THE AUSTRALIAN

Entomologist

published by

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND

Volume 39, Part 2, 10 June 2012

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ISSN 1320 6133

THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

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Cover: A male of Megacmonotus magnus (McLachlan 1871), one of the largest of

the Australian members of the lacewing family Ascalaphidae. Ascalaphids are

sometimes known as “owl flies” and many are partly daytime active. This species

has a wing length of up to 45 mm and is very widespread in Australia, being

recorded from all mainland states except Victoria and South Australia. The strange

process jutting up from the base of the abdomen is found in many male ascalaphids

and is of unknown function.

The illustration is reproduced by permission from CSIRO’s Insects of Australia and

is by the late Mary Quick, one of the many talented artists who worked in the 1960s

on the hundreds of new insect illustrations for the first edition of this classic work.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2): 49-54

A NEW SPECIES OF NACADUBA ERA:

LYCAENIDAE) FROM NIUE, SOUTHWESTERN PACIFIC OCEAN

R.B. LACHLAN

Entomology Department, Australian Museum, 6 College St, Sydney, NSW 2010

Abstract

Nacaduba niueensis sp. n. is described and illustrated from Niue in the southwestern Pacific

Ocean. The status of the previously illustrated female of this species is clarified.

Introduction

Miller and Miller (1993) recorded three species of Lycaenidae from the

island of Niue. These included a species they tentatively identified as Spalgis

sp., plus Jamides bochus argentina Prittwitz, 1867 and Zizina otis

mangoensis (Butler, 1884). In their paper, they suggested that the first

mentioned species, of which they had a single female specimen, may belong

to the genus Spalgis Moore, 1879 as it bore ‘markings reminiscent of Spalgis

epeus (Westwood, [1851]), and particularly, S. e. nubilus Moore, [1884] but

bolder and more pronounced.’ While they described and illustrated the

female and the female genitalia of this specimen, they did not describe it as a

new species. I collected a single male specimen, clearly the same species as

that illustrated by Miller and Miller (1993), on Niue in December 2009.

Examination of both specimens showed they did not belong to the genus

Spalgis and they are described here as a new species in the genus Nacaduba

Moore, [1881].

Nacaduba niueensis sp. n.

(Figs 1-6)

Types. Holotype 3, NIUE: Namukulu, north-west coast, 10 km NNW of Alofi by

coastal road, 18°58'59.7"S 169°53'48"W, 9.xii.2009, R.B. Lachlan, K300568 (in

Australian Museum, Sydney). Paratype 2, Niue, Alofi, 0-100 m elevation, xii.1979,

N.L.H. Krauss (in Bishop Museum, Honolulu, Hawaii).

Description. Male (Figs 1-4). Forewing length 13 mm. Antennae with dorsal

surface black, ventral surface black with thin, white segmental bands, clubs

elongated. Eyes and palpi hairy. Thorax black with overlay of long, pale blue

hair scales. Forewing and hind wing as in Fig. 1; ground colour unicolorous

dark lilac-brown, wing fringes darkish brown, lighter at tips, lilac scales more

evident when viewed obliquely. Forewing underside as in Fig. 2; ground

colour greyish brown, lightly irrorated with pale iridescent scales at base,

traversed by three pairs of prominent, undulating, whitish edged, dark brown

lines forming bands; the subbasal band runs from costa to inner margin,

curving distally, the short median band runs from just below costa to vein

CuA,, the third postmedian band runs from costa to vein 1A+2A; a

subterminal, whitish edged, dark brown irregular line runs from the costa to

vein 1A+2A; a row of dark brown, flattened triangular terminal spots runs

from the apical area to vein 1A+2A. Hind wing underside as in Fig. 2; ground

50 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2)

colour slightly darker than forewing, more heavily irrorated with iridescent

pale blue-green scales basally; traversed by three pairs of bands, as in

forewing but closer in proximity to each other; the subbasal band is slightly

straighter than the forewing band, the median and postmedian bands clearly

join to form a single band from vein CuA, to inner margin; a prominent,

subterminal, dark brown zig-zag line, edged whitish basally, runs from apex

to just past tornus; there are six small, terminal, dark brown triangular spots,

each edged by whitish scales; the two largest triangular spots between veins

CuA; and M; have their basal halves covered with bright, pale blue iridescent

scales; a small number of pale blue iridescent scales are found on each side of

vein 1A+2A at the inner margin; there are no tails on this species.

Figs 1-2. Nacaduba niueensis sp. n., holotype male: (1) upperside; (2) underside.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2) 51

Figs 3-4. Nacaduba niueensis, holotype male: (3) genitalia, with aedeagus removed,

viewed ventrally; (4) phallus, viewed dorsolaterally. .

Male genitalia (Figs 3-4). Tegumen with sociuncus weakly saddle-shaped,

ventrolaterally rhomboid-shaped; uncus lobes bulbous, hirsute, heavily

sclerotized on outer margin and hooked upwards apically; vinculum rounded

posteriorly and pronounced where it meets tegumen; brachia fairly long,

52 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2)

bowed sharply along one third of length, of approximately equal width,

tapering to a lightly sclerotized upward-curving apical tooth; juxta highly

modified, basally sub-oval, long, lightly hirsute appendages extending half

way along length of valvae, weakly clubbed apically but tapering to a point;

valvae very large and broad across median section, heavily sclerotized outer

margin gently rounded basally, then more or less straight to apex, inner edge

heavily sclerotized and serrated inwardly, tapering to a sharp, prominent,

sclerotized apical tooth, numerous setae basally, sparsely hirsute at apex;

aedeagus broad medially with fleshy ductus connected to median part of

phallus, posterior end rounded, vesica fleshy, tongue-shaped.

Figs 5-6. Nacaduba niueensis sp. n., paratype female: (5) upperside; (6) underside.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2) 53

Female (Figs 5-6). Similar to male; upperside unicolorous dark grey-brown,

slightly darker on distal half of forewing and hind wing; underside a lighter

grey-brown ground colour with markings almost identical to male; the

iridescent scaling seen on the male is vestigial on the female in the same

wing areas.

Female genitalia. Miller and Miller (1993) described and illustrated the

female genitalia but referred to it as a Spalgis species, noting that the papillae

anales were aberrant ‘with the distal margin modified into a single point on

the left and a bifid margin on the right’.

Etymology. The specific name niueensis is derived from the Pacific island

nation of Niue, the only known locality for the species.

Distribution. At present, N. niueensis is recorded only from the island of

Niue, southwestern Pacific Ocean and is assumed to be endemic.

Discussion

Niue is a single, remote, young (Pliocene), raised coral island of just 260 km?

in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It lies approximately 420 km east of the

central Tongan islands, 520 km SSE of American Samoa and 1,065 km ENE

of Rarotonga in the Cook Islands. Due to its remoteness, there are very few

species of butterflies recorded from Niue and no previously recorded

endemic species or subspecies.

Miller and Miller (1993) suggested that this species might belong to the

genus Spalgis largely because the markings on the underside were most

similar to S. epius nubilus. However, that species is confined to the Andaman

Islands and Pulau Tioman off the east coast of the Malay Peninsula

(D'Abrera 1986). Although N. niueensis appears superficially similar to S.

epeus on the upperside, the undersides are very different, with Spalgis species

having lighter undersides that also lack the distinctive, bold dark markings

that are a diagnostic feature of N. niueensis. Parsons (1998) recorded three

species of Spalgis from the island of New Guinea but only one species from

Papua New Guinea. He also described Spalgis as an uncommon, weak-flying

species. This alone makes it highly unlikely that any Spa/gis will be found

any further east in the Pacific islands.

This new, distinctive species is here placed in the genus Nacaduba Moore,

[1881], as Tennent (2001) correctly pointed out that many Nacaduba species

have undersides characterised by a series of fine, lunulate-edged lines often

with subtornal spots surrounded, in part, by varying amounts of iridescent

blue and blue-green scales on the underside of the hind wings. The ventral

surfaces of the new species clearly fall within these parameters. The male

genitalia of N. niueensis broadly conform to the description given by

Hirowatari (1992) for Nacaduba, with a small dorsum and slender lateral

arms of the juxta. The female genitalia, as illustrated by Miller and Miller

(1993), show the origin of the ductus seminalis closer to the ostium than is

54 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2)

usual in Nacaduba but very unlike the female genitalia of Tartesa Hirowatari,

1992 from the Solomon Islands, to which Nacaduba is closely related. The

genus Nacaduba extends widely into the Pacific.

Spalgis, in the subfamily Miletinae, is unrelated to Nacaduba in the

subfamily Polyommatinae. In Spalgis, the forewing veins Sc and R, are

separate, while in the Nacaduba group of the Polyommatinae they are

anastomosed, as they are in the species described here. The male genitalia of

Spalis epeus, as illustrated by Eliot (1973), are very different from those of N.

niueensis.

Given the very distinctive undersides (Figs 2, 6) of both sexes, N. niueensis

cannot be confused with any other species of Lycaenidae recorded from the

region.

Acknowledgements

I am very grateful to Shepherd Myers from the Bishop Museum, Honolulu,

for the loan of the female specimen. I wish to acknowledge the assistance of

Scott Ginn and Dr David Britton, both of the Australian Museum, Sydney, in

the production of the digital images of the adults and for organising the loan

of the female. You Ning Su is also sincerely thanked for the production of the

genitalia digital images along with Ted Edwards (both from the ANIC,

Canberra) for preparing the genitalia. Dr Don Sands provided helpful

comments on the male genitalia and Chris Miiller helped with the manuscript

description of the genitalia, which was most appreciated. Ted Edwards and

Dr Max Moulds (Research Fellow, Australian Museum, Sydney) are also

thanked for their very helpful comments on the manuscript.

References

D'ABRERA, B. 1986. Butterflies of the Oriental Region. Part III. Hill House, Melbourne; xv +

pp 536-672.

ELIOT, J.N. 1973. The higher classification of the Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera): a tentative

arrangement. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology 28(6): 373-505, pls

1-6.

HIROWATARI, T. 1992. A generic classification of the Tribe Polyommatini of the Oriental and

Australian Regions (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Polyommatinae). Bulletin of the University of

Osaka Prefecture (B) 44(Supplement): 1-102.

MILLER, J.Y. and MILLER, L.D. 1993. The butterflies of the Tonga Islands and Niue, Cook

Islands, with the descriptions of two new subspecies. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 34: 1-

24.

PARSONS, M.J. 1998. The butterflies of Papua New Guinea: their systematics and biology.

Academic Press, London; 736 pp, xxvi + 104 pls.

TENNENT, W.J. 2001. What is Nacaduba mallicollo markira Tite? A new species of Nacaduba

Moore from the Solomon Islands (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Australian Entomologist 28(3): 85-

90.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2): 55-64 ac

NEW RECORDS OF FRUIT FLIES FROM NORTHERN VIETNAM,

WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF

ADRAMINI (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE: TRYPETINAE)

DAVID L. HANCOCK! and STEPHEN A. MARSHALL?

'8/3 McPherson Close, Edge Hill, Cairns, Old 4870

?School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario NIG 2W1, Canada

Abstract

Sapadrama citrina gen. et sp. n. is described from northern Vietnam and placed in a modified

generic key. An updated list of Adrama Walker host plants, new records of Euphranta macularis

(Wiedemann) and Gastrozona proterva Hering from Vietnam and a behavioural note on

Rioxoptilona formosana (Enderlein) are included.

Introduction

Tribe Adramini currently includes 17 described genera in the Oriental and

Australasian Regions, plus an undescribed genus from the Solomon Islands

(Hancock and Drew 2005). They are attractively patterned, slender flies of

relatively large size usually encountered in rainforest or riverine locations.

