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COVER

Illustrated by B. L. Brunet

The large and beautiful stag beetle, Phalacrognathus muelleri Macleay |

(family Lucanidae), is one of Australia’s most spectacular beetles. The dom- |

inant pigmentation is maroon and green with a brillant mirror-like sheen.

Large males can measure 60 mm or more in length. The species is found only

in rain forest in north-eastern Queensland where the larvae feed in decaying

logs. Adults fly at dusk and rarely venture beyond rain forest margins.

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Australian Entomological

Magazine

Aust. ent. Mag.

RT, T = = m

Volume 9, Part 1 AGS MUSA June, 1982

13 OCT 1982

V Ха истом

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NEW RECORDS OF M CT ENIDAENANI AND HESPERIIDAE

(LEPIDOPTERA) FROM NORTHERN QUEENSLAND

By P. S. Valentine and S. J. Johnson

Geography Department, James Cook University, Townsville 4811

and

P.O. Box 1085, Townsville, 4810

Abstract

Distribution extensions for eight species of Hesperiidae and seven species of

Lycaenidae are given. Acrodipsas brisbanensis (Miskin) is recorded from northern Queens-

land for the first time.

Introduction

The following records provide some notable range extensions for several

species of Lycaenidae and Hesperiidae. Of particular interest are the first

record of Acrodipsas brisbanensis (Miskin) from northern Queensland and a

new location for Zetona delospila (Waterhouse).

HESPERIIDAE

Euschemon rafflesia alba Mabille. This species occurs commonly at the south-

ern extremity of the Paluma Range 16 km south-west of Bluewater, and 40 km

west of Townsville. Specimens were collected on 11 October 1980 and

21 February 1981. This species was previously recorded as far south as Paluma

(Common and Waterhouse 1981).

Chaetocneme porphyropis (Meyrick and Lower). This species is seldom taken

and specimens have mainly been collected in the Kuranda area. On 22 February

1978 a specimen was taken in rain forest 6 km east of Babinda in the Graham

Range.

Tagiades japetus janetta Butler. It appears that this species may be actively

extending its range southward as suggested by J. F. R. Kerr (Common and

Waterhouse 1972: 75). At that time the southern known limit was Paluma.

2 Aust. ent. Mag. 9(1), June, 1982

Common and Waterhouse (1981) record the species as far south as Proserpine

and Shute Harbour. On 7 April 1980 one specimen was taken and discarded

and others seen at Jim Crow Mountain, Yeppoon (A. J. Johnson, pers. comm.).

Trapezites heteromacula Meyrick and Lower. This skipper is generally

considered rare throughout its known range from Cape York to Kuranda

(Common and Waterhouse 1981). A male was taken on 14 March 1980

flying in savannah woodland at the southern extremity of the Paluma Range,

16 km south-west of Bluewater and 40 km west of Townsville.

Toxidia rietmanni parasema (Lower). A male of this northern subspecies was

taken on 24 February 1980 at Paluma. Further specimens were taken between

4 October and 19 October 1980 at the southern extremity of the Paluma

Range, 40 km west of Townsville. The southern limit given in Common and

Waterhouse (1981) is Herberton.

Neohesperilla senta (Miskin). Several specimens were collected near Bluewater

Creek, 1 km north-east of Bluewater, on 23 February 1980 and 1 March 1980.

This record extends the known range of the species south to Townsville.

Hesperilla sexguttata Herrich-Scháffer. A single specimen of this rather elusive

species was collected adjacent to Ollera Creek, 60 km north-west of Townsville

on 7 April 1980. Another was taken at Cape Cleveland east of Townsville on

20 April 1980. This species was previously known from the Townsville

district only from Magnetic Island (Atkins 1978).

Suniana lascivia neocles (Mabille). Common and Waterhouse (1981) record |

this species in north-eastern Queensland south to Ingham. In March 1980 two |

males were collected at the southern end of the Paluma Range, 40 km west of |

Townsville and some 16 km south-west of Bluewater. |

LYCAENIDAE

Acrodipsas brisbanensis (Miskin). The distribution of the most northern

subspecies is eastern New South Wales and south-eastern Queensland as far |

north as the Bunya and Glasshouse Mountains (Common and Waterhouse |

1981, Sands 1979). On 29 March 1980 a pair was collected from a hilltop |

18 km west of Paluma. Subsequently a male was taken at the same locality |

on 5 April and another on 19 April 1980. Examination of the male genitalia

has confirmed the species identification. This record is most notable, bridging |

the disjunction in the distribution of the genus between Coen and Expedition

Range, and extending the known range of A. brisbanensis by 1,200 km.

Hypochrysops pythias euclides Miskin. This species was common at the

southern end of the Paluma Range on 11 October 1980. The species appears

to be very local and all specimens collected have been flying around clumps

of the food plant (Triumfetta rhomboidea) or adjacent trees. De Baar (1979)

reported rearing larvae from Paluma and we have subsequently found larvae

in the Paluma area.

Aust. ent. Mag. 9(1), June, 1982 3

Hypolycaena danis turneri (Waterhouse). Known to extend south to Innisfail

(Common and Waterhouse 1981). A fresh specimen was collected along the

Wallaman Falls road, 30 km west of Ingham, on 8 March 1980.

Deudorix epijarbas dido Waterhouse. Common and Waterhouse (1981) record

the southern limit of this subspecies as Tully, and throughout its range it is not

common. In March 1980 a male was taken along Wallaman Falls road, 30 km

west of Ingham, and on 17 February 1980 several males were collected in fresh

condition from a hilltop near the Black River, 17 km west of Townsville.

Zetona delospila (Waterhouse). Originally known only from the Kimberley

region of Western Australia specimens have more recently been taken from

near Fairview in far north Queensland (Monteith and Hancock, 1977). In early

May 1980 specimens were common at Porcupine Gorge National Park about

70 km north of Hughenden. No specimen was netted but several close-up

35 mm slides were taken by Mr David Thomae of Cairns and these enabled

positive identification of this distinctive species. On 16 May 1981 some forty

specimens were seen at the same locality by the authors despite inclement

weather.

Danis danis serapis Miskin. A specimen was netted in Townsville in May 1977

and another taken on 11 October 1980 south-west of Bluewater about 40 km

west of Townsville. The species is recorded as far south as the Paluma Range

(Common and Waterhouse 1981).

Megisba strongyle nigra (Miskin). The previously known southern limit of this

small and unobtrusive lycaenid is given in Common and Waterhouse (1981) as

Paluma. Between 2 February and 25 April 1980 several specimens were taken

on Mt Stuart, Townsville.

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Mr A. J. Johnson of Brisbane and Mr David

Thomae of Cairns for permission to refer to their unpublished observations.

Advice from Mr M. S. Moulds on the preparation of this paper is also

acknowledged.

References

Atkins, A., 1978. The Hesperilla malindiva group from northern Australia including a

new species. J. Aust. ent. Soc. 17: 205-215.

Common, I. F. B. and Waterhouse, D. F., 1972. Butterflies of Australia. Angus and Rob-

ertson, Sydney.

Common, I. F. B. and Waterhouse, D. F., 1981. Butterflies of Australia. Revised edition.

Angus and Robertson, Sydney.

De Baar, M., 1979. Some new food plants for Australian Lepidoptera with life history

notes. Aust. ent. Mag. 5: 87-89.

Monteith, G. B. and Hancock, D. L., 1977. Range extensions and notable records for

butterflies of Cape York Peninsula, Australia. Aust. ent. Mag. 4: 21-38.

Sands, D. P. A., 1979. A new genus, Acrodipsas, for a group of Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera)

previously referred to Pseudodipsas C. & R. Felder, with descriptions of two

new species from northern Queensland. J. Aust. ent. Soc. 18: 251-265.

4 Aust. ent. Mag. 9(1), June, 1982

AGGREGATION OF ADULTS IN TWO AUSTRALIAN SPECIES

OF COCCINELLIDAE (COLEOPTERA)

By C. N. Smithers and G. A. Holloway

The Australian Museum, 6-8 College St, Sydney, Australia, 2000.

Abstract

Massive aggregations of adult ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae) are well known in

several parts of the world. There are, however, very few records of the phenomenon in

Australia. Observations on Cissella furcifera (Guérin-Méneville) and Harmonia conformis

(Boisduval) are reported and discussed.

Observations

Cissella furcifera (Guérin-Méneville)

During May 1981 specimens of C. furcifera were collected at several

localities in South Australia, as follows: Old Billa Kalina HS, 29?55'S, 136°

11'E, 14.v.1981; Lake Eyre South, 14.v.1981; ; Jersey Springs, 29?20'S, 136°

45? E, 15.v.1981; Horse Springs, 29°29'S, 136° 55'E, 16.v.1981; Parachilna

Gorge, 14 km E Parachilna, 31%12'S, 138?28'E, 17v. 1981; Horrock's Pass,

32738'S, 138°02'Е, 19.v.1981.

The specimens taken at Horrock's Pass were from an aggregation of

over 200 specimens found under bark on the lee side of the trunk of a

Eucalyptus tree (Fig. 1). Conditions at the time were overcast, with a very

strong SSE wind and a temperature of 8°C. This appears to be the first record

of aggregations of adult C. furcifera (G. A. Holloway obs.).

Harmonia conformis (Boisduval)

On 25.xi.1978, and again on 1.i.1979, large numbers of H. conformis

were seen in flight around a house situated near the top of a hill (720 m)

at Tuglo Wildlife Refuge, 48 km N of Singleton, New South Wales. Although

counts were not made, thousands of specimens were involved as spectacular

dense swarms flew over an area of about a half hectare. Aggregations of

settled specimens were not found although subsequent observations at the

same site, noted below, suggest that the swarms were probably associated

with aggregations forming and dispersing. |

The following notes were made on subsequent aggregations at the same

locality:—

26.x.1979. Large aggregations found on a post behind a rain gauge.

30.xii.1979. Large aggregations behind downpipes, fascia boards and swallow’s

nest platforms against wall below eaves of house.

1.1.1980. 18.00 hrs. Hundreds of beetles seen to emerge from aggregation

sites to drink at drops of water on the walls, fascia boards and gutters at the

eastern end of the house after rain.

Aust, ent, Mag. 9(1), June, 1982 5

Fig. 1. Part of the aggregation of Císsella furcifera, Horrock's Pass, South Australia.

2.1.1980. Aggregations reformed, walls etc. dry.

27.1.1980. Aggregations found at bottom of clumps of Poa labillardieri Steud.

(Poaceae) about 400 m from house.

27.i.1980-2.ii.1980. 33 mm of rain fell during this period by the end of which

all aggregations had dispersed.

x.1980. Small aggregations of a few specimens each and apparently aestivating

individuals found in leaf axils of Protea spp. at site of Poa labillardieri

previously holding aggregations (i.e. 400 m from house).

xi.1980. Similar aggregation to that during x.1980 but fewer specimens

involved.

