THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

ABN#: 15 875 103 670

The Australian Entomologist is a non-profit journal published in four parts annually

by the Entomological Society of Queensland and is devoted to entomology of the

Australian Region, including New Zealand, Papua New Guinea and islands of the

south-western Pacific. Articles are accepted from amateur and professional

entomologists. The journal is produced independently and subscription to the

journal is not included with membership of the society.

The Publications Committee

Editor: Dr D.L. Hancock Editorial Co-ordinator

Assistant Editors: Dr C.J. Burwell Dr F. Turco

Queensland Museum Business Manager

Dr F. Turco Dr G.B. Monteith

Queensland Museum (geoff:monteith@bigpond.com)

Subscriptions

Subscriptions are payable in advance to the Business Manager, The Australian

Entomologist, P.O. Box 537, Indooroopilly, Qld, Australia, 4068.

For individuals: A$33.00 per annum in Australia.

A$40.00 per annum in Asia-Pacific Region.

A$45.00 per annum elsewhere.

For institutions A$37.00 per annum in Australia.

A$45.00 per annum in Asia-Pacific Region.

A$50.00 per annum elsewhere.

Please forward all overseas cheques/bank drafts in Australian currency.

GST is not payable on our publication.

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND

Membership is open to anyone interested in Entomology. Meetings are normally

held at the Ecosciences Precinct, Dutton Park, at 1.00pm on the second Monday of

March-June and August-December each year. Meetings are announced in the

Society's News Bulletin which also contains reports of meetings, entomological

notes, notices of other Society events and information on Members' activities.

Enquiries relating to the Society should be sent to the Honorary Secretary,

Entomological Society of Queensland, P.O. Box 537, Indooroopilly, Qld, 4068.

Cover: A male of Canungrantmictis morindana Brailovsky 2002 (Heteroptera:

Coreidae). This large (25-30mm) coreid bug is spectacular in appearance but

extremely cryptic in the field. Adults hang ventral side upwards among foliage of its

food plant, the twining vine Morinda jasminoides (RUBIACEAE). It was known

from a single old specimen labelled "northern NSW" in the British Museum until the

1980s when discovery of its food plant allowed it to be reliably collected and

described. It is now known to occur from Taree to Brisbane with an isolated

population at Carnarvon Gorge.

Illustration by Geoff Thompson, Queensland Museum.

Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3): 97-100 97

NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF OGYRIS ZOSINE (HEWITSON, 1853)

(LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE: THECLINAE), INCLUDING THE

FIRST RECORD OF THE PURPLE FEMALE FORM FROM] ming

NORTHERN TERRITORY, AURRE YT \

R.P. WEIR}, C.E. MEYER’ and $8. RO

11 Longwood Avenue, reseed baa ra \\ Ski 201

?29 Silky Oak Avenue, Moggill, ‘Ola 4070 j i A

°19 Kimberley Drive, Bowral, NE 25 oo i Ú we

Abstract ————

The purple female form of Ogyris zosine zosine (Hewitson, 1853) is recorded from the Northern

Territory, Australia for the first time. Amyema benthamii (Blakely) (Loranthaceae) is recorded as

a new larval food plant and a member of the Iridomyrmex pallidus group (Formicidae:

Dolichoderinae) is recorded as an alternative attendant ant to sugar ants belonging to the

Camponotus novaehollandiae group (Formicinae) in the Northern Territory.

Introduction

In Australia, Ogyris zosine zosine (Hewitson, 1853) is restricted to Northern

Australia, occurring sporadically from North West Cape, Western Australia,

through the Northern Territory (NT) and Queensland to Ballina and Evans

Head in New South Wales (Braby 2000). Braby (2000) noted that O. z. zosine

is chiefly found in savannah and open woodland but can also be found in a

variety of coastal habitats, including open eucalypt forest and heath

woodland. Braby (2000) also noted that populations of the butterfly are

localised and restricted to areas where suitable combinations of larval food

plant and attendant ant occur.

In the ‘Top End’ of the NT, the larval food plants include Amyema miquelii

(Lehm. ex Miq.) Tiegh. (Loranthaceae) growing on Eucalyptus and, in

suburban Darwin, Decaisnina signata (F. Muell. ex Benth.) Tiegh.

(Loranthaceae). Colonies of the butterfly are normally attended by numerous

sugar ants, Camponotus sp. (Formicinae). Until recently, sugar ants

belonging to the Camponotus novaehollandiae group (Formicinae) were the

attendant ant present at colonies of the butterfly encountered by the authors in

the NT. Waterhouse (1932) also recorded a small black ant attending the

butterfly, based on comments made by F.P. Dodd (Eastwood and Fraser

1999).

Braby (2000) noted that in dry inland areas, such as the NT, only blue female

forms of the butterfly are found and that the colour is extensive. Braby (2000)

also noted that, in the intermediate coastal and sub-coastal localities of

northern and central Queensland, the female form could range from purple to

blue, with a predominance of the purple form occurring in the wetter coastal

areas. Previously, no purple female form of this butterfly has been recorded

from the NT.

98 Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3)

Discussion

The authors have encountered colonies of the butterfly in the NT breeding on

Amyema miquelii growing on Eucalyptus from Cullen River near Pine Creek

and at Manton Dam Reserve, approximately 200 km and 45 km south of

Darwin respectively. Recently, a colony of the butterfly was discovered in

open eucalypt woodland occurring on the top of a sandstone escarpment

approximately 15 km SSW of the Adelaide River township, 100 km south of

Darwin. The larval food plant was identified as Amyema benthamii (Blakely)

(Loranthaceae), a new food plant record for this butterfly.

In June 2003, another colony of the butterfly was encountered in suburban

coastal Darwin, breeding on Decaisnina signata growing on the Northern

Milkwood Alstonia actinophylla (Apocynaceae) and attended by sugar ants

belonging to the Camponotus novaehollandiae group (Formicinae).

Over a period of months, numerous small brown ants were observed

systematically driving the Camponotus ants from the butterfly colony until

the Camponotus ants completely disappeared from the area. The authors

thought that this was the end of the colony as the new, as yet unidentified

ants were extremely aggressive when disturbed from under the cardboard

collars placed on the trees. To our surprise, on removing the collars the new

ant, belonging to the Iridomyrmex pallidus group (Dolichoderinae), was

observed attending the butterfly larvae. While no palpation of the dorsal

nectary organ was observed, the larvae were presenting droplets of fluid to

the Iridomyrmex ants. When disturbed, the ants swarmed over the larvae,

cardboard collar and our hands, attacking foreign objects vigorously. This is a

new attendant ant record for the butterfly from Australia and may explain

Dodd’s personal comments to Waterhouse, as he collected extensively in

Darwin in 1908 and 1909.

Observations were made during daylight hours and the Iridomyrmex ants

were not observed herding the larvae towards the mistletoe. Also, the

Iridomyrmex ants are only 3-4 mm in length compared with that of the

Camponotus ants (15 mm in length) and their ability to physically herd the

large O. z. zosine larvae would be questionable. However, there were broad,

clearly defined trails of ants from the cardboard collars to the various clumps

of mistletoe on the host trees and the larvae would have had no trouble

negotiating their way to and from the mistletoe.

The butterfly colony continued to prosper in 2003, with between 50 and 100

larvae sheltering under the 17 cardboard collars that had been placed on four

trees in an area covering approximately 60 m’. The larvae were left to

develop on the trees and pupae were systematically collected between

February and December 2003. During this period, 39 pupae were collected

and reared to adult (Fig. 1), with thirteen pupae being reared in Canberra. The

thirteen pupae reared in Canberra (by CEM) produced six males and seven

Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3) 99

females, one of which was a purple form of the female previously unknown

from the NT. The remaining pupae, reared in Darwin, yielded 15 males and

11 females, four of which were the purple female form.

Fig. 1. Ogyris zosine zosine (Hewitson): female colour forms from Darwin, NT.

Although pupae were collected regularly over the year, the purple female

form did not appear until December. December in Darwin is typically when

the wet season begins and the average daily humidity levels are between 65-

75%; this may be a factor influencing the appearance of purple females close

100 Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3)

to the coast. As humidity levels continued to rise and rainfall increased, the

colony of Iridomyrmex pallidus contracted to the bases of trees in the area

and the colony of O. z. zosine dwindled to a few individuals, none of which

produced further purple female forms.

A review of the female O. z. zosine specimens from the NT held in the

Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra (ANIC) revealed a further

two purple forms. Their label data were: Elliot, NT, 16 Oct 1969, J.C.

LeSoeuf, EP, ANIC Database No. 31 022824, (deformed purple female set as

underside) and Elliot, NT, 12 Oct 1969, J.C. LeSoeuf, EP, ANIC Database

No. 31 022822, (purple female set as upperside). These two purple females

must have been overlooked by Braby (2000) during his review of the species.

Based on our experience, it would appear that the purple form of the female

of O. z. zosine in the NT is less likely to be encountered than the blue form, a

reversal of what occurs in the wetter areas of coastal northern Queensland.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Ian Cowie (NT Herbarium) for plant

identification, Haidee Brown (Dept. of Resources, Northern Territory

Government), Dr Alan Anderson (CSIRO, Darwin) for the ant identification,

and Ted Edwards (ANIC) for access to specimens under his care.

References

BRABY, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution.

CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne; xxvii + 976 pp.

EASTWOOD, R. and FRASER, A.M. 1999. Associations between lycaenid butterflies and ants

in Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology 24: 503-537.

HEWITSON, W.C. 1853. Illustrations of new species of exotic butterflies selected chiefly from

the collections of W. Wilson Saunders and William C. Hewitson. (1851-1856). Vols 1-5. London.

WATERHOUSE, G.A. 1932. What butterfly is that? Angus and Robertson, Sydney; 291 pp, 32

pls.

Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3): 101-108 101

NOTES ON THE CORRECT SPELLING OF SPECIES-GROUP

NAMES OF AUSTRALIAN BUTTERFLIES (LEPIDOPTERA)

ALBERT ORR! and HEINRICH FLIEDNER?

'Griffith School of the Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, Old 4111

?Louis-Seegelken-Strage 106, D 28717 Bremen, Germany

Abstract

For the last 15 years, publications on Australian butterflies have most often used species-group

names with their original spelling, regardless of generic placement, sometimes violating the

requirements of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Recently, two new

checklists of Australian butterflies have been published in which gender agreement requirements

are observed. In these, there are 17 cases of disagreement between the lists and/or between the

designations of earlier workers. This paper seeks to resolve these differences.

Introduction

Since 1926, the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature has required

that, subject to certain conditions, adjectival species-group names should

agree in gender with the genus in which they are placed or recombined. This

can affect the way in which the ending of a species-group name is formed.

These requirements are retained in the current 4th edition of the code (ICZN

1999). The interpretation of these rules is not always simple. Many generic

names are often made up by their authors, using a mixture of classical Latin

and Greek, as well as words from other sources. The gender then must be

decided from the form of the word and other clues, such as how it was

intended for use by the author. Similarly, many species-group names are

various forms of nouns, either in the nominative case in apposition or in the

genitive case (as with eponyms). Many proper names are used in apposition.

In species and subspecies names the endings of nouns never change,

regardless of the gender of the genus in which they are placed. Similarly,

adjectives directly transliterated from Greek or other languages and not

latinized retain their original spelling.

The first publication attempting to regulate Australian butterfly names

according to gender agreement requirements was by Common and

Waterhouse (1981). Subsequent books and checklists of Australian

Lepidoptera (Nielsen et al. 1996, Braby 2000, Edwards et al. 2001, Braby

2004) have used the original spelling of all species-group names and thus in

many cases species-group names used in these publications were incorrect

under the strict requirements of the code.

Recently, Orr and Kitching (2010) and Braby (2010) independently published

checklists of Australian butterflies in which gender agreement was observed.

Orr and Kitching in general followed Common and Waterhouse (1981) but

several of the names used in these three works did not agree. This paper

examines these discrepancies and attempts to resolve, in each case, which of

the alternative spellings given is correct. It is very much in the interest of

nomenclatorial stability that there should be a consensus in these cases.

102 Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3)

Braby (2010) also listed numerous synonyms. However, this paper does not

consider the gender of these, as we consider this to be the task of the

subsequent reviser, should any of these be reinstated as species-group names.

In the following, we write original Greek words in Roman transliteration with

the following conventions: ë denotes 7 (eta); 6 denotes w (omega); aspirated

initial vowels (rough breathing) are preceded by ‘h’; accented syllables are

underlined. This will enable readers familiar with Greek to follow the

original orthography.

Names in dispute

The following names are listed as they appeared originally and as used

subsequently by Common and Waterhouse (1981), Orr and Kitching (2010)

and Braby (2010). All names are listed in chronological order of publication.

Common and Waterhouse’s bracket placement is modernised for conformity.

Original combination: Goniloba discolor C. & R. Felder, 1859.

Common and Waterhouse 1981: Hasora discolor (C. & R. Felder, 1859).

Orr and Kitching 2010: Hasora discolor (C. & R. Felder, 1859).

Braby 2010: Hasora discolora (C. & R. Felder, 1859).

The adjective discolor, meaning ‘of different colours’, can be masculine,

feminine or neuter. Although the forms discolorus, -a, -um did exist in late

antiquity (used by writers such as Apuleius and Prudentius), this was not the

form of the adjective chosen by the authors, who clearly intended it to be

feminine.

Correct name: Hasora discolor (C. & R. Felder, 1859).

Original combination: Trapezites heteromacula Meyrick & Lower, 1902.

Common and Waterhouse 1981: Trapezites heteromacula Meyrick & Lower, 1902.

Orr and Kitching 2010: Trapezites heteromacula Meyrick & Lower, 1902.

Braby 2010: Trapezites heteromaculatus Meyrick & Lower, 1902.

In this case the name ends with the Latin macula, a feminine noun, meaning

‘a spot’. The addition of the Greek hetero to form heteromacula, meaning ‘a

different spot,’ makes this name a neologism; i.e. it never existed in antiquity.

However, as in Indo-European languages the last element determines the

gender of a compound, it retains the structure of a feminine noun and as the

authors combined it with the masculine genus Trapezites it seems clear they

intended it as a noun. There is no justification for recasting it as an adjective

(heteromaculatus).

Correct name: Trapezites heteromacula Meyrick & Lower, 1902.

Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3) 103

Original combination: Papilio polydorus queenslandicus Rothschild, 1895.

Common and Waterhouse 1981: Pachliopta polydorus queenslandicus (Rothschild,

1895).

Orr and Kitching 2010: not listed.

Braby 2010: Pachliopta polydorus queenslandica (Rothschild, 1895).

The genus Pachliopta Reakirt, 1865, is a neologism constructed from Greek

elements, thus its gender must be established by convention, no gender being

specified by the author. The type species was diphilus Esper, 1793, a

masculine proper noun and a synonym of aristolochiae Fabricius, 1775.

Braby (2010) stated that the genus is feminine. This would appear to be

justified under Article 30.2.4; ‘If no gender was specified or indicated, the

name is to be treated as masculine, except that, if the name ends in -a the

gender is feminine, and if it ends in -um, -on, or -u the gender is neuter’.

