THE AUSTRALIAN

ntomologist

published by

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND

Volume 33, Part 3, 22 September 2006

Price: $6.00 per part

ISSN 1320 6133

THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

ABN#: 15 875 103 670

The Australian Entomologist is a non-profit journal published in four parts annually

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Cover: This undescribed ant spider (Zodariidae), known only from the Expedition

Range, is one of about 25 new Habronestes species from Queensland. In Australia,

Habronestes is one of the most diverse genera of ant spiders with almost 130 species,

of which only about one fifth are described. They are small to medium-sized spiders

(2 — 12 mm in length) and most can be recognised by the bright yellow or orange

spots on their backs and the distinctive palps of the males. Illustration by Barbara

Baehr.

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3): 113-114 113

NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORDS FOR AUSTRALIAN

BUTTERFLIES (LEPIDOPTERA)

JOHN V. PETERS

245 Quarry Road, Ryde, Sydney, NSW 2112

Abstract

New distribution records are provided for Nacaduba biocellata (C. & R. Felder), Catopyrops

florinda estrella (Waterhouse & Lyell), Theclinesthes serpentata serpentata (Herrich-Scháffer)

and Catochrysops panormus platissa (Herrich-Schüffer) [all Lycaenidae] from Broome, Western

Australia, plus Ocybadistes walkeri sothis Waterhouse [Hesperiidae] from Stanley, Tasmania.

Introduction

Braby (2000), using notes and distribution maps, indicated the known

distribution of all the Australian butterfly species then recorded. These maps

were repeated in Braby (2004).

During July 2001 and February 2005, while holidaying in Broome, Western

Australia and in Tasmania, respectively, several species were collected in

localities that extend their previously known distributions.

New records

HESPERIIDAE

Ocybadistes walkeri sothis Waterhouse

One male was collected at Trethewies Lookout near Stanley, Tasmania, on

13.1.2005. The Tasmanian distribution of this species was given by Braby

(2000) as *from sea level to about 230 m in the northern and eastern coastal

areas, from Burnie to Bridport, and from Hobart to Lunawanna.' The above

Stanley record extends the known distribution of O. walkeri Heron within

Tasmania to some 80 km west of Burnie.

LYCAENIDAE

Nacaduba biocellata biocellata (C. & R. Felder)

Seven specimens were collected in Broome, WA: two males on 28.vii.2001,

two males above Cable Beach on 27 & 29.vii.2001, one male and two

females in the grounds of the Mercure Inn on 27.vii.2001. Braby (2000)

indicated that this species ‘occurs throughout most, and probably all, of

mainland Australia ... [and] seems to be rarer in the tropics but has been

recorded from near Mt Agnes in the Prince Regent River district, WA.’

However, his distribution maps (Braby 2000, 2004) indicate that it has not

been recorded previously within approximately 300 km of Broome.

Catopyrops florinda estrella (Waterhouse & Lyell)

Two males were collected in Broome, one on 30.vii.2001 and the other above

Cable Beach on 29.vii.2001. This subspecies occurs sporadically across

northern Australia, with the previous locality closest to Broome being north

of the Edgar Range, ca 100-130 km SE of Broome (Braby 2000, 2004).

114 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3)

Theclinesthes serpentata serpentata (Herrich-Schiffer)

One male was collected in the grounds of the Mercure Inn, Broome, on

27.vii.2001. Braby (2000) noted that this species occurs *throughout much of

the mainland’ but recorded it only as far north as Roeburne in Western

Australia. The Broome record extends its distribution north by ca 600 km.

Catochrysops panormus platissa (Herrich-Scháffer)

Two males were collected above Cable Beach, Broome, on 29.vii.2001. In

Western Australia this species *occurs sporadically from the Mitchell Plateau

and 12 km south of Kalumburu' (Braby 2000). The Broome record extends

its distribution south by ca 600 km.

References

BRABY, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution.

CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood; xx + 976 pp.

BRABY, M.F. 2004. The complete field guide to butterflies of Australia. CSIRO Publishing,

Collingwood; x + 340 pp.

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3): 115-122 115

LIFE HISTORIES OF SCYMNUS BIPUNCTATUS KUGELANN

(COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) AND CHRYSOPA SP.

(NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE): POTENTIAL AUGMENTATIVE

BIOCONTROL AGENTS FOR THE MEALYBUG DYSMICOCCUS

BREVIPES (COCKERELL) (HEMIPTERA: PSEUDOCOCCIDAE)

IN VIETNAM

VU THI NGA!, ROD EASTWOOD’, NGUYEN THI CHAT!

and PHAM VAN LAM?

'Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

"Australian School of Environmental Studies, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld 4111

?National Institute of Plant Protection, Ha Noi, Vietnam

Abstract

Mealybugs are serious pests of crops in Vietnam but there are several indigenous natural

enemies that may be useful for their control. Life history data and the results of breeding trials

are presented on two indigenous predator species, Scymnus bipunctatus Kugelann and Chrysopa

sp. The suitability of both species for mass rearing and for release as augmentative biological

control agents are assessed. Both predator species responded well under laboratory conditions

and readily attacked the target species Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell). Their high levels of

fecundity, short generation times and high survivability in captivity suggest they might be

successful when reared in adequate quantities for release in augmentative biological control

programmes.

Introduction

One of the most serious pests of crops in Vietnam is the mealybug

Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) (Waterhouse 1993a). It causes heavy

damage in pineapple, coffee, mango, papaya, guava, banana, soursop and

custard apple plantations, and imposes a financial burden on many

communities. Mealybug infestations are difficult to eradicate because

crawlers (larvae) wedge themselves in plant roots, crotches, slots of fruit and

leaf folds where pesticides cannot reach them. Furthermore, side effects from

the largely uncontrolled use of pesticides (e.g. Paul and Hai 1999) have

resulted in contamination of the water table in some areas of Vietnam and

excessive pesticide residues on food (Bien ef al. 2000). Thus, the

identification and utilisation of augmentative biological control agents for

crop insect pests in Vietnam has become a priority (Cam 1995).

Fortunately, mealybug infestations have been successfully controlled in many

countries using a variety of predators and parasites. For example, the ladybug

Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant and a parasitic wasp, Coccidoxenoides

peregrinus (Timberlake), were used to control the mealybug Planococcus

citri (Risso) in Australia (Waterhouse and Sands 2001). C. montrouzieri was

also introduced, together with the parasitic wasp Anagyrus kamali Moursi, to

control the mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) in the Caribbean

(Goolsby et al. 2002).

116 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3)

Mealybugs are so called because of the white waxy covering on their bodies

that gives the impression they were rolled in flour. The wax helps protect

them from excessive heat and moisture loss, and from contamination with

their own excreta (Gullan and Cranston 2005). They secrete sticky honeydew

that is attractive to nectar-seeking insects such as ants; however, excess

honeydew adheres to leaf surfaces and attracts mould growth. Excessive

mould growth is unsightly on the fruit and difficult to remove, and it can

inhibit photosynthesis, thus weakening the plant (Elmer and Brawner 1975,

McGavin 1993). Mealybugs feed on plant sap through a long, strawlike

mouthpart, or stylet, after inserting it into the plant tissue. Damage to a plant

is also caused by depletion of sap causing yellowing or loss of foliage and

poor fruit set.

Classical biological control involves the importation and release of exotic

control species. However, the use of endemic natural enemies where they

exist is preferable because, for example, there is less likelihood of any impact

on non-target species (Hoddle 2004). Augmentation and conservation of

natural enemies is preferred and is an important first step in developing an

integrated pest management scheme (Cam 1995). This paper documents life

history data for two species of mealybug predators identified in Vietnam,

namely the ‘two-spotted ladybug’ beetle Scymnus bipunctatus Kugelann and

a green lacewing, Chrysopa sp. Both were reared in the laboratory at Nong

Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, as a preliminary study to test their

suitability for mass rearing and for release as augmentative biocontrol agents

for mealybugs in Vietnam.

Materials and methods

Fieldwork was undertaken by one of us (VTN) in Binh Chanh District, Ho

Chi Minh City (10°46’N, 106°43’E), between August 2001 and March 2005,

to locate and identify potential indigenous biological control agents for

mealybug pests. Two mealybug predators, Scymnus bipunctatus and a

Chrysopa sp., were reared successfully in breeding trials detailed below.

Voucher specimens of S. bipunctatus (VTN-01 - larvae, VTN-02 - adults)

and the Chrysopa sp. (VTN-03 - larvae, VTN-04 - adults) are lodged in the

Research and Technology Transfer Centre, Nong Lam University, Vietnam,

and additional specimens are lodged at La Trobe University in Victoria,

Australia. Ants, including a small black species, were observed attending

D. brevipes in the field but these have not been identified.

S. bipunctatus and the Chrysopa sp. were bred in the laboratory of Nong Lam

University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, from August 2003

to September 2004 (S. bipunctatus), and from January to April 2004

(Chrysopa sp.). Large numbers of D. brevipes were reared on immature

bananas in clear plastic breeding boxes (10.5 cm long x 7.5 cm wide x 4.5 cm

high) with fine netting glued across a hole in the lid. Larvae of S. bipunctatus

and Chrysopa sp. were reared separately on D. brevipes in these containers.

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3) 117

Slightly larger containers were used when pairing adults of S. bipunctatus

and Chrysopa sp. for breeding and, in the boxes for breeding Chrysopa sp.,

some cotton-balls soaked in honey were provided as food for the adults. All

food was changed daily except in the box containing adult S. bipunctatus,

which was changed every five days. All experiments were conducted under

ambient temperature and relative humidity.

In order to gauge the range of variability in life history and feeding

parameters, four sets of experiments were conducted, each using 25

individuals (predators). Observations on developmental stages and the

counting of eggs were conducted daily (S. bipunctatus eggs were counted

every five days). Several parameters of the predator species were measured,

including longevity, feeding rates, fecundity, survival rates and physical

morphology. Survival rates for all predators were estimated by determining

the proportion of adults that emerged from their pupae after completing their

life cycles in captivity. The predacious effects of final instar larvae of

Chrysopa sp. and S. bipunctatus on mortality of adult D. brevipes were

calculated and corrected to the control mortality using Abbott's formula

(PT = (1 — Ta/Ca) x 100), where T4 is treatment survival and C4 is control

survival (Abbott 1925). For this experiment, mealybugs were fed on China

squash suspended in a net house 2.1 m x 1.5 m x 1.8 m high; there were three

replicates of 10 Chrysopa sp. or 25 S. bipunctatus for each treatment. Daily

temperature and relative humidity (RH) readings were taken, each record

being the mean of three readings taken at 0630, 1130 and 1730 hrs.

Temperature and RH per batch was the average taken from all breeding days.

Morphological measurements and fecundity were measured on 30 individuals

at an average temperature of 28.6 °C, RH 80.2% (April to September 2004).

Results

Field observations

Dysmicoccus brevipes was the most commonly encountered mealybug in the

field. However, other pseudococcid pest species, such as Ferrisia virgata

(Cockerell), Planococcus lilacinus (Cockerell), P. citri, Maconellicoccus

hirsutus and Rastrococcus spinosus (Robinson), were also found. Several

predator or parasitic species from at least four different orders were found

attacking the mealybugs. These included Eublemma amabilis Moore

(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Spalgis epius Westwood (Lepidoptera:

Lycaenidae) and Anagyrus ananatis Gahan (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), in

addition to the Chrysopa sp. and S. bipunctatus investigated in this study.

Breeding trials were also undertaken with E. amabilis (with limited success)

but the predacious butterfly S. epius could not be bred successfully.

Additional trials were conducted to test the predators’ feeding rates on

Ferrisia virgata and Planococcus lilacinus but the results are not reported

here. Several thousand specimens of S. bipunctatus and Chrysopa sp. were

successfully reared during the course of this study.

118 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3)

Biology of Scymnus bipunctatus

In the wild, S. bipunctatus was commonly found attacking mealybugs,

including Ferrisia virgata, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Planococcus lilacinus

and P. citri, in addition to Dysmicoccus brevipes. Lifespan of juvenile S.

bipunctatus averaged between 26.9 and 30.1 days, depending on the season.

During October-December (av. 27.5 °C and RH 82.7%), the life cycle

appeared to be longer than during February-April (av. 28.3 °C and RH

69.3%), although the biggest increases occurred during the egg and pupal

stages (Fig. 1). Egg and pupal stages of the life cycle were the longest, while

duration of the second instar larva was the shortest (Fig. 1). S. bipunctatus

moulted three times. Fourth instar larvae consumed an average of 2.1 D.

brevipes adults per day (range 1-3).

E] Oct-Dec

Egg 1stinstar 2nd instar 3rdinstar 4th instar Pupa

Life stages

Fig. 1. Seasonal variation in the development times of S. bipunctatus early stages.

Standard error bars shown.

Adult S. bipunctatus averaged 1.8 mm long (SE = 0.1) and 1.2 mm wide (SE

= 0.1). When feeding on mealybugs, adult S. bipunctatus preferred to attack

small larvae rather than large ones and they consumed an average of 63.4 (SE

— 4.6, range 20-97) first instar D. brevipes larvae per day, or 1.6 final instar

larvae per day. S. bipunctatus adult lifespan ranged from 30-163 days, with

an average of 77.1 days (Table 1). Thus, under good conditions, each adult S.

bipunctatus could eat nearly 5000 small D. brevipes larvae during its lifetime.

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3) 119

Once the small larvae were consumed, S. bipunctatus attacked mealybugs of

any size. In the feeding trial, corrected prey mortality exceeded 95% by the

third day (Table 2). Female S. bipunctatus laid an average of 222.3 eggs (SE

= ]1) at an average temperature of 28.6 °C and RH 80.2%.

Mean adult longevity increased during the course of the study and this was

inversely related to humidity (Table 1); however, a correlation analysis found

that the trend was non-significant (r = -0.724, P = 0.27), most likely due to

the small number of datum points (n = 4). Overall survival rate of S.

bipunctatus during the course of the study was 82.5%.

Table 1. Adult Scymnus bipunctatus longevity.

