THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

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Cover: Parobia alipilus Seeman & Nahrung (Podapolipidae) is one of three sexually-

transmitted mites that infest the eucalyptus leaf beetle Paropsis atomaria. The adult

male (pictured) is unlike the female: his legs have spurs, the genital capsule is mid-

dorsal and the fourth pair of legs is modified. Nevertheless, Parobia species are

among the most mite-like of the Podapolipidae, where physogastry and loss of legs is

common and some males have their genitalia on prongs above their heads. Parobia

mites are often more common on female beetles and at least one species significantly

reduces survival of the host during overwintering. Illustration by Owen Seeman.

Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (3): 65-75 65

NEW RECORDS OF BUTTERFLIES (LEPIDOPTERA) IN THE

PILBARA REGION OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA, WITH

COMMENTS ON THE USE OF MALAISE TRAPS FOR

MONITORING

S.G. GINN, D.R. BRITTON and M.W. BULBERT

Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney, NSW. 2010

Abstract

New distribution records, range extensions and temporal data are presented for Taractrocera

anisomorpha (Lower), Proeidosa polysema (Lower), Zizina labradus labradus (Godart), Zizula

hylax attenuata (T.P. Lucas), Candalides erinus (Fabricius), Candalides heathi heathi (Cox),

Famegana alsulus alsulus (Herrich-Schaffer), Theclinesthes serpentata serpentata (Herrich-

Schäffer), Euploea core corinna (Cramer), Hypolimnas bolina nerina (Fabricius), Elodina

walkeri Butler and Delias aganippe (Donovan) from the Pilbara region, Western Australia. New

temporal data for Jalmenus clementi H.H. Druce, Theclinesthes miskini miskini (T.P. Lucas),

Nacaduba biocellata biocellata (C. & R. Felder), Ogyris amaryllis meridionalis (Bethune-

Baker), Ogyris oreotes (Hewitson), Vanessa kershawi (McCoy) and Elodina padusa (Hewitson)

in Western Australia are also presented. The potential benefits of Malaise trapping for long term

monitoring of butterflies in remote locations are discussed.

Introduction

The Pilbara region of west-central Western Australia makes a significant

contribution to the Australian economy due to its rich iron ore reserves. The

geological features are well known, but the regional biodiversity is poorly

understood. In recent years, survey effort by the Western Australian

Government Department of Conservation, the private sector and partners has

increased in order to build the biological knowledge base of the Pilbara. The

Australian Museum, in partnership with the mining company Rio Tinto,

initiated the BioMaps: Pilbara Regional Program, which aims to contribute to

the description and characterisation of the Pilbara invertebrate fauna by

correlating the species richness of select invertebrate taxa with a range of

spatial, temporal, climatic and disturbance variables within the region.

A component of this program was the establishment of long term monitoring

stations across the Central Pilbara region (southern reaches of the Hamersley

subregion -PIL3) (Naturebase 2006). Each station consisted of a Malaise trap

and a pitfall trap. The examination of Malaise trap catches, in conjunction

with opportunistic observations and collections during the study, gave an

insight into butterfly diversity and seasonality throughout the Central Pilbara

region. This work highlights the potential value of Malaise traps as a tool for

collecting information on butterfly populations in remote areas.

Materials and methods

Site descriptions

Long-term monitoring sites were established at five locations on Hamersley

Station and three locations on Juna Downs Station in the Pilbara region. Site

66 Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (3)

locations were selected to represent four vegetation structures dominant in

this region:

(1) Short bunch grassland — kangaroo grass Themeda spp. (Poaceae);

(2) Low woodland — mulga Acacia aneura group;

(3) Hummock grasslands, low tree steppe — snappy gum Eucalyptus brevifolia

F.Muell. (Myrtaceae) over limestone spinifex Triodia wiseana C.A. Gardner

(Poaceae);

(4) Hummock grassland, shrub steppe — mulga Acacia aneura group, kanji

Acacia pyrifolia D.C., A. inaequilatera Domin over soft spinifex Triodia

pungens R.Br. and lobed spinifex Triodia basedowii E.Pritz.

An additional station was placed in snakewood Acacia xiphophylla E.Pritz

shrubland.

Sampling

Each site was sampled using one Malaise trap (Light-Weight Townes Trap

Model 3412) and one pitfall trap (95 mm diameter). Both traps used ethylene

glycol as a preservative. Samples were taken at six-weekly intervals from

May 2004 to May 2006, resulting in 12 sampling events (Table 1). Traps

were operated for five days per sample. The material was transported in the

original ethylene glycol to the Australian Museum, Sydney for identification

and curation. They were then transferred to 80% ethanol. Selected specimens

were removed, dried, relaxed and set for detailed examination of wing

patterns and other characters. Identification was based on comparison with

specimens in the collection at the Australian Museum or by using Braby

(2000). All specimens examined are held in the Australian Museum

collection. Unless otherwise stated, all specimens listed are from the Pilbara

region and were captured using malaise traps.

Opportunistic sweep netting was also conducted throughout broad-scale

survey periods and the occasional long-term sampling periods.

Results

Of the 526 butterfly specimens collected in this study, 524 were identified.

Twenty-four species were recorded, compared with the nine species

previously recorded from the Hamersley subregion. Nineteen of the 35

species known from the Pilbara region (Dunn and Dunn 1991, Braby 2000)

were identified during the survey, together with five species not recorded

previously. Seventeen species were collected by Malaise trap, with the

remainder recorded as opportunistically netted specimens or based on reliable

sightings.

Significant range extensions were noted for 12 of the butterfly species. These

ranged from 50 to 1700 km from the nearest historical records. The data set

also revealed previously undocumented information on adult flight period for

many of the species collected.

Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (3) 67

Table 1. Sampling dates for long term monitoring survey conducted in the Pilbara

Region, W.A. using malaise and pitfall traps. Sampling in May 2004 was part of an

initial broad scale survey. Sampling was conducted as close as possible to six-weekly

intervals from September 2004 to January 2006. No sampling event was conducted in

January 2005, due to field staff unavailability.

Sampling Event Range of Sampling Dates

l 27-30 May 2004

2 30 Sep — 6 Oct 2004

3 18-24 Nov 2004

4 16-20 Feb 2005

5 13-18 April 2005

6 19-25 May 2005

7 6-12 July 2005

8 12-17 Aug 2005

9 22-28 Sep 2005

10 28 Oct — 2 Nov 2005

11 3-8 Jan 2006

12 15-19 May 2006 *

* Sampling in March washed out by cyclone.

Species accounts

HESPERIIDAE

Proeidosa polysema (Lower)

Material examined. 1 ©, 13-18.iv.2005, 4 km southwest of Tom Price Junction,

Nanutarra-Munjina Road, 22°29’S 117°41’E, CVA volunteers.

In the Pilbara region, P. polysema was known previously only from Exmouth

and Vlaming Head (Dunn and Dunn 1991). A shelter and larva of P.

polysema were observed 40 km west of the Yannarie River (Johnson and

Valentine 2004). The above record extends the range inland by about 310

km. The specimen resembles the ‘small-spot form’ rather than the ‘large-spot

form’ which has been associated with populations of this species in Western

Australia and Northern Territory (Braby 2000). An April flight date for this

species has not been recorded previously from northern Western Australia.

Taractrocera anisomorpha (Lower)

Material examined. 1 d, 16-20.ii.2005, Nanutarra-Wittenoom Rd, 10.8 km northeast

of Tom Price Junction, 22°26’S 117°48’E, M. Bulbert & S. Ginn.

On mainland W.A., T. anisomorpha was previously recorded only from the

Fortescue River (exact location unknown: Dunn and Dunn 1991) and

Learmonth, 22 km south of Exmouth on North West Cape (Williams et al.

1996). The above specimen confirms that the species’ range extends inland

approximately 300 km. Previous records from northern Western Australia

were in February (Williams et al. 1996) and May (Dunn and Dunn 1991).

68 Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (3)

PIERIDAE

Elodina padusa (Hewitson)

Material examined. 1 Of 28.x.2005-2.xi.2005, 1 © 15.v.2006-19.v.2006,

Nanutarra-Wittenoom Rd, 26.6 km northeast of Tom Price Junction, 22°21’S

117°54’E, CVA volunteers.

Elodina padusa was previously recorded flying in November in the Pilbara

region (Dunn and Dunn 1991). The range of sampling dates for the Malaise

traps indicate that the species flies in both October/November and May.

Elodina walkeri Butler

Material examined. | O, 28.x.2005-2.xi.2005, Juna Downs Access Rd, 5.3 km east of

Juna Downs Station, 22°52’S 118°31°E, CVA volunteers.

On mainland Western Australia, E. walkeri has been recorded only from the

Mitchell Plateau via Kununurra, in the extreme north of the State (Dunn and

Dunn 1991). The above specimen extends the State range in a southwesterly

direction by nearly 1400 km.

Delias aganippe (Donovan)

Material examined. | 0, 31.v.2004, Mt Nameless near Tom Price, 22°43'S 117°45'E,

D. Britton, (netted).

Talbot (1937) made vague reference to a specimen (in The Natural History

Museum, London) from somewhere between Carnarvon and Fortescue River.

Carnarvon was previously recognised as the northern limit of the range of D.

aganippe in Western Australia (Common and Waterhouse 1981). Williams et

al. (1993) have since recorded it from Learmonth, 300 km to the north of

Carnarvon. Our record of a hill-topping male increases the range inland and

to the east of Learmonth by approximately 384 km.

