THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

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Cover: A male of Megacmonotus magnus (McLachlan 1871), one of the largest of

the Australian members of the lacewing family Ascalaphidae. Ascalaphids are

sometimes known as “owl flies” and many are partly daytime active. This species

has a wing length of up to 45 mm and is very widespread in Australia, being

recorded from all mainland states except Victoria and South Australia. The strange

process jutting up from the base of the abdomen is found in many male ascalaphids

and is of unknown function.

The illustration is reproduced by permission from CSIRO’s Insects of Australia and

is by the late Mary Quick, one of the many talented artists who worked in the 1960s

on the hundreds of new insect illustrations for the first edition of this classic work.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1): 1-4 l

FOUR PHLAEOTHRIPIDAE (THYSANOPTERA), FALSELY `

RECORDED AS AUSTRALIAN

LAURENCE A. MØUND

CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, PO Box 1700, C huker de T 2601

(Email: laurence. mound @esiro. au)

Abstract we ur

Four species of phlaeothripid thrips described as having He costes in= Queensland by the

1910 Mjöberg Expedition are here considered to have been based on specimens collected in

South Africa. Two are recognisable as South African species but the identity of the other two

remains in doubt. One new synonym is established.

Introduction

One of the basic contributions to our knowledge of the Australian

Thysanoptera fauna derives from the Mjöberg expedition during the years

1910-1913. In summarising the collections of Thysanoptera made during that

expedition, Karny (1924) provided the first checklist of thrips known from

Australia. That list included 104 species- group names, 29 of which

previously had been described very briefly in a paper that included no

mention of the specimens on which the descriptions were based (Karny

1920). Specimen details and more extensive descriptions were provided in

the 1924 paper, although that bears the date December 1920 at the end of the

author’s Introduction. However, Karny stated in the 1924 paper that in

October 1923, before the paper was sent for publication, he received a further

parcel of specimens from Stockholm Museum, and from these he included in

the paper seven further new species. He referred to these specimens as ‘eine

Nachtragssendung’ (literal translation: ‘a subsequent transmission’).

The locality data provided for three of the seven species described in Karny’s

1924 paper were: ‘Queensland, Glen Lamington, November’, for Grypothrips

mantis Karny and Cryptothrips rhopaloides Karny; and ‘Queensland, Mt

Tambourine’, for Cryptothrips additamentus Karny. All three of these can be

recognised from recent collections as Australian insects (Crespi et al. 2004,

Mound 1974, Mound 2008). However, the identity and provenance of the

other four species (Ophthalmothrips conocephalus Karny, Gigantothrips

nigripes Karny, Liothrips pallicornis Karny and L. priesneri Karny) has

remained less clear. For each of these species, Karny stated that it was found

in the Nachtragssendung without any data apart from ‘Queensland’.

Extensive studies in recent years on the Queensland Thysanoptera fauna have

failed to rediscover any of these four species. However, two of them,

Ophthalmothrips conocephalus and Gigantothrips nigripes, are now

recognised as being South African species, while the other two are placed in

Liothrips Uzel, the largest genus of Thysanoptera, and cannot be identified

securely at present. It seems likely that all four were collected in South Africa

in the vicinity of Durban or Port St John, when the boat transporting the

expedition put into port during the return voyage to Europe from Australia.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1)

The purpose of this article is to propose that all four species be deleted from

the Australian list.

Abbreviations used are: BMNH — Natural History Museum, London; SMNH

— Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm.

Details of falsely recorded species

Ophthalmothrips conocephalus (Karny)

Pyrgothrips conocephalus Karny, 1924: 36.

Fulgorothrips priesneri Faure, 1933: 63. Synonymised by Mound 1974: 90.

The description of O. conocephalus was based on one male with the data ‘aus

Queensland, ohne sonstige Angaben’ (from Queensland, without other data).

This specimen (in SMNH) has been compared with South African specimens

(in BMNH) from Pondoland (Port St John), Natal and Transvaal, together

with type material of Fulgorothrips priesneri Faure from Natal. These two

names are considered to represent the same species but, because of

taxonomic problems in the genus, all 10 of the species-group names in

Ophthalmothrips Hood were listed separately by Mound and Palmer (1983).

The taxonomy of these, often wingless, species that feed on fungal spores at

the base of grasses is difficult, due to the absence of studies on intra- and

inter-population variation. Currently, 11 species are listed in the genus, four

from southern Africa, two from Japan, two from India and three from China

and Taiwan.

Gigantothrips nigripes Karny

Gigantothrips nigripes Karny, 1924: 34.

Gigantothrips turneri Bagnall, 1926: 559; syn. n.

The original description stated that this species was found in ‘der

Nachtragssendung: Queensland, ohne sonstige Angaben’, but does not

indicate how many specimens were available. One male and two female

syntypes (in SMNH) have been compared with the type female and co-type

male of G. turneri Bagnall (in BMNH) from Port St John, South Africa.

These two are here considered to represent the same species. Gigantothrips

nigripes has also been compared with specimens of G. marshalli Bagnall.

However, that has the pronotal posteroangular setae as stout as the epimeral

pair, a condition that also occurs in G. micrurus Bagnall from Benin and G.

vuilleti Bagnall from Mali. In contrast, G. nigripes has the pronotal

posteroangular setae small and weak, a condition that also occurs in G.

modestus Priesner from Uganda. Nine species of Gigantothrips Zimmerman

are listed from Africa and Madagascar (Mound 2011) and an identification

key to six of these was provided by Mound (1968). However, most of them

are known from very few specimens and the validity of some names remains

in doubt. The species probably form colonies on the leaves of Ficus trees.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1) 3

Liothrips pallicornis (Karny)

Adiaphorothrips pallicornis Karny, 1924: 33.

Akainothrips pallicornis (Karny); Palmer and Mound 1978: 186.

Known from a single male (in SMNH), of which the locality data were ‘aus

Queensland, ohne sonstige Angaben’. The specimen is large, about 3200

microns long, with antennae typical of species in the Liothrips lineage — one

sensorium on segment III and three on IV. Although referred to the genus

Liothrips by Crespi et al. (2004), this generic placement is by no means

satisfactory. Typical species of this genus have the metathoracic sterno-

pleural sutures present, but these sutures are not developed in L. pallicornis.

Moreover, in L. pallicornis the head bears a row of about eight equally large

setae on the cheeks and sternite VIII bears a large oval pore plate; neither of

these character states occurs in other species of the genus Liothrips. Tergite

IX setal pair S2 are short, stout and pointed, the mesopraesternum broadly

boat-shaped and the pronotal ml, epim and pa setae are all about 150 microns

long, in contrast to the am and aa setae that are less than half as long. All the

major setae are acute, although no postocular setae are visible, and the

metanotum is almost striate medially, with narrow elongate reticulation.

Liothrips priesneri Karny

Liothrips priesneri Karny, 1924: 22.

This species is known from a single crushed female (in SMNH) and the

original data included the statement ‘aus Queensland, ohne sonstige nåhere

Angaben’. The metanotum is almost striate, in contrast to the typically

reticulate area of most species in the genus Liothrips, but L. priesneri is likely

to remain unrecognisable.

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to Dr Kjell Arne Johanson, of the Swedish Museum of Natural

History, Stockholm [SMNH] and to Paul Brown, of the Natural History

Museum, London [BMNH], for the loan of specimens from the collections in

their care.

References

BAGNALL, R.S. 1926. Brief descriptions of new Thysanoptera. XVI. Annals and Magazine of

Natural History (9) 18: 545-560.

CRESPI, B.J., MORRIS, D.C. and MOUND, L.A. 2004. Evolution of ecological and

behavioural diversity: Australian Acacia thrips as model organisms. Australian Biological

Resources Study, Canberra & Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra; 328 pp.

FAURE, J.C. 1933. New genera and species of Thysanoptera from South Africa. Bulletin of the

Brooklyn Entomological Society 28: 1-20, 55-75.

KARNY, H. 1920. Nova Australska Thysanoptera, jez nashbiral Mjöberg. Casopis

Ceskoslovenské spolecnosti entomologiscké 17: 35-44.

4 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1)

KARNY, H. 1924. Results of Dr. E. Mjöberg's Swedish Scientific Expeditions to Australia

1910-1913. 38. Thysanoptera. Arkiv för Zoologi 17A(2): 1-56.

MOUND, L.A. 1968. A review of R.S. Bagnall's Thysanoptera collections. Bulletin of the

British Museum (Natural History). Entomologv Supplement 11: 1-181.

MOUND, L.A. 1974. Spore-feeding thrips (Phlaeothripidae) from leaf litter and dead wood in

Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology. Supplement 27: 1-106.

MOUND, L.A. 2008. Identification and host associations of some Thysanoptera Phlaeothripinae

described from Australia pre-1930. Zootaxa 1714: 41-60. http:/Avww.mapress.com/zootaxa/

2008/f/z101714p060.pdf

MOUND, L.A. 2011. Thysanoptera (Thrips) of the World — a checklist. [Accessed 5.ix.2011].

http://www.ento.csiro.awthysanoptera/worldthrips.html

MOUND, L.A. and PALMER, J.M. 1983. The generic and tribal classification of spore-feeding

Thysanoptera (Phlaeothripidae: Idolothripinae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural

History), Entomology 46: 1-174.

PALMER, J.M. and MOUND, L.A. 1978. Nine genera of fungus-feeding Phlaeothripidae

(Thysanoptera) from the Oriental Region. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History),

Entomology 37: 153-215.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1): 5-32

BAMBOO-STEM FLIES: AN ANNOTATED KEY TO

THE SPECIES OF THE SOPHIRA COMPLEX OF GENERA

(DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE: ACANTHONEVRINI)

DAVID L. HANCOCK

8/3 McPherson Close, Edge Hill, Cairns, Qld 4870

Abstract

Indo-Australian and East Asian fruit flies placed in the Sophira complex of genera. are reviewed

and keyed. The 63 recognised species are referred to 25 genera: Adramoides Hardy (1 sp.),

Antisophira Hardy (1 sp.), Cleitamiphanes Hering (1 sp.), Colobostrella Hendel, stat. rev. (=

Saucromvia Hardy, syn. n.) (4 spp); Colobostroter Enderlein (1 sp.), Enicopterina Malloch (1

sp.), Exallosophira Hardy (1 sp.), Felderimvia Hendel (3 spp), Homoiothemara Hardy (1 sp.),

Kambangania de Meijere (3 spp), Langatia Hancock & Drew (1 sp.), Loriomyia Kertész (1 sp.),

Parasophira Hardy, stat. rev. (1 sp.), Phorelliosoma Hendel (6 spp), Polvara Walker (3 spp),

Polvaroidea Hardy (3 spp), Proptilona Zia, stat. rev. (= Heterosophira Hardy, syn. n., =

Spaniothrix Hardy, syn. n.) (4 spp), Pseudacrotoxa Hering (1 sp.), Pseudosophira Malloch (1

sp.), Robertsomvia Hardy (1 sp.), Seraca Walker, stat. rev. (3 spp), Soosina Hering (2 spp).

Sophira Walker (11 spp), Terastiomvia Bigot (3 spp) and Tritaeniopteron de Meijere (5 spp).

Proptilona disjuncta (Hardy), comb. n. and P. vittata (Hardy), comb. n. are transferred from

Kambangania and P. uncinata (Hering), comb. n. is transferred from Acanthonevra Macquart.

Colobostrella bicolor (Hardy), comb. n. and C. spectabilis (Hardy), comb. n. are transferred

from Saucromvia and Sophira respectively. Seraca longiplaga (Hering) is placed as a new

synonym of S$. signifera Walker. Sophira insueta Hering is placed as a new synonym of S.

limbipennis (van der Wulp) and Sophira borneensis Hering, stat. n. is raised to species from a

subspecies of S. limbata Enderlein.

Introduction

Indo-Australian fruit flies show a great diversity of larval hosts. While many

breed in fruits or flowers and some beneath the bark of trees, many others

develop in the shoots or stems of bamboo (Poaceae: Bambusoideae). Young,

developing bamboo shoots are used by most genera in the dacine tribe

Gastrozonini (Hancock and Drew 1999), while several genera in the

Acanthonevra group of the phytalmiine tribe Acanthonevrini (sensu

Korneyev 1999) are also known to utilise this host (Hancock and Drew

1995a, b). In the Acanthonevra complex of genera within this group, larvae

of Rioxoptilona Hendel use decaying bamboo shoots while those of Prilona

van der Wulp develop in the internodes of dead bamboo culms (Hancock

2011b). Larvae in the related Sophira complex, however, appear to use living

bamboo, developing in the internodes of older shoots or stems.