Moreover conventional usage by other authors also favours this view. The

meaning of Pachliopta was intended to be ‘(larva) having the appearance of a

thick chilopod’ (Reakirt 1865).

Correct name: Pachliopta polydorus queenslandica (Rothschild, 1895).

Original combination: Papilio arctous Fabricius, 1775.

Common and Waterhouse 1981: Xois arctoa (Fabricius, 1775).

Orr and Kitching 2010: Ypthima arctoa (Fabricius, 1775).

Braby 2010: Ypthima arctous (Fabricius, 1775).

The generic name Ypthima appears to have no meaning in antiquity, but its

form and normal usage suggest it is feminine, as stated by Braby (2010). Xois

is also feminine. The specific name arctoa is clearly an adjective, meaning

‘pertaining to the north star’, and declines as -us, -a, um for masculine,

feminine and neuter forms respectively.

Correct name: Ypthima arctoa (Fabricius, 1775).

Original combination: Thecla aurifer Blanchard, 1848.

Common and Waterhouse 1981: Paralucia aurifera (Blanchard, 1848).

Orr and Kitching 2010: Paralucia aurifer (Blanchard, 1848).

Braby 2010: Paralucia aurifera (Blanchard, 1848).

The specific name aurifer is an adjective meaning ‘gold-bearing’. Its normal

feminine form is aurifera. That Blanchard failed to use this form with a

feminine genus (Thecla) may have been a lapsus, as was the usage of Orr and

Kitching (2010).

Correct name: Paralucia aurifera (Blanchard, 1848).

104 Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3)

Original combination: Lycaena ignita Leach, 1814.

Common and Waterhouse 1981: Hypochrysops ignitus (Leach, 1814).

Orr and Kitching 2010: Hypochrysops ignitus (Leach, 1814).

Braby 2010: Hypochrysops ignita (Leach, 1814).

Hypochrysops C. & R. Felder, 1860 is masculine under Article 30.1.4.3.

(ICZN 1999): ‘A compound genus-group name ending in -ops is to be treated

as masculine, regardless of its derivation or of its treatment by its author’.

Braby (2010) also considers it masculine. Therefore ignitus, -a, -um, an

adjective meaning ‘fervent’ or ‘glowing’ derived from the masculine noun

ignis, meaning ‘fire’, must be declined and the masculine -us ending applied.

Correct name: Hypochrysops ignitus (Leach, 1814).

Original combination: Miletus erythrina Waterhouse & Lyell, 1909.

Common and Waterhouse 1981: Hypochrysops ignitus erythrinus (Waterhouse &

Lyell, 1909).

Orr and Kitching 2010: Hypochrysops ignitus erythrina (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1909).

Braby 2010: Hypochrysops ignita erythrina (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1909).

There was no Greek adjective erythrinos or Latin erythrinus in antiquity and

no noun erythrina, but it has been used in biological nomenclature since

Linnaeus, generally to indicate red coloration. In any case, since Waterhouse

and Lyell combined the name erythrina with the genus name Miletus it was

surely intended as a noun.

Correct name: Hypochrysops ignitus erythrina (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1909).

Original combination: Hypochrysops piceata Kerr, Macqueen & Sands, 1969.

Common and Waterhouse 1981: Hypochrysops piceatus Kerr, Macqueen & Sands,

1969.

Orr and Kitching 2010: Hypochrysops piceatus Kerr, Macqueen & Sands, 1969.

Braby 2010: Hypochrysops piceata Kerr, Macqueen & Sands, 1969.

There is no correct classical Latin adjective piceatus, but there is a participle

picatus, meaning ‘besmirched with pitch’ as well as the adjective piceus,

‘black as pitch’. However since the 19th century the form piceatus, -a, -um

has been used in nomenclature in animals and plants for blackish organisms.

Accepting the gender of Hypochrysops C. & R. Felder, 1860 as masculine

(see above), the specific name would also have to take the masculine ending.

Correct name: Hypochrysops piceatus Kerr, Macqueen & Sands, 1969.

Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3) 105

Original combination: Hypolycaena litoralis Lambkin, Meyer, Brown & Weir, 2005.

Common and Waterhouse 1981: not listed.

Orr and Kitching 2010: Hypolycaena litoralis Lambkin, Meyer, Brown & Weir, 2005.

Braby 2010: Hypolycaena littoralis Lambkin, Meyer, Brown & Weir, 2005.

The spelling given by Braby (2010) appears to be an unwarranted correction

or a typographic error. The original spelling Jitoralis, meaning ‘of the shore’,

is correct Latin, but even had it been incorrect, it would stand as published.

Correct name: Hypolycaena litoralis Lambkin, Meyer, Brown & Weir, 2005.

Original combination: Lycaena acasta Cox, 1873.

Common and Waterhouse 1981: Candalides acastus (Cox, 1873).

Orr and Kitching 2010: Candalides acastus (Cox, 1873).

Braby 2010: Candalides acasta (Cox, 1873).

The genus Candalides is masculine. However Acasta is latinized from

Akasté, the name of one of the numerous daughters of Okeanos, a central

divinity of ancient Greek mythology, being a personification of the ocean

surrounding the land and father of all rivers, streams, springs and wells.

Therefore acasta is a proper noun and does not change.

Correct name: Candalides acasta (Cox, 1873).

Original combination: Zizera delospila Waterhouse 1903.

Common and Waterhouse 1981: Zetona delospila (Waterhouse, 1903).

Orr and Kitching 2010: Candalides delospilus (Waterhouse 1903).

Braby 2010: Candalides delospila (Waterhouse 1903).

Candalides is masculine as noted by Braby (2010). The compound delospilus

is not of ancient origin, but its elements are Greek: the first part is the

adjective délos - ‘visible, conspicious’; its principal part, spilos - ‘a spot,

fleck, or blemish’, is a Greek masculine noun. That means that compounds

with that as the final element would generally be nouns. However it is clear

that when Waterhouse established this species as delospila in combination

with the feminine genus Zizera, he intended the name to be feminine, i.e. an

adjective derived from the Greek spilos (because a masculine noun normally

could have no feminine form). This is not the correct way to form the

adjective from the Greek noun (which would be based on the word spildtos)

but it is the intention of the author, rather than the philological correctness,

which determines the interpretation. As Waterhouse clearly intended an

adjective in latinized form it must be declined. The meaning of it is

presumably ‘clearly spotted’.

Correct name: Candalides delospilus (Waterhouse 1903).

106 Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3)

Original combination: Holochila heathi aerata Montague, 1914.

Common and Waterhouse 1981: Candalides heathi aeratus (Montague, 1914).

Orr and Kitching 2010: not listed.

Braby 2010: Candalides heathi aerata (Montague, 1914).

Candalides is masculine as noted by Braby (2010); aeratus is a Latin

adjective meaning ‘bronze-plated’ which must take the masculine ending.

Correct name: Candalides heathi aeratus (Montague, 1914).

Original combination: Lycaena lineata Murray, 1874.

Common and Waterhouse 1981: Erysichton lineata (Murray, 1874).

Orr and Kitching 2010: Erysichton lineata (Murray, 1874).

Braby 2010: Erysichton lineatus (Murray, 1874).

Erysichton is masculine as noted by Braby (2010); lineatus is a Latin

adjective meaning ‘lined’ which must take the masculine ending.

Correct name: Erysichton lineatus (Murray, 1874).

Original combination: Lycaena serpentata Herrich-Schaffer, 1869.

Common and Waterhouse 1981: Theclinesthes serpentata (Herrich-Schaffer, 1869).

Orr and Kitching 2010: Theclinesthes serpentata (Herrich-Schiaffer, 1869).

Braby 2010: Theclinesthes serpentatus (Herrich-Schiaffer, 1869).

Braby (2010) lists the genus Theclinesthes Röber, 1891 as masculine without

justification. Common and Waterhouse (1981) treat the genus as feminine.

There was no clue as to the gender of the genus from the original description

as the type species is Plebius (Theclinesthes) eremicola Réber, 1891. The

species name eremicola is a noun, meaning ‘desert-dweller’, which can be

either masculine or feminine. It might be argued that since this name was

associated with the masculine genus-group name Plebius, Theclinesthes was

also intended to be masculine. However, also of importance is the derivation

of the word Theclinesthes. It is conjectured here that the name is composed of

the name Thecl(a), -in(us) - ‘fitting to, belonging to’ and esthés f. - ‘clothing’,

to describe a similarity to the genus Thecla. In this case Theclinesthes must

be feminine. The fact that all declinable species-group names in the genus

were originally placed in feminine genera also means that this interpretation

least disrupts the original spellings. It is, however, a case which might require

an application to the ICZN for a formal ruling. The specific name

Serpentatus, -a, -um, is an adjective, meaning ‘marked with snakes’,

presumably a fanciful reference to the sinuous underside markings.

Correct name (provisional): Theclinesthes serpentata (Herrich-Schiffer,

1869).

Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3) 107

Original combination: Utica albocincta Waterhouse, 1903.

Common and Waterhouse 1981: Theclinesthes albocincta (Waterhouse, 1903).

Orr and Kitching 2010: Theclinesthes albocincta (Waterhouse, 1903).

Braby 2010: Theclinesthes albocinctus (Waterhouse, 1903).

The specific name albocinctus, -a, —um is an adjective meaning ‘white-

girdled’. Using the same argument applied above, albocincta should be

retained in feminine form.

Correct name (provisional): Theclinesthes albocincta (Waterhouse, 1903).

Original combination: Catochrysops cyta Boisduval, 1832.

Common and Waterhouse 1981: not listed.

Orr and Kitching 2010: Jamides cytus (Boisduval, 1832).

Braby 2010: Jamides cyta (Boisduval, 1832).

In his original description, Boisduval (1832) provided no clues as to the

origin of the name cyra. As its derivation is obscure, it should be treated as a

noun and its original spelling conserved. We note Parsons (1998) listed this

species as Jamides cytus (Boisduval, 1832) but, as there was no explanation,

we must assume this was an unjustified correction which must be rejected.

Correct name: Jamides cyta (Boisduval, 1832).

Original combination: Danis nemophila Butler, 1876.

Common and Waterhouse 1981: Jamides nemophilus nemophilus (Butler, 1876).

Orr and Kitching 2010: Jamides nemophilus (Butler, 1876).

Braby 2010: Jamides nemophila (Butler, 1876).

Nemophila is a modern compound of Greek elements. The Greek word philos

can be an adjective as well as a noun. The same is true for the feminine philé.

The ICZN Code states that if there is any doubt (and there is in this case) the

word is to be treated as a noun, meaning ‘lover of glades’.

Correct name: Jamides nemophila (Butler, 1876).

Acknowledgements

We would like to express our gratitude to Dr Michael Braby and Mr John

Nielsen for supplying literature. The manuscript benefited from discussions

with Drs David Hancock, Roger Kitching and Jan van Tol. The suggestions

of two anonymous referees were very helpful.

108 Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3)

References

BOISDUVAL, J.B.A.D. de. 1832. Voyage de découvertes de |’Astrolobe exécuté par ordre du

Roi, pendant les années 1826-1827-1828-1829, sous le commandement de M.J. Dumont

D’'Urville. Faune entomologique de l’Océan Pacifique, avec l'illustration des insects nouveuex

recueillis pendant le voyage. Part I. Lépidoptéres. J Tastu, Paris; iv + 5-267 pp.

BRABY, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution. 2

vols. CSIRO Publishing, Canberra; xxv + 976 pp.

BRABY, M.F. 2004. The complete field guide to the butterflies of Australia. CSIRO Publishing,

Canberra; x + 340 pp.

BRABY, M.F. 2010. The merging of taxonomy and conservation biology: a synthesis of

Australian butterfly systematics (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea) for the 21*

century. Zootaxa 2707: 1-76.

COMMON, I.F.B. and WATERHOUSE, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Revised edition.

Angus & Robertson, Sydney; xiv + 682 pp.

EDWARDS, E.D., NEWLAND, J. and REGAN, L. 2001. Lepidoptera, Hesperioidea,

Papilionoidea. In: Wells, A. and Houston, W.W.K. (eds), Zoological Catalogue of Australia.

Vol. 31.6. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne; x + 615 pp.

ICZN, 1999. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. 4° edition. International Trust for

Zoological Nomenclature, London, xxix + 126 pp.

NIELSEN, E.S., EDWARDS, E.D. and RANGSI, T.V. 1996. Checklist of the Lepidoptera of

Australia. Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera. Volume 4. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne;

xiv + 529 pp.

ORR, A.G. and KITCHING, R.L. 2010. The butterflies of Australia. Allen & Unwin, Sydney;

viii + 327 pp.

PARSONS, M.J. 1998. The butterflies of Papua New Guinea: their systematics and biology.

Academic Press, London; xvi +736 pp.

REAKIRT, T. 1865. Notes upon exotic Lepidoptera, chiefly from the Philippine Islands, with

descriptions of some new species. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia 3:

443-504.

Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3): 109-128 109

AN ANNOTATED KEY TO THE SPECIES OF

ACANTHONEVRA MACQUART AND ALLIED GENERA

(DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE: ACANTHONEVRINI)

DAVID L. HANCOCK

8/3 McPherson Close, Edge Hill, Cairns, Qld 4870

Abstract

Indo-Australian and East Asian fruit flies referred to the Acanthonevra complex of genera are

reviewed and keyed. Recorded host plants are bamboos. The 49 recognised species are referred

to nine genera: Acanthonevra Macquart (3 spp), Chaetomerella de Meijere (1 sp.), Erectovena

Ito (2 spp), Freyomyia Hardy (3 spp), Lenitovena Ito (5 spp), Ptilona van der Wulp (8 spp),

Rioxoptilona Hendel (17 spp), Themara Walker (9 spp) and Yunacantha Chen & Zia, stat. rev. (1

sp.). Three species (Ptilona conformis Zia, Rioxoptilona ochropleura (Hering) and Themara

yunnana Zia) are removed from synonymy. Six new synonyms and 26 new combinations are

proposed, including the transfer of Freyomyia manto (Osten Sacken) and F. vinnula (Hardy)

from Rioxa Walker. The type locality for Acanthonevra fuscipennis Macquart (= A. normaliceps

Enderlein, syn. n.) is regarded as Java, not Bengal. A note on Phorelliosoma Hendel. (=

Staurellina Hering, syn. n.; = Orienticaelum Ito, syn. n.) is included.

Introduction

Korneyev (1999) provisionally established the limits of the Acanthonevra

group of genera and referred the included genera to two subgroups; he also

noted that Acanthonevra sens. lat. appeared to be polyphyletic, with its

component species divided between the Acanthonevra and Prtilona

subgroups. My own studies support this view and suggest that the Indo-

Australian genera Acanthonevra Macquart, Chaetomerella de Meijere,

Erectovena Ito, Lenitovena Ito, Ptilona van der Wulp, Rioxoptilona Hendel

and Themara Walker form a complex of closely allied genera. All have

generally dark-patterned wings with hyaline or yellow indentations and discal

spots and, in all but a few species, a quadrate or elongate hyaline or yellow

indentation at the base of the stigma (costal part of cell sc) (Figs 1-2). I also

include in this complex Freyomyia Hardy and Yunacantha Chen & Zia, with

the latter removed from synonymy with Acanthonevra.

