THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

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ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND

Membership is open to anyone interested in Entomology. Meetings are normally held

at the CSIRO Long Pocket Laboratories, Indooroopilly at midday on the second

Monday of March-June and August-December each year. Meetings are announced in

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Cover: This undescribed species of Myrmecoroides (Heteroptera: Miridae) is about 5

mm in length and occurs along the Great Dividing Range from southeast Queensland

to Victoria. It is found on native grasses. The species is sexually dimorphic, with

fully-winged males and short-winged females (illustrated here). All species of

Myrmecoroides are strongly ant-mimetic. This species is being described by Gerry

Cassis of the University of New South Wales and Michael Wall of the San Diego

Natural History Museum.

Illustration by Hannah Finlay.

ТТЛ

Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2): 33-43 33

A NEW DEUDORIX FROM IRIAN JAYA (WEST PAPUA),

INDONESIA (LEPIDOPTERA, LYCAENIDAE), WITH NOTES ON

DEUDORIX EPIRUS FELDER, 1860

W. JOHN TENNENT !, CHRIS J. MÜLLER ? and ANDREW RAWLINS ?

! Department of Entomology, The Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, England

? Molecular Ecology Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney,

NSW 2109, Australia

*:392 Maidstone Road, Rainham, Kent MES 0JA, England

Abstract

A new and distinctive species of Deudorix, D. toxopeusi sp. n., from Irian Jaya is described and

illustrated. Distribution and nomenclature of geographical races of D. epirus Felder, 1860, arc

discussed; selected taxa are illustrated. The names agimar Fruhstorfer, 1908, and almar

Fruhstorfer, 1908, are synonymised with the name despoena Hewitson, 1863

Introduction

In his magnum opus of Papua New Guinea butterflies (PNG), Parsons (1998)

set out to provide details and illustrations of each of the butterfly species

occurring in PNG. In doing so, he mentioned in passing notable specimens

from other islands and regions seen in museums around the world. In an

introduction to the genus Deudorix Hewitson, 1863, he noted (Parsons, 1998:

403) nine species in PNG, and a further two species from the western half of

the island of New Guinea (Indonesia) including *a single male ...of a very

distinctive undescribed species" in the collections of Naturalis (Nationaal

Natuurhistorisch Museum), Leiden, The Netherlands. Introducing the epirus

Felder, 1860, species-group, Parsons added “[species of the epirus species-

group] are characterised by their white or creamy-white, heavily brown-

banded undersides. One other distinctive undescribed species (known only by

a male from the Snow Mountains of Irian Jaya) may belong in this group as

its underside is predominantly white. However, it completely lacks median

banding" (Parsons, 1998: 406). The butterfly was not illustrated. It is noted

here that the western part of the main island of New Guinea, which belongs

politically to Indonesia, is variously referred to in the literature as Irian Jaya,

West Irian or West Papua. The name Irian Jaya is used here, other than in

direct quotes.

Some years later, Yagishita (2006), described Deudorix novellus from five

males taken in November 2004 and March 2005 on the island of Morotai,

North Maluku, Indonesia. D. novellus is an atypical Deudorix species, with

an unusual underside that is fundamentally creamy-white and unmarked with

the exception of a brown border enclosing prominent pale blue markings

illustrated here in figs 1, 2 (Yagishita, 2006: pl. 1, figs 9-10). Although

Parsons (1998) was included in the references, Yagishita made no reference

in the text to Parsons' "Snow Mountains" specimen in Leiden, but did

illustrate (Yagishita, 2006: pl. 1, figs 11-12) a female, of which he said “two

34 Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2)

pepe

КЕТУШЕ

Figs 1-5: (1) Deudorix novellus Ф upperside (Morotai); (2) ditto, underside; (3)

Deudorix toxopeusi 4 upperside (Holotype: Irian Jaya) (4) ditto, underside; (5) ditto,

data from glassine envelope.

females of unknown species of Lycaenidae obtained at Timika, Papua state

(Irian Jaya) in the mainland New Guinea on September 2001 and on March

2003, have the same pattern on the underside as [novellus] ...".

At much the same time (January 2007), unaware of Yagishita's slightly

earlier paper, the same species was described by Okubu (2007) as Deudorix

detanii from a solitary male specimen taken on Morotai in April 2006. Okubu

Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2) 35

illustrated a specimen similar in all respects to that illustrated by Yagashita

(2006). Although he had presumably not seen the Leiden specimen, Okubu

(2007: 3) went on to say that Parsons “mentioned an undescribed species of

this group from the Snow Mountains of Irian Jaya, and it seems similar to

this new species [detanii (i.e. novellus)], but the two are considered as

separate species because of their geographically remote localities”.

As part of wider ranging research, the first two authors visited Naturalis,

Leiden in September 2009, and obtained the specimen mentioned by Parsons

(1998) on temporary loan (figs 3, 4). It bears a superficial resemblance to D.

novellus in the sense that the underside is plain creamy-white with a dark

border, but it is clear from its external facies, including the genitalia, that it

represents an undescribed species:

Deudorix toxopeusi sp. nov.

(figs 3, 4, 6, 7, 11-13)

Types. Holotype 3: INDONESIA, Irian Jaya; two labels: (1) (typed): Neth. Ind.-

American New Guinea Exped. / Araucaria Camp / 800m / 20.111939 / L. J. Toxopeus;

(2) (handwritten — see fig. 5): Araucaria Camp 800m / 20.111939 / Deudorix n. sp. б

(Naturalis, Leiden). Paratypes: 19 Timika, Papua State (Irian Jaya), 11.2003 (BMNH,

London); 14 Nabire, Weyland, Irian Jaya, xii.2008; 19 Timika, Papua State (Irian

Jaya), ix.2001 (both coll. Yagishita).

Description. Male (Figs 3, 4, 11-13), generally similar to D. novellus but

wings significantly more acute; forewing length 18mm; appears almost

uniform dull purple, but in oblique light upperside forewing dark brown, with

shining purplish blue broad median band, reaching inner margin and almost

reaching tornus, but not costa (upperside with dark, dull blue median band,

discernable in oblique light in D. novellus); hindwing similar, blue almost

reaching outer margin and tornus, but not inner margin; tornal lobe

moderately well developed with distinct pale blue scales enclosing distinct

dark spot (tornal lobe less prominent in D. novellus); underside similar to D.

novellus, but with narrower, less decorated dark border; plain creamy-white,

forewing with broad brown border, unmarked (border darker brown,

enclosing subdued series of submarginal pale markings in D. novellus),

extending along inner margin; underside hindwing similar, border narrower,

enclosing obscure double line of vestigial pale markings (border broader,

darker, diffuse along inner margin, pale markings extensive in D. novellus);

tornal lobe dark chocolate brown, like margin, centred black. Genitalia (figs

11-13) typical Deudorix, differing from D. novellus (figs 8-10) in having

deeply indented posterior dorsal edge to tegumen (shallower in D. novellus);

prominent angular “step” on posterior edge of vinculum (“rounded” in D.

novellus); shape of valvae similar to D. novellus (and many other Deudorix

species), but aedeagus proportionally longer than D. novellus.

36 Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2)

ШЕЕ Pater] n |

Mise 1 oe т

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Figs 6-13: (6) Deudorix toxopeusi 9 upperside (Paratype: Irian Jaya); (7): ditto,

underside; (8) Deudorix novellus 3 genitalia (lateral view); (9); ditto, underside; (10)

ditto, aedeagus; (11) Deudorix toxopeusi 3 genitalia (lateral view); (12) ditto, valvae

(dorsal view); (13) ditto, aedeagus.

Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2) B7

Female (Figs 6, 7) (the female of D. novellus is unknown) upperside

forewing dark chocolate brown, with obscure golden median patch; upperside

hindwing golden brown, darker chocolate brown basally; underside white,

tinged cream, with broad grey-brown borders, on forewing unmarked,

indistinct pale submarginal line on hw.

Etymology. Named in recognition of Lambertus Johannes Toxopeus (1894-

1951), the renowned lepidopterist and lycaenid specialist in Dutch colonial

times, who collected the holotype. It is interesting that this highly distinctive

species seems to have been recognised by Toxopeus (Fig. 5) as a new species

of Deudorix when it was collected, but that it remained undescribed for a

further 70 years, possibly due to the onset of the Second World War.

Distribution. Irian Jaya, Indonesia.

A note on Deudorix epirus Felder, 1860

According to Parsons (1998: 406) D. epirus (TL: Ambon) is known from a

number of localities from the Moluccan islands of Ambon and Seram,

through the Kai and Aru island groups to mainland New Guinea and northern

Australia. The distribution of subspecies is not entirely clear. D’Abrera

(1990: 303) listed six subspecies with the following distribution (mis-

spellings are corrected, and dates of authorship and Type Localities [TL]

added):

D. epirus eos Hewitson, 1863 [TL: Bacan] (-tibillus [sic =tibullus])

Staudinger, 1888 [TL: Halmahera]). Range: [Bacan].

D. epirus epirus Felder, 1865 [recte =1860] [TL: Ambon] (-almar

Fruhstorfer?, 1908 [TL: Astrolabe Bay, Papua New Guinea]. Range:

Ambon, Serang [sic = Seram], West Irian to Papua, Aru, Kai.

D. epirus agimar Fruhstorfer, 1908 [TL: Australia]. Range: Torres Strait. Is.,

Cape York [Australia].

D. epirus kallios [sic =kallias] Fruhstorfer, 1908 [TL: Fergusson]. Range:

Fergusson Is. [D'Entrecasteaux group, Papua New Guinea].

D. epirus despoena Hewitson, 1863 [TL: Waigeo]. Range: Waigeo, West

Irian, Mioswar I.

Some confusion is evident here. D'Abrera gave the published date of epirus

as 1865 (no other publication dates were provided) which, if it were so,

would give the names despoena and eos priority. However, the name epirus

was proposed by Felder in 1860 in an earlier publication (Felder, 1860: 452)

to that indicated (Felder & Felder, 1865-1875) by D'Abrera. As Hemming

(1935) made clear, pages 18 and 19 of Hewitson's ///ustrations of Diurnal

Lepidoptera, on which despoena and eos were described, and plate 6, on

which they were illustrated, were published in 1863. D'Abrera (1990: 303)

38 Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2)

КЕ ЕРЕ А

Figs 14-17: (14) Deudorix epirus epirus 3 upperside (Ambon); (15) ditto, underside;

(16) ditto, 9 upperside (Ambon); (17) ditto, underside.

illustrated three specimens of D. epirus: а б upperside of “epirus eos”; both

surfaces of a Y “epirus eos"; and a Y upperside of “epirus epirus”.

Accompanying brief text claimed “ similar to eos” against D. e. epirus, D.

e. agimar, and D. e. kallias, and also compared D. e. despoena to D. e. eos.

This comparison is unhelpful: as our illustrations make clear, D. e. eos is

distinctive and quite different in appearance to any race of epirus. It may

warrant species status. For the record, it is hardly surprising that Staudinger

(1888: pl. 95) described Sithon tibullus; the female he examined from

Halmahera would have been very unlikely in the late 19" century to be

obviously associated with the male Deudorix eos from Bacan illustrated by

Hewitson (1863: pl. 6, figs 8, 9).

The female specimen (no locality data was provided) of nominate epirus

illustrated by D'Abrera (1990: 303) is heavily suffused with blue, and has

Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2) 39

been examined by the authors. It is ex-Felder and almost certainly originated

from Ambon. D'Abrera included Aru in the distribution of nominate epirus.