Temperature Relative

Batch — CO humidity (%) ^ Experiment n SEC)

X + + duration CEL) UR ANN

sin Range e Range d Range

1 28.0+ 24.5- 842+ 74.5- 19/8/03- 63.1+ 30-95

0.2 31.3 0.9 90.7 22/11/03 9.5

2 27.34 245- 754+ 57.5- 1/10/03- 67.6+ 32-139

0.1 29.2 1.2 90.7 17/2/04 16.8

3 274+ 245- 73.54 57.5- 20/10/03- | 77.64 32-152

0.2 29.8 1.0 90.7 22/3/04 17.2

4 27.64 25.0- 72.54 57.5- 30/10/03- | 99.9+ 39-163

0.2 31.2 0.9 90.7 30/3/04 19.3

Table 2. Cumulative effects of final instar larvae of S. bipunctatus and Chrysopa sp.

on mortality of adult D. brevipes, corrected according to Abbott (1925).

1 0,

Predator EGLWLZ CERE CXMOrblba rM REN Mie S

Day | Day 2 Day 3

Chrysopa sp. 25.7 64.3 98.9

S. bipunctatus 21.3 60.8 95.8

Biology of Chrysopa sp.

The Chrysopa sp. studied here was found attacking D. brevipes in the wild,

as well as other pseudococcid species, including F. virgata, P. lilacinus and

R. spinosus. Lifespan of juvenile Chrysopa sp. averaged 20.2 (SE = 0.1) days

at an average temperature of 29.5 °C and RH of 69%. The egg stage lasted 3

days, larvae fed for 8.5 days and the pupal stage lasted 8.7 days. Larvae

underwent three moults, with the final stage lasting 2.8 (SE = 0.1) days. At an

average temperature of 29.5 °C and 69% RH, Chrysopa sp. larvae consumed

an average of 27.4 D. brevipes adults before pupating. Fourth instar larvae

consumed the most, with an average of 18.8. Corrected prey mortality was

120 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3)

nearly 100% by the third day (Table 2). Some Chrysopa sp. larvae attacked

D. brevipes 2-3 times longer and 7-8 times wider than themselves. Female

Chrysopa sp. laid an average of 53.8 eggs (range 33-110), with

approximately 98.3% viable. Overall survival rate of Chrysopa sp. was

78.9% during the breeding trial period.

Discussion

Both predator species investigated in this study performed well under

laboratory conditions and both have potential as augmentative biological

control agents. They exhibited high levels of fecundity as well as short

generation times (r-strategists), and their high levels of survivability in

captivity (S. bipunctatus 82.5%, Chrysopa sp. 78.9%) suggests they might be

successfully reared in large quantities. Other closely related Chrysopa and

Scymnus spp. have been reared in captivity overseas, and have been

successfully released as augmentative and classical biological control agents

(Quayle 1941, Brader 1979, van Lenteren 1997, Flint and Dreistadt 1998,

Vail et al. 2001).

Importantly, since S. bipunctatus and Chrysopa sp. attack other target

species, such as F. virgata, they also may be effective at controlling these

species or they may be bred on alternative hosts, including F. virgata, if D.

brevipes numbers are small prior to the peak activity selected for optimal

release times (or vice versa). For example, in Java Scymnus spp. are not

normally numerous enough to control P. citri until the end of the dry season;

however, they can be bred in large numbers during the rainy season on P.

lilacinus and liberated against P. citri at the beginning of the dry season

(DeBach and Hagen 1970). Variation in life history characteristics according

to changes in ambient temperature and humidity, observed in both species,

has been noted previously in biocontrol agents (e.g. Waterhouse 1993b), so

captive breeding facilities can manipulate parameters such as diapause or

eclosion times to capitalise on optimal release times. For example, diapausing

adults of Chrysoperla (= Chrysopa) may be stored for up to 30 weeks at low

temperatures (Tauber ef al. 1993), and S. bipunctatus fecundity can be

manipulated to optimize seasonal innoculations at crucial times during the

life cycle of the pest (van Lenteren 2000).

These breeding trials are an essential first step for identifying natural

candidates for augmentative biological pest control. Field trial release of

these control agents is the next step in gauging their effectiveness in situ, and

in determining the timing and optimal numbers to be released. It is also

known that the attendant ants of D. brevipes (and other mealybugs) can act as

a deterrent to potential biological control agents (González-Hernández et al.

1999, Williams and Watson 1990), so adequate measures to reduce or

exclude ants from climbing trees infested with mealybugs need to be

investigated. The findings in this study are encouraging, and it is hoped that

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3) 121

mass rearing of S. bipunctatus and the Chrysopa species will provide a

foundation for a biological pest management programme for the control of

mealybug pests in Vietnam.

Acknowledgements

The two species of Lepidoptera were identified by Prof. Banpot Napompeth

and Assoc. Prof. Kosol Charernsom from the National Biological Control

Research Centre, Kasetsart University, Thailand. This project was supported

in part by funding from the Ministry of Education and Training, Vietnam,

and a Ford Motor Company Conservation and Environmental Grant to VIN.

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BIEN, PHAM VAN, TUYEN, BUI CACH and CHINH, NGUYEN MANH. 2000. Handbook of

pesticides. Agricultural Publishing House, Ho Chi Minh City; 387 pp.

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Entomology 24: 225-254.

CAM, NGUYEN VAN. 1995, Status of biological control in Vietnam. Pp 103-115, in: P. Ferrar,

Loke Wai Hong, A. Sivapragasam, A.A. Ismail, Lum Keng Yeang, Lim Guan Soon and J. Vos

(eds), Biological control as a cornerstone of integrated pest management for sustainable

agriculture in Southeast Asia. Proceedings of a workshop on biological control, Kuala Lumpur,

Malaysia, 11-15 Sept. 1995; 221 pp.

DEBACH, P. and HAGEN, K.S. 1970. Manipulation of entomophagous species. Pp 429-458, in:

P. DeBach and E.I. Schlinger (eds), Biological control of insect pests and weeds. Chapman and

Hall Ltd., London; 844 pp.

ELMER, H.S. and BRAWNER, O.L. 1975. Control of brown soft scale in Central Valley.

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FLINT, M.L. and DREISTADT, S.H.. 1998. Natural enemies handbook. The illustrated guide to

biological pest control. University of California Press; 154 pp.

GONZÁLEZ-HERNÁNDEZ, H., REIMER, N.J. and JOHNSON, M.W. 1999, Survey of the

natural enemies of Dysmicoccus mealybugs on pineapple in Hawaii. BioControl 44: 47-58.

GOOLSBY, J.A., KIRK, A.A. and MEYERDIRK, D.E. 2002. Seasonal phenology and natural

enemies of Maconellicoccus hirsutus in Australia. Florida Entomologist 85: 494-498.

GULLAN, P.J. and CRANSTON, P.S. 2005. The insects: an outline of entomology. Third

Edition. Blackwell Publishing, Malden, USA; 505 pp.

HODDLE, M.S. 2004. Restoring balance: using exotic species to control invasive exotic pests.

Conservation Biology 18: 38-49.

McGAVIN, G.C. 1993. Bugs of the world. Blandford, London; 192 pp.

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QUAYLE, H.J. 1941. Insects of citrus and other subtropical fruits, Comstock Publishing

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Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3): 123-132 123

BEHAVIORAL OBSERVATIONS ON AUSTRALIAN STILETTO

FLIES (DIPTERA: THEREVIDAE) FROM SOUTHEASTERN

NEW SOUTH WALES

D.J. FERGUSON! and C.L. LAMBKIN?

'7 Noarlunga Crescent, Bonython, ACT 2905

"CSIRO Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601

Abstract

Despite many years of study, there are few detailed reports on the behaviour of Australian stiletto

flies. Over the past three years, a number of sites in southeastern New South Wales and the

Australian Capital Territory were visited regularly to collect insects. Field observations on the

Therevidae made at those sites are reported and discussed here.

Introduction

There are few detailed records of adult therevid behaviour in the field. White

(1915) mentioned ‘a silvery shimmering tomentum that covers all or part of

the dorsal surface of the abdomen. This makes the male very conspicuous

when in flight’. The website on Australasian Therevidae (Winterton et al.

2005) mentions a number of therevid behaviours, including hovering,

swarming, attraction to water, nocturnal flight and attraction of some species

to light traps. Over the 2003/04 and 2004/05 collecting seasons, therevids

were collected and photographed, many of which can be found on the

aforementioned website. The senior author regularly visited a number of sites

and field observations of many different species of stiletto flies (Table 1)

from those visits are provided here. Several of the species discussed are

currently undescribed. Specimens collected from all the sites mentioned were

identified, databased and housed in the Australian National Insect Collection

at CSIRO Black Mountain, Canberra.

Observations

Bonython

Many detailed observations of therevid behaviour were made in a garden in

Bonython (35°26'S, 149°04'E), a suburb of Canberra, Australian Capital

Territory, where a large native garden was established in 1990. In 2000 a

thick layer of river sand was placed over an old leaf litter surface of the

property. In subsequent years, additional leaf litter has created a soil profile

of sandy humus over clay. Six species of Therevidae, belonging to five

genera, have been observed and 55 specimens collected from this garden over

4 years (Table 1).

Many male Ectinorhynchus sp. | (Fig. 1) were observed flying in sunny,

warm weather from late September to mid-November. Two small areas, each

about 2 m in diameter and only 10 m apart, frequently attracted swarms of

males. The swarms were always low, 20-50 cm above ground. At times, as

many as ten individuals occupied an area of about 1 m^. Activity was greatest

from mid-morning to early afternoon. Sometimes, individuals were as close

124 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3)

Table 1. Therevids collected at water or hand swept. Locations: B = Bonython, C =

Corin Dam Road, G = Gilmore, J = Mt Jerrabomberra, K = Kambah, R = Broulee

Island Nature Reserve, T = Tallaganda National Park.

At water Netted

site site

Taxon

Acraspisa Króber sp.

Acraspisoides helviarta Hill & Winterton (Fig. 4)

Acupalpa albitarsa Mann

Acupalpa semirufa Winterton & Irwin (Fig. 3)

Agapophytus antheliogynaion Winterton & Irwin

Agapophytus biluteus Winterton & Irwin (Fig. 2)

Agapophytus palmulus Winterton & Irwin

Agapophytus queenslandi Króber

Anabarhynchus carduus Lyneborg

Anabarhynchus dimidiatus (Macquart)

Anabarhynchus helvenacus White

Anabarhynchus hyalipennis (Macquart)

Anabarhynchus maritimus Hardy

Anabarhynchus niveus Lyneborg

Anabarhynchus paramonovi Lyneborg

Anabarhynchus plumbeoides Lyneborg

Belonalys obscura Króber

Bonjeania actuosa (White)

Bonjeania clamosis Winterton & Skevington

Bonjeania Irwin & Lyneborg sp. 1

Bonjeania Irwin & Lyneborg sp. 2

Ectinorhynchus Macquart sp. 1 (Fig.1)

Ectinorhynchus sp. 2

Ectinorhynchus phyciformis White

Ectinorhynchus pyrrhotelus (Walker)

Laxotela hauseri Winterton & Irwin

Laxotela Winterton & Irwin sp. |

Nanexila gracilis (Mann)

Neodialineura Mann sp. |

Neodialineura Mann sp. 2

Neodialineura Mann sp. 3

Parapsilocephala Króber sp. 1

Parapsilocephala Krober sp. 2

Pipinnipons fascipennis (Krober)

Pipinnipons Winterton sp. |

Taenogerella elizabethae Winterton & Irwin

Taenogerella platina Winterton & Irwin

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3) 125

as 20 cm from one another. The hind legs hang beneath the body during

flight, giving the fly a wasp-like appearance. When observed from a standing

position, the silver abdomens of males (Fig. 1) are highly visible. As they

change position there are flashes of silvery shimmer. From time to time they

would all land, to rest on grass or herbage. This resting behaviour was

interrupted if another male arrived, or one was disturbed, and all took flight.

Occasionally, a male would chase another away from the swarm for several

metres before returning.

Figs 1-4. Various Therevidae specimens, collected by D. Ferguson, photographed by

C. Lambkin using techniques described by Fisher and Gaimari (2004). (1) Male

Ectinorhynchus sp. | collected at Bonython, Sept. 2004, displaying silver tomentum

on abdomen; (2) Agapophytus biluteus collected at mud at Tallaganda NP, Feb. 2004;

(3) Acupalpa semirufa collected at Mt Jerrabomberra, Nov. 2004; (4) Acraspisoides

helviarta collected at mud at Tallaganda NP, Dec. 2003.

126 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3)

Ectinorhynchus sp. 1 was only observed swarming at the garden in Bonython.

While 19 specimens were collected, more than three times that number were

observed. Females were rarely seen, presumably resting in the canopy of

surrounding trees. Two females were observed in the cool of the morning on

low foliage and collected (Table 1). An aerial mating was observed when a

female flew from nearby tree foliage and tumbled with a male in the swarm,

and then both flew, in copula, back toward the trees.

Ectinorhynchus phyciformis males were observed in the same garden in

Bonython, in the mid to late afternoon, flying 4-6 m above ground in the

space between trees. Individuals flew randomly in an area 40-50 cm in

diameter, with hind legs hanging down. As the hind legs have a shining white

basitarsus, E. phyciformis is easy to observe when behaving in this manner.

E. phyciformis spends more time resting on foliage than actively flying.

Occasionally, a male chased an Ectinorhynchus sp. 2 away before returning

to the same leaf or rejoining the swarm.

Male Ectinorhynchus sp. 2 were observed flying in the Bonython garden

from early to late afternoon during December 2004 and January 2005. This

species flew 3-4 m above ground in the spaces between trees, at a lower level

in the canopy than Æ. phyciformis. Individuals of Ectinorhynchus sp. 2 flew

in a small space around 30-40 cm in diameter. Other males performed the

same dancing behaviour a short distance away. Occasionally, if a male's

dance space moved too close to another's, the second male chased the

infringing male away for some distance before returning. Sometimes, a male

would land on a leaf and rest. A large number of individuals were observed

and 11 males collected (Table 1).

