THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

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Тһе Australian Entomologist is a non-profit journal published in four parts annually

by the Entomological Society of Queensland and is devoted to entomology of the

Australian Region, including New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and islands of the

south-western Pacific. Articles are accepted from amateur and professional

entomologists. The journal is produced independently and subscription to the journal

is not included with membership of the society.

The Publications Committee

Editor: Dr D.L. Hancock Editorial Co-ordinator

Assistant Editors: Dr C.J. Burwell Mrs S.G. Wright

Queensland Museum Business Manager

Dr G.B. Monteith Mr R.M. Bull

Queensland Museum (richard. bull@uqconnect.net)

Subscriptions

Subscription are payable in advance to the Business Manager, The Australian

Entomologist, P.O. Box 537, Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia, 4068.

For individuals: A$25.00 per annum in Australia.

A$30.00 per annum in Asia-Pacific Region.

A$35.00 per annum elsewhere.

For institutions A$30.00 per annum in Australia.

A$40.00 per annum in Asia-Pacific Region.

A$40.00 per annum elsewhere.

Please forward all overseas cheques/bank drafts in Australian currency.

GST is not payable on our publication.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND

Membership is open to anyone interested in Entomology. Meetings are normally held

in the Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Queensland on the

second Monday of March-June and August-December each year. Meetings are

announced in the Society's News Bulletin which also contains reports of meetings,

entomological notes, notices of other Society events and information on Members'

activities.

Enquiries relating to the Society should be directed to the Honorary Secretary,

Entomological Society of Queensland, P.O. Box 537, Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia,

4068.

Cover: This undescribed ant spider (Zodariidae), known only from the Expedition

Range, is one of about 25 new Habronestes species from Queensland. In Australia,

Habronestes is one of the most diverse genera of ant spiders with almost 130 species,

of which only about one fifth are described. They are small to medium-sized spiders

(2 — 12 mm in length) and most can be recognised by the bright yellow or orange

spots on their backs and the distinctive palps of the males. Illustration by Barbara

Baehr.

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4) 165

THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

E.N. MARKS MEMORIAL ISSUE

Dr Elizabeth Nesta (‘Pat’) Marks AO

BSc (Qld), MSc (Qld), PhD (Cantab.), FRES

28 April 1918 - 25 October 2002

Publication of this symposium is partly supported by a grant from the Australian

Entomological Society.

166 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4)

To honour the life of E.N. Marks, the Entomological Society of Queensland held a

symposium at the Queensland Museum on October 15, 2005, chaired by Society

President, Peter Mackey. This special issue is devoted to the proceedings of that

meeting. The speakers, pictured above from left to right, were as follows:

Joan Bryan was supervised by Pat Marks for Honours in the 1960s. She worked first

in Papua New Guinea, then with the London School of Hygiene and Tropical

Medicine. She came to the Sydney School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine in

1982, then spent her last 17 working years at the University of Queensland (UQ).

Geoff Monteith is a curator of insects at the Queensland Museum and formerly

curator of the UQ Insect Collection. He occupied a room across the corridor from Pat

for a decade during her UQ days and was drawn into many of her ‘extra-curricular’

activities. Brian Kay has worked with mosquitoes as disease vectors at the

Queensland Institute of Medical Research since 1963 and shared office space with Pat

in QIMR's second building behind the Royal Brisbane Hospital. Brian Crozier is a

history curator at the Queensland Museum and is responsible for the Social History

collection. Brian negotiated the final wave of donations from the Marks family in

2002. Margaret Ward's mother was Pat's cousin, and Pat was a major influence in

Margaret's life from early childhood. In turn, Margaret became Pat's greatest support

in her last years and was present (and taking instructions) when she died in 2002.

Harry Standfast worked on malaria in Papua New Guinea from 1956-1962, then

joined QIMR in Brisbane to study both mosquitoes and biting midges as virus vectors.

In 1970 he moved to CSIRO Division of Animal Health, retiring in 1990. He

interacted closely with Pat throughout his professional life. Mike Muller studied

insect-borne diseases in livestock with CSIRO for 23 years before becoming the

Brisbane City Council's medical entomologist 10 years ago. In both lives, Pat Marks'

mosquito keys and taxonomic papers have been constantly beside his microscope.

Peter Mackey, President of the Entomological Society of Queensland and Chairman

of the Symposium. Margaret Schneider and her co-author Greg Daniels (absent) are

former and present curators of the UQ Insect Collection. They collaborated closely

with Pat during the difficult incorporation of her mosquitoes into that collection.

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4): 167-170 167

ELIZABETH NESTA MARKS – THE FAMILY MEMBER

MARGARET WARD

103 Nelson Street, Corinda, Qld 4075

Abstract

An insight into the family life and legacy of Elizabeth Nesta (Pat) Marks is presented.

Introduction

Elizabeth Nesta Marks was born in Dublin on 28 April 1918. Her Australian-

born parents were in Ireland while her father completed his medical studies at

Trinity College, Dublin and subsequently served in the British Army during

the First World War. She was baptised in St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin

where her great-great-grandfather had been a canon. From thence, she was

nicknamed ‘Patricia’ by her extended family. While her mother and father

valiantly tried to maintain her given name, other branches of the family had

different ideas and she became Patricia (or Pat) to all who knew and loved

her.

Family life

Patricia was my mother's cousin. She was an only child of two independent-

thinking, intelligent and inquiring people. They were a household of

*different characters" who often clashed but loved and admired each other.

Their common love was for the outdoors and the conservation of the

environment.

For over 60 years Patricia lived at 101 Wickham Terrace, in the medical heart

of Brisbane and only a short walk from the city centre. Patricia's family was

part of a larger commune of Marks and Dods relations who lived and worked

in residences at 97, 101 and 107 Wickham Terrace. These properties

extended through to Astor Terrace. It was here that Patricia learnt the

importance of family, including her ancestors and those not yet born.

The Marks family's weekend retreat was a large bush property at Camp

Mountain, near the village of Samford, just beyond the northwest outskirts of

Brisbane. Their residence was a derelict workers’ barracks from a nearby

granite quarry which the family and friends had relocated and refurbished in

1942 (Marks and Cummins 2004). There was room to run some horses and

riding was a popular family pastime.

Patricia became an excellent student (Fig. 1) (dux of her high school in

1934), swimmer, hockey player and horsewoman (Fig. 2). She received a

‘blue’ for her swimming and a half blue for hockey from the University of

Queensland. This was to the amazement of the Marks family who preferred a

less competitive lifestyle. However, her family genes came through with her

love of poetry and books, her inquisitive nature and commitment to her

family and friends.

168 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4)

Figs 1-2. (1) Pat Marks at her BSc graduation from the University of Queensland in

1938. (2) Pat riding ‘Taffy’ in the flag race at Samford Sports Day, 1938.

What I can offer here is a personal picture of Patricia Marks, a woman who

was generous, formidable, inquisitive, rigorous in her work and a defender of

family history and tradition.

Her family and their history were very important to Patricia. She became the

caretaker for the vast collection of furniture, jewellery, curios and household

items collected by her ancestors. Most of the historical items are now in

museums and libraries (see Crozier 2006). However, many were kept by the

family and, as was the tradition, they acquired names and perhaps

personalities as well, such as Miss Johnson (a glass fronted cupboard), the

Reverend Edward (a tall bookcase) and Mrs Bird (a clock).

Not often at ease with people, Patricia had a gruff manner which deterred the

faint-hearted. Those who persisted discovered a woman keen to offer her

knowledge, time and money for a worthy cause. Patricia supported a wide

range of organisations, promptly paying her annual dues and thoroughly

studying their material. ‘I have been a treasurer’ she once said, ‘I know how

nice it is to receive my cheque!’

Patricia’s mind was always working. This was to the detriment of her day-to-

day housekeeping and general tidiness. Her large living room was scattered

with projects, historical investigations, critiques of a younger scientist’s

work, an obituary for a fellow colleague. It seemed like chaos to me.

However, Patricia knew where everything was and admonished me if I tried

to tidy or throw out. She spotted whenever I made a mistake or dared to

intervene.

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4) 169

to become an environmental education centre. (4) Pat Marks hosting a Sunday lunch

for visiting Japanese Professor Seiroku Sakai at the Samford property.

EE NENNT lul Lll XLI LLL ÉL ee

170 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4)

To our relief, Patricia mellowed with age. Always passionate about her

horses and an experienced horsewoman, she continued riding until she was

eighty, using her younger relatives to saddle the horses, open the gates, and

help her dismount. She gave increasing amounts of time and energy to the

Samford community, the local museum and the aboriginal reconciliation

group.

Her 84th birthday was celebrated at Samford. My brother surprised her by

organising Patricia's grandfather's car, presently in the RACQ museum, to be

brought out for joy rides on the day. She was thrilled! She climbed in and

whizzed around the paddock with gay abandon.

Preferring her own company, she lived simply on her cherished Samford

property for the last 20 years of her life. A goanna has been known to walk

casually through her bedroom, a large python digest the in-house possum on

top of the bookcase and the bush turkeys and butcher birds demand attention

at the kitchen door. Her horses were ‘her children’. She called them with a

distinctive voice which I have since had to emulate to gain their attention.

At this peaceful haven, Patricia welcomed international scientists, students,

family, neighbours and friends (Figs 3-4). Once you made your presence

known, you were free to peruse her many books, wander the bush or even

snooze the day away. This was where she taught us to ride, to be inquisitive

about the nature of things and to hear the family history. It is here the family

stood in a circle and spread her ashes when she died.

As part of her legacy, Patricia dedicated her property for ecological use and

as a memorial to the Marks family. My brother and I, as executors, are

presently working with a number of prospective beneficiaries to develop it

for the study of ecological issues.

In the 1930s, whilst at the Glennie Memorial School, Patricia wrote to Bishop

Donaldson requesting a motto for the dedication of the Donaldson Wing of

that school. The motto, when received, was: ‘Whatsoever thy hand findeth to

do, do it with all thy might.' It is a motto that Pat personally adopted and

lived to the fullest.

I thank all those who came to honour our beloved cousin and to hear of her

legacy to entomology and the Museum.

References

CROZIER, B. 2006. Scientific items in the Marks Collection at the Queensland Museum.

Australian Entomologist 33(4): 203-210.

MARKS, E.N. and CUMMINS, K.C. 2004. Mosquitoes and memories: recollections of

‘Patricia’ Marks. Privately published, Brisbane; 295 pp. ISBN 0 646 43296 6.

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4): 171-177 171

ELIZABETH NESTA MARKS – HER OTHER LIFE AS SOCIETY

ACTIVIST, CONSERVATIONIST, HISTORIAN AND BIOGRAPHER

G.B. MONTEITH

Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane, Qld 4101

(email: geoff.monteith@qm.qld.gov.au)

Abstract

Details are provided on the role of Elizabeth Nesta Marks as Society leader and activist, as

conservationist, and as historian/biographer.

Introduction

The distinguished Australian entomologist, Elizabeth Nesta (‘Pat’) Marks

(1918-2002) is best known for her long career as a mosquito taxonomist and

resident Australian expert on all things mosquito (Marks and Cummins 2004,

Anon. 1986). She was a woman of imposing presence and strong personality,

with a sense of obligation to her science and to the community in a broader

context. She became involved in many issues and it is fair to say that some of

these consumed her time at the expense of her mosquito work, often to her

own frustration. But Australian science benefited greatly from those

competing interests. The purpose of this paper is to highlight some of these

‘extra-curricular’ passions of Pat Marks.

Society leader and activist

Today, as most scientific societies struggle to compete with television, the

internet and commercialized sport to get members along to meetings, it is

difficult to conceive how important these groups were in the 1950s-1960s

when Pat Marks was at the height of her scientific activity. She was then

based in the Entomology Department at the University of Queensland, a

period she later said was her most contented and productive. Fig. 1 shows the

staff and postgraduates of the Department in 1964. Almost everyone in that

photograph would have turned up to the regular ‘second Monday of the

month' meetings of the Entomological Society of Queensland, where they

would have mixed with perhaps 30 or 40 other entomologists, from every

institution in Brisbane which harboured a glint of six-legged science within

its walls. On the ‘third Monday of the month’ there was the meeting of the

Queensland Naturalists’ Club, where field-inclined professional biologists

mingled with a great slew of keen amateur biologists, often 60-80 attending.

