THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

ABN#: 15 875 103 670

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Queensland Museum (geoff.monteith@bigpond.com)

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Cover: A male Narrow-banded Awl, Hasora khoda (Hesperiidae: Coeliadinae).

Occuring from New South Wales to central Queensland, this species flies at all times

of the day, but usually at dusk and early morning. The larvae feed on Wisteria and

Callerya (formerly Millettia). Awls are distributed from Africa and Madagascar to SE

Asia and Australia. Many species are migratory. Their origin is obscure but their close

relatives are the legume-feeding ‘tailed skippers’ (Eudaminae) of South America.

They are a basal group of butterflies probably linked to Gondwana. Illustration by

Andrew Atkins.

Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3): 97-98 97

A REPLACEMENT NAME FOR PHLOGISTUS BLACKBURNI

HINTZ, 1908 (COLEOPTERA: CLERIDAE)

JUSTIN S. BARTLETT

Entomology Collection, Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries, 80 Meiers Road,

Indooroopilly, Qld 4068 (Email: justin.bartlett@dpi.qld.gov.au)

Abstract

Phlogistus bicolor nom. nov. is proposed as a replacement name for Phlogistus blackburni

Hintz, 1908, a name preoccupied by Phlogistus blackburni Schenkling, 1906.

Introduction

The clerine genus Phlogistus Gorham at present includes 48 Australian and

one New Caledonian species (Corporaal 1950). These small beetles (ca 4-9

mm in length) are usually either uniformly black or brightly metallic in

appearance. Adults are known to be diurnal, volant, flower-visiting predators

of small insects (pers. obs.). The immature stages of Phlogistus are yet to be

discovered.

Schenkling (1906) described Phlogistus blackburni Schenkling for a black

species with fasciate elytra and 10-segmented antennae with truncate terminal

antennomeres. Hintz (1908) revised the genus Phlogistus Gorham and

erected Phlogistomorpha Hintz to receive four species sharing the elytral and

antennal characters just mentioned and designated P. blackburni Schenkling

as its type species. In the same paper, Hintz (1908) described Phlogistus

blackburni Hintz, a non-fasciate metallic yellow and purple species with 11-

segmented antennae and non-truncate terminal antennomeres.

Revised nomenclature

I have examined a syntype of Hintz's species in the Muséum national

d'Histoire naturelle, Paris and am confident that it differs greatly from the

description of P. blackburni Schenkling and from other reliably determined

specimens of Schenkling's species. It is clear that Hintz did not in any way

relate his species to P. blackburni Schenkling.

In accordance with Articles 23.4, 52, and 60.3 of the fourth edition of the

Code (ICZN 1999), I propose Phlogistus bicolor nom. nov. as a replacement

name for Phlogistus blackburni Hintz, 1908, which is deemed a primary

junior homonym of Phlogistus blackburni Schenkling, 1906.

Lectotype status of the Paris syntype of P. blackburni Hintz has not been

designated here because the remaining six syntypes (see Hintz 1908) were

not examined.

Acknowledgements

I thank Thierry Deuve, Azadeh Taghavian and Antoine Mantilleri (Muséum

national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris) for their kind assistance during my visit

to their museum.

98 Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3)

References

CORPORAAL, J.B. 1950. Coleopterorum Catalogus, Supplimenta. Pars 23: Cleridae. W. Junk,

Gravenhage; 373 pp.

HINTZ, E. 1908. Das Cleridengenus Phlogistus Gorh. (Col.). Deutsche Entomologische

Zeitschrift 1908(6): 708-715.

ICZN [International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]. 1999. International Code of :

Zoological Nomenclature. Fourth edition. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature,

London; on-line edition, http://www. iczn.org/iczn/index.jsp [accessed 20 February 2009]

SCHENKLING, S. 1906. Die Cleriden des Deutschen Entomologischen National-Muscums,

nebst Beschreibungen neuer Arten. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1906: 241-320.

Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3): 99-101 99

NOMENCLATURAL AMENDMENTS TO THE CURRENT

CATALOGUE OF AUSTRALIAN ODONATA

IAN ENDERSBY

56 Looker Road, Montmorency, Vic 3094

Abstract

Notes on the type depositories for seven species of libellulid dragonflies described by J.J. Kaup

or F. Brauer from southeast Asia and recorded from Australia are provided, together with a note

on the validity of the generic name Tramea Hagen.

Introduction

Between 1857 and 1863, Hermann von Rosenberg, who was working in the

then Netherlands East Indies [Indonesia], sent specimens of Odonata to his

former teacher Johann Jacob Kaup, director of the Hessisches

Landesmuseum Darmstadt [HLMD] in Germany. During that time, Kaup also

received specimens from Renesent van Duivenbode, then resident in

Sulawesi (Schneider 2004). Kaup assigned names to those species he

believed were new to science and sent specimens to Friedrich Moritz Brauer,

a distinguished odonatologist at the Natural History Museum, Vienna

[NHMW] (Schneider 2004). Brauer generously retained Kaup’s names unless

they were previously occupied, hence the citation *Kaup in Brauer.’

Because of Brauer’s connection with NHMW, it had generally been assumed

that the types from his papers (Brauer 1866, 1867a, b) would be stored there;

however, they were not mentioned in that museum’s type catalogue (St

Quentin 1970). Of the 41 species described by Brauer, seven are known from

Australia. Houston and Watson (1988), in their catalogue of Australian

Odonata, noted that, for six of these seven species, the whereabouts of their

holotypes or syntypes could not be traced.

While checking Kaup’s insect collection in the holdings of HLMD, the

current director, Wolfgang Schneider, found three drawers of Odonata. Based

on the collection localities of Southeast Asia and label data which matched

perfectly the information provided by Brauer (1866, 1867a, b), Schneider

(2004) concluded that the drawers contained nearly all the type specimens

mentioned in Brauer’s papers. This discovery allows the type depository gaps

in the Australian catalogue to be filled.

Nomenclatural notes

Gynacantha rosenbergi Kaup in Brauer, 1867b

Houston and Watson (1988) noted that syntypes probably existed but their

whereabouts were not traced. The original description was based on two

males, now recognised as being one each in NHMW and HLMD (Schneider

2004). The NHMW specimen was designated lectotype and the HLMD

specimen paralectotype by Schneider (2004).

100 Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3)

Brachydiplax denticauda (Brauer, 1867b)

Houston and Watson (1988) noted that the whereabouts of the male holotype

of Diplax denticauda had not been traced. Schneider (2004) confirmed that it

was present in the HLMD collection. It has a handwritten label by Kaup,

matches the type description, including the missing inferior appendage, and

was not mentioned by St Quentin (1970).

Brachydiplax duivenbodei (Brauer, 1866)

Houston and Watson (1988) noted that syntypes of Perithemis duivenbodei

had not been traced. St Quentin (1970), perhaps overlooked by Houston and

Watson, designated a lectotype and paralectotype in the NHMW collection,

selected by Lieftinck but not published by him. Two males from New Guinea

[West Papua] and one from Celebes [Sulawesi], in HLMD, are part of the

syntype series (five males) and are paralectotypes (Schneider 2004).

Raphismia bispina (Hagen, 1867)

Houston and Watson (1988) noted that syntypes of Diplax thoracantha

Brauer had not been traced. Kaup’s handwritten label ‘Diplax thoracantha Br.

Ceram’ on a male specimen in HLMD is consistent with its status as the

holotype.

Neurothemis stigmatizans (Fabricius, 1775)

The relocated Kaup/Brauer types belonging to subspecies of N. stigmatizans

are referable to N. s. manadensis (Boisduval, 1835) and N. s. bramina

(Guérin, 1832) (c.f Ris 1911) and are therefore not relevant to the Australian

fauna, which comprises typical N. s. stigmatizans (Fabricius).

Tramea loewii Kaup in Brauer, 1866

Houston and Watson (1988) listed a male from Ceram in NHMW as the

holotype, based on Lieftinck (1942). At that time, Lieftinck believed that

Australian specimens belonged to T. loewii tillyardi Lieftinck, 1942, the type

of which, from Redlynch [near Cairns] in northern Queensland, was in the

Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden [RMNH]. With the benefit of

further material, Lieftinck (1962) recognised that the two formerly accepted

subspecies were not separable. While St Quentin (1970) listed a male

holotype and a female allotype in NHMW under the same inventory number,

Schneider (2004) recognised that both specimens were males. He also

discovered two additional males in HLMD, one of which has a handwritten

label ‘Tramea Loewii Kaup, Ceram v.R.’, leading him to conclude that the

type series comprised four male syntypes, two in NHMW and two in HLMD

(Schneider 2004). The NHMW male listed by St Quentin (1970) becomes the

lectotype, ‘by inference of holotype’; the others are paralectotypes.

Following Cowley (1935), Houston and Watson (1988) accepted the generic

name Trapezostigma Hagen. However, Dijkstra et al. (2005) applied to the

Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3) 101

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature [ICZN] to conserve

the generic name Tramea Hagen, 1861 by suppression of the senior objective

synonym Trapezostigma Hagen, 1849. This submission was subsequently

upheld (ICZN 2006), making Tramea the valid name.

Macrodiplax cora (Kaup in Brauer, 1867a)

Houston and Watson (1988) noted that there was a probable holotype but its

whereabouts were not traced. The female holotype was found in the Kaup

collection in HLMD (Schneider 2004).

Acknowledgement

I am very grateful to Dr Wolfgang Schneider (HLMD) for providing a copy

of his paper.

References

BRAUER, F. 1866. Beschreibung neuer exotischer Libellen. Verhandlungen der zoologisch-

botanischen Gessellschaft Wien 16: 563-570.

BRAUER, F. 1867a. Beschreibung neuer exotischer Libellen aus den Gattungen Neurothemis,

Libellula, Diplax, Celithemis und Tramea. Verhandlungen der zoologisch-botanischen

Gessellschaft Wien 17: 3-26.

BRAUER, F. 1867b. Bericht über die von Hrn. Dir. Kaup eingesendeten Odonaten (Schluss.).

Verhandlungen der zoologisch-botanischen Gessellschaft Wien 17: 287-302.

COWLEY, J. 1935. Nomenclature of Odonata: three generic names of Hagen. Entomologist 68:

283-284.

DIJKSTRA, K.-D.B., VAN TOL, J., LEGRAND, J. and THEISCHINGER, G. 2005. Case 3324:

Tramea Hagen, 1861 (Insecta, Odonata): proposed conservation. Bulletin of Zoological

Nomenclature 62(2): 68-71.

HAGEN, H.A. 1867. Revision der von Herrn Uhler beschreibenen Odonaten. Stettiner

entomologische Zeitung 1867: 87-95.

HOUSTON, W.W.K. and WATSON, J.A.L. 1988. Odonata. Pp 33-132, in: Houston, W.W.K.

(ed), Zoological Catalogue of Australia, Volume 6. Ephemeroptera, Megaloptera, Odonata,

Plecoptera, Trichoptera. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

ICZN. 2006. Opinion 2158. Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature 63(3): 209-210.

LIEFTINCK, M.A. 1942. The dragonflies (Odonata) of New Guinca and neighbouring islands.

Part VI. Results of the third Archbold expedition 1938-’39 and of the Le Roux expedition 1939

to Netherlands New Guinea. (1. Anisoptera). Treubia 18: 441-608, pls 23-41.

LIEFTINCK, M.A. 1962. Insects of Micronesia. Odonata. Insects of Micronesia 5(1): 1-95.

RIS, F. 1911. Libellulinen 4. Fasc. XII, pp 385-528, 1 pl, in: Collections Zoologiques du Baron

Edm. De Selys Longchamps. Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique, Brussels.

SCHNEIDER, W. 2004. Friedrich Moritz Brauer’s and Johann Jacob Kaup’s types of

dragonflies (Insecta: Odonata) in the Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt. Kaupia:

Darmstädter Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte 13: 77-87.

ST QUENTIN, D. 1970. Katalog der Odonaten-Typen im Naturhistorischen Museum Wien.

Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums Wien 74: 253-279.

102 Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3)

CORRECTION OF A RECORD OF ELODINA WALKERI BUTLER

(LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE) FROM THE PILBARA REGION OF

WESTERN AUSTRALIA

S.G. GINN!, D.R. BRITTON! and M.W. BULBERT?

! Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney, NSW 2010

"Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109

Abstract

A recent record of Elodina walkeri Butler from Juna Downs Station in the Pilbara region of

Western Australia has been reexamincd and found to belong to Eurema smilax (Donovan).

Introduction

In a previous publication (Ginn ef al. 2007), we included a record of Elodina

walkeri Butler from the Pilbara region of Western Australia (1 male, Juna

Downs Access Road, 5.3 km east of Juna Downs Station, 22°52’S, 118°31’E,

Malaise trap, CVA volunteers, K 231673). The wing colour of this specimen

was pearly white with brownish black forewing apical markings; the body

was also white. Although not an exact match, it most closely resembled Æ.

walkeri and was identified as such in Ginn et al. (2007).

Discussion

Elodina walkeri is a vine-thicket species, which makes this specimen an

unusual find given the arid habitat of the Pilbara locality, 1400 km from the

nearest recorded locality of Mitchell Plateau via Kununurra (Dunn and Dunn

1991). A second and more detailed examination of the wing venation placed

the specimen in genus Eurema Hübner, rather than Elodina C. & R. Felder.

The genitalia were also dissected and compared with those of Eurema smilax

(Donovan) and with figures in Braby (2000), confirming its identity as E.

smilax. The specimen was collected in a Malaise trap and preserved in the

field in a mixture of glycol and ethanol and, as a result, there appears to have

been considerable bleaching of the yellow pigmentation. Malaise-trapped

specimens of Eurema in similar preservative from other localities in Australia

also show this bleaching and our initial misidentification should serve as a

cautionary note to others identifying Malaise-trapped butterflies.

Acknowledgement

We thank Kelvyn Dunn for his keen observations in relation to this record.

References

BRABY, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution.

CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne; xxvii + 976 pp.

DUNN, K.L. and DUNN, L.E. 1991. Review of Australian butterflies: distribution, life history

and taxonomy. Parts 1-4. Published privately, Melbourne; 660 pp.

GINN, S.G., BRITTON, D.R. and BULBERT, M.W. 2007. New records of butterflics

(Lepidoptera) in the Pilbara region of Western Australia, with comments on the use of Malaise

traps for monitoring. Australian Entomologist 34: 65-75.

Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3): 103-104 103

A NOTE ON TRUPANEA OPPRIMATA HERING (DIPTERA:

TEPHRITIDAE: TEPHRITINAE) IN AUSTRALIA

D.L. HANCOCK

PO Box 2464, Cairns, Old 4870

Abstract

The identity and distribution of Trupanea opprimata Hering in Australia are discussed, with the

species newly recorded from Coen in central Cape York Peninsula. A correction to a previous

paper on the fruit flies of the Marquesas Islands in French Polynesia is included, the dacine

Bactrocera perfusca (Aubertin) being previously overlooked.

Introduction

The flower-infesting fruit fly Trupanea opprimata Hering, described from the

Lesser Sunda Islands in Indonesia (Hering 1941), was reported from

Australia by Hancock (2001), based on two male specimens misidentified as

T. amoena (Frauenfeld) by Hardy and Drew (1996). An additional specimen

from Australia is reported here.

Trupanea opprimata Hering

Trupanea opprimata Hering, 1941: 43, fig. 13; Hardy, 1988: 77, fig. 39. (Poeloe

Endeh, Flores, Lesser Sunda Is, Indonesia).

Trupanea amoena: Hardy and Drew, 1996: 386, figs 277-279; Hancock et al., 2000:

59. Not T. amoena (Frauenfeld). (Australia: NT, nthn Qld). Misidentifications.

Trupanea opprimata: Hancock, 2001: 116. (Australia: NT, nthn Qld).

Material examined. QUEENSLAND: 1 9, Coen DPI Centre, 13°45.776’S,

143°07.580’E, 16.viii.-12.x.1999, malaise trap, P. Dangerfield (in Primary Industries

and Fisheries Collection, Cairns).

Comments. Australian specimens differ from the types in having the

transverse brown band through the stigma and cells r; and 1,3 on the wing

narrower and paler but, until further material (particularly from Indonesia)

can be examined and the extent of variation determined, they are best

considered conspecific. All have an isolated dark spot along vein Cu, below

the middle of the discal cell. Specimens are known in Australia from Renner

Springs in the Northern Territory and from Bluewater Creek near Townsville

and Coen in northern Queensland (Hardy and Drew 1996 [as T. amoena],

above record). In the above female the brown area on the wing includes a

triangular spot above the apex of vein R4.5 (as in Hering's 1941 figure) and

the oviscape is black.

True Trupanea amoena differs from T. opprimata in the orientation of the

brown band through the stigma and cells r, and r;,4. This band extends

through the discal cell and approaches or unites with the brown band across

the DM-Cu crossvein along vein M in T. amoena, or runs along vein R4.5 and

unites with the brown band across the DM-Cu crossvein along that vein in T.

opprimata.

104 Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3)

Trupanea opprimata is one of two species of Trupanea Schrank known from

both Australia and Indonesia, the other being 7. glauca (Thomson).

Widespread throughout Australia (Hardy and Drew 1996), T. glauca is also

known from Java, the Philippines and West Malaysia (Hardy 1988, T.H.

Chua pers. comm.). In northern Queensland, this species is known from

Kennedy near Cardwell and 30 km N of Wrotham Park near Chillagoe

(Hardy and Drew 1996), and from 9.7 km N of Ellis Beach near Cairns (1 9,

17.1v.1987, E. Dahms & G. Sarnes, in Queensland Museum, Brisbane).

A correction

In an earlier paper (Hancock 2007), I noted that no fruit-infesting species of

fruit flies were known from the Marquesas Islands in French Polynesia. This

was incorrect. The overlooked Bactrocera perfusca (Aubertin) is endemic to

several of these islands (Malloch 1932, Drew 1989) and presumably occupies

this niche.

References

DREW, R.A.I. 1989. The tropical fruit flics (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinac) of the Australasian

and Oceanian Regions. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 26: 1-521.

HANCOCK, D.L. 2001. Systematic notes on the genera of Australian and some non-Australian

Tephritinae (Diptera: Tephritidae). Australian Entomologist 28(4): 111-116.

HANCOCK, D.L. 2007. The identity of Terellia immaculata Macquart (Diptera: Tephritidac:

Tephritinae). Australian Entomologist 34(4): 119-120.

HANCOCK, D.L., HAMACEK, E.L., LLOYD, A.C. and ELSON-HARRIS, M.M. 2000. The

distribution and host plants of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Australia. Information Scries

Q199067, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane; iii + 75 pp.

HARDY, D.E. 1988. The Tephritinac of Indonesia, New Guinca, the Bismarck and Solomon

Islands (Diptera: Tephritidac). Bishop Museum Bulletin in Entomology 1: i-vii, 1-92.

HARDY, D.E. and DREW, R.A.I. 1996. Revision of the Australian Tephritini (Diptera:

Tephritidae). Invertebrate Taxonomy 10(2): 213-405.

HERING, E.M. 1941. Dipteren von den Kleinen Sunda-Imseln. Aus der Ausbeute der Sunda-

Expedition Rensch. II. Trypetidac. Arbeiten über Morphologische und Taxonomische

Entomologie aus Berlin-Dahlem 8(1): 24-45.

MALLOCH, J.R. 1932. Two Trypetidae from the Marquesas Islands, with one new species

(Diptera). Bulletin of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum 98: 145-147.

Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3): 105-110 105

PRESENCE OF THE RUSTY PLUM APHID HYSTERONEURA

SETARIAE (THOMAS) (HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE) ON BUFFEL

GRASS (CENCHRUS CILIARIS L.) IN CENTRAL AUSTRALIA

CHRISTOPHER M. PALMER

Biodiversity Unit, Northern Territory Department of Natural Resources, Environment, the Arts

and Sport, PO Box 1120, Alice Springs, NT 0871 (Email: christopher.palmer@nt.gov.au)

Abstract

Eight populations of the introduced rusty plum aphid, Hysteroneura setariae (Thomas), were

discovered on the introduced pasture plant buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) in Alice Springs

from May 2008 to April 2009. Aphids were not found on cight other grass species also surveyed

during this period. This is the first fully documented record of H. setariae in the southern half of

the Northern Territory. Hysteroneura setariae is a vector of several plant viruses. The possible

significance of buffel grass in reducing invertebrate biodiversity is discussed.

Introduction

The rusty plum aphid, Hysteroneura setariae (Thomas), is endemic to North

America but expanded rapidly in the mid 1960s and spread throughout many

parts of the world (Blackman and Eastop 2006). Since then its distribution

has continued to expand, e.g. to Taiwan (Lee and Hsu 1979) and Chile (Heie

et al. 1996). Its biology was described by Carver (1976), who included a list

of host plants. More recent accounts have added Cyperaceae, oil and coconut

palms as occasional hosts (Blackman and Eastop 2006) as well as other

species such as Scaevola taccada (Goodeniaceae) (Messing er al. 2007).

Buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) (Poaceae) is a pasture plant native to

Africa, southern parts of Asia and India (Lazarides et al. 1997). Although

accidentally introduced into Australia during the 19th century, buffel grass

was deliberately sown throughout Queensland, New South Wales and

northern parts of the Northern Territory between the 1920s and the 1960s

(Humphreys 1967, Cameron er al. 1984). It now occurs over much of central

Australia and is known to have deleterious effects on native plant species in

the region (e.g. Clarke et al. 2005). However, the effects of buffel grass on

invertebrate diversity in Australia have been largely unknown.

Invertebrate faunal surveys of buffel grass growing in Alice Springs,

conducted from May to September 2008, revealed the presence of H.

setariae. This led to the question of whether H. setariae is found only on

buffel grass in Alice Springs, so surveys were expanded from November

2008 to April 2009 to include native grasses and other introduced grasses.

Results of these surveys are presented here, together with a discussion of the

possible effects of both C. ciliaris and H. setariae on agricultural,

horticultural and natural environments.

Methods

Surveys comprised, firstly, close visual inspection of plants and then beating

vegetation into trays. Plants were only surveyed if they were green, indicating

106 Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3)

access to water and increased likelihood of feeding by phytophagous insects.

A survey of each grass species at each site comprised sampling six plants.

The extent of distribution of each grass in Alice Springs - and therefore the

number of potential survey sites - varied between species, partly because

some parts of the town receive more water than others. Therefore, species

could not be sampled equally.

133°50'0"E 133°52'0°E 133'54'0"E

23°40'0°S

23°42°0°S

» “aan 1772

“COMME, Rhee

E =

N IIT DITS Y^

PS LET?

i Hi 7 ^

ee D MACDONNELL RANGES

ZA 7

//\ 7

23'44'07S

23'460'S

Cenchrus ciliaris with aphids Nov 2008-Apr 2009 (6 sites)

C. ciliaris without aphids Nov 2008-Apr 2009 (2 sites)

C. ciliaris with aphids Jun/Jul/Sep 2008 (2 sites)

Cymbopogon ambiguus (3 sites)

Themeda triandra (2 sites)

Panicum decompositum (1 site)

Chloris virgata (2 sites) AIRPORT

Eragroslis parviflora (3 sites)

Enteropogon ramosus (1 site)

Dichanthium sericeum (2 sites)

Echinochloa colona (1 site)

23'48'0"S

[c]

Fig. 1. Map of the Alice Springs area showing the species and distribution of grasses

surveyed for H. setariae from November 2008 to April 2009.

Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3) 107

The following introduced species were surveyed from November 2008 to

April 2009: Cenchrus ciliaris (eight sites), Chloris virgata (two sites) and

Echinochloa colona (one site). The following native species were also

surveyed during this period: Cymbopogon ambiguus (three sites),

Dichanthium sericeum (two sites), Enteropogon ramosus (one site),

Eragrostis parviflora (three sites), Panicum decompositum (one site) and

Themeda triandra (two sites). Grass species were interspersed (Fig. 1).

Results

Two populations of H. setariae were discovered during surveys of C. ciliaris

in parkland in June, July and September 2008. Associated with aphids at the

first parkland site in June and July 2008 were numerous adults and larvae of

the widespread native aphid predator Coccinella transversalis Fabricius

(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Tending aphids in November 2008 were workers

of the commonly encountered native ant Monomorium sordidum Forel

(Hymenoptera: Formicidae).

Six of the eight C. ciliaris sites surveyed from November 2008 to April 2009

yielded populations of H. setariae (Fig. 1). The population size of aphids on

individual plants varied between one winged female with three nymphs to

hundreds of individuals comprising winged and wingless females and

nymphs of both morphs. Aphids were found only on the inflorescence and

peduncle. The rusty plum aphid was not found on any other native or

introduced grass sampled during this study.

Discussion

Although the present study is the first time that H. setariae has been

documented from the southern half of the Northern Territory, additional

records without locality information indicate that the rusty plum aphid has

been collected from this area in the past (M. Carver pers. comm.). This

species has also been collected from at least two other localities in the central

arid zone: 30 km southeast of the Dalhousie homestead ruins in South

Australia on 23 September 1974 (Carver 1976) and 1 km west of Birdsville in

southwestern Queensland (date unknown) (M. Carver pers. comm.).

Opportunistic collections in central Australia in 1966 yielded only three

species: Aphis craccivora Koch, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) and

Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) (White 1967).

Blackman and Eastop (2006) did not cite H. setariae as occurring on buffel

grass, although they noted records from other species of Cenchrus. The rusty

plum aphid was found on C. ciliaris in southwestern Australia in the summer

of 2000 (Hawkes and Jones 2005) and buffel grass is known to support H.

setariae in northern Australia (M. Carver pers. comm.).

Buffel grass supports another likely introduced species in Alice Springs: the

sugarcane whitefly Neomaskellia bergii (Signoret) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

(Palmer 2009), which colonises several introduced grasses and was first

108 Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3)

collected in Australia on sugar cane near Cairns in 1918 (Carver and Reid

1996). Buffel grass has had negative effects on invertebrate diversity in semi-

arid regions of other countries, where infestations have led to reduced

abundance of arthropods in the U.S.A. (Flanders er al. 2006) and likely

alteration of ant community composition in Mexico (Bestelmeyer and

Schooley 1999).

Worldwide, the rusty plum aphid is a vector of at least twelve plant viruses,

including the cucumber, soybean and sugarcane mosaic viruses (Table 1).

Although all of the viruses listed in Table 1 are non-persistently transmitted

(Brunt et al. 1996, Latham and Jones 2004, Tian et al. 2007), and many of

the crops shown in Table 1 are not normally host plants for H. setariae, virus

transmission would still be possible during incidental insertion of mouthparts

as the aphid locates suitable species. In Australia, the rusty plum aphid has

also been implicated in transmitting Barley yellow dwarf virus, a persistent

virus infecting both native and introduced grasses (Hawkes and Jones 2005).

Table 1. Plant viruses transmitted by the rusty plum aphid Hysteroneura setariae.

Virus Reference

Carrot virus Y Latham and Jones 2004

Cucumber mosaic virus Coudriet 1962

Maize dwarf mosaic virus Garrido and Cermeli 1994

Onion yellow dwarf virus Drake et al. 1933

Papaya ringspot virus Trinidad and Sumalde 2006

Soybean mosaic virus Neto and Costa 1978

Sugarcane mosaic virus Ingram and Summers 1936

Tobacco vein-banding mosaic virus Chin 1983

Urd bean leaf crinkle virus Nath et al. 1986

Watermelon mosaic 1 virus Chao and Chen 1991

Watermelon mosaic 2 virus Coudriet 1962

Zucchini yellow mosaic virus Chao and Chen 1990

Exotic aphids are generally rare on native Australian plants (Carver 1991),

but host plant preferences can be variable within the Aphididae: some

overseas studies (e.g. Malmstrom ef al. 2005) reported a preference by exotic

aphids for non-indigenous plants as well as a higher fecundity on them,

whereas other studies (e.g. Messing er al. 2007) reported many aphid species

- including H. setariae - attacking indigenous plants. Although H. setariae

was collected from Eragrostis parviflora in Atherton, Queensland in 1970

and from Panicum decompositum in northern South Australia in 1974

(Carver 1976), the rusty plum aphid was not found on these or any other

native or introduced grass in Alice Springs during 2008 and 2009. The

distribution of H. setariae and surveyed grasses shown in Fig. 1 may indicate

a host preference for C. ciliaris, although this needs to be determined

experimentally.

Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3) 109

The distribution of H. setariae in Australia has expanded as a result of the

presence of buffel grass. With favourable climatic conditions this aphid is

potentially present in all habitats in which C. ciliaris occurs; neither species

has been collected from Victoria or Tasmania (M. Malipatil pers. comm.,

Sharp and Simon 2002). The current study demonstrates that an introduced

floral species has provided resources for an exotic faunal species, which in

turn is a vector of several plant viruses. The increased incidence of viral

infection of crops and other plants as a result of the expanded distribution of

aphid and grass also seems likely.

