THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

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Cover: Parobia alipilus Seeman & Nahrung (Podapolipidae) is one of three sexually-

transmitted mites that infest the eucalyptus leaf beetle Paropsis atomaria. The adult

male (pictured) is unlike the female: his legs have spurs, the genital capsule is mid-

dorsal and the fourth pair of legs is modified. Nevertheless, Parobia species are

among the most mite-like of the Podapolipidae, where physogastry and loss of legs is

common and some males have their genitalia on prongs above their heads. Parobia

mites are often more common on female beetles and at least one species significantly

reduces survival of the host during overwintering. Illustration by Owen Seeman.

Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (1): 1-6 1

A NEW SPECIES OF GUDANGA DISTANT (HEMIPTERA:

CICADIDAE) FROM NORTHERN QUEENSLAND

J.C. OLIVE

22 Warnambool Street, Trinity Park, Qld 4879

Abstract

Gudanga pterolongata sp. n. is described and illustrated from northwestern Queensland.

Specimens were collected in open woodland between Georgetown and Croydon, during the

months of January and February, from 1996 to 2005.

Introduction

The Australian cicada genus Gudanga Distant was reviewed by Moulds

(1996), who described four new species, bringing the total to six species in

the genus. A key was also provided by Moulds (1996). In this paper, a further

species is described from northwestern Queensland and relevant adjustments

are made to the existing key.

Terminology follows that of Moulds (2005). The following abbreviations are

used: AMS - Australian Museum, Sydney; JO - author”s collection; MDL -

collection of M.D. Lane; MSM - collection of M.S. Moulds; SL - collection

of S. Lamond.

Key to species

1 Abdominal tergites 1-6 black (entirely lacking areas of orange

pigmentation eee eT titri temu $ aH 6

- Abdominal tergites 1-6 with obvious areas of orange pigmentation ........ 2

2 Hind wing hyaline, orange at basem E AAE LAI 3

- Hind wing entirely orange or red basally, remainder fuscous as on

CAINS NENTE ru nmrristir puton pontono omar remorse 5

3 Orange pigmentation covering basal half of hind wing; remainder hyaline.

Anal lobe orange with outer half fuscous as on forewing (northwestern

qd ironman iio oro pterolongata sp. n.

= Hinds WinStwithOUUSCOUS alcdbemsmensrarsretitsstesrrst stscierrstsecstssseest te 4

4 Hind wing with orange suffusion extending beyond anal lobe, the orange

beyond lobe mainly along costa [take care not to confuse this area with

the orange forewing basal membrane] (southern Qld) ....... adamsi Moulds

- Hind wing with orange confined to anal lobe, almost entirely to the plaga

and the area between the plaga and inner margin (southern WA)

Annika Su ans een rom en tera xati, kalgoorliensis Moulds

5 Pigmentation of hind wing apical cells 1-5 paler than forewing and

showing slight orange suffusion {clearly visible when specimen is held

approximately 10 cm above a white background]; abdomen of male in

dorsal view nearly parallel-sided for much of its length (southwestern

NIAN asketa okrun pot eri Ee a aurea Moulds

2 Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (1)

- Pigmentation of hind wing apical cells 1-5 similar to that of forewing;

abdomen of male in dorsal view tapering from base to apex (southern

WA) po aie aon en Ae TD PE A NO en es Byrn Pen cn tones browni Distant

6 Base of hind wing crimson; remainder of hind wing usually hyaline but

sometimes fuscous (southwestern WA) .........::cccesccseesseeeee boulayi Distant

- Base of hind wing reddish-orange; remainder of hind wing always

fuscous, never hyaline (southwestern WA) ......................... solata Moulds

Gudanga pterolongata sp. n.

(Figs 1-2, 4, 7-8)

Types. Holotype O, QUEENSLAND: Venture Ck, 81 km W Georgetown,

18913722”S, 142°48°37"E, 8.ii.2004, J. Olive & J. Thompson (AMS: Reg. No.

K225456). Paratypes: 4 CQ, 1 9, Venture Ck, 80 km W Georgetown, 18913.379”S,

142948.716”E, 19.1.22005, Hill, Marshall, Moulds (MSM); 1 o, Marsupial Ck, E

Croydon, 2.ii.2002, J. Hasenpusch (MSM); 2 00", 76 km W Georgetown, 19.ii.2005,

J. Olive & J. Thompson (MDL), 13 (0, 76 km W Georgetown, 19.ii.2005, J. Olive

& J. Thompson (JO), 4 d'o, Venture Ck, 81 km W Georgetown, 18913722”S,

142°48°37°E, 8.11.2004, J. Olive & J. Thompson (JO); 1 o, Croydon, 30.i.[19]96, S.

Lamond (SL); 1 0%, Croydon, 1.ii.[19]96, S. Lamond (SL).

Description. Male (Fig. 2). Head black or brown; a triangular cream mark on

midline, extending from between the lateral ocelli to the posterior margin;

ocelli reddish-amber; postclypeus brown with cream margin, transverse

ridges prominent and moderately covered with white cilia, midline groove

becomes wider and deeper anteriorly, dorsal surface tending paler posteriorly,

sometimes with anterior pale patch at midline; anteclypeus dark brown;

lorum dark brown to black with cream outer margin; rostrum just reaching

bases of hind coxae, brown becoming black distally; antenna dark brown

basally, gradually becoming lighter apically, apical segments sometimes dark

brown to black.

Thorax: pronotum brown with anterior margin cream; midline with a broad

dark brown to black fascia along its length, expanded laterally at either end;

lateral and paramedian fissures black, with a variable amount of black

colouration in adjacent areas; pronotal collar brown with light brown

posterior margin and light brown anterior margin in dorsal region.

Mesonotum dark brown; submedian sigilla distinct, completely black or

brown; lateral sigilla completely black or brown, the black pigmentation

extending to the anterior arms of cruciform elevation; midline often light

brown; scutal depressions black. Legs brown; femur with longitudinal darker

markings. Forewings long and narrow, with length to width ratio 3.3:1;

opaque brown-black, more heavily pigmented adjacent to veins; apical cells

usually translucent; veins yellow-orange except for cream costa; basal

membrane light orange; length greater than body length. Hind wings with

basal half, or a little less, deep translucent orange, remainder hyaline; anal

lobe light orange, brown-black distally; under magnification distal area

Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (1) 3

Figs 1-3. Gudanga spp. (1) G. pterolongata sp. n., female; (2) G. pterolongata sp. n.,

male; (3) G. adamsi Moulds. Scale applies to all specimens.

4 Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (1)

appears embossed with inner margin of this raised area highlighted by a thin,

dark line; the fuscous colouration is usually tinged orange and does not

always extend to inner margin. Opercula (Fig. 7) long and narrow, paddle

shaped; pale yellow, basal swelling and adjacent area brown. Tymbals (Fig.

8) with four long ribs and one short dorsal rib.

Abdomen: tergite 1 brown with anterior margin finely edged orange; tergite 2

yellow with broad brown dorsal patch, anterior edge black; tergites 3-7

yellow with a brown dorsal patch that is broadest on tergite 3, the posterior

margins are generally brighter yellow and there is a brown patch at the

lateroventral extremities; tergite 8 dark brown to black with approximately

anterior third yellow. Sternite I brown to muddy yellow; sternite II brown or

black with posterior margin cream to yellow either side of midline; sternites

III-VI yellow; sternite VII darker yellow on anterior half, brown or black on

posterior half; sternite VIII brown or black.

Genitalia (Fig. 4). Upper pygofer lobe broad with mid-dorsal margin strongly

curved outward in lateral view; pseudoparameres apically down-turned in

lateral view; endotheca reaching about half the length of the

pseudoparameres.

upl

psp

end

.———Ĵ 5

Figs 4-5. Gudanga spp., lateral view of male genitalia - dm = dorsal margin, end =

endotheca, psp = pseudoparameres, upl = upper lobe of pygofer. (4) G. pterolongata

sp. n.; (5) G. adamsi Moulds. Scale line approx. 1 mm.

Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (1) 5

Female (Fig. 1). Similar to male except abdomen slightly darker in colour.

Ventral surface of abdomen with a broad, black midline. Abdominal segment

9 with dorsal beak and adjacent area black. Ovipositor sheath reddish-brown

with apex black; extending just beyond tergite 9.

Measurements. All available specimens were measured. The range and mean

(in mm) for 27 males and one female are: Body length - male 16.75-20.5

(18.8), female 19.8; forewing length - male 17.0-20.5 (19), female 20.5;

forewing width - male 5.1-6.25 (5.7), female 6.0; head width - male 4.75-5.5

(4.8), female 5.25; pronotum width - male 5.2-6.6 (5.8), female 6.4.

Etymology. Derived from the Greek pteron, meaning wing, and the Latin

elongatus, meaning much longer than wide, being descriptive of the long,

narrow forewing.