Hardy (1980) included the following genera within his Sophira group:

Sophira Walker, Exallosophira Hardy, Tritaeniopteron de Meijere, Dacopsis

Hering and Xenosophira Hardy. Korneyev (1999) referred Xenosophira to

Tribe Phascini and recognised an expanded Sophira complex, placing it in his

Ptilona subgroup of the Acanthonevra group and including the following

genera: Sophira, Soosina Hering, Kambangania de Meijere, Loriomyia

Kertész, Felderimyia Hendel, Antisophira Hardy, Exallosophira, Langatia

Hancock & Drew, Cleitamiphanes Hering and possibly Colobostroter

Enderlein, Terastiomyia Bigot and Pseudosophira Malloch.

6 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1)

Hancock and Drew (2003) excluded Dacopsis from the Sophira complex and

included Loriomyia (= Agnostophana Hering) and Stymbara Walker from

New Guinea, Exallosophira from Solomon Islands and Enicopterina Malloch

from Fiji. Two further genera, Adramoides Hardy from Thailand and

Robertsomvia Hardy from Papua New Guinea, were added by Hancock and

Drew (2005) and Hancock (2005) respectively. Stymbara was subsequently

transferred to the Acanthonevra subgroup by Hancock (2005).

Homoiothemara Hardy, Phorelliosoma Hendel, Polvara Walker, Polyaroidea

Hardy and Pseudacrotoxa Hering are here added to the Sophira complex,

while Parasophira Hardy is raised from subgeneric level and Colobostrella

Hendel (= Saucromyia Hardy), Proptilona Zia and Seraca Walker are

reinstated from synonymy.

This is a group of often large-sized flies (wing and body lengths 5-16 mm),

with the antennal arista normally long-plumose (pubescent in Phorelliosoma)

and with 2 or 3 pairs of scutellar setae, the middle (secondary) pair distinct,

vestigial or absent. The stigma and/or wing cell c are often elongate and the

scutum, while often with 2 or 4 dark longitudinal vittae, usually lacks a dark

medial vitta. Presutural setae are often absent. The complex is restricted to

the Oriental and Indo-Australian Regions, being well represented in

Sundaland (Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java and Borneo), where nine

genera and 22 species are recorded. Four endemic genera occur in Sulawesi,

two in the southern Philippines, five in New Guinea and one each in the

Solomon Islands and Fiji.

In order to aid identification of the 25 genera and 63 species now included in

the Sophira complex, an annotated key is provided below, updating the

partial keys of Hardy (1973, 1974, 1980, 1986a, b, 1988) and Wang (1998),

where illustrations of most species may be found. Generic limits generally

follow Norrbom et al. (1999) except where noted otherwise. Additional

sources for illustrations are indicated in the key.

An unrelated species, Euphranta chrysopila Hendel (Trypetinae: Adramini),

has been collected on bamboo stems in Taiwan and might be mistaken for a

member of the Sophira complex. It is easily recognised by the presence of

long hairs on the anatergite and the wing pattern (largely yellow anteriorly

and hyaline posteriorly with a broad black apex and two transverse black

bands: see Hendel' 1913). Similarly, the slender, black-bodied Euphranta

macularis (Wiedemann) (= striatella van der Wulp) has been collected on

Dendrocalamus brandisii trunks in southern Thailand (Permkam 2005). It is

likely that both species were visiting bamboo to feed on algal or fungal

growths rather than to use it as a larval host.

Biology of Sophira-complex flies

Little is known of the biology of these flies. Sophira borneensis Hering (as S.

limbata Enderlein) was collected on the bark of felled trees in Sarawak

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1) 7

(Perkins 1938), while Hardy (1980, 1986b, 1988) collected Cleitamiphanes

heinrichi Hering, Colobostrella spectabilis (Hardy), Seraca linduensis

(Hardy), Terastiomyia distorta (Walker) and T. lobifera Bigot on foliage of

groundcover plants in dense rainforest in Sulawesi. Tritaeniopteron

tetraspilotum Hardy was collected at cut shoots of the bamboo Thyrostachys

oliveri in southern Thailand (Permkam 1995). Felderimvia flavipennis

Hancock & Drew, F. fuscipennis Hendel, F. gombakensis Hancock & Drew,

Langatia setinerva Hancock & Drew and Kambangania ypsilon (Rondani)

were collected at cut bamboo shoots in Malaysia (Hancock and Drew 1994,

1995b, D. Kovac and P. Dohm pers. comm.). Fe/derimyia gombakensis was

collected on various species of Bambusa, Dendrocalamus, Gigantochloa and

Cephalostachyum in Thailand or Malaysia (Dohm et al. 2008), while F.

fuscipennis was collected on stems of Dendrocalamus membranaceus and D.

strictus in southern Thailand (Permkam 2005). A detailed account of the

biology of Felderimyia species, particularly F. gombakensis, may be found in

Dohm et al. (2008).

The only confirmed breeding records for Sophira complex species are from

the stems or internodes of living bamboo. Felderimvia gombakensis was

reared from the internodal spaces of shoots of the bamboos Gigantochloa

scortechinii and G. latifolia in West Malaysia and Cephalostachyum

pergracile in northern Thailand, the larvae entering the internodes of older

bamboo shoots through holes made by larvae of Lasiochila Weise beetles

(Chrysomelidae: Hispinae), living semi-aquatically in the water body of the

internodal cavity and feeding on detritus or microbial growth (Dohm et al.

2008). Langatia setinerva was bred once from the water-filled internodes of a

fallen, rotting shoot of Gigantochloa scortechinii (Dohm et al. 2008, 2010)

that was presumably still alive when infested. Robertsomyia paradoxa Hardy

was reared from the stems of live Bambusa sp. in Castanopsis (oak) forest

(Hardy 1983), Polvara bambusae Hardy from ‘young shoots of living

Bambusa; the larvae tunnel within the stems of young shoots causing the

death of the newly opened leaves’ (H. Roberts, cited in Hardy 1986) and

Pseudacrotoxa appendicigera Hering from the shoots of native Bambusa by

Hardy (1988), all in Papua New Guinea.

Revised and reinstated genera

Colobostrella Hendel, 1914, stat. rev.

(= Saucromvia Hardy, 1986, syn. n.)

Placed as a synonym of Sophira by Hardy (1980) but apparently closer to

Seraca and reinstated here to include four species from Sulawesi. The wing

and scutal patterns differ significantly from those of Sophira and related

genera; the hyaline indentation from costa enclosing R-M crossvein is an

unusual character shared with Cleitamiphanes, Homoiothemara and Seraca. I

am unable to find any characters significant enough to separate Saucromyia

from Colobostrella and regard them as synonyms; C. spectabilis forms a link

8 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1)

between them and the presence or absence of a transverse hyaline indentation

in cell m is seen also in Kambangania.

Species: bicolor (Hardy), comb. n. [ex Saucromvia]; bistriga (Walker), [ex

Sophiral|: plagifera (Walker), (= ruficauda Hendel) [type species] [ex

Sophira); spectabilis (Hardy), comb. n. [ex Sophira].

Kambangania de Meijere, 1914

Formerly included as a subgenus of Sophira and reinstated as a genus by

Korneyev (1999); here modified to include three Sundaland species that lack

both katepisternal and presutural acrostichal setae and have distinctive wing

and scutal markings and a concave face; in two species (K. metatarsata and

K. ypsilon) the mid basitarsus is modified in males.

Species: metatarsata de Meijere [type species] (Fig. 1); simillima (Hering);

ypsilon (Rondani) (= disjuncta Hardy).

Fig. 1. Kambangania metatarsata de Meijere: male from Java.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1) 9

Parasophira Hardy, 1980, stat. rev.

Established as a subgenus of Sophira by Hardy (1980) and here treated as a

genus to include a single species from Borneo that cannot confidently be

referred to any other recognised genus. It appears closest to Kambangania

and has a similarly concave face but both katepisternal and presutural

acrostichal setae are present and the wing, scutal and abdominal markings are

distinctive. Colobostrella, Seraca, Soosina and Sophira have the katepisternal

setae absent or vestigial, the presutural setae present and a vertical face.

Species: concinna (Walker) [type species] (Fig. 2).

Colobostrella biangulata de Meijere, described from Sumatra (de Meijere

1924) and placed in Sophira (Parasophira) by Hardy (1980), was transferred

to Paraphasca Hardy (Tribe Phascini) by Hancock (2011a). *Sophira

(Parasophira) sp. related to concinna’ of Hardy (1988) is a misidentification

of Rioxoptilona shinonagai (Hardy) in the Acanthonevra complex of genera.

Fig. 2. Parasophira concinna (Walker): male from Sarawak.

10 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1)

Phorelliosoma Hendel, 1914

(= Staurellina Hering, 1941; = Mimosophira Hardy, 1973; = Orienticaelum

Ito, 1984).

The limits and synonymy of this genus were discussed by Hancock (201 1b),

who included six species from East and Southeast Asia.

Species: ambitiosum Hering; femoratum (Shiraki); hexachaeta Hendel (=

Mimosophira rubra Hardy) [type species]; hilaratum Hering; parvisetalis

(Hering); trypetopsis (Hering).

Proptilona Zia, 1965, stat. rev.

(= Heterosophira Hardy, 1973, syn. n.; = Spaniothrix Hardy, 1973, syn. n.).

Removed from synonymy with Kambangania and reinstated as a distinct

genus (with two new synonyms, both also removed from Kambangania) to

include four species from Southeast Asia. Proptilona differs from

Kambangania and related genera in characters noted in the key.

Species: decora (Hardy), comb. n. [ex Kambangania]; uncinata (Hering),

comb. n. [ex Acanthonevra Macquart: see Hancock 201 1b]; vittata (Hardy),

comb. n. [ex Kambangania]; yunnana Zia [type species].

Seraca Walker, 1860, stat. rev.

(= Heringomyia Hardy, 1986; = Emheringia Hardy, 1989).

Placed as a synonym of Sophira by Hardy (1980) but informally recognised

as a distinct genus by Hancock and Drew (2003). As noted in the key, the

wing pattern differs significantly from anything seen in Sophira or related

genera. Three species from Sulawesi and Ambon are included; other

Sulawesian species are referred to Colobostrella. For generic synonymy see

Hancock and Drew (2003).

Species: kurahashii (Hardy), comb. n. [ex Sophira]; linduensis (Hardy),

comb. n. [ex Sophira]; signifera Walker (= Colobostrella heinrichi Hering; =

Acanthoneura longiplaga Hering, syn. n.) [type species].

I am unable to find any characters separating Seraca (= Emheringia, a

replacement name for Heringomyia) longiplaga (Hering) from Ambon and

Seraca signifera Walker from Sulawesi and consider them synonymous.

Weak secondary scutellar setae are also known in S. kurahashii (see Hardy

1980) and their relative development appears to be an infraspecific character.

Soosina Hering, 1941

Formerly included as a subgenus of Sophira and reinstated as a genus by

Korneyev (1999). The wing pattern of the two included species from Java

and West Malaysia is distinctive; other characters are noted in the key.

Species: extranea (de Meijere) [type species]; malavsiae (Hancock & Drew)

(Fig. 3).

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1) M

Fig. 3. Soosina malaysiae (Hancock & Drew): holotype female from West Malaysia.

Sophira Walker, 1856

(= Icteroptera van der Wulp, 1899).

Here modified to include 11 species from Sundaland, Mindanao and NE

India; others have been referred to different genera.

Species: appendiculata Enderlein, borneensis Hering, stat. n. [raised from

subsp. of limbata]; cameronia Hancock & Drew; flavicans (Edwards);

flavomaculata (de Meijere); limbata Enderlein; limbipennis (van der Wulp)

(= insueta Hering, syn. n.); maculata (van der Wulp); philippinensis Hardy;

phlox Munro; venusta Walker [type species] (Fig. 4).

Specimens of S. limbata recorded from Sarawak (Perkins 1938) were referred

to S. I. borneensis by Hardy (1980) but true S. limbata was recorded from

12 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1)

Brunei by Chua (2000), suggesting that one variable or two sympatric species

are involved. Pending further evidence the latter arrangement is adopted here,

particularly since no intermediates have been recorded and infraspecific

variation within the genus appears slight. Males of S. borneensis have the

genae produced and apically ‘feathered’ (Hardy 1988), a condition not seen

in males of S. philippinensis; the condition is uncertain for S. limbata and S.

limbipennis since only females of these species are known.

