THE AUSTRALIAN

Entomologist

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Volume 41, Part 2, 2 June 2014

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THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

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Cover: A basking male of Rhyothemis princeps princeps Kirby 1894 (Odonata:

Libellulidae) at Eubenangee Swamp, North Queensland. This subspecies occurs in

tropical Queensland from Rockhampton north to Iron Range and Weipa and is also

known from southern New Guinea. It is very common at most standing waters in the

Queensland Wet Tropics where it occurs together with its congeners Rhyothemis

graphiptera Rambur, 1842 and the rarer Rhyothemis resplendens Selys, 1878.

Another race with much more extensive hyaline areas occurs in north and east New

Guinea. Pen and ink drawing by Dr Albert Orr whose illustrated books on

dragonflies and butterflies have won awards in Australia and overseas. He lived at

Bramston Beach 1999-2004 and nearby Eubenangee Swamp was a favourite hunting

ground.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2): 77-90 11

CAPTIVE OBSERVATIONS ON MATING, STRIDULATION AND

MALE GENITAL BRUSHES OF THE AUSTRALIAN FLOWER

CHAFER PHYLLOPODIUM PALMATUM (SCHAUM, 1848)

(COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE: CETONIINAE)

CHRISTIAN H. MOESENEDER! and LYN G. COOK?

Atmospheric Research, Ecosciences Precinct, 41 B

(Email: chris.moeseneg

Abstract

Mating behaviour in the majority of Australian

Cetoniinae, varies little among species and generally gsi

features and courtship and mating behaviour observed in cap y ne in the

atypical Schizorhinini species Phyllopodium palmatum (Schaum, 1848) Stridulation i is produced

metasternal-sternitaly, a method not described previously in Australian Cetoniinae, which was

observed during courtship and in behaviour assumed to be defensive. Both sexes engaged in

apparently stimulatory behaviour in courtship. The female was observed to bury into soil during

mating, a behaviour possibly associated with avoiding predation. For the purpose of comparing

Phyllopodium palmatum with other Australian cetoniines, we present generalized mating and

stridulation behaviour observed for 23 Australian cetoniines. For males, we describe a pair of

large genital brushes — a structure that has not been reported previously for Cetoniinae and that

might be novel in Coleoptera as a whole. Modifications to the phallobase of several other

Australian Schizorhinini are described.

Introduction

Flower chafers are important pollinators of various tree species but little else

is known about their general biology (Cassis and Weir 2002, Hangay 2001).

Detailed descriptions of courtship and mating behaviour have not been

published for any species of Schizorhinini, Australia’s largest tribe of

Cetoniinae. This study reports the behaviour of Phyllopodium palmatum

(Schaum, 1848) (Fig. 1) in the field (at Dunmore State Forest in Queensland)

and of attempted matings by one pair under laboratory conditions. The

species has been rarely collected but collection records and literature indicate

a wide distribution from southeastern South Australia through Victoria and

NSW to at least Cairns, Queensland, inhabiting coastal plains and the Great

Dividing Range (Reid and Bulbert 2002). No ecological or behavioural

information has been published previously on P. palmatum and the unique

male genitalia have not been described before, although P. Hutchinson (pers.

comm. 2010) recognized its unique structure and made a sketch of it.

Material and methods

Specimen collection, captivity and dissection

Seven specimens of Phyllopodium palmatum were collected in Dunmore

State Forest (Table 1), using a net attached to a 12 meter Spiderbeam

fibreglass pole (www.spiderbeam.com). Collections were made under

Entomological Society of Queensland permit TWB/03/2012 issued to CHM.

78 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2)

All excursion and specimen codes refer to CHM’s private collection

(Microuniverse Cetoniinae Research Collection, Redland Bay, Qld, Australia,

abbreviated as ‘MIC’ and listed in the Registry of Biological Repositories

http://www.biorepositories.org). All specimens were collected in dry eucalypt

woodland. The specific habitat of each collection site is shown in Table 2.

Plants from which specimens were collected were identified by the

Queensland Herbarium.

Figs 1-2. (1) Pinned adult male of Phyllopodium palmatum. Note difference in colour

between the dead specimen here and live specimen depicted in Fig. 6. Image by Justin

Bartlett, © DAFF 2013. (2) Typical habitat of Phyllopodium palmatum. Angophora

leiocarpa (foreground) in bloom at Dunmore State Forest in December 2012.

Specimens were transported in coolers to Redland Bay, Qld for observation.

Captive adults were kept in a transparent plastic rearing container 320 mm

long, 210 mm wide and 100 mm deep, which had a mesh-covered hole for

ventilation. The container was filled to a depth of approximately 4 cm with

substrate consisting of decaying wood and humus collected at Redland Bay.

Temperature and humidity in the container were kept ambient. The insects

were offered banana slices, honey and a waterlogged tissue, each of which

was replaced daily. Courtship and mating observations were made of one

male and the female from Fire Tower 2 (MIC60967) that took place in a

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2) 79

Table 1. Collection localities of Pyllopodium palmatum used in this study, all in

Dunmore State Forest, Qld, Australia. Geographic coordinates use datum WGS84.

Location Latitude Date Collectors Specimens Host plant

Longitude collected with

MIC specimen

numbers

Fire -27.6267 81.2011 C.&T. 3 males Angophora

tower 2 151.0202 Moeseneder (MIC60967-001, costata

& C. Dale MIC60967-005,

MIC60967-023),

1 female

(MIC60967-024)

The -27.6477 8.1.2011 C. &T. 1 male

Quarry 151.0279 Moeseneder (MIC60968-002)

& C. Dale

Tara -27.7012 4.xii.2012 C.&S. 1 male Angophora

Road 151.0322 Moeseneder (MIC61062-001) leiocarpa

junction

Roadside -27.61591 21.xii.2013 C.&S. 1 female Angophora

151.04809 Moeseneder (MIC61144-001) floribunda

Table 2. Regional ecosystem classifications at the collection locations, as per

Regional Ecosystem Description Database (Queensland Herbarium 2013). DBVG =

Dominant Broad-Scale Vegetation Group.

Location DBVG Description

Fire tower2 11.5.4 Eucalyptus crebra F.Muell., Callitris glaucophylla Joy

Thomps. & L.A.SJohnson, C. endlicheri (Parl.)

F.M.Bailey, E. chloroclada (Blakely) L.A.S.Johnson &

K.D.Hill, Angophora leiocarpa (L.A.S.Johnson ex

G.J.Leach) K.R.Thiele & Ladiges on Cenozoic sand

plains/remnant surfaces. Deep sands.

11.7.4 E. decorticans (F.M.Bailey) Maiden and/or E. spp,

Corymbia spp, Acacia spp, Lysicarpus angustifolius(Hook.)

Druce on Cenozoic lateritic duricrust.

The Quarry 11.5.4 E. crebra, Callitris glaucophylla, C. endlicheri, E.

chloroclada, Angophora leiocarpa on Cenozoic sand

plains/remnant surfaces. Deep sands.

Tara Road 11.3.14 E. spp., Angophora spp, Callitris spp. woodland on alluvial

junction plains.

11.3.25 E. tereticornis Sm. or E. camaldulensis Dehnh. woodland

fringing drainage lines.

80 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2)

rearing container. After termination of observations, all specimens were

killed in 100% ethanol and dry-mounted. Male genitalia were removed and

preserved after examination.

Audio and video

Video recordings were made of stridulation and other behaviour using an

Apple iPad 2 and uploaded to http://www.nature.cc/palmatum/index.html. A

contents page at this location lists the available videos. Those relevant to this

publication are for disturbance stridulation: http://nature.cc/palmatum/

Phyllopodium_palmatum_064.MOV and http://nature.cc/palmatum/

Phyllopodium_palmatum_085.MOV; and for stridulation simulation: http://

nature.cc/palmatum/Phyllopodium_palmatum_090.MOV. Additional videos

may be uploaded in the future.

All video files are available under Creative Commons license of Attribution-

Share Alike 3.0 Unsupported (CC BY-SA 3.0). Pazera Free Audio Extractor

1.4 was used for audio extraction. Audacity 2.0.2 was used for visualization

and to remove background noise by sampling a section which did not contain

stridulation sound, creating a noise profile from it and using the profile with

the noise removal command. Playback of stridulation was through an Apple

iPad 2.

Results/Observations

Cohort

In Dunmore State Forest in 2011 and 2012, P. palmatum was collected in the

vegetation communities listed in Table 2, with 10 other cetoniines, on

flowering trees (Angophora costata (Gaertn.) Britten, Angophora leiocarpa

(Fig. 2) and Angophora floribunda (Sm.) Sweet), Chlorobapta frontalis

(Donovan et al., 1805), Clithria albersi Kraatz, 1885, Clithiria eucnemis

(Burmeister, 1842), Dilochrosis atripennis (Macleay, 1863), Glycyphana

(Glycyphaniola) brunnipes (Kirby, 1818), Glycyphana (Glycyphaniola)

stolata, Microvalgus Kraatz, 1883 sp., Neorrhina octopunctatum

(Burmeister, 1842), Neorrhina punctatum (Donovan et al., 1805) and

Schizorhina atropunctata (Kirby, 1818).

Genital brushes

The aedeagus of males of P. palmatum (Fig. 3A) possesses a pair of large

genital sclerites, here called “genital brushes”. The brushes originate from the

ventral region of the pars basalis and protrude slightly beyond the extended

parameres. Each bears several rows of long, dense setae that are

progressively longer from the base of the sclerite towards its apex. Two

actions of the brushes were discernible: 1) when the parameres were extended

before copulation, by rotation through approximately 90 degrees, the setae of

each sclerite moved across the distal face of the parameres and when the

parameres were retracted after copulation the setae of each sclerite moved

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2) 81

across the proximal face of the parameres; 2) the genital brushes were pushed

aside by the edge of the female’s pygidium as the parameres entered the

female and therefore remained outside the female. This could be observed

since the soil was shallow in some areas of the container. The brushes are

compact despite their size and allow the aedeagus to stay in a tight unit (Fig.

3A, ventral view).

Fig. 3. Comparison of aedeagi: (A) Phyllopodium palmatum; (B) Chondropyga

dorsalis. GBR = genital brushes, P = parameres, PB = pars basalis. Note difference in

scale: C. dorsalis images are shown approximately 25% smaller than P. palmatum.

Images by Justin Bartlett, © DAFF 2013.

82 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2)

When other Australian Schizorhinini were inspected, further modifications of

genital sclerites were found. The ventral surface of the pars basalis of

Neoclithria eburneoguttata (Blanchard, 1850) (Fig. 4) bears two small, setose

sclerites. In Trichaulax macleayi, T. marginipennis and T. nortoni (Butler,

1865) the ventrolateral area of the pars basalis is expanded to form a lamella.

In Metallesthes metallescens (White, 1859), another Australian Schizorhinini,

the ventral surface of the phallobase bears a rectangular, sclerotised patch.

Fig. 4. A—Additional genital sclerites in Neoclithria eburneoguttata. Image by Justin

Bartlett, © DAFF 2014.

Courtship and mating behaviour of selected Australian Cetoniinae

In this study and during observations made over several years in the field and

under rearing conditions, other Australian cetoniines were observed to

copulate following little or no courtship (Table 3). In these species, the usual

mating location is where the two sexes meet — on flowers. However, when

given the opportunity, these species were observed to mate in any other

location such as on the ground or in breeding boxes.

Courtship and mating behaviour of P. palmatum

In this study, courtship and mating of P. palmatum was not observed in the

field. The following observations were made of one pair of P. palmatum in

captivity in a breeding container (as described in Methods), where the beetles

were initially placed so that the female would oviposit in the soil. When the

male mounted the female it used its broad, flat protarsi and metatarsi to

tightly clasp the female. The male produced a sound consisting of two to

approximately five pulses and also clasped the female tightly with its

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2) 83

Table 3. Mating and courtship in Australian Cetoniinae, excluding P. palmatum. All

observations by CHM, except those with footnotes. n. obs.= not observed.

Species Stroking Stridulation Usual place of

copulation

Cetoniini

Glycyphana (Glycyphaniola) brunnipes n. obs. no n. obs.

Glycyphana (Glycyphaniola) stolata no no flowers

Protaetia fusca no no flowers,

tall grass?

Schizorhinini

Chondropyga dorsalis no no flowers,

ground

Chlorobapta frontalis ' yes no flowers

Clithria albersi n. obs. no n. obs.

Clithria eucnemis n. obs. no n. obs.

Dilochrosis balteata (Vollenhoven, no no flowers,

1871) fruit?

Dilochrosis walteri Lea, 1914 no no flowers

Dilochrosis atripennis no no flowers

Dilochrosis brownii (Kirby, 1818) no no flowers

Eupoecila australasiae no no flowers

Hemipharis insularis (Gory and no no flowers

Percheron, 1833)

Ischiopsopha wallacei (Thomson, 1857) no no flowers,

masses °

Lyraphora velutina (Macleayi, 1863) no no flowers

Lyraphora obliquata (Westwood, 1842) no no flowers

Mycterophallus duboulayi (Thomson, no no flowers

1878)

Neorrhina octopunctatum n. obs. no n. obs.

Neorrhina punctatum no no flowers

Schizorhina atropunctata no no flowers

Trichaulax concinna (Janson, 1873) yes no flowers

Trichaulax macleayi Kraatz, 1894 ? yes no flowers

Trichaulax marginipennis (Macleay, yes no flowers

1863)?

lObservation by R. Zietek (pers. comm. 2013). Observations by J. Hasenpusch (pers.

comm. 2013). “This species is known to occur in great masses which hang on host

trees. Mating consequently occurs within these masses.

84 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2)

strongly bent metafemora and metatibiae. Over several minutes, the male

then performed 1-2 second-long, rapid body movements and stridulation

sequences and moved its shortened mesolegs sideways against the female.