20-21.iv.1981. Aggregations not found but a few individuals seen behind

gutters, downpipes etc. A few specimens flying around house, settling on

6 Aust. ent. Mag. 9(1), June, 1982

walls and other vertical surfaces of the house and taking flight again. (C. N.

Smithers obs.).

Discussion

Anderson and Richards (1977) reported aggregations of adult coccinell-

ids in Australia and discussed them in relation to factors thought to induce

diapause. They pointed out that there are very few records of summer

aggregation, the only Australian species for which they had such a record

being Scymnodes lividigaster (Mulsant). They noted that aggregation was

apparently associated with a very dry season which had immediately

preceded its formation—possibly acting through reduced food supply. C.

furcifera appears, on the ¡limited data so far available, to conform to the more

usual pattern of winter aggregations discussed by Anderson and Richards

(loc. cit.).

They also reported several instances of winter aggregation in H.

conformis. The only earlier report of aggregation in that species is, however,

of a summer aggregation (Smithers 1970). From the combined records now

available, namely those of Smithers (loc. cit.), Anderson and Richards ( 1977)

and those given above, it is clear that Н. conformis aggregates in both summer |

and winter and that the aggregations can persist for several months. The

summer aggregations were recorded during a series of exceptionally dry years

(as in the case of S. lividigaster) and the reactions of the aggregating individuals |

to a shower of rain, and their dispersal following substantial rain at the end |

of January 1980, suggest that moisture may be important in control of

aggregation as well as the temperature, photoperiod and food factors suggested |

by earlier authors e.g. Anderson and Richards (1977) and McMullen (1967).

In the erratic climatic regimes to which much of Australia is subject it would |

seem reasonable to expect that the ladybirds would adopt opportunistic

behaviour towards such factors as rain which might lead to a change in food |

availability.

The field information so far available suggests a complex physiological |

and ecological relationship which would be well worth investigating on an

experimental basis.

References

Anderson, J. M. E. and Richards, A. M., 1977. First record of reproductive diapause and

aggregation in Australian Coccinellidae (Coleoptera). Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W.

102(1): 13-17.

McMullen, R. D., 1967. The effects of photoperiod, temperature and food supply on

rate of development of diapause in Coccinella novemnotata. Canad. Ent.

99: 578-586.

Smithers, C. N., 1970. Migration records in Australia. 1. Odonata, Homoptera, Coleopt-

era, Diptera and Hymenoptera. Aust. Zool. 15(3): 380-382.

Aust. ent. Mag. 9(1), June, 1982 7

TWO NEW SPECIES OF AUSTRALIAN BEMBIX SAND WASPS, WITH NOTES

ON OTHER SPECIES OF THE GENUS (HYMENOPTERA, SPHECIDAE)

By Howard E. Evans

Dept. of Zool. & Ent., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, U.S.A.*

Abstract

Two new species of Bembix are described from Northern Territory: gurindji (Daly

River) and obiri (near Mt. Cahill). The female of B. kununurra is described for the first

time, and range extensions are given for three other species.

Introduction

In a recent review of the biosystematics of Australian Bembix sand

wasps, 80 species were recognised (Evans and Matthews, 1973). Extensive

collecting of these wasps during the summer of 1979-1980 tended to confirm

the conclusions set forth in that review, but two new species were found in

series in the collection of the Department of Primary Production, Darwin,

the female of B. Kununurra was collected for the first time, and three species

were collected from well outside their previously known ranges. In the

descriptions, the terminology of Evans and Matthews (1973) has been followed.

Bembix gurindji sp.n.

Figs 1, 2, 4

Үү (Fig )

Morphology. Length 19.5 mm; fore wing 12.5 mm; wing index 1.82.

Mandibles robust, moderately curved, index 2.0. Clypeus 2.0 x as wide as

high, strongly protuberant and abruptly flattened on apical two-thirds, flatt-

ened area distinctly punctate. Front narrow, minimum width 0.53 x eye

height, centre of vertex well below level of eye tops. Scape robust, twice as

long as wide; third antennomere 2.7 x as long as wide; outer antennomeres

strongly modified, as figured for B. mareeba (Evans and Matthews, 1973, fig.

118). Fore femur unmodified, 2.8 x as long as wide; fore tibia much broadened

from base; fore basitarsus much expanded and shield-like, 1.6 x as long as

maximum width, outer margin with a series of nine strong, black lobes and

bearing 15 pecten spines; under surface of tarsus with a pattern of black as

figured. Mid femora spinose beneath for their entire length; mid tarsomeres 2-4

strongly compressed. Tergite 7 with protruding, truncate median apical lobe,

its lateral lobes slender, finger-like. Sternite 2 with a strong median process

arising from base and extending nearly to apex. Sternite 6 simple; sternite 7

subtruncate apically, lateral margins with a brush of dense, long setae basally;

sternite 8 attenuate, tip narrowly rounded. Parameres acuminate and densely

setose subapically, flanges large, angular; cuspides rounded apically; digiti

rod-like, slightly shorter than cuspides.

Coloration. Scape yellow, with a narrow black streak above and a small

apical black spot; flagellum fuscous above, rufous beneath; mandibles, labrum,

and clypeus light yellow; front yellow except black at ocellar area and with

* These studies were conducted while the author held a research fellowship at the Univ.

of Queensland, and a travel grant from the National Geographic Society, U.S.A.

8 Aust. ent. Mag. 9(1), June, 1982

a pair of spots above antennal sockets barely connected to ocellar black;

vertex black, barely connecting eye tops; occiput black but outer orbits

yellow. Pronotum yellow; mesoscutum black except longitudinally yellow on

sides and with paired yellow discal streaks which taper behind and are not

connected to a yellow spot medioposteriorly; scutellum with a transverse

white band, interrupted medially; metanotum with a complete white band;

propodeum with a dorsal V-shaped white marking, light yellow laterally;

pleura and venter yellow. Legs yellow except fore tibiae with several small

black spots behind, fore tarsi patterned as figured; mid and hind legs black at

femorotibial joints and tibiae with limited black markings. Tergite 1 with a

transverse, sinuate white band; tergite 2 with a broad white band, nearly

encircling black spots and interrupted medially; T3-6 with white bands

biemarginate anteriorly, on 3 and 4 narrowly interrupted medially; tergite 7

with a median white spot; venter light yellow except process on sternite 2

streaked with black, also with median black spots on sternites 3 and 4,

sternites 5 and 6 transversely black, sternite 7 black. Wings hyaline.

FEMALE

Morphology. Length 17.5 mm; fore wing 12.5 mm; wing index 1.85.

Mandibles robust, strongly curved, tooth and cutting edge well developed,

index 1.9. Clypeus 2.1 x as wide as high, protuberant, abruptly flattened over

apical 0.7, flattened area with several strong punctures. Minimum width of

front 0.56 x eye height; centre of vertex well below level of eye tops. Scape

2.8 x as long as wide; third antennomere 4.2 x as long as wide. Fore basitarsus

somewhat broadened and flattened, 3.0 x as long as wide, bearing 12 pecten

spines, most basal one quite small. Mesoscutum densely punctate, somewhat

shining between punctures. Sternite 2 with sparse, coarse punctures except at

extreme base and sides; tergite 6 coarsely punctate and with stiff lateral bristles.

Coloration. Similar to male except as follows: scape with a broader

black streak; clypeus with a pair of large black spots; mesoscutal markings

forming a complete U; markings on scutellum, metanotum, and propodeum

broader and yellow in colour rather than white; metasomal markings light

yellow to white, band on tergite 2 enclosing black spots, tergite 6 with a

large white spot; venter largely yellow except for median black on sternites

4 and 5, sternite 6 black. Legs yellow except fore femora and tibiae streaked

with black, mid and hind femora spotted with black apically and tibiae

streaked with black.

MATERIAL STUDIED. Holotype д and allotype 9, Beeboom Crossing, Daly River, on

Tipperary Station, Northern Territory, 28.xi.1972, T. Angeles and N. Forrester (Austral-

ian National Insect Collection, Canberra). Paratypes: 3 99, same data as type; 1 9, Swim

Creek, Northern Territory, 13.x.1971, T. Weir and A. Allwood; 1 9, Wildman River, at

Arnhem Highway, Northern Territory, 26.xi.1974, T. Weir and T. Angeles (Dept. Primary

Production, Darwin); 3 99, Mt. Hart (in King Leopold Range, NE of Derby), Western

Australia, 1-2.11.1965, A. Douglas (Western Australian Museum, Perth).

DISCUSSION

A single female of this wasp was treated by Evans and Matthews (1973)

as a variant of mareeba Evans and Matthews, of small size and having a white

Aust, ent. Mag. 9(1), June, 1982 9

Figs 1-5. (1-2) Bembix gurindji sp. n.: (1) basal segments of fore tarsus of б, viewed

from beneath; (2) basal segments of fore tarsus of 9, viewed from above.

(3) Bembix obiri sp. n., basal segments of fore tarsus of д, viewed from

beneath. (4) Bembix gurindji sp. n., d genitalia, ventral aspect. (5) Bembix

obiri sp. n., д genitalia, ventral aspect.

10 Aust. ent. Mag. 9(1), June, 1982

spot on the apical tergite. Now that a longer series is available, including a

male, it is clear that this is a discrete species. Females will key to mareeba

but have a narrower front, a slightly less expanded front tarsus and 11 or 12

pecten spines on the basitarsus, as well as smaller average size and a maculated

apical tergite. The male is immediately separable from related species by

virtue of the 15 pecten spines and black lobes on the front basitarsus; the form

of the clypeus is also distinctive.

The females in the type series vary from 15 to 18 mm in length and

have either 11 or 12 pecten spines on the basitarsus. In one specimen the

discal markings on the mesoscutum do not quite form a complete U, and in

two the white band on tergite 2 does not completely enclose black spots.

The species name gurindji is aboriginal and is that of a tribe which

formerly inhabited the area of the type locality.

Bembix obiri sp. n.

Figs 3, 5

MALE (Figs )

Morphology. Length 16 mm; fore wing 11 mm; wing index 1.65.

Mandibles weakly curved, tooth and cutting edge well developed; clypeus

1.75 x as wide as high, protuberant and strongly flattened medially on apical

0.6. Front narrow, minimum width 0.53 x eye height; centre of vertex slightly

below level of eye tops. Scape 2.7 x as long as wide; third antennomere 3.2

x as long as wide. Fore femur simple, 3.3 x long as wide; fore basitarsus 3.6

x as long as wide, outer margin with a series of rounded, black lobes bearing

eight pecten spines; tarsomeres 2-4 also each bearing a black lobe laterally,

and 1-3 each also with a black spot beneath. Mid femur with a series of sharp

teeth beneath; mid tibia spinose at base of spur; mid tarsi unmodified.