Based on a comparison of their original descriptions and illustrations (van der

Wulp 1899 [type lost], Hering 1952), Sophira insueta is placed as a new

synonym of leteroptera limbipennis. The apical parts of veins Ry; and M

appear to be inaccurately portrayed in van der Wulp’s figure but other

aspects, particularly the broad costal band narrowly overlapping vein R23,

render them inseparable; both were described from western Java.

H g

by O

G 6

Fig. 4. Sophira venusta Walker: male from West Malaysia.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1) 13

Key to genera and species

Wing with R-M crossvein placed well beyond middle of cell dm and

closer than its own length to DM-Cu crossvein; vein M distinctly curved

posteriorly along margin of cell br so that cell dm is hatchet-shaped, much

broader apically than basally and medially .......rrrvrrrrnornnnvrnnnrnnnvenne 2

Not as above; wing cell dm of normal shape, gradually broadening

towards apex and not distinctly hatchet-shaped ...................eeeeeee eens 4

Wing pattern black with large hyaline spots in cells rj, br, r4+5 and dm and

indentations along wing margin in cells m and cu;; vein R23 sharply

curved anteriorly in apical portion to fuse with vein R; and costa; apical

portions of veins Ry,; and M strongly convergent; scutum with 3 narrow

black longitudinal vittae [eastern Indonesia (West Papua) and Papua New

Guinea; Agnostophana veterrima Hering, 1953 is a synonym] .............

Tadblanbadecadadsuchadnterondotooontrviohdnas’ Loriomyia guttipennis Kertész, 1899

Wing pattern not as above, yellow basally and with a large brown patch or

transverse band in outer half; scutum without a dark medial vitta ......... 3

Wing with a large, rounded dark patch in outer half; R-M crossvein

almost horizontal, on the same line as the apical portion of vein M and

running parallel with apical portion of vein R4+5; scutum yellow except

for a tiny black spot behind each wing base; secondary scutellar setae

vestigial [Solomon Islands] ............ Exallosophira elegans Hardy, 1980

Wing with a dark transverse band across R-M and DM-Cu crossveins,

separated from dark apical area by a hyaline band across wing; scutum

yellow with 2 longitudinal black vittae; secondary scutellar setae well

developed [Fiji; illustrated by Malloch 1939b] ............:.cseeeeee eee eee es

A E E anciodorndastneogn aha: Enicopterina bivittata Malloch, 1939

Wing veins R» with I or 2 posteriorly-directed spurs or crossveins; vein

M with last portion curved anteriorly towards vein R4+s; vein R»:3

distinctly angled anteriorly in apical portion ...............6ceeeeeeree eee ees 5

Wing veins R+, without posteriorly-directed spurs or crossveins; if vein

M with last portion curved anteriorly then either stigma much longer than

cell c or vein M setose above and below ..............:sceeeeeneeeenen teens 12

Two strong spurs from vein R+, almost crossing cell rə, plus one

directed towards or connecting with apex of stigma; apical portions of

veins Ry,; and M strongly convergent; R-M crossvein no more than its

own length from DM-Cu crossvein ..........cccccececeececeeeeeeseneneenenss 6

One strong spur from vein R+; and with or without a spur towards

stigma; apical portions of veins Ry; and M running more or less parallel;

R-M crossvein distinctly more than its own length from DM-Cu

crossvein; secondary scutellar setae vestigial or absent .................4. 11

Secondary scutellar setae normally distinct; intrapostalar setae present ...

DR ke SEE. EAT ests Polvara Walker ... 7

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1)

Secondary scutellar setae vestigial or absent; intrapostalar setae absent ...

TEE O T A E N E N Polyaroidea Hardy .... 9

Wing apex mostly hyaline, mottled with brown; face black between

antennae [Papua New Guinea] ............. Polyara bambusae Hardy, 1986

Wing apex broadly brown; face entirely yellow ............ccceceeeee eee eens 8

Wing with a distinct transverse brown band across R-M and DM-Cu

crossveins; intrapostalar and secondary scutellar setae weak and hair-like

[Papua New Guinea] ..................05 Polyara leptotrichosa Hardy, 1986

Wing without a distinct transverse brown band across R-M and DM-Cu

crossveins from apex of cell rı; intrapostalar and secondary scutellar setae

well developed [eastern Indonesia (Aru, Misool, West Papua) and Papua

New Guinea | PE TA Polvara insolita Walker, 1859

Thorax and abdomen largely shiny black; wing with R-M crossvein on

line of DM-Cu crossvein and a narrow transverse band from apex of cell

bm to wing margin at apex of vein Aj+Cu> [Papua New Guinea] ...........

air oA EO Er) Polyaroidea opposita Hardy, 1988

Thorax and abdomen yellow to reddish-brown; wing with R-M crossvein

slightly before line of DM-Cu crossvein and without a narrow transverse

band from apex of cell bm to wing margin ......s.s.sesseseerrrrrererrerree 10

Ocellar setae weak; 2 pairs of orbital setae; prescutellar acrostichal setae

present; wing cells R; and Ros; between spurs with a hyaline indentation

[Papua New Guinea] ..................06 Polvaroidea distincta Hardy, 1988

Ocellar setae well developed; I pair of orbital setae; prescutellar setae

absent: wing cells Ry and R between spurs without a hyaline

indentation [Papua New Guinea] ...... Polvaroidea univittata Hardy, 1988

Wing cell c about as long as stigma and both cells brown; wing with

broad, brown transverse bands basally and medially and apex broadly

brown; frontal, orbital and ocellar setae well developed; thorax and

abdomen not densely haired; intrapostalar setae present [Papua New

Guinea PES Pseudacrotoxa appendicigera Hering, 1941

Wing cell c distinctly longer than stigma and both cells yellow; wing with

narrow, brown transverse bands crossing R-M and DM-Cu crossveins and

apex narrowly brown; frontal, orbital and ocellar setae weak; thorax and

abdomen densely yellow-haired; intrapostalar setae absent [Sumatra,

West Malaysia, Sarawak and Sabah; a record from the Philippines with

no locality data (Malloch 1939a) has not been traced and requires

confirmation] PETN ere Colobostroter pulchralis Enderlein, 1911

Stigma elongate, longer than cell c and separated from apex of vein R2:3

by much less than its own length; vein M strongly curved anteriorly in

apical portion towards apex of vein R45; secondary scutellar setae

vestigial or absent; frontal setae absent [Neosophira Hendel, 1914 is a

synonym; genus revised by Hardy 1958a] ....... Terastiomyia Bigot ... 13

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1) 15

Not as above; if vein M strongly curved anteriorly in apical portion

towards apex of vein R4is then vein M setose and stigma not longer than

cell c and separated from apex of vein R>13 by much more than its own

Jeneth eske LEE EE EE EE RE T E: 15

Face yellow; abdomen black with a longitudinal, yellow medial vitta;

wing cell Ry; without hyaline markings beyond line of DM-Cu crossvein

[Sula I. east of Sulawesi] ............. Terastiomvia clavigera (Hardy, 1958)

Face with a large black medial spot; abdomen not as above; wing cell R4+s

with a hyaline streak beyond line of DM-Cu crossvein ...:..........00008 14

Wing with stigma very elongate, ending at or beyond level of DM-Cu

crossvein; costa at apex of cell r; much shorter than in cell r213; apical half

of wing with longitudinal hyaline streaks; scutum entirely rufous; genae

not produced in males [Sulawesi; Enicoptera pictipennis Walker, 1860 is

AISVNONYIN | pre EEE Terastiomyia distorta (Walker, 1857)

Wing with stigma ending well before level of DM-Cu crossvein; costa at

apex of cell r; about equal to that in cell 1,3; apical half of wing with a C-

shaped hyaline band from apex of vein M to apical part of cell dm;

scutum with a large black spot behind each postpronotal lobe; genae

produced into lobes in males [Sulawesi and Ambon; Enicoptera arcuosa

Walker, 1860 and Neosophira ferruginea Hendel, 1914 are synonyms]

BUMS S E ER E A A L ENE T Terastiomyia lobifera Bigot, 1859

Wing cell bcu elongate with the apex blunt or weakly acute but not

produced into a distinct lobe; stigma shorter than cell c; wing pattern

reduced to dark patches largely beyond line of R-M crossvein; secondary

scutellar setae vestigial or absent; presutural setae absent ..............4.. 16

Wing cell bcu with the apex produced into a distinct lobe; stigma often as

long as or longer than cell c; wing pattern variable, often extensive

basally; presutural setae present or absent .......rarrarnrrarnrnanvrrerernenne 18

Head with 2 pairs of distinct frontal setae; scutum with 4 black

longitudinal vittae, the lateral pair restricted to the postsutural region;

wing cells bc, c and stigma not conspicuously slender and stigma less

than half length of cell c; middle femora with 2 rows of stout ventral

spines [southern (peninsular) Thailand] ... Adramoides picta Hardy, 1973

Head without distinct frontal setae; scutum without longitudinal vittae;

wing cells be, c and stigma conspicuously slender and stigma more than

half length of cell c; middle femora without rows of stout ventral spines;

postpronotalfsetacrabsentipmars arse iments ssc. vc cc oceania cece ante 17

All head and body setae absent; scutellum with a pair of distinct subapical

tubercles; wing pattern reduced to a small, apical dark patch; R-M

crossvein placed well beyond middle of cell dm, about its own length

from DM-Cu crossvein [Papua New Guinea; illustrated by Hardy 1983]

EEE ENE Er Robertsomvia paradoxa Hardy, 1983

16 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1)

— Head and body setae not all absent; scutellum without subapical tubercles;

wing with a dark transverse band from costa in cell r; to vein M above

apical part of cell dm and a large subapical dark patch with a large, round

hyaline indentation in cell m; R-M crossvein placed near middle of cell

dm [Philippines (Mindanao)] ........ Pseudosophira bakeri Malloch, 1939

18 Vein M setose above and below; | pair of distinct orbital setae near

middle of frons, the upper pair absent ...............sceceeeeeceeeeeeeeeeees 19

— Vein M not setose; normally 2 pairs of orbital setae, the upper pair

usually weak and hair-like, rarely absent ................ccceceeeceeeseeeeees 22

19 Vein M not strongly curved anteriorly in apical portion towards apex of

vein R4:5: anterior notopleural seta enclosed in a black lateral patch; wing

with broad transverse brown bands from costa at end of cell c to behind

base of vein R4+5 and from apical half of stigma across RM crossvein to

middle of cell dm, plus a broad apical area from line of DM-Cu crossvein

enclosing a hyaline patch across vein M in cells ry; and m [Thailand,

West Malaysia (Fig. 5)] ....... Langatia setinerva Hancock & Drew, 1995

Fig. 5. Langatia setinerva Hancock & Drew: holotype female from West Malaysia.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1) 17

Vein M strongly curved anteriorly in apical portion towards apex of vein

R45; anterior notopleural seta enclosed within a pale patch or band; wing

characters not as above ............--.sseeeeeeeeeee Felderimvia Hendel ... 20

20 Wing dark brown except for a narrow hyaline posterior margin; scutum

—

with a white, elongate medial vitta extending onto scutellum: abdomen

entirely black [India, Burma, Thailand, Laos, S China (Guangxi: Wang

and Chen 2002), West Malaysia; illustrated by Hancock and Drew 1994

and Dohm et al. 2008] .............5 Felderimyia fuscipennis Hendel, 1914

Wing pattern largely yellow to yellow-brown in basal and medial

portions; scutum without a white medial vitta; abdomen with at least terga

2 rand Bpartlyi pa EP EE EE neler mee onset ie srs: 21

Scutum entirely pale; wing with cell br mostly hyaline and an oval

hyaline spot at base of cell ry,; between R-M and DM-Cu crossveins;

abdominal terga 1-2 with black sublateral bands, 3 entirely pale and 4-5

black [Laos, West Malaysia; illustrated by Dohm er al. 2008 (Fig. 6)] .....

redd AAO Felderimyia flavipennis Hancock & Drew, 1994

Fig. 6. Felderimyia flavipennis Hancock & Drew: holotype male from West Malaysia.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1)

Scutum with black lateral presutural patches and broad, dark dorsolateral

postsutural vittae; wing with cells br and base of r4., pale brown;

abdomen black except pale medially on terga 2-5 [S China (Yunnan:

Dohm ef al. 2008), Thailand, West Malaysia; illustrated by Dohm et al.

2 008((E1047) | Pee Felderimvia gombakensis Hancock & Drew, 1995

Fig. 7. Felderimyia gombakensis Hancock & Drew: holotype female from Malaysia.

