THE AUSTRALIAN

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Ctenocolletes smaragdinus (Smith, 1868). This large iridescent green solitary bee

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Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1): 1-12 1

THE LOPHOCOLEUS GROUP OF GENERA (LEPIDOPTERA:

EREBIDAE: HERMINIINAE) IN FIJI, WITH THE DESCRIPTION

OF A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES

JOHN CLAYTON

15 Whinny Brae, Broughty Ferry, Dundee DD5 2HU, United Kingdom

(Email: john.clayton1 1@gmail.com)

Abstract

Three related endemic moth genera from Fiji: Lophocoleus Butler, Tholocoleus Robinson and

Palaeocoleus Robinson, are reviewed and descriptions and illustrations of the females and their

genitalia are provided. An additional new genus and species, Archaeocoleus namosii gen. n. &

sp. n., is described and illustrated from both sexes.

Introduction

The endemic erebid moth genus Lophocoleus Butler is of particular interest

as it shows considerable radiation in Fiji. It was described by Butler (1886),

who included only his new species L. mirabilis Butler. Robinson (1975)

described five further new species in the genus, illustrated the males and

provided a guide to their identification based on the male genitalia. Robinson

(1975) also introduced two new monotypic genera: Tholocoleus Robinson, to

which he assigned the endemic species described by Butler (1886) as

Lophocoleus? astrifer Butler, and Palaeocoleus Robinson, to which he

assigned the endemic species described by Butler (1886) as Bocana

sypnoides Butler.

Robinson’s (1975) descriptions of these eight species are completed here by

illustrations and descriptions of the females, including their internal genitalia.

Significant differences in the female genitalia provide a reliable guide to the

separation of the species, which supports Robinson’s classification based on

the male genitalia.

A previously undescribed species was discovered that can be assigned to this

group of genera. It does not precisely agree with the diagnosis of any of the

three presently recognised genera and differs in several characteristics from

the species currently assigned to them. The species appears, at least

superficially, to be most closely related to Lophocoleus, but it differs from it

sufficiently that a new genus, Archaeocoleus, is erected to accommodate it.

The new species is described here as Archaeocoleus namosii.

Materials and methods

A regular programme of light trapping was carried out during the period

1991-1998. This was used to sample the moth fauna at various forest

locations in eastern Viti Levu, Fiji. The locations ranged in altitude from sea

level to 900 m. A battery powered trap was employed, using a 6W actinic

tube as light source. This allowed easier access to more remote locations. A

small number of further visits were made up to 2013.

2 Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1)

The collection resulting from this work has been studied and has resulted in a

series of papers including the descriptions of a number of new taxa (Clayton

2002, 2008, 2010, 2011). The current paper is the latest in this series.

Systematics

The classification followed here is that of Zahari et al. (2012), which has

superseded that of Kitching and Rawlins (1999). This treats the Herminiinae

as a subfamily of the Erebidae rather than of the Noctuidae.

Family Erebidae

Subfamily Herminiinae

Genus Lophocoleus Butler, 1886

Butler (1886) erected this genus on the basis of the bipectinate male antennae

and the modified male foreleg. The first tarsal segment is enormously

elongated and a tibial sheath extends almost to the end of this first segment.

Robinson (1975) extended this diagnosis by including characters of the male

genitalia. The valves are broad and truncated apically and a variety of dorsal

and ventral apical processes are diagnostic at species level; in the aedeagus,

the vesica bears a striking group of heavily sclerotised cornuti, the precise

arrangement and form of these structures again being diagnostic at species

level. Robinson (1975) described five new species to add to Butler’s L.

mirabilis, he also described the males of all six species, which he illustrated

together with the valves and the groups of cornuti.

The forewings vary from generally blackish brown to a brighter orange-

brown, with a variety of generally somewhat obscure markings. The

contrasting hind wings are generally pale greyish or greyish brown with some

darker shading towards the termen; there is no sexual dimorphism in

colouration or markings. The females do, however, have unmodified forelegs

and filiform antennae. Somewhat unusually, the females are consistently

smaller than the males.

In the female genitalia, the sterigma and ductus show little structure with only

light sclerotisation and provide no diagnostic features. However, the bursa

copulatrix is quite striking and provides excellent features for diagnosis to

species level. The shape varies and there are generally one or two strongly

sclerotised areas, plus an area containing a large number of small, star-shaped

denticles which comprise the signa.

Lophocoleus mirabilis Butler, 1886

(Figs 1, 9)

Diagnosis. Forewings mid-brown with only very faint darker basal and

postmedial lines; a prominent whitish reniform stigma is diagnostic, not

being present in any other Lophocoleus species.

Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1)

Figs 1-8. Lophocoleus group females. (1) Lophocoleus mirabilis, (2) L. suffusa; (3) L.

albipuncta; (4) L. iridescens, (5) L. acuta; (6) L. rubrescens; (7) Tholocoleus astrifer;

(8) Palaeocoleus sypnoides.

4 Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1)

16

Figs 9-16. Lophocoleus group: bursa copulatrix of females. (9) Lophocoleus

mirabilis; (10) L. suffusa; (11) L. albipuncta; (12) L. iridescens; (13) L. acuta; (14) L.

rubrescens, (15) Tholocoleus astrifer (including ductus); (16) Palaeocoleus

sypnoides.

Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1) 5

Male. Described by Robinson (1975: 232, plate fig. 177, text figs 95, 101).

Female (Fig. 1). Wingspan 38 mm. Patterned as male. Genitalia with bursa

copulatrix (Fig. 9) generally rounded, twice as long as broad; signa a band of

many small star-shaped denticles around apical third, but leaving tip

unmarked; several diffuse areas of scobination.

Occurrence. Only a single female was taken, in primary rainforest on the

main island, Viti Levu, close to Suva. Robinson also found this species to be

very scarce, despite it being the only Lophocoleus taken by Butler.

Lophocoleus suffusa Robinson, 1975

(Figs 2, 10)

Diagnosis. Forewings plain mid-brown with only very faint darker basal,

postmedial and subterminal lines.

Male. Described by Robinson (1975: 233, plate fig. 188, text figs 97, 103).

Female (Fig. 2). Wingspan 35-38 mm. Patterned as male. Genitalia with

bursa copulatrix (Fig. 10) generally rounded, one and a half times as long as

broad; signa a circular area of small star-shaped denticles in apical half; a

slightly smaller circular dark area present in the basal half; the remainder

covered in light scobination.

Occurrence. Small numbers taken in various rainforest locations in eastern

Viti Levu, from low levels to 1000 m.

Lophocoleus albipuncta Robinson, 1975

(Figs 3, 11)

Diagnosis. Forewings mid to dark brown; basal and postmedial lines more

clearly defined than in L. suffusa; subterminal line white; sharply dentate

between M1 and M2 leaving a clear, detached white V-shaped mark. Some

specimens show a suggestion of blue iridescence in the pale markings and

could be confused with worn specimens of L. iridescens, but this lacks the V-

shaped mark, having the subterminal line continuous between M1 and M2.

Male. Described by Robinson (1975: 231, plate fig. 186, text figs 98, 104).

Female (Fig. 3). Wingspan 35-40 mm. Patterned as male. Genitalia with

bursa copulatrix (Fig. 11) approximately as long as broad, with a prominent

lateral appendix; signa an area of small star-shaped denticles opposite

appendix; various degrees of scobination over most of the surface, somewhat

darker around the base of the extension.

Occurrence. The most numerous of the six Lophocoleus species, taken in

various rainforest locations in eastern Viti Levu.

6 Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1)

Lophocoleus iridescens Robinson, 1975

(Figs 4, 12)

Diagnosis. Forewings dark brown, with darker basal and medial lines and

pale subterminal line. Fresh specimens of L. iridescens are unmistakable due

to areas of bright blue iridescence around the basal and medial lines;

subterminal line also iridescent blue. Worn specimens lose the blue

iridescence and superficially could be mistaken for L. albipuncta (q.v.).

Male. Described by Robinson (1975: 231, plate fig. 183, text figs 93, 96,

102).

Female (Fig. 4). Wingspan 35-39 mm. Patterned as male. Genitalia with

bursa copulatrix (Fig. 12) three times as long as broad; signa an area of small

star-shaped denticles on one side, from midpoint to apex; a dark sclerotised

area basally opposite signa; remainder with various degrees of scobination.

Occurrence. Small numbers taken in various rainforest locations in eastern

Viti Levu, from 200 m to 900 m.

Lophocoleus acuta Robinson, 1975

(Figs 5, 13)

Diagnosis. One of three species under consideration with a markedly concave

forewing termen. The bright orange-brown colouration and markings are

diagnostic and show little variation.

Male. Described by Robinson (1975: 230, plate fig. 184, text figs 100, 106).

Female (Fig. 5). Wingspan 27-32 mm. Patterned as male. Genitalia with

bursa copulatrix (Fig. 13) generally rounded, one and a half times as long as

broad; signa a circular area of small star-shaped denticles apically; a

sclerotised diagonal band at basal one third; between this band and the signa,

an area of light scobination with an ordered array of pale, star-shaped

markings, appearing like the inverse of the dark star-shaped teeth of the

signa.

Occurrence. Small numbers taken in various rainforest locations in eastern

Viti Levu, from low levels to 1000 m

Lophocoleus rubrescens Robinson, 1975

(Figs 6, 14)

Diagnosis. One of three species under consideration with a markedly concave

forewing termen. The dull orange-bronze colouration and markings, together

with the orbicular stigma consisting of three dark brown dots, are diagnostic.

Male. Described by Robinson (1975: 232, plate fig. 189, text figs 99, 105).

Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1) 7

Female (Fig. 6). Wingspan 33-34 mm. Patterned as male. Genitalia with

bursa copulatrix (Fig. 14) generally rounded, a little longer than broad; signa

a circular area of small star-shaped denticles covering apical third; this area

larger, and the denticles individually larger, than in other Lophocoleus

species; this area also bulging somewhat from the main shape of the bursa

copulatrix; remainder covered by light scobination; no other sclerotised areas

or significant markings.

Occurrence. Small numbers taken in various rainforest locations in eastern

Viti Levu, from 200 m to 1000 m.

Archaeocoleus gen. n.

Type species Archaeocoleus namosii sp. n., by present designation.

Possesses many of the characters of Lophocoleus Butler but lacks the

modification of the male foreleg. In addition, the valves of the male genitalia

lack a truncate apex and apical processes and the bursa copulatrix of the

female genitalia lacks a signa.

Archaeocoleus namosii sp. n.

(Figs 17-21)

Types. Holotype 4, FIJI: Viti Levu, Namosi Highlands, grid ref. N29/4075, 31.1.98, at

light, J.A. Clayton. Paratypes: 2 GG, same data as holotype except 26.ii.97 and

25.198; 2 99, same data as holotype except 17.vi.95 and 14.1x.96. All types and

genitalia slides have been deposited in the National Museums of Scotland, Edinburgh.

Description. Male (Fig. 17): Wingspan 19-23 mm. Head and antennae buff.

Thorax light brown. Abdomen buff. Antennae bipectinate. Labial palps

upturned, short, reaching level of eyes; first two segments bearing long

scales; short third segment less heavily scaled. Forewings broadly triangular;

costa largely straight, slightly bowed towards apex.; apex obtuse; termen

convex; yellowish buff more or less irrorated with dark brown; irroration

heavier in basal half of wing; a terminal series of five whitish streaks

extending from apex; reniform stigma a pale figure-of-eight shape filled with

buff; orbicular stigma a small dark brown spot; the area between the stigmata

shaded dark brown; a dark brown patch between reniform stigma and

dorsum. Hind wings uniform pale buff.

The genitalia are shown in Fig. 19. Valves simple and narrow, about eight

times as long as broad; uncus mainly straight and of equal width throughout;

a downcurved spine at the tip; aedeagus (fig. 20) with a prominent group of

six curved, heavily sclerotised cornuti.

Female (Fig. 18): Wingspan 27-33 mm. Antennae bipectinate. Similarly

patterned to the male. Forewings less yellowish than the male; brown

markings darker. Hind wings more greyish brown and somewhat darker than

the male.

8 Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1)

Figs 17-21. Archaeocoleus namosii sp. n. (17) male holotype; (18) female paratype;

(19) genitalia of male holotype; (20) aedeagus of male holotype; (21) genitalia of

female paratype.

The genitalia are shown in Fig. 21. Sterigma and ductus showing no features

of diagnostic value; bursa copulatrix as long as broad; a sclerotised basal area

considerably folded; otherwise without any ornamentation or areas of

scobination.

The association between the males and females of this species is based on the

detailed similarities in the markings, supported by being taken at the same

location.

Etymology. The name namosii is derived from the fact that the type series

was collected entirely in Namosi Province. The generic name Archaeocoleus

suggests that it might represent a more primitive branch than Lophocoleus

itself.

Distribution. Rainforest at a height of 200 m on Viti Levu.

Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1) 9

Taxonomy. Some confusion was experienced in placing this species.

Robinson (1975: 136) described a species, which he labelled as an

‘Indeterminate species (Acronictinae)’, known only from two males. One of

the two specimens was in good condition, but missing the abdomen. He

illustrated this in his plate fig. 340. The other was complete but in poor

condition and he illustrated the genitalia and aedeagus of this, along with the

fore and hind wing venation and antennae (his text figs 74-77). The male

genitalia, aedeagus, wing venation and antennae of the current species agree

with those illustrated by Robinson (1975). His description of the fore and

hind wings and his illustration also agree. It is almost certain that the current

species and that described by Robinson are the same.