Tergite 7 with margins somewhat sinuate, convergent to a very shallowly

emarginate apex. Sternite 2 with a curved, spinose process toward apex;

sternite 6 with a rather weak, vaguely triangular subapical process; sternite

7 with a strong median carina apically; sternite 8 in the form of a downcurved

spine. Parameres broad, inner margin strongly setose subapically; cuspides

densely setose, slightly exceeding aedeagus; digiti rod-like.

Coloration. Scape yellow, streaked with black above; flagellum dark

above, yellow to light brown beneath; mandibles and labrum white, clypeus

white but suffused with yellow above; front yellow, eye tops connected by a

black band which extends over ocellar area and nearly to antennal sockets;

outer orbits yellow but vertex and occiput black. Pronotum yellow; mesoscut-

um black, with a U-shaped yellow discal marking and yellow on extreme

sides; scutellum and metanotum black but each transversely marked with

yellow; propodeum black dorsally, with yellow banding, laterally largely

yellow; mesopleura and venter largely yellow. Legs yellow except femora

streaked with black, coxae partly black, black at femorotibial joints, and fore

tarsi blackened as described above. Tergite 1 black, with transverse yellow

band; tergites 2 and 3 broadly banded with yellow, band on 2 enclosing a

pair of black spots, that on 3 nearly enclosing such spots; tergites 4-6 with

yellow bands biemarginate anteriorly; tergite 7 with a median yellow spot;

Aust, ent. Mag. 9(1), June, 1982 т

venter largely yellow laterally, black medially, the black broadening posteriorly

so that sternite 6 is all black. Wings hyaline.

FEMALE TT

Morphology. Length 16.5 mm; fore wing 11.8 mm; wing index 1.65.

Mandibles robust, strongly curved, index 2.1. Clypeus 1.95 x as wide as

high, protuberant and flattened as in male. Minimum width of front 0.53 x

eye height; centre of vertex slightly below level of eye tops. Scape 3.0 x as

long as wide; third antennomere 4.5 x as long as wide. Fore femur 3.0 x as

long as wide; fore basitarsus flattened, gradually broadened from base, 2.9 x

as long as its greatest width, outer margin not darkly pigmented, weakly

lobed, bearing 8 pecten spines. Mesoscutum shining, densely micropunctate;

stemite 2 sparsely punctate medially, much more densely so laterally; tergite

6 with sparse, shallow punctures.

Coloration. Essentially as in male except yellow maculations of

mesosoma somewhat broader, those on metasoma also broader, band on

tergite 3 fully enclosing black spots, tergite 6 with a large median yellow spot.

MATERIAL STUDIED, Holotype dand allotype 9, 16 km E by N of Mt. Cahill, Northern

Territory, 12750 S 132^51'E, 13.vi.1973, Т. Weir and T. Angeles (Aust. Nat. Insect Coll.,

Canberra). Paratypes: 1 б, 1 9, same data as type (Dept. Primary Production, Darwin).

DISCUSSION

The male runs to couplet 63 in Evans and Matthews (1973) but the

fore basitarsus is intermediate in development between oomborra and goyarra.

In other features expressed in the couplet (vertex below eye tops and black

lobes on front basitarsus) agreement is with oomborra, which was described

from a single male from Darwin. I at first thought these specimens might fall

within the range of variation of oomborra, but clearly this is not the case, as

the genitalia are very different, especially the much broader parameres. Also,

the fore basitarsus is notably broader and more strongly lobed and the body

is much more extensively maculated. The female runs to loorea Evans and

Matthews, described from central Australia, and the fore basitarsus is much as

figured for that species. It differs, however, in having the centre of the vertex

below the level of the eye tops and in having U-shaped yellow scutal markings,

black streaks on the femora, and enclosed black spots on tergites 2 and 3.

The species is named for Obiri Rock, near Mt. Cahill, the site of

extensive aboriginal rock paintings.

Bembix kununurra Evans and Matthews

FEMALE

Morphology. Length 14 mm; fore wing 11 mm; wing index 1.8. Mand-

ibles slender, slightly curved, tooth small but cutting edge well developed, index

2.4, total length 6.2 x minimum width basal of tooth. Clypeus 2.0 x as wide

as high, rounded in profile. Minimum width of frent 0.61 x eye height; centre

of vertex level with eye tops. Scape 3.3 x as long as wide; third antennomere

4.4 x as long as wide. Fore femur 3.0 x as long as wide; fore basitarsus 3.0 x

as long as wide, without dark pigmentation, outer margin serrate and bearing

6 pecten spines which decrease gradually in length towards base. Mesoscutum

moderately shining, closely punctate; sternite 2 weakly depressed and coarsely

12 Aust. ent. Mag. 9(1), June, 1982

punctate-medially, with small punctures laterally; tergite 6 and sternite 6 both

with dark median streaks which are very slightly elevated.

Scape yellow except black above on apical 0.7; flagellum yellow beneath

on basal third, beyond that testaceous beneath; mandibles and clypeus light

yellow, labrum nearly white; front, vertex, and occiput yellow, blackened at

ocelli and with a black streak above each antennal socket, also a small black

spot at each upper, inner eye margin. Pronotum yellow; mesoscutum yellow

except for 3 narrow black, longitudinal streaks, median streak not reaching

posterior margin; scutellum transversely black at base, otherwise yellow;

metanotum yellow; propodeum yellow except transversely black at base and

with a pair of narrow, oblique black stripes; mesopleura and venter wholly

yellow. Propodeum and tergite 1 with unusually dense, woolly hair. Legs

yellow except femora and tibiae streaked with black and with some black at

the coxa-trochanter and femur-tibia joints. Metesoma wholly yellow except

for small black spots on tergite 1 and narrow apical black bands on all tergites,

also median black streaks on the apical tergite and sternite. Wings hyaline.

MATERIAL STUDIED. 2 9, 1 d,5 km N of Kununurra, Western Australia, 20.ix.1979,

Н. E. and M. A. Evans (1 9 in Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra, 1 9, 1 d

in University of Queensland, Brisbane).

DISCUSSION

This species was described from a single male from Kununurra. Like the

male, the female is by far the most extensively maculated Australian Bembix,

appearing virtually entirely yellow in the field. The dense, woolly pile on the

propodeum and first metasomal tergite is also characteristic. The female will

run to couplet 38 in the key of Evans and Matthews (1973) but fits neither

half of the couplet well, as the mandibles are intermediate in structure.

Bembix wiluna Evans and Matthews

This species ranges through arid parts of the continent, from central

New South Wales to Western Australia. It is not surprising to report it for

the first time from Queensland, a pair taken 9 km S of Charleville, 18.x.1978,

by J. C. Cardale (Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra).

Bembix allunga Evans and Matthews

This species has been reported from coastal localities from central

Queensland to northeastern Western Australia. It is here reported from an

inland locality well south of its previously known range: several females

taken 10 km S of Coonabarabran, New South Wales, 15.1.1980, by Н. E. and

M. A. Evans and A. Hook (University of Queensland, Brisbane).

Bembix thooma Evans and Matthews

This species is here reported from Queensland for the first time, a male

taken at Cunnamulla, 27.x.1979 by H. E. and M. A. Evans and A. Hook

(University of Queensland, Brisbane). This wasp is widely distributed in the

interior and is known to prey on wasps of the subfamily Thynninae.

Reference

Evans, Н. E. and Matthews, R. W., 1973. Systematics and nesting behaviour of Australian

Bembix sand wasps. Mem. Amer. ent. Inst. 20: 387 pp.

Aust. ent. Mag. 9(1), June, 1982 13

APHYOPSOCUS GEN. NOV., A REMARKABLE NEW GENUS

OF CAECILIIDAE (PSOCOPTERA) FROM SOUTH-EASTERN

NEW SOUTH WALES

By C. N. Smithers

The Australian Museum, 6-8 College St., Sydney

Abstract

A remarkable new genus, Aphyopsocus, in the psocopteran family Caeciliidae is

described in which the adults and nymphs have the epiproct conspicuously enlarged, the

vertex of the female flattened and the first flagellar segment of the antennae enlarged in

both sexes.

Introduction

Mockford (1978) has discussed the problems of classification of the

group of psocopteran families included in the Caecilietae. As a result of recent

investigations it has been suggested (Mockford and Garcia Aldrete 1976)

that the group be divided into the superfamilies Asiopsocoidea (with a single

family) and the Caecilioidea (to hold the remaining genera). These genera

Mockford (1978) has regrouped into three families, the first of which he did

not name, the Caeciliidae (which he redefined) and the Amphipsocidae which

he classified in detail.

Material in the Australian Museum includes specimens of an interesting

and remarkable new species which has been taken at many localities in south

eastern New South Wales and which, whilst clearly a member of the Caecil-

iidae, cannot be placed in any described genus without considerable change

to generic limits. It is, therefore, described here as a new genus, Aphyopsocus.

All specimens have been taken in wet sclerophyll or rainforest habitats.

Aphyopsocus gen. nov.

Belonging to the Caeciliidae (sensu Mockford 1978) with the following

combination of characters: Antero-lateral setae of labrum not heavier than

other labral setae; mandibles elongate; abdominal vesicles present; labral

sensilla obscure; labral stylets well developed; wings elongate; no lateral

apophyses on subgenital plate; first flagellar segment thickened in both sexes;

epiproct developed into setose dome in both sexes; marginal setae of male

hypandrium not grouped; gonapophyses of female with large external valve

remnant, sometimes with more than one seta; spermathecal duct sheath

enclosing most of duct. Nymphal epiproct greatly extended into a long

protuberance.

Type species: Aphyopsocus prolixus sp.n.

Aphyopsocus falls well within the definition of the family Caeciliidae,

as redefined by Mockford (1978). Two subfamilies are currently recognized:

1. Dypsocinae, in which the head is strongly compressed antero-posteriorly,

so that the vertex is very sharp and often has a median cleft. 2. Caeciliinae in

which the vertex is either rounded, or the head has a somewhat flattened

14 y Aust. ent. Mag. 9(1), June, 1989

vertex. Aphyopsocus clearly falls within the Caeciliinae, in which ten genera

are recognized at present. The main differences between these genera and

Aphyopsocus can be summarized as follows. Both Ypsiloneura Pearman and

Mepleres Enderlein differ from Aphyopsocus in having a 2-branched media,

which is 3-branched in all other macropterous members of the subfamily.

