIP WITH H. PHORBAS (FABRICIUS)

TREVOR A. LAMBKIN!, CLIFFORD E. MEYER’, STEPHEN S.

BROWN?, RICHARD P. WEIR‘, JOHN F. DONALDSON! and A. IAN

KNIGHT?

!Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 80 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly,

Qld 4068 (Email: Trevor.Lambkin(Ddpi.qld.gov.au)

?10 Anne Clark Avenue, Nicholls, ACT 2913

319 Kimberley Drive, Bowral, NSW 2576

11 Longwood Avenue, Leanyer, Darwin, NT 0812

570 Exton Road, Exton, Tas 7303

Abstract

Hypolycaena litoralis sp. n. and its life history are described and illustrated from Torres Strait,

Queensland. It belongs to the ‘branded’ Hypolycaena C. & R. Felder group, with males

possessing a sex brand (a patch of androconial scales) on the forewing upperside and their larvae

attended by the ant Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius). The ‘branded’ Hypolycaena species that

occur in the region are reviewed and the external facies and genitalia of H. litoralis are found to

most closely resemble those of H. phorbas (Fabricius). Adults and early stages are compared

with H. phorbas and the differences between the two species discussed. The behaviour of adult

and larval H. litoralis is documented and a description of the species’ habitat included. Host

plants are mangroves, Rhizophora stylosa Griff. and Bruguiera Sav. sp. (Rhizophoraceae).

Currently, H. litoralis is known from Boigu, Dauan, Saibai and Yam Islands, Torres Strait.

Introduction

The genus Hypolycaena C. & R. Felder occurs in the Afrotropical and Indo-

Australian regions, with about 30 species known (Parsons 1998). The genus

is particularly diverse in tropical Africa. Closer to Australia, six species occur

in Papua New Guinea, of which two extend into tropical Australia (Braby

2000). Parsons (1998) summarised the current view concerning the

placement of particular species within Hypolycaena. He pointed out that

Corbet and Pendlebury (1978) and D’Abrera (1978) both recognised two

widely separate groups of species: the ‘true’ Hypolycaena (as in the type

species H. sipylus (C. Felder)) that lack a sex brand on the forewing and with

larvae that have no association with ants and feed exclusively on orchids, and

the ‘branded’ Hypolycaena, characterised by possessing a sex brand on the

forewing, exhibiting a high degree of sexual dimorphism and with

polyphagous larvae closely associated with Oecophylla Smith ant species.

Four ‘branded’ Hypolycaena species occur in the Australian region: H. erylus

(Godart), H. periphorbas Butler, H. phorbas (Fabricius) and H. dictaea C. &

R. Felder. The only species currently recognised in Australia is H. phorbas

(Braby 2000). Parsons (1998) also recorded H. dictaea from ‘as far south-east

as Queensland’; however, a review of specimens in The Natural History

Museum, London and the Australian National Insect Collection (ANIC),

Canberra by the authors has failed to support this claim.

18 Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1)

A further species, H. noctula (Staudinger), was described from two “dark

grey tinted slightly bluish' males from Cooktown, Queensland (Staudinger

and Schatz 1888). Waterhouse (1903) initially agreed with Staudinger and

Schatz (1888) in recognising H noctula but later (Waterhouse and Lyell

1914) synonymised this species with H. phorbas. Tindale (1923) agreed with

this synonymy and it is accepted in this work. H. noctula and H. phorbas

share the same type locality (Edwards et al. 2001).

In 1984, several small, dark ‘branded’ Hypolycaena males closely resembling

H. phorbas were collected by C.G. Miller and J.W. d’Apice on Yam Island in

Torres Strait, Queensland. Additional specimens were collected over the next

decade on other Torres Strait islands. Because the facies and size of H.

Phorbas are known to be variable (Parsons 1998, Braby 2000), these

specimens were presumed, until recently, to be diminutive examples of H.

Phorbas, which also occurs on the same islands. A review of Hypolycaena

from the Indo-Australian region (Corbet and Pendlebury 1978, D’Abrera

1978, Parsons 1998), plus an examination of Papua New Guinea material in

the Brandt Collection (in ANIC) by one of us (CEM), indicated that this

small, dark ‘branded’ Hypolycaena might be distinct.

In April and May 2002, all immature stages of this small Hypolycaena were

discovered by one of us (CEM) on Dauan and Saibai Islands on Rhizophora

stylosa Griff. (Rhizophoraceae) and were successfully reared to adults.

Further examination of this species’ external facies, genitalia and life history

confirmed that it was undescribed.

Abbreviations of specimen depositories are: ANIC - Australian National

Insect Collection, Canberra; CEMC - C.E. Meyer collection, Canberra;

CGMC - C.G. Miller collection, Lennox Head; JFDC - J.F. Donaldson

collection, Thornlands; TLIKC - Joint T.A. Lambkin and A.I. Knight

collections, Brisbane; JWDC - J.W. d’Apice collection, ANIC, Canberra;

MDBC - M. De Baar collection, Brisbane; MTQ - Museum of Tropical

Queensland, Townsville; PSVC - P.S. Valentine collection, Townsville; QM

- Queensland Museum, Brisbane; RPWC - R.P. Weir collection, Darwin;

SSBC - S.S. Brown collection, Bowral. Abbreviations of collectors are: AIK

- A.I. Knight; CEM - C.E. Meyer; CGM - C.G. Miller; JFD - J.F. Donaldson;

JWD - J.W. d’Apice; PSV - P.S. Valentine; RPW - R.P. Weir; SJJ - S.J.

Johnson; SSB - S.S. Brown; TAL - T.A. Lambkin.

Hypolycaena litoralis Lambkin, Meyer, Brown & Weir, sp. n.

Mangrove Flash (Figs 1-4, 9-12, 17-18, 21-29)

Types. Holotype O”, AUSTRALIA (QUEENSLAND): labelled ‘Boigu Island, Torres

Strait, Q. 8-9.iv.1992, T.A. Lambkin’ (in QM, Registration No. T.123514). Paratypes:

3 0'0”, 3 99, same data as holotype except 21.iii.1994 (3 (0, 1 9 TLIKC, 1 9 ANIC,

1 2 MDBC); 23 oc, 14 99, Dauan Island, Torres Strait, 9.v.2001 (9 (0, 9 99),

27.iv.2000 (0), 11.iv.2001 (0%), 1.v.2001 (3 0'0”), 10.v.2001 (07), 11.v.2001 Go,

2 29), 12.v.2001 (9), 13.v.2001 (3 o'0', 2 99) AIK (TLIKC); 2 00’, same data except

Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1) 19

17.11.2004 (pupa collected) TAL (TLIKC); 14 oo, 8 99, same data except 13-

18.iv.2001 (1 O”, 1 9), 26.iv.-2.v.2002 (7 0'0', 4 99), Emg: 3.v.2002 (9), Emg:

5.v.2002 (07), Emg: 12.v.2002 (0), Emg: 14.v.2002 (0), Emg: 16.v.2002 (OH, Emg:

10.vi.2002 (9), Emg: 12.vi.2002 (0), Emg: 18.vi.2002 (CH, Emg: 7.vii.2002 (9), CEM

(CEMC); 1 d, same data except 4.iv.1990, JFD (JFDC); 9 oc, 6 99, same data

except 13.iv.1994 (07), 99245, 142°32E, 4.iv.2004 (0), 9.iv.2004 (2 (107), 12.iv.2004

oO, 1 9), emerged 12.iv.2004 (2 99), emerged 13.iv.2004 (9), emerged 14.iv.2004

(9), emerged 16.iv.2004 (0), emerged 23.iv.2004 (9), PSV (PSVC); 8 OO’, 8 99,

same data except 9.412S, 142.529E, 10.iv.2004 (2 CF, 1 9), emerged 12.iv.2004 (9),

emerged 14.iv.2004 (1 O”, 2 99), emerged 18.iv.2004 (1 0”, 3 99), emerged 19.iv.2004

(3 (0), emerged 20.iv.2004 (?), emerged 22.iv.2004 (07), SJJ (MTQ); 7 VV, 6 99,

same data except 9%24”46”S, 142932”19”E, 26.iv-2.v.2002 (2 cV, 1 9), 26.iv-

2.v.2002, em 3.v.2002 (3 99), 26.iv-2.v.2002, em 4.v.2002 (3 VV, 1 9), 26.iv-

2.v.2002, em 5.v.2002 (2 00", 1 9), RPW, SSB & CEM (RPWC); 18 C0, 9 99, same

data except 13-18.iv.2001 (1 0%, 1 9), 26.iv-2.v.2002 (17 CQ, 7 99), 5.v.2002 (ex

pupa) (9), SSB (SSBC); 2 CF, Saibai Island, Torres Strait, 27.ix.1992, 22.iii.1994,

TAL (TLIKC); 1 g, l 9, same data except 9.v.2001 (0), 27.ii.2004 (9) AIK

(TLIKC); 2 VV, 2 99, same data except 19-20.iv.2001 (1 0, 2 99), 25.iv.2001 (0),

CEM (CEMC); 2 CC, same data except 3-4.v.2002, SSB (SSBC); 2 (o, Yam

Island, Torres Strait, 3.iv.1984, CGM (CGMC); 2 CO, same data except JWD

(JWDC); 10 00, same data except 12.vi.1992, AIK (1 O” ANIC, 3 d'd JFDC, 6 oo"

TLIKC). All specimens are documented as vouchers in Appendix 1 (OO) and

Appendix 2 (99).

