THE AUSTRALIAN

ntomologist

published by

THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF QUEENSLAND

Volume 41, Part 4, 1 December 2014

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ISSN 1320 6133

THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

ABNA: 15' “875, ‘103, 670

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Cover: A basking male of Rhyothemis princeps princeps Kirby 1894 (Odonata:

Libellulidae) at Eubenangee Swamp, North Queensland. This subspecies occurs in

tropical Queensland from Rockhampton north to Iron Range and Weipa and is also

known from southern New Guinea. It is very common at most standing waters in the

Queensland Wet Tropics where it occurs together with its congeners Rhyothemis

graphiptera Rambur, 1842 and the rarer Rhyothemis resplendens Selys, 1878.

Another race with much more extensive hyaline areas occurs in north and east New

Guinea. Pen and ink drawing by Dr Albert Orr whose illustrated books on

dragonflies and butterflies have won awards in Australia and overseas. He lived at

Bramston Beach 1999-2004 and nearby Eubenangee Swamp was a favourite hunting

ground.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4): 177-190 177

1 1 NOV 2014

Entomology Department, Australian Museum, N age St, Sydney, NSW 2010

N

(Email: msmoulds@gmaiRyg

SS

Abstract

Euthemopsaltria laeta gen. n. et sp. n. is a species with unusual forewing venation showing

extreme branching of the median vein that results in many very long parallel veins meeting the

ambient vein. In other regards it is typical of the Chlorocystini, with a large inflated male

abdomen, a narrow head and leaf-green colouration. Its relationships to other Chlorocystini are

discussed and a key to the Australian species of Chlorocystini is provided.

Introduction

The Chlorocystini are a distinctive tribe of mostly green cicadas with narrow

heads, the males of which have inflated abdomens and an ‘S’-shaped theca

(de Boer 1995, Moulds 2012a). In Australia there are currently 14 described

species in 9 genera (de Boer 1997, Moulds 2012a, 2012b). The discovery of a

rather large and distinctive new species of Chlorocystini in northern

Queensland rainforests that showed unusual forewing venation, with extreme

branching of the median veins creating many very long parallel veins, was

unexpected. This unusual species also represents a new genus and both are

described below.

De Boer (1997) provided a key to males of the Australian Chlorocystini.

Below I provide an alternative key that incorporates females and the new

genus and species described in this paper. Phylogenetic relationships of the

new genus and species are also discussed.

Terminology for morphological features and higher classification follows that

of Moulds (2005).

Genus Euthemopsaltria gen. n.

(Figs 1-12)

Type species: Euthemopsaltria laeta sp. n., by present designation.

Diagnosis. Green cicadas of medium size (Figs 1-2). Head including eyes

narrow, considerably less than mesonotum; supra-antennal plate meeting or

nearly meeting eye; postclypeus angulate in transverse cross-section, in

lateral profile angulate between ‘top’ and ‘sides’. Thorax. Pronotal collar

width at dorsal midline narrow, much less than diameter of eyes; paranota

confluent with adjoining pronotal sclerites, no mid lateral tooth. Cruciform

elevation wider than long. Epimeral lobe not reaching operculum. Metanotum

partly visible at dorsal midline. Forewings (Fig. 4) hyaline with distinct green

suffusion; some 20-30 apical cells; a series of approximately 20 subapical

cells; ulnar cell 3 substantially parallel to radial cell; basal cell long and

178 x Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

narrow; costal vein (C) clearly higher than R+Sc; costa broadest a little

before node; pterostigma absent; vein CuA nearly straight, weakly bowed so

that cubital cell no wider than medial cell; veins M and CuA close together at

basal cell but not touching; vein CuA, divided by crossvein m-cu more or

less equally; veins CuP and 1A fused in part; infuscations absent; wing outer

margin greatly reduced and virtually contiguous with ambient vein. Hind

wings (Fig. 5) with approximately 9-11 apical cells; no infuscation on

ambient vein; width of 1st cubital cell at distal end at least twice that of 2nd

cubital cell; anal lobe broad with vein 3A curved, long, separated from wing

margin; veins RP and M fused basally. Foreleg femoral primary spine

cylindrical, tending towards lying flat but not quite so. Male opercula clearly

not meeting, distant from lateral margin of tympanal cavity, directed towards

distomedial margin of tympanal cavity, clearly raised above level of

tympanal cavity on its outer half; inner margin straight; apically tapering to a

blunt point. Male abdomen (Fig. 3) markedly inflated, substantially hollow,

obtuse; male tergites in cross-section with sides concave, lateroventrally

rounded to ventral surface; male tergites 2 and 3 similar in size to tergites 4-

7; male sternites 3-7 in cross-section convex. Timbal covers absent. Timbal

ribs (Fig. 6) many (approximately 11-13), regular in size and closely spaced

filling entire timbal area apart from basal dome; timbals extended below wing

bases.

Male genitalia (Figs 7-10). Pygofer with distal shoulder not developed; upper

lobe and basal lobe ill-defined, substantially confluent with pygofer margin;

dorsal beak present and a part of chitinized pygofer. Uncus undeveloped,

globular. Claspers large, dominant, claw-like, restraining aedeagus. Aedeagus

with basal plate in lateral view undulated, weakly depressed on dorsal

midline; in dorsal view short, tending rounded, apically indented; basal

portion of basal plate directed forwards away from thecal shaft; ventral rib

completely fused with basal plate; junction between theca and basal plate

rigid, without a ‘hinge’; thecal shaft barely ‘S’-shaped; pseudoparameres

absent; thecal apex entirely chitinised, thecal subapical cerci absent; legula

absent; conjunctival claws absent; vesica retractable, vesical opening apical

on theca. Male reproductive system unknown.

Female reproductive system ditrysian; length of accessory glands unknown.

Distinguishing features. Readily distinguished by the forewing venation,

which has from 20 to 30 long apical cells and about 15 to 20 subapical cells;

also the forewing usually carries a distinct green suffusion, evenly

distributed. The hind wing has approximately 9 apical cells. Like many other

Chlorocystini the male abdomen is markedly inflated. The head is narrow and

considerably less than the width of the mesonotum. The aedeagus lacks

appendages.

Included species. Euthemopsaltria laeta sp. n. The genus is monotypic.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) 179

Etymology. From the Greek euthemon, meaning well-arranged or neat and

referring to the neatly arranged parallel forewing veins, and from psaltria, a

traditional ending for cicada generic names probably originating from the

Latin meaning a female harpist. Feminine.

Figs 1-2. Euthemopsaltria laeta sp. n.: (1) live male, lateral view; (2) live female,

lateral view. Photos Stan and Kaisa Breeden.

180 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

Euthemopsaltria laeta sp. n.

(Figs 1-12)

Types. Holotype 3, QUEENSLAND: Windsor Tableland, NNW of Mossman,

20.1.1982, M.S. & B.J. Moulds (in Australian Museum, Sydney). Paratypes: 1 3,

Kuranda, 25.ix.1981, W.N.B. Quick (in Australian National Insect Collection,

Canberra); 3 44, 9 km along Merragallan Rd, WSW of Malanda, 12.v.2003,

23.vi.2003, 21.1.2004, J. Olive (in collection of J. Olive, Cairns); 1 ĝ, near Millaa

Millaa, 17.5649S, 145.579°E, 25.iv.2014, B. Hacobian; 1 9, Malanda district, v.1998,

S. Breeden; 1 3, same data as holotype but 16.1.1988; 1 9, Windsor Tableland,

5.iii.1992, J. Hasenpusch; 1 ĝ, Mt Lewis, iv.1987, J. Mallet; 1 Q, Kuranda, i.1993, S.

Lamond; 1 9, Kuranda, 11.iv.1981, G. Wood (in collection of M. Moulds, Kuranda);

1 ĝ, Kirrama Range, Douglas Ck Rd, 800 m, 9-12.xii.1986, Monteith, Thompson &

Hamlet (in Queensland Museum, Brisbane); 1 3, Kuranda, F.P. Dodd (in South

Australian Museum, Adelaide).

Other material examined. 1 3, Mt Glorious State Forest, southeastern Queensland,

25.xii-2.1.87, from Argyrodendron actinophyllum [intercept flight trap] by Y. Basset

(in author's collection). This specimen is indistinguishable from those of the type

series but in view of its locality being so distant from other known localities it might

represent another species.

Description. Male. Head, thorax and abdomen primarily uniformly leaf green

although a little paler below; underside partly pale pinkish, mainly at base of

abdomen and bases of legs. Head with supra-antennal plates and anterior rim

of postclypeus brown, tending paler on supra-antennal plates. Eyes of live

specimens pale to light brown. Antennal plates and anterior margin of

postclypeus brown, glossy. Rostrum reaching to apices of mid coxae.

Timbals (Fig. 6) tending whitish with short ribs light brown; with 11-12 long

parallel ribs. Forewings uniformly and strongly tinted green; basal membrane

pale orange; venation as in Fig. 4 but individually variable in the vicinity of

subapical cells and to a small degree in the apical cells; venation green in live

specimens except for much of vein 2A+3A, which is brown. Hind wings very

weakly tinted green; venation as in Fig. 5 but with some individual variation

in the division of apical cells; venation very pale green. Legs green with fore

tibiae brown, the joint between tibia and femur on mid and hind legs brown,

all tarsi brown or mostly so, all pretarsal claws black on their distal half.

Genitalia (Figs 7-10) with uncal lobes robust, broad in ventral view, claw-like

in lateral view. Aedeagus (Figs 7-8) with theca simple and tubular, gradually

tapering to apex, basally turned through 180°, convolute on inner surface;

basal plate in dorsal view tending to be rounded, indented at apical midline in

a V-shape.

Female. Similar to male. Abdominal segment 9 stocky, dorsal midline clearly

less than twice the length of that of tergite 8; apical spine small, blunt;

ovipositor sheath not longer than abdominal segment 9.

Distinguishing features. See generic description above.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) 181

—— anterior

Figs 3-8. Euthemopsaltria laeta sp. n., male: (3) abdomen, ventral view; (4) forewing;

(5) hind wing; (6) timbal; (7) aedeagus, lateral view; (8) basal plate, dorsal view, apex

at bottom. op operculum; fi timbal; ty tympanum; I-VII numbered sternites.

182 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

Figs 9-10. Euthemopsaltria laeta sp. n., male genitalia: (9) lateral view; (10) ventral

view with claspers spread apart. c/ clasper; pyg pygofer; th theca of aedeagus.

Measurements (mm). n = 7 males, 4 females. Length of body: male 32.6-34.8

(33.93); female 22.8-23.7 (23.25). Length of forewing: male 33.8-35.7 (34.6);

female 30.0-35.9 (32.95). Width of head: male 5.2-5.6 (5.43); female 5.3-5.6

(5.45). Width of pronotum: male 7.8-8.2 (8.03); female 7.1-8.5 (7.8).

Etymology. From the Latin /aetus meaning joyful, glad, pleasant.

Distribution and habitat (Fig. 11). Northeastern Queensland, where it is

known only from the Windsor Tableland, Mount Lewis, Kuranda, Malanda

and Millaa Millaa districts and the Kirrama Range. Adults have been taken in

all months from December to June and at Malanda can be found throughout

the year (J. Olive pers. comm.). It is a locally common species around

Malanda, Millaa Millaa and on the Windsor Tableland. A single known male

from Mount Glorious State Forest in southeastern Queensland may belong to

this species.

Adults usually perch amongst tangled vegetation a little beyond reach and are

normally difficult to capture but occasionally they occur near ground level

where they are easily taken by hand. The species is found only in primary

rainforest where it tends to be locally common.

Song. Males sing at dusk when it is almost dark and continue for some 15-20

minutes. The call is loud, resembles a constant, high-pitched whistle and

most likely is a pure tone (i.e. resonates at a precise frequency); no recordings

are available.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) 183 |

Fig. 11. Map of northeastern Queensland centred around Cairns, showing distribution

of Euthemopsaltria laeta sp. n.; black dots indicate known localities.

Phylogenetic relationships

To determine the phylogenetic relationships of Euthemopsaltria laeta a

cladistic analysis was undertaken, using the species of Chlorocystini and

relevant characters extracted from the cladistic analysis of Moulds (2005).

The species included are the type species of relevant genera [except for

Thaumastopsaltria adipata (Stal) and Lembeja maculosa (Distant), which

184 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

were unavailable and replaced by 7. globosa (Distant) and L. vitticollis

(Ashton) respectively], to which have been added Gymnotympana varicolor

(Distant) and Thaumastopsaltria smithersi Moulds because they differ in

some character states from their congeners. The character descriptions and

the matrix of species and their assigned states are given in Table 1, together

with minor modifications as stated in the notes below relevant characters.

Outgroup choice included those representatives of three genera identified as

sister to the Chlorocystini by Moulds, viz. Lembeja vitticollis, Prasia faticina

Stal and Parnisa designata (Walker).

Data were analysed using the heuristic search parsimony algorithms

implemented with PAUP“ version 4.0d100 (Swofford 2003). Tree searches

utilised the tree bisection reconnection algorithm (TBR) conducting 1,000

random addition searches (RAS) starting from random trees; other settings

were left at their default values. All characters were unweighted and all

multistate characters were treated as unordered. Unknown or irrelevant

character states have been scored as “?”.

Table 1. Character matrix used in the parsimony analysis (based on that used in

Moulds 2005) for Australian Chlorocystini. Missing data and character states

unknown are scored as “?”. In the list of character descriptions, character numbers in

brackets are those that correspond to those in Moulds (2005) in his larger analysis of

cicada relationships. Some character states used by Moulds (2005) were irrelevant to

this analysis and states have been renumbered sequentially from zero.

Species 1 11111 111122

12345 67890 12345 67890 1

Lembeja vitticollis (Ashton, 1912) 00200 00000 00000 0000? ?

Prasia faticina Stal, 1863 00200 20000 10000 0202? ?

Parnisa designata (Walker, 1858) 10201 10101 00010 00??? ?

Chlorocysta vitripennis (Westwood, 1851) 3111111111 00111111111

Cystopsaltria immaculata Goding & Froggatt, 1904 62220 2000? 01011 0111? ?

Cystosoma saundersii Westwood, 1842 62220 2000? 01011 011110

Euthemopsaltria laeta sp. n. 5131? 11012 02111 1121? ?

Glaucopsaltria viridis Goding & Froggatt, 1904 41111 11110 00111 1121? ?

Guineapsaltria flava (Goding & Froggatt, 1904) 00201 11100 00111 01110?

Gymnotympana strepitans (Stal, 1861) 00201 11100 10211 0111? ?

Gymnotympana varicolor (Distant, 1907) 00201 11100 10111 0111? ?

Owra insignis Ashton, 1912 21011 11001 00211 0111? ?

Thaumastopsaltria globosa (Distant, 1897) 30210 10000 01111 0111? ?

Thaumastopsaltria smithersi Moulds, 2012 30210 10100 00111 0111? ?

Venustria superba Goding & Froggatt, 1904 10201 11100 00001 0221? ?

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) 185

Characters and character states

1(15). Forewing apical cell number: (0) 8 cells; (1) 9 cells; (2) 10 cells; (3) 12 cells;

(4) 13 cells; (5) 20 to more than 30 cells; (6) multiple reticulation.

Note: Abnormalities in wing venation are common occurrences. Such

abnormalities have been ignored when scoring character states.

2(16). Forewing subapical cells: (0) absent; (1) present.

3(17). Forewing subapical cell number: (0) 4 cells; (1) approximately 6 cells; (2)

approximately 20 cells.

4(18). Forewing ulnar cell 3: (0) angled to radial cell; (1) substantially parallel to

radial cell.

5(19). Forewing costa: (0) reducing or parallel-sided to node; (1) broadest a little

before node; (2) with a swollen ‘nodule’ preceding node.

6(20). Forewing pterostigma: (0) present; (1) absent.

7(23). Forewing vein RA : (0) aligned closely with subcosta (Sc) for its length; (1)

diverging from subcosta (Sc) in subapical region.

8(27). Forewing outer margin: (0) greatly reduced and in part contiguous with

ambient vein; (1) developed for its total length.

9(29). Forewing membrane when hyaline: (0) lacking green tint; (1) with green tint.