NYMPHALIDAE

Hypolimnas bolina nerina (Fabricius)

A single male was observed at Mount Robinson, 23°02’S 118°51’E, on

26.v.2006 at an altitude of ~520 m. In the Pilbara region, H. b. nerina has

been recorded from Onslow on the coast (Common and Waterhouse 1981).

Another specimen has been recorded from Mount Augustus National Park in

the Gascoyne region (Williams et al. 1993). Our observation indicates that

the inland range of this species extends at least a further 250 km to the

northeast.

Vanessa kershawi (McCoy)

Material examined. 1 °, 28.x.2005-2.xi.2005, 2.5 km southeast of Hamersley station,

22°18’S 117°41°E, CVA volunteers.

Vanessa kershawi has only been recorded flying in May in the Pilbara region.

The above specimen indicates that it also flies in October/November.

Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (3) 69

Euploea core corinna (Cramer)

Material examined. 1 °, ex-pupa, emerged 7.iii.2006, Dales Gorge, Karijini N.P.,

22°28’S 118°37’E, A. Donnelly & A. Hegedus.

Onslow is the nearest previous record to the Pilbara region for this species

(Common and Waterhouse 1981). The above pupa was located on grass,

which is presumed not to be the food plant. This record extends the

distribution of this species inland by approximately 370 km.

LYCAENIDAE

Ogyris oreotes (Hewitson)

Material examined. 1 9, 29.v.2004, Nanutarra-Wittenoom Rd, 1.7 km north of

Hamersley Rd turn off, 22°13'S 117°58'E, D. Britton & A. Donnelly (netted).

Ogyris oreotes populations from southwestern Western Australia have been

placed in subspecies O. 0. apiculata Quick, but those from the few isolated

records further north are supposed to belong to the ‘arid form’ (Braby 2000).

This is based largely on male fascies and it is not possible to determine if the

above specimen, a worn female, is of the ‘arid form’. A previous male

recorded from the Hamersley Range (Common and Waterhouse 1981)

corresponds to the ‘arid form’ description. The above female extends the

known flight period (September-November, January, March and April: Dunn

and Dunn 1991) to late May in Western Australia.

Ogyris amaryllis meridionalis (Bethune-Baker)

Material examined. 1 01, 19.ii.2005, Mt Nameless, near Tom Price, 800 m, 22°43'S

117°44'E, S. Ginn & M. Bulbert (netted).

In Western Australia, O. a. meridionalis has previously been recorded in

April, June and November (Dunn and Dunn 1991, Williams et al. 2006).

Jalmenus clementi H.H. Druce

Material examined. | °, 16-24.xi.2004, Juna Downs Access Rd, 5.3 km east of Juna

Downs Station, 22°52’S 118°31’E, CVA volunteers; 1 0%, 16-20.11.2005, 13.9 km

northeast of Tom Price Junction, Nanutarra-Munjina Road, 22°26’S 117°49’E, M.

Bulbert & S. Ginn; 1 07, 18.11.2005, 4 00%, 1 9, 20.11.2005, Hamersley Homestead, 50

km north of Tom Price, 22°16’S 117°41’E, M. Bulbert & S. Ginn (netted); 2 F'O’, 1 9,

20.11.2005, 15 km north of Tom Price, 22°40’S 117°46’E, M. Bulbert & S. Ginn

(netted); 5 d'o’, 19-24.v.2005, 1 °, 22-27.ix.2005, 1 ©, 6-1 L.vii.2005, 2 070", 2 99,

12-17. viii.2005, 2 o'o, 1 9, 28.x.2005-2.xi.2005, 4 km southwest of Tom Price

Junction, Nanutarra-Munjina Road, 22°29’S 117°41°E, CVA volunteers; 500,192,

13-18.iv.2005, 4 km southwest of Tom Price Junction, Nanutarra-Munjina Road,

22°29’S 117°41’E, M. Bulbert & G. Wood; 1 0%, 1 9, 26.v.2004, 10 km north from

Tom Price turnoff along Nanutarra-Wittenoom Rd. on left side, 22°32'S 117°38'E, D.

Britton (netted); 1 0, 3-8.i.2006, Great Northern Highway 24 km north of Juna

Downs exit, 22°41’S 118°42’E, A. Donnelly & CVA; 5 d0, 2 99, 3-8.1.2006,

Nanutarra-Munjina Rd, 4 km south-west of Tom Price Junction, 22°29’S 117°41’E,

A. Donnelly & CVA; 1 2, 15.v.2006-19.v.2006, Nanutarra-Wittenoom Rd, 26.6 km

northeast of Tom Price Junction, CVA volunteers.

70 Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (3)

Jalmenus clementi is endemic to the Pilbara and neighbouring regions,

including Tom Price (Dunn and Dunn 1991). The flight period has been

recorded as September to June (Braby 2000); survey data indicate that this

species also flies in mid-August. J. clementi is locally common and well

adapted to the extreme conditions of the Pilbara region. In February,

specimens were observed in flight in temperatures above 40°C. As noted by

Braby (2000), there was considerable variation observed in size. Specimens

examined in this study had single forewing lengths ranging from 12.5 to 17.9

mm, with an overall mean and mean standard error of 15.2 + 0.3 mm. The

source of this variation is unclear, as there were insufficient specimens to

enable further correlation with seasonal or other factors.

Candalides erinus (Fabricius)

Material examined. | 0’, 28.x.2005-2.xi.2005, 4 km southwest of Tom Price Junction,

Nanutarra-Munjina Road, 22°29’S 117°41’E , CVA volunteers.

Candalides erinus has been recorded as a coastal species in the Pilbara

Region. Its most southerly record in Western Australia is 16 km south of

Onslow (Dunn and Dunn 1991). The specimen collected during the current

survey increases the species’ range inland approximately 300 km in a

southeasterly direction.

Candalides heathi heathi (Cox)

Material examined. 2 99, 3-8.1.2006, Great Northern Highway 24 km north of Juna

Downs exit, 22°41’S 118°42’E, A. Donnelly & CVA.

In the Pilbara region, this species has been recorded at Wittenoom. The above

record extends its range southwards by approximately 50 km. C. h. heathi has

been recorded in this region in the months of August, October, February,

May and June (Dunn and Dunn 1991) and, in this survey, January.

Nacaduba biocellata biocellata (C. & R. Felder)

In most parts of Australia, N. b. biocellata flies throughout the year. It has

been recorded flying in September, October, April and May in the Pilbara

region (Dunn and Dunn 1991). The species was abundant in samples

throughout the surveyed region (78 00", 23 99) and from this we can confirm

that it flies throughout the year in the Pilbara.

Theclinesthes miskini miskini (T.P. Lucas)

The flight period for 7. m. miskini is throughout the year in the Northern

Territory (Braby 2000). Flight periods for Western Australia are July to

November and May (Dunn and Dunn 1991). A large number of specimens

(73 OO", 23 99) of T. m. miskini were captured during the survey period

throughout the surveyed region, indicating that adults also fly during

February and April.

Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (3) 71

Theclinesthes serpentata serpentata (Herrich-Shäffer)

Material examined. 1 ©, 22.iii.2006, Tom Price, hill adjacent to truck monument,

Tom Price-Paraburdoo Rd junction, 22°41’S 117°47’E, S. Ginn, (netted).

T. s. serpentata has been recorded from Roebourne on the Pilbara coast

(Braby 2000) and from Broome (Peters 2006), which represents the northern

limit of the species in Western Australia. The northernmost inland record in

the State is 62 km south of Mt Augustus (Williams et al. 1993). Our March

specimen from Tom Price extends the inland range approximately 220 km

southeast of Roebourne. This species has previously been recorded flying in

May in the Pilbara (Dunn and Dunn 1991).

Zizina labradus labradus (Godart)

Records for Z. |. labradus in the Pilbara region have generally been from

coastal locations. The species was abundant in samples throughout the

surveyed region (157 O70’, 65 99) and confirms that the species’ range

extends inland at least 250 km. In other parts of Australia it flies throughout

the year, In the Pilbara region, Z. l. labradus has been collected in August,

October, April and May (Dunn and Dunn 1991), Records from our survey

add September, November, February and June to the temporal data for this

species.

Famegana alsulus alsulus (Herrich-Schaffer)

Material examined. 1 0", 12-17.viii.2005, Juna Downs Access Rd, 5.3 km east of Juna

Downs Station, 22°52’S 118°31’E, CVA volunteers; 2 070’, 15.v.2006-19.v.2006,

Nanutarra-Wittenoom Rd, 10.8 km northeast of Tom Price Junction, 22°26’S

117°48’E, CVA volunteers.

F. a. alsulus has been recorded previously from Wittenoom (Dunn and Dunn

1991). The above records extend its range approximately 75 km to the

southeast.

Zizula hylax attenuata (T.P. Lucas).

Material examined. 1 0', 26.v.2004, 10 km N from Tom Price turnoff along

Nanutarra-Wittenoom Rd. on left side, 22°32'S 117°38', E, D. Britton, (netted); 1 0”,

15.v.2006 — 19.v.2006, Nanutarra-Wittenoom Rd, 10.8 km northeast of Tom Price

Junction, 22°26’S 117°48’E, CVA volunteers.

This species has not been recorded previously from Western Australia. The

Pilbara record extends its range from Darwin, Northern Territory to the

southwest by approximately 1700 km.

Other species

Belenois java teutonia (Fabricius), Junonia villida calybe (Godart), Danaus

petilia (Stoll), Papilio demoleus sthenelus W.S. Macleay, Catopsilia pomona

(Fabricius) and Eurema smilax (Donovan) were also collected during the

study.