The ‘first Monday of the month’ was the Royal Society of Queensland’s

night, when an eclectic mix of Brisbane scientists, ranging from geologists

and botanists to mathematicians and biochemists, filled a lecture hall to hear

a guest speaker, often a visiting international scientist. The Royal Historical

Society of Queensland also had its night. A feature of almost every one of

these Brisbane meetings for almost 50 years was the presence of Pat Marks,

usually sitting front row centre, and a participant in everything that went on.

172 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4)

{

Figs 1-2. (1) Staff and postgraduates of the Entomology Department, University of

Queensland in 1964. L to R, back row: Geoff Monteith, Rajainder Kumar, Ian Yeo,

Tom Woodward; main row: Christine Buckley, Ann May, Sybil Curtis, Elizabeth

Bernays, Angus Macqueen, Margaret Colledge, Lesley Powell, Pat Marks, Athol

Perkins; kneeling: Elizabeth Exley, Patricia Webb. (2) Three distinguished Honorary

Members of the Australian Entomological Society (L to R): John Evans, Pat Marks

and Ian Mackerras, photographed at Tom Woodward's home in 1978.

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4) 173

Pat had been inculcated into the milieu of scientific societies through her

father, E.O. Marks, medical doctor, geologist, inventor and leading Brisbane

intellectual. She inherited a strong feeling about the importance of these

groups to scientific life and later wrote: “по Society has the right to the

designation ‘scientific’ if it exists only to serve its members - its prime duty

is to the discipline it represents and the community it serves (Marks and

Mackerras 1971). In other words, she thought these groups should not just

run *feel-good' meetings and outings, they should also do the *hard yards’ to

promote their science and tackle the issues of the day. This she herself did

with a vengeance throughout her career, serving on councils of numerous

societies (Table 1), becoming President of four and gaining the ultimate

accolade, Honorary Life Membership, of five of them.

She was resolutely committed to truth, fairness, transparency and scientific

integrity in all her society activities and did much good. Being an active

member of many societies she was the conduit for much ‘cross-pollination’

of ideas and activities between societies. Those of us with long memories

know she was also a vehement stickler for procedural correctness, and woe

betide the new secretary who didn't record the motion seconder correctly, or

the treasurer who couldn't explain the minutiae of his accounts. Her

reputation and experience led to her playing a central role in some society-

based issues, such as:

Formation of the Australian Entomological Society

One of the major issues which Pat became involved in was the formation, in

1965, of the Australian Entomological Society, our first and only national

entomological group. One would think that this would have been a welcomed

move, but in fact it was almost prevented by bitter jealousies between State-

based groups - nothing new there - but it was largely Pat's steely resolve to

find middle ground between the factions that saved the day. When the

Entomological Society of Queensland was formed in 1923, one of its stated

constitutional aims was the formation of a national entomological society. In

1953, it canvassed entomologists and found support and, in 1962, started the

Journal of the Entomological Society of Queensland, with the express object

of transferring it to a new Society to be named the Entomological Society of

Australia. To the astonishment of Queenslanders, a group in Sydney called

the ‘Society of Entomologists’ promptly changed its name to the

‘Entomological Society of Australia (NSW)’ and started a journal called the

Journal of the Entomological Society of Australia (NSW), thus preoccupying

the name intended for the planned new society and its journal. This created

enormous consternation, because years of efforts by ESQ, CSIRO

Entomology and many individuals had gone towards paving the way for the

new society. Eventually, it was Pat Marks who journeyed south to meet with

the recalcitrant group and, by sheer force of logical argument, stared them

down and gained their agreement to allow the new society and its journal to

174 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4)

proceed as planned. Pat Marks was first Chairman of the Executive, later

President and Honorary Member, of the new national society named, by force

of circumstance, the Australian Entomological Society. Its formation

received the overwhelming support of Australian entomologists and was a

great source of pride to Pat Marks for the rest of her life. Characteristically,

Pat eventually documented the controversy of its formation in detail for the

historic record (Marks and Mackerras 1971).

Table 1. List of societies of which Pat Marks was a member, showing offices in

which she served.

Society, period of membership and offices held (in chronological sequence)

Queensland Naturalists’ Club: Member 1937-2002. Offices held: Treasurer,

Councillor, Editor, Excursion Secretary, Vice President, President. Honorary Life

Member 1976.

Royal Society of Queensland: Member 1939-2002. Offices held: Councillor,

Treasurer, Vice President, President. Life Member.

Entomological Society of Queensland: Member 1944—2002. Offices held: Councillor,

Secretary, Vice President, President. Honorary Life Member 1987.

National Parks Association of Queensland: Member 1945-2002.

Linnean Society of New South Wales: Member 1948—2002.

Royal Entomological Society of London: Fellow 1951—2002.

Royal Historical Society of Queensland: Member 1955-2002.

Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science: Member

1960-2002.

Samford Bora Grounds Preservation Committee: Member 1963—1967.

Australian Entomological Society: Member 1965-2002. Offices held: Councillor,

Editorial Board, Convener of Conservation Committee, Vice President, President.

Honorary Member 1972.

National Trust of Queensland: Member 1966—2002.

Australian Conservation Foundation: Foundation Member 1966-2002. Offices held:

Councillor, Member of Executive Committee, Chairman of Northeast Regional

Committee.

Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales: Member 1968-2002.

Pine Rivers Historical Society of Queensland: Member 1971—2002.

Museum Society of Queensland: Member 1971—2002.

Mosquito Control Association of Australia: Member 1990-2002. Life Member 2000.

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4) 175

The 'Regulation 13А” Controversy

In the science of insect taxonomy, specimens are our currency. Many

thousands of specimens move through the international mail as taxonomists

borrow and lend them for study. Of those specimens, holotypes are of

supreme importance. Most taxonomists would agree that it is desirable that

holotypes be lodged, where appropriate museums are available, near to their

geographic origin, but this is not essential and many factors may influence a

particular situation. In July 1973, a new Regulation 13A was added to the

Australian Federal Customs Act 1901-1971, which sought to make it

mandatory for new Australian insect holotypes to be lodged in Australian

institutions. This appeared without consultation with the entomological

community and brought in a situation where it became very difficult for

workers outside the major museums to continue to exchange specimens. It

also severely limited the ability of overseas museums to acquire Australian

insects unless they lodged a permanently binding *holotype declaration' with

the Australian government, which many were not prepared to do. As these

implications of the new Regulation sunk in, a giant protest swept scientific

circles in Australia and overseas. However, its proponents, who were in

positions of considerable power, refused to budge. Pat Marks, with her clear

mind and her commitment to international cooperation, quickly emerged as a

fearless leader of the opposition. Soon after, she began her term as President

of the Australian Entomological Society and, in that capacity, she was able to

survey entomologists to demonstrate the overwhelming opposition. She

personally confronted politicians and senior bureaucrats in their dens. She got

numerous other organisations onside, including the Australian Academy of

Science. The matter dragged on for almost a decade and she bitterly resented

the inroads it made into her mosquito work, but she worked because there

was a high principle involved. Frustratingly, there was never a clear victory,

but the Regulation eventually simply disappeared from the statute books

because of its inherent unworkability. In true Marksian manner she recorded

the whole matter, blow by blow, for posterity (Marks 1978).

Pat Marks as Conservationist

Nature conservation, as a popular concept, really only swam into widespread

consciousness in the 1960s. A landmark was the formation of the Australian

Conservation Foundation in 1966, an event which gained impetus from the

publication of Jock Marshall’s seminal book The Great Extermination

(Marshall 1966) in the same year, shortly before the author’s premature

death. Pat Marks was a foundation member, an inaugural councillor and,

within a year, chairman of the ACF Northeast Regional Committee.

Jacaranda Press, a prominent nature publisher in Brisbane, proposed a book

by Australia’s leading conservationists to be dedicated to Jock Marshall’s

memory and with royalties going to ACF. A stable of stellar authors was

arranged, including Judith Wright, Len Webb, Vincent Serventy, Jeff

176 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4)

Moseley, Max Day, Dick Piesse and other luminaries of the day. Pat felt the

invertebrates should be covered, an unheard of idea at that time, but was

reluctant to do the job herself because her specialty was mosquitoes, a group

not likely to enthuse the public about invertebrate protection. In the end the

task fell to her and she produced a masterly chapter by collating information

from her vast network of contacts. It stands as the first attempt to argue a

general case for invertebrate conservation in Australia, even though, as she

wrote: ‘invertebrate zoologists ... need to be stirred out of their defeatist

attitude [or] no one will be interested" (Marks 1969). The book itself was one

of the first large format, ‘coffee table’-type books on Australian nature,

complete with foreword by HRH Prince Philip, and is a milestone in our

conservation annals.

Later she was Inaugural Convenor of the Australian Entomological Society's

Conservation Committee and undertook the extremely onerous task of

preparing a submission to the 1972 Senate Committee on National Parks and

Wildlife.

On the local scene, Pat worked hard for the preservation of an aboriginal bora

ground near the family property at Samford, establishing а Committee,

through the Queensland Naturalists’ Club, which eventually achieved

permanent protection for the site (Marks 1968). With typical thoroughness, as

part of that process Pat researched and compiled a review of 58 known

aboriginal ceremonial grounds in southeast Queensland.

Pat Marks as Historian/Biographer

Pat Marks was an avid historian, a habit ingrained within her family where an

intense pride and interest in their family heritage was shared by all. Like all

historians, she had a reluctance to throw things away and the shelves of her

famously untidy room sagged under bulging, brown leatherboard boxes of

papers, labelled with scribbled subjects on their ends. Amazingly, she could

usually put her hands on the particular item of the moment.

She felt she had a duty to record her historical researches for posterity.

Determined to get to the truth of matters, she was always careful to record

both sides of contentious issues. There are two main themes to her historical

writings. Firstly, recording the events and personalities surrounding the

formation of scientific societies in Australia and, secondly, biographies (often

as obituaries) of individuals, mostly scientists. The best source of references

to these is Pat's entry in the recent comprehensive bibliography of Australian

entomology by Daniels (2004), while many non-entomological items can be

found in the anonymous (but almost certainly self-written) biography that

accompanies Pat's Belkin Medal nomination (Anon. 1986).

In writing biographies, Pat always said she tried to get inside her subject, to

be able to see the world through their eyes. Reading her accounts, one often

comes away with the feeling that you knew how the person looked and

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4) 177

spoke. The entomologists she documented were often passionate people and

she always tried to find what had initially set them on their path. Her master

work, and swan song, is the 22 page 'Biographical history' chapter in the

1991edition of Insects of Australia (Marks 1991), in which she weaves scores

of characters into the two hundred year history of Australian entomology,

with each individual clearly defined. Characteristically, one of the major

players, herself, rates hardly a mention.

References :

ANONYMOUS 1986. Biography of Elizabeth Nesta Marks. Mosquito Systematics 18(2); 199-

214.

DANIELS, G. 2004. Bibliography of Australian Entomology 1687-2000. Vol 1. Privately

published, Brisbane; 879 pp. ISBN 0-646-43751-8.

MARKS, E.N. 1968. The preservation of Samford bora grounds. Queensland Naturalist 18: 31.

MARKS, E.N. 1969. The invertebrates. Pp 102-114., in: Webb, L.J., Whitelock, D. and

Brereton, J. L. (rds), The last of lands. Jacaranda Press, Brisbane; 203 pp.

MARKS, E.N. 1978. The changing nature of entomological collections. 6. The Australian insect

export legislation. Entomologica Scandinavica 9: 172-177.

MARKS, E.N. 1991. Biographical history. Pp 198-220, in: CSIRO The insects of Australia, a

textbook for students and research workers. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.

MARKS, E.N. and CUMMINS, K.C. 2004. Mosquitoes and memories: recollections of

‘Patricia’ Marks. Privately published, Brisbane; 295 pp. ISBN 0 646 43296 6.

MARKS, E.N. and MACKERRAS, I.M. 1971. The evolution of a national entomological society

in Australia. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 11: 81-90.

MARSHALL, A.J. (ed.) 1966. The great extermination - a guide to Anglo-Australian cupidity,

wickedness and waste. Heinemann, Melbourne; 221 pp.