Figs 6-8. Gudanga spp. - bp = basal portion of outer margin, sr = short rib. (6) G.

adamsi Moulds, right opercula; (7) G. pterolongata sp. n., right opercula; (8) G.

pterolongata sp. n., right tymbal. Scale line approx. 1 mm.

Comments. Gudanga pterolongata more closely resembles G. adamsi (Fig. 3)

that the other described species in the genus. The forewing of G.

pterolongata, although approximately the same width as in G. adamsi, is

6 Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (1)

considerably longer, being greater than the total body length; the length to

width ratio is 3.3:1. In G. adamsi the forewing length is less than its body

length, with a length to width ratio of 2.5:1. The orange pigmentation on the

hind wing of G. pterolongata covers approximately the basal half, whereas in

G. adamsi this colouration is restricted to less than the basal third, including

the plagal area. G. pterolongata has an area of brown-black pigmentation,

similar to that of the forewing on the distal half or so of the anal lobe, that is

not present in G. adamsi.

There are a few genitalic differences between G. pterolongata and G. adamsi

(Figs 4-5). In lateral view, the upper pygofer lobe is broader in G.

pterolongata, with the dorsal margin strongly curved outwards compared

with the slight curvature in G. adamsi. ln G. pterolongata the

pseudoparameres are apically down-turned, with the endotheca reaching to

about half their length, while in G. adamsi the pseudoparameres are apically

straight and the endotheca is more than half their length.

In G. pterolongata the opercula are longer and narrower than in G. adamsi,

with the basal portion of the outer margin being much shorter in G.

pterolongata (Figs 6-7). The tymbals of G. pterolongata (Fig. 8) have a short

dorsal rib that is not present in G. adamsi.

Distribution and habitat. Specimens have been collected in late January and

throughout February from a few locations between Georgetown and Croyden

in northwestern Queensland, appearing to be most abundant from 75 km west

of Georgetown through to Croydon. Specimens labelled ‘Croydon’ by S.

Lamond were actually taken at an unknown location east of Croyden (S.

Lamond, pers. comm.). Adults are associated with Acacia shirleyi Maiden,

commonly known as lancewood. The cicadas are difficult to find as they are

well camouflaged against the dark coloured trunks of these acacias and are

most abundant where there are larger groups of these trees.

Acknowledgements

I wish to thank M.S. Moulds and S. Lamond for access to specimens in their

collections. I am also grateful to J. Booij for providing the photographs and

G. Sankowsky for plant identification. For the many days and hours assisting

me in the field, preparing the line drawings and typing the manuscript, I am

deeply indebted to my partner Judy Thompson.

References

MOULDS, M.S. 1996. Review of the Australian genus Gudanga Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)

including new species from Western Australia and Queensland. Australian Journal of

Entomology 35: 19-31.

MOULDS, M.S. 2005. An appraisal of the higher classification of cicadas (Hemiptera:

Cicadoidea) with special reference to the Australian fauna. Records of the Australian Museum

57: 321-446.

Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (1): 7-14 7

ORIENTAL AND PACIFIC THRIPIDAE (THYSANOPTERA)

NEW TO AUSTRALIA, WITH A NEW SPECIES OF

PSEUDODENDROTHRIPS SCAMUTZ

LAURENCE A. MOUND'and DESLEY J. TREE”

'CSIRO Entomology, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601

?ODPI Insect Collection, Entomology Building, 80 Meiers Rd, Indooroopilly, Qld 4068

Abstract

Nine species of Thripidae not yet, or only recently, listed from Australia are recorded from

Queensland, with Pseudodendrothrips alexei described as new. Seven of these species are

known from tropical areas to the north of Australia [Anaphothrips swezeyi Moulton; Bathrips

melanicornis (Shumsher); Caprithrips orientalis Bhatti; Craspedothrips minor (Bagnall);

Danothrips trifasciatus Sakimura; Mycterothrips nilgiriensis (Ananthakrishnan); Scolothrips

asura Ramakrishna & Margabandhu]. The other two have been collected on plant species also

found in Asia [Mycterothrips desleyae Masumoto & Okajima; Pseudodendrothrips alexei sp. n.].

These records further emphasise the difficulties of distinguishing between native and invasive

thrips species in the northern Australian fauna.

Introduction

The number of Thysanoptera species recognised in Australia has increased

considerably in recent years. Prior to 1915 fewer than 20 Australian species

had been described (Mound 1996), but the number had increased to 287 by

1970 (CSIRO 1970), to 400 by 1974 (CSIRO 1974), and to 445 by 1996

(Mound 1996). In 2006 the total number of species listed on the Australian

Biological Resources Study (2006) web site was 700. Most are Australian

endemics, although about 10% of them are introduced from other countries.

In this paper our objectives are to record from Australia six further Thripidae

that either have been imported inadvertently on living plants or are natural

immigrants into northern Australia. In addition, two endemic species are

discussed that we have collected recently near Brisbane. Both are from plant

species that have distributions into Asia. One, Pseudodendrothrips alexei sp.

n., is described here; the second, Mycterothrips desleyae, was described by

Masumoto and Okajima (2006), together with the first Australian record of

the congeneric M. nilgiriensis (Ananthakrishnan). The presence of these nine

species further emphasises the difficulties of distinguishing between invasive

and native thrips species in northern Australia.

In southern Australia, introduced species are usually readily distinguished

from the native fauna, particularly because of their association with non-

native plants, but in the northern tropical zone this distinction is less easy.

Not only are many plant species in northern Australia shared with Asia, but

many thrips species are potentially wind-dispersed immigrants from

Indonesia (Mound 2004). For all nine species discussed here bibliographic

and synonymic details are available in the Checklist of World Thysanoptera

(Mound 2005). Voucher specimens are in the Australian National Insect

Collection [ANIC], Canberra, and Queensland Department of Primary

Industries Collection [QDPI], Indooroopilly, except where indicated.

8 Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (1)

Anaphothrips swezeyi Moulton

Described from Hawaii on sugar cane (Moulton 1928), this species is

otherwise recorded only from New Caledonia, where it was collected on

roadside grasses (Bournier and Mound 2000). Recently, both sexes have been

collected in eastern Queensland, on grasses at several sites: Cape Tribulation

(vii.1995), Sherwood, Brisbane (iii.2002), Port Douglas (viii.2004). It is a

typical member of the genus with no long setae on the pronotum, and can be

recognised by the following characteristics: body clear yellow; antennae 8-

segmented with segments I-II yellow, I-IV light brown and V-VIII brown;

ocellar setae III arising outside the ocellar triangle; metanotum with

transverse reticulation, campaniform sensilla absent; abdominal tergite VIII

with a posteromarginal comb of long uniform microtrichia.

Bathrips melanicornis (Shumsher)

Described from India (Shumsher 1946), this species is also recorded from

Myanmar, Java, Malaya and Taiwan (Bhatti 1990). Moreover, specimens are

available [in ANIC] from Bali, Thailand and East Timor. Collections from

Thailand suggest that this thrips is associated with the leaves of vegetable

crops, including potatoes. In Australia, a few females have been collected at

several sites in eastern Queensland and northern New South Wales: Cape

Tribulation (vii.1995), Mareeba (i.1998), Mt Glorious, Brisbane (iii.2002),

south of Lamington N.P. (vii.2002). The body colour is distinctive: abdomen

yellow but each tergite with a large dark mark medially; forewings and all

antennal segments dark; head with a pair of long setae between the posterior

ocelli, but without a pair of setae in front of the first ocellus; pronotum with

two pairs of long posteroangular setae; metanotum with no sculpture

medially, median setae arise behind anterior margin and campaniform

sensilla absent; tergite VIII with no posteromarginal comb.

Caprithrips orientalis Bhatti

Described from central India (Bhatti 1973), this minute apterous grass-living

species has been recorded subsequently from Fiji (Mound and Walker 1987)

and New Caledonia (Bournier and Mound 2000). Two females were collected

on grasses at two separate sites in eastern Queensland during July, 1995: 15

km south of Charters Towers and just south of Townsville. This is the third

member of this genus recorded from Australia; C. moundi Bhatti is common

in the tussocks of native Poa species in southern Australia, whereas C.

insularis Beshear from Trinidad and Surinam was recorded in Australia from

one female collected just south of Brisbane. In publishing this record, Bhatti

(1980a) provided an identification key to these species.

Craspedothrips minor (Bagnall)

Described from southern India (Bagnall 1921), this species has also been

described, under other names, from Indonesia and Taiwan (Bhatti 1990).

Little information is available on its biology, although specimens have been

Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (1) 9

studied from Cassia taken at New Delhi. From Australia the following

specimens have been studied: Western Australia, Broome, two females from

Solanum melongena (iv.1999); New South Wales, 30 km west of Nelligen,

one female from Lomandra longifolia flowers (x.2000); Queensland,

Rockhampton, eight females from Plumbago zeylonica flowers (xi.2005).