Robinson (1975) gave no explanation as to why this species should be placed

in the Acronictinae and indeed it is difficult to see why this should be so.

Although he treated both the Herminiinae and the Acronictinae as part of the

Noctuidae, the subfamilies are not closely related and bear little similarity. It

is most likely that the placement was a simple error on Robinson's part.

Zahari et al. (2012) did not recognise the Acronictinae as part of the Erebidae

and it remains as part of the Noctuidae. The present species differs in lacking

the characteristic colouration and facies of this subfamily, the forewing shape

differs markedly and the body is more slender. The male genitalia have little

in common with acronictine species and its overall appearance suggests

placement in the Herminiinae. Although there is no accepted precise

definition. of this subfamily, it has traditionally been defined as being

composed of quadrifine ‘noctuids’ with a pre-spiracular counter-tympanal

hood. These features are present in the current species, so it is here placed in

the Herminiinae.

Holloway (2008) discussed the Herminiinae genera in the Bornean context.

Based on his classification, A. namosii cannot be placed in any of his genera.

Apart from the three endemic genera in the Lophocoleus group discussed

here, other Fijian Herminiinae genera are included in Holloway's discussion

and are therefore excluded as possible candidates. Archaeocoleus namosii

does not show all the characteristic features of any of the three genera in this

group.

The wing shape and general appearance would place it in Lophocoleus. This

is supported by the striking group of cornuti in the aedeagus. This is a feature

not found in any other Herminiinae genus (or indeed consistently in any other

erebid genera) described by Robinson or Holloway. However, in the male

genitalia the valves lack the truncated apex and apical processes and in the

female the bursa copulatrix lacks signa. Also, the male of A. namosii lacks

the modified foreleg of Lophocoleus species. For these reasons, a new genus,

Archaeocoleus, 1s proposed.

10 Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1)

Remarks. Of the other species in the group, A. namosii most resembles L,

albipuncta in general appearance. However, in addition to the differences

summarised in the description of the genus Archaeocoleus, A. namosii lacks a

distinct subterminal line in the forewings, which serves to separate it from L.

albipuncta and other Lophocoleus species.

Genus Tholocoleus Robinson, 1975

Robinson (1975) described this genus as being allied to Lophocoleus. The

forewing termen is concave in the apical half, similar to L. acuta. The

terminal segment of the male palp is greatly expanded and the male antennae

filiform. The male foreleg is modified, similar to Lophocoleus. In the male

genitalia the valves are rounded apically and the aedeagus has a group of

terminal, thorn-like carinae but is lacking cornuti.

Tholocoleus differs from Lophocoleus in having the hind wings and

forewings similarly coloured and marked. The males and females are of

similar size and there is no sexual dimorphism in terms of colouration or

markings. The female genitalia show no significant structure in the sterigma,

but there is a sclerotised section in the ductus; the bursa copulatrix lacks the

small, star-shaped denticles characteristic of the signa of Lophocoleus.

Tholocoleus astrifer (Butler, 1886)

(Figs 7, 15)

Diagnosis. The palp length, wing shape and pattern are diagnostic.

Male. Described by Robinson (1975: 238, plate fig. 176, text figs 94, 107,

109).

Female (Fig. 7). Wingspan 44-48 mm. Patterned as male. Antennae filiform

and foreleg unmodified. Genitalia (Fig. 15) with sclerotised section towards

basal end of ductus; bursa copulatrix generally rounded, a little longer than

broad; two longitudinal signa running over half the length of bursa

copulatrix; remainder covered by light scobination; no other sclerotised areas

or significant structures.

Occurrence. Small numbers taken in various rainforest locations in eastern

Viti Levu, from 500 m to 1000 m.

Genus Palaeocoleus Robinson, 1975

Robinson (1975) described this genus as being allied to Lophocoleus. It has a

more mottled appearance and more rounded wings. The terminal segment of

the male palp is twice that of Lophocoleus but smaller than in Tholocoleus.

Male antennae bipectinate, but with segments one to five filiform and six to

nine unipectinate. Modified male foreleg similar to Lophocoleus and

Tholocoleus. Male genitalia with valves truncated and with apical processes,

similar to Lophocoleus; aedeagus plain; vesica with fine scobination only.

Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1) 11

Palaeocoleus is intermediate between Lophocoleus and Tholocoleus in

appearance in having the hind wings somewhat paler than the forewings, but

reflecting their markings. As in Lophocoleus, the females are consistently

smaller than the males. The female genitalia show no significant structure in

the sterigma or ductus; the bursa copulatrix is somewhat irregularly shaped,

but with no significant markings.

Palaeocoleus sypnoides (Butler, 1886)

(Figs 8, 16)

Diagnosis. The more rounded wing shape and pattern are diagnostic.

Male. Described by Robinson (1975: 235, plate fig. 1764 text figs 108, 110).

Female (Fig. 8). Wingspan 32-37 mm. Patterned as male. Antennae filiform

and foreleg unmodified. Genitalia (Fig. 16) with bursa copulatrix very lightly

marked and flimsy in nature, approximately twice as long as broad,

somewhat irregular in shape; a narrow subbasal appendix; some areas of very

light scobination; no signa or other significant structures.

Occurrence. Good numbers taken in various rainforest locations in eastern

Viti Levu and Vanua Levu from lower levels to 500 m, but not taken in more

montane forest locations. After L. albipuncta, this is the commonest species

in the group.

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Dr K.P. Bland of the National Museums of Scotland for

helpful discussions and advice and for arranging access to the entomological

collections and other facilities at the Museum. Also staff of the School of

Biological, Chemical & Environmental Sciences, the University of the South

Pacific, Suva, Fiji for providing access to facilities at the University. I am

also indebted to Dr A.G. Orr for a number of helpful and constructive

comments on the manuscript.

References

BUTLER, A.G. 1886. Descriptions of 21 new genera and 103 new species of Lepidoptera-

Heterocera from the Australian Region. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 34:

381-441.

CLAYTON, J. 2002. A new species of Uraniidae (Lepidoptera) and a new species of

Limacodidae (Lepidoptera) from Fiji. Entomologists' Record and Journal of Variation 114: 193-

197.

CLAYTON, J. 2008. Notes on the genus Palpita Hübner (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae, Pyraustinae)

from Fiji, with descriptions of two new species. Entomologists’ Record and Journal of Variation

120: 199-203.

CLAYTON, J. 2010. Two new species of Noctuidae (Lepidoptera), subfamilies Hypenodinae

and Hypeninae, from Fiji. Entomologists’ Record and Journal of Variation 122: 219-223.

12 Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1)

CLAYTON, J. 2011. Two new species of Noctuidae (Lepidoptera), subfamily Herminiinae, from

Fiji. Entomologists’ Record and Journal of Variation 123:185-189.

HOLLOWAY, J.D. 1989. The moths of Borneo: Part 12 — Family Noctuidae, subfamilies

Noctuinae, Heliothinae, Hadeninae, Acronictinae, Amphipyrinae, Agaristinae. Southdene Sdn.

Bhd., Kuala Lumpur.

HOLLOWAY, J.D. 2008. The moths of Borneo: Part 17 — Family Noctuidae, subfamilies

Rivulinae, Phytometrinae, Herminiinae, Hypeninae, Hypenodinae. Southdene Sdn. Bhd., Kuala

Lumpur.

KITCHING, I.J. and RAWLINS, J.E. 1999. The Noctuoidea. Pp 355-402, in: Kristensen, N.P.

(ed), Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies 1. Handbook of Zoology 4(35).

ROBINSON, G.S. 1975. The Macrolepidoptera of Fiji and Rotuma — a taxonomic and

geographic study. E.W. Classey Ltd, Faringdon, Oxon.

ZAHARI, R., HOLLOWAY, J.D., KITCHING, 1J., LAFONTAINE, D., MUTANEN, M. and

WAHLBERG, N. 2012. Molecular phylogenetics of Erebidae (Lepidoptera, Noctuoidea)

Systematic Entomology 37: 102-124.

Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1): 13-14 13

PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD OF FEMALE ALLORA MAJOR

ROTHSCHILD (LEPIDOPTERA: HESPERIIDAE) AT IRON RANGE

NATIONAL PARK

FRANK PIERCE! and GEOFF WALKER?

'PO Box 121, Kangaroo Ground, Vic 3097 (E-mail: jmandfp@bigpond.com)

22/88 Dalny Rd Murrumbeena, Vic 3163

Abstract

A female Allora major (Rothschild, 1915) was photographed at Iron Range National Park on 28

June 2014, the first such record from the Australian mainland. The photograph also documents

interesting male behaviour.

Introduction

Allora major (Rothschild, 1915) is known in Australia only from Iron Range,

Cape York Peninsula, Queensland (Braby 2000, 2004). On 27 and 28 June

2014, specimens were observed while on a 10 day expedition to photograph

butterflies in Iron Range National Park.

On 28 June, both a male and a female were observed and photographed (Fig.

1). The male was subsequently netted. This is the first published record of a

female of A. major from the Australian mainland.

Observations

On 27 June 2014, while searching the roadside at 12.7266S 143.2847E (ca

1.6 km south of the Rainforest Camp Turnoff), an Allora major was seen in

ascending flight at approximately 1030h. We recognised it by its larger size

and greater colour intensity than Allora doleschallii (C. Felder, 1860), which

was observed in similar ascending flight at another site 8 km north of Coen

on 24 June 2014.

On 28 June 2014, at 1020h at the first location, two specimens of A. major

were observed flying high in the canopy. One then perched on a horizontal

section of vine about 6 m above the ground; the other was flying around in

close proximity just above it. FP photographed the specimens while GW

went to collect net extensions.

FP took seven photographs, including that shown in Fig. 1, after which both

butterflies flew along the roadside to the north, descending to 1.5 m above

ground level, just as GW was returning. GW gave chase, the butterflies

turned and began flying to the south, and he managed to catch the male.

Fig.l was taken with a hand held Canon Powershot SX50HS compact digital

camera set at x42 optical zoom (equivalent 35 mm focal length of 1024 mm),

with shutter speed of 1/40 second, ISO of 200 and aperture of 6.5.

Further photographs of both the female and the male are provided on GW's

website at: http://australianbutterfliesphotographed.com/

14 Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1)

Fig. 1. Female Allora major with male hovering above — photographed at Iron Range

on 28 June 2014.

Discussion

From Fig. 1 it is obvious, from the body size, that the stationary butterfly is a

female. The photograph shows the series of subapical spots on the forewing

underside and the subapical spot on the hindwing underside, which

distinguish it from the similar A. doleschallii (Braby 2004). The third

distinguishing feature, the white subtornal patch on the forewing underside,

cannot be seen but the netted male had this consistent with A. major.

The female is evidently probing the substrate, either laying eggs or testing its

suitability for oviposition. The male is clearly exhibiting courtship behaviour.

Since he was netted, we cannot be sure what the outcome of this interaction

might have been had the butterflies been left undisturbed, but it seems likely

the female was unreceptive and was exhibiting an escape response.

Braby (2000) noted that ‘The females are not known from Australia’ and

there have been no records of a female on the mainland published since 2000

(Cliff Meyer, Grant Miller and Peter Valentine pers. comms. July 2014).

References

BRABY, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution. 2

vols. CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood; xx + 976 pp, 70 pls.

BRABY, M.F. 2004. The complete field guide to butterflies of Australia. CSIRO Publishing,

Collingwood; x + 340 pp.

Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1): 15-18 15

A RANGE EXTENSION FOR EUREMA ALITHA (C. & R. FELDER)

(LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE) IN AUSTRALIA, WITH NOTES ON

THE MIGRATORY BEHAVIOUR OF EUREMA SPECIES IN

SOUTH-EAST QUEENSLAND

J.E. NIELSEN

123 Antill Street, Downer, ACT 2602

Abstract

Two specimens of Eurema alitha (C. & R. Felder) collected at Buderim, Queensland, provide a

new southern distribution record for this species. One of these specimens was collected among

other migrating Eurema Hübner species, although it remains unclear whether E. alitha is a

migrant. Observations on the migratory behaviour of other Eurema species in south-east

Queensland are also presented.

Introduction

The presence of Eurema alitha (C. & R. Felder, 1862) in Australia was first

recognised by Braby (1997), who determined that this species had been

collected in Australia since the early 1900s but had been confused with

Eurema hecabe hecabe (Linnaeus, 1758) due to their similar wing patterns.

Eurema alitha has a tropical distribution in Australia (Braby 1997, 2000,

Jones 1999), with specimens collected as far south as River Heads, north-east

of Maryborough, Queensland (Dunn 2007).

A new southern distribution record for Eurema alitha

Two specimens of Eurema alitha were collected at the same location at

Buderim (26?39'59.88"S 153?3'37.66" E), Queensland in 1997 and 1999. The

1997 specimen was a male (Fig. 1) collected in early December, the second

(Fig. 2) a female collected on 27 March 1999 from a migratory group

comprised of several Eurema Hübner species. These specimens represent a

range extension of approximately 135 kilometres south of the previous record

by Dunn (2007).