However, the authors have seen Aru specimens that are indistinguishable

from D. e. agimar from Australia and females of a short series (18, 59 9) of

D. epirus from Aru in the BMNH are variable in terms of overall size and in

the degree of orange-yellow wash on the underside (the 9 illustrated is a

large, fresh specimen with a distinct underside yellowish tinge — others seen

are almost white). With regard to D. epirus from Australia and the main

island of New Guinea, Sands & Fenner (1978 : 104) said: “[D. e. agimar]

was previously known only from far north-eastern Australia, including the

Torres Strait islands. We have compared specimens from the Rocky and

Claudie Rivers, northern Queensland, with both sexes from southern PNG

and found them to be identical. At Lae ... this subspecies overlaps with ssp.

epirus Felder and intermediate forms occur ...". Parsons (1998: 406), citing

Sands & Fenner's observation, was of the opinion that "the taxon agimar is

probably best treated as a synonym of epirus ...".

The authors have examined specimens from all parts of the species” range

and — leaving aside the highly distinctive North Moluccan eos (=tibullus)

(Morotai [a new island record], Halmahera, Bacan and Obi) — concluded that

although populations at the western and eastern extremities can be assigned

with confidence, populations from the central part of the range of D. epirus

are more problematic. We believe that nominate epirus is identifiable and

probably restricted to Central Maluku (Ambon, Seram and Saparua); the male

is darker blue, with differently shaped underside markings to other races, and

the blue of the female is also darker and more extensive.

At the eastern end of the species” range (the eastern islands of Milne Bay

Province, Papua New Guinea) the colour and markings of both sexes of D. e.

kallias are also distinct, but in what we loosely refer to as the "central" part

of the species” range — Australia, the whole of the main island of New

Guinea, and some island groups to the west of New Guinea (including Aru) —

we cannot identify constant geographical differences. D. epirus is variable,

and examination of a long series from a variety of localities throughout New

Guinea suggests that they probably represent the same subspecies. This in

itself might have some bearing on the uncertainty of other authors (Sands &

Fenner, 1978; D'Abrera, 1990; Parsons, 1998) in reaching a consensus in

assigning geographical races.

Both D'Abrera (1990) and Parsons (1998) suggested almar as a synonym of

epirus: we believe almar is synonymous with the phenotype occurring in

New Guinea and Australia. We have examined the type material (18, 19

labelled Waigiou [sic], Hewitson Coll. 76-69 — figs 12-15) of D. e. despoena

from Waigeo, and two additional males from that island, and find them

indistinguishable from epirus from the New Guinea mainland.

40 Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2)

РР saa e | as erm eger | s RR TE

Figs 18-23: (18) Deudorix epirus despoena 3 upperside (Waigeo) (type ex-

Hewitson); (19) ditto, underside; (20) ditto, 2 upperside (Waigeo) (type ex-

Hewitson); (21) ditto, underside; (22) Deudorix epirus despoena 3 upperside (Aru);

(23) ditto, underside.

Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2) 41

reges |: 5 o e m a pus!

estis е аа Ford d

Figs 24-29: Deudorix epirus despoena, Y uppperside (Aru); (25) ditto, underside;

(26) Deudorix epirus kallias ĝ upperside (Kiriwina); (27) ditto, underside; (28) ditto,

O upperside (Kiriwina); (29) ditto, uns.

42 Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2)

or al peal cs pe КАЕ. Estee test ST

ШЕЛЕК APERIA ЖО ОКК ГҮ

Figs 30-33: (30) Deudorix epirus eos 3 upperside (Bacan); (31) ditto, underside; (32)

ditto, 2 upperside (Halmahera); (33) ditto, underside.

Examination of type specimens, and material from a wide range of localities,

suggests the following nomenclature and distribution of Deudorix epirus,

from west to east:

D. epirus eos Hewitson, 1863 (TL: Bacan) (=tibullus Staudinger, 1888 [TL:

Halmahera]) (figs 30-33). Range: the North Moluccan islands of Morotai,

Halmahera, Bacan and Obi (Note: may warrant species status).

D. epirus epirus Felder, 1860 (TL: Ambon) (figs 14-17). Range: the Central

Moluccan islands of Ambon, Seram and Saparua.

D. epirus despoena Hewitson, 1863 (TL: Waigeo) (=agimar Fruhstorfer,

1908, syn. n. [TL: Australia]; =almar Fruhstorfer, 1908, syn. n. [TL:

Astrolabe Bay, Papua New Guinea]) (figs 18-25). Range: Aru, Waigeo,

mainland New Guinea, including some outlying islands, the Torres Strait

Islands and north eastern Australia.

Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2) 43

D. epirus kallias Fruhstorfer, 1908 (TL: Fergusson) (figs 26-29). Range: the

D'Entrecasteaux, Trobriand and Louisiade island groups.

Acknowledgements

Behnaz van Bekkum-Ansari, Rienk de Jong and Erik van Nieukerken,

Naturalis, Leiden, were most helpful and hospitable to the first two authors

during a visit to the Museum in September 2009. Erik van Nieukerken also

kindly allowed the loan of the unidentified Deudorix specimen from Irian

Jaya (Deudorix toxopeusi) Akira Yagashita, Ibaraki, Japan, provided

information and very generously donated the female paratype of D. toxopeusi

illustrated to the BMNH. Blanca Huertas was helpful during a disruptive time

for the BMNH collections.

References

FELDER, C. 1860. Lepidopterorum Amboinensium species novae diagnosibus collustratac. 1.

Rhopalocera. Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie Der Wissenschaften 40(11): 448-468.

FELDER, C. and FELDER, R. 1865-1875. Rhopalocera. in: Reise der Osterreichischen Fregatte

Novara um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859 unter den Befehlen Commodore B. von

Wiillerstorf-Urbair. Zoologische Theil. Zweiter Band: Abtheilung. Vienna, vi, 548, [1]pp.

FRUHSTORFER, H. 1908. Neue Lycaeniden., Societas Entomologica 23(5): 37-38.

HEMMING, A. F. 1935. On the dates of publication of Hewitson (W. C.), *Illustr. Diurn. Lep.

Lycaenidae,’ 2 vols. 1863-1878. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (10) 15: 117-120.

OKUBO, K. 2007. A new species of the genus Deudorix (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) from the

Moluccas, Indonesia. Transactions of the Lepidopterological Society of Japan 58 (1): 1-3.

PARSONS, M. J. 1998. The butterflies of Papua New Guinea: Their systematics and biology.

Academic Press, London; 736pp, xxvi+104pls.

SANDS, D. P. A. and FENNER, T. L. 1978. New butterfly records from the New Guinca region.

Australian Entomological Magazine 4(6): 101-108.

YAGISHITA, A. 2006. A new species of genus Deudorix (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) from

Morotai Island, Indonesia. Futao 52: 18-19, pl. 1, figs 9-12.

44 Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2)

BOOK REVIEW

Arachnids by Jan Beccaloni. CSIRO Publishing, 2009. 320 pp. Price $69.95.

ISBN 978 0 643 09697 4

For such a popular group of animals, it is surprising that it has been nearly 50 years

since the last general text on arachnids: Theodore Savory's excellent but ageing book

remains a useful reference text to this day (Savory 1964). So Jan Beccaloni's lavishly

photographed book on the Arachnida is not only a beautifully presented work, but a

much needed one too. Each of the 11 Orders of extant taxa of Arachnida are dealt

with in turn; beginning with the most familiar group, Araneae (spiders), to the bizarre

smaller Orders, like the Palpigradi (micro whip-scorpions) and Solifugae (camel

spiders). Each Order receives the same treatment, discussing their diversity, anatomy,

and habits, while frequently mentioning examples from the ordinary to the incredible

and bizarre. Her style is engaging and enthusiastic, which is also a highlight, because

it makes the book accessible to anyone with just a little background in biology.

The chapter on spiders is a fine encapsulation of this most popular group of arachnids

and the book is worth it for this alone. However, I admit enjoying the smaller chapters

on weirder arachnids more: alien beasts you've probably never seen, except pickled in

jars or live in zoos. Reading these chapters recalled a younger passion with science,

eagerly seeking and devouring any information on the unusual and bizarre.

The only disappointment is that the chapter on mites and ticks (Acari) contains several

errors. There exists within Arachnology a great divide between those that study mites

and those who do not, a split exemplified by the Journal of Arachnology, which

accepts papers on all Arachnida — except mites. One feels that Jan Beccaloni stands on

the non-mite side of this divide. Mite morphology is dealt with quite well, but once

we move into the world of mite ecology, things get rockier. I can sympathise: mites

are so diverse that pinning a generalisation on them is difficult. However, the two

major groups of plant parasites, Eriophyoidea and Tetranychoidea, are confused and

this is the sort of error a referee should have detected (pp 175, 178). Other errors

require more detailed knowledge and in this regard I note two Australian examples.

The statement that Lyme disease is in Australia is not true (Borrelia burgdorferi has

never been detected; Doggett et al. 1997); and Tetranychus desertorum was never

collected from prickly pear in Australia: red mites were observed damaging Opuntia

and assumed to be this mite without slide-mounting them (Dodd 1929, 1940).

Nevertheless, the fact remains that this is a beautiful piece of work and, for the best

part, it is a joy to read and a pleasure to look at. Students and scientists ought to find it

a useful text and its gorgeous presentation would make it an excellent gift to anyone

desiring a deeper interest in spiders and their kin.

References

DODD, A.P. 1929. The progress of biological control of prickly-pear in Australia.

Commonwealth Prickly Pcar Board, Brisbane; 41 pp.

DODD, A.P. 1940. The biological campaign against prickly-pear. Commonwealth Prickly Pear

Board, Brisbane; 177 pp.

DOGGET, S.L., RUSSELL, R.C., LAWRENCE, К. and DICKESON, D. 1997. Lyme Disease.

http://medent.usyd.edu.au/fact/Iyme?620disease.htm. Accessed 24 Nov. 2009.

SAVORY, T. 1964. Arachnida. Academic Press, London; 291 pp.

Owen Seeman, Queensland Museum

Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2): 45-46 45

SUPPLEMENTARY ADDITIONS TO A RECENT CLASSIFICATION

OF DACUS FABRICIUS (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE: DACINAE),

WITH NOTES ON THE D. (NEODACUS) NEWMANI GROUP

D.L. HANCOCK

PO Box 2464, Cairns, Old 4870

Abstract

Seventeen newly described species of Afrotropical Dacus Fabricius are placed within a

classification proposed for all species. In addition, variation within the species of the Dacus

(Neodacus) newmani group in Australia is discussed.

Introduction

Increasing interest in molecular studies within the genus Dacus Fabricius

(e.g. Virgilio et al. 2009) has demonstrated the continued need for up-to-date

morphological classifications with which they can be compared. A recent

paper by White and Goodger (2009), describing seventeen new taxa from

Africa, appeared too late to be included in the update to the classification of

Hancock and Drew (2006) provided by Hancock (2009). Accordingly, this

supplement assigns these new species within that classification (Table 1), as

an alternative to that of White (2006). It is hoped that further molecular

studies will shed light on which, if either, of these current morphological

classifications is best supported. Notes on variation within the Australian

Dacus (Neodacus) newmani group of species are also provided, and their

distributions summarised.

Table 1. Placement of newly described Afrotropical species of Dacus according to the

classification of Hancock and Drew (2006). Note: W & G = White & Goodger.