The sound-producing structures are shown in Fig. 5. Frequently, the female

also stridulated, showed a general increase in activity and performed rapid,

sideways shaking movements. The female became very active with each

putative stimulation sequence. Copulation was observed three times in the

same pair. In approximately 75% of the attempts the female shook off the

male and copulation was not achieved. In those cases where the outcome was

copulation, about one to three minutes into the assumed courtship display, the

female began to bury into the substrate in the breeding container while the

male continued to clasp her. Copulation commenced in the soil, never above

ground. The latest observations were made at 2300 h, with artificial light, by

which time the activity of the beetles had not diminished. Adult males and

the female often fed on banana slices when they were not engaged in mating.

Fig. 5. Stridulation sound production structures in P. palmatum. A = plectrum, B =

cavity in apex of metasternum, C = metasternum, D = file, E = process of first

abdominal segment, F = first sternite. Metasternum is held at an angle of 45° to

increase visibility of the plectrum. In vivo, the process enters the cavity on the same

plane. Image by Justin Bartlett, © DAFF 2014.

Defensive behaviour

Phyllopdium palmatum appears to have several types of defensive behaviour.

When a hand was brought near the mating pair of P. palmatum, they

immediately stridulated and raised and spread their metalegs (Fig. 6). Raised

metalegs as a reaction to disturbance was also observed in Trichaulax

Philipsii (Schreibers, 1802) by CHM.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2) 85

Fig. 6. Male of Phyllopodium palmatum. Putative defensive posture, with raised

metalegs, evoked by disturbance.

Stridulation

In addition to stridulation during courtship, both males and females of P.

palmatum stridulated when disturbed but never spontaneously. Each time the

observer moved a hand close to a specimen, the beetle performed a jerking

movement and emitted a few stridulating pulses. When beetles of either sex

were held by the observer, they initially stridulated constantly (here called a

disturbance stridulation sequence) (see videos described in Methods) with

29.8 impulses measured in 5.14 seconds, indicating 5.79 impulses per second

(Fig. 7). Within several minutes of handling, the beetles stridulated

increasingly less often until only increased disturbance provoked a response.

A recording of a disturbance stridulation sequence was played back to

another male, which showed no observable reaction to the sound.

Stridulation in both sexes was found to be produced by metasternal-sternital

means in P. palmatum. A process in the middle of the base of the first

abdominal sternite (Fig. 5E) is taken up by a recess in the centre of the hind

margin of the metasternum between the hind coxae (Fig. 5B). In P.

palmatum, the process of the first sternite is flat, broad and its ventral surface

bears approximately 150 transverse striations (Fig. 5D), providing the

function of a file. The metasternal cavity bears a sharp, straight, transverse

cuticular ridge, which functions as a plectrum (Fig. 5A). The beetle

stridulates by rapidly moving the abdomen and thereby scraping plectrum

and file against each other. This method of stridulation was easily seen on

living beetles when they were held upside-down and was documented (see

86 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2)

videos described in Methods). When the dissected parts were held and moved

in the same manner, we were able to produce a similar stridulation sound (see

video described in Methods). The Australian cetoniines E. australasiae and

C. dorsalis were examined and, while they were found to have the same

general structure of the process of the first sternite and the recess of the

metasternum, they did not have the plectrum and file modifications and did

not produce sound.

Fig. 7. Oscillogram of stridulation sequence of male of Phyllopodium palmatum

evoked by disturbance. Horizontal axis = time in seconds, vertical axis = percent of

allowable volume.

Additional observations

Male P. palmatum were found to have two-pointed inner mesoclaws and

rainbow-coloured reflections in some black dorsal areas. Extremes of elytral

coloration ranged from reduction of black to base of elytra and two very

small macula on each elytron, to melanic with entirely black elytra except for

lateral and apical areas (both in collection of Jack Hasenpusch, Australian

Insect Farm, Innisfail, Qld).

Discussion

Courtship and mating

In many Australian Schizorhinini, antennal clubs of males and females are

approximately the same size, presumably since the sexes encounter each

other on flowers and require less specialized structures such as enlarged

antennal clubs in males (Hutchinson and Moeseneder 2013) to locate

females. This is the case for the cohort of 10 species with which P. palmatum

was found at Dunmore S.F (Table 3). It is likely that males and females of P.

palmatum meet on flowers since the antennal clubs of both sexes are of

similar size.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2) 87

Copulation in P. palmatum appears to occur only after a sequence of putative

courtship behaviour has taken place. In this study, the courtship behaviour

appeared to be comprised of stridulation, increased movement, stroking with

legs, shaking and burying. This specific combination of behaviour was not

seen in the 23 other Australian Schizorhinini for which observations are

reported (Table 3) and it appears to be considerably more complex and to

consist of more elements than previous observations of other species indicate.

Predation and defence

Several aspects of the unique morphology and behaviour of P. palmatum

could be the result of high predation from birds, as observed in Eupoecila

australasiae (Donovan, 1805) and Chondropyga dorsalis (Donovan, 1805)

by Alderson (1976). Stridulation, which was observed for this species when

disturbed and in courtship, has been shown to repel predators in several

experiments, such as with mutillid wasps, water scavenger beetles and round

sand beetles (Masters 1979). The putative defensive posture with raised

metalegs that the beetles assumed upon disturbance (Fig. 6) is most likely a

threat display against predators. Trichaulax philipsii was observed (by CHM)

to react in the same way to disturbance and P. Hutchinson (pers. comm.

2013) reported that Dilochrosis walteri reacted to the sound of a camera’s

shutter with the same posture. He also noted that D. walteri uses the same

movement of the metalegs to right itself from an inverted position.

Stridulation

The stridulation sound in adult P. palmatum is produced by metasternal-

sternital means and is therefore different than those methods described for

Australian cetoniines and Australian Scarabaeidae in general.

Production of sound in adult cetoniines has been rarely described in scientific

literature (Wessel 2006) but it appears to be more common than the literature

reveals (personal communication by CHM with cetoniine workers). For

example, P. Malec (pers. comm. 2012) observed stridulation in adults of the

goliathine Tmesorrhina simillima Kraatz, 1880 and J. Maté (pers. comm.

2012) observed stridulation in adults of the cetoniines Protaetia (Netocia)

morio (Fabricius, 1781) and Tropinota squalida (Scopoli, 1783). According

to Wessel (2006), sound in adult Cetoniinae is produced in elytro-abdominal

and abdomino-femoral regions. Within the Schizorhinini, stridulation has

been reported from Jschiopsopha Gestro, 1874, where the sound is produced

in the abdomino-tibial (not abdomino-femoral) region. Sharp (1874)

described stridulation in three species of adult Ischiopsopha (all in

Lomaptera Gory & Percheron, 1833 at that time) produced by a series of fine

ridges on the third and fourth abdominal segments (erroneously identified as

the second and third segments) and on the inside of the metatibia. This has

been verified by inspection of J. bifasciata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824) in the

MIC collection; the same structures were found on the Papua New Guinean

88 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2)

species 7. jamesi (Waterhouse, 1876) and J. /ucivorax (Kraatz, 1890) and the

Australian species 7. wallacei (Thomson, 1857) and 7. pulchripes (Thomson,

1877).

Genital brushes

We reviewed the genitalia of 1104 species (32% of approximately 3395

species: Krajcik 1998, 1999) of Cetoniinae from all tribes except

Stenotarsiini and Diplognathini in literature and in the MIC collection. None

has a structure similar to the genital brushes found in P. palmatum.

In Coleoptera, sclerites of the aedeagus in addition to the phallobase and

parameres are known in few species. Some of these structures of the

aedeagus may function as true brushes, such as that described by Arnaud et

al. (2001) in the tenebrionid Tribolium castaneum (Herbst, 1797). In this

species, a brush-like organ which is embedded centrally in the aedeagus is

used in removing pre-existing sperm from a female’s reproductive tract

(Arnaud et al. 2001). Ozdemir (2008) described two species of Dermestes

Linnaeus, 1758 that bear a row of long setae on the parameres that have the

appearance of brushes, but these are not attached to novel structures. Li et al.

(2008) described armature of the internal sac of the parameres in seven

species of Epitrichius Tagawa (in the cetoniine tribe Trichiini). The armature

consists of a minor and a major hook and is located in the internal sac, a short

distance from where the brushes of P. palmatum originate. No specific

purpose of the armature was described.

We observed modifications to the sclerites of the ventral area of the

phallobase in six Australian Schizorhinini. Three species bear additional

sclerites; three have modifications to existing sclerites. The most similar

structures to those found in P. palmatum are in Neoclithria eburneoguttata, a

species that otherwise bears little resemblance to P. palmatum. In this

species, two small, rounded and setose sclerites (Fig. 4) originate a short

distance apically from where the brushes in P. palmatum are attached on the

pars basalis. While they are too short to perform the functions we described

for P. palmatum, they could be homologous, before complete development or

residual after the loss of such, to the fully developed brushes of P. palmatum.

Our observations suggest that the genital brushes in P. palmatum males have

a role in the cleaning of male and female copulatory parts during mating in

soil since the brushes are spread laterally upon copulation and move across

the apical edge of the female’s pygidium. However, since numerous other

Coleoptera species (for example geotrupines and aphodiines) are known to

mate in substrate such as wood and soil that could interfere with the function

of copulatory structures but have not developed genital brushes with cleaning

functions, it is possible that the brushes may be used in the stimulation of the

female pygidium, to remove pre-existing sperm from the female or for

entirely other functions.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2) 89

Production of novel structures, such as the brushes of P. palmatum, likely

comes at a cost (Daly 1978). Nijhout and Emlen (1998) showed that trade-off

in allocation of shared resources can occur during the developmental growth

of body parts — if one part uses more resources, another near it receives less,

for example in horns of scarabs. Such a compensatory response might

account for the fact that the parameres of P. palmatum are only

approximately 75% as large as those of C. dorsalis and C. gulosa (Janson,

1873) (Fig. 3b), despite the beetles being about the same overall size.

Furthermore, it is very unusual for such large, complex structures as the

brushes to develop through evolution without modification or duplication of

existing structures.

Conclusion

Phyllopodium palmatum appears to have more complex courtship behaviour

than other Australian cetoniines. Further standardized observations in natural

circumstances are needed to determine whether the observed behaviour of P.

palmatum is repeated in the field. Males possess a very unusual and novel

structure compared with other members of the subfamily and other beetles in

general. Some comparative morphological studies, based on well-supported

phylogenies, are required to understand the origins of these genital brushes

and further observations may prove whether the function of the brushes is

linked with its reproductive behaviour. Modifications to the phallobase exist

in other Australian Schizorhinini, indicating an area of study in future

morphological work.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Paul Hutchinson (Beckenham, Perth, WA), for

information on genital brushes and defence; Justin Bartlett (Queensland

Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (DAFF), Dutton Park, Qld)

for images; Jack Hasenpusch (Australian Insect Farm, Innisfail, Qld) for

information on the mating behaviour of Trichaulax and P. palmatum

specimens; Cory Dale (Bethania, Qld) for specimens; Martin Ambrose and

Wayne Capernick (DAFF, Toowoomba, Qld) for access to Dunmore S.F.; the

Queensland Museum, The Entomological Society of Queensland and the

Queensland Department of Environment and Resource Management

(Brisbane, Qld) for collecting permits; Sabine and Theresa Moeseneder

(Redland Bay, Qld) for assistance with collecting and observations; Richard

Zietek (Capalaba, Qld) for information on P. palmatum; Dr Frank Krell

(Denver Museum of Nature & Science, Denver, Colorado, USA) for

information on genitalia in scarabs; Dr Federica Turco (Queensland Museum)

for information about genital brushes in other beetle groups; and the

Queensland Herbarium (Department of Environment and Heritage Protection,

Mt Coot-tha, Brisbane, Qld) for plant identifications.

90 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2)

References

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(Don), Diaphonia dorsalis (Don) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae). Victorian Naturalist

93(3): 86-91.

ARNAUD, L., HAUBRUGE, E. and GAGE, M. 2001. Morphology of Tribolium castaneum

male genitalia and its possible role in sperm competition and cryptic female choice. Belgian

Journal of Zoology 131(2): 111-115.

CASSIS, G. and WEIR, T.A. 2002. Cetoniinae. Australian Faunal Directory. (Accessed 3

January 2013). Attp:/\vww.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/fauna/afd/

taxa/Cetoniinae

DALY, M. 1978. The cost of mating. The American Naturalist 112(986): 771-774.

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Grandaustralis boomerang, a new species of Cetoniinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from

Western Australia. Zootaxa 3669(1): 17-26.

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Republic. 36 pp.

KRAJCIK, M. 1999. Cetoniidae of the World. Catalogue, Part II, Typos Studio, Most, Czech

Republic. 95 pp.

LI, C.-L., YANG, P.-S., HSU, K.-S. and WANG, C.-C. 2008. A review of the genus Epitrichius

Tagawa, with an analysis of the internal sac armature of the male genitalia (Coleoptera:

Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae). Zootaxa 1895: 1-24.

MASTERS, W. 1979. Insect disturbance stridulation: its defensive role. Behavioral Ecology and

Sociobiology 5: 187-200.

NIJHOUT, H.F. and EMLEN, D.J. 1998. Competition among body parts in the development and

evolution of insect morphology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 95: 3685-

3689.

OZDEMIR, S. and SERT, O. 2008. Systematic studies on male genitalia of Coleoptera species

found on decomposing pig (Sus scrofa L.) carcasses at Ankara province. Hacettepe Journal of

Biology and Chemistry 36(2): 137-161.

QUEENSLAND HERBARIUM. 2013. Regional Ecosystem Description Database (REDD).

Queensland Department of Science, Information Technology, Innovation and the Arts, Brisbane.

REID, C. and BULBERT, M. 2002. Flower chafers of NSW. How to identify the Cetoniinae of

New South Wales. Australian Museum.

SCHAUM, H.R. 1848. Two decades of new Cetoniidae. Transactions of the Entomological

Society of London 5: 64-76.