10(30). Hind wing apical cell number: (0) 6 cells; (1) 4 or 5 cells; (2) 7-10 cells.

11(33). Hind wing anal lobe: (0) broad with vein 3A usually strongly curved at distal

end, long and separated from wing margin; (1) narrow with vein 3A tending straight,

short and usually adjacent to wing margin.

12(35). Foreleg femoral primary spine: (0) erect; (1) lying flat, prostrate.

13(38). Male opercula development: (0) more or less reaching margin of tympanal

cavity (rarely beyond), directed towards distomedial margin of tympanal cavity,

apically broadly rounded, not meeting; (1) distant from lateral margin of tympanal

cavity, directed towards distomedial margin of tympanal cavity, apically tapering to a

blunt point, inner margin straight, clearly not meeting; (2) nearly triangular, strongly

cupped, covering and extending beyond tympanal cavity, completely encapsulating

meracanthus, not meeting.

Note: The apparent continuity of operculum development makes scoring difficult.

Discrete groupings in length and breadth are for the most part lacking and distal and

median development appear to be interrelated. For these reasons scoring of the

opercula has been limited to identifying groupings exhibiting similar overall shape

and size.

14(39). Male tergites in cross-section: (0) sides straight or convex; (1) sides partly

concave.

15(40). Male tergites lateroventrally: (0) epipleurites reflexed to ventral surface; (1)

epipleurites rounded to ventral surface.

16(48). Timbal ribs: (0) up to seven long ribs; (1) many ribs, at least eight or more.

Note: The character states given here are a refinement upon those given for this

character in Moulds (2005) to encompass the diversity within the Chlorocystini.

186 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

Parnisa designata

Venustria superba

0>10>10>10>10>1 Guineapsaltria flava

Gymnotympana strepitans

Gymnotympana varicolor

u

0>10>10>1

Owra insignis

Chlorocysta vitripennis

11053 PR Dr It

Euthemopsaltria laeta

ale 0122022

Glaucopsaltria viridis

Thaumastopsaltria smithersi

Thaumastopsaltria globosa

2>31>01>0

Cystopsaltria immaculata

Cystosoma saundersii

Fig. 12. One of two equally parsimonious trees from a cladistic analysis derived using

the procedure described in the text above (length 42, CI 73, RI 78) from an analysis

employing Lembeja vitticollis as outgroup, with all characters unordered and equally

weighted. Numbers at nodes are bootstrap values greater than 50% from 1,000

replications. Character transformations are shown at each node: black bars = non-

homoplasious forward change; grey bars = homoplasious forward change; white bars

= reversal (whether homoplasious or not).

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) 187

17(56). Pygofer upper lobe when thickened: (0) well developed; (1) small, bud-like,

accentuated by adjacent ‘dimple’ in pygofer.

18(68). Aedeagal basal plate in dorsal view: (0) apically broadened with ‘ears’; (1)

short, broad, usually rounded; (2) short, broad, rounded but apically indented.

Note: State 2 has been added to encompass the diversity within the Chlorocystini

not relevant in Moulds (2005). Parnisa designata and Venustria superba have been

scored as “?” because they are unique and unlike any of the other species.

19(73). Theca in lateral view: (0) straight or curved in a gentle arc; (1) ‘S’ shaped or

tending so.

20(85). Accessory glands: (0) short; (1) long.

21(86). Accessory glands of common oviduct: (0) short; (1) long.

Results

Results produced two equally parsimonious trees (length 42, CI 73, RI 78)

that differed only in the arrangement of Guineapsaltria de Boer and

Gymnotympana Stal. This small difference had no effect on the placement of

Euthemopsaltria laeta sp. n., which fell within a well-supported clade

together with Chlorocysta Westwood, Glaucopsaltria Goding & Froggatt and

Owra Ashton in both trees (see Fig. 12). The grouping of these three genera

was also identified by de Boer (1995) in his study of the Chlorocystini using

similar characters but different character states. Euthemopsaltria gen. n.,

Chlorocysta, Glaucopsaltria and Owra are unique among the Chlorocystini

in having a continuous row of subapical cells in the forewing. Relationships

between these four genera place Owra as sister to Chlorocysta,

Glaucopsaltria and Euthemopsaltria, which share a translucent green tint to

the forewing, another attribute unique within the Chlorocystini, and

moderately developed male opercula as distinct from the rudimentary

opercula of Owra. Euthemopsaltria is placed sister to Glaucopsaltria and

supported by two synapomorphies: many apical cells (20 to more than 30)

and a short, broad, rounded basal plate that is apically indented.

Other genera of Chlorocystini not represented in Australia and not included

in the analysis of Moulds (2005), viz. Aedeastria de Boer, Baeturia Stal,

Mirabilopsaltria de Boer, Papuapsaltria de Boer and Scottotympana de

Boer, clearly fall outside the clade comprising Chlorocysta, Glaucopsaltria

and Owra (de Boer 1995) and consequently are not considered closely related

to Euthemopsaltria.

Key to described species of Australian Chlorocystini

A number of features used in this key are not clearly visible to the naked eye

and examination of specimens at magnification is recommended. Specimens

are best viewed with the wings spread and, when there is a choice between

sexes, it is usually best to use a male.

1 Forewing with 8 apical cells (Fig. 13).......................... 12

188 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

— Forewing with 9 or more apical cells (Figs 14-18) (if one wing has 8 and

the other 9, then treat as having8,not9)......................... 2

2 Forewing hyaline or translucent green... ........................ 5

— Forewing entirely opaque and coloured green, orange or turquoise ..... 3

3 Forewing with majority of marginal cells long and slender, at least three

times longer than wide (Fig. 15)............ Cystopsaltria immaculata

— Forewing with only a few marginal cells reaching three times longer than

wide, majority much less (Fig. 16)...............--..-ssss.s.... 4

4 Forewing 36-54 mm; costa of forewing strongly ampliate near base so

that width of ampliate section is about twice that of more distal part... ..

gu oh un pen Andanenansahr ocuonahosnsn Cystosoma saundersii

— Forewing 26-36 mm; costa of forewing weakly ampliate near base so that

width of ampliate section is only slightly wider than more distal part ....

Bene ones ot Geuyoabaes Cystosoma schmeltzi

5 Forewing with many apical cells, around 20-30 in number (Fig. 17).....

EINREISE Euthemopsaltria laeta gen. n., sp. n.

ek Orewingiwith\o—losapicalicel Saas nese ett AA eee ene ee 6

6 Forewing with a single row of subapical cells (Fig. 14)... .......... 7

— Forewing with no subapical cells (Fig. 13)....................... 11

7 Forewing with 10 apical cells (sometimes 9 or 11 if aberrant, but usually

so only in one wing); 4 or 5 subapical cells (Fig. 14)..... Owra insignis

— Forewing with 12 or more apical cells (sometimes 11 if aberrant, but

usually so only in 1 wing); 6 or more subapical cells (Fig. 18)... ..... 8

8 Male tergite 7 clearly larger than others, its dorsal midline much greater

in length (Fig. 19); female normally with 13 apical cells in forewing and 6

apical cells in hind wing (aberrant specimens can have one more or one

less in either but usually only in one wing)....... Glaucopsaltria viridis

— Male tergite 7 similar in size to others (Fig. 20); female normally with 12

apical cells in forewing and 5 apical cells in hind wing (aberrant

specimens can have one more or one less in either but usually so only in

one wing)

9 Plain green cicadas (often yellowish brown in discoloured collection

specimens) without markings; males with 9 long timbal ribs ...........

dooswaddugsopards O IYAN ean Bahr Chlorocysta vitripennis

— Mottled olive-green cicadas, with dark lateral abdominal markings; males

With lUl Mlong)timbal(ribs ma Eo er SN AA 10

10 Postclypeus with a brown blotch below........... Chlorocysta suffusa

— Postclypeus lacking a brown blotch below.......... Chlorocysta fumea

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) 189

Cystopsaltria immaculata 1 5 Cystosoma saundersii

17 18

N

Qs

Glaucopsaltria viridis Chlorocysta vitripennis

19 20

Guineapsaltria flava 2 ] Gymnotympana rufa 22

Figs 13-22. Diagrams accompanying Key to species of Australian Chlorocystini: (13-

18) forewings; (19-20) lateral profile of body; (21-22) hind wings.

INBorewinplhValiNeM een. e ee essere leet Thaumastopsaltria globosa

— Forewing translucent green.............. Thaumastopsaltria smithersi

12 Head, thorax and abdomen green (sometimes red), virtually without

markingsi;t sides Spon Sassen me dd ET mp PER: 13

- Head, thorax and abdomen never all green (or red)... Venustria superba

189Forewingicostalred NAA AA AA cenit Gymnotympana rufa

190 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

— Forewing costa green or yellowishgreen........................ 14

DIVE ose AAN PANE TERETANE NNA O ASAAN AN 15

= TUSI o SA E n EE I E. AE ire inunaŭ OON E 16

15 Abdomen entirely green, yellow or orange below . . . Guineapsaltria flava

— Abdomen partly or entirely red below........ Gymnotympana varicolor

16 Hind wing apical cell 1 with its distal end as long as, or almost as long as,

apicallcellQi( E10 621) ENE at peer o Guineapsaltria flava

— Hind wing apical cell 1 with its distal end clearly shorter than end of

apicalfcell21(Higf22) eer eae eee eae ene Gymnotympana varicolor

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to Tony Ewart and Lindsay Popple for providing helpful

comments on the manuscript. I thank Y. Basset, S. & K. Breeden, B.

Hacobian, J. & S. Hasenpusch, J. Mallet, S. Lamond and G. Wood for kindly

donating specimens. The line drawings for Figs 3 and 6 were done by Ivan

Nozaic, Figs 4 and 5 by Damian Brymora, Figs 7-10 by Kyra Kopestonsky;

to all I extend my sincere thanks. Stan and Kaisa Breeden kindly allowed use

of their photographs of live adults. Financial assistance for the figures was

provided by the National Science Foundation, grant number DEB 09-55849.

References

ASHTON, H. 1914. Catalogue of the Cicadidae in the South Australian Museum with

descriptions of several new species. Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South

Australia 38: 345-358, pl. 17.

BOER, A.J. de. 1995. The phylogeny and taxonomic status of the Chlorocystini (Homoptera,

Tibicinidae). Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde 65: 201-231.

BOER, A.J. de. 1997. Phylogeny and biogeography of Australian genera of Chlorocystini

(Insecta: Homoptera: Tibicinidae). Memoirs of the Museum of Victoria 56(1): 91-123.

DISTANT, W.L. 1907. Rhynchotal notes—XLIII. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7)

20: 411-423.

MOULDS, M.S. 1990. Australian cicadas. New South Wales University Press, Kensington; 217

pp, 24 pls.

MOULDS, M.S. 2005. An appraisal of the higher classification of cicadas (Hemiptera:

Cicadoidea) with special reference to the Australian fauna. Records of the Australian Museum

57: 375-446. http://www.amonline.net.aw/pdf/publications/1447_complete.pdf

MOULDS, M.S. 2012a. A review of the genera of Australian cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea).

Zootaxa 3287: 1-262. http://mapress.com/zootaxa/2012/f/2t03287p262. pdf

MOULDS, M.S. 2012b. Thaumastopsaltria smithersi, a new cicada from northern Queensland

with an analysis of its phylogenetic relationships (Cicadidae: Cicadettinae: Chlorocystini).

Australian Entomologist 39(4): 261-272.

SWOFFORD, D.L. 2003. PAUP* 4.0. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony. Version 4.

Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, Massachusetts.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4): 191-196 191

THE REDISCOVERY OF CHILASA MOERNERI MAYRHOFERI

(BANG-HAAS, 1939) (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONIDAE) IN NEW

BRITAIN, PAPUA NEW GUINEA AND DESCRIPTION OF THE

FEMALE

LAURIE WILLS! and CHRIS J. MULLER?

132 Awa Road, Miramar, Wellington 6022, New Zealand. (Address for correspondence: PO Box

15420, Miramar, Wellington 6243, New Zealand; Email: lauriewills@xnet.co.nz)

"Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney, NSW 2010. (Address for correspondence: PO

Box 3228, Dural, NSW 2158; Email: chrismuller999@gmail.com)

Abstract

Chilasa moerneri mayrhoferi (Bang-Haas), previously known only from the male holotype

collected more than 70 years ago, is recorded from both East and West New Britain Provinces,

Papua New Guinea. The female is described and both sexes, including the holotype male, are

illustrated for the first time. This taxon is compared with the nominate subspecies from New

Ireland.

Introduction

Chilasa moerneri (Aurivillius) is one of a small group of allopatric Chilasa

Moore species that occur in Indonesian Papua, Papua New Guinea and the

Solomon Islands (Hancock 1983, 2009). This species has always intrigued

collectors and researchers. Until recently, only a handful of specimens of the

nominate race were known and the female had been misidentified as a male.

The species was regarded as probably extinct by D’Abrera (1971). The pre-

pupal larva and pupa of the nominate subspecies were described by Miiller

(2001), who compared them with those of C. laglazei (Depuiset) and C.

toboroi (Ribbe).

Chilasa moerneri mayrhoferi (Bang-Haas) was described from a single male

(Figs 1-2) collected in the south-east Baining Mountains, East New Britain

Province, Papua New Guinea. It is held in the Dresden Museum, Germany.

The precise position of the type locality is unknown. Miiller (2001)

erroneously assumed that the type had been lost.

Otto Bang-Haas (1939a, b) described C. m. mayrhoferi (as Papilio mörneri

mayrhoferi) and Delias mayrhoferi Bang-Haas, both without figures, on the

eve of the Second World War. The latter name was overlooked and confused

with the junior synonym D. schunichii Morita, 1996 for several decades

(Hauser et al. 2009, Miiller and Wills 2013).

Records

A male of C. m. mayrhoferi was observed by one of us (CM) in December

2005, in the Whiteman Range, West New Britain, as it flew along a ridge at

height. On the northern slopes of the Baining Mountains, East New Britain,

during the second week of December 2006, a solitary C. m. mayrhoferi was

observed and filmed by LW as it flew around the top of an Albizia tree

(Mimosaceae) at a height of about 35 m. From approximately 1100 to 1400 h,

192 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

the adult circled the tree, stopping to take nectar on only three occasions. Due

to its exceptionally wide trunk, the tree could not be climbed. At 1100 h the

following morning, the specimen returned and began to repeat the circling

behaviour observed the previous day. A plan was devised to climb a smaller

adjacent tree of about 30 m and build a platform at the top. With a net

balanced on top of a 12 m long handle, the specimen could hopefully be

reached. After precariously perching on the platform and enduring the

scorching heat for almost three hours, the specimen was finally captured.

Since 2011, both LW and CM have recorded a limited number of both sexes

in the Baining Mountains and the Whiteman Range, respectively. All

specimens were collected between 800 and 1100 m.

Chilasa moerneri mayrhoferi (Bang-Haas)

(Figs 1-9)

Description of female (Figs 8-9). Head, thorax and legs black, abdomen dark

green-black. Antenna short, approximately one-third length of costa, black,

elongated clubs. Forewing upperside shining dark green, postmedian area

broadly dark blue, apical area dark blue suffused with grey. Forewing

underside dark lustrous grey-green, a subterminal band of yellow spots

reaching into subapical area as far as space 7, band up to 6 mm wide towards

costa. Hindwing upperside shining dark green, darkening towards termen.

Hindwing underside pale yellow; costa, termen and veins broadly lustrous

grey-green; a postmedian band of lustrous grey-green between costa and vein

2, sharply defined and stepped between veins on termen side and more

diffuse and arrow-shaped on basal side; between inner margin and vein 2

bright orange, except at base along cell which is pale yellow.

Measurements (mm). Forewing length mean 63 (n = 2); antenna length mean

16 (n=2).