Korneyev (1999) also suggested a close relationship between the

Acanthonevra complex and Homoiothemara Hardy, a monotypic genus from

Sabah, East Malaysia; however it has a different type of wing pattern,

broadly protuberant eyes in both sexes and spermathecae with apical

projections and appears to belong in the Sophira complex of genera.

Norrbom ef al. (1999) listed the species then included within the above

genera and that list is essentially followed here. However, several taxa listed

under Acanthonevra sens. lat. have been referred to other genera, viz. Dirioxa

incerta (Hardy) from Indonesian West Papua (Hancock and Drew 2003),

Euphranta notabilis (van der Wulp) from Sumatra (Hancock and Drew 2004)

and Orienticaelum parvisetalis (Hering) from China (Wang 1998), while

Pseudacidia uncinata Hering from central Burma is here removed from

Acanthonevra sens. lat. and referred to the Sophira complex.

110 Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3)

Biological information is scant. Several species of Acanthonevra sens lat. (A.

siamensis Hardy, Erectovena desperata (Hering), Rioxoptilona dunlopi (van

der Wulp), R. gravelyi (Munro), R. hemileina (Hering), R. quatei (Hardy) [as

A. ultima Hering] and R. vaga (Wiedemann)) were collected resting beneath

leaves of understorey plants in bamboo forests in Thailand (Hancock and

Drew 1995a). One specimen of Themara ampla Walker and some two dozen

of T. hirtipes (Rondani) were collected at cut bamboo shoots in Malaysia

(Hancock and Drew 1994, D. Kovac and P. Dohm pers. comm.), suggesting

an association with bamboo. Although several T. hirtipes and T. hirsuta

(Perkins) were collected on the bark of felled trees in Sarawak (Perkins

1938), suggesting that this might be a likely host, specimens of Sophira

limbata Enderlein [actually S. I. borneensis Hering] were also collected thus

(Perkins 1938) and this might merely reflect an adult feeding site.

Ptilona confinis (Walker) and P. conformis Zia [as P. persimilis Hendel]

were collected at cut bamboo shoots in Malaysia (Hancock and Drew 1994)

and both bred from the internodes of dead bamboo culms (D. Kovac and P.

Dohm pers. comm.). Rioxoptilona dunlopi, R. ochropleura (Hering) and R.

vaga were collected at cut bamboo shoots and bred from decaying shoots in

Thailand or Malaysia (Hancock and Drew 1994, 1995a), while R. hemileina

also has been bred from dead bamboo shoots in Thailand (D. Kovac and P.

Dohm pers. comm.). What appears to be R. dunlopi [as Acanthonevra

formosana Enderlein] was bred from bamboo shoots, while Ptilona persimilis

and R. unicolor (Shiraki) [as R. speciosa Hendel] were associated with

bamboo in Taiwan (Yen et al. 1979). Identified host plants include Bambusa

vulgaris, Bambusa sp. and Dendrocalamus nudus for R. dunlopi (Allwood et

al. 1999), Dendrocalamus giganteus for R. gravelyi (Dohm et al. 2008),

Gigantochloa scortechinii for R. ochropleura [as Acanthonevra gravelyi]

(Dohm et al. 2008) and Bambusa blumeana, Dendrocalamus pendulus and

Gigantochloa scortechinii for R. vaga (Permkam 2005, Dohm et al. 2008).

In order to aid identification of the nine genera and 49 species included in the

Acanthonevra complex, an annotated key is provided below, updating the

partial keys of Hardy (1973, 1974, 1986) and Wang (1998), wherein the taxa

included here key to the genera Acanthonevra, Ptilona, Themara, Freyomyia,

Rioxa [in part], Sophira [in part] and Orienticaelum [in part]. A major factor

in the preparation of this key has been the examination of a series of syntypes

of Acanthoneura ultima Hering in the Natural History Museum, London.

Briefly described and with no published illustration (Hering 1941a), its

identity has been a source of past confusion (e.g. Hancock and Drew 1995a).

Key to genera and species

1 Wing with vein R2,3 strongly undulate, the apex curving evenly forwards

to meet costa almost at right angles (Fig. 2); cell dm with subapical

hyaline spots not formed into a transverse band; male fore femur and tibia

not densely setose ventrally ..................5 Acanthonevra Macquart ... 2

Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3) 111

Figs 1-3. Acanthonevra fuscipennis Macquart: wings of specimens from West

Malaysia. (1) male; (2-3) females showing variation in costal cell pattern.

Photographs by Scott Ginn (Australian Museum, Sydney).

112 Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3)

— Wing with vein R243 not as above, if strongly undulate then straightening

near apex to meet costa at an acute angle (Fig. 4); cell dm with subapical

hyaline spots often formed into a transverse band ................ececeee eens 4

2 Wing cell c with two pale spots separated by a brown medial band, the

distal spot sometimes diffuse in males [Trang Province of S Thailand,

West Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan and Brunei (Chua 2000); the

type locality ‘Bengale’ (India) is regarded as an error, the type female is

almost certainly from Java and all other Indian records appear to belong

to Themara yunnana; Trypeta (Acanthoneura) polyxena Osten Sacken,

1881, A. bataca Enderlein, 1911, A. normaliceps Enderlein, 1911, syn. n.

and A. synopica Hering, 1952 are regarded as synonyms; this is the type

species of Acanthonevra (Figs 1-3, with Fig. 2 most resembling the type)]

E A ERNT OT Cts oe ee TT A. fuscipennis Macquart, 1843

[A. fuscipennis appears to be a very variable species: wing cell c with pale

spots hyaline to yellowish and variable in size; wing apex broadly

subhyaline to yellowish, often weakly so in males, with the extreme apex

usually narrowly brown across apex of vein R4+; and the pale area

variably extending from just below apex of vein Rz» to from mid way

between veins R4+s and M to tip of vein M; discal area usually with 2-3

large hyaline spots in cells br, r4+s and dm, that in cell r4;; above to just

basad of DM-Cu crossvein, that in cell dm directly below or slightly to

one side of R-M crossvein; spots in cell br and/or other cells often

reduced or absent and with pattern often diffuse in males; cell m usually

with a distinct hyaline indentation that is sometimes weak or absent; cell

bcu mostly subhyaline or with subhyaline area reduced to a small spot,

especially in males; costa and veins Rı and Ry;; with setae distinct and

relatively long; the types of normaliceps (G3) and bataca (2°) (c.f. Figs

1, 3) are from the same locality (Soekaranda) in NE Sumatra; synopica

was separated largely on the basis of its yellowish costal cells and apical

pale area extending only mid way between veins Ry; and M (Hering

1952) but was synonymised by Hardy (1986) and this is accepted here. ]

— Wing cell c broadly pale medially, not with two pale spots separated by a

browntmediall band Berrencsse sees a seater eaten pean eaten ate manent 3

3 Wing apex broadly brown; discal area with 3 round hyaline spots in cells

br, r4 and dm plus an additional spot at posterior apex of cell dm (at

least in male) [S India; female unknown] ...........4. inermis Hering, 1951

— Wing apex with a brownish area along vein R45 crossing the subhyaline

area to costa, leaving a hyaline spot above it and a subhyaline one below

[Niihailand] onoi A. siamensis Hardy, 1973

4 Wing veins M normally and Cu, including basal portion always setose

above; males usually with head broadened or eyes distinctly stalked; vein

Ro:3 undulate, usually strongly so ...............0.0068 Themara Walker ... 5

Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3) 113

Fig. 4. Themara ampla Walker: male from West Malaysia.

— Wing veins M normally and Cu, entirely bare; males with head usually

narrow and eyes not stalked; vein R2+3 variable in shape ...............4 13

5 Wing vein R+; weakly undulate; no pale indentations along costal margin

but a hyaline spot in cell r.,; above R-M crossvein; cell r4+s with a large

hyaline indentation filling most of cell [known only from Engano Island

near Sumatra, Indonesia; male unknown] ......... T. extraria Hering, 1952

— Wing vein Rz distinctly undulate but straightening at apex to meet costa

at an acute angle; costal margin with hyaline or yellowish indentations;

cell r4+s at most with a small hyaline spot or patch in central region ...... 6

6 Hyaline indentation in cell r; broad, not crossing vein Rz, and united

with hyaline indentation in stigma; male with eyes moderately stalked

[Sumatra and associated islands] ...... sss. T. jacobsoni de Meijere, 1916

114 Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3)

— Hyaline indentation in cell r; narrow, crossing vein Rz+3 and distinctly

separated from hyaline indentation in stigma ............ssseeseeeeeee eee e ees 7

7 Apex of wing broadly subhyaline or yellowish ..............s.c0eeeeeeeeee es 8

— Apex of wing entirely dark brown .............cccsececeeeeeeereeeeescnereenees 9

8 Scutum fulvous, without dark longitudinal vittae; male with eyes

distinctly stalked [Philippines (Luzon, Negros, Tawitawi); a record from

Bougainville, Papua New Guinea (Hardy 1986) is doubtful and probably

mislabeled pwede wi E E A eaters T. lunifera Hering, 1938

— Scutum with 4 or 5 dark longitudinal vittae; male with head broad but

eyes not stalked [Philippines (Mindanao); a female recorded from

Cambodia (Hardy 1973, 1974) is likely to be Freyomyia vinnula (Hardy);

T. ostensackeni Hardy, 1974, syn. n. differs solely in the number of scutal

vittae and is otherwise inseparable] ....... T. alkestis (Osten Sacken, 1882)

9 Pale indentation in stigma narrow and confined to base; pale basal areas

hyaline; DM-Cu crossvein bare; male fore femur and tibia densely setose

ventrally; male with eyes not stalked, the frons slightly longer than wide

[Sarawak, Sabah and Brunei; Acanthoneura hirsuta var. nigrifacies

Perkins, 1938 is regarded as a synonym] ......... T. hirsuta (Perkins, 1938)

— Pale indentation in stigma broad, filling most of cell and extending to or

beyond vein R2+3; pale basal areas yellow; DM-Cu crossvein setose; male

fore femur and tibia not densely setose ventrally .................0eeeeeee 10

10 Scutum with a black posterior patch but no dark longitudinal vittae;

scutellum yellow with a narrow black basal band; hyaline spot in cell r4+5

small or absent; male with eyes not stalked, the frons a little broader than

long, vein R23 strongly curved forwards apically and costa thickened

[West Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Sarawak, Sabah and Brunei; T.

microcephala Hering, 1939 is regarded as a synonym; this is the type

species of Themara (Fig. 4)] .........cecceceeesereeens T. ampla Walker, 1856

— Scutum with 4-5 dark longitudinal vittae; scutellum often laterally or

entirely black; hyaline spot in cell r4+s large and distinct; males with eyes

Often\distinctlyistalkedmeemcnce sm rerercrtcccrtatctcet O aT er Tee 11

—

Both sexes with vein Rə undulate but not strongly curved forwards

apically and costa not distinctly thickened; scutum with medial vitta

present or absent; fore coxae and prosternum pale; face with a narrow

dark band confined to oral margin; male eyes often very strongly stalked

[SE China (Hainan), Thailand, Laos, S Burma, Sumatra, Java, Singapore,

West Malaysia, Sarawak (type locality), Sabah, Brunei and Palawan; T.

enderleini Hering, 1938, T. palawanica Hering, 1938 and T. maculipennis

of Hancock and Drew 1994 are regarded either as synonyms or a

misidentification (Fig. 5)] .............ecceceeee eens T. hirtipes Rondani, 1875

Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3) 115

Fig. 5. Themara hirtipes Rondani: male from Sarawak.

— Male with vein Rz strongly curved forwards apically and costa often

thickened; face either entirely pale or with the dark band reaching almost

to antennae; male eyes not or less strongly stalked ..................2.06 12

12 Scutum with 4 or 5 dark vittae and pale or dark posteriorly; face pale in

female, darker in male; male eyes not stalked, frons about twice as wide

as long [southern China (Yunnan) and India (Assam, Bengal, Karnataka);

Acanthoneura fuscipennis of Bezzi 1913 and T. maculipennis of Kapoor

1993 are regarded as misidentifications of this species, here removed

from synonymy with T. hirtipes] ........... T. yunnana Zia, 1963, stat. rev.

— Scutum normally with 5 dark vittae and dark posteriorly; face mostly

dark; male with fore coxae and prosternum black and eyes strongly

stalked [described from Java and recorded from Sumatra (Hardy 1986)

and West Malaysia (Perkins 1938); records from India belong to T.

yunnana, those from Singapore (Hardy 1986) and Sarawak (Hancock and

116

Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3)

Drew 1994) belong to T. hirtipes, while those from Sabah (Hardy 1986)

and Brunei (Chua 2002) are of females that are likely also T. hirtipes;

Achias horsfieldii Westwood, 1850 and Acanthoneura montina Enderlein,

1911 are regarded as synonyms] ...... T. maculipennis (Westwood, 1847)

Posterior part of wing largely subhyaline and united with large round spot

in cell r45; vein R213 strongly undulate and curved forwards towards costa

before straightening at apex to meet costa at an acute angle; hyaline spot

at base of cell sc not crossing vein R,; face, antennae, palpi and tibiae

brown to black; male fore femur and tibia densely setose ventrally

[known only from Mt Gede in western Java, Indonesia; female unknown;

Acanthoneura lieftincki Hering, 1952 is regarded as a synonym] ..........

BBE toe EN GLO OAOO NTE: Chaetomerella nigrifacies de Meijere, 1914

Not as above; hyaline indentation in cell m not united with a single large

spot in cell r4+5; face, antennae, palpi and tibiae normally all yellow ... 14

14 Wing with veins R; and Ra often distinctly bowed and with the stigma

large and enclosing 2 large, narrowly separated hyaline triangular

indentations from costa, if not then vein R23 moderately undulate and

wing apex subhyaline to yellowish; R-M crossvein placed at outer quarter

of cell dm; outer hyaline indentation from costa directed towards apex of

cell br, basal to line of R-M crossvein; hyaline band at apex of cell dm

oblique and enclosing apex of vein Cu, to wing margin; cell ry45 with a

large round hyaline spot above line of DM-Cu crossvein and cell m with

an elongate, oblique hyaline indentation; middle pair of scutellar setae

absent; head relatively broad, at least in males; male fore femur and tibia

not densely setose ventrally ................ceceeeeeee Freyomyia Hardy ... 15

Not as above; vein Rz»; straight to moderately undulate; if hyaline band at

apex of cell dm reaches wing margin then not enclosing apex of vein Cu,;

wing apex not subhyaline to yellowish; head not relatively broad ....... 17

Wing with veins Ry and R243 not distinctly bowed; stigma narrow and

with the hyaline indentation passing through it united with the broad basal

area; outer hyaline indentation from costa extending into apex of cell br;

wing apex subhyaline; scutum normally with 2 dark longitudinal vittae

and a dark posterior margin [Philippines (Mindanao); female unknown;

this is the type species of Freyomyia] ............+ F. bivittata Hardy, 1974

Wing (at least in males) with veins R; and R+; distinctly bowed and with

stigma large and enclosing 2 hyaline indentations, the inner not united

with a large basal hyaline indentation through cell c; cell br with an

isolated hyaline spot near apex ............cecceececcescecceecesceecceceecesuss 16

Wing apex subhyaline (females) or yellowish (males); cell c with a

hyaline apical patch separated from the medial indentation by a brown

band [Philippines (Luzon, Negros, Mindanao); here transferred from

Rioxa Walker] .............00000005 F. manto (Osten Sacken, 1882), comb. n.

Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3) 117

— Wing apex yellowish (females) or brown (males); cell c with apex brown

[Cambodia; here transferred from Rioxa Walker; a record of ‘Themara

alkestis’ from the same locality as the type male (Hardy 1973, 1974) is

considered to be a misidentification of the female of this species] .........

cect tet Set or rae ioe PONET Se TA F. vinnula (Hardy, 1973), comb. n.

17 Pleuroterga with fine, erect hairs; vein R2+3 straight; hyaline indentation at

base of stigma often extending to vein R4+s; middle pair of scutellar setae

absent; head with 1 pair of orbital setae; male fore femur and tibia densely

SELOSEhv entral VEEE cnet teers teeters Ptilona van der Wulp ... 18

— Pleuroterga bare; vein R2,3 straight or undulate; hyaline indentation at

base of stigma not extending beyond vein R; or Rə; middle pair of

scutellar setae present; head with 2 pairs of orbital setae .................. 25

18 Hyaline indentation at base of stigma ending in cell r; and not crossing

vein Rz»; apex of cell dm with an oblique, medially constricted hyaline

streak [S China (Yunnan), Thailand, Laos, West Malaysia and Brunei; P.

maligna of Hardy 1973 is a misidentification, the species here removed

from synonymy with P. persimilis] ...... P. conformis Zia, 1965, stat. rev.

— Hyaline indentation at base of stigma extending to vein R4+5 and crossed

byitwoldarkaveinspresssarvcces everett tener cer errr eT 19

19 Hyaline indentation in cell rı crossing vein R4;5 into or across cell r4.5 and

no isolated hyaline spot above DM-Cu crossvein ............cseceeeeeeeeees 20

— Hyaline indentation in cell r; ending at or before vein R4+5 and an isolated

hyaline spot above DM-Cu crossvein .............ececeeceecesssssssssesesesessees 22

20 Thorax with a lateral yellow band from postpronotal lobe across top of

anepisternum to wing base; wing with hyaline indentation from cell rı

ending before vein M and not united with large oval spot near apex of cell

dm} (NE(Burma]Beerercsenterstseencerressste rete ces P. malaisei Hering, 1938

— Thorax without a lateral yellow band from postpronotal lobe to wing

base; wing with hyaline indentation from cell r; crossing vein M and

united with spot or streak near apex of cell dm ..............ccceceee esse ees 21

Basal half of wing subhyaline; cell M without a large hyaline indentation;

legs mostly black [Vietnam] ...................655 P. nigrifacies Hardy, 1973

— Basal third of wing subhyaline; cell M with a large hyaline indentation;

legs mostly yellow [Philippines (Mindanao)] .... P. continua Hardy, 1974

22 Cell dm with a round or oval hyaline spot at upper apex; cell cu, with a

narrow and diffuse hyaline band from vein Cu, at middle of cell dm to

wing margin at apex of vein AytCuy .........ceeceecceeceeeeceeeeeeees cesses: 23

— Cell dm with an elongate hyaline spot across all or most of apex; cell cu,

with an isolated spot below vein Cu, near middle of cell dm ............. 24

118 Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3)

23 Hyaline indentation from stigma relatively broad, the spots in cells sc and

rı rectangular, wider than long; 1 pair of frontal setae [NE India, S China,

Taiwan, Philippines, Bangladesh, Burma, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, West

Malaysia, Sarawak, Brunei, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Ambon;

Themara alboguttata Doleschall, 1858, Trypeta basifascia Walker, 1860,

Rioxa bimaculata Walker, 1861, P. brevicornis van der Wulp, 1880, P.

nigriventris Bezzi, 1913, Acanthoneura melanopleura Hering, 1951 and

P. armatipes Hering, 1953 are regarded as synonyms; P. brevicornis is

the type species of Ptilona] ...............0eeee8 P. confinis (Walker, 1856)

— Hyaline indentation from stigma relatively narrow, the spots in cells sc

and r; square in shape, as wide as long; 2 pairs of frontal setae [SW China

(SE Xizang [Tibet])] ..............esseeececececeees P. xizangensis Wang, 1998

24 Cell cu; with a pair of distinct hyaline spots along wing margin [Taiwan]

Soo RAB MON OEA O R a a iiin P. persimilis Hendel, 1915

— Cell cu; diffuse along wing margin, without a pair of distinct hyaline

spots [NE Burma and S China; P. maligna Hering, 1938, syn. n. and P.

persimilis of Wang 1998 are regarded respectively as a synonym and a

misidentification, with P. maligna apparently the male] ................066+

Sectors eter ee TE eee eee P. dolorosa Hering, 1938

25 Scutum with or without indistinct vittae, with a large black posterior

patch and a black anterolateral band that includes postpronotal lobe and

notopleuron; arista pubescent; vein R243 straight; hyaline indentation in

cell r; short and triangular, not crossing cell r23; cells r4+s and br each

with a very small hyaline spot; hyaline indentations in cells m and cu, and

band at apex of cell dm broad; middle scutellar setae well developed,

about half length of apicals; abdomen largely black; male fore femur and

tibia not densely setose ventrally [S China (Yunnan) and West Malaysia

(High 6) | Paes Seer a. Yunacantha nigrolimbata Chen & Zia, 1963

— Not as above; if scutum with a large black posterior patch then abdomen

broadly yellow medially, hyaline indentation in cell r; crossing cell r243,

middle scutellar setae weak and either stigma entirely brown or cell r4+5

with an additional hyaline streak just distad of a large spot above DM-Cu

crossvein; arista usually plumose; postpronotal lobes usually pale; vein

R2+3 often undulate; cells dm and m with hyaline markings often narrow;

male fore femur and tibia often densely setose ventrally ................++ 26

26 Frons with 2 pairs of distinct frontal setae; cell dm with a large rounded

hyaline subapical spot placed below or very close to line of R-M

crossvein; cell r4;5 with a large rounded hyaline spot placed above or very

close to line of DM-Cu crossvein; hyaline indentation at base of stigma

present but not crossing vein Ry; vein R>,3 straight; male fore femur and

tibia densely setose ventrally; middle scutellar setae well developed,

about half to two-thirds length of apicals .............. Erectovena Ito ... 27

Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3) 119

Fig. 6. Yunacantha nigrolimbata Chen & Zia: male from West Malaysia.

— Frons normally with 1 pair of distinct frontal setae, if with 2 distinct pairs

then apex of cell dm with the hyaline spot or band placed distinctly

beyond line of R-M crossvein and other characters not as above; male

fore femur and tibia often without rows of dense ventral setae; middle

scutellar setae often much reduced .............sccecseceecceceeceeceecseenens 28

27 Two isolated hyaline spots in cell r4+s, the outer midway between inner

spot and wing margin; cell br with a hyaline spot before R-M crossvein [E

Russia, Japan, Korea, N & E China, Taiwan, Java (possibly introduced?);

Rioxoptilona speciosa Hendel, 1915 (see Korneyev 1999) and R.

trigonina Zia, 1963, syn. n. are regarded as synonyms; R. speciosa is the

type species of Erectovenal] .............. E. amurensis (Portschinsky, 1892)

— Only a single hyaline spot in cell 14,5; cell br without a hyaline spot before

R-M crossvein [S China (Yunnan), N Thailand, Laos, Vietnam] ...........

Dare eae, we cone, eee ene, E. desperata (Hering, 1939), comb. n.

120 Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3)

28 Wing cell rs with 2 (or 3) hyaline spots in central area beyond level of

DM-Cu crossvein, the outer spot not a longitudinal streak; scutum not

broadly black posteriorly; cell br with a large hyaline spot before R-M

crossvein; hyaline indentation in cell m large and broad, normally

expanded marginally to beyond half way to vein M; male fore femur and

tibia usually densely setose ventrally .............2ss04 Lenitovena Ito ... 29

— Wing cell r45 usually with only a single spot in central area above or

beyond level of DM-Cu crossvein, if second spot present then this is a

longitudinal streak and scutum broadly black posteriorly; cell br with or

without a hyaline spot before R-M crossvein; hyaline indentation in cell

m variable, often small or narrow; male fore femur and tibia with or

without rows of dense ventral setae .............. Rioxoptilona Hendel ... 33

29 Wing cell r}, with a quadrate hyaline indentation from costa below apex

of vein R243 TATE IOTA EE OTARRA TAARA AIRA AAGO ATEA 30

— Wing cell r» entirely dark apically, without a hyaline indentation from

costa; middle scutellar setae weak, less than a third length of apicals ... 31

30 Hyaline indentation in stigma extending across vein R; into cell rı; no

additional hyaline spots at apices of cells r243 and r4+s; cell dm with apical

hyaline band entire; vein R23 undulate [Burma; female unknown] ......

pa Oe sacs tote mete Sates ete orc at tee ots L. affluens (Hering, 1951), comb. n.

— Hyaline indentation in stigma not crossing vein R; into cell rı; with

additional hyaline spots at apices of cells r2,3 and r45; cell dm with apical

hyaline band divided into 2 isolated spots; vein R23 straight [Burma; male

UNKNOWN ET E RE T ett L. ornatipennis (Hering, 1951), comb. n.

Hyaline spots in cell r4:5 large, crossing or almost crossing cell, band at

apex of cell dm broad and indentation in cell cu, not crossing into cell

dm; wing base largely brown beyond base of cell c; vein R243 straight;

arista pubescent; head with 2-3 pairs of weak frontal setae [Taiwan and

Japan; placed in Orienticaelum Ito by Wang (1998) but here regarded as

an aberrant species of Lenitovena] ...... L. varipes (Chen, 1948), comb. n.

— Not as above; hyaline spots in cell r4,; smaller, band at apex of cell dm

narrow, often divided medially and indentation in cell cu, crossing into

cell dm; arista plumose; normally only 1 pair of frontal setae ............ 32

32 Vein R+, moderately undulate; wing base largely dark beyond base of

cell c [E Russia, Japan, Korea, N China; the wing pattern is a little

variable (Korneyev 1990) and Acanthoneura trigona sinica Zia, 1938 is

regarded as a synonym; this is the type species of Lenitovena] ..........++.

OO annin annA Qnn L. trigona (Matsumura, 1905)

— Vein R243 straight; wing base hyaline to near apex of cell c [NE Burma]

EO R UAE REON L. ultima (Hering, 1941), comb. n.

Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3) 121

33 Wing with either stigma entirely brown or cell r4+s with a hyaline streak

just beyond the spot above DM-Cu crossvein; hyaline indentation in cell

rı often crossing cell r4,5 and joining the subapical spot in cell dm; cell br

without a spot before R-M crossvein; vein R23 straight; scutum with a

large black posterior patch projecting anteriorly at least as postsutural

vittae to level of notopleural calli; abdomen broadly yellow medially,

black laterally; male fore femur and tibia not densely setose’............. 34

— Not as above; wing with a hyaline or yellowish indentation at base of

stigma; cell r4.; with at most a single spot above or beyond DM-Cu

crossvein; vein R often undulate, scutum without a large black

posterior patch; abdomen largely black or transversely banded .......... 36

34 Hyaline spot at base of stigma absent and no additional hyaline streak in

cell r4,5; scutum with complete dark submedial vittae [West Malaysia,

Sarawak, Sabah, Brunei; Sophira sp. near concinna of Hardy (1988: 114)

also belongs here] ................6++ R. shinonagai (Hardy, 1986), comb. n.

— Hyaline spot at base of stigma present; cell r4+s with a hyaline streak just

beyond the spot above DM-Cu crossvein ...........s.cseceeeeee ee ee ene cens 35

35 Hyaline indentation in cell r; extending across wing and united with

hyaline band at apex of cell dm; scutum without dark submedial vittae;

arista bare in apical half [S Burma and N Thailand; female unknown] .....

SOURS Es OF OPER T ONS ae eee ee eee atieits vette R. soluta (Bezzi, 1913), comb. n.

— Hyaline indentation in cell rı not crossing vein R4+5 and not united with

hyaline band at apex of cell dm although that band slightly overlaps vein

M into cell R45; scutum with complete dark submedial vittae; arista

pubescent in apical half [central Thailand; male unknown; this is possibly

the female of R. soluta] .............. R. marginata (Hardy, 1973), comb. n.

36 Wing distinctly narrow and elongate, vein R 3 straight; hyaline

indentations in cell c, stigma and cell r; broad and confined to cells;

pattern dimidiate, brown to black from base to apex anteriorly and

without hyaline spots in cells br and 144s, broadly hyaline without dark

bands or patches posteriorly and including almost all of cell m; male fore

femur with long, whitish cilia in addition to dense black setae; middle

scutellar setae well developed [India, S China (Yunnan), Thailand,

Vietnam, West Malaysia] ........... R. hemileina (Hering, 1939), comb. n.

— Wing shape and pattern not as above, the posterior part of wing always

with dark bands or patches intersecting it; hyaline indentation in cell r;

often crossing vein R2,3; fore femur without long, whitish cilia ......... 37

37 Hyaline indentation at base of stigma extending distinctly across cell r; to

VOIR 943 fete se cre eee tree ne T A N A ee cen en a E A cers rés 38

— Hyaline indentation at base of stigma confined to stigma, forming no

more than a quadrate basal spot ...............cececeeseeeeeceeeeeeeeeeesnenes 43

122 Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3)

38 Cell br with a hyaline spot before R-M crossvein; vein Rz+3 straight to

weaklyscurved maa E im IIE ELAN E O A EE EEE E, 39

— Cell br without a hyaline spot before R-M crossvein; vein R2+3 weakly to

distinctlyjundulate opomeeangienionnornonn nnna 40

39 Frons with 1 pair of frontal setae; middle scutellar setae very weak, less

than a third length of apicals; scutum often darkened medially but without

distinct postsutural dark vittae [NE India, S China (Yunnan), Bangladesh,

Burma, Thailand, West Malaysia, Sumatra, Java; records of Acanthonevra

formosana bred from bamboo in Taiwan (Yen et al. 1979) appear to

pelongihere eeaeee inan tas R. dunlopi (van der Wulp, 1880), comb. n.

— Frons with 2 pairs of frontal setae; middle scutellar setae about half length

of apicals; scutum with 5 dark postsutural vittae [Taiwan; records of R.

speciosa associated with bamboo in Taiwan (Yen et al. 1979) appear to

beithiStspecies a e E EEE En R. unicolor (Shiraki, 1933), comb. n.