72 Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (3)

Discussion

This study has expanded the number of butterfly species known from the

Hamersley subregion of the Pilbara from nine to 24. The new distribution

records indicate that many northern species have ranges that extend much

further south than previously thought, and that many species previously

considered to be coastal in distribution extend their ranges inland. The

majority of species were recorded flying outside their previously published

flight periods for this region (Dunn and Dunn 1991, Braby 2000).

The new range records provided for some species in this study can be related

to existing knowledge of food plant distributions in Western Australia.

Published food plant records were obtained from the literature (as reviewed

in Braby 2000) and compared with food plant distributions from FloraBase

(2006).

In Western Australia, the recorded food plant of Proeidosa polysema is soft

spinifex Triodia pungens (Braby 2000). T. pungens is widely distributed

throughout the northern part of the Pilbara region (Florabase 2006), so it is

reasonable to assume that other isolated populations of P. polysema exist.

Meyer (1996) and Muller (1998) found that Capparis sepiaria L.

(Capparaceae) is the food plant for Elodina walkeri in the Northern Territory

and Queensland, but in Western Australia this plant is restricted to areas

north of Broome (Florabase 2006). Three other Capparis species occur in the

Pilbara (Florabase 2006) and it is probable that Æ. walkeri is utilising one or

more of these.

Jalmenus clementi has been recorded on three Acacia (Mimosaceae) species:

A. alexandri Maslin, A. inaequilatera Domin and A. tetragonophylla F.Muell.

(Braby 2000). Of these, A. inaequilatera and A. tetragonophylla are known to

occur in the Pilbara region, although A. tetragonophylla appears to be more

broadly distributed (Florabase 2006). Based on the observations in this study

and the distribution of the food plant species, it is likely that J. clementi has a

much broader distribution than that indicated in Braby (2000).

Larvae of Candalides erinus have been recorded feeding on three Cassytha

(Lauraceae) species: C. filiformis L., C. pubescens R. Br. and C. aurea J.Z.

Weber (Braby 2000). Of these, only C. filiformis is known to occur widely in

the Pilbara and is likely to be the larval food plant for populations of C.

erinus in this region.

Braby (1997) observed females of Zizula hylax attenuata laying eggs on

Dipteracanthus australasicus F.Muell. (Acanthaceae) in brigalow woodlands

near Wandoan, Queensland. D. australasicus occurs in rocky watercourses

and floodplains in the Pilbara region (Florabase 2006) and is likely to be the

food plant for Z. h. attenuata in the Pilbara. The specimens collected in this

study were captured in a floodplain area, but the presence of the putative food

plant was not noted at the time.

Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (3) 73

An unidentified Euploea sp. was observed at Dales Gorge on 19.11.2005. A

specimen of E. c. corinna was also sighted on 2.vi.2006 at the same location.

These specimens, along with the one collected as a pupa (see results),

confirm the existence of a population in Dales Gorge. Numerous food plants

are known for E. c. corinna (summarised in Braby 2000). The most likely

food plant at Dales Gorge is large fig trees, Ficus sp., although no larvae

were found on these during searches conducted during the June 2006 survey.

The systematic sampling at fixed localities using Malaise traps provided

many of the new records in this study. Malaise traps are passive devices that

exploit the tendency for partially confined aerial insects to fly up towards

light. However, they are rarely used to examine lepidopteran diversity (Maeto

and Makihara 1999), although they have been effectively used to monitor

migratory patterns of some butterflies (Walker 2001). This may be due to the

perceived damage incurred by immersing the specimens in wet preservatives

or, in the case of dry jar Malaise traps, the mechanical damage caused by

other large insects such as beetles and grasshoppers entering the trap. Such

damage can make identifications difficult as wing scales are easily detached.

Information on the temporal and spatial distribution of butterfly species are

typically compiled from records attained by opportunistic netting and

regularly walked transects (Pollard and Yates 1993, New 1998).

In this study, we found that Malaise traps with a non-abrasive preservative

such as ethylene glycol can be used effectively to collect butterflies. Only

two specimens out of the 526 collected during the survey could not be

identified due to damage. Although Malaise trapping was successful for this

project, it is not our intention to suggest this should replace conventional

methods; to do so could potentially lead to an underestimate of diversity and

seasonality. Inuoe and Maeto (2002) have shown that species diversity and

abundance can be underestimated if only flight intercept traps are used. This

suggestion is supported by our own results, where seven of the species

recorded were not collected by Malaise traps. However, we suggest that they

are a valuable method for gathering information in remote areas, especially

when supplemented with other survey methods.

Conventional butterfly survey methods require personnel to actively and

regularly visit study areas. This can be time consuming and labour intensive,

especially if sites are remote. Conventional transect methods may not be

feasible for long-term studies in remote locations. Malaise traps, in contrast,

have the advantages of requiring little time to erect, a longer sampling period

(e.g. five days per site) and multiple traps running simultaneously at different

locations. Personnel erecting traps do not need to be trained in the

identification of butterflies, hence volunteers and other local persons can be

used to erect and clear traps. The end result is that a number of spatially

remote sites can be sampled at the same time with reduced labour and other

logistic costs.

74 Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (3)

It is hoped that this approach will lead to more systematic studies of insect

populations, including butterflies, in the remote areas of Australia. The new

distribution records presented here indicate that there is much more work

needed in remote parts of Australia before a good understanding of the broad-

scale distribution and seasonality of Australian butterflies is obtained.

Acknowledgements

The current research was conducted under CALM permit Nos SF004386 &

SF005351 and was funded by the Rio Tinto WA Future Fund and through the

Rio Tinto / Australian Museum partnership (www.amonline.net.au/

riotintopartnerships). The authors would like to thank the managers and

volunteers from Conservation Volunteers Australia (CVA) for their

assistance with fieldwork (Better Earth program) and specimen sorting

(Green Reserve program). We would also like to thank the managers of

Hamersley Station and Juna Downs Station for their assistance with the

project and staff of the Pilbara Iron environment department. The authors

gratefully acknowledge the support of the Australian Museum Trust.

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37: 2-7.

JOHNSON, S.J. and VALENTINE, P.S. 2004. Butterfly field notes from northwestern Australia

including new distributions of several species. Victorian Entomologist 34: 58-59.

MAETO, K. and MAKIHARA, H. 1999. Change in insect assemblages with secondary

succession of temperate deciduous forests after clear-cutting. Japanese Journal of Entomology 2:

11-26.

MEYER, C.E. 1996. Butterfly larval food plant list for the Northern Territory and the Kununurra

district in Western Australia. Victorian Entomologist 26: 66-72.

MULLER, C.J. 1998. New larval foodplant records for butterflies (Lepidoptera) in northern

Queensland. Australian Entomologist 25: 33-38.

NATUREBASE, 2006. (Accessed 9 March 2006). Attp:/www.naturebase.net/

NEW, T.R. 1998. Butterfly conservation. Second Edition, Oxford University Press, Melbourne;

260 pp.

PETERS, J.V. 2006. New distribution records for Australian butterflies (Lepidoptera).

Australian Entomologist 33: 113-114.

Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (3) 75

POLLARD, E. and YATES, T.J. 1993. Monitoring butterflies for ecology and conservation.

Chapman & Hall, London; 274 pp.

TALBOT, G. 1937. A monograph of the pierine genus Delias Hübner. Part VI, pp 261-656.

British Museum (Natural History), London.

WALKER, T.J. 2001. Butterfly migrations in Florida: seasonal patterns and long-term changes.

Environmental Entomology 30: 1052-1060.

WILLIAMS, A.A.E., WILLIAMS, M.R., HAY, R.W. and TOMLINSON, A.G. 1993. Some

distribution records and natural history notes on butterflies from Western Australia. Victorian

Entomologist 23: 126-131.

WILLIAMS, A.A.E., WILLIAMS, M.R. and SWANN, G. 2006. Records of butterflies

(Lepidoptera) from the Kimberley Region of Western Australia. Victorian Entomologist 36: 8-

16.

WILLIAMS, A.A.E., WILLIAMS, M.R., TOMLINSON, A.G. and LUNDSTROM, T.D. 1996.

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Victorian Entomologist 26: 29-34.

76 Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (3)

A RANGE EXTENSION FOR GRAPHIUM ARISTEUS PARMATUM

(GRAY) (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONIDAE) IN NORTHERN

QUEENSLAND

MARK HOPKINSON! and ALAN HOPKINSON?

131 Bilgola Drive, Kewarra Beach, Old 4870

?10 Alma Crescent, Emu Heights, NSW 2759

Abstract

Graphium aristeus parmatum (Gray) is newly recorded from 50 km east of Weipa, Cape York

Peninsula.

Introduction

In Australia, Graphium aristeus parmatum (Gray) has a patchy distribution in

eastern Queensland (Braby 2000). It is known from Cape York, Iron Range

to Mt White near Coen, Cooktown to Kuranda and Cairns, Undara lava tubes

near Mt Surprise, Bluewater State Forest and Mt Stuart near Townsville,

Mackay, Yeppoon and Rockhampton (Braby 2000) but has not been recorded

previously from the western side of Cape York Peninsula. Its life history was

discussed by Valentine and Johnson (1989).

Discussion

On 8 November 2005, several specimens of G. a. parmatum were sighted,

and a fresh male collected, flying along a dry creek bed (12°38'45.01"S,

142°16'21.79"E) about 50 km east of Weipa on the western side of Cape

York Peninsula. Here the Pax Piel Bridge, on the Peninsula Development

Road, passes over an often dry creek lined with gallery forest. Specimens of

G. a. parmatum were noted to be momentarily drinking moisture from sand

before continuing their rapid flight.