Males of Neodialineura sp. 1 were first observed in the Bonython garden in

December 2004 and then repeatedly throughout January 2005. Individuals

flew every day in swarms about 2 m above the ground, from early to late

afternoon, on the western side of a Eucalyptus tree. Swarms ranged from only

a few to as many as a dozen males. Generally the swarms were compact,

occupying an area 50-60 cm in diameter, and were very active. These flies

are small, less than 6 mm in length. If not for the silvery shimmer of the male

abdomens, they would be very difficult to observe. Large numbers of

Neodialineura sp. 1 were observed and 21 collected (Table 1).

Tallaganda National Park

Tallaganda National Park lies east of Hoskinstown, New South Wales, at an

altitude of 1130 m (35?2447"S, 149°32'22”E GPS). The environment is wet

sclerophyll forest on decomposed granite substrata with a rich humus surface

soil. Tall Eucalyptus trees tower above an intermediate storey dominated by

Acacia melanoxylon R.Br. interspersed with Banksia marginata Cav. Ground

cover is comprised of Lomandra longifolia Labill., Dianella tasmanica

Hook.f. and Pteridium esculentum (G.Forst.) Cockayne. Areas of grassy

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3) 127

meadow, fringed by clumps of Gahnia sieberiana Kunth, surround patches of

Epacris microphylla R.Br. The ground has a high load of very old,

weathered, fallen timber, indicating that there have been no wild fires for

many decades.

Many species of Therevidae have been observed and collected in this

environment. During the summer months, between November 2003 and

January 2005, 142 specimens from 19 species in 12 genera were collected

(Table 1). In January 2004, after a prolonged hot, dry period, the damp mud

at the bottom of a man-made reservoir was very attractive to a large number

of therevids of many genera. Fifteen of the 19 species recorded in the area

were collected at mud (Table 1). Acraspisa sp., Acraspisoides helviarta (Fig.

4) and Pipinnipons fascipennis would land some distance from the wet area

and walk towards the moisture, but were always easily disturbed by sudden

movements of the observer. In contrast, Anabarhynchus sp., Belonalys

obscura, Bonjeania actuosa, Ectinorhynchus phyciformis and Laxotela

hauseri would alight in the middle of the mud and, once settled and quietly

drinking, were not disturbed by sudden movements. Activity around the

moisture reached a peak around midday and throughout the early afternoon.

No therevids were observed when the reservoir was completely dry. On a

follow-up visit, two 20 litre containers of water were taken and emptied to

recreate a damp base. Within minutes, high activity levels resumed. Four

specimens of the rare Agapophytus biluteus (Fig. 2), described from only two

specimens from Mittagong, NSW and Blundell's, ACT (Winterton and Irwin

2001), were collected over three occasions at the mud at the reservoir.

Pipinnipons fascipennis specimens were taken on a flowering Baeckea utilis

F.Muell. ex Miq. and on Persoonia sp. growing near the reservoir in January

2004 and 2005. In the same area, two female Agapophytus queenslandi were

collected after being observed sunning on old, weathered, fallen timber in

December 2004 and January 2005. Nanexila gracilis was swept from

Lomandra longifolia in the shade of tall Acacia melanoxylon trees in

December 2004. On a hot and humid December afternoon in 2003, during the

build-up to a large electrical storm, 10-12 adults of Ectinorhynchus

phyciformis were observed sheltering on the base and lower branches of

Baeckea utilis, a small shrub growing in a forest clearing. These might have

been freshly emerged rather than sheltering from the pending storm.

Mt Jerrabomberra

At the summit of Mt Jerrabomberra (35?22'S, 149?13'E), near Queanbeyan,

New South Wales, many Acupalpa albitarsa and three Taenogerella platina

(including a mating pair) were swept from tree and shrub foliage in late 2003.

Flowering Cassinia quinquefaria R.Br. attracted Acupalpa albitarsa in

December 2002 and T. elizabethae and Acraspisa sp. in December 2004.

Also in December 2004, a male Acupalpa albitarsa was swept from

flowering Kunzea ericoides (A.Rich.) Joy Thomps. and two female T. platina

128 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3)

were collected sweeping over stony ground devoid of vegetation.. A female

Acupalpa semirufa (Fig. 3) was swept from flowers of Leptospermum

multicaule A. Cunn. in November 2004.

Broulee Island

Broulee Island (35°52'S, 150°1 1'E), on the south coast of New South Wales,

is connected to the mainland by a 200 m sand spit. A small island rises

steeply from a basalt rock shelf to form an almost flat, triangular plateau of

rich sandy loam, approximately 700 m x 600 m in area, 27 m above sea level.

Vegetation is a mix of Casuarina glauca Sieber ex Spreng. Banksia

integrifolia L.f., Rapanea sp., Elaeodendron australe Vent., Acacia mearnsii

De Wild. and Acmena smithii (Poir.) Merr. & L.M.Perry. The understorey is

of Acacia longifolia subsp. sophorae (Labill.) Court, Lomandra longifolia,

Pteridium esculentum and grasses. On an initial visit to the island four

Ectinorhynchus pyrrhotelus were captured. On a second visit, further

sampling was done over the whole island and a further four specimens were

taken, including a mating pair. All the specimens were caught in an area of

young Rapanea plants growing on the west of the island. A male

Parasilocephala sp. 2 was collected on foliage of Banksia integrifolia.

Anabarhynchus maritimus and the more numerous An. carduus were

observed at rest on the sand spit and flew a short distance when disturbed.

Gilmore

A ridge east of Gilmore (35°25'S, 149°08'E), a suburb of Canberra, supports

a dry sclerophyll forest. Anabarhynchus niveus and Bonjeania sp. 1 were

collected amongst the understorey on the lower slopes. At the summit of 840

m, a male Taenogerella platina was swept from high in the foliage of an

Acacia melanoxylon. Also at the summit, a mating pair of Neodialineura

sp. 3 was noticed because of the flash of the male’s silver tomentum. After

they were disturbed into flight from their resting place on stony ground, the

pair flew a short distance before landing back on the stones. Another two

Neodialineura sp. 3 were swept from shrubs at the summit.

Kambah

Five Ectinorhynchus sp. 2 were found dead in a backyard swimming pool in

the suburb of Kambah, ACT, in December 2003 and February 2004. From

the same pool, two Taenogerella elizabethae and single specimens of

Acupalpa albitarsa, Anabarhynchus hyalipennis ssp. hyalipennis, An. niveus,

and An. plumbeoides were collected in February 2004 (Table 1).

Corin Dam Road

In March 2005, one Anabarhynchus paramonovi and four An. hyalipennis

(Table 1) were collected at roadside puddles at 1220 m elevation on the Corin

Dam Road (35?32'S, 148?53'E), 37 km SW of Canberra. Free-standing

puddles were very attractive to adults, while the interconnected, slowly

drained pools were not.

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3) 129

Discussion

Flies are often attracted to water, especially those whose immatures develop

in aquatic environments, such as mosquitoes and midges. Because of this

behaviour, pan traps, bowls or trays filled with water containing a small

quantity of detergent or preservative (Southwood 1966) have been used to

collect flies (Edwards and Huryn 1996, Kawaguchi and Nakano 2001). The

attraction to water of flies with terrestrial immatures has been noted in the

Bombyliidae (Lambkin et al. 2003) and Therevidae (Winterton et al. 2005).

Insects have often been recorded accumulating in numbers near water. This

behaviour is common in butterflies, where it has been termed mud-puddling

(Beck et al. 1999, Boggs and Jackson 1991, Shreeve 1987). However, in

most butterfly species only males puddle (Beck et al. 1999, Molleman et al.

2004, Sculley and Boggs 1996). The nutrient most commonly considered to

be the puddling stimulus for this behaviour in male butterflies is sodium

(Beck et al. 1999, Molleman et al. 2004, Smedley and Eisner 1996), but there

is also evidence for a role of nitrogen-rich compounds such as proteins (Beck

et al. 1999), or those found in carnivorous animal dung (Boggs and Dau

2004). Studies on the effect of sodium in the diet of mud-puddling male

Lepidoptera are contradictory. Molleman et al. (2004) were unable to find

any significant effect on female reproductive output or any evidence that

sodium acts as a nuptial gift in butterflies. However, earlier studies on moths

(Smedley and Eisner 1996) found that sodium absorbed during mud-puddling

was provided as a nuptial gift in the spermatophore and passed to the eggs.

Alternatively, Hall and Willmott (2000) found evidence that suggested some

riodinid butterflies mud-puddle to provide necessary nutrients to maintain

high metabolic rates during rapid flight.

Attraction of adult flies to puddles of water has recently been reported in the

Australian Therevidae (Winterton ef al. 2005). Detailed observations from

two locations are given in this study. The preferential attraction of free-

standing puddles, compared with interconnected, slowly drained pools

observed at Corin Dam Road, may be due to an accumulation of trace

elements or salts. If therevids are also seeking sodium or nitrogenous

compounds, those resources would be concentrated in smaller free-standing

puddles, whereas flowing water would leach these substances, reducing their

concentration in the connected pools.

In the Therevidae, attraction to puddles of water is not confined to males

(Table 1). Male therevids do not transfer sperm in a spermatophore.

However, in the Therevidae, females possess an unusual reproductive

structure, a spermathecal sac (Winterton ef al. 1999) that is only found in

therevids and three related families of Diptera (Apsilocephalidae, Ocoidae

and Scenopinidae). In the Australian Therevidae this structure is often

voluminous, complex, multi-lobed, or made up of three entirely separate sacs.

Winterton et al. (1999) suggested that the spermathecal sac might store a

130 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3)

nuptial gift from the male. As sperm have been found in the spermathecal

sacs of some Australian Therevids (Winterton et al. 1999), it is more

probable that the sacs act as an intermediate storage for sperm. Further

investigation of this sac and its possible relationship with nutrient receipt and

storage are needed.

Since both males and females are attracted to puddles (Table 1), it is possible

that therevids are seeking extra nutrients to maintain high metabolic rates

during rapid flight, as Hall and Willmott (2000) found in riodinid butterflies.

Alternatively, as more females than males are observed at puddles (Table 1),

females may be absorbing either sodium or nitrogenous compounds to aid in

egg development.

Observing therevids in the field is generally difficult as they are alert, easily

disturbed and move quickly and erratically. Thus sightings are generally

brief. Swarming males are most easily observed. Male Ectinorhynchus and

Neodialineura sp. 1 display in communal swarms, taking advantage of

clearings with good light, at the expense of increased distance from females

in the canopy. All female therevids, and males of Bonjeania, Nanexila and

Parapsilocephala, are more drab, not having silvery tomentum covering the

dorsal surface of the abdomen, and do not display; therefore they are more

difficult to observe. Despite this, large numbers of these genera may be seen

in specific locations.

Net-sweeping of foliage proved a productive way of sampling. Fourteen

species were hand netted only and 12 species were collected only at mud or

water. Eleven species were swept as well as being collected at mud or water.

Netting from swarms collected large numbers of males. Sweeping generally

produced more than twice as many males as females.

Many species, including Acraspisa spp., Acupalpa albitarsa, Taenogerella

platina, T. elizabethae and Neodialineura sp. 3, have been collected on hill

tops. Hilltopping behaviour has previously been observed in several groups

of Australian flies, including bee flies (Bombyliidae) (Lambkin er al. 2003,

Yeates and Dodson 1990) and big-headed flies (Pipunculidae) (Skevington

2001). Patanothrix wilsoni (Mann) males have been recorded hilltopping on

large sand dunes in Wyperfeld National Park, Victoria (Winterton ef al.

2001).

Acknowledgements

We are indebted to David Mallinson (Australian National Botanic Gardens,

Canberra) for identifying the plant material. We appreciate the efforts of

David’s daughter Kelly Ferguson, especially her interest and help in the field

and for retrieving the Kambah pool specimens. We wish to thank Malcolm

Fyfe for databasing this collection of therevids. We acknowledge the work of

Shaun Winterton (Californian Department of Forestry and Agriculture,

Sacramento), Jeff Skevington (Canadian National Collection, Ottawa) and

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3) 131

Chris Burwell (Queensland Museum, Brisbane) in reviewing an earlier

version of the manuscript. We also thank the New South Wales National

Parks and Wildlife Service for permission to collect flies. Financial support

was provided by the United States National Science Foundation Partnerships

Enhancing Expertise in Taxonomy program (DEB 9521825, 9977958).

References

BECK, J., MUHLENBERG, E. and FIEDLER, K. 1999. Mud-puddling behavior in tropical

butterflies: in search of proteins or minerals. Oecologia 119: 140-148.

BOGGS, C.L. and DAU, B. 2004. Resource specialization in puddling Lepidoptera.

Environmental Entomology 33: 1020-1024.

BOGGS, C.L. and JACKSON, L.A. 1991. Mud puddling by butterflies is not a simple matter.

Ecological Entomology 16: 123-127.

EDWARDS, E.D. and HURYN, A.D. 1996. Effect of riparian land use on contributions of

terrestrial invertebrates to streams. Hydrobiologia 337: 151-159.

FISHER, E.M. and GAIMARI, S.D. 2004. Simplified digital photography for museum work.

Plant Diagnostics Centre, Entomology Laboratory, California Department of Food and

Agriculture, Sacramento. www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/ppd/Entomology/Diptera/digphot.htm

HALL, J.P.W. and WILLMOTT, K.R. 2000. Patterns of feeding behaviour in adult male riodinid

butterflies and their relationship to morphology and ecology. Biological Journal of the Linnean

Society 69: 1-23.

KAWAGUCHI, Y. and NAKANO, S. 2001. Contribution of terrestrial invertebrates to the

annual resource budget for salmonids in forest and grassland reaches of a headwater stream.

Freshwater Biology 46: 303-316.

LAMBKIN, C.L., YEATES, D.K. and GREATHEAD, D.J. 2003. An evolutionary radiation of

bee flies in semi-arid Australia: Systematics of the Exoprosopini (Diptera: Bombyliidae).