22 Wing pattern banded, with a dark transverse band from behind apex of

vein Sc to cell beu and two dark, oblique bands across R-M and DM-Cu

crossveins from costa; stigma short, about half length of cell c; head with

2 pairs each of distinct frontal and orbital setae, the upper orbitals short:

scutum normally with dark, lateral postsutural vittae but without a

complete submedian pair; presutural setae present; secondary scutellar

setaeiwell[developed PA Tritaeniopteron de Meijere ... 23

Wing pattern often reduced but not with a transverse basal and two

oblique discal bands; stigma often as long as or longer than cell c; head

normally with I or 2 pairs each of frontal and orbital setae, the upper

orbitals often reduced: scutum often with dark submedian vittae ........ 27

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1) 19

Scutum yellow with a black lateral presutural spot and lateral postsutural

streak; abdominal terga 3-5 each with a pair of black spots; face entirely

yellow [Taiwan; illustrated by Hardy 1958b] A E E a vern

RE Tritaeniopteron excellens (Hendel, 1915)

Scutum with the black postsutural vittae broad and either L- or C-shaped;

faceiblacktorsyell ov PANNE O eens nee mn RT. 24

Scutum with dark lateral vittae straight-sided or almost L-shaped ...... 25

Scutum with dark vittae C-shaped, curving inwards at either end ........ 26

Face with a large black medial spot; scutum with a pale brown spot on the

inner side of each lateral vitta; abdomen with black basolateral patches on

terga 3-5 (in female) or 4-5 (in male); [Sri Lanka; illustrated by Senior-

White 1922]...... Tritaeniopteron punctatipleurum (Senior-White, 1922)

Face entirely yellow; scutum with a pair of black submedial vittae

extending posteriorly to level of supraalar setae; abdomen with black

transverse basal bands across terga 3-5 and lateral margins of terga 2-4

broadly black; scutum with dark lateral vittae connected along posterior

margin [Philippines (Luzon)] ..... Tritaeniopteron flavifacies Hardy, 1974

Face with a large black medial spot; abdomen with transverse black basal

bands on terga 3-5 [Indonesia (Java); illustrated by Hardy 1958b] ......

IRE E E E P RAS ATI Tritaeniopteron eberneum de Meijere, 1914

Face entirely yellow; abdominal terga 3-5 with black basolateral marks

extending basally towards mid-line and often separated into an additional

pair of submedian spots [northern, central and southern Thailand; black

markings on scutum and abdomen a little variable in extent; illustrated by

Hancock and Drew 1994, who placed T. elachispilotum Hardy, 1973 as a

synonym pr Tritaeniopteron tetraspilotum Hardy, 1973

Wing with stigma normally about half to two-thirds length of cell c; cell c

entirely hyaline; cell r4,; with a hyaline spot or indentation with its

midline just beyond line of DM-Cu crossvein or pattern reduced and cell

ry.5 entirely hyaline above DM-Cu crossvein; cell cu, largely hyaline, at

least basally and medially; presutural setae usually absent; secondary

scutellarsetacioftenidistinctha.. PE 28

Wing usually with stigma almost as long as to longer than length of cell c;

if distinctly shorter then with a hyaline indentation from costa at apex of

stigma that encloses R-M crossvein; cell c often at least partly coloured;

cell ry,; usually without a hyaline spot or indentation just beyond line of

DM-Cu crossvein; head normally with I pair of distinct frontal setae,

sometimes with a weak second pair anteriorly; presutural setae usually

present; secondary scutellar setae normally very weak or absent ......... 37

Arista pubescent; 2 pairs of distinct frontal setae; 2 pairs of orbital setae

situated on upper part of head, the upper orbital seta often weak; wing

distinctly narrow, with cell cu, almost entirely hyaline and pattern often

—

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1)

reduced to isolated patches; secondary scutellar setae distinct, a third to a

half length of apicals ..................e ee eee eee Phorelliosoma Hendel ... 29

Arista plumose; | pair of distinct frontal setae and sometimes a weak

anterior pair; 1 pair of distinct lower orbital setae situated near middle of

frons, the upper pair of orbital setae usually weak or absent; wing not

distinctly narrow and cell cu; not almost entirely hyaline; scutum with 4

dark longitudinal vittae, usually united posteriorly; apex of cell r>;3 often

subhyaline, basal and apical dark patches separated by a broad hyaline

indentation from costa in cell r; to vein Cu, at apex of cell dm and the

large hyaline spot in cell r4+5 adjacent to line of DM-Cu crossvein united

or almost united with a broad hyaline indentation in cell m; secondary

scutellar setae very weak or absent .................06 Proptilona Zia ... 34

Scutum with 4 dark longitudinal vittae; wing pattern extensive, extending

broadly into anterior half of cell dm; cell r; with a broad, triangular

hyaline indentation beyond apex of stigma ..............ccscceeeeeeeeeeees 30

Scutum with no or 2 dark longitudinal vittae; wing pattern reduced to

isolated patches medially, apically and along DM-Cu crossvein; cell ry

with a broad, rectangular hyaline indentation extending across wing ... 31

Prescutellar acrostichal setae present [China (Hubei, Fujian, Sichuan,

Guangxi) POT Phorelliosoma parvisetalis (Hering, 1939)

Prescutellar acrostichal setae absent [Japan (Honshu, Shikoku)] .........

EEE EE EE Phorelliosoma femoratum (Shiraki, 1933)

Wing with medial dark patch behind stigma extending broadly to vein M

in apical half of cell br and enclosing a hyaline spot posteriorly ......... 32

Wing with medial dark patch behind stigma reduced to separated spots in

cell r; and across R-M crossvein and not enclosing a hyaline spot in cell

br DE Ne NE en EE EE NE E E T 33

Scutellum normally with a pair of dark spots; wing with pattern extending

weakly into cell dm behind R-M crossvein and halfway into cell r4+5

before DM-Cu crossvein: stigma entirely dark [Taiwan, Vietnam;

Mimosophira rubra Hardy, 1973 was placed as a synonym by Wang

(1998); records from NE Burma and SW China (Wang 1998) belong to P.

hilaratun| POSE Phorelliosoma hexachaeta Hendel, 1914

Scutellum without a pair of dark spots; wing with pattern extending no

more than very faintly into cell dm behind R-M crossvein or into cell ry.

before DM-Cu crossvein; stigma often paler at base [NE Burma and SW

China (SE Xizang [Tibet]); illustrated by Wang 1998, as *P. hexachaeta’ |

ECOG DO ROO ENO YM IDONCR Sy Wx OEE St) Phorelliosoma hilaratum Hering, 1941

Wing with apical dark patch entire from apex of cell r; to beyond apex of

vein M in cell m, the apical part of cell r,; dark except for a small hyaline

central spot [NE India; illustrated by Hering 1941b] .............::000ee

DEN EEE TE ER Phorelliosoma ambitiosum Hering, 1941

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1) 21

— Wing with apical dark patch reduced to isolated patches from apex of cell

r; and at wing apex, separated by a broad hyaline area in cell m3 [NE

Burma; illustrated by Hering 1941a, as Staurellina trypetopsis] .........

pron coos IPDN OGO TEË Phorelliosoma trypetopsis (Hering, 1941)

34 Wing with broad hyaline indentation in cell m extending anteriorly across

cell r4+5 into cell r23 and curving towards wing apex behind vein R2+3;

abdomen largely reddish-yellow, tinged with black on lateral margins

[central Burma; illustrated by Hering 1938, as Pseudacidia uncinata] .....

E E A E A A T, Proptilona uncinata (Hering, 1938)

— Wing with broad hyaline indentation in cell m usually extending across

cell ry,; but not crossing vein Ry+s5 into cell 1213 Eae aE EN: 35

35 Scutum with vittae not connected posteriorly; abdomen reddish-brown,

paler medially [S China (Yunnan)] ......... Proptilona yunnana Zia, 1965

— Scutum with submedial pair or all 4 vittae connected by a black band

alongiposter or mar LIN er tte PELA mere steerer nat 36

36 Wing with hyaline spot in cell r4+5 narrowly separated from indentation in

cell m along vein M; dorsocentral setae absent; abdomen black with a

yellow medial vitta [C & S Thailand] ... Proptilona decora (Hardy, 1973)

— Wing with hyaline spot in cell r4+s broadly united with indentation in cell

m across vein M; dorsocentral setae present; abdomen largely brownish-

red to black [N & C Thailand, Laos] ..... Proptilona vittata (Hardy, 1973)

37 Wing with a hyaline indentation from costa at apex of stigma extending to

and enclosing R-M crossvein; presutural setae present ...............6606 38

— Wing with hyaline indentation from costa at apex of stigma absent or not

enclosing R-M crossvein but crossing base of cell r4,5 into cell dm ..... 46

Wing with three broad, posterior hyaline indentations, I from apex of cell

m across vein M into cell ry,s, I in cell m alongside DM-Cu crossvein and

I obliquely across basal part of cell cu; into base of cell dm; stigma short,

about half length of cell c; eyes broadly protuberant in both sexes; face

concave in profile; scutum with posterior half black and anterior half

yellow with a dark transverse band level with anterior notopleural and

presutural setae [Sabah] ........ Homoiothemara eurycephala Hardy, 1988

— Not as above; wing with a transverse hyaline band in apical half of cell

dm that normally curves anteriorly into cell r4+s and sometimes forms a

complete or interrupted inverted C- or U-shaped band extending across

cell rə, to apices of cells r4 or m; stigma distinctly longer than half

length of cell c; face vertical in profile or slightly concave near epistomal

margin; scutum without a dark transverse band anteriorly ................ 39

39 Wing with stigma distinctly shorter than cell c and with a large rounded

dark patch in distal half separated from a narrow dark costal band and

united transverse band by a hyaline C-shaped band from middle part of

cell dm to apex of cell ry,; and with a parallel hyaline band behind its

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1)

apical part to apex of vein M; head broad; scutum without dark submedial

vittae [N and C Sulawesi] .......... Cleitamiphanes heinrichi Hering, 1941

Not as above; stigma about as long as cell c; hyaline band from near apex

of cell dm towards apex of cell m incomplete, interrupted or inverted U-

shaped; scutum black or with 2 black submedial vittae or 4 black spots;

scutellumidenselysshort-SetoSe haces sta eee nas Seen 40

40 Wing with a hyaline basal indentation from cell c to BM-Cu crossvein

Kam

and another either from within cell cu; or from posterior margin to basal

part of cell dm; DM-Cu crossvein strongly bowed, the posterior half

almost parallel with wing margin; scutum with 2 brown to black

Jongitudinalvitae cheese et oe eee Seraca Walker ... 41

Basal half of wing without hyaline indentations; DM-Cu crossvein not

strongly bowed, the posterior half distinctly divergent from wing margin;

scutum black or with 4 black spots, the posterior pair often extended

anteriorly as short vittae extending to or beyond supraalar setae;

secondary scutellar setae weakly present ...... Colobostrella Hendel ... 43

Abdominal terga 1-4 yellow medially and black laterally, tergum 5 mostly

or entirely black; wing pattern variable, the hyaline band from apical part

of cell dm reaching or just crossing vein Ry; anteriorly, or joined with

hyaline indentation from cell m by a loop through cell r»; [Sulawesi and

Ambon; Acanthoneura longiplaga Hering, 1939 and Colobostrella

heinrichi Hering, 1942 are synonyms] ..... Seraca signifera Walker, 1860

At least abdominal terga 3-4 with broad transverse dark basal bands ... 42

42 Scutum with 2 black vittae extending over sides of scutellum onto

abdomen; abdominal terga I and 2 black laterally; wing with hyaline band

through cell dm extending to wing margin in posterior corner of cell m [N

Sulawesi] PE RE SR Seraca kurahashii (Hardy, 1980)

Scutum with 2 pale brown vittae extending faintly over sides of

scutellum; abdominal terga | and 2 yellow with tinges of brown laterally;

wing with hyaline band through cell dm ending in cell dm at vein Cu, [C

SUlaWes) PE Seraca linduensis (Hardy, 1980)

Wing cell m with an oblique hyaline indentation and cell r4i5 with a

hyaline band or spots beyond R-M crossvein; band from cell dm

extending entirely or intermittently into apical part of wing, scutum black

or with 4 black spots, the posterior pair pointed anteriorly ............... 44

Wing cells m and r45 beyond R-M crossvein without hyaline indentations

and band from cell dm ending as a curved hook in cell r2;3; scutum with 4

black spots, the posterior pair extended anteriorly as short vittae ........ 45

Head and face black; scutum black; wing with isolated spots or

indentations in apical part of cells r», and 14.5; abdomen black [N

Sulawesi] ......:ssssseeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeese Colobostrella bicolor (Hardy, 1986)

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1)

— Head and face yellow; scutum pale with 4 black spots; wing with the

hyaline band continuing through apical part of cells 143 and r45 to

extreme apex of cell m; abdomen almost entirely pale [C Sulawesi] .......