This record extends the distribution of G. a. parmatum WNW of Iron Range

by some 113 km. It is an interesting record, given that the species was not

recorded from Weipa by Hancock and Monteith (2004).

Additionally, a worn male of G. a. parmatum was sighted recently hill-

topping on a prominent roadside hill about 7 km NE of Mt Garnet [NE of Mt

Surprise], also in inland northern Queensland.

References

BRABY, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution.

CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne; xxvii + 976 pp.

HANCOCK, D.L. and MONTEITH, G.B. 2004. Some records of butterflies (Lepidoptera) from

western Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. Australian Entomologist 31: 21-24.

VALENTINE, P.S. and JOHNSON, S.J. 1989. Observations on the life history of Graphium

aristeus parmatum (Gray) (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Australian Entomological Magazine 16:

17-20.

Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (3): 77-83 77

A NEW SUBSPECIES OF JALMENUS INOUS HEWITSON

(LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE) FROM SHARK BAY,

WESTERN AUSTRALIA

STEPHEN J. JOHNSON! and PETER S. VALENTINE”

Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Bank, Old 4101

Earth and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811

Abstract

Jalmenus inous bronwynae subsp. n. is described for the first record of the genus Jalmenus

Hiibner from the Shark Bay area in Western Australia. The new subspecies is the smallest in the

genus and is isolated by more than 700 km from the nearest populations of related taxa. It is

recorded breeding on Acacia ligulata A. Cunn ex Benth, a species not previously known as a

host plant for Ja/menus. Immature stages are attended by two species of ants within the

Iridomyrmex rufoniger group.

Introduction

There appear to be no recent records of Ja/menus Hübner from the Shark Bay

area in Western Australia, despite some collection effort in the area during

the last 20 years. The record of Jalmenus inous Hewitson, from further north

at Carnarvon (Waterhouse and Lyell 1914), is presumably the basis for the

distribution map in Common and Waterhouse (1981). This record was

doubted by Braby (2000), whose map shows J. inous restricted to the far

southwest and including the distribution of J. i. notocrucifer Johnson, Hay &

Bollam. Both Common and Waterhouse (1981) and Braby (2000) showed the

distribution of Jalmenus icilius Hewitson as covering a large part of

southwestern Australia. Another species, J. clementi Druce, occurs 150 km

further north in the Northwest Cape region.

During September and November 2001, we located extensive colonies of a

distinctive Jalmenus species in the Shark Bay area, including numerous sites

at Denham, 24 km SSE of Denham and at Nanga Bay 52 km SSE of Denham.

Individuals of this species were uniformly small (smaller than J. aridus

Graham & Moulds and J. clementi) and had distinctive brown markings on

the underside of the wings, similar to those of J. aridus.

The following acronyms have been used for collectors and collections: ANIC

— Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, CGMC — Private

collection of C. G. Miller; DCEC — Department of Conservation and

Environment collection, Perth; MTQ — Museum of Tropical Queensland

collection, Townsville; QM — Queensland Museum collection, Brisbane; PSV

— P.S.Valentine; PSVC — Private collection of P. S. Valentine, Townsville;

SJJ - S.J.Johnson; WAM — West Australian Museum collection, Perth.

Jalmenus inous bronwynae subsp. n.

(Figs 1-6, 11)

Types. Holotype 0’, WESTERN AUSTRALIA: labelled ‘Denham WA 25°55’S

113°31°E, em 6 Oct 2001, S.J.Johnson’ (registered type No: 67396, in WAM).

78 Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (3)

Paratypes: 13 O70", 7 99, same data as holotype except dated 29 Sept 2001 (1 0%),

30 Sept 2001 (5 go, 1 $), em 3 Oct 2001 (1 0’, 1 9), em 4 Oct 2001 (1 0%, 1 9),

em 6 Oct 2001 (1 0%, 2 99), em 9 Oct 2001 (2 O07, 1 2), em 12 Oct 2001 (2 OC’, 1 9);

8 d'o, 1 ?, 4 km north west Denham, WA, 25°54’S 113°32’E, SJJ, 26 Sept 2001

(5 00’), 29 Sept 2001 (2 00"), em 14 Oct 2001 (1 2), em 17 Oct 2001 (1 o); 2 €,

24 km SSE Denham, WA, 11 Oct 2001, PSV (all MTQ); 1 g, 1 9, same data as

holotype except em 3 Oct 2001 (1 9), em 6 Oct 2001 (1 ©”); 1 9, 4 km north west

Denham, WA, 25°54’S 113°32’E, em 15 Oct 2001, SJJ (all QM); 1 0’, Denham, WA,

em 2 Oct 2001, SJJ, Conservation WA 7819; 1 9, Denham, WA, em. 4 Oct 2001, SJJ,

Conservation WA 7823; 1 ?, Denham, WA, em 4 Oct 2001, SJJ, Conservation WA

7824 (all DCEC); 47 d'o, 24 99, Denham, WA, 25°55’26”S 113°31°45”E, 9 Oct

2001 (4 007), 10 Oct 2001 (14 S, 1 9), 11 Oct 2001 (1 9), em 11 Oct 2001 (6 d'9,

3 99), em 12 Oct 2001 (3 00"), em 13 Oct 2001 (2 T'o, 1 2), em 14 Oct 2001 (4 F0,

2 99), em 15 Oct 2001 (2 OO", 4 99), em 16 Oct 2001 (3 OO", 2 9°), em 17 Oct 2001

(2 99), em 18 Oct 2001 (1 0%, 2 99), em 19 Oct 2001 (2 99), em 20 Oct 2001 (1 ©,

1 ?), em 21 Oct 2001 (1 2), em 23 Oct 2001 (3 OO", 1 %), em 24 Oct 2001 (2 €g,

1 2), 10 Oct 2001, Genitalia slide 023 (1 0%), em 23 Oct 2001, Genitalia slide 024

(1 0’), PSV; 3 d'o, 1 km NE Denham, WA, 25°55’16’S 113°31’45”E, 10 Oct 2001,

PSV; 8 00", 24 km S Denham, WA, 26°06°14”S 113°38’51”E, 11 Oct 2001, PSV (all

PSVC); 8 d'o, Denham, WA, 25°55’26”S 113°31°45”E, 10 Oct 2001 (4 00"), 11 Oct

2001 (1 0%), em 16 Oct 2001 (1 0”), em 18 Oct 2001 (2 00"), PSV (all ANIC); 3 00%,

Denham, WA, 20°55’26’S 113°31°45”E, 10 Oct 2001, PSV; 1 0’, 4 km north west

Denham, WA, 25°54’S 113°32’E, 26 Sept 2001, SJJ (all CGMC); 2 d'0, 4 km north

west Denham, WA, 25°54’S 113°32’E, 26 Sept 2001, SJJ; 1 ?, Denham, WA,

25°55’26”S 113°31’45”E, em 15 Oct 2001, PSV (all WAM).

Description. Male (Figs 1-2). Wingspan 21.25 mm (n = 70). Upperside of

forewing brown-black with iridescent greenish-blue central area; a faint black

bar at end of cell. Upperside of hindwing similar to forewing but projection at

end of CuA, and a black tornal spot edged orange. Underside pale brown

with variable white suffusion; 3 subbasal, 4 submedian and 3 median spots

darker brown, edged white; a variable, curved postmedian band with pair of

spots above CuA, offset medially and spot above 1A+2A crescent shaped;

serrated subterminal band with space between postmedian and subterminal

bands variably suffused with white; black tornal spots edged orange.

Female (Figs 3-4). Wingspan 22.2 mm (n = 51). Upperside similar to male

but termen of forewing slightly more convex, black bar at end of cell and

tornal spot more pronounced and central areas of both wings iridescent

purplish-blue. Underside similar to male but with basal 2 spots of postmedian

band crescent shaped.

Male genitalia (Fig. 11). Vinculum and tegumen ring oval; saccus small and

rounded; uncus undeveloped; brachia of gnathos evenly curved and tapering

to long, pointed, inwardly curved and heavily sclerotised tips; valvae broad

basally, tapering to blunt apices bearing numerous long setae.

Etymology. The new subspecies is named after the late wife of the first

author, in acknowledgement of her devoted support over many years.

Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (3) 719

Life history

Host plant (Fig. 10). Acacia ligulata A. Cunn ex Benth. (Fabaceae).

Egg (Fig. 7). White, mandarin-shaped, with a reticulated pattern of ridges

giving rise to spines more pronounced dorsally; 0.5 mm wide. Eggs laid in

clusters of up to 100 on the base of the host plant and attended by ants.

Final instar larva (Fig. 8). Pinkish-white; 12-14 mm long. Prothoracic plate

brown with narrow white central stripe. Thoracic segments produced dorsally

and crowned with numerous black spots extending to lateral white line.

Abdominal segments with broad, reddish-pink dorsal heart broadly edged

whitish, extending to prominent narrow white lateral line edged reddish.

Lateral spiracles white, edged dark reddish-pink. Prominent dorsolateral

eversible organs and dorsal nectary organ. Anal plate reddish-brown. During

daylight hours most larvae shelter at the base of the host tree or in dead

leaves or detritus beneath the host tree.

Pupa (Fig. 9). Brown, densely covered with black spots and blotches; length

10-12 mm. Located under loose bark at the base of the tree or in dead leaves

and detritus beneath the host tree wherever the attendant ants had access to

the ground.