Invertebrate Systematics 17: 735-891.

MOLLEMAN, F., ZWAAN, B.J. and BRAKEFIELD, P.M. 2004. The effect of male sodium

diet and mating history on female reproduction in the puddling squinting bush brown Bicyclus

anynana (Lepidoptera). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 56: 404-411.

SCULLEY, C.E. and BOGGS, C.L. 1996. Mating systems and sexual division of foraging effort

affect puddling behaviour by butterflies. Ecological Entomology 21: 193-197.

SHREEVE, T.G. 1987. Mud-puddling behaviour of the green-veined white butterfly.

Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation 99: 27.

SKEVINGTON, J.H. 2001. Revision of Australian Clistoabdominalis (Diptera: Pipunculidae).

Invertebrate Taxonomy 15(5): 695-761.

SMEDLEY, S.R. and EISNER, T. 1996. Sodium: a male moth's gift to its offspring.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 93: 809-813.

SOUTHWOOD, T.R.E. 1966. Ecological methods. Methuen & Co Ltd., London; 391 pp.

WHITE, A. 1915. The Diptera-Brachycera of Tasmania. Part Il. Families Tabanidae and

Therevidae. Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 1915: 2-60.

WINTERTON, S.L. and IRWIN, M.E. 2001. Phylogenetic revision of Agapophytus Guérin

(Diptera: Therevidae: Agapophytinae). /nvertebrate Taxonomy 15: 467-526.

132 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3)

WINTERTON, S.L., MERRITT, D.J., O'TOOLE, A., YEATES, D.K. and IRWIN, M.E. 1999.

Morphology and histology of the spermathecal sac, a novel structure in the female reproductive

system of Therevidae (Diptera: Asiloidea). International Journal of Insect Morphology and

Embryology 28: 273-279.

WINTERTON, S.L., SKEVINGTON, J.H. and LAMBKIN, C.L. 2005. Stiletto flies of

Australasia, including a Lucid3 interactive key to genera, available through your web-browser.

California Department of Food and Agriculture, CSIRO Entomology, and Agriculture Canada.

http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/phpps/ppd/therevidopen.htm

YEATES, D. and DODSON, G. 1990. The mating system of a bee fly (Diptera: Bombyliidae). I.

Non-resource-based hilltop territoriality and a resource-based alternative. Journal of Insect

Behaviour 3: 603-617.

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3): 133-135 133

NEW RECORDS OF HAWK MOTHS AND BUTTERFLIES

(LEPIDOPTERA) FROM LIZARD ISLAND, NORTHERN

QUEENSLAND

R.B. LACHLAN

Entomology Department, Australian Museum, 6 College St, Sydney, NSW 2010

Abstract

New records are provided for two species of hawk moths, plus nine species and one form of

butterflies, from Lizard Island, northern Queensland. Notes on abundance are included.

Introduction

Prior to 2004, the hawk moths and butterflies of Lizard Island (off the north

Queensland coast, about 93 km NNE of Cooktown) were poorly documented.

Moulds (1985) recorded two species of hawk moths, Macroglossum

micaceum micaceum (Walker) and M. prometheus lineatum (Lucas), while

Duckworth and McLean (1986) listed 11 species of butterflies. Lachlan

(2004) provided records for a further 17 species of hawk moths and 12

species of butterflies.

A second survey of Lizard Island was carried out by the author between 29

March and 8 April 2005. It followed the wet season but little rain had fallen

in the previous month and continuous strong winds hampered the survey, as

some parts of the island could not be reached.

Voucher specimens are temporarily in the author’s collection; duplicates are

held by the Queensland Museum, Brisbane, the Australian Museum, Sydney

and the Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Canberra.

Discussion

Table 1 details the new records. These comprise two species of hawk moths

and nine species of butterflies. A second form of a previously recorded

butterfly species was also collected. Unlike the first survey, which was

carried out after a very severe drought, this second survey was conducted a

month after the wet season. Butterflies were more numerous, particularly

lycaenids, but they were mostly previously documented species. Perhaps the

most interesting records from this second survey were Petrelaea tombugensis

(Róber), noted by Braby (2000) as being uncommon within Australian limits,

and Nacaduba berenice berenice (Herrich-Schiffer), which has not been

recorded previously between Cooktown and Iron Range. Duckworth and

McLean (1986) recorded an unnamed Theclinesthes Röber sp., which might

be the same species (T. miskini eucalypti Sibatani & Grund) recorded during

this survey.

It was surprising to note that the overall abundance of hawk moths was well

down compared with the first survey. It was also interesting to note that no

specimens have yet been taken of Psilogramma Rothschild & Jordan. This

genus is very common along the Queensland coast and on islands of the

134 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3)

Torres Strait. The rarely encountered Gnathothlibus australiensis Lachlan,

recorded by Lachlan (2004, as Gnathothlibus Wallengren sp.), was not

recorded during the second survey. One female of Macroglossum prometheus

lineatum, last recorded by Moulds (1985), was collected during the second

survey.

Twenty-one species of hawk moths and 32 species of butterflies have now

been recorded from Lizard Island.

Table 1. List of hawk moths and butterflies collected on Lizard Island during the

March-April 2005 survey, additional to those recorded by Lachlan (2004). All are

new species records except Belenois java teutonia (first record of pale form).

Species Notes

HAWK MOTHS

Sphingidae

Hippotion boerhaviae (Fabricius) Abundant

Hippotion rosetta (Swinhoe) Two males, two females

BUTTERFLIES

Hesperiidae

Suniana sunias rectivitta (Mabille) Two specimens

Pieridae

Eurema alitha (C. & R. Felder)! Not uncommon

Belenois java teutonia (Fabricius) Pale form, one male

Nymphalidae

Junonia orithya albocincta Butler Not common, along beach areas

Danaus petilia (Stoll Not common

Lycaenidae

Nacaduba berenice berenice (Herrich- One female

Schaffer)

Petrelaea tombugensis (Röber) One male

Jamides phaseli (Mathew) Not common

Theclinesthes miskini eucalypti Sibatani & One female

Grund

Catochrysops panormus platissa (Herrich- Common

Schäffer)

'The subspecific status of Australian specimens has not yet been determined (Braby

2000); The specific status of this species was discussed by Lushai et al. (2005).

Acknowledgements

This survey was supported by the Australian Museum through the provision

of facilities at the Lizard Island Research Station. I sincerely thank the

Directors, Dr Anne Hoggett and Dr Lyle Vail for allowing my family and I

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3) 135

access to the Research Station. I also thank staff members Tania and Bob

Lamb for all their help during the survey period and the Park Ranger for

Lizard Island, Alan Clackson (Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service), for

his continued support of the survey, carried out under Permit number

WITK00490602. For comments on the manuscript I sincerely thank Dr Max

Moulds (Australian Museum, Sydney).

References

BRABY, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution.

CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood; xx + 976 pp.

DUCKWORTH, B.G. and McLEAN, J. 1986. Notes on a collection of butterflies from the

islands of the Great Barrier Reef, Queensland. Australian Entomological Magazine 13(3-4): 43-

48.

LACHLAN, R.B. 2004. An annotated list of the hawk moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) of

Lizard Island, Queensland. Australian Entomologist 31(1): 1-3.

LUSHAI, G., ZALUCKI, M.P., SMITH, D.A.S., GOULSON, D. and DANIELS, G. 2005. The

lesser wanderer butterfly, Danaus petilia (Stoll 1790) stat. rev. (Lepidoptera: Danainae)

reinstated as a species. Australian Journal of Entomology 44(1): 6-14.

MOULDS, M.S. 1985. A review of the Australian hawk moths of the genus Macroglossum

Scopoli (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Australian Entomological Magazine 12(5): 81-105.

136 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3): 136-138

NOTES ON THE HAWK MOTHS AND BUTTERFLIES

(LEPIDOPTERA) OF THE COCOS (KEELING) ISLANDS,

INDIAN OCEAN

R.B. LACHLAN

Entomology Department, Australian Museum, 6 College St, Sydney, NSW 2010

Abstract

Records are provided for six species of hawk moths and eight species of butterflies from the

Cocos (Keeling) Islands, including two newly recorded species, Hippotion rosetta (Swinhoe)

(Sphingidae) and Nacaduba biocellata biocellata (C. & R. Felder) (Lycaenidae). Notes on

abundance are included.

Introduction

The Cocos (Keeling) Islands are an external Territory of Australia and are

situated in the Indian Ocean between 11?49'-12?12'S and 96?49'-96?56'E,

about 2765 km north-west of Perth, Western Australia and 1100 km south-

west of the western tip of Java, Indonesia. The nearest land mass is Christmas

Island, about 950 km ENE. Two atolls make up the group of 27 islands.

North Keeling Island is a National Park, uninbabited and approximately 24

km north of the southern, horseshoe-shaped group of islands. The total land

area is only about 14 km? and no part of any island is higher than 6 m above

sea level.

The islands are heavily covered by coconut palms (Cocos nucifera) and are

generally fringed on their seaward sides by Messerschmidia, Scaevola

taccada, Hibiscus tiliaceus, Cordia subcordata, Calophyllum inophyllum,

Guettarda speciosa, Morinda citrifolia and Pisonia grandis. At least 43

indigenous plant species have been recognised. (Renvoize 1979).

This survey was carried out between 9 December 2004 and 6 January 2005; a

total of 29 days and 28 nights. All the islands were very dry and no rain of

note had fallen for several weeks prior to the survey period. Almost no rain

was recorded during the survey. Voucher specimens are in the author’s

collection; some duplicates are held by the Australian Museum, Sydney.

Discussion

Several notable attempts have been made previously to document the

Lepidoptera of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands. Wood-Jones (1909) recorded

some 32+ species during a 15 months stay on the islands between 1905 and

1906, including four species of hawk moths, Agrius convolvuli (Linnaeus),

Cephonodes picus (Cramer), Macroglossum corythus Walker and Hippotion

velox (Fabricius), and five species of butterflies, Hypolimnas bolina

(Linnaeus), H. misippus (Linnaeus), Junonia villida (Fabricius), Vanessa

kershawi (McCoy) and Danaus petilia (Stoll).

T.G. Campbell made extensive Lepidoptera collections in 1952 and 1964, yet

collected just three species of butterflies, one of which, Euploea core corinna

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3) 137

(W.S. Macleay), was a new record, and three species of hawk moths, A.

convolvuli, C. picus and M. corythus. Specimens from these surveys were

deposited in the Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, Canberra.

(Holloway 1982).

In July 1978, M. and F. Jowett collected on West Island for two weeks with a

small light trap and recorded one additional species of hawk moth, Hippotion

boerhaviae (Fabricius) (Holloway 1982). D’Abrera (1986) queried the Cocos

Islands as the type locality for the lycaenid Catopyrops ancyra exponens

(Fruhstorfer) and did not illustrate it. Braby (2000) recorded this species from

the Cocos (Keeling) Islands without comment and also did not illustrate it.

This listing brought the total of recorded butterfly species to seven.

Despite the fact that the present survey focused entirely on the hawk moths

and butterflies of these islands, only three species of hawk moths and five

species of butterflies were collected. No other species were sighted. The full

list of species collected is given in Table 1, together with notes on abundance.

One species of hawk moth, Hippotion rosetta (Swinhoe), and one species of

butterfly, Nacaduba biocellata biocellata (C. & R. Felder), are newly

recorded. N. b. biocellata was only collected from one very small area on

Home Island and was not seen anywhere else on that island or on any of the

other islands. The specimens collected were compared with photographs of

the types of N. b. baliensis Tite from Indonesia, but they are not this

subspecies and are indistinguishable from specimens of N. b. biocellata from

Australia, including NW Western Australia.

Table 1. List of species of hawk moths and butterflies collected on the Cocos

(Keeling) Islands from 9 December 2004 to 6 January 2005. An asterisk (*) indicates

a new record for the islands.

Species Notes

HAWK MOTHS

Sphingidae

Agrius convolvuli (Linnaeus) One male

Cephonodes picus (Cramer) 24 males, five females

Hippotion rosetta (Swinhoe) * Four males, one female

BUTTERFLIES

Nymphalidae

Hypolimnas bolina nerina (Fabricius) Six males, one female

Junonia villida (Fabricius) Common

Vanessa kershawi (McCoy) One female

Euploea core corinna (W.S. Macleay) Very common

Lycaenidae

Nacaduba biocellata biocellata (C. & R. Felder) * 30 males, three females

138 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3)

It is interesting to note that seven of the eight recorded butterfly species are

Australian, despite the islands being much closer to Indonesia. The presence

of the only non-Australian taxon, Catopyrops ancyra exponens, remains

unconfirmed. Unlike Christmas Island, no endemic butterfly species has yet

been recorded.

Acknowledgements

I sincerely thank Dr David Britton and Dr Max Moulds (Australian Museum,

Sydney) for the loan of specimens in the AM collection and for comments on

the manuscript, respectively. I particularly thank Katima Sloan of the Cocos

(Keeling) Islands Tourism Association for all her help during the organising

phase of the survey as well as all her help whilst on the islands. I also thank

Kim Goodger (The Natural History Museum, London) for supplying

photographs of various specimens in that collection.

References

BRABY, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution.

CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood; xx + 976 pp.

D'ABRERA, B. 1986. Butterflies of the Oriental Region. Part III. Hill House, Melbourne; 672

pp-

HOLLOWAY, J.D. 1982. On the Lepidoptera of the Cocos-Keeling Islands in the Indian Ocean,

with a review of the Nagia linteola complex (Noctuidae). Entomologia Generalis 8: 99-110.

RENVOIZE, S.A. 1979. The origins of Indian Ocean floras. Pp 107-129, in: Bramwell, D. (ed.),

Plants and islands. Academic Press, London.

WOOD-JONES, F. 1909. The fauna of Cocos-Keeling Atoll, collected by F. Wood-Jones.

Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1909(1): 132-160.

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3): 139-141 139

A NEW LOCALITY RECORD AND NOTES ON THE

DISTRIBUTION OF TRAPEZITES WATERHOUSEI MAYO &

ATKINS (LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERIIDAE)

ANDREW A.E. WILLIAMS! and MATTHEW R. WILLIAMS?