Notes on the migratory behaviour of Eurema in south-east Queensland

Although a number of Eurema species have been recorded as migratory in

Australia, few observations of their behaviour have been published (Braby

2000). I was able to observe a migratory flight in 1999, from which the

female E. alitha was taken, in some detail at a number of locations across the

Sunshine Coast district. On 25 March 1999, I observed butterflies at a site in

Nambour (26°38'42.06"S 152?57'31.34"E) throughout the day. At about

1430h, I noticed that the number of Eurema present had increased abruptly

and that their flight behaviour had changed. Normally, Eurema species have a

strongly jinking flight that changes direction every few seconds, making their

overall flight path hard to predict. In contrast, these butterflies had a more

direct flight with less jinking and individual specimens arrived from the north

and moved towards the SSW in a more-or-less straight line. Numerous

Eurema specimens, showing identical behaviour, were subsequently observed

16 Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1)

at Dulong, Montville and Mapleton on 26 March 1999, Buderim on 27 March

1999 and Beerwah on 8 April 1999. Opportunistic sampling of the migration

at Buderim on 27 March showed it to be comprised of E. alitha, E. brigitta

australis (Wallace, 1867), E. hecabe hecabe and E. smilax smilax (Donovan,

1805). The latter three species have been regularly encountered on the

Sunshine Coast previously (pers. obs. and A.G. Orr pers. comm.). Eurema

species showing migratory behaviour were not observed after 8 April 1999.

. 1B 2B

Figs 1-2. Specimens of Eurema alitha collected at Buderim, southeastern Queensland:

(1A) 3 upperside; (1B) 3 underside (Buderim Qld, December 1997, coll. J.E.

Nielsen); (2A) 9 upperside; 2(B) 9 underside (Buderim, Qld, 27 March 1999, coll.

J.E. Nielsen).

Discussion

In addition to representing a 135 kilometre range extension, the female of E.

alitha figured above represents the first record of this species associated with

a migration. Various Eurema species have been observed to migrate in Asia,

Africa and the Americas, with migrations often comprised of mixed species

(Yata 1989). However, no literature was found recording migrations of E.

alitha in Australia or elsewhere, while observations of this species in

northern Australia suggest it is relatively sedentary (M.F. Braby pers.

comm. ). Braby (2000) and Jones (1999) summarised available information on

Eurema migrations in Australia and regarded all Australian Eurema species

except E. alitha, E. herla (Macleay, 1826) and E. puella (Boisduval, 1832) as

opportunistic migrants.

Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1) 17

As only one specimen of E. alitha was taken during the 1999 Eurema

migration, it is unclear whether it was migrating, undertaking a coincidental

non-migratory movement in search of hosts, or merely a vagrant. It is feasible

that E. alitha may exploit host plants outside its normal distribution during

favourable conditions. It is worth noting that the presence of the female Æ.

alitha specimen (and Eurema migration) followed above-average rainfall on

the Sunshine Coast (Bureau of Meteorology 2014). This rainfall may have

promoted growth of Eurema host plants, providing favourable conditions for

immigrant butterflies. The only known Australian host of E. alitha, Glycine

tabacina (Fabaceae) (Braby 2000), is widely distributed in Queensland,

including the Sunshine Coast, New South Wales, Victoria and Western

Australia (PlantNet 2014). As it is difficult to distinguish Eurema species in

flight due to their similar wing patterns, comprehensive sampling is needed to

provide more information on the migratory behaviour of Eurema in Australia,

including E. alitha.

Given the specimen records available, it is likely E. alitha is either

uncommon or not normally present in southeastern Queensland. Despite

extensive collecting on the Sunshine Coast between 1992 and 2005, I did not

observe specimens of E. alitha other than those discussed here. Dunn (2007)

concluded that E. alitha is best considered a vagrant in southeastern

Queensland, based on targeted collecting. However, the possibility remains

that the similarity between E. alitha and E. hecabe hecabe continues to cause

the presence of E. alitha in this region to be overlooked. Further records are

needed to determine the resident status of E. alitha in this area.

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to Brian Clarke for his company in the field, to Fabian Douglas,

Kelvyn Dunn and Geoff Waite for access to literature, and to Albert Orr and

Michael Braby for helpful discussions and permission to reference their

unpublished observations. Albert Orr also reviewed drafts of this manuscript.

References

BRABY, M.F. 1997. Occurrence of Eurema alitha (C. & R. Felder) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in

Australia and its distinction from E. hecabe (Linnaeus). Australian Journal of Entomology

36:153-157.

BRABY, M.F. 2000. The butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution.

CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood; xx + 976 pp.

BUREAU OF METEOROLOGY, 2014. Monthly rainfall, Sunshine Coast Airport. (Accessed 28

February 2014). Available at: Attp://www.bom.gov.aw/jsp/ncc/cdio/weatherData/av?p nccObs

Code-139&p display type-dataFile&p stn num—040861

DUNN, K.L. 2007. An extension to the known distribution of Eurema alitha (C. Felder & R.

Felder) into south-eastern Queensland (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Victorian Entomologist 37(4): 58-

61.

JONES, RE. 1999, The grass yellows, Eurema species (Pieridae). In: Kitching, R.L.,

Scheermeyer, E., Jones, R.E. and Pierce, N.E. (eds), Biology of Australian butterflies.

18 Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1)

Monographs on Australian Lepidoptera. Volume 6. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne: xvi + 395

pp, 16 pls.

PLANTNET, 2014. Glycine tabacina. Flora of New South Wales online. (Accessed 28 February

2014). Available at: Attp:/plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.awcgi-bin/nswfl.pl?page-nswfl&lvl—

sp&name=glycine~tabacina

YATA, O. 1989. A revision of the Old World species of the genus Eurema Hübner (Lepidoptera:

Pieridae). Bulletin of the Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History 9: 1-103.

Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1): 19-24 19

SEXUAL MORPHS OF APHIS ACAENOVINAE EASTOP, 1961

(HEMIPTERA: APHIDIDAE: APHIDINA E)

DINAH F. HALES!, ROBERT G. FOOTTIT? and ERIC MAW?

! Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia (E-mail

dfhales@hotmail.com [corresponding author]),

?Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Eastern Cereal and

Oilseed Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 960 Carling Ave, Ottawa, Ontario

KIA 0C6, Canada (E-mails Robert.Foottit@AGR.GC.CA, Eric. Maw@AGR.GC.CA)

Abstract

The previously unknown sexual morphs of the Australian aphid Aphis acaenovinae Eastop, 1961

are described from specimens collected on Geum urbanum (Rosaceae). The species is

monoecious, producing wingless males and oviparae on its summer host.

Introduction

Aphis acaenovinae Eastop occurs only in Australia, on Acaena ovina (Eastop

1961), Acaena anserovina and Geum urbanum (all Rosaceae), and has been

collected from all these during summer (Hales 2008). It is one of only four

described species of indigenous Aphidinae and, like the others, is placed in

the tribe Aphidini.

Barcode evidence based on cytochrome oxidase 1 (Genbank accession

EU201295) (Foottit et a/. 2008) links A. acaenovinae with the recently

described Aphis carverae Hales, Foottit & Maw (in press) and to Casimira

canberrae (Eastop), both known only from Australia (Teulon ef al. 2013). No

barcode sequence is available for the fourth Australian species, A. platylobii

Carver & White. The Aphidini of Australia and New Zealand are highly

unusual and have been proposed as possibly ancestral to the much more

numerous and often economically important species of this tribe in the

Northern Hemisphere (Eastop 2001, von Dohlen and Teulon 2003), although

more data are needed before this hypothesis can be tested against the

alternative, preferred by Eastop, that Australasian aphidines represent an

outpost of a group originating in the north.

Aphids exhibit a range of complex annual cycles. Holocycly is the condition

of having a complete annual cycle including parthenogenetic generations,

sexual forms and eggs. A holocyclic monoecious species, after multiple

parthenogenetically produced generations, remains on its summer host to

produce males and mating females (oviparae), which lay eggs on the same

host, the eggs being the only overwintering stage of the life cycle. Other

possible annual cycles for aphids include continuous parthenogenesis

(anholocycly) and holocyclic heteroecy. The latter is characterised by the use

of separate hosts, whereby eggs are laid by mating females in autumn on one

host, usually woody, and spring parthenogenetic generations arising from the

eggs migrate to summer host plants, where they reproduce

parthenogenetically, before returning to the winter host in autumn.

20 Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1)

Figs 1-2. Aphis acaenovinae: (1) male; (2) ovipara. Scale bars = 200 um.

Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1) 21

The annual cycle of A. acaenovinae has not been described previously and

the sexual morphs were unknown. Males and oviparae were collected from

G. urbanum in April 2008 at Thredbo, in the alpine region of New South

Wales, and are described below.

Abbreviations: A 1-6 = Antennal segments 1-6; Ab 1-8 = Abdominal

segments 1-8; ht2 = Second segment of hind tarsus; URS = Rostral segments

iv+v (‘ultimate rostral segment’); pt = Processus terminalis.

Units: Micrometres are used for measurements of setae and tubercles and

millimetres for all other measurements.

Aphis acaenovinae Eastop, 1961

Male (Fig. 1).

Described from 5 specimens collected ex Geum urbanum at Thredbo NSW

(coordinates -36.505 and 148.308, altitude 1380 m above sea level) 17.1v.08

by DFH.

Colour in fresh material. Dark green; genitalia and cauda black; brownish

around siphunculi; eyes dark brown. Siphunculi, legs, A3 light brown; legs

darker at femoro-tibial articulation, tarsi and distal ends of tibiae. Antennae

darker from mid-A3 to end of antenna. Distal part of rostral segment iii and

URS black.

Pigmentation of specimens preserved in 80% ethanol. Head, antennae,

genitalia, anal plate, URS, siphunculi, cauda and legs pigmented. A3, A4,

femora and tibiae darker distally. Thoracic pleura pigmented. Spiracular

plates pigmented. A few small dark markings on dorsal surface of thorax.

Sternite 8 and genitalia black.

Measurements. Body length from frons to tip of anal plate 1.2-1.3 mm. Frons

appears flat in mounted specimens. Length of antennae 0.9-1.0 mm.

Antennae 0.72-0.83 times body length. A3 0.21-0.23 mm, basal diameter A3

0.014-0.018 mm, A4 0.15-0.17 mm, A5 0.16-0.17 mm, base of A6 0.10-0.11

mm, pt of A6 0.18-0.21 mm, pt/base 1.75-2.05. Longest seta on A3 10-12

um. Secondary rhinaria distribution: A3 6-8, A4 3-7, A5 1-4. Dorsal cephalic

setae 8-12 um. URS length 0.12-0.126 mm, basal width 0.05-0.064 mm;

single pair of secondary setae. Prothoracic tubercles 20- 36 um in height and

20-36 um in width. Tubercles on Abl 18-28 um in height and 18-30 um in

width. Tubercles on Ab 7 26-30 um in height and 22-30 um in width. Hind

tibia 0.6-0.63 mm, ht2 0.086-0.096 mm, URS/ht2 1.3-1.4. Hind trochanto-

femoral joint diameter 0.04-0.05 mm. Seta on hind trochanter 26-38 um,

dorsal seta on hind femur 12-18 um, ventral seta on hind femur 24-28 um.

Distal setae on hind tibia 28 -38 um; setae at mid-length of hind tibia 30-40

um. Siphunculi: length 0.23-0.38 mm, siphunculi 0.19-0.23 times body

length, mid-width 0.022-0.026 mm, basal width 0.038-0.056 mm, apical

width 0.024-0.028 mm, base/apex 1.46-2.33. Cauda slightly constricted about

22 Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1)

40% of its length from the base. Cauda length 0.14-0.15 mm, basal width

0.094-0.106 mm (n=2), siphunculus/cauda 1.67-1.94, 5-7 setae on cauda. 2-4

setae on 8" abdominal tergite 10-14 um in length, setae on Ab 3 6-10 um.

Anal plate with 12 setae to 36 um.

Genitalia. Claspers each with > 20 setae. Aedeagus not everted in available

specimens.

Two further specimens were subsequently reared following a week on cut

samples of the host plant. These were smaller (body length to tip of anal

plate: 0.9-1.0 mm) than those developing in the field and their measurements

are not included in the description above, although most other measurements

and ratios fell within the range of those from larger specimens.

Ovipara (Fig. 2).

Described from 12 specimens collected ex Geum urbanum, Thredbo NSW

17.1v.08 by DFH.

Colour in fresh material. As for male but slightly lighter dull green. Genital

plate bilobed and slightly pigmented on the sides. Ventral surface dirty fawn

to green.

Pigmentation of macerated specimens. Head, antennae, cauda, anal plate,

URS, siphunculi, cauda and legs pigmented although generally less so than in

male. A3, A4, femora, tibiae, siphunculi darker distally. Spiracular plates

pigmented. Without small dark markings on dorsal surface of thorax. Genital

plate with dark area on each side.

Measurements. Body length from frons to tip of anal plate 1.60-1.86 mm.

Antennal tubercles small with a short outward-facing seta on dorsal surface

of each, frons sinuate with a small protuberance on each side of midline, a

pair of anterior dorsal setae and a slightly more ventral inward-pointing pair

whose bases are inset lateral to the median protuberances. Dorsal cephalic

seta 8-12 um. Antennae 6-segmented, segments 1-2 smooth, 3-6 imbricated.