Discussion

As noted by Bang-Haas (1939a) in his original description, there are

numerous differences between the two subspecies of C. moerneri. Most

notable is the dark green upperside ground colour, which is essentially

uniform in C. m. mayrhoferi and well banded in the nominate subspecies

(Figs 10-13). Additionally, the dark median band on the hindwing underside

is much narrower in C. m. mayrhoferi than in the nominate subspecies, such

that the cell and discocellulars are outlined against the pale ground colour in

the latter. The ground colour is cream in the nominate subspecies, yet yellow

shot with orange in C. m. mayrhoferi. The inner margin of the hindwing

underside is conspicuously orange from the base to the tornus in C. m.

mayrhoferi, whereas orange is confined to the median area in C. m. moerneri.

The termen is boldly black on the hindwing underside in C. m. mayrhoferi,

whereas it is less distinct and scalloped in the nominate subspecies. C. m.

mayrhoferi appears to exhibit some variation in the extent of the median band

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) 193

6 7

Figs 1-7. (1-3) Chilasa moerneri mayrhoferi, holotype male: (1) upperside; (2)

underside; (3) data labels. (4-7) C. m. mayrhoferi, male: (4) upperside (Baining Mts);

(5) ditto, underside; (6) upperside (Whiteman Range); (7) ditto, underside. Scale bar =

20 mm.

194 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

Figs 8-13. (8-9) Chilasa moerneri mayrhoferi female: (8) upperside (Baining Mts);

(9) underside. (10-13) C. moerneri moerneri: (10) male upperside (Schleinitz Mts);

(11) ditto, underside; (12) female upperside (Schleinitz Mts); (13) ditto, underside.

Scale bar = 20 mm.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) 195

on the forewing upperside and the width of the submarginal band on the

forewing underside. The pale underside ground colour also appears to exhibit

slight variation in intensity of the orange suffusion. Bang-Haas (1939a)

described C. m. mayrhoferi as the ‘connection’ between typical C. m.

moerneri from New Ireland and C. toboroi from the Solomon Islands. It is

unclear whether Bang-Haas was referring to an apparent geographical or

phenotypic link and neither is applicable.

Adults of C. moerneri behave similarly to those of related Chilasa species in

the region (CM pers. obs.). Both sexes may occasionally be seen flying at

great height above the canopy and males will sometimes establish territories

in clearings or around tall trees in the rainforest. Adults have a strong, direct

flight with rapid wing beats interspersed with gliding. It is possible that C.

moerneri mimics the day-flying moth Alcides aurora Salvin & Godman

(Uraniidae), which is also endemic to the Bismarck Archipelago. However,

the latter is most common in the lowlands, where C. moerneri does not occur,

and the moth usually flies low, close to the ground in open areas, in contrast

to the adults of C. moerneri.

The larval food plants of C. moerneri are unrecorded in the literature.

However, larvae of C. m. moerneri have been located by us on two species of

Litsea (Lauraceae) in the Schleinitz Mountains, central New Ireland.

Acknowledgements

Dr Marianne Horak, Australian National Insect Collection, kindly assisted in

the translation of the original description of C. m. mayrhoferi. Professor

Christoph Hauser and Dr Alexander Kroupa, Museum fir Naturkunde,

Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity, Berlin,

Germany, kindly provided photos of the holotype of C. m. mayrhoferi and its

label data.

References

BANG-HAAS, O. 1939a. Neubeschrreibungen und Berichtigungen der Exotischen

Macrolepidoptererenfauna II. Entomologische Zeitschrift 52(39): 301-302.

BANG-HAAS, O. 1939b. Neubeschrreibungen und Berichtigungen der Exotischen

Macrolepidoptererenfauna III. Entomologische Zeitschrift 53(17): 134.

D’ABRERA, B. 1971. Butterflies of the Australian Region. Landsdowne Press, Melbourne; 415

pp.

HANCOCK, D.L. 1983. Classification of the Papilionidae (Lepidoptera): a phylogenetic

approach. Smithersia 2: 1-48.

HANCOCK, D.L. 2009. Relationships of the swallowtail “genera” Agehana Matsumura, Chilasa

Moore and Eleppone Hancock (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Australian Entomologist 36(1): 7-12.

HAUSER, C.L., STEINER, A., BARSCH, D. and HOLSTEIN, J. 2009. On the identity of an

enigmatic Delias from New Britain, Papua New Guinea: Delias mayrhoferi Bang-Haas, 1939

and Delias schunichii Morita, 1996, syn. n. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Nachrichten des

Entomologischen Vereins Apollo 30(3): 121-124.

196 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

MULLER, C.J. 2001. Notes on the life history of Chilasa moerneri moerneri (Aurivillius)

(Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Australian Entomologist 28(1): 27-31.

MULLER, C.J. and WILLS, L. 2013. The Delias Hiibner, 1819 of the Bismarck Archipelago,

Papua New Guinea, with description of a new species from New Britain Island (Lepidoptera,

Pieridae). Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo 34(1/2): 17-26.

PARSONS, M.J. 1998. The butterflies of Papua New Guinea. Their systematics and biology.

Academic Press, London; xvi + 736 pp, xxvi + 136 plates.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4): 197-198 197

NEW RECORDS FOR PHYLLODES IMPERIALIS SMITHERSI

SANDS (LEPIDOPTERA: EREBIDAE) FROM SOUTHEASTERN

QUEENSLAND AND NORTHEASTERN NEW SOUTH WALES

R.B. LACHLAN

Entomology Department, Australian Museum, 6 College St, Sydney, NSW 2010

Abstract

New localities are provided for Phyllodes imperialis smithersi Sands, 2012 in southeastern

Queensland and northeastern New South Wales.

Introduction

Sands (2012) described the southern population of Phyllodes imperialis

Druce, 1888 as subspecies P. i. smithersi. This subspecies is of particular

interest as it is listed both federally and in New South Wales as an

endangered subspecies. Sands (2012) provided distribution details based on a

limited number of known specimens, a number of personal communications

and some previously published papers, stating that, in Queensland, P. i.

smithersi occurred from Kin Kin Creek, about 25 km south-east of Gympie,

to the Qld-NSW border. Importantly, many exact locations were given. They

were, from north to south, Blackall Range, some 50 km south of Kin Kin

Creek, Witta, Conondale, Maleny, Conondale Range, Bellthorpe and Mount

Mee, about 40 km north-west of Brisbane. The next localities cited in

Queensland were approximately 135 km south of Mount Mee at Lamington

and Springbrook near the Qld-NSW border. In New South Wales, P. i.

smithersi is recorded from the Border Ranges, Mount Warning, Billinudgel,

Richmond Range, Richmond River and, at the southern end of its range, at

Dorrigo, Rosewood River, Huonville, Bellinger Island and Bellingen. These,

plus the new records, give this subspecies a coastal range of about 470 km.

New records

Phyllodes imperialis smithersi Sands, 2012 (Fig. 1)

Material examined. NEW SOUTH WALES: 2 44, 2 99, 3.6 km due north of

Tyalgum, far NE corner of NSW, 28919729.45”S, 153°12’44”E, alt. 90 m, 11.iii.2012,

R.B. Lachlan. Australian Museum K412769-72.

Comments. It appears that this subspecies may be locally common at times

over the summer months but has a scattered, patchy distribution throughout

its current range. This is almost certainly due to the fact that its food plant,

Carronia multisepalea F. Muell. (Menispermaceae), is an endemic

subtropical vine, largely restricted to ‘old growth’ subtropical rainforests on

the coast and nearby ranges below 1,000 m (Sands 2012). Most records are

centred around the Maleny region, south-west of Nambour, the eastern Qld-

NSW border areas and at the southern end of its range around the Dorrigo-

Bellinger River region. There are no published records between the

Richmond River and the Dorrigo area, a distance of around 160 km.

198 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

aa

Fig. 1. Phyllodes imperialis smithersi: male.

Light traps run at numerous sites on both sides of the Qld-NSW border over a

period of many years, primarily during the summer months, failed to record a

single sighting of P. i. smithersi; however, in early March 2011, a single

specimen came to light at Binna Burra, 28?11'45”S, 153°11714”E, alt. 780 m,

inside the NE corner of Lamington National Park, but flew off before it could

be collected. Shortly after, a Binna Burra staff member showed the author a

recent photograph he took of a specimen near a light at the Binna Burra

Lodge. This confirmed its presence in the immediate area.

A year later, in early March 2012, a light trap was run for three nights at

28919729.45”S, 153°12’44”E, close to the eastern edge of Limpinwood

Nature Reserve in NE New South Wales. On one of the nights two males and

two females were collected. Three of the specimens showed reasonable wear,

indicating they had been on the wing for some time. It should be noted that

this species rarely comes to light, even in areas where it and its food plant are

locally abundant

Acknowledgements

I am most thankful to Ted Edwards (ANIC, Canberra) for helpful comments on the

manuscript. I would also like to thank Derek Smith and Russell Cox (Entomology

Department, Australian Museum, Sydney) for all their assistance in the production of

the digital image. Julie McInnes, Scientific Licensing Officer, Biodiversity and

Wildlife Team, NSW Office of Environment and Heritage, is sincerely thanked for

organising the Scientific Licence, SL 100556, under which the collection of

specimens was carried out in NSW.

Reference

SANDS, D.P.A. 2012. Review of Australian Phyllodes imperialis Druce (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)

with description of a new subspecies from subtropical Australia. Australian Entomologist 39(4):

281-292.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4): 199-201 199

AN INLAND RANGE EXTENSION FOR OGYRIS IDMO

(HEWITSON) (LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE)

DANIEL KING! and ANDREW A.E. WILLIAMS?

1420 Spencer Road, Thornlie, WA 6108 (Email: drd king@hotmail.com)

?Department of Parks and Wildlife, W.A. Wildlife Research Centre, Science and Conservation

Division, PO Box 51, Wanneroo, WA 6065

Abstract

A population of Ogyris idmo (Hewitson) is recorded from near Wubin, Western Australia. This

record, 200 km from the west coast, represents a substantial inland range extension for what was

previously considered a near-coastal species.

Introduction

Ogyris idmo (Hewitson, 1862), the Large Bronze Azure, has previously been

recorded from the higher rainfall coastal and near coastal areas of

southwestern Western Australia, extending up to ~100 km inland at Salmon

Gums (Braby 2000, Braby et al. 2014). Female specimens show some

latitudinal variation in the upperside colouration; most specimens are purple

above, although specimens from Cape Arid have the basal areas of the

forewing upperside bright blue (Field 1999), while a specimen taken at Port

Denison is more brightly and extensively purple than Perth specimens

(Williams et al. 1995). The recorded flight period of the butterfly is from

September to December (Braby 2000).

Observations

Two specimens of Ogyris idmo, a male and a female, were collected by one

of us (DMK) in the early afternoon of 29 September 2012, from a site 44 km

north-east of the Western Australian wheatbelt town of Wubin. The site is

alongside the Great Northern Highway at 29°49'47”S, 116°57'23”E. These

specimens were in freshly emerged condition and the female (Fig. 1) is

notable for being violet (i.e. bluish-purple) on the upper wing surface rather

than the usual purple. The male is typical of Ogyris idmo males. The site near

Wubin was visited the following day by AAEW and although a male was

seen it was not caught. The following day, however, a worn female was

caught by AAEW at 10.00 h, with a further female seen but not caught in the

afternoon. The caught female has the typical purple colouration of most

Ogyris idmo females.

Discussion

Several aspects of this discovery are noteworthy. The first is that the

population is much farther inland than any other population of the butterfly —

roughly 200 km from the coast. Material from the specimens is currently

scheduled for DNA analysis to determine if there are any genetic peculiarities

associated with this isolation. Indeed, the site is at a distance from the coast

where one might more reasonably expect to encounter the related Arid

Bronze Azure, Ogyris subterrestris petrina Field, 1999. The only known

200 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

extant population of O. s. petrina is approximately 240 km from the coast.

Michael Braby observed that ‘the boundary between [the Eyrean Zone and

the Southwestern Zone] is over a fairly broad region and [the Wubin site]

looks like it sits within this transition zone’ (M.F. Braby pers. comm.).

NN el

Fig. 1. Ogyris idmo female from 44 km NE of Wubin, Western Australia.

The colour variation between the two female specimens from the inland

Wubin population is interesting but not entirely unexpected; one specimen is

clearly violet although the worn specimen appears to be purple. Williams ef

al. (1995) referred to a female from Port Denison that is “more brightly and

extensively purple above than Perth specimens, and in this respect appears

somewhat intermediate between Perth and Cape Arid (Field 1999)

specimens’. The transition from purple to blue colouration between coastal

and inland” populations is not confined to Ogyris idmo. The same

phenomenon is true for another lycaenid species, Hypochrysops ignita

(Leach, 1840), where south-coastal populations are purple above while in an

inland population at Watheroo National Park males are iridescent purple and

females bright metallic blue (Williams et al. 1993, Williams et al. 1998).

Finally, the fact that the specimen collected by AAEW is worn, at the start of

what is normally considered to be Ogyris idmo’s flight period (as evidenced

by the two freshly emerged specimens caught by DMK), suggests that this

population might represent a slight shift in the flight period of the butterfly

(perhaps to as early as late August). At present, O. idmo is already known to

fly in some locations (e.g. Port Denison) in September.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) 201

It is interesting that Ogyris idmo has now been located this far inland.

Further investigation is required to establish whether or not it is sympatric or

parapatric with Ogyris subterrestris petrina within the transition zone

between the Eyrean and Southwestern zoogeographic regions. A recent study

has also shown that Ogyris subterrestris petrina might also be narrowly

sympatric or parapatric with Ogyris zosine (Braby et al. 2014, Braby pers.

comm.).

Acknowledgements

We thank Matthew R. Williams and Michael F. Braby for their comments on

issues pertaining to this note.

References

BRABY, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution.

CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood; xx + 976 pp.

BRABY, M.F., DOUGLAS, F. and PETERSON, M. 2014. New and interesting records of

Ogyris zosine (Hewitson, [1853]) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from inland Western Australia.

Australian Entomologist 41(2): 107-114.

FIELD, R.P. 1999. A new species of Ogyris Angas (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from southern

arid Australia. Memoirs of Museum Victoria 57(2): 251-259.

WILLIAMS, A.A.E., WILLIAMS, M.R., HAY, R.W. and TOMLINSON, A.G. 1993, Some

distributional records and natural history notes on butterflies from Western Australia. Victorian

Entomologist 23(6): 126-131.

WILLIAMS, M.R., WILLIAMS, A.A.E. and LUNDSTROM, T. 1998. Jewels of the west.

Landscape 13(3): 49-53.

WILLIAMS, M.R., WILLIAMS, A.A.E., LUNDSTROM, T.D., HAY, R.W., BOLLAM, H.H.,

and GRAHAM, A.J. 1995, Range extensions and natural history notes for some Western

Australian butterflies. Victorian Entomologist 25(5): 94-96.

202 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

FURTHER RECORDS OF EUPLOEA TULLIOLUS TULLIOLUS

(FABRICIUS) (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE: DANAINAE)

FROM NEW SOUTH WALES AND SOUTH-EAST QUEENSLAND

T.P. SHAKESPEARE, Z J. SHAKESPEARE and T.J. SHAKESPEARE

52 Serene Close, Mons, Old 4556

Abstract

Additional distribution records from New South Wales and SE Queensland are provided for

Euploea tulliolus tulliolus (Fabricius, 1793).

Discussion

Euploea tulliolus tulliolus (Fabricius, 1793) is thought to be common only

between Cairns and Gladstone (Common and Waterhouse 1981), with few

specimens collected south of Brisbane (Braby 2000, Lachlan 2014). Here, we

report on specimens collected or observed at three locations in New South

Wales and SE Queensland.

(1) Avalon Beach, Sydney. - An extremely worn specimen was collected

from Paradise Avenue, Avalon, on 17 January 1979, 100 m from the beach

front. Over a period of a decade of collecting Lepidoptera at this location, no

other specimen was ever observed. However, in 1979 both Tirumala hamata

(Macleay, 1826) and Euploea core (Cramer, 1780) were common. The E.

tulliolus specimen was donated to the Australian Museum, Sydney.

(2) Coffs Harbour, New South Wales. — Six specimens were collected in

2011 and 2012, on Gaudrons Road, Sapphire Beach (a suburb of Coffs

Harbour). Two perfect specimens were collected on 14 April 2011 at 0900

and 0910 h. This location borders the Orara East State Forest and they were

all flying across a garden on a hill top, 100 m above sea level and 2 km from

the coast. The excellent condition of all specimens suggests a breeding

population might be present at this location.