178 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4)

Elizabeth (‘Pat’) Marks sitting in an ancient theatre during the International

Congress of Entomology in Greece.

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4): 179-186 179

DR ELIZABETH N. MARKS АО: MOSQUITO STUDIES 1940-1976

H.A. STANDFAST

41 Henry Street, Chapel Hill, Qld 4067 (email: intvecon@tpg.com.au)

Abstract

The early scientific life of Dr Elizabeth Nesta (‘Patricia’) Marks is reviewed which, in some

small measure, explains why she was such a remarkable person who dominated the Australian

mosquito world for an extended period. With her typical thoroughness and her interest in history,

Pat collaborated with Kathleen Cummins to produce a comprehensive record of her life in

Mosquitoes and Memories — Recollections of ‘Patricia’ Marks, published in 2004, and required

reading for anyone interested in the history of science in Queensland.

Patricia Marks was born into a family with a passionate interest in science,

particularly the natural sciences. She grew up surrounded by people who

knew the names of plants and animals. Her father, E.O. Marks, was a highly

regarded geologist before turning to medicine. It is interesting that, on

graduating in 1916, he joined the Royal Army Medical Corps and served in

the trenches in France, about one year prior to Ian Mackerras (Fig. 1) who,

then a gunner in the A.I.F., was to become one of Patricia’s mentors. Ian was

gassed at Villers Bretonneux in May 1918. Fortunately for Australian

science, his resulting blindness was only temporary.

P £ tek AF \ * EY 4

Fig. 1. Dr ЕМ. Marks and Dr I.M. Mackerras at the International Congress of

Entomology, Canberra 1972.

180 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4)

That Pat was an outstanding scientist is not surprising. Her grandfather joined

the Royal Society of Queensland in the year it was founded (1854) and

became an Honorary Life Member. Her father also became President and an

Honorary Life Member of the Society, as did Patricia. While the central

thrust of Pat's scientific career was mosquito research, she had a much

broader interest in science, stimulated by the number of scientific societies of

which she was an active member (Monteith 2006), a habit inherited from her

family.

Patricia speculated that her interest in entomology was sparked on a

Queensland Naturalists’ Club outing in 1927, when she was 9 years old

(Marks and Cummins 2004): *I was fascinated watching him using his net to

catch butterflies and other insects and that perhaps started my interest in

insects’. The entomologist being watched was Rowland Illidge, а name

familiar to mosquito control workers since the endangered Acrodipsas illidgei

(Waterhouse & Lyell) [Illidge’s ant-blue butterfly (family Lycaenidae)],

named after him, occurs in mangroves.

One of Patricia's strengths which, I suspect, stemmed from her early training,

was the keeping of a diary. This enabled her to produce the detailed accounts

which are characteristic of her work. I recently read her ‘Diary of Trip to

Ingham and Cairns District 1946’. This was one of her early investigations on

behalf of the Queensland Department of Health and was a response to a

malaria outbreak at Lucinda Point. The account starts on Monday, May 13,

when Patricia left Roma Street Station at 8 pm and, 98 closely written pages

later, finishes at 8 am on July 12, when she returned to Brisbane. Included is

a fascinating account of how an investigation of an outbreak of an insect

borne disease should be conducted.

Pat's primary duty with the Mosquito Control Committee (initially as

Graduate Research Assistant, later as Senior Research Fellow and finally as

Senior Research Officer), until its disbandment, was concerned with research

into the taxonomy and biology of mosquitoes of Australia and New Guinea.

In 1939, Pat joined the staff of the University of Queensland medical school,

as assistant curator of the pathology museum. She also demonstrated to

students in F.A. Perkins’ medical entomology course. In 1943, the

Queensland Government set up a Mosquito Control Committee: Sir Raphael

Cilento, Director General of Health, was chairman, Mr F.A. Perkins, lecturer

in entomology, was the secretary, and Miss E.N. Marks was graduate

research assistant and its employee. This gave Pat a laboratory to work in at

the George Street campus of the University of Queensland (Fig. 2), a salary,

and numerous field trips to investigate mosquito problems around the state.

This arrangement continued until 1973, when the committee was disbanded.

Unfortunately, the grant had never provided for an assistant which would

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4) 181

Figs 2-3. (2) E.N. Marks examining a new mosquito light trap with University of

Queensland colleague, Elizabeth Exley, around 1960. (3) E.N. Marks sampling larvae

from water in a canoe on the Mamberano River in then Dutch New Guinea in 1958.

182 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4)

have relieved Pat of much of the routine mechanical work and allowed her to

concentrate on systematics.

After her appointment in 1943, Pat worked with F.A. Perkins, who was then

the officer commanding the Australian Army's Land Headquarters School of

Malaria Control. At the time, Allied troop casualties due to malaria in the

Pacific outnumbered battle casualties by from 4 to14 times, depending on the

theatre. The malaria control workers trained at F.A. Perkins’ School played

an important part in reducing malaria casualties. A valuable spin-off from

this work was interaction with U.S. Army entomologists, both then and in

post-war years. These included Willard V. King, Harry Hoogstraal and John

Belkin. Belkin's important ‘Mosquitoes of the South Pacific’, published in

1962, greatly influenced Pat's work; she was later to be awarded the Belkin

Medal, a prestigious award for mosquito workers, in 1986. Pat was also able

to interact with the Australian entomologists David Lee and Tony Woodhill.

As the State Health Department's only full time mosquito expert, she was

required to investigate suspected outbreaks of mosquito-borne disease and the

occurrence of unusual numbers of mosquitoes. These investigations required

close liaison with local Councils. Pat rapidly became the first port of call for

Local Authorities requiring advice on mosquito control and the identification

of species collected. She played a major role in the Aedes aegypti (L.)

eradication campaign mounted in southeast Queensland in the mid 1950s,

which saw the disappearance of both the vector mosquito and the outbreaks

of dengue fever frequently recorded in Brisbane.

Pat's official duties saw her traversing Queensland from Torres Strait to the

Tweed and from Fraser Island to the Gulf and the Northern Territory. The

collections made during National Mosquito Control Committee

investigations were supplemented by collections made on Queensland

Naturalists’ Club outings, all of which resulted in collections of mosquitoes,

often giving new locality records and, sometimes, new species. I doubt that

any one person has collected mosquitoes from as many localities in

Queensland as Pat Marks. In making my own collections in remote areas, I

was often told that ‘the lady Doctor from the University’ had been there

several years before me.

It should be noted that, for much of the period between 1940 and 1976 when

Pat was working in the north, particularly prior to 1960, the common means

of transport was by non air-conditioned rail or by equally uncomfortable

motor vehicle. There was no GPS system to tell you where you were plus or

minus 4 metres; there were no readily available aerial photographs; there

were no radios in vehicles to call for help if you were bogged or if the vehicle

broke down; there were no air-conditioned motels and, when they existed,

country hotels were primitive by modern standards, so the ‘lady Doctor from

the University’ often had an uncomfortable time in the field.

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4) 183

In later years Pat ran courses in mosquito taxonomy, biology and control for

health inspectors, teachers and mosquito control workers in Queensland. This

gave her a broad range of collectors spread throughout the state, One notable

collaborator was John Wright of Charleville. Her last course was in 1998. at

the age of 80. For these courses Pat produced the ‘green book’, An Atlas of

Common Queensland Mosquitoes (Marks 1966), familiar to local authority

personnel working with mosquitoes, first published in 1966, revised in 1967

1973 and rewritten for the 1998 course. Pat appreciated that many of the

students would not have access to a dissecting microscope and wrote the

descriptions emphasising characters which could be seen with a hand lens.

Clearly this showed an appreciation of what happened in the field,

Early in 1949 she was granted extended leave and travelled to the United

Kingdom, where she completed a PhD at Cambridge in 1951. In the UK she

mixed with the greats of the mosquito world - Mattingly, Buxton, Smart,

Wigglesworth and Christophers — who must have seen a great potential

mosquito worker in this lady from Australia.

Pat resumed duty with the Mosquito Control Committee in Brisbane in late

1951 and was almost immediately sent to Mildura, on the Murray River in

Victoria, to participate in an investigation of Murray Valley Encephalitis bya

team headed by Dr Bill Reeves, a US expert with experience in working with

mosquito-borne viruses. Another member of the team was Dr M. Josephine

Mackerras, an outstanding scientist, parasitologist and entomologist, daughter

of early Queensland physician and mosquito worker Thomas Lane Bancroft,

and wife of Ian Mackerras. Her portrait, as Major Mackerras, hangs in the

Australian War Memorial to commemorate her outstanding contribution to

the wartime Australian research on malaria.

Although no virus was isolated from the mosquitoes collected at Mildura, the

experience gained was put to good use eight years later when Pat and

Josephine Mackerras participated in expeditions to Mitchell River mission

(now Kowanyama), led by Dr R.L. Doherty of the Queensland Institute of

Medical Research (QIMR). The mosquitoes they collected yielded Murray

Valley Encephalitis virus, along with at least eight other viruses new to

science, results which guaranteed the continuation of the QIMR Arbovirus

Research Programme.

In 1958 Pat spent three months collecting mosquitoes in New Guinea,

supported by the Bernice P. Bishop Museum in Hawaii. She travelled widely

to remote villages by small planes and rivercraft, mostly in the then

Australian Territory of Papua New Guinea but she also had the opportunity to

visit then Dutch New Guinea [now the Indonesian Province of West Papua]

and made a long journey up the Mamberano River (Fig. 3) with Dutch

entomologist, Hans van den Assem. The mosquitoes of New Guinea were a

continuing interest and she visited the area four more times during her career.

184 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4)

In 1962 Pat moved with the Entomology Department when it relocated from

George Street to the St Lucia campus of the University of Queensland. It was

my impression that Pat was happiest in the university environment in the

company of other entomologists and interacting with postgraduate students.

Pat seems to have had much the same opinion: '1 had moved with the

University to St Lucia where I worked in the Goddard Building, which was

shared with the Zoology Department. I had a lovely big room there and 1

think I did my best work in that room' (Marks and Cummins 2004, p. 145).

Table 1 summarises some of Pat's activities. In the period spent at the

University of Queensland, she described 37 new species of mosquito (see

Appendix), collected a further 43 species she considered to be new, allocating

species numbers to them and putting them aside for later study. The days of

describing a new species from one specimen had long gone, so lack of

adequate material, both male and female, may have been one factor, while

lack of link-reared larvae and pupae may have been another.

Table 1. Productivity of E.N. Marks during different phases of her career.

LOCATION Queensland Queensland Queensland

University University Institute of Medical

(George Street) (St Lucia) Research

Period 1940 — 1961 1962 — 1976 1977 — 1983

Published papers 39 mosquitoes 37 mosquitoes 18 mosquitoes

2 other 28 other 7 other

New species 27 10 1

described

New species allocated 9 34 17

Marks code numbers

Pat usually published new species in related groups with a review of the

relationships within the group; occasionally she published single species. In

1954 she published a review of the Aedes scutellaris subgroup, which

contained a number of closely related and morphologically similar species.

The group was of medical importance, as it contained vectors of both

filariasis and dengue fever and was widely distributed in the Pacific. In

studying the group, Pat noted that one species, Aedes pseudoscutellaris

(Theobald), was a mixture of two species and named the new species Ae.

polynesiensis Marks, publishing it alone, as it was important to rapidly spread

the news. Aedes polynesiensis was shown to be a good vector of both

filariasis and dengue. While Pat solved a species problem she produced one

for the epidemiologists: which species had they been working with all these

years?

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4) 185

When I started working with mosquitoes in 1953, Edwards (1925) was the

standard text, supplemented by wartime handbooks. Many of the descriptions

in Edwards were brief and inadequate. 1 remember Pat describing them as

‘heads and tails’. Pat changed this - her descriptions covered the whole insect

in great detail, both male and female, often including descriptions of larvae

and pupae. When appropriate, she would review the genus or subgenus,

producing keys to adults and larvae and including notes on the breeding sites

and distribution.

When it came to Pat's research, I and many of my colleagues were, and still

are, end users. Our aim was to collect as many mosquitoes as possible,

identify them to species while still alive, freeze them in liquid nitrogen, then

homogenise them and inoculate them into tissue culture or day old mice - not

quite the way Pat was used to treating her pets.