Attendant ants. Two species of ants were found in attendance with the

immature stages but identification of either beyond Iridomyrmex rufoniger

group has not been possible (S. Shattuck, personal communication).

Discussion

The most characteristic feature of J. i. bronwynae is its small size. A

comparison of wingspans of related species within the genus (Table 1) shows

it to be the smallest. Wingspan measurements were done only on field

collected adults or emergences from field collected pupae. No environmental

causes could be found to explain the small size. The host plant was abundant

throughout the Peron Peninsula, with almost all plants possessing prolific

fresh growth available for larval feeding.

The underside pattern of J. inous is known to be variable in both the presence

and arrangement of bands and intensity of white suffusion (Common and

Waterhouse 1981, Braby 2000). A similar variation in underside pattern (Fig.

9) and white suffusion (Fig. 10) was also present in an occasional specimen

of J. i. bronwynae. This polymorphism is more pronounced in certain

populations of J. i. inous and J. icilius in southern Western Australia and, to

date, a genetic basis for it has not been discovered.

With the exception of J. clementi, the male genitalia are of little diagnostic

value in Jalmenus species (Peters 1970) and those of J. i. bronwynae (Fig.

11) do not differ significantly from those of J. i. inous, J. i. notocrucifer and

J. icilius.

80 Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (3)

Figs 1-6. Upperside and undersides of Jalmenus inous bronwynae subsp. n. (1) male

upperside; (2) male underside; (3) female upperside; (4) female underside; (5) male

underside showing variant bands; (6) male underside showing variant white suffusion.

Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (3) 81

Figs 7-11. Life history stages, host plant and male genitalia of Jalmenus inous

bronwynae subsp. n. (7) egg mass; (8) final instar larva; (9) pupa; (10) Acacia

ligulata; (11) male genitalia.

82 Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (3)

Table 1. Wingspans of Ja/menus spp. from Western Australia.

Taxon N Mean(mm) SD Median Sample localities

J. inous inous 0 21 26.9 2.0 28 Mundaring Weir

J. inous inous Ẹ 21 31.6 3.3 33 Mundaring Weir

J. i. notocrucifer 0 19 27.4 1.6 27 Yellowdine

J. i. notocrucifer Q 15 29.2 2.6 29 Yellowdine

J. i. bronwynae 0 70 21.3 1.1 21 Shark Bay

J. i. bronwynae ° 51 22.2 1.8 22 Shark Bay

J. icilius 0 16 23.5 1.0 23.5 Lake Douglas *

J. icilius Ẹ 17 27.3 2.0 28 Lake Douglas *

J. clementi 0 16 22.4 0.5 22 Learmonth

J. clementi ° 6 24.8 0.4 25 Learmonth

*For J. icilius, the localities were Lake Douglas (Kalgoorlie) and Wurarga Dam (40

km west of Yalgoo). The authors had limited access to J. aridus specimens but Braby

(2000) gave wingspans of 25 mm and 24 mm for male and female respectively.

Recent published depictions of the distributions of Ja/menus spp. in Western

Australia are inaccurate because Dunn and Dunn (1991) did not include data

from the Waterhouse collection, which is the most important historical

collection of Australian butterflies. Examination of material in the

Waterhouse collection by us, at the Australian Museum, Sydney, revealed

three historical specimens identical to J. i. bronwynae from the Peron

Peninsula. These specimens were not examined by either Dunn and Dunn

(1991) or Braby (2000) and this may have contributed to the much reduced

distribution map for J. inous in the latter work. The record of J. inous from

Carnarvon to the north, referred to in Waterhouse and Lyell (1914) and

regarded as doubtful by Braby (2000), is also represented by specimens in the

Waterhouse collection but they belong to J. icilius, not J. inous.

Our records show a significant disjunction to the nearest populations of J. i.

notocrucifer or J. i. inous of 730-900 km. The host plant Acacia ligulata

occurs widely in the desert and semiarid areas of all mainland States, from

the coast of central Western Australia in a broad band across the southern

half of the continent to central western New South Wales (Chapman and

Maslin 1992). It is commonly known as Sandhill Wattle, Dune Wattle or

Umbrella Bush and it is surprising that such a common and widespread plant

has not been recorded previously as a host for Jalmenus. The characteristic

shape of A. ligulata plants provides excellent shelter for adults of J. i.

bronwynae against the strong seasonal onshore winds and they fly

predominantly in the lee of the plants.

Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (3) 83

The attendant ants belong to a group commonly encountered attending the

immature stages of many Ja/menus spp. (Eastwood and Fraser 1999). Given

the widespread distribution of the larval food plant and the attendant ants, a

more extensive distribution of J. i. bronwynae seems likely.

Acknowledgements

We thank Dr Steve Shattuck (CSIRO Entomology, Canberra) for

examination of ant specimens, Dr Kathy Himbeck (Conservation Officer,

Department of Environment and Conservation, Western Australia) for

identification of host plants and Geoff Thompson (Queensland Museum,

Brisbane) for assistance with photography.

References

BRABY, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution.

CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood; xxvii + 976 pp.

CHAPMAN, A.R. and MASLIN, B.R. 1992. Acacia miscellany. 5, a review of the A. bivenosa

group (Leguminosae: Mimosoideae: section Phyllodineae). Nuytsia 8: 249-283.

COMMON, I.F.B. and WATERHOUSE, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Angus &

Robertson, Sydney; xiv + 682 pp.

DUNN, K.L. and DUNN, L.E. 1991. Review of Australian butterflies: distribution, life history

and taxonomy. Parts 1-4. Published privately, Melbourne; 660 pp.

EASTWOOD, R. and FRASER, A.M. 1999. Associations between lycaenid butterflies and ants

in Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology 24: 503-537.

WATERHOUSE, G.A. and LYELL, G. 1914. The butterflies of Australia. Angus and Robertson,

Sydney; 239 pp.

84 Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (3)

A NOTE ON THE GENUS HEMIRISTINA PERMKAM & HANCOCK

(DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE: TRYPETINAE)

D.L. HANCOCK

PO Box 2464, Cairns, Qld 4870

Abstract

Hemiristina Permkam & Hancock is considered to contain two species: H. pleomeles Permkam

& Hancock from Australia, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu; and H. dubia (Hardy), comb. n. from

the southern Philippines [transferred from Paracanthonevra Hardy].

Introduction

The fruit fly genus Hemiristina Permkam & Hancock is currently included in

the trypetine tribe Trypetini (Permkam and Hancock 1995, Han 1999).

Hitherto regarded as monotypic, a second species, originally described in the

Philippine genus Paracanthonevra Hardy, is included here.

Hemiristina is one of only two fruit fly genera believed to breed exclusively

in the fruit of Agavaceae, the other being the Afrotropical genus Taomyia

Bezzi (Trypetinae: Carpomyini).

Hemiristina pleomeles Permkam & Hancock

Hemiristina pleomeles Permkam & Hancock, 1995: 1193. (Melville Island, NT and

Stephens Island, Qld, Australia).

Comments. Described from islands off the north coast of Australia (Permkam

and Hancock 1995), this species was recorded from Solomon Islands and

Vanuatu by Hancock and Drew (2003). It breeds in the fruit of Pleomeles

angustifolia and Dracaena sp. (Agavaceae).

Hemiristina dubia (Hardy), comb. n.

Paracanthonevra dubia Hardy, 1974: 75. (Dapitan, Mindanao, Philippines).

Comments. This species differs from H. pleomeles in having the costal cells

be and c subhyaline to pale fuscous rather than hyaline but further material

might show that these differences are not significant. It is known only from

Mindanao, southern Philippines.

References

HAN, H.-Y. 1999. Phylogeny and behavior of flies in the tribe Trypetini (Trypetinae). Pp 253-

297, in: Aluja, M. and Norrbom, A.L. (eds), Fruit flies (Tephritidae): phylogeny and evolution of

behavior. CRC Press, Boca Raton; xvi + 944 pp.

HANCOCK, D.L. and DREW, R.A.I. 2003. New species and records of Trypetinae (Diptera:

Tephritidae) from Australia and the South Pacific. Australian Entomologist 30(3): 93-106.

HARDY, D.E. 1974. The fruit flies of the Philippines (Diptera: Tephritidae). Pacific Insects

Monograph 32: 1-266.

PERMKAM, S. and HANCOCK, D.L. 1995. Australian Trypetinae (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Invertebrate Taxonomy 9: 1047-1209.

Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (3): 85-91 85

A NEW SPECIES OF PHACELOCOCCUS MILLER

(HEMIPTERA: COCCOIDEA: ERIOCOCCIDAE)

ON BURSARIA (PITTOSPORACEAE)

NATE B. HARDY and PENNY J. GULLAN

Department of Entomology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California

95616, USA. (E-mail: nbhardy@ucdavis.edu; pjgullan@ucdavis.edu)

Abstract

The adult female of a new species of felt scale, Phacelococcus bursaria sp. n., is described from

Bursaria spinosa (Pittosporaceae) in southeastern Australia. This is the first record of the genus

Phacelococcus Miller from a host plant other than Eucalyptus (Myrtaceae). An updated key to

the five species of Phacelococcus is provided. Additional records of P. frenchi Gullan & Strong

and P. subcorticalis Gullan & Strong are reported, including the first collection of P. frenchi

from Tasmania.

Introduction

The Eriococcidae is the fourth largest family of scale insects (ca 550

described spp.) and is most diverse in the southern hemisphere, especially

Australia (ca 150 described spp.) (Miller and Gimpel 2000, 2006). Most of

the Australian eriococcid diversity (ca 120 described spp.) occurs on hosts in

the family Myrtaceae, although some species feed on more than one family.