P IO Ondt stndnbanonnrudebnnn Colobostrella spectabilis (Hardy, 1980)

Face entirely black; mid and hind femora and fore tibiae and tarsi dark

brown to black [S Sulawesi; Colobostrella ruficauda Hendel, 1915 is a

synonym | pe Colobostrella plagifera (Walker, 1860)

Facetand}lepssyellows[SiSulawesi] PE

TG EEE SE Colobostrella bistriga (Walker, 1860)

Face concave in profile; scutum normally with 4 dark longitudinal vittae,

the lateral and submedian pair on each side often connected anteriorly, the

lateral vitta sometimes reduced anteriorly or posteriorly; wing pattern

largely brown with a broad, transverse hyaline band from apex of stigma

and between R-M and DM-Cu crossveins to posterior apex of cell dm;

cell cu, with a broad, oblique posterior hyaline indentation that crosses

vein Cu, into base of cell dm; wing margin often broadly diffuse from cell

rı to cell m; abdomen with at least terga 4-6 yellow medially and either

broadly black laterally or with dark submedial bands and lateral margins

JoUb bien qoocodbieneds pac oatingD AEE Ee EEEREN O ARDA 47

Face vertical in profile or slightly concave near epistomal margin; scutum

with at most 2 longitudinal vittae and a lateral patch between postpronotal

lobe and suture that normally connects with a dark band over

anepisternum; wing pattern not as above, if with a broad, transverse

hyaline band between RM and DM-Cu crossveins to apex of cell dm then

wing pattern largely yellow and abdomen with arcuate basal black bands

across terga 2-4; cell cu; usually with a dark anterior band along vein Cu,

behind cell dm that often continues as a dark band over DM-Cu crossvein

ondio uh docodenrtetbdecocneidétrrocodanduoguccanbicravastwepgadion 50

Wing without a pale anterobasal area and with the transverse hyaline band

inwardly oblique, beginning behind apex of stigma in cell rı; scutum with

complete lateral vitta separated from submedial vitta anteriorly and joined

with black band over anepisternum; presutural setae present; abdominal

terga 2-4 yellow medially and sublaterally and with black submedial

vittae and lateral margins that weakly unite on tergum 5 [Sarawak, Sabah,

Kalimantan (Fig. 2)] ..............08 Parasophira concinna (Walker, 1856)

Wing with a broad, pale anterobasal area that projects as a narrow

extension across cell br near its apex and just into cell dm and with the

transverse hyaline band not inwardly oblique, beginning at costa in cell rı

at extreme apex of stigma; scutal vittae not as above, if with lateral vitta

united with black band over anepisternum then it is largely absent beyond

suture; presutural setae absent; abdomen not as above, the lateral black

areas not separated sublaterally ............ Kambangania de Meijere ... 48

24 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1)

48 Scutum with 2 black vittae, the lateral pair discontinuous or forming a

patch united with anepisternal band; abdomen with black arcuate bands

across bases of terga 2 and 3 and broadly black laterally on terga 4-6

[Sarawak, Sabah, Kalimantan] ... Kambangania simillima (Hering, 1952)

— Scutum with 4 black vittae, the lateral and sublateral pair joined anteriorly

and not united with anepisternal band; abdominal terga 3-6 broadly black

lateral ypu SE EE AE eee gel 49

49 Scutum with submedial vittae connected posteriorly; scutellum entirely

yellow; wing cell m without a hyaline indentation; dark discal area

broadly diffuse around entire apical margin; mid basitarsus of male with a

medial concavity; abdomen with arcuate black bands across bases of terga

2 and 3 and terga 3-6 broadly black laterally and yellow medially

[Sumatra, West Malaysia, Sarawak; Sophira (Kambangania) disjuncta

Hardy 9804 statsynonymi (10% 8) EEEN TA EETA

EE KE Kambangania ypsilon (Rondani, 1875)

på

Fig. 8. Kambangania ypsilon (Rondani): male from West Malaysia.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1) 25

—

Scutum with submedial vittae not connected posteriorly; scutellum with

distinct lateral black streaks; wing with a hyaline indentation in cell m

running parallel with DM-Cu crossvein; dark discal area narrowly diffuse

at apex of cell 1,3; mid basitarsus of male with a subbasal hook-like

process; abdomen black laterally and yellow medially on all terga [Java

AAE M PET Kambangania metatarsata de Meijere, 1914

Wing with a large, oval brown area behind a C-shaped hyaline band

which runs from apex of cell r4:5 to apex of cell dm and separates it from

a narrow, brown C-shaped band, running parallel to the hyaline band,

from costa at apex of cell r; and over R-M crossvein to vein Cuj; oval

brown area connected along DM-Cu crossvein with a brown longitudinal

band in upper part of cell cu; along vein Cuj; scutum with submedial

vittae reaching black posterior margin and a black lateral line from behind

postpronotal lobe to wing base; presutural and prescutellar setae absent

[Philippines (Mindanao)] ................0.. Antisophira vittata Hardy, 1974

Not as above; wing without a C-shaped hyaline band enclosing a dark

oval subapical area; if scutum with a black lateral patch this does not form

a line from postpronotal lobe to wing base; presutural and prescutellar

AEOS ERI odbc tountiondabtioasddsesdodencds NE 51

Wing pattern with two sinuous, yellow to brown bands, one from

anteromedial part of cell dm across R-M crossvein to apical part of cell rı

and along costa to apex of cell r4+5, the other from base of cell cu; along

posterior margin of vein Cu, and across DM-Cu crossvein, forming an

inverted U-shaped band in cell r4;5 and crossing vein M to wing margin in

cell m; R-M crossvein placed within apical third of cell dm and beyond

apex of stigma; head with upper pair of orbital setae distinct; scutum with

2 longitudinal black vittae that end well before the black band along

posterior margin and no lateral black patch or band between postpronotal

lobe and suture; scutellum with only a few fine hairs on disc; abdomen

with an isolated pair of black sublateral bands on terga 3-6 or 4-6 ......

EEE NE AD Soosina Hering ... 52

Wing pattern not as above; R-M crossvein placed nearer middle of cell

dm and at or before apex of stigma; head with upper pair of orbital setae

normally weak and indistinct; scutum with longitudinal black vittae often

complete and usually with a black lateral patch or band behind

postpronotal lobe to suture or wing base that is often connected to a black

band on anepisternum; scutellum normally densely short-setose on disc;

abdomen not as above 20.0... cece cece ec ee cence seen ees Sophira Walker ... 53

Abdomen with a black transverse band on tergum 3 and sublateral bands

on terga 4-6 [West Malaysia (Fig. 3)] EE E N OEA

1 ENE DIO Sees A Soosina malaysiae (Hancock & Drew, 1995)

Abdomen with black sublateral bands on terga 3-6 and no transverse band

on tergum 3 [Java] ......-.-rerererrrrrr Soosina extranea (de Meijere, 1914)

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1)

Scutum with no lateral black patch between postpronotal lobe and suture

and submedial vittae short, not reaching dark band or spots along

posterior margin; anepisternum entirely yellow; wing pattern mostly

yellow with darker patches along costa, wing margin and along vein Cu

to near base of cell cuy; abdomen entirely yellow or with small black

spotsionterga Hand 54

Scutum with a lateral black patch behind postpronotal lobe to suture or

wing base that is often connected to a black band on anepisternum;

submedial vittae normally complete or almost so, if short then wing

largely yellowish with indistinct darker bands or spots along veins;

abdomen often with broad black arcuate bands basally on terga 2-4,

sometimes reduced to narrow bands or Spots ...........0cc0eceesseeceeeu ees 55

Abdomen with black spots on terga 4 and 5; wing with brown patches

largely isolated [Sumatra; illustrated by Hardy 1958b] ..................0e00e

TT eee ee AE Coenen JA TD Sophira flavicans (Edwards, 1919)

Abdomen entirely yellow; wing with brown patches continuous from

stigma along wing margin and along vein Cu, almost to base of cell cu,,

leaving a large pale patch in cell m [NE India (Meghalaya); illustrated by

Hardy 1958b and Munro 1935] ..............06 Sophira phlox Munro, 1935

Wing largely yellowish in anterior half, with a narrow, indistinct dark

band alongside vein Cu, to base of cell cu, and with either narrow bands

along costa and other veins or a dark spot on vein M between R-M and

DM-Cu crossveins; scutum with 2 short submedian longitudinal black

vittae, a transverse black band along posterior margin and an oblique

black band behind each postpronotal lobe to suture that connects with

blackiband{overanepisternUm LESE ata mE 56

Not as above; wing with distinct dark areas and scutum with the 2

submedial longitudinal black vittae complete or almost complete ....... 57

Wing with narrow, indistinct dark bands along costa and veins R4+s and

M; abdomen with small, oblique, black lateral patches on terga 3-5

[southern Thailand (Nakhon Si Thammarat), West Malaysia, Singapore,

Kalimantan; a record from the Moluccas is regarded as an error (Hancock

and Drew 1995b) (Fig. 4)] E E Sophira venusta Walker, 1856

Wing with an oval brown spot on vein M between (but not reaching) R-M

and DM-Cu crossveins [Nias Island near Sumatra; illustrated by van der

Wulpil890 PE Sophira maculata (van der Wulp, 1899)

Wing with anterior margin dark brown from apex of vein Sc to or beyond

apex of vein R>.3 and with a broad, dark longitudinal band through upper

part of cell cu; along vein Cu, across apical part of cell dm and DM-Cu

crossvein and along lower part of cell r4+s along vein M to wing apex;

abdominal bands on terga 2-4 sometimes conspicuously reduced ....... 58

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1) 27

— Wing pattern not as above, either with distal half largely yellow to pale

brown with a small or large irregular brown patch or with a broad,

transverse hyaline indentation from apex of stigma to posterior apex of

cell dm; abdominal bands on terga 2-4 broad and not reduced ........... 61

58 Wing with dark costal band extending narrowly to or beyond vein M and

broad in cell rı, extending well behind vein R; and almost reaching vein

R>13 for most of its length; anepisternum with a broad black vertical band

[Sumatra, West Malaysia, Brunei; illustrated by Hardy 1958b] .............

PB SoSH agp ond econo deg tubene EOE Sophira limbata Enderlein, 1911

— Wing with dark costal band interrupted, not continuous through apex of

cell r23; if anepisternum with a broad black vertical band then costal band

narrow, not extending behind vein R; except at apex and not almost

reaching vein R>13 for most of its length .......eresseesnroreetreneereerrerere 59

59 Wing with dark costal band broad, extending behind vein Rz+3 for much

of its length; apex of vein R4,; normally with a brown patch continuous

with the brown posterior band from apex of cell 14.5, leaving only a

narrow, pale interruption to costal band in upper half of cell 1,43;

anepisternum entirely yellow [western Java; Sophira insueta Hering, 1952

is regarded as a synonym; illustrated by Hardy 1958b, Hering 1952 and

van der Wulp 1899] ............. Sophira limbipennis (van der Wulp, 1899)

— -Wing with dark costal band narrow, not reaching or extending behind

vein R243; margin entirely pale from apex of vein Rz; to beyond apex of

vein R4:5; anepisternum with a broad black vertical band ................. 60

60 Thorax with posterior half to two-thirds of katepisternum, all of

anepimeron and front edge of katatergite and anatergite yellow; abdomen

with dark basal bands on terga 2-4 narrow, those on tergum 4 broadly

interrupted or very weakly connected medially; male head with genae

produced and apically feathered [Sarawak, Sabah, Kalimantan] .........