In conclusion I have many memories of working with Pat, who never

considered herself infallible. Many of us were certain she was. On one

occasion, after the Pacific Science Congress in Dunedin, New Zealand, I was

interested in what I considered to be the odd distribution of Culex

annulirostris Skuse in the Pacific. I told Pat I had serious doubts about the

validity of many of the identifications, except for one island group where the

mosquitoes had been identified long ago by Miss E.N. Marks. Pat's reply was

‘Harry, what makes you think I knew what annulirostris was in those days?’

Pat has left a legacy which places every mosquito worker in Australia in her

debt. Her descriptions of new species and redescriptions of poorly described

species, together with revisions of sub-genera and species groups and the

numerous keys in the Culicidae of the Australasian Region, ensures that we

are continually referring to works by E.N. Marks.

I find it difficult to do justice to Dr E.N. Marks with such a brief note except

to say that I was enriched both as a person and as a scientist by knowing her

and I sorely miss being able to solve my problems by ‘going to see Pat.’

References

BELKIN, J.N. 1962. The mosquitoes of the South Pacific (Diptera: Culicidae). 1: 1-608, 2: 1-

412. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, USA.

EDWARDS, F.W. 1925. A synopsis of the adult mosquitoes of the Australasian Region. Bulletin

of Entomological Research 14: 351-401.

MARKS, E.N. 1966. An atlas of Queensland mosquitoes - with a guide to common Queensland

biting midges by E.J. Reye. Mimeographed, Brisbane; 91pp.

MARKS, E.N. and CUMMINS, K.C. 2004. Mosquitoes and memories: recollections of

‘Patricia’ Marks. Privately published, Brisbane; 295 pp. ISBN 0 646 43296 6.

MONTEITH, С.В. 2006. Elizabeth Nesta Marks - her other life as society activist,

conservationist, historian and biographer. Australian Entomologist 33(4): 171-177.

186 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4)

Appendix

New species of mosquitoes described by E.N. Marks

Species are arranged chronologically by year of description and are cited in

their original combination. Country of type locality is given and those where

the holotype was collected by E.N. Marks are indicated with *.

Aedes (Finlaya) bougainvillensis Marks, 1947. Solomon Islands.

Aedes (Finlaya) fijiensis Marks, 1947. Fiji.

Aedes (Finlaya) alocasicola Marks, 1947. Queensland.

Aedes (Finlaya) gahnicola Marks, 1947. Queensland.

Aedes (Finlaya) candidoscutellum Marks, 1947. Queensland.

Aedes (Finlaya) wasselli Marks, 1947. Queensland.

*Aedes (Finlaya) monocellatus Marks, 1948. Queensland.

Aedes (Finlaya) subauridorsum Marks, 1948. Queensland.

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) pseudonormanensis Marks, 1949. Queensland.

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) perkinsi Marks, 1949. Queensland.

Aedes (Stegomyia) polynesiensis Marks, 1951. Fiji.

Aedes (Finlaya) iwi Marks, 1955. Queensland.

Culex (Neoculex) cheesmanae Mattingly and Marks, 1955. New Caledonia.

*Anopheles (Anopheles) colledgei Marks, 1956. Queensland.

Aedes (Stegomyia) upolensis Marks, 1957. Samoa.

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) calcariae Marks, 1957. South Australia.

Aedes (Finlaya) britteni Marks and Hodgman, 1958. Western Australia.

*Aedes (Finlaya) josephinae Marks, 1958. Queensland.

Aedes (Finlaya) dobrotworskyi Marks, 1958. Victoria.

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) hodgkini Marks, 1959. Western Australia.

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) macintoshi Marks, 1959. Western Australia.

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) ratcliffei Marks, 1959. Western Australia.

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) hesperonotius Marks, 1959. Western Australia.

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) purpureifemur Marks, 1959. Western Australia.

Aedes (Finlaya) plagosus Marks, 1959. New South Wales.

*Topomyia papuensis Marks, 1960. Papua New Guinea.

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) subalbirostris Klein and Marks, 1960. New Zealand.

Aedes (Chaetocruiomyia) calabyi Marks, 1963. Western Australia.

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) spilotus Marks, 1963. Victoria.

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) turneri Marks, 1963. Western Australia.

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) cacozelus Marks, 1963. Western Australia.

Aedes (Chaetocruiomyia) macmillani Marks, 1964. New South Wales.

*Aedes (Ochlerotatus) explorator Marks, 1964. Northern Territory.

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) linesi Marks, 1964. South Australia.

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) phaecasiatus Marks, 1964. Northern Territory.

Aedes (Ochlerotatus) sapiens Marks, 1964. New South Wales.

*Culiseta arenivaga Marks, 1968. Queensland.

Aedes (Macleaya) stoneorum Marks, 1977. Queensland.

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4): 187-192 187

THE ROLE OF PAT MARKS IN THE AUSTRALASIAN MOSQUITO

CATALOGUE PROJECT AND FUTURE NEEDS IN MOSQUITO

TAXONOMY

JOAN HELEN BRYAN

Tropical Health Program, School of Population Health, University of Queensland Medical

School, Herston Rd, Herston, Qld 4006

Abstract

Elizabeth Nesta (‘Pat’) Marks was a major participant in the compilation of the twelve volume

annotated bibliography of the mosquito fauna of the Australasian Region. This work provides

mosquito workers with easy access to data on all the described species within the region. Pat

developed keys for the identification of female specimens of all species within the region.

Pat Marks? contribution to Тле Culicidae of the Australasian Region

The Culicidae of the Australasian Region was a collaborative project initiated

by the late Professor David Lee, who was formerly the Head of the

Entomology Section of the Sydney School of Public Health and Tropical

Medicine. Unfortunately David died soon after the completion of this work

but Pat Marks lived to enjoy its completion (Fig. 1).

The Australasian Region includes Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea and

islands north to the equator and east to 180?E. It is defined in the northwest

by a line drawn around the western coast of the Moluccas, Ceram and Timor.

The volumes also cover islands to the north of the Equator such as Hawaii,

Kiribati and Tuvalu (formerly known as the Gilbert and Ellice Islands). Many

of the islands in the region have endemic species of mosquitoes. Throughout

the tropical areas, mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, lymphatic

filariasis and arboviruses are major public health problems but the

entomological skills and resources are limited or nonexistent.

For those of us who work or have worked with control of mosquitoes and the

diseases they carry, The Culicidae of the Australasian Region has been and

will continue to be an invaluable resource. The volumes are of even greater

benefit to those working in developing countries where library resources are

very limited.

As stated in the introduction to Volume One of this series of publications, the

authors attempted to include, for all species of mosquitoes that had been

recorded in the region, all the literature relating to their occurrence in the

region and important references to these species in literature from other

regions. For example, a number of medically important species in the region,

notably Aedes aegypti (L.), the vector of the viruses that cause dengue fever,

have been introduced into the region and a great deal of the literature on their

biology, behaviour and role in disease transmission comes from work in other

zoogeographic regions.

188 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4)

For each species treated in The Culicidae of the Australasian Region, details

of the original description are provided, including which stages (adult,

whether male or female, larva or pupa) were described, and information is

given on the type specimen (stage, sex and where it is located). Some

widespread species were named on more than one occasion and Pat's

expertise was invaluable in unravelling whether the often meagre descriptions

referred to the same or different species. Wherever possible, Pat examined

the type specimen in her quest to determine the truth.

For each species, the literature pertaining to that species was listed

chronologically with notes indicating the contents. For well studied species,

such as Culex annulirostris Skuse, the vector of Murray Valley encephalitis

virus and Ross River virus, the literature listing is very extensive and in this

example covers 26 pages, in spite of the notes attached to each reference

being very succinct (e.g. “Tas distribution’, ‘seasonal activity’, ‘abundance’,

‘Echuca’, etc).

The information from the literature was synthesized and summarised to

provide information on distribution, biology (including larval habitats),

associated species, female host preferences, time and place of biting by

females, and relation to disease.

The task of compiling the data from over 3700 articles and reports was

massive and is reflected in the size of the finished product. The Culicidae of

the Australasian Region runs to over 3,000 pages in 12 volumes and includes

literature dating from 1810.

A great deal of the value of the checklist is due to its providing information

from articles that are inaccessible to most readers. These include reports from

Health Departments of small island governments (e.g. annual reports of the

Fiji Medical Services), publications of the Armed Forces of Australia and the

USA, abstracts of scientific conferences and annual reports of research

institutions. Such sources have provided a wealth of information that is not

available in the scientific literature. Many of these articles were from Pat’s

own extensive literature collection. Over 200 articles were not in English and

had to be translated before their information could be extracted. The foreign

language papers largely reflect the colonial history of the Region, with

articles in Dutch on the mosquitoes of West New Guinea [now West Papua]

and some German language articles, prior to World War One, on mosquitoes

in the northeastern part of what is now Papua New Guinea. Publications from

New Caledonia are still being written in French, while much of the literature

on the vectors of aperiodic lymphatic filariasis is also in French.

We now have readily available information on 620 species of mosquitoes that

are known to occur in the region. For many of these species, no new

information has been collected since the publication of The Culicidae of the

Australasian Region.

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4) 189

Fig. 1. Pat Marks (left) and Joan Bryan at the launch of the 12-volume The Culicidae

of the Australasian Region at the University of Queensland Medical School in 1990.

Brief information is also provided on 74 species that have been wrongly

recorded from the Region, either due to misidentification of specimens

(especially in the early years, bearing in mind that publications reviewed date

from 1810), or because some islands were incorrectly assigned to the

Australasian Region (e.g. Palau). Recently developed data retrieval systems

have made information in articles published since the completion of ТЛе

Culicidae of the Australasian Region much more readily available so I see no

need for a revision.

190 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4)

An outstanding achievement associated with the publication of The Culicidae

of the Australasian Region was the development of keys to identify female

mosquitoes, first to genera, then to subgenera (where applicable - not all

genera have subgenera) and to species. For the first time, mosquito workers

could identify any female mosquito from within the region. The development

of these keys was largely Pat's work. Those of us who have tried to prepare

identification keys appreciate that this is a complex and difficult process and

requires a detailed knowledge of the morphology of the species. Pat certainly

had the right credentials for this work. Without the ability to identify

specimens, the collation of information on the individual species would have

had little value. With few entomologists in many countries within the region,

the keys are a lasting gift to those battling mosquito-borne diseases in our

neighbouring countries.

The task of compiling The Culicidae of the Australasian Region was far

bigger than Pat or her colleague David Lee envisaged. I first became aware of

their dream to produce a summary of the literature on the mosquitoes of our

Region when I was an honours student in the early 1960s, as Pat voiced her

discomfort at her delayed response to David's request for comments on early

drafts of the first few volumes. Such a ‘delayed response’ was a feature of

Pat's participation in this work, as many other interests took precedence over

this huge, and what must have seemed at times impossible to finish, project.

Pat and David, while acknowledging the ‘magnitude of the task’ in their

introduction to Volume One, continued optimistically: ‘despite many

vicissitudes, production is now under way and we hope the interval between

the first and final volume will not exceed two years.' Volume One was

published in 1980, but by 1982 only Volume Two had been published.

Another seven years and a $100,000 grant from the Commonwealth

Government were needed before their dream became reality. The long delay

necessitated an additional bibliography (in Volume 12) to cover literature

published after the original bibliography was published in Volume One. Here

I would also like to acknowledge the dedicated work by the late Mabel

Griffiths, Megan Hicks and Margaret Debenham, ably assisted by Richard

Russell, Merilyn Geary and others. Completion of the work was greatly aided

by the advent of word processors. In spite of the input by others and

technological advances, the work relied on scientific input from Pat and

David and without them the task would never have been completed. Many of

us have grandiose dreams but few see them realised; we are in the debt of the

great dreamers.

Future needs in mosquito taxonomy in the Australasian region

Pat herself recognized many species that remain undescribed and her

collections contained specimens of at least 43 undescribed species. Many of

these are included in the keys in The Culicidae of the Australasian Region

under code numbers. Sadly, formal taxonomy fails to attract funding and

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4) 191

no one has followed in Pat's footsteps, so there is no immediate prospect of

these morphologically distinct species being described.