'Department of Conservation and Land Management, W.A. Wildlife Research Centre,

PO Box 51, Wanneroo, WA 6065

2 . H see

“Department of Conservation and Land Management, Science Division, 50 Hayman Road,

Kensington, WA 6152

Abstract

Trapezites waterhousei Mayo & Atkins is newly recorded from Lochada Pastoral Station, north-

east of Perenjori, Western Australia. In captivity, larvae readily switched from Xerolirion

divaricata A.S. George to an alternative food plant, Acanthocarpus preissii Lehm. (both

Laxmanniaceae). The disjunct distribution of 7. waterhousei and its Xerolirion food plant is

discussed.

Introduction

The laterite ochre, Trapezites waterhousei Mayo & Atkins, is an endemic

Australian skipper restricted to inland southwestern Western Australia, where

it has previously been recorded from 11 disjunct localities between Paynes

Find and Southern Cross. Colonies are centred around rocky outcrops where

the sole known food plant, Xerolirion divaricata, occurs (Mayo and Atkins

1992, Williams et al. 1996). Adults have always been found in close

proximity to this food plant; the life history was recorded by Williams and

Atkins (1997).

Recent observations

In July 2003, we found 7. waterhousei on Lochada Pastoral Station, 75 km

north-east of Perenjori. This is approximately 85 km north and west,

respectively, of two previously known sites at Breakaway Wells and Paynes

Find (Williams ef al. 1996). At Lochada, X. divaricata was growing

commonly on a decaying granitic breakaway (28°56’S, 116°50’E) on the

eastern boundary of the pastoral station. Searches on the food plants revealed

old hatched pupal cases and a number of mid-stage larvae.

The larvae were collected and taken to Perth to be reared in captivity. Before

they reached maturity, the supply of Xerolirion became mouldy and the

larvae were transferred to Acanthocarpus preissii, a known food plant for

other Western Australian species of Trapezites Hübner. The larvae built

shelters and fed readily on this alternative food plant before pupating. Adults

emerged in October.

Discussion

Acanthocarpus and Xerolirion are closely related taxa which formerly

belonged to the Dasypogonaceae, a south-west endemic plant family (Hopper

and Gioia 2004). Recent genetic work, however, indicates that the

contemporary classification for these two genera is in the Laxmanniaceae

140 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3)

[which includes the Lomandraceae] (Stephen Hopper, pers. comm.).

Xerolirion almost certainly was derived from ‘Acanthocarpus’ ancestral

stock (Greg Keighery, pers. comm.). A. preissii has a near-coastal distribution

and is abundant along the west coast of Western Australia, from

Dunsborough to North West Cape, with some outlying populations between

Bunker Bay and Augusta and at Windy Harbour. By contrast, X. divaricata is

found only inland, where it is restricted to decaying granitic and lateritic

outcrops between Morawa and Southern Cross (George 1986). Populations of

X. divaricata are disjunct and isolated and, consequently, so are the colonies

of T. waterhousei. Our observations indicate that adults of T. waterhousei are

very sedentary and seldom, if ever, move far from their food plants. They

would, therefore, be unlikely to travel the large distances between many of

the Xerolirion-supporting outcrops.

How populations of X. divaricata came to be isolated is not clearly

understood. It is most likely the result of erosion processes in an old

landscape over long periods of time (Greg Keighery, pers. comm.). The area

in which X. divaricata occurs falls within the ‘Southwest Australian Floristic

Region’, a global hotspot of plant biodiversity (Hopper and Gioia 2004). The

region is immensely rich in plant species and origins of this diversity are

complex. Recent phylogenetic studies have provided evidence of multiple

dispersal events into, out of, and within this floristic region over several

million years (Hopper and Gioia 2004). Indeed, many of the region's rare and

threatened plant species are now found in disjunct, small populations similar

to those of X. divaricata.

The fact that 7. waterhousei is present on these isolated patches of Xerolirion

suggests that both the plants and butterflies were more widespread in the past.

As the range of Xerolirion became fragmented, the butterflies were marooned

on small islands of food plant. Xerolirion grows on largely bare, rocky

outcrops and this habit has no doubt reduced its susceptibility to fire, which

in turn would have assisted the long-term survival of the butterflies.

That T. waterhousei larvae so readily switched to A. preissii in the laboratory

is intriguing, given that A. preissii is essentially a near-coastal species and X.

divaricata occurs in the semi-arid zone. The plants are 140 km apart at their

closest point. A. preissii occurs at Mingenew, 50 km east of Dongara

(Williams eż al. 1996), and X. divaricata at Lochada Pastoral Station, 140 km

further east.

It is interesting to speculate on how long the butterfly colonies might have

persisted on these isolated patches of Xerolirion food plant. Hopper and

Gioia (2004) hypothesised that this semi-arid area, with 300-600 mm of

rainfall per annum, was a plant speciation hotspot of late-Tertiary antiquity.

Although climatic conditions in southwestern Australia have been

remarkably stable for a very long time (Hopper and Gioia 2004), there would

have been periods when slightly moister conditions prevailed. If A. preissii

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3) 141

(or another Acanthocarpus sp.) occurred further inland for a time, it is

possible that a temporary ‘food plant bridge’ may have linked the inland

Xerolirion and present day near-coastal A. preissii. Indeed, there is still a

remnant population of A. preissii at Mingenew, 50 km from the coast

(Williams ef al. 1993). This might explain the willingness of T. waterhousei

larvae to feed on A. preissii, and might also explain why these long-isolated

skipper colonies have not become morphologically distinct.

Phylogenetic studies are needed to better understand the relationships

between Xerolirion and Acanthocarpus, and the Western Australian

Trapezites skippers T. waterhousei, T. argenteoornatus (Hewitson), T. sciron

Waterhouse & Lyell and 7. atkinsi Williams, Williams & Hay, which utilise

them as larval food plants (Williams et al. 1998). Similar studies are also

required to establish whether there are any genetic differences between the

scattered T. waterhousei populations.

Acknowledgements

We thank Greg Keighery and Robert Powell of the Department of

Conservation and Land Management for critically reading the original

manuscript.

References

GEORGE, A.S. 1986. Xerolirion. Pp 98-100, in: Flora of Australia. Vol. 46. Australian

Government Printing Service, Canberra; xii + 247 pp.

HOPPER, S.D. and GIOIA, P. 2004. The southwest Australian floristic region: evolution and

conservation of a global hot spot of biodiversity. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and

Systematics 35: 623-650.

MAYO, R. and ATKINS, A. 1992. Anisyntoides Waterhouse (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae): a

synonym of Trapezites Hübner, with description of a new species from Western Australia.

Australian Entomological Magazine 19: 81-88.

WILLIAMS, A.A.E., WILLIAMS, M.R. and HAY, R.W. 1998. A new species of Trapezites

Hübner (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) from Western Australia. Australian Entomologist 25: 7-12.

WILLIAMS, A.A.E., WILLIAMS, M.R., HAY, R.W. and TOMLINSON, A.G. 1993. Some

distributional records and natural history notes on butterflies from Western Australia. Victorian

Entomologist 23: 126-131.

WILLIAMS, M.R. and ATKINS, A.F. 1997. The life history of Trapezites waterhousei Mayo &

Atkins (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Trapezitinae). Australian Entomologist 24: 1-4.

WILLIAMS, M.R., WILLIAMS, A.A.E., LUNDSTROM, T.E. and HAY, R.W. 1996. The

distribution of Waterhouse's skipper Trapezites waterhousei Mayo & Atkins (Lepidoptera:

Hesperiidae) in Western Australia. Australian Entomologist 23: 83-85.

142 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3)

THE TAXONOMIC PLACEMENT OF CAMPIGLOSSA VAGA

HARDY & DREW AND MESOCLANIS CAMPIGLOSSINA HERING

(DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE: TEPHRITINAE)

D.L. HANCOCK

PO Box 2464, Cairns, Qld 4870

Abstract

Campiglossa vaga Hardy & Drew is transferred to Scedella Munro (comb. n.). Mesoclanis

campiglossina Hering [= Campiglossa turneri Hardy & Drew, syn. n.] is transferred to

Austrotephritis Hancock & Drew (comb. n.) and its type locality of ‘India or’ is regarded as an

error [recte Western Australia].

Campiglossa vaga

Campiglossa vaga Hardy & Drew, known only from SE Queensland (Hardy

and Drew 1996), was provisionally retained in Campiglossa Rondani by

Hancock and Drew (2003), pending examination of the male terminalia.

However, the wing pattern is unlike that of any other Indo-Australian species

referred to that genus, where the apical hyaline wing spot, when present, is

small and does not fully occupy the apex of cell ry,;. In C. vaga the wing

pattern is very similar to that of Scedella Munro, in which all known Indo-

Australian species have a large apical hyaline spot which essentially fills the

apex of cell ris. Consequently, in order to maintain the morphological

separation of the two genera, Scedella vaga (Hardy & Drew), comb. n. is

transferred from Campiglossa. It appears closest to S. infrequens (Hardy &

Drew), also known from SE Qld, and the two are possibly synonymous.

Mesoclanis campiglossina

This species was described and illustrated by Hering (1944) from a single

female from 'India or' [no stop after *or' on label, vide Hardy 1968]. No

further Indian material has been recorded. It clearly belongs in

Austrotephritis Hancock & Drew (2003), not in Mesoclanis Munro.

Austrotephritis campiglossina (Hering), comb. n. closely resembles A. turneri

(Hardy & Drew) (1996, as Campiglossa turneri) which, given the extent of

variation in related species, is placed as a new synonym. The stated type

locality of A. campiglossina is almost certainly erroneous [or incomplete] and

the specimen is likely to be of Western Australian origin.

References

HANCOCK, D.L. and DREW, R.A.I. 2003. A new genus and new species, combinations and

records of Tephritinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Australia, New Zealand and the South Pacific.

Australian Entomologist 30(4): 141-158.

HARDY, D.E. 1968. The fruit fly types in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien (Tephritidae-

Diptera). Annalen des Naturhistorisches Museums in Wien 72: 107-155.

HARDY, D.E. and DREW, R.A.I. 1996. Revision of the Australian Tephritini (Diptera:

Tephritidae). /nvertebrate Taxonomy 10: 213-405.

HERING, E.M. 1944. Neue Gattungen und Arten von Fruchtfliegen der Erde. Siruna Seva 5: 1-

17.

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3): 143-146 143

ABERRANT WING VENATION IN THE GREEN LACEWING

APOCHRYSA LUTEA (WALKER) (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE:

APOCHRYSINAE)

SHAUN L. WINTERTON

California Department of Food and Agriculture, Plant Pest Diagnostics Branch,

3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, California 95832-1448, USA

Abstract

An example of highly aberrant wing venation in a specimen of Apochrysa lutea (Walker) from

southeastern Queensland is described and discussed in light of recently revised generic

definitions in the subfamily Apochrysinae.

Introduction

Members of the green lacewing subfamily Apochrysinae are typically large

chrysopids with broad, rounded wings and densely reticulated venation.

Apochrysinae are pantropical in distribution, with greatest species richness in

the Oriental and Australasian regions (Brooks and Barnard 1990, Winterton

and Brooks 2002). Adults are weak fliers and fly with a slow, fluttering

motion. They are almost always associated with dense, humid forests (Tjeder

1966, Tsukaguchi 1995, Winterton 1995, Penny 2002). Apochrysa Schneider

(sensu Winterton and Brooks 2002) is an Old World genus represented by

four species in Madagascar and southern and eastern Africa, one species in

Japan and Taiwan, and six species in eastern Australia, Indonesia and

Oceania (Kimmins 1952, Brooks and Barnard 1990, Hólzel 1996, Winterton

2002). Originally divided into six genera (i.e. Anapochrysa Kimmins,

Apochrysa, Nacaura Navas, Oligochrysa Esben-Petersen, Lauraya Winterton

and Synthochrysa Needham), these were all synonymised with Apochrysa by

Winterton and Brooks (2002), thereby broadening the definition of the genus.

For many years, the taxonomy and classification of Apochrysinae was

considered unsatisfactory, with generic concepts narrowly defined based on

wing venation. This resulted in numerous monotypic genera and new species

requiring default placement into new genera (Brooks and Barnard 1990,

Brooks 1997). In light of this, Winterton and Brooks (2002) used a

quantitative phylogenetic analysis to identify likely synonymies throughout

the subfamily and reduced the total number of genera from 13 to six.

Moreover, they broadened remaining generic concepts so that they were

inclusive rather than exclusive in nature, thus allowing newly described taxa

to be placed in existing genera rather than requiring the erection of new ones.

A female specimen from Australia, clearly belonging in Apochrysinae but

with highly aberrant wing venation, is described and discussed here. Under

the previous strict generic definitions, this specimen would probably have

been described as a new species in a new monotypic genus but, under the

revised concept, it can now be placed in the genus Apochrysa simply as an

aberrant form of A. /utea (Walker).

144 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3)

Woes

<M)

Sot AL

P

A \ s

annn

AMIS

n

Fig, 1. Wings of aberrant specimen of Apochrysa lutea (Walker): A, left forewing;

B, left hind wing; C, right forewing (forewing length — 18.0 mm.); D, spermatheca;

E, subgenitale. Abbreviations: C, costal vein; Sc, subcostal vein; R, radial vein; Rs,

radial sector; ‘Psm’, pseudomedial vein; ‘Psc’, pseudomedial vein; 4/, 42 and 43,

anal veins.

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3) 145

Apochrysa lutea (Walker)

(Fig. 1)

Material examined. | 9, AUSTRALIA: Queensland: Brisbane, 1933, A.R.

B[rimble]combe (in Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries

Collection, Indooroopilly). Condition fair; right hind wing mostly missing, genitalia in

genitalia vial attached to pin.