Description. Male (Figs 1, 3). Forewing length 13.14 mm [n=106]. Forewing

upperside ground colour dull black, largely covered, most often with deep

blue-purple but sometimes blue central area enclosing a velvety black sex

brand, variable in size and shape but never circular; sex brand rarely

extending below vein CuA, and almost always overlaid by a line of blue-

purple scales in the area between veins CuA, and CuA»; rarely with white

markings on the forewing in the area below the sex brand above vein 1A+2A.

Hindwing upperside variably suffused with blue-purple; a series of faint

white subterminal lunules sometimes occurring up to vein M, but, when

present, always poorly defined; the two lunules nearest the tornus always

present and each enclosing a black spot; tornal lobe dull black, sometimes

with a dull orange centre; a fine white terminal line running from the tornal

lobe up to but not past vein M3; termen with two black tails tipped white at

veins CuA, and 1A+2A. Forewing underside ground colour pale grey, with a

short pale brown to grey band at end of cell; a similar almost straight post

median band faintly edged with white; a faint pale grey subterminal band.

Hindwing underside ground colour pale grey, with a dark grey or black basal

spot; a short pale brown to grey band at end of cell; an irregular yellow-

brown post median band faintly edged with white finishing at tornus; two

black spots near tornus each edged above with pale orange.

Male genitalia (Figs 17-18). Sociuncus slightly convex in lateral view with

acute ventral angle, concave in ventral view; brachium in ventral view long,

tapering, curved with extreme apex bent; valva long, with thumb-like process

20 Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1)

near apex, in lateral view tapering with acute apical portion bent dorsally, in

ventral view slightly sinuate with apical portion curved laterally, basal lateral

extension of valva short and rounded; ventral-lateral carina usually only

slightly developed, never strongly laminate (n=6, voucher specimens 14, 23

[Holotype], 24, 25, 31 and 32 [Appendix 1]).

Female (Figs 2, 4, 29). Forewing length 13.67 mm [n=57]. Forewing

upperside ground colour ranging from dull grey-black to grey-brown, rarely

with a trace of white in the central area of the forewing. Hindwing upperside

with a series of dull black subterminal spots with no obvious white lunules

enclosing them; a fine white terminal line running from the tornal lobe up to

but not past vein Mj; tornal lobe dull black enclosing a very small dull orange

centre; tails as for male. Underside as in male, but ground colour paler.

The underside ground colour and wing patterns are variable in both sexes.

Distribution. This species is known from Boigu, Dauan, Saibai and Yam

Islands, Torres Strait, Queensland.

Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin noun /ifus meaning

‘shore’ and refers to the littoral zone or seashore environment where this

species occurs.

Life history

Host plants (Figs 30-32). Rhizophora stylosa Griff. and Bruguiera Sav. sp.

(Rhizophoraceae).

Attendant ant (Figs 24, 28). Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius), green tree

ant, brown form (Formicidae).

Egg (Figs 21-22). Width 0.65 mm, height 0.36 mm [n=1]; white, mandarin-

shaped; micropylar depression smooth with no ornate features; egg surface

with a pattern of reticulated pits and intervening ridges with tops of ridges

obtuse and granulated.

First instar larva (Fig. 23). Length 1.0 mm [n=3]; body smooth and

onisciform, pale green with no distinctive external features except for the

body contents, visible through the cuticle, appearing as a broad dark green

dorsal stripe extending from the first mesothoracic to the last abdominal

segment.

Final instar larva (Figs 24-25). Length 17.0 mm [n=7]; head orange; body

onisciform and elongate; body, including prothoracic and anal plates, varying

in colour from pale to dark green; pale green lateral and dorsolateral stripes;

two faint white dorsal stripes edged reddish brown; a central dorsal dark

green stripe; spiracles orange; dorsal surface of first mesothoracic segment

orange; area between dorsolateral eversible organs on abdominal segment 8

orange; legs and prolegs, including bases, pale green; prothoracic plate, anal

plate, leg and proleg bases edged in fine pale secondary setae.

Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1) 21

Figs 1-8. Hypolycaena spp. All figures to scale, upperside left, underside right

[forewing lengths in parentheses]. (1-4) H. litoralis with voucher specimen numbers

(VS): (1, 3) males: (1) Dauan I., AIK [13 mm] VS 4; (3) Boigu I., TAL [15 mm] VS

9; (2, 4) females: (2) Dauan I., AIK [15 mm] VS 1; (4) Boigu L, TAL [15 mm] VS 15.

(5-8) H. phorbas: (5, 7) males: (5) Dauan I., 11.v.2001, AIK [18 mm]; (7) Boigu I., 8-

9.iv.1992, AIK [16 mm]; (6, 8) females: (6) Saba I., 22.11.1994, TAL [20 mm], (8)

Boigu I., 8-9.iv.1992, TAL [17 mm] (all TLIKC).

22 Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1)

Figs 9-16. Sex brands of Hypolycaena spp. [width of brands in parentheses]. (9-12) H.

litoralis: (9) Dauan I., 11.v.2001, AIK [2.0 mm]; (10) Dauan I., 1.v.2001, AIK [2.3

mm]; (11) Yam I., 11-12.vi.1992, AIK [3.4 mm]; (12) Boigu I., 9.iv.1992, TAL [3.3

mm]. (13-16) H. phorbas: (13) Bamaga, Qld, 15.iv.1995, TAL [4.2 mm]; (14) Saibai

I., 10.iv.2001, AIK [6.0 mm]; (15) Kemp Beach, Yeppoon, Qld, 3-4.i.1979, TAL [5.2

mm]; (16) East Point, Darwin, NT, 28.iv-3.v.1993, AIK [5.2 mm].

Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1) 23

17 18

19 20

Figs 17-20. Male genitalia of Hypolycaena spp. with scale bar lengths. (17-18) H.

litoralis (Holotype [VS 23]): (17) ventral view, 0.5 mm; (18) valva, 0.2 mm. (19-20)

H phorbas (Yeppoon, Qld, 12.v.1995, AIK): (19) ventral view, 0.5 mm; (20) valva,

0.2 mm.

24 Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1)

xX140 199um 6000 15„/MAXY/OZ

Figs 21-28. Hypolycaena litoralis. (21) SEM image of egg [diameter 0.65 mm]; (22)

egg in situ; (23) dorsal view of first instar larva, RHS larva [length 1.5 mm]; (24-25)

final instar larvae: (24) dorsolateral view [16 mm] with attendant ant, Oecophylla

smaragdina; (25) dorsal view [18 mm]; (26) prepupa, lateral view [13 mm]; (27-28)

pupae: (27) lateral view [11 mm], (28) dorsolateral view [10 mm] with attendant ant.

Bn, mg

"amer

Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1) 25

Pupa (Figs 27-28). Length 11.8 mm [n=8]; smooth, slender, oblong; thoracic

and abdominal dorsal humps slight; lime-green, including spiracles; no

distinctive colour or surface features, i.e. without mottling or fine speckling.

Biology :

The habitat of H. litoralis on Dauan Island (Fig. 33) consists of mangroves,

predominantly R. stylosa, backing onto brackish areas where Gymnanthera

oblonga (Burm. F.) P.S. Green (Asclepiadaceae) is a common component.

These brackish areas are mixed with sparse vine thicket where Premna

serratifolia L. (Lamiaceae) and Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (Fabaceae)

commonly grow. On all four islands, H. litoralis appears to be confined to

these habitats where, in mangroves, its host plants R. stylosa and Bruguiera

sp. (S.J. Johnson pers. comm.) and its attendant ant species occur. Females

are most often seen flying around their host plant and, together with males,

also fly along mangrove edges. Both sexes have a fast and direct flight, settle

frequently and readily come to blossom. In April and May 2001, they were

collected commonly from blossom of P. serratifolia. The environment and

host plants of H litoralis prompted our choice for its common name,

Mangrove Flash.

Eggs of H. litoralis are deposited singly on the underside of mature leaves of

R. stylosa, or in old larval leaf scars on the underside of mature leaves (Fig.

22). Young larvae were only found feeding on the terminal fresh growth and

it is surmised that they travel to the terminal ends of the stems soon after

hatching. In February 2004, the observed biology of H litoralis was very

similar to that of H. phorbas (Braby 2000), in that all larval and pupal stages

were found together in close association with O. smaragdina in temporary

ant shelters, at the terminal ends of the branches. The ants constructed these

shelters by stitching the top four or five terminal leaves together in an upward

direction (Fig. 32) and within these shelters the ants attended all stages of H.

litoralis. ln contrast, its biology appeared to be quite different to that of H.

phorbas when observed in April and May 2002. There was no evidence of

attendant ants constructing webbing or shelters around the larvae, with larvae

most often found isolated from the ants or in the presence of only one or two.