We also need descriptions and names for those species that cannot be

identified by their morphological features, either because they are identical

morphologically to other species or they share a variable morphology with

other species. An extreme example of this problem is highlighted by

Anopheles annulipes (Walker), once thought to be a single species. Molecular

genetic techniques have revealed the presence of 18-25 species that conform

to the description of An. annulipes (Foley et al. in press).

The importance of correct identification of morphologically indistinguishable

species is well illustrated by two species that occur in the Solomon Islands.

They would both be identified as Anopheles farauti Laveron using the keys in

The Culicidae of the Australasian Region. However, one species, now named

An. irenicus Schmidt (Schmidt et a/. 2003), does not feed on humans and

therefore is not implicated in transmission of malaria, whereas Ап. farauti is

the major vector of malaria throughout the southwestern Pacific. The

presence of larvae of Ап. irenicus could cause control efforts to be

misdirected. We need good identification tools before we can develop

appropriate control strategies.

For most genera, identification keys for larvae still need to be developed.

Given the high degree of endemism, keys for the species within each country

will be more appropriate and easier to develop than keys for all species

within the region. Keys have been constructed for container-breeding larvae

in some South Pacific countries but much remains to be done.

References

Volumes of The Culicidae of the Australasian Region listed by volume. Most volumes

are still obtainable from the Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Herston,

Queensland or from the Medical Entomology Unit, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New

South Wales.

LEE, D.J., HICKS, M.M., GRIFFITHS, M., RUSSELL, К.С. and MARKS, ЕМ. 1980. The

Culicidae of the Australasian Region, Volume 1. Australian Government Publishing Service,

Canberra. Іхіх +248 pp.

LEE, D.J., HICKS, M.M., GRIFFITHS, M., RUSSELL, R.C. and MARKS, E.N. 1982. The

Culicidae of the Australasian Region, Volume 2. Australian Government Publishing Service,

Canberra. v + 286 pp.

LEE, D.J., HICKS, M.M., GRIFFITHS, M., RUSSELL, R.C. and MARKS, E.N. 1984. The

Culicidae of the Australasian Region, Volume 3. Australian Government Publishing Service,

Canberra. v + 257 pp.

LEE, D.J., HICKS, M.M., GRIFFITHS, M., DEBENHAM, M.L., BRYAN, J.H., RUSSELL,

R.C., GEARY, M. and MARKS, E.N. 1987. The Culicidae of the Australasian Region, Volume

4, Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. xiii + 324 pp.

192 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4)

LEE, D.J., HICKS, M.M., GRIFFITHS, M., DEBENHAM, M.L., BRYAN, J.H., RUSSELL,

R.C., GEARY, M. and MARKS, E.N. 1988 (dated 1987). The Culicidae of the Australasian

Region, Volume 5. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. ix + 315 pp.

LEE, D.J., HICKS, M.M., GRIFFITHS, M., DEBENHAM, M.L., BRYAN, J.H., RUSSELL,

R.C., GEARY, M. and MARKS, E.N. 1988. The Culicidae of the Australasian Region, Volume

6. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra ix + 124 pp.

LEE, D.J., HICKS, M.M., DEBENHAM, M.L., GRIFFITHS, M., MARKS, E.N., BRYAN, J.H.

and RUSSELL, R.C. 1989. The Culicidae of the Australasian Region, Volume 7. Australian

Government Publishing Service, Canberra. ix +281 pp.

LEE, D.J., HICKS, M.M., DEBENHAM, M.L., GRIFFITHS, M., MARKS, E.N. and BRYAN,

J.H. 1989. The Culicidae of the Australasian Region, Volume 8. Australian Government

Publishing Service, Canberra. ix + 171 pp.

LEE, D.J., HICKS, M.M., DEBENHAM, M.L., GRIFFITHS, M.,BRYAN, J.H. and MARKS,

E.N. 1988. The Culicidae of the Australasian Region, Volume 9. Australian Government

Publishing Service, Canberra. ix + 162 pp.

LEE, D.J., HICKS, M.M., DEBENHAM, M.L., GRIFFITHS, M., BRYAN, J.H. and MARKS,

E.N. 1988. The Culicidae of the Australasian Region, Volume 10. Australian Government

Publishing Service, Canberra. ix + 105 pp.

LEE, D.J., HICKS, M.M., GRIFFITHS, M., DEBENHAM, M.L., MARKS, E.N., BRYAN, J.H.

and RUSSELL, R.C. 1989. The Culicidae of the Australasian Region, Volume 11. Australian

Government Publishing Service, Canberra. ix + 306 pp.

DEBENHAM, M.L. and HICKS, M.M. 1989. The Culicidae of the Australasian Region, Volume

12. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. xxv + 217 pp.

Other references

FOLEY, D., WILKERSON, R.C., COOPER, R.D., VOLOVSEK, M.E. and BRYAN, J.H. In

press. A molecular phylogeny of Anopheles annulipes (Diptera: Culicidae) sensu lato, the most

species-rich anopheline complex. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.

SCHMIDT, E.R., FOLEY, D.H., BUGORO, H. and BRYAN, J.H. 2003. A morphological study

of the Anopheles punctulatus group (Diptera: Culicidae) in the Solomon Islands, with a

description of Anopheles (Cellia) irenicus Schmidt, sp.n. Bulletin of Entomological Research 93:

515-526.

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4): 193-202 193

URBAN MOSQUITO MANAGEMENT IN BRISBANE - PAST,

PRESENT AND FUTURE

MIKE MULLER

Medical Entomologist, Brisbane City Council, Vegetation and Pest Services, 145 Sydney Street,

New Farm, Qld 4005 (email: mike.muller@brisbane.qld.gov.au)

Abstract

The history of the management of pest mosquito populations in the city of Brisbane and adjacent

areas is described. The evolution of techniques, over almost a century, from the earliest attempts

at larval control by manual oil application to water bodies, through to modern, highly targeted,

computer controlled, aerial application of highly specific chemicals is outlined. The role of

mosquito specialist Dr Elizabeth Marks in these events is highlighted.

Introduction

Brisbane is a subtropical city straddling the low-lying estuary of the Brisbane

River, with its adjacent mangroves and saltmarshes. This situation poses

many potential problems for mosquito control and the way these have been

tackled has evolved over the years. For the early years this summary draws

heavily on an address in 1960 to the Entomological Society of Queensland by

J.D. Mabbett, then Chief Health Officer of Brisbane City Council (Mabbet

1960).

Events prior to the 2nd World War

In 1912, the Queensland Commissioner of Public Health, Dr J.S.C.

Elkington, arranged a preliminary mosquito survey in Brisbane and suburbs

under Lance Cooling. This led to the first mosquito regulations in the same

year, but by 1921 the only organised activity was oiling of gully traps in parts

of Brisbane, South Brisbane, Toombul and Toowong.

In 1921, the ‘Mosquito Prevention and Destruction Regulations’ were

introduced to control Aedes aegypti (L.). Cooling was urging local authorities

to provide permanent means of foul-water drainage to control Culex fatigans

Wiedemann [now Culex quinquefasciatus Say]. This species was the known

vector of filariasis, common in Brisbane at the time.

When Greater Brisbane was established as a single Council in 1925, the

Medical Officer, Dr Tilling, arranged quicker coverage of gully traps by

providing a horse and buggy. In 1928, the Council appointed Dr Ronald

Hamlyn-Harris as City Entomologist, in response to concern about mosquito

control. Staff comprised a supervisor, four mosquito locators and four

sprayers. In 1932, the section was using three tricycles (Fig. 1) to speed up

treatment of gully traps. In 1934, three motorcycle units were introduced.

The program targeted mosquito larvae, using various oils and kerosene

mixtures as larvicides.

194 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4)

Figs 1-2. (1) Bicycle-carried oil equipment being used against mosquito larvae,

Brisbane City Council, date unknown. (2) The Brisbane City Council mosquito

control team, 1959.

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4) M

The new era following the 2nd World War

The impact of the Second World War on interest in mosquitoes in Australia

was very significant, due to concerns about malaria in the South Pacific and

Southeast Asia, and the possibility of returning soldiers bringing malaria

parasites home. There was also a serious epidemic of malaria in Cairns in

1942. After the war, many ex-servicemen with war-time experience in pest

control were employed by Brisbane City Council. Many of these men would

have been trained during the war in courses run at the University of

Queensland by Mr F.A. Perkins of the UQ Entomology Department, with

Elizabeth (Pat) Marks as their instructor. In the three years following the war,

a complete re-survey of mosquitoes in Brisbane was undertaken, with

particular attention paid to Anopheles because of the malaria issue. Larvicides

in use after the war included DDT and malariol.

In 1949, Brisbane was divided into ten zones, with men and motorcycle units

designated to each. Gully traps were also covered in a separate control

schedule. In 1950, Council purchased its first truck-mounted, thermal-

fogging machine for adult mosquito control, and by 1960 there were four of

these units (Figs 2, 3). However, control of mosquito larvae was still the main

task of the program. One product used successfully for this was ‘Larvabane’,

based on benzene hexachloride, claimed to be ‘very toxic to mosquito life but

safe to beneficial fish life’. During the 1950s, ‘house to house inspections and

remedial action’ led to the virtual elimination of Ae. aegypti and the claim

that ‘dengue has been beaten’. (There had been an outbreak of dengue in

Brisbane in 1905 that was reported to have incapacitated one third of the

work force and caused many fatalities, and there were other outbreaks up to

and including the 1940s).

In the 1950s, Culex annulirostris Skuse began to take the place of Cx.

fatigans as drainage and sanitation improved. This change also coincided

with the disappearance of filariasis carried by Cx. fatigans. However, the

major pest mosquito at the time was the ‘migratory black swamp mosquito,

Aedes vigilax (Skuse).’

As mentioned above, Dr Elizabeth (Pat) Marks played a part in much of this

early mosquito management. She graduated from the University of

Queensland with a B.Sc. in 1938, with Second Class Honours in Zoology in

1939 and an M.Sc. in 1940. For her Honours, she specialised in parasitology

and was supervised by the former Brisbane City Council Entomologist

Hamlyn-Harris, who had become a lecturer in Zoology at the University. He

took her collecting mosquitoes in Brisbane and this led to her first scientific

publication in 1940, a description of the larva of Anopheles atratipes Skuse.

Following the malaria epidemic in Cairns in 1942, the Queensland

Government established a Mosquito Control Committee (MCC), with the

Director of Health as Chairman and F.A. Perkins as Secretary. On 1 April

1943, Pat Marks became the MCC’s Graduate Research Assistant, based at

196 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4)

Figs 3-4. (3) ‘Demonstration of Modern Pest Control Equipment used by Department

of Health, Brisbane City Council’ at the City Hall during National Health Week in

1960. Mr J.D. Mabbett is on the steps. (4) The Bri i i i

GS SE EE ps. (4) The Brisbane City Council Mosquito

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4) 197

the UQ Department of Entomology and funded by the State Health

Department. Apart from her time at Cambridge from 1949-1951, Pat was to

occupy this position (with various changes of title) until the MCC was

dissolved by the government on 30 June 1973. During that time, she had

regular interaction with the Brisbane City Council mosquito control

managers, including J.D. (Doug) Mabbett, Chief Health Officer of Brisbane

City Council up until 1974.

In 1964, the Brisbane City Council mosquito control group had a permanent

staff of 50 and was spending £80,000 annually on control of Cx. fatigans in

man-made polluted sites. An aerial survey had been conducted from the

Mooloolah River to the Tweed River to identify potential saltmarsh breeding

sites. For saltmarsh mosquitoes, Mabbett was advocating a combination of

land reclamation and an overarching Moreton Bay Regional Control

Mosquito Abatement District, for all Local Authorities and the State

Government to operate on a joint basis. This initiative was pursued

vigorously by a range of pre-eminent mosquito workers, including Pat Marks,

Harry Standfast at Queensland Institute of Medical Research (QIMR),

Professor Douglas Kettle at the University of Queensland and a number of

local government bodies. However, the State government of the day rejected

the proposal out of hand. Keith Ferguson of the Gold Coast City Council,

tiring of government inaction, established the Contiguous Local Authorities

Group (CLAG) in 1968. This group included Gold Coast, Logan, Redland

and Albert cities and shires in Queensland, and Tweed shire in New South

Wales. CLAG is still functioning and was the forerunner to other successful

groups in southeast Queensland that are operating today.