Acknowledgements

Dr Mary Carver kindly identified exemplars of H. setariae and both Mary

Carver and Dr Mali Malipatil (Victorian Department of Primary Industries)

provided information on collecting localities. Ms Carly Steen (NT Parks and

Wildlife) produced much of Figure 1.

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community structure and the role of trees. Biodiversity and Conservation 8: 643-657.

BLACKMAN, R.L. and EASTOP, V.F. 2006. Aphids on the world’s herbaceous plants and

shrubs. Volumes | and 2. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, U.K.; 1439 pp.

BRUNT, A.A., CRABTREE, K., DALLWITZ, M.J., GIBBS, A.J., WATSON, L. and

ZURCHER, E.J. (eds.). 1996 onwards. Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the

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CAMERON, A.G., MILLER, I.L., HARRISON, P.G. and FRITZ, R.J. 1984. A review of pasture

plant introduction in the 600-1500mm rainfall zone of the Northern Territory. Technical Bulletin

71. Northern Territory Department of Primary Production, Darwin; 81 pp.

CARVER, M. 1976. New and recent additions to the aphid fauna of Australia (Homoptera:

Aphididae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 15: 461-465.

CARVER, M. 1991. Superfamily Aphidoidea. Pp. 452-457, in: CSIRO (ed), The Insects of

Australia, volume 1, 2nd edition, Melbourne University Press, Melbourne; 542 pp.

CARVER, M. and REID, I.A. 1996. Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha) of Australia:

systematic catalogue, host plant spectra, distribution, natural enemies and biological control.

CSIRO Division of Entomology Technical Paper 37. CSIRO, Canberra; 55 pp.

CHAO, C.H. and CHEN, C.C. 1990. Identifications of the aphids transmitting Zucchini yellow

mosaic virus in Taiwan. Bulletin of the Taichung District Agricultural Improvement Station 26:

11-16.

CHAO, C.H. and CHEN, C.C. 1991. Transmission of papaya ringspot virus type-W by aphids.

Bulletin of the Taichung District Agricultural Improvement Station 31: 55-61.

CHIN, W.T. 1983. Aphid vectors of cucumber mosaic virus and tobacco vein-banding mosaic

virus. Bulletin of the Tobacco Research Institute of Taiwan 20: 51-55.

CLARKE, P.J., LATZ, P.K. and ALBRECHT, D.E. 2005. Long-term changes in semi-arid

vegetation: invasion of an exotic perennial grass has larger effects than rainfall variability.

Journal of Vegetation Science 16: 237-248.

COUDRIET, D.L. 1962. Efficiency of various insects as vectors of cucumber mosaic and

watermelon mosaic viruses in cantaloups. Journal of Economic Entomology 55(4): 519-520.

110 Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3)

DRAKE, C.J., TATE, H.D. and HARRIS, H.M. 1933. The relationship of aphids to the

transmission of yellow dwarf of onions. Journal of Economic Entomology 26: 841-846.

FLANDERS, A.A., KUVLESKY, W.P., RUTHVEN, D.C., ZAIGLIN, R.E., BINGHAM, R.L.,

FULBRIGHT, T.E., HERNANDEZ, F. and BRENNAN, L.A. 2006. Effects of invasive exotic

grasscs on south Texas rangeland breeding birds. The Auk 123(1): 171-182.

GARRIDO, M.J. and CERMELI, M. 1994. Transmission of maize dwarf mosaic virus in

Venczucla by aphid species. Boletin de Entomologia Venezolana 9(1): 123-124.

HAWKES, J.R. and JONES, R.A.C. 2005. Incidence and distribution of Barley yellow dwarf

virus and Cereal yellow dwarf virus in over-summering grasses in a Mcditerrancan-type

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HEIE, O.E., PETTERSSON, J., FUENTES-CONTRERAS, E. and NIEMEYER, H.M. 1996.

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NATH, P.S., KHAN, M.A. and CHOWDHURY, A.K. 1986. Transmission of urd bean (Vigna

mungo (L) Hepper) leaf crinkle virus by Lipaphis erysime and Hysteroneura setariae. Indian

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by wheat aphids. Summa Phytopathologica 4(2/3/4): 125-127.

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Neomaskellia bergii (Signorct) (Hemiptera: Alcyrodidac) in central Australia. Australian

Entomologist 36(2): 89-95.

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Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3): 111-112 111

NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF CATOPYROPS FLORINDA

(BUTLER) (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE)

JOHN V. PETERS

245 Quarry Road, Ryde, NSW 2112

Abstract

Southern records of Catopyrops florinda (Butler) are reviewed and subspecies C. f; halys

(Waterhouse) is newly recorded from Sydney, New South Wales.

Introduction

Waterhouse (1903, as Nacaduba ancyra (C. Felder)) recorded the Australian

distribution of the speckled line-blue, Catopyrops florinda (Butler), as

‘Richmond River to Cape York’. Later (Waterhouse 1928, as N. a. florinda),

he recorded it from ‘Stanwell Park in January (G.M. Goldfinch)’ and ‘larvae

on [Trema aspersa] at Port Macquarie in April’. Still later (Waterhouse 1932,

as N. a. florinda), he noted it to be ‘common from the Manning River to

Townsville, one specimen has been caught near Sydney’.

Waterhouse (1934, now as N. a. halys Waterhouse) noted that ‘this race is

found along the coast from the Manning River to Mackay with Townsville

specimens not quite typical. One specimen has been caught near Sydney,

where its food plant grows in a few suitable localities’. Common (1964, as C.

f. estrella (Waterhouse & Lyell)) gave the distribution as ‘N.T., Cooktown to

Wollongong’. Common and Waterhouse (1972, 1981, as C. f. halys) recorded

it from *Townsville to the Illawarra district, common north of the Manning

River’.

Braby (2000) recorded C. f. halys ‘from Byfield, Qld south to Stanwell Park,

NSW, extending inland to the Carnarvon Range, Qld’ and noted that ‘it is

much rarer south of the Manning River’. Braby (2004) amended this to ‘less

common south of the Manning River, NSW’. Atkins (2004) recorded it from

the Hunter Valley, NSW.

Discussion and recent observations

The specimen recorded from ‘near Sydney’ by Waterhouse (1932, 1934) is,

in fact, the male from Stanwell Park, collected by G.M. Goldfinch in January

1913 and now in the Australian Museum collection, together with a female

collected at Womberal, NSW by T. Guthrie, also in 1913 and a female

collected at Toronto, NSW by G.A. Waterhouse on 7 April 1917. There are

no specimens of C. florinda in the Australian National Insect Collection

(ANIC) from south of the Hunter Valley (E.D. Edwards, pers. comm.).

On 29 February 2008, I collected four males of C. f. halys at Lower Portland

on the Hawksbury River, a location some 40 km north of Windsor, NSW. On

1 April 2008, I collected two males at Ryde (a Sydney suburb). This species

also has been seen at Avalon, NSW each year since the mid 1990s and before

1992 at Glenbrook in the Blue Mountains (B. Hacobian pers. comm.).

112 Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3)

Acknowledgements

I thank Ted Edwards (ANIC, Canberra) for information on material in ANIC,

encouraging me to prepare this note and suggesting contact with Bart

Hacobian (Avalon), who I also thank for generously providing his

observations on the species.

References

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Victorian Entomologist 34(5): 52-57.

BRABY, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution.

CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood; xxvii + 976 pp.

BRABY, M.F. 2004. The complete field guide to butterflies of Australia. CSIRO Publishing,

Collingwood; x + 340 pp.

COMMON, I.F.B. 1964. Australian butterflies. Jacaranda Press, Brisbane; 131 pp.

COMMON, LF.B. and WATERHOUSE, D.F. 1972. Butterflies of Australia. Angus and

Robertson, Sydney; xii + 498 pp.

COMMON, I.F.B. and WATERHOUSE, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Revised Edition.

Angus and Robertson, Sydney; xiv + 682 pp.

WATERHOUSE, G.A. 1903. A catalogue of the Rhopalocera of Australia. Memoirs of the New

South Wales Naturalists’ Club 1: ii + 49 pp.

WATERHOUSE, G.A. 1928. Notes on Australian Lycaenidae. Part VI. Proceedings of the

Linnean Society of New South Wales 53(4): 401-412.

WATERHOUSE, G.A. 1932. What butterfly is that? Angus and Robertson, Sydney; x + 291 pp.

WATERHOUSE, G.A. 1934. Notes on Australian Lycaenidac. VII. Descriptions of new races.

Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales S9(5-6): 416-420.

Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3): 113-118 113

THE LIFE HISTORY AND ADULT MORPHOLOGY OF PHILIRIS

ZISKA TITEUS D’ABRERA (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE)

P.R. SAMSON! and S.J. JOHNSON”

'BSES Limited, PMB 57, Mackay Mail Centre, Old 4741 (Email: psamson@bses.org.au)

?Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Bank, Qld 4101

Abstract

The immature stages of Philiris ziska titeus D’Abrera are recorded and adult females identified

with certainty for the first time in Australia. The food plant on Cape York Peninsula was Trophis

scandens (Moraceae). Eggs were found beneath leaves of T. scandens within patches of dead leaf

tissue. Larvae fed bencath leaves before pupating on top of a leaf in line with the midrib. The

egg, cach of the six larval instars and the pupa are described. The identity of presumed females

previously reported from Australia is confirmed.

Introduction

Philiris ziska (Grose-Smith) is known from Waigeo, West Papua to Papua

New Guinea and was originally reported from Cape York Peninsula in

northeastern Australia on the basis of a small series of males from Iron Range

(Kerr 1967). The subspecies P. z. titeus D’Abrera was erected for the

Australian population (D’Abrera 1971) and two paratype females were

included. The identity of these females was doubted by Common and

Waterhouse (1981) and a separate subspecies was not recognised by Braby

(2000), who provided additional descriptive notes and illustrations of both

sexes. Other authors, however (e.g. Sands and New 2002), have continued to

recognise P. z. fiteus as the valid name for the Australian population.

The life history of typical P. ziska has been described from Papua New

Guinea, where the food plant is Trophis scandens (Moraceae) (Parsons

1984), but that of the Australian population has not been recorded previously.

Here we record the food plant, describe the immature stages and provide

details of reared adults from Iron Range.

Immature stages

Egg (Fig. 1). Diameter 0.8 mm. A flattened sphere, with irregular pattern of

ridges with long spines, broad at the base and simple or bifid at the tip,

longest at sides of egg and short around micropyle; colour whitish-blue aging

to white.

First instar larva (Fig. 2). With long, posteriorly-curved, pale brown dorsal

setae, two similar pairs on second thoracic segment (T2), one pair on T3,

none on first or second abdominal segments (A1-A2), one pair on each of

A3-A5 and two pairs (post. pair shorter) on A6, and long white marginal

setae. Body and head yellowish green; spiracles brown. Later in instar, larvae

develop a whitish middorsal line on A2-A5 and reddish lateral and dorsal

patches (especially on A1 and A6).

114 Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3)

Figs 1-6. Immature stages of Philiris ziska titeus from Iron Range, Qld. (1) egg; (2-5)

larval instars I, II, III and VI respectively; (6) pupa. (Head to right in Figs 2-6.) Scale

bars (1-4) = 1 mm, (5-6) = 5 mm.

Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3) Me

Figs 7-10. Philiris ziska titeus from Iron Range, Qld. (7-8) male upperside and

underside (field-collected, Gordon Creek); (9-10) female upperside and underside

(reared).

Second instar larva (Fig. 3). Flattened, broadest at T3, with five short brown

setae arising from prothoracic plate, two laterally and three posteriorly, very

short dorsal setae, one pair on T2 and two pairs on each of T3-A6, long,

white and brown branched marginal setae and colourless secondary setae

with expanded tips. Yellowish green, with a white middorsal line on T2-A9,

reddish lateral and dorsolateral lines joined transversely on T1, T2-T3, A3-

A4 and A6-A7, and reddish dorsal patches on Al and A6. Head green;

spiracles brown.

Third instar larva (Fig. 4). Similar to second instar but more green in colour,

with obscure whitish patches between reddish dorsolateral and lateral lines;

setae on prothoracic plate present but not conspicuous and with numerous

other secondary setae arising from plate.

116 Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3)

Fourth instar larva. Similar to third instar but reddish markings fading during

instar and reddish dorsal patches on Al and A6 reducing to faint orange

marks on either side of a white middorsal line that is edged yellow. Spiracles

white. Newcomer’s organ (NO) present on A6 (not discernible in earlier

instars).

Fifth and sixth (final) instar larvae (Fig. 5). Very flattened, with long white

and brown branched marginal setae and colourless secondary setae with

expanded stellate tips. Green with a faint purplish lateral line and a complete,

white middorsal line that is faintly edged yellow and sometimes with slight

orange edging on Al and A6, plus obscure purplish brown transverse bars

and yellowish green blotches dorsolaterally. Head green; spiracles white; NO

present.

Pupa (Fig. 6). Smooth, squat, broadest at A3, dorsally constricted between

Al and A2 at central girdle. Dark green with whitish areas anteriolaterally on

T2 and dorsolaterally on A2-A3; T2 and A2-A5 dorsally light green with

cream patches and dark brown spots, a raised black middorsal patch

anteriorly on A2, dark brown middorsal and subdorsal patches on A2-A5 and

a light green middorsal line posterior to A5. Spiracles white.

Adult morphology

Male (Figs 7-8). As discussed and illustrated by D’Abrera (1971) and Braby

(2000). Some specimens with a white suffusion in the postmedian area,

varying from scattered scales to a prominent white patch (Fig. 7).

Female (Figs 9-10). As discussed and illustrated by Braby (2000). Forewing

upperside: black with a central white patch edged blue extending from within

distal end of cell to submedian area and from M; to CuA»; a broad, purplish-

blue anal streak extending from base to post median area; inner margin

narrowly black overlaid with scattered purplish-blue dusting. Forewing

underside: white with fine black tufts at end of veins along termen. Hindwing

upperside: brownish-black; costa and apex white, extending basally into

distal half of cell and postmedian area; anal lobe white; faint blue dusting in

distal half of cell; veins prominently brown; narrow white fringe along dorsal

termen; small projections on anal and cubital veins which can be lost in worn

specimens. Hindwing underside: white; fine black margin at tornus joining

small tufts at the ends of the cubital and anal veins; a distinct small black spot

in the submedian area above the anal vein.

Life history

We collected eggs and larvae on Trophis scandens near Gordon Creek and

the Claudie River, Iron Range, between 9-13 August 2008.