40 Hyaline indentations in stigma and cell r; broad, separated by a brown

band much narrower than either indentation; cell m almost entirely

hyaline, the indentation reaching almost to vein M throughout its length

[known only from Sumbawa, Indonesia; male unknown] .....s.sssssesesesesere

e A AN A INN R. sumbawana (Hering, 1941), comb. n.

— Hyaline indentations in stigma and cell r; separated by a brown band at

least as wide as either indentation; cell m with hyaline indentation well

separated from vein M over most of its length ...............ecceeceeeee eens 41

—

Hyaline indentation across stigma+cell r; in each cell quadrate or narrow,

not longer than wide and often yellowish; subscutellum and mediotergite

yellow; male with fore femur and tibia not densely setose [S India] ........

SA O rE oE R. imparata (Hering, 1951), comb. n.

— Hyaline indentation across stigma+cell rı in each cell rectangular, longer

than wide; subscutellum and mediotergite at least laterally red-brown to

blackish-brown; male with fore femur and tibia densely setose .......... 42

42 Hyaline indentation in stigma at least as broad as the band separating it

from the indentation in cell rı; middle scutellar setae a third to a half

length of apicals; male fore femur swollen and with a row of short, black

ventral setae [NE India, N Burma, N Thailand, Laos, Vietnam; previously

confused with R. ochropleura and records from Malaysia and Indonesia

refer to the latter species] ............. R. gravelyi (Munro, 1935), comb. n.

— Hyaline indentation in stigma narrower than the band separating it from

the indentation in cell r;; middle scutellar setae very thin, about a fifth to a

third length of apicals; male fore femur slender and without a row of

short, black ventral setae in addition to the other rows [?Burma, West

Malaysia, Sarawak, Sabah, Kalimantan, Java, Sumatra, Mentawai Is; the

holotype was described from ‘Burma’ (Hering 1951) but was later stated

Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3) 123

to be from ‘Java’ (Hardy 1986) or Kambaiti in NE Burma (Norrbom et al.

1999) and is possibly mislabelled; it is here removed from synonymy with

R. gravelyi] ............. R. ochropleura (Hering, 1951), stat. rev., comb. n.

43 Vein Rə distinctly undulate; middle scutellar setae rudimentary, hair-like

and less than a quarter length of apicals ................eceeeeseeeeeeeeeeeees 44

— Vein Rz» straight or slightly curved but not undulate, middle scutellar

setae generally distinct, usually more than a third length of apicals ...... 47

44 Hyaline spot in cell r4:5 placed above line of DM-Cu crossvein; spot in

cell br before R-M crossvein present or absent .............csceseeeeeee eens 45

— Hyaline spot in cell r45 placed distinctly beyond line of DM-Cu

crossvein; spot in cell br before R-M crossvein present ..........:.s0e00++ 46

45 Hyaline indentation in cell rı not reaching vein Ry,s; cell br without a

hyaline spot before R-M crossvein [known with certainty only from the

Moluccan island of Seram in Indonesia; records from Sabah, East

Malaysia (see Hardy 1986) appear to belong to R. continua, as does Fig.

9a in Hardy 1986] ............. R. ceramensis (de Meijere, 1913), comb. n.

— Hyaline indentation in cell r; extending to or across vein Ras and of

roughly uniform width, not distinctly triangular and sometimes weakly

united with spot near apex of cell dm; cell br often with a hyaline spot

before R-M crossvein [Sabah] ........ R. continua (Hardy, 1986), comb. n.

46 Hyaline indentation in cell r, extending into cell r2,; but not reaching vein

R4 and broadly triangular [E Russia, China, Korea, Japan, Ryukyu

Islands, Taiwan, NE India, N Burma, N Thailand, Laos, Vietnam;

Acanthoneura pteropleuralis Hendel, 1927, A. melanostoma Hering,

1941, syn. n. and A. amamioshimaensis Shiraki, 1968 are regarded as

synonyms; the type of 4. melanostoma has vein Rz; undulate (Hering

19415) PeR R. formosana (Enderlein, 1911), comb. n.

— Hyaline indentation in cell rı reaching vein R4+s and narrowly triangular

[Philippines (Mindanao)] ......... R. setosifemora (Hardy, 1974), comb. n.

47 Head with 1 pair of frontal setae; scutum without dark vittae; cell dm with

a round, medially placed subapical spot, sometimes absent; DM-Cu

crossvein and/or apex of vein Cu, lying in a paler band; posterior hyaline

indentation in cell cu, C-shaped and not extending across vein Cu, into

cell dm [NE India, S China (Yunnan), Burma, Thailand, Vietnam, West

Malaysia; Trypeta mutyca Walker, 1849, Rioxa vidua Bezzi, 1913, syn. n.

and Acanthoneura robusta Zia, 1963 are regarded as synonyms; this is the

type species of Rioxoptilona] ..............s006 R. vaga (Wiedemann, 1830)

— Head with 2 pairs of frontal setae, the lower pair often weak; scutum with

5 dark vittae; cell dm with an elongate subapical spot or band; DM-Cu

crossvein and apex of vein Cu, not lying in a paler band .................. 48

124 Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3)

48 Cell dm with an elongate subapical band extending diffusely across vein

Cu, to hind margin of wing; male fore femur and tibia not densely setose

[SE China (Hainan), N Thailand and Vietnam; Acanthonevra ultima of

Hancock and Drew 1995a and A. unicolor of Wang 1998 are regarded as

misidentifications (Fig. 7)] ............. R. quatei (Hardy, 1973), comb. n.

— Cell dm with an isolated subapical spot not crossing vein Cu; male fore

femur and tibia densely setose [Borneo (Kalimantan, Sarawak and

Sabah) | Bases. tices AEI R. scutellopunctata (Hering, 1952), comb. n.

Fig. 7. Rioxoptilona quatei (Hardy): male from northern Thailand.

Discussion

Many of the characters in this complex of genera are variable and the use of

some in generic diagnoses is questionable. For example, dense ventral setae

on the fore femur and tibia of males occur throughout several genera

(Ptilona, Chaetomerella, Erectovena, Lenitovena), in some species referred

here to Rioxoptilona and in the apparently basal species of Themara (T.

Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3) 125

hirsuta) which, to some extent, resembles C. nigrifacies. In R. ochropleura

these setae are less well developed and the fore femur less swollen than in the

apparently closely allied R. gravelyi. These setae are absent in Acanthonevra,

Freyomyia, Yunacantha, some Rioxoptilona (including R. vaga) and all other

species of Themara where males are known. Freyomyia appears to be closely

related to Themara, differing primarily in the lack of setae on veins M and

Cu, and the lack of a middle pair of scutellar setae.

Setal characters of the head and thorax are often highly variable: there is

normally only 1 pair of frontal setae but in some species 2 pairs of distinct

setae are present and in many other cases a weak or secondary seta is often

present; anepimeral and additional anepisternal setae may be distinct, weak or

absent. Most genera have 2 pairs of orbital setae but Ptilona has only one; it

also lacks a middle pair of scutellar setae. All species have the stigma

elongate (generally about as long as cell c), while vein R23 may be straight

or undulate, sometimes strongly so. The extent of the dark scutal vittae seen

in many species is also infraspecifically variable; the medial vitta is often

reduced or absent (resulting in a species having either 4 or 5 vittae) and

occasionally they are absent altogether, resulting in an entirely pale scutum.

In this study, species are recognised as valid (and in some cases removed

from synonymy) if they are allopatric with similar taxa and/or show definable

differences; it is recognised that further material might show, in at least some

cases (e.g. P. persimilis, P. dolorosa and P. conformis), that these differences

are no more than infraspecific variation and it is hoped that the key provided

here will enable such cases to be detected. Species synonymy has been

maintained (or newly proposed) where the taxa are known to be sympatric

and the differences appear to be infraspecific and not clearly definable.

Additional biological information might help to further elucidate the limits

and relationships of the genera accepted here. An association with bamboo is

suspected but not confirmed for Acanthonevra, Chaetomerella, Freyomyia

and Themara. Ptilona larvae live semi-aquatically in the internodes of dead

bamboo culms (D. Kovac and P. Dohm pers. comm.). The larvae of several

species of Rioxoptilona are known to utilise damaged or decaying bamboo

shoots; it is this host plant usage which suggests that the presence or absence

of dense ventral setae on the male fore femur and tibia, coupled with the

variability seen between such species as R. gravelyi and R. ochropleura, is of

no use in defining genera. Erectovena, Lenitovena and Yunacantha are

maintained as distinct genera pending the availability of host plant data, but it

is likely that eventually some or all will be synonymised with Rioxoptilona.

The type locality of Acanthonevra fuscipennis Macquart

Macquart (1843) described Acanthonevra fuscipennis from ‘Bengale’ (i.e.

Bengal in eastern India) but all subsequent records from India (e.g. Bezzi

1913, Kapoor 1993) refer to Themara yunnana and there is no actual

evidence that it occurs there. Despite Macquart’s very poor illustration, it

126 Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3)

shows enough salient features to leave no doubt that his A. fuscipennis is the

same species as that described and illustrated as A. polyxena (Osten Sacken)

from Java (Osten Sacken 1881) and subsequently illustrated by van der Wulp

(1899) from Mt Gede in Java. Given the widespread confusion between ‘East

India’ and ‘East Indies’ during the 1800s, it is probable that Macquart’s type

also originated in Java. It is also likely that Macquart used the term ‘Bengale’

as an alternative to ‘East India’, since at the time the two names were

essentially synonymous. Accordingly, Java, Indonesia is regarded here as the

type locality for A. fuscipennis, with ‘Bengal, India’ considered an error.

Specimens from Java tend to have the median brown band in wing cell c

broader, with the hyaline spots consequently smaller, than in those from other

areas but some variation is evident. As noted in the key, the taxa A. bataca

Enderlein, A, normaliceps Enderlein and A. synopica Hering are regarded as

further synonyms of A. fuscipennis, which occurs from the extreme south of

Thailand to Java and Borneo.

A note on Phorelliosoma Hendel

Phorelliosoma Hendel, 1914 (= Staurellina Hering, 1941, syn. n.; =

Mimosophira Hardy, 1973; = Orienticaelum Ito, 1984, syn. n.) is an Oriental

genus of acanthonevrines that includes two species formerly placed in

Acanthonevra sens. lat. It is separated from the Acanthonevra complex by the

following combination of characters: arista pubescent, head with 2 pairs each

of frontal and orbital setae, scutum with no trace of a medial vitta, presutural

and anepimeral setae absent, 3 pairs of scutellar setae, wing relatively narrow

with the pattern Lenitovena-like (those species formerly placed in

Orienticaelum) or reduced to isolated patches, cell c entirely and cell cu,

almost entirely hyaline, vein Ry,; sparsely setose to about r-m crossvein, cell

c elongate and stigma about half to two-thirds its length.

Its generic relationships are uncertain, although the elongate and entirely

hyaline cell c, plus the 4 scutal vittae present in some species, suggest a

relationship with the Sophira complex. I can find no characters of generic

value to separate the above synonyms and consider them to be congeneric.

Mimosophira was placed as a synonym of Phorelliosoma by Wang (1998).

Chaetomerella varipes Chen, placed in Orienticaelum by Wang (1998),

shows many, but not all, of the above characters and is treated here as an

aberrant species of Lenitovena; it has swollen fore femora with a row of

ventral setae (Chen 1948), a typical Acanthonevra-complex scutal pattern

(including a dark medial vitta) and cell c is dark basally and apically and

about as long as the stigma. Six species of Phorelliosoma are recognised:

P. ambitiosum Hering, 1941 (NE India).

P. femoratum (Shiraki, 1933), comb. n. (Japan) [ex Orienticaelum].

P. hexachaeta Hendel, 1914 (= Mimosophira rubra Hardy, 1973) (Taiwan,

Vietnam) [type species]. Records from SW China and NE Burma refer to P.

hilaratum Hering.

Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3) 127

P. hilaratum Hering, 1941 (NE Burma, SW China (SE Xizang [Tibet])). This

species differs from P. hexachaeta in the absence of a pair of dark scutellar

spots and a slightly more reduced wing pattern.

P. parvisetalis (Hering, 1939), comb. n. (China) [ex Orienticaelum].

P. trypetopsis (Hering, 1941), comb. n. (NE Burma) [ex Staurellina].

Acknowledgements

I thank Nigel Wyatt (Natural History Museum, London) for access to

specimens in his care, Damir Kovac and Patrick Dohm (Forschungsinstitut

Senckenberg, Frankfurt am Main) for biological information, K.J. David

(National Research Centre for Citrus, Nagpur) for additional information on

Themara yunnana and Scott Ginn (Australian Museum, Sydney) for the

images of Acanthonevra fuscipennis. I also thank Zoë Simmons (Oxford

University Museum of Natural History), Marc De Meyer (Royal Museum for

Central Africa, Tervuren) and Federica Turco (Queensland Museum) for help

in obtaining literature and Susan Phillips and Christine Lambkin for the

habitus illustrations.

References

ALLWOOD, A.J., CHINAJARIYAWONG, A., DREW, R.A.I., HAMACEK, E.L., HANCOCK,

D.L., HENGSAWAD, C., JIPANIN, J.C., JIRASURAT, M., KONG KRONG, C.

KRITSANEEPAIBOON, S., LEONG, C.T.S. and VIJAYSEGARAN, S. 1999. Host plant

records for fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in South East Asia. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology

Supplement 7: 1-92.

BEZZI, M. 1913. Indian trypaneids (fruit-flies) in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Memoirs of the Indian Museum 3: 53-175, pls 8-10.

CHEN, S.H. 1948. Notes on Chinese Trypetinae. Sinensia 18: 69-123.

CHUA, T.H. 2000. New species and records of Trypetinae from Brunei Darussalam (Diptera:

Tephritidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 48(1): 143-146.

CHUA, T.H. 2002. New records of Trypetinae from Brunei Darussalam (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Malayan Nature Journal 56(1): 43-48.

DOHM, P., KOVAC, D., FREIDBERG, A. and HASHIM, R.B. 2008. Biology of the Oriental

bamboo-inhabiting fly Felderimyia gombakensis and observations on mating trophallaxis in

Felderimyia (Insecta, Diptera, Tephritidae, Phytalmiinae, Acanthonevrini). Senckenbergiana

Biologica 88(2): 311-318.

HANCOCK, D.L. and DREW, R.A.I. 1994. New species and records of Asian Trypetinae

(Diptera: Tephritidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 42(3): 555-591.

HANCOCK, D.L. and DREW, R.A.I. 1995a. Observations on the genus Acanthonevra Macquart

in Thailand and Malaysia (Diptera: Tephritidae: Trypetinae). Entomologist 114(2): 99-103.

HANCOCK, D.L. and DREW, R.A.I. 1995b. New genera, species and synonyms of Asian

Trypetinae (Diptera: Tephritidae). Malaysian Journal of Science 16A: 45-59.