Length of antennae 0.90-1.02 mm. Antennae 0.48-0.61 times body length. A3

0.20-0.23 mm, basal diameter A3 0.016-0.020 mm, A4 0.13-0.15 mm, A5

0.14-0.17 mm, base of A6 0.10-0.11 mm, pt of A6 0.18-0.23 mm, pt/base

1.75-2.05. Longest seta on A3 10-14 um. Secondary rhinaria nil. URS length

0.136-0.148 mm, basal width 0.054-0.066 mm. One pair of secondary setae

20-28 um long. Prothoracic tubercles 26-36 um in height. Marginal tubercles

also on Abl (20-32 um in height, 20-40 in width) and 7 (26-40 um in height,

20-30 um in width). Hind tibia 0.63-0.68 mm, ht2 0.10-0.11 mm, URS/ht2

1.3-1.45. Hind trochanto-femoral joint diameter 0.046-0.054 mm. Seta on

hind trochanter 26-40 um, dorsal seta on hind femur 12-20 um, ventral seta

22-36 um. Distal setae on hind tibia 34-48 um; setae from mid-length of hind

tibia 34-42 um. Scent plaques on hind tibiae 11-49. Hind tibiae not markedly

swollen, ratio of mid-length width to distal width 1-1.4. First tarsal segment

Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1) 23

chaetotaxy 332. Siphunculi: length 0.32-0.38 mm, 0.19-0.23 times body

length, mid-width 0.028-0.036 mm, basal width 0.05-0.08 mm, apical width

0.03-0.038 mm, base/apex 1.67-2.50. Cauda constricted about 4/10 of the

distance from the base. Cauda length 0.18-0.23 mm, basal width 0.078-0.116

mm, siphunculus/cauda 1.69-1.96, 5-8 setae on cauda. 2-4 setae on gu

abdominal tergite, setae on abdominal tergite 3 8-10 um.

Genitalia. Gonapophyses 4, lateral gonapophyses large with 6 setae, medial

smaller with 3-4 setae. Genital plate with 10-16 setae on general surface plus

14-27 marginal setae.

Siphunculi, cauda, anal and genital plate imbricated.

As with the males, additional specimens (n = 3) were reared from cut samples

of G. urbanum but measurements are not included above. Body length (1.12-

1.44 mm) was smaller than in field-grown individuals. Most other

measurements and ratios fell within the ranges given above.

Eggs

Light orange when seen through ovipara body wall and when first laid; of

typical aphidine elongate-ovoid shape. Eggs are laid on leaves, stipules and

stems of Geum and turn black after laying.

Depositories

Specimens are deposited in the Australian National Insect Collection,

Canberra, the Natural History Museum, London and the Canadian National

Collection of Insects, Ottawa.

Discussion

The discovery of wingless males, oviparae and eggs on a summer host, G.

urbanum, clearly demonstrates that Aphis acaenovinae is holocyclic and

monoecious on a herbaceous host. We have not observed sexual morphs on

Acaena spp, which were presumably the original native host, but the same

cycle most likely also applies. Both Geum and Acaena are perennial herbs in

the family Rosaceae, Geum urbanum being of northern hemisphere origin

and introduced to Australia, while Acaena species have a predominantly

southern distribution. A native species of Geum, G. talbotianum WM Curtis,

is endemic to Tasmania (Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and

Environment, Threatened Species 2014) and would be a possible host of A.

acaenovinae.

The Argentinian Acaena-feeding species Aphis acaenaevora is also

holocyclic and monoecious (Mier Durante and Ortego 1998), as are the

Australian A. carverae and C. canberrae from Epilobium (Hales et al. in

press). The annual cycles of New Zealand aphidines are not known. Kim et

al. (2011) examined a wide range of Aphis and related genera but were not

able to conclude which type of annual cycle was ancestral: monoecy on trees,

24 Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1)

heteroecy, or monoecy on grasses. Data so far available and those presented

here indicate a Gondwanan group of holocyclic monoecious species, but

more information is needed on the annual cycles of other austral indigenous

aphidines.

Acknowledgements

DFH thanks Macquarie University for continuing access to facilities and

Debra Birch for photography. Specimens were collected under Scientific

Licence SL 100302 issued by the New South Wales Department of

Environment and Heritage.

References

DEPARTMENT of PRIMARY INDUSTRIES, PARKS, WATER and ENVIRONMENT. 2014.

Threatened species [Accessed 4 June 2014]. Available from URL: Attp://dpipwe.tas.gov.au/

conservation/threatened-species)

EASTOP, V.F. 1961. Two new Aphis species (Hem. Aphididae) from Australia. Entomologist’s

Monthly Magazine 96: 173-176.

EASTOP, V.F. 2001. A new native Paradoxaphis Sunde (Hemiptera: Aphididae) from New

Zealand. New Zealand Entomologist 24: 11-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00779962.2001.

9722077

FOOTTIT, R.G., MAW, H.E.L., von DOHLEN, C.D. and HEBERT, P.D.N. 2008. Species

identification of aphids (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphididae) through DNA barcodes. Molecular

Ecology Resources 8(6): 1189-1201.

HALES, D.F. 2008. Biological observations on the Australian endemic aphid Aphis acaenovinae

Eastop, including new host-plant records (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Australian Entomologist 35:

93-95.

HALES, D.F., FOOTTIT, R.G. and MAW, E. In press. Endemic aphids Aphis carverae sp. nov.

and Casimira canberrae (Eastop, (1961) on Epilobium (Onagraceae) threatened by introduced

Aphis oenotherae Oestlund, 1887 (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Aphidinae). Austral Entomology.

KIM, H., LEE, S. and JANG, Y. 2011. Macroevolutionary patterns in the Aphidini aphids

(Hemiptera: Aphididae): diversification, host association, and biogeographic origins. Public

Library of Science ONE 6(9): e24749. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024749

MIER DURANTE, MP. and ORTEGO, J. 1998. Une nouvelle espèce d'Aphis, inféodée au

genre Acaena en Argentine [Hemiptera, Aphididae; Rosaceae]. Revue francaise d'Entomologie

(N.S.) 20: 121-126.

TEULON, D.A.J., STUFKENS, M.A.W., DRAYTON, G.M., MAW, H.E.L., SCOTT, LA.W,

BULMAN, S.R., CARVER, M., VON DOHLEN, C.D., EASTOP, V.F. and FOOTTIT R.G.

2013 Native aphids of New Zealand—diversity and host associations. Zootaxa 3647 (4): 501-

517.

VON DOHLEN, C.D. and TEULON, D.A.J. 2003. Phylogeny and historical biogeography of

New Zealand indigenous Aphidini aphids (Hemiptera, Aphididae): an hypothesis. Annals of the

Entomological Society of America 96(3): 107-116.

Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1): 25-28 25

A NEW SPECIES OF EUPHRANTA LOEW (DIPTERA:

TEPHRITIDAE: ADRAMINI) FROM SULAWESI

DAVID L. HANCOCK! and DANIEL WHITMORE?

!8/3 McPherson Close, Edge Hill, Cairns, Old 4870

?Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, United Kingdom

Abstract

Euphranta wallacei sp. n. is described from Sulawesi, Indonesia and placed in the basalis

species group. It is the first record of the genus Euphranta Loew from that island.

Introduction

The trypetine genus Euphranta Loew is widespread in the Oriental and

Australasian regions, with two species reaching Europe and two occurring in

North America. Some 108 species are currently known (Hancock and Drew

2004, David et al. 2013, David and Singh 2015), most of which breed in fruit

and all but a few having only a single known host. Twenty-three species have

been recorded previously from Indonesia (Hardy 1983, Hancock and Drew

2004, David et al. 2013) but, surprisingly, none from Sulawesi. Recent

examination of unsorted material in the Natural History Museum, London

(BMNH) revealed the first record of Euphranta from Sulawesi. The specimen

proved to belong to a new species, which is described below.

Euphranta wallacei sp. n.

(Figs 1-5)

Type. Holotype 9, INDONESIA: Sulawesi, Dumoga-Bone National Park, Tangkoko,

sweeping, 2.x1.1985 / Project Wallace, BM 1985-10 (Fig. 3) (in BMNH).

Description. Female (Figs 1-2). Length of body (excluding oviscape) 7.1

mm, of wing 6.7 mm. Head slightly higher than long; antennae dark yellow,

shorter than face, third segment apically rounded, arista plumose; face pale

creamy yellow, unspotted; frons pale yellow laterally, blackish brown

posteromedially, pale brown anteromedially; occiput largely blackish brown.

Setae black: 2 pairs frontals, widely spaced; 1 pair orbitals, closer to upper

frontals than to verticals; ocellars absent; genal present.

Thorax mostly red-brown; scutum paler medially and with pale yellowish

white markings as follows: postpronotal lobes, along suture from and

including notopleural calli and a large prescutellar patch; propleura below

postpronotal lobe and narrow dorsal band on anepisternum yellowish white;

scutellum red-brown with lateral and posterior margins yellowish white.

Setae black: 1 postpronotal, 2 notopleurals, 1 supra-alar, 1 postalar, 1 infra-

alar, dorsocentrals just anterior to line of postalars, presutural and prescutellar

acrostichals absent, 1 anepisternal, 1 anepimeral, 1 katepisternal; 2 pairs

scutellars. Legs mostly yellowish white; femora with brown to red-brown

medial bands; fore tibiae pale greyish brown; mid and hind tibiae dark brown

to red-brown with paler apices; mid tibia with an apical black spine.

26 Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1)

Figs 1-2. Euphranta wallacei sp. n., habitus of holotype female: (1) dorsal view; (2)

lateral view. © Natural History Museum, London.

Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1) 27

PROJECT WALLACE

BM 1985-10

3 BMNH(E) 1238967

p o — > (|

0.5 mm

LL

a “ai, m^.

Figs 3-5. Euphranta wallacei sp. n., holotype female: (3) labels; (4) head, frontal

view; (5) head, lateral view. O Natural History Museum, London.

28 Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1)

Wing (Figs 1-2) hyaline with brown transverse markings as follows: from

costa enclosing entire length of pterostigma and crossing R-M crossvein into

but not crossing cell dm; broadly from costa and apical half of cell rı to

posterior margin of wing in cell m and apex of cell cua;, leaving hyaline

medial bands in cells rı and m, the latter extending just across vein M into

cell r4.5; wing apex broadly hyaline from apex of cell rı to apex of cell m,

broadest in cells 143 and r4+s. Pterostigma a little more than half length of cell

c; veins R; and R4 setulose; R-M crossvein placed below apex of

pterostigma, near middle of cell dm; cell bcu apically acute.

Abdomen elongate, broadest at tergite III; blackish brown except tergite II

with a yellow anteromedial patch and tergite III with a yellow, longitudinal

medial stripe. Oviscape yellowish on basal third, dark on apical two-thirds; a

little shorter than tergites IV-VI combined; aculeus not exposed.

Etymology. This species, like the expedition on which the holotype was

collected, is named after Alfred Russell Wallace.

Distribution. Known only from the type locality in northeastern Sulawesi.

Discussion

Euphranta wallacei 1s referable to the basalis group as defined by Hancock

and Drew (2004); it differs from all other species in the group in details of the

leg, thoracic and wing patterns, particularly the very large hyaline apex of the

wing. The basalis group is known from the Philippines and Borneo to

Australia and the Solomon Islands, E. wallacei being the first known

representative from Sulawesi. No host plants have been recorded for any

member of the group.

References

DAVID, K.J. and SINGH, S.K. 2015. Two new species of Euphranta Loew (Diptera:

Tephritidae: Trypetinae) and an updated key for the species from India. Zootaxa 3914(1): 64-70.

DAVID, K.J., HANCOCK, D.L., FREIDBERG, A. and GOODGER, K.F.M. 2013. New species

and records of Euphranta Loew and other Adramini (Diptera: Tephritidae) from south and

southeast Asia. Zootaxa 3635(4): 439-458.

HANCOCK, D.L. and DREW, R.A.I. 2004. Notes on the genus Euphranta Loew (Diptera:

Tephritidae), with description of four new species. Australian Entomologist 31(4): 151-168.

HARDY, D.E. 1983. The fruit flies of the tribe Euphrantini of Indonesia, New Guinea, and

adjacent islands (Tephritidae: Diptera). /nternational Journal of Entomology 25: 152-205.

Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1): 29-34 29

AN ANNOTATED LIST OF HAWKMOTHS AND BUTTERFLIES

(LEPIDOPTERA) FROM HAMMOND ISLAND, TORRES STRAIT

D.A. LANE! and M.S. MOULDS?

'3 Janda St, Atherton, Old 4883 (Email: d.l.lane@bigpond.net.au)

?Entomology Department, Australian Museum, 6 College St, Sydney, NSW 2010

(Email: msmoulds@gmail.com)

Abstract

During a visit to Hammond Island, Torres Strait, between 22 March and 4 April 2014, records

were kept of adult butterflies and hawkmoths taken, observed or identified from the presence of

their early stages. The list of hawkmoths totals 25 species. An additional hawkmoth species is

included from records of a 1987 trip to Hammond Island by R.B. Lachlan, bringing the total to

26 species. The list of butterflies totals 49 species, comprising 7 of Papilionidae, 4 of Pieridae,

16 of Nymphalidae, 14 of Lycaenidae and 8 of Hesperiidae.

Introduction

Hammond Island lies in the southern part of Torres Strait immediately to the

north-west of Thursday Island, which is the administrative centre of the

Torres Strait islands. Hammond is a hilly continental island, with the highest

point known locally as Command Post Hill at 143 m. It is 6.5 km long and

reaches a maximum width of 3.5 km. Much of the island retains its original

vegetation, a mixture of rainforest, open sclerophyll forest, some grassland

and clusters of fringing mangroves. The rainforest is mostly confined to

rocky hills that are made up of numerous large volcanic rocks. Very little

appears to have been published on the insect fauna of Hammond Island.