One interesting exercise associated with Ае. vigilax, on 6 March 1964, was a

fogging exercise around Bulwer Island on the north bank of the Brisbane

River at Pinkenba. On that afternoon, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II was

scheduled to unveil a Memorial Cairn at an oil refinery to mark the discovery

of oil in Queensland. The cairn and the Royal pavilion erected for the

occasion were within 30 metres of mangroves where prolific numbers of Ае.

vigilax were resting. The workmen erecting the pavilion had complained of

constant attack by both mosquitoes and march flies (Tabanidae). On the day

of the function, commencing early in the morning, both vehicle-mounted and

hand-held fogging equipment were used to apply ‘knockdown and residual

formulations’ around and through the adjacent mangroves. The last of these

applications, in the two hours before the ceremony, also included the

repellent diethyl toluamide (DEET). All of this produced ‘highly favourable

results’ and ‘the function was held without insect nuisance.’ Mabbett

published a note on this operation in the American journal Mosquito News

(Mabbett 1964). The Editor commented that ‘There are several points and

expressions in this article that may not be entirely clear to readers in other

parts of the world, but it is so seldom that we hear from Australia, and the

198 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4)

operations described аге so interesting, with many useful hints, that it seemed

worthwhile to print the account more or less as received.’

The beginning of aerial application techniques

Mabbett was opposed ‘in principle’ to aerial control of mosquitoes because of

its ‘hit and miss’ nature and potential non-target impacts. However, in 1970,

the Council of the day went ahead with a trial of an aerial application of

Dibrom, an organophosphate insecticide, aimed at adult Ae. vigilax resting in

mangroves in the Cribb Island area. A number of scientists, including Harry

Standfast, Pat Marks and Geoff Monteith, had spoken out against the trial in

its planning stages, labelling it as haphazard. On 17 January, the trial went

ahead and the resultant fish kill was featured in the Sunday Mail the

following day, with entomologist Geoff Monteith pictured holding a handful

of small, dead fish.

However, efforts to establish aerial control of saltmarsh mosquitoes

continued, with the target being larvae rather than adult mosquitoes. This was

pioneered in the early 1970s on the Gold Coast by Brian Kay of QIMR, Keith

Ferguson of Gold Coast City Council and Dick Morgan of Cyanamid. The

product used was a sand grain organophosphate formulation called Abate, a

larvicide applied into saltmarsh pools by biplanes. By 1976, an aerial

program was operating in Brisbane. Abate was the mainstay of the aerial

program until the early 1990s. A liquid formulation was also used by ground

staff to target mosquito larvae in both freshwater and saltmarsh pools.

Motorcycles with sidecars were a regular feature of the program throughout

ШЕ 19108 апа 1980s (Fig. 4), with the last operator (and sidecar bike) retiring

in 7.

In the early to mid-1990s, laboratory studies using Abate determined that it

was potentially harmful to juvenile crustaceans. Bench-top susceptibility tests

also revealed that Ae. vigilax was developing resistance to this product. It was

quite fortuitous that, at this time, two alternative products became available.

These were the bacterial protein Bti and the growth regulator S-methoprene.

Both products have excellent selectivity for mosquito larvae and are very safe

for invertebrate and vertebrate non-target animals.

Bti is produced in a fermentation process by the naturally occurring soil

bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis de Barjac. The active

ingredient is a crystalline protein of approximately 10 microns in length that

must be eaten by mosquito larvae to have its effect. In the alkaline pH of the

larval gut, the crystal breaks down and releases proteins that disrupt the cells

of the gut wall and cause the death of the larva, usually within 24 hours. Bti

is available in liquid, powder and granular formulations.

S-methoprene growth regulator interferes with the moulting process that

occurs between larval stages and between the final larval stage and the pupa.

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4)

Figs 5-6. (5) Using a remote-rewind hose unit to treat freshwater mosquito breeding

with Bti. (6) A quad bike spraying Bti on saltmarsh mosquito breeding pools in Tinchi

Tamba Wetlands.

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4)

200

Figs 7-8. (7) A Bell 47 helicopter applying Bti to saltmarsh pools in Tinchi Tamba

Wetlands. (8) The lines on this aerial photograph of Tinchi Tamba Wetlands show the

flight path downloaded from the helicopter’s GPS unit after an application of S-

methoprene on 28 February 2006.

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4) 20

S-methoprene is available as a liquid, in а sand base, and in slow-release

charcoal matrix pellets and briquettes.

These products have become the mainstays of mosquito management in

Brisbane City Council since 1994. They are used for aerial application from

helicopters in saltmarsh areas, and by ground-based staff from four-wheel

drive utilities and quad bikes (Figs 5, 6). The capacity to carry out adult

mosquito control using fogging or ultra-low-volume misting is maintained,

but is rarely used.

Currently, for mosquito management in Brisbane City Council, there are

approximately 18 field staff and an annual budget of approximately $3.2

million. The aerial program each year plans to cover 25,000 hectares of

saltmarsh in a season from August to May, usually in approximately 20

separate treatments. However, both the total area and the timing can vary

with seasonal conditions. Differential Global Positioning Systems are now

used routinely in the aerial program, and spray flight paths are overlayed on

aerial photographs for every treatment (Figs 7, 8). DGPS is also being used

more frequently in ground-based management. For the latter, Brisbane City is

divided into nine different sections and a total of approximately 3,000 known

and potential mosquito breeding sites on public land are listed on separate

databases for each of those sections. The databases include sites such as

roadside drains, parks and reserves, and information on the tide heights and

rainfall triggers that can initiate mosquito breeding at those sites. The target is

to check and treat them in a logical order at intervals short enough to prevent

mosquitoes from completing their life cycle.

Brisbane City Council, along with other local government bodies in southeast

Queensland, other Councils elsewhere in Queensland and interstate, one

industry member and Queensland Health, is a member of the Mosquito and

Arbovirus Research Committee Inc. (MARC). Members of MARC contribute

funds to a research program at QIMR that studies aspects of mosquito

biology and disease transmission, and environmentally sound mosquito

control. This group commenced in 1989 with the aim of providing a solid

scientific base for mosquito management. It was also a recognition that

mosquitoes move freely across local government boundaries. MARC

supports a full-time scientist and a number of postgraduate and postdoctoral

students based mainly in the mosquito control laboratories at QIMR.

Looking to the future

There will be further challenges in the future. In southeast Queensland, there

are significant pressures on development and infrastructure in coastal areas,

due to the steady influx of new residents from southern States. Many of these

will move into the ‘pest range’ of saltmarsh mosquitoes in their desire to live

adjacent to the coast. And many of the new real estate developments are

incorporating what is known as ‘Water Sensitive Urban Design’ for

management of storm water run-off. These features are initially designed to

202 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4)

be free of mosquito breeding, but based on experience elsewhere, there are

likely to be significant issues with maintenance of these drains in the future.

Also, the recent recognition of water as a finite resource means a resurgence

in the use of water tanks and various other containers to store water. While

modern plastic water tanks certainly have better mosquito-proofing than the

old corrugated iron variety, there may be issues with their maintenance in the

future that will need to be monitored.

Modern mosquito management has naturally become far more sophisticated

and has excellent products and equipment available. And there is now a much

clearer recognition that mosquito management programs are carried out in

environmentally sensitive and important habitats that require significant duty

of care. However, the challenges of knowing the biology and distribution of

pest species, and of dealing with them in a variety of seasonal conditions, are

still very similar to those faced in earlier times. The one constant in mosquito

management is that the target insects are so brilliantly adapted to taking

advantage of any ecological niche they find in nature. Skills and experience

of mosquito management operators are an essential ingredient of keeping

these pests under control. They will be necessary along with ongoing

scientific studies to keep mosquito pests and mosquito-borne disease at bay

into the future.

Regardless of any current and future studies, all those working in mosquito

management will continue to refer to the legacy left by Pat Marks. There will

be frequent use of identification keys that she prepared, and regular referral to

her publications on the taxonomic descriptions and biology of a vast range of

Australian mosquitoes. The recollections given and the broad spread of the

presentations in this Symposium have been a fitting commemoration of a

remarkable scientific career.

Acknowledgements

This paper could not have been prepared without the accurate recording of

the address by J.D. Mabbett to the Entomological Society of Queensland on

14 November 1960, and provision of those Minutes to me by Dr Geoff

Monteith of the Queensland Museum. I also thank Harry Standfast for his

review of the manuscript and his recollections that helped to fine-tune some

of the historical data.

References

KAY, B.H, FERGUSON, K.J. and MORGAN, R.N.C. 1973. Control of salt-marsh mosquitoes

with Abate insecticide at Coombabah Lakes, Queensland, Australia. Mosquito News 33: 529-

535.

MABBETT, J.D. 1960. Some aspects of pest control in the City of Brisbane. Minutes of the

Entomological Society of Queensland 14: 14 Nov 1960.

MABBETT, J.D. 1964. A fogging operation in Australia. Mosquito News 24: 343-344.

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4): 203-210 203

SCIENTIFIC ITEMS IN THE MARKS COLLECTION AT THE

QUEENSLAND MUSEUM

BRIAN CROZIER

Cultures and Histories, Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane, Qld 4101

(email: brian.crozier@qm.qld.gov.au)

Abstract

The Marks Collection is the largest body of material items from a single family in the Social

History collection of the Queensland Museum. In social history terms, the collection is a slice

through the life of a well-to-do Brisbane family, mostly from between the two World Wars, and

includes a few items which, in their own right, are of international significance. Scientific objects

are a small part of the collection but reflect the family's scientific interests, both as scientific

practitioners themselves, and as a family with broader interests in popular science.

Introduction

Comprising more than 2000 items, the Marks Collection in the Social History

collection at the Queensland Museum forms the largest body of material from

a single family in that collection. It is one of several donated collections of

both historical and scientific items from that family in the Queensland

Museum and other institutions. Others include materials in the Samford

Museum, the John Oxley Library and the Queensland Art Gallery, and the

E.N. Marks mosquito collections in the University of Queensland Insect

Collection (Schneider and Daniels 2006). While this article is primarily

concerned with items in the Queensland Museum Social History collection,

the contribution of the Marks family to these other collecting institutions has

been remarkable and deserves fuller documentation. These collections offer

valuable possibilities for research in several different directions, including the

material culture of the Marks family itself. Indeed, it has been suggested that

it would be useful to develop a single database of the various Marks

collections so they can be researched together.

Marks family items in the Queensland Museum Social History collection

The collection includes items from a number of different members and

branches of the Marks family, though it is particularly identified with

entomologist Dr Elizabeth Nesta Marks (1918-2002). Known to all as Pat

Marks, she was the last member of her branch of the family and was the

conduit of much of their collection to the Museum. The recent re-storage of

the collection was also due to her, being funded by a generous donation from

the Marks estate following her death in 2002.

As far as the Queensland Museum is concerned, the Marks Collection dates

from 1919, when Dr Charles Ferdinand Marks (grandfather of Pat Marks)

donated a convict leg-iron and chain recovered that year from a dig at the

Treasury Building, now the Casino. He also gave the Museum a piece of raw

rubber. The jewel of the collection is the Tompion clock (Fig. 1), donated by

Alexander Hammett Marks (uncle to Pat Marks) in 1954. Thomas Tompion

is known as the father of English clockmaking (Evans 2006). His partnership

204 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4)

with Edward Banger lasted from 1700 to 1708, when they parted suddenly

(apparently in anger), after achieving unparalleled heights of craftsmanship.

They made this clock in 1706. Tompion combined English technical

advances with his own superb workmanship, and ingenious designs, to

produce timepieces that contributed vastly to the fame of English

clockmaking in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Their clocks were

numbered and this one is 435. Marks and Cummins (2004) record that the

Tompion clock originally belonged to a Miss Reade who had a ne'er-do-well

nephew and gave the clock to her neighbour, Pat's grandmother, to keep it

out of his hands.

Fig. 1. The Tompion clock (H-4).