Furthermore, pupae were typically found singly on the underside edges of

leaves toward the stems, with no ant attendance.

In general, immature stages were found on small R. stylosa plants (1-2 m

high) as well as on larger trees (8 m high). Larval feeding causes the leaves

of R. stylosa to twist and turn brown and this gives infested plants a scorched

appearance (Fig. 31). Colonies of H. litoralis were isolated and localised

within mangrove patches but, overall, they were easily located.

Discussion

In addition to the types of H. litoralis (see Appendices 1 and 2; 6 with male

genitalia examined), the following comparative material was examined:

26 Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1)

H. periphorbas - 7 CN, 2 99 from mainland Papua New Guinea.

H. dictaea - 4 0, 2 99 from Normanby Island, 4 oC. 1 9 from Woodlark Island;

LO from Misima Island; 3 oC (1 with genitalia examined) from mainland Papua

New Guinea.

H. phorbas - 26 CC, 25 99 (9 with male genitalia examined) from mainland

Queensland; 38 0'0’, 44 99 (6 with male genitalia examined) from Torres Strait; 39

OO, 38 99 (3 male genitalia examined) from Northern Territory; 32 (0, 14 99

from mainland Papua New Guinea.

Common features of both Hypolycaena groups that distinguish them from

other related genera include: forewing with only 10 veins (Rapala Moore and

Deudorix Hewitson have 11), with no radial branches (R4 and Rs); eyes

hirsute; hindwing with slender tails at the end of veins CuA, and 1A+2A and

tornal lobes weakly developed (Parsons 1998, Braby 2000). In both sexes,

adult H. litoralis are superficially similar to the other branded species from

Papua New Guinea but appear closest to H. phorbas.

In Papua New Guinea H. erylus is restricted to the northwest coast and this

possibly represents the eastern extremity for the species (Parsons 1998). H.

periphorbas has been recorded only from the northeastern provinces (Parsons

1998). H. erylus and H. periphorbas have not been recorded from the

Western, Gulf or Central Provinces, i.e. those provinces closest to Torres

Strait where H. litoralis is known to occur. H. dictaea has been recorded

from Central Province (Port Moresby) (Parsons 1998, Brandt Collection in

ANIC). Males and females of these three species differ from H. litoralis in

their size and in differences in wing colouring and pattern.

A small male of H. dictaea (forewing length 14 mm) in the Brandt

Collection, labelled ‘Port Moresby, Mt Lawes 1300 ft’, superficially

resembles the males of H. litoralis in size; however it differs by having the

upperside ground colour dull purple with dull grey-black margins, a more

rounded forewing apex and a less distinct sex brand radiating outwards along

the forewing veins towards the termen. This specimen is also

morphologically different from the other males of H. dictaea in the Brandt

Collection and may represent a separate species.

Males of H. litoralis (Figs 1, 3) are smaller than males of H. phorbas (Figs 5,

7) (forewing lengths 13.14 mm [n=106] and 16.3 mm [n=103] respectively);

the forewing upperside colour of male H. litoralis varies from deep blue-

purple to blue but is most often deep blue-purple (94 of 106), rarely with

white markings on the forewing in the area below the sex brand above vein

1A+2A (2 of 106) and the hindwing upperside is always deep blue-purple;

the upperside of H. phorbas is never deep blue-purple and often has white

forewing markings. The sex brand of H. litoralis is relatively small and

variable in size and shape but never circular, rarely extending below vein

CuA, (6 of 106) and most often overlaid with a line or a dusting of blue-

purple forewing scales in the area between veins CuA, and CuA; (89 of 106)

Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1) 27

Figs 29-33. (29) Newly emerged Hypolycaena litoralis female [forewing length 13

mm]; (30-32) Rhizophora stylosa: (30) flower [diameter 20 mm]; (31) old larval

scarring [largest leaf 140 mm]; (32) larval shelter [100 mm]. (33) habitat of H.

litoralis on Dauan I.

28 Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1)

Figs 34-37. Hypolycaena phorbas. (34) SEM image of egg [diameter 0.75 mm],

Darwin, NT; (35-36) final instar larvae: (35) lateral views of polymorphic forms, with

attendant Oecophylla smaragdina, RHS larva [length 18 mm], Thursday L.; (36)

dorsolateral view [17 mm], Dauan I. (37) lateral view of pupa [13 mm], Dauan I.

(Figs 9-12); in contrast, the sex brand of H. phorbas is consistently and

relatively much larger, more circular in shape, always extending to some

degree below vein CuA) and the area between veins CuA, and CuA; is never

overlaid with forewing scales (Figs 13-16). Finally, the white subterminal

lunules on the hindwing upperside of male H. litoralis are always poorly

defined and sometimes absent (30 of 106) but, when present, rarely extend

into the space above vein M, (14 of 106); in contrast, the white subterminal

lunules of H. phorbas are always well defined and almost always extend into

the space above vein M3.

Parsons (1998) considered differences in the hindwing underside subtornal

eyespots as characters that can be used to distinguish between adults of H.

erylus, H. dictaea and H. phorbas in Papua New Guinea. Parsons (1998)

noted that this eyespot was largest in H. erylus, intermediate in size in H.

dictaea and smallest in H. phorbas. Furthermore, he noted that the orange

area of the eyespot in H. erylus had a notably diffuse proximal margin that

extended past veins CuA; and CuA); in H. phorbas it was diffuse at its

margins and in H. dictaea it was rectangular in shape, bounded by veins

CuA, and CuA, and clearly bordered with brown. In H. litoralis the size and

extent of the orange area of the subtornal eyespot is variable but not

Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1) 29

conspicuously rectangular in shape as in H. dictaea and, sometimes, the

orange area crosses over vein CuA;, a characteristic that is shared with H

phorbas from Australia. Therefore, the subtornal eyespot character is not

useful in distinguishing H. litoralis from other ‘branded’ species of

Hypolycaena.

Of the ‘branded’ PNG species of Hypolycaena, the male genitalia of H

litoralis are closest to those of H. phorbas; both differ from those of the other

species in the shape of valvae and by the valvae possessing short and rounded

basal lateral extensions (Figs 17-20). In H. erylus these extensions are longer,

not projected laterally and their origin is not basal. They are not present in H.

periphorbas and are long and narrow in H. dictaea (Parsons 1998). Parsons

(1998) illustrated the male genitalia of the four ‘branded’ species but his

illustrations of H. phorbas do not agree with our findings. In this study, we

examined the male genitalia of 18 Australian specimens of H. phorbas and all

had short and rounded basal lateral extensions on the valvae. Parsons’ (1998)

lateral and ventral illustrations of the genitalia of H. phorbas show them

having long and narrow basal lateral extensions on the valvae, much like H.

dictaea. Our conclusion is that his genitalia illustrations of H. phorbas are not

correct and, considering the similarity of the lateral and ventral views to that

of his illustration of H. dictaea and our examination of the genitalia of a

specimen of H. dictaea from mainland Papua New Guinea, it is highly

probable that his illustration of H. phorbas is actually of H. dictaea.

The male genitalia (Figs 17-20) of H. litoralis and H. phorbas are variable;

however, in most cases they can be separated by the extent of the

development of the ventro-lateral carina of the valva. In H. litoralis this

carina is usually just slightly developed, whereas in H. phorbas it is well

developed, with a strong serrate lamina often running the full length of the

carina. Only one of six H. litoralis genitalia examined had a small lamina on

the base of the ventro-lateral carina. Only one of 18 H. phorbas examined

showed an apparent lack of a lamina, but a closer examination showed a very

narrow lamina running the full length of the carina. Because of this

variability, the holotype of H. litoralis (VS 23) was selected as the best

example showing the slight development of the ventral-lateral carina of the

valva. The genitalia of H litoralis are also more delicate in structure and

appearance than those of H. phorbas.

Female H. litoralis (Figs 2, 4) are also smaller than females of H. phorbas

(Figs 6, 8) (forewing lengths: 13.67 mm [n=57] and 17.11 mm [n=107]

respectively). In contrast to the female of H. phorbas, the brown-grey

forewing upperside of female H. litoralis never has central white patches, but

occasionally has small areas of white scales (6 of 57) and the white

subterminal lunules on the hindwing upperside are always greatly reduced.