SHARP, D. 1874. Note on the existence of stridulating organs in the genus Lomaptera.

Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine XI: 136-137.

WESSEL, A. 2006. Stridulation in the Coleoptera - An overview. Pp. 397-403, in: S.

Drosopoulos and M. F. Claridge (eds.), Insect sounds and communication: physiology,

behaviour, ecology and Evolution. Taylor and Francis, Boca Raton, Florida; 532 pp.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2): 91-106 91

NEW AUSTRALASIAN RECORDS OF ALLOXYSTA FORSTER

(HYMENOPTERA: CYNIPOIDEA: FIGITIDAE: CHARIPINAE)

FROM THE CANADIAN NATIONAL COLLECTION OF INSECTS,

OTTAWA

MAR FERRER-SUAY!, JESUS SELFA? and JULI PUJADE-VILLAR'

"Universitat de Barcelona, Facultat de Biologia, Departament de Biologia Animal. Avda.

Diagonal 645, 08028-Barcelona, Spain (E-mails: mar ferrer.suay@gmail.com [corresponding

author]; jpujade@ub.edu) k

?Universitat de València, Facultat de Ciències Biològiques, Departament de Zoologia. Campus de

Burjassot-Paterna, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot (València), Spain (E-mail: jesus.selfa@uv.es)

Abstract

Seven species of Alloxysta Förster from the Australasian region deposited in the Canadian

National Collection of Insects have been determined: Alloxysta arcuata (Kieffer, 1902), A. darci

(Girault, 1933), A. fuscicornis (Hartig, 1841), A. rubidus Ferrer-Suay & Pujade-Villar, 2012, A.

sawoniewiczi (Kierych, 1988), A. thorpei Ferrer-Suay & Pujade-Villar, 2012 and A. victrix

(Westwood, 1833). Alloxysta arcuata (from Papua New Guinea) and A. sawoniewiczi (from

Sabah, Malaysia) are recorded for the first time from this region; A. rubidus and A. thorpei are

newly recorded from Australia. Diagnoses for all seven species are given and their main

diagnostic features illustrated. A key to identify all Charipinae species present in the Australian

region is provided.

Introduction

Alloxysta Förster is the most widespread and species-rich genus within

subfamily Charipinae. It is a cosmopolitan genus recorded from all

biogeographical regions. These wasps are small with shiny and smooth

cuticle and are morphologically similar in appearance. Ferrer-Suay ef al.

(2012a) recognised 111 valid species. The main diagnostic characters of this

genus are the presence of visible tergites in the metasoma and body very

smooth without mesopleural sulcus, notauli and scutellar foveae. There are

few diagnostic features used to identify Alloxysta species: i) length of

flagellomeres; ii) presence or absence of pronotal carinae; iii) presence or

absence of propodeal carinae and their shape; iv) size and shape of radial cell

(Ferrer-Suay et al. 2011).

Species of Alloxysta are hyperparasitoids of aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

via Aphidiinae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea: Braconidae) and

Aphelininae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Aphelinidae) (Menke and

Evenhuis 1991). According to Carver (1992), the former Alloxystinae

(Alloxysta + Phaenoglyphis Förster) are true hymenopterous hyperparasitoids

of aphids and are economically important in reducing the effectiveness of

Aphidiinae and Aphelinus as parasitoids of principally noxious hosts.

Carver (1992) extensively revised the Charipinae from Australia, including

only species from Alloxysta and Phaenoglyphis. Until now, the only

Phaenoglyphis species known from the Australian region is P. villosa

(Hartig, 1841). As for Alloxysta, Carver (1992) recorded four species: A.

australiae (Ashmead, 1900), A. carinata Carver, 1992, A. darci (Girault,

92 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2)

1933) and A. fuscicornis (Hartig, 1841). Subsequently, Alloxysta victrix

(Westwood, 1833) was recorded from Australia when Paretas-Martinez and

Pujade-Villar (2010) synonymized Sarothrus io Girault, 1932 with A. victrix.

The Cynipoidea species present in Australia, including the members of

subfamily Charipinae, were reviewed by Paretas-Martinez et al. (2013).

The main aim of this work is to improve the knowledge of Alloxysta from the

Australasian region, largely as a result of examination of the material

deposited in the Canadian National Collection of Insects. Two Palaearctic

species are cited for the first time from this biogeographical region: Alloxysta

arcuata (Kieffer, 1902) and Alloxysta sawoniewiczi (Kierych, 1988).

Additionally, the descriptions of A. rubidus and A. thorpei in Ferrer-Suay et

al. (2012b) are completed with male morphology and also recorded for the

first time from Australia. The main morphological features of the Alloxysta

species present in Australia are illustrated and a key to all the Charipinae

species known from the country is provided.

Materials and methods

Material studied is deposited in the Canadian National Collection of Insects,

Ottawa, Canada (CNCI) and the University of Barcelona (JP-V collection),

Spain (UB).

Specimens were studied using stereomicroscopy (LEICA WILD M10). The

field-emission gun environmental scanning electron microscope (FEI Quanta

200 ESEM) was used for high-resolution imaging without gold coating of the

specimens.

Morphological terms used are taken from Paretas-Martinez et al. (2007).

Measurements and abbreviations include F1-F12, first and subsequent

flagellomeres. The width of the forewing radial cell is measured from the

margin of the wing to the beginning of the Rs vein. Females and males have

the same morphology except where indicated.

For better comparison, all the female antennae of the Alloxysta species

included in this study are grouped in Figure 1 and all radial cells in Figure 2.

Figure 3 shows the types of pronotum and propodeum present in Alloxysta

species. In Figure 4 the male antennae of the two Alloxysta species recently

described from New Zealand (Ferrer-Suay et al. 2012b) and newly recorded

from Australia are illustrated. Figure 5 shows different features of Charipinae

useful for the identification key.

Results

Alloxysta arcuata (Kieffer, 1902)

(Figs la, 2a, 3a, c)

Material examined. PAPUA NEW GUINEA: 1 9, New Britain, xi.1913, J. St. Bick,

New Guinea #3, Rec. nov 03. (In CNCI).

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2) 93

Fig. 1. Female antenna of Alloxysta species: (a) A. arcuata; (b) A. darci; (c) A.

fuscicornis; (d) A. rubidus; (e) A. sawoniewiczi; (f) A. thorpei; (g) A. victrix; (h) A.

australiae; (i) A. carinata.

Diagnosis. Alloxysta arcuata is mainly characterized by having a small

closed radial cell, pronotal carinae present, propodeal carinae forming a plate,

rhinaria and club shape beginning in F3. It is similar to Alloxysta ramulifera

(Thomson, 1862) but they can be differentiated by the starting point of the

rhinaria: in F3 in A. arcuata (Fig. la) and in F4 in A. ramulifera; shape of the

pronotal carinae: well defined and visible in 4. arcuata (Fig. 3a) but small

and sometimes difficult to see under the pubescence in A. ramulifera; size of

radial cell: 2.3 times as long as wide in A. arcuata (Fig. 2a) but 2.0 times as

long as wide in A. ramulifera and shape of propodeal carinae: with curved

sides in A. arcuata (Fig. 3c) but with straight sides in A. ramulifera.

94 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2)

Description. Head yellowish brown in female (more yellowish in male),

mesosoma and metasoma dark brown; scape, pedicel, F1 and F2 dark yellow,

F3-F12 brown; legs yellow and veins yellowish brown. Female antenna 13-

segmented; F1-F2 smooth, thinner than remaining ones; club begins in F3 but

it is more evident from F4, F4-F11 with rhinaria; F1 subequal to pedicel, F1

longer than F2, F2-F4 subequal (Fig. la). Male antenna 14-segmented; F1

smooth, thinner than remaining flagellomeres, F2-F12 with rhinaria and club

shaped; F2 sometimes slightly curved, F1 longer than pedicel, F1 subequal to

F2, F2 shorter than F3 and F3 shorter than F4. Pronotum densely pubescent

with two carinae clearly visible (Fig. 3a). Propodeum densely pubescent, with

a central plate formed by two carinae with several setae on top; plate margins

slightly curved outward (Fig. 3c). Forewing longer than body, radial cell

closed, 2.3 times as long as wide in both sexes (Fig. 2a).

Distribution. Previously known from Palaearctic and Neotropical regions

(Ferrer-Suay ef al. 2012c). First record from the Australian region.

Alloxysta darci (Girault, 1933)

(Figs 1b, 2b, 3b)

Material examined. AUSTRALIA (Queensland): 2 992, Mount Lewis Road,

166°35’19’’S_ 145°17’13’’E, 900 m, 16.ix.2004, L. Masner, rainforest, sweep; 1 @,

Gordonvale, along Mulgrave River, 30.iii.1991, sweep, forest area, J.D. Pinto; 8 33,

6 99, 8 km S. Atherton, Wongabel State Forest, 17°16’S 145°28’E, 7.ix.1994, M.

Schauff, forest edge. (6 Jd, 6 99 in CNCI; 2 64,3 99 in UB).

Diagnosis. Alloxysta darci is mainly characterized by having a small closed

radial cell, pronotal carinae absent, propodeal plate, rhinaria and club shape

beginning in F4, F1 shorter than pedicel and antennae longer than body

length in both male and female. This species is similar to A. brevis

(Thomson, 1862) but they can be differentiated by the antenna length: longer

than body in A. darci and shorter in A. brevis; forewing with marginal setae

longer in A. darci and shorter in A. brevis.

Description. Head, mesosoma brown and metasoma yellowish brown;

antennae, legs and veins yellowish. Female antenna 13-segmented; F1-F3

smooth, thinner than remaining flagellomeres, F4-F11 with rhinaria and club

shaped; F1 shorter than pedicel and longer than F2, F2-F4 subequal in length

(Fig. 1b). Male antenna 14-segmented; F1-F3 smooth, thinner than remaining

flagellomeres, F4-F12 with rhinaria and club shaped, same as female;

pedicel-F3 subequal, F3 slightly shorter than F4. Pronotum with few

scattered setae, without carinae present (Fig. 3b). Propodeum with many

setae and two carinae forming a plate in the last half. Forewing longer than

body; radial cell closed, 2.1 times as long as wide (Fig. 2b).

Distribution. Known from the Palaearctic and Australian regions (Ferrer-

Suay et al. 2012a).

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2) 95

Fig. 2. Radial cell of Alloxysta species: (a) A. arcuata; (b) A. darci; (c) A. fuscicornis;

(d) A. rubidus; (e) A. sawoniewiczi; (f) A. thorpei; (g) A. victrix; (h) A. australiae; (i)

A. carinata.

Fig. 3. Types of pronotum and propodeum: (a) pronotum of A. arcuata; (b) pronotum

of A. darci; (c) propodeum of A. arcuata; (d) propodeum of A. victrix.

96 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2)

Alloxysta fuscicornis (Hartig, 1841)

(Figs 1c, 2c)

Material examined. AUSTRALIA: 1 @, Queensland, Brisbane Forest Park,

27°25°04’’S 152°49°48”E, 15-22.viii.1998, N. Power, MT; 1 ĝ, Victoria, Wilson’s

Prom Nat. Park, 10 m, 11-16.v.78, S.J. Peck, edge of Banksia grove. NEW

ZEALAND: 1 9, NN, Pigeon Hill, 24.ii.1993, beating broad leafed Podocarp forest

L. LeSage. (1 ĝ, 1 2 in CNCI, 1 Ẹ in UB).

Diagnosis. Alloxysta fuscicornis is mainly characterized by having closed

radial cell, pronotal carinae present and propodeal carinae absent. It is similar

to A. circumscripta (Hartig, 1841) but they can be differentiated by the

proportion between flagellomeres: F1 longer than F2, F2 subequal to F3 in A.

fuscicornis (Fig. 1c) and F1 subequal to F2, F2 shorter or subequal to F3 in A.

circumscripta; size of radial cell: 2.7 times as long as wide in A. fuscicornis

(Fig. 3c) but 2.5 times as long as wide in A. circumscripta.

Description. Head, mesosoma and metasoma brown; scape, pedicel, F1 and

F2 yellow and F3-F12 yellowish brown; legs yellow and veins brown.

Female antenna 13-segmented; F1-F3 smooth and thinner than remaining

ones, F4-F11 with rhinaria and club shaped; F1 longer than pedicel and F2,

F2 longer than F3, F3 shorter than F4 (Fig. 1c). Male antenna 14-segmented;

with the same proportions as female but F1-F3 curved (F1 slightly curved

while F2 and F3 clearly curved). Pronotum covered by setae with two carinae

present clearly visible. Propodeum also with abundant setae and without

carinae present. Forewing longer than body; radial cell closed, 2.7 times as

long as wide (Fig. 2c).

Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Ferrer-Suay et al. 2012a).

Alloxysta rubidus Ferrer-Suay & Pujade-Villar, 2012

(Figs 1d, 2d, 4a, b, e)

Material examined. AUSTRALIA (Queensland): 1 9, Brisbane Forest Park,

27°25°04’’S 152°49°48”E, 1-4.ix.1997, N. Power, MT; 1 9, same locality, 15-

22.viii.1998, N. Power, MT; 1 2, Mt Tamborine, 500 m, 22.vi-6.vii.1978, S.&J. Fech,

MT, wet sclerophyll, stream edge. NEW ZEALAND: 1 Q, ND, Puketi Forest,

4.111995, L. LeSage, sweep; 1 3, 4 99, ND, Waipona, Kauri Forest, 11-12.xii.1983,

L. Masner, sweep; 1 2, NN, Anatimo, 23.ii.1993, vegetation by river, sweep, L.

LeSage; 1 9, ND, Waipoua Forest, Yakas track, 6.ii.95, Taraire/Kauri forest, L.

LeSage, sweep; 1 ĝ, ND, Puketi Forest, 30.i-4.ii.1995, MT, L. LeSage; 1 9, NN,

Harwoods Hole, 23.ii.1993, sphagnum bog in Nothofagus forest, L. LeSage, sweep. (1

3,7 22 in CNCI, 1 4,4 99 in UB).