Members of this genus of Thripidae are distinguished by the presence of two

exceptionally stout sensoria on the inner and outer margins of antennal

segment V, plus one similar one on the external margin of segment VI. The

body of C. minor is brown, with brown forewings and antennae, and the

species has the following character states: head with a pair of small setae in

front of first ocellus, ocellar setae III long and arising within ocellar triangle;

antennal segment IV with slender neck-like apex; metanotum with weak

sculpture medially, median setae almost at anterior margin, campaniform

sensilla present; sternites and tergites (including VIII) with narrow marginal

craspedum.

Danothrips trifasciatus Sakimura

Described from Hawaii (Sakimura 1975) as causing damage to Anthurium

plants, this species is recorded as producing spots on the skin of red

grapefruit (Citrus) in Florida (Childers 1997). Moreover, Bhatti (1980b)

recorded it as damaging banana fruit in the Caribbean, and also recorded it

from Sumatra. In Australia the species is known from a single female, taken

from a succulent plant in a suburban garden at Sherwood, Brisbane

(xii.2002). This is a yellow species with slender forewings that bear three

shaded: cross-bands, at base, middle and near apex. The structural features

are: head and pronotum with almost no sculpture, no setae in front of first

ocellus; metanotal median setae far from anterior margin; median tergites

with transverse sculpture lines medially; tergite VIII with no posteromarginal

comb of microtrichia.

Mycterothrips desleyae Masumoto & Okajima

The genus Mycterothrips Trybom was recorded recently from Australia

during a revision of the world species (Masumoto and Okajima 2006). The

two species found in Australia share the following characters: head with pair

of setae in front of first ocellus, ocellar setae III long and arising within

ocellar triangle; antennae 8-segmented, segment I with a pair of dorso-apical

setae; setal row on forewing first vein with long interval then 2 setae near

wing apex; tergite VIII with conspicuous posteromarginal comb of long

slender microtrichia. Moreover, the males of the two Australian species have

remarkable antennae in which the sixth segment is greatly enlarged and bears

numerous setae like a bottle brush. The second instar larvae are distinctive,

with the major setae long but broadly capitate with coarsely fringed apices.

M. desleyae was collected in substantial numbers, between October 2005 and

January 2006, breeding on the leaves of several trees of Clerodendrum

floribundum in Brisbane Forest Park. A few specimens were also taken from

10 Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (1)

the flowers and branches of these trees, and several specimens were collected

from the same plant species at Cooloola National Park, north of Brisbane.

The males of M. desleyae have antennal segment VI between 0.5 and 0.6

times as long as the combined lengths of segments I-V.

Mycterothrips nilgiriensis (Ananthakrishnan)

Described from southern India (Ananthakrishnan 1960), this species has been

recorded widely across India (Bhatti 1990) and from Nepal and Taiwan

(Masumoto and Okajima 2006). The latter authors also identified two

specimens from the ANIC as this species: Queensland, Mt. Glorious, one

female, January 1988; and New South Wales, Wisemans Ferry, one female,

April 1968. Subsequently, in October 2006, a long series of males, with two

females and one second instar larva, were collected from the leaves of Ficus

coronata, 15 km west of Mt Glorious, and a few males were also taken from

the leaves of Ricinus communis at the same locality. The males have antennal

segment VI more than 1.0 times as long as the combined lengths of segments

I-V.

Scolothrips asura Ramakrishna & Margabandhu

Described from India (Ramakrishna and Margabandhu 1931), and also

known from Bangladesh and southern China (Bhatti 1960) as well as Taiwan

(LAM collection), a single female of this distinctive species is preserved in

the University of California Riverside Collection, collected at Gordonvale,

northern Queensland, in January 1966. As in other species of the genus, all of

which are predators on leaf-feeding mites, the forewings are transversely

banded and the pronotum bears six pairs of exceptionally long setae.

However, the body of S. asura is brightly coloured, with the legs, pronotum

and abdominal segments IV—V white, the head, pterothorax and abdominal

segments VI-VIII brown and with bright red internal pigment.

Pseudodendrothrips alexei sp. n.

(Figs 1-4)

Types. Holotype 9, QUEENSLAND: Brisbane Forest Park, from leaves of Maclura

cochinchinensis (Moraceae), 16.1.2006 (LAM 4815) (in ANIC, Canberra). Paratypes:

9 99 collected with holotype (in ANIC, Canberra, and QDPI, Indooroopilly).

Description. Female macropterous, body light brown to brown with extensive

red internal pigment (in life appearing almost black); antennae light brown,

segments IV-VI yellow in basal half; all tibiae yellow at base and apex;

forewings uniformly shaded; compound eyes with 5 weakly pigmented

facets. Head broader than long (Fig. 1), ocellar triangle finely sculptured, also

area in front of ocelli; 3 pairs of ocellar setae present, pair I lateral to anterior

margin of fore ocellus, pair III slightly fluted and arising between anterior

margins of hind ocelli; maxillary palps 2-segmented. Antennae 8-segmented

(Fig. 2); segment VI with major sensorium arising at a point about 25% of the

segment length from the base. Pronotum transversely reticulate with

Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (1) 11

markings inside each reticle (Fig. 1); one pair of prominent posteroangular

setae, 2 pairs of posteromarginals; all setae slightly fluted. Forewing first vein

with 3 setae near base and 2 setae distally, ventrally with row of corpusculae

(see Bhatti 1997); anteromarginal cilia arising slightly sub-marginally; clavus

with apex rectangular bearing 2 veinal and 1 discal setae. Sculpture of

mesonotum and metanotum (Fig. 3), also abdominal tergites (Fig. 4), typical

of genus.

Figs 1-4. Pseudodendrothrips alexei sp. n.: (1) head and pronotum; (2) antenna; (3)

mesonotum and metanotum; (4) abdominal tergites IV—VI.

12 Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (1)

Second instar larva white with three pairs of dark spots on pronotum, two

pairs each on meso and metanotum, and two pairs in a transverse row on

tergites II - VIII; spiracles on tergites II and VIII small, dorsal, surrounded by

dark area; major setae minute with blunt apices.

Measurements. Holotype female in microns. Body length 750. Head, length

50; width across eyes 150; ocellar setae III length 20. Pronotum, length 65;

width 150; posteroangular setae 35. Forewing length 530. Hind tibia length

85; hind tarsus length 50. Antennal segments I-VIII length 28, 25, 25, 25,

10, 35.

Comments. Members of the genus Pseudodendrothrips Schmutz can be

recognised by the enlarged (lyre-shaped) metathoracic endofurca, the

elongate hind tarsi that are more than half the length of the hind tibiae and the

distinctive sculpture of the mesonotum and metanotum (Fig. 3). P. alexei sp.

n. differs from all 16 previously known species in the long and slightly fluted

interocellar setae. The forewings are uniformly light brown, a character state

shared with one species from northern India, but the sensorium on the sixth

antennal segment does not arise as close to the base as in the other members

of this genus. The antennae are 8-segmented, but the suture between antennal

segments VI and VII is oblique and variable amongst the available

specimens, and is not present dorsally in the right antenna of the holotype.

Because of this, when more extensive samples are examined individuals can

be expected to occur in which the suture is not developed at all, and the

antennae would thus have only seven visible segments.

Two South American species described in this genus (Hood 1952) are more

properly placed in the related Neotropical genus Halmathrips Hood, as

indicated by Mound and Marullo (1996). The remaining species are all from

the Old World tropics and sub-tropics (Table 1), but no comprehensive

account of these has been published. The sculpture of the metanotum and the

abdominal tergites (Figs 3, 4) is remarkably constant among all of the known

species, and these have been distinguished generally on slight colour

differences and the number of antennal segments. The body colour of 13

species is described as various shades of white to yellow, sometimes with the

head slightly darker around the bases of the antennae, and the forewings pale

to slightly shaded. However, the identity of some of these pale species is

uncertain (Mound 1999) and requires confirmation through a study of more

extensive series to investigate variation within and between populations. Two

described species are distinctive in having banded forewings, and one other

species has the body and wings uniformly brown (Table 1).

The number of antennal segments, whether eight or nine, is used commonly

to distinguish species in this genus, although subdivision of the terminal

antennal segments is known to be variable in related species. The sixth

antennal segment is sometimes subdivided producing an apparent 9-

segmented antenna, alternatively this segment is not only undivided but is

Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (1) 13

fused to the seventh segment, thus producing a 7-segmented antenna. Within

this genus, when a species is known from a good series of specimens it is not

unusual to find that the number of antennal segments is unstable.

Table 1. World species of Pseudodendrothrips Schmutz. For synonymies and

publication details see Mound (2005).