External morphological characters of the immature stages also assist in

separating H. litoralis from H. phorbas. The egg surface structures of both

30 Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1)

species are similar, in that both have patterns of reticulated pits and

intervening ridges, but H. litoralis differs in having the tops of the ridges

obtuse and granulated (Fig. 21), while in H. phorbas the tops are strongly

acute and smooth (Fig. 34); the micropylar depression of the H. litoralis egg

is smooth with no visible features, while that of H. phorbas is strongly ornate

with a flowery pattern; the egg of H. litoralis is also smaller than that of H.

phorbas. The mature larva of H. litoralis (Figs 24-25) is smaller and, in

general, not as brightly coloured as that of H. phorbas; the dorsal and

dorsolateral stripes of the H. litoralis larva are almost always obscured (but

sometimes white), but are most often dull greenish-orange and pale green

respectively, while the larva of H. phorbas has bright yellow and white dorsal

stripes and bright greenish-white dorsolateral and lateral stripes (Fig. 36). H.

litoralis larvae are not known to be polymorphic, while larvae of H. phorbas

are known to have a number of forms, predominately green and red (Braby

2000) (Figs 35-36). The pupa of H. litoralis is smooth and slender, always

lime green in colour with no distinctive colour or surface features and with

only slight thoracic and abdominal dorsal humps (Figs 27-28); in contrast, the

pupa of H. phorbas is stout with strongly outlined wing cases, is known to be

polymorphic in colour (Parsons 1998, Braby 2000), has yellow spiracles and

distinctive thoracic and abdominal dorsal humps (Fig. 37).

In general, apart from structures of the genitalia of the two species, H.

litoralis can be distinguished from H. phorbas by its smaller size and the

predominately deep blue-purple upperside of the male, although males are

variable (Figs 1, 3), sometimes in the intensity of the colour (some have

reflective blue scaling) and shape of the forewing, but most of all in the size

and shape of the sex brand. Furthermore, male and female H. litoralis tend to

be equal in size (forewing lengths: male - 13.14 mm [n=106], female - 13.67

mm [n=57]), as opposed to H. phorbas, in which females are larger than

males (forewing lengths: male - 16.33 mm [n=103], female - 17.11 mm

[n=107]). As a rule, both sexes of H litoralis can be superficially identified

by their small size, the deep blue-purple of the hindwing upperside (and most

often the forewing) of the male, the absence of a white patch on the forewing

upperside of the female and by their close association with mangroves.

To date, H. litoralis is known from only four islands in the northern and

central parts of Torres Strait, Queensland. Of these, Saibai and Boigu are

relatively large in size, flat and muddy with vegetation consisting

predominately of mangroves, saltbush and other halophytic species. In

contrast, Dauan and Yam Islands are volcanic in origin, have extensive

monsoonal vine thickets and much smaller stands of mangroves than the

former two islands. Considering the close proximity of Saibai and Boigu

(approximately 2 and 3 km respectively) to the Western Province of Papua

New Guinea, where large tracts of mangroves also occur, it is highly likely

that H. litoralis also occurs there. Stands of mangroves and/or resident

populations of O. smaragdina are known from other Torres Strait islands,

Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1) 31

for example to the south and southeast of Saibai Island (south - Zagai and

Sassie close to Yam; southeast - Stephens, Aukane, Rennel and Kabbikane)

(De Baar 1988 and pers. comm., T.A. Lambkin pers. obs.) and it is possible

that the distribution of H. litoralis in Australia might be more extensive than

is currently known. Braby (2000) provided a useful. map of this region,

showing the relative positions of all Torres Strait islands discussed.

Acknowledgements

We thank the local community councils of Saibai, Yam, Boigu and Dauan

Islands for allowing entry into their communities, supplying lodging and

providing much cooperation during the time spent on their islands. We also

acknowledge the following: M. De Baar and S.J. Johnson provided valuable

personal communications; botanical identifications were made by B. Wilson

(Queensland Herbarium); J.W. d’Apice, S.J. Johnson, C.G. Miller and P.S.

Valentine allowed examination of material held in their collections; E.D.

Edwards provided valuable advice on type specimens and kindly allowed

access to literature and specimens held in the ANIC; P.R. Ackery provided

advice on specimens held in The Natural History Museum, London; J.S.

Bartlett gave valuable support in the formatting and preparation of the colour

plates and E. Hayward of Charles Darwin University, Darwin, provided the

SEM images of Hypolycaena eggs.

References

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CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood; xx + 976 pp.

CORBET, A.S. and PENDLEBURY, H.M. 1978. The butterflies of the Malay Peninsula. 3rd

edition, revised by J.N. Eliot. Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur; 578 pp.

D'ABRERA, B. 1978. Butterflies of the Australian Region. 2nd Edition. Lansdowne, Melbourne;

415 pp.

DE BAAR, M. 1988. Insects collected during a trip to Torres Strait 27 March to 10 April, 1987,

News Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Queensland 15: 107-117.

EDWARDS, E.D., NEWLAND, J. and REGAN, L. 2001. Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea,

Papilionoidea. In Wells, A. & Houston, W.W.K (eds) Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol.

31.6. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood; x + 616 pp.

PARSONS, M.J. [1998]. The butterflies of Papua New Guinea: their systematics and biology.

Academic Press, London; xvi + 736 pp.

STAUDINGER, O and SCHATZ, E. 1888. Exotische Schmetterlinge. G. Léwensohn, Fiirth,

Bavaria: Vol. 1 (20-21), pp 235-333, pls 96-100 (283).

TINDALE, N.B. 1923. On Australian Rhopalocera. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal

Society of South Australia 47: 342-354, pls 28-30 (348).

WATERHOUSE, G.A. 1903. Notes on the Australian Rhopalocera: Lycaenidae. Part III —

Revisional. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 28(1): 132-275.

WATERHOUSE, G.A. and LYELL, G. 1914. The butterflies of Australia. Angus and Robertson,

Sydney; vi + 239 pp.

ETT. ——————————h———— l |

32 Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1)

Appendix 1. Collection and external character data for types of male Hypolycaena

litoralis sp. n., voucher specimens 1-106, used for description of species.

No. = Voucher specimen number; A = Forewing length (mm); B = Forewing scales

across sex brand; C = Sex brand extending below vein CuA»; D = Blue-purple

forewing; E = Hindwing subterminal lunules present; F = Hindwing subterminal

lunules above vein M2. Y = yes; N = no. Holotype = No. 23.

No. Collection data A B C D E F

1 Dauan 11.v.2001 14 D N Y D N

2 Yam 11-12.vi.1992 14 Y N Y N N

3 Dauan 9.v.2001 14 Y N Y N N

4 Dauan 9.v.2001 13 Y N Y Y N

5 Dauan 11.v.2001 13 Y N Y Y N

6 Dauan 1.v.2001 13 Y N Y Y N

7 Dauan 11.v.2001 13 Y N Y N N

8 Yam 11-12.vi.1992 15 N N N vé N

9 Boigu 9.iv.1992 15 YE N Ve Y N

10 Dauan 9.v.2001 13 Y N VW Y N

11 Dauan 9.v.2001 13 vi N Y Y N

12 Dauan 11.v.2001 14 Y N YE N N

13 Dauan 1.v.2001 14 Y N Y Vi N

14 Yam 11-12.vi.1992 15 Vi N i Ve N

15 Dauan 1.v.2001 13 Y N Y Y N

16 Dauan 11.v.2001 14 Y N Y Vi N

17 Dauan 13.v.2001 14 Y N Y Y N

18 Dauan 9.v.2001 13 Y N Y Y N

19 Dauan 9.v.2001 13 Y N Y N N

20 Dauan 13.v.2001 13 Di N Y Y N

21 Dauan 9.v.2001 14 Y N Y Y N

22 Saibai 9.v.2001 12 Xi N Y Ye N

23 Boigu 8-9.iv.1992 14 Y N Y Ve N

24 Yam 11-12.vi.1992 12 N i Y Y N

25 Boigu 8-9.iv.1992 12 N N Y Y N

26 Dauan 10.v.2001 13 Vi N Y N N

20 Dauan 27.iv.2000 12 Y N Y Y N

28 Dauan 9.v.2001 14 Y N Y Vi N

29 Dauan 13.v.2001 13 Y N Y Y N

30 Boigu 8-9.iv.1992 14 Y N Y Y N

31 Dauan 11.iv.2001 14 Y N Y Vi N

32 Yam 11-12.vi.1992 14 N N Y N N

33 Yam 12.vi.1992 14 N Y N N N

34 Dauan 4.iv.1990 12 Y N yi N N

35 Saibai 22.iii.1994 14 Y N N Y N

36 Yam 12.vi.1992 12 Vi N Y N N

37 Yam 12.vi.1992 14 Y Y Y N N

38 Saibai 27.ix.1992 12 Y N N Y N

39 Yam 3.iv.1984 13 N Y Y Y N

40 Yam 3.iv.1984 14 Y N Y Ve N

41 Yam 11-12.vi.1992 14 Y N Y N N

42 Yam 12.vi.1992 13 N N Y N N

43 Dauan 13 — 18.iv.2001 13 Y N Y Y Ya

Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1)