Other than Myrtaceae, the only plant families in Australia that are fed upon

by more than one described eriococcid species are Casuarinaceae (15 spp.),

Pittosporaceae (4 spp.), Fabaceae (3 spp.), Araucariaceae (2 spp.), Asteraceae

(2 spp.), Proteaceae (2 spp.) and Cupressaceae (2 spp.).

The genus Phacelococcus was erected by Miller (1970) for a single species

(P. brookesae Miller) found under the bark of Eucalyptus globulus

(Myrtaceae) in Tasmania. Gullan and Strong (1997) described three

additional species occurring in or under the bark of Eucalyptus species in the

southeastern region of the Australian mainland. Adult females of all species

of Phacelococcus are small and cryptic in habit, but at least two species, P.

frenchi Gullan & Strong and P. subcorticalis Gullan & Strong, can be so

locally abundant as to be a food source for Australian marsupial possums and

gliders (Gullan and Strong 1997). Adult females of Phacelococcus can be

distinguished from those of other Australian eriococcids by their (i) globular

or ovoid body, (ii) small legs relative to body size, (iii) reduced and

membranous anal lobes, and (iv) ventral clusters of quinquelocular pores. A

new species of Phacelococcus is recorded here from bark on Bursaria

spinosa (Pittosporaceae), which is the first non-eucalypt host for

Phacelococcus. This species conforms to the generic concept of Gullan and

Strong (1997) with the following exceptions: (i) enlarged dorsal setae are

present, and (ii) ventral clusters of quinquelocular pores are absent from

around the spiracles.

Plants in the genus Bursaria are spinose shrubs common in the understory of

eucalypt woodlands in all but the most arid or alpine regions of Australia

86 Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (3)

(Cayzer et al. 1999). Seven species are recognized, of which only B. spinosa

is widespread. Cayzer et al. (1999) recognized two subspecies of B. spinosa,

with B. spinosa ssp. spinosa being the widespread, typical form which, based

on the collection locality, is almost certainly the host of the eriococcid

described in this paper. The other six Bursaria species have more restricted

distributions, some of which are very restricted, such as on serpentine

outcroppings in Queensland (B. reevesii) or on south-facing sandstone cliffs

in the Blue Mountains of New South Wales (B. longisepala).

Eight species of scale insect are known to feed on Bursaria (Ben-Dov et al.

2006). Three of these are polyphagous species with worldwide distributions:

the soft scales Ceroplastes destructor Newstead and C. sinensis Del Guercio

(Coccidae), and the cottony-cushion scale Jcerya purchasi Maskell

(Monophlebidae). Eriococcus bursariae Froggatt and E. villosus Froggatt

(Eriococcidae) are known only from B. spinosa in New South Wales.

Eriococcus eucalypti Maskell, E. tepperi Maskell and Cerococcus paradoxus

(Maskell) (Cerococcidae) have been recorded on Bursaria as well as other

host plants, although the record of E. tepperi on Bursaria may be erroneous

(P.J. Gullan, unpublished data).

In this paper, we describe and illustrate the adult female of the new species of

Phacelococcus from B. spinosa. A revised key to Phacelococcus species and

additional records of P. frenchi and P. subcorticalis are provided.

Materials and methods

This work is based largely on the collection of the late Dr J.W. Beardsley,

which is housed in the BPBM (see below). The BPBM has allowed the

holotype of any new Australian species from Dr Beardsley's collection to be

deposited in the ANIC (in correspondence of P.J. Gullan, 1996). Slide-

mounts prepared by J.W. Beardsley usually have more than one insect per

slide. Freshly collected specimens were mounted one adult female per

microscope slide, using the slide-mounting method of Gullan (1984).

Measurements were made using an ocular micrometer in the eyepiece of a

compound microscope. All specimens listed were measured and descriptions

are based on all available material. The morphological terms for Eriococcidae

follow those of Hoy (1962), Miller and McKenzie (1967) and Williams

(1985). An illustration of the adult female was prepared with a drawing tube

and the Adobe programs Photoshop CS and Illustrator CS. Following the

convention for scale insects, the taxonomic drawing displays the dorsal body

surface on the left side of the page, and the ventral body surface on the right.

In all but the smallest adult female of this new Phacelococcus species, the

ventral body surface is larger than the dorsal body surface, which is

demarcated by the presence of enlarged setae. Therefore, the most lateral part

of the venter is visible from the dorsal aspect and is shown on the left side of

the main figure. Enlargements of diagnostic features are located around the

margin of the main figure; their sizes are provided in the text.

Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (3) 87

Specimen depositories: ANIC — Australian National Insect Collection,

CSIRO Entomology, Canberra, A.C.T., Australia; BMNH — The Natural

History Museum, London, U.K.; BPBM — Bernice P. Bishop Museum,

Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A.; NMV — Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria,

Australia; TASAG — Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries & Water,

New Town, Tasmania, Australia.

Key to adult females of Phacelococcus species

(Modified from Gullan and Strong 1997)

1 Macrotubular ducts absent from dorsum ..............0cceceeeee sees se een ees 2,

— Macrotubular ducts present on dorse a EEA N, 3

2 Macrotubular ducts present on ventral surface of abdomen; anal ring

dorsal, with 6 setae; quinquelocular pores clustered near margin on each

side of each body segment; microtubular ducts present on ventral surface

ofiheadabetweeniantennaGies testes eee cones P. bursaria sp. n.

— Macrotubular ducts absent from ventral surface of abdomen; anal ring

ventral, with 8 setae; quinquelocular pores clustered on medial areas of

posterior abdominal segments; microtubular ducts absent from ventral

Surfaceiofihcadeamen yates: rene, memes P. subcorticalis Gullan & Strong

3 Bilocular pores absent; cuticular evagination (cauda) anterior to anal ring

ADSEN ters rete ein ene re tnG cel eee ee Ae P. frenchi Gullan & Strong

— Bilocular pores present on dorsum; cuticular evagination anterior to anal

ningipresentr meee ee toate Sees oR, Ae O Mie ene Wve meer 4

4 Quinquelocular pores in numerous clusters throughout most of venter,

with most clusters with 3-35 pores on head and thorax; body 2.9-3.9

mm long and 2.5-3.2 mm wide ..............c.e.e. eee P. brookesae Miller

— Quinquelocular pores in clusters scattered on most of venter, with pores

on head and thorax rarely in groups of more than 2—4; body 1.2-2.0 mm

long and 1.0-1.7 mm wide ...................044 P. cookae Gullan & Strong

Phacelococcus Miller

Type species. Phacelococcus brookesae Miller, 1970, by original designation.

Phacelococcus bursaria sp. n.

(Fig. 1)

Types. Holotype adult Ħ, on slide with 2 paratype adult °° (holotype farthest from data

label), AUSTRALIA: Victoria, Lower Plenty, on bark of Bursaria spinosa, J.W.

Beardsley, V-152, 24.x.1971 (ANIC). Paratypes: 15 adult 99, same data as holotype

(2 slides in ANIC, 3 slides in BPBM); 14 adult 99, same data as holotype except: in

bark crevices of B. spinosa, V-41, 11.ix.1971 (4 slides in BPBM); 4 adult 99,

Tasmania, Hobart, ex B. spinosa, N.M. Hudson, W.30, C.I.E. 6899, 10.viii.1962

(BMNH).

88 Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (3)

Fig. 1. Adult female of Phacelococcus bursaria. Enlargements show: (a) antenna;

(b) dorsal seta; (c) microtubular duct; (d) anal ring; (e) quinquelocular pore;

(f) macrotubular duct. On the mature adult female illustrated here, the ventral body

surface is larger than dorsal body surface (latter demarcated by the enlarged setae) and

thus the ventrolateral margin is visible from the dorsal aspect and figured on the left

side of the main figure.

Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (3) 89

Diagnosis. The adult female of P. bursaria can be distinguished from the

adult females of other Phacelococcus species by its (i) enlarged subconical

setae on dorsum (short, robust and flagellate in other species), (ii) clusters of

quinquelocular pores restricted to margin of each body segment (present on at

least most of venter in other species), (iii) microtubular ducts on ventral

surface of head (absent on venter of head in other species), (iv) macrotubular

ducts only on ventral surface of abdominal segments, (v) single pair of setae

on basal segment of labium (2 pairs in other species), and (vi) feeding on

Bursaria (all other known species in or under eucalypt bark).

Description of adult female. Body outline oval; length 0.84-1.30 mm (1.20

for holotype), greatest width 0.54-1.11 mm (1.04 for holotype). Eyes 13-18

um wide, on margin. Antennae (Fig. la) 6- to 7-segmented (segments I+IV

often fused), length 110-145 um; with 4 hair-like setae on segment I, 2 hair-

like setae on segment II, 0 setae on segment III, 2 hair-like setae on segment

IV, 1 fleshy seta on segment V, 2 hair-like setae and 1 fleshy seta on segment

VI, and ca 6 hair-like setae and 3 fleshy setae on segment VII. Tentorial box

107-138 um long, 80-113 um wide. Labium 63-75 um long, 50-75 um wide,

3-segmented; with 1 pair of setae on membranous basal segment, 1 pair of

setae on medial segment, and 6 pairs of setae on apical segment (3 pairs of

hair-like setae and 1 sub-apical pair of fleshy setae on ventral surface, 1 pair

of apical minute setae, and 1 pair of hair-like setae on dorsal surface).