As currently described

D. (Ambitidacus) luteovittatus W & G

D. (Ambitidacus) pseudomirificus W & G

D. (Didacus) abruptus W & С

D. (Didacus) albiseta W & G

D. (Didacus) insolitus W & G

D. (Leptoxyda) brunnalis W & G

D. (Leptoxyda) velutifrons W & G

D. (Leptoxyda) yaromi W & G

D. (Lophodacus) acutus W & G

D. (Lophodacus) kurrensis W & G

Suggested placement

D. (Dacus) fasciolatus group

D. (Leptoxyda) mirificus group

D. (Didacus) ciliatus group

D. (Psilodacus) mulgens group

D. (Mictodacus) lounsburyii group

D. (Leptoxyda) velutifrons group

D. (Leptoxyda) eminus group

D. (Psilodacus) brevis group

D. (Psilodacus) binotatus group

D. (Lophodacus) magnificus УУ & G

D. (Lophodacus) pseudapostata W & G

D. (Lophodacus) senegalensis W & G

D. (Lophodacus) transversalis W & G

D. (Lophodacus) xanthinus W & G

D. (Psilodacus) kaplanae W & G

D. (Psilodacus) vestigivittatus W & G

D. (Leptoxyda) marshalli group

D. (Didacus) scaber group

D. (Psilodacus) brevis group

D. (Didacus) scaber group

D. (Psilodacus) brevis group

D. (Leptoxyda) sphaerostigma group

D. (Mictodacus) langi group

46 Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2)

The Dacus (Neodacus) newmani group

This group includes three Australian species (Hancock and Drew 2006): D.

bellulus Drew & Hancock, D. newmani (Perkins) and D. signatifrons (May).

Dacus bellulus is typically a Cape York Peninsula, Torres Strait islands and

coastal Northern Territory species with distinct facial spots and no medial

postsutural yellow spot on the scutum; however, occasional specimens occur

which lack facial spots (e.g. Coen, Pormpuraaw) or have the scutal spot

present (e.g. Horn Island). Dacus newmani is widespread in semi-arid regions

of Australia west of the Great Dividing Range (excluding Cape York

Peninsula) and typically has no facial spots and a distinct scutal spot;

however, occasional specimens lacking the scutal spot occur (eg.

Blackwater, Qld). Dacus signatifrons is a coastal SE Queensland species

(known as far north as Maryborough) which typically has a broader costal

band, larger facial spots and no scutal spot; however, occasional specimens

with a small scutal spot occur (e.g. Brisbane).

Along the east coast of Queensland, from Cairns to Bundaberg, specimens

matching both typical D. bellulus and typical D. newmani occur, together

with intermediates (both facial and scutal spots; no or reduced facial spots

plus no or vestigial scutal spot), often with all variations occurring at the

same locality (e.g. in Mackay). This suggests that a contact or hybrid zone

exists along the Queensland coast east of the Great Dividing Range, with the

result that specimens from this area cannot be reliably identified.

Specimens examined are in the collections of Queensland Primary Industries

and Fisheries (QPIF) or Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service

(AQIS), both located in Cairns.

Acknowledgements

I thank Jane Royer (QPIF, Cairns) and Sally Cowan (AQIS, Cairns) for the

opportunity to study material in their care.

References

HANCOCK, D.L. 2009. Additions and amendments to a recent classification of Dacus Fabricius

(Diptera: Tephritidac: Dacinac). Australian Entomologist 36(2): 67-70.

HANCOCK, D.L. and DREW, R.A.I. 2006. A revised classification of subgenera and species

groups in Dacus Fabricius (Diptera, Tephritidac). Pp 167-205, in: Merz, B. (ed.), Phylogeny,

taxonomy, and biology of tephritoid flies (Diptera, Tephritoidea). Instrumenta Biodiversitatis

Vol. УП. Natural History Muscum, Geneva; 274 pp.

VIRGILIO, M., DE MEYER, M., WHITE, I.M. and BACLELJAU, T. 2009. African Dacus

(Diptera: Tephritidac): molecular data and host plant associations do not corroborate

morphology-bascd classifications. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 51: 531-539.

WHITE, I.M. 2006. Taxonomy of the Dacina (Diptera: Tephritidac) of Africa and the Middle

East. African Entomology Memoir 2: [i-v], 1-156, cd-rom.

WHITE, I.M. and GOODGER, К.Е.М. 2009. African Dacus (Diptera: Tephritidac); new species

and data, with particular reference to the Tel Aviv University Collection. Zootaxa 2127: 1-49.

Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2): 47-51 47

THE FIRST RECORD OF THE FAMILY DOUGLASIIDAE

(LEPIDOPTERA) FROM TASMANIA

E.D. EDWARDS! and A. KALLIES?

' CSIRO Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, 2601, ACT (Ted.Edwards@csiro.au)

2WEHI, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, 3050, VIC (kallies@wehi.edu.au)

Abstract

The family Douglasiidac is recorded from Tasmania for the first time. The single specimen is the

fifth known from Australia and is identified as Tinagma leucanthes Meyrick, 1897. The

Douglasiidac, both in Australia and overscas, are bricfly discussed.

Introduction

The family Douglasiidae is often placed in the large and cosmopolitan

superfamily Tineoidea (Common 1990), which includes the families

Psychidae, Tineidae and the Gracillariidae or in the Gracillarioidea (Nielsen

1996). Members of Douglasiidae are easily recognized by the very small size

of the adults, the much reduced venation, prominent ocellus, naked proboscis,

drooping labial palpi, the smooth-scaled head, lack of an eye-cap and

abdominal sternites of the tineoid type.

There are approximately 20 species of the family known from the Palaearctic

Region in two genera, Tinagma Zeller, 1839 and Klimeschia Amsel, 1938

(Gaedike 1974, 1991, Budashkin 2003) and about eight species from the

Nearctic, all in Tinagma (Gaedike 1990, Harrison 2005). The genus

Protonyctia, known from Ecuador with the type species P. originalis

Meyrick, 1932, has been variously placed in the Douglasiidae or the

Bucculatricidae. No other species are known besides Tinagma leucanthes

Meyrick, 1897 from Australia. Currently the world fauna is therefore about

29 species as the Nearctic and Palaearctic have no species in common.

Various papers and websites give conflicting information on the number of

species and which genera are included in the Douglasiidae, but Davis &

Robinson (1999) in the most comprehensive treatment of the family include

only the genera Tinagma and Klimeschia.

No biological information is available from Australia but in Europe

Douglasiidae larvae are known to be miners and borers in leaves, petioles or

stems of Boraginaceae (Echium, Anchusa), Rosaceae (Dryas, Fragaria,

Rubus and Potentilla) and Lamiaceae (Thymus). Some species fly at dusk,

some in sunlight and some visit flowers. Agassiz (1985) says that the British

species rest with the anterior part of the body raised.

Observations

On 16 January 2006 in still and warm weather conditions, one of us (AK)

netted a small moth with a wingspan of 5 mm near Bicheno, Tasmania. It was

flying just around sunset in coastal heath and sedgeland close to the coast. It

has since proved to be a member of the family Douglasiidae, which

48 Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2)

N ‘

h <= -f

2 3

Figs 1-3. T. leucanthes, male, Bicheno, Tasmania (ANIC): (1) Upperside. (2)

Underside. (3) Genitalia, ventral view. a. uncus, b. sacculus, c. valva, d. saccus, e.

juxta, f. phallus.

has not been previously recorded in Tasmania. The specimen was

conspicuous due to its unusual behaviour and resting posture. It was actively

flying, but occasionally rested on sedge leaves. When sitting, it kept the

wings in a raised position and frequently moved them up and down. This was

reminiscent of the behaviour of some Choreutis (Choreutidae) and

Glyphipterix (Glyphipterigidae) species. The specimen is labelled “Australia,

Tasmania, Bicheno, coastal heath/sedge, dusk, leg. A & H Kallies” and has

been kindly donated to the Australian National Insect Collection (ANIC),

CSIRO, Canberra. The specimen (Figs 1, 2) is a male and in wing pattern and

other features closely resembles Tinagma leucanthes from Sydney, New

South Wales. The ventral surface of the second segment of the labial palpi

bears rough scales banded in black and white, the forewing is black with a

white median transverse band and a white spot on the costa short of the apex

and a smaller corresponding spot near the tornus. The hindwing is black. The

upperside of the hindwing looks patterned in the illustration but this is due to

scale loss rather than a colour pattern as on the underside of the hind wing.

On the underside both forewing and hindwing are black with white banding

more extensive than on the upperside. The abdomen is grey with a white tip,

with broad reflective scales at the base and on the segmental margins.

Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2) 49

Taxonomic Note

The specimen from Bicheno Was dissected by one of us (AK) and the

genitalia (Fig. 3) were found to correspond to those illustrated by Common

(1990). Thus, we currently consider all known Australian douglasiid

specimens to belong to a single species, 7. leucanthes. Male and female

genitalia of Palaearctic Tinagma and Klimeschia were illustrated by Gaedike

(1974, 1991) and Budashkin (2003). While the structures of the male

genitalia of Klimeschia differ fundamentally from those of Tinagma, there are

also considerable differences between the Palaearctic Tinagma species and

the Australian T. leucanthes. In T. leucanthes the valva shows a very strong

basal projection (sacculus) but is otherwise simple with hair-like setae evenly

distributed in the distal half. The valvae of Palaearctic Tinagma species such

as T. peridecellum Zeller 1839, the type species of the genus, however, show

a less developed sacculus, a conspicuous apical process, a strongly

sclerotized ventral margin and the setae appear to be concentrated along the

dorsal margin of the valva. In 7. leucanthes the juxta is very prominent,

almost as long as the valva and covered with hair-like setae; in T.

peridecellum, however, the juxta appears to be relatively small and to lack

setae. Furthermore, the aedeagus (phallus) of 7. leucanthes is only somewhat

longer than the valva; that of T. peridecellum is about twice as long as the

valva. Taken together these differences would suggest that T. leucanthes

represents a genus different from Tinagma; however, lacking knowledge of

the female genitalia and sufficient material of typical Palaearctic Tinagma

species we refrain from the erection of a new genus at this stage.

Discussion

Douglasiidae are known from very few specimens in Australia. Tinagma

leucanthes, the only described species, is represented by three syntypes

labelled as collected at Sydney by Edward Meyrick on 6 April 1879 and now

in the Natural History Museum, London. Meyrick, in his unpublished “diary

of captures" (p. 71), records that on 6 April 1879 he collected in Waverley

Gully, and that it was hot and sunny with a light SE wind. He collected in the

daytime and at light at night. Waverley is now a suburb of east Sydney and

has long been cleared for housing. Meyrick did not mention the 7. /eucanthes

specimens in his diary, possibly because he was unsure what they were, but

they must have come from the general Waverley area. Meyrick collected both

sexes and stated that the female differed from the male in that the white spots

on the forewing near the apex and tornus were more extensive and there were

further white spots and marks in the apical area. The only other specimen in

the Douglasiidae known from Australia is a female, identified as T.

leucanthes, collected by A. Jefferis Turner on [North] Stradbroke Island,

Queensland, on 30 November 1902 and now in the ANIC. The Bicheno

specimen is larger than the Stradbroke Island specimen but appears to belong

to the same species (see above).

50 Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2)

Meyrick (1897) described 7. leucanthes in the family Elachistidae where he

(Meyrick 1895) had placed the genus Tinagma, possibly on the basis of the

reduced venation. This was followed by subsequent authors including Dyar et

al. (1902) and Braun (1921) but the genus has none of the characters now

used to define the Elachistidae. It was also sometimes placed in the

Glyphipterigidae, for example by Staudinger and Rebel (1901), possibly

because of the smooth-scaled head, prominent ocellus and naked proboscis.