Dauan

Saibai

Dauan

Saibai

Dauan

Saibai

Dauan

Yam

Collection data

26.iv — 2.v.2002

26.iv —2.v.2002

26.iv — 2.v.2002

03 — 04.v.2002

13 — 18.iv.2001

19 — 20.iv.2001

26.iv — 2.v.2002

25.iv.2002

Emg: 05.v.2002

Emg: 12.v.2002

Emg: 14.v.2002

Emg: 16.v.2002

Emg: 12.v.2002

Emg: 18.v.2002

26.iv — 2.v.2002,

em 04.v.2002

26.iv — 2.v.2002,

em 04.v.2002

26.iv — 2.v.2002

26.iv — 2.v.2002,

em 04.v.2002

26.iv — 2.v.2002,

em 05.v.2002

26.iv — 2.v.2002,

em 05.v.2002

pupa coll 17.11.2004

3.iv.1984

ei KKK KKK KK KK ZK ZK ZZ ZK KK ZK KKK KKK AZ]

REZA <

ZZZZ Z Z ZZZ M ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ<ZZ|O

ZLZZZ A RARA AAA KKK KKK KKK KK KKK KK KKK KKK KI

saka Z ak. ZZZ ~~ KKKZKKKKZK KK ZK KKK ZK KKK KZ KKK KKK ZK KK XX

Z Z 222 « HXZ<ZZZ<ZZZZZZ<ZZZZ<ZZ<ZZZZZZZZZZZZZ| >»

LILLE ZA

3.iv.1984

4 Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1)

No. Collection data A B C D E F

90 Dauan 13.iv.1994 14 Y N VW Y N

91 Dauan 4.iv.2004 13 Y N Y N N

92 Dauan 9.iv.2004 13 Y N Vi Y N

93 Dauan 9.iv.2004 13 Y N Y Y Y

94 Dauan 12.iv.2004 12 Y N Y N N

95 Dauan 12.iv.2004 14 Y N Y YE Y

96 Dauan 12.iv.2004 12 Vi N Y Y Y

97 Dauan 12.iv.2004 13 Y N Y Y Y

98 Dauan em. 16.iv.2004 13 Ve oN Y N N

99 Dauan 10.iv.2004 13 Y N Y Y N

100 Dauan 10.iv.2004 13 Y N Y N N

101 Dauan em. 14.iv.2004 12 Y N Y N N

102 Dauan em. 18.iv.2004 13 Y N Y Y N

103 Dauan em. 19.iv.2004 14 BY N Y vi N

104 Dauan em. 19.iv.2004 14 Y N Y N N

105 Dauan em. 19.iv.2004 13 Y N Y Y N

106 Dauan em. 22.iv.2004 15 Y N Y Yi YE

* = white scales on forewing.

Appendix 2. Collection and external character data for types of female Hypolycaena

litoralis sp. n., voucher specimens 1-57, used for description of species. Y = yes; N =

no.

Voucher Collection data Forewing Forewing

specimen length with white

No. (mm) scales

1 Dauan 12.v.2001 15 N

2 Dauan 9.v.2001 14 N

3 Dauan 9.v.2001 15 N

4 Dauan 11.v.2001 14 N

5 Dauan 9.v.2001 14 N

6 Dauan 11.v.2001 13 N

7 Dauan 9.v.2001 14 N

8 Dauan 13.v.2001 14 N

9 Dauan 9.v.2001 14 N

10 Dauan 9.v.2001 13 N

11 Dauan 9.v.2001 14 Y

12 Dauan 9.v.2001 15 Y

13 Dauan 13.v.2001 14 N

14 Dauan 9.v.2001 13 N

15 Boigu 21.iii.1994 15 N

16 Boigu 21.iii.1994 13 N

17 Dauan 13 — 18.iv.2001 15 Y

18 Dauan 26.iv — 2.v.2002 14 N

19 Dauan 26.iv — 2.v.2002 14 N

20 Dauan 26.iv — 2.v.2002 14 Y

21 Dauan 26.iv — 2.v.2002 14 N

22 Dauan 26.iv—2.v.2002 14 N

23 Dauan 26.iv —2.v.2002 14 N

24 Dauan 26.iv — 2.v.2002 13 N

Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1) 35

Voucher Collection data Forewing Forewing

specimen length with white

No. (mm) scales

25 Dauan Emg: 05.v.2002 14 N

26 Dauan 13 — 18.iv.2001 14 N

27 Saibai 19 — 20.iv.2001 14 N

28 Saibai 19 — 20.iv.2001 15 N

29 Dauan 26.iv — 2.v.2002 13 N

30 Dauan 26.iv — 2.v.2002 14 N

31 Dauan 26.iv —2.v.2002 14 N

32 Dauan 26.iv — 2.v.2002 13 N

33 Dauan Emg: 03.v.2002 14 N

34 Dauan Emg: 10.vi.2002 14 ye

35 Dauan Emg: 07.vii.2002 13 Ve

36 Dauan 26.iv — 2.v.2002, 13 N

em 03.v.2002

37 Dauan 26.iv — 2.v.2002, 14 N

em 03.v.2002

38 Dauan 26.iv — 2.v.2002, 12 N

em 03.v.2002

39 Dauan 26.iv — 2.v.2002, 12 N

em 04.v.2002

40 Dauan 26.iv — 2.v.2002, 14 N

em 05.v.2002

41 Dauan 26.iv — 2.v.2002 13 N

42 Boigu 12.iv.1992 13 N

43 Saibai 27.11.2004 14 N

44 Dauan 12.iv.2004 12 N

45 Dauan em. 12.iv.2004 13 N

46 Dauan em. 12.iv.2004 14 N

47 Dauan em. 13.iv.2004 13 N

48 Dauan em. 14.iv.2004 12 N

49 Dauan em. 23.iv.2004 14 N

50 Dauan 10.iv.2004 14 N

51 Dauan em. 12.iv.2004 13 N

52 Dauan em. 14.iv.2004 14 N

53 Dauan em. 14.iv.2004 13 N

54 Dauan em. 18.iv.2004 15 N

55 Dauan em. 18.iv.2004 13 N

56 Dauan em. 18.iv.2004 13 N

57 Dauan em. 20.iv.2004 13 N

To ——————————— E == ——qz rona ŝĈ. “|

36 Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1)

RECENT ENTOMOLOGICAL LITERATURE

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KOHOUT, R.J.

2000 A review of the distribution of the Polyrhachis and Echinopla ants of the Queensland

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LANE, D.

2003 A new species of Syntherata Maassen (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) from north

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2003 Phylogenetic relationships of Archaeochlus Brundin, Austrochlus Cranston and

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2004 A revision of the shore-fly genus Trimerogastra Hendel (Diptera: Ephydridae). Bishop

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2003 Distributional patterns of neotropical, afrotropical and Australian-oriental Simulium

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2002 Host-plant disjunction in a new species of Neohoodiella (Insecta, Thysanoptera,

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2003 Biogeography of afrotropical Chironomidae (Diptera), with special reference to

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Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1): 37-48 37

HERBIVOROUS INSECTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PAPERBARK

MELALEUCA QUINQUENERVIA AND ITS ALLIES: VI. PERGIDAE

(HYMENOPTERA)

M.F. PURCELL! and J.A. GOOLSBY?

ICSIRO Entomology, 120 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Old 4068

?United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Australian Biological

Control Laboratory, c/- CSIRO Entomology, 120 Meiers Road, Indooroopilly, Old 4068

Abstract

Surveys were conducted in Australia to find biological control agents for the broad-leaved

paperbark tree, Melaleuca quinquenervia, a serious pest in Florida, USA. This paper presents

collection records and biological information for five sawfly species: Acanthoperga cameronii

(Westwood), Perga vollenhovii Westwood, Pergagrapta polita Leach, Pterygophorus insignis

Kirby and Lophyrotoma zonalis (Rohwer); all in family Pergidae. One of these species,

Lophyrotoma zonalis, was extensively studied as a biological control agent but concerns over its

toxicity have delayed release.

Introduction

Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake, the Australian broad-leaved

paperbark tree, has become a serious pest in southern Florida, causing

extensive economic and environmental damage. A history of surveys to find

biological control agents for this tree and an overview of why it has become a

serious pest in Florida are outlined in Rayamajhi et al. (2002). In five

previous articles (Balciunas et al. 1993a, 1993b, 1995, Burrows ef al. 1994,

1996), extensive collection and rearing records were presented for species of

Lepidoptera belonging to the Noctuoidea, Geometridae, Gelechioidea,

Tortricidae and Pyralidae and also limited records for other lepidopteran

families. This paper continues the series and outlines the collection and

rearing records of all species of Pergidae (Hymenoptera) found on broad-

leaved Melaleuca species, as well as field observations and notes on the

biology of each pergid species.

Methods

Collection methods were described in Balciunas et al. (1993a). All Pergidae

recorded in this paper were collected and reared between 1987 and 2003.

Observations on the biology and habits were made both in the field and

laboratory. All larvae were reared on foliage of the tree species on which they

were collected. Larvae of species of Perginae were placed into sealed plastic

containers lined with paper towelling. Young foliage was provided as needed.

When larvae became late instars, moist sand up to 5 cm deep was placed in

the bottom of the container for pupation. Similar containers were used for

Pterygophorinae species; however larvae were provided with older leaves

while paper towelling or bark up to 5 cm deep was provided for pupation.