Species Antennal Localities

segments

(i) Body white to yellow, head sometimes darker

aegyptiacus Priesner, 1965. 8 Egypt; Canary Is.

albana Bhatti, 1997 9 India

bhattii Kudo, 1984 8/9 Japan; Australia

candidus zur Strassen, 1993 9 Cape Verde Is.

ficus Hartwig, 1948 9 South Africa

darci Girault, 1930 8/9 Australia

mori Niwa, 1908 8/9 Widespread

(ii) Body yellow, head brown

fumosus Chen, 1980 9 Taiwan

lateralis Wang, 1993 9 Taiwan

ornatissimus Schmutz, 1913 9 Sri Lanka; India

puerariae Zhang & Tong, 1990 9 China

suvarna Bhatti, 1997 8/9 India

ulmi Zhang & Tong, 1980 9 China

(iii) Forewings with dark and light bands

gillespiei Mound, 1999 9 Australia

maculosus Reyes, 1994 8 Philippines

(iv) Body and wings uniformly brown

kulshresthai Chaunan & Vijay Veer, 1992 8 India

alexei sp. n. 8 Australia

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Tony Postle of AQIS, Cairns, for sending thrips specimens

that he had collected around Broome, and to Tong Xiao-Li of Guangzhou and

Vijay Veer of Dehra Dun for kindly forwarding copies of their publications.

References

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Natural History (9) 8: 393-400.

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BHATTI, J.S. 1973. A revision of the genus Caprithrips Faure. Oriental Insects 7: 475-484.

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descriptions of two new species from India and Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology 28:

161-171.

BHATTI. J.S. 1980b. Revision of Danothrips, with descriptions of two new species

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BHATTI, J.S. 1990. Catalogue of insects of the order Terebrantia from the Indian Subregion.

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Nouvelle-Calédonie. Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique de France. 105: 231-240

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(ed.), Thrips as crop pests. CAB International, Wallingford, UK.

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Australia and New Caledonia, with newly recorded pests of ferns, figs and mulberries.

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thysanoptera/worldthrips.html

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Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (1): 15-26 15

CONFIRMATION OF EUPLOEA LEUCOSTICTOS (GMELIN) AND

E. NETSCHERI ERANA (FRUHSTORFER) (LEPIDOPTERA:

NYMPHALIDAE) IN TORRES STRAIT, QUEENSLAND, AND THE

FIRST RECORD OF E. TULLIOLUS DUDGEONIS (GROSE-SMITH)

IN AUSTRALIA

TREVOR A. LAMBKIN' and A. IAN KNIGHT?

'Queensland Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries, 665 Fairfield Road, Yeerongpilly,

Old 4105 (Email: Trevor.Lambkin(wdpi.qld.gov.au)

270) Exton Road, Exton, Tas 7303

Abstract

Recent collections of Euploea leucostictos (Gmelin) and E. netscheri erana (Fruhstorfer) on

Saibai and Dauan Islands confirm their establishment in Torres Strait, Queensland. Euploea

tulliolus dudgeonis (Grose-Smith) is recorded in Australia for the first time from Dauan Island,

and its relationship with Æ. t. tulliolus (Fabricius) is discussed. Up to date information on

collections of the four taxa in Torres Strait is provided, including their variability and diagnostic

facies, current distributions, seasonality, habits and prevalence. Evidence is provided suggesting

that a sympatric zone exists for E. t. tulliolus and E. t. dudgeonis on Dauan and Yam Islands,

with some intermediate specimens known from these and other Torres Strait islands. Confirmed

Australian specimens of E. leucostictos and E. tulliolus dudgeonis, together with the male

underside and female of £. netscheri erana, are illustrated for the first time.

Introduction

The greatest diversity of Euploea Fabricius occurs within the Indo-Australian

region, with at least 54 species known (Corbet and Pendlebury 1978, Ackery

and Vane-Wright 1984, Parsons 1998), especially on Java, Sumatra and in

northern New Guinea (Scheermeyer 1999), Most Euploea species are

medium-sized (forewing length ca 40 mm) and velvety-black or dark brown

with some white markings, although the forewings of some species are

adorned with blue hues overlying the white markings (D’Abrera 1978,

Morishita 1985, Parsons 1998). Other species, such as E. leucostictos

(Gmelin) (form usipetes Hewitson) and E. wallacei C. & R. Felder, are

predominately orange and black (Parsons 1998), while some forms of E.

stephensii C. & R. Felder are pearly white in colour (Morishita 1985). The

majority of Euploea species are restricted to forest or heavy woodland

habitats (Ackery and Vane-Wright 1984), but some occur in open woodland

and urban areas, including coastal woods and mangroves (Braby 2000,

Lambkin 2001).

On mainland Australia, diversity among Euploea is relatively poor, with only

E. core corinna (W.S. Macleay) and, to a lesser extent, E. tulliolus tulliolus

(Fabricius) being widely distributed. The three or four other mainland species

[the placement of E. eichhorni Staudinger as a subspecies of E. alcathoe

(Godart) is still conjectural (Lambkin 2001)] are restricted to tropical

Australia (Scheermeyer 1999, Braby 2000). The diversity of Euploea

increases just north of mainland Queensland, with 10 species known from

Torres Strait (Braby 2000, Meyer et al. 2004). Of these 10, eight have been

16 Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (1)

Figs 1-8. Euploea spp. All figures to scale: upperside left, underside right [forewing

lengths in parenthesis]. (1-6) E. leucostictos: (1, 3, 5) males: (1) Dauan I., 21.iv.2001

[40 mm]; (3) Dauan I., 29.xii.2005 [40 mm]; (5) Dauan I., 20.1.2004 [42 mm]; (2, 4,

6) females: (2) Dauan I., 19.ii.2004 [42 mm]; (4) Dauan I., 25.xii.2005 [41 mm]; (6)

Dauan I., 17.xii.2005 [43 mm]. (7-8) E. netscheri erana: (7) male, Dauan 1.,

17.11.2004 [40 mm]; (8) female, Dauan I., 5.i.2006 [42 mm].

Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (1) 17

15 aw |; 8 16

Figs 9-16. Euploea tulliolus. All to scale: upperside left, underside right [forewing

lengths in parenthesis]. (9-12) E. t. dudgeonis: (9) male, Subitana, PNG, 10.vii.1949

[35 mm]; (10) female, Subitana, PNG, xii.1949 [34 mm]; (11) male, Dauan 1.,

18.1.2004 [36 mm]; (12) female, Dauan l., 17.xii.2005 [35 mm]; (13-14) E. t.

dudgeonis/tulliolus intermediates: (13) male, Yam L., 11-12.vi.1992 [34 mm]; (14)

female, Thursday 1., 12-15.iv.1992 [34 mm]; (15-16) E. t. tulliolus: (15) male, Murray

I., 29,111.-4.iv.1986 [34 mm]; (16) female, Murray I., 29,111.-4.iv. 1986 [36 mm].

18 Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (1)

recorded from Dauan Island (unpublished data), a small, volcanic island with

large stands of vine thicket located just off the south-west tip of Saibai Island,

close to the Papua New Guinea border. In general, the distribution and

seasonality of Euploea species in Torres Strait are poorly documented; only

Braby (2000) briefly summarised what was then known. In addition, the

overall similarity between many Euploea species and a high degree of

polymorphism has made their delimitation notoriously difficult (Ackery and

Vane-Wright 1984). Furthermore, females of Euploea are often even more

difficult to identify because of the similarity of many species, a problem

compounded by the prevalence of mimicry complexes, the lack of secondary

sexual characters, variable wing patterns (Ackery and Vane-Wright 1984,

Parsons 1998), and what appear to be natural hybrids (De Baar 1991).

Of the 10 species recorded from Torres Strait, the majority are now well

represented in many private collections. Despite this, three species are still

known from very few specimens: a single male of E. modesta Butler was

recently collected on Murray Island (Meyer et al. 2004); E. leucostictos

(Gmelin) is currently known by only a handful of specimens (Waterhouse

and Lyell 1914, Braby 2000); while E. netscheri erana (Fruhstorfer) is

recorded from a single male collected on Dauan Island in May 1995 (Johnson

and Valentine 1997). In addition, because of the paucity of collection records,

it has been uncertain if these three species breed within Australian territory,

or if the few specimens known to date are vagrants from Papua New Guinea.

In this paper, up to date information on collections of E. leucostictos and E.

netscheri erana from Torres Strait is provided, including notes on their

variability and diagnostic facies, their current distributions, seasonality,

habits and prevalence. These recent records point towards both species being

resident in Australia. In addition, E. tulliolus dudgeonis (Grose-Smith) is

recognised in Australia for the first time, its relationship with E. t. tulliolus

(Fabricius) is discussed and current data on their distribution, habits and

seasonality in Torres Strait are reported.

Abbreviations of collections and their locations are: ANIC — Australian

National Insect Collection, Canberra; CGMC — C.G. Miller collection,

Lennox Head; JFDC — J.F. Donaldson collection, Thornlands; MDBC — M.

De Baar collection, Brisbane; QM — Queensland Museum, Brisbane; QMTQ

— Queensland Museum of Tropical Queensland, Townsville; PSVC — P.S.