HANCOCK, D.L. and DREW, R.A.I. 2003. New species and records of Phytalmiinae (Diptera:

Tephritidae) from Australia and the south Pacific. Australian Entomologist 30(2): 65-78.

HANCOCK, D.L. and DREW, R.A.I. 2004. Notes on the genus Euphranta Loew (Diptera:

Tephritidae), with description of four new species. Australian Entomologist 31(4): 151-168.

128 Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3)

HARDY, D.E. 1973. The fruit flies (Tephritidae—Diptera) of Thailand and bordering countries.

Pacific Insects Monograph 31: 1-353, pls 1-8.

HARDY, D.E. 1974. The fruit flies of the Philippines (Diptera: Tephritidae). Pacific Insects

Monograph 32: 1-266, pls 1-6.

HARDY, D.E. 1986. Fruit flies of the subtribe Acanthonevrina of Indonesia, New Guinea, and

the Bismarck and Solomon Islands (Diptera: Tephritidae: Trypetinae: Acanthonevrini). Pacific

Insects Monograph 42: 1-191.

HARDY, D.E. 1988. Fruit flies of the subtribe Gastrozonina of Indonesia, New Guinea and the

Bismarck and Solomon Islands (Diptera, Tephritidae, Trypetinae, Acanthonevrini). Zoologica

Scripta 17: 77-121.

HERING, [E].M. 1941a. Entomological results from the Swedish Expedition 1934 to Burma and

British India. Diptera: Tephritidae. Nachtrag. Archiv for zoologi 33B(11): 1-7.

HERING, E.M. 1941b. Neue Dacinae und Trypetinae des Zoologischen Museums der

Universitat Berlin. Siruna Seva 3: 1-25.

HERING, E.M. 1951. Neue Fruchtfliegen der Alten Welt. Siruna Seva 7: 1-16.

HERING, E.M. 1952. Fruchtfliegen (Trypetidae) von Indonesien (Dipt.). Treubia 21: 263-270.

KAPOOR, V.C. 1993. Indian fruit flies (Insecta: Diptera: Tephritidae). International Science

Publisher, New York; vii + 228 pp.

KORNEYEV, V.A. 1990. Fruit flies of the subfamilies Phytalmiinae, Acanthonevrinae and

Adraminae (Diptera, Tephritidae) of the far eastern USSR. Pp 116-124, in: Lelei, S.S. (ed.),

News of insect systematics of Soviet far east. Akademy Nauk SSSR, Dalnevostochnoe Otdelenie,

Vladivostok; 136 pp. [in Russian].

KORNEYEV, V.A. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships among higher groups of Tephritidae. Pp

73-113, in: Aluja, M. and Norrbom, A.L. (eds), Fruit flies (Tephritidae): phylogeny and

evolution of behavior. CRC Press, Boca Raton; xviii + 944 pp.

MACQUART, P.J.M. 1843. Diptéres exotiques nouveaux ou peu connus. (2(3)). Mémoires de la

Société Royale des Sciences, de l’Agriculture et des Arts de Lille 1842: 162-460, 36 pls.

NORRBOM, A.L., CARROLL, L.E., THOMPSON, F.C., WHITE, I.M. and FREIDBERG, A.

1999. Systematic database of names. Pp 65-251, in: Thompson, F.C. (ed.), Fruit fly expert

identification system and systematic information database. Myia 9: ix + 524 pp.

OSTEN SACKEN, C.R. 1881. Enumeration of the Diptera of the Malay Archipelago collected

by Prof. Odoardo Beccari, Mr L.M. D’Albertis and others. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia

Naturale di Genova (1880-1881) 16: 393-492.

PERKINS, F.A. 1938. Results of the Oxford University Expedition to Sarawak (Borneo), 1932.

Diptera, Trypaneidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (1 1) 2: 401-409, pl. xv.

PERMKAM, S. 2005. Bamboo-shoot fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) of southern Thailand.

Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology 27(2): 223-237.

van der WULP, F.M. 1899. Aanteekeningen betreffende Oost-Indische Diptera. Tijdschrift voor

Entomologie (Amsterdam) (1898) 41: 205-223, pl. 10.

WANG, X.-J. 1998. The fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) of the East Asia Region. Acta

Zootaxonomica Sinica 21(Supplement): viii + 338 pp + 268 figs + 41 pls.

YEN, D.F., TSENG, Y.H. and WU, S.S. 1979. Family Tephritidae of Taiwan. (2). The fruit flies

found associated with bamboo in Taiwan. Tainan Branch Office, Bureau of Commodity

Inspection and Quarantine, Ministry of Economic Affairs; 40 pp.

Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3): 129-144 129

NEW SPECIES OF THE GENERA MELISODERA WESTWOOD,

RHAEBOLESTES SLOANE AND MORIODEMA CASTELNAU FROM

AUSTRALIA (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE: PSYDRINI)

MARTIN BAEHR

Zoologische Staatssammlung, Mtinchhausenstrasse 21, D-81247 Munich, Germany

(E-mail: martin. baehr@zsm.mwn.de)

Abstract

Three Australian species of the psydrine genera Melisodera Westwood, Rhaebolestes Sloane and

Moriodema Castelnau are described as new: Melisodera gigas from northern New South Wales,

Rhaebolestes lamingtonensis from southeastern Queensland and Moriodema regalis from

southeastern New South Wales. Keys to the species of the three genera are provided.

Introduction

During sorting material of carabid beetles in the Australian National Insect

Collection, Canberra and those sent from the Queensland Museum, Brisbane,

three hitherto undescribed species of Psydrini: Melisoderina of the genera

Melisodera Westwood, Rhaebolestes Sloane and Moriodema Castelnau from

Australia were located and are described in the present paper.

The psydrine subtribe Melisoderina (see Moore 1963, Baehr 1999, 2003),

which Lorenz (1998, 2005) regarded as a separate tribe not to be included in

Psydrini, occurs in southeastern Australia. It presently includes the genera

Melisodera Westwood, 1835, Celanida Castelnau, 1867, Moriomorpha

Castelnau, 1867, Moriodema Castelnau, 1867 and Rhaebolestes Sloane, 1903

(Moore 1963). Most of these genera are so far monospecific, with only

Moriomorpha presently including two species. All melisoderine species are

medium to large, dark reddish to black beetles with a distinct apical sublateral

elytral ridge, an elongate metepisternum and metasternum and lack a double

row of adhesive setae on their male fore tarsi. Moore (1963) redefined the

genera of the Melisoderina and his key to the genera still applies. A separate

paper deals with the genus Moriomorpha (Baehr in press).

Materials and methods

Measurements were taken using a stereo microscope with an ocular

micrometer: body length from apex of labrum to apex of elytra; length of

orbit from the posterior margin of the eye to the “neck” angle; length of

pronotum along midline; width of apex of pronotum at the most advanced

part; length of elytra from the most advanced part of the humerus to the very

apex. For estimation of the relative length of the antenna the 6th antennomere

was measured; for its width measurement the depressed surface was chosen.

For dissection of the male genitalia the specimens were softened for a night

in a jar under moist atmosphere, then the genitalia were removed and cleaned

for a short while in hot KOH. The habitus photographs were taken with a

digital camera using ProgRes Capture Pro 2.6 and AutoMontage and then

worked with Corel Photo Paint 11.

130 Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3)

Label data for type specimens are given in full with exact wording, including

all ciphers, notes of determinators and curators and printed labels. A / with a

blank before and after it denotes a new label, two blanks mark a new line on

the same label. Holotypes of the new species are deposited in the Australian

National Insect Collection, Canberra (ANIC) and the Queensland Museum,

Brisbane (QM).

Abbreviations

Abbreviations used are: ACT — Australian Capital Territory; NSW — New

South Wales; QLD — Queensland; VIC — Victoria; ce. — central eastern; e. —

eastern; ne. — northeastern; s. — southern; se. — southeastern; > — larger or

longer than; <— smaller or shorter than.

Genus Melisodera Westwood

Melisodera Westwood, 1835: pl. 132. — Csiki 1929: 485; Moore 1963: 281; Moore et

al. 1989: 153; Lorenz 1998: 224; 2005: 245. Type species: Melisodera picipennis

Westwood, 1835, by monotypy.

Diagnosis. Large, elongate species with well developed metathoracic wings,

cordate, bisetose pronotum, short antennae, laterally well produced eyes,

squamose male protarsi, straight mesotibiae and dorsoventrally depressed

tarsi.

Comments. Until now only the type species was recorded. Csiki (1929) united

this genus with Moriomorpha Castelnau and Moriodema Castelnau, but this

decision has neglected the important character states that distinguish the three

genera, which were reinstated by Moore (1963). Lorenz (1998, 2005)

erroneously included Moriomorpha victoriae Castelnau in this genus. The

nominate species, M. picipennis Westwood, 1835, occurs from eastern

Victoria to southeastern New South Wales and the Australian Capital

Territory (Moore 1963, 1964).

Melisodera picipennis Westwood (Fig. 5)

Melisodera picipennis Westwood, 1835: pl. 132. — Csiki 1929: 485; Moore 1963: 281;

Moore et al. 1987: 153; Lorenz 1998: 224; 2005: 245.

Additional records. VICTORIA: 1 9, Mt. Macedon, H.W. Davey (ANIC); 1 ĝ, Lake

Mountain, 1450 m, 6.ii.1994, G.J. Krake (Coll. W. Lorenz, Tutzing). AUSTRALIAN

CAPITAL TERRITORY: 1 9, Mt Gingera, 6.ii.1964, B.P. Moore (ANIC).

Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from M. gigas sp. n. by its much smaller size

and narrower, much less cordate prothorax. See below for measurements.

Comments. Occurs from eastern Victoria to southeastern New South Wales

and the Australian Capital Territory (Moore 1963, 1964). Moore (1964)

described its larvae, collected with teneral adults, found apparently feeding

on stag beetle larvae inside a log in alpine woodland at high altitude.

Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3) 131

Melisodera gigas sp. n. (Figs 1, 6, 11)

Type. Holotype 9, NEW SOUTH WALES: ‘F.W. / N.S.W. Ebor 13.1.1963 J.

Balderson’ (In ANIC).

Diagnosis. Easily distinguished from M. picipennis Westwood by its much

larger size and its very wide, markedly cordate prothorax.

Description. Measurements. Length: 17.4 mm; width: 5.7 mm. Ratios.

Length eye/orbit: 4.5; length/width of 6th antennomere: 0.95; width/length of

pronotum: 1.43; width of apex/width of base of pronotum: 1.04; widest

diameter/width of base of pronotum: 1.39; length/width of elytra: 1.82.

Colour (Fig. 11). Head and pronotum black, elytra dark brown; palpi, femora

and apices of protibiae reddish-piceous; antennae, tibiae and tarsi black.

Undersurface black but abdomen dark piceous.

Head (Fig. 11). Head of average size but much narrower than the pronotum.

Eye relatively small but laterally markedly projecting. Orbit short, very

convex, forming an almost right angle with the neck. Clypeal suture distinct;

clypeus anteriorly slightly concave; labrum anteriorly moderately concave.

Mandibles short, inner surface parallel-sided, towards apex markedly

incurved. Scrobe in basal part deep; seta in scrobe elongate. Mentum

bisetose, with short, obtuse tooth. Submentum bisetose and with two deep

pits between setae; setae elongate. Glossa elongate, with two elongate setae;

paraglossae hyaline, narrow, far surpassing the glossa. Lacinia with two

rather dense rows of setae. Both palpi rather compact, impilose, with obtuse

apex. Antennae very short; median antennomeres wider than long, 1st-3rd

antennomeres glabrous, from 5th antennomere lateral surfaces with dense

setosity and glandular areas. Frons raised laterally and in middle; frontal sulci

deep, irregularly triangular, curved laterad in posterior part. Inner margin of

eye with a deep sulcus which encircles the eye posteriad and on the upper

surface behind frons is joined by a shallow, transverse but slightly convex

sulcus. Posterior supraorbital seta inserted in front of posterior margin of eye.

Surface extremely finely, sparsely punctate, lacking microreticulation, very

glossy; punctures only visible at very high magnification. Only labrum with

very fine, superficial, isodiametric microreticulation.

Pronotum (Fig. 6). Cordiform, short and very wide; base about as wide as

apex, widest diameter at apical third. Apex straight in middle; apical angles

very slightly produced but widely rounded. Lateral margins very convex,

sinuate just in front of base. Basal angles rectangular, slightly produced

laterad; base straight in middle, slightly oblique laterally. Dorsal surface very

convex. Apex in middle not margined, lateral border narrowly margined,

margin slightly upturned; lateral sulcus narrow and rather shallow, not

widened towards base; base distinctly margined. Median line distinct, slightly

impressed and very finely crenulate, almost reaching apex, deepened towards

base. Anterior transverse sulcus barely indicated; posterior sulcus distinct.

132 Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3)

Basal grooves rather deep, wide, laterally with a linear impression. Anterior

marginal seta situated at widest diameter at apical third; posterior marginal

seta situated at basal angle. Surface with some very shallow transverse

impressions; with extremely fine punctures which are perceptible only at very

high magnification; without microreticulation; very glossy.

Elytra (Fig. 11). Elongate, largely parallel-sided, dorsally very convex.

Humeral angle rounded with tiny denticle. Lateral margin in basal third very

slightly concave, then straight; apical part evenly rounded to suture.

Scutellary stria elongate, situated on Ist interval, consisting of about 8 deep

punctures. Basal margin remarkably crenulate. Six median striae complete,

deeply impressed and very coarsely punctate, only near apex impunctate; 7th

stria barely visible. Six median intervals gently convex. Subapical carina

distinct. Scutellary pore and seta absent. 3rd interval with two setiferous

punctures behind middle, both adjacent to 3rd stria. Marginal series

consisting of 15-16 punctures and setae, rather interrupted in middle;

punctures small, setae of very variable length. At apex with an elongate seta

situated near end of 3rd stria. Intervals impunctate and glabrous, with

extremely fine and highly superficial microreticulation that consists of very

dense, irregularly isodiametric to slightly transverse meshes, only visible at

very high magnification.

Lower surface. Impunctate and impilose, with extremely fine and highly

superficial microreticulation which is only visible at very high magnification.

Metepisternum narrow and elongate, about 2.5 x as long as wide at apex.

Terminal abdominal sternum in female polysetose, with 4 setae on the one

and 3 setae on the other side.

Legs. Rather short and compact. All tibiae straight. Protibiae sulcate at

anterior surface, on lateral surface with 5-6 serrations and short ensiform

setae, the apex produced laterad. Lateral part of apex of mesotibiae strongly

produced laterad, lower and anterior surfaces with dense fringe of setae,

dorsal surface slightly serrulate. Tarsi short, slightly depressed; 5th tarso-

meres with 2 pairs of setae at lower surface. Tarsal claws elongate, glabrous.

Male genitalia. Unknown.