The adult sawflies were identified by Dr lan Naumann and Dr Stefan

Schmidt (both formerly CSIRO Entomology) and Dr David Smith from the

United States Department of Agriculture.

38 Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1)

Voucher specimens are held at the Australian Biological Control Laboratory

(ABCL), Brisbane, the Australian National Insect Collection (ANIC),

Canberra and the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA),

Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Washington D.C.

Collecting was concentrated in two coastal areas: from the Daintree River

(north of Cairns) to Townsville in northern Queensland and from Hervey Bay

in southern Queensland to Coffs Harbour in northern New South Wales. We

also occasionally sampled sites outside these areas in Qld, NSW and the

Northern Territory. The sites referred to in the text are listed below. Those

marked with an asterisk (“) are either ornamental plantings or forest remnants

in urban areas.

Northern Queensland: Centenary Park“, Cairns (16°54.2'S 145°44.8'E) and

Cooktown Botanical Gardens* (15°28.3'S 145°15.5'E).

Southern Queensland: Boondall, Brisbane (27°20.7'S 153°04.0'E); Bracken Ridge,

Brisbane (27°20.0'S 153°01.9'E); Bribie Island, 49 km N of Brisbane (27°02.4'S

153908.1'E); Bribie Island Road, 45 km N of Brisbane (27°04.6'S 153°00.6'E);

Bribie Island Tigers Club, 45.8 km N of Brisbane (27°04.8'S 153910.5'E);

Burpengary, 34 km N of Brisbane (27°09.5'S 152%58.4'E); Chelmer“, Brisbane

(27°31.0'S 152°58.3'E); Coolum, 100 km N of Brisbane (26°34.1'S 153°05.5'E);

Deagon Deviation*, Brisbane (27°19.5'S 153°03.1'E); Dickman Road*, 21 km S of

Brisbane (27°39.5'S 152°59.8'E); Ernest, 62 km SE of Brisbane (27°04.6'S

153°00.6'E); Fitzgibbon, Brisbane (27°20.1'S 153°01.8'E); Greenbank*, 26.5 km S

of Brisbane (27°42.5'S 153°00.1'E); Gumdale, Brisbane (23°30.3'S 153%01.8'E);

Indooroopilly*, Brisbane (27930.7'S 152°59.8'E); Landsborough, 74 km NNW of

Brisbane (26°48.3'S 152°58.7'E); Logan Sewerage Works*, 29 km SE of Brisbane

(27°41.1'S 153°11.7'E); Maroochydore Airport, 95 km N of Brisbane (26936.7'S

153°05.6'E); Mountain Creek, 85 km N of Brisbane (26942.3'S 153906.0'E);

Morayfield, 45 km NNW of Brisbane (27°07.3'S 152°58.5'E); North Pine Dam“, 29

km N of Brisbane (27916.1'S 152°56.5'E); Nudgee Nature Reserve, 12.6 km NNE

Brisbane (27922.6'S 153905.6'E ); Peregian Environmental Park, 107 km N of

Brisbane (26930.4'S 153905.5'E); Poona National Park, 212 km NNW of Brisbane

(25°34.8'S 152946.4'E); Roy’s Road, 70 km N of Brisbane (26951.1'S 152959.4'E);

Sunnybank*, Brisbane (27°34.5'S 153904.1'E); Tibrogargen, 60 km NNW of

Brisbane (26955.79'S 152957.31'E) and Woongoolba, 42 km ESE of Brisbane

(27942.8'S 153921.2'E).

New South Wales: Queens Lake Nature Reserve, 10 km SSW of Port Macquarie

(31°37.8'S 152°49.6'E); Lennox Head, 123 km NNE of Grafton (28°44.8'S

153°35.8'E); Maclean, 39 km NE of Grafton (29°26.8'S 153°13.8'E); Perch Hole, 14

km SSW of Port Macquarie (31°29.8'S 152°54.1'E); Sandy Beach, 57 km SE of

Grafton (30°09.4 153°11.5); Tyagarah, 136 km NNE Grafton (28°35.5'S

153°32.4'E); Wamberal Lagoon Reserve, 57 km N of Sydney (33°24.5'S

151°27.7'E); White Tree Bay, Myall Lakes (32°31.7'S 152°59.8'E); Woodburn, 62

km NE of Grafton (29°13.2'S 153915.4'E) and Yamba“, 50 km NE of Grafton

(29°26.2'S 153921.5'E).

Northern Territory: Darwin City* (12°27.7'S 130°50.4'E) and East Charlotte River,

approx. 30 km S of Darwin (12°43'S 130%49'E).

| ERST E EE Ee eg

Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1) 39

Results

Collection and rearing records for all species of Pergidae collected in surveys

of Melaleuca species are given in Table 1. The distribution of Lophyrotoma

zonalis (Rohwer) and details of its biology and host range were detailed by

Burrows and Balciunas (1997). Only new collection records for this species

are listed.

Table 1. Pergidae sawflies reared from Melaleuca quinquenervia and six other

myrtaceous tree species. MIb = M. leucadendra, Mnd = M. nodosa, Mqn = M.

quinquenervia, Mvr = M. viridiflora.

Species and Collection Host Stage and No. Date Life History Information

Site Plant Collected Collected Pp = prepupal/pupal period

Subfamily Perginae (all species feed on young leaves)

Acanthoperga cameronii

Fitzgibbon Mon 30 larvae 28.vi.89 Preserved

Bracken Ridge Mqn 19 larvae 5.vii.89 27 adults emerged 23.viii.-

24,viii.89, pp=28-29 d

Bribie Island Mqn 17 larvae 18.vii.89 7 adults emerged

16.x.-26.x.89

Tibrogargen Mqn 14 larvae 18.vii.89 9 adults emerged 10.x.-

26.x.89, pp=35-51 d

Gumdale Mon No data 26.vii.89 No data

Gumdale Mon 12 larvae 5.ix.89 Died as immatures

Deagon Deviation Mqn No data 5.ix.89 No data

| North Pine Dam Mqn 28 larvae 9.xi.89 3 adults emerged 4-30.1.90,

| pp=30-56 d

| Burpengary Mqn 11 larvae 9.xi.89 Died as immatures

Greenbank Mqn 15 larvae 10.xi.89 4 adults emerged 23.xii.89-

| 2.i.90, pp 28-38 d

| Burpengary Mqn 10 larvae 20.xi.89 Died as immatures

Lennox Head Mqn 35 larvae 20.iii.90 Died as immatures

Burpengary Mon 10 larvae 20.v.90 3 adults emerged

Fitzgibbon Mqn 21 larvae 30.v.90 6 adults emerged 19-

28.viii.90, pp=58-67 d

Burpengary Mqn 19 larvae 1.viti.90 11 adults emerged 11-

17.ix.90, pp=28-35 d

Boondall Mon 5 larvae 7.xi.90 2 adults emerged

12-14.xii.90, pp=30-32 d

| Landsborough Mon 10 larvae 7.xi.90 No data

| Ernest Mqn 18 larvae 4.vi.91 Died as immatures

Morayfield Mon 14 larvae 29.x.92 9 adults emerged 17.xii.92-

| 11.4.93, pp=18-43 d

Morayfield Mqn 14 larvae 19.1v.93 Died as immatures

Morayfield Mqn 1 larva 31.v.93 Died as immature

Morayfield Mon 30 larvae 21.vi.93 Died as immatures

Morayfield Mon 20 larvae 1.vii.93 Died as immature

Species and Collection

Site

Host

Plant

Stage and No.

Collected

Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1)

Date

Collected

Life History Information

Pp = prepupal/pupal period

[.=.Ĉ———-—-——— SS Se

Acanthoperga cameronii (continued)