Diagnosis. Alloxysta rubidus is similar to A. thorpei and A. darci because of

the orange-brown body coloration and the long marginal setae on forewing,

but differs from these species in: proportions of flagellomeres (A. rubidus has

F1 > F2, F2 = F3 (Fig. 1d); A. thorpei has F1 > F2, F2 < F3 (Fig. 1f); A. darci

has F1 = F2 = F3); shape of pronotal carinae (4. rubidus has two carinae

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2) 97

reaching to the middle point of pronotum and slightly curved; A. thorpei has

two carinae reaching to the top of pronotum, very curved and protruding; A.

darci does not have carinae on pronotum); shape of propodeal carinae (A.

rubidus has only the beginning of two carinae visible, the rest of carinae are

badly defined; A. thorpei has two carinae forming a plate in the posterior half;

A. darci has two carinae fused forming a complete plate); and shape of radial

cell (A. rubidus has partially open radial cell (Fig. 2d); 4. thorpei has open

radial cell (Fig. 2f); A. darci has closed radial cell (Fig. 2b)).

Fig. 4. Males of A. rubidus and A. thorpei: (a) A. rubidus antenna; (b) detail of A.

rubidus antenna; (c) A. thorpei antenna; (d) detail of A. thorpei antenna; (e) habitus of

A. rubidus; (f) habitus of A. thorpei.

98 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2)

Description. Head, mesosoma and metasoma reddish brown; scape yellowish

brown, pedicel and F1 dark yellow, F2-F12 brown. Female antenna 13-

segmented; F1-F2 smooth and thinner than remaining ones, F2-F11 with

rhinaria and club shaped; F1 longer than pedicel and F2, F2 slightly shorter

than F3, F3 subequal to F4 (Fig. 1d). Male antenna 14-segmented; F1 smooth

and thinner than remaining ones, F2-F12 with rhinaria and club shaped; F1

longer than pedicel, F1-F3 subequal in length, F3 shorter than F4. F1 with a

bump, F2 and F3 curved (Fig. 4a-b). Pronotum covered by few setae, with

two thick carinae clearly visible. Propodeum covered by abundant

pubescence, long marginal setae present, without carinae present. Forewing

longer than body; radial cell partially open, 2.6 times as long as wide (Fig.

2d).

Distribution. Previously known from New Zealand (Ferrer-Suay et al.

2012b). First record from Australia.

Alloxysta sawoniewiczi (Kierych, 1988)

(Figs le, 2e)

Material examined. MALAYSIA: 1 9, Sabah, Mt Kinabalu Nat. Park, below hayang-

hayang, 2600 m, 9-20.v.87, A. Smetana, FIT, B-64. (In CNCI).

Diagnosis. Alloxysta sawoniewiczi is similar to A. arcuata because they have

closed radial cell, pronotal and propodeal carinae present and F1 subequal to

pedicel. However, they differ in length of antennae, beginning of rhinaria in

male and female and shape of propodeal carinae: A. sawoniewiczi has

antennae shorter than body length, while 4. arcuata has them longer; rhinaria

begin in F5 in female (Fig. le) and F4 in male in A. sawoniewiczi but in F3 in

A. arcuata female (Fig. la) and F2 in male in A. arcuata; and A.

sawoniewiczi has the propodeal carinae narrow and well defined in the first

half, wide and forming a plate in the second half with sharp edges, while A.

arcuata has propodeal carinae forming a plate with few setae on top and sides

slightly curved.

Description. Head, mesosoma and metasoma brown; antennae yellowish

slightly darkening towards the end; legs dark yellow and veins yellowish

brown. Female antenna 13-segmented; F1-F4 smooth and thinner than

remaining ones, F5-F11 with rhinaria and club shaped; F1 subequal to

pedicel and longer than F2, F2 shorter than F3 and F3 shorter than F4 (Fig.

le). Male antenna 14-segmented; F1-F3 smooth and thinner than remaining

ones, F4-F12 with rhinaria and club shaped; F1 shorter than pedicel.

Pronotum with sparse setae being more abundant in anterior margin, two

carinae present clearly visible. Propodeum covered by a lot of setae, two

carinae narrow and well defined in the first half, wide and forming a plate in

the second half, with sharp edges. Forewing longer than body; radial cell

closed, 2.3 times as long as wide (Fig. 2e).

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2) 99

Distribution. Previously known from the Palaearctic region (Ferrer-Suay et

al. 2012a). First record from the Australasian region (Borneo).

Comments. Alloxysta chinensis Fülöp & Mikó, 2013 was synonymized with

this species by Ferrer-Suay et al. (2013f).

Alloxysta thorpei Ferrer-Suay & Pujade-Villar, 2012

(Figs 1f, 2f, 4c, d, f)

Material examined. AUSTRALIA (Queensland): 1 9, Brisbane Forest Park,

27°25’04’’S 152°49°48”E, 12-19.ix.1997, N. Power, Malaise trap; 1 9, same locality,

10-16.x.1998, N. Power, MT, dry sclerophyll; 1 9, same locality, 26.ix-2.x.1998, N.

Power, Malaise trap; 1 2, same locality, 15-22.viii.1998, N. Power, MT; 1 9, same

locality, 7-13.iii.1998, N. Power, Malaise trap; 1 9, same locality, 20.ii.1998, N.

Power, MT; 1 9,.same locality, 13-20.ii.1998, N. Power, Malaise trap; 1 9, same

locality, 1-4.ix.1997, N. Power, MT; 7 29, Mt Tamborine, 500 m, 22.vi-6.vii.1978,

S.&J. Fech, MT, wet sclerophyll, stream edge; 1 3, 3 99, Mt Glorious Nat. Park, 630

m, 28.ii.1984, L. Masner, sweep. NEW ZEALAND: 3 3, 3 29, ND, Puketi Forest,

4.i1.1995, L. LeSage, sweep; 2 63’, WD, Bullock Creek, 26.ii.1993, sweeping forest

edge vegetation, L. LeSage; 1 6, 1 9, ND, Waipona, Kauri Forest, 11-12.xii.1983, L.

Masner, sweep; 2 dd, 3 99, NN, Pigeon Hill, 24.ii.1993, beating broad leafed

Podocarp forest L. LeSage; 1 9, TK, Mt. Messenger, 15.xii.1983, L. Masner, sweep.

(6 6d, 21 99 in CNCI, 3 6d, 5 99 in UB).

Diagnosis. Alloxysta thorpei is similar to A. rubidus and A. darci because of

the orange-brown body coloration and the long marginal setae on forewing,

but differs from these species in: proportions of flagellomeres (A. thorpei has

F1 > F2, F2 < F3 (Fig. 1f); A. rubidus has F1 > F2, F2 = F3 (Fig. 1d); A.

darci has F1 = F2 = F3); shape of pronotal carinae (A. thorpei has two

carinae reaching to the top of pronotum, very curved and protruding; A.

rubidus has two carinae reaching to the middle point of pronotum and

slightly curved; 4. darci does not have carinae on pronotum); shape of

propodeal carinae (A. thorpei has two carinae forming a plate in the posterior

half; A. rubidus has only the beginning of two carinae visible, the rest of

carinae are badly defined; 4. darci has the two carinae fused forming a

complete plate); and shape of radial cell (A. thorpei has open radial cell (Fig.

2f); A. rubidus has partially open radial cell (Fig. 2d); A. darci has closed

radial cell (Fig. 2b)).

Description. Head and distal part of metasoma yellowish brown, mesosoma

and anterior part of metasoma yellowish, antennae yellowish darkening a bit

distally, legs yellow and veins yellowish brown. Female antenna 13-

segmented; F1-F3 smooth and thinner than remaining ones, F4-F11 with

rhinaria and club shaped; F1 longer than pedicel and F2, F2 subequal to F3,

F3 slightly shorter than F4 (Fig. 1f). Male antenna 14-segmented; F1-F4

smooth and thinner than remaining ones, F5-F12 with rhinaria and club

shaped; F1 longer than pedicel and F2, F2 subequal to F3, F3 shorter than F4.

F1 very slightly curved (Fig. 4c-d). Pronotum covered by few setae, with two

100 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2)

thick, long and rounded carinae clearly visible. Propodeum covered with

abundant pubescence, with two carinae well defined in anterior half,

separated by many setae and forming a plate in posterior half. Forewing

longer than body; radial cell open, 2.3 times as long as wide (Fig. 2f).

Distribution. Previously known from New Zealand (Ferrer-Suay et al.

2012b). First record from Australia.

Alloxysta victrix (Westwood, 1833)

(Figs 1g, 2g, 3d)

Material examined. NEW ZEALAND: 1 9, Wainui Inlet (NN), 23.11.1993, Daucus

carota L. LeSage, sweeping flowers; 1 & & 1 2, NN, Anatimo, 23.ii.1993, vegetation

by river, sweep, L. LeSage; 7 99, NN, Pigeon Hill, 24.ii.1993, beating broad leafed

Podocarp forest L. LeSage; 1 9, NN, Harwoods Hole, ca. 800 m, 25.11.1993,

sweeping Manuka L. LeSage; 1 2, NN, near Pohara, 23.ii.1993, sweep costal hill

vegetation (Macropiper) L. LeSage; 2 99, NN, Cobb River Valley Sam Creek,

22.ii.1993, sweep along creek, L. LeSage; 3 22, NN, Cobb River Valley, 22.ii.1993,

sweep around picnic area L. LeSage. (11 29 in CNCI, 5 99 in UB).

Diagnosis. Alloxysta victrix is mainly characterized by having a large closed

radial cell, pronotal carinae present, propodeal carinae absent and yellowish

head. It is similar to A. fuscicornis but they can be differentiated by the

proportion between flagellomeres F2-F4 subequal in length in A. victrix (Fig.

1g), while F2 subequal to F3 and F3 shorter than F4 in A. fuscicornis (Fig.

1c); size of radial cell: 3.0 times as long as wide in A. victrix instead of 2.7

times as long as wide in A. fuscicornis; density of propodeal pubescence: in

A. victrix, propodeal carinae are absent but the corresponding longitudinal

areas lack setae, while the entire propodeum is densely setose in A.

fuscicornis.

Description. Head dark yellow, mesosoma and metasoma dark brown; scape,

pedicel, F1-F2 yellow, F3-F11 yellowish brown; legs yellow; veins brown.

Female antenna 13-segmented; F1-F2 smooth and thinner than remaining

flagellomeres, F3-F11 with rhinaria and club shaped; F1 longer than pedicel

and F2, F2-F4 subequal (Fig. 1g). Male antenna 14-segmented, similar to

female but with F1-F3 curved (F1 slightly curved while F2 and F3 strongly

curved). Pronotum with sparse setae, two carinae clearly visible. Propodeum

with abundant pubescence, no carinae present, lacking setae on longitudinal

areas where carinae are present in other Charipinae species (Fig. 3d).

Forewing longer than body; radial cell closed, 3.0 times as long as wide (Fig.

2g).

Distribution. Cosmopolitan (Ferrer-Suay et al. 2012a).

Discussion

In recent years knowledge of the worldwide Charipinae fauna has been

greatly improved by the examination of important collections (e.g. Ferrer-

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2) 101

Suay et al. 2013a). Charipinae from the Palaearctic region have been revised

in several recent works: Asia (Ferrer-Suay et al. 2013f), Balkan Peninsula

(Ferrer-Suay et al. 2013c) and Iran (Ferrer-Suay et al. 2013b). There are

other revisions from the Neotropical region (Ferrer-Suay et al. 2013d), the

Nearctic region (Ferrer-Suay et al. 2014) and Africa (Ferrer-Suay ef al.

2013e). These works have collated many new records from around the world

and have included the description of many new species. As a result of these

works, the view that the Charipinae is a cosmopolitan subfamily is taking

weight. It has been noted that many species previously considered as

Palaearctic are also present in other biogeographic regions.

The Cynipoidea from Australia were reviewed recently by Paretas-Martinez

et al. (2013). In that work, 11 Charipinae species from four genera were

recorded: Alloxysta australiae, A. carinata, A. darci, A. fuscicornis, A. victrix,

Dilapothor carverae, Phaenoglyphis villosa, Thoreauana giraulti, T.

mascagnini, T. nativa and T. thoreauini. With the newly recorded Alloxysta

rubidus and A. thorpei from Australia, A. arcuata from Papua New Guinea

and A. sawoniewiczi from Borneo, 15 Charipinae species are now known

from the Australasian region; these are keyed below.