We collected hawkmoths on the island at ultraviolet lights between 22 March

and 4 April 2014, near the Catholic Church. The lights were run from dusk to

dawn and checked for moths three to four times nightly, including pre dawn.

During the day, considerable time was spent searching for eggs and larvae,

but mostly without success. The only eggs or larvae found were those of

Macroglossum hirundo errans (Walker) and Daphnis moorei (W.J. Macleay).

Hawkmoths have been collected previously on Hammond Island by R.B.

Lachlan in January 1987 (R.B. Lachlan pers. comm.). He took only one

species not recorded by us: Macroglossum rectans Rothschild & Jordan.

Other species he collected are marked by an asterisk in Table 1 below.

During this trip, a checklist of the butterflies taken or observed, or identified

from their early stages, was also compiled, with a total of 48 species

recorded. The timing of this visit coincided with the very end of the wet

season and hence was not deemed to be the most productive time to fully

document the local butterfly fauna.

Hermann Elgner visited the island on 31 March 1910 (Moulds 1977), when

apparently he took just one species, Neopithecops zalmora lucifer (Röber)

(now N. lucifer heria (Fruhstorfer)). This was subsequently recorded by

Waterhouse and Lyell (1914). There appear to be no other published records.

30 Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1)

Table 1. List of hawkmoths and butterflies recorded from Hammond Island, Torres

Strait, Queensland. Nomenclature of hawkmoths follows Kitching and Cadiou (2000)

except where indicated. Nomenclature of butterflies follows Braby (2000) or Page and

Treadaway (2013). * = also recorded by R.B. Lachlan in January 1987.

Species list

Comments

HAWKMOTHS

Subfamily SPHINGINAE Latreille, [1802]

Tribe Acherontiini Boisduval, [1875]

Agrius convolvuli (Linnaeus, 1758)

Common

Tribe Sphingini Latreille, [1802]

Cerbernoton rubescens severina (Miskin,

1891)

Psilogramma nebulosa (Butler, 1876)*

Psilogramma papuensis Brechlin, 2001 *

Infrequent. Meganoton rubescens

severina was recently transferred to

genus Cerbernoton by Zolotuhin

and Ryabov (2012)

Common

Infrequent

Subfamily MACROGLOSSINAE Harris, 1839

Tribe Macroglossini Harris, 1839

Acosmeryx nr anceus (Herrich-Scháffer,

[1869])*

Acosmeryx miskinii (Murray, 1873)

Daphnis moorei (W.J. Macleay, 1866)

Daphnis placida placida (Walker, 1856)*

Gnathothlibus eras (Boisduval, 1832) *

Macroglossum hirundo errans (Walker, 1856)

Macroglossum micacea micacea (Walker,

1856)

Macroglossum prometheus lineata (T.P. Lucas,

1891)

Macroglossum rectans Rothschild & Jordan,

1903*

Nephele hespera (Fabricius, 1775)

Nephele subvaria (Walker, 1856)

Common. Status subject to revision

by Moulds, Tuttle and Lane, in

prep.

Scarce

Infrequent. D. hypothous moorei

was recently raised to species status

by Eitschberger and Melichar

(2010)

Frequent

Common

Common. Eggs and larvae found

on Pogonolobus (— Coelospermum)

reticulatus

Infrequent

Infrequent

Infrequent. Taken only by R.B.

Lachlan in January, 1987

Scarce

Infrequent

Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1) 31

Species list Comments

Tribe Dilophonotini Burmeister, 1878

Hippotion boerhaviae (Fabricius, 1775) Frequent

Hippotion brennus (Stoll, 1782)* Infrequent

Hippotion rosetta (Swinhoe, 1892)* Frequent

Hippotion velox (Fabricius, 1793) Infrequent

Theretra celata celata (Butler, 1877) Infrequent

Theretra indistincta indistincta (Butler, 1877)* ^ Infrequent

Theretra inornata (Walker, [1865]) Frequent

Theretra latreillii latreillii (W.S. Macleay, Common

1826)*

Theretra oldenlandiae oldenlandiae (Fabricius, Infrequent

1775)*

Theretra silhetensis intersecta (Butler, Common

[1876])*

Theretra tryoni (Miskin, 1891) Infrequent

BUTTERFLIES

Family PAPILIONIDAE

Graphium choredon (C. & R. Felder) Reasonably abundant; adults often

encountered drinking moisture

from ground puddles

Graphium macfarlanei macfarlanei (Butler) Two adults observed

Papilio aegeus aegeus Donovan Common, widespread

Papilio fuscus indicatus Butler Often observed feeding on flowers

of Bougainvillea

Cressida cressida cressida (Fabricus) Common, widespread

Pachliopta polydorus queenslandicus Common, widespread

(Rothschild)

Ornithoptera priamus poseidon (Doubleday) Several observed

Family PIERIDAE

Catopsilia pomona (Fabricus) Adults common; eggs and larvae

observed on Cassia sp.

Eurema herla (W.S. Macleay) Common in open grassland

Eurema hecabe hecabe (Linnaeus) Common in open grassland

Elodina queenslandica queenslandica De Baar Limited to areas adjacent to its

& Hancock Capparis food plant

32

Species list

Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1)

Comments

Family NYMPHALIDAE

Mycalesis terminus terminus (Fabricus)

Mycalesis perseus perseus (Fabricus)

Ypthima arctous arctous (Fabricus)

Melanitis leda bankia (Fabricus)

Pantoporia consimilis consimilis (Boisduval)

Phaedyma shepherdi shepherdi (Moore)

Doleschallia bisaltide australis C. & R. Felder

Hypolimnas alimena lamina Fruhstorfer

Hypolimnas bolina nerina (Fabricus)

Yoma sabina parva (Butler)

Junonia orithya albicincta Butler

Junonia villida calybe (Godart)

Junonia hedonia zelima (Fabricus)

Danaus chrysippus petilia (Stoll)

Danaus affinis affinis (Fabricus)

Euploea core corinna (W.S. Macleay)

Common, widespread

Common, widespread

Several observed

Common, widespread

Common along rainforest margins

Common along rainforest margins

Common along rainforest margins;

also adults feeding on Eucalyptus

blossom

Common along rainforest margins

Common, widespread

Common along rainforest margins

Common, widespread

Common, widespread

Common, widespread

Common, widespread

Common, widespread

Common

Family LYCAENIDAE

Hypochrysops narcissus sabirius (Fruhstorfer)

Hypochrysops apelles apelles (Fabricus)

Arhopala centaurus centaurus (Fabricus)

Arhopala madytus Fruhstorfer

Arhopala micale amytis (Hewitson)

Hypolycaena phorbas phorbas (Fabricus)

Rapala varuna simsoni (Miskin)

Anthene seltuttus affinis (Waterhouse & R.E.

Turner)

Anthene lycaenoides godeffroyi (Semper)

Candalides erinus erinus (Fabricus)

Common along mangrove/rain-

forest interface margins

Common along mangrove margins

Common along rainforest margins

Locally common

Common, widespread

Common, widespread

Several observed

Locally common

Several observed

Common, widespread

Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1) 33

Species list Comments

Psychonotis caelius taygetus (C. & R. Felder) Common, widespread

Neopithecops lucifer heria (Fruhstorfer) Collected once by H. Elgner in

March, 1910

Euchrysops cnejus cnidus Waterhouse & Lyell Common in open grassland

Famegana alsulus alsulus (Herrich-Schaffer) Several observed

Family HESPERIIDAE

Badamia exclamationis (Fabricus) Common along rainforest margins

Hasora hurama hurama (Butler) Larval shelters observed on Derris

trifoliata; no adults sighted

Hasora chromus chromus (Cramer) Several observed

Toxidia thyrrhus Mabille Infrequently observed

Suniana sunias rectivitta (Mabille) Common, widespread

Telicota augias (Linnaeus) Common along rainforest margins

Pelopidas lyelli lyelli (Rothschild) Common, widespread

Pelopidas agna dingo Evans Common, widespread

Acknowledgements

We sincerely thank several people for their generous assistance in giving us

permission to visit Hammond Island and for welcoming us into their

community. In particular, we wish to thank Rita Dorante who made much of

this trip possible and Brian Arndt for their kind assistance during our visit.

We are most grateful also to Councillor Mario Sabatino and his wife Sharon

for much assistance and providing permission to visit and conduct our

research on Hammond Island. To all the residents of Hammond Island, we

thank you for making us so welcome. We also wish to thank Robert Lachlan

for generously providing his hawkmoth records.

References

BRABY, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia, Their Identification, biology and distribution.

CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood; xx + 976 pp.

EITSCHBERGER, U. and MELICHAR, T. 2010. Die taxa der gattung Daphnis Hübner, 1819,

die neugliederung der unterarten von Daphnis hypothous (Cramer, 1780) mit neuer

unterartbeschreibung und der neotypusdesignation von Sphinx hypothous Cramer, 1780

(Lepidoptera, Sphingidae). European Entomologist 2: 49-91.

KITCHING, LJ. and CADIOU, J-M. 2000. Hawk moths of the World: an annotated and

illustrated revisionary checklist (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae). Natural History Museum, London

and Cornel University Press, Ithaca; 1-viii + 1-227pp, pls 1-8.

MOULDS, M.S. 1977. Bibliography of the Australian butterflies. Australian Entomological

Press, Greenwich; 239 pp.

34 Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1)

PAGE, M.G.P. and TREADAWAY, C.G. 2013. Speciation in Graphium sarpedon (Linnaeus)

and allies (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera: Papilionidae). Stuttgarter Beitrdge zur Naturkunde A,

Neue Serie 6: 223-246.

WATERHOUSE, G.A. and LYELL, G. 1914. The butterflies of Australia. A monograph of the

Australian Rhopalocera. Angus and Robertson, Sydney; vi + 239 pp, 43 pls.

ZOLOTUHIN, V.V. and RYABOV, S.A. 2012. The hawkmoths of Vietnam. Korporatsiya

Tekhnologiy Prodvizheniya, Ulyanovsk; 239 pp. [In Russian with English summary ].

Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1): 35-37 35

FURTHER RECORDS OF DELIAS LARA (BOISDUVAL, 1836)

(LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE) FROM AUSTRALIA

C.G. MILLER' and S.J. JOHNSON'

'PO Box 336, Lennox Head, NSW 2478 (Email: cgrantmiller@bigpond.com)

"Deceased

Abstract

New records of Delias lara (Boisduval, 1836) from the Torres Strait, northern Queensland, are

presented and the species is confirmed as resident within Australian limits on Moa Island.

Introduction

Davenport and van Mastrigt (2008), in their revision of Delias mysis

(Fabricius, 1775), designated Delias mysis onca (Fruhstorfer, 1910) as a

synonym of Delias lara (Boisduval, 1836). It is one of four similarly

patterned taxa recorded from Australia, including typical D. mysis mysis in

eastern Queensland, D. aestiva aestiva Butler, 1897 in the Northern Territory

and D. aestiva smithersi Daniels, 2012 from Karumba to Weipa on the Gulf

of Carpentaria (Braby 2012, Daniels 2012, Braby 2014).

Figs 1-4. Delias lara adults from Moa Island, Torres Strait: (1) male upperside; (2)

male underside; (3) female upperside; (4) female underside. All in CGM collection.

36 Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1)

Discussion

Within Australian limits, D. /ara was known previously from only three

specimens. One male and one female were collected by the missionary J.W.

Schomberg on Moa (= Banks) Island; the specimens are undated but would

have been collected between 1921 and 1936, the period in which he was

resident on the island (Schomberg 2008). Lachlan (1988) collected a second

female, on Dauan Island, in January 1987.

Braby (2012) gave a detailed discussion of the relationship between Delias

aestiva, D. mysis and D. lara but, because he saw only the three specimens of

D. lara mentioned above, he concluded: ‘It remains to be established whether

the species is established (resident) in the northern and central Torres Strait

islands or whether the few specimens represent vagrants that have dispersed

south from Papua New Guinea’.

The present authors are aware of eight further specimens of D. lara from

Australia: 2 Jo, 1 ©, labelled ‘Eet Hill, Moa Is., Torres Strait, Old, 9 July

1977, C.G. Miller’ (in C.G. Miller collection); 3 G4, ‘Eet Hill vicinity, Moa

Is., Torres Strait, Old, 9-13 July 1977, G. Monteith and D. Cook’ (in

Queensland Museum, Brisbane); 1 (4, ‘Moa Is, Torres Strait, Old, 2 July

1993, S.J. Johnson' (in Museum of Tropical Queensland, Townsville); 1 9,

*09?25'13.00" S 142?32'05.16"E, Mt Cornwallis, Dauan Is, Torres St, Old, 7-8

Mar 2012, S.J. & I.R. Johnson’ (in Museum of Tropical Queensland).

The July 1977 specimens were collected at the head of Neri Creek (10.161°S,

142.300?E), where it enters the rainforest-filled valley between Eet Hill and

Banks Peak in the NE sector of Moa Island. This site is in the centre of the

island, far from coastal mangroves favoured at other places by the butterfly's

close relatives D. aestiva aestiva and D. a. smithersi (Braby 2012, Daniels

2012). Moa is the largest island (diameter 16 km) in the central Torres Strait

and has the highest mountains (up to 350 m altitude) of all Torres Strait

islands. The rainforest which covers these mountains and valleys is the most

diverse in Torres Strait and benefits from enhanced rainfall generated by the

mountains. These factors all combine to give Moa Island a better potential to

sustain a resident population of D. /ara than enjoyed by any other island in

Torres Strait.