On a recent visit to northern Vietnam, one of us (SAM) collected two

specimens of a new genus and species (Figs 1-2) on a broad-leafed

understorey plant in the Sapa district near the Chinese border. It is described

below. Some additional records of Vietnamese Tephritidae and an updated

list of Adrama Walker host plants are included.

Morphological terminology follows White et al. (1999) and the following

abbreviation has been used: DEBU — University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.

Modified key to Asian and Australasian genera of Adramini

Hancock and Drew (2005) provided a key to Australasian genera of

Adramini. Additional East Asian genera, including the new genus

Sapadrama, may be identified by the following modification to couplets 1-3

of that key. Characters for Pelmatops Enderlein and Pseudopelmatops

Shiraki are derived from Chen et al. (2010).

1 Head strongly produced laterally, the eyes on long stalks but no head

setae'on;theistalksyse ert Sir meni eed. Jupe ee mu Un Ts de eire lA

— Head not laterally produced and eyes not on long stalks .................... 1B

1A Orbital and genal setae absent; eye stalk in male at least as long as or

longer than abdomen, shorter in female; palpi spatulate and sparsely

covered with fine yellow setulae ....................... Pelmatops Enderlein

— Orbital and genal setae present; eye stalk in both sexes shorter than

abdomen; palpi usually narrow and densely covered with distinct black

Setulde ges T Pseudopelmatops Shiraki

1B Wing vein Cu, setose; only 2 scutellar setae (basals); mid tibia with 2-3

longtapicalisDIDeSE ees eec E n) Soita Walker

56 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2)

— Wing vein Cu, bare; 2 or 4 scutellar setae; mid tibia with 1-2 long apical

2 Antenna much longer than face; scutum with transverse suture complete

or nearly so; 2 scutellar setae (apicals) ........... Meracanthomyia Hendel

— Antenna normally shorter than face, rarely slightly longer; transverse

scutal suture neither complete nor nearly so; 2 or 4 scutellar setae ..... 2A

2A Metathoracic postcoxal bridge broadly sclerotised; 2 or 4 scutellar setae,

if 4 then head with postocellar, postocular and genal setae absent ........ 3

— Metathoracic postcoxal bridge semimembranous medially; 4 distinct

scutellar setae; postocellar, postocular and genal setae not all absent .... 4

3 Wing hyaline with a narrow brown costal band; postocular and genal

setae absent; only 2 distinct scutellar setae (basals); mid and hind femora

without rows of ventral spines .................... Ichneumonosoma de Meijere

— Wing with at least apical area mostly brown; postocular and genal setae

present or absent; 2 or 4 scutellar setae, if 2 then these are apicals; mid

and hind femora with or without rows of ventral spines ................. 3A

3A Head with postocular and genal setae absent; wing cell bcu with an acute

apical lobe; 2 or 4 scutellar setae; mid and hind femora each with 2 rows

of short, stout ventral spines; mid tibia with 1 long apical spine ............

SESE NORGE odtipare Hierro one a A OES AR O Ks Adrama Walker

— Head with postocular and genal setae present; wing cell bcu without an

acute apical lobe; 2 scutellar setae; mid and hind femora without rows of

ventral spines; mid tibia with 2 long apical spines .... Sapadrama gen. n.

Sapadrama gen. n.

Type species Sapadrama citrina sp. n., by present designation.

Diagnosis. Relatively large flies: body length 11-15 mm, wing length 8-12

mm. Head somewhat gibbose; one pair each of black orbital plus medial and

lateral vertical setae; frontal, upper orbital, ocellar, postocellar and

paravertical setae absent, genal and a row of weak postocular setae present

and black; face depressed and flat on dorsal half, convex on ventral half;

antenna with third segment short and apically rounded, less than half length

of face; arista plumose. Thorax without a yellow medial vitta and with the

following setae: outer scapular, anterior and posterior notopleural, anterior

and posterior supra-alars and intra-alar setae present; one pair (apical) of

scutellar setae; other setae absent; posteroventral corner of anatergite and

posterodorsal corner of katatergite with inconspicuous, fine pale hairs;

metathoracic postcoxal bridge broadly sclerotised. Legs without femoral

spines; fore tibia and tarsi largely black; mid tibia with a pair of large apical

black spines in addition to several small apical spines, including one between

the two large ones.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2) 57

Figs 1-2. Sapadrama citrina sp. n.: (1) male; (2) holotype male and paratype female

in copula. Photographs © S.A. Marshall.

58 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2)

Wing elongate; stigma (costal part of cell sc) narrow, apically acute and half

length of cell c; vein Ry setose; apex of vein R+; well before wing apex, just

beyond line of DM-Cu crossvein; R-M crossvein placed just before apical

quarter of cell dm and well beyond apex of stigma; vein Cu, bare; cell bcu

blunt, without an acute apical extension; combined vein A,+Cu, as long as

cell bcu. Abdomen elongate; spinulose setae on sternites absent; female with

oviscape about as long as tergites V+VI; aculeus about one-third length of

oviscape and apically acute; male with lateral surstyli short, broad and

distally blunt; forked vanes of phallopodeme not fused.

Etymology. The generic name is a combination of Sapa, the district of the

type locality and Adrama, the type genus of tribe Adramini.

Sapadrama citrina sp. n.

(Figs 1-9)

Types. Holotype ĝ, VIETNAM: Catcat, Sapa district, 22°19'26.64"N

103?48'30.64"E, 18.viii.2011, S. Marshall (in DEBU). Paratype 9, same data as

holotype (in DEBU).

Description. As for genus plus the following characters.

Male (Fig. 1). Length of body 11 mm, of wing 8.0 mm. Head largely

yellowish, slightly higher than long, somewhat gibbose; frons with a round

medial black spot between and anterior to orbital setae; face entirely pale

translucent yellow, depressed and flat on dorsal half, convex on ventral half;

antenna with first segment yellow, second segment black, third segment

short, yellowish and apically rounded, less than half length of face; arista

plumose, the longest hairs about two-thirds width of third antennal segment.

Thorax mostly rufous; scutum (Figs 1, 5) browner posteriorly and laterally

and with a narrow brownish medial vitta that evanesces anteriorly, a pair of

narrow, dark brown dorsolateral vittae from anterior margin which unite with

the darker posterior marking posteriorly and with the dark lateral band

anteriorly above postpronotal lobes; postpronotal lobes yellow; scutellum

rufous, darker medially on disc, with only the apical pair of scutellar setae.

Pleura with brown transverse bands on proepisternum below postpronotal

lobe and on anepisternum, the latter continuing onto upper part of

katepisternum; anatergite and katatergite brown; anterior part of

anepisternum, anepimeron. and most of katepisternum largely yellow;

subscutellum and mediotergite rufous.

Legs largely rufous; fore and mid coxae yellow, hind coxa largely brown;

fore femur with a subapical dark streak on inner surface; mid and hind

femora with only uniformly small ventral setulae; fore tibia except extreme

base and fore tarsi black; mid tibia and tarsi tending brownish.

Wing (Fig. 4) elongate; stigma (costal part of cell sc) narrow, yellow-brown,

apically acute and half length of cell c; apex of vein Rz well before wing

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2) 59

Figs 3-6. Sapadrama citrina sp. n.: (3) head and thorax of female, lateral view (orbital

setae not visible); (4) wing; (5) scutellum; (6) lateral view of male terminalia.

60 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2)

apex, just beyond line of DM-Cu crossvein; vein R445 bare except for a row of

5 setae at base; R-M crossvein placed just before apical quarter of cell dm

and well beyond apex of stigma; cell r», very narrow in basal quarter then

abruptly broadening; cell bm strap-like, much narrower than cell bcu; cell dm

broadening evenly from base to apex; cell bcu blunt, without an acute apical

extension; combined vein A,*Cu; as long as cell bcu. Wing mostly hyaline;

yellowish anteriorly to vein R4.5 and apex of vein R?.5, including costal cells;

a diffuse grey-brown patch over apical third connected basally through cell

dm to a blackish patch over R-M crossvein that does not cross vein R45; cell

m with a broad but indistinct subhyaline marginal indentation; cell br with a

narrow yellow band below humeral vein and cells br and bm with a yellowish

suffusion. Halteres yellow.

Abdomen club-shaped, narrowed at base; tergites rufous, especially laterally;

sternites yellow. Male genitalia (Figs 6-7) with medial surstyli short, the

prensisetae fused into a broad tooth on right side and separated as two distinct

teeth on left side; phallus with moderately short (about as long as glans plus

preglans) stipe bearing neither spines nor other special cuticular projections;

glans large, as long as epandrium, well sclerotised, with an expanded

preglans area; with paired, moderately elongate semitubular lobes of

acrophallus and apicodorsal rod well sclerotised and forming a flagellum-like

projection at its apex.

Female (Figs 2-3) as for male except face darker yellow on facial bulge and

abdomen elongate; tergite VI as long as tergite V; sternites I-VI yellow;

anteromedial apodeme of sternite VI not examined; oviscape (Fig. 8) rufous,

subtriangular in dorsal view; eversible membrane 2.5 mm in length, about as

long as tergites V--VI combined, with a pair of long, faintly indicated taeniae,

apically black with a collar of dense, monodentate black scales that are

slightly shorter laterally but equally long on dorsal and ventral surfaces;

aculeus (Fig. 9) short, slightly expanded subapically and apically acute, about

one-third length of oviscape. Length of body 15 mm, of wing 12 mm.

Etymology. The name citrina refers to the predominantly orange and yellow

coloration of this species, particularly the yellow abdominal sternites.

Distribution. Known only from the type locality in northern Vietnam.

Discussion

Placement of this new genus and species has proved difficult. The lack of

frontal setae and the blunt apex to wing cell bcu are unknown elsewhere in

tribe Adramini, which is defined by the presence of relatively long, fine hairs

on the anatergite (Korneyev 1999) [several additional genera sometimes

included but lacking these hairs were referred to the Sophira complex in tribe

Acanthonevrini by Hancock and Drew (2005)]. The blunt apex to cell bcu

also occurs in some genera of the Sophira complex (Adramoides Hardy,

Pseudosophira Malloch and Robertsomyia Hardy) but in these genera

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2) 61

Figs 7-9. Sapadrama citrina sp. n. (7) male terminalia; (8) dorsal view of female

oviscape; (9) dorsal view of female eversible membrane and aculeus.

62 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2)

cell bcu is much longer than the combined vein Aj*Cu;. The short female

aculeus is characteristic of some other Asian genera such as Adrama Walker,

Meracanthomyia Hendel and Piestometopon de Meijere, plus the African

genera Celidodacus Hendel, Conradtina Enderlein and Munromyia Bezzi

(Korneyev 1999).

The lack of frontal setae, blunt apex to cell bcu and 2 or 3 acrophallus

filaments (homologous to the tubular structures seen in the glans of

Sapadrama) are characteristic or frequently observed in family

Platystomatidae but the costal break at the apex of vein Sc, the well

developed tergite VI in the female and the presence of distinct prensisetae

rule that family out of consideration. The presence of three costal breaks,

before and after the humeral vein and at the tip of vein Sc, plus the presence

of a distinct row of setulae on vein R; and paired prensisetae, confirm

placement in the Tephritidae.

Sapadrama differs from all other genera in the Adramini in characters noted

in the generic diagnosis, particularly in the lack of frontal setae and shape of

wing cell bcu. It appears most similar to Adrama, especially in wing pattern,

the black fore tibia and tarsi and shape of the male surstyli and female

aculeus. Adrama species also have a large, well sclerotised aedeagal glans

with a short, membranous protuberance and a black, densely scaled apex to

the eversible membrane of the ovipositor. The presence of only the apical

pair of scutellar setae is seen elsewhere only in Meracanthomyia and some

Adrama species. Sapadrama differs from Adrama in the presence of genal

and postocular setae, lack of an apical lobe to cell bcu, lack of femoral spines

and mid tibiae with 2 long apical spines. Meracanthomyia additionally has

much longer antennae and a complete or almost complete scutal suture.