Valentine collection, Townsville; QDPIFC — Queensland Department of

Primary Industries Collection, Brisbane; SSBC — S.S. Brown collection,

Bowral; TLIKC — joint collection of T.A. Lambkin and A.I. Knight,

Brisbane. Abbreviations of collectors are: AIK — A.I. Knight; CGM — C.G.

Miller; EH — E. Hamacek; EJLH - E.J.L. Hallstrom; IFTA — Insect Farming

and Trading Agency; JA — J. Andrews; JFD — J.F. Donaldson; MDB — M. De

Baar; NG — N. Gough; PSV — P.S. Valentine; SJJ — S.J. Johnson; SSB — S.S.

Brown; TAL — T.A. Lambkin; WWB — W.W. Brandt.

Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (1) 19

E. leucostictos (Gmelin)

(Figs 1-6)

Material examined. QUEENSLAND: 1 0%, Cape York [ex Miskin Collection] (QM);

1 9, Thursday Island, Torres Strait [ex Illidge Collection] (illustrated in Tindale 1923);

1 9, Saibai Island, Torres Strait, 25.xii.1980, JA (PSVC); 7 clc, 5 99, Dauan Island,

Torres Strait, 21.iv.2001 (07), 18.1.2004 (9), 20.i.2004 (©), 24.1.2004 (9), 25.i.2004

(©), 16.xii.2005 (07), 17.xii.2005 (9), 23.xii.2005 (oO, 2 99), 25.xii.2005 (0%),

29.xii.2005 (o), AIK (TLIKC); 1 o, same data except 22.iv.2001, AIK (ANIC); 1 0,

same data except 24-30.1.2004, AIK (SSBC); 1 9, same data except 3.iv.2004, PSV

(PSVC); 1 o, 1 9, same data except 5.iii.2005 (0"), 6.iii.2005 (?), SJJ (QMTQ); 1 9,

same data except 13-19.iv.2001, SSB (SSBC); 1 C, 1 9, same data except 19.ii.2004

(9), 6.1.2006 (07), TAL (TLIKC); 2 O70", Murray Island, Torres Strait, 9.iii. 1995, TAL

(TLIKC). PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 3 Co, 1 9, Kiunga, Fly River, 2.vii.-31.x.1957,

WWB (ANIO); 1 0”, Rouku, Morehead River, 1962 (MDBC).

Discussion. Euploea leucostictos is a wide-ranging species, occurring from

the Taluad Archipelago and Buru through the Moluccas, New Guinea, the

Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands, to Vanuatu (New Hebrides),

New Caledonia and Fiji (Ackery and Vane-Wright 1984, Parsons 1998). It is

widespread throughout Papua New Guinea, extending south to Western

Province and into Torres Strait. Parsons (1998) reported that it is “occasional

generally” and is most often associated with marginal secondary forest up to

1200 m. Prior to Parsons (1991), the taxonomic placement of many of the

forms of E. /eucostictos in New Guinea was unclear, as the species is locally

and regionally highly variable and is thought to form part of two or three

Miillerian mimicry complexes, including an association with an orange

Euploea species, E. wallacei, throughout mainland Papua New Guinea

(Parsons 1998). For convenience, Parsons (1998) provisionally named these

different phenotypes as forms of E. leucostictos, although the only form

occurring in the part of Western Province bordering Torres Strait is the

orange form “usipetes” (Parsons 1998, ANIC Brandt collection, as illustrated

in Braby 2000).

The first specimens of E. leucostictos known from northern Australia, and

being the only specimens known for the better part of a century, were a male

from Cape York and a female from Thursday Island in Torres Strait

(Waterhouse and Lyell 1914). The male, in the Queensland Museum (QM)

and described as E. hippias Miskin by Miskin (1890), formed part of

Miskin’s collection, which included a number of other Euploea types

described at the same time (Miskin 1890). Subsequently, Waterhouse and

Lyell (1914), illustrated Miskin’s type, recognised E. hippias as a junior

synonym of E. usipetes Hewitson and nominated E. u. hippias as the

Australian subspecies. A review of Miskin’s Euploea types in the QM has

indicated that most specimens have almost no label data, apart from

collection locations, except the type of E. amycus Miskin, which has

reference to a date, ‘F.M. -/5/75’. This date might also refer to the collection

20 Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (1)

time of Miskin’s Cape York specimen of E. /eucostictos. During the latter

part of the 19th century, numerous natural history collections were made at

Cape York (Lambkin 2005, Olliff 1891), but some doubt exists concerning

the veracity of some of these collection records, as Cape York and Thursday

Island were common ports of call en route to and from Aru and New Guinea

(Whittell 1954, Monteith 1987, Lambkin 2005). Considering that Miskin’s

specimen of E. leucostictos (E. hippias) is still the only specimen known

from the Australian mainland, there is still some doubt as to the true origin of

Miskin’s type. Equally, very little is known of the female specimen from

Thursday Island except that it was originally in the collection of R. Illidge,

before passing to the T.P. Lucas collection, and eventually was acquired by

the South Australian Museum (illustrated in Tindale 1923). Additionally, as

no further specimens are known from Thursday Island, the veracity of the

female specimen’s stated locality might also be questionable.

These two E. leucostictos specimens remained the only known Australian

examples until 1980, when a female was collected on Saibai Island in

December, by J. Andrews from James Cook University, Townsville (PSVC).

With a general increase in collecting in Torres Strait during the 1990s

(Lambkin and Knight 2005), two further males were collected on Murray

Island (TLIKC), and an additional 20 specimens have been accumulated from

Dauan Island since 2001. Apart from the single female collected on Saibai,

which is predominately a mangrove island, the remaining specimens have all

been collected on Murray and Dauan Islands, which are largely covered with

monsoon vine thicket. Despite all known specimens being of form ‘usipetes’,

some variation occurs in both sexes in the extent of the forewing orange area

and the size of the white patch enclosed in this area (Figs 1-6). Variation also

occurs in the presence and number of the forewing upper and underside

subapical white spots, and in the size of the single white spot occurring in the

subterminal area of the forewing upperside (Figs 1-6). These characters are

also variable in specimens from southern Papua New Guinea (ANIC).

The males from Murray Island, and the majority of specimens known from

Dauan Island, were collected roosting or congregating with other Euploea

spp. (Braby 2000) in the afternoon, under or near large flowering trees of

Terminalia spp. and mangroves. In addition, a number of specimens have

been netted from Melaleuca blossom in the early morning. In Torres Strait,

label data from the known specimens of E. /eucostictos indicate that it has

two generations annually, with the majority of specimens collected at the

start of the wet season in December and January (14 specimens) and then

again in March and April (8 specimens), with only a single male known from

February. Almost all known specimens collected from Torres Strait are in

good condition, indicating that they were unlikely to be vagrants but were

probably established. Therefore, collection data indicates that in Torres Strait,

the species is restricted to Dauan, with the probability of a remote population

Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (1) 21

occurring on or near Murray, as Murray represents a close group of three

islands: Mer (Murray), Dauar and Waiar.

Euploea netscheri erana (Fruhstorfer)

(Figs 7-8)

Material examined. QUEENSLAND: 1 ©’, Dauan Island, Torres Strait, 2-5.v.1995,

SJJ (QMTQ); 1 o, 2 99, same data except 17.11.2004 (07), 5.1.2006 (9), 6.i.2006 (9),

TAL (TLIKC); 1 9, Saibai Island, Torres Strait, 13.11.2004, AIK (TLIKC).

Discussion. Euploea netscheri Snellen is a localised lowland species (Ackery

and Vane-Wright 1984, Parsons 1998) that occurs on Gebe, Seram, Misool,

Salawati, Waigeo, Japen and eastwards throughout mainland New Guinea

(Ackery and Vane-Wright 1984, Parsons 1998). In Papua New Guinea, only

E. n. erana occurs. It is a distinctive subspecies, typically distinguished by its

broad, pale wing margins which contrast strikingly with the very dark brown

ground colour of the wings. The male has a prominent sex-brand distinctively

placed in the subterminal area of the forewing upperside below vein CuA;

(Fig. 7). In Australia, the species was previously known only from a male

collected on Dauan Island, Torres Strait in May 1995 (Johnson and Valentine

1997). Since 2004, three more specimens have been collected on Dauan (1

male, 2 females) and another female has been collected on nearby Saibai. The

external facies of all known specimens are consistent with the male illustrated

by Johnson and Valentine (1997) and the male and female illustrated here

(Figs 7-8).

The male and female specimens collected in 2004 were flying in sparse vine

thicket bordering mangroves, while the two females netted more recently (in

2006) were roosting under a flowering Terminalia sp. All females flew in a

relatively lazy manner and were easily netted, while the male flew briskly

about a metre above the ground. It is remarkable that, despite intensive

collecting of Euploea spp. on Dauan and Saibai since 2001, only four

specimens of this species have been collected.