Its odd nature was recognized by Forbes (1923) who used the name

Douglasiidae, which was then accepted by Meyrick (1928), Fletcher (1929)

and all modern authors. The Douglasiidae differ from the Glyphipterigidae by

the reduced venation and the abdominal sternites of the tineoid type. The

family has been placed in various superfamilies; the Yponomeutoidea

(Common 1970, Heppner & Duckworth 1983) and, after Kyrki (1984)

showed it had abdominal sternites of the tineoid type, in the Tineoidea

(Common 1990, Nielsen & Common 1991) or the Gracillarioidea (Scoble

1992, Nielsen 1996, Davis & Robinson 1999).

Acknowledgements

Kevin Tuck in the Natural History Museum generously checked the dates of

Meyrick's syntypes and Meyrick's “diary of captures". Peter McQuillan

kindly examined his Tasmanian collection for possible further records.

YouNing Su provided the adult images.

References

AGASSIZ, D.J.L., 1999. Douglasiidac. Pp. 408-409. /n Hcath, J. and Emmct, A.M. (eds), The

Moths and Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland. Vol. 2. Harley Books, Colchester.

BRAUN, A. F., 1921. Two wecks collecting in Glacier National Park. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Philad. 73: 1-23.

BUDASHKIN, Y.I., 2003. A revision of Douglasiidac (Lepidoptera) of the former USSR fauna.

Pratsi Zoolohichnoho Muzeiu Kyivskoho Natsionaloho Universytetu imeni Tarasa Shevchenka 1

(1): 59-112. [In Russian].

COMMON, I.F.B., 1970. Lepidoptera (Moths and Butterflies). Pp. 765-866. In CSIRO, Insects

of Australia. Melbourne University Press, Melbournc.

COMMON, LF. B., 1990. Moths of Australia. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.

DAVIS, D.R. AND ROBINSON, G.S., 1999. The Tincoidea and Gracillarioidea. Pp. 91-117. Jn

Kristensen, N.P. (ed.), Handbook of Zoology. Volume IV, Part 35. Arthropoda: Insecta.

Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies, Volume 1:Evolution, Systematics, and biogeography. Walter

de Gruyter, Berlin.

DYAR, H.G., FERNALD, C.H., HULST, G.D., AND BUSCK, A., 1902. A list of the North

American Lepidoptera and key to the literature of this order of insects. Government Printing

Office, Washington.

FLETCHER, T.B., 1929. A list of the generic names used for microlepidoptera. Mem. Dep.

Agric. India: 11: 1-244.

FORBES, W.T.M., 1923. The Lepidoptera of New York and Ncighboring States. Primitive

Forms, Microlepidoptera, Pyraloids, Bombyces. Mem. Cornell Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn. 68: 1-729.

Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2):53-62 51

GAEDIKE, R., 1974. Revision der paláarktischen Douglasiidae (Lepidoptera). Acta Faun. Ent.

Mus. Nat. Pragae 15: 79- 102.

GAEDIKE, R., 1990. Revision der nearktischen Douglasiidac (Lepidoptera). Beitr. Ent. Berlin

40: 287-300.

Gaedike, R., 1991. Neue und seltene Douglasiidae (Lepidoptera). Dtsch. Ent. Z. 38: 19-25.

HARRISON, T.L. 2005. A new species of Douglasiidae (Lepidoptera) from the castern

Nearctic. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 107: 596-603.

HEPPNER, J.B. AND DUCKWORTH, W.D., 1983. Douglasiidac. P. 27. In Hodges, R.W. ct al.

(eds). Checklist of the Lepidoptera of America north of Mexico. E.W. Classey & The Wedge

Entomological Research Foundation, London.

KYRKI, J., 1983. Adult abdominal sternum II in ditrysian tincoid superfamilies- morphology

and phylogenctic significance (Lepidoptera). Ann. Ent. Fenn. 49: 89-94.

Meyrick, E., 1895. A handbook of British Lepidoptera. Macmillan & Co., London.

MEYRICK, E., 1897. Descriptions of Australian microlepidoptera. XVII. Elachistidae. Proc.

Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 22: 297- 435.

MEYRICK, E., 1928. Revised handbook of British Lepidoptera. Watkins & Doncaster, London.

NIELSEN, E.S. and Common, I.F.B., 1991. Lepidoptera (Moths and Butterflics). Pp. 817-915.

In NAUMANN, LD. et al. (eds). Insects of Australia. Vol. 2. Melbourne University Press,

Melbourne.

NIELSEN, E.S., 1996. Douglasiidac. P. 46. /n Nielsen, E.S., Edwards, E.D. and Rangsi, T.V.,

1996. Checklist of the Lepidoptera of Australia. - Monogr, Aust. Lepid. 4: i-xiv, 1-529, CD-

ROM.

SCOBLE, M.J., 1992. The Lepidoptera. Form, Function and Diversity. Oxford University Press,

Oxford.

STAUDINGER, O. AND REBEL, H., 1901. Catalog der Lepidopteren des Palaearctischen

Faunengebietes. R. Friedländer & Sohn, Berlin.

52 Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2)

BOOK REVIEW

Identification Guide to the Australian Odonata by Gunther Theischinger &

Ian Endersby. Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW,

2009. iv + 283 pp. ISBN 978 1 74234 475 3

To date, 323 species of Odonata are known from Australia, nearly 696 of the World's

fauna. Of these, 82 percent are endemic, with 42 percent of non-endemics shared only

with New Guinea. This volume, in A4 format, provides the most comprehensive and

up to date summary available for this extraordinary fauna, and is potentially useful to

all who study aquatic ecosystems. For the serious student of Australian Odonata it is

an essential reference.

The guide consists of clear, well-illustrated and updated dichotomous keys to all

species of adults, (similar in general layout to those in the classic, long out of print

Watson et al., 1991), comprehensive (as far as possible) keys to larvae, and a detailed

atlas of Australian Odonata, with each species represented by a map showing spot

records accompanied by brief notes on preferred habitats. Species of conservation

concern are discussed in detail.

Readers should understand that the higher classification used is an interpretation of

the most recent phylogenetic studies, hence the familiar Protoneuridae disappear into

Platycnemididae: Disparoneurinae, and the Aeshnidae, Gomphidae and Corduliidae

recognised by many authorities are divided into 12 separate families. The continued

inclusion of Chlorocyphidae and Calopterygidae in the Australian fauna is almost

certainly erroneous.

The book is not commercially available but may be downloaded as a pdf and freely

printed, from:

http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/publications/09730AustOdonata.pdf

The authors have noted the following errata:

Page Should read:

7 Austroaeschna atrata Martin, 1901 Austroaeschna atrata Martin, 1909

7 Austroaeschna hardyi Tillyard 1907 Austroaeschna hardvi Tillyard 1917

9 Lathrocordulia garrisoni Theischinger & Lathrocordulia garrisoni Theischinger &

Watson, 1978 Watson, 1991

9 Hemicordulia continentalis Martin, 1901 Hemicordulia continentalis Martin, 1907

9 Hemicordulia kalliste Theishinger & Hemicordulia kalliste Theischinger &

Watson, 1991 Watson, 1991

9 Hemicordulia superba Tillyardi, 1911 Hemicordulia superba Tillyard, 1911

10 Aethriamanta nymphaea Licftinck, 1949 Aethriamanta nymphaeae Licftinck, 1949

10 Nannophya paulsoni Theischinger 2003 Nannophya paulsoni Theischinger, 2003

10 Notolibellula bicolor Theischinger & Notolibellula bicolor Theischinger &

Watson 1977 Watson, 1977

10 Orthetrum villosovittatum (Braucr, 1865). Orthetrum villosovittatum (Braucr, 1868).

Reference

WATSON, J.A.L., THEISCHINGER, G. and ABBEY, Н.М. 1991. The Australian Dragonflies.:

A Guide to the Identification, Distributions and Habitats of Australian Odonata. CSIRO,

Canberra & Melbourne. vii + 278 pp.

Editor

Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2):53-62 53

LEPIDOPTERA REARED FROM UROMYCLADIUM TEPPERIANUM

(SACC.) MCALPINE GALLS COLLECTED ON ACACIA IMPLEXA

BENTH. NEAR CHAFFEY DAM, NEW SOUTH WALES

JOHN R HOSKING' AND E (TED) D EDWARDS?

"Tamworth Agricultural Institute, Industry and Investment, 4 Marsden Park Road, Calala, NSW

2340, Australia (Email: john.hosking@industry.nsw.gov.au)

"CSIRO Entomology, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia (Email:

ted.edwards@csiro.au)

Abstract

Sixteen species of Lepidoptera were reared from Uromycladium tepperianum galls collected on

Acacia implexa from slopes to the north of Chaffey Dam in New South Wales, between August

1993 and April 1997. These galls yielded 733 individuals of Lepidoptera (familics

Cosmopterigidac, Gelechiidac, Gracillariidae, Occophoridac, Psychidae, Pyralidae, Tincidac and

Tortricidae). Many of the Lepidopteran species in this study appear to be present all year round.

Six or seven of the Lepidopteran species found in this study are similar to ones reared from

Acacia galls in other studies.

Introduction

Uromycladium tepperianum (Sacc.) McAlpine (Uredinales: Pileolariaceae) is a

gall-forming rust which has been recorded on over 100 Acacia species and

Paraserianthes lophantha (Willd.) 1.C.Nielsen subsp. lophantha in Australia

(Gathe 1971, Morris 1987). The rust causes galling on stems, branches,

phyllodes and reproductive parts, and witches' broom growth at the end of

Acacia implexa Benth. branches in much the same way as it affects Acacia

saligna (Labill.) H.L.Wendl. in south-western Australia (Morris 1987). There

appear to be a number of genotypes of the rust in Australia and these appear to

be restricted to particular host species (Morris 1987). For this reason a genotype

of rust has been used as a biological control agent for 4. saligna in South Africa

(Morris 1991, 1997, Wood and Morris 2007), although there has been debate

about whether this Acacia should be controlled in all situations (Selincourt

1992).

Lepidoptera have been reared from U. tepperianum galls in the past (New 1982;

Common 1990; Bashford 2002) and it has been suggested that tunnelling by

Lepidoptera may prematurely kill galls (New 1982). Extensive studies on moths

from U. tepperianum galls were conducted by New (1982) and Bashford (2002).

New (1982) reared 2549 individuals, of seven moth species, from galls on

Acacia decurrens Willd. collected at La Trobe University, Victoria. Bashford

(2002) reared 4366 individuals, of nine moth species, from galls on Acacia

dealbata Link collected at a number of sites in Tasmania. Moth species found

by New (1982) were Polysoma eumetalla (Meyrick) (as Acrocercops eumetalla

(Meyrick)), Stathmopoda callichrysa Lower, S. cephalaea Meyrick, Gauna

aegusalis (Walker), an unidentified species of pyralid (Pyralidae, Phycitinae),

Erechthias sp. nr mystacinella (as Comodica mystacinella (Walker)) and

Holocola sp. (triangulana group) (as Eucosma triangulana (Meyrick)). Moth

species found by Bashford (2002) were mostly the same. He found a

54 Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2)

Macrobathra sp., P. eumetalla, Stathmopoda chalcotypa Meyrick, S. cephalaea,

G. aegusalis, Erechthias ancistrosema Turner, E. sp. nr mystacinella (as E.

mystacinella), Opogona comptella (Walker) and H. sp. triangulana group (as H.

triangulana). Another moth species reared from Uromycladium galls is

Conopomorpha heliopla Meyrick (as Acrocercops heliopla (Meyrick))

(Common 1990).

In this paper we enumerate moths reared from U. tepperianum galls (Fig. 1)

collected on A. implexa Benth., near Chaffey Dam, between August 1993 and

April 1997.