(3) Mons and Yaroomba, SE Queensland. — Dozens of specimens were

observed at these two Sunshine Coast suburbs (north of Brisbane), from

January to May, in 2012, 2013 and 2014. The Mons locality is a suburban

garden on a hill top ca 100 m above sea level and 5 km from the coast. The

Yaroomba locality is on sand dunes ca 20 m from the ocean. This species

appears to be common in at least these two locations on the Sunshine Coast.

References

BRABY, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution.

CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood; xx + 976 pp.

COMMON, I.F.B. and WATERHOUSE, D.F. 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Revised Edition.

Angus and Robertson, Sydney; xiv + 682 pp.

LACHLAN, R.B. 2014. An additional record of Euploea tulliolus tulliolus (Fabricius)

(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae) from south of Natural Bridge, south-east Queensland.

Australian Entomologist 41(3): 161-162.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4): 203-204 203

FIRST RECORD OF THE LARVAE OF HIPPOTION ROSETTA

(SWINHOE, 1892) (LEPIDOPTERA: SPHINGIDAE) FEEDING ON

THE FOLIAGE OF NEPENTHES (NEPENTHACEAE) IN CAPE

YORK PENINSULA, QUEENSLAND

GARY W. WILSON'”, DAVID C.F. RENTZ!? and F. VENTER!

"Australian Tropical Herbarium, James Cook University, Cairns, Old 4970

College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Old 4970

(Email: gwwilson064@gmail.com)

Abstract

The larva of Hippotion rosetta (Swinhoe, 1892) is recorded for the first time feeding on the

foliage of Nepenthes mirabilis, N. tenax and N. rowaniae (Nepenthaceae) in northern Cape York

Peninsula, Queensland.

Introduction

Hippotion rosetta (Swinhoe, 1892) is a widespread species of hawk moth

occurring from Pakistan, through SE Asia, to northeastern Australia (GBIF

2013). The Atlas of Living Australia (ALA 2013) indicates eight collections

of it from Australia, all of adults, extending as far south as Townsville,

Queensland. Adults feed on species of Rubiaceae and Verbenaceae, including

Lantana, Ixora and Duranta where these occur as exotic species, but there

are no previous records of its larval host plant in Australia.

Fig. 1. Larva of Hippotion rosetta (Swinhoe) feeding on Nepenthes tenax at Jardine

Swamp, Cape York Peninsula (Photo: G.W Wilson).

204 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

Discussion ;

During studies of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) in the Cape York bioregion,

larvae of a lepidopteran (Fig. 1) were found feeding on the foliage of

Nepenthes mirabilis, N. tenax and N. rowaniae at Jardine Swamp in northern

Cape York Peninsula. These feeding records include all three species of

Nepenthes now recognised from Australia (Clarke and Kruger 2005, 2006,

Linnaeus 1753). A larva on N. tenax returned on fresh foliage to Cairns

pupated, resulting in an adult moth identified as Hippotion rosetta (M.S.

Moulds pers. comm.).

This is the first record of a sphingid species using Nepenthes as a larval food

source. Other records of lepidopteran larvae feeding on Nepenthes are of

Autoba radda (Swinhoe) (Noctuidae) on N. rafflesiana (Robinson et al.

2001), Virachola sp. (Lycaenidae) as seed borers of N. ampullaria in Borneo

(Clarke 2006) and Atrophaneura polyeuctes (Doubleday) [as Parides

polyeuctes] (Papilionidae) on an undetermined Nepenthes sp. (cited, but

questioned, by Igarashi and Fukuda 1997); the last record is almost certainly

an error (D.L. Hancock pers. comm.).

Acknowledgment

We thank Dr Max Moulds for identifying Hippotion rosetta and providing

literature references.

References

ALA (Atlas of Living Australia). 2013. Hippotion rosetta. Accessed 30 June 2014. Available at:

http://www.ala.org.au

CLARKE, C.M. 2006. Nepenthes of Borneo. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota

Kinabalu.

CLARKE, C. and KRUGER, R. 2005. Nepenthes rowanae (Nepenthaceae), a remarkable species

from Cape York, Australia. ICPS Newsletter 34(2): 36-41.

CLARKE, C. and KRUGER, R. 2006. Nepenthes tenax C.Clarke & R.Kruger (Nepenthaceae), a

new species from Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. Austrobaileya 7(2): 319-24.

GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility). 2013. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy, 2013-07-01.

Accessed 30 June 2014. Available at: http:/Avww. gbif.org/species/1862363

IGARASHI, S: and FUKUDA, H. 1997. The life histories of Asian butterflies. Vol. 1. Tokai

University Press.

LINNAEUS, C. 1753. Species Plantarum Edn. 1(2): 955.

ROBINSON, G.S., ACKERY, P.R., KITCHING, I.J., BECCALONI, G.W. and FERNANDEZ,

L. 2001. Hostplants of the moth and butterfly caterpillars of the Oriental Region. The Natural

History Museum, London and Southdene, Kuala Lumpur.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4): 205-210 205

GENERIC RELATIONSHIPS OF TWO OBSCURE AUSTRALIAN

THYSANOPTERA SPECIES DESCRIBED BY A.A. GIRAULT

LAURENCE A. MOUND! and DESLEY J. TREE?

"Australian National Insect Collection, CSIRO, PO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT 2601

(Email: laurence.mound(Qcsiro.au)

Queensland Primary Industries Insect Collection (QDPC), Department of Agriculture,

Fisheries and Forestry, Queensland, Ecosciences Precinct, GPO Box 267, Brisbane, Qld 4001

(Email: Desley.Tree@daff.qld.gov.au)

Abstract

Two previously unrecognisable species of Australian thrips described by A.A. Girault are placed

generically. Giraultithrips gen. n. is described to include G. nigricoxa (Girault), comb. n.,

originally placed in Bagnalliella Karny and currently included in Haplothrips Amyot & Serville,

while Azaleothrips perniger (Girault), comb. n. is transferred from Glyptothrips Hood.

Introduction

The prolific Hymenoptera taxonomist A.A. Girault (Fig. 1) was also author

of 139 species-group names from Australia in the order Thysanoptera. Most

of these were based on one or few specimens, often badly damaged in slide

mounting, and the descriptions usually comprised superficial four-line notes

that were published privately (Gordh et al. 1979). More than half of Girault’s

thrips species have now been synonymised (ABRS 2014) and over the past

40 years the identity and biology of most of the valid species have been

established through extensive field work across Australia (Mound 2014).

There have remained three names that could not be applied to any known

species. Physothrips silvae Girault is based on a specimen of which all that

remains are some unrecognisable Thripidae fragments at the edge of a cover-

slip. The other two, Bagnalliella nigricoxa Girault and Glyptothrips perniger

Girault, are also each based on single specimens, both of which are poorly

cleared with many details not visible. They are mounted under a single,

damaged cover-slip (Fig. 1), together with fragments of several other species,

including the type specimen of Elaphrothrips apterus Girault (= Cryptothrips

badius Hood), two specimens of Cryptothrips cybele Girault (= Cryptothrips

acuticornis Hood), specimens of Haplothrips anceps Hood and a female that

possibly represents Microcephalothrips abdominalis (Crawford). It is

technically impractical to remount these specimens because of the risk of

losing some of the fragments. The objective here is to provide an appropriate

genus-level position for nigricoxa and perniger. Full nomenclatural details of

all Thysanoptera are available on ThripsWiki (2014).

Giraultithrips gen. n.

Type species Bagnalliella nigricoxa Girault, by present designation.

Diagnosis. Haplothripini with the head reticulate and the mesoeusternum

anterior margin medially with a group of thick pale setae. Antennae 8-

segmented, segment III with 1 sensorium, IV with 4 sensoria, V-VII with

206 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) |

pedicel parallel-sided, VIII broad at base. Head with vertex reticulate, |

maxillary stylets about one-third of head width apart (Fig. 2), maxillary

bridge present; postocular setae capitate, longer than eye length. Pronotum

transverse, with 5 pairs of capitate setae (anteromarginals sometimes shorter |

and pointed), notopleural sutures complete or very weakly incomplete. |

Mesonotal lateral setae minute; metanotum weakly reticulate, median setae

slender and acute (Fig. 3). Fore tarsus of female without a tooth. Forewing

weakly constricted medially, duplicated cilia absent; sub-basal setae long and |

capitate. Prosternal basantra well-developed, ferna abutting medially,

mesopresternum broadly boat-shaped (Fig. 4); anterior margin of

mesoeusternum slightly concave, with pale oval area medially bearing 4-6 |

stout pale setae (Figs 4-5); metathoracic sternopleural sutures absent, |

metasternum sometimes with several long pale setae medially. Pelta with

paired campaniform sensilla; tergites II-VII with 2 pairs of sigmoid wing-

retaining setae, anterior pair on each tergite weakly developed; lateral paired

setae on tergites long and capitate; tergite IX setae S1 and S2 with apices

bluntly pointed; tube shorter than head, anal setae shorter than tube.

Fig. 1. A.A. Girault — the man and one of his microscope slides.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) 207

Figs 2-5. Giraultithrips nigricoxa: (2) head and pronotum; (3) meso and metanota and

tergites I-I; (4) mesoeusternum of female from Canberra; (5) mesoeusternum of

female from Lamington National Park.

Comments. The maxillary bridge, paired prosternal basantra and forewing

median constriction all suggest that this is a member of the Haplothripini,

despite the hesitation indicated by Mound and Minaei (2007). The lack of

forewing duplicated cilia might suggest a relationship to Haplothrips

(Trybomiella), but that group is best restricted to species with two sensoria on

the third antennal segment. Moreover, the conspicuously reticulate vertex of

G. nigricoxa (Fig. 2) is unlike the head of any known species worldwide in

the tribe Haplothripini. The group of setae in the midline of the mesothoracic

sternum is unique among Phlaeothripidae worldwide, but these setae are

" consistent in appearance among the available specimens.

208 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

Giraultithrips nigricoxa (Girault), comb. n.

(Figs 2-5)

Bagnalliella nigricoxa Girault, 1929: 3.

Haplothrips nigricoxae (Girault): Pitkin, 1973: 332.

Material examined. QUEENSLAND: Holotype 9 on slide labelled: Taringa

[Brisbane], Forest, 26.1.1929 [the published data stated Mt Cootha], in Queensland

Museum, Brisbane (Fig. 1); 1 2, Brisbane, Indooroopilly, Long Pocket, from Acacia

lvs, 26.vi.2008; 1 9, Lamington National Park, O’Reilly’s, Moran Falls, from dead

leaves, 4.viii.2013. AUSTRALIAN CAPITAL TERRITORY: 2 99, Canberra, Black

Mt, from dead branch, ii.2010. NORFOLK ISLAND: 1 9, from dead Elaeodendron

branches with lichen, 24.xii.2013.

This species was based on a single female but in recent years five more

females have been collected. The colour and structural details of these

specimens have been checked against the holotype, although that specimen is

so poorly cleared that many details are difficult to discern or simply not

visible. In colour, this species is light brown with the tube darkest and the

legs are yellow or weakly washed with brown. Antennal segments I-III are

largely yellow (brown in one specimen from Indooroopilly), with the other

segments brown except for yellow pedicels on IV-V. The major setae are

colourless or faintly brown. Despite the opacity of the holotype it is possible

to discern the group of distinctive setae near the anterior margin of the

mesoeusternum, also one long seta in the midline of the metasternum. Two

females listed above from Canberra have four long stout setae in the group on

the mesoeusternum and a median longitudinal row of three (or four) long and

slender pale setae on the metasternum (Fig. 4). The female from Lamington

National Park also has the group of four setae on the mesoeusternum but only

two slender setae medially on the metasternum (Fig. 5). In contrast, the

female from Norfolk Island has six stout setae in the group on the

mesoeusternum but does not have any unusually long setae on the

metasternum. The specimens from Lamington and Indooroopilly have the

pronotal anteromarginal pair of setae shorter and pointed and the lateral

abdominal setae bluntly pointed, but the female from Indooroopilly has a

group of four long pale setae on the metasternum and is unusual in having the

antennae almost uniformly brown except for the yellowish basal third of

segment III.

The genus Bagnalliella Karny, in which Girault placed this species,

comprises a group of Haplothripini that live on Yucca plants in southwestern

USA. Those species all have a distinctive head with several grooves on the

margins of the cheeks. In contrast, as noted above, the reticulate head of G.

nigricoxa is unlike that of any known Haplothripini. Most species in this

Tribe feed on floral tissues, although with a considerable number predatory

(Mound and Minaei 2007), but on three occasions G. nigricoxa has been

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) 209

taken from dead branches and dead leaves, suggesting that the species might

be mycophagous.

Azaleothrips Ananthakrishnan

This Asian genus currently includes 10 species, of which one has recently

been recorded from the Cobourg Peninsula in northern Australia (Mound and

Dang 2013). Moreover, a full account of this genus, increasing the number of

described species to 35, has recently been published by Okajima and

Masumoto (2014). Species of Azaleothrips have elongate maxillary stylets

that are close together medially within the head and retracted to the

compound eyes. The major setae on the head and thorax are very broadly

expanded, often as wide as long, and the postocular setae arise almost behind

the inner margins of the compound eyes. These details are visible on the

holotype of the species discussed below and it is therefore transferred to this

genus. The body surface of the known species of Azaleothrips bears

distinctively delicate and complex sculpture but the surface of the A. perniger

holotype is completely obscured.

Azaleothrips perniger (Girault), comb. n.

Glyptothrips perniger Girault, 1929: 2.

Material examined. QUEENSLAND: Holotype 9, in Queensland Museum, Brisbane.

The original data were recorded by Girault as: Mt Cootha [Brisbane], forest,

26.1.1929, but on the slide bearing the holotype (Fig. 1) there are no associated data.

This species remains known only from the damaged holotype and this was

probably teneral when captured. The specimen is pale brown, including all

antennal segments, but there is extensive bright red internal pigment that is

iridescent and obscures all surface detail of the head and thorax. The

maxillary stylets are retracted to the eyes and are close together medially for

the full length of the head. The postocular setae are short with the apex

almost as wide as the setal length and the epimeral setae are similar in

structure. The fore tarsi do not have a tooth. The forewings have no

duplicated cilia and the sub-basal setae are similar to the lateral abdominal

setae in having widely expanded, fringed and asymmetric, apices. The two

dorsal pairs of major setae on tergite IX are slender and capitate. The only

available antenna is dissociated from the body of the specimen but has

segments VII and VIII fused, with no trace of a suture, and there are two

sensoria on each of segments III and IV. The only known member of

Azaleothrips with similar antennal structure is A. moundi Okajima, from

southern Japan and Taiwan, but that has a dark brown body with the third

antennal segment yellow.

Although described by Girault in Glyptothrips Hood, the species of that

genus are found only in North and South America and all of them have the

head strongly reticulate with the postocular setae wide apart (Mound 1977).

210 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

References

ABRS. 2014. Australian Faunal Directory. Thysanoptera. Australian Biological Resources

Study, Canberra. [Accessed 14 May 2014]. <http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/

onlineresources/fauna/afd/taxa/THYSANOPTERA>

GIRAULT, A.A. 1929. Description of a case of lunacy in Homo and of new six-legged

articulates. Published privately, Brisbane; 4 pp.

GORDH, G., MENKE, A.S., DAHMS, E.C. and HALL, J.C. 1979. The privately printed papers

of A.A. Girault. Memoirs ofthe American Entomological Institute 28: 1-400.

MOUND, L.A. 1977. Species diversity and the systematics of some New World leaf-litter

Thysanoptera (Phlaeothripinae; Glyptothripini). Systematic Entomology 2: 225-244.

MOUND, L.A. 2014. Austral Thysanoptera: 100 years of progress. Austral Entomology 53: 18-

25.

MOUND, L.A. and DANG, L.-H. 2013. New Australian records of Asian or New Zealand

Phlaeothripidae (Thysanoptera). Australian Entomologist 40(3): 113-117.

MOUND, L.A. and MINAEI, K. 2007. Australian insects of the Haplothrips lineage

(Thysanoptera — Phlaeothripinae). Journal of Natural History 41: 2919-2978.