E. tulliolus dudgeonis (Grose-Smith)

(Figs 9-12)

Material examined. QUEENSLAND: 12 Co, 9 99, Dauan Island, Torres Strait,

25.iv.2000 (9), 8.v.2000 (07), 18.v.2000 (07), 3.iv.2001 (07), 4.iv.2001 (9), 20.iv.2001

(©), 16.1.2004 (07), 18.1.2004 (4 O70", 299), 17.xii.2005 (07, 2 99), 19.xii.2005 (9),

23.xii.2005 (0), 25.xii.2005 (2 99), 29.xii.2005 (0), AIK (TLIKC); 1 07, same data

except 11.v.2001 (ANIC); 3 (0, 1 9, same data except 18.ii.2004 (3 o'd), 10.1.2006

(9), TAL (TLIKC); 1 0%, Saibai Island, Torres Strait, 15.v.2001, AIK (TLIKC); 1 ©,

1 $, Yam Island, Torres Strait, 11-12.vi.1992, AIK (JFDC). PAPUA NEW GUINEA:

1 o", Subitana (Central District), 1800 ft, 10.vii.1949, WWB & EJLH (ANIC); 1 0",

same data except 12.x.1949; 1 9, same data except xii.1949; 7 o'0", Sambio, Mumeng,

Morobe Province, xii.1984 (2 070°), 1.1985 (5 o'0°), IFTA (TLIKC); 2 o’0", Bulolo,

Morobe Province, i.1985, IFTA (TLIKC).

22 Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (1)

E. tulliolus dudgeonis/tulliolus intermediates

(Figs 13-14)

Material examined. QUEENSLAND: 5 oo", 6 99, Dauan Island, Torres Strait,

31.iii.2001 (0%), 16.1.2004 (9), 18.1.2004 (0%, 9), 24.1.2004 (0%, 9), 17.xi1.2005 (2 0107),

25.xii.2005 (2 99), 4.ii.2006 (9), AIK (TLIKC); 1 d, Yam Island, Torres Strait,

20.vii.1977, CGM (CGMO); 1 ©, same data except 11-12.vi.1992, AIK (TLIKC);

2 99, same data except 11-12.vi.1992, AIK (JFDC); 1 9, Green Hill, Thursday Island,

Torres Strait, 12-15.iv.1992, TAL (TLIKC); 1 o, Campbell Island, Torres Strait,

3.iv.1987, MDB (MDBC).

E. tulliolus tulliolus (Fabricius)

(Figs 15-16)

Material examined. QUEENSLAND: 2 co, 2 99, Dauan Island, Torres Strait,

20.iv.2001 (9), 21.iv.2001 (0), 25.xii.2005 (0%), 7.ii.2006 (9), AIK (TLIKC); 1 ©,

Murray Island, Torres Strait, 2.v.1984, NG (QDPIFC); 2 99, same data except 29.v.-

3.vi.1985, JFD & EH (QDPIFC); 3 d'9, 3 99, same data except 29,ii1.-4.iv.1986,

MDB (MDBO); 4 99, same data except TAL (JFDC); 4 (0, 3 99, same data except

TAL (TLIKO); 1 C, 1 9, same data except TAL (QDPIFC); 6 d'o, 1 9, same data

except 30.iii.1990, JFD (JFDC); 2 (0, 1 9, same data except 13.1.1994, TAL

(TLIKC); 1 0%, 3 99, same data except 14.1.1994 (0%), 15.1.1994 (2 99), 14.v.1994 ($)

TAL (JFDC); 1 0’, same data except 7.iv.2001, SSB (TLIKC); 5 00’, Darnley Island,

Torres Strait, 1-2.iv.1987, MDB (MDBC); 1 C, Thursday Island, Torres Strait, 27-

30.iii.1987, MDB (MDBC); 1 C, 1 9, Campbell Island, Torres Strait, 3.iv.1987, MDB

(MDBC); 1 0%, Yam Island, Torres Strait, 24.iii.1994, TAL (JFDC); 1 0’, Jara Ck., W.

of Tully, 13.v.1979, TAL (QDPIFC); 2 Cc, Flying Fish Pt., 14.v.1979, TAL

(QDPIFC); 1 9, Mackay, 18.v.1971, JFD (JFDC); 2 d'o, 1 9, Yeppoon, 1.v.1985 (O"),

10.v.1987 (07), 24-30.vi.1990 (9), AIK (TLIKC); 1 C, 1 9, 3 km E of Palmwoods,

22.i1.1978, JFD (JFDC); 1 0’, Maleny, 24.ii.1974, TAL (QDPIFC); 2 d'0, 1 9, same

data except 9.iii.1975; 1 9, same data except 25.1.1976; 4 O'0", 1 9, Mt. Beerburrum,

29.1.1977, TAL (QDPIFC); 1 o, Currumbin, 2.iii.l980, TAL (TLIKC). NEW

SOUTH WALES: 1 C, Victoria Pk., 7.ii.1974, TAL (QDPIFC).

Discussion. Euploea tulliolus is widespread from Taiwan and southern China,

through the Malay Peninsula, the Philippines, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, Sumba,

Sumbawa, Flores and New Guinea, eastwards to Vanuatu and Fiji and south

to northeastern Australia (Ackery and Vane-Wright 1984, Parsons 1998). It is

absent from Timor, Sulawesi and the eastern Lesser Sunda Islands (M. De

Baar, unpublished data). Closer to Australia, E. t dudgeonis occurs

throughout mainland Papua New Guinea (Parsons 1998), while the nominate

race, E. t. tulliolus, is restricted to Australia, occurring in Torres Strait,

throughout Cape York Peninsula and coastal Queensland, to northern New

South Wales (Braby 2000). Euploea t. dudgeonis differs from E. t. tulliolus in

possessing much smaller forewing subapical and subterminal white markings

on both upper and undersides, a more intense blue sheen on the forewing

upperside, and vibrant blue patches overlying these upperside white markings

(Figs 9-10) (Parsons 1998, ANIC). The difference between the sizes of the

forewing white markings of both taxa is particularly diagnostic when viewed

Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (1) 23

from the underside; the white markings of E. t. dudgeonis appear as spots or

dots, while in E. t. tulliolus they are prominent bars, particularly in the spaces

above veins Mı and M, (Figs 9-16). Within Papua New Guinea, E. t.

dudgeonis is a variable taxon, with specimens from Morobe Province (Bulolo

and Sambio) having the white forewing markings reduced markedly to white

dots, while a male illustrated by Parsons (1998), and specimens examined

(ANIC) from Subitana in Central Province, very closely resemble individuals

from Dauan and Yam Islands (Figs 9-12). Despite the variability of E. t.

dudgeonis, it always has the blue sheen on the upperside of the forewing but

never has the distinctive long, subapical white bars that E. t. tulliolus

consistently has (44 males and 26 females examined; Braby 2000).

In Torres Strait, collection records indicate that the species has a patchy

distribution (Lambkin and Knight 2005), likely related to the distribution of

the larval host plant, Trophis scandens (Lour.) Hook. & Arn. (Moraceae).

Lambkin and Knight (2005) discussed the distribution of E. tulliolus in

Torres Strait and concluded that it was confined to islands with stands of

beach or monsoon forest, and was known from the following islands: in the

east of the strait (Murray, Darnley, Campbell and Dalrymple [just west of

Campbell]), in the centre (Moa, Sue and Yam), in the south from Thursday

Island, and from Dauan Island in the north (Fig. 17). Until now, all Torres

Strait material was believed to be E. t. tulliolus. However, an examination of

material from Campbell, Darnley, Dauan, Murray, Saibai, Thursday and Yam

Islands has shown that many specimens from Dauan (26 of 45) (Figs 11-12),

two of seven known from Yam, and a male from Saibai were identical to E. t.

dudgeonis from Papua New Guinea, particularly those from Central Province

(ANIC) (Parsons 1998) (Figs 9-10). Almost all specimens examined from

other Torres Strait islands were typical E. t. tulliolus (Figs 15-16), with a

number of intermediate forms recorded, predominately from Dauan and Yam

(Fig. 13), but also from Campbell and Thursday Islands (Fig. 14).

Ackery and Vane-Wright (1984) alluded to the taxonomic problems that

occur with the various “races” of E. tulliolus. They based this view primarily

on ecological data observed in several countries throughout its range, and

concluded that the taxon probably represents a group of sibling species. In

support of this premise, E. t. dudgeonis from Dauan and Yam Islands has a

distinct seasonality that is somewhat different from that of E. t. tulliolus

recorded from other Torres Strait islands (Braby 2000). On other islands in

Torres Strait where the species occurs, it is generally widespread and

common, and is observed throughout the year (unpublished records,

Waterhouse and Lyell 1914, De Baar 1988, Lambkin and Knight 1990).