Smithersiella Badonnel lacks ocelli and the gonapophyses lack setae but the

subgenital plate has distinct lateral apophyses. In Mockfordiella Badonne]

M of the fore wing is not sinuous, the subgenital plate has a posterior median

lobe and the paraprocts have a field of tubercles. Paracaecilius Badonnel and

Enderleinella Badonnel have broad gonapophyses, with a small external valve

remnant; in Paracaecilius the anterior end of the phallosome is open and in

Enderleinella the apex of the lacina is extended into an apical point. In

Fulleborniella Enderlein the pterostigma has a spurvein and the gonapophyses

consist of two acuminate valves and a small external valve remnant. From

Caecilius Curtis Aphyopsocus can be distinguished by the large external valve

and the sinuous vein M in the fore wing. Lacroixiella Badonnel is poorly

known but has wings which are narrowed apically to a rounded end; the

pterostigma has no pronounced hind angle and the veins and margin are

sparsely setose. Austrocaecilius Smithers has a glabrous external gonapophysis

valve which is elongate and well sclerotized; the dorsal and ventral valves are

long and slender and the subgenital plate has very conspicuous lateral apophy-

ses which bear marginal setae. In addition to the differences indicated above

Aphyopsocus differs from all other genera of the Caeciliinae in the enlarge-

ment of the epiproct in the adults into a setose dome-shaped structure and in

the nymphs into a conspicuous, well developed, elongate, apically narrowing

extension of unknown function; this extension is half as long as the abdomen

in some instars. :

Aphyopsocus prolixus sp. n.

MALE

Coloration (in alcohol). Head very pale brownish yellow with a brown

median, longitudinal stripe from occiput to epistomial suture; stripe a little

wider at ocellar tubercle. Postclypeus pale brown with faint suggestion of

darker, anteriorly converging lines; postclypeus paler around edge. Labrum

colourless. Maxillary palps colourless. Genae pale brown, paler adjacent to

postclypeus. Scape, pedicel and first flagellar segment dark brown; second

flagellar segment pale in basal half, darkening to brown distally; remaining

segments brown. Eyes black. Ocelli pale on brown tubercle. Mesothorax with

antedorsum and dorsal lobes shining brown; paraspidal sutures and a median

stripe broadly very pale brownish yellow; scutellum pale. Metanotum as

mesonotum but antedorsum pale. Pleura brown. Fore wings (Fig. 4), hind

wings (Fig. 5) hyaline with some brown areas. Legs colourless with second

tarsal segment pale brown. Abdomen colourless with black spot at apex

caused by subcutaneous pigments in the prominent epiproct.

Morphology. Length of body: 2.6 mm. Median epicranial suture very

distinct. Top of head (Fig. 1) fairly flat so that hind margin is level with

' Aust. ent. Mag. 9(1), June,1982 15

]

Figs 1-8. Aphyopsocus prolixus sp. n.: (1) д head; (2) 9 head; (3) d lacinia; (4) 9 fore

j wing; (5) d hind wing; (6) б phallosome; (7) д hypandrium; (8) $ paraproct.

]

16 Aust. ent. Mag. 9(1), June,1982

pronotum. Postclypeus bulbous. Head with fine setae, except on genae.

Labrum with well developed antero-lateral stylets. Antero-lateral setae of

labrum not heavier than others. Full complement of marginal labral setae

present. Genae broad with little distance between eye and base of mandible.

Lengths of flagellar segments: f,: 1.04 mm; f,: 0.84 mm. First flagellar

segment much thicker than second, slightly curved. Setae fine and short. Eyes

large, just reaching level of vertex. IO/D: 1.1; PO: 0.82. Ocellar tubercle

ovoid with longitudinal axis greater than transverse. Ocelli of equal size.

Mandibles relatively long (sensu Mockford and Garcia Aldrete 1976). Lacinia

(Fig. 3). Maxillary palps very long, fourth segment three times longer than

wide at its widest point; second segment almost as long as fourth segment

but narrower. Measurements of hind leg: Е: 0.76 mm; T: 1.28 mm; t, : 0.35

mm; t5: 0.13 mm; rt: 2.7: 1;ct: 15, 0. No cones on anterior face of femora

of prothoracic leg. Fore wing length: 4.0 mm; width: 1.0 mm. Wings remark-

ably long and narrow (Fig. 4), some four times long as wide. Hind angle of

pterostigma strong; ptersostigma long. Rs and M confluence fairly long,

beyond which Rs is gently sinuous and approaches M closely. Stem of Rs

about three times as long as radial fork. M, beyond separation from Rs,

curving back and then forwards strongly to approach Rs. Cu, slightly sinuous

basad of areola postica. Setae on veins short, fine and sparse, in a single row.

Hind wing length: 3.2 mm; width: 0.8 mm. Hind wings (Fig. 5) narrow and

long. Margin setose from about R, , around tip to base on hind margin. Veins

without setae. No basal anterior setal brush. Epiproct developed into an

unusual, large, postero-dorsal, setose dome (representing reduced epiproct as

seen in nymph, see below and Fig. 9). Paraproct (Fig. 8) simple, without

duplex seta on posterior margin and without papillae. Hypandrium (Fig. 7)

sparsely setose, a little more heavily sclerotized near hind margin than

elsewhere. Marginal setae not grouped. Phallosome (Fig. 6) closed anteriorly;

posterior fusion of inner parameres lightly sclerotized; penial bulb with

sclerotizations; external parameres fairly broad with sensory pores grouped

into a more or less defined field remote from apex.

FEMALE

Coloration (in alcohol). As in male but dark areas darker in most

specimens. Antennae as in male but second, third and fourth flagellar segments

pale in basal half, each becoming darker in distal part. Black spot at end of

abdomen a little more conspicuous than in male due to greater prominence

of epiproct.

Morphology. Length of body: 3.1 mm. Head (Fig. 2) flat on top, much

more so than in male, vertex hardly higher than pronotum. Hind margin of

head capsule emarginate at epicranial suture. Postclypeus bulbous. Labrum as

in male. Genae very broad to correspond with elongation of top of head and

frons. Length of flagellar segments: f,: 1.1 mm; fz: 0.84 mm. Antennae

with scape, pedicel and first flagellar segment thickened; first flagellar segment

much thicker than in male and more distal flagellar segments. Setae fine and

Figs 9-13. Aphyopsocus prolixus sp. n.: (9) $ nymph; (10) 9 gonapophyses; (11) 9

paraproct; (12) spermathecal entrance and duct; (13) 9 epiproct and paraproct,

right lateral.

dense. Eyes smaller than in male, not reaching level of flattened top of head.

IO/D: 1.8; PO: 0.66. Ocelli smaller than in male but on similarly ovoid

tubercle. Lacinia as in male. Maxillary palps long, as in male. Measurements

of hind leg: Е: 0.84 mm; T: 1.36 mm; t; : 0.36 mm; t, : 0.16 mm; rt: 23: 1;

ct: 18, 0. Fore wing length: 4.3 mm; width: 1.1 mm. Hind wing length: 3.4

mm; width: 0.8 mm. Wings as in male. Epiproct (Fig. 13) enlarged into a

setose dome, longer than in male; the dome representing the extremely well

developed epiproct of the nymph (see below and Fig. 9). Paraproct (Fig. 11).

Subgenital plate simple, thickened along border, setose. Gonapophyses (Fig.

10); ventral valve long, curved, slightly tapering, arising from a strongly

sclerotized bar and with a lightly sclerotized ventral flange; dorsal valve well

sclerotized, broad at base, tapering posteriorly to a fine point, with a ventral,

lightly sclerotized flange; external valve remnant very broad and unusually

well developed for the family, with from one to three setae (one in figure).

18 Aust. ent. Mag. 9(1), June,1982

Spermathecal duct (Fig. 12) with short duct most of which is enclosed in the

sheath (sensu Mockford 1978); entrance to spermatheca surrounded by a

lightly sclerotized but distinct ring.

NYMPH (Fig. 9)

Coloration. White, except for the black or dark brown eyes.

Morphology. Differences in head shape and development of the first

flagellar segments of the antennae, as seen in adult males and females, are

discernible in nymphs from at least the penultimate nymphal instar. The most

remarkable feature of the nymphs is the extraordinary development of the

epiproct into a large dorso-posterior spike. Such development has not

previously been reported in the Psocoptera. It is also unusual for a species

with well pigmented adults to have colourless nymphs.

MATERIAL EXAMINED. NEW SOUTH WALES:— Holotype, $, Lindfield, 28.x.1962,

A. S. Smithers. Allotype, 9, Lindfield 19.xi.1970, C. Trickett. Paratypes: 5 д, 2 9, same

data as holotype. 2 d, 2 9, Lindfield, 7.x.1961, A. S. Smithers. 1 д, 3 9, Lindfield,

10.xi.1970, A. S. Smithers. 1 $, Lindfield 19.xi.1970, J. O'Regan. 5 d, 3 $, Lindfield,

19.xi.1970, C. Trickett. 1 9, Lindfield, 10.xii.1966, J. V. Peters. 1 9, Lindfield, 4.v.1976,

C. N. Smithers. 1 9, Lindfield, 27.1.1961, C. N. and A. S. Smithers. 1 9, Upper Causeway,

Royal National Park, 3.xii.1966, C. N. and A. S. Smithers. 1 9, Royal National Park,

25.1.1961, С. N. and A. S. Smithers. 1 c, Royal National Park, 29.1.1961, C. N. and A.

S. Smithers. 2 д, 3 9, Royal National Park, 6.x.1965, A. S. Smithers. 2 d, Couranga Track,

Royal National Park, 10.xi.1976, G. A. Holloway. 1 9, Royal National Park, 20.ix.1968,

J. V. Peters. 2 9, Northmead, 26.1.1963, D. К. McAlpine. 1 9, Northmead, 12.11.1964,

C. №. Smithers. 2 d, 1 9, Lisarow, near Gosford, 6.vii.1966, C. N. Smithers. 1 d, 9 9,

Bulli Pass, 8.xii.1966, C. №. Smithers. 1 d, Narara, near Gosford, 6.vii.1966, С. N.

Smithers. 5 9, Rutherford Creek, Brown Mt., near Nimmitabel, 19.xi.1976, G. Daniels

and M. Schneider (AM). 1 d, 1 9, Tantawangalo, near Cathcart, 27.11.1962, C. N. and

А. S. Smithers. 1 9, Rocky Hall, near Eden, 23.iii.1962, A. S. Smithers. 1 d, Bandon

Grove, near Dungog, 4.ix.1961, C. N. and A. S. Smithers. 1 9, Bega, 22.iii.1962, A. S.

Smithers. 3 9, Talbingo, 24.11.1962, A. S. Smithers (BMNH). 1 д, Macquarie Falls,

14.х1.1960, D. Н. Colless. 1 9, Cootes Crossing, Orara River, 26.iii.1961, C. N. and A. S.

Smithers. 1 9, Captain's Flat, 1.iv.1971, C. N. Smithers (ANIC).

Holotype and paratypes in the Australian Museum (AM), paratypes in the

Australian National Insect Collection (ANIC) and the British Museum (BMNH).