Eggs were found laid singly within brown, skeletonised patches beneath

leaves of the food plant; none of about 20 unhatched or hatched eggs was

Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3) 117

found on intact green epidermis. Several early-instar larvae were also found

beneath leaves.

Three larvae were reared from egg to adult at Mackay, two at a constant

temperature of 24-25°C following ambient conditions for 2-4 days after

eclosion and one at ambient throughout development. They were fed fresh

excised leaves of 7. scandens every second or third day and all passed

through six larval instars. The duration of larval instars I-VI at 24-25°C for

two females was 8-9 days, 6 days, 5 days, 5 days, 6 days and 7-8 days

respectively. Pupal duration was 11 days, giving a total period from eclosion

to adult of 48-50 days. The single larva reared under ambient conditions

produced a male 54 days after eclosion.

Larvae remained beneath leaves throughout their development and ate only

the lower leaf tissue, leaving the upper epidermis intact. However, they

moved to the upper surface of leaves to pupate, attached by anal hooks and a

central girdle. All four larvae that pupated in captivity left the leaf on which

they had been feeding and pupated on leaves a short distance away on the

stem, three at the leaf base facing away from the petiole and one midway

along the leaf, all in line with the midrib. Pupation took place 3-4 days after

larvae ceased feeding and moved to the upper leaf surface.

Discussion

Our description of the life history is similar to that provided by Parsons

(1984) for P. ziska in Papua New Guinea. However, larvae that we reared

passed through six larval instars and not five as reported by Parsons. Parsons’

(1984) descriptions of larval instars I, II and V are broadly similar to ours for

instars I, II and VI but we could not determine with any certainty the

correspondence between his descriptions of instars III and IV and ours for

instars III-V. Parsons noted that larvae fed only on T. scandens and not on

related plants in Papua New Guinea.

The limited description of adult males of P. z. titeus provided by D’Abrera

(1971) was based on only two specimens and, although the illustration of the

holotype provided appears to show some white suffusion and Kerr (1967) had

mentioned it previously, D'Abrera failed to include it as a character. A lack

of consistency in the presence of the white suffusion was noted by Kerr

(1967). In our experience, most males have limited white scaling in the

postdiscal area but occasional specimens have a distinct white patch similar

to that seen in occasional specimens of P. diana papuana Wind & Clench.

The subspecies P. z. tifeus was not recognised by either Braby (2000) or

Edwards et al. (2001). However, Sands and New (2002) continued to

recognise P. z. titeus on the basis of a much smaller size in both sexes, the

usual presence of the white suffusion on the forewing in males and much

larger white areas on both fore and hind wings in females. Unless shown

otherwise by detailed comparison with material of P. ziska from New Guinea

118 Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3)

(including the type locality of Kapaur, West Papua), this subspecific

distinction should be maintained.

The rearing of several females has confirmed the placement of similar

specimens in P. ziska by Braby (2000). The female paratypes included in P.

z. titeus by D’Abrera (1971) are also from the Claudie River (Iron Range)

(Sands 1981) but have not been reexamined and the question of their identity

(Common and Waterhouse 1981) remains unresolved. Females of typical P.

z. ziska were illustrated by D’Abrera (1971) and Parsons (1991, 1998).

Acknowledgements

This work was conducted under permit supplied by the Environmental

Protection Agency/Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service. We are grateful

to Peter Wilson and Kerrod Beattie for their assistance and company at Iron

Range.

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PARSONS, M. 1984. Life histories of four species of Philiris Róber (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidac)

from Papua New Guinea. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society 38: 15-22.

PARSONS, M. 1991. Butterflies of the Bulolo-Wau valley. Handbook No. 12 of the Wau

Ecology Institute. Bishop Muscum Press, Honolulu; v + 280 pp.

PARSONS, M. 1998. The butterflies of Papua New Guinea: their systematics and biology.

Academic Press, London; xvi + 736 pp, xxvi + 136 pls.

SANDS, D.P.A. 1981. The ecology, biogeography and systematics of the tribe Luciini

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Australia, Canberra; 385 pp.

Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3): 119-130 119

SPREAD OF RED-BANDED MANGO CATERPILLAR, DEANOLIS

SUBLIMBALIS SNELLEN (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE), IN CAPE

YORK PENINSULA, AUSTRALIA

J. ROYER

Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries, PO Box 652, Cairns, Old 4870

Abstract

Deanolis sublimbalis Snellen (red-banded mango caterpillar) is a serious pest of mango

(Mangifera indica L.) fruit. In 1990 it was first recorded in Australia in Torres Strait and in 2001

it was detected on the Australian mainland in the Northern Peninsula Area (NPA) at the tip of

Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. Results from annual surveillance conducted from 2001-2007

in the NPA indicated that D. sublimbalis was spreading through natural adult dispersal at an

average rate of 7 km/year. This provides the first record of this pest’s rate of spread, the

understanding of which is necessary in formulating control strategics.

Introduction

Deanolis sublimbalis Snellen is a pest of mango (Mangifera indica L.:

Anacardiaceae) fruit in South and Southeast Asia, Papua New Guinea (PNG)

and, recently, the northeastern tip of Australia. The larvae infest mango fruit

from marble size to maturity (Zaheruddeen and Sujatha 1993), feeding on

both the flesh and the seed and rendering fruit inedible.

D. sublimbalis has three to four generations per year, completing its lifecycle

in a month during mango fruiting season (Fenner 1997, Sujatha and

Zaheruddeen 2002). The adult lays its eggs mainly on the peduncle of the

fruit (Krull 2004). There are five larval instars with the first and second

instars feeding on the flesh and third to fifth feeding on the seed (Golez 1991,

Krull 2004). D. sublimbalis undergoes pupal diapause in the trunk of mango

trees and there are indications that adult emergence is triggered by the onset

of flowering (Pinese 2006). Adults have been detected from June to

December in PNG (Gibb er al. 2007). Mangifera indica is the only known

host of D. sublimbalis in Australia. Other hosts include Mangifera minor

Blume, a wild fibrous mango found in Indonesia, PNG and the Solomon

Islands (Tenakanai et al. 2006), Mangifera odorata Griffith (kwini) in

Indonesia and Bouea burmanica Griffith (maprang) in Thailand (Waterhouse

1998).

The known distribution of D. sublimbalis, together with years of first

detection in individual countries, is shown in Fig. 1. Date of detection may be

later than date of actual arrival in Southeast Asian countries due to absence of

systematic surveillance. D. sublimbalis was first detected in Australian

territory on the Torres Strait island of Saibai in March 1990 and its

movement through the islands was monitored in subsequent years until its

arrival on the Australian mainland in 2001 (NAQS 1999, 2003) (see Fig. 2).

D. sublimbalis can spread short distances by natural dispersal of adult moths,

or long distances through either human-assisted movement of infested fruit or

dispersal of adults on the wind. Its potential for spread and crop damage are

120 Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3)

of concern to the Australian mango industry which has an estimated annual

value of AUD $100 million (AMIA 2006).

This paper reports the rate of spread of D. sublimbalis in the Northern

Peninsula Area between 2001 and 2007. Modes of spread of D. sublimbalis

adults and larvae are also discussed.

Surveillance method for D. sublimbalis larvae in Queensland

In response to the Hammond Island detection in August 2001, surveys of

roadside feral mangoes and trees in communities in the NPA, greater Cape

York Peninsula, the urban centres of Cairns and Townsville and mango

production region of the Atherton Tablelands were initiated in October 2001.

These were continued annually during the peak fruiting season between

September and November until 2008. Fruit was either picked or collected

from underneath trees and those exhibiting external damage were cut to

ascertain the presence of D. sublimbalis larvae. Originally, mangoes in any

condition were cut open to detect D. sublimbalis. However, after several

years of using this sampling method it was apparent that D. sublimbalis was

only found in fruit exhibiting some external signs of damage. As the purpose

of the surveillance was to delimit the extent of D. sublimbalis, each

successive year’s surveillance focussed on surveying mangoes outside the

bounds of the previously known infested area. Mango trees that were

previously free of D. sublimbalis and outside a known infested zone were re-

surveyed in subsequent years.

Samples of D. sublimbalis larvae were collected in 70% ethanol and returned

to the Cairns laboratory for positive identification. The first samples collected

at Somerset in 2001 were confirmed by DNA analysis at CSIRO laboratories

in Canberra, with subsequent samples confirmed by the QPIF diagnostic

entomologist by comparison with voucher specimens.

Results

In October 2001, 350 mango trees were surveyed in the NPA. D. sublimbalis

was detected in feral mango trees at Somerset and found to be confined to

approximately 60 mango trees in three locations, all within 1 km of each

other. Larvae were readily detected in fruit between 4 and 12 cm in length,

both on the tree and ground, with up to four larvae being found in several

fruit (Foulis et al. 2001). Results of subsequent years’ surveillance are shown

in Table 1 and Figs 3-8. By 2007, D. sublimbalis had been detected in all

areas known to harbour mangoes in the NPA. D. sublimbalis was not

detected at other sites surveyed on mainland Queensland outside the NPA

between 2001-2008.

From 2001-2007, D. sublimbalis had an average rate of spread of 6.9 km/year

in the NPA (Table 1, Figs 3-8). The lowest rates of spread in a year were

from Bamaga to New Mapoon (2.1 km in 2005) and New Mapoon to Seisia

(2.2 km in 2006). Annual spread in a west to southwesterly direction was

Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3) 121

further (3.9-14.5 km) than that in a northwesterly direction (2.1-2.2 km). D.

sublimbalis took two years to spread 7.7 km from Injinoo to Muttee Heads.

The mangoes at Muttee Heads are an isolated group, with no known mangoes

between them and the next nearest mangoes at Injinoo.

Table 1. Spread of D. sublimbalis in the Northern Peninsula Area (* denotes feral

mango sites).

LÉ———————————————————————À————————————————

Nearcst prior New detections Number Maximum Rate of

detection (Place (Place and Year) of mango distance from (and spread

and Year) trees time since) nearest (km/

surveyed previous detection year)

Somerset (2001) Lockerbie, Punsand 624 14.5 km (1 year) 14.5

Bay, Roma Flats*

(2002)

Lockerbie (2002) Blue Valley* (2003) 303 5.5 km (1 year) to

Blue Valley* Bamaga (2004) 342 7.6 km (1 year) 7.6

(2003)

Bamaga (2004) Injinoo, New Mapoon, 212 7.7 km (1 year) 7.7

Umagico (2005)

New Mapoon Seisia (2006) 68 2.2 km (1 year) 2.2

(2005)

Injinoo (2005) Muttec Heads* (2007) 122 7.7 km (2 years) 3.9

Average rate of spread (km/year) 6.9

Discussion

Spread on mainland Australia

The extent of the D. sublimbalis infestation in the Somerset area suggested

that the incursion had been present for longer than one season. The last

reported sampling of mango fruit at Somerset was approximately eight years

previously by a NAQS survey team (Foulis er al. 2001).

While D. sublimbalis can potentially be spread considerable distances by

people carrying infested fruit, its dispersal via this means would have resulted

in the establishment of populations in the indigenous communities prior to

those in isolated sites such as Roma Flats and Blue Valley. The appearance of

D. sublimbalis in unpopulated areas suggests that spread in the NPA has

resulted from natural dispersal of adults rather than by human intervention,

even though anecdotal evidence suggests that infested fruit has been

transported for human consumption in the NPA.

The higher rate of dispersal in a southwesterly direction compared with a

northwesterly dispersal could be due to the availability of host trees.

However, D. sublimbalis has not yet been detected in two mango trees at

Cape York north-west of Somerset (last surveyed 2008) and this may indicate

that spread is influenced by prevailing winds and associated with fruit odour

casting. Winds in this region are southeasterly for most of the year and

122 Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3)

northwesterly from December to March (BOM 1999). Adult populations are

known to peak in September and October and have diminished by December

(Gibb et al. 2007, Yarrow and Chandler 2006) and are consequently

subjected to southeasterly winds. It has been suggested that insects maximise

odour scanning by flying across prevailing winds (Linsenmair 1968, Bell ef

dl 1995) and this may explain the dispersal of D. sublimbalis in a

southwesterly direction, i.e. across the prevailing southeasterly winds.

While this NPA example gives an indication of rate of spread, it has not been

possible to correlate dispersal with host availability, largely because of the

unknown distribution of feral mango trees in forested areas of the NPA. It is

likely that limited host availability has affected the dispersal rate of D.

sublimbalis in the NPA (e.g. the relatively slow spread over the 7.7 km

mango-free area between Injinoo and Muttee Heads), so care must be taken

when extrapolating these data to urban or commercial production areas where

host availability is not such a limiting factor. Krull (2004) found in PNG that

D. sublimbalis spreads on the original tree first and then onto other trees,

indicating that spread within an orchard is slow.

Comparative rate of spread elsewhere

There are no other references in the literature to D. sublimbalis dispersal.

However, a rate of spread in India may be inferred from historical detections

using time and distance between successive detections. Historical records and

the relationship between the date and distance from first detection and

subsequent detections have been used previously to calculate the rate of

spread of gypsy moth in North America (Liebhold et al. 1992). While the

distribution of mango trees, time of D. sublimbalis presence prior to detection

and mode of spread are unknown in India, the consistency in the inferred

rates calculated from chronological detections, plus the absence of D.

sublimbalis records in the literature on insects of agricultural importance in

India prior to each detection (Waterhouse 1998), supports the assumption that

first detection approximates first arrival.

Based on time to spread between all known D. sublimbalis detections (from

Darjeeling to Calcutta, to Puri in Orissa and to Godavari in Andhra Pradesh),

an average rate of spread of 15 km/year is inferred for India, with a range of

13-18 km/year. While the history of D. sublimbalis detections in Papua New

Guinea is less well known (Waterhouse 1998), it is included here for interest

as the inferred rate of spread is not dissimilar to that of India. Based on the

time to span the shortest distance between each successive detection in PNG,

the average rate of spread was 13 km/year, with a range of 3-19 km/year (see

Fig. 1 and Table 2). Although somewhat speculative, these inferred rates are

included for comparison, as they are not vastly different from the rate of

spread found in the NPA and offer the only other indications of D.

sublimbalis ' potential dispersal rate.

Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3) 123

| (903 Darjesling & Sikkim c .

d vato z — 1997 Yunnan, ina —

tid

P + E :

4i 1945 Calcutta | ^

» Veet

| ai 1962 onssa | 0

À 993 Andhra Pradesh — |

1973 Brunel

4936 Irlan Jaya

D. Tot "OR he. 1955 Weste

nr > SG : PR Gs PNG

_ A Mie sulawesi d SIANID

Uo ansen pir ^" 7 4 , 3.1933 Koko RNG

un En chs

922 Java u. 2003 Fast Timor “thes Port Moresby, PNG

pv 4 È `

2 d Fa as 1990 Torres Strait, Australia

ree ^ Y

An ww ‘2001 Somerset, Australia

p D m

0 250500 1/00 kilometres K ete ! bol

LLL au LL >

Fig. 1. Known distribution of Deanolis sublimbalis, with years of first detection

(Leefmans and Van der Vecht 1930, Sengupta and Behura 1955, Li et al. 1997,

Waterhouse 1998, Van Mele et al. 2001, Bellis et al. 2006).

BOIGU E TER :

DAUAN ISLAND? A

Ü | a f

> | 4 DARNLEYISLAND |

i Feb 2000

Sep 2000 YORKEJSLANOS

- GABBA ISLAND . Pes |

‘ rene (ay Mie scan MER ISLAND

~ MABUIAGAGLAND Torres Strait Protected Zone _ Ah) “dip A

"ese Aug 1999. VIN ae a i

BADU ILAN ~ Jan1998 : | |

AA V volunt 3. ai | I

d i WARRABER ISLET |

NAGIR ISLAND. |

HAMMOND I i

Special Q arantine OUNT ADOLPHUSISLAND

Oct 2001

| Kilometres

b 26 50 100 |

z — T

142 143 144

Fig. 2. Spread of D. sublimbalis through Torres Strait.

124

Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3)

Muttee Heads

„Care York

. Punsand Bay. Ad

Xe. A

oma Flat

Somerset

We, ockerbie

no *Blue Valley

ar Mapoon

Umagico |

6 « s Bamaga N

Fe injinoo o

Previous D. sublimbalis detections

Current year D. sublimbalis detections

Surveyed current year - D. sublimbalis absent

All known mangoes

° de Seisia

2003

JER York

* f- (x |

PS PN £u fh Punsand Bay A "is E.

a } ) X E Zu 3 st X : 17} p`

h a J » ry i5, * »

| y * Roma Flat D^ NE

. Somerset

[ , a . í

N { ome r

j sa’

DERS » “ Lockerbie

* € Blue Valley p

3 yaSeisia . -

H Vs f

i % New Mapoon ^

Umagico ' i h

; +h 467 Bamaga i ,

Muttee Heads *. j f i

— & Injinoo *

Figs 3-4. Spread of D. sublimbalis through Northern Peninsula Area of Cape York

Peninsula, Queensland, 2002-2003.

Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3) 125

I 2004

‘Gare York

Zr d i 5 a Punsand Bay 7 :

: 2 -L i ‘ | M g 5 7994 -— :

| 4 ich ^ Zr 1 :

rn LJ 2, » - ij

1 1 € 2,5

ZP 4 Roma Flat Somerset

f { u e5 (

N { © LII -

j } 5. č

— — / y

^y Å Me cherie p

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/ Í Í

/ * y^

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eisia Z es

LÀ

5 BS Mapoon

9 Previous D. sublimbalis detections

* Surveyed current year - D. sublimbalis absent

Kilometres

A 375 ne Rott € All known mangoes

Bx 2005

Vy cen . her > Punsand Bay“

X ) TF { - T r a

£3

/ €

N | ro

/ | Čo, Lockerbie pol j

Jf /

f ]

E e y

j . Seidla Blue Valley 3

+o ~ -—

j "Me /

j k New Mapoon |

Umagico 4 Í ez MSS

% * Bamaga ; ; :

I jinoo 1 j ^

Muttee Heads e * J \

-€— Ar M D 2.

- 1 i \

Kilometres Uu

o 375 75 15 a

Figs 5-6. Spread of D. sublimbalis through Northern Peninsula Area of Cape York

Peninsula, Queensland, 2004-2005.

126 Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3)

2006

The ^

1 "Cape York

hd a j Cx CR :

EO UNS COME i ini ^ Punsand Bay“ - c

F v EM {ea A 1

$ j l. fi - f er r

, UP Awe “ ho". -

; ; er) b a |

y ri Roma Flat we w

4 / . Somerset

(yf f * = e .

N | " Lodi T

€" 4

Í *e^

j - Sh Lockerbie p~d

F |

f N $

fs ( B

„ee Te F

] .. Séisía V 9 Blue Valley J

hd .

ji * New Mapoon | To

3 *

Umagico J > 3

e y Bamaga i

Muttee Heads ~ ee i {

itt Injinoo °

a j © Previous D. sublimbalis detections

€ Current year D. sublimbalis detections

* Surveyed current year - D. sublimbalis absent

Kilometres I

v 375 75. hs All known mangoes

—

[a 2007

Gape York

> d FOR ^ Punsand Bay 9 ' .'

RIS | j 4 22-2 ia, v

La L ; | fe * : .

P Roma Flat ^"

y / LJ Somerset

^ a {

N f P “moe”

| 2) sef

©, Lockerbie =

rf j

, ê e r 4

cela Blue Valley

. .

/ EXE Mapoon |

Umagico a g: | pa W

% p d Bamaga i

^e. | |

eoe PETE 4 $^ Injinoo . |

e ] N (

Kilometres

0 375 75 15

Figs 7-8. Spread of D. sublimbalis through Northern Peninsula Area of Cape York

Peninsula, Queensland, 2006-2007.

Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3) 127

Table 2. Time and distance between detections of D. sublimbalis in India, Papua New

Guinea and Torres Strait and inferred rates of spread.

FROM TO Distance Time since Rate of

(Place and Year) (Place and Year) (km) from previous spread

previous detection (km/

detection (years) ycar)

India — Darjecling to successive detections south

Darjecling (1903) Calcutta (1945) 530 42 13

Darjeeling (1903) Puri, Orissa (1952) 880 49 18

Darjecling (1903) Godavari, Andhra 1400 90 16

Pradesh (1993)

Average rate of spread (km/year) 15

PNG - shortest distance to cach successive detection

Kokoda (1933) Gabumi, Madang 300 25 12

(1958)

Kokoda (1933) Port Moresby (1963) 95 30 3

Cyclops Mts, West Telefomin, Western 305 23 13

Papua, Indonesia (1936) Province (1959)

Port Moresby (1963) Saibai (Torres Strait) 500 27 19

(1990)

Average rate of spread (km/year) 12

Torres Strait

Saibai (1990) Dauan (1996) 18 6 3

Saibai (1990) Moa (1998) 95 8 12

Moa (1998) Badu (1999) 10 1 10

Saibai (1990) Darnley (2000) 118 10 12

Saibai (1990) Gabba (2000) 42 10 4

Badu (1999) Hammond (2001) 48 2 24

Average rate of spread (km/year) 11

* Note: Torres Strait average is included for interest only as the average falls within Australian

and overseas examples. It is recognised that only jump dispersal could occur between islands.

Wind assisted spread

The ‘jump dispersal’ of D. sublimbalis in Torres Strait (see Fig. 2 and Table

2) could be from human assisted movement of larvae in fruit and/or wind

assisted movement of adult moths. Spread between islands has entailed

movement of up to 118 km from the original detection on Saibai in 1990 (see

Table 2).

D. sublimbalis adults are known from July to December in Papua New

Guinea, with populations peaking in September and October (Gibb ef al.

2007). Spread in the Torres Strait may be either southwesterly or

southeasterly from the original detection on Saibai, or southeasterly from

mainland PNG. Winds in the Torres Strait are predominantly SE from April

to November and NW from December to March (BOM 1999, 2008).

128 Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3)

NW winds (causing movement in a SE direction) may have carried moths

from: PNG Western Province to any of the infested Torres Strait islands;

Saibai to Darnley; or the central islands to Somerset (see Fig. 3). These winds

are known to transport other insect pests: NW winds have been frequently

strong enough to transport mosquitoes from PNG to Badu Island (Ritchie and

Rochester 2001) and NAQS surveillance traps regularly catch exotic fruit

flies from PNG on eastern and central Torres Strait islands. However, NW

winds begin in December, the month when D. sublimbalis populations are

declining in PNG. This may make wind-blown dispersal a less likely event,

unless dispersal is triggered late in the season when fruit resources are being

exhausted by D. sublimbalis larvae. If such wind-assisted movement were

possible, it could have serious implications for the spread of D. sublimbalis

south of the NPA to the rest of Queensland. The nearest known mangoes

south of the NPA communities are 80 km away at Heathlands ranger base.

However, these mangoes have been surveyed annually by Queensland

Primary Industries and Fisheries (QPIF) staff since 2001, with no detections

of D. sublimbalis made to date.

Human assisted spread of larvae

D. sublimbalis is capable of being moved long distances in infested fruit

carried for human consumption. All fruit found to be infested with D.

sublimbalis in the NPA by QPIF staff have shown some external signs of

damage, which reduces the likelihood of them being carried by people for

food. However, fruit with first instar larvae just under the skin exhibit less

obvious damage, with only a small entry hole and pale sap stain. Half-ripe

mangoes are a popular food source in the NPA and Torres Strait and it is

possible that fruit infested with first instar larvae could be carried long

distances. Human assisted spread of larvae could account for the large

movements between islands in the Torres Strait but does not appear to have

been important in the dispersal in the NPA.

In relation to the risk of fruit with only eggs (i.e. not exhibiting any damage)

being moved, Krull (2004) found that only a small proportion of the eggs

(1.92%) were laid on fruit in PNG, the rest being laid on the peduncle or

branch. Where eggs were laid on the fruit, they were most often on marble

sized fruit or, rarely, on mature fruit and always in crevices such as

anthracnose spots. Fruits with these characteristics are less likely to be

transported for eating.

Natural movement of D. sublimbalis out of the NPA is unlikely as the nearest

population of hosts is over 80 km south at Heathlands, a small isolated ranger

base harbouring only 12 host trees. The vegetation between Heathlands and

the NPA is largely low, dry heath unsuitable for mangoes, forming a natural

buffer through lack of hosts. However, dispersal assisted by strong wind

events, as observed for other insect pests in Torres Strait (Ritchie and

Rochester 2001), or with human intervention, is possible.

Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3) 129

The natural dispersal rate of D. sublimbalis in the NPA (averaging 7 km/year)

provides an estimate that could be applied in formulating control and

surveillance programs and in defining quarantine areas where D. sublimbalis

has established in mango production areas. Such programs would, however,

need to take into account the possibility that assisted dispersal over long

distances may also occur.

Acknowledgements

I thank Mark Stanaway for his observations that led to the inception of this

paper, Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries staff for surveillance

work conducted on Cape York Peninsula and Glen Bellis, Mark Stanaway

and Joe Scanlan for critical review of this paper.

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Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3): 131-138 131

A NEW SUBSPECIES OF HYPOCHRYSOPS THEON C. & R. FELDER

(LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE: THECLINAE) FROM CLAUDIE

RIVER, CAPE YORK PENINSULA, QUEENSLAND, AUSTRALIA

S.S. BROWN!, C.E. MEYER? and R.P. WEIR?

'19 Kimberley Drive, Bowral, NSW 2576

729 Silky Oak Avenue, Moggill, Old 4070

3] Longwood Avenue, Leanyer, NT 0812

Abstract

Hypochrysops theon johnsoni subsp. n. is described and figured from Claudie River, Cape York

Peninsula. Distinct differences in colouration and maculation separate it from populations of H.

t. medocus (Fruhstorfer) to the north and H. t. cretatus Sands to the south. The three subspecics

in Australia are geographically isolated and consistent in their individual phenotypes.

Introduction

Hypochrysops theon C. & R. Felder occurs from Ternate, Halmahera, Aru,

Roon and mainland Papua New Guinea (Parsons 1998) to Australia. Sands

(1986) listed seven subspecies plus an unplaced male from Ternate. Two

subspecies are currently recognised in Australia: H. t. medocus (Fruhstorfer)

(= panaetha Waterhouse & Lyell) from Cape York to Iron Range and H. t.

cretatus Sands from Rocky River at the southern end of the Macllwraith

Range (Sands 1986, Braby 2000).

Within this Australian distribution, three disjunct populations are apparent:

(1) Lockerbie and Heathlands; (2) Claudie River; and (3) Rocky River. The

present authors and Dr C.G. Miller have collected and reared numerous

specimens of H. t. medocus (Figs 1-4, 9-10) from the Lockerbie region since

2003. The distinctive colouration of both sexes and dark facies of the females

led to some speculation as to their relationship with supposed A. t. medocus

from the Iron Range region.

We examined three males and five females from Lockerbie (collected by

I.F.B. Common and M.S. Upton) in the Australian National Insect Collection,

Canberra; a male from Heathlands and a female from Bamaga (both Museum

of Tropical Queensland Johnson Collection); and two females from

Heathlands (both P.S. Valentine Collection). The remarkable consistency of

all these specimens, in terms of reduced white areas on the upper and

undersides of the wings in both sexes and the deeper blue in the males than

those specimens from both the Claudie River environs (Figs 5-6) and Rocky

River (Figs 7-8), suggest that three subspecies are involved.

Repository data: ANIC — Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra;

CEMC - C.E. Meyer Collection; CGMC - C.G. Miller Collection; DALC —

D.A. Lane Collection; MTQJC — Museum of Tropical Queensland Johnson

Collection, Townsville (MTQJC); PSVC — P.S. Valentine Collection; QMC —

Queensland Museum Collection, Brisbane; RPWC — R.P. Weir Collection;

SSBC - S.S. Brown Collection.

132 Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3)

Hypochrysops theon johnsoni subsp. n.

(Figs 5-6, 11-12, 15-16, 19-20)

Types: Holotype €, QUEENSLAND: Cape York, Iron Range, em[erged] 5.vi.2005,

R.P. Weir, S.S. Brown & C.G. Miller (in ANIC, Canberra). Paratypes: 1 0’, Iron

Range, 30.iv.1966, J. MacQueen; 1 0’, Iron Range, 12.iv.1964, I.F.B. Common &

M.S. Upton; 1 0’, 4 ml. W. Claudie River, 18.xii.1971, D.P. Sands; 1 0’, 1 9, Mt

Lamond, Iron Range, 18.ix.1974, G. Daniels; 1 0’, Iron Range, 17.ix.1982, G. Wood;

1 g, same label data but 20.ix.1982; 1 9, same label data but 18.ix.1982; 1 9, same

label data but 8.x.1982; 1 9, same label data but 9.x.1982; 1 0°, 12°44’S, 143°18’E,

Phillip Hill, Claudie Riv., 20.11.1985, E.D. Edwards & B. Hacobain; 1 9, Mt Lamond,

Iron Range, 20.ix.1975, Andrew Atkins; 1 O', Iron Range, 18.ix.1978, Andrew

Atkins; 3 0'0', Mt Lamond, Iron Range, 26.v.1982-8.vi.1982, JWC d’Apice; 1 &', Mt

Lamond, Iron Range, 20.ix.1975, Andrew Atkins; 1 o, 2 99, Iron Range, Cape York,

em. Sydney, 4.ix.1985, JWC d'Apice; 1 9, same label data but em. Sydney, 9.ix.1985;

1 9, same label data but em. Sydney, 27.vii.1985; 1 9, Iron Range, Cape York, 4-

12.vii.1995, JWC d'Apice; 1 9, Iron Range, 17-27.viii.1997, JWC d'Apice (in ANIC);

1 0', 1 9, Ridge to North of the Knoll, Iron Range NP, 29.x.2005, C.E. Meyer & S.S.