The bulk of the collection dates from a small number of major donations over

the past 40 years. Miss Edris Marie Blanche Marks (aunt to Pat Marks) made

a major donation in 1978 and Pat Marks, both in her own right and from

Edris Marks' estate, gave the Museum a large quantity of material in 1982,

collected by then Senior Curator of History and Technology, Dan Robinson,

from the Marks residence at 101 Wickham Terrace prior to its sale. This

comprises a large quantity of domestic items. Museum space issues would

prevent such a donation today, but the fact that it was possible then has led to

the Museum's possession of a collection remarkable, not only for major

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4) 205

objects, but also for its range of ordinary things. These together represent a

large slice of the material culture of one Brisbane family, and are particularly

rich for the period between the two World Wars.

From a completely separate stream of donation, the Queensland Museum also

has 1224 anthropological items from the Marks family, including important

Aboriginal items plus many from Papua New Guinea. Pat reported that some

of these had been given to her grandfather by Sir William Macgregor, and

came to the Museum because her mother refused to have them in the

bedroom (Marks and Cummins 2004).

The collection totals more than 2000 items and covers a remarkable range.

There is, for example, Alec (A.H.) Marks’ important gun collection from the

1940s, including a wonderful pair of Manton pistols (Fig. 2). Joseph Manton

(1760-1835) was a renowned British gunsmith who made important

innovations in the design and construction of both duelling pistols, such as

these, and of artillery. The Queensland Museum pistols are particularly fine

examples of his art.

Fig. 2. A pair of Manton duelling pistols (H-2022-23).

Also included is the remarkable ball gown (Fig. 3) made by Brisbane

costumier Janet Walker, who worked in Brisbane between 1882 and 1938

(Marendy 2005). The gown was donated in 1998 and was later restored by

Brisbane textile conservator, Michael Marendy, with assistance from the

206 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4)

Marks estate. Mrs Walker operated the largest private dressmaking

establishment in Brisbane and, by 1898, employed 120 staff. Several of her

gowns were worn at the opening of the Commonwealth Parliament in 1901.

Less spectacularly, the Marks Collection also includes: locks and doorknobs;

office equipment; male bathing costumes from the 1940s; Elizabeth Drury's

angora goat awards from the Brisbane Show before World War I; 468

ordinary items of domestic life at 101 Wickham Terrace; handcraft items

(sewing, knitting and crochet); timepieces, the most valuable component,

though not the most numerous, including the Tompion clock and two

important chronometers; examples of gas, kerosene and electric lighting

technologies; medical items; militaria, including gas masks from both World

Wars; musical items; nursery toys; 239 packages and containers from 1870 to

1920; many personal effects and toiletries; photographic equipment; tools

relating to carpentry, horology, hairdressing, jewellery, gold leaf application

and painting.

Fig. 3. A ball gown made by Janet Walker (H-42023).

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4) 207

Scientific items in the Queensland Museum Marks collection

Relatively few (151) of the items could be called scientific, and these on the

whole are not the most significant items in the collection. Pat Marks' own

career as an entomologist is well known (Anon. 1986, Standfast 2006) and

her father, Edward Oswald Marks, was a Brisbane doctor like his father

before him, so the Marks family had a strong preoccupation with science. At

the same time, the family was well-to-do and able to follow popular scientific

interests of the day, particularly in geology and natural history. The scientific

items in the collection reflect these influences. They include: a number of

compasses; a Sikes hydrometer; a prismatic level; a beam balance; a number

of sets of scales; a number of thermometers; a spirit lamp; a revolution

counter; a set of postal scales; a wooden set-square; a set of scales and

weights, including a hand-held beam balance and weights; a number of test

tubes, funnels and pipettes; microscope slides; a spinthariscope; centrifuge

tubes; graduated cylinders; Bunsen burners; a copper pencil; a carbon filter;

beakers; magnifying glasses; a travelling microscope; microscope slides;

microscope lenses, eye pieces and accessories. Six of these items are pictured

(QM photographs) and described here.

Sikes hydrometer, H-10987 (Fig. 4)

How this item came into their possession is not known, but it is a typical

Marks curiosity, used to measure the proof of spirits. Sikes hydrometers have

a curious history. ‘In 1802 the Board of Excise held a competition to find a

better instrument than Clarke's hydrometer for revenue purposes ... The

winning design was that of Bartholomew Sikes, a peripatetic London

employee of the excise commissioners. Sikes’ hydrometer was enshrined in

legislation in 1816 with the Sikes Hydrometer Act and remained the legal

standard until 1907” (http://Awww.promash.com/sikes/history.html 13-10-

2005).

Pocket microscope, H-12783 (Fig. 5)

Who used this microscope is not clear, though it may have been a suitable

instrument for Pat Marks on her field trips. The microscope was made by

Horatio Yeates of Dublin, and is thus marked. Its date of manufacture is not

certain.

Spinthariscope, H-23659 (Fig. 6)

This is another Marks curiosity. “А spinthariscope is a now almost entirely

disused scientific device for observing individual radioactive decay nuclear

disintegrations ... invented by William Crookes in 1903 а device

specifically intended to view these scintillations ... It consisted of a small

screen coated with zinc sulfide affixed to the end of a tube, with a tiny

amount of radium salt suspended a short distance from the screen and a lens

on the other end of the tube for viewing the screen ... for a short time after its

invention, spinthariscopes were very popular among the social upper classes

208 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4)

who gave them as gifts and used them in demonstrations to appear up-to-date

with the most modern scientific advances of the day' (Wikipedia,

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php? title=Spinthariscope&action=edit 12-

10-2005).

Figs 4-6. (4) A Sikes hydrometer (H-10987). (5) A pocket microscope (H-12783). (6)

A spinthariscope (H-23659/1 & 2).

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4) 209

Fig. 7. Pat Marks' collecting bag (H-46713).

Collecting bag, H-46713 (Fig 7)

This is Pat Marks’ collecting bag, used on her field expeditions. It is a khaki,

army-style bag, with two carry straps and a shoulder strap, a single zip and

six internal pockets. Its dilapidated state is a clue to the sentimental

attachment she felt towards it, which will no doubt be recognised by many

other collectors.

Field microscope, H-46212 (Fig. 8)

This instrument dates from around 1800 and was Pat Marks’ last donation to

the Museum before her death in 2002. It had been given to the young Charles

Ferdinand Marks in the 1860s by a very old man in Ireland. C.F. Marks

arrived in Australia in his early twenties and married Elizabeth Dods, a

widow with three boys. They lived on Wickham Terrace and had four

children, Alexander Hammett, Edward Oswald (Pat’s father), Charles and

Edris. The microscope was passed to Alexander Hammett on the death of

Charles Ferdinand and then to Pat.

The piece is stored in a brown polished timber box that also serves as a base

for the microscope when assembled. The microscope is attached to the lid

through a circular base made of brass. Inside, the box is lined with blue

velvet. The parts of the microscope are stored in special depositories. These

include: 1 microscope barrel with eyepiece; 8 lenses of varying sizes; 1 stand

with a mirror; 1 rounded mirror; 7 miscellaneous joints; 3 wooden slides with

4 samples each; 1 red unprepared slide; 1 piece of circular glass with

backing. The microscope is gold, as are the hinges and the two hooks located

either side of the box. There is one silver key with the box.

210 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4)

Sao Ба A a ud

Fig. 8. A field microscope (H-46212).

References

ANONYMOUS 1986. Biography of Elizabeth Nesta Marks. Mosquito Systematics 18(2): 199-

214.

EVANS, J. 2006. Thomas Tompion at the Dial and Three Crowns. Antiquarian Horological

Society, Ticehurst, England.

MARENDY, M. 2005. Walker, Janet (1850-1940). P. 395, in: Australian dictionary of

biography. Supplementary volume. Melbourne University Press.

MARKS, E.N. and CUMMINS, K.C. 2004. Mosquitoes and memories: recollections of

‘Patricia’ Marks. Privately published, Brisbane; 295 pp.

SCHNEIDER, M. and DANIELS, G. 2006. The Marks mosquito collection: legacy of a life's

work and resource for the future. Australian Entomologist 33(4): 211-218.

STANDFAST, H.A. 2006. Dr Elizabeth N. Marks AO: mosquito studies 1940-1976. Australian

Entomologist 33(4); 179-186.

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4): 211-218 211

THE MARKS MOSQUITO COLLECTION: LEGACY OF A LIFE'S

WORK AND RESOURCE FOR THE FUTURE

MARGARET A. SCHNEIDER and GREG DANIELS

University of Queensland Insect Collection, School of Integrative Biology, The University of

Queensland, Qld 4072

Abstract

The collection of Australasian mosquitoes accumulated by Elizabeth N. (Pat) Marks during her

career is unique and undoubtedly the best of its kind in Australia. The history, size and diversity

of the collection, its incorporation into the University of Queensland Insect Collection, and its

value as a future information resource are discussed.

Introduction

During her lifetime, Elizabeth N. (Pat) Marks established herself as а world-

renowned medical entomologist for her groundbreaking work in the

classification and identification of mosquitoes. She wrote many taxonomic

papers on mosquitoes of the Australasian region and described 38 new

species. One of her legacies is the major mosquito collection that she

assembled. Pat was an enthusiastic collector throughout her career. She

collected widely in many parts of Australia (Fig. 1), especially Queensland

and the Torres Strait islands, and in a number of Pacific countries, including

Fiji. Between 1958 and 1979 she made five trips to New Guinea. She

collected not only adults but, perhaps more importantly, thousands of larval

specimens that were subsequently bred through to adults. Her mosquito

breeding adds enormously to our knowledge of their biology and allowed

recording of length of life stages and the preservation of both larval and pupal

exuviae in addition to the adult. This material now comprises about 35,000

adult specimens and about 11,000 slide mounts of larval and pupal skins.

Fig. 1. Pat Marks processing her collections at camp on Hinchinbrook Island, 1984.

212 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4)

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Fig. 2. Components of a link-bred specimen record for specimen P.4307 of Сша

fatigans Wiedemann (= С. quinquefasciatus Say). (А) slide mount of larval and pupa

skins; (B) pinned adult; (C) catalogue entry.

— |

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4) 213

Figure 1 shows Pat during a collecting trip to Hinchinbrook Island,

surrounded by typical untidiness and apparent chaos. Howevér, in no way

was untidiness reflected in the way she maintained records of her collections.

Pat had a characteristic way of recording collection data, giving each

individual specimen a code recorded in a field notebook. The same code

number was allocated to each life stage so that all stages could be linked once

material was stored (Fig. 2). The field notebooks contain an explanation of

the code with locality and date and whatever other relevant data was

available, for example, type of pond or stream, time of day, surrounding

vegetation (Fig. 3). Thus the field notebooks add greatly to the value of the

collected material.

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Fig. 3. Field notebook entry for specimens coded JR20.

214 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4)

In addition to the field notebooks, Pat created a set of catalogues. These are a

neater, condensed, laboratory version of the rough field notes and also record

the code number for each specimen. The first catalogue entries, for

mosquitoes collected in 1943, are shown in Fig. 4.

Pat's commitment to collecting and work with the collection did not stop

with her retirement in 1983 and she continued her research at the Queensland

Institute of Medical Research for many years.

————— a=

"no

Pi Rp. aee aaa it : ig |

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MS Baol Вор, roter ahy of gray, Oprit 19744. Вар taty rr s, FÉ

wth Бур. Probab, a melee fnan of R. ол ув.

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Coma) ator? am T. 43)

Z IR оле Black proboncis (ia “oer hygiene”)

„Ф TE го Soot ond o banal black Spot эл A, бај Бо rapa rn scale

Lad gung у уд -É Cn Lam (суд

Fig. 4. The first two entries in the Marks specimen catalogue.

Incorporation into the University of Queensland Insect Collection

In 1994, at Pat's request, the bulk of the collection was incorporated into the

University of Queensland Insect Collection (UQIC). Its mosquito collection

was already one of the best in Australia, having received a large proportion of

the mosquitoes from the School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine in

Sydney when that institution was closed. The UQIC was thus the most

appropriate collection to receive the Marks collection, being Queensland-

based and already a centre for significant mosquito research. The collection

arrived at the UQIC in a disorganized state. The pinned material was in an

assortment of cabinets and boxes, and the 11,000 slides were in nine cabinets.