Morayfield

Logan Sewerage Works

Roy’s Road

Maroochydore Airport

Morayfield

Fitzgibbon

Coolum

Dickman Road

Peregian Environmental

Park

Queens Lake Nature

Reserve

Perch Hole

Roy’s Road

Perga vollenhovii

Centenary Park

Cooktown Botanical

Gardens

Centenary Park

Pergagrapta polita

Sunnybank

Tibrogargen

Sandy Beach

Bribie Island Road

Bracken Ridge

Gumdale

Fitzgibbon

Mqn

Mon

Man

MIb

Mlb

Mqn

22 larvae

13 larvae

18 larvae

No data

5 larvae

27 larvae

No data

6 larvae

Larvae, no

data

30 larvae

25 larvae

Larvae, no

data

15 larvae

50 larvae

24 larvae

114 larvae

30 larvae

9 larvae

1 larva

24 larvae

14 larvae

60 larvae

11 larvae

60 larvae

12 larvae

23 larvae

26.vii.93

2.viii.93

1997

2.vii.98

15.vii.98

20.vii.98

28.vii.98

17.xii.98

10.viii.00

1.xi.00

1.viti.01

5.xi.02

13.vii.87

3.viii.87

29,vii.88

27.vii1.88

10.vii.89

5.x.87

7.v1.88

18.viii.88

19.viii.88

19,viii.88

26.vii.89

5.1x.89

30.v.90

Adult emerged 4.ix.93

6 adults emerged

3.1x.-24.x11.93

18 adults emerged

8 adults emerged

4 adults emerged

22 adults emerged

29,viii.-14.ix.98

No data

6 adults emerged

No data

Died in rearing

5 adults emerged

7 adults emerged

20-24.ix.01

No data

Adult emerged

15 adults emerged

6.ix.-14.ix.87

14 adults emerged

5.ix.-8.ix.88

No data

Preserved

4 adults emerged

25.x.-27.x.88

3 adults emerged 1.xi.88

34 adults emerged 20.x.-

14.xi.88, pp=58-83 d

11 adults emerged 7.xi.88-

12.1.89, pp=37-102 d

8 adults emerged

23.x.-2.x1.89

Adult emerged 27.iii.90,

pp=198 d

Died as immatures

Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1) 41

—————————————————————————:——q~ “~~O ~»~— ———]~~~xxx-~~xx;;qxa

Species and Collection Host Stage and No. Date Life History Information

Site Plant Collected Collected Pp = prepupal/pupal period

Pergagrapta polita (continued)

Deagon Deviation Mqn 6 larvae 6.vi.90 2 adults emerged 28.1i1.91,

pp=231 d

Gumdale Mon 18 larvae 1.viii.90 Died as immatures

Yamba Man 11 larvae 11.ix.90 10 adults emerged

19-23.x.90, pp=24-28 d

Lennox Head Mon 8 larvae 11.ix.90 Died as immatures

Boondall Mon 10 larvae 15.vii.92 7 adults emerged 8.iii.93

Lennox Head Mqn 8 larvae 3.viii.00 Adult emerged 5-6.x.00

Mountain Creek Mon 200 larvae 10.viii.00 8 adults emerged 16-27.x.00

Mountain Creek Mon Larvae, no 9.x.00 No data

data

Subfamily Pterygophorinae (both species feed on leaves)

Pterygophorus insignis

Maclean Mqn 1 larva 15.111.88 Preserved

North Pine Dam Mqn 24 larvae 15.xi.88 Preserved

Indooroopilly Mqn 29 larvae 2.1.90 Died as immatures

Burpengary Mon „19 larvae 3.1.90 Died as immatures

Fitzgibbon Mqn 10 larvae 3.1.90 Died as immatures

Burpengary Mon 14 larvae 23.100 Adult male emerged 16.iii.90

Fitzgibbon Mqn 13 larvae 23.1.90 Died as immatures

Lennox Head Mqn 17 eggs 20.1i1.90 Died as immatures

Coolum Mon 95 larvae 1.v.90 7 adults emerged

25.vii.90-23.1.91

pp=69 d [1 individual only]

Fitzgibbon Mqn 42 larvae 10.v.90 Died as immatures

Fitzgibbon Mon 2 larvae 20.v.90 2 adults emerged

27-28.viii.90, pp= 80-81 d

Fitzgibbon Mon 1 larva 30.v.90 Died as immature

Indooroopilly Mqn 23 larvae 10.v.91 2 adults emerged 6.ix.-14.x.91

Ernest Mqn 2 larvae 4.vi.91 Died as immatures

Chelmer Mon 1 larva 29.vii.91 No data

Indooroopilly Mnd 10 larvae 13.11.92 2 adults emerged

Indooroopilly Man Adult 15.iv.92 Preserved

Fitzgibbon Mqn 20 larvae 26.v.92 3 adults emerged 17.vii.-

10.viii.92, pp=16-40 d

Chelmer Mqn 12 larvae 31.v.92 Died as immatures

Coolum Mon 6 larvae 22.vi.92 4 adults emerged 5.viii.-

10.viii.92, pp=13-17 d

Chelmer Mon 1 larva 1.vii.92 Adult emerged 17.viii.92,

pp=66 d

Indooroopilly Mqn 1 larva 17.x11.92 Died as immature

Morayfield Mqn 35 larvae 20.1.93 Died as immatures

Species and Collection

Site

Host

Plant

Pterygophorus insignis (continued)

Indooroopilly

Coolum

Indooroopilly

Morayfield

Indooroopilly

Coolum

Morayfield

Woodburn

Logan Sewerage Works

Tayagarah

Wamberal Lagoon Reserve

Woongoolba

Roy”s Road

Peregian Environmental

Park

Roy”s Road

White Tree Bay

Poona National Park

Indooroopilly

Nudgee Nature Reserve

Poona National Park

Lophyrotoma zonalis

Darwin

East Charlotte River

Bribie Island Tigers Club

Discussion

Pest status

Mqn

Mon

Mlb

Myr

Mib

MIb

Stage and No.

Collected

16 larvae

15 larvae

14 larvae

1 larva

l larva

8 larvae

7 larvae

No data

1 larva

l larva

2 larva

22 larvae

3 larvae

11 larvae

7 larvae

1 larva

20 larvae

7 larvae

Larvae, no

data

15 larvae

5 larvae

30 larvae

17 larvae

53 larvae

9 adults

Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1)

Date

Collected

8.11.93

31.111.93

l.iv.93

29.iv.93

6.v.93

14.xii.93

7.111,94

27.vii.95

8.iv.97

19.v.97

xii.97

14.x.99

16.x1i.99

30.11.00

19.iv.00

16.vi.00

31.x.00

5.xii.00

3.v.01

31.1.02

30.v.02

19.iv.93

11.xi.98

4.i11.04

1.iv.04

Life History Information

Pp = prepupal/pupal period

5 adults emerged

Died as immatures

Died as immature

Died as immatures

Field observation

Adult emerged

2 adults emerged

Died as immatures

Adult emerged

Died as immatures

5 died as immatures,

2 preserved

Preserved

Died in rearing

Adult emerged

5 adults emerged

Adult emerged 6.viii.02

6 adults emerged 19-24.v.93

Died as immatures

50 died in rearing, 3 preserved

Preserved

Of the five sawfly species collected by ABCL staff from broad-leaved

Melaleuca species in Queensland, New South Wales and the Northern

Territory, only two species have been recorded elsewhere as a pest of

Melaleuca. Jones and Elliot (1990) listed a paperbark sawfly species in

tropical and subtropical regions of Australia that attacked M. leucadendra, M.

quinquenervia and M. viridiflora. It was listed as a gregarious species that

riddled the papery bark with holes. Although the species was not identified, it

is likely to be Lophyrotoma zonalis, the only species which pupates by

Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1) 43

burrowing into the soft, papery bark of broad-leaved Melaleuca trees.

Pterygophorus insignis Kirby, also known as the long-tailed sawfly, is a very

destructive pest of Callistemon and also feeds on Leptospermum spp. and

Melaleuca armillaris Smith (Jones and Elliott 1990).

Distribution and host plants

Our records for L. zonalis now include Bribie Island in southeast Queensland.

Burrows and Balciunas (1997) listed Mackay, on the central Queensland

coast, as the southernmost range of this species. Its appearance on Bribie

Island, 900 km south of Mackay, appears to be isolated as no other

infestations in this region have been observed in over 17 years of collections.

We suspect an introduction into this area from its normal range has occurred,

possibly via the nursery trade. We also collected L. zonalis from two

locations in the Northern Territory: Darwin and the East Charlotte River.

Burrows and Balciunas (1997) listed only literature records and no

collections from this region. Acanthoperga cameronii (Westwood),

Pergagrapta polita Leach and Pterygophorus insignis were only collected in

southeast Queensland and New South Wales, while Perga vollenhovii

Westwood was restricted to the tropical region between Cairns and

Cooktown, although it has been recorded as far south as New South Wales

(Benson 1939). Acanthoperga cameronii (Westwood) appears to be highly

specific and was only collected from M. quinquenervia, while Perga

vollenhovii was only recorded on M. leucadendra. We collected Pergagrapta

polita from M. quinquenervia, although it is known to have many Eucalyptus

and Angophora hosts (S. Schmidt pers. comm.). Pterygophorus insignis

larvae were collected from M. quinquenervia and M. nodosa (Gaertn.) Smith

in southeast Queensland.

Biology

Acanthoperga cameronii was the only species (excluding L. zonalis) that

oviposited on potted saplings in the laboratory. Parthenogenesis was

observed, with the female ovipositing 29 eggs into young plant tissue along

the midvein on one side of a leaf. All eggs hatched together after 12 days and

the neonate larvae formed a circular, gregarious feeding group on the young

leaf. As they became larger, the larvae fed as a front along both sides of the

young leaves. The larval duration for these laboratory generated immatures

was 48 days (n=27) and the prepupal/pupal duration ranged from 48-135

days (n=7).

The habits and biology of immatures of both A. cameronii and Pergagrapta

polita are very similar. Feeding occurs at night and only on young foliage.