Key to Australasian Charipinae species

1. Metasoma with two large visible terga, subequal in length along

middorsal line, but basal tergite 1/4-1/3 smaller than second in lateral

NACI CS EE SED) arata r torent peered 2

- Metasoma with a single tergal plate, or if two, then basal tergite much

shorter than second along middorsal line (Fig. 5b) ......s.sssssssssseseeseeeeseeeess 3

2. Lower part of mesopleuron with horizontal sulcus (Fig. 5c) [Only one

species known from Australia] ....... Phaenoglyphis villosa (Hartig, 1841)

- Mesopleuron lacks horizontal sulcus (Fig. 5d).......... Alloxysta Forster - 4

3. Head elongated in anterior view (Fig. 5e). Female antenna with 10

flagellomeres, apical club two-segmented (Fig. 5h). Three carinae at each

side of the scutellum apex. Radial cell large, 2r as long as Sc+R1; Rs long

and curved and giving an elongated aspect to the radial cell. Only known

from Australia [Only one species known from this genus] ...........csesese0e

E T Dilapothor carverae Paretas-Martinez & Pujade-Villar, 2006

- Head rounded in anterior view (Fig. 5f). Female antenna with 9

flagellomeres, apical club not segmented (Fig. 5g). One small carina

present at each side of the scutellum apex. Radial cell small, 2r shorter

than Sc+R1; Rs short and almost straight. [Only known from Australia]

PD, EET ES SR oe, REE E, Thoreauana Girault, 1930 - 12

102 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2)

5. Propodeal carinae absent ........... Say roa r E A onan @)

- Propodeal carinae present ...........:ecesseeeeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseeees 7

Fig. 5. Some Charipinae general features: (a) metasoma of Alloxysta sp.; (b)

metasoma of Dilyta sp.; (c) mesosoma of Phaenoglyphis sp.; (d) mesosoma of

Alloxysta sp.; (e) head of Dilapothor carverae; (f) head of Thoreauana sp.; (g)

antenna of Thoreauana sp.; (h) antenna of Dilapothor carverae.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2) 103

. Head brown. Propodeum completely covered with dense setae. Radial cell

2.7 times as long as width (Fig. 2c) ........... A. fuscicornis (Hartig, 1841)

Head yellowish. Propodeum without setae in the longitudinal area where

the carinae are present in other Charipinae (Fig. 3d). Radial cell 3.0 times

as long as width (Fig. 2g) ...............eceecees A. victrix (Westwood, 1833)

. Pronotal carinae absent; F1 shorter than pedicel (Fig. 3b) .....csssssssssseeeees

SERCH Coane G 5 PEN U Ud TES V S OA A. darci (Girault, 1933)

Pronotal carinae present; F1 longer or subequal to pedicel ...............+. 8

. Propodeal carinae independent, thin and straight .......

E EE A LEE EE S A. australiae (Ashmead, 1900)

Propodeal carinae forming a plate .........esssnsnsnesesesesersesessseeseseseses 9

Antennae shorter than body length; beginning of rhinaria in F5 in female

(Fig. le) and F4 in male, male without any flagellomere curved;

propodeal carinae narrow and well defined in the first half, wide and

forming a plate in the second half with sharp edges .................ccc0ece0e

SESSA GSC o A nae N E AIEA A. sawoniewiczi (Kierych, 1988)

Antennae longer than body length; beginning of rhinaria in F3 in female

(Fig. la) and F2 in male, F2 slightly curved in male; propodeal carinae

forming a plate with few setae on top and sides slightly curved ............

Sado AA IE ONIE L oc T E NONIE A. arcuata (Kieffer, 1902)

10. Radial cell partially open; propodeum with only the beginning of two

=;

—

carinae visible, rest of carinae badly defined ...............ccescceeceeeeneeeaee

AE TAPE S A T P NAE E TS A. rubidus Ferrer-Suay & Pujade-Villar, 2012

Radial cell open; propodeum with two carinae clearly visible. .............. 11

.F1 longer than pedicel and F2; F2 shorter than F3 (Fig. 1f); few thin

straight scutellar carinae; propodeal carinae present forming a plate in the

lastshalfterineerestecereetitiere A. thorpei Ferrer-Suay & Pujade-Villar, 2012

F1 subequal to pedicel and longer than F2; F2 subequal to F3; numerous

thick and straight scutellar carinae; propodeal carinae straight and widen

at the base but independent «0.0... .esesseesesesseseee A. carinata Carver, 1992

12. Female unknown. Male: the club shape beginning in F3. F1 and F2 small,

together shorter than pedicel and F3. F10 twice as long as the other

flagellomeres, but not wider, forming a slender club ...............0.00c0eeees

oe ee eee T. giraulti Paretas-Martinez & Pujade-Villar, 2006

The club shape beginning beyond the F3. Different size and combination

betweentflacellomeresmunemesccstaae. ta. ceesee eae eee ee een rns. 13

104 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2)

13. Head with abundant long setae on face. F1 shorter than pedicel but F1+F2

are longer than pedicel. F1-F3 long and subequal. Club shape beginning

in F4. F9 (F10 in males) forming itself a small club at the apex of the

antenna; in females the club is dilated, in males the club is slender ..........

T E E ia panoc nen A BCBG SE Odea E S e T. thoreauini (Girault, 1935)

- Head with scattered setae on face. F1 shorter than pedicel and F1+F2 still

shorter than pedicel. F1-F3 very short and sometimes subequal. Club

Shapeibeginning bey OndIE4 seems E E A a atA

14. Female: F2 shorter than F1 and F3; club shape beginning in F6. Male: F1-

F3 subequal; club shaped begin in F4 ....... T. mascagnini (Girault, 1935)

- Female: F1-F3 subequal; club shape beginning in F8. Male unknown .....

SC DECOEED AOI CE EISE CBD OE ED CCE DORE SOOO LE IEEE T. nativa Girault, 1930

Conclusion

In this paper we have focused on Alloxysta of the Australasian Region, it

being the most diverse and widespread genus within subfamily Charipinae.

The two Alloxysta species (A. rubidus and A. thorpei) recently described from

New Zealand (Ferrer-Suay et al. 2012b), also have been recorded from

Australia and the view that these species were endemic to New Zealand is

now discarded. Males of A. rubidus and A. thorpei have been collected and

described for the first time, resulting in an improved knowledge of both the

morphology and distribution of these species.

Acknowledgements

We are very grateful to Dr John Huber for allowing us to study all the

malaise trap material in alcohol deposited at the Canadian National

Collection of Insects, where we found the specimens used for this study. This

research was supported by the project CGL2011-22889 of the Ministerio de

Ciencia e Innovación (Spain) and the grant AP2009-4833 of the Ministerio de

Educación (Spain).

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Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2): 107-114 107

NEW AND INTERESTING RECORDS OF OGYRIS ZOSINE

(HEWITSON, [1853]) (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE) FROM

INLAND WESTERN AUSTRALIA

M.F. BRABY', F. DOUGLAS? AND M. PETERSON?

"Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831 and Research

School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200

(Email: michael.braby@nt.gov.au)

?PO Box 37, Rainbow, Vic 3424

35/33 Point Walter Rd, Bicton. WA 6157

Abstract

The geographical range of Ogyris zosine (Hewitson, [1853]) in Western Australia was previously

considered to be restricted to the Kimberley and Pilbara regions in the northern and northwestern

areas of the state. Here we document several new distribution records from the arid zone of

inland central and southern Western Australia (south of the Tropic of Capricorn) that suggest the

species’ extent of occurrence is considerably broader than previously realised and that it is likely

to occupy much of the Eyrean Province where suitable habitat persists. Previous records of the

closely related O. genoveva (Hewitson, [1853]) from Western Australia are considered to be

erroneous.

Introduction

The lycaenid butterfly Ogyris zosine (Hewitson, [1853]) in Australia has a

broad distribution across the northern half of the continent, occurring

sporadically from North West Cape, WA (Williams et al. 1992, Williams et

al. 1997), through the Northern Territory and Queensland to Ballina and

Evans Head, NSW (Common and Waterhouse 1981). It has been recorded

mainly in the higher rainfall areas of the Australian Monsoon Tropics biome

of northern Australia (ie. the Kimberley, Top End, Cape York

Peninsula/northern Queensland), but also occurs in the arid zone of central

Australia as far south as Alice Springs (Common and Waterhouse 1981) and

Hermannsburg Ridge in Finke Gorge (Braby 2000), NT.

In Western Australia, O. zosine is well known from the Kimberley in the

northern part of the State (e.g. Field 1990, Dunn and Dunn 1991, Grund and

Hunt 2001, Williams et al. 2006, Braby 2011), but there are few records

south of the Kimberley. Waterhouse and Lyell (1914) originally listed it from

the Pilbara at ‘Fortescue R[iver]’ as the only known locality from the State at

that time. Common and Waterhouse (1981) also recorded the species from

the Pilbara — from near Paraburdoo, 70 km S of Tom Price, just north of the

Tropic of Capricorn. Williams et al. (1992, p. 26) recorded it further west

from the coastal areas of North West Cape, noting that ‘We have taken ... a

further female in worn condition at Milyering, Cape Range National Park,

North West Cape, on 7 December 1989. The Milyering specimen was active

around a flowering creeper, Ipomoea yardiensis A.S. George. Surrounding

vegetation was dominated by Acacia bivenosa A.P. de Condolle shrubs to 3

m, many of which were parasitised by the mistletoe Amyema preissii (Miq.)

Tieghem.’ Subsequently, Williams et al. (1997, p. 46) obtained additional

108 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2)

material from this general location, remarking that ‘In late July 1989 we

encountered several males on a rocky ridge along the western side of Cape

Range (22°14’21”S, 113°51’44”E). Subsequent observations by A.G.

Tomlinson have confirmed that the species is not uncommon, and is on the

wing until February.’ Two males from this locality are deposited in the

Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra (ANIC).

Thus, there have hitherto been no records of O. zosine from the southern half

of Western Australia, south of the Tropic of Capricorn (c. 23° latitude). The

following records are therefore of considerable interest in clarifying the

geographical distribution and extent of occurrence of this species in Western

Australia, particularly from the arid inland areas of the state.

Observations

(1). A male O. zosine was observed on the Murchison River Crossing on the

Gascoyne Junction-Mullewa Road (27°32’S, 115°47’E) on 13 April 1979 by

M. Peterson and M. Powell. The specimen was observed at 1400 h (W.S.T.)

for 3-5 mins during sunny and humid conditions flying rapidly 2-4 m above

the ground in shrubland dominated by Acacia tetragonophylla F.Muell.

growing on reddish clay flats on the northern side of the river, about 150 m E

of the road. The individual was immediately distinguished from O. amaryllis

(Hewitson, 1862) and O. oroetes (Hewitson, 1862) by its darker purple

colouration and from the closely related O. idmo (Hewitson, 1862) and O.

subterrestris Field, 1999 by its flight behaviour.

(2). A male O. zosine was collected from 4 km W of Zanthus (~30°47’S,

124°02’E) on 26 January 1987 by M. Golding (R.P. Mayo pers. comm.). The

specimen is labelled ‘4 K W Zanthus, W.A. Hill topping’, ‘26-1-87, M.

GOLDING? (preserved in the private collection of R.P. Mayo, Queensland)

and was previously misidentified as O. genoveva (Hewitson, [1853]) (see

Discussion below).

(3). Three or four males of O. zosine were observed flying rapidly over rocky

slopes at Cardunia Rocks (30°55’42”S, 122°33°35”E), approximately 100 km

WSW of Zanthus, on 13 October 1995 (A.A.E. Williams pers. comm.). The

specimens evaded capture.

(4-5). At least six males of O. zosine were observed hilltopping at Bartlett

Bluff, a rocky hill supporting open shrubland about 1 m high, approximately

200 km NNE of Zanthus (29°04’58”S, 124°34°44”E), during a field

expedition to the Great Victoria Desert (the Plumridge Lakes Project) on 8

October 2002 (C.R. Crouch pers. comm.). Two voucher specimens were

collected, one of which is illustrated in Figures 3 and 5. Subsequently, a

female voucher specimen was collected from a campsite located

approximately 160 km NE of Zanthus (c. 75 km SE of Bartlett Bluff)

(29°37°51”S, 125°02751”E) on 19 October 2002 by A. MacDonald. This

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2) 109

Figs 1-7. Ogyris zosine from the Rawlinson Ranges and Great Victoria Desert in

inland Western Australia: (1) male upperside, labelled ‘25.82393°S, 127.94470°E, 2.5

km E. Luehmans Spring, Rawlinson R., WA, emg. 14 SEP. 2010, MF Braby & J

Armstrong’, ‘Reared from larva on Amyema sanguinea, coll. 11 AUG. 2010’, ‘MFBC

00705, M.F. Braby Collection’ (ANIC), DNA voucher ‘MFB-10-P062’ (Griffith

University, QLD); (2) female upperside, labelled similarly but with date ‘emg. 9 SEP.

2010’ (ANIC) and DNA voucher ‘MFB-10-P055’ (Griffith University, QLD); (3, 5)

male upper- and underside, labelled ‘Bartlett Bluff, Great Victoria Desert, W. Aust., 8

Oct. 2002, C.R. Crouch.’ (Fabian Douglas Collection, Victoria (FDC)); (4, 6) female

upper- and underside, labelled ‘c.75 km SE of Bartlett Bluff, Great Victoria Desert,

W.A., 19 Oct. 2002, A. MacDonald’ (FDC); (7) egg on dorsal wing surface of female

specimen. Scale bar = 20 mm.

110 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2)

specimen (Figs 4, 6) was collected in a most unorthodox manner; it landed on

MacDonald’s body to imbibe the perspiration on his skin, first settling on his

nose and then on his leg, from where it was collected with a glass jar. The

specimen was kept inside the jar but before death it laid an egg, which was

attached to the dorsal surface of the inner margin of the right hind wing. The

egg was apparently fertile as revealed by a larval exit hole at its apex (Fig. 7).

(6-7). Breeding colonies of O. zosine were recorded at two locations in the

Ngaanyatjarra Indigenous Protected Area in the arid zone of central Western

Australia: (1) 2.5 km E of Luehmans Spring, Rawlinson Ranges (25.82393°S,

127.94470°E) on 11 August 2010; and (2) at Gill Pinnacle, Schwerin Mural

Crescent (24.89153°S, 128.76907°E) on 13 August 2010 by M.F. Braby and

J. Armstrong (Braby 2010). At both locations the butterfly was found

breeding on Amyema sanguinea (F.Muell.) Danser. (Loranthaceae)

parasitising eucalypts growing in low open woodland on steep rocky slopes

with a west facing aspect. Near Luehmans Spring, 15 larvae and six pupae

were recorded in small groups above the gorge; the early stages were

attended by numerous black-coloured sugar ants Camponotus fieldeae Forel,

1902 and were either in concealed areas at the base of the host tree or

associated with the larval food plant under loose bark or inside holes of wood

boring insects within the haustorium. At this location, a large cluster of eggs

was also collected from a hollowed chamber inside the haustorium and a

female was observed during the mid-afternoon settled on a mistletoe clump.