Nymphal material: 2 nymphs, Lindfield, 10.xii.1966, J. V. Peters. 1 nymph,

Royal National Park, 20.1.1968, J. V. Peters. 6 nymphs, Royal National Park, 29.1.1961,

C. N. and A. S. Smithers (AM).

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank Martyn Robinson for preparing the figures for

this paper and the collectors who have provided material of this interesting

species.

References

Mockford, E. L., 1978. A generic classification of family Amphipsocidae (Psocoptera:

Caecilietae). Trans. Amer. ent. Soc. 104: 139-190, 110 figs.

Mockford, E. L. and Garcia Aldrete, A. N., 1976. A new species and notes on the

taxonomic position of Asiopsocus Günther (Psocoptera). Southwestern Nat.

21: 335-346, 22 figs.

Aust. ent. Mag. 9(1), June, 1982 19

BOOK REVIEW

Plecoptera (Sternfliegen) by P. Zwick. 1980. iii, 115 pp. Handbuch der

Zoologie Vol. IV. 2 Hälfte: Insecta 2. Teil Spezielles Lfg. 26, 7.

Handbuch der Zoologie is a handbook of zoology founded by Willy Kukenthal,

edited by J.-G. Helmcke (Berlin), E. Starck (Frankfurt/M.) and H. Wermuth (Ludwigs-

burg) and published by Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York. It constitutes a natural

history of the phyla of the animal kingdom and this volume deals with the stoneflies

(Plecoptera).

Under the main chapter headings which roughly translated read History of

exploration, Characteristics, Paleontology, Systematics, Distribution and distributional

history, Ecology and physiology, Enemies, parasites and commensals, Economics, Anat-

omy and morphology, Reproduction and life cycle, practically all important literature

is not only reviewed in a fascinating style but also constructively criticised and

complemented as far as advisable and possible in a general treatment like this. The

volume concludes with a register of scientific names and a list of the cited literature

(734 titles).

Most chapters, but particularly those concerning systematics, and distribution

and distributional history, possibly could not have been written by anyone else more

experienced and competent. The author has constantly been working on these themes

for more than a decade and has established a phylognetic system of the order based on

the detailed consideration of the subject.

The very interesting Australian forms are treated as far as it is possible to do so in

a general work of this kind. Here the fact that the author has spent considerable time in

Australia collecting and studying stoneflies and has been, and still is, publishing on our

fauna must be considered a benefit.

I regard this volume as a first class, illustrated, up to date encyclopedia of Plecopt-

era which could be used as an excellent example for any other thorough treatment of an

insect group. It fulfils an important need in the entomological literature and is

recommended to anyone truely interested in hydrobiology, linmology, and related

applied subjects, working as a teacher or student, professional or amateur. It should be

present in every zoological institute.

It is obvious that the German name of Plecoptera is not Sternfliegen as printed

erroneously on the title pages, but rather Steinfliegen (translated stoneflies) otherwise

the volume is remarkably free from typographical errors and well produced. Its price

(about A$62) appears high in relation to the size but not to the quality of the work.

G. THEISCHINGER

AN ACCUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF

AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGY

Compiled by M. S. Moulds

DOHERTY, R. L., CARLEY, J. G., KAY, B. H., FILIPPICH, C. and MARKS, Е. №.

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ELLIOTT, H. J. and de LITTLE, D. W.

1980. Laboratory studies on predation of Chrysophtharta bimaculata (Olivier) (Col-

eoptera: Cnrysomelidae) eggs by the coccinellids Cleobora mellyi and Harmonia

conformis (Boisduval). Gen. appl. Ent. 12: 33-36, tables 1-4.

FRENCH, J. R. J. and ROBINSON, P. J.

1981. Baits for aggregating large numbers of subterranean termites. J. Aust. ent. Soc.

20(1): 75-76.

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LOUDON, B. J. and ATTIA, Е. I.

1981. The immature stages of Alophora lepidofera (Malloch) (Diptera: Tachinidae),

a native parasite of Lygaeidae (Hemiptera) in Australia. Aust. ent. Mag. 7(5):

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TAYLOR, Robert W.

1978. A taxonomic guide to the ant genus Orectognathus (Hymenoptera: Formic-

idae). CSIRO Div. Ent. Rep. 3: [i-iii] , 1-11.

1979. New Australian ants of the genus Orectognathus, with summary description of

the twenty-nine known species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Aust, J. Zool.

27(5): 773-788, tables 1 & 2, text-figs 1-12.

1980. Australian and Melanesian ants of the genus Eurhopalothrix Brown and Kempf

—notes and new species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). J. Aust. ent. Soc. 19(3):

229-239, text-figs 1-14.

TUART, Lindsay

1979. The pyrethroids and Heliothis control. Cotton News, 32: 8.

VANE-WRIGHT, R. I., ACKERY, Р. В. and SMILES, R. L.

1977. The polymorphism, mimicry, and host plant relationships of Hypolimnas

butterflies. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 9(3): 285-297, tables 1-3.

WAINER, J. W.

1979. Coleoptera of the Little Desert — Part 1. Victorian Ent. 9(4): 42-44.

WATSON, J. A. L. and MOULDS, M. S.

1979. New species of Australian Lestidae (Odonata). J. Aust. ent. Soc. 18(2): 143-

155, 1 table, text-figs 1-37.

WHITINGTON, P. M.

1977. Contribution of invertebrate studies to the problem of neuronal specificity.

Abst. 48th ANZAAS Congr. 1: 196.

Blattodea: Periplaneta americana

WILSON, A. G. L.

1981. Field evaluation of formamidine insecticides and Bacillus thuringiensis fot

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1977. The relative injuriousness of insect pests of cotton in the Namoi Valley, New

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WOODWARD, T. E.

1977. The occurrence of Almeidini (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) in Australia, with

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CONTENTS

EVANS, Howard E. Two new species of Australian Bembix. sand

wasps, with notes on other species of the genus (Hymenoptera, ~~

Sphecidae);-. 1 A Ee A ОМ UAR S iE rS. Nostre 7

SMITHERS, C. N. Aphyopsocus gen. nov., a remarkable new genus of

Caeciliidae (Psocoptera) from south-eastern New South Wales... 13

SMITHERS, C. N. and HOLLOWAY, G. A. Aggregation of adults in

two Australian species of Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) ......... 4

VALENTINE, P. S. and JOHNSON, S. J. New records of Lycaenidae

and Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera) from northern Queensland... . . . 1

BOOK REVIEW — Plecoptera. Handbuch der Zoologie Vol. IV, 2

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Aust. ent. Mag. | 30 NOV

Volume 9, Parts 2,3 — — — quly; 1982

BUTTERFLIES OF THE UPPER JARDINE RIVER,

CAPE YORK PENINSULA

By M. S. Moulds and J. W. C. d'Apice

c/- Entomology Department, Australian Museum, 6-8 College St, Sydney, 2000

and

50 Margaret St, Sydney, 2000

Abstract

Forty species of butterflies are recorded from the Jardine River basin. Telicota

eurotas laconia Waterhouse has not previously been recorded north of the Claudie River

(Iron Range), and the known distributions of Toxidia inornata inornata (Butler) and

Philiris fulgens kurandae Waterhouse are marginally extended northwards. Rain forest

areas (semi-deciduous mesophyll closed forest) are mapped in detail for the first time

and facts concerning river navigation are presented for the benefit of those wishing to

enter this little known area.

Introduction

The Jardine River is situated in the far northern portion of Cape York

Peninsula (Fig. 1). Although Queensland's largest perennial river its upper

reaches have remained unexplored and very little is known of the zoology of

this remote area. The first botanical survey of the Jardine River catchment

has only recently been made (Lavarack and Stanton, 1977): vegetation types

were mapped on a broad scale and extensive areas of closed forest in the

upper Jardine basin recorded. Rain forest also occurs immediately to the

east and south-east of the Jardine basin in the vicinity of Shelburne Bay

(Pedley and Isbell, 1971). These recently discovered rain forests form an area

of special biological significance because of its location between the rather

different rain forest communities of Cape York and Iron Range. Monteith

and Hancock (1977) list the butterfly fauna from the rain forests near

22 Aust. ent, Mag. 9(2,3), July, 1982

Shelburne Bay. In this paper we list species from the rain forests of the

Jardine basin.

The vegetation along the river for much of its length is dominated by

Melaleuca leucadendron and Leptospermum longifolium. The stands of rain

forest (semi-deciduous mesophyll closed forest) are limited in extent and

occur only along the upper portions of the river. All are riverine in nature

with the largest stand covering no more than a few hectares. Almost without

exception these rain forest areas are associated with permanent creeks.

Predominant canopy trees are Beilschmiedia obtusifolia and Syzygium

rubiginosum. Palms are a prominent feature and many species were encount-

ered, the most conspicuous being Livistona benthamii which appeared to be

the most widespread species and the large and beautiful fan palm, Licuala

ramsayi, and the wait-a-while, Calamus australis. All notable stands of rain

forest encountered were mapped and are shown in Fig. 1.

For the benefit of others planning to visit this area we add the following

notes, Our investigations began at the point where the telegraph track crosses

the river, from which point we travelled upstream. Canoes were chosen as

the mode of transport, although prior to departure we were uncertain if such

craft could negotiate the river. The Jardine is a large river and flows with

quite a strong current. As no one had previously navigated its upper reaches

we had no idea what problems might be encountered. As it turned out

there were few real obstacles. The strong current caused the greatest hardship

and produced some very weary canoeists. The first day we covered only

5 km. Thereafter we averaged approximately 10 km per day. We travelled

constantly for eight days after which we reached a stand of “quality” rain

forest about 1 km before the junction of the McHenry River. Here we

established a base camp and later travelled upstream for another day to the

next major junction. Beyond this point it was impossible to go further by

canoe because many fallen trees completely spanned the stream. We had at

this point travelled more than 80 km from the telegraph track crossing.

One of the more remarkable features of the river is its almost constant

gradient. The river bed is white sand and the banks are sandy in nature. The

only exceptions are two sets of rapids, the first some 53 km from the

crossing and the second about 57 km. Both are formed principally from

sandstone-like rock and can be negotiated with care. We were travelling

during October (towards the end of the dry season) and the river level was

comparatively low. Water depth averaged a little over 1 m near the crossing

and about 0.3 m upstream. Extensive shallows were encountered and numerous

submerged tree limbs were a constant hazard. The water was crystal clear

but there was the occasional dark deep pool. One large crocodile (over 3 m

long) was seen in such a pool. Crocodile tracks were seen elsewhere. Large

catfish and the barrimundi, Sclerophages jardini were plentiful along the

entire length of the river almost as far as the McHenry junction, but especially

so below the rapids.