Description (Fig. 1). Wing venation abbreviations are those used by Brooks

and Barnard (1990). Forewing length: 18 mm. Wings unmarked; venation

pale yellow in old specimen; setae along wing veins relatively long;

pterostigma indistinct; vein C equidistant with Sc along most of length in

both wings; forewing costal crossveins irregularly shaped, either simple,

forked or fused together (Figs 1A, C), sometimes joined by secondary

crossveins, hind wing costal crossveins simple except near apex of wing; Sc

short, very closely associated with R along entire length; R and Rs joined by

simple crossveins along basal half of wing, a single crossvein between the

two veins in distal half of wing, several incomplete 'spurious' veins arising

posteriorly from R in forewing; hind wing with short additional longitudinal

vein between veins R and Rs (Fig. 1B); 'end-twigging' of veinlets along

posterior margin of both wings is irregular and shallow; right forewing (Fig.

1C) Cu; directed posteriorly and joins posterior margin of wing, thus making

cell c open and discal cubital cell (dcc) absent; vein 1A simple.

Comments. The above female was collected at Brisbane in 1933 and no other

similar specimens have been located in the QDPI&F collection or in any

other collections. Venation of left and right forewings in this specimen is

asymmetrical. In the right forewing the anterior branch of Cuz, which

normally joins to the Psc and gives rise to the cell c; and the dcc, is directed

posteriorly, joining the posterior margin of the wing, thus making cell c? open

and the dcc absent.

Within the Apochrysinae, such venational asymmetry is also present, to a

lesser degree, in specimens of Nobilinus bellula (Banks) and Loyola croesus

(Gerstaecker) in the United States National Museum collection (Washington

D.C.) (pers. observ.). The wings of the above female fall well within the

range of wing lengths recorded for Apochrysa lutea (e.g. New 1980), ruling

out the generation of additional wing cross-veins based on increase in wing

area. Moreover, such increases in wing area usually result only in production

of secondary cross-veins and not additional longitudinal veins as in this

specimen. A possible reason for this aberrant venation could be a

developmental malformation, either spontaneous or due to extraneous factors

such as limited food supply as a larva or environmental pollutants (Clarke

1993). Until further specimens are collected, indicating that this wing

venation is actually fixed and represents a true species, I regard this specimen

as merely a malformed individual of A. /utea.

146 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3)

The collection locality of this specimen is well within the known distribution

of A. lutea (coastal areas of northern Queensland to central New South

Wales), which is the only species of Apochrysinae known from the Brisbane

area. The basic elements of wing venation of A. lutea (see New 1980: figs 1-

2) can be found in this specimen regardless of the many additional secondary

veins. Similarly, the female genitalia are identical to those of A. /utea (Figs

1D, E). The distinct asymmetry of the left and right wings also supports the

conclusion that the wing venation in this specimen is a malformation of the

typical wing venation.

References

BROOKS, S.J. 1997. An overview of the current status of Chrysopidae (Neuroptera)

systematics. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 44(2); 267-275.

BROOKS, S.J. and BARNARD P.C. 1990. The green lacewings of the world: a generic review

(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology Series

59: 117-286.

CLARKE, G.M. 1993. Patterns of developmental stability of Chrysopa perla L. (Neuroptera:

Chrysopidae) in response to environmental pollution. Environmental Entomology 22: 1362-1366.

HÓLZEL, H. 1996. Neue Chrysopidae-Spezies aus Afrika 1. Apochrysa wagneri n. sp.

(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Entomologische Zeitschrift 106: 117-120.

KIMMINS, D.E. 1952. A revision of the Apochrysinae (Fam. Chrysopidae). Annals and

Magazine of Natural History 12: 929-944.

NEW, T.R. 1980. A revision of the Australian Chrysopidae (Insecta: Neuroptera). Australian

Journal of Zoology, Supplementary Series 77: 1-143.

PENNY, N. D. 2002. A guide to the lacewings (Neuroptera) of Costa Rica. Proceedings of the

California Academy of Sciences 53: 161-457.

TJEDER, B. 1966. Neuroptera-Planipennia. The lace-wings of Southern Africa. 5. Family

Chrysopidae. Pp 228-534, in: Hanstróm, B., Brinck, P. and Rudebec, G. (eds), South African

Animal Life Vol. 12. Swedish Natural Science Research Council, Stockholm; 1097 figs.

TSUKAGUCHI, S. 1995. Chrysopidae of Japan (Insecta, Neuroptera). Osaka, Japan; 224 pp,

106 figs.

WINTERTON, S.L. 1995. A new genus and species of Apochrysinae (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

from Australia, with a checklist of Australian species. Journal of the Australian Entomological

Society 34: 139-145.

WINTERTON, S.L. and BROOKS, S.J. 2002. Phylogeny of the apochrysine green lacewings

(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Apochrysinae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 95:

16-28.

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3): 147-150 147

A LIST OF HAWK MOTHS (LEPIDOPTERA: SPHINGIDAE)

FROM EAST TIMOR

D.A. LANE! and M.D. LANE?

13 Janda Street, Atherton, Qld 4883

76/6 Dawes Street, Queanbeyan, NSW 2620

Abstract

Records are provided for 36 species of Sphingidae recently collected from East Timor. Eight

species, Acherontia styx Westwood, Agrius luctifera Walker, Psilogramma casuarinae Walker,

Acosmeryx anceus Stoll, Gnathothlibus eras (Boisduval), Hippotion echeclus Boisduval,

Theretra natashae Cadiou and Amplypterus panopus (Cramer) are newly recorded from East

Timor, bringing the total known fauna of Timor to 38 species.

Introduction

Until recently, very little had been published on the hawk moth fauna of East

Timor and the island of Timor in general. D'Abrera (1987) listed available

specimens held in The Natural History Museum, London, while several

authors (Cadiou 1995, Brechlin 1998, 2001, Brechlin et al. 2001) have

recently described new species from the Lesser Sunda Islands and adjacent

areas.

A recent web page dealing with the Sphingidae of southeast Asia (Beck and

Kitching 2005) compiled all available data from this region and listed 30

species from the island of Timor. Of those 30 species, we collected 28, plus

an additional 8 species, during two periods (from April-November 2002, by

MDL while on a United Nations military deployment, and in January 2004,

by DAL and MDL) in East Timor. This brings the total number of recorded

species to 38, all listed in Table 1. The two species not observed by us were

Cephonodes picus (Cramer) and Macroglossum prometheus lineata Lucas

(Beck and Kitching 2005).

Material was collected from the following localities in EAST TIMOR:

Memo, 300 m, 9?01'26"S, 125°11°13”E; Balibo, 570 m, 8?58'07"S,

125?02'33"E; Fatuklaran, 730 m, 8?59'26"S, 125?03'10"E; Bobonaro, 1000

m, 9?00'40"S, 125?21'50"E. Reference material is deposited in the authors’

collection, Atherton.

Comments

Periods of hawk moth observation during 2002 were mostly of quite limited

duration and location, and are presented as a preliminary guide only to the

fauna of those areas. Further collecting and observations will undoubtedly

increase species numbers for respective areas. Of the eight newly recorded

species (indicated by * in Table 1), Amplypterus panopus was observed only

as a single specimen. Cephonodes species were observed several times in the

field but, due to difficult terrain, only a single specimen of C. hylas was

collected. Psilogramma casuarinae was previously recorded from northern

and eastern Australia and New Guinea (Beck and Kitching 2005).

148 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3)

Table 1. List of hawk moths recorded in East Timor from April-November 2002 and

in January 2004. Localities are abbreviated as: Me [Memo], Ba [Balibo], Fa

[Fatuklaran] and Bo [Bobonaro]. Months of observation are listed in roman numerals.

Nomenclature follows that of Beck and Kitching (2005). * = new record; ** = known

from Timor but not recorded during survey.

Species Locality Months Comments

SPHINGINAE

Acherontia lachesis (Fabricus) Ba, Bo 1,V,Xi common

Acherontia styx Westwood* Bo i scarce

Agrius convolvuli (Linneaus) Me, Ba, Fa, iiv,vvii, | common

Bo xi

Agrius luctifera (Walker)* Bo ixi common

Psilogramma menephron (Cramer) Fa, Bo i,1V,Xi common

Psilogramma wetarensis Brechlin Bo ixi common

Psilogramma casuarinae Walker* Bo i scarce

SMERINTHINAE

Ambulyx andangi Brechlin Bo xi scarce

Ambulyx moorei Moore Bo lxi scarce

Clanis euroa Rothschild & Jordan Fa, Bo iv,xi scarce

Marumba timora Rothschild & Jordan Bo ixi Scarce

Polyptychus claudiae Brechlin, Kitching Bo xi scarce

& Cadiou

Amplyptetus panopus (Cramer)* Fa iv scarce

MACROGLOSSINAE

Acosmeryx anceus Stoll* Fa, Bo i,iV,xi common

Acosmeryx shervillii Boisduval Bo lxi Scarce

Cephonodes hylas (Linnaeus) Bo i scarce

Cephonodes picus (Cramer)** Recorded by Beck and Kitching 2005

Daphnis hypothous hypothous (Cramer) Fa, Bo liv,xi common

Daphnis placida (Walker) Bo ixi common

Gnathothlibus eras (Boisduval)* Fa, Bo i,iv,xi common

Hippotion boerhaviae (Fabricus) Fa, Bo i,iv,xi common

Hippotion celerio (Linnaeus) Ma, Ba, Bo iiv,vixi common

Hippotion echeclus (Boisduval)* Bo i scarce

Hippotion paukstadti Cadiou Bo ixi common

Hippotion rosetta (Swinhoe) Bo ixi common

Hippotion velox (Fabricus) Fa, Bo i,1V,Xxi common

Macroglossum vacillans Walker Fa, Bo i,iV,xi scarce

Macroglossum prometheus lineata Recorded by Beck and Kitching 2005

Lucas**

nee

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3) 149

Species Locality Months Comments

Pergesa acteus (Cramer) Bo lxi common

Theretra alecto (Linnaeus) Bo ixi common

Theretra clotho (Drury) Fa, Bo i,1V,Xi common

Theretra incarnata Rothschild & Jordan Bo lxi scarce

Theretra insignis (Butler) Bo ixi common

Theretra latreillii lucasii (Walker) Fa, Bo ijiv,xi common

Theretra natashae Cadiou* Bo lxi common

Theretra nessus (Drury) Fa, Bo liv,xi common

Theretra oldenlandiae oldenlandiae Bo lxi common

(Fabricius)

Theretra silhetensis (Walker) Fa, Ba, Bo ijiv,v,xi Scarce

In their website, Beck and Kitching (2005) listed Gnathothlibus eras and G.

erotus (Cramer) as separate species, recording G. eras from the eastern

Indonesian archipelago, New Guinea, Australia and Pacific islands, and G.

erotus from the western Indonesian archipelago extending into SE Asia, but

did not provide characters to support this separation. Males of G. eras from

East Timor are similar in wing markings to males from Australia, but differ

noticeably in leg structure. One of the characters that allows separation of

Australian G. eras from the endemic G. australiensis Lachlan, is a much

reduced length and thickness of the long hair scales covering the fore tibia in

males of G. australiensis, but with much longer and thicker hair scales in

males of G. eras (Lachlan 2004). Following this character, male specimens of

G. eras from East Timor appear intermediate between Australian G. eras and

G. australiensis, with quite reduced hair scales, but not as reduced as in G.

australiensis. Further investigation into the status of Timorese specimens is

warranted.

Acknowledgements

Dr M.S. Moulds and Mr R. Lachlan (both Australian Museum, Sydney) and

Dr LJ. Kitching (The Natural History Museum, London) are all sincerely

thanked for their advice and for comparing digital images with specimens in

their care. Dr R. Brechlin (Germany) also compared digital images with

specimens in his care and helped considerably with literature sources.

References

BECK, J. and KITCHING, I.J. 2005. The Sphingidae of Southeast-Asia (incl. New Guinea,

Bismarck & Solomon Islands). Version 1.1. http://www.biozentrum.uni-wuerzburg.de/eradkoll/

arthropoden/SphingidaeSEAvO 99/SphinSEA home.htm

BRECHLIN, R. 1998. Sechs neue indoaustralische Schwarmerarten (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae).

Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo 19(1): 23-42.

BRECHLIN, R. 2001. Einige generelle Anmerkungen zur Gattung Psilogramma Rothschild &

Jordan, 1903 mit Beschreibung neuer Arten (Lepidoptera, Sphingidae). Arthropoda 9(2) 6-47.

150 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3)

BRECHLIN, R., KITCHING, I.J. and CADIOU, J-M. 2001. Description of a new species of the

genus Polyptychus Hübner, (1819) “1816” from the Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia, with notes

on several species of the subtribe Choerocampina (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Nachrichten des

Entomologischen Vereins Apollo 22(1): 31-35.

CADIOU, J-M. 1995. Seven new species of Sphingidae (Lepidoptera). Lambillionea XCV: 499-

515.

D'ABRERA, B. 1987. Sphingidae Mundi, hawkmoths of the world. Based on a checklist by Alan

Hayes and the collection he curated in the British Museum (Natural History). E.W. Classey,

Faringdon; ix + 226 pp.

LACHLAN, R.B. 2004. Description of a second species of Gnathothlibus Wallengren

(Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from Australia. Australian Entomologist 31(3): 111-118.

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3): 151-153 151

NEW RECORDS AND NOTES OF HAWK MOTHS

(LEPIDOPTERA: SPHINGIDAE) FROM DAUAN ISLAND,

TORRES STRAIT, QUEENSLAND

R.B. LACHLAN! and A.I. KNIGHT?

‘Entomology Department, Australian Museum, 6 College St, Sydney, NSW 2010

770 Exton Road, Exton, Tas 7303

Abstract

Two species of hawk moth, Angonyx papuana Rothschild & Jordan and Macroglossum hirundo

errans (Walker) are newly recorded from Dauan Island. The previous record of Hippotion scrofa

(Boisduval) from this island was an error.