OKAJIMA, S. and MASUMOTO, M. 2014. Fungus-feeding thrips of the species-rich Oriental

genus Azaleothrips (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripidae). Zootaxa 3846(3): 301-347.

PITKIN, B.R. 1973. A revision of the Australian Haplothripini, with descriptions of three new

species (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae). Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 12:

315-339.

THRIPSWIKI. 2014. ThripsWiki - providing information on the World’s thrips. [Accessed 14

May 2014]. <http://thrips.info/wiki/Main_Page>

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4): 211-212 211

THE FIRST RECORDED MALES OF SOPHIRA LIMBATA

ENDERLEIN AND S. LIMBIPENNIS (VAN DER WULP)

(DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE: ACANTHONEVRIND

DAVID L. HANCOCK

8/3 McPherson Close, Edge Hill, Cairns, Qld 4870

Abstract

Males of Sophira limbata Enderlein and S. limbipennis (van der Wulp) are newly recorded from

Sarawak, Malaysia and Java, Indonesia respectively. Their distinctive features and relationship

with S. appendiculata Enderlein are noted and the specific status of S. borneensis Hering is

confirmed.

Introduction

The Southeast Asian fruit fly genus Sophira Walker was reviewed by Hardy

(1958, 1980) and Hancock (2012), the latter noting that males of S. limbata

Enderlein, 1911 and S. limbipennis (van der Wulp, 1899) were unknown,

leading to some uncertainty over their specific status. As a consequence, the

specific status of S. borneensis Hering, 1952 was also uncertain, it being

raised from a subspecies of S. limbata by Hancock (2012) largely on the basis

of sympatry.

Recent examination of unsorted material in the Natural History Museum,

London (BMNH) revealed males attributable to both S. limbata and S.

limbipennis, thereby enabling a better understanding of their identities and

relationships.

Sophira limbata Enderlein

Sophira limbata Enderlein, 1911: 435. (2). Type locality Soekaranda, Sumatra.

Material examined. MALAYSIA: 1 9, West Malaysia, Pahang, 5.viii.1925; 1 3,

[Sarawak, Kuching], Matang Road, 2.iv.1911, ex FMS Museum (both in BMNH).

Comments. The male resembles the female (see Hardy 1958) in having a

narrow dark costal band that seldom crosses vein R 3 except at its apex. It

differs in the more diffuse dark band along vein Cu, basally, the costal band

not continuing around apex of cell r4..5 to unite with the dark band along vein

M and in the hyaline posterior lobe to cell cu, at the apex of vein A,+Cu.

This lobe is narrower and more projecting than in both S. appendiculata

Enderlein, 1911 (see Hardy 1958) and the following species, to which S.

limbata is evidently related.

Sophira limbipennis (van der Wulp)

Icteroptera limbipennis van der Wulp, 1899: 213. (Q). Type locality Sukabumi, Java.

Sophira insueta Hering, 1952: 274. (2). Type locality Mt Pangrango, Java. Syn.

Hancock 2012: 12.

Material examined. INDONESIA: 1 3, Java, Djampang Tengah, Wangun (Mataram),

iii. 1938, coll. E. le Moult (in BMNH).

212 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

Comments. The male resembles the female (see Hering 1952) in having a

broad dark costal band that reaches or just crosses vein R5,3 along its entire

length and is not united with the dark band along vein M. It differs in the

more diffuse dark band along vein Cu, basally and in the hyaline posterior

lobe to cell cu, at the apex of vein A,+Cu,. This lobe is evenly rounded as in

S. appendiculata and not as projecting and tooth-like as in S. limbata,

providing further evidence for the specific separation of the two taxa.

Discussion

The discovery of males attributable to S. /imbata and S. limbipennis confirms

the specific separation of S. borneensis, where males lack the posterior lobe

to cell cu; and have the genae protruding and apically ‘feathered’ (see Hardy

1988); this character is absent in males of the other two species.

Three species are now known where males have a posterior lobe, or

“appendix”, to cell cu). Males of S. appendiculata differ significantly from

those of S. limbata and S. limbipennis in wing pattern. This and the differing

shape of the posterior lobe suggest that three distinct species are involved,

two of which have at least partially sympatric distributions. Sophira

limbipennis is known only from western Java; S. appendiculata is recorded

from Sumatra (type locality) and Sarawak (Hardy 1988, who recorded a

female); S. limbata is recorded from Sumatra (type locality), West Malaysia,

Sarawak and Brunei (Chua 2000 and above specimens).

Acknowledgement

I thank Daniel Whitmore (BMNH) for access to specimens in his care.

References

CHUA, T.H. 2000. New species and records of Trypetinae from Brunei Darussalam (Diptera:

Tephritidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 48(1): 143-146.

ENDERLEIN, G. 1911. Trypetiden-Studien. Zoologischer Jahrbucher. Abteilung für Systematik,

Oekologie und Geographie der Tierre 31: 447-460.

HANCOCK, D.L. 2012. Bamboo-stem flies: an annotated key to the species of the Sophira

complex of genera (Diptera: Tephritidae: Acanthonevrini). Australian Entomologist 39(1): 5-32.

HARDY, D.E. 1958. A review of the genera Sophira Walker and Tritaeniopteron de Meijere

(Diptera: Tephritidae). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society 16(3): 366-378.

HARDY, D.E. 1980. The Sophira group of fruit fly genera (Diptera: Tephritidae:

Acanthonevrini). Pacific Insects 22: 123-161.

HARDY, D.E. 1988. Fruit flies of the subtribe Gastrozonina of Indonesia, New Guinea and the

Bismarck and Solomon Islands (Diptera, Tephritidae, Trypetinae, Acanthonevrini). Zoologica

Scripta 17: 77-121.

HERING, E.M. 1952. Fruchtfliegen (Trypetidae) von Indonesien (Dipt.). Treubia 21(2): 263-

290.

van der WULP, F.M. 1899. Aanteekeningen betreftende Oost-Indische Diptera. Tijdschrift voor

Entomologie (Amsterdam) (1898) 41: 205-223, pl. 10.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4): 213-216 213

A NEW SPECIES OF THEMARA WALKER (DIPTERA:

TEPHRITIDAE: ACANTHONEVRINI) FROM THE INDIAN

ANDAMAN ISLANDS

DAVID L. HANCOCK! and DANIEL WHITMORE?

'8/3 McPherson Close, Edge Hill, Cairns, Old 4870

?Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom

Abstract

Themara andamanensis sp. n. is described from the Andaman Islands, India. A note on the

female of Themara hirsuta (Perkins) is included and the species is newly recorded from Sabah,

East Malaysia.

Introduction

The genus Themara Walker currently contains nine species of log-breeding

fruit flies that often have the male head expanded into distinctive “eye stalks”.

The genus is widespread in Southeast Asia, being recorded from India and

southern China to the Philippines, Borneo and western Indonesia. The species

were reviewed and keyed by Hancock (2011), with additional notes provided

by Hancock (2013, 2014). This paper describes a new species from the

Andaman Islands and discusses the previously unrecorded female of T.

hirsuta (Perkins), both resulting from a recent examination of unsorted

material in the Natural History Museum, London (BMNH).

Themara andamanensis sp. n.

(Figs 1-5)

Types. Holotype 3, INDIA (ANDAMAN ISLANDS): Little Andaman, Dugong Crk,

10.ix.[19]90, S. Kumar, on log & veg. nr freshwater stream, IIE 22292 (Fig. 1).

Paratype 8, same data as holotype (Fig. 2) (both in BMNH).

Description. Male (Figs 3-4). Length of body 7 mm, of wing 7.5 mm. Head

much wider than long, the frons expanded laterally into ‘eye stalks’ only a

little shorter that width of frons; antennae yellow, shorter than face, third

segment apically rounded, arista plumose; face pale yellow, unspotted; frons

yellow; occiput yellow except for a blackish brown band near upper margin.

Setae black: 1 pair frontals; 2 pairs orbitals; ocellars vestigial; genal present;

postoculars thin and black.

Thorax mostly fulvous to red-brown, paler on pleura, postpronotal lobes and

notopleural calli; scutum with a short black stripe bordering postpronotal lobe

and black dorsolateral and lateral vittae, each pair connected posteriorly;

pleura with a narrow black stripe from below postpronotal lobe along dorsal

margin of anepisternun to wing base. Scutellum and mediotergite fulvous

with blackish brown lateral margins. Setae black: 1 postpronotal, 2

notopleurals, 1 supra-alar, 1 postalar, 1 infra-alar, dorsocentrals slightly

anterior to line of postalars, presutural and prescutellar acrostichals present, 2

anepisternal, 1 weak anepimeral, 1 katepisternal; 3 pairs scutellars, the

214 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

middle pair weak. Legs dark fulvous to reddish brown, the tibiae darker; fore

femora posteroventrally setose; mid tibia with an apical black spine.

EEE

Figs 1-2. Themara andamanensis sp. n., label data: (1) holotype male; (2) paratype |

female. [Type determination labels added subsequently]. © Natural History Museum,

London. |

Wing (Fig. 3) largely brown, with a broad yellow longitudinal band from |

wing base filling most of cells r; and r», except apex and costal margin; a |

broad yellow-brown streak in cell dm just crossing DM-Cu crossvein into cell |

m; base of cell cu, broadly pale yellow-brown; cell 14,5 with a distinct, oval

white spot just beyond line of DM-Cu crossvein and below an anteriorly

directed undulation in vein Ry... Pterostigma as long as cell c; veins Ry, Rais,

M and Cu; setose; vein Rə, undulate, curving sharply towards costa but

straightening at apex to meet costa at an acute angle; R-M crossvein placed

below apex of pterostigma, near outer third of cell dm; cell bcu apically

acute.

Abdomen oval, largely fulvous with broad black longitudinal bands |

anteriorly on tergites II-IV and tergite V black except fulvous |

posteromedially.

Female (Fig. 5). Length of body (excluding oviscape) 7 mm, of wing 7.6 mm.

Similar to male except wing vein R5,5 straighter, not curving sharply towards

costa; tergite VI narrow, fulvous medially, black laterally; oviscape fulvous

and short, about as long as tergite V; aculeus not exposed.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) 215

Figs 3-5. Themara andamanensis sp. n.: (3) holotype male, habitus; (4) male head,

dorsal view; (5) paratype female, habitus. © Natural History Museum, London.

216 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

Etymology. The specific name is derived from the type locality.

Distribution. Known only from the Andaman Islands.

Comments. Themara andamanensis sp. n. appears closest in general

appearance to T. jacobsoni de Meijere, from Sumatra and associated islands,

but differs in the shorter male eye stalks and a different wing pattern, lacking

distinct hyaline anterior and posterior indentations in cells sc (pterostigma) +

rı and cells m and cua, respectively. In T. jacobsoni the male eye stalks are

almost as long as in T. hirtipes Rondani, whereas those of T. andamanensis

are similar in length to those of T. maculipennis (Westwood) (see Hancock |

2013, 2014). It differs from T. yunnana Zia, the only other species of the |

genus recorded from India, in the presence of male ‘eye-stalks’ and the very |

different wing pattern (see David and Ramani 2011).

The female of Themara hirsuta (Perkins, 1938)

Material examined. EAST MALAYSIA (SABAH): 1 9, N. Borneo, Mt Kinabalu,

Mesilau Camp, 1-5.iv.1964, 5,000 ft, Royal Soc. Exped., coll S. Kueh, BM 1964-260

(in BMNH).

The female resembles the male (cf figures 3 in Perkins 1938 and 88a in

Hardy 1986) but wing vein R3 is not distinctly sinuous, the hyaline |

indentation in cell rı at apex of pterostigma is a broad triangle and the |

yellowish brown basal indentation in pterostigma extends only faintly across

vein R; into cell r233. This Bornean species is newly recorded from Sabah,

being known previously only from Sarawak.

References

DAVID, K.J. and RAMANI, S. 2011. An illustrated key to the fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) |

from peninsular India and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Zootaxa 3021: 1-31. |

HANCOCK, D.L. 2011. An annotated key to the species of Acanthonevra Macquart and allied

genera (Diptera: Tephritidae: Acanthonevrini). Australian Entomologist 38(3): 109-128.

HANCOCK, D.L. 2013. Themara maculipennis (Westwood) and Themara hirtipes Rondani

(Diptera: Tephritidae: Acanthonevrini): a case of confused synonymies. Australian Entomologist

40(2): 93-98.

HANCOCK, D.L. 2014. A note on a supposed ‘type’ of Themara enderleini Hering (Diptera:

Tephritidae). Australian Entomologist 41(1): 55-56.

HARDY, D.E. 1986. Fruit flies of the subtribe Acanthonevrina of Indonesia, New Guinea, and

the Bismarck and Solomon Islands (Diptera: Tephritidae: Trypetinae: Acanthonevrini). Pacific

Insects Monograph 42: 1-191.

PERKINS, F.A. 1938. Results of the Oxford University Expedition to Sarawak (Borneo), 1932.

Diptera, Trypetidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (11) 2: 401-409, pl. xv.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4): 217-231 217

TWO FURTHER NEW SPECIES OF ABANTIADES HERRICH-

SCHAFFER (LEPIDOPTERA: HEPIALIDAE) FROM WESTERN

AUSTRALIA

MICHAEL D. MOORE

South Australian Museum, Adelaide, SA 5000

Abstract

Abantiades equipalpus sp. n. and Abantiades antenniochrus sp. n. from Western Australia are

described, illustrated and compared with other species of the genus.

Introduction

There have been few studies on the hepialid genus Abantiades Herrich-

Schaffer in Australia. Tindale (1932) published the last revision of the genus,

naming 14 species; since then, two further Western Australian species were

described by Moore and Edwards (2014). In this paper I describe two

additional new species, Abantiades equipalpus sp. n. and Abantiades

antenniochrus sp. n., both also from Western Australia. The terminology

used for the genitalia follows Dugdale (2011), while that for wing venation

follows Kristensen (1998).

Abbreviations

ANIC — Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, ACT; SAMA -

South Australian Museum, Adelaide, SA; WAM — Western Australian

Museum, Perth, WA; WADAF - Western Australian Department of

Agriculture and Food, Perth, WA.

Systematics

The genus Abantiades was first published by Herrich-Schäffer (1853) and the

type species, A. hyalinatus Herrich-Schäffer, designated by Kirby (1892).

Tindale (1932) described Abantiades thus: ‘Antennae unipectinate often

broad and lamellate in males, reduced in females. Labial palpi three-

segmented, first and second segments approximately equal, apical one short,

about as long as wide and subspherical, maxillary pair reduced, forming ill-

articulated protuberances at base of labium. Forewings R1 separating from Rs

before the branching of R5; R4 and R5 forked. Hind wings with R4 and R5

branching before the radio-median cross-vein.”

Abantiades equipalpus sp. n.

(Figs 1-2, 4-14)

Types. Holotype 3, WESTERN AUSTRALIA: 2 km W of S Bullabulling, 6 May

1984, E.S. Nielsen and E.D. Edwards (in ANIC). Paratypes: 3 SS, same data as

holotype (1 3 in SAMA; 2 4d in ANIC); 1 3, ‘Ribbleton’, Tambellup, 11 May 1934,

H. Driver; 1 3, Burngup, 14 May 1934, E. Fleahy; 1 9, 69 miles west of Norseman,

May 1968, A. Matthews (in WAM).

Other material examined. 1 9, no data (in WADAF).

218 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) |

Fig. 1. Adult male (Holotype) of Abantiades equipalpus sp. n.: Upperside.

Diagnosis. The only known Western Australian Abantiades with brown

hindwings and a single white line on the forewing, white in the male, off

white in the female, and the only described Abantiades species with the labial

palps made up of equal-sized segments.

Description. Male (Fig. 1). Head: dark brown, densely covered in long mid

brown hair scales; proboscis, none; labial palpi (Fig. 2) mid brown, three

segmented, all segments of equal length, porrect; antennae (Fig. 13) with 54-

56 segments, unipectinate, reddish ochre, lighter at tip, approximately one

third length of costa; rami lamellate with distinct anterior projection; anterior

face with distinct concave depression, densely covered in forward pointing

white cilia, posterior aspect flat, thinly covered with cilia; at antennal origin

rami sub-circular, 2.5-3 x filament width (fw), mid filament, circular, 3-3.5 x

fw, at tip, lanceolate 1.5 x fw.