Fig. 1. Uromycladium tepperianum galls on Acacia implexa, near Chaffey Dam, New

South Wales.

Material and methods

Galls were collected from A. implexa trees on slopes of a ridge to the north of

Chaffey Dam (31? 20' S 151? 08' E). Collections were made in the middle of

each month from August 1993 to August 1994, then at 3 monthly intervals until

July 1995 and in April 1997. Varying numbers and sizes of galls were held in

clear plastic containers. Ventilation of containers was via a large hole, covered

Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2) 55

by fine metal mesh, in the flexible plastic lids of the containers. Containers were

held for two months in a room maintained at close to 25°С. All Lepidoptera

emerging over this period were identified and numbers of each species recorded.

During the last two weeks that the galls were held few moths emerged. After

two months gall remains were dried and weighed and total dry weights of galls

recorded. Holding larger numbers of galls in individual containers, and

recording gall ages, may have been more informative but was beyond the scope

of this study.

Voucher specimens of all moths have been lodged at the Australian National

Insect Collection, CSIRO Entomology, Canberra, and of A. implexa with U.

tepperianum galls at the NSW Department of Primary Industries Plant Pathogen

Herbarium at Orange and at various herbaria (the National Herbarium of New

South Wales, Sydney; Australian Botanic Gardens Herbarium, Canberra and the

National Herbarium of Victoria, Melbourne). Duplicates of most moth species

have also been lodged at the NSW Department of Primary Industries insect

collections at Orange and Tamworth. Moth nomenclature in this paper follows

Nielsen et al. (1996).

Results

Sixteen species of Lepidoptera were reared from galls. These are listed in Table

l and 2. There are two Macrobathra species (Cosmopterigidae,

Cosmopteriginae), one in which males have black sex scales on a white

background (Macrobathra sp. 1 in this paper) and another without such male

sex scales (Macrobathra sp. 2 in this paper). A number of parasitoids were

reared from galls but these were not retained. Numbers of moths reared from

galls therefore only reflects adult emergence and not the number of eggs and

larvae of moths present on and in galls.

Numbers of each moth species varied considerably over time and some species

were only collected on a few occasions (Table 1). Collections made in the same

month but in different years show a lot of variation in proportions of different

moth species present.

A comparison between studies by New (1982) and Bashford (2002) and this

study is shown in Table 2.

Discussion

Although fewer moths were reared from galls in this study (733 individuals)

compared with those of New (1982) (2549 individuals) and Bashford (2002)

(4366 individuals) more species were found and the proportions of various

species were markedly different. This study was undertaken more than 700

km north of that conducted by New (1982) and even further north of that

conducted by Bashford (2002), and the gall host was also different. The

genotypes of the rust in all studies are also likely to be different, as Morris

(1987) showed that genotypes of the rust appear to be adapted to particular

host species. Latitude, climate, habitat, rust genotype, gall size and

Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2)

Table 1. Number of Lepidoptera reared per 100 gm of U. tepperianum galls from A.

implexa (and total number of moths) collected near Chaffey Dam, New South Wales.

Family

Genus 8 species Aug

Cosmopterigidae

?Leptozestis sp.

Macrobathra sp. 1' 0.8

Macrobathra sp. 2? i

Unknown sp. 4.8

(6)

Gelechiidae

Anarsia sp. 0.8

Gracillariidae

Polysoma eumetalla

Oecophoridae

Lichenaula undulatella

Placosma resumptella

Stathmopoda callichrysa 0.8

Unknown Occophorinac

species

Psychidae

Unknown species

Pyralidae

Assara proleuca

Gauna aegusalis

Tineidae

Erechthias sp. nr 5.6

mystacinella (7)

Tortricidae

Holocola sp. (triangulana 32

group) (4)

Zomariana doxasticana

Dry weight of gall remains 124

(gm)

Sep

0.4

(1)

(5)

1993

Oct

0.3

(1)

0.7

Dec

0.3

(1)

(8)

1994

Jan

——————————————— ——— M

Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2)

Table 1. continued

1994

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Oct

0.1

(1)

0.1

(1)

0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 1.5

a) (1) (1) (1) (1) (2)

0.5 0.6 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.9 1.6 0.8

(3) (3) (1) Q) (4) (7) (22) (11)

0.4 0.2 0.5 0.7 1.3 3 0.1

(2) (1) (2) (3) (5) (21) (1)

0.2 0.1

(1) (1)

0.1 1.5

a) 2)

0.2 0.5 1.0 1.2 0.9 2.5 1.6

(1) Q) (4) (8) (7) (34) Q1)

0.2

(1)

1.8 0.9 0.2 0.2

(8) (6) (3) (3)

0.2

(1)

0.4 0.5 1.4 0.7 1.3 1.9 0.8

(2) (2) (6) (5) (10) (26) (10)

0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.5 1.5 0.2 0.1

(1) (1) (1) (1) Q) 6) (11) G) (1)

570 487 376 441 394 694 748 1357 1311

58 Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2)

Table 1. continued

1995 1997

Family

Genus & species Jan Apr Jan Apr

Cosmopterigidae

?Leptozestis sp.

Macrobathra sp. 1'

Macrobathra sp. 2? 0.3 0.9 0.1

(3) (13) (1)

Unknown sp. 0.6 1.1

(6) (17)

Gelechiidae

Anarsia sp. 0.8 0.1 1.5 0.8

(8) (1) (22) (11)

Gracillariidae

Polysoma eumetalla 0.1 1.5 0.1

a) (22) 2)

Oecophoridae

Lichenaula undulatella 0.1

Placosma resumptella

Stathmopoda callichrysa 1.1 1.4 0.2

(1) Q1) (3)

Unknown Occophorinac 0.1

species (2)

Psychidae

Unknown species

Pyralidae

Assara proleuca 0.5 0.3 0.1

(5) (4) (2)

Gauna aegusalis 1.1 0.1

(11) (1)

Tineidae

Erechthias sp. nr 1.6 0.1 0.6 8.4

mystacinella (16) (2) (9) (117)

Tortricidae

Holocola sp. (triangulana 0.2 0.5 0.4

group) (2) (7) (6)

Zomariana doxasticana

AA AAA AAA A AAA

Dry weight of gall remains 997 1362 1500 1392

(gm)

Male hind wing with black sex scales on white background; larger species than Macrobathra

sp. 2 (wing length: 0.55-0.9 cm).

Male hind wing without black sex scales; smaller species than Macrobathra sp. 1 (wing length:

0.4-0.45 cm).

Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2) 59

Table 2. A comparison of the number and percentage of moth species reared from U.

tepperianum galls collected on A. implexa near Chaffey Dam, New South Wales, 4.

decurrens at La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria and 4. dealbata in Tasmania.

Family Chaffcy Dam La Trobe University Tasmania

Genus & species MÀ

Total % Total % Total %

Cosmopterigidae

?Leptozestis sp. 1 0.1

Macrobathra sp. 1' 10 1.4

Macrobathra sp. 2? 30 4.1

Macrobathra sp. (Tasmania) 3 0.1

Unknown sp. 89 12.1

Gelechiidae

Anarsia sp. 83 11.3

Gracillariidae

Polysoma eumetalla 28 3.8 155 6.1 44 1.0

Oecophoridae

Lichenaula undulatella 4 0.5

Placosma resumptella 2 0.3

Stathmopoda callichrysa 126 172 11 0.4

S. chalcotypa 3 0.1

S. cephalaea 1042 40.9 1285 29.4

Unknown Oecophorinae sp. 2 0.3

Psychidae

Unknown species 1 0.1

Pyralidae

Assara proleuca 31 4.2 61 2.4

Gauna aegusalis 23 3.1 2 0.1 9 0.2

Tineidae

Erechthias ancistrosema 12 0.3

Erechthias sp. nr mystacinella’ 236 322 384 15.1 2487 57.0

Opogona comptella 5 0.1

Tortricidae

Holocola sp. (triangulana group)' 65 8.9 894 35.1 518 11.9

Zomariana doxasticana 2 0.3

TOTAL 733 2549 4366

' Male hind wing with black sex scales on white background; larger species than Macrobathra

sp. 2 (wing length: 0.55-0.9 cm).

Male hind wing without black sex scales; smaller species than Macrobathra sp. 1 (wing length:

0.4-0.45 cm).

Assuming that Erechthias sp. nr. mystacinella of this study is the same as Erechthias

mystacinella of Bashford (2002).

Assuming that Holocola sp. (triangulana group) of this study is the same as Holocola

triangulana of Bashford (2002).

60 Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2)

abundance, and Acacia species and abundance, may all play a role in differences

between the composition and number of species found in this study and the Victorian

and Tasmanian studies.

The most common species in this study were Erechthias sp. nr mystacinella

(32.2%), S. callichrysa (17.2%), an unknown cosmopterigid (12.1%) and

Anarsia sp. (11.3%). A comparison of the species found in this study and in the

Victorian (New 1982) and Tasmanian studies (Bashford 2002) is shown in

Table 2. The most common species found in the Victorian study were S.

cephalaea (40.9%), which was not encountered near Chaffey Dam, Holocola sp.

(triangulana group) (35.1%) and Erechthias sp. nr mystacinella (15.1%). The

most common species found in the Tasmanian study were Æ. sp. nr mystacinella

(57.0%), S. cephalaea (29.4%) and H. sp. (triangulana group) (11.9%).

Interestingly the three most common species were the same in Victoria and

Tasmania. Ten of the species near Chaffey Dam, ?Leptozestis sp., two species of

Macrobathra, the unknown cosmopterigid, Anarsia sp., Lichenaula undulatella

(Walker) (Oecophoridae, Xyloryctinae), Placosma resumptella (Walker)

(Oecophoridae, Oecophorinae), an unknown oecophorid, an unknown psychid

and Z. doxasticana were not encountered in the Victorian study or the

Tasmanian study although the Macrobathra sp. recorded in the Tasmanian study

may be the same as one of those found in this study. Prior to this study the host

of P. resumptella was not known (Common 1994). Other moths reared from

Uromycladium galls, in this case from Acacia pyrifolia DC. from the Pilbara

(Western Australia), are Cryptophlebia sp. nr ombrodelta (Tortricidae) and

Stathmopoda sp. nr callichrysa (Oecophoridae) (E.D. Edwards unpublished).

Another Anarsia sp., Anarsia trichodeta Meyrick has been recorded tunneling in

galls on Acacia harpophylla F.Muell. ex Benth. in Queensland, and joining

phyllodes of Acacia ligulata A.Cunn. ex Benth. in Western Australia (Common

1990). The galls referred to on 4. harpophylla may have been U. tepperianum

galls but prior to this study there was no definite reference to Anarsia species

being reared from U. tepperianum galls.

New (1982) pointed out that numbers of moths per gall varied considerably and

from the large differences in numbers of moths, and the proportions of various

species, reared from collections often only one month apart, and for the same

month in different years, this would appear to be the case in this study also. The

minimum number of moth species reared from galls during any one month was

two and the maximum eleven. In only five cases (out of 18) did a single moth

species account for more than 40% of the number of moths reared. In April 1997

Erechthias sp. nr mystacinella accounted for 8296, in September 1993

Erechthias sp. nr mystacinella accounted for 5096, in January 1994 an unknown

cosmopterigid accounted for 43% and in June 1994 Anarsia sp. accounted for

44.7% of the total number of Lepidoptera reared for the respective months. On

the other occasion, April 1995, only three moths were reared from galls and two

were of the same species. This contrasts with Victorian and Tasmanian studies

where one moth always accounted for more than 4096 of the moths reared.

Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2) 61

Many of the moth species in this study appear to be present all year round. This

study would suggest that Macrobathra sp. 1 is present in collections from late

winter to the end of spring. However, as the number of moths reared from galls

is low any inference on seasonality should be made with caution.

New (1982) observed that Lepidoptera were the main insects present in galls.

Bashford (2002) did not comment on frequencies of Lepidoptera relative to

insects of other orders. The study at Chaffey Dam indicated that in this area

large numbers of Curculionoidea could also be reared from galls, about one for

every two Lepidoptera reared from galls (J.R.Hosking unpublished data).

A number of the А. implexa trees in the study area were dead and most of these

had large old U. tepperianum galls present on them. Damage to galls by

tunneling insects may reduce the life of galls but galls still appeared to have an

adverse effect on A. implexa in this area. A number of A. implexa trees with

large galls died during the study.

Some of the moth species from this study have only been recorded from U.

tepperianum galls but studies have not been made in enough detail to know

whether some of these insects are restricted to U. tepperianum galls. Of the

moth species recorded from U. tepperianum P. eumetalla, E. sp. nr mystacinella

[as E. mustacinella], S. cephalaea, H. sp. triangulana group (as H. triangulana),

Macrobathra sp., G. aegusalis and O. comptella have also been recorded from

galls formed by Trichilogaster acaciaelongifoliae (Froggatt) (Hymenoptera) on

Acacia longifolia subsp. sophorae (Labill.) Court in Tasmania (Bashford 2004)

and Е. sp. nr mystacinella [as E. mustacinella], O. comptella, P. eumetalla, S.

chalcotypa and Macrobathra sp. from galls formed by Cecidomyia

acaciaelongifoliae Skuse (Diptera) on Acacia melanoxylon R.Br. in Tasmania

(Bashford 2006).

Similar assemblages of moths inhabit galls induced by the host specific rust

fungus Ravenelia macowaniana Pazsche (Uredinales: Pileolariaceae) on

Vachellia karroo (Hayne) Banfi & Galasso (as Acacia karroo Hayne) in South

Africa (McGeoch 1993, McGeoch and Krüger 1994). Microlepidopteran larvae

found in the galls were from the families Cosmopterigidae, Gelechiidae,

Noctuidae, Oecophoridae, Pyralidae, Tineidae and Tortricidae. All of these

families, with the exception of Noctuidae, were present in galls from near

Chaffey Dam. No moth species were the same in Australia and South Africa but

the genus Anarsia occurred in galls in both countries. Investigation of U.

tepperianum galls in South Africa may show that a number of Lepidoptera

found on R. macowaniana have adapted to U. tepperianum galls.

A number of questions arise from a comparison between this study and those of

New (1982) and Bashford (2002). Are the differences in the moth species

present, and their frequency, a reflection of the latitude, climate, habitat, rust

genotype or the Acacia species or a combination of these? Further studies are

needed to resolve these questions.

62 Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2)

Acknowledgements

The late Ebbe Nielsen, the late Ian Common and Marianne Horak (all CSIRO,

Canberra) are thanked for identifying moth species and Michael Priest (NSW

Agriculture, Orange) for identifying the rust. Royce Holtkamp, Tim New and

Marianne Horak provided useful comments on the manuscript.

References

BASHFORD R. 2002. The insect fauna inhabiting Uromycladium (Uredinales) rust galls on

silver wattle (Acacia dealbata) in Tasmania. Australian Entomologist 29, 81-95.

BASHFORD, R. 2004. The insects associated with galls formed by Trichilogaster

acaciaelongifoliae (Froggatt) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) on Acacia species in Tasmania.

Australian Entomologist 31: 5-12.

BASHFORD, R. 2006. The insect complex inhabiting galls formed by Cecidomyia

acaciaelongifoliae Skuse (Diptera: Cecidomyiidac) on blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon) in

Tasmania. Australian Entomologist 33: 1-4.

COMMON, LF.B. 1990. Moths of Australia. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne. 535 pp.

COMMON, LF.B. 1994. Occophorine Genera of Australia 1. The Wingia Group (Lepidoptera:

Oecophoridae). Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera 3. CSIRO Publications, East Melbourne.

xvi + 390 pp.

GATHE, J. 1971. Host range and symptoms in Western Australia of the gall rust, Uromycladium

tepperianum. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 54: 114-118.

MCGEOCH, M.A. 1993. The microlepidoptera associated with a fungus gall on Acacia karroo

Hayne in South Africa. African Entomology 1: 49-56.

MCGEOCH, M.A. AND KRÜGER, M. 1994, Identification and diagnoses of Lepidoptera larvae

inhabiting galls induced by Ravenelia macowaniana Pazsche on Acacia karroo Hayne in South

Africa. African Entomology 2: 37-43.

MORRIS, M.J. 1987. Biology of the Acacia rust gall, Uromycladium tepperianum. Plant

Pathology 36: 100-106.

MORRIS, M.J. 1991. The usc of plant pathogens for biological weed control in South Africa.

Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment 37: 239-255.

MORRIS, M.J. 1997. Impact of the gall-forming rust fungus Uromycladium tepperianum on the

invasive tree Acacia saligna in South Africa. Biological Control 10: 75-82.

NEW, T.R. 1982. Lepidoptera from Uromycladium galls on Acacia. Australian Journal of

Zoology 30: 357-364.

NIELSEN, E.S, EDWARDS, E.D. AND RANGSI, T.V. 1996. Checklist of the Lepidoptera of

Australia. Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera 4. CSIRO Publications, Collingwood. xvi +

529 pp.

Selincourt, K de 1992. South Africa's other bush war. New Scientist 133, 1808: 36-39.

WOOD, A.R. AND MORRIS, M.J. 2007. Impact of the gall-forming rust fungus Uromycladium

tepperianum on thc invasive trec Acacia saligna in South Africa: 15 ycars of monitoring.

Biological Control 41: 68-77.

Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2): 63-67 63

NOTES ON THE ECOLOGY, PHENOLOGY, AND DISTRIBUTION

OF POLLANISUS EUMETOPUS TURNER (LEPIDOPTERA:

ZYGAENIDAE, PROCRIDINAE, ARTONINI)

BERNARD MOLLET! AND GERHARD M. TARMANN?

116, Parc Vatonne, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France

?riroler Landesmuseen, Ferdinandeum, Naturwissenschaftliche Abteilung, Feldstrasse 11a, A-

6020 Innsbruck, Austria

Abstract

New data are provided on the ecology, phenology and morphology of the zygacnid moth

Pollanisus eumetopus Turner, 1926. The known distribution of the species is significantly

increased. The chactotaxy of the first instar larva is described and the sctal arrangement appears

to be characteristic for the Artonini. The larvae possess three anal combs similar to other species

of the genus Pollanisus and of the tribe Artonini. The presence of a small ball of silk spun on the

outside of the cocoon is a character apparently typical of the genus Pollanisus but has not bcen

described for other Procridinac. The colour of ocelli, formerly considered an important character

for distinguishing species of Pollanisus, is variable in dried specimens of P. eumetopus and

therefore not suitable for species identification.

Introduction

Pollanisus eumetopus Turner, 1926 1s a localised species, previously known

only from the Cairns area, Queensland, Australia, with records from the type

locality, Kuranda (Turner, 1926: 443), and Redlynch. Only six males and five

females were previously known (Tarmann, 2004: 97).

Recently, the senior author discovered a series of new populations (Fig. 1) by

actively searching the host-plant, Pipturus argenteus (G. Forster) Wedd.

(Urticaceae) (Fig. 2), thus extending the known distribution of P. eumetopus

significantly further south. Locality data are presented for each new

population and the life history stages observed on the host plant are noted. So

far, Pollanisus eumetopus is the only Zygaenidae known to feed on the

Urticaceae. Other known hostplants of species of Pollanisus belong to the

Dilleniaceae and Fabaceae.

Methods

Observations and collections of Zygaenidae were made during the day,

mainly within National Parks under a scientific purposes permit

WITK05084508 issued to the senior author.

Terminology of the setal arrangement of the first abdominal segment of the

first instar larva follows Efetov, Keil, Mollet & Tarmann (2000) and

describes the position, number and colour of setae. Abbreviations used in the

description as are follows: D (dorsal), SD (subdorsal), L (lateral), / (light), d

(dark).

64 Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2)

Figs 1-7. Distribution and life history of Pollanisus eumetopus from west of Cairns,

Qld: (1) Map of known localities 9, new localities®; (2) larval host plant Pipturus

argenteus leaves with feeding marks and P. eumetopus mating; (3) P. eumetopus (X2)

mating on the 26.v.2008; (4) pupa, ventral view; (5) final instar larva; (6) cocoons

with small ball of spun silk attached to the outside; (7) combination of the three anal

combs (X100) of the 4" instar larva of P. eumetopus.

Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2) 65

Material examined

Barron Gorge National Park, 16°51.132’S 145°38.921’E, 65 m, 10, 26.v.2008, eggs,

L4, adults; Road to Lake Morris, 16°55.020’S 145°43.017’E, 150 m, 25/26.v.2008,

eggs, LI to L5, adults; Davies Creek Falls, Dinden National Park, 17902.139'S

145°36.736'Е, 560 m, 19.v.2008, eggs, L1, L2; North Lake Tinaroo 17°08.003’S

145?36.026'E, 730 m, 18.v.2008, L1 to L4; Lake Eacham National Park, 17°17’S

145°37?Е, 775 m, 17.v.2008, eggs; L1 to L5; Cathedral Fig Tree National Park,

17°10.654’S 145?36.026' E, 770 m, 18.v.2008, eggs, adults; Curtain Fig Tree National

Park, 17°16.825’S 145?34.54T'E, 720 m, 19.v.2008, eggs; Mount Hypipamee

National Park, 17°25°S145°09’E, 975 m, 17.v.2008, eggs, L1, L2; Palmerston Hwy,

Wooroonooran National Park, 17°34.466’S 145?41.388'E, 650 m, 21.v.2008, eggs,

L1 to L4. Misty Mountains, Wooroonooran National Park 17°41.420’S 145?41.732' E,

600 m, 21.v.2008, eggs, L1 to L4, adults.

Specimens are deposited in the collections of the authors with some

eventually to be deposited in the Australian National Insect Collection

(ANIC).

Phenology and bionomics

Eggs are laid on the underside of the leaves of Pipturus argenteus in small

groups and are covered with the abdominal setae of the female. Larvae

emerge 10 to 15 days after oviposition. First instar larvae (L1) remain

grouped near the eggs and feed on the underside of the leaves producing

small holes. From L2 to L7 (final instar) (Fig. 5) the larvae disperse over the

leaves, always remaining on the undersides. The larval feeding marks

progressively widen and the final result is an almost transparent, skeletonised

leaf. Because this was the first record of a zygaenid feeding on Urticaceae,

larvae of L1, L2, L6 and L7 instars were offered leaves of two exotic species

of species of Urticaceae, Urtica dioica. and Parietaria judaica. Larvae of L1

and L2 refused P. judaica and U. dioica; larvae of L6 and L7 refused P.

judaica but readily accepted U. dioica for two days but then died, possibly

because of certain urticant constituents of the plant

The full-grown, 7" instar larva (length ca. 8 mm) pupates in a flat, tight,

semi-stiff, beige cocoon (Fig. 6). The pupa is light brown-yellow colour and

5-7 mm in length (Fig. 4). There is a distinctive, small ball of silk, spun on

the outside of the cocoon. The presence of this ball is a character that has not

been observed in other Procridinae to date. However, this structure is also

present on cocoons of Pollanisus edwardsi Tarmann, 2004 and Pollanisus

commoni Tarmann, 2004 (unpublished data) and was present on all cocoons

observed. Adults of P. eumetopus emerged about 20 days after construction

of the cocoon.