Introduction

Lachlan and Knight (2004) provided records for 31 species of hawk moths

from Dauan Island (9°25’S, 142° 32'E), Torres Strait. However, the record

for one of these, Hippotion scrofa (Boisduval), was an error; the specimens

were actually from New Caledonia and had been placed inadvertently with

Dauan Island material. H. scrofa remains unrecorded from the Torres Strait

region. One of us (AIK) recently spent approximately 12 weeks, between 15

December 2005 and 11 March 2006, conducting a further survey of the hawk

moths of the island. A steady decline in species diversity and abundance was

noted during the survey period.

All specimens are in the collection of RBL; some duplicates are held by the

Australian Museum, Sydney and the Queensland Museum, Brisbane.

Discussion

Only two additional species, Angonyx papuana Rothschild & Jordan and

Macroglossum hirundo errans (Walker), were recorded during the latest

survey. The Papua New Guinea species Theretra insularis insularis

(Swinhoe) (Fig. 1) was again recorded from a single specimen.

Some species, such as Gnathothlibus erotus eras (Boisduval), were extremely

common throughout the survey period, particularly females. A very small

female (Fig. 2) of a Gnathothlibus Wallengren species, with a wingspan of

only 7.2 cm and unusually dark hindwings, was collected for the first time.

This might be a very rare melanic specimen of G. erotus eras or, given its

very small size and hindwing colouring, it may prove to be the first recorded

female of Gnathothlibus australiensis Lachlan (Lachlan 2004). This has yet

to be resolved.

All species of Macroglossum Scopoli recorded in the 2004 survey were seen

or collected in larger numbers throughout the latest survey. There are still

four species, recorded by Moulds (1985) from the southern islands of the

Torres Strait and with ranges into Papua New Guinea, that have not been

recorded, as yet, from Dauan Island.

152 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3)

2

Figs 1-2. Hawk moths from Dauan Island, northern Torres Strait. (1) Theretra

insularis insularis; (2) Gnathothlibus sp.: possible G. australiensis female or a

melanic specimen of G. erotus eras.

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3) 153

It is interesting to note that, of the 32 species of hawk moths now recorded

from Dauan Island, nine species (including the two HAS records), were

recorded from single specimens only.

Acknowledgements

We are again very grateful to Chairperson Mrs Margaret Mau and her Dauan

Island Council for their support and permission to visit the island and conduct

this survey of the hawk moths and for providing accommodation. We also

thank Mr Carl Pardoe-Matthews for preparing the photographs. For

comments on the manuscript we sincerely thank Dr Max Moulds (Australian

Museum) and Dr Steve Johnson.

References

LACHLAN, R.B. 2004. Description of a second species of Gnathothlibus Wallengren

(Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from Australia. Australian Entomologist 31(3): 111-118.

LACHLAN, R.B. and KNIGHT, A.I. 2004. The hawk moths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) of

Dauan Island, northern Torres Strait, Queensland. Australian Entomologist 31(4): 147-150.

MOULDS, M.S. 1985. A review of the Australian hawk moths of the genus Macroglossum

Scopoli (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Australian Entomological Magazine 12(5): 81-105.

154 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3)

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2001 Cigarrophasma, a new genus of stick-insect (Phasmatidae) from Australia. Phasmid

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2005 Ecology of Leptocoris Hahn (Hemiptera: Rhopalidae) soapberry bugs in Australia.

Australian Journal of Entomology 44(4): 344-353. [Corrigendum 45(2): 185 (2006)]

CRANSTON, P.S. and DIMITRIADIS, S.

2005 Semiocladius Sublette and Wirth: taxonomy and ecology of an estuarine midge (Diptera:

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2005 Egg production across a 40-week period in the phasmid Sipyloidea sp. (Diapheromeridae)

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2006 Anew species of Megastigmus Dalman (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), galling seed capsules

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2005 Larvae of Nymphulinae (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) associated with Hydrilla verticillata

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HARDWICK, S., HARPER, M., HOUGHTON, G., LA SALLE, A., LA SALLE, S.,

MULLANEY, M. and LA SALLE, J.

2005 The description of a new species of gall-inducing wasp: a learning activity for primary

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JENNINGS, J.T. and AUSTIN, A.D.

2002 Systematics and distribution of world Hyptiogastrine wasps (Hymenoptera:

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MALIPATIL M. and WAINER, J.

2005 A revision of the genus Cafasphactes Stal with the description of two new species

(Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorinae). Australian Journal of Entomology 44(4): 392-

399. ul

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3): 155-163 155

NEW SPECIES OF THE POLYRHACHIS (MYRMA) PARABIOTICA

SPECIES GROUP (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE:

FORMICINAE) FROM THE PHILIPPINES

RUDOLF J. KOHOUT

Biodiversity Program, Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane, Qld 4101

(e-mail: kohout@powerup.com.au)

Abstract

Two new species of the here established Polyrhachis parabiotica species group, P. chapmani sp.

n. and P. empesoi sp. n., are described from Negros Island in the Philippines. A key to the known

members of the group is provided and the new species are illustrated.

Introduction

During two visits to the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard

University, I had the opportunity to study specimens of Philippine

Polyrhachis Fr. Smith ants collected by James W. Chapman and Domingo

Empeso. This material contained two new species that are closely related to

P. parabiotica Chapman, described in 1963 as the only member of a new

monotypical subgenus Anoplomyrma Chapman. Hung (1967) considered

Anoplomyrma to be very similar to the subgenus Myrma Billberg, but he did

not dispute its validity. Dorow (1995) listed Anoplomyrma as a junior

synonym of Myrma and I agree with this decision but, because of the unique

combination of characters found in P. parabiotica, | am placing it, and two

new species described below, into a separate species group within Myrma.

All three species are restricted to the Philippines. A fourth species, P.

paracamponota Wang & Wu from Guangxi, China, is tentatively placed in

this group based on its original description, but I have been unable to

examine the holotype (or any other material) to confirm its position there.

Abbreviations of institutions (with names of cooperating curators) are: ANIC

— Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Canberra,

ACT, Australia (Drs S.O. Shattuck and R.W. Taylor); BMNH - The Natural

History Museum, London, UK (B. Bolton); MCSN = Museo Civico de Storia

Naturale *Giacomo Doria', Genova, Italy (Drs R. Poggi and V. Raineri);

MHNG - Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle, Geneva, Switzerland (Drs C.

Besuchet, I. Lóbl and B. Merz); MCZC - Museum of Comparative Zoology,

Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., USA (Dr S.P. Cover); QMBA -

Queensland Museum, Brisbane, Qld, Australia (Drs C. J. Burwell and G.B.

Monteith); RIFC = The Research Institute of Forest Protection, Chinese

Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China (Drs Wu Jian and Zhang Yongan).

Methods

Photographs of specimens were taken by Dr Gary Alpert with a Spot 3RT

scanning digital camera attached to a Leica MZ16 stereomicroscope. Images

were processed using Auto-Montage (Syncroscopy, Division of Synoptics

Ltd, USA) software. All photographs are of the primary types.

156 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3)

References and synonyms of individual species are listed only where relevant

to the context of this paper. For full synonymy citations see Bolton (1995)

and Dorow (1995). Publication dates and the spelling of species epithets

follow Bolton (1995).

Standard Measurements and Indices used in the text are: TL = Total length

(the necessarily composite measurement of the outstretched length of the

entire ant measured in profile); HL = Head length (the maximum measurable

length of the head in perfect full face view, measured from the anterior-most

point of the clypeal border or teeth, to the posterior-most point of the

occipital margin); HW = Head width (width of the head in perfect full face

view, measured immediately in front of the eyes); CI = Cephalic index (HW

x 100/HL); SL = Scape length (excluding the condyle); SI = Scape index (SL

x 100/HW); PW = Pronotal width (width of the pronotal dorsum measured at

the bases of pronotal spines); MTL = Metathoracic tibial length (maximum

measurable length of the tibia of the hind leg). Measurements were taken

using a Zeiss SR stereomicroscope with an eyepiece graticule calibrated

against a stage micrometer. All measurements are expressed in millimetres

(mm).

Characters of the P. parabiotica species group

The P. parabiotica species group, here established, is named after the name-

bearing species P. parabiotica Chapman. Chapman (1963) failed to give the

dignostic characters of his newly established subgenus Anoplomyrma, but

they can be deduced from the description of P. parabiotica, as follows:

pronotum armed with well developed, anteriorly directed spines; mesosoma

convex with the mesonotum virtually immarginate (except in the new species

described below, where poorly developed obtuse margins are evident under

certain angles of illumination); propodeum totally immarginate laterally and

posteriorly, with no propodeal teeth or tubercles; petiole scale-like, with

dorsal margin more-or-less rounded or emarginate medially, laterally

delimited by a blunt angle. The characters of the P. parabiotica group are

essentially those of Anoplomyrma, except that the pronotal spines may be

reduced to short humeral teeth as in P. paracamponota.

Key to workers of the P. parabiotica species group

| Pronotal humeri armed with short teeth ....... paracamponota Wang & Wu

- Pronotal humeri armed with relatively long, anteriorly directed spines ... 2

2 Head, mesosoma and gaster distinctly yellowish-red or light reddish-

brown; erect or curved hairs abundant everywhere, including appendages,

hairs longer than greatest diameter of eye ............... parabiotica Chapman

- Head and mesosoma black with gaster dark brown or red; numerous erect

or suberect hairs present only on head and gaster, hairs shorter than

greatestdiametenoReyereeem m TERTII RR 3

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3) 157

3 Body jet-black and highly polished, with very short, sparse golden

pubescence; anterior clypeal margin entire ............... porn chapmani sp. n.

- Body finely shagreened, opaque, with short, appressed, silvery or

yellowish-golden pubescence; anterior clypeal margin medially notched

JERLDOIDUDOEETIDO DOCE TER £X EX ERN E CE EY EE o C EE Dar n P E H2 EE 1 T 333 empesoi sp. n.

Polyrhachis parabiotica Chapman, 1963

(Figs 1, 4, 7)

Polyrhachis (Anoplomyrma) parabiotica Chapman, 1963: 258, fig. 7. Syntype

workers, queens in MCZC. Type locality: PHILIPPINES, Negros I., Cuernos de

Negros, 1500-4000 ft (J. W. Chapman). [2 workers, queen examined].

Additional material examined. PHILIPPINES: Negros Oriental, Lake Balinsasayao,

Sibulan, 30.v.1983 (C.K. Starr & F.P. Godoy) (w) (in BMNH and QMBA).

Dimensions of syntypes (Queen cited last): TL c. 6.30, 6.00, 6.90; HL 1.65,

1.68, 1.78; HW 1.40, 1.40, 1.50; CI 85, 83, 84; SL 1.87, 1.96, 1.96; SI 133,

140, 131; PW 1.06, 1.06, 1.43; MTL 2.03, 2.15, 2.12 (2 workers and queen

measured; all specimens, notably the queen, are covered in glue and some

measurements are only approximate).

Remarks. Chapman (1963) noted that the type colony of P. parabiotica was

collected on 12.ix.1948 *in a dead frond of a tree fern. The fern trunk was

partly surrounded by a mound nest of Myrmecaria [sic — ?Myrmicaria

Saunders] ... Both workers and females closely resemble Myrmecaria in color

very closely. This is, the only nest I ever found'. Chapman also mentioned

that he collected workers and dealate queens of P. parabiotica from forays of

* Myrmecaria' on the Cuernos de Negros at 1500 to 4000 ft altitude for many

years. However, the specimens collected at Lake Balinsasayao by Starr and

Godoy, lodged in BMNH and QMBA, are the only specimens, besides the

types, that I have located in collections.

Polyrhachis chapmani sp. n.

(Figs 2, 5, 8)

Types. Holotype worker, PHILIPPINES: Oriental Negros Prov., Cuernos de Negros

Mts, 3600 ft, 30.ix.1942, J.W. Chapman. Paratypes: 38 workers, 2 queens, 2 males,

data (and nest) as for holotype; 4 workers, 2 queens, data as for holotype except 1942-

43, hollow vine. Holotype and most paratype workers, 3 queens and males in MCZC;

3 workers and queen in QMBA; 2 workers in each of ANIC and BMNH.

Additional material examined. PHILIPPINES: Negros Oriental, Cuernos de Negros

Mts, 3600 ft (various dates of collection - 1942-1943 and 1948) (J. W. Chapman) (w,

$9, 0); Mindanao, 11 km W Alanib, (08°03’N, 124°57’E), 1160 m, 9.ix.1978, relict rf.

(B.B. Lowery) (w) (in MCZC).

Description. Worker. Dimensions (holotype cited first): TL c. 6.55, 6.00-

7.21; HL 1.65, 1.53-1.68; HW 1.40, 1.28-1.43; CI 85, 84-87; SL 2.09, 1.93-

2.15; SI 149, 144-154; PW 1.09, 1.03-1.15; MTL 2.15, 2.03-228 (18

158 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3)

measured). Mandibles with 5 teeth reducing in length towards base. Anterior

clypeal margin arcuate, entire. In profile clypeus straight anteriorly, slightly

convex posteriorly with shallow depression just in front of weakly impressed

basal margin; laterally basal margin represented by only a thin line. Frontal

triangle indistinct. Frontal carinae sinuate with margins at mid length

moderately raised and weakly laminate, rather flat and parallel posteriorly.

Central area relatively narrow anteriorly, with only barely indicated median

furrow. Sides of head in front of eyes almost straight, weakly converging

anteriorly towards mandibular bases; rounded behind eyes into convex,

medially narrowly emarginate occipital margin. Eyes convex, in full face

view exceeding lateral cephalic outline. Ocelli lacking. Pronotal dorsum

weakly convex between pair of relatively long, horizontal, anteriorly

directed, somewhat dorsomedially flattened spines; lateral margins of spines

sharp, continuous with rather blunt lateral pronotal margins that terminate

just before reaching promesonotal suture. Mesonotal dorsum with only ill-

defined lateral margins; metanotal groove distinct. Propodeum immarginate

laterally and posteriorly, without propodeal teeth or tubercles. Petiole scale-

like, anterior face weakly convex, posterior face almost flat; dorsal margin

rather acute, shallowly emarginate medially. Subpetiolar process in profile

rounded anteriorly and posteriorly. Anterior face of first gastral segment

lower than height of petiole, with anterodorsal face widely rounding onto

dorsum of segment.