All six specimens collected in July 1977 were in very fresh condition. Several

others were observed flying at the margins of lowland rainforest and settling

frequently. The presence of numerous freshly emerged adults indicates that a

breeding population is established on Moa Island. Moa is 100 km from the

New Guinea mainland so to get a large group of vagrants in good condition

would be very unusual. The resident vs vagrant status of the species on

Dauan Island, which is very small (1.75 km diameter), is only 10 km from the

Papua New Guinea mainland and has little quality rainforest, remains

uncertain.

Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1) 37

For a general account of Moa Island butterflies see Valentine and Johnson

(1993).

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Rosie Alder for the photographs and the staff of the

Queensland Museum for information about specimens in their care.

References

BRABY, M.F. 2012. The taxonomy and ecology of Delias aestiva Butler, 1897 stat. rev.

(Lepidoptera: Pieridae), a unique mangrove specialist of Euphorbiaceae from northern Australia.

Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 107: 697-720, 49 figs.

BRABY, M.F. 2014. Taxonomic status of Delias aestiva smithersi Daniels, 2012 (Lepidoptera:

Pieridae) comb. nov. from the gulf country of northern Australia, with description of the female.

Records of the Australian Museum 66(5): 241-246.

DANIELS, G. 2012. A new subspecies of Delias mysis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) from

the Gulf of Carpentaria, Queensland, Australia. Australian Entomologist 39(4): 273-276.

DAVENPORT, C. and van MASTRIGT, H.J.G. 2008. Revision of Delias mysis (Fabricius,

1775) and closely related species (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Suara Serangga Papua 3: 15-31.

LACHLAN, R.B. 1988. New distribution records for some butterflies and hawk moths from far

northern Queensland. Australian Entomologist 14: 87-88.

SCHOMBERG, N. 2008. Baba Schomberg’s photographs of Mua, 1921-1935. Memoirs of the

Queensland Museum, Cultural Heritage Series 4(2): 207-233.

VALENTINE, P.S and JOHNSON, S.J. 1993. The butterflies of Moa Island, Torres Strait.

Victorian Entomologist 23: 116-121.

38 Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1)

ADDITIONAL RECORDS OF PREDATION ON BUTTERFLIES BY

BREEDING RAINBOWBIRDS (MEROPS ORNATUS: MEROPIDAE)

ALBERT ORR

School of the Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, Old 4111 (Email: agorr@bigpond.com)

This note lists butterfly prey taken during 2013 and 2014 by Rainbowbirds

breeding beside Currimundi Lake, southern Queensland, as previously

documented for 2012 (Orr 2013). In both cases only a single male and female

bird were present, with the female accounting for most prey taken to the nest.

In total, 133 individual butterflies representing 34 species were recorded

photographically. Three prey items were listed as ‘unknown butterfly’ and

are not counted. Among the most noteworthy records are Graphium

macleayanum and Jalmenus evagoras, neither recorded previously in the area

and captured between 50-100 m altitude, where they were invisible to the

human observer. It is likely that these species were engaged in long-distance

dispersal. Belenois java was taken just once, despite being very abundant at

times during both years, suggesting low palatability. In addition to the

butterflies, 25 moths were taken, notably a single Cephonodes hylas and 18

individuals of Spodoptera sp., 17 taken in a single run. As in 2012,

Lepidoptera represented numerically less than 10% of prey taken.

Below are listed the butterfly species with their totals taken during 2013 and

2014 respectively. Included are items eaten by the captor, nuptial gifts and

items fed to nestlings. Species also recorded in 2012 are indicated by an

asterisk. Order of species follows Orr and Kitching (2010). No Vanessa itea

were recorded in 2013 or 2014.

Hasora discolor (0, 1), Hasora khoda (1, 0), "Trapezites symmomus (3, 2), Toxidia

peron (3, 0), Mesodina halyzia (3, 2), "Ocybadistes ?walkeri (1, 0), "Telicota ?colon

(3, 1), "Cephrenes augiades (2, 8), Parnara amalia (1, 0), Protographium leosthenes

(1, 0), “Graphium eurypylus (4, 0), “Graphium choredon [formerly sarpedon] (2, 0),

Graphium macleayanum (1, 2), “Catopsilia pomona (2, 10), Catopsilia pyranthe (1,

0), Eurema hecabe (1, 0), Eurema sp. (3, 0), Pieris rapae (1, 0), Appias paulina (2, 1),

Cepora perimale (0, 1), Belenois java (1, 0), Melanitis leda (1, 0), “Junonia villida (6,

1) “Vanessa itea (0, 0), Vanessa kershawi (18, 4), Hypolimnas bolina (1, 1),

Hypochrysops delicia (3, 0), "Ogyris zosine (2, 5), Jalmenus evagoras (0, 1), Rapala

varuna (2, 2), Deudorix diovis (4, 4), Candalides ?absimilis (3, 0), Candalides

?hyacinthinus (1, 0), " Nacaduba berenice (3, 0), " Theclinesthes miskini (2, 5).

References

ORR, A.G. 2013. Predation on butterflies and other insects by breeding rainbowbirds (Merops

ornatus: Meropidae) in south-east Queensland. Australian Entomologist 40(3): 119-130.

ORR, A. and KITCHING, R. 2010. The butterflies of Australia. Allen & Unwin, Sydney; viii +

328 pp.

Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1): 39-44 39

A NEW SUBGENUS FOR SIX INDO-AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OF

BACTROCERA MACQUART (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE: DACINAE)

AND SUBGENERIC TRANSFER OF FOUR OTHER SPECIES

DAVID L. HANCOCK

8/3 McPherson Close, Edge Hill, Cairns, Old 4870

Abstract

Calodacus subgen. n. is proposed to include six species of Asian and Australasian Bactrocera

Macquart species formerly included in subgenus Gymnodacus Munro, viz: B. (C.) calophylli

(Perkins & May) [type species], B. (C.) continua (Bezzi), B. (C.) hastigerina (Hardy), B. (C.)

kuniyoshii (Shiraki), B. (C.) symplocos Drew & Romig and P. (C.) tillyardi (Perkins). An

additional Papua New Guinea species, B. petila Drew, is transferred from subgenus Gymnodacus

to subgenus Bactrocera, together with three SE Asian species, B digressa Radhakrishnan, B.

Jastigata Tsuruta & White and B. rutengiae Drew & Romig, currently included in the

Afrotropical subgenus Daculus Speiser or its synonym Afrodacus Bezzi.

Introduction

The subgeneric classification of the large fruit fly genus Bactrocera

Macquart has undergone much modification in recent years. Drew (1989) and

Drew and Romig (2013) effectively placed most Australian-Oceanian and

Southeast Asian species into a currently acceptable arrangement, although a

few uncertainties remained. White and Evenhuis (1999) and White (2006)

noted that Indo-Australian species currently included in subgenus

Gymnodacus Munro differed significantly from typical African species,

particularly in the deeper emargination to abdominal sternum V, the presence

of yellow colouration on the anatergite and the short extension to wing cell

bcu. Whereas the Afrotropical subgenera Gymnodacus and Daculus Speiser

(including its synonym Afrodacus Bezzi) are referable to the Melanodacus

group of subgenera (Drew and Hancock 1999), Indo-Australian species

referred to these subgenera are typical of the Bactrocera group of subgenera,

characterised by the combination of a short surstylus lobe and deep

emargination to sternum V. Accordingly, a new subgenus is proposed below

to accommodate six of the Australasian and SE Asian species currently

included in Gymnodacus (Drew 1989, Drew and Romig 2013). The

placement of an additional Papua New Guinea species in Gymnodacus and

three SE Asian species in Daculus and Afrodacus is also reassessed.

Bactrocera (Calodacus) subgen. n.

Type species Asiadacus calophylli Perkins & May, by present designation.

Definition. Posterior lobe of male surstylus short; abdominal sternum V of

male deeply concave on posterior margin; pecten of cilia absent from tergum

III of male; postpronotal setae absent; supra-alar setae present except in B.

continua (Hardy); prescutellar acrostichal setae present except in B.

hastigerina (Hardy); one pair of scutellar setae; wing cell bcu with extension

short; bulla in male wing absent; anatergite and katatergite both largely

yellow; shining spots (ceromata) on abdominal tergum V present.

40 Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1)

Etymology. The name is derived from that of the type-species: calo- plus the

suffix -dacus. Alphabetically, it follows immediately after its presumed

sister-subgenus, Bulladacus Drew & Hancock.

Response to male lures. None known for any of the included species.

Comments. Calodacus appears to be closely related to subgenus Bulladacus,

as noted by White and Evenhuis (1999), with both having comparatively

short antennae, a short extension to wing cell bcu and neither responding to

known lures; it differs in the presence of the abdominal shining spots

(ceromata) on tergum V. Typical Bulladacus also differs in the presence of

the bulla on the male wing and presence of the pecten on abdominal tergum

III, although at least two Papua New Guinea species (B. aceraglans White &

Evenhuis, 1999 and B. sp. near aceraglans White & Evenhuis, 1999) lack

both these characters (White and Evenhuis 1999). However, they also lack

the ceromata and are therefore provisionally retained in the latter subgenus.

Interestingly, B. aceraglans has a patch of long cilia where the male bulla

usually occurs and a Bulladacus-like abdomen, adding further support to their

current placement.

Included species. Six species are referred to subgenus Calodacus: B. (C.)

calophylli (Perkins & May, 1949) from southern Thailand and the Andaman

Islands to Australia, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu; B. (C.) continua (Bezzi,

1919) from the Philippines; B. (C.) hastigerina (Hardy, 1954) from Papua

New Guinea (New Britain) and Solomon Islands (Guadalcanal); B. (C.)

kuniyoshii (Shiraki, 1968) from Japan (Ryukyu Islands); B. (C.) symplocos

Drew & Romig, 2013 from Thailand; and B. (C.) tillyardi (Perkins, 1938 (=

absona Hering, 1941) from Burma and Peninsula Malaysia [all transferred

from subgenus Gymnodacus]. For illustrations and further morphological

details see Drew (1989) and Drew and Romig (2001, 2013).

Host plants. Recorded host plants include Calophyllum inophyllum

(Clusiaceae) [B. calophylli], Spondias cytherea (Anacardiaceae) [B.

hastigerina|, Symplocos cochinchinensis (Symplocaceae), Sapium baccatum

(Euphorbiaceae) and Spondias pinnata (Anacardiaceae) [B. symplocos]

(Drew and Romig 2001, 2013).

Key to species of subgenus Calodacus

] Scutum black without postsutural yellow vittae; postpronotal lobes yellow

with narrow black anterior and inner margins; scutellum with a broad

black basal band; wing with costal band broadly interrupted in cell r; and

narrow dark bands present along R-M and DM-Cu crossveins (Burma and

West Malaysia) .............................. B. (C.) tillyardi (Perkins, 1938)

— Scutum black or pale but with a pair of distinct postsutural lateral yellow

vittae; postpronotal lobes entirely yellow; scutellum with only a narrow

dark basal band; wing with costal band not interrupted in cell r; and

without dark bands along R-M and DM-Cu crossveins ..................... 2

Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1) 41

2 Scutum orange-brown; postpronotal lobes connected to postsutural vittae

by presutural lateral yellow vittae; postsutural lateral yellow vittae

triangular, narrowing posteriorly; anepisternal yellow stripe reaching

postpronotal lobe anteriorly; wing with costal cells bc and c densely

microtrichose (Philippines) .................. B. (C.) continua (Bezzi, 1919)

— Scutum black or red-brown with broad dark markings; presutural lateral

yellow vittae absent; postsutural lateral yellow vittae parallel-sided, not

distinctly narrowing posteriorly; anepisternal yellow stripe not reaching

postpronotal lobe anteriorly; wing with costal cells bc and c densely

microtrichose only in outer half of cell € ..................................... 3

3 Scutum with postsutural lateral yellow vittae narrow and not reaching

intra-alar setae; legs fulvous except fore and hind tibiae pale fuscous .... 4

— Scutum black with postsutural lateral yellow vittae broad and enclosing

intra-alar setae; legs with all tibiae and apices of all femora fuscous to

CAR FUSCOUS Spore Co eid ves a PRA Re ati adu tht ee boa e e 5

4 Scutum red-brown with broad dark markings; costal cells bc and c pale

fuscous; prescutellar setae absent; abdomen with indistinct dark markings

across base of tergum III and narrow fuscous medial vittae on terga III-V

not forming a distinct, continuous stripe (Papua New Guinea: New Britain

and Solomon Islands: Guadalcanal) ..... B. (C.) hastigerina (Hardy, 1954)

— Scutum black; costal cells bc and c with a pale fuscous tint; prescutellar

setae present; abdomen with a distinct black band across base of tergum

III and a distinct black medial vitta on terga III-V (India: Andaman and

Nicobar Islands, southern Thailand: Songkhla, West Malaysia, Singapore,

Australia: NE Queensland, Solomon Islands: Guadalcanal and Vanuatu:

Espiritu Santo) ........................ B. (C.) calophylli (Perkins & May, 1949)

5 Facial spots small and elongate-oval; all femora with broad fuscous

apices; abdominal terga III-V with lateral margins at most indistinctly

darkened and with a broad medial vitta (Japan: Ryukyu Islands) ..........