Spiracular peritremes 28-40 um long, 12-15 um wide across atrium. Legs:

trochanter + femur 67-95 um long, tibia + tarsus 75-110 um long, claw 16-23

um long, tarsal digitules 25-35 um long, claw digitules 15-25 um long; fore

coxa with 6 setae, mid and hind coxa with 5 setae, trochanter with 4 setae,

femur with 3 setae, tibia with 3 setae, tarsus with 4 setae; translucent pores

1-2 um in diameter, 20-30 pores on dorsal surface of each hind coxa. Anal

ring (Fig. 1d) 30-35 um wide, with 6 setae, 26-45 um long; anal ring pores

1-3 um in diameter. Suranal setae ca 25 um long, with acute apices. Anal

lobes weakly developed, membranous; 2 medial lobe setae each 15-38 um

long, lateral lobe seta 8-33 um long or absent, ventral lobe seta 15-33 um

long; caudal seta 70-90 um long. Evagination (cauda) anterior to anal ring

absent.

Dorsum. Smaller than venter, delineated by enlarged setae. Derm

membranous. Dorsal setae (Fig. 1b) 10-33 um long, subconical; cluster of

1-3 setae dorsad of pore clusters on each side of each abdominal segment,

1 medial seta and 1 submedial seta on each side of each abdominal segment,

anterior abdominal segments with additional setae, head and thorax with

scattered setae. Macrotubular ducts absent. Microtubular ducts (Fig. 1c) ca 9

um long, each with weak rim around dermal orifice, ca 2 um in diameter;

1 or more ducts near each seta or group of setae. Bilocular pores absent.

Venter. Ventral setae 8-20 um long, in a transverse row across each

abdominal segment and scattered around margin; setae medial of each coxa

90 Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (3)

9-25 um long; elongate setae (8-40 um long) in paired, longitudinal series on

head, extending from level of scape towards mouthparts. Macrotubular ducts

(Fig. 1f) ca 10 um long, duct shaft tapering slightly to inner end, each duct

with weak rim around dermal orifice, ca 3 um in diameter; arranged in

transverse row across each abdominal segment. Microtubular ducts same as

those on dorsum, on mesal portion of head, amongst elongate setae.

Quinquelocular pores (Fig. le) ca 4 um in diameter, 10-15 pores on each side

of abdominal segment VIII, in clusters of 5-40 pores on margin on each side

of each body segment anterior to abdominal segment VIII [many of these

appear on the left side of the main figure because the venter is larger than the

dorsum in mature adult females], pores in transverse rows across each of

abdominal segments IV-VI (no pores on ventromedial portion of abdominal

segment VII), and a small cluster near each spiracle.

Etymology. The species’ name is taken from that of its host. It is a noun in

apposition.

Comment. In his field notebook, Beardsley recorded that on 11 September

1971, adult females were forming ovisacs and ovipositing.

Additional records of Phacelococcus

Phacelococcus frenchi Gullan & Strong, 1997: 235.

Material examined. Victoria: 6 adult °° (including DNA voucher NH127), Tyabb,

near Yaringa Boat Harbour, corner of Katandra Road and Lumeah Road, 38°14'54"S,

145°14'26"E, in furrow of fibrous bark where branch joined trunk on Eucalyptus

radiata, N.B. Hardy and P.J. Gullan, 15.ii.2005 (4 slides in ANIC, 2 slides in NMV).

Tasmania: 11 adult 9? (including DNA voucher NH96), 3 slides of embryos, ca 6 km

NW of Bicheno, ca 3 km W of Tasman Highway on road to Douglas-Apsley National

Park, near creek, 41°51'38"S, 148°14'21"E, under bark of narrow-leaved eucalypt, P.J.

Gullan, 27.1.2006 (12 slides in ANIC, 2 slides in TASAG).

Comment. This is the first collection of P. frenchi from Tasmania (previous

records were limited to ACT and Victoria).

Phacelococcus subcorticalis Gullan & Strong, 1997: 236.

Material examined. Victoria: 11 adult 99 (including DNA voucher NH131), Toolangi

State Forest, Sylvia Creek Road near Wirrawilla Rainforest Walk, 37°31'46"S,

145°31'18"E, ex fibrous bark of Eucalyptus ?regnans, N.B. Hardy and P.J. Gullan,

16.ii.2005 (9 slides in ANIC, 2 slides in NMV).

Comments. The type locality in the Brindabella Range, Australian Capital

Territory, was devastated by the January 2003 bushfires that burned in many

parts of southeastern Australia, following a drought that ranked as one of the

worst in over a hundred years of official Australian weather records

(Worboys 2003). The mature host trees of E. fastigata at the type locality

were severely burnt (P.J. Gullan personal observation, Feb. 2004) and it is

not known whether any populations of P. subcorticalis survived in the area.

Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (3) 91

Acknowledgements

The B.P. Bishop Museum, Hawaii, loaned the late Dr Beardsley’s collection

of Australian eriococcids to Penny Gullan. Dr Ferenc Kozar kindly sent us

specimens to examine from his BMNH loan, with permission of Dr Jon

Martin. Dr Chris Hodgson provided helpful comments on a draft of the

manuscript. This research was supported by a National Science Foundation

PEET grant DEB-0118718 to Penny Gullan, and an Australian Biological

Resources Study Participatory Program research grant to Lyn Cook and

Penny Gullan. Jim Parsons assisted with fieldwork during collections made

in February 2005. The Department of Sustainability and Environment,

Victoria, provided a permit (# 10002997 to Penny Gullan) to collect scale

insects in Victorian Parks, and Dr Ken Walker, Museum Victoria, assisted

with paperwork to allow export of the material for study. The Department of

Primary Industries and Water, Tasmania, provided a permit (# FA 05128 to

Penny Gullan) to collect scale insects in Tasmania in 2006.

References

BEN-DOV, Y., MILLER, D.R. and GIBSON, G.A.P. 2006. ScaleNet: a database of the scale

insects of the World. Scales in a Region Query Results, and Scales on a Host Query Results.

http://www. sel.barc.usda.gov/SCALENET/SCALENET.HTM (accessed 9 September 2006).

CAYZER, L.W., CRISP, M.D. and TELFORD, LR.H. 1999. Bursaria (Pittosporaceae): a

morphometric analysis and revision. Australian Journal of Systematic Botany 12: 117-143.

GULLAN, P.J. 1984. A revision of the gall-forming coccoid genus Apiomorpha Riibsaaman

(Homoptera: Eriococcidae: Apiomorphinae). Australian Journal of Zoology, Supplementary

Series No. 97: 1-203.

GULLAN, P.J. and STRONG, K.L. 1997. Scale insects under eucalypt bark: a revision of the

Australian genus Phacelococcus Miller (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae). Australian

Journal of Entomology 36: 229-240.

HOY, J.M. 1962. Eriococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea) of New Zealand. New Zealand

Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 146: 1-219,

MILLER, D.R. 1970. A new genus and species of scale insect from Tasmania (Homoptera:

Coccoidea: Eriococcidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 9: 157-159.

MILLER, D.R. and GIMPEL, M.E. 2000. A systematic catalogue of the Eriococcidae (felt

scales) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of the World. Intercept Limited, Andover, UK; 589 pp.

MILLER, D.R. and GIMPEL, M.E. 2006. ScaleNet. Eriococcidae. http:/Avww.sel.barc.usda.gov/

SCALENET/SCALENET.HTM (accessed 9 September 2006).

MILLER, D.R. and McKENZIE, H.L. 1967. A systematic study of Ovaticoccus Kloet and its

relatives, with a key to North American genera of Eriococcidae (Homoptera: Coccoidea:

Eriococcidae). Hilgardia 38: 471-539.

WILLIAMS, D.J. 1985. The British and some other European Eriococcidae (Homoptera:

Coccoidea). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology Series 51(4): 347-

393.

WORBOYS, G. 2003. A brief report on the 2003 Australian Alps bushfires. Mountain Research

and Development 23(3): 294-295. Available at hitp:/Avww.bioone.org/

92 Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (3)

A REVIEW OF THE FRUIT FLY TRIBE EUTRETINI

(DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE: TEPHRITINAE)

IN THE INDO-AUSTRALIAN REGION

D.L. HANCOCK

PO Box 2464, Cairns, Old 4870

Abstract

Two genera and species of Indo-Australian Tephritidae are placed in the tribe Eutretini, viz.

Afreutreta magna (Hardy), comb. n. and Perirhithrum longiseta (Hering).

Introduction

The fruit fly tribe Eutretini is poorly represented outside the Nearctic and

Neotropical Regions. Only two species are known from the Indo-Australian

Region, both referable to genera known elsewhere only from Southern

Africa. Eutretines are generally robust flies with a pair of shining black

parafacial spots and dark, often broad wings that are frequently covered in

numerous diffuse or subhyaline spots. Larvae develop in stem or twig galls,

or in flowerheads, of Asteraceae, Verbenaceae and Acanthaceae.

Afreutreta Bezzi

Afreutreta magna (Hardy), comb. n. is transferred from Elaphromyia Bigot;

this placement was initially suggested by Hancock (2004). It is known only

from Java in Indonesia. African species of Afreutreta are gall formers on

twigs of Brachylaena (Asteraceae) (Freidberg and Kaplan 1993). The wings

in Afreutreta, including A. magna, are narrower and more elongate than in the

related African genera Cosmetothrix Munro and Tarchonanthea Freidberg &

Kaplan, which also breed in twigs of Asteraceae. All three genera appear to

be allied to the New World genus Eutreta Loew.