VEE EE EE LE Sophira borneensis Hering, 1952

— Thorax with posterior two-thirds of katepisternum black and with this

marking continuous over lower anepimeron, katatergite, anatergite and

mediotergite; abdomen with complete, arcuate, dark basal bands on terga

2-4; male head with genae not modified [Philippines (Mindanao, Negros)]

Abed appanage ronan EE E Ta E P caps Sophira philippinensis Hardy, 1974

Wing markings mostly yellow except stigma brown and pattern tinged

brown over vein M, DM-Cu crossvein and along vein Cu; in upper part of

cell cu;; with a transverse hyaline band beginning broadly at costa and

behind apex of stigma in cell r; and running between R-M and DM-Cu

crossveins to end at posterior apex of cell dm; scutum with submedial

vittae ending just before a broad black posterior margin and a black patch

between postpronotal lobe and suture connected to black anepisternal

band [Sumatra, Sabah] .......... Sophira flavomaculata (de Meijere, 1924)

—

28 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1)

— Wing pattern not as above, without a transverse hyaline band between R-

M and DM-Cu crossveins; scutum with submedial vittae reaching black

poster 0n marginer cere tere erat EET 62*

62 Wings subhyaline to yellowish with an isolated dark brown spot on vein

M covering entire area between R-M and DM-Cu crossveins; stigma

brown: male with a distinct lobe to cell cu; at apex of vein Aj+Cw,

(Sumatra, Sarawak; illustrated by Hardy 1958b] .......arrrvrvrararvnvnnnnnrrr

EN Boh iS ih ORAS GOH Sophira appendiculata Enderlein, 1911

— Wings largely dull brown with diffuse anterior and apical margins, a

triangular hyaline patch in apical half of cell br and most of cell dm and

hyaline posterior margin filling most of cell cu; behind a dark band along

vein Cu;; male without a distinct lobe to cell cu, at apex of vein A,+Cuy

[West Malaysia (Fig. 9)] ..... Sophira cameronia Hancock & Drew, 1995

Fig. 9. Sophira cameronia Hancock & Drew: holotype male from West Malaysia.

* An undescribed species from Sabah (Hardy 1988: 113) keys here but

differs from the remaining species in wing pattern, particularly the narrow

brown band running along veins Cu; and DM-Cu and looping over the apical

portion of vein M to end at the wing margin in the upper part of cell m.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1) 29

Discussion

The large number of monotypic genera reflects the distinctive nature of many

of the species in this complex. It is likely that further study will enable some

of these to be synonymised and combined, but at present there is insufficient

evidence to establish this. Presutural setae are present in some species (e.g.

Felderimyia flavipennis, Proptilona uncinata) in genera where they otherwise

do not occur and this character is possibly subject to reversal.

The New Guinea genera Polyara, Polyaroidea and Pseudacrotoxa were

previously referred to an unplaced group possibly allied to the Phascini

(Korneyev 1999, Hancock and Drew 2003), based largely on the vanes of the

phallapodeme being fused into a Y-shaped structure; however, this state

occurs in a number of different lineages within subfamily Phytalmiinae

(including Rioxa Walker) (Korneyev 1999) and appears to be homoplasious.

The rearing of this group of genera from the stems of living bamboo (Hardy

1986, 1988) supports their association with the Sophira complex.

This complex is well developed in Sundaland. Several genera are endemic to

this region plus the southern Philippine island of Mindanao and there are

small radiations of endemic genera into Sulawesi and the Papuan Region.

Apart from records of Sophira venusta from southern peninsular Thailand

(Hancock and Drew 1995b) and S. philippinensis from Negros (Hardy 1974),

only a single species of these otherwise endemic genera, Sophira phlox from

NE India, is known outside Sundaland or Mindanao. Similarly, the only two

species recorded from Ambon (Terastiomyia lobifera and Seraca signifera),

in the southern Moluccas, also occur in Sulawesi.

The distribution of Sophira phlox is unusual, known only from the Garo Hills

of western Meghalaya, just north of Bangladesh (Munro 1935). It appears to

be derived from the Sumatran Sophira flavicans, suggesting a dispersal route

via the Nicobar-Andaman islands and western Burma rather than via

Southeast Asia proper, where the genus has not been recorded. The latter

route is evident in the only other species known from India, the widespread

Felderimyia fuscipennis and the endemic Phorelliosoma ambitiosum from the

Himalayan foothills of West Bengal.

Four genera (Phorelliosoma, Proptilona, Tritaeniopteron and Adramoides),

united by an elongate wing cell c in association with a relatively short stigma,

are exclusively or almost exclusively East and Southeast Asian in distribution

(an endemic species of Tritaeniopteron is known from Java). Felderimyia

and Langatia, with both wing cell c and the stigma elongate, contain four

species recorded from both Southeast Asia and West Malaysia; three further

species (Tritaeniopteron tetraspilotum, Proptilona decora and Adramoides

picta) are known from the southern part of peninsular Thailand and are likely

to occur also in West Malaysia. Only a single species, the endemic

Tritaeniopteron punctatipleurum, is known from Sri Lanka; like T. eberneum

from Java and T. flavifacies from Luzon, it appears to be either an outlier or

30 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1)

isolated relict. Interestingly, the genus Tritaeniopteron has not been reported

from India.

Three Sulawesian genera, Cleitamiphanes, Colobostrella and Seraca are

clearly closely allied and probably synonymous, a possibility also noted for

Cleitamiphanes and Colobostrella [as Sophira s.s.] by Korneyev (1999).

However, they are maintained as separate genera here pending a better

understanding of their relationships, both among themselves and with

Homoiothemara and other Sundaland genera in the Sophira complex.

The Acanthonevra group of genera, sensu Korneyev (1999), appears to be

divisible into four generic complexes rather than two distinctive subgroups:

(1), the Acanthonevra complex as discussed by Hancock (2011b); (2), the

Sophira complex discussed here: (3), the Rioxa complex, which includes at

least one species [Rioxa discalis (Walker)] collected at cut shoots of bamboo

(Permkam 1995) although its status as a host is unconfirmed; and (4), the

Dacopsis complex, a group of primarily Australian and New Guinea genera

that is known to breed beneath the bark of newly fallen trees, a niche shared

with members of the tribe Phytalmiini.

The Sri Lankan genus Sophiroides Hendel (with its sole species S. flammosus

Hendel) is referred to the Rioxa complex, together with Cribrorioxa Hering,

Ectopomyia Hardy, Hexacinia Hendel, Hexamela Zia and Rioxa Walker.

The Dacopsis complex includes the genera Austronevra Permkam &

Hancock, Austrorioxa Permkam & Hancock, Copiolepis Enderlein, Dacopsis

Hering and Stymbara Walker. Several other Australian, New Guinea and

Pacific genera included in the Acanthonevra group by Korneyev (1999) and

Hancock and Drew (2003) appear to belong in the Dirioxa group, to which

are referred Anchiacanthonevra Hardy, Dirioxa Hendel, Griphomyia Hardy,

Lumirioxa Permkam & Hancock, Micronevrina Permkam & Hancock,

Mimoeuphranta Hardy and Parachlaena Hering. As in the case of the

apparently related Themaroides group, known larval habitats of the Dirioxa

group include beneath the rotting bark of standing trees or in various fruits

and these two groups are possibly more closely related to Diarrhegma Bezzi

from Southeast Asia and the Aethiothemara group of genera from Africa than

to the Acanthonevra group as currently recognised.

The New Guinea genus Gressittidium Hardy was transferred from the

Acanthonevra group to the tribe Phascini by Hancock (201 1c).

Acknowledgements

I thank Damir Kovac and Patrick Dohm (Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg,

Frankfurt am Main) for biological information, Ho-Yeon Han (Yonsei

University, Korea) for an illustration of the type of Proptilona uncinata,

Marc De Meyer (Royal Museum for Central Africa, Tervuren) and Surakrai

Permkam (Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai) for help in obtaining

literature, and Susan Phillips and Christine Lambkin for the illustrations.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1) 31

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Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1): 33-38 33

A NEW SPECIES OF PRISTACIURA HENDEL (DIPTERA:

TEPHRITIDAE: TEPHRITINAE) FROM SOUTHERN CHINA

DAVID L. HANCOCK

8/3 McPherson Close, Edge Hill, Cairns, Qld 4870

Abstract

Pristaciura brunnea sp. n. is described from Hong Kong and also recorded from Yunnan

Province, China. A key to the five known species of Pristaciura Hendel (in tribe Tephrellini) and

some additional records from Sri Lanka and northern India are included.

Introduction

The genus Pristaciura Hendel contains small black flies belonging to the

Sphaeniscus group of genera in tribe Tephrellini. This group of tephritid flies

breeds in the flowerheads of Lamiaceae. The species of Pristaciura were

reviewed recently by Hancock (2010), with an undescribed species identified.

Although all known species are Asian in distribution (known only as far east

as Java), Pristaciura appears to be closely related to the Sulawesi-New

Guinea genus Curticella Hardy, which differs in having two pairs of orbital

setae instead of one, a slightly longer third antennal segment and wing cell

beu acute but without a distinct apical extension (Hardy 1987, Hancock

2010). The new species is described below.

Pristaciura brunnea sp. n.

(Figs 1-6)

Oxyaciura monochaeta: Wang, 1998: 244; pl. 27, fig. 263 (China: Xishuangbanna,

Yunnan). Misidentification.

Pristaciura undescribed species: Hancock, 2010: 4-5 (China: Yunnan and Hong

Kong).

Types. Holotype 3, CHINA (HONG KONG): N[ew] T[erritories], Sai Kung Station,

26.i.1965, W.J. Voss & Hui Wai Ming collectors, Bishop Mus. Paratypes: I 9, Hong

Kong, Saikung, Kowloon, 22.iv.1965, C.M. Yoshimoto collector, Bishop Museum;

1 4, same data as holotype but 19.xii.1964; 1 3, same data as holotype but 4.1.1965.

Holotype and paratypes in Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Description. Male (Fig. 1). Length of body 3 mm, of wing 3.2 mm; mostly

black in colour. Head (Fig. 3) higher than long, with band of dense pale dust

below eye; frons almost as wide as eye, orange-brown and with coarse,

yellowish setulae, darker brown posteriorly across ocelli and laterally with

dense pale dust along eye margins; face brown with dense pale dust; occiput

shining black; 3 pairs of black frontal and 1 pair of black orbital setae; ocellar

setae short; medial vertical seta black; lateral vertical seta vestigial;

postocellar, paravertical and uppermost postocular setae (6 setae in total)

thickened and yellow-white; other postocular setae thin and black; genal seta

black; antennae a little shorter than face, with first and second segments

yellow-brown, the third segment darker brown, rounded apically and about

3.5 times as long as broad; arista with microscopic pubescence, almost bare.

34 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1)

Thorax largely shining black; scutum with very fine pale dust and black

pubescence; with the following black setae: postpronotal, presutural, anterior

and posterior notopleural, postsutural supra-alar, post-alar. intra-alar,

anepisternal, anepimeral, katepisternal, dorsocentrals on line of postsutural

supra-alars, prescutellar acrostichals: 1 pair of basal scutellar setae, situated

lateromedially and conspicuously long, the apicals absent.

Wing (Fig. 5) relatively narrow and extensively blackish-brown; with a large,

oval, yellowish spot in cell r4+s just beyond line of DM-Cu crossvein (hyaline

in paratypes); a large, oval, hyaline spot in anterior apical quarter of cell dm

centred slightly basad of line of R-M crossvein; other hyaline indentations as

follows: a narrow, subquadrate spot just basad of middle of cell c (vestigial or

absent in paratypes); two broadly triangular indentions from costa in cell r,

the inner one just enclosing the apex of stigma (cell sc adjacent to costa) and

extending across cell rə, to vein Ro+3, the outer one just crossing vein Rj;

three transverse posterior indentations from wing margin, the inner one

across middle of cell cu, directed towards stigma, the middle one near apex

of cell cu; also directed towards stigma, the outer one near base of cell m

broadest at wing margin and curving anteriorly alongside DM-Cu crossvein

towards spot in cell ry,s; anal lobe dark brown; alula pale brownish-hyaline;

stigma short, about one-third length of cell c; R-M crossvein placed well

beyond middle of cell dm, behind outer hyaline indentation in cell rı; vein

R45 bare; costa with a short but distinct spine at apex of cell c; cell bcu with

apical extension short and acute. Haltere red-brown.

Legs yellowish brown, with femora, base of mid tibiae and basal half of hind

tibiae blackish-brown; mid tibiae with a short, black apical spine.

Abdomen shining black with fine pale dust and sparse black pubescence;

broadly rounded and narrowing slightly at apex. Genitalia not examined.

Female (Fig. 2). Similar to male except face paler, haltere yellow-brown and

wing (Fig. 6) broader, with the oval spot in cell ry,5; hyaline (as in paratype

males) and anal lobe and alula hyaline. Abdominal tergum VI shorter than

tergum V. Oviscape (Fig. 4) black, ca 1 mm long, about 4 times as long as

basal width and at least as long as abdomen, subtubular but flattened

ventrally; aculeus not exposed.

Etvmology. Named after the colour of the male anal lobe.

Distribution. Known only from Hong Kong and Yunnan Province in southern

China.

Comments. This species differs from others in the genus in the combination

of characters noted in the following key. Previously confused with P.

monochaeta (Bezzi) (Wang 1998), it appears to be most closely related to P.

xanthotricha (Bezzi) but has differently shaped posterior hyaline indentations

on the wing and a longer, narrower oviscape (c.f. Bezzi 1913).