Other new distribution records from Vietnam

Euphranta macularis (Wiedemann) (Trypetinae: Adramini). A male from

Cuc Phuong National Park, near Hanoi, viii.2011, S. Marshall (in DEBU) is

the first record of this species from Vietnam. Known previously from India,

southern China, Philippines, West and East Malaysia and the Indonesian

islands of Sumatra and Java, it was recorded recently from Thailand by

Permkam (2005, as E. striatella van der Wulp).

Gastrozona proterva Hering (Dacinae: Gastrozonini). A female from Catcat,

near Sapa, viii.2011, S. Marshall (in DEBU) is the first record of this

bamboo-shoot infesting fly from Vietnam. It was known previously only

from northern Burma. The Chinese G. quadrivittata Wang, previously

considered a close relative of G. proterva, has distinct ocellar setae, wing cell

bc brown and a larger apical scutellar spot (Wang and Chen 2002), while two

other Chinese species, with heads only slightly higher than long, appear to be

misplaced: G. appendiculata Zia likely belongs in Paragastrozona Shiraki,

while G. hancocki Wang & Chen probably belongs in a separate genus.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2) 63

Host plants of Adrama species

Host plants for many genera of Adramini, including Sapadrama, remain

unrecorded but an updated list for Adrama species is shown in Table 1.

Larvae appear to feed in seeds and developing cotyledons and some species

have been regarded as pests of tea (Camellia sinensis: Theaceae).

Table 1. Known host plants of Adrama species. ^ = botanical name changed from

Ryparosa javanica (Webber and Woodrow 2006); * = single specimen record

requiring confirmation.

Species / Plant family Host plant Reference

Adrama apicalis Shiraki

THEACEAE Camellia sinensis White & Elson-Harris 1992

FABACEAE Albizia procera Hancock & Drew 1994

Adrama austeni Hendel

THEACEAE Camellia sinensis White & Elson-Harris 1992

Adrama biseta Malloch

LECYTHIDACEAE Barringtonia acutangula | Permkam & Hancock 1995

Barringtonia asiatica Hancock et al. 2000

Barringtonia calyptrata Hancock et al. 2000

Barringtonia racemosa Hancock et al. 2000

Adrama determinata (Walker)

THEACEAE Camellia sinensis White & Elson-Harris 1992

SAPINDACEAE Lepisanthes ?falcata Chua 2000

FABACEAE Millettia atropurpurea D. Kovac & P. Dohm pers.

comm.

Adrama rufiventris (Walker)

SAPOTACEAE Palaquium maingayi Hancock & Drew 1994

LECYTHIDACEAE Barringtonia sp. D. Kovac & P. Dohm pers.

comm.

Adrama selecta Walker

ACHARIACEAE Ryparosa kurrangii^ Hancock et al. 2000

THEACEAE Camellia sinensis Permkam & Hancock 1995

LECYTHIDACEAE Barringtonia acutangula Permkam & Hancock 1995

Barringtonia calyptocalyx Hancock & Drew 2003

GNETACEAE Gnetum gnemon* Hancock & Drew 2003

SAPINDACEAE Harpullia arborea* Hancock et al. 2000

SAPOTACEAE Planchonella obovoidea* ^ Hancock et al. 2000

An additional behavioural record for Rioxoptilona

Rioxoptilona formosana (Enderlein) (Phytalmiinae: Acanthonevrini). A male

from near Catcat, Sapa district, viii.2011, S. Marshall (in DEBU) was

collected underneath a leaf of an understorey plant, thereby exhibiting similar

64 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2)

resting behaviour to that recorded for other species of Rioxoptilona Hendel

collected in northern Thailand (Hancock 2011).

Acknowledgements

We thank Dave Cheung for help with photography of the pinned specimens,

Andrew Whittington for helpful discussions on Platystomatidae and Hanh

Pham Duc for expediting the second author’s field work in Vietnam. Damir

Kovac and Patrick Dohm (Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt am

Main) provided additional host plant information for Adrama species from

West Malaysia.

References

CHEN, X., ZHANG, Y., LI, J. and ZHU, C. 2010. A revision of stalk-eyed fruit flies (Diptera:

Tephritidae: Trypetinae). Zootaxa 2654: 1-16.

CHUA, T.H. 2000. New species and records of Trypetinae from Brunei Darussalam (Diptera:

Tephritidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 48(1): 143-146.

HANCOCK, D.L. 2011. An annotated key to the species of Acanthonevra Macquart and allied

genera (Diptera: Tephritidae: Acanthonevrini). Australian Entomologist 38(3): 109-128.

HANCOCK, D.L. and DREW, R.A.I. 1994. New species and records of Asian Trypetinae

(Diptera: Tephritidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 42(3): 555-591.

HANCOCK, D.L. and DREW, R.A.I. 2003. New species and records of Trypetinae (Diptera:

Tephritidae) from Australia and the South Pacific. Australian Entomologist 30(3): 93-106.

HANCOCK, D.L. and DREW, R.A.I. 2005. New genera, species and records of Adramini

(Diptera: Tephritidae: Trypetinae) from the South Pacific and southern Asia. Australian

Entomologist 32(1): 5-16.

HANCOCK, D.L., HAMACEK, E.L., LLOYD, A.C. and ELSON-HARRIS, M.M. 2000. The

distribution and host plants of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Australia. Queensland

Department of Primary Industries Information Series Q199067, Brisbane; iii +75 pp.

KORNEYEV, V.A. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships among higher groups of Tephritidae. Pp

73-113, in: Aluja, M. and Norrbom, A.L. (eds), Fruit flies (Tephritidae): phylogeny and

evolution of behavior. CRC Press, Boca Raton; xviii + 944 pp.

PERMKAM, S. 2005. Bamboo-shoot fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) of southern Thailand.

Songklanakarin Journal of Science and Technology 27(2): 223-237.

PERMKAM, S. and.HANCOCK, D.L. 1995. Australian Trypetinae (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Invertebrate Taxonomy 9: 1047-1209.

WANG, X.-J. and CHEN, X.-L. 2002. A revision of the genus Gastrozona Bezzi from China

(Diptera: Tephritidae). Acta Entomologica Sinica 45(4): 507-515.

WEBBER, B.L. and WOODROW, LE. 2006. Morphological analysis and a resolution of the

Ryparosa javanica species complex (Achariaceae) from Malesian and Australian tropical

rainforests. Australian Systematic Botany 19: 541-569.

WHITE, I.M. and ELSON-HARRIS, M.M. 1992. Fruit flies of economic significance: their

identification and bionomics. CAB International & ACIAR, Wallingford; xii + 601 pp.

WHITE, I.M., HEADRICK, D.H., NORRBOM, A.L. and CARROLL, L.E. 1999. Glossary. Pp

881-924, in: Aluja, M. and Norrbom, A.L. (eds), Fruit flies (Tephritidae): phylogeny and

evolution of behavior. CRC Press, Boca Raton; xviii + 944 pp.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2): 65-68 65

NEW LARVAL FOOD PLANTS AND BIOLOGICAL NOTES FOR

SOME BUTTERFLIES (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONOIDEA) FROM

EASTERN AUSTRALIA

MICHAEL F. BRABY

Biodiversity Conservation, Department of Natural Resources, Environment, the Arts and Sport,

PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831 and Research School of Biology, The Australian National

University, Canberra, ACT 0200

Abstract

New larval food plants and biological data are recorded for several pierid and lycaenid butterflies

from eastern Australia. Among the Pieridae, Capparis lucida (Capparaceae), naturalised Cakile

maritima (Brassicaceae) and Lysiana spathulata (Loranthaceae) are recorded for Elodina

queenslandica kuranda De Baar & Hancock, Pieris rapae (Linnaeus) and Delias argenthona

(Fabricius), respectively. Among the Lycaenidae, Acacia acinacea (Fabaceae) is recorded for the

first time for Jalmenus evagoras (Donovan), the ant Dolichoderus scrobiculatus (Mayr)

(Dolichoderinae) is newly recorded attending the larva of Nesolycaena medicea Braby and

oviposition on Dipodium variegatum (Orchidaceae) by Zizina otis (Fabricius) is noted.

Introduction

The following observations document new larval food plant associations and

biological notes for several butterflies from the families Pieridae and

Lycaenidae from eastern Australia and contribute to the growing knowledge

of insect-plant associations for the Australian fauna as a whole (see Braby

2000, Edwards et al. 2001, Orr and Kitching 2010). The records are based on

observations made between northern Queensland and eastern Victoria during

2003-12 and are presented in annotated form, summarising details of food

plant locality, date and early stages. Nomenclature for butterflies follows

Braby (2010) and for plants follows APNI (2011). Voucher numbers refer to

plant specimens lodged in the Northern Territory Herbarium, Palmerston

(DNA); ant specimens are deposited in the Entomology collection at CSIRO

Tropical Ecosystem Research Centre, Darwin.

Observations

PIERIDAE

Elodina queenslandica kuranda De Baar & Hancock, 1993

Capparis lucida (DC.) R.Br. ex Benth. (Capparaceae) (voucher M.F. Braby

047, DNA). Crystal Creek, c. 65 km NW of Townsville, Qld (18.92853°S,

146.31978?E), sea level, 7.v.2009. Females were observed around midday

ovipositing on C. /ucida, which grew as a large shrub in coastal vine thicket;

numerous freshly emerged males were present in the area, frequently flying

around the outer foliage of the larval food plant. Adults occurred together

with those of E. perdita Miskin, 1889.

Pieris rapae rapae (Linneaus, 1758)

*Cakile maritima Scop. (Brassicaceae) Sea Rocket. (1): Mallacoota, Vic., sea

level, 19.11.2005. Numerous eggs were found on the foliage of C. maritima

growing as a low spreading succulent up to 60 cm high on coastal beach

66 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2)

sands and sand dunes; at 1230 h (EST) a female was observed ovipositing on

the larval food plant. (2): Thurra River, Croajingalong National Park, Vic.

(37?46'43"S, 149?18'26"E), sea-level, 21.iii.2005. Numerous eggs were

found on the foliage of C. maritima growing on coastal beach sands behind

the public camp ground; two early instar larvae were also collected, one of

which was reared to the pupal stage in captivity on this plant.

Delias argenthona argenthona (Fabricius, 1793)

Lysiana spathulata (Blakely) Barlow (Loranthaceae) (voucher M.F. Braby

048, DNA). 14 km WSW of Torrens Creek, Qld (20.80502°S, 144.88722°E),

450 m a.s.l., 9.v.2009. A cohort comprising 36 second instar larvae was

recorded on the foliage of L. spathulata parasitising a small Acacia tree

growing in open woodland; the larvae, which were moulting to the third

instar, were grouped into three clusters on separate leaves of the food plant.

LYCAENIDAE

Jalmenus evagoras (Donovan, 1805)

Acacia acinacea Lindl. (Fabaceae). Pauline Toner Reserve, Eltham, Vic.

(37.71860°S, 145.16409°E), 110 m a.s.l., 1.1.2012. A colony was recorded

breeding on two shrubs (ca 1.5 m high) of A. acinacea growing about 10 m

apart along a roadside verge adjacent to the reserve; one plant supported

approximately 50 late instar larvae/pupae and the other approximately 70 late

instar larvae/pupae, which were distributed in small cohorts amongst the

foliage and attended by numerous ants, Iridomyrmex complex A sp. B.

Numerous adults, many of which were mating, were present on the plants.