Aust, ent. Mag. 9(2,3), July, 1982 23

Bamaga P,

B f — srubv AREA

Iron Range

CAPE YORK PENINSULA

SHOWING STUDY AREA

not navigable by canoe

beyond this junction

5km

Distance from crossing marked

along river in 10 km intervals

rain forest

^" road or track

Fig. 1. Map of the upper Jardine River showing rain forest areas (numbered for reference

1- 9).

Aust, ent, Mag. 9(2,3), July, 1982

List of species

All records, October, 1978. Rain forest areas referred to below by numerals are those

shown in Fig. 1.

Species

ааты.

Comments

HESPERIIDAE

Tagiades japetus janetta Butler

Toxidia inornata inornata (Butler)

Telicota eurotas laconia Waterhouse

Telicota mesoptis mesoptis Lower

Sabera caesina albifascia (Miskin)

Sabera dobboe autoleon (Miskin)

PAPILIONIDAE

Papilio aegeus aegeus Donovan

Papilio ulysses joesa Butler

Pachliopta polydorus queenslandicus

(Rothschild)

PIERIDAE

Delias argenthona argenthona (Fabricius)

Delias mysis waterhousei Talbot

Delias aruna inferna Butler

NYMPHALIDAE

Danaus affinis affinis (Fabricius)

Danaus hamatus hamatus (W. S. Macleay)

Euploea sylvester sylvester (Fabricius)

Tellervo zoilus gelo Waterhouse and Lyell

Melanitis leda bankia (Fabricius)

Mycalesis terminus terminus (Fabricius)

My calesis perseus perseus (Fabricius)

Hypocysta irius (Fabricius)

Hypocysta adiante adiante (Hübner)

Xois arctoa arctoa (Fabricius)

Neptis praslini staudingereana Nicéville

Pantoporia venilia moorei (W. J. Macleay)

Pantoporia consimilis consimilis (Boisduval)

Doleschallia bisaltide australis C. & R. Felder

Hypolimnas bolina nerina (Fabricius)

Very common

One specimen only. Previously recorded as

far north as Shelburne Bay (Monteith and

Hancock, 1977).

Three specimens takenon the northern side

of the crossing amongst Gahnia. Two others

taken in a small Gahnia swamp on the

southern bank below rain forest area 1 at

142°33'Е, 11%10'S. Previously unknown

north of the Claudie River (Common and

Waterhouse, 1981).

Very scarce

Plentiful

Very scarce

A few seen

Several seen at various locations along the

upper portion of the river.

Scarce

Common

Common in most rain forest areas.

Common only in rain forest areas 6 and 7.

Two specimens sighted at area 1.

Uncommon

Very common but only at one location a

little below rain forest area 2.

Common only in rain forest area 7.

Uncommon

One specimen only

Very scarce

Aust, ent. Mag. 9(2,3), July, 1982

Species

Comments

Hypolimnas alimena lamina Fruhstorfer

Junonia hedonia zelima (Fabricius)

Junonia orithya albicincta Butler

Cupha prosope prosope (Fabricius)

LYCAENIDAE

Pseudodipsas eone iole Waterhouse & Lyell

Philiris fulgens kurandae Waterhouse

Philiris innotata evinculis Wind and Clench

Arhopala micale amytis (Hewitson)

Uncommon. One very melanic 9 amongst

material taken.

Very scarce

Uncommon

One specimen only

Uncommon. Found only at one location

above the uppermost rapids. Previously re-

corded as far north as Shelburne Bay (Mon-

teith and Hancock, 1977).

One specimen only

Locally common

Hypolycaena phorbas phorbas (Fabricius) | Uncommon

Deudorix epirus agimar Fruhstorfer One specimen taken in rain forest area 8.

Candalides helenita helenita (Semper) Common

Candalides geminus Edwards and Kerr Common

Praetaxila segecia punctaria (Fruhstorfer) Б ive fam from rain forest areas 2, 3,

and 7.

Discussion

Conditions at the time of our survey were rather dry which, no doubt,

reduced the number of butterflies on the wing. Few specimens were seen

outside of rain forest areas and consequently little was encountered along

the lower half of the river travelled. The notable exception was Telicota

eurotas taken in shaded situations at the telegraph crossing and a little

further upstream.

The number of Hesperiidae encountered was surprisingly low. Only

six species were taken and four of these only in small numbers. Despite

the numerous palms growing in the area no palm-feeding species was

taken.

In contrast, Pieridae were comparatively common. Delias mysis was

plentiful and occurred in most areas of rain forest. D. aruna was plentiful until

about 9 am each morning in rain forest area 6 (refer Fig. 1), where specimens

flew high in a small clearing. Later each day several adults could always be

found settled on leaf litter in rain forest area 7 at the junction of the

Jardine and McHenry Rivers. When disturbed these specimens would usually

fly a short distance and resettle. Both males and females adopted this

behaviour. D. argenthona was less common but widespread.

The behaviour of the lycaenid Praetaxila segecia is also worthy of

comment, Specimens were only found as isolated individuals settled amongst

leaf litter within deeply shaded rain forest (areas 2, 3, 6 and 7 in Fig. 1).

26 Aust, ent. Mag. 9(2,3), July, 1982

Despite a constant search for Ornithoptera priamus (L.) none were

sighted at any time during the three weeks we were in the area. This often

common species was also absent from the list of 98 species given by Monteith

and Hancock (1977) from the Shelburne Bay region which includes rain forest

areas immediately to the east and south of the Jardine River catchment. There

are no other known specimens from the region and the statement made by

Haugum and Low (1978, p. 142) that “Scattered populations exist in the

Jardine River valley forests . . ." is incorrect and based purely on assumption.

Lavarack and Stanton (1977) do not record Aristolochia, the only food plant

of O. priamus, from the region. Their paper, however, was not intended to be

detailed in its listings. We therefore made an extensive search for this vine

during our studies but it appeared to be entirely absent. These findings

suggest that O. priamus is either permanently absent from this region or

occurs only on rare occasions. If this is so the geographical isolation of

subspecies macalpinei Moulds is indeed real and the unique characters

displayed by the adult confirm its subspecific status despite doubts expressed

by D'Abrera (1976) and Haugum and Low (1978).

Our observations of the habitats encountered along the upper Jardine

leave us no doubt that the region must carry a rich insect fauna. A survey at а

more favourable time of year should prove most rewarding. It appears that the

butterfly fauna somewhat parallels that of the nearby Shelburne Bay region as

listed by Monteith and Hancock (1977). Only two species, Telicota eurotas

and Euploea sylvester, remain unlisted by them. They, however, remarked on

the apparent absence of Euploea during their survey (they took only E. core)

and it would not be unreasonable to assume that all five Euploea species

known to range widely on Cape York Peninsula occur both in the Shelburne

Bay region and along the upper Jardine River.

Acknowledgements

A. К. Irvine, Division of Forest Research, C.S.I.R.O., Atherton, accom-

panied us during the expedition and we are grateful to him for botanical

identifications.

References

Common, I. F. B., and Waterhouse, D. F.,1981. Butterflies of Australia. Revised edition.

Angus and Robertson, Sydney. 682 pp.

D'Abrera, B., 1975. Birdwing butterflies of the world. Lansdowne, Melbourne. 260 pp.

Haugum, J. and Low, A. M., 1978. A monograph of the birdwing butterflies. Vol. 1,

Part 2. Ornithoptera (Ornithoptera). Scandinavian Science Press, Klampenborg,

Denmark. Pp. 85-192.

Lavarack, P. S. and Stanton, J. P., 1977. Vegetation of the Jardine River catchment and

adjacent coastal areas. Proc, R. Soc. Qd 88: 39-48, pl. 10.

Monteith, G. B. and Hancock, D. L., 1977. Range extensions and notable records for

butterflies of Cape York Peninsula, Australia. Aust, ent; Mag. 4(2): 21-38.

Pedley, L. and Isbell, R. F., 1971. Plant communities of Cape York Peninsula, Proc, R.

Soc. Qd 82(5): 51-74.

Aust, ent. Mag. 9(2,3), July, 1982 27

DIRHINUS RUFRICORNIS (GIRAULT) (HYMENOPTERA: CHALCIDAE:

DIRHININAE), A PARASITE OF DIPTERA, TWO OF WHICH

ARE PRIMARY PARASITES OF ORTHOPTERA

By G. L. Baker*, С. R. Brown” and К. Pigottt

* Biological and Chemical Research Institute, P.M.B. 10, Rydalmere, N.S.W. 2116

New South Wales Department of Agriculture, Dubbo, N.S.W. 2830

Abstract

Dirhinus rufricornis (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) is recorded as a parasite

of Ceracia fergusoni (Malloch) (Diptera: Tachinidae) and Blaesoxipha pachytyli (Skuse)

(Diptera: Sarcophagidae), both of the latter being primary parasites of the Australian

plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker) and other acridids.

The duration of life history stages of D. rufricornis in the laboratory with

Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) as host was: egg 3 days, larva 7

days, pupa 12 days. Females parasitised an average of 2.1 host pupae per day. The

longevity of females ranged from 17-32 days and males 13-91 days.

Introduction

Girault (1915) gave data on the distribution of Dirhinus rufricornis

(Girault) (as D. sarcophagae) in northern Australia. Froggatt (1919) records

the sarcophagid Parasarcophaga aurifrons (Macquart) as a host, while Wilson

(1960) records the sarcophagids Boettcherisca peregrina (Rob. Desvoidy)

(= Sarcophaga irrequieta Walker), Tricholioproctia (= Sarcophaga) impatiens

(Walker), and the calliphorids Calliphora villosa (= stygia) (Fabricius), Chryso-

mya rufifacies (Macquart), Chrysomya varipes (Macquart) and Lucilia sericata

(Meigen). In this study D. rufricornis was reared from the puparia of Blae-

soxipha pachytyli (Skuse) (Sarcophagidae) and Ceracia fergusoni (Malloch)

(Tachinidae) obtained from field collected adults of the Australian plague

locust, Chortoicetes terminifera (Walker). D. rufricornis were cultured in the

laboratory in Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Calliphoridae) puparia and some

biological data recorded. The study was limited due to the onset of haploid

reproduction a short time after the commencement of the laboratory culture.

Method

On 7 January, 1978, C. terminifera adults were collected with a sweep

net from a swarm at Yalgogrin in the eastern Riverina District, New South

Wales and retained in a sealed calico bag. Five days later (12 January, 1978)

the larvae of two species of dipterous parasites emerged from the C. termin-

ifera adults and were removed from the bag and placed in screw top jars to

pupate. From five C. fergusoni puparia thus obtained, one adult C. fergusoni

emerged on 22 January, 1978 and parasitic wasps of the species D. rufricornis

(1 d, 2 9) emerged from three others on 30 January, 1978 (23 days after

collection of the C. terminifera and 8 days after emergence of the adult

C. fergusoni), while the fifth puparium failed to develop. From 13 B.

pachytyli puparia also obtained from the C. terminifera, five adult B. pachy-

tyli emerged between 24-27 January, 1978 and two male D. rufricornis

emerged on 31 January, 1978 (24 days after collection, and 4-7 days after

the emergence of the adult B. pachytyli). Six puparia failed to develop.