Figs 2-3. Labial palpi: (2) Abantiades equipalpus sp. n. — showing three equal labial

segments; (3) Abantiades antenniochrus sp. n. — showing the ‘normal’ arrangement

where the apical segment is greatly reduced.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) 219

Ventral

Figs 4-6. Male genitalia of Abantiades equipalpus sp. n.: (4) lateral; (5) ventral; (6)

ventro-lateral. j, juxta; pst, pseudotegumen; s8, sternite 8; sa, saccus; tpr, twin

processes; tr, trulleum; va, valva.

Thorax: mid to dark brown covered in long hair-like scales; legs mid brown.

Abdomen: 25 mm; covered in long mid to dark brown hairs.

Forewing: 40-43 mm; costa straight for just over half its length then curving

gently to obtuse tip; termen straight for half its length, gently and

continuously curved through dorsum to wing origin. Upperside mid to dark

brown; single curved white line originating at the subcostal-radial vein

220 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

divergence, then straight to the origin of M1, along M1 four-fifths distance to

termen then straight to where Rs2 ends at the termen, a few white scales run |

from this point to the tip, line margin not entire, irregularly edged by darker

brown scales, more prominent near origin; posterior half of wing covered

with an indistinct scrolling effect. Underside sparsely covered in long mid

brown hair scales; upper forewing markings show through forewing.

Hindwing: 32-34 mm; costa straight for two-thirds length, curving quickly,

then gently to an obtuse tip; termen straight then curving gently to straight

inner wing. Upperside mid to dark brown but slightly lighter than forewing;

underside as for forewing.

Genitalia (Figs 4-8): Pseudotegumen heavily sclerotised, ventral projection

wedge shaped, tip obtuse rounded, posterior margin long, undulating,

smoothly curved, anterior margin short, truncated, anterior process truncated,

vertical, tip very acute; lateral processes present, ventrally projected in wide

bulbous curve. Trulleum five-pointed, anterior projections lobed, ventral

projections pointed; juxta large, posterior margin slightly concave, anterior |

margin angled; valva somewhat paddle shaped, ‘handles’ short and thick; |

vinculum with mid line heavily sclerotised, pointed; saccus deeply V-shaped;

Sternite 8 with concave notch in mid-line.

Figs 7-8. Everted portion of pseudotegumen of Abantiades equipalpus sp. n.: (7)

lateral; (8) anterior ventro-lateral.

Female (Fig. 9). Two females have been associated with Abantiades

equipalpus (WAM, WADAF). Each has labial palpi with three equal-sized

segments, together with the forewing markings and subtle scrolling pattern of

male A. equipalpus.

Head: dark brown, densely covered in long yellowish to mid brown hair;

proboscis absent; labial palpi (Fig. 10) mid brown, three segmented, all

segments of equal length, porrect, smaller and narrower than in male;

antennae (Fig. 13) reddish ochre, approximately one-fifth length of costa,

segmented, unipectinate; rami lamellate, face with distinct concave

depression, at antennal origin 2 x filament width (fw), sub-circular, at mid

filament 1.25-1.5 x fw, ellipsoid, at tip, 1 x fw, lanceolate.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) 221

NG 10mm

Fig. 9. Adult female (No data, WADAF) of Abantiades equipalpus sp. n.: Upperside.

Fig. 10. Labial palpi of female Abantiades equipalpus sp. n.

Thorax: covered in light to mid-brown long hairs; legs mid to dark brown.

Abdomen: yellowish to dark brown, clothed in long hair.

222 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

Forewing: 55-64 mm, more lanceolate than male. General colour yellowish

mid brown to dark brown, the white line present in male replaced by paler

brown-white one of similar shape and position, edged in dark brown.

Remainder of wing with subdued scroll pattern.

Hindwing: 45-50 mm, mid brown in colour.

Genitalia (Figs 11-12): dorsal plate moderately sclerotised, setae present at

the mid point and along the open margin, distinctly three dimensional,

posterior margin triangular; sternite 9 made up of the side plates, which are

moderately sclerotised and roughly elliptical; median piece heavily

sclerotised, distinctly three dimensional, cuboid, with two triangular

projections on posterior margin, seta on posterior face.

i’

Figs 11-12. Female genitalia of Abantiades equipalpus sp. n.: (11) ventral; (12)

ventro-lateral view. dp, dorsal plate; mp, median piece; snp, subanal plates; sp, side

piece. Ductus bursae and corpus bursae not shown.

Fig. 13. Antennal segments and rami of Abantiades equipalpus sp. n.: (a-c) male: (a)

terminal ramus; (b) mid filament rami — side view; (c) mid filament ramus — front

view. (d-e) female: (d) mid filament ramus - front view; (e) mid filament rami - side

view.

Etymology. From equipalpus (Latin): pertaining to the equal lengths of the

segments in the labial palpi.

Distribution. Southwestern Western Australia, as in F ig. 14.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) 223

hh

S Bullabulling

Perth

69 miles

west of

Norseman

s Burngup

Tambellup

Fig. 14. Collection locations of Abantiades equipalpus sp. n.

Biology. Nothing is known of the biology of this species.

Comments. There are two other Western Australian Abantiades species with

which A. equipalpus sp. n. might be confused. Like A. equipalpus, both male

and female A. albofasciatus (Swinhoe, 1892) have a well-defined single

white line on the forewing; in A. albofaciatus the line is angled rather than

curved. Males of A. albofasciatus have distinctly white hind wings, whereas

in A. equipalpus the hind wings are brown. Females are more difficult to

separate because the females of both species have brown hind wings. As the

antennae of the females are also similar, inspection of the labial palpi is

required to separate them. As can be seen in Fig. 10, A. equipalpus females

have three equal-sized labial palpi segments, whereas in A. albofasciatus

females the ‘normal’ arrangement of two equal-sized and one short apical

segment holds true.

Abantiades equipalpus is also very similar in colouration and patterning to A.

lineacurva Moore & Edwards, 2014, i.e. brown wings and a long dominant

curving white line on the forewing. In A. lineacurva, however, there is

always a multitude of other white markings on the forewing that make the

224 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

prominent line somewhat ‘T’-shaped, whereas with A. equipalpus there is

only the single dominant white curving line but also a subtle scroll-like

pattern present that is absent in A. lineacurva.

Abantiades antenniochrus sp. n.

(Figs 3, 15-24)

Types. Holotype Ĉ, WESTERN AUSTRALIA: 31.425653°S, 118.426902°E,

Goldfields Rd, 400 m E of Eyre Highway, 6.5 km WSW of Burracoppin, 26 April

2014, N.B. Temby (in WAM). Paratypes: 3 80, 31.425653°S, 118.426902°R,

Goldfields Rd, 400 m E of Eyre Highway, 6.5 km WSW of Burracoppin, 26 April

2014, N.B. Temby (in Nick Temby Collection);.1 e, 31.425653°S, 118.4269029E,

Goldfields Rd, 400 m E of Eyre Highway, 6.5 km WSW of Burracoppin, 26 April

2014, N.B. Temby (in Fabian Douglas Collection); 1 4, Burngup, 8 June 1934, M.

Byass and S. Taylor-Smith; 1 3, Pallingup River, May 1914, W.B. Alexander; 1 4,

Cunderdin, 7 July 1913, Mrs Lundy (in WAM).

Diagnosis. This is the only known Abantiades species with dark fore and

hind wings and yellow antennae.

10mm

Fig. 15. Adult male (Holotype) of Abantiades antenniochrus sp. n.: Upperside.

Description. Male (Fig. 15). Head: blackish, covered in long hairs; proboscis

none; labial palpi (Fig. 3) three-segmented, the two basal segments

approximately equal in length, apical one shorter, subspherical; antennae

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) 225

(Fig. 21) with 65 segments, yellow-ochre in colour, unipectinate; rami, at

antennal filament origin, obovate, 2 x filament width (fw), mid filament,

broad lanceolate 2 x fw, distally, acute lanceolate to terete 1.5 x fw; all

densely covered in fine whitish yellow setae, longer outward pointing setae

on edges.

Thorax: covered in long blackish hairs.

Abdomen: covered in long dark greyish hairs, lighter towards thorax.

Forewing: 20-42.5 mm, median 35 mm; costa straight for just over half its

length then gently continuously curved to obtuse tip, termen straight for half

its length thence gently and continuously curved through dorsum to origin of

wing. Upperside blackish, greyish black or brownish black with white

markings, without intricate scroll-like pattern. Wing markings variable;

consistently two white lines; a basal crescentic line, originating in area of

darker scales at origins of M and Cu veins, runs beside M/CuAl until

following i-m cross vein, along m-r cross vein, terminating slightly posterior

of Rs4; M/CuAl retaining dark scales traverses this line minimally bisecting

it; distal line originating at the end of Rsl running obliquely to CuAl;

subterminal row of 2-5 white elongate spots occupying the inter-vein spaces

terminating between CuAl and CuA2. Underside dark grey to dark brown

with muted upper pattern showing through.

Hindwing: 17.5-32.5 mm, median 30 mm; costa straight for 2/3 length,

curving rapidly, then gently to an obtuse tip, termen straight, curving gently

to straight inner wing. Upperside dark brownish-grey, long hairs at base

tending towards brown. Underside as for forewing.

Variation. There is considerable variation in wing colour, size and patterning

of the basal and distal forewing lines. General colour can vary from dark

charcoal to more brownish black. Forewing basal line continuous (not

bisected by dark scales), may be thicker with a more irregular margin, extra

white dots or ellipses often present at ends. Distal line very variable, some

with narrow almost straight white line, others a series of separated inter-vein

ellipses. Number of spots in markings between the two lines varies in number

(0-5) and form (points of colour to elongate dots almost forming a line). One

male has subterminal spots on the hind wing.

Genitalia (Figs 16-20): Pseudotegumen heavily sclerotized, ventral projection

low, curved, posterior face long, gently curved, anterior face long, steeply

angled, slight lateral projection, the anterior ‘beak’, near vertical, distinctly

knobbed; twin processes, small, set back with distinctive blunt ending;

valvae, near elliptical, basal half slightly wider, distal portion covered with

long setae; truelleum pentagonal, anterior projections very small, posterior

projections larger; juxta 2.5 x wider than high; saccus deep ‘V’ shaped.

Female. No females have been located in collections.

226 Australian Entomologist, 201 4, 41 (4)

pst

Ventral ; tpr

a

Figs 16-18. Male genitalia of Abantiades antenniochrus sp. n.: (15) lateral; (16)

ventral; (17) ventro-lateral. j, juxta; pst, pseudotegumen; s8, sternite 8; sa, saccus; tpr,

twin processes: tr, trulleum: va, valva.

Figs 19-20. Everted portion of pseudotegumen of Abantiades antenniochrus sp. n.:

(18) rear ventro-lateral; (19) anterior ventro-lateral.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) 227

Etymology. From antenniochrus (Latin): pertaining to the yellowish colour of

the antennae.

Distribution. Southwestern Western Australia, as in Fig. 22.

Biology. Nothing is known of the biology of this species.

Q |

Fig. 21. Antennal segments and rami of Abantiades antenniochrus, male: (a) terminal

ramus, (b) mid filament ramus — front view, (c) mid filament rami — side view, (d)

basal ramus — front view.

galin

26.5 Km WSW Burracoppin

Perth

“Cunderdin

"i Burngup

Pallinup River

Fig. 22. Collection sites of Abantiades antenniochrus sp. n.

228 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

Comments. This paper was ready to go to press when I discovered that Nick

Temby had, on the 26 April 2014, collected five new specimens of A.

antenniochrus. These fresh specimens dramatically illustrated the tendency of

pigment fading in hepialids. Whereas the older specimens (Figs 23-24) were

mid brown, the new ones were black, some with and others without a hint of

any underlying brown even under close inspection. The specimen selected for

the holotype was done on the basis that it best represented the species

morphology; it also shows the greatest indication of brown undertones,

possessing distinctly brown-coloured scales on the forewings and brown hairs

on the hind wings. Whether this decolouration has happened since collection

is unsure. In the other specimens the scales and hairs over the entire body are

charcoal-black. The black is also present in the grooving between the

antennal filaments, making them look darker, and on the genitalia, making

them look very black indeed. In the older specimens there is no hint of this

blackening, so it will be interesting to see what happens to the colour of these

fresh specimens over time. Also of interest was the size variation of the

specimens collected. Three matched the three older ones, with a forewing

length of about 35 mm, but one was exceptionally large, with a 42.5 mm

forewing, and one was extremely small, with a 20 mm forewing length.

Abantiades antenniochrus can be separated from all other Abantiades species

by its colour, patterning and antennal structure. In Western Australia there are

five species that can have two distinct white marks on their forewings.

Abantiades aurilegulus Tindale, 1932 is about the same size and has two

white marks but these lines appear very ragged in outline and the moths have

a golden-red colouring; 4. antenniochrus on the other hand has smoother

edged lines and is blackish in colour. Abantiades leucochiton (Pfitzner, 1914)

also has two large white markings on the forewing but the male has white

hind wings and large ‘plate-like’ rami on the antennae, whereas A.

antenniochrus has blacker hind wings and smaller lanceolate rami. Both 4.

hydrographus (Felder, 1868) and A. argentangulum Moore & Edwards, 2014

also have two white marks but their forewings are distinctly greyish and they

are much larger species. In male 4. hydrographus the white areas are thickly

edged with darker scales and have distinctive tan coloured scales in and

around the white areas. In male A. argentangulum the white areas are larger,

almost silver in colour and edged darker; the distal silver/white area is

distinctly triangular in shape. The distinctive spade-shaped rami can also be

used to separate 4. argentangulum from A. antenniochrus. Abantiades

aurilegulus, A. leucochiton, A. hydrographus and A. argentangulum all have

reddish to blackish coloured antennae, whereas in A. antenniochrus they are

yellowish. Another Western Australian species, A. fulvomarginatus Tindale,

1932, has yellowish antennae but the rami are clothed in long setae, quite

different from the small fine ones present on the rami of A. antenniochrus.

Abantiades fulvomarginatus is also smaller, with the forewing covered in a

pattern of greyish and whitish shapes and with no white lines present.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) 229

23 | 10 mm

Figs 23-24. Older specimens of Abantiades antenniochrus: (23) Paratype: Burngup -

collected 1934 (genitalia removed for imaging), (24) Paratype: Cunderdin - collected

1914. Both specimens demonstrate the loss of colour over time and the variation in

the white markings.

230 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

Discussion

Tindale’s (1932) ‘diagnosis’ of the genus stated: ‘Labial palpi three-

segmented, first and second segments approximately equal, apical one short,

about as long as wide and subspherical’. This is shown here not to be a valid

synapomorphy for Abantiades as A. equipalpus has all segments of equal size

in both sexes.

The genitalia of both male and female Abantiades equipalpus are also notable

from a generic standpoint. The males have a pseudotegumen that is unusually

wide laterally, with a dramatically truncated anterior projection that

terminates in an extremely acute tip. The females have a cubic-shaped

median piece which, with the highly shaped dorsal plate, holds the whole

structure acutely three dimensional (Figs 11-12) even when dissected,

whereas in other species the female genitalia become more two dimensional

in appearance after dissection. The distinctive genitalia (from a generic

standpoint) and the equal-sized labial palp segments lead one to question this

species’ standing within the Abantiades group. The fact that the veins Rs3

and Rs4 are forked seems to place it in the Abantiades, Trictena, Bordaia,

and Oncopera ‘group’ and the overall form and structure of the moth,

particularly its antennal structure, are distinctly Abantiades—like in nature.

Knowledge about its biology and behaviour might reveal why it has evolved

in the manner it has and may aid in taxonomic placement but, until this

knowledge and/or genetic investigation is undertaken, it seems prudent to

place it in the genus Abantiades.