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1) 35

Figs 1-2. Pristaciura brunnea sp. n.: habitus: (1) holotype male; (2) paratype female.

Wing lengths = 3.2 mm.

36 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1)

Figs 3-6. Pristaciura brunnea sp. n.: (3) head of holotype male; (4) oviscape of

paratype female; (5) wing of holotype male: (6) wing of paratype female.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1)

Key to species of Pristaciura Hendel

Wing with four posterior hyaline indentations, including one at middle of

cell m [head with the six postocellar, paravertical and uppermost

postocular setae thickened and yellow-white; hyaline indentation at

middle of cell cu; transverse and directed towards that at base of cell rı

and that at base of cell m not broadly expanded posteriorly; anal lobe pale

brown with base and apex hyaline; oviscape shorter than abdomen;

Taiwan and Japan (Iriomote, Ishigaki and Okinawa Islands)] ...............

aaf E N O EA P. formosae (Hendel, 1927)

Wing with three posterior hyaline indentations, lacking one at middle of

ce Im re Aa REE ERE TA A AEE SIA N E A ERTE 2

All head setae, including the six postocellar, paravertical and uppermost

postocular setae thin and black [hyaline indentation at middle of cell cu,

oblique, directed towards apex of cell c and that at base of cell m broadly

expanded posteriorly; oviscape as long as abdomen; northern India and

Nepal] ........:cscesceeseeeeeeceeseeeeesen seven vene P. monochaeta (Bezzi, 1913)

Head with at least the six postocellar, paravertical and uppermost

postocular setae thickened and yellow-white ......rrrrrrrnanrrrrrrrnrrrrrrens 3

Head with entire row of postocular setae yellow-white; hyaline

indentation in cell c broad and quadrate [hyaline indentation at middle of

cell cu; oblique, directed towards apex of cell c and that at base of cell m

broadly expanded posteriorly; oviscape shorter than abdomen; Sri Lanka,

southern India, southern Thailand, Vietnam, SE China (Hainan) and

ESE ESEN] oaaao P. incisa Hendel, 1928

Head with all postocular setae except the uppermost thin and black;

hyaline indentation in cell c narrow or absent

Hyaline indentation at middle of cell cu; oblique, directed towards apex

of cell c and that at base of cell m narrow, not broadly expanded

posteriorly; oviscape shorter than abdomen [male unknown; northern

India and southern Burma; records from elsewhere are of P. incisa] ........

O E EN N e a a aS P. xanthotricha (Bezzi, 1913)

Hyaline indentation at middle of cell cu, transverse, directed towards

stigma and that at base of cell m broadly expanded posteriorly; oviscape

at least as long as abdomen [anal lobe dark brown in male, hyaline in

female: southern China (Yunnan, Hong Kong)] .......... P. brunnea sp. n.

Additional records of Pristaciura species

Pristaciura incisa — SRI LANKA: 1 9, Niruddumunai, Trincomalee district,

9.ii.1914, R. Senior-White. (In Natural History Museum, London). This is the

female noted by Hardy (1971) under "Indaciura xanthotricha’.

Pristaciura monochaeta — INDIA: 1 9, Uchani, Karnal, Haryana; 1 9

Cuttack, Orissa. (Both in Natural History Museum, London).

38 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1)

Acknowledgements

I thank Keith Arakaki (Bishop Museum, Honolulu) for the loan of material,

Nigel Wyatt (Natural History Museum, London) for access to specimens in

his care and Bronwyn Appleby (AQIS, Cairns) for help with photography.

References

BEZZI, M. 1913. Indian trypaneids (fruit-flies) in the collection of the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Memoirs of the Indian Museum 3: 53-175, pls 8-10.

HANCOCK, D.L. 2010. A review of the fruit fly tribe Tephrellini (Diptera: Tephritidae:

Tephritinae) in the Indo-Australian Region. Australian Entomologist 37(1): 1-6.

HARDY, D.E. 1971. Diptera: Tephritidae from Ceylon. Entomologica Scandinavica

Supplementum 1: 287-292.

HARDY, D.E. 1987. The Trypetini, Aciurini and Ceratitini of Indonesia, New Guinea and

adjacent islands of the Bismarcks and Solomons (Diptera: Tephritidae: Trypetinae).

Entomography 5: 247-373.

WANG, X.-J. 1998. The fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) of the East Asia Region. Acta

Zootaxonomica Sinica 21(Supplement): viii + 338 pp + 268 figs + 41 pls.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1): 39-47 39

CTENOLEPISMA ROTHSCHILDI SILVESTRI (ZYGENTOMA:

LEPISMATIDAE) IN AUSTRALIA

GRAEME SMITH

246 Alfred St, Narraweena, NSW 2099 (Email: le gbsmith(Qoptusnet.com.au)

Abstract

Ctenolepisma rothschildi Silvestri was collected in compost at Longreach, Qld. It has a

reputation for dispersal by man but, while found at times in houses, is not necessarily

synanthropic. The material collected is described in detail according to current criteria and key

features for identification noted.

Introduction

In April 2011, small to medium-sized silverfish were found to be abundant in

woodchip compost at the base of trees in a park garden at Longreach in

Queensland. Collected specimens were later identified as Ctenolepisma

rothschildi Silvestri, a species apparently not previously recorded from

Australia but with a well established history of being distributed by man.

Ctenolepisma rothschildi was first described without illustrations from poor

quality Ethiopian material by Silvestri in 1907. In 1922 he republished this

description almost verbatim with six illustrations, inexplicably changing the

description of urotergites with 3+3 bristlecombs from the correct II-V to II-

VI, presumably a typographical error. Irish (1995) confirmed its synonymy

with Ct. diversisquamis Silvestri, 1908, originally described from the Cape

Verde Islands, as well as part of the Ct. nigra (Oudemans, 1890) type series

(specimen from Bogor, Indonesia). Wygodzinsky (1972) had previously

confirmed the synonymy of Ct. reducta Folsom, 1923 (described from Puerto

Rico) with Ct. diversisquamis, as suggested by Paclt (1967). Paclt (1967) also

listed Ct. brachyura Silvestri, 1918 from Kenya as a synonym of Ct.

diversisquamis, without explanation, while Irish (1995) proposed that it is

highly likely that Cr. incita Silvestri, 1918 from Kenya is also conspecific

with Ct. rothschildi.

Irish (1995) commented that the species is often anthropophilic while

Wygodzinsky (1972) noted that it is clearly dispersed by man but not

necessarily synanthropic. Irish (1995) recorded the species in houses, in an

old box and in a trunk of clothes, as well as being intercepted during

quarantine inspections (mostly in North America) in didi divi pods

(Caesalpinia coriara), dried herbs, banana leaf packing and peanuts. Mendes

(2011) recorded the species on books, in houses and in hotels in Brazil.

The species is recorded by the above authors from Aruba, Brazil, the Cape

Verde Islands, Colombia, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Ethiopia, French

Polynesia, Gambia, Germany, Honduras, India, Indonesia, the Marquesas,

Montserrat, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Puerto Rico, Sierra Leone, Somalia,

Sri Lanka, the United States of America, Venezuela and Zaire. I have been

unable to find any published reference to its presence in Australia, although

40 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1)

its presence at a relatively remote inland town suggests it has been in

Australia for some time.

Compared with the other species of Ctenolepisma introduced into Australia

(the well known Ct. longicaudata Escherich, 1905 and the less common Ct.

lineata (Fabricius, 1775)), this species is only about half their size and is

easily distinguished by the presence of two types of scales. In fact, no other

species of silverfish in Australia is known to have the pauciradiate scales of

Ct. rothschildi. These scales may, however, be lost in poorly preserved

material and were not mentioned in the original descriptions of the species

nor for its synonym Ct. reducta. They were, however, described on Ct.

diversisquamis as well as both Ct. incita and Ct. brachyura. Poor material

lacking scales can, however, be identified on the basis of the urotergal

chaetotaxy.

Watson and Li (1967) presented a key to the peridomestic species of

silverfish in Australia. Ct. rothschildi will key to ‘Ctenolepisma 4’ but no

further, as the ‘two pairs’ of dorsal combs only extend to abdominal tergite

V. Some caution needs to be exercised when using the number of dorsal

combs as most abdominal tergites also have lateral combs visible from above.

Tergites II-V, II-VI or I-VII actually have 3+3 combs on each tergite

although only 2+2 of them are clearly dorsal. Recent authors tend to refer to

the total number of tergal combs per segment.

A more complete description of the Longreach material follows. The

arrangement of the urotergal bristlecombs, the pauciradiate scales and the

shape of urotergite X and its combs allows easy identification of the species

in an Australian context.

Materials and methods

Locality data were recorded using a Garmin etrex™ hand-held GPS unit.

Measurements of a subset of 9 specimens in 75% ethanol were taken using a

10/100 scale in the 10x ocular of an Olympus CHT stage microscope.

Specimens were placed in a Petri dish one third filled with black sand so that

the part to be measured could be oriented close to horizontal. Specimens were

dissected using an Olympus SZ61 stereo microscope and mounted on slides

using Tendiero solution.

Drawings of specimens in alcohol and on slides were made with the aid of an

Olympus CX31 binocular microscope fitted with a U-DA drawing

attachment.

Abbreviations: Roman numerals are used to number the abdominal segments

from anterior to posterior; asl - metres above sea level; AM - Australian

Museum, Sydney, Australia; GPS - Global Positioning System; H+B - head

and body length; HW - head width; L/W - length to width ratio; PI, PII, PIII -

pro, meso and metathoracic legs respectively.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1) 41

Systematics

Family Lepismatidae (Latreille)

Ctenolepisma rothschildi Silvestri, 1907

(Figs 1-41)

Ctenolepisma rothschildi Silvestri, 1907: 514.

Lepisma nigra Oudemans, 1890 (pro parte): 82.

Ctenolepisma diversisquamis Silvestri, 1908: 153.

Ctenolepisma brachyura Silvestri, 1918: 19.

Ctenolepisma reducta Folsom, 1923: 170.

? Ctenolepisma incita Silvestri, 1918: 17.

Material examined. AUSTRALIA: 4 29, 8 83, 2 juv., Queensland, Longreach (town

park), $23°26.474’ E144°15.218", 193 m asl, 9.iv.2011, Graeme Smith: 3 99,7 3d,

2 juv. in alcohol (AM accession numbers K304953-960), 1 9 (K260964-65) and I 3

(K260966-67), each on 2 microscope slides.

Description. Body length of largest specimens collected 8.4 mm (9), 6.3 mm

(3): maximum head width 1.11 mm (Q), 0.95 mm (3); thorax: length 0.31-

0.38 H+B: thorax L/W 1.41-1.73; maximum preserved length of antenna up

to 0.77 H+B; maximum preserved length of cerci 0.57 H+B, median dorsal

appendage 0.59 H+B. Body (Fig. 1) with thorax not much (10%) wider than

anterior five abdominal segments. Live specimens appear very dark above

and light grey/straw colour below. Dorsal scales dark, some are smaller and

have 20-30 fine black rays, others larger with only about 13 very strong rays

(Figs 2-3); ventral scales mostly of fine rayed type with rays much lighter in

colour, scales on femur modified to narrower, shorter forms. Hypodermal

pigment chestnut, flagella of antennae fairly evenly but lightly pigmented,

pedicel with more pigment especially externally, scape also with more

pigment especially below, head with strong pigment around eyes, clypeus

and frons without pigment, maxillary palp with moderate pigmentation on all

articles except ultimate article, labium without pigment and labial palp with

pigment on penultimate and 3rd article but only a very small patch mediad

near base of ultimate article; pronotum with some pigment among bristles on

antero-lateral corners, legs without much pigment, coxae with very light

pigment on anterior external “shoulder” and among bristles on external

margin, trochanter without pigment, femur with light pigment on the external

margin becoming more obvious distally, tibia and basal tarsal article with

moderate pigment, distal tarsal articles without pigment, stylets with

moderate pigmentation except at each end, cerci and appendix dorsalis with

indistinct bands of light pigment which become increasingly longer distally;

in some specimens the terminal appendages do not appear banded.

Macrochaetae hyaline, light straw-colour, feathered, especially on head with

more posterior macrochaetae, e.g. on terminal filaments, mostly smooth.