Two reared examples are illustrated in Figures 1 and 2. At Gill Pinnacle, a

final instar larva was collected from inside a large wood boring insect hole

within the mistletoe haustorium; however, on this occasion the larva was not

attended by ants and was sheltering together with several larvae of O.

amaryllis. Seventeen adults (6 £, 11 29) were reared from these materials.

(8). A female O. zosine in near perfect condition (i.e. with minimal scale loss)

was recorded approximately 2 km N of Wheelarra Hill, 40 km SE of

Newman (23°21.541°S, 120°07.670’E; 560 m a.s.l.) on 30 May 2011 by M.

Peterson. The individual was observed and photographed on the flowers of

Grevillea wickhamii Meisn (Proteaceae) during the afternoon (1458-1500 h

W.S.T.) two metres above the ground, within several metres of a creek

comprising Corymbia sp., Acacia sp. and Grevillea wickhamii, with an

understorey of Triodia sp. and riverine grasses on red-brown clay-sand.

These eight new spatial records of O. zosine from central and southern

Western Australia (south of the Tropic of Capricorn), together with those

from the Pilbara and North West Cape, are shown in Figure 8.

The three male specimens from the southern edge of the Great Victoria

Desert are relatively small in size, with their wingspans measuring

approximately 39-40 mm. These specimens have the upperside ground colour

iridescent dark purple, but not as rich violet-purple as in the closely

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2) 111

Southwestern

0 250 500 1,000

a

Figure 8. Distribution records of Ogyris zosine in Western Australia, south of the

Kimberley (@ vouchered specimens, M field observations, A scientific literature).

Annual rainfall isohyets (grey lines) indicate 100 mm contours. Dashed line indicates

approximate boundary between the Southwestern and Eyrean Provinces.

112 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2)

related O. genoveva (Hewitson, [1853]). The intensity of the colour is similar

to material reared from the Rawlinson Ranges (Fig. 1) and examined in the

ANIC from North West Cape collected by M.R. Williams.

The female specimen from the Great Victoria Desert (Figs 4, 6) is also

comparatively small (wingspan 42 mm) and is similar to material reared from

the Rawlinson Ranges (Fig. 2). Females from these two locations have the

upperside basal areas iridescent pale blue (rather than the greenish blue or

bluish green typical of O. genoveva) and more extensive, reaching the

subtornal area of the forewing and the termen of the hind wing. The shape of

the basal iridescent blue area on the forewing is, however, more reminiscent

of O. genoveva in that the distal margin is relatively straight; however, the

blue area is far more extensive, occupying much of the discal cell, the base of

cell CuA, and more than two-thirds of cell 1A+2A. The cream postmedian

patch of the forewing of these specimens is comparatively small, a

characteristic feature of O. zosine. In O. zosine females, the terminal lobe at

end of vein M; on the hind wing is generally less pronounced than that of O.

genoveva females; however, the specimen from near Zanthus is too damaged

to make a clear comparison of this character.

In all specimens of both sexes, the shape of the hind wing is comparatively

narrower and longer with the tornus more produced than in O. genoveva,

which typically has the wing broader and termen more rounded than in O.

zosine.

Discussion

The locality records of Ogyris zosine from inland Western Australia,

especially those from the edge of the Great Victoria Desert and Nullarbor

Plain, are of particular interest on several accounts. First, they represent a

substantial extension to the known range of the species — the locations near

Zanthus (4 km W of and Cardunia Rocks), for example, are situated more

than 1,300 km from those at North West Cape and define the southern limit

of the species in Western Australia. Second, they represent the first

documented occurrence of the species in the temperate region of arid

southern Australia. All of these records lie within the arid zone (Eyrean

Province) in which the mean annual rainfall is less than 300 mm and none

occurs in the more mesic areas of the Southwestern Province (Fig. 8). The

boundary between these two faunal subregions, which stretches from near

Kalbarri in the north to Israelite Bay in the east, is demarcated approximately

by the 300-400 mm annual rainfall isohyets (Heatwole 1987). In contrast, the

closely related O. idmo (Hewitson, 1862) and O. otanes (C. & R. Felder,

1865) in Western Australia are restricted to the higher rainfall areas of coastal

and near coastal areas of the Southwestern Province (see distribution maps in

Schmidt et al. 2014) and are thus allopatric with O. zosine.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2) 113

In discussing the distribution of O. genoveva, the sister species of O. zozine,

Burns and Rotherham (1969, p. 96) stated that ‘Recently the writer was

shown a female specimen [of this species] from Western Australia’. Braby

(2000, p. 708) subsequently noted that in Western Australia O. genoveva had

been recorded from the southeastern edge of the Great Victoria Desert: ‘in

January 1987 a male was captured whilst feeding at blossom four kilometres

west of Zanthus (M. Golding).’ Apart from these anomalous records, O.

genoveva is otherwise known only from the dry temperate woodlands of

southeastern and eastern Australia. Examination of digital photographs of the

male specimen from near Zanthus indicated that it is actually O. zosine and

closely matches the two males from Bartlett Bluff, 200 km NNE of Zanthus,

although in this specimen the upperside colour is brighter purple but not the

bluish-purple typical of O. genoveva. It is therefore very likely that the record

of O. genoveva referred to by Burns and Rotherham (1969) is also O. zosine.

Available spatial data suggests O. zosine is considerably more widespread in

Western Australia than previously realised (Fig. 8). Moreover, given that the

Eyrean Province occupies much of inland Australia, it seems likely that O.

zosine may be distributed throughout the arid zone of inland central and

southern Western Australia where suitable habitat persists. It remains to be

determined if the species also occurs in the arid areas of northwestern South

Australia since this area now lies well within the geographical range of O.

zosine.

Acknowledgements

We thank Clive Crouch, Anthony MacDonald, Mike Powell, Russell Mayo

and Andy Williams for providing material and/or observation records of

Ogyris zosine on which this note is based; Justin Armstrong for assistance

with field work in the Rawlinson Ranges; and Alan Andersen for

determination of attendant ants. Matt Williams and Bert Orr kindly reviewed

a draft of the manuscript. Special thanks go to Alex Knight of the

Ngaanyatjarra Council for coordinating logistics and research permits to

work on traditional lands and to Ernest Bennett for taking us on country,

sharing his intimate knowledge of his land and culture and for his warm

hospitality. Specimens from the Great Victoria Desert were collected under

permits SF 003875 and CE 000041 issued by the Western Australian

Department of Conservation and Land Management.

References

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CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Melbourne; xx + 976 pp.

BRABY, M.F. 2010. Survey of the Ngaanyatjarra Indigenous Protected Area for the Common

Brown butterfly, Heteronympha merope. Pp. 7, Unpublished research report to the Ngaanyatjarra

Council (Aboriginal Corporation) Land and Culture.

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BRABY, M.F. 2011. New larval food plant associations for some butterflies and diurnal moths

(Lepidoptera) from the Northern Territory and eastern Kimberley, Australia. The Beagle,

Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 27: 85-105.

BURNS, A.N. and ROTHERHAM, E.R. 1969. Australian butterflies in colour. Reed, Sydney;

112 pp.

COMMON, I.F.B. and WATERHOUSE, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Angus and

Robertson, Sydney; xiv + 682 pp.

DUNN, K.L. and DUNN, L.E. 1991. Review of Australian butterflies: distribution, life history

and taxonomy. Parts 1-4. Published by authors, Melbourne; 660 pp.

FIELD, R.P. 1990. Range extensions and the biology of some Western Australian butterflies.

Victorian Entomologist 20: 76-82.

GRUND, R. and HUNT, L. 2001. Some butterfly observations for the Kimberley and Tanami

regions, Western Australia. Victorian Entomologist 31: 19-23.

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in: Dyne, G.R. and Walton, D.W. (eds), Fauna of Australia. Volume 1A, General Articles.

Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.

SCHMIDT, D.J., GRUND, R., WILLIAMS, M.R. and HUGHES, J.M. 2014. Australian parasitic

Ogyris butterflies: east-west divergence of highly-specialized relicts. Biological Journal of the

Linnean Society 111: 473-484.

WATERHOUSE, G.A. and LYELL, G. 1914. The butterflies of Australia. A monograph of the

Australian Rhopalocera. Angus and Robertson, Sydney; vi + 239 pp.

WILLIAMS, A.A.E., HAY, R.W. and BOLLAM, H.H. 1992. New records for six lycaenid

butterflies in Western Australia (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Australian Entomological Magazine

19: 25-27.

WILLIAMS, A.A.E., WILLIAMS, M.R. and ATKINS, A.F. 1997. Notes on some Western

Australian butterflies. Victorian Entomologist 27: 44- 49.

WILLIAMS, A.A.E., WILLIAMS, M.R. and SWANN, G. 2006. Records of butterflies

(Lepidoptera) from the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Victorian Entomologist 36: 9-16.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2): 115-124 115

A NEW AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF AUSTROTEPHRITIS

HANCOCK & DREW (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE: TEPHRITINAE)

DAVID L. HANCOCK

8/3 McPherson Close, Edge Hill, Cairns, Qld 4870

Abstract

Austrotephritis drewi sp. n. is described from Eidsvold in SE Queensland. Keys to the 29 species

known from Australia, New Zealand and Papua New Guinea included in Austrotephritis

Hancock & Drew and the related genera Paraactinoptera Hardy & Drew and Parahyalopeza

Hardy & Drew are included.

Introduction

The tephritine genus Austrotephritis Hancock & Drew was described to

include 22 species formerly included in Campiglossa Rondani, Tephritis

Latreille or Paroxyna Hendel (Hancock and Drew 2003). Most species occur

in Australia, with four known from New Zealand and one from Papua New

Guinea (Hardy and Drew 1996, Harrison 1959, Hardy 1988). An additional

new species, previously listed as ‘Austrotephritis sp. nr phaeostigma’

(Hancock 2012, 2013), is described here from Eidsvold, SE Queensland. A

key to the 23 Austrotephritis species now known is provided below, together

with keys to the known species (three each) in the related genera

Paraactinoptera Hardy & Drew and Parahyalopeza Hardy & Drew.

Known host plants are the flowerheads of Asteraceae genera such as

Calotis, Cassinia, Celmisia, Chrysocephalum, Helichrysum, Helipterum,

Hypochaeris, Olearia, Podolepis, Podotheca, Senecio and Vittadinia (Hardy

and Drew 1996, Hancock et al. 2000).

Austrotephritis drewi sp. n.

(Figs 1-2)

Austrotephritis sp. nr phaeostigma: Hancock 2013: 234.

Material examined. Holotype 3, QUEENSLAND: Eidsvold, 19.vili.[19]23, Bancroft.

Paratype: 1 3, same data as holotype. Both mounted on same card, the holotype

placed closest to the pin and illustrated in Fig. 1 (in Queensland Museum, Brisbane:

Reg. Nos T196274 (HT) and T196275 (PT)).

Description. Male (Fig. 1). Length of body 3.0 mm, of wing 3.2 mm. Head

almost quadrate, mostly yellow. Frons sloping, with sparse white marginal

` setulae; lunule short; face barely projecting at epistome. Antennae situated in

middle of head; first and second segments with dark setulae; third segment

yellow, apically rounded, about half length of face; arista very short

pubescent; mouthparts capitate. Setae: 2 pairs of brown frontals; 2 pairs of

orbitals, the anterior brown, the posterior short and white; ocellars distinct

and brown; medial vertical long and brown; postocellar, paravertical, short

lateral vertical and some postocular setae thickened and white, other

postocular setae thin and yellow or brown; genal seta yellow.

116 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2)

1mm

Fig. 1. Austrotephritis drewi sp. n.: habitus of holotype male. Photo by Federica

Turco, Queensland Museum.

Thorax greyish brown with coarse white scale-like recumbent setulae and 3

short and indistinct brown vittae, 1 medial to just behind suture and 2

dorsolateral from dc setae to near level of prsc setae. Postpronotal lobes and

notopleural calli yellow. Setae brown and distinct: 1 postpronotal, 2

notopleural, 1 presutural, 1 supra-alar, 1 postalar, 1 intra-alar, anepisternal

and anepimerals abraded or damaged by pin, 1 katepisternal, 1 pair

dorsocentral placed just behind suture, 1 pair prescutellar acrostichal placed

midway between sa and ia. Scutellum greyish brown on disc, yellow

marginally; 2 pairs scutellar setae, the apicals about half length of basals.

Legs yellow; fore femur with ventral rows of yellow setae; mid tibia with an

apical black spine.

Wing (Fig. 2) largely brown with hyaline spots and indentations. Costa with a

pair of divergent black spines above apex of vein Sc; a broad gap in the setae

on dorsal side of vein R; opposite apex of vein Sc; vein Ry; with a few

sparse setulae on basal third; R-M crossvein situated beyond apex of cell sc

and about its own length from apex of cell dm; pterostigma (costal part of

cell sc) about half length of cell c and dark brown with or without a small

yellowish subapical spot; cell bcu with a short, broad apical extension.

Pattern as in Figs 1-2. Cell c hyaline with narrow basal and medial brown

bands; cell r, with a hyaline basal spot below apex of vein Sc, 2 large round

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2) 117

spots near pterostigma and a smaller spot near apex; cell r2; with single large

round spots basally and medially, a small subbasal spot and 2 subapical spots,

the medial spot placed between the 2 large spots in cell r; and obliquely

above R-M crossvein, forming a triangle of spots; cell br with 2 large spots

posteriorly not crossing cell; cell T4+5 With a small isolated anterobasal spot, 3

rounded posterior spots along vein M above DM-Cu crossvein and the outer

pair of spots in cell m, and an oblique apical spot joined anteriorly with the

posterior subapical spot in cell r», and leaving a brown marginal band

reaching midway between veins R4,; and M; cell dm with 5 posterior spots,

the medial spot almost crossing cell, the others short and united with diffuse

marginal indentations in cell cu;; cell m with 3 elongate indentations crossing

or almost crossing cell.