Conversely, on Dauan Island, where one of us (AIK) has collected

intensively over the period from December to May (with other unpublished

records from November), and on Yam (unpublished collection records from

March, April, June and July), collection records indicate that E. t. dudgeonis

is generally rare but may be occasional locally with flight mostly restricted to

24 Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (l)

two main periods (Fig. 18). Most specimens recorded are from a first “brood”

that occurs at the onset of the wet season in December and January, While a

second ‘brood’ principally occurs in April and May. On Dauan, both sexes of

E. t. dudgeonis fly in vine thicket margins, where they visit blossom of

Melaleuca, Terminalia and mangrove species, and roost or congregate with

other Euploea spp under Terminalia spp, mangroves and in bamboo thickets.

PAPUA NEW GUINEA

Fig. 17. Torres Strait, Queensland: recorded distribution of Euploea tulliolus

dudgeonis (1), E. t. tulliolus (2) and sympatric zone (3), with locations of some known

intermediate specimens indicated with ¢.

The two taxa, currently classified as subspecies, might well be separate

species forming a hybrid zone in Torres Strait, as is the suspicion for other

Euploea spp. (De Baar 1991). This is further evidence in support of Ackery

and Vane-Wright’s (1984) sibling species supposition. Nonetheless, this

current study indicates that E. t. dudgeonis occurs exclusively in Papua New

Guinea and, in Australia, on Dauan and Yam Islands in Torres Strait.

Moreover, typical E. t. tulliolus occurs solely in eastern Australia and Torres

Strait, where it is recorded infrequently in the north of the strait. Thus, a

sympatric zone occurs on Dauan and Yam, with intermediates found

predominately on these two islands and, occasionally, on other islands such

as Campbell and Thursday (Fig. 17).

Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (1) 25

rot

3 —

- l

| ] |

Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

Month

Number of specimens collected

Fig. 18. Seasonality of Euploea tulliolus dudgeonis in Torres Strait, Queensland

(Dauan, Saibai and Yam Islands); data based on November to June collection records

(n = 29).

Acknowledgements

We thank the local community councils of Saibai and Dauan Islands for

permitting field collections. Appreciation is given to S.S. Brown, M. De

Baar, J.F. Donaldson (including QDPIFC, Brisbane), E.D. Edwards (ANIC,

Canberra), S.J. Johnson (QMTQ, Townsville), C.G. Miller, G. Thompson

(QM, Brisbane) and P.S. Valentine for access to specimens held in their

collections. J.S. Bartlett gave valuable support by formatting and preparing

the map and colour plates.

References

ACKERY, P.R. and VANE-WRIGHT R.I. 1984, Milkweed butterflies. British Museum (Natural

History), London; ix + 425 pp.

BRABY, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution.

CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood; xx + 976 pp.

CORBET, A.S. and PENDLEBURY, H.M. 1978. The butterflies of the Malay Peninsula. 3rd

edition, revised by J.N. Eliot. Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur; 578 pp.

D'ABRERA, B. 1978. Butterflies of the Australian Region. 2nd edition. Lansdowne, Melbourne;

415 pp.

DE BAAR, M. 1991. Euploea core corinna (Macleay) and Euploea algea amycus Miskin

(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) form hybrids within Torres Strait, Queensland. Australian

Entomological Magazine 18(1): 45-47.

26 Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (1)

DE BAAR, M. 1988. Insects collected during a trip to Torres Strait 27 March to 10 April, 1987.

News Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Queensland 15(9): 107-117.

JOHNSON S.J. and VALENTINE P.S. 1997. Further observations and records for butterflies

(Lepidoptera) in northern Australia. Australian Entomologist 24(4): 155-158.

LAMBKIN, T.A. and KNIGHT, A.I. 1990. Butterflies recorded from Murray Island, Torres

Strait, Queensland. Australian Entomological Magazine 17(4): 101-112.

LAMBKIN, T. A. 2001. The life history of Euploea alcathoe monilifera (Moore) and its

relationship to E. a. eichorni Staudinger (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae). Australian

Entomologist 31 (4): 177-180.

LAMBKIN, T.A. 2005. Euploea alcathoe misenus Miskin (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in Torres

Strait, Queensland. Australian Entomologist 32(4): 145-153.

LAMBKIN, T.A. and KNIGHT, A.L. 2005. New Australian butterfly records (Lepidoptera) from

Saibai and Dauan Islands, Torres Strait, Queensland. Australian Entomologist 32(2): 49-54.

MEYER, C.E., BROWN, S.S. and WEIR, R.P. 2004. The first record of Euploea modesta lugens

Butler (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae) from Australia. Australian Entomologist 31(4):

177-180.

MISKIN, W. H. 1890. A revision of the Australian species of Euploea, with synonymic notes,

and descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales (2)

(n.s.) 4(4): 1037-1046.

MONTEITH, G. B. 1987. History of biological collecting at Cape York, Queensland 1770-1970.

Queensland Naturalist 28 (1-4): 42-51.

MORISHITA, K. 1985. Danaidae. In: Butterflies of the South East Asian islands, Vol II. Plapac

Co. Ltd, Tokyo; 623 pp.

OLLIFF, A.S. 1891. Stray notes on Lepidoptera No II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of

New South Wales (2) (n.s.) 6(1): 27-30.

PARSONS, M.J. 1991. Butterflies of the Bulolo-Wau valley. Handbook No. 12 of the Wau

Ecology Institute. Bishop Museum Press, Honolulu; 280 pp.

PARSONS, M.J. 1998. The butterflies of Papua New Guinea: their systematics and biology.

Academic Press, London; xvi + 736 pp.

SCHEERMEYER, E. 1999. The crows, Euploea species, with notes on the blue tiger, Tirumala

hamata (Nymphalidae: Danainae). Pp 191-216, in: Kitching, R.L., Scheermeyer, E., Jones R.E.

and Pierce, N.E. (eds), Biology of Australian butterflies. Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera,

Vol. 6. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood; 395 pp.

TINDALE, N.B. 1923. On Australian Rhopalocera. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal

Society of South Australia 47: 342-354, pls 28-30.

WATERHOUSE, G.A. and LYELL, G. 1914. The butterflies of Australia. Angus and Robertson,

Sydney; vi + 239 pp.

WHITTELL, H.M. 1954. The literature of Australian birds. Paterson Brokensha, Perth.

Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (1): 27-32 27

LEG AUTOTOMY AND REGENERATION IN A POPULATION

OF DIDYMURIA VIOLESCENS (LEACH) (PHASMATODEA:

PHASMATIDAE) IN NEW SOUTH WALES, AUSTRALIA

TARA L. MAGINNIS! and LAWRENCE P. MAGINNIS?

'Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59801, USA

(Current address: St. Edward’s University, 3001 South Congress Avenue, Austin, Texas 78704,

USA; email: taram@stedwards.edu)

?1301 East Dean Keeton FC-8, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78722, USA

(email: larry.maginnis@austin.utexas.edu)

Abstract

A population of the spurlegged phasmatid, Didymuria violescens (Leach), was surveyed in New

South Wales, Australia, in order to determine rates of leg autotomy and regeneration in natural

environments, Autotomy was common during all instars, and rates of regeneration ranged from

~10% in nymphs to ~25% in adults. Autotomy and/or regeneration also appeared to negatively

affect survivorship.

Introduction

All phasmids have the ability to shed and regenerate legs (Bordage 1905,

Ramme 1931, Carlberg 1986, Brock 1999). There are two advantages in

shedding legs (autotomy): predation avoidance and moulting. If a predator

grabs a leg instead of the body, the animal can shed the leg and survive. In

addition, legs can be lost to a fouled moult. Phasmids moult upside down and

separate themselves from their old exoskeleton with elaborate twisting and

turning manoeuvres. During moulting, the long, thin legs, so effective at

conferring crypsis, can become entangled in the old cuticle and must be shed

to survive.

Complete replacement of a lost leg requires three consecutive instars, each

moult producing a successively larger leg. The first moult after leg loss

produces a leg about one-quarter the normal size, the second moult produces

a leg about half the normal size, and the third moult produces a leg that is

~10% smaller than a non-regenerated leg (see Figure 1). Regenerated legs

never attain their full proportions, even with several moults remaining in their

life cycle (Ramme 1931, Carlberg 1986, 1992, T. Maginnis personal

observation). Hatchlings which lose a leg during the first instar do not

produce regenerated legs until the third instar and, with the exception of the

instar before maturity, nymphs always commence the regeneration process

(T. Maginnis personal observation).

As in many other species with regenerative capacities, little is known about

how often phasmids lose and regenerate legs in natural environments.

Didymuria violescens (Leach), the spurlegged phasmatid, is an ideal species

to explore this because it is a forest pest in many higher elevation areas of

Victoria and New South Wales (Campbell and Hadlington 1967, Neuman ef

al. 1977, Schoenborn et al. 2003), and large samples are easily collected.