Pollanisus eumetopus is a rainforest species. Females fly little and remain

mostly on the underside of Pipturus argenteus leaves. Males fly during dry

periods of the day and were occasionally observed in groups of ten to fifteen

individuals flying actively around the top of the hostplant, most likely

attracted by pheromones of virgin females positioned on the upper side of the

66 Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2)

highest leaves. Mating (Fig. 3) is very rapid and is followed by the almost

immediate disappearance of the uncoupled males presumably as the females

stop ‘calling’. No individuals were seen nectaring.

The simultaneous presence of all life cycle stages of P. eumetopus, combined

with a known flight period of adults from October until May (Tarmann, 2004:

97) suggest that P. eumetopus is a multivoltine species.

Description of the first instar larva

The Ll is of a cream colour and about 1.2 mm in length. The brown lateral

spots on the subdorsal part of the third thoracic segment and on the second

and fifth abdominal segments present in the larva of Pollanisus subdolosa

clara Tarmann, 2004 (Tarmann, 2004: 90, pl. 59, figs 3-5) are absent in P.

eumetopus.

The setal formula of the first abdominal segment of the first instar larvae is:

D: 1d; SD: 1d, 1/; L: 21.

This arrangement appears characteristic of the Artonini and is known for

Levuana iridescens Bethune-Baker, 1906 (Tothill, Taylor & Paine 1930: 85,

fig 20); Pollanisus viridipulverulenta (Guérin-Méneville, 1839) (Tarmann

2004:38, 71, fig 131); Pollanisus apicalis (Walker, 1854) (Tarmann

2004:83); P. subdolosa clara Tarmann, 2004 (Tarmann 2004: 38, 90, fig

131); Australartona mirabilis Tarmann, 2004 (Tarmann 2004: 188); Clelea

esakii Inoue, 1958 (Efetov 2006: 231, 232, fig 7) and Artona martini Efetov,

1997 (Efetov 2008: 102, 103, fig 2).

In Procridinae the structure of the anal comb of the final instar larvae differs

between genera and sometimes subgenera (Efetov, 2004: 183). Pollanisus

eumetopus has a combination of three anal combs, consisting of a larger

dorsal comb and two smaller lateral combs (Fig. 7) arranged around the anal

orifice. These combs consist of one row of long and stiff spines each with a

triangular base. These bases are connected to form a dark sclerotised band. A

combination of three anal combs is present in other species of the genus

Pollanisus (unpublished data) and also in other genera of the tribe Artonini

(Tothill, Taylor & Paine 1930:95, figs 39, 40).

Remarks on adult morphology

Examination of the ocelli of field-collected adults of P. eumetopus as well as

reared adults shows that their colour is variable. The colour of the ocelli was

a character was used by Tarmann (2004) to separate Pollanisus species. On

living specimens the ocelli are black and shiny. Some hours after death they

become matt and after desiccation they turn from white to light brown and

eventually to black, with some specimens having one black and one white

ocellus. As a consequence of this variability, the colour of the ocelli can not

be used to separate the species of the genus Pollanisus.

Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2): 69-70 67

Distribution

The new localities listed here increase the known distribution for P.

eumetopus by 160 km south of its former recorded range in the Cairns

district. As the known distribution of the larval host plant ranges from

northern Queensland to northern New South Wales, P. eumetopus may be

even more widely distributed.

Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to Dr Marianne Horak (ANIC, Canberra) for her support

of our study on Australian Zygaenidae moths and to Clive Cook and Michelle

Nissen from Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service to have granted the

permit to collect in National Parks, and to Axel Kallies for correcting a draft

of this text.

References

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Theresimima Strand, 1917, Rhagades Wallengren, 1863, Zygaenoprocris Hampson, 1900,

Adscita Retzius, 1783, Jordanita Verity, 1946 (Procridinac), and Zygaena Fabricius, 1775

(Zygaeninae). 272 pp., frontispiece, 183 text-figs, 1 colour pl. (Crimean State Medical

University Press, Simferopol).

EFETOV, K.A., KEIL, T., MOLLET B. & TARMANN, G.M. 2000. New data on the chactotaxy

of the first instar larvae of forester moths (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinac). Nachrichten

des entomologischen Vereins Apollo (N. F.) 21: 83—90, figs 1-34.

EFETOV, K.A., TARMANN, G.M., HAYASHI, E. & PARSHKOVA, E.V. 2006. New data on

the chactotaxy of the first instar larvac of Procidini and Artonini (Lepidoptera: Zygacnidac,

Procridinac). Entomologist's Gazette 57: 229—233, figs 1—7.

EFETOV, K.A. & HAYASHI, E. 2008. On the chactotaxy of the first instar larva of Artona

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59: 101-104, figs 13.

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Collingwood).

TOTHILL, J.D., TAYLOR, T.H.C. AND PAINE, R.W., 1930. The Coconut Moth in Fiji, a

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68 Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2)

RECENT LITERATURE

Compiled by Max Moulds (msmoulds@bigpond.net.au) & Editor

An ongoing selection of literature published since Daniels' Bibliography of Australian

Entomology 1687-2000. Details of your publications for inclusion are always

welcome.

BELL, K.L. and PHILIPS, T.K.

2009 New species of the myrmecophile Polyplocotes Westwood (Coleoptera: Ptinidac) from South

Australia. Australian Journal of Entomology 48(1): 15-24.

ANDERSEN, A.N., INGEN, VAN L.T. and CAMPOS, R.I..

2008 Contrasting rainforest and savanna ant faunas in monsoonal northern Australia: a rainforest

patch in a tropical savanna landscape. Australian Journal of Zoology 55: 363-369.2009

BAEHR, M.

2009 A new species of the genus Mecyclothorax Sharp from New South Wales (Insecta:

Coleoptera, Carabidac: Psydrinac). Records of the Australian Museum 61: 89-92.

BARTLETT, J.S.

2009 The Cleridae of Lord Howe Island, with descriptions of two new species (Coleoptera:

Cleroidea). Records of the Australian Museum 61: 225-228.

BOULD, A.

2008a. Aglaosoma variegata (Walker) recorded at Raymond Island, castern Victoria. Victorian

Entomologist 38: 66-67.

BOULD, A.

2008b. A moth from history Aglaosoma variegata (Walker). Recorded at Raymond Island 2007.

Victorian Entomologist 38: 85. (Supplementary notes to Bould, A., 2008a.]

BRABY, M.F.

2008 Biogeography of butterflies in the Australian monsoon tropics. Australian Journal of Zoology

56: 41-56.

E.D. EDWARDS

2008 Common, Ian Francis Bell. Obituary. Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 62: 111-113.

DAVIS, S., DRIESSEN, M. AND DAVIS, P.

2008. Edge and disturbance effects on forest floor invertebrates in two Hobart urban reserves.

Tasmanian Naturalist 130: 26-36.

DE BAAR, M.

2008. Bec-hawks and bird-hawks (Sphingidac: Macroglossinac) at Corinda, Brisbane. News

Bulletin of the Entomological Society of Queensland 35: 33-37.

DE BAAR, M.

2008. Lucia limbaria, the chequered copper, some extra notes. Metamorphosis Australia,

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club 50: 10-11.

DE BAAR, M.

2008. Attracting insects and birds to gardens and consequential issues. Metamorphosis Australia,

Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club 50: 14-23.

DOMINGUEZ, M.C. AND ROIG-JUNENT, S.A.

2008. A phylogeny of the Fannidac Schnabl (Insecta: Diptera: Calyptratac) based on adult

morphological characters, with specics reference to the Austral species of the genus Fannia.

Invertebrate Systematics 22: 563-587.

Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2): 69-70 69

UNUSUAL INCIDENCE OF DWARF BUTTERFLIES FOLLOWING

PROTRACTED RAINS IN SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND

A.G. ORR

Griffith, School of the Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, 04111

Abstract

In April 2010, unusually large proportions of small individuals were recorded in the following

butterfly species: Papilio aegeus, Tirumala hamata and Hypolimnas bolina. This trend was not

cvident in Euploea core. Starvation following carlier population surges may explain this trend.

Observations

Following exceptionally heavy rains over southern Queensland in the first

three months of 2010, very large numbers of butterflies of many species were

present in the Sunshine Coast Area and elsewhere. From the beginning of

April, I noticed an unusual number of small individuals in certain species

To quantify this effect, from 21.iv.2010-26.iv.2010, I collected samples of

three species: Papilio aegeus Donovan, 1805, Tirumala hamata Moore 1880

and Hypolimnas bolina (Linnaeus, 1758). During the sampling period

virtually every individual which appeared in my garden at Caloundra was

captured. The forewing length was measured, the sex noted, and the butterfly

was normally marked and released, with some spectacular dwarves being

retained. A spectacuar dwarf male T. hamata is shown for comparision beside

a specimen of average size (Fig. 1).

20 mm b

Fig. 1. Comparison of (a) average sized (fw = 47 mm) and (b) extreme dwarf (fw = 33

mm) of Tirumala hamata. 'The latter shows unusual signs of birdstrike.

The wing measurements were compared with those figured by Braby (2000),

generally considered to represent average sizes for respective species. Results

for males are shown in Table 1. Females were fewer in the sample but

showed similar trends. Sample means were significantly smaller (exact

probability, p<0.01) than the parametric average based on Braby (2000),

mainly as a result of unusual numbers of very small individuals.

70 Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2)

Table 1. Forwing length (fw) statistics for species sampled compared with

‘parametric’ measurements calculated from Braby (2000).

Species number mean fw minimum fw average fw,

sampled «standard length from Braby

deviation (2000)

Papilio aegeus 16 49.5 +4.6 mm 43 mm 55mm

Tirumala hamata 30 41.8 23.5 mm 33 mm 47 mm

Hypolimnas bolina 12 39.4 +3.1 mm 35 тт 44 тт

The effect was most strongly marked іп 7. hamata which showed a

particularly wide spread of sizes (Fig. 2). The size distribution is clearly

skewed to the right, with a long tail of representing a few very small

individuals. These may have arisen from starvation or malnutrition as host

plants became depleted, following population explosions earlier in the year

after the first of a series of protracted rainy spells. Several cases of

defoliation of small Citrus plants in the garden by P. aegeus larva supported

this hypothesis. By contrast, Euploea core (Cramer, 1780), which was also

very abundant, showed no such obvious trend during the sampling period, but

the following week it was notable that most individuals of this species, and

also those of E. tulliolus (Fabricius, 1793) were also small.

RELATIVE FREQUENCY

33 37 41 44 mm

FOREWING LENGTH

Fig. 2. Frequency distribution of forewing length in male Tirumala hamata sampled.

Reference

BRABY, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia, their identification, biology and distribution.

CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria; xx + 976 pp.

Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2): 71-76 71

IMBER, A NEW GENUS FOR THE AUSTRALIAN HAWK MOTH

LANGIA TROPICUS MOULDS, 1983 (LEPIDOPTERA: SPHINGIDAE)

M.S. MOULDS!, J.P. TUTTLE? AND D.A. LANE?

' Entomology Dept, Australian Museum, 6 College St, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia

(Email: msmoulds@bigpond.net.au) |

2 57 Inkerman St, St Kilda, Victoria 3182, Australia (Email: jtuttle164@hotmail.com)

> 3 Janda St, Atherton, Queensland 4883 (Email: d.l.lane(Qbigpond.net.au)

Abstract

A new genus, /mber, is erected for the Australian hawk moth Langia tropicus based on

differences in adult, larval and pupal morphology. Differences from the genus Langia arc

documented. Most notable differences include the shapes of the male uncus and gnathos, thc

arrangement of larval tubercles, the shape of the larval head and the shape of the pupa.