Abdomen with tergites I-II yellow, II-V brown; sternites I-IV brown with

yellow lateral and posterior margins, V brown. Terminalia not examined.

eres tem

Fig. 2. Austrotephritis drewi sp. n.: wing of holotype male.

Distribution. Known only from the type locality in southeastern Queensland.

Etymology. This species is named after Dr R.A I. Drew, in recognition of his

major contributions to the study of Tephritidae, including co-description of

most of the Australian species of Austrotephritis and related genera.

Comments. Although insufficient material is available to enable study of the

' male terminalia, this species is described here since its wing pattern enables a

better understanding of the relationship between the stellate and non-stellate

patterns seen within the genus and reinforces the view that they are

congeneric. It keys to A. phaeostigma (Hardy & Drew) in Hardy and Drew

(1996) but differs from it, A. distigmata (Hardy & Drew) and the similarly

patterned A. tasmaniae (Hardy & Drew) in characters noted in the key, in

particular the triangular arrangement of the 3 large hyaline spots in cells r;

and r+, and the number of spots in cell 14,5 along vein M.

118 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2)

Key to known species of Austrotephritis

Included species key to either Campiglossa or Tephritis in Hardy and Drew

(1996) [Australian species], to Tephritis in Harrison (1959) [New Zealand

species] and to Paroxyna in Hardy (1988) [Papua New Guinea species]. For

current placement of other species previously included in those genera [e.g.

the New Zealand Sphenella fascigera (Malloch, 1931)] see Hancock and

Drew (2003) and Hancock (2013). The stellate wing pattern of species in

couplets 2 and 3 appears to be derived from that of species in couplet 22 by

reduction of the basal dark area.

1 Wing pattern stellate, with a rounded subapical dark patch from costa to

cell r4+s and 4 or 5 radiating rays to posterior wing margin and a narrow

apical band along margin of cell rə but no apical fork; cell rə, with a

single large hyaline spot above or near R-M crossvein [if apical fork

present see Tephritis furcata Hardy & Drew, 1996] ............s.eseeeeeeeee 2

— Not as above; wing pattern not stellate [if apical fork present see key to

Paraactinopteraj Hardy So Drew | fesseereccsere rere Es 4

2 Wing with a narrow, oblique dark band from base of pterostigma [costal

section of cell sc] to stellate patch; cell c with narrow, faint dark subbasal

and medial bands; hyaline spot in cell r}, below apex of vein R; broadly

separated from hyaline apical area by a dark ray [Western Australia;

illustrated by Hardy and Drew 1996; collected on Olearia axillaris]

A E AA AEE A odor dacund cocoa A. hesperia (Hardy & Drew, 1996)

— Wing without a dark band from base of pterostigma to stellate patch; cells

c and sc entirely hyaline to subhyaline; hyaline spot in cell r}, below

apex of vein R; not separated from remainder of hyaline apical area ..... 3

3 Wing with the basal dark ray from stellate area extending distinctly over

crossvein R-M and most of cell dm [southern Australia (WA, SA, NSW,

sQld); illustrated by Hardy and Drew 1996; bred from Celmisia

longifolia, Olearia pimelioides and Podolepis longipedata and collected

on Podotheca gnaphaloides] ........... A. trupanea (Hardy & Drew, 1996)

— Wing with the basal dark ray from stellate area extending weakly over

crossvein R-M and not into cell dm [southern Australia (WA, SA, Vic,

NSW, ACT, sQld); illustrated by Hardy and Drew 1996; bred from

Calotis lappulacea, Cassinia compacta, Helichrysum diosmifolium,

Helipterum albicans, Hypochaeris radicata, Olearia lepidophylla,

Podolepis longipedata and Senecio amygdalifolius] .......ccssseeeeceeeeseeses

Lem nese sen tee arse e teeters teeter a A. pumila (Hardy & Drew, 1996)

4 Wing cells be and c either entirely dark or subhyaline with darker bands;

wing apex broadly dark with numerous small, isolated hyaline spots;

transverse band of large hyaline spots from costa to posterior margin of

cell m, when present, originating near apex of cell r} .........ssceeeeceeeeee 5

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2) 119

— Wing with cell c at least partly hyaline and apex not broadly dark with

numerous small isolated spots; transverse band of large hyaline spots

from costa to posterior margin of cell m, when present, originating at apex

of pterostigma and often oblique [if pterostigma with hyaline basal band

and subapical spot, cell ry:5 with 2-3 rows of small hyaline spots and cell

bcu apically blunt, see key to Parahyalopeza Hardy & Drew] ............ 6

5 Wing cell c entirely dark; large hyaline spots on disc of wing isolated and

bordered by a narrow ring darker than the surrounding area; transverse

preapical band of broad hyaline spots from costa near apex of cell r; to

posterior margin in cell m broadly interrupted in cel! To13 [New Zealand;

illustrated by Harrison 1959] ................. A. marginata (Malloch, 1931)

— Wing cell c subhyaline with broad basal and medial and narrow apical

dark bands; large hyaline spots on disc of wing not isolated and bordered

by a darker ring; transverse preapical band of broad hyaline spots from

costa near apex of cell rı to posterior margin in cell m complete or nearly

so [New Zealand; illustrated by Harrison 1959; collected on Cassinia

leptophylla | reenter eee eens A. cassiniae (Malloch, 1931)

6 Wing apex dark (or margin weakly hyaline in cell 1415) with a broad, often

incomplete, transverse hyaline preapical band from apex of vein Rz, in

cell r243 to posterior margin in apical half of cell m and a broad, irregular

and oblique transverse band of large hyaline spots from costa near apex of

cell sc to posterior margin in basal half of cell m; cell rı with 2 basal spots

quadrate and broadly separated by about their own width .................. 7/

— Wing apex with distinct hyaline apical spots in cells To13 and r4+s, often

connected leaving a small brown spot at apex of vein R45; transverse

band of large hyaline spots from costa near apex of cell sc to posterior

margin transverse, oblique or broadly interrupted; cell rı with 2 basal

spots vestigial or separated by much less than their own width ............ 9

7 Wing cell be largely dark and cell c with a broad basal dark area normally

interrupted by a narrow hyaline or subhyaline band; cell r4,; with large

subbasal hyaline spot transverse, directed towards apex of cell dm basad

of DM-Cu crossvein [SE Australia (Vic, NSW, ACT, ?Tas); illustrated by

Hardy and Drew 1996; bred from Helichrysum sp] ....cccccccccececceeeees

SRSA ROR OR ROAR A AE N EA A. transversa (Hardy & Drew, 1996)

— Wing cell be largely hyaline and cell c largely hyaline with basal, medial

and apical dark bands, the basal band forming a quadrate spot across

humeral vein; cell r45 with large subbasal hyaline spot oblique, directed

towards base of cell m at or just beyond DM-Cu crossvein

8 Wing with apex of cell r4,5 entirely dark [New Zealand; illustrated by

Harrisongl959 | Reeccsersten cement ars ae aaa A. thoracica (Malloch, 1931)

— Wing with apex of cell r4,5 with a narrow hyaline rim or spot [Tasmania;

illustrated by Hardy and Drew 1996] ..... A. whitei (Hardy & Drew, 1996)

120

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2)

Wing cell c with subapical hyaline spot not completely crossing cell,

surrounded by a U-shaped dark band; cells r2:3 and r4;5 each with a single

hyaline apical spot, the latter not filling apex of cell; cells br and r45

largely dark with only small, round hyaline discal spots posteriorly, the

hyaline crossbands absent or broadly interrupted ............:.sseeeeee scene 10

Wing cell c with subapical hyaline band crossing cell; cell r23 with 1 or 2

hyaline apical spots; cell r4+s with hyaline apical spot often almost entirely

filling apex of cell; cells br and r45 with large discal spots crossing or

almost crossing cells, the crossbands at most weakly interrupted ........ 11

10 Wing cell r; with an isolated hyaline subapical spot and 2 large quadrate

pami

—

spots near apex of pterostigma that cross cell and connect with 2 large

medial spots in cell r»3; cells r33 and r4+s with apical hyaline spots

broadly separated; cell m with 3 hyaline marginal spots separated from a

rounded anterobasal spot; oral margin strongly protruding [eastern

Australia (Qld, NSW); illustrated by Hardy and Drew 1996; bred from

Helichrysum bracteatum and H. rup eola TEE AEAEE at

BETÓN rrr A. protrusa (Hardy & Drew, 1996)

Wing cell r; with 3 small, isolated hyaline spots; cell r}, without hyaline

medial spots, almost entirely dark except for apical spot; cells r2+3 and r4+5

with apical hyaline spots narrowly connected, leaving a large brown spot

at apex of vein R45; cell m with the basal and medial hyaline spots

forming elongate bands that cross the cell; oral margin not strongly

protruding [SE Australia (SA, NSW); illustrated by Hardy and Drew

1996] OSes rein ny oe A. quasiprolixa (Hardy & Drew, 1996)

Wing largely hyaline with irregular streaks or bands of brown leaving

broadly hyaline transverse bands between them; apex of cell r», with a

large, round hyaline spot crossing cell and connected to a large ovate spot

at apex of cell r4+s, these spots continuing as a broad band across cell r4+5

and base of cell m to posterior margin [Australia (all States); illustrated by

Hardy and Drew 1996; bred from Chrysocephalum apiculatum and

collected on Podolepis canescens] ........06.00.0004 A. pelia (Schiner, 1868)

Not as above; if dark wing markings conspicuously reduced then apical

spot or spots in cell r;3 not extending broadly across cells r4+5 and base of

INItO/POSterlO Marl inpcesnse eT ee eT A E ee ee 12

12 Wing cells br, r4+s and dm (except posteroapical portion) largely hyaline,

forming a broad longitudinal band interrupted by a triangular brown band

across cell r4, above DM-Cu crossvein; cell rə with 2 hyaline apical

spots, the latter narrowly connected to hyaline band near apex of cell r4+5;

cell m with marginal spots small and isolated [Victoria; illustrated by

HardyzandiDrewsl.996 | piensa: sane ete nee Austrotephritis sp. ‘A’

Not as above; wing without a longitudinal hyaline band; cell m with

hyaline spots often broadly coalesced or elongate and forming transverse

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2) 121

bands across cell, if with only isolated spots then wing pattern with

numerous small hyaline spots in addition to the larger ones .............. 13

13 Wing cell c with a broad basal dark area separated from a narrower apical

band by a broad hyaline spot that crosses cell; cell r; with the 2 large and

narrowly separated quadrate spots near apex of pterostigma continuing as

a single, oblique transverse band of broad hyaline spots to posterior

margin in cell m; wing apex hyaline with an isolated brown spot at apex

of vein R45 [Western Australia; Campiglossa turneri Hardy & Drew,

1996 is a synonym (Hancock 2006); originally described in error from

‘India’ as a species of Mesoclanis Munro; illustrated by Hardy and Drew

1996 and Hering 1944] .................0.. A. campiglossina (Hering, 1944)

— Not as above; wing cell c largely hyaline in basal half or with dark area

interrupted by a hyaline or subhyaline posterobasal spot and subbasal

band fesse ee OE on PO POPPE Ea ER 14

14 Wing cell m with 4 or more isolated, rounded hyaline spots forming part

of an often incomplete oblique transverse band of large spots from costa

to posterior margin; pattern with numerous small spots in addition to the

larger ones; pterostigma with 2 hyaline costal spots; scutum with 3 or 5

longitudinallbrowntvittache.teesresttesers stone eee ee 15

— Wing cell m with hyaline spots in basal half either largely coalesced or

forming 2 elongate, transverse hyaline spots that cross cell but do not

form part of an oblique transverse band from costa; pattern normally

without numerous small spots in addition to the larger ones; pterostigma

with 0-2 hyaline spots; scutum often without longitudinal vittae ......... 16

15 Wing cell m with all 3 marginal hyaline spots reaching wing margin;

scutum with brown vittae distinct [eastern Australia (Qld, NSW, ACT,

Vic, Tas); illustrated by Hardy and Drew 1996; bred from Helichrysum

spp., Senecio lautus and Vittadinia triloba; an earlier record from Atalaya

hemiglauca (Sapindaceae) is an error] ......... 4. fuscata (Macquart, 1851)

— Wing cell m with the middle of the 3 marginal hyaline spots not reaching

wing margin; scutum with brown vittae weak, incomplete and indistinct

[Papua New Guinea; illustrated by Hardy 1988; possibly synonymous

with A. fuscata (Macquart)] ............. A. brunneimaculata (Hardy, 1988)

16 Wing cell m with hyaline spots broadly coalesced in basal half, forming

part of a broad or disjunct oblique transverse band of large hyaline spots

from costa at apex of pterostigma ..............ccccccseccneceucececeeeceu scene 17

— Wing cell m with the 2 hyaline spots in basal half elongate and crossing

cell, not forming part of a broad oblique transverse band .............+++ 18

17 Wing with oblique transverse band of hyaline spots from costa to cell m

irregular, the part in cell m disjunct and with a small brown marginal

spot; hyaline spots in cell r4,; above basal patch in cell m small and not

122 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2)

crossing cell; female oviscape rufous with black apex [Australia (all

States); illustrated by Hardy and Drew 1996; this is the type species of

Austrotephritis; bred from Chrysocephalum apiculatum and Helichrysum

scorpioides and bred or collected from 6 additional genera, including

Helipterum, Podolepis and Podotheca] ........... A. poenia (Walker, 1849)

— Wing with oblique transverse band of hyaline spots from costa to cell m

broad and not disjunct and without a small brown marginal spot in cell m;

hyaline spot in cell 14,5 above basal patch in cell m large and crossing

cell; female oviscape black [New Zealand; illustrated by Harrison 1959]

ees CAP Pit orth A. plebeia (Malloch, 1931)