Nesolycaena medicea Braby, 1996

Boronia eriantha Lind. (Rutaceae). White Mountains National Park, Qld

(20.44143°S, 144.84248°E), 700 m a.s.l, 28.iv.2009. A late instar larva

feeding openly on B. eriantha during the day was attended by a medium-

sized black ant, Dolichoderus scrobiculatus (Mayr, 1876) (Hymenoptera:

Formicidae: Dolichoderinae). The ant was observed for about 5 minutes

before it was collected; during this period it constantly attended the larva,

occasionally leaving the larva for a few seconds before resuming to ‘palpate’

the eversible tentacular organs. The larva was collected and reared to adult in

captivity, emerging a few weeks later on 21.v.2009.

Zizina otis labradus (Godart, [1824])

Burrewarra Point, NSW (35?49'50"S, 150913'45"E), 50 ma.s.l., 14.xii.2003.

Two eggs were recorded on the green central stem of a hyacinth orchid,

Dipodium variegatum M.A.Clem. & D.L.Jones (Orchidaceae). The identity

of the eggs was uncertain, but they were suspected to be of Z. otis (Fabricius),

which was present in the area with adults flying amongst the ground layer

close to the orchid. The eggs were collected and one of the emerging larvae

was reared on naturalised Trifolium in captivity; it pupated on 9.1.2004 and a

male emerged eight days later on 17.1.2004.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2) 67

Discussion

The larval food plants and life history of Elodina queenslandica De Baar &

Hancock are poorly known. The only recorded larval food plant is Capparis

sepiaria L. (Braby 2000) but at Crystal Creek ovipositing females of E. q.

kuranda seemed to ignore this plant in favour of C. /ucida, which grew in

close proximity to vines of C. sepiaria. Moreover, males appeared to

concentrate their patrolling and searching behaviour around the foliage of

large shrubs of C. /ucida and presumably were using the food plant as an

encounter site to locate newly eclosed (receptive) females.

Species of Delias Hübner feed on a wide variety of Loranthaceae throughout

the Australian and. Oriental Regions but exploitation of the genus Lysiana

appears to be comparatively rare (Braby 2006). Previously recorded larval

food plants for this plant genus include L. subfalcata (Hook.) Barlow and

L. maritima (Barlow) Barlow, both species being listed for D. nigrina

(Fabricius, 1775) from eastern Australia (Moss 2005). More recently, Moss

(2010) listed L. maritima for D. argenthona but L. spathulata has not

previously been recorded for this or any other species of Delias.

Among the Australian Lycaenidae, Jalmenus evagoras breeds on a wide

range of acacias, with more than 20 species recorded (Pierce and Nash 1999).

However, the larvae have not previously been recorded feeding on the

phyllodenous A. acinaceae. This butterfly-plant association is unexpected

because the two species are largely allopatric, with only a narrow range of

overlap in central Victoria: A. acinaceae reaches its southeastern

geographical range limit near Melbourne, which is close to the southwestern

limit of J. evagoras. At Eltham, J. evagoras frequently exploits saplings of

the bipinnate A. mearnsii De Wild.; however, at Pauline Toner Reserve small

plants of this species were in limited supply and most plants were taller,

comprising a component of a dense, shrubby long-unburnt understorey. Lack

of suitable A. mearnsii saplings may have caused the butterfly to exploit

alternative species of Acacia at this site.

The ant Dolichoderus scrobiculatus has previously been recorded associated

with the lycaenids Theclinesthes miskini (T.P. Lucas, 1889) and Lampides

boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767) (Eastwood and Fraser 1999, Eastwood et al. 2008).

Johnson and Valentine (2001) documented the life history and larval food

plant of Nesolycaena medicea but did not record the presence of ants

attending the early stages. This species and the closely related N. albosericea

(Miskin, 1891) have been considered to be not attended by ants in the larval

or pupal stages; however, larvae of the two other members of the genus, N.

urumelia (Tindale, 1922) and N. caesia d'Apice & Miller, 1992, are

occasionally associated with a few small black ants in the genera

Iridomyrmex Mayr, Monomorium Mayr and Polyrhachis Smith (Eastwood

and Fraser 1999, Braby 2000, Eastwood et al. 2008). These data suggest that

Nesolycaena Waterhouse & Turner has a facultative association with ants,

68 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2)

with at least four ant genera now recorded. A prediction, therefore, is that

ants will occasionally be found to attend the early stages of N. albosericea.

For Zizina otis it was not determined if the orchid constituted a larval food

plant; however, this is considered unlikely given the general specialisation of

Z. otis on legumes and the fact that hyacinth orchids have a relatively short

reproductive phase (shorter than the life cycle of the butterfly). Presumably,

the orchid grew in proximity to a breeding area of the butterfly and a

female(s) was using it as a substrate on which to secure her eggs.

Acknowledgements

I thank L.J. Aitchison, N. Collier, M. & P. Coupar and S.M. Gregg for

assistance with field work, R.J. Cumming and I. Cowie for assistance with

plant identifications and A. Andersen for identifying the attendant ants.

Specimens in Queensland were collected under permits issued via the

Entomological Society of Queensland.

References

APNI. 2011. Australian Plant Name Index. Integrated Botanical Information System.

http://www.anbg. gov.au/cgi-bin/apni

BRABY, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution.

CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Melbourne; xx + 976 pp.

BRABY, M.F. 2006. Evolution of larval food plant associations in Delias Hübner butterflies

(Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Entomological Science 9: 383-398.

BRABY, M.F. 2010. The merging of taxonomy and conservation biology: a synthesis of

Australian butterfly systematics (Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea) for the 21st

century. Zootaxa 2707: 1-76.

EASTWOOD, R.G. and FRASER, A.M. 1999. Associations between lycaenid butterflies and

ants in Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology 24: 503-507.

EASTWOOD, R.G., BRABY, M.F., LOHMAN, D.J. and KING, A. 2008. New ant-lycaenid

associations and biological data for some Australian butterflies (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae).

Australian Entomologist 35: 47-56.

EDWARDS, E.D., NEWLAND, J. and REGAN, L. 2001. Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea,

Papilionoidea. Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 31.6. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne; x +

615 pp. :

JOHNSON, S.J. and VALENTINE, P.S. 2001. The life history of Nesolycaena medicea Braby

(Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Australian Entomologist 27: 109-112.

MOSS, J.T. 2005. Butterfly host plants of south-eastern Queensland and northern New South

Wales. Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club, Runcorn, Brisbane; 52 pp.

MOSS, J.T. 2010. Butterfly host plants of south-eastern Queensland and northern New South

Wales. Butterfly and Other Invertebrates Club Inc., Runcorn, Brisbane; 80 pp.

ORR, A.G. and KITCHING, R.L. 2010. The butterflies of Australia. Allen and Unwin, Sydney;

viii + 327 pp.

PIERCE, N.E. and NASH, D.R. 1999. The Imperial Blue, Jalmenus evagoras (Lycaenidae). Pp

279-315, in: Kitching, R.L., Jones, R.E., Scheermeyer, E. and Pierce, N.E. (eds), Biology of

Australian butterflies. Monographs of Australian Lepidoptera. Volume 6. CSIRO Publishing,

Collingwood, Melbourne.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2): 69-74 69

A NEW SPECIES OF BURBUNGA DISTANT (HEMIPTERA:

CICADIDAE) FROM NORTHEASTERN QUEENSLAND

J.C. OLIVE

22 Warrnambool St, Trinity Park, Old 4879

Abstract

Burbunga mouldsi sp. n. is described and illustrated from the tablelands and western slopes of

the Great Dividing Range in northeastern Queensland.

Introduction

The genus Burbunga was erected by Distant in 1905 to accommodate Tibicen

gilmorei Distant, 1883 and a new species, Burbunga inornata Distant. During

subsequent years a further four species were described: B. hillieri Distant,

1906, B. albofasciata Distant, 1907, B. venosa Distant, 1907 and B. aterrima

Distant, 1914. Moulds (1994) described two additional species: B.

queenslandica Moulds and B. parva Moulds. Moulds (1990) also transferred

B. aterrima into the genus Macrotristria Stal. At the time of preparing this

paper, seven species were included in Burbunga (Moulds and Cowan 2002).

Moulds (in press) has since further defined the genus and modified its species

composition. Nevertheless, the new species described herein meets all of the

criteria necessary to be included in Burbunga and this falls in accordance

with the aforementioned work (Moulds pers. comm.).

The new species, B. mouldsi sp. n., is smaller than the seven previously

known species and seems to be inaudible to the average human ear at

distances greater than about 30 metres. Moulds (2008) identified and

described several morphological features, including the anterior and posterior

cranial depressions. Two additional cranial depressions were overlooked by

Moulds, one anterior to the anterior cranial depression and another lateral to

the posterior cranial depression. Under magnification, cranial depressions are

more distinct in B. mouldsi sp. n. than in other described species in the genus.

Terminology follows that of Moulds (2005). The following abbreviations are

used: AMS - Australian Museum, Sydney; JO — author's collection; MSM —

collection of M.S. Moulds; PH — collection of P. Hutchinson; LP — collection

of L. Popple; MT — collection of M. Tkalcevic.

Burbunga mouldsi sp. n.

(Figs 1-8)

Types. Holotype 6, QUEENSLAND: 32 km WNW Mt Carbine, 21.xii.2003, J. Olive,

K308774 (AMS). Paratypes: all from QUEENSLAND: 19, 32 km WNW Mt

Carbine, 21.xii.2003, J. Olive, K308775; 293, 36 km WNW Mt Carbine, 19.xi.2005,

J. Olive & J. Thompson, K308776, K308777 (all AMS); 3534, 36 km WNW Mt

Carbine, 19.xi.2005, J. Olive & J. Thompson; 32, 1 km past Bob's lookout, Mt

Carbine, 2.xii.2006, J. Olive; 343, 30 km WNW Mt Carbine, 27.x.2007, J. Olive;

14, 36 km WNW Mt Carbine, 31.xii.2006, J. Olive; 22 5, 36 km WNW Mt Carbine,

18.ix.2008, J. Olive; 625, 30 km WNW Mt Carbine, 7.xii.2004, J. Olive; 19, 36 km

70 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2)

WNW Mt Carbine, 19.xi.2005, J. Olive & J. Thompson; 16, 19, 36 km WNW Mt

Carbine, 25.x.2005, J. Olive; 534, 32 km WNW Mt. Carbine, 21.xii.2003, J. Olive

(all JO); 293, 36 km WNW Mt Carbine, 19.xi.2005, J. Olive & J. Thompson (PH);

233, 30 km WNW Mt Carbine, 13.x.2007, J. Olive; 23.3, 30 km WNW Mt Carbine,

7.xii.2004, J. Olive; 1, 32 km WNW Mt Carbine, 21.xii.2003, J. Olive; 14, 32 km

WNW Mt Carbine, 25.x.2005, J. Olive; 224 (1 genitalia preparation BUR 29), 2.8

km W Mt Carbine, 29.ix.1990, M.F. Braby; 18, 17.6 km SW Dimbulah, 19.x.1990,

M.F. Braby (all MSM). 146, Chewko Rd, Walkamin, 17°04,20'S, 145°22,24'E,

18.xii.2006, L. Popple, M. & A. McKinnon, Reg. no. 023-0001; 13, Chewko Rd,

Walkamin, 17°02,52'S, 145°22,26'E, 18.xii.2006, L. Popple, M. & A. McKinnon,

Reg. no. 023-0002; 18, 10 km W Mt Carbine 16°30,26'S, 145°02,19'E, 18.xii.2006,

L. Popple, M. & A. McKinnon, Reg. no. 023-0003; 84, Chewko Rd, Walkamin,

17°02,33'S, 145°22,55'E, 20.xii.2006, L. Popple, M. & A. McKinnon, Reg. nos. 023-

0004 to 023-0011 (all LP); 22 4, 36 km WNW Mt Carbine, 19.xi.2005, J. Olive & J.

Thompson (MT).