However, most of the material was not curated. Most specimens had only a

code number label (Fig. 5) and much of the identification of the pinned

specimens was only indicated on the outside of the cabinets (Fig. 6).

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4) 215

rs he

Мемар мау

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(R9 RENE \

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Figs 5-6. (5) Adult specimen with only a code label. (6) Insect cabinet drawers with

identifications on the outside.

216 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4)

For a year or so after 1994, Pat visited the UQIC irregularly to work on the

collection. However, it became clear that she needed help to get the

collection into a state that would allow its worth to be fully realised and made

accessible to other researchers. Pat agreed, and in 1996-97 she donated

$35,000 to the UQIC to fund a position for a year for a graduate research

assistant, Jodie Cheesman, whose duties included: incorporating the Marks

collection into the UQIC mosquito collection; updating nomenclature for

each species and relabelling unit trays; identification, labelling and re-pinning

of specimens; cross-referencing slide-mounted and pinned material; entering

label data and names into a computer database.

Fig. 7. Pat Marks and Jodie Cheesman viewing part of the curated mosquito

collection.

Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4) 217

During the year, Jodie managed to fully curate and database about 35,000

adult pinned specimens. Pat and Jodie worked well together and Pat took

great pleasure in seeing the collection transformed into a world-class

taxonomic research facility (Fig. 7).

To date, the slide collection has been sorted but has not otherwise been

curated nor databased. This is a great pity because, as long as it remains in its

present state, we cannot easily know what material is in the collection. Many

slides, like the adults, bear just the field code. Much of the collection's value

lies in the many link-reared specimens - that is, the slide-mounted larval and

pupal skins associated with their pinned adult (Fig. 2). If the slide collection

was databased, these associations could be identified readily. Another

remaining problem concerns the many specimens still on loan from other

institutions. Some are easily identifiable and are in separate store boxes but

all of the loan material needs to be removed and returned, a very time-

consuming and expensive task.

The E.N. Marks contribution continues

Making the entire mosquito collection accessible to the wider community is

an on-going objective of the UQIC. A list of all mosquito species in the

UQIC is available on the Internet and can found at the UQ School of

Integrative Biology's web site: /Attp:/\vww.sib.ug.edu.au/insect-catalogue

under Diptera. This list allows external researchers to know what species are

held and assists in requests for loans. Databasing continues and, to date,

approximately 45,000 adult specimens have been databased. At present this

database is available on-line to a limited number of researchers throughout

Australia. The data are being used for quarantine and biosecurity purposes

and specimens are being used to compare with quarantine interceptions.

The Internet has opened up a number of ways to enhance the value of

museum collections as information resources. For example, with the

assistance of funds from Queensland Health, a web site about mosquito

vectors of arboviruses has been developed using the UQIC material. This site

can be viewed at Attp://www.sib.uq.edu.au/index.html?page-32975. Yt gives

detailed information about the nine major vectors of arboviruses and 25 of

the more common species in Queensland, plus others that could have vector

potential. High quality photographs of the adults of each species can assist

identification by comparison. In addition, based on UQIC specimen data, a

distribution map, graphs of seasonality and biting times, and information

about habitat, behaviour, vector ecology and bite prevention for each species

can be studied. Much of this information is from the meticulous details

recorded by Pat in her field notebooks. Another link takes the viewer to a

table of mosquitoes and their associated arboviruses in Queensland.

UQ researchers have used the mosquito collection to develop computer-based

interactive identification keys to Australian mosquitoes. As a result of these

keys and the mosquito database, the collection has now become a valuable

218 Australian Entomologist, 2006, 33 (4)

resource for quarantine officers needing to identify and determine the

distributions of mosquitoes that may pose a threat to human health. Medical

entomology as a discipline continues to this day at ОО, with ongoing

research projects focused on the mosquito vectors of malaria and dengue

fever, and the development of novel approaches to control the diseases they

transmit. The collection continues to contribute to this research.

Conclusion

Pat Marks was a dedicated and inspiring collector and researcher who,

throughout her life, made major contributions to mosquito taxonomy, medical

entomology and natural history. Information about the material she collected,

and which is now incorporated into the UQIC, can be accessed via an online

catalogue, specimen database and web pages about vectors of arboviruses.

The collection is her legacy to future generations and she will continue to be

remembered as an exceptional field collector of mosquitoes.

Ма

Corallocoris marksae (Woodward) (Hemiptera: Omaniidae), a bug collected

by E.N. Marks beneath intertidal coral slabs on the Great Barrier Reef and

named after her. Figure by Sybil Curtis, from CSIRO Insects of Australia.

ТНЕ

AUSTRALIAN

ENTOMOLOGIST

VOLUME 33

2006

Published by:

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND

THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

The Australian Entomologist is a non-profit journal published in four parts

annually by the Entomological Society of Queensland. The journal is devoted to

entomology of the Australian region, including New Zealand, Papua New Guinea

and islands of the south-western Pacific. Articles are accepted from amateur and

professional entomologists. The journal is produced independently and

subscription is not included with membership of the Society.

The Editorial Panel

Editor: Dr D.L. Hancock

Assistant Editors: Dr C.J. Burwell

Queensland Museum

Dr G.B. Monteith

Queensland Museum

Editorial Co-ordinator Mrs S.G. Wright

Business Manager: Mr R.M. Bull

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Subscriptions are payable in advance to the Business Manager, The Australian

Entomologist, P.O. Box 537, Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia, 4068.

For individuals: A$25.00 per annum in Australia.

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ISSN 1320-6133

Printed for The Entomological Society of Queensland

by ColourWise Reproductions, Brisbane

iii

THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Contents

Volume 33, 2006

BASHFORD, R.

The insect complex inhabiting galls formed by Cecidomyia

acaceaelongifoliae Skuse (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) on blackwood

(Acacia melanoxylon) in Tasmania 1

BELLIS, G.A., FALICIANO, Е., ALVES, A. and HEARNDEN, M.

А survey of insect pests breeding in mango fruit in Dili, East Timor 35

BRABY, M.F. and DUNFORD, M.

Field observations on the ecology of the golden sun moth, Synemon

plana Walker (Lepidoptera: Castniidae) 103

BRYAN, J.

The role of Pat Marks in the Australasian mosquito catalogue project

and future needs in mosquito taxonomy 187

CROZIER, B.

Scientific items in the Marks Collection at the Queensland Museum 203

FERGUSON, D.J. and LAMBKIN, C.L.

Behavioural observations on Australian stiletto flies (Diptera:

Therevidae) from southeastern New South Wales 123

GREEN, K.

The return migration of bogong moths, Agrotis infusa (Boisduval)

(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from the Snowy Mountains, New South

Wales

HANCOCK, D.L.

The taxonomic placement of Campiglossa vaga Hardy & Drew and

Mesoclanis campiglossina Hering (Diptera: Tephritidae: Tephritinae) 142

HAYWOOD, B.T. and NATT, V.

First confirmed observation of Heteronympha cordace wilsoni Burns

(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) in South Australia 5

KOHOUT, R.J.

А new species of Polyrhachis (Aulacomyrma) Emery (Hymenoptera:

Formicidae: Formicinae) from Papua New Guinea 77

KOHOUT, R.J.

New species of the Polyrhachis (Myrma) parabiotica species group

(Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae) from the Philippines 155

LACHLAN, R.B.

New records of hawk moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) from

Lizard Island, northern Queensland 133

LACHLAN, R.B.

Notes on the hawk moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) of the

Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Indian Ocean 136

LACHLAN, R.B. and KNIGHT, АЛ.

New records and notes of hawk moths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

from Dauan Island, Torres Strait, Queensland

LAMBKIN, T.A. m

Clinal variation in female Hypolycaena phorbas phorbas (Fabricius)

(Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) and revision of the status of H. p. ingura

Tindale

LANE, D.A.

Life history notes on Leucomonia bethia (Kirby) (Lepidoptera:

Sphingidae)

LANE, D.A. and LANE, M.D.

A list of hawk moths (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) from East Timor

LANE, D.A. and MÜLLER, C.J.

A new species of Charaxes Ochsenheimer (Lepidoptera:

Nymphalidae) from East Timor

LANE, D.A. and MÜLLER, C.J.

New species and subspecies of Rapala Moore and Deudorix

Hewitson (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from East Timor

McDONALD, F.J.D.

Birna, a new name for Linea McDonald (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)

MEYER, C.E., WEIR, R.P. and WILSON, D.N.

Butterfly (Lepidoptera) records from the Darwin region, Northern

Territory

MILLER, C.G.

A further record of Apaturina erminea (Cramer) (Lepidoptera:

Nymphalidae: Apaturinae) from Australia

MONTEITH, G.B.

Elizabeth Nesta Marks - her other life as society activist,

conservationist, historian and biographer

MULLER, M.

Urban mosquito management in Brisbane - past, present and future

NEWLAND, G.

Effects of land disturbance on butterflies (Lepidoptera) on a hilltop

at Murwillumbah, New South Wales

NGA, V.T., EASTWOOD, R., CHAT, N.T. and LAM, P.V.

Life histories of Scymnus bipunctatus Kugelann (Coleoptera:

Coccinellidae) and Chrysopa sp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae):

potential augmentative biocontrol agents for the mealybug

Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

in Vietnam

PETERS, J.V.

New distribution records for Australian butterflies (Lepidoptera)

151

147

171

193

113

SCHNEIDER, М.А. and DANIELS, С.

The Marks mosquito collection: legacy of a life's work and resource

for the future

211

SHORT, M.W., SCHMIDT, S. and STEINBAUER, М.Ј.

A key to some Australian genera of large nocturnal Ichneumonidae

(Hymenoptera), including flight periodicities and influence of moon

phase on light trap catches 49

STANDFAST, H.A.

Dr Elizabeth N. Marks AO: mosquito studies 1940-1976 179

STEINBAUER, M.J.

Re-collection and tentative host record for Hygia (Australocolpura)

sandaricine Brailovsky (Hemiptera: Coreidae: Colpurini) 23

WARD, M.

Elizabeth Nesta Marks - the family member 167

WILLIAMS, A.A.E. and ALGAR, D.

First record of Euchrysops cnejus (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera:

Lycaenidae) on Christmas Island, Indian Ocean 111

WILLIAMS, A.A.E. and POWELL, R.J.

The butterflies (Lepidoptera) of Middle, Mondrain, Sandy Hook,

Woody and Goose Islands in the Recherche Archipelago, Western

Australia

WILLIAMS, A.A.E. and WILLIAMS, M.R.

A new locality record and notes on the distribution of Trapezites

waterhousei Mayo & Atkins (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) 139

WINTERTON, S.L.

Aberrant wing venation in the green lacewing Аросћгуза lutea

(Walker) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae: Apochrysinae) 143

RECENT LITERATURE 8, 56, 154, 164

Publication dates: Part 1 (pp 1-56) 12 March 2006

Part 2 (pp 57-112) 16 June 2006

Part 3 (pp 113-164) 22 September 2006

Part 4 (pp 165-218) 18 December 2006

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTICES

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Printed by ColourWise Reproductions, 300 Ann Street, Brisbane, 4000.

THE AUSTRALIAN

Entomologist

E.N. MARKS MEMORIAL ISSUE

Volume 33, Part 4, 15 December 2006

CONTENTS

E.N. MARKS MEMORIAL SYMPOSIUM

E.N. Marks portrait

Symposium speakers

BRYAN, J.H.

The role of Pat Marks in the Australasian mosquito catalogue project

and future needs in mosquito taxonomy.

CROZIER, B.

Scientific items in the Marks Collection at the Queensland Museum.

MONTEITH, G.B.

Elizabeth Nesta Marks — her other life as society activist, conservationist, historian

and biographer.

MULLER, M.

Urban mosquito management in Brisbane — past, present and future.

SCHNEIDER, M.A. AND DANIELS, G.

The Marks Mosquito Collection: legacy of a life's work and resource

for the future.

STANDFAST, H.A.

Dr Elizabeth N. Marks AO: mosquito studies 1940—1976.

WARD, M.

Elizabeth Nesta Marks — the family member.

ISSN 1320 6133