Mandibles finely, longitudinally striate with numerous piliferous pits. Body

surfaces very finely reticulate, rather polished. Intensity of sculpturation

marginally increasing laterally, with sides of mesosoma finely, irregularly

wrinkled. Numerous shallow punctures scattered over most body surfaces.

Mandibles with a few short, semierect, yellowish-golden hairs near

masticatory borders and very short, appressed hairs towards bases. Anterior

clypeal margin medially usually with three longer, anteriorly directed setae

and one short seta on each side towards mandibular bases. Several pairs of

relatively long, erect hairs near anterior and basal clypeal margins, along

frontal carinae and on vertex. A few semierect hairs on anterior face of fore

coxae and several shorter, erect hairs on ventral surfaces of femora.

Numerous, semierect, somewhat posteriorly directed, relatively long hairs

lining posterior margins of most gastral segments, particularly abundant

around gastral apex. Very short, closely appressed, golden pubescence,

arising from shallow pits, scattered over all body surfaces.

Head and mesosoma black; clypeus, meso- and metapleurae diffusely

blotched red or reddish-brown. Mandibles reddish-brown with outer borders

and teeth black. Petiole mostly black at base, progressively becoming

reddish-brown towards dorsal margin. Antennae, coxae and legs light red or

reddish-brown with tarsi and proximal ends of tibiae narrowly black. Gaster

red with posterior margins of segments diffusely reddish-brown.

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3)

Figs 1-9. Polyrhachis spp. (1-3): Head in full face view. (1) P. parabiotica Chapman

(syntype); (2) P. chapmani (holotype); (3) P. empesoi (holotype). (4-6): Dorsal view.

(4) P. parabiotica Chapman (syntype); (5) P. chapmani (holotype); (6) P. empesoi

(holotype). (7-9): Lateral view. (7) P. parabiotica Chapman (syntype); (8) P.

chapmani (holotype); (9) P. empesoi (holotype).

160 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3)

Queen. Dimensions: TL c. 7.16-7.71; HL 1.78-1.84; HW 1.50-1.53; CI 83-

86; SL 2.09-2.25; SI 139-150; PW 1.47-1.50; MTL 2.28-2.37 (4 measured).

Queen very similar to worker with usual differences indicating caste,

including three ocelli and complete thoracic structure. Clypeus in profile

straight anteriorly, weakly convex posteriorly with basal margin very

shallowly impressed. Eyes somewhat larger and more convex than in worker.

Pronotal humeri with spines marginally shorter than in worker; mesoscutum

wider than long, with lateral margins converging into anteriorly rounded

margin; median line short, very poorly indicated; parapsides distinct, rather

flat; mesoscutum in profile rounding anteriorly onto flat dorsum;

mesoscutellum convex, marginally elevated above dorsal plane of mesosoma;

metanotal groove strongly impressed. Propodeum rounded laterally and

posteriorly. Petiole, subpetiolar process and anterior face of first gastral

segment identical to those in worker. Mandibles finely longitudinally striate.

All dorsal surfaces very finely reticulate, rather polished, but not as shiny as

in worker. Pilosity similar to that in worker, with appressed pubescence more

silvery and somewhat more abundant on pronotum, notably along anterior

margin of mesoscutum. Black, with colour scheme virtually identical to that

of worker, except appendages and gaster distinctly darker, reddish-brown.

Males and immature stages (larvae and pupae) in MCZC spirit collection.

Etymology. Named in honour of James W. Chapman, who collected many

species of ants, including Polyrhachis, during his pre- and postwar residence

in Dumaguete on Negros I., Philippines.

Remarks. Three of the worker specimens of the type series, originally

mounted on a single pin, are furnished with a label inscribed: ‘Polyrhachis

(Anoplomyrma) negrosensis sp.n. Chapman'. In spite of this unpublished

name evidently proposed by Chapman, I believe that it is more appropriate to

name this new species after him.

Polyrhachis empesoi sp. n.

(Figs 3, 6, 9)

Types. Holotype worker, PHILIPPINES: Oriental Negros Prov., Dumaguete,

30.iv.1924, J.W. Chapman. Paratypes: 12 workers, data as for holotype. Holotype and

4 paratypes in MCZC; 2 paratypes each in ANIC, BMNH and QMBA.

Additional material examined. PHILIPPINES: Negros Or., Dumaguete, Camp

Lookout, 1500 ft, 1948 (J.W. Chapman) (9); same locality, 1950 (J.W. Chapman) (9);

Luzon, Mt Makiling (Baker) (w); Camarines Sur, Mt Iriga, 500 m, 31.iii.1962 (H.M.

Torrevillas) (w). Mindanao, Misamis Oriental, Sumay, Gingoog, 25.xii.1950

(Domingo Empeso) (w) (in MCZC).

Description. Worker. Dimensions (holotype cited first); TL c. 6.90, 6.65-

7.21; HL 1.75, 1.68-1.75; HW 1.31, 1.28-1.33; CI 75, 74-76; SL 2.18, 2.18-

2.28; SI 174, 166-176; PW 1.28, 1.15-1.28; MTL 2.15, 2.06-2.18 (13

measured). Mandibles with 5 teeth reducing in length towards base. Anterior

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3) 161

clypeal margin arcuate, distinctly notched medially. Clypeus with blunt, but

distinct median carina; clypeus virtually straight in profile, only very

shallowly concave behind anterior margin; basal clypeal margin flat, laterally

represented by thin line. Frontal triangle indistinct. Frontal carinae sinuate

with margins raised and moderately laminate at their mid length, rather flat

and converging posteriorly. Central area relatively narrow anteriorly, with

clearly indicated, short, smooth, median line. Sides of head in front of eyes

almost straight, only weakly converging anteriorly towards mandibular bases;

rounded behind eyes into highly convex occipital margin. Eyes convex, in

full face view only marginally exceeding lateral cephalic outline. Ocelli

lacking. Pronotal dorsum weakly convex between pair of relatively long,

horizontal, anteriorly directed spines; lateral margins of spines blunt,

continuous with rather blunt lateral pronotal margins that terminate just

before promesonotal suture. Mesonotal dorsum with blunt lateral margins

anteriorly, immarginate posteriorly; metanotal groove distinct. Propodeum

immarginate laterally and posteriorly, without propodeal teeth or tubercles.

Petiole scale-like, anterior and posterior faces almost flat, converging

dorsally and forming acute, medially jagged dorsal margin. Subpetiolar

process in profile rounded anteriorly and posteriorly. Anterior face of first

gastral segment about as high as petiole, very weakly concave at base, with

anterodorsal face narrowly rounding onto dorsum of segment.

Mandibles finely, longitudinally striate with numerous piliferous pits. All

body surfaces finely, more-or-less uniformly reticulate-punctate with

sculpturation only marginally more distinct laterally.

Mandibles with a few short, semierect, yellowish-golden hairs near

masticatory borders and very short, closely appressed hairs towards bases.

Anterior clypeal margin usually with three longer, anteriorly directed, medial

setae and a few very short setae laterally towards mandibular bases. Clypeus

with a few pairs of medium length, erect hairs near anterior and basal

margins; distinctly shorter, anteriorly bent hairs along frontal carinae.

Anterior face of fore coxae with several, long erect hairs; very short, solitary

hairs on ventral surfaces of trochanters of mid and hind legs. Numerous,

semierect, somewhat posteriorly directed, medium length hairs lining

posterior margins of apical gastral segments, distinctly longer hairs along

sternites and around gastral apex. Short, closely appressed, silvery

pubescence abundant on all body surfaces; somewhat longer on meso- and

metapleurae, almost completely hiding underlying sculpturation.

Body black, with mandibular masticatory borders, antennae, legs, including

coxae, petiole and gaster, medium to dark reddish-brown.

Queen. Dimensions: TL c. 8.42-8.57; HL 2.06-2.09; HW 1.53; CI 72-73; SL

2.57; SI 168; PW 1.72; MTL (missing) (2 measured). Queen essentially as

worker with usual differences indicating caste, including three ocelli and

complete thoracic structure. Anterior clypeal margin distinctly notched

162 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3)

medially; clypeus in profile very weakly sinuate, shallowly concave

anteriorly, weakly convex posteriorly, before descending into shallowly

impressed basal margin. Eyes somewhat larger and more convex than in

worker, clearly exceeding lateral cephalic outline. Pronotal humeri with

spines marginally shorter than in worker; mesoscutum wider than long, with

lateral margins converging into anteriorly rounded margin; median line

clearly indicated; parapsides rather flat, weakly raised posteriorly;

mesoscutum in profile rounding anteriorly onto flat dorsum; mesoscutellum

only weakly convex, marginally elevated above dorsal plane of mesosoma;

metanotal groove strongly impressed. Propodeum immarginate laterally;

posteriorly rounding into weakly concave declivity. Petiole, subpetiolar

process and anterior face of first gastral segment virtually identical to those in

worker. Mandibles finely longitudinally striate. All dorsal surfaces with

sculpturation and pilosity similar to that in worker. Body with relatively

abundant appressed pubescence more yellowish-golden on head and

pronotum, pale yellow on dorsum of gaster and silvery on lateral mesosoma

and appendages. Head, mesosoma, petiole and gaster black, with mandibular

masticatory borders and appendages dark reddish-brown.

Male and immature stages unknown.

Etymology. Named in honour of Domingo Empeso of Silliman University,

Dumaguete, Philippines, who collected many Polyrhachis species together

with J.W. Chapman on Oriental Negros and elsewhere in the Philippines.

Remarks. The two available queens are in poor condition. Both are missing

numerous legs with one of them also missing the antennae. They were

evidently collected separately from the workers, but their morphological

characters and general appearance suggest that they are the queens of P.

empesoi.

Polyrhachis paracamponota Wang & Wu

Polyrhachis paracamponota Wang & Wu, 1991: 599, 601, figs 3, 7. Holotype worker

in RIFC. Type locality: CHINA, Ningming Co., Guangxi Autonomous Region

(Zhang Peiyi). [Not examined].

Dimensions of holotype: TL 6.46; HL 1.95; HW 1.65; CI 85; SL 2.53; SI 153;

PW 1.40; MTL 2.74 (after Wang and Wu 1991).

Remarks. In spite of my personal communication with Drs Wu Jian and

Zhang Yongan, I was unable to examine the holotype (and only known

specimen) of P. paracamponota lodged in the collection of the RIFC.

However, in the original description the authors commented that P.

paracamponota was allied to P. parabiotica Smith (sic) from the Philippines,

but differed in having the pronotum armed *with two humeral teeth, not

spines’. Dorow (1995) listed P. paracamponota within the subgenus Myrma.

Because of its alleged similarity to P. parabiotica, I am provisionally placing

it within the P. parabiotica species group.

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3) 163

Acknowledgements

This research was very generously supported by two Harvard University

Ernst Mayr Grants that allowed me to visit the Museum of Comparative

Zoology in Cambridge. My sincere thanks go to Stefan Cover (MCZC) for

unlimited access to the collection in his care. I am very grateful to Gary

Alpert (MCZC) for producing the digital images of specimens. Thanks also

to Gary and to Mary Corrigan (EHS, Harvard University) for solving logistic

problems during my visit to Cambridge. I am also thankful to Barry Bolton

(BMNH) for his valuable co-operation during several visits to The Natural

History Museum, London. Finally, I thank Chris Burwell (OMBA) for

reading and commenting on a draft of the manuscript.

References

CHAPMAN, J.W. 1963. Some new and interesting Philippine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae),

Philippine Journal of Science 92: 247-263, 8 figs.

DOROW, W.H.O. 1995. Revision of the ant genus Polyrhachis Smith, 1857 (Hymenoptera:

Formicidae: Formicinae) on subgenus level with keys, checklist of species and bibliography.

Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg 185: 1-113, 31 figs.

HUNG, A.C.F. 1967. A revision of the ant genus Polyrhachis at subgeneric level. Transactions

of the American Entomological Society 93: 395-422, 101 figs.

WANG, C. and WU, J. 1991. Taxonomic studies on the genus Polyrhachis Mayr of China

(Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Forest Research 4(6): 596-601.

164 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (3)

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2005 Evolution of nest-weaving behaviour in arboreal nesting ants of the genus Polyrhachis Fr.

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THE AUSTRALIAN

Entomologist

Volume 33, Part 3, 22 September 2006

CONTENTS

FERGUSON, D.J. AND LAMBKIN, C.L.

Behavioral observations on Australian stiletto flies (Diptera: Therevidae) from

southeastern New South Wales.

HANCOCK, D.L.

The taxonomic placement of Campiglossa vaga Hardy & Drew and

Mesoclanis campiglossina Hering (Diptera: Tephritidae: Tephritinae).

KOHOUT, RJ.

New species of the Polyrhachis (Myrma) parabiotica species group

(Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae) from the Philippines.

LACHLAN, R.B.

ew records of hawk moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) from Lizard Island,

northern Queensland.

LACHLAN, R.B.

otes on the hawk moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) of the Cocos

(Keeling) Islands, Indian Ocean.

LACHLAN, R.B. AND KNIGHT, A.I.

ew records and notes of hawk moths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from

Dauan Island, Torres Strait, Queensland.

LANE, D.A. AND LANE, M.D.

A list of hawk moths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from East Timor.

NGA, V.T., EASTWOOD, R., CHAT, N.T. AND LAM, P.V.

Life histories of Scymnus bipunctatus Kugelann (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

and Chrysopa sp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): potential augmentative biocontrol agents for

the mealybug Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerall) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Vietnam.

PETERS, J.V.

New distributional records for Australian butterflies (Lepidoptera).

WILLIAMS, A.E. AND WILLIAMS, M.R.

A new locality record and notes on the distribution of Trapezites waterbousei

Mayo & Atkins (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae).

WINTERTON, S.L.

Aberrant wing venation in the green lacewing Apochrysa lutea

(Walker) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Apochrysinae).

RECENT ENTOMOLOGICAL LITERATURE

ISSN 1320 6133