Description. Male (Fig. 1). Head brown or sometimes dark brown, paler

posteriorly, central area around ocelli dark brown to black; ocelli light brown

to reddish amber; four black cranial depressions, here identified as anterior,

intermediate, posterior and lateral, situated either side of midline (Fig. 3), the

posterior cranial depressions sometimes concealed beneath the anterior

margin of pronotum or absent and more-or-less in line with intermediate and

anterior cranial depressions; anterior margin of antennal plate cream, the

cream coloration sometimes extending almost to eye; postclypeus brown with

dorsal surface usually dark brown to black, paler at posterior margin, a cream

patch distally at midline; transverse ridges brown, transverse grooves densely

covered with silvery-white cilia; lorum brown with cream outer margin, dark

brown to black adjacent to anteclypeus; rostrum light brown basally

becoming dark brown to black distally, reaching distal margin of hind coxae

or just beyond; antennae brown, sometimes dark brown to black apically;

eyes black or brown in dried specimens.

Thorax with pronotum light brown, a broad dark brown fascia at midline

becoming broader anteriorly and expanded laterally at anterior margin and

adjacent to pronotal collar; posterior margin of pronotal collar pale brown to

cream; lateral and paramedian fissures often dark brown; a broad shallow

depression running parallel to midline extending posteriorly from the

paramedian fissure. Mesonotum brown, scutal depressions black, area

between scutal depressions dark brown, this dark brown coloration extending

to submedian sigilla; lateral and submedian sigilla dark brown; arms of

cruciform elevation cream to light brown, anterior ascending wall dark brown

to black, lateral ascending walls often with some dark brown coloration and

densely covered with silvery-white cilia.

Legs light brown; two darker brown linear fasciae extending full length of

each mid and hind femur; the fore femur with two broad dark brown fasciae

one on either side of midline extending almost its length and a shorter broad

fascia at its base on outer side.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2) 71

Figs 1-2. Burbunga mouldsi sp. n.: (1) male; (2) female. Approximately 3 times

natural size. Wing membranes are completely hyaline; image has some colour

aberration.

Opercula (Fig. 4) widely separated by abdominal sternite 1, broadly rounded

with medial margins near straight, lateral margins almost straight or slightly

curved in some individuals, distal margin gently curved, disto-medial margin

strongly curved; pale brown to yellowish; liberally covered with fine white

cilia and a varying amount of white waxy exudation.

Wings with forewings hyaline; vein RA, and veins forming bases of apical

cells 2-7 dark brown; infuscation adjacent to dark brown veins forming a

zigzag pattern; infuscation absent at base of apical cell 6 but present at

extremities of median veins adjacent to ambient vein; apical cell 1 often

totally infuscated; basal membrane light orange in live specimens; basal cell

mostly hyaline or partly translucent light brown. Hind wings hyaline with

ambient vein and basal veins of apical cells 1-4 often dark brown to black;

jugum opaque grey-brown; vein 3A prominently black; rest of anal lobe

hyaline except for plagal area.

72 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2)

Abdomen brown; posterior margin of tergites light brown to cream; tergite 1

with structural groove adjacent to timbals dark brown to black (Fig. 5);

tergite 2 pale brown to cream sub-dorsally; tergites densely to moderately

covered with silvery-white cilia, tergite 8 often more densely covered;

sternites yellow brown, posterior margins more yellow, sternite 1 swollen

outwards between opercula, a black mark at midline between sternites 2-3.

Figs 3-5. Burbunga mouldsi sp. n.: (3) head and pronotum, dorsal view, showing

cranial depressions, l-anterior, 2-intermediate, 3-lateral, 4-posterior; (4) male left

operculum showing white waxy exudation; (5) timbal showing structural groove.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2) 73

Timbals (Fig. 5) with 5 ribs, two short ribs and three long ribs of similar

length; rib 5 shorter than rib 4, rib 4 often wider ventrally, ribs 1 and 2

always joined at ventral extremities, the ventral extremity of rib 3 usually

clearly separate but sometimes meeting rib 2. Timbal covers absent with

posterior margin of timbal cavity weakly ridged.

Genitalia (Figs 6-8). Pygofer with distal shoulders developed into rounded

lobes; basal lobes weakly developed, mostly hidden in lateral view; dorsal

beak usually curved downward but sometimes angled downward from its

base. Uncus almost circular in dorsal view with apex notched, arched in

lateral view and deeply excavated below. Aedeagus (Fig. 7) tubular, strongly

curved, basally spiralled, apically slightly trumpet-shaped, without

ornamentation. The male genitalia are typical of Burbunga in having short

uncal lobes, no upper pygofer lobes, small basal lobes and a theca that is

spiralled basally (Moulds in press).

Figs 6-8. Burbunga mouldsi sp. n., male genitalia: (6) lateral view, aedeagus in situ;

(7) lateral view of aedeagus; (8) vental view, aedeagus removed.

Female (Fig. 2). Similar to male; ovipositor sheath extending to just beyond

anal styles and dorsal beak. Ovipositor black on about basal two thirds, apical

one third or a little less orange-brown.

Measurements. The range and mean (in mm) measured for 13 males and 3

females, including the largest and smallest available, are: Body length — male

13-14.5 (13.76), female 14-15.5 (14.6); forewing length — male 15.75-17.75

(16.7), female 17.5-18 (17.8); head width — male 5, female 5.25-5.5 (5.3);

pronotum width — male 5.25-5.75 (5.55), female 5.5-5.75 (5.58); abdomen

width — male 5.75-6.25 (6.2), female 5.5-5.9 (5.76).

74 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2)

Distinguishing features. Burbunga mouldsi more closely resembles B.

queenslandica than any other described species in the genus. It differs from

B. queenslandica in being considerably smaller and the forewing infuscation

in B. mouldsi terminates at the extremity of vein m-cu, whereas in B.

queenslandica infuscation extends further, to the extremity of vein CuA;.

Distal shoulders of the pygofor are rounded in B. mouldsi and pointed in B.

queenslandica.

Etymology. Named in honour of Max Moulds, in recognition of his lifetime

study of Australian cicadas and cicada taxonomy.

Distribution and habitat. This species has been recorded from the western

slopes of the Great Dividing Range in northern Queensland, from 2.8-36 km

WNW of Mt Carbine. It has also been recorded south of Mareeba at

Walkamin and Dimbulah. Specimens have been collected from 18 September

to 31 December. They are found in open woodland with an understorey of

sparse shrubs and grass. Adults inhabit many of the small shrubs, such as

Stylosanthes scabra ‘shrubby stylo’ (Fabaceae), and flower stems of grasses.

They are also found on the trunks and stems of small tea-trees, Melaleuca sp.

possibly M. stenostachya (Myrtaceae), and have been observed between 100

mm and 1.5 metres above ground level.

Acknowledgements

I am deeply indebted to my partner Judy Thompson for producing the line

drawings and typing the manuscript. I would also like to thank my son Jamie

Olive and Mark Weaver for their field assistance on many collecting trips. I

am grateful to M.S. Moulds and L. Popple for allowing access to specimens

in their collections. My thanks also go to Jeff Walker for providing the

photographs of the adults, Stephen McKenna for plant identification and the

late Dave Thornton for access to his property, where most of the type series

were collected.

References

MOULDS, M.S. 1990. Australian cicadas. New South Wales University Press, Kensington.

MOULDS, M.S. 1994. The identity of Burbunga gilmorei (Distant) and B. inornata (Distant)

(Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with descriptions of two allied new species. Journal of the Australian

Entomological Society 33: 97-103.

MOULDS, MS. 2005. An appraisal of the higher classification of cicadas (Hemiptera:

Cicadoidea) with special reference to the Australian fauna. Records of the Australian Museum

57: 321-446.

MOULDS, M.S. 2008. Talcopsaltriini, a new tribe for a new genus and species of Australian

cicada (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea: Cicadidae). Records of the Australian Museum 60: 207-214.

MOULDS, M.S. In press. A review of the genera of Australian cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea).

Zootaxa.

MOULDS, M.S. and COWAN, S.A. 2002. Cicadoidea. In: Zoological Catalogue of Australia.

Australian Biological Resources Study, Canberra. 1-59. www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/

abrs/online-resources/fauna/afd/taxa/Cicadoidea

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2): 75-78 75

AN ANALYSIS OF THE CALLING SONG OF BURBUNGA MOULDSI

OLIVE (HEMIPTERA: CICADIDAE)

LINDSAY W. POPPLE

Biodiversity Assessment & Management, PO Box 1376, Cleveland, Qld 4163

Abstract

The calling song of Burbunga mouldsi Olive, 2012, a cicada from northeastern Queensland, is

described and analysed for the first time. Comparisons are made between this species and the

closely allied Burbunga queenslandica Moulds, 1994. The song of B. mouldsi is shown to be a

sustained buzz that is nearly identical in structure to B. queenslandica and differs only in its

higher dominant frequency.

Introduction

Cicada calling songs form a conspicuous feature of the Australian summer,

their primary function being for mate attraction (Moulds 1990). The

recognition of species specificity in these songs has led to their widespread

use as a tool for species identification (Ewart 1988, 1998, Simóes et al. 2000,

Ewart and Popple 2001, Popple and Strange 2002, Ewart 2005, Quartau and

Simóes 2006, Seabra et al. 2006, Popple et al. 2008, Ewart 2009).

Burbunga mouldsi Olive is described in this issue (Olive 2012). Ewart (1988)

provided the first description of the calling song of the related B.

queenslandica Moulds [originally recorded as ‘very similar to Burbunga

gilmorei (Distant), but undescribed’ and subsequently described as B.

queenslandica by Moulds (1994)]. Ewart and Popple (2001) illustrated the

calling song of Macrotristria hillieri (Distant, 1907), a species recently

recognised as a close relative of the above taxa (Moulds in press). More

recently, Ewart (2009) added further to the acoustic literature on this group

with documentation of the calling song of Burbunga venosa Distant, 1907 [to

be transferred to a new genus (Moulds in press)].

Here, I present an analysis of the calling song of B. mouldsi and provide a

comparison with that of B. queenslandica, its closest known relative.

Materials and methods

Song analysis methodology and terminology follow Ewart and Marques

(2008) and Popple et al. (2008). Calling songs were recorded in the field by

the author using a Telinga Pro 6 parabolic microphone with a Marantz

PMD670 Solid State Recorder at a 48 kHz sampling rate. Two song

recordings of B. mouldsi were made, both on the 26.xii.2006, at Chewko

Road via Mareeba (17.05°S, 145.37°E) and 10 km west of Mount Carbine

(16.51°S, 145.04°E) respectively. A comparative recording of B.

queenslandica was made on the 8.xii.2005 at Southwood National Park

(27.81°S, 150.09°E). Songs were analysed using Cool Edit Pro version 2.0.

76 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2)

Fig. 1. Calling songs of Burbunga mouldsi (A-C) and B. queenslandica (D-E).

Recorded at 10 km west of Mount Carbine (A) (filtered to 9 kHz), Chewko Road via

Mareeba (B-C) (filtered to 9 kHz) and Southwood National Park (D-E) (filtered to 4

kHz). A, B and D: continuous buzzing song comprising evenly emitted trains of

macrosyllables, each segment 0.5 seconds duration; C and E: time expanded details of

five macrosyllables, each comprising a pulse doublet, both segments 0.035 seconds

duration.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2) 3/0

Results and discussion

Oscillographic plots of the calling songs of B. mouldsi and B. queenslandica

are presented in Figure 1 and sonagrams are presented in Figure 2.

Examination of the temporal song structure of these species revealed no

apparent differences, with both species producing sustained bursts of

regularly spaced pulse doublets (Fig. 1). However, differences were found to

be readily evident in song pitch, with the dominant frequency of B. mouldsi

calculated at approximately 11 kHz, compared with 9 kHz for B.

queenslandica (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Sonogram plots of the calling songs of Burbunga mouldsi (A) from 10 km

west. of Mount Carbine and B. queenslandica (B) from Southwood National Park.