28 Aust. ent. Mag. 9(2,3), July, 1982

The two female and one male D. rufricornis adults (from C. fergusoni

puparia) were placed with 40 L. cuprina puparia on 7 February, 1978. Only

two female D. rufricornis were bred (emerging on 27 February, 1978), the

remaining puparia giving rise to L. cuprina (4) or Alysia manducator (Panzer)

(Braconidae) (34), which had parasitised the L. cuprina puparia prior to

their placement with the D. rufricornis. Using these two unmated female

D. rufricornis a further generation was reared, all males.

During breeding, each D. rufricornis was held in a 200 x 40 mm

glass vial with brass gauze stopper. A 10% sugar solution soaked into cotton

wool pads was replenished every third day. Female D. rufricornis were

provided with 10-25 L. cuprina puparia each one to three days, depending

on the availability of L. cuprina puparia. These puparia, once replaced, were

retained in identical containers. A sample of three to five puparia was dissected

for each day after placement up to day 21 (in all 51 puparia) and the

incumbent life history stages of D. rufricornis measured and mounted on

slides using Hoyer's mounting medium. The laboratory rearing was conducted

at a mean temperature of 22.4°C (mean max. 25.7°C; mean min. 19.0°C).

Results

Oviposition: D. rufricornis oviposited in L. cuprina puparia of age six to

seven days (Fig. 1; 3.11.78) and one to two days (Fig. 1; 6.iii.78). The

pupal period of L. cuprina, under the experimental conditions, was eight

to ten days, indicating a wide range in age of puparia susceptible to parasitism.

Greathead (1959) found parasitism of Stomorhina lunata (F.) by Dirhinus

excavatus Dalman increased with time, indicating parasitism occurred

throughout the pupal stage.

Fecundity: The average number of host puparia parasitised per day was 2.1-7

for female 1 (37 in 17 days) and 2.03 for female 2 (65 in 32 days). No

puparia were parasitied in the first two days following emergence. The

number parasitised increased to a maximum of six at age eight days after

which there was a decline to approximately three per day (Fig. 2).

The number of host puparia provided was not a limiting factor in the

assessment of fecundity. Only 44.5% of puparia provided to female 1 were

parasitised and 25.3% of those provided to female 2 (83 and 256 respectively).

Only a single adult emerged from each parasitised puparium and during

dissection only one specimen was found in each puparium.

Longevity: The mean longevity of males provided with sucrose solution

replenished every third day was 38.35 days (range 13-91; n = 31); supplied

with water 10.0 days (range 7-11; n = 10); unfed 9.66 days (range 6-11;

n = 6). Two females lived for 17 and 32 days.

Description and duration of developmental stages

The duration of development from oviposition to adult emergence

ranged from 21-29 days (mean 22.78, n = 51). Development was independent

of the stage of development of the host when parasitised. As a result the

interval between emergence of adult hosts from unparasitised puparia and

Aust. ent, Mag. 9(2,3), July, 1982 29

L.cuprina D.rufricornis

NUMBER

IFAS LSS 8 9 10 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2324 25 26 27 23 29 30

Date of y

Бзр (у ер Ж

8.Ш.78

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 % 17 18 19 20

DAY

Fig. 1. Time of emergence after oviposition by D. rufricornis of L. cuprina adults from

unparasitised puparia and D. rufricornis adults from parasitised puparia.

О 5 10

15 20 25 30

AGE (d)

Fig. 2. The number of L. cuprina puparia parasitised per day by two D. rufricornis

females (number averaged over periods of 1-3 days depending on the interval at

which host puparia placed and removed). Female 1 died on day 17 and female 2

on day 32.

the emergence of the first D. rufricornis from parasitised puparia was

variable and ranged from 13-18 days (Fig. 1).

Egg (Fig. 3). 0.720-0.82 mm long, 0.15-0.27 mm in diameter; white; smooth;

elongate; slightly concave on one side; ends rounded, slightly narrowed

caudally. The period from oviposition to hatching is 3 days. All eggs were

found in the fluid filled cavity surrounding the developing host pupa.

30 Aust. ent. Mag. 9(2,3), July, 1982

Figs 3-6. Developmental stages of D. rufricornis: (3) egg (scale = 0.1 mm); (4) fully

developed larva feeding on host pupa (casing of puparium removed) (scale =

1.0 mm); (5) anterior view of head of final instar larva; (6) mesothoracic

spiracle of final instar larva.

Final instar larva (Figs 4-6). Head hemispherical, lightly sclerotised; antennae

a pair of low cones 13.4 ит in diameter; mandibles triangular with single,

heavily sclerotised, apical tooth, articulating with pleurostoma dorsally and

hypostoma ventrally; mouthparts in depression overhung by clypeus dorsally;

maxillae two lateral projections above the mandibles, poorly differentiated;

labium differentiated into long narrow prelabium and long narrow postlabium

expanded laterally; tentorium two dark rods, apically supporting base of

mandibles: thoracic segments (3), abdominal segments (10), without

conspicuous setae: spiracles on meso and meta thorax and first seven

abdominal segments, aperture round 34.5 ит in diameter surrounded by

—— SÉ

Aust. ent. Mag. 9(2,3), July, 1982 31

transparent ring 48 ит in diameter, above cup-shaped swelling and conical

tube constricted at base to 8.9 um beyond which it is expanded to 21 um

before connecting to closing apparatus and hence trachea. The larval

morphology of D. rufricornis compares well with previous descriptions of

Dirhinus (Greathead 1959). In D. excavatus the spiracle apertures are not

cup shaped above a constricted base as they are in D. rufricornis.

Larval development of males was complete in seven to eight days

(n = 17) after hatching (10 days after oviposition).

Pupa. White, becoming black with development of adult colouration;

morphology typical of Dirhininae; head pointed apically; hind femur

distinctly swollen.

The duration of the pupal stage is 12 days (n = 30) at a mean

temperature of 22.4°C. The eyes become pigmented 6 days after pupation.

After eight days the entire pupa is black and at 11 days the pupa is fully

developed with functional appendages. The fully developed adult emerges by

forcing open thé puparium along its line of weakness at the anterior end.

This mode of emergence is similar to that of adult hosts from unparasitised

puparia.

Discussion

D. rufricornis is not a hyperparasite because it attacks the primary

parasite after it has left its hosts and this makes the circumstances of the

initial record of D. rufricornis from primary parasites of C. terminifera

unusual. It must be assumed that a fertile D. rufricornis female was taken

on the wing at the time the C. terminifera collection was made and that

parasitism of C. fergusoni and B. pachytyli took place subsequent to their

emergence from C. terminifera. There is a possibility that the adult D.

rufricornis was phoretic on adult C. terminifera or otherwise associated with

the C. terminifera swarm. It would be extremely difficult to ascertain the

significance of D. rufricornis as a parasite of the primary parasites of

C. terminifera in the field. To obtain a sample of host puparia would involve

an inordinate amount of searching over a short time interval given densities

of less than one per 5 m? in areas occupied by swarms. The role of parasites

of biological control agents of acridids has only been assessed for those

which are hyperparasites or whose host is predacious on locust eggs enabling

sampling in a concentrated area, for example D. excavatus (Greathead 1959)

and Dirhinus anthracia Walker (Baker, unpublished data).

The only previous records of parasites of the biological control agents

of acridids in Australia involve hyperparasites (Blackith 1967, Allsopp 1978,

Baker and Pigott 1979). In other countries only two authors, Kelly (1914)

and Spencer (1958), have recorded parasites of Diptera parasitic on the

post-embryonic stages of acridids, though hyperparasites have been frequently

recorded (Greathead 1963). The greater number of records of hyperparasites

is not necessarily a reflection of their relative importance in the field.

Hyperparasites are readily obtained when primary parasites are reared from

field collected hosts (a common procedure) while parasites of parasitic Diptera

i Aust. ent. Mag. 9(2,3), July, 1982

are only obtained after retention of field collected host puparia (an uncommon

procedure).

D. rufricornis has a wide host range (Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae,

| Tachinidae), including both non-parasitic Diptera (L. cuprina, P. aurifrons)

| and parasitic Diptera (С. fergusoni, В. pachytyli). A wide host range is

| characteristic of many species of chalcids and must limit their usefulness as

| biological control agents. There is a distinct danger that chalcids introduced

to control a dipterous pest may adapt to indigenous parasitic Diptera,

reducing the effectiveness of the latter. This is of particular concern in

| regions such as Australasia, North America and Africa where Diptera are the

| principal biological control agents of locusts (Baker 1979, Rees 1973,

Greathead 1963).

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Z. Bouček, British Museum (Nat. Hist.), London,

for identifying D. rufricornis; P. Hughes, New South Wales Department of Agriculture,

Rydalmere, for providing L. cuprina puparia used in the laboratory culturing of D.

rufricornis and M. Hill, New South Wales Department of Agriculture, Rydalmere, for

photographing life history stages.

References

Allsopp, P. G., 1978. Seasonal history, hosts and natural enemies of Monistria discrep-

ans (Walker) (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) in south-west Queensland. J. Aust.

ent, Soc. 17: 65-73.

Baker, G. L., 1979. Regional differences in the parasite complex and plague dynamics

of the Australian plague locust [Chortoicestes terminifera (Walker)] . 3rd Aust.

appl. ent. Res. Conf., Lawes, Qd, June 1979, pt. 7: 1-4.

| Baker, С. L. and Pigott, R., 1979. Perilampus australis Girault (Нутепор{ега: Pteroma-

lidae: Perilampinae), a hyperparasite of the Australian plague locust Chortoic-

| etes terminifera (Walker) (Orthoptera: Acrididae). J. Aust. ent. Soc. 18:

| 109-110.

| Blackith, R. E., 1967. A tachinid parasite of Australian grasshoppers. Aust. J. Zool.

15: 745-758.

Froggatt, W. W., 1919. The digger chalcid parasite (Dirrhinus sarcophagae n.sp. on

Sarcophaga aurifrons). Agric. Gaz. N.S.W. 30: 853-855,

Girault, A. A., 1915. Australian Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, XIV. Mem. Оа Mus.

4: 352-353.

Greathead, D. J., 1959. On Dirhinus excavatus Dalman (Hym., Chalcididae) and an

aleocharine larva (Col., Staphylinidae), parasites on the pupae of Stomorhina

| lunata (F.) (Dipt., Calliphoridae) in Eritrea. Ent. mon. Mag. 95: 105-108.

| Greathead, D. J., 1963. A review of the insect natural enemies of Acridoidea (Orthoptera).

| Trans, R. ent. Soc. Lond. 114: 437-517.

| Kelly, E. O. G., 1914. A new sarcophagid parasite of grasshoppers. J. agric. Res. 2:

435-436.