VU. LEN QURE We CRT: TLE. B. (C.) kuniyoshii (Shiraki, 1968)

— Facial spots large and circular; fore femora with an elongate subapical

fuscous spot; mid and hind femora with narrow fuscous apices;

abdominal terga HI-V with broad black lateral margins and with a narrow

medial vitta (Thailand) ............ B. (C.) symplocos Drew & Romig, 2013

Other Indo-Australian *Gymnodacus' species

The Papua New Guinea species Bactrocera petila Drew, 1989 was originally

placed in subgenus Gymnodacus by Drew (1989) but differs from those

included here in Calodacus in having comparatively longer antennae, an

elongate-oval abdomen and an elongate cell bcu extension coupled with a

broad anal stripe that meets vein CuA, near the apex of cell bm; it also

42 Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1)

responds to cue-lure (Drew 1989). Fitting in neither typical Gymnodacus nor

Calodacus, it is regarded here as an aberrant species of subgenus Bactrocera,

characterised by the lack of the male abdominal pecten on tergum III.

Indo-Australian ‘Daculus’ and ‘Afrodacus’ species

Subgenus Afrodacus was placed as a junior synonym of Daculus by

Copeland ef al. (2004) and restricted to the Afrotropical Region (except for

its type-species B. (D.) oleae (Rossi, 1790), which extends into Europe and

SW Asia). The Indo-Australian species B. brunnea (Perkins & May, 1949),

B. fastigata Tsuruta & White, 2001, B. grandistylus Drew & Hancock, 1995,

B. hypomelaina Drew, 1989, B. jarvisi (Tryon, 1927), B. minuta (Drew,

1971) and B. ochracea Drew, 1989 were all transferred to subgenus

Bactrocera by Copeland ef al. (2004) and this placement was followed for

the Australian species B. brunnea and B. jarvisi by Hancock (2013). The

Indian-Sri Lankan species B. fastigata was retained in ‘Afrodacus’ by Drew

and Romig (2013), who also included, with considerable reservation, two

additional species in subgenus Daculus, viz. B. digressa Radhakrishnan, 1999

(= yercaudiae Drew, 2002: David and Ramani 2011) and B. rutengiae Drew

& Romig, 2013. These three species are regarded here as aberrant species of

subgenus Bactrocera, characterised by the absence of supra-alar (and often

also prescutellar acrostichal) setae.

The 10 subgeneric changes proposed here are listed in Table 1.

Table 1. Subgeneric placement of Indo-Australian Bactrocera species here removed

from subgenera Gymnodacus, Daculus and Afrodacus.

As currently placed Revised placement

Australian-Oceanian taxa !

B. (Gymnodacus) calophylli (Perkins & May) B. (Calodacus) calophylli

B. (Gymnodacus) hastigerina (Hardy) B. (Calodacus) hastigerina

B. (Gymnodacus) petila Drew B. (Bactrocera) petila

SE Asian taxa ?

B. (Afrodacus) fastigata Tsuruta & White B. (Bactrocera) fastigata ?

B. (Daculus) digressa Radhakrishnan B. (Bactrocera) digressa *

B. (Daculus) rutengiae Drew & Romig B. (Bactrocera) rutengiae

B. (Gymnodacus) calophylli (Perkins & May) B. (Calodacus) calophylli

B. (Gymnodacus) continua (Bezzi) B. (Calodacus) continua

B. (Gymnodacus) kuniyoshii (Shiraki) B. (Calodacus) kuniyoshii

B. (Gymnodacus) symplocos Drew & Romig B. (Calodacus) symplocos

B. (Gymnodacus) tillyardi (Perkins) B. (Calodacus) tillyardi

! As treated by Drew (1989). ? As treated by Drew and Romig (2013), with B. (G.)

absona (Hering) included as a synonym of B. tillyardi. ^ As originally proposed by

Copeland et al. (2004). ^ As placed originally and by David and Ramani (2011).

Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1) 43

Bactrocera decurtans and B. murrayi

Two Australian species, B. decurtans (May, 1965) and B. murrayi (Perkins,

1939), would also fit the concept of ‘Daculus’ as used by Drew and Romig

(2013). Provisionally included in subgenus Polistomimetes Enderlein (now

placed as a synonym of subgenus Tetradacus Miyake) by Drew (1989), these

two species were placed in subgenus Bactrocera by Hancock et al. (2000)

and Hancock (2013), as originally suggested by Drew (1989).

Relationships and biogeography of Calodacus species

The six species of Calodacus form two species pairs and two isolated taxa.

The two most easterly occurring species, B. calophylli and B. hastigerina,

share the characters of narrow postsutural lateral yellow vittae that do not

reach the intra-alar setae and pale legs with only the fore- and hind tibiae

darkened. Although B. calophylli is widespread from the Andaman Islands

and southern peninsular Thailand to Australia, the Solomon Islands and

Vanuatu, B. hastigerina appears to be restricted to the Bismarck and Solomon

Islands. The extensive distribution of B. calophylli likely results from its use

of the widespread coastal tree Calophyllum inophyllum as its host.

The two East and Southeast Asian species B. kuniyoshii and B. symplocos

have broad postsutural lateral yellow vittae that enclose the intra-alar setae

and legs with all tibiae and femoral apices darkened. These two species are

allopatric, known from the Ryukyu Islands and Thailand respectively.

The Philippine species B. continua, with its distinctive pre- and postsutural

lateral yellow vittae and broad anepisternal stripe, is known from the islands

of Luzon and Batbatan. The broad postsutural vittae and dark apices to all

femora suggest a relationship with the kuniyoshii-symplocos pair and its

distribution largely supports this association.

The Southeast Asian B. tillyardi, with its distinctive wing and scutellar

patterns and lack of postsutural lateral yellow vittae, is the most westerly

recorded of the species, known from northern Burma and Peninsular

Malaysia. In overall appearance it bears a striking resemblance to the Papua

New Guinea species B. (Trypetidacus) invisitata Drew (which also lacks the

pecten of cilia on abdominal tergum III in males), but that species lacks both

supra-alar and prescutellar setae, has only a narrow basal black band on the

scutellum, the anatergite black, costal band present in wing cell r; and a very

short (rudimentary) cell bcu extension; it also responds to methyl eugenol

(Drew 1989). Bactrocera tillyardi cannot be confidently associated with any

other species, although its distribution also suggests a relationship with the

kuniyoshii-symplocos pair.

On present evidence it 1s not possible to determine a centre of origin for the

subgenus, which could be either Southeast Asia or the Australian Region.

More information on distributions is needed and there is a high probability

that other species await discovery: their lack of response to known lures

44 Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1)

means that they are very poorly represented in collections. However, an

apparent relationship with species in subgenus Bulladacus and possibly also

with B. (Queenslandacus) exigua (May), the only other taxa with a deeply

concave posterior margin to sternum V, short cell bcu extension, anatergite

and katatergite largely yellow and no response to known lures, suggests that

the Australian Region is a likely option.

References

COPELAND, R.S., WHITE, I.M., OKUMU, M., MACHERA, P. and WHARTON, R.A. 2004.

Insects associated with fruits of the Oleaceae (Asteridae, Lamiales) in Kenya, with special

reference to the Tephritidae (Diptera). Bishop Museum Bulletin in Entomology 12: 135-164.

DAVID, K.J. and RAMANI, S. 2011. An illustrated key to the fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)

from peninsular India and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Zootaxa 3021: 1-31.

DREW, R.A.I. 1989. The tropical fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) of the Australasian

and Oceanian Regions. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 26: 1-521.

DREW, R.A.I. and HANCOCK, D.L. 1999. Phylogeny of the tribe Dacini (Dacinae) based on

morphological, distributional, and biological data. Pp 491-504, in: Aluja, M. and Norrbom, A.L.

(eds), Fruit flies (Tephritidae): phylogeny and evolution of behavior. CRC Press, Boca Raton;

xviii + 944 pp.

DREW, R.A.I. and ROMIG, M.C. 2001. The fruit fly fauna (Diptera: Tephritidae: Dacinae) of

Bougainville, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. Australian Journal of Entomology 40: 113-150.

DREW, R.A.I. and ROMIG, M.C. 2013. Tropical fruit flies (Tephritidae: Dacinae) of South-

East Asia. CAB International, Wallingford; 653 pp.

HANCOCK, D.L. 2013. A revised checklist of Australian fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae).

Australian Entomologist 40(4): 219-236.

HANCOCK, D.L., HAMACEK, E.L., LLOYD, A.C. and ELSON-HARRIS, M.M. 2000. The

distribution and host plants of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Australia. Information Series

Q199067, Queensland Department of Primary Industries, Brisbane; iii + 75 pp.

WHITE, I.M. 2006. Taxonomy of the Dacina (Diptera: Tephritidae) of Africa and the Middle

East. African Entomology Memoir 2: [i-v], 1-156, cd-rom.

WHITE, I.M. and EVENHUIS, N.L. 1999. New species and records of Indo-Australasian Dacini

(Diptera: Tephritidae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 47: 487-540.

Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1): 45-51 45

THE LIFE HISTORY OF CANDALIDES INSANEA MULLER, 2013

(LEPIDOPTERA: LYCAENIDAE) AND DESCRIPTION OF THE

FEMALE

CHRIS J. MULLER

Honorary Associate, Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney, NSW 2010. (Address for

correspondence: PO Box 3228, Dural, NSW 2158;Email: chrismuller999@gmail.com)

Abstract

The early stages and adult female of Candalides insanea Miller, from the Bismarck

Archipelago, Papua New Guinea, are described and figured. Corandrium polyanthem (Laut. &

K.Sch.) Mez. (Primulaceae) is tentatively recorded as the larval food plant.

Introduction

Candalides insanea Müller, 2013, previously known only from the male

holotype, is a recently described species that appears to be endemic to the

island of New Britain, Papua New Guinea. Currently, the species is only

known from the Whiteman Range, West New Britain Province, where other

distinctive butterfly taxa have been discovered in recent times (Müller and

Wills 2013, Müller 2014a). It is the only species of Candalides Hübner

known to occur in the Bismarck Archipelago.

Müller (2013) placed C. insanea in the 'absimilis group’ of Candalides,

formerly within Holochila Felder, recognised by Tite (1963) and Braby

(2000). This is the largest species-group of the genus, with representatives in

mainland New Guinea and satellite islands and with four species in northern

and eastern Australia (Parsons 1998, Braby 2000, 2008). Members of the

absimilis group appear to fall into two further divisions, in which one has

male genitalia with relatively simple valva, while the other has valvae which

bear long apical appendages (Müller 2014b).

Müller (2013) considered that C. insanea has no close relatives, based on its

distinctive facies, but compared the taxon with C. pruina Druce, 1904, C.

neurapacuna Bethune-Baker, 1908 and C. silicea (Grose-Smith, 1894) (see

also Müller 2014b), all of which possess long apical processes to the valva of

the male genitalia. The male genitalia of C. insanea are particularly large and

the valvae are adorned with exaggerated, blade-like processes.

C. insanea is an exquisite species with a unique iridescent green upperside

and broad, straight forewing border that is oblique to the termen. The taxon

has long forewings, giving it a distinctive shape. It has the most boldly

patterned underside in the genus and the underside ground colour is also

atypical of the genus, being light grey with a slight pink hue.

Voucher specimens, all collected within 5 km of the type locality at 6?0'S

150?35'E, between November 2011 and December 2014, have been

deposited in the Australian Museum (Sydney), Australian National Insect

Collection (Canberra), Natural History Museum (London) and in the

reference collections of the author and that of Ed Petrie.

46 Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1)

Candalides insanea Müller

(Figs 1-4)

Description of female (Figs 3-4). Measurements (mm): forewing length mean

20 (n = 20); antenna length mean 12 (n = 20). Head dark brown-black; labial

palpus light white-grey, eye ringed narrowly with white-grey; antennae black,

ringed weakly with grey ventrally. Thorax dark grey-brown above, beneath

white-grey. Abdomen dark brown-black above, white-grey beneath.

Forewing with termen slightly convex, subtly serrated near apex; upperside

ground colour iridescent bronze-green, black along veins; costa and termen

broadly dark brown-black, extending narrowly into cell, costa near apex

narrowly grey-pink, cilia brown-black and white-grey at tornus and along

inner margin; underside background colour white-grey with subtle pink hue,

termen narrowly black, a row of diffuse black terminal spots (ca 1 mm in

size) between veins, a second row of subterminal spots of similar size and

colouring between veins 1b and 7 that are more clearly defined towards

termen, a postmedian band of triangular dark brown-black spots (ca 1 mm in

size but decreasing in size towards costa) between veins 1b and 9, offset at

vein 4, the postmedian and subterminal bands converge between veins 1b and

2, a median black bar in discocellular region at end of cell between veins 4

and 6, cilia light grey and dark grey at vein ends.

Hind wing rounded; upperside ground colour bronze-green, heavily dusted

with dark brown, also dark brown along veins and discocellulars, costa,

termen and inner margin broadly dark brown, between inner margin and vein

1b medium brown grading to light grey at base, cilia dark brown-black close

to termen and light grey elsewhere; underside background colour white-grey

with subtle pink hue, termen narrowly black, a row of well-defined black

terminal spots (approximately 0.7 mm in size) between veins from vein 1b to

7, a second row of triangular subterminal spots (up to 1.5 mm in size) of

similar colouring between veins 2 and 8, a postmedian band of triangular

black spots approximately 1 mm in size between veins 2 and 8, a sub-basal

row of four irregular dark brown-black spots approximately 0.7 mm in size, a

basal row of four well defined circular black spots approximately 0.5 mm in

size, a median dark brown-black bar approximately 0.3 mm wide in

discocellular region at end of cell between veins 4 and 6, cilia light grey and

dark grey at vein ends.