During the day larvae move away from this foliage to a lower twig or branch

(aggregation sites), forming a gregarious mass. Hundreds of larvae have been

observed in these groups, which often varied in age structure. Damage is

distinctive at field sites where the tops of trees are completely defoliated.

When larvae are disturbed, they raise their head and abdomen and regurgitate

UOL

44 Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1)

plant host oils as a defence mechanism. Regurgitation may also be used to

eliminate oils from their diet to reduce the toxicity of their food plants

(Schmidt ef al. 2000). This orange coloured, viscous liquid drips from the

larval masses in large quantities, which can stain the bark of the host tree.

This defensive behaviour has been recorded for other species of Perginae

(Carne 1962, Macdonald and Ohmart 1993). Leadership behaviour appears to

occur with larvae following a leader to feeding sites or aggregation sites.

Larvae move as a gregarious mass into the soil to pupate. Each larva forms an

individual pupal capsule, most likely made of sand particles, faecal matter,

silk and material from the repugnatorial gland (Macdonald and Ohmart

1993). The pupal capsules are divided into two chambers, separating the

prepupae/pupae from the exuviae of the last larval moult. The pupal duration

for field collected A. cameronii and P. polita ranged from 18-67 days and 58-

231 days respectively. Both species were parasitised by tachinid flies.

Emerging adults of both species are strong fliers, with males smaller than

females. The larvae and adults of both species are brown, although the late

instar larvae and adults of P. polita are both darker and larger than those of A.

cameronii. The late instar larvae and adults of both species can be separated

definitively by the cream coloured markings on the dorsal thoracic segments

of P. polita, which are absent on A. cameronii.

The habits of Perga vollenhovii are largely unknown, although the larvae

form gregarious masses and feed on young foliage, as in the other two

species of Perginae. In the laboratory, the prepupal/pupal duration is

approximately 4-6 weeks. Larvae, which were collected from only two sites

in the months of July or August, were frequently parasitised by

Froggattimyia Townsend sp. (Diptera: Tachinidae). Eighty percent of larvae

were parasitized in one collection from Centenary Park in Cairns.

Pterygophorus insignis has habits which are very similar to those of L.

zonalis, outlined in Burrows and Balciunas (1997). Larvae of both species

appear identical. Adults of both species are similar, being black in colour

with gold markings on the dorsal surface of the thorax and also on segments

of the abdomen. However, the gold banding of the abdomen differs between

the species. On L. zonalis abdominal segments 2-5 are gold, while on P.

insignis only segments 2 and 3 are this colour. P. insignis also has gold

markings on abdominal segment 7; these are absent on L. zonalis. Females

are parthenogenic and lay batches of eggs along the margin of leaves. Larvae

hatch and form a feeding front along both sides of the leaf, initially causing

skeletonisation, followed by consumption of the whole leaf as the larvae

mature. In later instars, the larvae feed individually or in groups of 2-3.

Larvae feed throughout the day. Unlike L. zonalis, there are no distinctive

pupation holes in the bark of the host tree and no pupae were found in the

field. In the laboratory, pupation occurred in paper towelling or in paperbark

from the host tree held in plastic containers. The prepupal/pupal duration

ranged from 13-81 days.

Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1) 45

Biological control

Only Lophyrotoma zonalis was considered as a biological control agent for

M. quinquenervia. Because this sawfly pupates in the bark of the host tree, it

will be able to complete its life cycle in the wetland areas of southern Florida,

where M. quinquenervia is a serious weed. These areas are mostly

permanently or seasonally inundated and any pupae beneath the soil would

drown during flooding. The remaining four sawfly species collected in our

surveys all pupate in the soil and would therefore be limited in their potential

to build up sufficiently large populations to damage trees. They could only be

effective in drier areas that were, at best, seasonally inundated, allowing

immatures to complete their development. The field host ranges of

Pterygophorus insignis and Pergagrapta polita are also too broad for

biological control.

The three pergine species, Acanthoperga cameronii, P. polita and Perga

vollenhovii, feed on young foliage, which is only produced seasonally

following flowering. As in other members of this subfamily, these sawflies

are likely to remain in a static condition as prepupae beneath the soil between

seasons or longer (Macdonald and Ohmart 1993), leaving them exposed over

long periods to possible flooding. Our longest prepupal/pupal duration for A.

cameronii and P. polita was 135 days and 231 days respectively.

Additionally, attacking the young foliage of M. quinquenervia in Florida is

already being successfully addressed by the foliage feeding weevil Oxyops

vitiosa Pascoe (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and the sap-sucking psyllid

Boreioglycaspis melaleucae Moore (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), released in

Florida in 1997 (Center et al. 2000) and 2002 (Wood and Flores 2002)

respectively.

Quarantine testing of L. zonalis has been completed in the United States and

its host range is considered to be sufficiently narrow for release as a

biological control agent. However, a related sawfly, L. interrupta Klug, has

been implicated in cattle poisonings in a small area of southwestern

Queensland (Roberts 1932, Dadswell er al. 1985, McKenzie et al. 1985a).

The epidemiology and the possible causes of these poisonings are outlined in

several studies (Oelrichs 1982, Dadswell et al. 1985, McKenzie et al. 1985b).

Sawfly poisonings have also been recorded more recently on two other

continents. In Europe, Arge pullata Zaddach (Argidae), the birch tree sawfly,

has poisoned sheep and goats in Denmark (Thamsborg et al. 1987), while

Perreyia flavipes Konow (Pergidae) has poisoned cattle and sheep in

Uruguay, South America (Dutra et al. 1997, Riet-Correa et al. 1998). Two

peptides, lophyrotomin and pergidin, have been isolated and identified as the

toxins in these sawflies and the quantities of each peptide vary between the

species (Oelrichs et al. 1999, 2001).

Lophyrotoma zonalis sawflies from the quarantine culture in Florida were

sent to Dr Oelrichs for testing. Both peptides were isolated and both were

46 Australian Entomologist, 2005, 32 (1)

toxic to mice (Oelrichs et al. 2001). Even though large numbers of L. zonalis

can be found defoliating Melaleuca trees in Queensland and the Northern

Territory, there are no recorded incidences of livestock being poisoned. There

are also differences between the larval habits of L. zonalis and those of other

sawflies that have been implicated in animal poisonings around the world.

Unlike these other sawflies, L. zonalis larvae pupate individually in the

papery bark of Melaleuca trees, inaccessible to many animals, especially

livestock. The sawflies involved in cattle poisoning pupate in the soil and are

accessible to livestock. Species like L. interrupta form large gregarious

masses at ground level on which the cattle feed. If L. zonalis were released in

Florida, the major concern would be for birds, reptiles and small mammals

which could access the larvae in the trees. However, as a defence mechanism,

the larvae of L. zonalis regurgitate fluid that possibly contains, or has been

derived from, high concentrations of essential oils found in the leaves of

Melaleuca. Therefore, they may be unpalatable to many of these animals.

However, many starving migratory birds arrive in Florida after long flights

over open water and, through desperation, may feed on them (T. Center pers

comm.). Therefore, planned release of this agent has been temporarily

abandoned. Toxicity trials using whole larvae may be performed in future.

Information on the toxic effects of agents for biological control of weeds is

rarely considered when candidates are being evaluated. Only two sawflies

have been released as biological control agents (Julien and Griffiths 1998)

and both are from the family Tenthredinidae. Biological control practitioners

should be aware that any sawflies being evaluated as agents should be

assessed for toxicity, considering that poisoning by sawflies from two

families has occurred on three continents (Oelrichs ef al. 1999).

Acknowledgements

We thank G.J. Bowman, D. Burrows, B. Brown, L.M. Brown, K.E. Galway,

P.K. Jones, J.R. Makinson, C.R. Maycock and S.J. Miller for help in

collecting and rearing insects. This study was funded by USA Federal and

State of Florida Agencies: USDA-ARS-Office of International Research

Programs; US Army Corps of Engineers (Jacksonville District); National

Park Service; Florida Department of Environmental Protection; South Florida

Water Management District; Lee and Dade Counties, Florida.

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THE AUSTRALIAN

Entomologist

Volume 32, Part 1, 11 March 2005

kkk

CONTENTS

GOOLSBY, J.A. AND KIRK, A.

Pseudococcus goodeniae Williams (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and

its parasitoids in the Pilbara of Western Australia.

HANCOCK, D.L. AND DREW, R.A.I.

New genera, species and records of Adramini (Diptera: Tephritidae:

Trypetinae) from the South Pacific and southern Asia.

LAMBKIN, T.A., MEYER, C.E., BROWN, S.S., WEIR, R.P.,

DONALDSON, J.F. AND KNIGHT, A.I.

A new species of Hypolycaena C. & R. Felder (Lepidoptera:

Lycaenidae) from Australia and its relationship with H pborbas (Fabricius).

PURCELL, M.F. AND GOOLSBY, J.A.

Herbivorous insects associated with the paperbark Melaleuca quinquenervia

and its allies: VI. Pergidae (Hymenoptera).

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

RECENT ENTOMOLOGICAL LITERATURE

ISSN 1320 6133