Female genitalia (Fig. 1). Gonocoxite 1 elongate, with three elongate setae at

ventro-lateral rim. Gonocoxite 2 narrow and elongate, almost straight, only

towards apex slightly curved, with three elongate ensiform setae at the

medio-lateral margin close to base, two slightly shorter ensiform setae at

about middle of the dorso-median margin and two fairly elongate nematiform

setae arising from a circular pit close to apex.

Variation. Unknown.

Etymology. The Greek word ‘gigas’ means ‘enormous’ and refers to the very

large size of the species as compared with its congener.

Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3) 133

Figs 1-4. (1) Melisodera gigas sp. n. Female gonocoxites 1 and 2. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

(2-4) Male genitalia: aedeagus, left side and lower surface, left and right parameres,

genital ring. Scale bars: 0.5 mm. (2) Rhaebolestes lamingtonensis sp. n.; (3)

Moriodema mcoyei Castelnau; (4) M. regalis sp. n.

134 Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3)

Figs 5-10. (5-8) Pronotum. (5) Melisodera Picipennis Westwood; (6) M. gigas sp. n.;

(7) Rhaebolestes walkeri Sloane, holotype; (8) R. lamingtonensis sp. n. (9-10) Head

and pronotum. (9) Moriodema mcoyei Castelnau; (10) M. regalis sp. n.

Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3) 135

Figs 11-13. Habitus. (11) Melisodera gigas sp. n.; (12) Rhaebolestes lamingtonensis

sp. n.; (13) Moriodema regalis sp. n. Body lengths: 17.4 mm; 15.2 mm; 8.8 mm.

Distribution. New England Tableland, northeastern New South Wales.

Collecting circumstances. Not recorded.

Comment. This specimen was mentioned previously by Moore (1963) as a

probable new species.

Measurements and ratios of the species of Melisodera

N = number of specimens measured; body length in mm; | eye/orbit = ratio length of

eye/length of orbit; I/w 6th ant = ratio length/width of 6th antennomere; w/l pron =

ratio width/length of pronotum; apex/base pron = ratio width of apex/width of base of

pronotum; dia/base pron = ratio widest diameter/width of base of pronotum; I/w elytra

= ratio length/width of elytra.

Species N Body leye/ Iw wil Apex/ Dia/base I/w

length orbit 6™ant pron base pron pron elytra

M. picipennis 3 11.2- 3.7- 1.0 1.25- 0.96- 1.21- 1.75-

11.5 3.8 1.30 0.98 1.23 1.80

M. gigas 1 17.4 4.5 0.95 1.43 1.04 1.39 1.82

Key to the species of the genus Melisodera Westwood

1 Body size larger, length >17 mm; eye laterally more produced; pronotum

relatively wider, with narrower base, strongly cordiform, ratio width/

length > 1.40 (Fig. 6). New England Tableland, ne. NSW ..... gigas sp. n.

136 Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3)

— Body size smaller, length <12 mm; eye laterally slightly less produced;

pronotum relatively narrower, with wider base, less cordiform, ratio

width/length < 1.30 (Fig. 5). e. Vic, ACT, se. NSW ...........c0cceceeeeee eee

BECO aA AE L EE UE RIO LIDGE picipennis Westwood, 1835

Genus Rhaebolestes Sloane

Rhaebolestes Sloane, 1903: 589. — Csiki 1929: 486; Moore 1963: 280; Moore et al.

1987: 153; Lorenz 1998: 224; 2005: 245. Type species: Rhaebolestes walkeri

Sloane, 1903, by monotypy.

Diagnosis. Large, narrow and elongate species characterized by presence of

the metathoracic wings, elongate antennae, moderately protruded eyes,

squamose male protarsi, markedly curved mesotibiae and tarsi weakly

laterally compressed.

Rhaebolestes walkeri Sloane (Fig. 7)

Rhaebolestes walkeri Sloane, 1903: 589. — Csiki 1929: 486; Moore 1963: 280; Moore

et al. 1987: 153; Lorenz 1998: 224; 2005: 245.

Type. Holotype 3, ‘Ourimbah Sydney district N.S.W. J.J.W. 14/4/1900 / Rhabolestes

walkeri S1. / HOLOTYPE Rhabolestes walkeri S1. PJD’ (In ANIC).

Diagnosis. Very similar to R. lamingtonensis sp. n.; distinguished by less

cordiform pronotum having a wider base and its apex slightly sinuate and the

basal margin of the elytra slightly oblique. See below for measurements.

Comments. The type locality is about 60 km north of Sydney. Unfortunately

the unique male holotype lacks genitalia so comparison with the genitalia of

R. lamingtonensis is not possible.

Rhaebolestes lamingtonensis sp. n. (Figs 2, 8, 12)

Type. Holotype 3, QUEENSLAND: ‘Binna Burra Lamington NP, Qld. 3 Feb 1963

G. Monteith QM Reg No. T89290’ (In QM: Type Reg. No. QMT 82920).

Diagnosis. Very similar to R. walkeri Sloane, distinguished by a more

cordiform pronotum having a narrower base and with its apex not sinuate and

the basal margin of the elytra almost straight.

Description. Measurements. Length: 15.2 mm; width: 5.0 mm. Ratios.

Length eye/orbit: 1.0; length/width of 6th antennomere: 1.85; width/length of

pronotum: 1.10; width apex/base of pronotum: 1.33; widest diameter/width of

base of pronotum: 1.51; length/width of elytra: 1.78.

- Colour (Fig. 12). Upper and lower surfaces uniformly reddish, only apex of

mandibles and apical antennomeres very slightly darker.

Head (Fig. 12). Comparatively narrow and elongate. Eye relatively small,

about as long as the orbit, laterally moderately projecting. Orbit oblique and

slightly convex, forming a weak angle with the neck. Clypeal suture distinct;

Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3) 137

labrum gently concave anteriorly. Mandibles very elongate, with elongate

mandibular seta in the scrobe. Mentum bisetose, with tooth wide and shallow,

obtuse at apex. Gula quadrisetose; setae very long. Glossa elongate, with two

very long setae; paraglossae hyaline, narrow, far surpassing the glossa.

Lacinia with a few obtuse teeth and sparse setae. Both palpi narrow and

elongate, impilose, obtuse at apex. Antennae comparatively elongate,

surpassing base of pronotum by about one antennomere; 1st-3rd

antennomeres glabrous, central antennomeres almost twice as long as wide,

densely pilose on the narrow surfaces. Frons slightly convex; frontal sulci

shallow, bisinuate; middle of frons with a few shallow, linear impressions.

Neck sulcus not impressed. Posterior supraorbital seta inserted narrowly in

front of the posterior margin of the eye. Surface impunctate, almost lacking

microreticulation; very glossy. Only laterally extremely fine traces of highly

superficial, transverse microreticulation are visible at very high

magnification.

Pronotum (Fig. 8). Cordiform, rather narrow, base much narrower than apex,

widest behind basal third. Apex in middle excised though straight, apical

angles well produced, obtusely rounded at tip. Lateral margins evenly

convex, a short distance in front of base excised and there almost straight.

Basal angles rectangular, base straight, laterally very slightly oblique. Dorsal

surface rather depressed. Apex not margined, lateral border narrowly

margined, margin slightly upturned, lateral sulcus narrow and slightly

impressed, base distinctly margined. Median line very shallow, not reaching

apex or base. Anterior transverse sulcus barely perceptible; posterior

transverse sulcus quite deep. Basal grooves deep, rather linear. Anterior

marginal seta situated at widest point behind apical third, posterior marginal

seta situated at basal angle. Surface impunctate, with several very fine

transverse strioles and with occasional traces of very superficial and

extremely fine, transverse microreticulation visible only at very high

magnification; surface very glossy.

Elytra (Fig. 12). Elongate, slightly widened towards apical third, dorsally

convex though disk depressed. Humeral angle almost evenly rounded. Lateral

margin in basal third very slightly concave, then gently convex; apical part

evenly rounded to suture. Scutellary stria elongate. All striae present and

complete, moderately impressed, barely punctate. Intervals gently convex.

Subapical carina weakly developed and rather short. Scutellary pore and seta

situated at base of 2nd stria. 3rd interval with three setiferous punctures, all

adjacent to 3rd stria. Marginal series consisting of 17 punctures and setae,

rather interrupted in middle; punctures small; setae of very different length.

At apex with an elongate seta situated near end of Sth stria and with a smaller

one medially of it. Intervals impunctate, with extremely fine and very

superficial microreticulation that consists of very dense, transverse lines,

visible only at high magnification.

138 Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3)

Lower surface. Impunctate and impilose, with extremely fine and very

superficial microreticulation of very dense transverse lines. Metepisternum

narrow and elongate, about 2.5 x as long as wide at apex. Terminal

abdominal sternum quadrisetose in male.

Legs. Comparatively very slender and elongate, particularly the tibiae.

Profemur with a strongly protruded tooth on anterior surface proximal of

middle. Protibia very slightly curved; three basal tarsomeres of male

protarsus asymmetric, bearing a sparse vestiture of adhesive hairs. Mesotibia

markedly curved, inner surface with dense fringe of setae, outer surface

slightly serrulate. Tarsi narrow and elongate, meso- and metatarsi weakly

compressed laterally, protarsi less distinctly compressed; 5th tarsomeres

glabrous at lower surface. Tarsal claws extremely slender and elongate,

glabrous.

Male genitalia (Fig. 2). Genital ring wide, oval-shaped, asymmetric, with

wide, oblique base and narrowly rounded apex. Aedeagus rather compact,

asymmetric, apex obtusely rounded, slightly curved down and directed to the

right side. Orifice very elongate, situated on the upper surface. Folding of

internal sac simple, with two elongate, weakly sclerotized folds in middle.

Both parameres large and elongate, asetose, the left larger than the right.

Female genitalia. Unknown.

Variation. Unknown.

Etymology. The name refers to the type locality of this species, Lamington

National Park.

Distribution. Lamington Nat. Pk, southeastern Queensland. Known only from

the type locality.

Collecting circumstances. Not recorded.

Measurements and ratios of the species of Rhaebolestes

For abbreviations see under Melisodera.

Species N Body leye/ Vw w/l Apex/ Dia/base I/w

length orbit 6" ant pron base pron pron elytra

R. walkeri 1 15.7 1.0 1.95 1.08 1.15 1.35 1.75

R. lamingtonensis 1 15.2 1.0 1.90 1.10 1.33 1.51 1.78

Key to the species of the genus Rhaebolestes Sloane

-1 Base of pronotum wider, ratio widest diameter/base 1.35 (Fig. 7); base of

elytra distinctly oblique, basal angle slightly angulate; apex of elytra

distinctly sinuate, lateral margin not excised at basal third. ce. NSW

(slightly north of Sydney) ey scree ee eer walkeri Sloane, 1903

Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3) 139

— Base of pronotum narrower, ratio widest diameter/base 1.50 (Fig. 8); base

of elytra almost transverse, basal angle barely angulate; apex of elytra not

sinuate, lateral margin perceptibly excised at basal third. se. QLD

(Lamington National ET Aoo: lamingtonensis sp. n.

Genus Moriodema Castelnau

Moriodema Castelnau 1867: 38. — Castelnau 1868: 124; Sloane 1903: 587; Csiki

1929: 485; Moore 1963: 281; Moore et al. 1987: 154; Lorenz 1998: 224; 2005:

245. Type species: Moriodema mcoyei Castelnau, 1867 (= Moriodema

paramattensis Castelnau, 1867), by subsequent designation by Moore (1963).

Comments. Medium sized species, characterized by rather wide and

depressed body shape, presence of the metathoracic wings, short antenna,

laterally moderately projected eyes, squamose male protarsi, almost straight

mesotibiae and dorsoventrally depressed tarsi.

Moriodema mcoyei Castelnau (Figs 3, 9)

Moriodema mcoyei Castelnau 1867: 39. — Castelnau 1868: 125; Csiki 1929: 485;

Moore 1963: 281; Moore et al. 1987: 154; Lorenz 1998: 224; 2005: 245.

Moriodema paramattensis Castelnau 1867: 39. — Sloane 1903: 587.

Additional record. QUEENSLAND: 1 9, Binna Burra, Lamington Nat. Pk., 25.iii.-

4.iv.1985, J. & N. Lawrence (ANIC). Lectotype and some specimens from eastern

Victoria and southeastern New South Wales also examined.

Diagnosis. Distinguished from M. regalis sp. n. by wider pronotum, wider

and shorter elytra, larger and more produced eyes, slightly less curved

aedeagus which has a slightly wider apex and much more triangular genital

ring.

Partial redescription. Measurements. Length: 8.7-9.9 mm; width: 3.25-3.6

mm. Ratios. Length eye/orbit: 2.9-3.0; length/width of 6th antennomere: 1.0;

width/length of pronotum: 1.31-1.36; width of apex/width of base of

pronotum: 0.82-0.84; widest diameter/width of base of pronotum: 1.22-1.25;

length/width of elytra: 1.66-1.69. For shape of head and pronotum see fig. 9.

Male genitalia (Fig. 3). Genital ring large, asymmentrically triangular but

laterally slightly convex, with oblique apex shortly rounded at the tip.

Aedeagus narrow, laterally compressed, widened in middle, evenly narrowed

towards apex; lower surface in apical half straight, with a distinct ridge in

basal half. Apex short and fairly wide, widely rounded at tip. Orificium rather

short, situated on upper right side. Internal sac with several elongate,

moderately sclerotized folds. Both parameres comparatively short and stout,

with rather short apices. The very apex of both parameres with two or three

extremely short setae which are visible only at very high magnification.

Distribution. According to Moore et al. (1987) this species was recorded

from eastern Victoria, southeastern New South Wales and the Australian

140 Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3)

Capital Territory. The new records extend the range to include southeastern

Queensland.

Collecting circumstances. Mostly unrecorded, but the specimen from

Lamington NP was ‘collected at light’.

Comments. Moriodema paramattensis Castelnau was synonymized with M.

mcoyei Castelnau by Sloane (1903). I examined the lectotype of M. mcoyei

from the Genoa Museum.

Moriodema regalis sp. n. (Figs 4, 10, 13)

Type. Holotype 3, NEW SOUTH WALES: ‘N.S.W: 34.152°Sx151.019°E Fosters

Flat, Royal NP, 18Apr2011 GMonteith Barkspray, RF along creek., 90m 18873’ (In

QM: Type Reg. No. QMT 156032).

Diagnosis. Distinguished from M. mcoyei Castelnau, 1867 by its narrower

pronotum, narrower and longer elytra, smaller and less produced eyes,

slightly more curved aedeagus which has a slightly narrower apex and genital

ring almost quadrangular.

Redescription. Measurements. Length: 8.8 mm; width: 3.2 mm. Ratios.

Length eye/orbit: 2.5; length/width of 6th antennomere: 1.0; width/length of

pronotum: 1.26; width of apex/width of base of pronotum: 0.82; widest

diameter/width of base of pronotum: 1.20; length/width of elytra: 1.74.

Colour (Fig. 13). Upper and lower surfaces, including the mouth parts,

uniformly chestnut brown, only the anterior part of the head and the

mandibles slightly darker. Apex of palpi lighter. Antennae blackish, but basal

antennomere dark reddish. Femora reddish; tibiae and tarsi rather

contrastingly dark piceous to almost black.