42 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1)

Head wider than long (Fig. 4), anterior margin with subtriangular anterior

bushes on each side formed from several subparallel curved rows of

macrochaetae, as well as marginal row(s) laterally extending back to and

above the eyes and 1+1 small isolated groups of several macrochaetae on

each side remote from the marginal series each with a long thin smooth seta;

clypeus with large 1+1 densely bunched bushes of long, strong feathered

macrochaetae as well as smaller setae; labrum with smaller 1+1 densely

bunched bushes of smaller feathered macrochaetae as well as other finer

setae, some as long as the macrochaetae of the bushes. Eyes dark with 12

ommatidia. Antennae long, probably up to about three-quarters H+B; the

more apical articles with two rod-like sensillae (one near the apex and one

near the mid-point) of every second article (Fig. 5). Mandibles (Figs 6-7)

typical with distinct molar and incisor areas; a group of about 15 setae with

bifurcate tips distally adjacent to the molar area and a long bush of 70+

setae/macrochaetae externally. Maxilla (Fig. 8) with lacinia with 3 strong

teeth, six lamellate processes and a row of 9 long setae, galea longer than

lacinia; maxillary palp (Figs 9-10) with apical article 3.3-4.9 times longer

than wide and about the same length as the penultimate article (0.92-1.08),

apex of ultimate article with 2? small rod-like sensillae, similar in appearance

to those on the antennae. Labium (Fig. 11) short and broad with rows of setae

on both the pre- and postmentum; labial palp short, apical article wider than

long (L/W 0.74-0.96) with mediad widening, 5 papillae in a single row.

Pronotum (Fig. 12), in well-scaled specimens, with setal collar neatly framed

by subrectangular gap in the scale cover, collar composed mostly of a single

row of short macrochaetae with two submedial regions where 2-4

macrochaetae are arranged in weak, oblique, subparallel rows; lateral margins

with 7+7 combs of 2-4 macrochaetae including the two open trichobothrial

areas; anterior trichobothrial area (Fig. 13) about one-third the way along the

lateral margin, consists of a trichobothrium located at the mediad end of a

comb of 2 macrochaetae; the posterior trichobothrial area (Fig. 14) is located

about three-quarters of the way along the lateral margin, with the

trichobothrium at the mediad end of a comb of 3 macrochaetae, 1+1 posterior

sublateral combs (Fig. 15) with 3 macrochaetae, all combs and trichobothrial

areas located in distinct gaps in the scale cover. Mesonotum (Fig. 16) with 8-

9 and metanotum (Fig. 17) with 6 lateral combs of 2-4 setae, both

trichobothrial areas located more posteriorly (Figs 18-19) as well as posterior

combs (Fig. 20).

Pro- and mesosterna (Figs 21-22) of approximately equal size and shape

(rounded subtriangular) with 1+1 short posterior submarginal combs of 3-4

and 5-6 feathered macrochaetae respectively (Figs 23-25) as well as some

marginal setae; metasternum (Fig. 26) broader and shorter with 1+1 posterior

submarginal combs of 6-7 feathered macrochaetae, the distance between the

combs about 3 times the length of the combs (Fig. 27).

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1) 43

Figs 1-11. Ctenolepisma rothschildi Silvestri. (1) Habitus, dorsal view: (2)

Multiradiate scale; (3) Pauciradiate scale; (4) Head, anterior dorsal view, showing

some of the feathered macrochaetae; (5) Article of midsection of antennae showing

rod-like sensory papillae (rs): (6) Mandible; (7) Same, enlargement of apex: (8)

Maxillae, galea and lacinia; (9) Maxillary palp; (10) Same, enlargement of apex with

rod-like sensory papillae indicated: (11) Labium. Scale bars: 0.1 mm unless otherwise

indicated.

44 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1)

Figs 12-28. Crenolepisma rothschildi Silvestri. (12) Pronotum, left half, with edges of

scale cover indicated by fine line; (13) Same, anterior trichobothrial area: (14) Same,

posterior trichobothrial area; (15) Same, posterior comb: (16) Mesonotum, left half:

(17) Metanotum, left half: (18) Mesonotum, posterior section of right lateral margin

with trichobothrial areas; (19) Metanotum, posterior section of left lateral margin with

trichobothrial areas: (20) Mesonotum, right posterior comb; (21) Prosternum: (22)

Mesosternum; (23) Apex of prosternum: (24) Same, enlargement of left comb,

showing feathered macrochaetae (25) Apex of mesosternum; (26) Metasternum: (27)

Same, enlargement of apex; (28) Metathoracic leg, showing only larger setae and

macrochaetae. Scale bars: 0.1 mm unless otherwise indicated.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1) 45

Figs 29-41. Ctenolepisma rothschildi Silvestri. (29) Urotergite 1; (30) Urotergite V;

(31) Urotergite VIII; (32) Urotergite X (9): (33) Urosternite V; (34) Same,

enlargement of lateral comb; (35) Urosternite VIII, stylet insertion and lateral comb;

(36) Stylet of segment IX; (37) Coxite IX of 4; (38) Penis: (39) Genital region of 9,

ventral view; (40) Coxite IX of 2; (41) Ovipositor, apices of posterior gonapophyses.

Scale bars: 0.1 mm unless otherwise indicated.

46 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1)

Legs not particularly elongate (Fig. 28), tibia L/W of legs PI 2.5-3.7, PII 2.5-

3.3, PHI 3.2-3.9; tarsi L/W PI 5.1-6.1, PII 4.8-7.0, PIII 8.3-9.8. Surface of

coxae with broad, rounded scales, as well as long feathered macrochaetae

along outer margin. Femur with small, narrow, rounded scales along

proximal two-thirds of outer margin, and four stout finely feathered

macrochaetae below. Tibia with five (?) stout, finely feathered macrochaetae

on posterior margin and one midway along the anterior margin. Tarsus with

basal article longer than following three together, pretarsus with long slightly

curved outer claws and smaller medial claw.

Urotergite I with infralateral combs only (Fig. 29), urotergites II-V with 3+3

combs (Fig. 30), urotergites VI-VIII with 2+2 combs (Fig. 31), urotergite IX

short (about half the length of preceding urotergites) and glabrous. Urotergite

X short, trapezoidal (Fig. 32) with 1+1 combs of 3 macrochaetae, as well as

several marginal setae. Urosternites I and II glabrous, urosternite III-VIII

with 1+1 lateral combs of 5-9 macrochaetae (Figs 33-35) as well as 1-3

smaller feathered setae between the comb and the margin. Details of the

number of macrochaetae per comb are given in Table 1, which differs slightly

in numbers from the 2-4 macrochaetae per urotergal bristlecomb given in

Irish (1995).

Table 1. Number of macrochaetae per bristlecomb.

Fraga

Segment ——— See U eden

Lateral Sublateral Submedial

I 3 = - -

II 3 2-3 2 -

Ill 3 2-3 2 6

IV 4 3 2 7

V 5 2-3 2 8

VI 5-6 - 2 8-9

VII 5 - 2 7

VIII 5 - 2 5-6

[mx | Eia | z a 2 =]

Both sexes with 2 pairs of well pigmented, long stylets, armed apically with

several strong spines (Fig. 36), stylets of VIII 60% the length of those on IX.

Coxite IX in the Å (Fig. 37) with fringe of setae internally and several setae

on distal end of external margin, internal process about 3.3 times longer than

the external process and 1.1 times as long as broad at its base. Penis (Fig. 38)

typical with numerous glandular setae apically, each set on a protuberance.

Parameres absent.

Genital region of 9 as in Figure 39, coxite IX also with fringe of setae along

internal margin, internal process (Fig. 40) somewhat narrower than that of ĝ,

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1) 47

about 1.8 times longer than wide at its base and 3.5 times longer than the

external process. Ovipositor thin, very long (up to 2.3 HW), exceeding

internal process by about 4.3 times the length of the process, composed of

about 33 articles. Distal articles of posterior gonapophyses VIII as in Fig. 41.

References

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Society of Washington 25: 170-171.

IRISH, J. 1995. New data on Lepismatidae, mainly from Italy and north east Africa, with notes

on the status of Ctenolepisma rothschildi Silvestri (Insecta: Thysanura). Annali del Museo Civico

di Storia Naturale "Giacomo Doria” 90: 559-570.

MENDES, L.F. 2011. On some Zygentoma (Insecta) from Brazil with description of one new

species of the genus Heterolepisma Escherich, 1905 (Lepismatidae). Boletin de la Sociedad

Entomolögica Aragonesa 48: 67-72.

OUDEMANS, J.T. 1890. Apterygota des indischen Archipels. Pp 73-92, in: Weber, M. (ed.),

Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederlåndisch-Ostindien I. Leiden.

PACLT, J. 1967. Thysanura. Fam. Lepidotrichidae, Maindroniidae, Lepismatidae. Genera

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SILVESTRI, F. 1907. Collections recueillies par M. Maurice de Rothschild, dans I'Afrique

Orientale. Thysanoures. Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris 13: 513-517.

SILVESTRI, F. 1908. Tisanuri raccolti da L. Fea alle isole del Capo Verde, alla Guinea

Portoghese e alle Isole S. Thomé, Principe e Fernando Poo. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia

Naturale di Genova 44: 133-187.

SILVESTRI, F. 1918. Thysanura. Pp 1-28, in: Lhomme, L. (ed.), Vovage de Ch. Alluaud et R.

Jeannel en Afrique orientale (1911-1912). Résultats scientifiques, Aptervgogenea I. Paris:

Libraire des Sciences naturelles.

SILVESTRI, F. 1922. Thysanoures. Pp 157-165, In: Extrait du vovage de M. le Baron Maurice

de Rothschild en Ethiopie et en Afrique Orientale Anglaise (1904-1905). Imprimerie Nationale,

Paris.

WATSON, J.A.L. and LI, C.S. 1967. A further pest species of silverfish (Thysanura) from

Australia, with a key to the domestic species. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 6:

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WYGODZINSKY, P. 1972. A review of the silverfish (Lepismatidae, Thysanura) of the United

States and the Caribbean area. American Museum Novitates 2481: 1-26.

48 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (1)

RECENT LITERATURE

Compiled by Max Moulds (msmoulds@bigpond.net.au) & Editor

FAITHFULL, I.

2010 Further records of vertebrate predation on cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae). Victorian

Entomologist 40: 65-71.

HALL, S.C.B. and PARMENTER, C.J.

2006 Larvae of two signal fly species (Diptera: Platystomatidae), Duomvia foliata McAlpine

and Plagiostenopterina enderleini Hendel, are scavengers of sea turtle eggs. Australian

Journal of Zoology 54(4): 245-252.

JASCHHOF, M.

2010 New species of Peromvia from Tasmania, with a revision of Schiner’s and Skuse’s types

of Australian Micromyinae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Beitråge zur Entomologie 60: 33-

55.

JASCHHOF, M. and JASCHHOF, C.

2008 The Ohakunea group in Tasmania, with description of Colonomvia tasmanica sp. n. (Diptera:

Sciaroidea). Beiträge zur Entomologie 58: 441-453.

JENKINSON, W.

2010 Life history notes on the wide-brand grass-dart, Suniana sunias rectivitta (C. Felder,

1860) Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae. Magazine of the Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club

57: 15-18.

KODANDARAMAIAH, U., PENA, C., BRABY, M.F., GRUND, R., MULLER, C.J.,

NYLIN, S. and WAHLBERG, N.

2010 Phylogenetics of Coenonymphina (Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) and the problem of rooting

rapid radiations. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 54: 386-394.

LAVIGNE, R.

2010 A new species of Cerdistus (Insecta: Diptera: Asilidae) from South Australia. South

Australian Naturalist 84: 7-14.

LAVIGNE, R. and YOUNG, A.

2008 Distribution and behaviour of Cerdistus margitis (Walker, 1849) (Insecta: Diptera:

Asilidae) in South Australia. South Australian Naturalist 82: 18-22.

MADDEN, C.

2010 Aquatic macro-invertebrates of Fleurieu Peninsula parks. South Australian Naturalist 84:

31-37.

MARRIOTT, P.

2008 Moths of Victoria. Part I — silk moths and allies — Bombycoidea. Entomological Society

of Victoria, Melbourne; 32 pp.

MARSHALL, D.C. and HILL, K.B.R.

2009 Versatile aggressive mimicry of cicadas by an Australian predatory katydid. Public

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McEVEY, S.F.

2009 Taxonomic review of the Australian Drosophila setifemur species group, a new name

for the D. dispar species group (Diptera: Drosophilidae). Records of the Australian

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ORR, A. and KITCHING, R.

2010 The Butterflies of Australia. Allen & Unwin, Sydney: viii +296 + 30 pp.

PLANT, A.R.

2010 — Anaclastoctedon (Diptera: Empididae: Hemerodromiinae), a new genus from Asia and

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ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTICES

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