The two species described here are the least represented in collections. Both

appear to have had distributions encompassing the WA wheat belt and lack of

past and present collectors and habitat alteration in these regions may

certainly be factors in their apparent rarity. The recent collection of

Abantiades antenniochrus near Burracoppin by Nick Temby is excellent

news. Two of the three other known collection sites (Cunderdin and

Burngup) have been largely cleared of woodland but the third location,

identified imprecisely as ‘Pallingup River’ still has substantial woodland and

collecting around here might yield more material. Collection of Abantiades

equipalpus by Nielsen and Edwards in 1984 to the east of the wheat belt

clearances suggests that populations may still be extant.

Serious collecting efforts by amateur lepidopterists and Government workers

in these areas would improve our knowledge and, in turn, drive conservation

strategies for these poorly known species.

This paper should strongly remind workers and students that, when working

with older specimens of Australian hepialids, care is required when

describing colour differences. The appearance of specimens when first caught

may be brighter and more colourful or indeed seemingly different in

colouring, with some colours fading or disappearing as the specimen ages.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) 231

It is the intention of Nick Temby and Fabian Douglas to distribute their

paratypes of Abantiades antenniochrus to WAM, SAMA and the Museum of

Victoria when other specimens are acquired.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Ted Edwards, Peter Hudson, Chris Watts, Alexis

Tindall, You Ning Su, Howard Hamon, Paul Kay, Paul Hutchinson, Nick

Temby and Fabian Douglas; Ted Edwards for his intense involvement,

interest and help; Peter Hudson and Chris Watts for their ongoing support

and critical reading of the manuscript; Alexis Tindall (SAMA) and You Ning

Su (ANIC) for their support with the imaging and computer graphics;

Howard Hamon for his construction of the final images and distribution maps

and for turning my pencilled diagrams of antennae into fine looking computer

graphics; Paul Kay, Paul Hutchinson, Fabian Douglas and Nick Temby for

their interest and support and, finally Fabian for allowing one of his

specimens to be designated as the Holotype and sent on to WAM. Thanks

also must be given to the staff of SAMA, WAM, WADAF and ANIC for

access to specimens and equipment.

References

DUGDALE, J.S. 1994. Hepialidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera.). Fauna of New Zealand 30: 1-164.

HERRICH-SCHAFFER, G.A.W. 1855. Systematischer Bearbeitung, &c. dessen neuen

Schemetterlingen aus Europa, &c. dan der von Hubner adgebildeten Raupen, &c. Vol. 1.

Regensburg [p. 5].

KIRBY, W.F. 1892. A synonymic catalogue of Lepidoptera Heterocera (moths). Sphinges and

Bombyces. Vol. 1. London; Gurney & Jackson; xii + 951 pp [p. 894].

KRISTENSEN, N.P. 1998. The Homoneurous Glossata. In: Kristensen N.P. (ed.), Lepidoptera,

moths and butterflies. Vol. 1. Evolution, systematics and biogeography. Handbook of Zoology

Vol. 4, part 35: Arthropods; Insects. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin; 491 pp.

MOORE, M. and EDWARDS, E.D. 2014. Two new species of Abantiades Herrich-Schäffer

(Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) from Western Australia. Australian Entomologist 41(1): 29-44.

TINDALE, N.B. 1932. Revision of the Australian ghost moths (Lepidoptera, Homoneura,

Family Hepialidae) Part 1. Records of the South Australian Museum IV(4): 510-536.

232 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

BOOK REVIEW

Butterflies: identification and life history. By R.P. Field. Museum Victoria,

Melbourne, 2013, 324 pp. Softcover. ISBN 9781921833090. Price A529.95.

This book, recently awarded a Whitley Award Commendation for Best

Regional Field Guide, is intended to be a field guide to butterflies

(Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea and former Hesperioidea) in Victoria, but is

more notable for its emphasis on their life histories.

It is logically organised, with sections on butterfly biology, structure,

classification, natural enemies, distribution and habitats, study and

conservation. These are concise but well written; the section on rearing

butterflies is valuable. The identification section is arranged by family and

clearly introduced. Species treatments consist of a detailed description of all

life history stages, larval hosts, biology, habitat and a distribution map.

Features that increase useability include specimen counts to illustrate periods

of peak abundance and distribution maps that show historic changes in

distribution. The colour plates make good use of space and the images are

larger than in comparable guides. It is also refreshing that photos of both live

and set specimens are used. The book is also comprehensive enough to be

used outside Victoria. I found it relevant and more convenient than a national

field guide when using in the field in southern NSW and surrounds. It should

be similarly useful in Tasmania and South Australia.

While practical as a field guide, the book’s major appeal is that entire life

histories are figured for nearly every species, as well as larval host plants or

typical habitats. The few exceptions lacked only one life history stage, or

were species whose life history remains unknown. Of particular note are the

automontage images of the eggs, which beautifully portray their intricate

microstructures. The macrophotography of the larvae and pupae are similarly

of high quality and resolution. My only criticism is that the photographs of

the butterflies themselves are not as well presented as the life histories. Set

specimens were photographed against a non-neutral background; some

looked tired or worn, or were crooked relative to the rest of the plate. Digital

manipulation or better choice of specimens could have corrected some of

these issues. Photos showing posed, dead specimens as ‘live’ specimens are

also distracting. However, these issues don’t affect the book’s utility.

In summary, this book distinguishes itself by setting a long overdue

precedent in its treatment of butterfly life histories. As a field guide, its

appeal lies in the practicality of its regional focus and relatively large image

size. Future editions of this book would benefit from better photos of the

butterflies themselves. It offers exceptional value and the author is to be

congratulated for producing a fine work.

John Nielsen, Canberra.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4): 233-263 233

EXTREME POLYMORPHISM IN HYPOLIMNAS BOLINA

(LINNAEUS) (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE) FEMALES FROM

A SINGLE LOCALITY ON THE SOUTHWESTERN CORAL COAST

OF VITI LEVU, FIJI

R. B. LACHLAN

Entomology Department, Australian Museum, 6 College St, Sydney, NSW 2010

Abstract

A vast array of polymorphic Hypolimnas bolina (Linnaeus, 1758) females were collected from

two sites, just 1.1 km apart, at a single, partly forested hilly locality on the southwestern Coral

Coast of Viti Levu, Fiji during December 2013 and January 2014. Their polymorphism is

discussed and the majority of the specimens collected are illustrated.

Introduction

Hypolimnas bolina is a sexually dimorphic species that exhibits a striking

female-limited genetic colour polymorphism (Kemp and Jones 2001). Past

research has largely focused on the genetics of colour variation in this species

(Clark and Sheppard 1975).

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate, more fully than previously

published, the extraordinary range of polymorphism seen in H. bolina

females and also record the fact that all these forms were collected from just

one small locality in Fiji. The author has researched butterflies in numerous

Pacific islands, including Papua New Guinea, since 1970 but has never seen

the astonishing degree of polymorphism encountered at this single locality.

A number of authors have illustrated various forms over the years. Poulton

(1924) illustrated thirty-five coloured, mostly life size, polymorphic females

from Fiji. Twenty of these represented dark forms and fifteen showed various

brown forms. In the Plate descriptions he also referred to a variety of form

names, including euploeoides, murrayi, nerina, naresi, montrouzieri,

pallescens, thomsoni and elliciana. Clark and Sheppard (1975) pointed out

that a considerable number of female forms of H. bolina had been described

and the situation complicated because essentially similar phenotypes had

been given different names in different geographical areas. For clarity, they

chose to use the four main forms given by Poulton (1924) to describe the four

basic phenotypes and gave descriptions for three groups of intermediate

female forms.

The four basic female forms

(i) Form euploeoides: ground colour dark brown, with marginal and

submarginal white spots on distal border of both fore and hind wings; these

white spots can be well developed or reduced; variable blue spotting from

near costal border of forewing out towards the distal margin. Some

specimens show variable development of the white subapical oblique

forewing bar with variable amounts of blue scaling. Immaculate black or

brown eupoeoides can also be found.

234 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

(ii) Form naresi: ground colour very dark brown to black, with rows of white

spots bordering distal edge of both fore and hind wings; forewing with

subapical white bar of usually four spots sometimes tinged with blue scales.

A white patch (variable in size) in centre of hind wing may have blue scaling

present; brownish scaling can replace the blue on some specimens (Fig. 22).

At times a small amount of brown scaling is seen near the inner margin of the

forewing in a position similar to the more extensive patch found in f. nerina.

The apex of the forewing may also show signs of this brown scaling.

(iii) Form nerina: very similar to f. naresi regarding white markings and

degree of variation but differs by having a distinctive bright orange-brown

patch of scales two-thirds the way along inner margin of forewing; patch size

can vary considerably. When very reduced, specimens can be difficult to

separate from brown naresi.

(iv) Form pallescens: white patterns similar to forms naresi and nerina in

position and variability; basal areas of forewing and particularly hind wing

generally dark brown, distal areas orange-brown and variable in size and

colour from dark chestnut to light yellowish; the rows of dots bordering the

wings are suffused with brown.

The three main intermediate forms

(i) euploeoides-naresi. These vary from typical euploeoides with an indistinct

subapical oblique white bar suffused with black and blue scales, to specimens

with a well-marked bar. The light area on the hind wing is very reduced and

can vary from a few scales to a roundish patch shot with blue.

(ii) euploeoides-nerina. The white areas are again reduced and shot with blue

as in euploeoides-naresi. However, brown scaling can be present in the pale

hindwing area in some specimens and entirely brown in others. The orange

forewing patch typical of nerina can be large or quite reduced.

(ili) euploeoides-pallescens. These have the general colouration and

variability as pallescens, but differ in that the brown scaling masks the white

patches on both the fore and hind wings. Therefore the insect appears brown

with lighter brown areas replacing the normally white patches.

The author found that most morphs of the 107 specimens examined could be

placed within these seven groups but, given some morphs contained

combinations of characters from several forms, or the characters in question

showed either extreme or vestigial development, placement within a form or

intermediate grouping was very difficult and therefore open to question. Two

morphs in particular (Figs 8 & 50) are quite unique and difficult to place with

any certainty.

Clark and Sheppard (1975) also noted the polymorphism is sex-controlled in

the female of H. bolina and surprisingly recorded the female as being

monomorphic over a large part of its range. They also cited an additional rare

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) 235

form from New Guinea as pseudomisippus and f. kezia from Hong Kong.

They interestingly noted many forms tend to be generally restricted to certain

parts of its range. The markings, colours and hues of all the different female

forms indicate continuous variation that makes it virtually impossible to

quantify.

Clark and Sheppard (1975) provided twenty-three coloured photographs,

primarily illustrating the forms euploeoides, naresi, nerina, pallescens,

euploeoides-naresi, euploeoides-nerina and euploeoides-pallescens. There

was considerable variation amongst all the specimens illustrated as well as

their localities.

Holloway and Peters (1976) illustrated four females from New Caledonia in

black and white: f. pallescens, f. nerina and two additional named forms —

tracta, a euploeoides form, and pulchra, from the Isle of Pines.

Clark et al. (1983) illustrated five H. bolina females from Fiji in black and

white: forms naresi, nerina, pallescens, euploeoides and aphrodite (=

euploeoides-nerina).

Corbet and Pendlebury (1992) listed many female forms found on the Malay

Peninsula that additionally included proserpina (Cramer), alcmene (Cramer),

perimele (Cramer) and iris Wildey and went on to note that H. bolina had

been described as the most variable butterfly in the world.

Tennent (2009), in his book on Vanuatu butterflies, illustrated twenty H.

bolina females from various islands in Vanuatu and five from Nendo and

Bellona in the Solomon Islands. Tennent (2006, 2009) reported that f. nerina

was the more common form encountered in Vanuatu but there was an

increase in the number of female forms on the southern islands of

Erromango, Tanna and Futuna, particularly f. pallescens.

Recent surveys

Two butterfly surveys were conducted on the Coral Coast of Viti Levu, Fiji:

from 3 to 18 December 2013 and from 31 December 2013 to 21 January

2014. Relatively heavy rains had fallen for several days immediately prior to

the commencement of the first survey on 3 December. Hypolimnas bolina

females were commonly encountered at both sites, in a small patch of forest

at the base of a hill and along the dirt road up the back of the same hill 1.1

km to the north-east. Many specimens were freshly emerged each day.

Numerous other butterfly species were also encountered at this time at both

sites and in considerable numbers. Some rain fell during the first survey. The

vast majority of H. bolina specimens (e.g. Figs 1-72) were encountered and

collected during the first survey. No rain of any consequence fell in late

December or during the second survey in January 2014; therefore the variety

of butterfly species and abundance of all species fell dramatically. Very few

H. bolina females were collected during this period or even sighted.

236 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

Most specimens collected during the two surveys were dark forms but a small

number of very light form pallescens were collected and also observed but

were generally seen flying very rapidly, making capture impossible.

Results

Hypolimnas bolina (Linnaeus, 1758)

(Figs 1-74)

Material examined. First survey: 7 63, 96 29, FIJI : 6.5-7 km SE of Sigatoka, Coral

Coast, Viti Levu, 18210746”S, 177°33’23”E, alt. 10 m and 18°10°31”S, 177°33’56”E,

alt. 70 m, between 3.xii.2013-18.xii.2013, R.B. Lachlan. (All in RBL collection).

Second survey: 1 &, 11 99, same data except 31.xii.2013-21.i.2014. (All in RBL

collection).

The various female forms encountered during both surveys and their numbers

are recorded in Table 1. The single aberrant female of form nerina (Figs 73-

74) is not included in this table because of its unique markings. Males (Figs

68, 71-72) varied only in extent of the white areas.

Due to the small number of females taken during the second survey, it is not

possible to make a good comparative analysis of any differences between the

two surveys other than to note that no forms of euploeoides-pallescens or

pallescens were collected.

Specimen sizes. All measurements are set wingspans. The largest recorded

were 80 mm (Figs 16 and 50); the smallest recorded was 59 mm (Fig. 51).

One specimen was 60 mm (Fig. 64); four specimens (Figs 10, 24, 58) and one

not illustrated had 61 mm wingspans. Approximately 21% of all females

collected were noticeably smaller than average (65 mm or below), while

approximately 13% were larger than average (75 mm or above).

Table 1. Combined results for Hypolimnas bolina females from both surveys.

Form Numbers collected / %

euploeoides HI 1 SALA)

euploeoides-naresi 11 / 10.4

naresi 18 / 17.0

euploeoides-nerina 23} ff PANT

nerina 15 / 14.0

euploeoides-pallescens ONE/ SESIO

pallescens 7 / 6.6

) Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) 237

Figs 1-3. Hypolimnas bolina female uppersides. f. euploeoides.

238 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

Figs 4-6. Hypolimnas bolina female uppersides. f. euploeoides.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) 239

Figs 7-9. Hypolimnas bolina female uppersides: (7-8) f. eoploeoides, (8) with brown

hindwing pattern similar to some f. euploeoides-pallescens. (9) f. euploeoides-naresi.

240 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

Figs 10-12. Hypolimnas bolina female uppersides. f. euploeoides-naresi. |

|

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) 241

Figs 13-15. Hypolimnas bolina female uppersides: (13) f. euploeoides-naresi; (14-15)

f. naresi.

242 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

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NE N <

wax?"

ig RR a

kakai PU iu E

nG

ve

Figs 16-18. Hypolimnas bolina female uppersides. f. naresi.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) 243

Figs 19-21. Hypolimnas bolina female uppersides. f. naresi.

244 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

24

Figs 22-24. Hypolimnas bolina female uppersides: (22) f. naresi, ‘brown naresi’; (23-

24) f. euploeoides-nerina.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) 245

y -

©

æ

“x

x

Ki

x

é

a

Figs 25-27. Hypolimnas bolina female uppersides. f. euploeoides-nerina.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

246

euploeoides-nerina.

Figs 28-30. Hypolimnas bolina female uppersides. f

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) 247

Figs 31-33. Hypolimnas bolina female uppersides. f. euploeoides-nerina.

248 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

Figs 34-36. Hypolimnas bolina female uppersides. f. euploeoides-nerina.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) 249

39

Figs 37-39. Hypolimnas bolina female uppersides. f. euploeoides-nerina.

250 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

Figs 40-42. Hypolimnas bolina female uppersides. f. nerina.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

45

Figs 43-45. Hypolimnas bolina female uppersides. f. nerina.