Song segments are approximately 0.075 seconds in duration.

The temporal structure of the calling songs of B. mouldsi and B.

queenslandica are more rigid in pulse structure than the related Macrotristria

hillieri, which produces a sustained burst comprised of single or occasionally

double pulses (Ewart and Popple 2001). Burbunga venosa produces a slightly

more intricate buzz with three to four pulses, each comprising triple syllables

(Ewart 2009). This supports the placement of B. venosa into a sister genus.

More broadly, the example here suggests that, in at least some instances,

calling songs could be useful for grouping and distinguishing taxa above the

species level.

Acknowledgements

The author wishes to thank Anne-Marie McKinnon and her father Michael

McKinnon for assistance with obtaining the recordings in the field. Tony

Ewart provided some useful advice and an anonymous referee provided some

helpful suggestions, which improved the manuscript.

78 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2)

References

EWART, A. 1988. Cicadas (Homoptera). Pp 180-201, in: Scott, G. (ed.), Lake Broadwater: the

natural history of an inland lake and its environs. Darling Downs Institute Press, Toowoomba.

EWART, A. 1998. Cicadas, and their songs of the Miles-Chinchilla region. Queensland

Naturalist 36(4-6): 54-72.

EWART, A. 2005. New genera and species of small ticking and ‘chirping’ cicadas (Hemiptera:

Cicadidae) from Queensland, with descriptions of their songs. Memoirs of the Queensland

Museum 51(2): 439-500.

EWART, A. 2009. Cicadas of the eastern segment of the Cravens Peak Reserve, northeastern

Simpson Desert, S.W. Queensland; January/February 2007. Pp 117-150, in: Cravens Peak

scientific study report. Royal Geographical Society of Queensland, Geography Monograph

Series, Volume 13.

EWART, A. and MARQUES, D. 2008. A new genus of grass cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea:

Cicadidae) from Queensland, with descriptions of their songs. Memoirs of the Queensland

Museum 52(2): 139-192.

EWART, A. and POPPLE, L.W. 2001. Cicadas, and their songs, from south-western

Queensland. Queensland Naturalist 39(4-6): 52-71.

MOULDS, M.S. 1990. Australian cicadas. New South Wales University Press, Kensington; 217

pp.

MOULDS, M.S. 1994. The identity of Burbunga gilmorei (Distant) and B. inornata (Distant)

(Hemiptera: Cicadidae) with descriptions of two allied new species. Journal of the Australian

Entomological Society 33(2): 97-103.

MOULDS, M.S. In press. A review of the genera of Australian cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadidae).

Zootaxa.

OLIVE, J.C. 2012. A new species of Burbunga Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) from

northeastern Queensland. Australian Entomologist 39(2): 69-74.

POPPLE, L.W. and STRANGE, A.D. 2002. Cicadas, and their songs, from the Tara and Waroo

Shires, southern central Queensland. Queensland Naturalist 40(1-3): 15-30.

POPPLE, L.W., WALTER, G.H. and RAGHU, S. 2008. The structure of calling songs in the

cicada Pauropsalta annulata Goding and Froggatt (Hemiptera: Cicadidae): evidence of

diverging populations? Evolutionary Ecology 22: 203-215.

QUARTAU, J.A.-and SIMÕES, P.C. 2006. Acoustic evolutionary divergence in cicadas: the

species of Cicada L. in southern Europe. Pp 227-237, in: Droupopoulos, S. and Claridge, M.F.

(eds), Insect sounds and communication: physiology, behaviour and evolution. Taylor & Francis,

London.

SEABRA, S.G., PINTO-JUMA, G. and QUARTAU, J.A. 2006. Calling songs of sympatric and

allopatric populations of Cicada barbara and C. orni (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) on the Iberian

Peninsula. European Journal of Entomology 103: 843-852.

SIMOES, P.C., BOULARD, M., REBELO, M.T., DROSOPOULOS, S., CLARIDGE, M.F.,

MORGAN, J.C. and QUARTAU, J.A. 2000. Differences in the male calling songs of two sibling

species of Cicada (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) in Greece. European Journal of Entomology 97: 437-

440.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2): 79-86 79

THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE HAWK MOTH MACROGLOSSUM

INSIPIDA PAPUANUM ROTHSCHILD & JORDAN, 1903

(LEPIDOPTERA: SPHINGIDAE).

J. HASENPUSCH!, D.A. LANE? and M.S. MOULDS?

! Australian Insect Farm, PO Box 26, Innisfail, Old 4860

?3 Janda St, Atherton, Qld 4883

Entomology Dept, Australian Museum, 6 College St, Sydney, NSW 2010

(Email: msmoulds@gmail.com)

Abstract

The egg, larval instars and pupa of Macroglossum insipida papuanum Rothschild & Jordan are

described in detail. The larval food plant is Spermacoce latifolia Aubl., ‘square stem’ (family

Rubiaceae). Notes on biology are provided, including on two parasitoid fly species (family

Tachinidae).

Introduction

Macroglossum insipida papuanum Rothschild & Jordan occurs in Australia

from the islands of Torres Strait to Mackay and in Papua New Guinea, where

it is distributed throughout the Louisiade Archipelago and the southern

mainland (Moulds 1985). The nominate subspecies has a much wider

distribution, from India to China and the Andaman Islands, Sri Lanka,

Malaysia and Indonesia. There are no other recognized subspecies. Adults are

not often encountered, mainly because they are rarely attracted to light.

The final instar larva and pupa of M. i. insipida Rothschild & Jordan were

described by Mell (1922) and Bell and Scott (1937), while Dupont and

Roepke (1941) added brief descriptions of the early instars. Holloway (1987)

summarised the larval descriptions of the preceding authors.

Mell (1922) listed the food plant from China as Hedyotis auricularia (=

Oldenlandia auricularia) (family Rubiaceae); Bell and Scott (1937) listed

Spermacoce hispida (family Rubiaceae) and Corchorus capsularis (family

Tiliaceae) from India; Dupont and Roepke (1941) listed Borreria latifolia

(family Rubiaceae) from Java, while Mathur and Singh (1960) listed

Memecylon (family Melastomataceae) from India. The early stages and food

plant of subspecies M. i. papuanum have not been recorded previously.

Below we describe all the early stages and record a new food plant.

Life history

Larval food plant. The hostplant, Spermacoce latifolia Aubl., ‘square stem’

(family Rubiaceae), is a semi-prostrate, naturalized weed often found tangled

among grass and other weeds.

Egg (Figs la-b). Very pale yellow, almost white; glossy; under moderate

magnification (x 50) a very fine, net-like surface reticulation can be seen;

subspherical, 1.33 mm long x 1.23 mm wide x 1.17 mm high. Developmental

time about 7 days. Eggs have been found during June.

80 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2)

Larva (Figs 1c-f, 2a-c). First instar (Fig. 1c): slender in build; glossy; pale

yellow on hatching becoming mostly light green after feeding; without

markings; head yellow; legs, ventral prolegs, claspers and anal plate all pale

yellow; tumidity at base of horn sometimes with a slight hint of reddish

brown; primary setae very fine and simple. Caudal horn jet black; not glossy;

straight; gradually tapering; length of horn 1.5 mm and not appearing

especially long; apex bifurcate, the conical branches set in a "V^ shape, each

terminating in a long fine seta; surface of horn with numerous short, fine,

black setae visible only under magnification. Length of mature larva at rest

approximately 7 mm. Width of head capsule approximately 0.77 mm.

Duration of instar about 3.5 days.

Second instar (Fig. 1d): similar to first instar but head light green and, with

maturity, developing numerous very faint and indistinct dull white spots

marking low tubercles visible under magnification (x 25) and an indistinct

subdorsal dull white stripe from head to base of caudal horn. Caudal horn jet

black with a little yellowish brown at base; very gently curved forwards, 2.4

mm long, bifurcation slightly wider than distal part of shaft; throughout its

length bearing many very small black conical tubercles clearly spaced apart,

each bearing a simple black seta as long or a little longer than the tubercle.

Length of mature larva at rest approximately 11.0 mm. Width of head capsule

approximately 1.06-1.07 mm. Duration of instar about 3 days.

Third instar (Fig. le): body pale lime green; non glossy; a subdorsal pale

yellow stripe from head to caudal horn; thoracic and abdominal segments

bearing numerous white dots (low tubercles) in transverse rows, mostly on

dorsal and lateral surfaces. Head dull lime green, antennal bases pale brown,

mouthparts green except for pale brown mandibles with dark brown apices.

Prothoracic shield inconspicuous, colouration and marking similarly to

thorax. True legs pale green tending slightly pale brown distally, ventral

prolegs similar in colour to abdomen but with distal portion tending pale,

claspers (anal prolegs) lime green. Spiracles inconspicuous, pale orange

brown. Anal plate similar in colour to body. Caudal horn brown tending

black, lacking reddish brown at base, instead a little smoky pale brown

laterally at extreme base; approximately 3.3-3.5 mm long; curved forwards in

a shallow arc; throughout its length bearing many, very small, black tubercles

spaced apart; apex of horn barely bifurcate, the branches spread no wider

than distal part of shaft. Length at maturity approximately 15 mm. Width of

head capsule approximately 1.5 mm. Duration of instar approximately 5 days.

Fourth instar (Fig. 1f): body lime green, paler dorsally; non glossy; a

subdorsal, pale yellow stripe from head to base of caudal horn, this stripe

narrowly edged above by a narrow green stripe that is for the most part not

clearly defined; thoracic and abdominal segments bearing numerous white

dots (low tubercles) in transverse rows, mostly on dorsal surface, less so

laterally and sparsely so on ventral surface. Head dull lime green but with

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2)

—

n r

IA peni etn 7

EEE T,

pe y. pM =i

ee

Fig. 1. Macroglossum insipida papuanum (images not to scale): (a) egg; (b) egg

parasitized by a wasp of unknown family; (c) first instar larva; (d) second instar larva;

(e) third instar larva; (f) fourth instar larva.

82 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2)

very indistinct paler vertical stripes, one down each side of midline and one

down each cheek; antennal bases pale brown; mouthparts green except for

pale brown mandibles with dark brown to black apices. Prothoracic shield

similarly coloured and marked to thorax showing the continuation of the dark

midline and pale subdorsal stripes. Spiracles inconspicuous, orange brown

minutely capped white above and below. True legs glossy, pale green; ventral

prolegs similar in colour to abdomen; claspers lime green becoming pale

distally. Anal plate similar in colour to body, lateral margin partly pale.

Caudal horn pale purplish to light pinkish brown with distal third or so

always fading to light yellow; slender, approximately 4.0 mm long, gradually

tapering to a blunt point, curved forwards in a shallow arc; throughout its

length bearing many small tubercles, clearly spaced apart, mostly black but

some similarly coloured to that part of the horn upon which they are situated

especially on yellow distal portion. Length of mature larva at rest

approximately 26+ mm. Width of head capsule approximately 1.8-1.9 mm.

Duration of instar about 5 days.

Fifth instar (Figs 2a-c): considerably variable in colour between individuals

with background pigmentation ranging from yellowish green, through

yellowish brown to dark brown to almost black (but note that brown larvae

are greenish before attaining their brown coloration some hours after

ecdysis). Thoracic and abdominal segments with dorsal midline marked by a

black line, sometimes broken and partly ill-defined; a black subdorsal stripe

from head to base of caudal horn, sometimes ill-defined; often a dull yellow

stripe immediately below the black subdorsal stripe, clearest on thoracic

segments and abdominal segment 8; numerous, very small, pale spots

distributed over much of body, pale yellow or white in colour, on some larvae

some of these pale spots partly or completely circled by dark brown or black

and with similar pigmentation filling some gaps between; eight oblique,

lateral stripes spaced evenly across metathorax and abdominal segments 1-8,

black or dark brown in colour but not always clearly defined, the lower end

of each stripe anterior and starting at or near the junction between two

segments, each stripe then running backwards up to meet or almost meet the

subdorsal black stripe; much of lateral area below each oblique stripe also

black or dark brown forming a lateral row of somewhat triangular markings.