Perirhithrum Bezzi

Perirhithrum longiseta (Hering) was transferred to this genus from

Dictyotrypeta Hendel by Hancock and McGuire (2002). It is known only

from India and Thailand. A related species, P. marshalli Bezzi, occurs in

southern Africa, where it breeds in the flowers of Barleria (Acanthaceae).

Perirhithrum was placed in tribe Eutretini by Hancock et al. (2003); it

appears to be allied to the New World genus Paracantha Coquillett.

References

FREIDBERG, A. and KAPLAN, F. 1993. A study of Afreutreta Bezzi and related genera

(Diptera: Tephritidae). African Entomology 1(2): 207-228.

HANCOCK, D.L. 2004. A review of the fruit fly tribe Pliomelaenini (Diptera: Tephritidae:

Tephritinae) in the Indo-Australian Region. Australian Entomologist 31(3): 133-136.

HANCOCK, D.L. and McGUIRE, D.J. 2002. New species and records of non-dacine fruit flies

(Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae) from south and southeast Asia. Steenstrupia 27(1): 1-17.

HANCOCK, D.L., KIRK-SPRIGGS, A.H. and MARAIS, E. 2003. New records of Namibian

Tephritidae (Diptera: Schizophora), with notes on the classification of subfamily Tephritinae.

Cimbebasia 18: 49-70.

Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (3): 93-96 93

FIELD OBSERVATIONS OF PERISSOMMA MCALPINEI COLLESS

(DIPTERA: PERISSOMMATIDAE)

D.J. FERGUSON

7 Noarlunga Crescent, Bonython, ACT 2905

Abstract

Field observations of populations of Perissomma mcalpinei Colless, a rarely collected fly

unusual for its winter activity, are described from high altitude, wet sclerophyll forest sites in

New South Wales.

Introduction

Perissomma mcalpinei Colless, with its distinctively patterned wings (Figs 1-

2), was described from a single female from Mt Wilson near Sydney, New

South Wales and placed in the then newly proposed family Perissommatidae,

along with P. fusca Colless from Mt Majura, ACT (Colless 1962). Colless

(1969) later described another three species of Perissommatidae. and

presented further observations on P. mcalpinei, including range extension to

Victoria, adult flying times, description of male genitalia and a description of

the presumed larva. Colless (1969) also noted that, like P. fusca, P. mcalpinei

had always been collected in midwinter and suggested that the species was

native to rainforests and wet sclerophyll forests in cooler climates or at higher

altitudes. The occurrence of aerial swarming by P. mcalpinei in dry

sclerophyll forest on well drained rocky ground at Mount York in the Blue

Mountains, New South Wales in July 1986 was described by McAlpine

(1987).

With a need for fresh specimens of Perissommatidae to include in a

molecular study of the Order Diptera for the ATOL FLYTREE project

(FLYTREE 2006), a winter trapping program was arranged. Four Malaise

traps were used in southeastern New South Wales, in Tallaganda National

Park from the 15 June to 13 July 2006 and at Brown Mountain near

Nimmitabel from 14 July to 11 August 2006. The results and field

observations are reported here.

Numerous voucher specimens of P. mcalpinei have been deposited in the

Australian National Insect Collection at CSIRO, Canberra.

Observations

At Tallaganda National Park two trapping sites were chosen, both along the

North Black Range Fire Trail that runs north to south, approximately 9 km

east of Hoskinstown. Both sites were in tall, wet sclerophyll forest growing

amongst granite boulders and old fallen timber, with an understorey of

Pteridium esculentum (G.Forst.) Cockayne (Hypolepidaceae), Dianella

tasmanica Hook.f. (Hemerocallidaceae) and Lomandra longifolia Labill.

(Xanthorrhoeaceae). Malaise trap #1, at the first site (35°25'07"S,

149°32'07"E), was at 1060 metres, alongside a thicket of Acacia melanoxylon

94 Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (3)

Figs 1-3. Perissomma mcalpinei. (1) adult in alcohol (photograph by Chris

Manchester, CSIRO); (2) wing showing distinctive colour pattern (photograph

digitally enhanced by Geoff Thompson, Queensland Museum); (3) live adult

(photograph by Chris Lambkin, Queensland Museum). Scale line (fig. 2) = 1 mm.

Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (3) 95

R.Br. (Fabaceae), with Eucalyptus viminalis Labill. and E. melliodora

A.Cunn. ex Schauer (Myrtaceae) and Banksia marginata Cav. (Proteaceae)

growing amongst some rocky scree. Nearby, on a steep area where no trees

grew, trap #2 was placed at 1050 metres, beside a large fallen tree that would

direct flying insects into the trap. The second site (35°25'12"S, 149°32'11"E)

was higher up in the range, with both Malaise traps placed in an area with a

high forest canopy, where the surrounding vegetation created passages

through which flying insects were likely to travel. Trap #3 was placed near

the top of a southward-sloping decline at 1150 metres, while trap #4 was

further down the slope at 1120 metres. All four traps were inspected

fortnightly. Twenty-one adults of P. mcalpinei were collected, with 16 found

in trap #3, surrounded by dense Dianella tasmanica, and none in the more

exposed trap #2.

On 13 July 2006, intensive sweep netting of Dianella tasmanica was done

about the area of trap #3. Generally, P. mcalpinei were very scarce, except

for one sunlit area that produced 36 adults (Fig. 3). Adults were seen resting

on the edge of foliage, waving their forelegs in the air for about five seconds

before flying a short distance to another leaf to repeat this leg waving. Their

wings were opalescent and very obvious in the sunlight, making them visible

from a distance above sunlit clumps of Dianella. Weakly-flying adults rose

almost 30 cm above the clump of Dianella and flew in a zigzag pattern 5 to

10 cm wide, moving up and down in a column around 20 cm wide. They flew

for five to eight seconds before descending back into the clump. Many aerial

displays were concurrent and occasionally two columns would merge before

again separating.

With the success of the Tallaganda trapping, it was decided to take the traps

down to Brown Mountain, the type locality of P. bellisima Colless. Two traps

were placed in forest gullies close to flowing creeks that supported large fern

trees amongst eucalypts. The other two traps were placed in dry drainage

gullies overgrown with cleared forest on either side (at 36°35'53"S,

149°24'39"E). After a month, one adult P. mcalpinei was taken in the

drainage gully.

The protected aspect of the forest gully would appear to be ideal habitat for

these weak-flying flies but none was trapped here, whereas one was captured

in the exposed overgrown gully. At Tallaganda, a large number of P.

mcalpinei were observed in a more exposed area near the top of a wet

sclerophyll forest ridge. A similar observation was made by McAlpine

(1987), when P. mcalpinei were recorded on a hill top in a dry sclerophyll

forest on a well-drained rocky area of Mount York.

Acknowledgements

I wish to thank David Yeates (CSIRO Entomology, Canberra) and Christine

Lambkin (Queensland Museum, Brisbane) for the use of their Malaise traps

96 Australian Entomologist, 2007, 34 (3)

and I acknowledge Christine Lambkin for her help in drafting this

manuscript. I wish to thank Chris Manchester and Malcolm Fyfe (CSIRO

Entomology) for providing collection information at short notice and also to

Malcolm for data basing the specimens. I acknowledge Chris Manchester,

Christine Lambkin and Geoff Thompson (Queensland Museum) for taking

and enhancing the images. I thank the New South Wales National Parks and

Wildlife Service for permission to collect insects at these sites and my

daughter Kelly Ferguson for her keen interest and involvement in these

observations.

References

COLLESS, D.H. 1962. A new Australian genus and family of Diptera (Nematocera:

Perissommatidae). .Australian Journal of Zoology 10: 519-535.

COLLESS, D.H. 1969. The genus Perissomma (Diptera: Perissommatidae), with new species

from Australia and Chile. Australian Journal of Zoology 17: 719-728.

FLYTREE, 2006. NSF assembling the tree of life project (EF-0334948), Building the Dipteran

tree of life: cooperative research in phylogenetics and bioinformatics of true flies (Insecta:

Diptera). http:/Avww.inhs.uiuc.edu/cee/FLYTREE/

McALPINE, D.K. 1987. Note on aerial swarming of Perissomma (Diptera: Perissommatidae).

Australian Entomological Magazine 14(1-2): 29-30.

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THE AUSTRALIAN

Entomologist

Volume 34, Part 3, 10 September 2007

CONTENTS

FERGUSON, D.J.

Field observations of Perissomma mcalpinei Colless (Diptera: Perissommatidae).

GINN, S.G., BRITTON, D.R. AND BULBERT, M.W.

New records of butterflies (Lepidoptera) in the Pilbara region of Western Australia,

with comments on the use of Malaise traps for monitoring.

HANCOCK, D.L.

A note on the genus Hemiristina Permkam & Hancock

(Diptera: Tephritidae: Trypetinae).

HANCOCK, D.L.

A review of the fruit fly tribe Eutretini (Diptera: Tephritidae: Tephritinae) in

the Indo-Australian region.

HARDY, N.B. AND GULLAN, P.J.

A new species of Phacelococcus Miller (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Eriococcidae)

on Bursaria (Pittosporaceae).

HOPKINSON, M. AND HOPKINSON, A.

A range extension for Graphium aristeus parmatum (Gray)

(Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in northern Queensland.

JOHNSON, S.J. AND VALENTINE, P.S.

A new subspecies of Jalmenus inous Hewitson (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

from Shark Bay, Western Australia.

ISSN 1320 6133