Head (Fig. 10). Head of average size. Eye relatively large, laterally rather

projecting. Orbit oblique and slightly convex, forming a weak angle with the

neck. Clypeal suture distinct; clypeus anteriorly very slightly concave;

labrum anteriorly moderately concave. Mandibles comparatively short, inner

surface in basal half parallel-sided, towards apex markedly incurved. Mentum

bisetose, with feeble tooth. Submentum bisetose, setae elongate. Glossa

elongate, with two elongate setae; paraglossae hyaline, narrow, far surpassing

the glossa. Lacinia with two moderately dense rows of setae. Both palpi

narrow and elongate, impilose, obtuse at apex. Antennae very short, median

antennomeres about as long as wide; 1st-3rd antennomeres glabrous, other

antennomeres densely pilose; from 5th antennomere lateral surfaces with

even denser pilosity and glandular fields. Frons and clypeus very slightly

convex in middle; clypeal suture deep; frontal sulci moderately deep, oblique,

slightly curved laterad. Inner margin of eye with a narrow sulcus. Neck

sulcus barely impressed. Posterior supraorbital seta inserted just at posterior

margin of eye. Surface glossy, with very fine, extremely superficial

Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3) 141

microreticulation, only visible at very high magnification. Only labrum with

fine, isodiametric microreticulation.

Pronotum (Fig. 10). Barely cordiform, rather wide, base wider than apex,

widest point slightly behind apical third. Apex with shallow excision, apical

angles slightly produced, widely rounded. Lateral margins at anterior two

thirds evenly convex, then almost straight, near base very slightly sinuate.

Basal angles almost right, barely produced laterad, base in middle straight,

laterally slightly oblique. Dorsal surface rather depressed. Apex not

margined, lateral border rather narrowly margined, margin slightly upturned;

lateral sulcus narrow and rather shallow, slightly widened towards base; base

distinctly margined. Median line shallow, not reaching apex or base. Anterior

transverse sulcus barely perceptible; posterior sulcus distinct though shallow.

Basal grooves deep and wide, at bottom with two inconspicuous, short,

straight impressions. Anterior marginal seta situated slightly behind apical

third, slightly removed from margin; posterior marginal seta situated slightly

in front of basal angle. Surface almost devoid of transverse impressions, with

extremely fine, sparse punctures and here and there with traces of highly

superficial, fine microreticulation consisting of transverse lines. Both

punctures and microreticulation perceptible only at very high magnification;

surface very glossy.

Elytra (Fig. 13). Rather elongate, parallel-sided, dorsally convex though disk

depressed. Humeral angle obtusely angulate. Lateral margin straight, apical

curvature very slightly sinuate. Scutellary stria elongate, in 1st interval. Six

median striae complete and impressed throughout, distinctly punctate-

crenulate; 7th stria in anterior half not impresed, finely punctate throughout.

Six median intervals very gently convex, lateral intervals depressed.

Subapical carina distinct. Scutellary pore and seta situated at base of Ist stria.

3rd interval with a single setiferous puncture slightly in front of apical third,

adjacent to 3rd stria. Marginal series consisting of 13-14 punctures and setae,

widely interrupted in middle; punctures small, setae of very different length.

At apex with an elongate seta situated inside of the subapical carina, and with

a smaller one at end of 2nd stria. Intervals not perceptibly punctate, with

traces of extremely fine and highly superficial microreticulation that consists

of transverse lines, only visible at very high magnification.

Lower surface. Impunctate and impilose, with extremely fine and very

superficial microreticulation only visible at very high magnification.

Metepisternum narrow and elongate, slightly > 2 x as long as wide at apex.

Terminal abdominal sternum in male quadrisetose.

Legs. Moderately slender and elongate. Profemur unarmed on lower surface.

Protibia slightly curved, sulcate at anterior surface. Mesotibia almost straight.

Tarsi narrow and comparatively short, dorso-ventrally depressed; 5th

tarsomeres with one pair of setae at lower surface. Tarsal claws elongate,

glabrous.

142 Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3)

Male genitalia (Fig. 4). Genital ring large, irregularly quadrate, laterally

slightly convex, with wide, almost transverse apex. Aedeagus rather narrow,

laterally compressed, markedly widened in middle, convexly narrowed

towards apex; lower surface concave throughout, with a distinct ridge in

basal half. Apex short and narrow, shortly triangular at tip. Orifice rather

short, situated on upper right side. Internal sac with several elongate,

moderately sclerotized folds. Both parameres comparatively short and stout,

with rather short apices. The very apex of both parameres with two or three

extremely short setae visible only under very high magnification.

Female genitalia. Unknown.

Variation. Unknown.

Etymology. The Latin word ‘regalis’ means ‘belonging to the king’ and refers

to the type locality of the species, Royal National Park.

Distribution. Royal National Park immediately south of Sydney, southeastern

New South Wales. Known only from the type locality.

Collecting circumstances. The holotype was collected by pyrethrin fogging

of the broken, partly decayed trunk of a newly-fallen eucalypt tree at the

interface of rainforest and eucalypt forest. The parts of the tree sprayed were

1-2 metres above the ground. The break exposed internal cavities in the log

and the specimen might have come from these. Several Phoracantha

longicorn beetles came from the same situation, indicating that there might

have been larval prey available for the carabid.

Measurements and ratios of the species of Moriodema

For abbreviations see under Melisodera.

Species N Body | eye/ Iw w/l Apex/ Dia/base 1/w

length orbit 6*ant pron base pron pron elytra

M. mcoyei 7 8.7- 2.9- 1.0 1.31- 0.82- 1.22- 1.66-

9.9 3.0 1.36 0.84 1.25 1.69

M. regalis 1 8.8 12.5 1.0 1.26 0.82 1.20 1.74

Key to the species of the genus Moriodema Castelnau

1 Prothorax wider, ratio width/length > 1.30; elytra shorter and wider, ratio

length/width < 1.70; eye larger and laterally more produced, orbit shorter

and more oblique (Fig. 9); aedeagus slightly less concave on the ventral

surface, with wider apex, genital ring triangular (Fig. 3). e. VIC, e. NSW,

AGDISe OLED Fee eee ene ORS mcoyei Castelnau, 1867

— Prothorax narrower, ratio width/length 1.26; elytra longer and narrower,

ratio length/width 1.74; eye smaller and laterally less produced, orbit

longer and less oblique (Fig. 10); aedeagus slightly more concave on the

ventral surface, with narrower apex, genital ring almost quadrangular

(Fig. 4). Royal National Park, se. NSW ......cccccccceeeeeeeeees regalis sp. n.

Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3) 143

Discussion

The psydrine subtribe Melisoderina was previously known only from the

southeastern mainland of Australia, north to Armidale (30°30’S) in northern

New South Wales (Moore et al 1987). The records in the present paper of

Rhaebolestes lamingtonensis and Moriodema mcoyei. from Lamington

National Park confirm the occurrence of the subtribe another 270 km further

north, into the southern corner of Queensland at 28°03’S. Elsewhere (Baehr

in press), I record the genus Moriomorpha another 1200 km further north into

the tropics of Queensland at about 19°00’S. Specimens of all genera are rare

or very rare in collections.

The hitherto monospecific genera Melisodera and Rhaebolestes now exhibit

similar distribution patterns, each with one southern and one northern species

separated by a quite wide distributional gap, at least at present knowledge.

However, the present paper shows that our knowledge of diversity and

distribution of melisoderine species is quite fragmentary; some of the

additional species are from areas quite outside the putative ranges of the

respective genera but all these new species are known from single specimens.

This suggests that these melisoderines are either actually rare in nature or

they have secretive habitats which render their collection difficult. But it also

shows that we have far from an exhaustive knowledge of their species

diversity and distribution and that more species may be detected and the

ranges of the known species may be extended in future.

Very little is known about ecology and ethology of any melisoderine species.

Published information and communications from Geoff Monteith (Brisbane)

suggests that some species live inside hollow logs and dead trees, where they

probably feed on larvae of various wood-inhabiting beetles (Moore 1964,

Monteith in litt., Sloane 1903, Baehr in press). In the southern part of the

subtribe’s range, most species have been collected in sclerophyll forest rather

than in rainforest. But in the subtropics and tropics, the few records are from

subtropical and tropical montane rainforest.

The record of Moriodema mcoyei at light demonstrates that this species flies

deliberately and this could explain its wide range, which extends from

southern Victoria along the whole southeast coast of Australia to southeastern

Queensland.

The mode of life mentioned probably accounts for the rarity of specimens in

collections and the apparent rarity of most species is a good reason for

intensified collecting and study of habits and life histories of the

melisoderines. However, even more important, in my view, is that the non-

arboricolous Psydrini are critical for phylogenetic studies, because this tribe

holds a position at a crucial node in the phylogenetic tree of the Carabidae

and probably gave rise to most of the more evolved carabid groups. So

further exploration, which primarily means sampling, of this most interesting

group of carabid beetles is an important task.

144 Australian Entomologist, 2011, 38 (3)

Acknowledgements

I am much indebted to C. Lemann and T. Weir, Australian National Insect

Collection, Canberra, for the loan of specimens and types and for their kind

assistance during my recent visit at that institution, to G. Monteith,

Queensland Museum, Brisbane, for the loan of the specimens of Moriodema

regalis and Rhaebolestes lamingtonensis and for linguistic revision of this

paper, and to R. Poggi, Genoa, for the loan of types from the Castelnau

Collection. To the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) I am indebted

for supporting the visit to ANIC by the grant No. BA 856/11-1.

References

BAERR, M. 1999. A preliminary survey of the classification of the Psydrinae (Coleoptera:

Carabidae). In: Ball, G.E., Casale, A. and Vigna Taglianti, A. (eds), Phylogeny and classification

of Caraboidea. Museo regionale di Scienze naturale di Torino 1998: 359-368.

BAEHR, M. 2003. Psydrine ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Psydrinae) excluding

Amblytelini, of eastern Queensland rainforests. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 49: 65-109.

BAEHR, M. 2005. The Amblytelini. A tribe of corticolous ground beetles from Australia.

Taxonomy, phylogeny, biogeography (Insecta, Coleoptera, Carabidae, Psydrinae). Coleoptera 8:

1-286.

BAERR, M. in press. New species and new records of the genus Moriomorpha Castelnau from

Australia (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Psydrini: Melisoderina). Spixiana.

CASTELNAU, F.L. de. 1867. Notes on Australian Coleoptera. Royal Society of Victoria; 139

pp.

CASTELNAU, F.L. de. 1868. Notes on Australian Coleoptera. Transactions of the Royal Society

of Victoria 8: 95-225.

CSIKI, E. 1929. Coleopterorum Catalogus. Carabidae: Harpalinae III. 1(104): 347-528. De

Gruyter, Berlin.

LORENZ, W. 1998. Systematic list of extant ground beetles of the World (Insecta Coleoptera

"Geadephaga": Trachypachidae and Carabidae incl. Paussinae, Cicindelinae. Rhysodidae).

Tutzing; printed by the author; 502 pp.

LORENZ, W. 2005. Systematic list of extant ground beetles of the World (Insecta Coleoptera

"Geadephaga": Trachypachidae and Carabidae incl. Paussinae, Cicindelinae. Rhysodidae). 2nd

ed. Tutzing; printed by the author; 530 pp.

MOORE, B.P. 1963. Studies on Australian Carabidae (Coleoptera) 3. - The Psydrinae.

Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 115: 277-290.

MOORE, B.P. 1964. Australian larval Carabidae of the subfamilies Broscinae, Psydrinae and

Pseudomorphinae (Coleoptera). Pacific Insects 6: 242-246.

MOORE, B.P., WEIR, T.A. and PYKE, J.E. 1987. Rhysodidae and Carabidae. In: Zoological

Catalogue of Australia 4: 17-320. Australian Government Publication Service, Canberra.

SLOANE, T.G. 1903. Studies in Australian Entomology. No XII. New Carabidae (Panagaeini,

Bembidiini, Pogonini, Platysmatini, Platynini, Lebiini, with revisional lists of genera and speecis

[sic], some notes on synonymy, etc.). Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales

28: 566-642.

WESTWOOD, J.O. 1835. De genere Ozaena et affinitatibus suis. Magazine of Zoology 5: No.

132.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTICES

Items for insertion should be sent to the editor who reserves the right to

alter, reject or charge for notices.

NOTES FOR AUTHORS

Manuscripts submitted for publication can be submitted as either hardcopies

or electronically. Three copies (double spaced text and illustrations) of

hardcopy manuscripts should be submitted. Manuscripts submitted in digital

format should be sent in Microsoft Word. Digital illustrations should be sent

initially as low resolution images in a separate Word file, as low resolution

JPEGs, or as low resolution PDF files, with figure numbers indicated clearly

for each figure. High resolution TIFFS or JPEGS (300 dpi at print size) must

be provided at the time of acceptance of the manuscript. Digital manuscripts

may be sent via email to federica.turco@qm.qld.gov.au Hardcopy

manuscripts and digital manuscripts on disc should be sent to:

The Editorial Co-ordinator

The Australian Entomologist

P.O. Box 537,

Indooroopilly, Qld, 4068

Authors should refer to recent issues for layout and style. All papers will be

forwarded to two referees and the editor reserves the right to reject any

paper considered unsuitable.

It is editorial policy that usage of taxonomic nomenclature will comply with

the mandatory provisions of the International Code of Zoological

Nomenclature.

Papers longer than twenty printed pages will not normally be accepted.

Publication costs are $25 per page. This covers unlimited use of colour

which is encouraged. These costs include the supply of a pdf copy of the

paper and 10 hardcopy reprints to the senior author. Papers occupying one

printed page or less may be accepted without charge if no reprints are

required. Reprints may be supplied for one page papers at the normal cost,

by arrangement. Page charges may be reduced at the discretion of the

Publications Committee. An application for reduction must be made, with

reasons, at the time of acceptance of the manuscript.

Further information for authors is given on the ESQ website at

http://www.esq.org.au/Authors%20guide%201.html

Printed by ABC Printing, 31 Depot Street, Banyo, 4014

THE AUSTRALIAN

Entomologist

Volume 38, Part 3, 5 September 2011

CONTENTS

BAEHR, M.

New species of the genera Melisodera Westwood, Rhaebolestes

Sloane and Moriodema Castelnau from Australia

(Coleoptera: Carabidae: Psydrini)

HANCOCK, D. L.

An annotated key to the species of Acanthonevra Macquart

and allied genera (Diptera: Tephritidae: Acanthonevrini). ;

ORR, A.G. and FLIEDNER, H.

Notes on the correct spelling of species-group names of

Australian butterflies (Lepidoptera).

WEIR, R.P., MEYER, C.E. and BROWN, S.S.

Notes on the biology of Ogyris zosine (Hewitson, 1853)

(Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Theclinae), including the first

record of the purple female form from the Northern Territory.

ISSN 1320 6133