Brown; | O, same label data but em. 20.xi.2005; | 0’, same label data but em.

23.xi.2005; 1 9, same label data but em. 18.xi.2005; 1 9, same label data but em.

20.xi.2005; 1 0’, The Knoll, Iron Range NP, 12°43’37.0”S, 143°17’41.3”E, em.

14.viii.2007, C.E. Meyer & R.P. Weir; 1 0, same label data but em. 05.ix.2007; 1 9,

same label data but em. 17.viii.2007; 1 9, same label data but em. 07.ix.2007; 1 9,

same label data but em. 15.ix.2007; 1 9, same label data but em. 24.xi.2007 (in

CEMC); 1 &', Cape York, Iron Range, em. 28.vii.2005, R.P. Weir, S.S. Brown & C.G.

Miller; 1 0’, same label data but em. 26.vi.2005; 1 oO’, same label data but em.

22.vii.2005; 1 O', same label data but em. 23.vii.2005; 1 0’, same label data but em.

27.vii.2005; 1 O', same label data but em. 30.vii.2005; 2 0’0", same label data but em.

8.viii.2005; 1 o', same label data but em. 29.vi.2005, 1 0, same label data but em.

26.vii.2005; 2 0'0', Iron Range, Cape York,, 15-18.v.2005, S.S Brown, R.P. Weir and

C.G. Miller (in SSBC); 1 07, Iron Range, Knoll, 12°43’36”S, 143°17’40”E, em.

28.vii.2005, R.P. Weir, S.S. Brown & C.G. Miller; 1 ©’, same label data but em.

29.vii.2005; 1 0", same label data but em. 30.vii.2005; 1 9, same label data but em.

26.vii.2005; 1 9, Iron Range, Knoll, 12?43'36"S 143°17’40”E, em. 28.vii.2005, S.S.

Brown, R.P. Weir & C.G. Miller; 1 0’, Cooks Hut, Iron Range, em. 14.ix.2007, R.P.

Weir and C.E. Meyer; 2 0'0', same label data but em. 19.ix.2007; 1 O', same label

data but em. 21.ix.2007; 1 9, same label data but em. 15.ix.2007; 2 99, same label data

but em. 16.ix.2007 (in RPWC); 1 0’, Iron Range, 13.ix.1981, D.A.Lane; 1 0', Iron

Range, em. 24.viii.1992, D.A. Lane; 1 0°, same label data but em. 26.viii.1992; 1 0’,

same label data but em. 28.viii.1992; 1 O', same label data but em. 13.vii.1993; 1 0’,

same label data but em. 3.viii.1993; 1 9, same label data but em. 31.vii.1984; 1 9,

same label data but em. 4.viii.1984; 1 9, same label data but em. 8.viii.1984; 1 9, same

label data but em. 24.viii.1984; 1 9, same label data but 14.viii.1992; 1 9, same label

data but em. 15.viii.1992 (in DALC); 1 0’, Mt Lamond, Iron Range, 2.viii.1977, C.G.

Miller; 1 &', same label data but 3.viii.1977; 1 c, same label data but 26.v.1982; 1 0%,

same label data but em. 11.vii.1995; 1 0, same label data but em. 11.vi.1998; 1 0%,

same label data but em. 14.vii.2004; 1 9, same label data but 6.viii.1977; 1 9, same

label data but 3.vi.1982; 1 9, same label data but em. 23.viii.1999; 1 9, same label data

but em. 9.ix.1999; | 9, same label data but 1.ix.2001; 1 9, same label data but

Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3) 133

25.v.2002 (in CGMC); 2 d'd, 1 ?, Iron Range, Cape York, 1-10.vii.1980, A.J. & LR.

Johnson; | 0’, same label data but 25.vii.1987; 1 0’, same label data but 27.viii.1987;

1 g, same label data but em. 16.x.1989; 1 9, same label data but 12.vii.1987; 1 ©,

Iron Range, Cape York, 5-20.vii.1983, A.J. Johnson; 1 9, Claudie River, Cape York,

1-8.vii.1978, S.J. & A.J. Johnson; 2 0'0', Phillip Hill, Iron Range, em. 12-19.vii.1993,

S.J. Johnson; 1 9, Iron Range, Cape York, 7.viii.1981, S.J. Johnson; 1 9, Iron Range,

Cape York, 20.vii.1981, A.J. Johnson; 1 9, same label data but 18.viii.1982 (in

MTQJC); 1 g, Iron Range, 09.vii.1983, P.S. Valentine; 1 0’, same label data but

9.viii.1983; 1 0’, same label data but em. 11.viii.1983; 1 0’, same label data but em.

12.viii.1983; 1 0°, 1 9, same label data but, em. 22.viii.1984; 2 O70", same label data

but em. 8.viii.1984; 1 07, same label data but em. 18.viii.1984; 1 O', same label data

but em. 03.1x.1992; 1 9, same label data but em. 30.viii.1983; 1 9, same label data but

em. 10.viii.1983; 1 9, same label data but em. 23.viii.1983; 1 9 same label data but

em. 18.vii.1984; 1 9, same label data but 18.vii.1984; 1 9, same label data but em.

20.viii.1983; 1 9, same label data but em. 05.viii.1993 (in PSVC); 1 0%, Iron Range,

Cape York Peninsula, larva coll. 10.vii.1995, P. Wilson; 1 O', Iron Range, em.

21.viii.1983, P.S. Valentine; 1 C, Phillip Hill, em. 7.viii.2000, T. Lambkin; 1 9, Iron

Range, vii.1983, P.S. Valentine (in QMC).

Description. Male (Figs 5-6). Antennal length (holotype) 9.2 mm; average

antennal length 9.9 mm (n = 19); shaft black with segmental bands very faint

metallic green, club black basally broadening before narrowing to paler tip.

Head dorsally black with small metallic green spot above eyes. Labial palpi

white. Thorax black with overlay of blue scales. Abdomen dorsally black

with segmental bands white, ventrally white. Wingspan (holotype) 31 mm;

average wingspan 31.5 mm (n = 19).

Forewing upperside metallic azure blue in subcostal, subterminal and tornal

areas enclosing a purple-blue central area within which lies a broad white

area between base, M, above and CuA; below; veins in this white area with

metallic blue scales; costa, apex and terminal band black narrowing from

apex to tornus; cilia black, very faintly tipped white between M, and CuA;.

Hindwing with termen strongly bowed towards apex, metallic azure blue;

costa between Sc+R1 and M, white; terminal band black broadening towards

apex, extending basally towards cell between M; and M;; cilia black with

white tips between veins. Forewing underside white, apical, costal area and

radius metallic green with black scales on veins, a narrow black band

between subcosta and radius, black subapical bar between costa and M; not

touching terminal band; terminal band black with metallic green, crescent-

shaped marks between veins. Hindwing underside metallic green, small black

subbasal band not extending to half length of costa; black submedian band

between dorsum and M; parallel to subbasal band; black postmedian band

between 3A and M; displaced terminally between CuA, and M; and more so

between M; and M; so as to be not parallel to other two black bands; broad

white patch between apex, costa and subbasal band; terminal band black with

broken metallic green band between veins.

134 Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3)

Figs 1-8. Hypocrysops spp., males. (1) H. theon medocus holotype, upperside; (2) H.

theon medocus holotype, underside; (3) H. theon medocus from Lockerbie, upperside;

(4) H. theon medocus from Lockerbie, underside; (5) H. theon johnsoni holotype,

upperside; (6) H. theon johnsoni holotype, underside; (7) H. theon cretatus holotype,

upperside; (8) H. theon cretatus paratype, underside.

Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3) 135

Figs 9-16. Hypocrysops spp., females and early stages. (9-14) females: (9) H. theon

medocus from Lockerbie, upperside; (10) H. theon medocus from Lockerbie,

underside; (11) H. theon johnsoni paratype, upperside; (12) H. theon johnsoni

paratype, underside; (13) H. theon cretatus paratype, upperside; (14) H. theon

cretatus, underside (DALC). (15-16) early stages: (15) H. theon johnsoni, final instar

larva; (16) H. theon johnsoni, pupa.

136 Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3)

Female (Figs 11-12). Average antennal length 9.9 mm (n = 24); colour of

antennae similar to male but with faint white segmental rings. Palpi, thorax

and abdomen as in male. Average wingspan 33.4 mm (n = 24); costa, termen

and apex more rounded than in male; upperside colour creamy white with

black scales on veins, broad black costal, apical and terminal areas, dusting of

blue scales in costal and subapical black areas and between 1A+2A and

dorsum. Hindwing more rounded than in male but with termen similarly

strongly bowed towards apex; colour black with broad costal creamy white

area extending to apex; blue dusting along veins basally, most prominent

between M; and CuA>. Forewing and hindwing underside as in male with

broader terminal green and central area more creamy white.

Male genitalia (Figs 19-20). Fruhstorfer (1908) and Sands (1986) described

the genitalia of H. t. medocus and H. t. cretatus respectively. There are no

discernable differences in the genitalia of the three subspecies.

Figs 17-20. Hypocrysops spp., male genitalia (17, 19) and lateral view of aedeagus

(18, 20). (17-18) H. theon medocus; (19-20) H. theon Johnsoni subsp. n.

Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3) 137

Life history (Figs 15-16). Daniels (1976) described the early stages, life

history and larval food plant (Drynaria quercifolia: Polypodiaceae) of the

Claudie River population. There are no discernable differences in the

immature stages between it and other populations within Australia. Final

instar larvae and pupae of all three subspecies are similar in appearance.

Etymology. The name recognises the contribution made by Dr Steve Johnson

over 30 years in the study of the butterfly fauna of Iron Range.

Discussion

The type specimen of H. t. medocus is in The Natural History Museum,

London (BMNH) and bears the data ‘Queensland Australia ex coll

Fruhstorfer’. Comparison of that specimen (Figs 1-2) with specimens from

Claudie River (Figs 5-6) and the Lockerbie area (Figs 3-4) indicates that the

type specimen must have come from the Lockerbie-Heathlands area, based

on the distinctive appearance of the Lockerbie males. It is remotely possible

that the type specimen could have come from the historical location of Prince

of Wales Island (S.J. Johnson pers. com.). Fruhstorfer was apparently based

in that area for some time prior to 1913 and was not known to have collected

at Claudie River (E.D. Edwards pers. com.). It has been noted (Sands 1986,

Braby 2000) that specimens of H. t. medocus from northern Cape York

Peninsula are darker than those from Claudie River.

The lectotype of Miletus panaetha Waterhouse & Lyell is also from ‘Cape

York’ and was collected by H. Elgner in March 1906 (Waterhouse and Lyell

1909, Sands 1986). This name, regarded as a synonym of H. t. medocus since

Waterhouse (1937), thus also applies to the northern population.

H. t. johnsoni (Figs 5-6, 11-12) can be distinguished from AH. t. medocus (Figs

1-4, 9-10) by the following characters. Colour: brighter, lighter blue. Male

forewing upperside: more extensive central white area and black costal area

extending more basally. Male hindwing upperside: more strongly bowed

termen towards apex (this gives H. t. johnsoni a more elongated and angular

appearance); more extensive costal white area. Forewing underside: smaller

black apical area, which does not touch the terminal band, broader black

subcostal area, and more extensive apical green area. Hindwing underside:

more extensive apical and costal white area, smaller and more basally

situated black sub-basal band, postmedian black band with segments between

CuA; and M;, and between M; and M, displaced terminally so as to render it

not parallel to the other two black bands and narrower terminal green band.

Female upperside: more bowed costa in both wings, more extensive white

areas in both wings and with less blue overlay and black veins in the

forewing. The sub-marginal green band on the underside of both wings is

much narrower in both sexes in H. t. johnsoni than in H. t. medocus.

The overall appearance of H. t. johnsoni is much paler than that of H. f.

medocus. This is evident not only when dead specimens are examined but can

138 Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3)

also be seen in flight (C.G. Miller pers. obs.). Overall, the white areas are

more extensive in both sexes and the blue of the male upper side is lighter.

The description of H. 1. johnsoni as a distinct subspecies provides a clear

view of the phenotypic change in the species from north to south. The Papua

New Guinea forms are predominantly dark and, in Australia, the geographic

isolation of the three populations has maintained distinctive forms that are

consistent within each area. That no specimens have been recorded in the

intervening areas (due possibly to the absence of suitable habitat) supports

the recognition of these three populations as distinct subspecies.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Mr Ted Edwards (ANIC) for general discussion on this

matter, genitalia dissections and for access to specimens in the ANIC, Ms

Vanna Rangsi (ANIC) for the photographs of the genitalia, Ms Kim Goodger

and Jim Reynolds (BMNH) for help in locating the type of H. t. medocus and

providing the images of that specimen and the label data, Queensland

National Parks and Wildlife service for permits to undertake work in areas

under their control and Dr C.G. Miller for his company in the field and

comments on the initial draft of the manuscript.

References

BRABY, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution.

CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood; xxvii + 976 pp.

COMMON, I.F.B. and WATERHOUSE, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Revised Edition.

Angus and Robertson, Sydney; xiv + 682 pp.

DANIELS, G. 1976. The life history of Hypochrysops theon medocus (Fruhstorfer)

(Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 15(2): 197-199.

FRUSTORFER, H. 1908. Neue Lycaeniden. /nternationale Entomologische Zeitschrift 2: 85-86,

91-92, 99-100, 113.

PARSONS, M. [1998]. The butterflies of Papua New Guinea: their systematics and biology.

Academic Press, London; xvi + 736 pp, xxvi + 136 pls.

SANDS, D.P.A. 1986. A revision of the genus Hypochrysops C. & R. Felder (Lepidoptera:

Lycaenidae). Entomonograph 7: 1-116.

WATERHOUSE, G.A. 1937. Presidential address: the biology and taxonomy of the Australasian

butterflies. Report of the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of

Science 23: 101-133.