251

252 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

(48 *

Figs 46-48. Hypolimnas bolina female uppersides. f. nerina.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) 253

si

Figs 49-51. Hypolimnas bolina female uppersides: (49) f. nerina; (50-51) f.

euploeoides-pallescens.

254 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 ( 4)

Figs 52-54. Hypolimnas bolina female uppersides. f. euploeoides-pallescens.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) 255

Figs 55-57. Hypolimnas bolina female uppersides. f. euploeoides-pallescens.

256 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

Figs 58-60. Hypolimnas bolina female uppersides: (58) f. euploeoides-pallescens;

(59-60) f. pallescens.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

Figs 61-63. Hypolimnas bolina female uppersides. f. pallescens.

257

258 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) |

Figs 64-66. Hypolimnas bolina: (64-65) female uppersides, f. pallescens; (66) male

underside.

259

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

Figs 67-69. Hypolimnas bolina undersides: (67) female; (68) male; (69) female.

260 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

Figs 70-72. Hypolimnas bolina: (70) female underside of Fig. 3; (71) male upperside

with reduced white areas; (72) male upperside with normal white areas.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) 261

Figs 73-74. Hypolimnas bolina aberrant f. nerina female: (73) upperside; (74)

underside.

Discussion

Hypolimnas bolina is recorded from the far western Indian Ocean island of

Socotra (235 km NE of the Horn of Africa) and Madagascar, through Sri

Lanka and India, SE Asia, China, Malaysia, the Philippines and Indonesia to

Australia, New Guinea, Solomon and Vanuatu archipelagos, New Caledonia

and eastwards through the Pacific islands to (on occasions) as far east as

Easter Island (Tennent 2009).

262 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

Clark and Sheppard (1975) listed 126 different localities for the four basic

phenotypes and two additional intermediate forms, euploeoides-nerina and

euploeoides-pallescens, of H. bolina females from Madagascar in the far

west of its range to Easter Island in the far eastern Pacific Ocean. It is

interesting to note that they only listed Guam and two other localities, Fiji

and nearby Samoa, as recording all six forms.

Clark et al. (1983) reported that the survey of Fiji butterflies, including A.

bolina, conducted by H.W. Simmonds between 1921 and 1931 indicated a

growing scarcity of butterflies, particularly on the main island of Viti Levu.

His concern was the effect man was having on the environment of the island.

However, G. and B. Johnston conducted a major survey of Viti Levu in 1980

in similar areas and found H. bolina to be widespread and common in places.

The author agrees that, despite considerable land use on the western half of

Viti Levu, H. bolina was found to be very common at the Coral Coast

locality surveyed in December 2013 and January 2014.

Phenotypic colour variation in female H. bolina encompasses two primary

elements, variation in the tone of the overall wing surface and variation in the

shape and size of discrete colour parches. Tonal variation is seen on both

dorsal and ventral wing surfaces but the tone of both surfaces varies in

concert. Individuals are either relatively dark or light on both wing surfaces

but never dark on one surface and light on the other (Kemp and Jones 2001).

The author agrees with this observation for the most part but there are rare

exceptions (see Figs 3 & 70).

Kemp and Jones (2001) discussed size plasticity and noted that dry season

specimens of H. bolina were generally larger than wet season specimens. All

the specimens illustrated here are wet season butterflies but show

considerable variation in size, with a forewing length between 33 and 47 mm

(set wingspans between 59 and 80 mm). In fact, the author was surprised by

the large size of some females clearly observed at the two survey sites.

Kemp and Jones (2001) also noted seasonal colour variation, with wet season

butterflies being lighter and brighter on both wing surfaces than dry season

specimens. The author, in fact, found that the majority of H. bolina females

collected or observed at the survey sites in December 2013 were dark or

darkish.

Most authors who have previously illustrated colour pictures or photographs

of H. bolina females have shown a variety of forms but often from different

localities in the one country or different countries, not necessarily in the same

region of the world. In this paper all female specimens illustrated (Figs 1-65,

73), in all their forms, were collected from just two small sites only 1.1 km

apart — within easy walking distance. This clearly indicates that an

astonishing degree of polymorphism in H. bolina females is currently

occurring in parts of Fiji, perhaps not seen anywhere else in its entire range.

Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4) 263

Vane-Wright et al. (1977) even went so far as to suggest that the females of

H. bolina were so variable in some areas that it was doubtful if it should be

classed as a truly polymorphic species, with respect to the female, as the

variation was quasi-continuous.

Acknowledgements

I am very grateful to John Tennent (Natural History Museum, London) and

Ted Edwards (ANIC, Canberra) for providing important obscure references. I

would also like to thank Derek Smith and Russell Cox (Entomology

Department, Australian Museum, Sydney) for their help in the production of

all the digital images. I also wish to thank Meg Lloyd and David Parkhill,

(Queensland Museum Library, Brisbane) for their assistance in finding and

copying much needed reference material.

References

CLARK, C.[A.] and SHEPPARD, P.M. 1975. The genetics of the mimetic butterfly Hypolimnas

bolina (L.). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 272: 229-265.

CLARK, C.[A.] JOHNSTON, G. and JOHNSTON, B. 1983. All female broods in Hypolimnas

bolina (L.). A re-survey of west Fiji after 60 years. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society,

19(3): 221-235.

CORBET, A.S. and PENDLEBURY, H.M. 1992. The butterflies of the Malay Peninsula. United

Selangor Press, Kuala Lumpur; 595 pp, 69 pls.

HOLLOWAY, J.D. and PETERS, J.V. 1976. The butterflies of New Caledonia and the Loyalty

Islands. Journal of Natural History 10: 273-318.

KEMP, D.J. and JONES, R.E. 2001. Phenotypic plasticity in field populations of the tropical

butterfly Hypolimnas bolina (L.) (Nymphalidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

72(1): 33-45.

POULTON, E.B. 1924. Mimicry in the butterflies of Fiji considered in relation to the Euploeine

and Danaine invasions of Polynesia and to the female forms of Hypolimnas bolina L in the

Pacific (with an appendix on the numerical aspect of reciprocal mimicry (diaposematic

resemblance) by H.H. Turner). Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1923: 564-

691, 23 pls.

TENNENT, W.J. 2006. A checklist of the butterflies of Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia

and some adjacent areas. Zootaxa 1178. Magnolia Press, Auckland, 209 pp.

TENNENT, W.J. 2009. A field guide to the butterflies of Vanuatu: Ol buttaflae blong Vanuatu.

Storm Entomological Publications. Ardley, Oxfordshire; 192 pp.

VANE-WRIGHT, R.I., ACKERY, P.R. and SMILES, R.L. 1977. The polymorphism, mimicry,

and host plant relationships of Hypolimnas butterflies. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society

9: 285-297.

264 Australian Entomologist, 2014, 41 (4)

BOOK REVIEW

Tropical fruit flies (Tephritidae: Dacinae) of South-East Asia by R.A.I. Drew

and M.C. Romig. CAB International, Wallingford, December 2013, vii + 653

pp. Hardback. ISBN 978-1-78064-035-8. Price £135 + p/p.

This comprehensive volume covers all four genera (Bactrocera, Dacus,

Ichneumonopsis and Monacrostichus) and 423 known species of the tephritid

fruit fly tribe Dacini recorded from East, South and Southeast Asia as far east

as the northwestern part of the island of New Guinea.

In view of current (and often unfounded) speculation on the validity of some

species included in the economically important Bactrocera dorsalis complex,

this volume provides a timely and authoritative guide (with the aid of more

than 400 line drawings of whole specimens) to the identity and identification

of these often difficult flies. One new subgenus and 123 new species are

described, while one new name and 56 new synonyms are proposed, seven

species are removed from synonymy and two formerly unrecognisable

species are identified and described. Tables are also provided of the pest

status of species considered to be of actual or potential economic and

quarantine importance.

For each species, information is provided on types, diagnosis and description,

geographical distribution and (where known) host plants. The dorsalis,

nigrotibialis, scutellaris and tau complexes are defined and notes on the

identification of cryptic species are included. For many species, host plants

are still unknown and this volume provides a stimulus for further research on

that aspect of the flies’ biology.

Four points need to be noted: (1), the placement of several species in the

African subgenera Afrodacus, Gymnodacus and Daculus requires further

investigation; (2), the record of Ocimum (Lamiaceae) as a host of Bactrocera

nigrotibialis (Perkins) and B. hengsawadae Drew & Romig is incorrect: these

species were only swept from that plant; (3), the Sri Lankan population of B.

invadens Drew, Tsuruta & White appears to be distinct from those found in

India and Africa, which appear closer to B. dorsalis (Hendel); (4), the types

of B. zonata (Saunders) are possibly represented by specimens labelled ‘W?

[ex Westwood Collection] in the Oxford University Museum of Natural

History: these agree with the current definition of the species.

Although seemingly expensive, this book is actually very good value for the

price and is an absolute necessity for anyone involved in the taxonomy,

genetics, biology, pest management, quarantine surveillance or indeed any

aspect of this complex yet interesting group of flies. It is highly

recommended.

D.L. Hancock, Cairns.

THE

AUSTRALIAN

ENTOMOLOGIST

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VOLUME 41

2014

Published by:

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THE AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGIST

Contents: Volume 41, 2014

BATLEY, M. and BRANDLEY, B.

Phenology of the Australian solitary bee species Leioproctus plumosus

(Smith) (Hymenoptera: Colletidae)

BORDONI, A.

New data on the Australasian Xantholinini (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae),

7: New Caledonian species in the Queensland Museum

BRABY, M.F., DOUGLAS, F. and PETERSON, M.

New and interesting records of Ogyris zosine (Hewitson, [1853])

(Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) from inland Western Australia

BRAY, D.

Modification of the ALL Protocol to characterise the overall ant assemblage

in temperate eucalypt forest

FERRER-SUAY, M., SELFA, J. and PUJADE-VILLAR, J.

New Australasian records of Alloxysta Férster (Hymenoptera: Cynipoidea:

Figitidae: Charipinae) from the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Ottawa

HANCOCK, D.L.

An annotated key to the Rioxa complex of genera (Diptera: Tephritidae:

Acanthonevrini)

A note on the status of a supposed ‘type’ of Themara enderleini Hering

(Diptera: Tephritidae)

A new Australian species of Austrotephritis Hancock & Drew (Diptera:

Tephritidae: Tephritinae)

Additional notes on some species of Rioxoptilona Hendel (Diptera:

Tephritidae: Acanthonevrini)

An annotated key to the Dacopsis complex of genera (Diptera: Tephritidae:

Acanthonevrini), with two new genera and one new species

The first recorded males of Sophira limbata Enderlein and S. limbipennis

(van der Wulp) (Diptera: Tephritidae: Acanthonevrini)

HANCOCK, D.L. and WHITMORE, D.

A new species of Themara Walker (Diptera: Tephritidae: Acanthonevrini)

from the Indian Andaman Islands

KING, D. and WILLIAMS, A.A.E.

An inland range extension for Ogyris idmo (Hewitson) (Lepidoptera:

Lycaenidae)

LACHLAN, R.B.

An additional record of Euploea tulliolus tulliolus (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera:

Nymphalidae: Danainae) from south of Natural Bridge, south-east Queensland

New records for Phyllodes imperialis smithersi Sands (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)

from southeastern Queensland and northeastern New South Wales

Extreme polymorphism in Hypolimnas bolina (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera:

Nymphalidae) females from a single locality on the southwestern coral coast

of Viti Levu, Fiji

LAMBKIN, K.J.

Psychopsoid Neuroptera (Psychopsidae, Osmylopsychopidae) from the

Queensland Triassic

The Mesopsychidae (Mecoptera) of the Queensland Triassic

iii

107

91

45

55

115

160

163

211

213

199

161

197

233

57

135

LAMBKIN, T.A.

The distribution of Euploea darchia niveata (Butler, 1875) (Lepidoptera:

Nymphalidae: Danainae) in Torres Strait, Queensland, Australia

MOESENEDER, C.H. and COOK, L.G.

Captive observations on mating, stridulation and male genital brushes of the

Australian flower chafer Phyllopodium palmatum (Schaum, 1848) (Coleoptera:

Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae)

MOORE, A.S. and PETRIE, E.

A new record for Herimosa albovenata (Waterhouse) (Lepidoptera:

Hesperiidae) in the central-west slopes and plains of New South Wales

MOORE, M.D.

Two further new species of Abantiades Herrich-Schäffer (Lepidoptera:

Hepialidae) from Western Australia

MOORE, M.D. and EDWARDS, E.D.

Two new species of Abantiades Herrich-Schäffer (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae)

from Western Australia

MOULDS, M.S.

Euthemopsaltria laeta, a remarkable new genus and species of cicada

(Homoptera: Cicadidae: Cicadettinae: Chlorocystini) from Queensland

MOUND, L.A. and TREE, D.J.

Generic relationships of two obscure Australian Thysanoptera species

described by A.A. Girault

ORR, A.G. and RICHARDS, S.J.

Palaiargia traunae sp. n. (Odonata: Platycnemididae), a new idiocnemidine

damselfly from Papua New Guinea

SHAKESPEARE, T.P., SHAKESPEARE, Z.J. and SHAKESPEARE, T.J.

Further records of Euploea tulliolus tulliolus (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera:

Nymphalidae: Danainae) from New South Wales and south-east Queensland

THOMPSON, F.C.

Flower flies (Diptera: Syrphidae) of Christmas Island, Indian Ocean

WILLS, L. and MULLER, C.J.

The rediscovery of Chilasa moerneri mayrhoferi (Bang-Haas, 1939)

(Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in New Britain, Papua New Guinea and

description of the female

WILSON, G.W., RENTZ, D.C.F. and VENTER, F.

First record of the larvae of Hippotion rosetta (Swinhoe, 1892) (Lepidoptera:

Sphingidae) feeding on the foliage of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) in Cape York

Peninsula, Queensland

MISCELLANEOUS NOTES

BOOK REVIEWS

CORRIGENDA

Publication dates: Part 1 (pp 1-76) 3 March 2014

Part 2 (pp 77-128) 2 June 2014

Part 3 (pp 129-176) 14 July 2014

Part 4 (pp 177-264) 1 December 2014

77

217

29

177

205

153

191

203

152

232, 264

128

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THE AUSTRALIAN

Entomologist

Volume 41, Part 4, 1 December 2014

CONTENTS

HANCOCK, D.L.

The first recorded males of Sophira limbata Enderlein and S. limbipennis (van der Wulp)

(Diptera: Tephritidae: Acanthonevrini)

HANCOCK, D.L. AND WHITMORE, D.

A new species of Themara Walker (Diptera: Tephritidae: Acanthonevrini) from the

Indian Andaman Islands

KING, D. AND WILLIAMS, A.A.E.

An inland range extension for Ogyris idmo (Hewitson) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)

LACHLAN, R.B.

New records for Phyllodes imperialis smithersi Sands (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) from

southeastern Queensland and northeastern New South Wales

LACHLAN, R.B.

Extreme polymorphism in Hypolimnas bolina (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)

females from a single locality on the southwestern coral coast of Viti Levu, Fiji

MOORE, M.D.

Two further new species of Abantiades Herrich-Schäffer (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) from

Western Australia

MOULDS, M.S.

Euthemopsaltria laeta, a remarkable new genus and species of cicada (Homoptera:

Cicadidae: Cicadettinae: Chlorocystini) from Queensland

MOUND, L.A. AND TREE, D.J.

Generic relationships of two obscure Australian Thysanoptera species described by

A.A. Girault

SHAKESPEARE, T.P., SHAKESPEARE, Z J. AND SHAKESPEARE, T.J.

Further records of Euploea tulliolus tulliolus (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae:

Danainae) from New South Wales and south-east Queensland

WILLS, L. AND MULLER, C.J.

The rediscovery of Chilasa moerneri mayrhoferi (Bang-Haas, 1939) (Lepidoptera:

Papilionidae) in New Britain, Papua New Guinea and description of the female

WILSON, G.W., RENTZ, D.C.F. AND VENTER, F.

First record of the larvae of Hippotion rosetta (Swinhoe, 1892) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)

feeding on the foliage of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceac) in Cape York Peninsula, Queensland

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