Spiracles indistinct, rust-brown in colour. Head black or dark brown, bearing

four vertical dull green or greenish brown stripes more or less evenly spaced

dull green or brown; mouthparts a mixture of green and brown with black

apices to mandibles. Thoracic legs light brown; ventral prolegs, claspers and

anal plate all similar in colour to adjacent body, often dark. Caudal horn

brown to nearly black with pinkish or orange apical quarter or more: of

medium length (approximately 4.1-4.8 mm); straight or barely curved

backwards; clearly tapering throughout its length to a pointed apex; bearing

numerous, short spine-like tubercles directed backwards, mostly black but

those on coloured apical portion nearly all similar in colour to that part of

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2) 83

Fig. 2. Macroglossum insipida papuanum: (a) fifth instar larva, green form; (b) fifth

instar larva, dark brown form; (c) fifth instar larva, light brown form; (d) larval shelter

spun prior to pupation.

84 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2)

horn. Length of mature larva at rest approximately 37 mm. Width of head

capsule approximately 2.6-2.9 mm. Duration of instar about 6-7 days.

Pupa (Figs 3a-b). Semi-glossy; light yellowish brown with some black

mottling and other black markings. Thoracic and abdominal spiracles black,

accentuated by jet black blotches; thoracic segments with a jet black dorsal

midline clearly defined; thoracic segments sparsely marked with black spots

or small blotches; abdominal segments closely spotted black and usually one

or two segments substantially blackened dorsally. Head with a distinct black

dorsal midline on anterior half adjoining proboscis, this mark uneven in

width; proboscis moderately keel-shaped in front and below head, light

brown on expanded keel, thereafter midline black to apex; antennae light

brown, sometimes with sparse fine black spotting. Forewings light brown

with some irregular scattered black spotting. Legs light brown with irregular

black spotting. Cremaster flat, long, in general shape somewhat resembling a

duck’s bill; usually slightly upturned towards apex; apex truncate with a very

small, thin spine-like projection at either corner directed backwards; dorsal

surface smooth, glossy; ventral surface moderately concave, basally ribbed

on midline terminating before mid length. Length approximately 28-32 mm.

Width at widest point approximately 8.0-8.5 mm.

Notes on biology

Eggs are laid individually on the undersides of leaves of the larval food plant.

Prior to pupation, the larva spends about a day constructing its pupal refuge,

weaving a golden-coloured open netting around itself (Fig. 3d), pulling

leaves and sticks into the construction as it progresses, as well as other bits of

debris and frass. The larva rests within this shelter and pupates about two

days later.

Adults can be found feeding on the flowers of Lantana, Ixora, Calliandra

riparia and Asystasia gangetica at dusk and are rarely attracted to light.

Adults have been collected from January to June.

Dipteran parasitoids

Larvae are parasitized by flies of the genera Blepharipa Rondani and

Palexorista Townsend (family Tachinidae). Blepharipa (Fig. 3c) lays minute

eggs on host foliage. When the host larvae accidentally ingest the eggs they

hatch and the first instar larvae penetrate the gut wall of the host and feed on

internal tissue. The fly larvae take longer to develop than the host larva and

normally emerge from the host pupa, whereupon they bury themselves in

debris or loose soil to pupate. The flies normally remain in the pupal stage for

about 3 weeks.

Palexorista are ovolarviparous, laying eggs containing fully developed first

instar larvae which seek out a host. Three fly larvae emerged from one fully

mature M. insipida larva about to pupate and proceeded to consume every bit

of the larva, including the anal horn, before they pupated.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2) 85

Fig. 3. Macroglossum insipida papuanum (images not to scale): (a) pupa, lateral view;

(b) pupa, ventral view; (c) tachinid fly parasitoid, Blepharipa sp., newly emerged

from its puparium; (d) live adult, dorsal view; (e) live adult, ventral view.

86 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2)

Acknowledgements

We are grateful to Dr Bryan Cantrell for identification of the tachinid flies

and notes on their biology. We thank Paul Hasenpusch for identification of

the food plant.

References

BELL, T.R.D. and SCOTT, F.B. 1937. Moths. Sphingidae. In: The fauna of British India

including Ceylon and Burma. Volume 5. Taylor & Francis, London; 537 pp, 15 pls. [Facsimile

reprint, 1976, Today and Tomorrow’s New Delhi.]

DUPONT, F. and ROEPKE, W. 1941. Heterocera Javanica. Fam. Sphingidae, hawk moths.

Verhandelingen der Nederlandsche Akademie van Wetenschappen. Tweede Sectie 40(1): 1-104,

pls 1-23.

HOLLOWAY, J.D. 1987. The moths of Borneo. Part 3. Lasiocampidae, Eupterotidae,

Bombycidae, Brahmaeidae, Saturniidae, Sphingidae. Southdene Sdn. Bhd, Kuala Lumpur; 199

pp, figs 6-163, 20 pls.

MATHUR, R.N. and SINGH, B. 1960. A list of forest pests in India and adjacent countries. Part

7. List of insect pests of plant genera ‘L’ to ‘O’. Indian Forest Bulletin (N.S.), Entomology 171:

1-148.

MELL, R. 1922. Beitráge zur Fauna Sinica (II). Biologie und Systematik der südchinesischen

Sphingiden. Friedlander & Son, Berlin; 311 pp, atlas.

MOULDS, M.S. 1985. A review of the Australian hawk moths of the genus Macroglossum

Scopoli (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Australian Entomological Magazine 12(5): 81-105.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2): 87-88 87

ONE HISTORICAL AND TWO NEW RECORDS OF

AUSTROTEPHRITIS HANCOCK & DREW SPECIES (DIPTERA:

TEPHRITIDAE: TEPHRITINAE) FROM TASMANIA

DAVID L. HANCOCK

8/3 McPherson Close, Edge Hill, Cairns, Qld 4870

Abstract

Austrotephritis brunnea (Hardy & Drew) and A. bushi (Hardy & Drew) are newly reported from

Tasmania. Also included is an historical record of A. pelia (Schiner) from Hobart, collected by

Charles Darwin in 1836.

Introduction

The genus Austrotephritis Hancock & Drew was proposed for 21 described

and one undescribed species of flower-infesting tephritines from Australia,

New Zealand and Papua New Guinea (Hancock and Drew 2003), all formerly

placed in either Campiglossa Rondani or Tephritis Latreille. Australian

species had been revised or described by Hardy and Drew (1996), with 17

species recorded. Hancock (2006) subsequently placed the Western

Australian A. turneri (Hardy & Drew) as a synonym of A. campiglossina

(Hering), described erroneously as a species of Mesoclanis Munro from

India. An additional, apparently undescribed species close to A. phaeostigma

(Hardy & Drew) is known from Eidsvold in central Queensland.

Five species were reported from Tasmania by Hardy and Drew (1996), viz. A.

fuscata (Macquart), A. pelia (Schiner), A. poenia (Walker), A. tasmaniae

(Hardy & Drew) and A. whitei (Hardy & Drew). Two atypical specimens

tentatively referred to A. transversa (Hardy & Drew) by Hardy and Drew

(1996) are possibly of the variable 4. fuscata; both putative species were

collected on the same day at the same location near Cradle Mountain.

New distribution or historical records are reported here for three species from

Tasmania, based on material in the Queensland Museum, Brisbane (QMB,

formerly in the University of Queensland Insect Collection) and Oxford

University Museum of Natural History (OUMNH).

Tribe Tephritini

Austrotephritis brunnea (Hardy & Drew, 1996)

TASMANIA: 1 3, 1 9, Eaglehawk N., 17.xi.1922, A. Tonnoir (QMB).

Newly recorded from Tasmania. Previously recorded from Victoria and the

Australian Capital Territory (Hardy and Drew 1996).

Austrotephritis bushi (Hardy & Drew, 1996)

TASMANIA: 1 9, Breona, 27.1.1960, F.J. McDonald (QMB).

Newly recorded from Tasmania. Previously recorded from Victoria, New

South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory (Hardy and Drew 1996).

88 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2)

Austrotephritis pelia (Schiner, 1868)

TASMANIA: 1 9, Hobart Town, C. Darwin (OUMNH).

Although recorded from all Australian States, including Tasmania (Hardy

and Drew 1996), the above specimen of A. pelia (Fig. 1) is an interesting

historical record. Collected by Charles Darwin during the voyage of the

Beagle in February, 1836 (see Darwin 1839), it appears to be the first

specimen of a tephritid fly collected in Australia.

Fig. 1. Charles Darwin’s specimen of Austrotephritis pelia from Hobart, Tasmania.

Photograph © Oxford University Museum of Natural History.

Acknowledgements

I thank Susan Wright (QMB) and Zoé Simmons (OUMNH) for the loan of or

access to specimens and James Hogan (OUMNH) for the photograph.

References

DARWIN, C. 1839. Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's ships Adventure and.

Beagle. Volume III. Journal and remarks, 1832-1836. Henry Colburn, London.

HANCOCK, D.L. 2006. The taxonomic placement of Campiglossa vaga Hardy & Drew and

Mesoclanis campiglossina Hering (Diptera: Tephritidae: Tephritinae). Australian Entomologist

33(3): 142.

HANCOCK, D.L. and DREW, R.A.I. 2003. A new genus and new species, combinations and

records of Tephritinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Australia, New Zealand and the South Pacific.

Australian Entomologist 30(4): 141-158.

HARDY, D.E. and DREW, R.A.I. 1996. Revision of the Australian Tephritini (Diptera:

Tephritidae). Invertebrate Taxonomy 10(2): 213-405.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2): 89-95 89

NOTES ON THE BIOLOGY OF SCELIODES CORDALIS

(DOUBLEDAY) (LEPIDOPTERA: CRAMBIDAE)

LR. KAY

Agri-Science Queensland, DEEDI, 49 Ashfield Road, Bundaberg, Qld 4670

Abstract

Sceliodes cordalis (Doubleday) is an important pest of eggplant but little is known of its biology.

Egg size, oviposition sites, seasonal occurrence and egg parasitism were studied from 2006 to

2008 in the coastal Burnett district of Queensland. Eggs (L:W:H :: 0.716 mm: 0.445 mm: 0.292

mm) were laid predominantly on the calyx of the fruit but not on flowers. Trichogramma

Westwood and Trichogrammatoidea Girault wasps emerged from parasitised eggs. Pheromone

traps caught moths throughout the year, with higher catches in spring and summer than in winter

and in the presence of eggplant crops.

Introduction

In Australia, the eggfruit caterpillar, Sceliodes cordalis (Doubleday), is an

important pest of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and an occasional pest of

tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Miller) and capsicums (Capsicum

annuum L.) (Davis 1964). It also occurs in New Zealand, where it is a serious

pest of pepinos (Solanum muricatum Aiton) (Galbreath and Clearwater

1983). Davis (1964) provided a general description of the insect, its biology

and the damage it causes to eggplant; the neonate larva bores into the fruit,

tunnelling extensively as it develops and emerging when ready to pupate.

Kay (2010) reported the effect of constant temperatures on the development

of S. cordalis and listed references to studies on its pheromone, pathogens,

insecticidal control and seasonal occurrence in New Zealand.

Further information on the biology of S. cordalis, gathered during a study of

its management in the coastal Burnett district of Queensland, based around

the city of Bundaberg (24°54’S, 152°22’E), is reported here. The size of S.

cordalis eggs, their location on the fruit, egg parasitism and the seasonal

occurrence of S. cordalis are discussed.