18 Wing with 2 transverse hyaline bands on either side of R-M crossvein

from costa at apex of pterostigma to posterior margin in cell cu,

sometimes incomplete but with 2 large medial spots in cell 1243; cell r4+5

with 3 posterior hyaline spots along vein M above those in cell m in

addition to the basal band; pterostigma with 0-2 hyaline spots ........... 19

— Wing without 2 transverse hyaline bands on either side of R-M crossvein

from costa at apex of pterostigma to posterior margin in cell cu), being

reduced in cell rə, to a single large medial spot; cell r4,5 with 1 or 2

posterior hyaline spots along vein M above cell m in addition to the basal

spot, lacking at least the spot above the basal band in cell m; pterostigma

brown or with a small, indistinct subhyaline subapical spot ............-- 22

19 Wing with 2 hyaline spots in pterostigma; cell r2.3 with 2 small hyaline

apical spots, the upper isolated at apex of vein R343, the lower narrow and

connected with a small isolated subapical spot in cell r4+s; cell dm with

subapical hyaline spots small and isolated, the outer of the 2 hyaline

transverse bands distinctly interrupted and incomplete ............+.+++++ 20

— Wing with none or only a small subapical hyaline spot in pterostigma;

cell rə, with the hyaline spot at apex of vein R2,3 often partly connected

with the large, rounded lower spot and the lower spot broadly connected

with the subapical and apical spots in cell r4+s; cell dm with a broad

subapical hyaline band across cell, the outer of the 2 transverse bands not

distinctly interrupted and normally complete ..............s0eceeeeeeeeeees 21

20 Base of abdomen black and sternites marked with brown to black; female

oviscape mostly black and about as long as tergites V+VI; wing cell rı

with 2nd hyaline indentation not distinctly broader than 1st [SE Australia

(ACT, Vic, Tas); illustrated by Hardy and Drew 1996; bred from Senecio

lautus and Vittadinia triloba] ........... A. brunnea (Hardy & Drew, 1996)

— Base of abdomen and sternites mostly yellow; female oviscape broadly

yellow over median portion and about as long as tergites IV-VI; wing cell

rı with 2nd hyaline indentation distinctly broader than 1st [SE Australia

(NSW, ACT, Vic, Tas); illustrated by Hardy and Drew 1996; bred from

Celmisialiongifolia| eset ee A. bushi (Hardy & Drew, 1996)

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2) 123

21 Wing cell r; with subapical hyaline spot small and not crossing cell;

female oviscape slightly longer than tergites V+VI [Western Australia;

illustrated by Hardy and Drew 1996; collected on Podotheca

gnaphaloides] Pe TEE E AEE A. distigmata (Hardy & Drew, 1996)

Wing cell r; with subapical hyaline spot large and crossing cell; female

oviscape about as long as tergites II-VI [southern Australia; (WA, SA,

Vic); illustrated by Hardy and Drew 1996; bred from Olearia axillaris

and O. pimelioides] ...........0.0605 A. phaeostigma (Hardy & Drew, 1996)

22 Wing cell r}; with large medial hyaline spot placed between the 2 basal

spots in cell r; and angled a little beyond R-M crossvein, the 3 spots

forming a triangle; cell ry; with 3 posterior spots along vein M, including

one above the medial spot in cell m; cell dm with apical spot small and

confined to posterior half of cell; pterostigma about 1/2 length of cell c;

abdominal tergites I-II yellow [SE Queensland] ............. A. drewi sp. n.

Wing cell r33 with large medial hyaline spot placed beneath the basal

spot in cell r; and above R-M crossvein; cell r4+s with 2 posterior spots

along vein M, lacking one above the medial spot in cell m; cell dm with

apical spot large and crossing almost all of cell; pterostigma about 1/3

length of cell c; abdominal tergites I-II largely brown to black with tergite

I paler brown on basal half [Tasmania; illustrated by Hardy and Drew

1996] Berceeescccaccrercnce tttremtt tt A. tasmaniae (Hardy & Drew, 1996)

Key to known species of Paraactinoptera

1

Wing pattern largely orange-yellow with blackish brown apices to cells rı

and r43, the latter bordered by hyaline apical spots; cell r.:3; medially with

an isolated hyaline spot separated from hyaline indentation in cell r; near

apex of pterostigma; apical scutellar setae absent [SW Queensland;

illustrated by Hancock and Drew 2003; collected on Pluchea

baccharoides |i settee AE P. danielsi Hancock & Drew, 2003

Wing pattern dark brown; cell rə, medially with hyaline spot absent or

united with the hyaline indentation in cell r, near apex of pterostigma;

apical scutellar setae present or absent

Apical scutellar setae absent; all scutal setae yellow [Western Australia;

illustrated by Hardy and Drew 1996] ..... P. collessi Hardy & Drew, 1996

Apical scutellar setae present, about 1/3 length of basals; scutal setae

black except posterior notopleurals (and most pleurals) [SW Australia

(WA, SA, sNT); illustrated by Hardy and Drew 1996; bred from

Helichrysum apiculatum] ..........+...4+ P. prolixa (Hardy & Drew, 1996)

Key to known species of Parahyalopeza

1

Wing with numerous small hyaline spots of more or less equal size over

apical 1/2 to 2/3, pale basally; cell m with 3 distinct rows of spots;

pterostigma not distinctly darker than rest of wing pattern; apical scutellar

124 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2)

setae about 1/3 length of basals [Lord Howe Island; illustrated by

Hancock and Drew 2003] ....... P. multipunctata Hancock & Drew, 2003

— Wing with numerous hyaline spots ranging in size from small to large;

cell m with 2 distinct rows of spots; pterostigma distinctly darker than rest

of wing pattern; apical scutellar setae 1/3 to 1/2 length of basals ......... 2

2 Wing with hyaline to subhyaline spots in cells r2+3, br, r4+s and anterior

half of dm distinctly smaller than those in cells r;, m and posterior half of

dm; cell cu; mostly hyaline posteriorly; apical scutellar setae about 1/2

length of basals [ Victoria; illustrated by Hardy and Drew 1996; bred from

Helichrysum dendroideum] ........2...4.400+ P. bushi Hardy & Drew, 1996

— Wing with only the hyaline spots in apical half of cells 143, and r4+5

distinctly smaller than those in cells rı, br, m and dm; cell cu; spotted

posteriorly; apical scutellar setae about 1/3 length of basals [eastern

Australia (sQld, NSW, ACT, Vic, Tas); illustrated by Hardy and Drew

1996; bred from Calotis lappulacea and Helichrysum diosmifolium]

ee ey eS eR Oy re P. pantosticta (Hardy & Drew, 1996)

Acknowledgements

I thank Christine Lambkin, Susan Wright, Geoff Monteith and Federica

Turco (Queensland Museum) and Anthony Rice (Department of Agriculture,

Cairns) for help with information on A. tasmaniae, loans and photography.

References

HANCOCK, D.L. 2006. The taxonomic placement of Campiglossa vaga Hardy & Drew and

Mesoclanis campiglossina Hering (Diptera: Tephritidae: Tephritinae). Australian Entomologist

33(3): 142.

HANCOCK, D.L. 2012. One historical and two new records of Austrotephritis Hancock & Drew

species (Diptera: Tephritidae: Tephritinae) from Tasmania. Australian Entomologist 39: 87-88.

HANCOCK, D.L. 2013. A revised checklist of Australian fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Australian Entomologist 40(4): 219-236.

HANCOCK, D.L. and DREW, R.A.I. 2003. A new genus and new species, combinations and

records of Tephritinae (Diptera: Tephritidae) from Australia, New Zealand and the South Pacific.

Australian Entomologist 30(4): 141-158.

HANCOCK, D.L., HAMACEK, E.L., LLOYD, A.C. and ELSON-HARRIS, M.M. 2000. The

distribution and host plants of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Australia. Information Series

Q199067. Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane; 75 pp.

HARDY, D.E. 1988. The Tephritinae of Indonesia, New Guinea, the Bismarck and Solomon

Islands (Diptera: Tephritidae). Bishop Museum Bulletin in Entomology 1: 1-92.

HARDY, D.E. and DREW, R.A.I. 1996. Revision of the Australian Tephritini (Diptera:

Tephritidae). Invertebrate Taxonomy 10: 213-405.

HARRISON, R.A. 1959. Acalypterate Diptera of New Zealand. Family Trypetidae. New

Zealand Department of Scientific and Industrial Research Bulletin 128: 179-198.

HERING, E.M. 1944. Neue Gattungen und Arten von Fruchtfliegen der Erde. Siruna Seva 5: 1-

17.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2): 125-127 125

A NEW RECORD FOR HERIMOSA ALBOVENATA (WATERHOUSE)

(LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERIIDAE) IN THE CENTRAL-WEST

SLOPES AND PLAINS OF NEW SOUTH WALES

A.S. MOORE! and E. PETRIE?

1379 Lake Innes Drive, Wauchope, NSW 2446

?6/347A Livingstone Road, Marrickville, NSW 2204

Abstract

Herimosa albovenata (Waterhouse, 1940) is recorded for the first time from Dubbo, New South

Wales. These records provide an intermediate locality for the species between previously

identified populations in Gunnedah and near Bredbo, NSW.

Introduction

Herimosa albovenata (Waterhouse, 1940) has a scattered, disjunct

distribution ranging from Gunnedah in the central-west slopes and plains of

New South Wales to Western Australia. Three subspecies are currently

recognised (Braby 2000). The northeastern subspecies, Herimosa albovenata

weemala (L.E. Couchman, 1954), was originally described as Anisynta

albovenata weemala from the holotype collected at Gunnedah by F.S. Paul in

1943 (Couchman 1954) and subsequently assigned to genus Herimosa Atkins

by Atkins (1994).

To date the only known locations for H. a. weemala have been Gunnedah and

Mount Kaputar (Braby 2000). The latter record is poorly documented as to

date and exact location: Daniels (1979) noted that Common and Waterhouse

(1972) recorded H. albovenata from Mount Kaputar attributed to an

observation by C.W. Frazier; Daniels collected in the area during January and

March and therefore did not observe the species. The last specimen known to

have been collected at Gunnedah was on 7 September 1980 by G. Miller.

Braby (2000) suggested that southern NSW populations belong to subspecies

Herimosa albovenata albovenata and that no intermediate populations had

been identified.

New records

In the early afternoon of 9 September 2012, a small skipper was identified by

ASM when it chased a Junonia villida (Fabricius) that was flying along a dirt

path between Minore Road and the railway line (-32.254251; 148.53447) in

Dubbo, New South Wales. This area is predominantly mallee scrub with

interspersed ironbark. When the butterfly landed on the path it was captured

and found to be Herimosa albovenata. No further specimens were seen that

day despite considerable searching.

A week later (16 September 2012), a second specimen was collected at

exactly the same location and a further specimen seen nearby (but not

collected). Extensive searching of the area failed to detect further specimens.

126 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2)

These two new records add to the suggestion that H. albovenata is more

widespread than suspected, but cryptic in its habits. Photographs of the

Dubbo specimens (Fig. 1) suggest similarities to both the Bredbo (H. a.

albovenata: Fig. 2) and Gunnedah (H. a. weemala: Fig. 3) populations.

However, further specimens are required to establish the infra-specific status

of the Dubbo population.

aa

Figs 1-3. Herimosa albovenata: (1, top row) upperside (A and C) and underside (B

and D) of both specimens from Dubbo, NSW, September 2012; both in collection of

ASM; (2, middle row) upperside (A and C) and underside (B and D) of two

specimens from near Bredbo, NSW, October 2013; both in collection of ASM; (3,

bottom row) upperside (A and C) and underside (B and D) of two specimens from

Gunnedah, NSW, September 1978; both in collection of R. Mayo.

Acknowledgements

The authors thank R. Mayo for providing images of specimens and S.

Johnson for comments during preparation of the manuscript.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2) 127

References

ATKINS A. 1994. A new genus Herimosa (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Trapezitinae) and its

relationship to the Proeidosa group of endemic Australian skippers. Australian Entomologist

21(4): 143-152.

BRABY, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia, their identification, biology and distribution.

CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood, Victoria; xx + 976 pp.

COMMON LF.B. and WATERHOUSE D.F. 1972. Butterflies of Australia. Angus and

Robertson, Sydney; 498 pp, 41 pls.

COUCHMAN, L.E. 1954. Notes on some Tasmanian and Australian Lepidoptera-Rhopalocera.

Papers and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Tasmania 88: 67-80.

DANIELS G. 1979. The butterflies of Mount Kaputar National Park, New South Wales.

Australian Entomological Magazine 6(3): 57-59.

128 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (2)

CORRIGENDA

Three errors appeared in the following paper that require correction:

HANCOCK, D.L. 2013. A revised checklist of Australian fruit flies (Diptera:

Tephritidae). Australian Entomologist 40(4): 219-236.

Page 222 — Philophylla humeralis (Hardy) should read Philophylla humeralis

(Hendel).

Page 223 — Bactrocera (B.) furvilineatta Drew should read Bactrocera (B.)

furvilineata Drew.

Page 226 — Oedaspis escheri (Bezzi) should read Oedaspis escheri Bezzi.

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THE AUSTRALIAN

Entomologist

Volume 41, Part 2, 2 June 2014

sae

CONTENTS

BRABY, M.F., DOUGLAS, F. AND PETERSON, M.

New and interesting records of Ogyris zosine (Hewitson, [1853]) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

from inland Western Australia

FERRER-SUAY, M., SELFA, J. AND PUJADE-VILLAR, J.

New Australasian records of Alloxysta Förster (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea: Figitidae:

Charipinae) from the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa

HANCOCK, D.L.

A new Australian species of Austrotephritis Hancock & Drew (Diptera: Tephritidae:

Tephritinae)

MOESENEDER, C.H. AND COOK, L.G.

Captive observations on mating, stridulation and male genital brushes of the Australian

flower chafer Phyllopodium palmatum (Schaum, 1848)

(Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae)

MOORE, A.S. AND PETRIE, E.

A new record for Herimosa albovenata (Waterhouse) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)

in the central-west slopes and plains of New South Wales

ISSN 1320 6133 nS