28 Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (1)

The goals of this field study were: (i), to sample a population from hatching

to maturity to determine rates of autotomy and regeneration, and (ii), to

explore if autotomy/regeneration affected survivorship.

Methods

An outbreak population of D. violescens was located in Bago State Forest,

New South Wales, on 19 November, 2003 and studied until 6 February, 2004

(insects hatched in November and took ~3 months to mature). A survey of

the area determined the outbreak to be approximately 50 m x 120 m (while

some individuals were found outside this area, the majority of individuals

were found within it). Within the 50 x 120 m plot, we set up 5 transects, each

120 m long and 8 m apart. Nymphs were collected along each transect. Each

individual was measured for body length, examined for missing and/or

regenerated legs, and released where it was collected. The measurements

were used to ascribe each specimen to instar using the data of Neuman (1974)

as follows: instar 1 = 1.80 cm (S.E. + 0.5 cm), instar 2 = 2.88 cm (S.E. + 0.5

cm), instar 3 = 3.89 cm (S.E. + 0.6 cm), instar 4 = 5.74 cm (S.E. + 0.8 cm),

instar 5 = 7.67 cm (S.E. + 0.8 cm), adult/instar 6 = 8.68 cm (S.E. + 0.8 cm).

Since the sexes are not distinguishable until the 3rd instar, rates of autotomy

and regeneration for males and females were combined until maturity. After

all transects were completed (approximately 10 days), we did not re-sample

the area for another 5-10 days. This waiting period was sufficient to allow

moulting to the next instar and minimized the likelihood of measuring the

same individual in the same instar twice. The population was sampled during

all instars except the fifth; these individuals can have completely regenerated

legs that are only slightly shorter than non-regenerated legs, precluding

scoring of regenerated legs in the field.

In addition to the data collected on the instar 1-4 nymphs, 803 adults (411

males, 392 females) were collected and brought back to the laboratory. We

measured their body length and all six leg lengths. Because regenerated legs

are always smaller than non-regenerated legs, paired t-tests between opposite

legs (e.g. both front legs, both middle legs, and both hind legs) were used to

identify regenerated legs.

To test if autotomy/regeneration affected survivorship, two ‘expected’ rates

of regeneration were calculated. First, we calculated the minimum ‘expected’

rate of leg regeneration in adults by summing the rates of autotomy we

observed in instars 2-4, since these individuals presumably commenced the

regeneration process. Rates of autotomy for instar 1 individuals were not

included in this ‘expected rate’ because they do not commence regeneration

until instar 3; our proportion of instar 2 individuals missing one leg (13.2%)

likely included many of the instar 1 individuals missing one leg (7.7%). Thus,

if losing a leg had little or no effect on survival we expected at least 34.0% of

sampled adults to have a partially or completely regenerated leg based on the

observed rates of autotomy in instars 2-4 (13.2% instar 2 + 11.2% instar 3 +

Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (1) 29

9.6% instar 4 = 34.0%, see Table 1). Second, we calculated a minimum

‘expected’ rate of completely regenerated legs in adults by summing the rates

of partially regenerated legs in instars 3 and 4, again because these

individuals presumably completed the regeneration process (10.2% + 8.7% +

3.2% = 22.1%, see Table 1). Thus, if regenerating a leg has little or no effect

on survival we expected to see at least 22.1% of sampled adults with

completely regenerated legs. Although we did not sample instar 5,

individuals that lose a leg at this instar do not regenerate it, and would

therefore not contribute to the overall rates of partially or completely

regenerated legs in adults.

Results and discussion

Didymuria violescens lost legs during all stages of development (Table 1). In

each nymphal instar, approximately 10% of the individuals were missing one

leg. A relatively high proportion of adults (15.3%) showed evidence of new

leg losses, but this figure represents new loses during both instar 5 and adults.

Approximately 25% of all sampled adults regenerated at least one leg during

development (24.2% of males [n = 411]; 25.6% of females [n = 392]). 5.7%

of adults had two regenerated legs and 3.2% had three or more (n = 803).

Autotomy and/or regeneration appeared to have negatively affected

survivorship. Based on how often nymphs lose legs, we expected to see at

least 34% of the adults in this population with evidence of regeneration but

sampling revealed only 25.2% (9.4% of adults with partially regenerated legs

+ 14.8% of adults with completely regenerated legs). This pattern persisted

when we used partial leg regeneration instead of autotomy to predict

regeneration rates in adults. Based on the proportion of individuals with

partially regenerated legs in instars 3 and 4, we expected to see at least 22.1%

of adults with completely regenerated legs but sampling revealed 14.8%.

Although we did not have data on the proportion of instar 5 individuals with

partially or completely regenerated legs, it is likely the decreased

survivorship patterns would persist and/or be strengthened by these data.

In addition, progression through instars generally showed a drop of a few

percent in sequential regeneration. For example, 13.2% of instar 2 individuals

were missing a leg and only 10.2% of instar 3 individuals had a first stage

regenerated leg. Similarly, 11.2% of instar 3 individuals were missing a leg

and only 8.7% of instar 4 individuals had a first stage regenerated leg. It is

also noteworthy that only 3.2% of instar 4 individuals had a second stage

regenerated leg, while 10.2% of instar 3 individuals had a first stage

regenerated leg. This might suggest: (i), a sampling error or (ii), a

disproportionately severe survivorship effect on instar 3 individuals with a

first stage regenerated leg in this population.

All these patterns suggest decreased survivorship in individuals that are

missing and/or in the process of regenerating legs. They are consistent with

30 Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (1)

Table 1. Frequencies of leg autotomy and regeneration in a population of Didymuria

violescens.

a —— GG ln—'—'———=k——r—

Instar Number % of N % of N in % of N in % of N with

(N) missing first stage of second stage completely

one leg regeneration of regeneration regenerated

legs

| 482 7.7 - - -

2 502 13.2 - - -

3 509 11.2 10.2 - -

4 519 9.6 8.7 BI, -

5 Not sampled

Adult 803 15.3 - 9.4 14.8

Fig. 1. Regenerated legs in Didymuria violescens: (left) an individual with a front

right leg in the first stage of regeneration; (right) an individual with both front legs in

the second stage of regeneration.

Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (1) 31

studies on crabs (Decapoda: Brachyura) that revealed a low percentage of

adults with regenerated appendages compared with the high proportion of

non-adults that were missing appendages (Savage et al: 1975, McVean and

Findlay 1979, Lysenko et al. 2000). A mark-recapture study would further

test the effects of autotomy and/or regeneration on survivorship.

Conclusion

Sampling D. violescens during their development revealed patterns about

how often legs are autotomised and regenerated, as well as insight into its

effects on survivorship. Recognizing that leg autotomy and regeneration

occurred in approximately 25% of individuals in this population suggests that

factors affecting autotomy and regeneration may be important agents of

selection. More field research into other species will reveal if the rates of

autotomy and/or regeneration in D. violescens are typical of other phasmids.

Acknowledgements

We thank Nick Collett (Melbourne University) and Peter Haenig (State

Forests of New South Wales) for their assistance before, during and after this

field study. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments

on the manuscript and Doug Emlen for his ideas and support. This research

was funded by the National Science Foundation (# 0309038), Sigma Xi, and

The University of Montana. We dedicate this project to the memory of Alex

Marshall of Tumbarumba, NSW, our field assistant and truly altruistic young

man.

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NEUMAN, F.G. 1974. Autecology and control of Didymuria violescens (Leach) (Phasmatodea:

Phasmatidae) inhabiting the central highlands of Victoria. M.Sc. thesis, University of New

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NEUMAN, F.G., HARRIS, J.A. and WOOD, C.H. 1977. The phasmatid problem in mountain

ash forests of the central highlands of Victoria. Forests Commission Bulletin No. 25. Forests

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RAMME, W. 1931. Verlust und herabsetzung der fruchtbarkeit bei macropteren individuen sonst

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SAVAGE, T., SULLIVAN, J.R. and KALMAN, C.E. 1975. An analysis of stone crab landings

on Florida’s west coast, with a brief synopsis of the fishery. Florida Marine Research

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THE AUSTRALIAN

Entomologist

Volume 34, Part 1,1 March 2007 -

CONTENTS

LAMBKIN, T.A. AND KNIGHT, A.I.

Confirmation of Euploea leucostictos (Gmelin) and E. netscheri erana

(Fruhstorfer) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in Torres Strait,

Queensland, and the first record of E. tulliolus dudgeonis (Grose-Smith) in Australia.

MAGINNIS, T.L. AND MAGINNIS, L.P.

Leg autotomy and regeneration in a population of Didymuria

violescens (Leach) (Phasmatodea: Phasmatidae) in New South Wales, Australia.

MOUND, L.A. AND TREE, D.J.

Oriental and Pacific Thripidae (Thysanoptera) new to Australia, with a

new species of Pseudodendrotbrips Schmutz.

OLIVE, J.C.

A new species of Gudanga Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) from

northern Queensland.

ISSN 1320 6133