Methods

Egg size

The length and width of 20 eggs laid on gauze material in the laboratory and

of 20 eggs laid on the calyx of fruit in the field were measured using a

calibrated eyepiece graticule in a Leica Wild M8 binocular microscope at 25

times magnification. Length was measured from end to end and width at the

mid point of the eggs. It was not possible to accurately measure the height of

the eggs from the base to the top of the longitudinal ridge, but it was

attempted for nine field-collected eggs. The measurements of the laboratory

and field eggs were compared with t-tests using GenStat Release 11.1.

Egg location

During 2006-2007, 1422 fruit were collected from commercial eggplant

crops and unsprayed trial plots. They were examined under low

90 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2)

magnification in the laboratory using a Maggylamp, with the location and

number of eggs recorded. In addition, 50 flowers and 50 very young fruit,

with the calyx lobes still extending to the tip of the fruit, were collected a

week apart from the same crop and examined for the presence of eggs.

Parasitism

Black, parasitised eggs were found occasionally on sampled fruit. These eggs

were cut carefully from the fruit on a small piece of plant tissue and held in

the laboratory until the parasitoids emerged. Parasitoids were identified as

either Trichogramma Westwood sp. or Trichogrammatoidea Girault sp.

(Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Trichogrammatidae), based on the length of the

marginal hairs on the forewing. Several of the Trichogramma sp. specimens

were sent to Dr Linda Thomson, University of Melbourne, for identification.

Seasonal occurrence

Green AgriSense™ funnel traps, baited with S. cordalis pheromone lures

(500 uL of pheromone impregnated in a 20 mm length of rubber septum) and

with the base section of the trap lined with a sticky insert to retain trapped

moths, were placed beside eggplant crops at five sites in the coastal Burnett

district. Two traps, hung 1 m above the ground, were used at each site. The

traps were monitored fortnightly and the numbers of moths recorded.

Pheromone lures were replaced every four weeks and the inserts replaced as

necessary. The study ran from August 2006 to December 2008.

Results

Egg size

The mean lengths and widths of laboratory and field eggs and for the two

combined and the approximate height of eggs are shown in Table 1. The

mean lengths and widths of laboratory and field eggs did not differ

significantly (length t = 0.05, 30 df, P = 0.964; width t = 0.17, 38 df, P =

0.865).

Table 1. The mean length and width and approximate height of S. cordalis eggs. (n =

number of eggs).

Source of eggs Length (mm) Width (mm) Height (mm)

Mean + SD (n) Mean + SD (n) Mean + SD (n)

Laboratory 0.716 + 0.024 (20) 0.444 + 0.037 (20) -

Field 0.716 + 0.043 (20) 0.446 + 0.054 (20) 0.292 + 0.029 (9)

Combined 0.716 + 0.034 (40) 0.445 + 0.046 (40) -

Egg location

Eggs were recorded on the calyx, the basal third of the fruit (adjacent to the

calyx), the middle third or the apical third of the fruit. Two hundred and

thirty eight eggs were found on 153 fruit. The proportion of eggs on the fruit

was: calyx 97.9% (233 eggs); basal third 0.4% (1); mid third 0.8% (2); apical

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2) 91

third 0.8% (2). Both of the eggs found on the mid section of the fruit were on

thrips-feeding or wind-rub scars and the two eggs on the apical section were

on the flower scars. Table 2 shows the numbers of eggs recorded on each

fruit. No S. cordalis eggs were found on the flowers but eggs were found on

10% of the very young fruit. Helicoverpa Hardwick spp. (Lepidoptera:

Noctuidae) eggs were found on 62% of the flowers.

Table 2. The number of eggs on each infested fruit. Eggs were found on 153 fruit.

Number of eggs on each fruit

1 2 3 4 5 10

% of fruit 66.0 21.6 8.5 2.0 1.3 0.7

Parasitism

Parasitoid wasps were reared from 21 eggs. Trichogramma sp. was reared

from 11 of the eggs, with usually two but occasionally one wasp per egg, and

Trichogrammatoidea sp. was reared from 10 eggs, with from one to three,

usually two, wasps per egg. Morphological and molecular examination of the

Trichogramma specimens sent to Dr L. Thomson could not establish their

specific identity. Gel electrophoresis following PCR amplification of the ITS-

2 region (Thomson et al. 2003) demonstrated that the wasps were not the

introduced Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (L. Thomson pers. comm.).

Seasonal occurrence

Figure 1 shows the fortnightly catches of S. cordalis moths at each of the five

sites. Moths were trapped throughout the year at all sites, with catches

generally highest in spring and summer months (September-February) and

lowest in winter (June-August). Generally, catches were higher when

eggplant crops were grown close to the traps.

Discussion

Davis (1964) described S. cordalis eggs as ‘a flattened dome like an upturned

shallow oval basin, about half as wide as long and with a low ridge running

down the middle’ and estimated the length as ‘about one fortieth of an inch

long’ [approximately 0.635 mm]. The eggs are an elongated oval shape, with

almost parallel sides and rounded ends. Their length (0.716 mm) is slightly

longer than estimated by Davis (1964) and their width (0.445 mm) a little

more than half the length. It was not possible to accurately measure the

height of eggs as it was not possible to remove them undamaged from the

surface on which they were laid, but they are about 0.29 mm high.

Most of the eggs (9896) were laid on the calyx and the remainder on scar

tissue on the fruit, indicating that the moths prefer to oviposit on rough

surfaces. However, although the eggs are firmly attached to the surface, it is

possible that eggs laid on the smooth skin of the fruit may have been

dislodged as the fruit were harvested and transported from field to laboratory.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2)

92

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Fig. 1. Numbers of S. cordalis moths trapped each fortnight at each of the five sites.

Numbers are the mean of the catches of the two traps at each site, except for Site 3,

where a single trap was used from April 2007 onwards. Green lines (

the presence of eggplant crops near the traps.

) indicate

Davis (1964) also reported that eggs were usually laid on the calyx. Usually,

there were only one or two eggs on each fruit (Table 2) and normally only

one or two larvae are found in infested fruit (I. Kay pers. obs.). The presence

of eggs on very young fruit but not on flowers indicates that moths are not

attracted to the host to oviposit until fruit are present and that there is the

potential for fruit to be infested very early in their development.

Both Trichogramma sp. and Trichogrammatoidea sp. adults were reared

from black S. cordalis eggs, which were quite common in unsprayed trial

crops. While the parasitoids have not been identified to species, it is

interesting that the Trichogramma sp. was not T. pretiosum, a generalist egg

94 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2)

parasitoid (Brotodjojo and Walter 2006) that was first released in the

Bundaberg district in about 2000 and is now the dominant species

parasitising eggs of Helicoverpa spp., having displaced a dark Trichogramma

sp. and several Trichogrammatoidea spp. (probably Trichogrammatoidea

bactrae Nagaraja and T. robusta Nagaraja), which had parasitised up to 92%

of Helicoverpa spp. eggs in 1996 and 1997 (Kay 1999). It would appear that

T. pretiosum has not extended its host range to include S. cordalis eggs.

Pheromone traps caught S. cordalis moths at all times of the year. Catches

were higher during the warmer months of the year and when eggplant crops,

their major commercial host, were growing close to the traps. Moths (Figs 2-

3) were trapped in the absence of eggplant crops, or other commercial hosts,

so presumably other solanaceous hosts such as Datura spp. allowed breeding

to continue. Catches generally were low during the winter months (June-

August), even when eggplant crops were nearby (e.g. Sites 1, 3 and 5),

although some moths were trapped. The lower winter temperature would

result in longer developmental times and so fewer moths would be present at

any time. Also, it is possible that a proportion of the population may have

overwintered in diapause. In New Zealand, S. cordalis overwinters as

diapausing larvae in cocoons (Martin 1999) and Kay (2010) reported that

several larvae from a Bundaberg laboratory colony reared at 20° C and 12:12

L:D entered diapause. Further studies are needed to determine whether S.

cordalis does enter diapause in the Bundaberg district and the factors

responsible for diapause induction and termination.

Figs 2-3. Adults of the eggplant caterpillar, Sceliodes cordalis (Doubleday): (2)

pinned adult; (3) live adult in resting pose.

Acknowledgements

I thank Richard Vickers for preparing and supplying the pheromone lures,

Linda Thomson for examining Trichogramma specimens, coastal Burnett

eggplant growers for allowing me to sample from their crops and Kate

Charleston and Richard Lloyd for helpful comments on an earlier draft. This

study was conducted as part of project VG05052, facilitated by Horticulture

Australia Ltd in partnership with AUSVEG and funded by the vegetable levy.

Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2) 95

The Australian Government provides matched funding for all Horticulture

Australia Ltd’s R&D activities.

References

BROTODJOJO, R.R.R. and WALTER, G.H. 2006. Oviposition and reproductive performance

of a generalist parasitoid (Trichogramma pretiosum) exposed to host species that differ in their

physical characteristics. Biological Control 39: 300-312.

DAVIS, J.J. 1964. The egg fruit caterpillar. Queensland Agricultural Journal 90: 76-78.

GALBREATH, R.A. and CLEARWATER, J.R. 1983. Pheromone monitoring of Sceliodes

cordalis, a pest of pepino. Pp 128-130, in: Proceedings of 36" New Zealand Weed and Pest

Control Conference.

KAY, LR. 1999. Pest and beneficial ecology in tomatoes. Final Report for HRDC Project

VG95009, Sydney, Australia.

KAY, LR. 2010. Effect of constant temperatures on the development of Sceliodes cordalis

(Doubleday) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on eggplant. Australian Journal of Entomology 49: 359-

362.

MARTIN, N.A. 1999, Arthropods and molluscs associated with poroporo (Solanum aviculare

and S. laciniatum): an annotated species list. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 29:

65-76.

THOMSON, L.J., RUNDLE, B.J. CAREW, M.E. and HOFFMANN, A.A. 2003. Identification

and characterization of Trichogramma species from south-eastern Australia using the internal

transcribed spacer 2 (ITS-2) region of the ribosomal gene complex. Entomologia Experimentalis

et Applicata 106: 235-240.

96 Australian Entomologist, 2012, 39 (2)

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2008 Predation of Vespula germanica in Tasmania. Tasmanian Naturalist 130: 10-13.

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2010 William Jones of Chelsea (1745-1818), and the need for a digital, online ‘Jcones’.

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2006 The Arhopala butterflies described by Fabricius: A. centaurus is from Java, A.

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2010 Revision of the genus Macrohelodes (Scirtidae: Coleoptera: Insecta). Transactions of the

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THE AUSTRALIAN

Entomologist

Volume 39, Part 2, 10 June 2012

CONTENTS

BRABY, M. F.

New larval food plants and biological notes for some butterflies

(Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) from eastern Australia.

HANCOCK, D. L.

One historical and two new records of Austrotephritis Hancock & Drew

species (Diptera: Tephritidae: Tephritinae) from Tasmania.

HANCOCK, D. L. and MARSHALL, S. A.

New records of fruit flies from northern Vietnam, with description of a

new genus and species of Adramini (Diptera: Tephritidae: Trypetinae).

HASENPUSCH, J., LANE, D. A. and MOULDS, M.S.

The life history of the hawk moth, Macroglossum insipidapapuanum

Rothschild & Jordan, 1903 (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae).

KAY, I.R.

Notes on the biology of Sceliodes cordalis (Doubleday)

(Lepidoptera: Crambidae).

LACHLAN, R.B.

A new species of Nacaduba Moore (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from

Niue, southwestern Pacific Ocean.

OLIVE, J.C.

A new species of Burbunga Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadidae) from

northeastern Queensland.

POPPLE, L. W.

An analysis of the calling song of Burbunga mouldsi Olive

(Hemiptera: Cicadidae).

RECENT LITERATURE

ISSN 1320 6133