WATERHOUSE, G.A. and LYELL, G. 1909. New and rare Australian butterflics of the genus

Miletus. Victorian Naturalist 26: 110-116.

Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3): 139-151 139

CROTOPSALTA LEPTOTIGRIS, ANEW SPECIES OF TICKING

CICADA (HEMIPTERA: CICADOIDEA: CICADIDAE) FROM

CRAVENS PEAK, SOUTHWEST QUEENSLAND

A. EWART

Entomology Section, Queensland Museum, PO Box 3300, South Brisbane, Old 4101

Abstract

An additional species of ticking cicada, belonging to the genus Crotopsalta Ewart, C. leptotigris

sp. n., is described from the northeastern Simpson Desert. It is a very small species (9-11 mm

body length), inhabiting grassland (other than spinifex) with associated low shrubland. The

ticking song of C. leptotigris is described and each tick is shown to comprise two closcly-spaced

pulses. Based on tick repetition rates and inter-pulse intervals, the song is distinct from the other

four allopatric Queensland species of Crotopsalta.

Introduction

This study arose from a multidisciplinary scientific survey, undertaken during

January-April 2007, of the Cravens Peak Reserve, organised by The Royal

Geographical Society of Queensland. Cravens Peak is an Australian Bush

Heritage Fund property located in the northeastern Simpson Desert,

approximately 180 km SW of Boulia, falling within the Channel Country and

Simpson Strezlecki Dunefields bio-regions. During this survey, 17 cicada

species were found, 14 of which are undescribed (Ewart in press). One of

these was a previously unknown ticking cicada, the focus of this paper.

Four species of ticking cicadas belonging to the genus Crotopsalta Ewart

were described by Ewart (2005). Three species occur widely throughout

southeastern and central Queensland, with a fourth (C. poaecetes Ewart) from

northwestern Queensland. They occur within woodland (C. fronsecetes

Ewart, C. plexis Ewart) and grassland (C. strenulum Ewart, C. poaecetes). No

species of Crotopsalta were previously known from southwestern

Queensland. They are very small cicadas, <15 mm total body length, very

cryptic, wary and mobile. The ticking songs of the four species are distinct in

the combined characters of their tick repetition rates and detailed pulse

structures (specifically the inter-pulse separation).

Methods and abbreviations

Higher classification and anatomical terminology follow Moulds (2005) for

general body, wing and genitalia characters, de Boer (1999) for opercula and

Bennet-Clark (1997) for timbals. The timbal long ribs are referred to

sequentially as ribs numbered 1 to 5, with rib 1 being the most posterior

(adjacent to timbal plate).

Song recording procedures and analyses follow those described in Ewart and

Marques (2008). The recordings were carried out using a Sony Minidisk

recorder MZ-NH900 in PCM mode, with Sennheiser microphone model

K6/ME66, with insects in a 30 cm diameter x 35 cm cylindrical net cage, in

the field.

140 Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3)

Abbreviations used are: Collections: ANIC, Australian National Insect

Collection, Canberra; AE, private collection of A. Ewart, Caloundra; BMNH,

The Natural History Museum, London; MSM, private collection of M.S.

Moulds, Kuranda; QM, Queensland Museum, Brisbane. General; Hstd,

homestead; R, river; Recorded = aural/electronic song recording; Sp, species;

xing, crossing; Morphological; BL, total body length; FWL, fore wing

length; FWB, fore wing maximum breadth; HW, head width; PW, pronotum

width; AW, abdomen width; FWL/BR, fore wing length/breadth ratio.

Systematics

Crotopsalta leptotigris sp. n.

(Figs 1-6)

Type material. Holotype &', SOUTHWESTERN QUEENSLAND: 2.3 km N. Cravens

Pk. Hstd., via Boulia, grassland-mixed Senna sp., 7.11.2007, 23°18.28'S 138°34.69'E,

Hstd., via Boulia, grassland-mixed Senna sp., 3.11.2007, 23°18.28'S 138°34.69'E, AE;

2 0'0', Recorded open net, same data, 4.ii.2007; 1 0", same data, 5.ii.2007; 6 0'0', 2

99, same data, 6.1.2007; 6 O'O', 1 9 (in cop.), Recorded open net, same data,

7.11.2007; 1 0", Recorded open net, same data, 19.11.2007; 1 0" Recorded open net,

Mulligan R. xing, 16 km N. Cravens Pk. Hstd, 5.ii.2007, AE, 23°13.51'S 138°37.60'E;

1 07, 3 km W. Cravens Pk. Hstd., via Boulia, mixed spinifex and grassland, 8.11.2007,

23°19.15'S 138°33.89'E (AE). 1 9, 2.3 km N. Cravens Pk. Hstd., via Boulia,

grassland-mixed Senna sp., 3.11.2007, 23°18.28'S 138°34.69'E, AE (QM). 1 07, 2.3 km

N. Cravens Pk. Hstd., via Boulia, grassland-mixed Senna sp., 7.11.2007, 23°18.28'S

138°34.69'E, AE (MSM). 1 07, 2.3 km N. Cravens Pk. Hstd., via Boulia, grassland-

Cravens Pk. Hstd., via Boulia, grassland-mixed Senna sp., 6.11.2007, 23°18.28'S

138°34.69'E, AE (BMNH).

Description. Male (Figs 1A, 2). Head. Head width across compound eyes

slightly greater than width across lateral pronotum margins and narrower than

width across ampliated lateral angles of pronotal collar. Outer ventral

margins of compound eyes clearly separated from pronotum; distance

between lateral ocelli slightly less than, to equal to, distance between lateral

ocellus and compound eyes. Supra-antennal plate black adjacent to pedicels,

pale brown adjacent to postclypeus; vertex predominantly black, small pale

brown area between pedicel and compound eye and pale sandy-brown

triangular fascia extending posteriorly from midway between lateral ocelli to

pronotal margin. Gena and mandibular plate pale brown, becoming black

towards compound eyes and adjacent to anteclypeus, respectively; both

covered by silvery pubescence. Ocelli red. Compound eyes dark brown.

Postclypeus shiny black with sandy-brown margins extending between

transverse ridges; small pale brown spot dorsomedially, extending

discontinuously on to frons. Anteclypeus predominantly shiny black with

pale brown ventromedial patch. Rostrum pale brown grading to black

apically; extends to posterior margins of mid coxae. Antennae dark brown.

Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3) 141

Fig. 1. Crotopsalta leptotigris. (A), male from 2.3 km N. of Cravens Peak Hstd,

southwest Queensland, body length 9.5 mm. (B), female, locality as previously, body

length 10.3 mm.

142 Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3)

Fig. 2. Crotopsalta leptotigris. Male: (A), lateral abdomen view; (B), fore and hind

wings; (C), timbal, posterior margin to the right, dorsal margin at the top; (D),

operculum. Scale bars 1 mm except wings (3 mm). (E), pygofer, lateral view; (F),

pygofer, ventral view. Length of pygofer 1.3 mm.

Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3) 143

Thorax. Pronotum predominantly pale brown with black central fascia which

splays out along anterior margin, and posteriorly splays out more extensively

along, and adjacent to, the pronotal collar and the ventrolateral pronotal

margins; discontinuous lens-shaped, pale yellow fascia within black central

fascia; pronotal collar and narrow anterior pronotal margin pale brown.

Mesonotal submedian sigillae black, coalesced anteriorly, medial sections of

sigillae extending to, and broadening towards arms of anterior cruciform,

coalescing and completely filling area between, and anterior to, arms of

anterior cruciform elevation; lateral sigillae black, roughly triangular,

extending posteriorly to fill areas between lateral arms of cruciform

elevation; margins of wing grooves, cruciform elevation, and areas

surrounding the lateral sigillae, and between the lateral and submedian

sigillae, sandy-brown, sparsely covered by short silvery pubescence, more

distinct near wing grooves.

Wings (Fig. 2B). Fore wings hyaline, relatively short and broad with

length/width ratios between 2.50-2.69; fore wing length slightly greater than

total body length; costal vein even in width with minor thickening towards,

and adjacent to node; costal vein very gently curved anteriorly; sclerotised

anterior margin of costal vein narrow, much thinner than width of costal vein;

costal vein and R+Sc vein fused; CuA intersecting with M well beyond basal

cell so that length of first section of inner margin of radial cell approximately

one half of length of second section; three distal vein sections of M forming

inner margins of radial cell of unequal length; cubital and medial cells

roughly of similar size; pterostigma brown, darker apically; 8 apical cells

approximately equal in length to ulnar cells (some longer, some shorter);

basal membrane off-white, opaque; venation brown, tending darker apically.

Hind wings hyaline with 5 apical cells; anal lobe slightly broader than cubital

cell 1; white opaque plaga extending along margins of veins 3A and 2A, but

no associated brown infuscation.

Legs. Fore femora with three spines; predominantly pale brown with lozenge-

shaped medium to deep brown fasciae located centrally on lateral and

anterior faces; mid and hind coxae pale sandy-brown with localised darker

brown patches on lateral faces; fore and mid femora and trochanters brown

on anterior faces, pale brown with broad darker brown longitudinal fasciae on

lateral faces; hind femora and trochanters pale sandy-brown with darker

brown irregular longitudinal discontinuous fasciae; fore tibiae and tarsi

medium to dark brown; mid and hind tibiae and tarsi mostly pale to medium

brown; claws brown, darker apically.

Opercula (Fig. 2D). Moderately elongated roughly parallel to abdomen, but

markedly inwardly curved towards abdominal midline in medial-distal area;

distal and medial margins broadly rounded; elongated dome-like structure

developed along distal and basal areas; inner margins clearly separated;

opercula developed asymmetrically around meracantha; spikes on

144 Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3)

meracantha not clearly overlapping opercula plates; colour predominantly

sandy-brown except for two localised medium brown patches adjacent to area

around meracantha and near basal crests; opercula broadly confluent with,

but separated from distal and lateral margins of tympanal cavity, with overlap

only occurring medially; operculum margin not overlapping anterior margin

of sternite II in lateral view.

Timbals (Fig. 2C). Four well developed long ribs (1-4), rib 5 much reduced in

length; ribs 1-4 fused together ventrally and dorsally fused to basal spur; four

short ribs, the most anterior one weakly developed; narrow dome on timbal

plate.

Abdomen (Fig. 2A). In dorsal and lateral views, regularly tapered from

tergites 2 to 8, widest across auditory capsules; width across auditory

capsules greater than width across lateral margins of pronotal collar, slightly

greater than width across outer margins of compound eyes. Sternites not

strongly convex in lateral view and often not visible beyond sternite V.

Tergites black and orange-brown to yellow-brown. Posterior dorsal to

ventrolateral margins of tergites, and intersegmental membranes, orange-

brown to yellow-brown; anterior margin of tergite 2 always black, extending

anteriorly to tergite | filling area between timbals and extending ventrally to

enclose the auditory capsule; central area of auditory capsule brown to

yellow-brown; tergite 3 with dorsal black area, extending ventrolaterally, but

not quite reaching the ventrolateral margin, where it widens towards both the

anterior and posterior margins of tergite; anteriodorsal areas of tergites 4 to 8

predominantly brown to black, the darkest areas being widest medially and

narrowing laterally, and extending ventrolaterally towards, but not reaching

ventrolateral margins of tergites; intensity of dark pigmentation on

anteriomedial areas on tergites variable, sometimes absent, or faded brown or

fully black, commonly covered by short silvery pubescence; dark anterior

areas, combined with orange-brown to yellow-brown background, produces

the overall appearance of ‘tiger-like’ banding. Sternite II with median black

area, otherwise sternites pale sandy-brown, tending to orange-brown towards

sternite VIII.

Genitalia (Figs 2E-F). Pygofer predominantly black dorsally, otherwise

orange-brown; broadly pear-shaped (pyriform) in dorsal view; claspers

prominent and strongly descending in lateral view, thickened and rounded

apically; upper and basal lobes clearly defined, roughly triangular, pointing

ventrally but not extending strongly, apices rounded; dorsal beak absent;

median lobe of uncus small (relative to claspers); aedeagus trifid with pair of

sclerotised dorsal pseudoparameres longer than ventral support and well

defined flexible (membraneous) hinge; aedeagal basal plate Y-shaped in

dorsal view, undulated in lateral view.

Female (Fig. 1B). Similar in colour to male, but with greatly reduced extent

and intensity of areas of black pigmentation. Supra-antennal plate and vertex

Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3) 145

predominantly sandy-brown, pale brown adjacent to compound eyes and

frons, and adjacent to lateral ocelli; gena and mandibular plate sandy-brown

with long silvery pubescence; postclypeus with broad dorsomedial yellow

fascia extending posteriorly on to frons otherwise pale sandy-brown, slightly

darker medially along transverse ridges; anteclypeus sandy-brown; rostrum

pale brown, darker apically. Pronotum almost entirely pale sandy-brown; pale

yellow central fascia barely visible with a small black spot marking its

posterior termination against pronotal collar; scattered short golden

pubescence. Mesonotum with black submedial sigillae less extensively fused,

each rounded posteriorly, and not extended towards cruciform elevation;

black lateral sigillae similar to male, not extending posteriorly to lateral arms

of cruciform elevation; remaining colouration pale sandy-brown; short

silvery pubescence, most notably developed adjacent to wing grooves and

between anterior arms of cruciform elevation. Coxae pale sandy-brown with

variable pale brown patches on anterior faces; fore femora, trochanters and

tibiae sandy-brown with broader darker brown fasciae on faces, darkest on

anterior faces; mid and hind femora pale sandy brown with more broken

darker brown longitudinal fasciae, least developed on hind femora; mid and

hind trochanters and tibiae predominantly pale sandy-brown; tarsi pale sandy-

brown, darker brown apically and on claws. Abdomen with areas of darker

colouration anteriorly on tergites greatly reduced in intensity and extent,

varying from pale to darker brown, slightly darker distally towards tergites 4

to 8, and on ventrolateral areas of tergites 3 to 8; tergite 9 with a pair of thin

dark brown to black submedial fasciae which terminate approximately three-

quarters along length of tergite, and do not coalesce; remaining areas of

tergites pale sandy-brown to pale orange-brown on tergites 3 to 6. Sternites

pale sandy-brown. Ovipositor sheath extending <0.5 mm beyond apex of

tergite 9.

Measurements (mm; ranges and mean). N = 15 d'o, 4 99. BL: o 9.2-10.5

2.5-2.7 (2.6); 9 2.7-3.0 (2.8). AW: & 3.0-3.3 (3.1); 9 3.2-3.4 (3.3). FWL/BR:

O 2.50-2.69 (2.63); 9 2.59-2.67 (2.64).