Introduction

When Langia tropicus Moulds, 1983 was originally described from Australia,

nothing was known about its life history. At that time, the general appearance

of the adult, with its brownish tones and scalloped outer forewing margins,

suggested that it belonged in the genus Langia Moore, 1872. Nevertheless,

Moulds (1983) noted differences in size, forewing and thoracic maculation,

and male genitalia relative to other Langia species.

The genus Langia was erected to accommodate L. zenzeroides Moore, 1872

and L. khasiana Moore, 1872 (Moore, 1872). Subsequently, L. khasiana was

synonymised with L. zenzeroides. Currently the nominotypic race of L.

zenzeroides and two additional subspecies, L. z. formosana Clark, 1936 and

L. z. nawai Rothschild & Jordan, 1903, are recognized from across the

Oriental region (Kitching & Cadiou, 2000). Rothschild & Jordan (1903)

provided brief descriptions of the larva and pupa of L. zenzeroides.

The recent discovery of the life history of tropicus and description of the

immature stages by Lane & Moulds (2010) gave us cause to reconsider the

generic placement of tropicus. Jean Haxaire of Laplume, France, provided

the authors with a series of quality digital images of all immature stages of

zenzeroides to compare with the immature stages of tropicus. The

morphological differences between the larvae and pupae of tropicus and

zenzeroides are profound. These differences indicate that tropicus and

zenzeroides are not congeneric and that generalized adult similarities are

simply the result of convergence.

Below we erect the monotypic genus Imber gen. n. to accommodate tropicus

and discuss the differences in larval, pupal and adult morphology between it

and Langia.

Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2)

" fae THS a MAS

Figs 1-4. Imber tropicus (Moulds, 1983): (1) first instar larva (photo M. Moulds); (2)

fourth instar larva (photo David Lane); (3) fifth instar larva showing the rounded

head, large tubercles on prothoracic shield, stumpy caudal horn and large tubercles on

anal plate (photo David Lane); (4) pupa, lateral view (photo М. Moulds).

Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2) 73

о:

e ы

tD,

Figs 5-8. Langia zenzeroides Moore, 1872: (5) first instar larva; (6) fourth instar

larva; (7) fifth instar larva showing the conical head turned front on to camera and the

well-developed caudal horn; (8) pupa, ventral view. Photos Jean Haxaire.

74 Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2)

Tribe Smerinthini

Genus /mber gen. п.

Type species: Langia tropicus Moulds, 1983, here designated.

Included species: tropicus (Moulds, 1983), comb. n.

Etymology: From the Latin imber meaning rain, a storm, or pelting rain , and

referring to the appearance of adults and larvae following the first big rains of

the wet season; masculine.

Diagnosis

Male: Scales on head and body narrow, erect on head, semi-prostrate on

body, densely packed giving a furry appearance. Eyes bare, unlashed.

Antennae tapering to a pointed apex; apical segment a little shorter than

preceding two combined, scaled dorsally; not reaching apex of fore wing cell;

ventrally compressed laterally and tending keel-shaped, cilia well developed.

Labial palps densely scaled but lacking microtrichia on inner surface of

segment 1; segment 2 not abnormally swollen. Pilifer with a dense tuft of

long bristles apically. Base of proboscis concealed. Fore leg epiphysis long,

slender and spine-like, tarsal combs present on all segments, doubling of

external row of basitarsal spines on outer face; mid and hind tarsi without

combs; mid and hind tibial spurs without combs; outer apical hind tibial spur

much less than half the length of hind basitarsus and a little longer than inner

apical spur; pulvillus present, well developed; paronychium slender and

spine-like, bilobed with the upper lobe longest. Fore wing termen scalloped

for its full length but with the penultimate indentation always shallow, apex

not produced. Abdomen with small tufts of scales sublaterally on abdominal

tergites most pronounced on segments 5-7; apex not broadly tufted but with

small ventral scale tufts. Genitalia with uncus and gnathos tending tubular,

curved, widely opposed and together pincer-like; stridulatory scales on valve

lacking; aedeagus lacking cluster of small spines near apex.

Female. Similar to male but lacking the apical ventral scale tufts.

Larva (Figs 1-3)

First instar with prothoracic shield bearing a prominent transverse row of

evenly spaced tubercles across its width; a submedial pair of prominent

primary tubercles on anal plate; caudal horn slender and either straight or

slightly curved forwards. Second to fourth instars with head rounded in

shape, lying flat against prothorax and also bearing a pair of conical tubercles

on the anterior vertex one either side of the coronal suture and larger than any

other tubercles on head; tubercles on the prothoracic shield similar to those of

first instar. Instars 1-4 all heavily stippled with numerous small white

tubercles. Last instar larva (fifth instar) with head rounded and lying flat

against prothorax as in earlier instars but the large, conical tubercles on the

vertex of earlier instars are lost; body smooth in appearance without the

Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2) 75

small, white tubercles of earlier instars; caudal horn greatly reduced to little

more than a smooth, pointed knob; tubercles on anal plate all more or less

similar in size.

Pupa (Fig. 4)

Glossy; stout and thick-set in overall shape; proboscis more or less confluent

with the profile of head and body and not developed into a keel shape;

metathoracic spiracle not concealed; traction ridges absent; cremaster

terminating in a simple tubular projection.

Distinguishing features

Adults of Imber gen. n. differ from the superficially similar genus Langia in

having the fore legs slender with a slender spine-like epiphysis rather than

being robust and thick-set with a broad epiphysis as in Langia; and the fore

wing termen is scalloped for its full length rather than reducing and fading

out on distal third or so as in Langia. The male genitalia show significant

differences [compare figs of tropicus in Moulds (1983) with those of L.

zenzeroides in Bell and Scott (1937)]. The uncus and gnathos of Imber are

almost tubular structures, positioned widely, bifid and pincer-like, whereas

the uncus of Langia is essentially flat and the gnathos reduced to a pair of

finger-like structures.

Larvae through the first four instars of both genera are heavily stippled with

very small, white, tubercles giving the body surface a rough, granulated

appearance (Figs 1, 2, 5, 6). Apart from this character larvae of Imber and

Langia are quite different morphologically. The 1*' instar larva of Imber (Fig.

1) has a submedial pair of prominent tubercles on the anal plate which are

lacking in Langia (Fig. 5). Further, the caudal horn of /mber is sturdy and

straight or slightly curved forwards, whereas that of 1“ instar Langia larva is

finer, nearly twice as long, and curves to the rear. Additionally, the 1“ instar

larva of Imber has a prominent transverse row of evenly spaced tubercles

across the prothoracic shield that persist throughout its development, an

attribute lacking in Langia.

While differences in the 1% instar larva are significant, characters in the

remaining instars confirm the proposed generic placement. In the 2" to 4"

instars of Imber, the head is rounded, lies flat against the prothorax, and bears

a pair of elongate conical tubercles on the anterior vertex, one either side of

the coronal suture (Fig 2). In addition, the tubercles on the prothoracic shield

of Imber remain as described in the 1* instar. In marked contrast, in the 2™ to

5" instars of Langia, the head is pitched decidedly forward with the apex

ending in an exaggeratedly bisected point (Figs 6, 7). In the last instar (5%),

the head of /mber remains rounded and continues to lie flat against the

prothorax but the elongate conical tubercles on the vertex are lost (Fig. 3).

The stippling of small, white tubercles is also lost giving the larva a very

smooth appearance. In addition, the caudal horn is greatly reduced to little

76 Australian Entomologist, 2010, 37 (2)

more than a smooth, pointed, conical knob, and the anal plate is covered with

smooth, conical tubercles of near equal size.

The pupal distinctions between /mber and Langia are nearly as dramatic as

those of the larva. The pupa of /mber is smooth, glossy, and has a well-

defined, heavily sclerotized cremaster with a distal linear projection (Fig. 4).

In contrast, the pupa of Langia is slightly rough, dull, more robust and stout,

with exaggeratedly rotund abdominal segments, and has a very small,

rudimentary cremaster (Fig. 8).

Distribution

The single included species is endemic to Australia. It occurs widely across

the monsoonal north of the continent from Broome in Western Australia

(Hill, Marshall and Moulds, pers comm.) to north-eastern Queensland (Lane

and Moulds, 2010).

Discussion

Adult morphology provides only weak guidance for tribal placement of

Imber. The rounded larval head of /mber suggests placement in the

Sphingulini although the dorsal projections on the head of earlier instars if

interpreted as remnants of a conical head would suggest Smerinthini. The

deep pits anterior of the spiracles in the pupa are indicative of a relationship

with Smerinthini genera such as Polytychus (1. Kitching, pers. comm.). We

tenuously place /mber in the tribe Smerinthini where the adult and pupa seem

most compatible with the genera currently placed there.

Acknowledgements

We are especially grateful to Jean Haxaire for giving access to his

photographs of Langia zenzeroides and allowing us to use selected images in

this publication.

References

BELL, T.R.D. and SCOTT, F.B. 1937. The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma.

Moths. Volume 5. Sphingidac. xviii, 537 pages, 15 plates, 1 map.

KITCHING, LJ. and CADIOU, J-M. 2000. Hawkmoths of the world. An annotated and

illustrated revisionary checklist (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Natural History Museum, London

and Comstock Publishing, London. viii, 227 pages, 8 plates.

LANE, D.A. and MOULDS, M.S. 2010. The life history of the hawk moth Langia tropicus

Moulds (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) together with new distribution records for the species.

Australian Entomologist 37: 13-20.

MOORE, F. 1872. Descriptions of new Indian Lepidoptera. Proceedings of the Zoological

Society of London 1872: 555-583.

MOULDS, M.S. 1983. A new species of Langia Moore (Lepidoptera: Sphingidac) from northern

Australia. Australian Entomological Magazine 10: 75-79.

ROTHSCHILD, W. and JORDAN, K. 1903. A revision of the lepidopterous family Sphingidac.

Novitates Zoologicae 9, Supplement. 972 pages, 67 plates.

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THE AUSTRALIAN

Entomologist

Volume 37, Part 2, 23 June 2010

CONTENTS

EDWARDS, E.D. AND KALLIES, A.

The first record of the family Douglasiidae (Lepidoptera) from Tasmania.

HANCOCK, D.L.

Supplementary additions to a recent classification of Dacus Fabricius

(Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae), with notes on the D. (Neodacus)

newmani group.

HOSKING, J.R. AND EDWARDS, E.D.

Lepidoptera reared from Uromycladium tepperianum (Sacc.) McAlpine

galls collected on Acacia implexa Benth. near Chaffey Dam, New South

Wales.

MOLLET, B. AND TARMANN, G.M.

Notes on the ecology, phenology, and distribution of Pollanisus

eumetopus Turner (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae, Procridinae, Artonini).

MOULDS, M.S., TUTTLE, J.P. AND LANE, D.A.

Imber, a new genus for the Australian hawk moth Zangía tropicus

Moulds, 1983 (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae).

ORR, A.G.

Unusual incidence of dwarf butterflies following protracted rains in

southern Queensland.

TENNENT, W.J., MULLER, C.J. AND RAWLINS, A.

A new Deudorix from Irian Jaya (West Papua), Indonesia (Lepidoptera,

Lycaenidae), with notes on Deudorix epirus Felder, 1860.

RECENT LITERATURE

BOOK REVIEW:

Arachnids. J. Beccaloni.

BOOK REVIEW:

Identification Guide to the Australian Odonata.

G. Theischinder and I. Endersby

ISSN 1320 6133