Early stages

Food plant. Conandrium polyanthum (Laut. & K.Sch.) Mez. (Primulaceae).

The plant (Fig. 6) has been tentatively identified owing to the absence of

inflorescence material for the assessment.

Egg (Figs 8-9). Approximately 1.0 mm in diameter, 0.5 mm high; intricately

pitted; white (pale blue-green when first laid). Duration four to five days.

47

Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1)

Figs 1-11. (1-4) Candalides insanea adults: (1) male upperside; (2) female upperside;

(3) male underside; (4) female underside. (5) Typical habitat of C. insanea, Whiteman

Range. (6) C. insanea larval food plant. (7) C. insanea female ovipositing. (8) C.

insanea eggs. (9) C. insanea egg. (10) C. insanea first instar larva emerging. (11) C.

insanea first instar larva feeding. Scale bar = 5 mm (Figs 1-4, 8); 2 mm (Figs 9-11).

48 Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1)

First instar larva (Figs 10-11). 1.5-2.0 mm long, 0.5 mm wide; head light

orange-brown; body pale green, with narrow pink dorsal stripe; series of long

dorsolateral and ventrolateral translucent setae arranged in pairs.

Second instar larva (Figs 12-13). 2.5-3.5 mm long, 1.0 mm wide; head light

orange-brown; abdominal segment 12 protruding laterally; body light yellow-

orange, with orange dorsal stripe and adjacent pale yellow dorsolateral lines;

anal plate grey, grading to pink posteriorly; a series of light brown

dorsolateral setae; series of translucent ventrolateral setae.

Third instar larva (Figs 14-15). 9-10 mm long, 4 mm wide; head light

orange-brown; abdominal segment 12 protruding laterally; body pale pink

with deeper pink narrow dorsal stripe widest at segments 5 and 10;

abdominal segments 11-13 flattened, apple green rimmed with pink; coarse

short brown dorsal setae.

Fourth instar larva (Figs 16-17). 14-15 mm long, 5 mm wide; head light

brown; abdominal segment 12 protruding laterally; body pale pink with

deeper pink dorsolateral stripes and apple green dorsal stripe; abdominal

segments 11-13 flattened, grey-green rimmed with pink; short sharp dorsal

brown spines, angled posteriorly.

Fifth instar larva (Figs 18-19). 19-20 mm long, 6-7 mm wide; head light

brown; abdominal segment 12 protruding laterally; body pale pink with

deeper pink lateral stripe and conspicuous dorsal stripe that is apple green in

segments 7-9 and crimson in segments 1-6, forming broad crimson saddle in

segment 5; abdominal segments 11-13 flattened, apple green rimmed with

deep pink; short sharp dorsal spine in segment 5, sharp dorsal ridges in

segments 6-10. Total larval duration 19-22 days.

Pupa (Figs 20-21). 15-16 mm long, 7-8 mm wide; anterior flanged, with

median indentation dorsally; abdominal segments strongly flanged;

mesothorax with prominent dorsal ridge; abdominal segments dorsally

ridged, indented between segments; orange-fawn, faintly speckled with

brown, narrow white dorsal stripe on head and mesothorax, narrow dark

brown dorsal stripe on abdominal segments; spiracles and between abdominal

segments brown; wing cases rimmed with dark brown dorsolaterally.

Attached by cremaster and silken girdle between segments. Pupal duration

13-15 days.

Discussion

Candalides insanea appears to be the largest species in the genus, with

specimens of both sexes attaining forewing lengths of up to 21 mm. Both

sexes are quite similar in phenotype, unlike other members of the genus,

thereby suggesting the possibility of representing an early lineage within the

absimilis species group. Only minor variation is noted in a long series of both

sexes, with some females having slightly more extensive green scaling

extending into the apical area of the forewing upperside than that figured.

Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1) 49

12 13

14 - 15

Figs 12-21. Candalides insanea early stages: (12-13) second instar larva: (12) dorsal

view; (13) lateral view. (14-15) third instar larva: (14) dorsal view; (15) lateral view.

(16-17) fourth instar larva: (16) dorsal view; (17) lateral view. (18-19) fifth instar

larva: (18) dorsal view; (19) lateral view. (20-21) pupa: (20) dorsal view; (21) lateral

view. Scale bar = 1 mm (Figs 12-15); 5 mm (Figs 16-21).

50 Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1)

Regular surveying in the Whiteman Range (Fig. 5), at a range of altitudes

over a three year period, recorded only a limited number of C. insanea adults.

Where observed, both sexes flew high and directly and seldom settled. All

specimens flew over ridge tops between 1000 and 1200 m during mid-

morning to early afternoon when the sun was brightest. The Whiteman Range

is renowned as one of the wettest parts of Papua New Guinea and often

experiences weeks, sometimes months, of relentless heavy rain and strong

winds with no sunshine, particularly during the winter months. At the

elevations where C. insanea occurs, temperatures during this period usually

sit around 15°C during the day and night. Adults of C. insanea have been

recorded flying from the beginning of October to the end of May.

Females of C. insanea oviposit early in the afternoon and eggs are deposited

on or near new growth of the food plant (Fig. 7), either singly or in pairs (Fig.

8). Females usually lay one or two eggs and then disappear on long-ranging

flights before returning briefly to continue ovipositing. Eggs are most

commonly deposited at the base of leaf stems but are sometimes placed on

branches, on the undersides of leaves or on debris trapped among the foliage.

Upon hatching, first instar larvae migrate to the fresh tips of the new growth

and begin feeding, creating narrow troughs within which they are well

disguised. Larvae feed throughout the day and night on new growth of the

food plant, sheltering on the undersides of mature leaves during ecdysis. The

larvae are capable of moving very quickly and move easily between flushes

of new growth on different widely spaced branches. Larvae of C. insanea

were never seen to be attended by ants. Upon maturity, larvae turn wholly

purple-pink and wander for at least 24 hours in search of a pupation site. In

captivity, when sleeved on branches of the larval food plant, the larvae

invariably selected curled dead leaves provided in which to pupate. Adults

often emerge in the evening, just prior to sunset. However, adults will also

emerge during the day, from 1000h.

Acknowledgement

Dr Wayne Takeuchi, Harvard University and Forest Research Institute, Lae,

kindly provided the food plant identification.

References

BRABY, M.F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution.

CSIRO Publishing, Collingwood; xx + 976 pp.

BRABY, M.F. 2008. Taxonomic review of Candalides absimilis (C. Felder, 1862) and C.

margarita (Semper, 1879) (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae), with descriptions of two new subspecies.

The Beagle, Records of the Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory 24: 33-54.

MÜLLER, C.J. 2013. A remarkable new species of Candalides Hübner, 1819 (Lepidoptera,

Lycaenidae) from the Bismarck Archipelago, Papua New Guinea. Nachrichten Entomologischen

Vereins Apollo 34(1/2): 69-72.

MÜLLER, C.J. 2014a. Six new species of Philiris Rober, 1891 (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae) from

Papua New Guinea. ZooKeys 395: 33-55. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.395.7110.

Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1) 51

MULLER, C.J. 2014b. Correction to the identity of Candalides biaka (Tite, 1963) (Lepidoptera:

Lycaenidae) in Müller (2013) publication. Nachrichten Entomologischen Vereins Apollo 35(4):

207-208.

MÜLLER, C.J. and WILLS, L. 2013. The Delias Hübner, 1819 of the Bismarck Archipelago,

Papua New Guinea, with description of a new species from New Britain Island (Lepidoptera,

Pieridae). Nachrichten des Entomologischen Vereins Apollo 34(1/2): 17-26.

PARSONS, MJ. 1998. The butterflies of Papua New Guinea. Their systematics and biology.

Academic Press, London; xvi + 736 pp, xxvi + 136 pls.

TITE, GE. 1963. A revision of the genus Candalides and allied genera (Lepidoptera:

Lycaenidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Entomology) 14: 197-259.

52 Australian Entomologist, 2015, 42 (1)

NEW PUBLICATIONS

JALOSZYNSKI, P.

2014 Taxonomic notes on Australian species of Sciacharis (Magellanoconnus) (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae:

Scydmaeninae). Zootaxa 3884(5): 419-428.

JENNINGS, J.T. and PARSLOW, B.

2014 Gasteruption youngi sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Evanioidea: Gasteruptiidae) from South Australia; an

unusual species with trichoid sensilla on the ovipositor sheaths. Zootaxa 3872(1): 095-100.

JIN, M., WEIR, T.A., SLIPINSKI, A. and HONG P.

2014 Description of a new species of Anomala Samouelle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Rutelinae) from

Northern Territory, Australia. Zootaxa 3872(5): 591-600.

LÓCKER, B.

2014 Shedding light on Jacobi's types whilst discovering new species: a taxonomic revision of Leptolamia

Metcalf, 1936 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Austral Entomology 53(4): 391-423.

MOESENEDER, C.H., HUTCHINSON, P.M. and LAMBKIN, C.L.

2014 Revision of the genus Metallesthes Kraatz and description of Metallesthes anneliesae, a new species of

Cetoniinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from Queensland and New South Wales, Australia. Zootaxa

3881(4): 301-327.

OLMI, M., MARLETTA, A, and GUGLIELMINO, A.

2014 Revision of the Australian species of Gonatopus group 5 (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae), with description

of a new species from the Society Islands, French Polynesia. Zootaxa 3895(4): 525-546.

QUICKE, D.L.J., SHAW, M.R., VAN ACHTERBERG, C. BLAND, K.P., BUTCHER, B.A.,

LYSZKOWSKI, R. and ZHANG, Y.M.

2014 A new Australian genus and five new species of Rogadinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), one reared as

a gregarious endoparasitoid of an unidentified limacodid (Lepidoptera). Zootaxa 3881(3): 237-257.

RICHARDS, K. and SPENCER, C.P.

2014 Descriptions and key to the larvae of the Tasmanian endemic genus Hoplogonus Parry (Coleoptera:

Lucanidae), and comparison with the sympatric Lissotes rudis Lea. Zootaxa 3884(4): 347-359.

ROSE, H.A., WALKER, J.A. and WOODWARD, J.R.

2014 Five new species of soil-burrowing cockroaches from Queensland (Blattodea: Blaberidae:

Geoscapheinae). Memoirs of the Queensland Museum-Nature 59: 11-23.

SHACKELTON, M.E. and WEBB, J.M.

2014 Two new species of Calocoides Neboiss 1984 (Trichoptera: Calocidae) from eastern Australia, with

descriptions of the immature stages. Austral Entomology 53(4): 444-457.

SPARKS, K. , ANDERSON, A.N. and AUSTIN, A.D.

2014 Systematics of the Monomorium rothsteini Forel species complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), a

problematic ant group in Australia. Zootaxa 3893(4): 489-529.

STAUNTON, K., ROBSON, S.K.., BURWELL, C.J., RESIDE, A.E. and WILLIAMS, S.E.

2011 Projected distributions and diversity of flightless ground beetles within the Australian Wet Tropics and

their environmental correlates. PLoS ONE 9(2): 1-16.

STRÜMPHER, W.P., FARRELL,J. and SCHOLTZ, C.H.

2014 Trogidae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea) in forensic entomology: occurrence of known and new species

in Queensland, Australia. Austral Entomology 53(4): 368-372.

SYMONDS, C.L. and CASSIS, G.

2014 A new genus /ttolemma (Heteroptera;: Tingidae) gen. nov. and three included species of hirsute bugs

from temperate woodlands of southern Australia. Austral Entomology 53(4): 380-390.

WAKELIN, M.D. and LARIVIERE, M.-C.

2014 First New Zealand record of the Australian species Hemiodoecus leai China, 1924 (Hemiptera:

Peloridiidae); a hitchhiker on moss. Zootaxa 3884(1): 95-100.

Entomologist

Volume 42, Part 1, 28 February 2015

CLAYTON, J.

The Lophocoleus group of genera (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Herminiinae) in Fiji, with the

description of a new genus and species

HALES, D.F., FOOTTIT, R.G. AND MAW, E.

Sexual morphs of Aphis acaenovinae Eastop, 1961 (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Aphidinae)

HANCOCK, D.L.

A new subgenus for six Indo-Australian species of Bactrocera Macquart (Diptera:

Tephritidae: Dacinae) and subgeneric transfer of four other species

HANCOCK, D.L. AND WHITMORE, D.

A new species of Euphranta Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae: Adramini) from Sulawesi

LANE, D.A. AND MOULDS, M.S.

An annotated list of hawkmoths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) from Hammond Island,

Torres Strait

MILLER, C.G. AND JOHNSON, S.J.

Further records of Delias lara (Boisduval, 1836) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) from Australia

MÜLLER, CJ.

The life history of Candalides insanea Müller, 2013 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) and

description of the female

NIELSEN, J.E.

A range extension for Eurema alitha (C. & R. Felder) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) in Australia,

with notes on the migratory behaviour of Eurema species in south-east Queensland

ORR, A.

Additional records of predation on butterflies by breeding Rainbowbirds

(Merops ornatus: Meropidac)

PIERCE, F. AND WALKER, G.

Photographic record of female Allora major Rothschild (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)

at Iron Range National Park

ISSN 1320 6133