Distribution, habitat and behaviour (Fig. 3). Crotopsalta leptotigris is known

only from the eastern Cravens Peak Reserve, within the northeastern Simpson

Desert, southwest Queensland. It is, however, likely to occur more widely in

appropriate habitats within the wider Simpson Desert region and far western

Queensland. It inhabits low mixed open grassland or mixed low grassland

within open shrubland and woodland environments. It normally rests on grass

stems, less often on associated shrubs or forbs, but has not been observed on

spinifex. The dominant grassland species include Hybanthus aurantiacus,

Chloris virgata, Eriachne aristidea, Aristida inaequiglumis, Gossypium

australe, Eulalia aurea, Urochloa subquadripara and Paspalidium rarum.

146 Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3)

7777 Winton

Longreach’.

G5 i

ravens 4 Bedourie

Peak d MI

3 ÓÁ 4Windorah

C. plexis 1

C. fronsecetes 2,

l $

C. strenulum 3 | E Me

C. poaecetes 4 i

1 i

C. leptotigris 5 C_i d DW

1 ^

Duda cc IL X PM

Fig. 3. Generalised distribution map of the five Crotopsalta species in Queensland.

This cicada is extremely cryptic, wary and fast flying, moving its singing

positions frequently. Its small size adds to the difficulty of its capture and

location. It occurs in localized populations, although relatively abundant

within these populations, favouring those environments receiving strongest

water run-off, including riverine flood plains and some inter-dune areas. The

song is a distinctive, soft, rapid ticking (see below). This cicada was found

only during February, following atypical, very heavy monsoonal rains (Ewart

in press).

Etymology. From the Greek leptos meaning small, and Latin/Greek tigri-n

meaning tigerlike colouration, referring to its small size and the tiger-like

patterning of the abdominal tergites.

Distinguishing characteristics. The only single morphological character that

appears to distinguish C. leptotigris from the four Crotopsalta species

previously known (C. plexis, C. fronsecetes, C. strenulum, C. poaecetes) is

the number of hind wing apical cells, which are 5 in the available C.

leptotigris specimens and normally 6 in the remaining species. Observations,

however, on related genera (e.g. Drymopsalta Ewart) indicate that the

number of hind wing apical cells can be unstable. This character should be

used with some caution.

Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3) 147

C. poaecetes is the geographically closest Crotopsalta species (Fig. 3). It is

readily distinguished from C. leptotigris by its generally pale tergite

colouration, weaker meracantha development, lack of ventral fusion of

longrib 4 to ribs 1 to 3, and slightly more elongated upper pygofer lobe. The

songs are distinct (see below).

Modification to key of Crotopsalta species

The key in Ewart (2005) is here modified at couplet 3 as follows:

3 Sternite II with small black area medially; central area of auditory

capsules pale to medium brown or yellow-brown, enclosed by either thin

or broader darker brown to black areas; pale to dark brown or black

areas, sometimes irregular, laterally on tergites 3 to 7; timbal ribs 1 to 4

fusedsventrallyz:.—— EE er tea EE ed IIT mc eee LIE E 4

- Sternites without black medial marking; auditory capsule sandy brown;

no darker lateral colouration on tergites; timbal long rib 4 not fused

ventrallvawithiribsalito pee C. poaecetes

4 Anterior area of tergite 2 black extending ventrally to enclose auditory

capsule; anterior areas of tergites 3 to 8 predominantly brown to black

extending venrolaterally, but not reaching ventrolateral margin; upper

pygofer lobe relatively short and rounded in lateral view; hind wing with

BYE SCE GMT intoa a det odbaetn b Do pcm C. leptotigris

- Anterior dorsal areas of tergites 2 to 8 black; tergites 3 to 8 with

irregular, sometimes localised, medium to dark brown lateral areas;

upper pygofer lobe extended into small, acutely rounded shape in lateral

view; hind wing with 6 apical cells ........................0.00. C strenulum

Note that a number of characters are listed in each couplet, a reflection of the

inherent variability within each species.

Song characteristics (Figs 4-6)

The song of C. leptotigris is comprised of repetitive sequences of sharp,

closely spaced double pulses (pulse doublets; Figs 4A-B), each doublet

sounding as a single tick. The pulse repetition rate varies between 3.0-7.1

(mean 4.6) Hz (Fig. 4B) and the inter-pulse intervals between 4.1-8.2 (mean

5.5) ms (Fig. 4C). In the time expanded envelope curve (Fig. 4C) of a single

set of pulse doublets (a single tick), the details of the two component pulses

are shown, the initial pulse always with the highest amplitude. The initiation

of each pulse is sharply defined, each decaying approximately exponentially.

Lengths of each individual pulses range between 0.7-2.0 (mean 1.1) ms. In

the example shown, a ‘pulse disturbance’ is shown, consisting of an

additional set of very low amplitude pulses, 0.4-2.0 (mean 0.8) ms in length,

that follow each of the two pulses after an interval varying between 1.3-4.3

(mean 2.2) ms. These are not, however, clearly observed within all sets of

pulse doublets. If the two pulses comprising each tick represent the alternate

148 Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3)

so. (9 picking song Pulse repetition rate 6.6 s*

Amplitude

-500

1.0 2.0 J iu s 3.0

et ne TAA 1

v Y

400 Pulse repetition interval

mV | (B)

žo == o: cá

1} i)

-300- 1! \ |

9, [ 50 100 150 ms — 180

5» 0 GOTTEN

NT EY Yer e erem y tp mg ete spay

400 " Y

t (C)

H Pulse 1

E Pulse disturbance Pulse 2 iri

— Pulse disturbance

0 nent ae a ne meer mn e aH" is

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 ms

400 D 120

(D) Crotopsalta leptotigris (Œ)

Pulse 1 C. poaecetes

E | mV

a | Pulse 1 Pulse 2

5 |, Pulse 2

OAE UN KE RE er:

0 10 20 30 ms 36 0 10 20 30 ms 36

Fig. 4. Crotopsalta leptotigris waveform plots of: (A), ticking song; (B), time

expanded plot showing two sets of ticks, each comprising two distinct pulses; (C),

further time expanded envelope curve of the two pulses within a single tick, showing

the definition of inter-pulse intervals and the ‘pulse disturbances’; (D) and (E),

comparative envelope curves of C. leptotigris and C. poaecetes, respectively, plotted

on the same time scale, showing the strongly contrasting inter-pulse intervals between

pulses 1 and 2, being 6.9 and 31.6 ms, respectively, in the two examples shown.

Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3) 149

inward clicking of each timbal, as inferred, then these ‘pulse disturbances’

may represent the accompanying lower energy outward relaxation of each

timbal.

+ C.leptotigris

E En N

(—} Un ©

Tick repetition rate (s^)

Inter-pulse interval (ms)

Fig. 5. Plot of tick repetition rates (s), versus inter-pulse intervals (ms) for the five

species of Queensland Crotopsalta ticking cicadas. The data for C. strenulum, C.

fronsecetes and C. plexis are shown as enclosed areas only. Data modified from that

presented in Ewart (2005) by using only field recordings, augmented by additional

field recordings, and compared with field recordings of C. leptotigris. The data

indicate the new Cravens Peak species to be distinct in its song from the other

Queensland Crotopsalta species.

Ewart (2005) demonstrated that the songs of each of the four known

Crotopsalta species had a characteristic combination of tick repetition rate

and inter-pulse interval (Figs 4B-C; 5). Similarly, the song of C. /eptotigris is

distinct from the other Queensland Crotopsalta species based on a

combination of these same parameters derived from field recordings (Fig. 5).

Of particular significance is the comparison of these song parameters with

those of C. poaecetes, the geographically nearest species to C. leptotigris

(Fig. 3). Although the tick repetition rates of the two species completely

overlap, their inter-pulse intervals are clearly different (Figs 4D-E, 5),

ian Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3)

confirming their status as distinct species (see above). These differences are

consistent within multiple field recordings of both species under comparable

temperature conditions, and therefore not temperature dependent.

The frequency structure of the C. /eptotigris song is relatively complex (Fig.

6), with the dominant frequency inferred to be 18.7-18.8 kHz, as shown by

the two separate amplitude-frequency spectra illustrated. The spectra show

broad band frequency distribution, as is characteristic of such songs of very

small cicadas (e.g. Ewart 2005, Ewart and Marques 2008). An additional low

amplitude peak occurs near 15 kHz. As discussed in Ewart (2005), these

attributes, when coupled with the small size and highly mobile behaviour of

the cicadas, negates the necessity for longer distance sound transmission. The

repetitive and rapid simple ticking songs are expected to be relatively robust

to sound degradation during transmission, further minimising predation.

Crotopsalta leptotigris Normal ticking song

Dominant frequency — 18.8 KHz

Apparent sidebands: 19.4

0.24 (A) 62, 25, 13, 8, 5, 4, 2, ~1, <1 Hz |

‘=

Apparent sidebands: 17.2

0.22 (B) 61, 21, 10, 6, 2, 1, «1 Hz |

0.18

Magnitude

e e =

on 8

8 : ( 20 kHz 22

Fig. 6. C. leptotigris. Amplitude spectra, from field recordings of two separate

specimens, showing the frequency distributions within the ticking songs. The

dominant frequencies are defined by the mean frequency of the main frequency

envelope in each plot. The figures are the measured frequencies (kHz) of the

maximum amplitudes of the peaks. Also listed are apparent sidebands as measured

within each spectrum.

Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3) 151

Acknowledgements

Thanks are due to Paul Feeney and staff of the Queensland Royal

Geographical Society for organising the Cravens Peak survey, and their

encouragement and help in facilitating my early start to the survey. Special

thanks are also due to Len and Jo Rule, managers of the Cravens Peak

Reserve at the time of the survey, for their great help and hospitality.

Acknowledgement is due to the staff of the Entomology Section, Queensland

Museum for their continued help and support, to Geoff Thompson for the

photographs, to Lindsay Popple for much needed editing, and helpful

comments of an anonymous reviewer.

References

BENNET-CLARK, H.C. 1997. Timbal mechanics and the control of song frequency in the

cicada Cyclochila australasiae. Journal of Experimental Biology 200: 1681-1694.

de BOER, A.J. 1999. Taxonomy and biogeography of the New Guinean Cicadettini (Hemiptera,

Tibicinidac). Mitteilungen Museum Naturkunde Berlin: Deutsche entomologische Zeitschrift

46(2): 115-147.

EWART, A. 2005. New gencra and species of small ticking and ‘chirping’ cicadas (Hemiptera:

Cicadidac) from Queensland, with descriptions of their songs. Memoirs of the Queensland

Museum 51(2): 439-500.

EWART, A. In press. Cicadas of the castern segment of the Cravens Peak Reserve, northeastern

Simpson Desert, S.W. Queensland; January/February 2007. Cravens Peak Scientific Report, The

Royal Geographical Society of Queensland Inc., Brisbane.

EWART, A. and MARQUES, D. 2008. A new genus of grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea:

Cicadidac) from Queensland, with descriptions of their songs. Memoirs of the Queensland

Museum 52(2): 149-202.

MOULDS, M.S. 2005. An appraisal of the higher classification of cicadas (Hemiptera:

Cicadoidea) with special reference to the Australian fauna, Records of the Australian Museum

57: 375-446.

152 Australian Entomologist, 2009, 36 (3)

RECENT LITERATURE

Compiled by Max Moulds (msmoulds@bigpond.net.au) & Editor

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Baker, 1905) stat. nov. (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), a threatened butterfly from southern

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[Ogyris waterhouseri removed from synonymy with O. idmo halmaturia (Tepper) and O.

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BROCK, P.D. and HASENPUSCH, J.W.

2007 Studies on the Australian stick insects (Phasmida) including a checklist of species and

bibliography. Zootaxa 1570: 1-84.

2009 The complete field guide to stick and leaf insects of Australia. CSIRO Publishing,

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BUFFINGTON, M.L.

2008 A revision of Australian Thrasorinae (Hymenoptera: Figitidac) with a description of a new

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2008 Survey for sycamore lace bug Corythucha ciliata (Say) (Hemiptera: Tingidac) in New

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FLETCHER, M.J.

2008 An impressive new species of Evacanthella Evans from Western Australia (Hemiptera:

Cicadellidae: Euacanthellinac). General and Applied Entomology 37: 15-19.

FLETCHER, M.J. and ZAHNISER, J.N.

2008 The first record of Goniagnathini from Australia with description of four new species of

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the Nothofagus-feeding genus Madarococcus Hay. Invertebrate Systematics 22: 365-405.

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2008 Systematics and natural history of the Australian genus Metoligotoma Davis

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MORITA, S.I.

2008 A phylogeny of long-tongued horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae: Philoliche) with the first

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTICES

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Printed by ColourWise Reproductions, 300 Ann Street, Brisbane, 4000.

Volume 36, Part 3, 3 September 2009

Price: $6.00 per part

CONTENTS

BARTLETT, J.S.

A replacement name for Phlogistus blackburni Hintz, 1908 (Coleoptera:

Cleridae).

BROWN, S.S, MEYER, C.E. AND WEIR, R.P.

A new subspecies of Hypochrysops theon C. & R. Felder (Lepidoptera:

Lycaenidae: Theclinae) from Claudie River, Cape York Peninsula,

Queensland, Australia.

ENDERSBY, I.

Nomenclatural amendments to the current catalogue of Australian

Odonata.

EWART, A.

Crotopsalta leptotigris, a new species of ticking cicada (Hemiptera:

Cicadoidea: Cicadidae) from Cravens Peak, southwest Queensland.

GINN, S.G., BRITTON, D.R. AND BULBERT, M.W.

Correction of a record of Elodina walkeri Butler (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

from the Pilbara region of Western Australia.

HANCOCK, D.L.

A note on Zrupanea opprimata Hering (Diptera: Tephritidae: Tephritinae)

in Australia. 103

PALMER, C.M.

Presence of the rusty palm aphid Hysteroneura setariae (Thomas)

(Hemiptera: Aphididae) on buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris L.) in central

Australia.

PETERS, J.V.

Notes on the distribution of Catopyrops Morinda (Butler) (Lepidoptera:

Lycaenidae).

SAMSON, P.R. AND JOHNSON, SJ.

The life history and adult morphology of PAiliris ziska titeus D'Abrera

(Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae).

ROYER, J.

Spread of red-banded mango caterpillar, Deanolis sublimbalis Snellen

(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), in Cape York Peninsula, Australia. 119

RECENT LITERATURE 152

ISSN 1320 6133

e NS