Rees, N. E., 1973. Arthropod and nematode parasites, parasitoids, and predators of

Acrididae in America north of Mexico. U.S. Dept. Agric. tech. Bull. 1460:

288 pp.

Spencer, G. J., 1958. The natural control complex affecting grasshoppers in the dry

belt of British Columbia. Proc. 10th Int. Congr. Ent., Montreal 1956 4:

497-502.

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| and Australian New Guinea. Commonw. Inst. Biol. Control, Tech. Commun.

1: 102 pp.

Aust. ent. Mag. 9(2,3), July, 1982 33

A NEW SPECIES OF AMBLYSE/US BERLESE FROM THE NEW

HEBRIDES WITH NOTES ON CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES FROM

AUSTRALIA, JAPAN AND CHINA (ACARI: PHYTOSEIIDAE)

By E. Schicha

Biological and Chemical Research Institute, Department of Agriculture,

Rydalmere, N.S.W., 2116

Abstract

Amblyseius sigridae sp. n. from Artocarpus incisus L. (Moraceae) in the New

Hebrides is compared with 4. markwelli Schicha from Australia, А. okinawanus Ehara

from Japan, and specimens from China tentatively ascribed to 4. okinawanus.

Introduction

Three closely related species of Amblyseius Berlese from Australia and

the Orient are compared.

Depositories are abbreviated: BCRI Biological and Chemical Research

Institute, Rydalmere; ZIFS Zoological Institute, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido

University, Sapporo.

All measurements are in micrometres.

Genus Amblyseius Berlese

Amblyseius Berlese, 1914: 143. Type species by original designation: Zercon obtusus

Koch, 1839.

Amblyseius sigridae sp. п.

(Figs 1-8)

Types:- NEW HEBRIDES: Holotype 9, on Artocarpus incisus L. (Moraceae), Santo,

16.iv.1977, J. Gutierrez. (In BCRI).

FEMALE

Dorsum. Dorsal shield 291 long (D1-D6), 156 wide (L4-L4), reticulated

laterally, with 17 pairs of setae, siz dorsal, two median, four prolateral, five

postlateral: D1 15, D2 to D4 8, D5 12, D6 9, M1 8, M2 28, L1 8, L2 and

ІЗ 10, L4 13, LS 10, L6 and L7 12, L8 13, L9 65. M2 and 19 slightly

serrated, all other setae smooth. All setae shorter than distances between

their bases and bases of setae following next in series. Seven pairs of large

pores and six pairs of small pores. S1 12 on interscutal membrane, S2 7 on

interscutal membrane on one side and on dorsal shield on opposite side.

Peritremes extending forward beyond D1 (Fig. 1).

Venter. Sternal shield 51 long, 60 wide, with three pairs of setae and two

pairs of pores. Fourth pair of setae and third pair of pores on small metasternal

shields (Fig. 2). Pentagonal ventrianal shield 114 long, 90 wide, with three

pairs of short preanal setae and a pair of oval preanal pores 24 apart,

surrounded by three pairs of setae, three pairs of small shields, primary

metapodal shield 18 long, secondary metapodal shield 12, and one pair of

ventrocaudal setae 22 (Fig. 3).

34 Aust. ent. Mag. 912,3), July, 1982

Chelicera. Details difficult to see.

Spermatheca. Sack-like cervix 15-17 long; atrium occupying whole width of

cervix where cervix fuses with major duct (Fig. 4).

Legs. Eight macrosetae: small and blunt on femur I 7, knobbed on genu I 5

(Fig. 5), minute and blunt on genu II 5 (Fig. 6) and genu III 12, setaceous

on tibia III 14 (Fig. 7), blunt on genu IV 23, setaceous on tibia IV 18 and

basitarsus IV 39 (Fig. 8).

Amblyseius markwelli Schicha

(Figs 9-16)

Amblyseius markwelli Schicha, 1979: 46.

Material examined:— QUEENSLAND: Holotype Y and nine paratypes as designated in

Schicha (1979). NEW SOUTH WALES: Two 99 and two dd, on unidentified weeds,

Bellingen, 29.iv.1980, E. Schicha. (All in BCRI).

Figs 1-4. Amblyseius sigridae sp. п. female: (1) dorsum; (2) sternal shield; (3) ventrianal

shield; (4) spermatheca.

Aust. ent. Mag. 9(2,3), July, 1982 35

Figs5-12. Leg setation of Amblyseius sigridae sp. n. (5-8), compared with that of

Amblyseius markwelli (9-12). (5, 9) femur | — genu I; (6, 10) genu II; (7-11)

genu III — tibia 111; (8, 12) genu — basitarsus IV.

36 Aust. ent. Mag. 9(2,3), July, 1982

Add to original description:—

FEMALE

Dorsum. One pair of large pores near L4 and three pairs of small pores near

D2, LS and S2 (similar to A. sigridae, Fig. 1).

Cnelicera. Fixed digit with 8-10 teeth (8—one observation; 9—five observat-

ions; 10—one observation); movable digit with 2-3 teeth (2—three observations;

3—four observations).

Spermatheca. Variable in slide-mounted type material (Figs 13-16).

Legs. Eight macrosetae: knobbed (9 observations, no exceptions) on femur

I 9-12 long (9 measurements) and genu I 16-19 (Fig. 9), blunt on genu II

11-13 (Fig. 10), knobbed on genu III 14-20, setaceous on tibia III 14-17

(Fig. 11), knobbed on genu IV 24-28, setaceous on tibia IV 18-20, slightly

knobbed on basitarsus IV 44-48 (Fig. 12).

Figs 13-27. Variations in spermathecae: (13-16) Amblyseius markwelli; (17-22) three

paratype females of A. okinawanus; (23-27) three specimens from China

ascribed to A. okinawanus.

Aust. ent. Mag. 9(2,3), July, 1982 37

Amblyseius okinawanus Ehara

(Figs 28-32)

Amblyseius (Amblyseius ) okinawanus Ehara, 1967: 72; Ehara and Lee, 1971: 64.

Material examined:— JAPAN: Three 99 paratypes labelled “Verbena officinalis, Tomig-

usuku, Okinawa L, 22.iv.1966, Ehara et al.” (In ZIFS). CHINA: Three 99 labelled

“Amblyseius okinawanus Ehara” on citrus, Guangdong Province (other particulars in

Chinese). (In BCRI).

Add to description by Ehara (1967) and Ehara and Lee (1971):—

FEMALE

Dorsum. Dorsal shield 314 long (D1-D6), 173 wide (L4-L4). Seven pairs of

large pores and four pairs of small pores as figured (Fig. 28).

Venter. Sternal shield 57 long, 65 wide (Fig. 29). Pentagonal ventrianal

shield 115 long, 92 wide, with a pair of oval preanal pores 22 apart, surrounded

by eight pairs of small shields, primary metapodal shield 18 long, secondary

metapodal shield 10 (Fig. 30).

Figs 28-32. Amblyseius okinawanus, from three paratype females: (28) dorsum; (29)

sternal shield; (30) ventrianal shield; (31) spermatheca; (32) genu — basitarsus

IV.

38 Aust, ent. Mag. 9(2,3), July, 1982

Spermatheca. Cervix 8 long, atrium bulbous (Fig. 31). Variable in slide-

mounted specimens (Figs 17-22).

Legs. Seven macrosetae: knobbed on genu 1 19-20, genu II 15-16 and genu

Ш 21-23, setaceous on tibia Ш 18, knobbed on genu IV 31, setaceous on

tibia IV 25, slightly knobbed on basitarsus IV 55 (Fig. 32).

NOTES

A. markwelli is more closely related to A. okinawanus than to A. oguroi

Ehara, A. asiaticus (Evans), A. reptans Blommers or A. daturae Gupta, the

species with which it was compared in Schicha (1979) (see notes on

A. okinawanus below). It seems to prefer low herbaceous plants to shrubs

and has not been found on any crop plant in Australia.

The measurements of А. okinawanus made by Ehara (1967) are

confirmed. A. okinawanus differs from A. markwelli in (1) the slightly longer

setae L4 and all macrosetae on legs II to IV; (2) the much shorter metapodal

shields; (3) the shorter (x 0.5) cervix and differently shaped spermatheca

(Figs 17-22); and (4) the absence of a knobbed macroseta on femur I.

The females from China are very close to A. okinawanus and A.

markwelli in most of their qualitative and quantitative features and somewhat

intermediate between the two species in the size and shape of their

spermathecae (Figs 23-27). In the absence of further information the

specimens are ascribed to A. okinawanus.

A. sigridae is not obviously different from A. markwelli and A. okin-

awanus if only qualitative morphological characteristics of their dorsal and

ventral shields, spermathecae, and legs IV are compared (details of chelicerae

in A. sigridae difficult to see). However, A. sigridae is distinct from the above

in (1) the much smaller dorsal shield; (2) the shorter setae D1, M2, L2 to L9,

S1, S2 and macrosetae on genu III, tibia III, genu IV, tibia IV and basitarsus

IV; and (3) the much shorter setae L1, and macrosetae on femur I, genu I and

genu II.

Acknowledgements

I thank Dr J. Gutierrez, Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique

Outre-Mer, Noumea, for the new species; Prof. S. Ehara, Biological Institute,

Tottori University, for the loan of females of A. okinawanus; and Dr Wu

Wei-nan, Kwangtung Entomological Institute, Canton, for females labelled

A. okinawanus.

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Aust. ent. Mag. 9(2,3), July, 1982 39

AN ACCUMULATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY OF

AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGY

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1978. Some new food plants for various Queensland butterflies. Aust. ent. Mag.

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CONTENTS |

BAKER, G. L., BROWN, G. R. and PIGOTT, R. Dirhinus rufricornis

(Girault) (Hymenoptera: Chalcidae: Dirhininae), a parasite of

Diptera, two of which are primary parasites of Orthoptera ..... 27

MOULDS, M. S. and d'APICE, J. W. C. Butterflies of the upper Jardine

RiyerMapeavoridbeninsula ge 21

SCHICHA, E. A new species of Amblyseius Berlese from the New

Hebrides with notes on closely related species from Australia,

Japan and China (Acari: Phytoseiidae) ................. 33

BEETLES OF SOUTH-EASTERN AUSTRALIA. Fascicle 4 (pp. 53-68):

Keys to principal families; Families Cupedidae, Rhysodidae and

Carabidael(parb)gs <an ANNAN А: centre liftout

RECENT LITERATURE — An accumulative bibliography of Australian |

entomology. Compiled by M. S. Moulds ................. 39

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTICES

NEW BOOK

АМ INTRODUCTION TO THE MOTHS OF SOUTH EAST ASIA